Prohibition

R. B. Fosdick and A. Scott, Toward Liquor
Control (1933).
Prohibition Cost in U. S. A.—On Dec. 6,

C933> it wa» stated by Department of Jus-
tice officials in Washington that 92 Federal
agents and 178 civilians had been killed in
the efforts to enforce national prohibition,
and $128,810,291 spent between Jan. 16,
1920, and Oct. 31, 1933. An earlier report
of November estimated the death toll at
over the 1,500 mark. In 1931 Senator Mil-
lard E. Tydings of Maryland in the Senate
put at 1,550 the lives that prohibition had
cost until then. His figures did not include
deaths from poisoned alcohol.

Convictions for the period 1920-1933 to-
taled 5345335- Fines amounting to $80,337,-
012 were imposed against 494,764 persons.
Property seized was valued at $219,302,464.90
from 1926. The most was seized in 1930—
$29,238,000 worth.

Prohibition Party. In the early years of
the agitation for prohibition, its advocates
showed no disposition to form an independ-
ent party, but gave their support to those
candidates of other political parties who
seemed most favorable to the repression of
the liquor traffic. That the same policy is
still followed by many of the advocates of
prohibition is evident when a comparison is
made between the vote of the Prohibition
Party at the polls and the long record of
anti-liquor legislation.

Projectiles. In projectiles there is a
movement of the axis similar to that of the
earth and of all rotating bodies. In the
case of elongated projectiles of approximately
cylindrical shape (with one or both ends
pointed), considerable information has been
obtained. In such projectiles, the point de-
scribes a curve about the line of flight which
varies with the velocity, the shapes of the
head and base, the position of the centre of
gravity, and the density. It is most marked
in projectiles which have the centre of grav-
ity near or abaft the centre of figure, such
as the elongated bullets of small arms. It is
least in the projectiles of large guns which
have hollow bodies and solid heads. It has
a marked effect upon the drift, possibly
greater than the frictional resistance, par-
ticularly as the velocities of translation and
rotation decrease.

Projection. The projection of a point on
a surface is the point where a line drawn
from it according to a fixed law meets the
surface, and the projection of a line or fig-
ure is the new line or figure formed by the

3845_______________________Projection

projection of all the points which compose
the original Thu methods of projection most
commonly used are the orthogonal* in which
the lines are drawn at riuht angles to a
plane; and the conical, in which the lines all
meet in a point. The rule? of perspective
drawing are deduced from the principles of
conical projection, lines drawn from the ob-
ject to the eye being intercepted by the pic-
ture plane, In the construction of maps alscv
projection is extensively used, though the
term 'projection* is then applied to methods
not involving true projection. It is impos-
sible to represent a spherical surface on a
plane surface with perfect accuracy, for.
however small the parts into which a spher-
ical shell is divided, each retains its spher-
ical form; but if the shell be supposed per-
fectly elastic, we can imagine it to be
stretched out into a plane surface. As the
angles and distances cannot be the same on
the sphere and on the map, and hence dis-
tortion and inequality of area arise, the
choice of a projection depends on the pur-
pose for which the map is constructed; for
general maps, one in which both distortion
and inequality are present, but neither error
is excessive is best. Among the various kinds
of projections are stereo graphic, cylindrical,
conical, globular, etc. In the cylindrical the
surface of the sphere is projected on to the
cylinder touching it at the equator; the
cylinder is then unrolled into a flat surface.
The simple form, made by lines drawn
from the centre of the sphere, is enormously
extended towards the poles, and is of little
practical use. The modification introduced
by Mercator, however, is of great value. The
meridians being projected into straight lines
perpendicular to the equator, the degrees of
longitude are equal at all latitudes, and con-
sequently the length of a degree of longitude
on any parallel is to its length on the sphere
in the ratio sec. lat.: i. Mercator made his
distances from the equator increase at
every point in this ratio, so that the angles
at each point are true (see Herschel, loc. at.,
p, 103). A line, then, which makes equal
angles with the meridians on the sphere will
also make equal angles with them on the
projection, and on the latter will be a straight
line. Of course the areas in the projection are
greatly exaggerated towards the poles, and
these are at an infinite distance.

These projections are used for general
maps, and most of them for such alone. Oth-
ers have some special quality. Great circle
sailing requires a particular chart, in which