Quain

3890

Quarantine

tfins, and the absence cf spins. The besl
known Is the widely dJsiriiniied bolnvhiu
(Co/i)rns 7'/>{,'/;//(/////,v), U'hich is found from
Main and Ontario w. to I he dry plains and s.
to the (Julf Coast.

This phenomenon is known as the photoelec-
tric effect. I cnard discovered thai the speed
of (he emitted electrons is Independent of the
inleii^itv of I lu. incident radiation, in other
words ihc bri.LchiesI li^ht from the most, power-

Quain, Jones (i 700-1 805"), frish ana tomisl, j fill searchlijjrht in I he laboratory removes an

electron with exactly the same speed as the
weakest !iu;ht from the most distant slar. Kin-
stein usini( the quantum theory showed that
these observations could be explained by mak>
in,uj tlse assumption that the kinetic energy of
the emitted electron is equal to the quantum
of incident radiation minus tin' work necessary
to remove the electron from the surface of the
body.

Anatomy of Ihc Arteries of I lie Human />Wy Another of the most striking successes of
(1844). ; the quantum theory occurs in fSohr's explana-

Quain, Sir Richard ("i.Sio<)8j, Irish phy- i lion of the origin of t he lines in t lie spectrum of
sician, was born in Mallow, County dork. In leases. lit employed Rutherford's idea of the
i8()i he became president of the Uritish Medi-| structure of tin atom and assumed that the
cal (Council, and though *l leading consultin# i electmns revolving about the nucleus could
physician, he edited the Pitliomiry </ J/W/~ only move in certain orbits an<! in each orbit

was born in Ratheahy, County Cork. lie pub
of Descriptive mnf Practical
, a work well known to all
medical students, and a translation of Marti-
net's Mannal oj r<itho!ogy.

Quain, Richard ( iXoo-.S*/), Irish anatomist
and surgeon, brother of Jones, was born <n
Kermoy, Comity Cork. His published works
include Diseases of the Reef HIM (185.1.), and

cine, (jd cd. 1002).

Quakers. See Friends, Society of.
Qualities* Primary and Secondary,

an electron has a definite amount of energy.
An electron in jumping from one orbit to an-
other orbit of greater or less energy then ab-

philosophy, signify respectively the inn the 1 sorbs or emits radiation of a frequency as
matical qualities of material bodies, such as given by the quantum hypothesis.
size antl shape, and their other qualities, such

as color and smell.

Quantum Theory.

In 1000 Professor

The quantum theory also offers a, satisfac-
tory explanation of atomic heat. The atomic
heat, at constant volume, of a subsHnce is
Max Planck of the University of Berlin pub- defined as the amount of heat which must be
lished a theoretical paper which is regarded as j communicated to a grammr-jğ.l.oni of a body

marking the creation of I he quantum theory,
To obtain agreement with experiment he made
the bold assumption that, then* art* oscillators
in the atoms and molecules of bodies which
emit and absorb radiant energy, not of all
magnitudes, but, only in whole multiples of an

er that its temperature may be raised
one degree, According to classical mechanics

this quantity of heat should be a constant for
all nioualomu; bodies and be Independent of
tempt rature. While this law is approximately
true foi many substances at ordinary tempera*

element of energy which he assumed to be J lures if is far from the truth for other sub-
equal to a constant,, called //, multiplied by the stances and especially at low temperature.

natural frequency, i1, of the oscillator. This
hypothesis together with the laws of statistical
mechanics gave; a radiation formula which

Kinstein was again tht; first to successfully ap-
ply the quantum theory to this problem and he

showed that the- classical value of atomic heat

agreed with the experimental data within tin: I is true only for atomic vibrations of low values

error of observation. It may truly be said that I and af relatively hitfli t< inpcnif tires,
Planck for the first time atomized energy as
.Daltoii a century ago had atomized matter.

The deduction of the radiation formula did
not exhaust the possibilities of the above revo-

lutionary hypothesis. It was observed by
Herbs, Righi and others that a body, carefully

insulated and initially uncharged, acquired a
positive charge when exposed to radial ions

Quarantine* nnV.inully, the period during

which a ship suspected of having an infectious
diseare on board was obliged to wait before
having intercourse with the shore. The usual
period was forty days* whence the term qititr~

tint hut; but longer and shorter periods were al-
lowed, us drriimstawos required. Under the
provisions of a oğdeğ adopted in 1X50, a ship

containing wavi.-lengths Brno]let than a certĞin j secures a 'foul' or a *de;Ğr* bill on leaving a

value. The acquisition of the positive charge port, according to the condition of the port re-
is due to the emission of electrons and the'
maximum value of the effective wave-length

depends oft the material of the body exposed,

t hr prr<uğiĞv of infect bus disease. It is
the duty of the ofiicers of customs, when they
Jits* board, a .ship on her arrival, tu ascertain