Pulitzer

3875

Puls

? oo and pubLsher was born in Hungry, ly alters the direction of the force applied in
In 1883 Pulitzer bought the New York World, j the tension of the rope that passes over the
stuccessul exponent of | sheave. If a pulley or a peg be assumed to be

popular journalism. In 1903 he endowed with
$1,000,000 a school of journalism in connec-
tion with Columbia University. By his will,
Pulitzer left a second donation of $1,000,000
to the School of Journalism, and $250,000 as a
Pulitzer Scholarship Fund. To the Metropol-
itan Museum of Art and the Philharmonic
Society of New York he left $500,000 each.
Included in the endowment to Columbia was
a fund from which prizes for excellence in
stipulated directions are awarded annually in
journalism and letters.

Pulitzer Prizes, a group of annual awards
donated since 1917 by Joseph Pulitzer, who
was publisher of the New York World. The
prizes range from $500 to $2,000 and are
given to the creators of the best American
novel, play, book of poetry, historical work
relating to the United States, outstanding
newspaper reporting, newspaper cartoon,
newspaper editorial and the biography en-
grossing good American citizenship. A group
of judges of which Nicholas Murray Butler,
president of Columbia University, is chair-
man, selects the winners.

Pulitzer, Ralph (1879-1939), journalist,
president of the Press Publishing Company,
publishers of the New York World, 1911-
30; vice president of Pulitzer Publishing
Company, publishers St. Louis Post-Dispatch,
1906- . He has written New York Society
on Parade (1909); Over the Front in an
Aeroplane (1915).

Ralph Pulitzer.
Pulley. The pulley, one of the so-called
mechanical powers, consists of a grooved
wheel or sheave capable of turning about its
axis. It is sometimes placed inside a mass of
wood or metal called the block. A fixed pul-
ley gives no mechanical advantage, but mere-

frjction|ess< the tensions of the strincs on
both sides of it are equal. Thus the tensions
of m and n are both equal, also the tensions
of / and m ; and as these support w, the ten-
sion of each is Y2 u*, the strincs being parallel.
Pullman, city, Washington. The State Ag-
ricultural College and School of Science are
situated here. It is the center of a wheat and
livestock producing district, and has numer-
ous artesian wells; p. 4,417.

Pulleys

Pullman, George Mortimer (1831-97),
American inventor and capitalist. In 1864
he built his first modern sleeping car, the
Pioneer.* It was first used on the train
which carried the body of President Lincoln
to burial. The orders for new cars came so
rapidly that in 1867 Pullman formed and be-
came president of the Pullman Palace Car
Co. In 1880 he founded the model town of
Pullman, Chicago, and in 1887 the first ves*
tibule train was turned out of the works.
He was a promoter and president of the New
York City elevated street railroad.

Pulmotor, an oxygen-fed and driven de-
vice for inducing artificial respiration in per-
sons overcome by noxious gases, those ap-
parently drowned, and others in whom
breathing has been seriously impaired but
who still have slight heart action.

Pulpit, originally that portion of the Ro-
man stage (distinguished from the orchestra)
on which the actors recited and performed
their parts. It has since come to mean a piece
of church furniture from which sermons, lec-
tures, and other addresses are delivered.

Pulque, a native Mexican and Central Am-
erican drink, prepared by extracting and fer-
menting the sap of the agave.

Pulse (Lat. pulsus, 'a pushing or beating*),
a phenomenon due to the distention of the