Rauschenbusch

3936

Rayleig'b

numbers gathering together in what is known
as a Rattlesnake den. The Diamond Rattle-
snake (C. adamanteiis] of the Southern States
is a larger and heavier species, olive green
in color, with darker diamond-shaped mark-
ings. It attains a length of six to eight ft. and
is extremely poisonous. The Prairie Rattle-
snake (C. confluentus) is greenish yellow,
marked with large round blotches of brown.
It is about four ft. long, vicious when wild,
but lazy and good-natured in captivity.

Rauschenbusch, Walter (1861-1918),
American theologian and writer, was born in
Rochester, N. Y. He spent some ten years
in religious work among the German immi-
grants in New York City; and in 1902 be-
came professor of Church history in Roch-
ester Theological Seminary. His published
works include Das Leben Jesu (1895); Chris-
tianity and the Social Crisis (1907); A The-
ology for the Social Gospel (1917).

Ravel, Maurice (1875-1938), impression-
istic composer, most outstanding figure in
contemporary French music, was born in Ci-
bourne, Basses-Pyrene"es, and studied at the
Paris Conservatory, piano under de Beriot,
composition with Faure. Ravel's work is
marked by several notable traits that have
made acceptance of his unique style some-
what difficult, though he is ranked by many
critics second only to Debussy. A rare deli-
cacy, a refinement at times almost too intel-
lectual, a flair for the unexpected harmonic
turn, restriction of subjects chosen for mu-
sical development, and an emotional reserve
that is hard to pierce have made his works
difficult to grasp at once, but these very qual-
ities have given him a high place among the
moderns. Among his works are, for orches-
tra, Scheherazade, Rapsodie Espagnole, Bo-
lero, the ballet Daphnis and ChloS, and for
piano, Pavane pour une Infante Difunte and
Jeux D'eau.

Ravelin. See Fortification.

Raven.

Raven (Corpus corax), a large member of
the crow family, widely distributed over
the northern parts of both hemispheres.

Ravenna, province, Italy, lying between
the Adriatic Sea and Bologna.

Ravenna, city, Italy, capital of the prov-
ince of Ravenna. It has many points of in-
terest and in the history of early Christian
art stands second only to Rome. Of special
interest are the Baptistery of the Orthodox
or San Giovanni, Dante's tomb, and the
Academy of Fine Arts. The principal trade is
in wine, silks, musical instruments, glass,
soap, and starch. Ravenna is one of the most
ancient towns in Italy. The Umbrians and
Etruscans settled here on the invasion of
Italy by the Celts. Augustus made it the
headquarters of his Adriatic fleet, and under
succeeding emperors it became one of the
chief cities of Italy. It remained subject to
the papal see from 1509 to 1797, was subject
to France from 1797 to 1814, when it was
restored to papal dominion. Since 1859 it has
formed part of the kingdom of Italy; p.

78,997-

Ravenscroft, Thomas (1592-1640). Eng-
lish musical composer, was the author of
MeUsmata (1611), and of a collection of
psalm-tunes for four voices, The Whole Book
of Psalms (1621) by various composers.
Some of the tunes, such as St. Davids, Can-
terbury, Bangor, and many others, are by
Ravenscroft himself.

Rawalpindi, city and cantonment, India,
in the Rawalpindi district, Punjab; one of
the largest military stations in India; p.
101,142.

Rawitsch, or Rawicz, town, Poland. Prior
to World War I the town belonged to Ger-
many; p. 11,827.

Rawlins, John Aaron (1831-69), Ameri-
can soldier, remained with Grant throughout
the war, becoming chief of staff. When Grant
became President, he appointed him secretary
of war, but Rawlins died September of the
same year.

Rawlins on, Sir Henry Creswicke (xSio-
95), English soldier, scholar, and diplomatist,
assisted in the organization of the Persian
army (1833-9), spending his leisure in cunei-
form research. He was made consul at Bag-
dad in 1844.

Ray, a general name for the elasmobrancb
fishes belonging to the order Selachii. They
have a flattened body and large fleshy pec-
toral fins.

Rayleigh, John William Strutt, Third
Baron (1842-1919), British physicist, in 1887
went as professor of natural philosophy to
the Royal Institute, where he remained until
190$. On the recommendation of the V. $.