Process

383S

Proces

is usually given a number and awaits its
turn in being reached for trial. Meanwhile,
certain motions relating to the pleadings may
be made; to make them more definite, or
for a bill of particulars of the claim. The
trial is usually before a judge and jury if
issues of fact are involved, or1 before a judge
only if an issue of law is raised by a demur-
rer, or if it is an equity case. After verdict
a motion for a new trial may be made, and
an appeal taken from the ruling of the court
if adverse. In most states there are at least
two appellate courts to which a case may
be taken; one, of course, being higher than
the other. If a judgment rendered in a trial
court is reversed by an appellate court, it is
usually sent back for a new trial. If the
judgment is sustained, the final process of
execution is generally issued to collect the
judgment, or if it is an injunction it is made
permanent. See PLICA; PLEADING. Consult
Martin, Civil Procedure at Co nun on Law;
Pomeroy, Code Remedies.

Process. A general term including all writs,
summons, warrants, subpoenas, and other
mandates of a court, which may be executed
by an officer1 of the court, or any person spe-
cially authorized by a court or judicial offi-
cer. See PLEADING; PROCEDURE,

Processions occupied an important posi-
tion in the worship of the mediaeval church,
as they do at the present time in the Church
of Rome. St. Chrysostom is credited with
the introduction of ecclesiastical processions,
at Constantinople in 308, in opposition to
certain Arian demonstrations.

Process Work is the name given to the
modern chemical and mechanical methods
of preparing surfaces for printing designs
and illustrations. Almost all process work is
primarily dependent upon photography.
With its assistance process work produces
surfaces of the three kinds used in printing
—viz. raised or relief surface, level or piano-
graphic surface, depressed or intaglio sur-
face. For the reproduction of designs and
illustrations process has largely superseded
hand work. It is divided into two main
branches—the reproduction of subjects in
'black and white*, i.e. solid black designs on
a white ground, and of subjects in 'light and
shade', such as photographs and wash draw-
ings, containing not only solid black and
pure white but many intermediate gray tints.
The former class is the easier, 'Light-and-
shade' reproductions are more difficult. It is
obvious that black ink applied all over a
printing surface cannot print the innumer-

able gray tints which make up the light and
shade of a picture. It is possible, however,
to give, the effect of tints by printing masses
of black through which the white paper is
allowed to appear in varying proportions.
In photogravure, and in other intaglio proc-
esses, also, the tints are produced by the ac-
tion of more or less light on a chemical skin
with which the printing surface is coated.
The ordinary process used for reproducing
photographs or wash drawings (called 'half-

Light, medium and dark tints

«,? obtained by wood engraving

(Upper) and half-tone, process

(Lower).

tone') proceeds on an entirely different and
still more ingenious method. The negative is
made through a ruled screen of glass, and in
the process of photography this screen breaks
up the tints of the original into dots and lines
of such a size and at such a distance from
each other as to give the effect of tints of the
depth required. The processes generally used
for 'black-and-white' work can also produce
tints. In addition to photography, process
work depends on the action of light on a
film of gelatin or Similar substance when
treated with bichromate of potash, and on the
mordant or biting action of acids on various
metals. Photo-lithography (the parent of all
process) is the process of making photo-*