Publishing 3872 tablishcd in 1789; Harper 1817; William I). Ticknor Houghton, JMiftlin & Co.) in pincoU & Co. in 18.^5; ^- Wiley & Putnam) in 18} 6; & Brothers in {precursor of X^j; J. B. Lip- ?• Putnam (as Littl in 1837. -I" jt>(J^ ^k'f -u'ars ot effort, the. first international copyright law was enacted by Congress. The effect of this measure was markcdlv to stimulate American book pro- duction, • encou raging both native literary talent, and the development of the mechanical side of book making. Into the mnking of a book go many arts: (i) paper-making, (2) type design and typ- ography, (3) book layout and designing, (4) binding, (5) jacket layout and designing, (6) book illustration. On the day published two copies of a book tvith application for copyright are sent to the Library of Congress; also copies to the trade book indexes of new book*. Sewed but un- bound advance copies are often sent to re- viewers in order to secure reviews on 'pub- lication date,' which is sometimes as soon as the book may be printed and bound, but often some time later, with an interval for advance presentation, in fully bound form, to reviewers, jobbers, booksellers, book clubs, or influential individuals. The 'book dubs' have become prominent factors in bookselling. Their boards of book judges select each month a particular book which they offer or send to their patrons, numbering from ro,ooo to 60,000, and these patrons have the privilege of securing the selected book each monfi promptly and at a saving. The book clubs usually print a special edition of tin? book, carrying their own imprint. The lending libraries' are a large factor in bookselling in America, and quite dominant in England, For 15 to 25 rents per book those lending libraries give readers the privilege of a week's-, posses- lion. Specialized book stores dealing in chil- dren's, business or other types of books have »prung up; also traveling bookstores on trucks. Mail order book selling has been quite successful. Hook stores, drug and sta- tionery stores ant enjoying a wide sale of reprints, omnibus books, and low priced se- ries of classics and new books, Remarkably cheap editions of certain tyjx's of luniks for the 5 and 10 cent stores have ako appeared. Second-hand bookselling i;; a xvry large business, using bookstalls, display rooms, catalogs, etc, Chains of thvse have sprung up. Rare bookselling is in a class entirely by itself, appealing to a limited coterie of wealthy col- lectors, through dealers, auctions, catalogs. For centuries London was the world head- quarters of the rare book trade, the factions at Sotheby'b being a focal center. Siri'.c 1911, when the famous Hoe collection was sold, New York has been the acknowledged world headquarters for rare books. Historic best sellers, from a list compiled (1(^4) by the Institute of Arts and Sciences: In His Steps, C. M. Sheldon (iScjy), 8,000,- ooo; Freckles, Gene S. Porter (1004), 2,000,- ooo ; ttcu ////;•, Lew Wallace (1880), 1,050,- ooo; Girl of the l.imberlo\t, Gene S. Porter (KJQI;), 1,700,000; The Harvester, Gene S. Porter Ch^n), 1,600,000; Tom Sawyer, Mark Twain (1875), 1,500,000; The Winning of Rarhara Worth, Harold Hell Wright (1911), 1,500,000; Laddie, dene S. Porter (i9i,0, 1,500,000; The Vir&inian, O\vcn Wis- ter Oo.02>, 1,454,000; The Cull <»/ the Wild, Jack London (io,r7), 1,412,000; Story of the, Bible, Jesse L. Hurllmt (i<)04), 1,^21,000; The Trail of the Lonesome Vine, John Fox dooc/), 1,255,000; David Haruin, ICdward N, Westcott ( 1 0,00), 1,300,000; The Little Shep- herd of Kingdom Come, John Fox (1903), r, 1 00,000; Five Little Peppers and How They Grew, Margaret Sidney (iSNi), 1,090,000; Huckleberry /<'/;/«, Mark Twain (1884), ir 000,000; Pollyamm, Eleanor Steward (icjrs), r ,000,000; Rlacb Hwuty, Anna Sewall (1877), 1,000,000; Treasure hland, R. L. Stevenson 1,000,000; Trilby, George du Maurier j .ooo,uoo. More recent are: Anthony Adverse, llervey Allen