Quebec

3896

Queen

chartered by Queen Victoria and Pope Pius
ix., is the largest and most influential Catholic
institution of higher education in Canada.

Quebec is an important port, and is con-
nected by steamship with Kuropcan and other
seaports. All the ocean steamships to an<l
from Montreal call at Quebec; and the largest
boats, in order to escape the dangers of river
navigation above Quebec, make this city their
terminus. The chief export is lumber, formerly
rafted into coves along the St. Lawrence, but
now carried by rail. The city lias also a large
foreign trade in grain and cattle. Industrial
establishments include boot and shoe factories,
tanneries, machine shops, boiler shops and
other steel and iron plants, printing and bind-
ing plants. The Quebec bridge, which spans
the St. Lawrence 7 in. above the city, is of
the cantilever typo and is notable for having
the longest span of any bridge yet built -i^Soo
ft. The population of Quebec is 1^0,50*].

The history of Quebec is not surpassed in
interest by that of any other city in America.
Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence
in 1535, and found the Indian village of Stada-
cona. Here, in 1008, Champlain founded a
settlement, which he named Quebec, The Kng-
lish captured it in 1620, but, it was restored to
France in 1632, In 1003 ^ became the capital
of the royal province of New France. In the
contest between Kngkind and France for the
New World, Quebec was the scene of mem-
orable conflicts. After an unsuccessful attempt
made by Phipps to capture the city in KHJO,
and the abortive expedition of Walker in 1711,
the British under General Wolfe were victori-
ous (1759) in the battle on the Plains of Abra-
ham. (Sec WOLKK; MONTCAI.M; AIWAUAM,

HERMITS OF.)

In 1703, Quebec, with the whole of Canada,
was ceded to England by the Treaty of Paris.
An attempt of the Americans to take Quebec
ended in disastrous defeat and in the death of
their leader General Montgomery, on Dec. 31,
1775. Benedict Arnold bore a prominent part
in this expedition,

Quebec Act, an act of the British Parlia-
ment (1774) providing for the government of
Lower Canada, which hud lx»en ceded by
France as a result of the French and Indian
Wan In order to prevent the inhabitants
from joining the Thirteen Colonies in their de-
mands for independences the boundaries of the
province were extended to include all land n.
of the Ohio and e. of the Mississippi River,
later known as the Northwest Territory,

Quebracho, the name given to several trees
to Sou*b America, Red Que-

bracho ( Lowptcryghtni torentzii) is a large tree
forming enormous forests in Brazil and Argen-
tine. its heartwood contains from jo to 25 per
cent, of tannin, ll is one of the hardest known
woods and its bark contains aspidospermine,
used in asthma and croup.

Queen, the oiiicial and social title of the
wife of a reigning king, in which case the title
may be extended to 'queen consort/ The
wit low of a deceased sovereign is called the
'queen dowager'; or if her son is the reigning
sovereign, she is the 'queen mother.*

Queen Anne's Bounty, a perpetual fund
established by Oueen Anne of Kngland to in-
crease the scanty livings of the clergy in the
poorer Knt'Jish parishes. The bounty is now
administered by a board of governors, and the
fund amounts to upward of $,-} 5,000,000,

Queen Anne's War (I/QJ -i.j). In Ameri-
can history the name applied to the extension
in America of the War of the Spanish Suc-
cession. On the morning of March i, 1704, a
party of Krendi and Indians under Hertel de
Rouville attacked DeerileM, Mass. About 50
persons were killed, iy/ escaped, and j 1 1 were
taken prisoners to Canada. In August, 1708,
an attack was made on ilaverhill, Mass., with
a similar result.

Meanwhile counter expeditions made against
Port Royal in 1704 and 1707 failed. In 1709
an extensive expedition against Canada was
planned, but the expected aid from Kngland
was delayed, and the expedition failed. The
next year six British vessels, together with
thirty from New Knglaml, lilled with colonial
troops, took Port Royal, which was renamed
Annapolis. On July .^o, 1711, fifteen British
vessels and more than forty colonial vessels
with colonial troops in all about 12,000
men left Boston. Kight vessels with about
1,000 men were lost in the St. Lawrence
River ('Aug. ;vj; and in spite of entreaties, the,
commander. Sir Hnvewlen \Yalker, turned
back, necessitating the retreat <>f the expedi-
tion which WUH proceeding from NVw Vork.

The War of the Spanish Succession WON
ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 171^; but

the border warfare continued nearly a year
longer. By the treaty tin: French gave up
Acadia, the country around limtaon Bay, and
all daimw to Newfoundland, though reserving
the ritfht to land for drying fish, Cape Breton
was retained.

Queen Charlotte UUnd*, a group oft" the
coast of British Columbia, Canada. They
were discovered in 1778 by Captain Cook, and
annexed to the British empire in 1787, Timber
is abundant, and the fisheries art1 very pro-