Prohioitiou

3844

favorable vote, the ^6t!i, on December 5 (ho
Eighteenth Amendment was read out of ex-
istence. The return of liquor immediately
raised a number of complex problems, such
as the manner and division of control by the
Federal and State governments, the protec-
tion of dry States against, the importation
of liquor; taxation; the elimination of the
bootlegger and (he speakeasy; the prevention
of the return of the generally unwanted
saloon. By the date of repeal several States
had ulread} prepared regulations, usually of
a liberal nature, for the retail sale and con-
sumption of liquors. Federal control was
vested in a newly-created Federal Alcohol
Control Administration, headed by Joseph
EL Chojitc Jr. Under the distillers' code
signed by President Roosevelt, the FACA
could revise the prices fixed by the liquor in-
dustry, control production and distribution
through a quota system, and hold light rein
over all phases of the industry. Import re-
strictions and quota system embodied in a
marketing agreement with the Department
of Agriculture were to control the supply of
hard liquor. Thus, in the midst of the travail
accompanying the birth of a new one, ended
a significant phase of American social life.

Under the Canadian Constitution, juris-
diction in the matter of the control or prohi-
bition of the liquor traffic is divided between
the Dominion and the provincial govern-
ments and provinces have power to regulate
or prohibit the sale of liquor within their own
boundaries. In Canada, as in the United
States, the prohibition cause was advanced
by the war. Provincial prohibition, which
had been adopted in Prince Edward island
in 1900 and in Nova Scotia in 1910 was in
1939 abandoned, as the result of popular
vote, in favor of government control; New
Brunswick, which adopted prohibition in
10.17, likewise changed to State control.

In Ontario provincial prohibition was
adopted by the legislature in 1916 but in
1927 it was repealed in favor of strict gov-
ernment control of liquor sales under a per-
mit system, with sale in hotels, dubs, or by
the glass in drinking establishments forbid-
den. The government monopoly in all the
provinces has made the liquor traffic a source
of considerable revenue. Nowhere in Canada
is the manufacture of intoxicating liquors
nrohlbited, and exportation by brewers and
distillers is nowhere forbidden.

Other Countries.—During the World War
(1014-18) the drink problem received seri-
ous atientioa from many national govcrn-

_______________________Prohibition

nients. Following the war, Great Britain
enacted the Intoxicating Liquor Bill, forbid-
ding the sale of intoxicating liquor to any
person under 18 years of age. Northern Ire-
land and the Isle of Man passed similar in-
toxicating liquor measures providing for the
Sunday closing of liquor shops and setting
an age limit for purchasers.

In IQHJ Norway adopted partial prohibi-
tion under which the sale of beer and wines
was permitted. Sweden in a national refer-
endum in iq22 defeated prohibition by a
margin of 35,000 votes. Under the Bratt sys-
tem for restricting the liquor traffic in that
country, the Wine and Spirits Central is the
only organization having the right to manu-
facture and sell liquor wholesale. All profits
above 5 per cent, from the sale of alcoholic
liquors go to the government. Estonia tried
prohibition during the World War hut subse-
quently changed to a system like Sweden's.
In Finland prohibition, which went into ef-
fect in TQic), resulted in conditions much like
those in the United States, and was aban-
doned in 1932 as the result of a referendum
in which 70.5 per cent, of the voters demand-
ed repeal. A new law provided for strict gov-
ernmental regulation, as in Sweden, and set
up a corporation which gives permits to man-
ufacture and sells licenses to retailers. Prof-
its of the company (o^ per cent, of the stock
of which is owned by the government) above
a dividend of 7 per cent, go to an old age
and unemployment fund, to further temper-
ance work, to the support of cultural and
temperance activities, in all communities, and
(50 per cent.) to defray expenses in the
campaign against the illegal liquor trade. The
sale, manufacture, and importation of spirits
mav be prohibited in municipalities by a
two-thirds vote of the municipal council con-
cerned.

Prohibition was tried, in many other
countries, but when Finland abandoned it in
3032, the United States was the only coun-
try still having national prohibition. The
example of these last two countries was not
of a nature to inspire imitation. Regulations
of one sort or another to further temper-
ance, nevertheless, are in effect in most coun-
tries, and as a problem for local concern, pro-
hibition continues in many places. See
CRTMK; TEMPERANCE; PROHIBITION PARTY,

Biblhgrapky.~~G. Haylcr, Prohibition Ad-
vance in All Lands (1914)j S. Crowther,
Prohibition and Prosperity (1030); C. War-
burton, Economic Resittts of Prohibition
(1932); S, Walker, Night Club Era (1933);