Reformation

3952

Reformatories

But the settlement was not lasting. Riche-
lieu withdrew the political concessions which
made the Huguenots too independent, and
Louis xrv. revoked the edict altogether
(1685). The Reformation failed in France
because it was identified with aristocratic
privilege and municipal isolation, and thus
came into collision with that passion for
unity which has always characterized the
French nation. In Scotland the Reformation
gave rise to even more prolonged strife than
in France. But finally in 1560 Parliament
abolished the mass and approved a Calvin-
ist confession of faith. John Knox aspired
to become tne Calvin of Scotland, but in
1561 Mary Stuart, who had been left a
widow by the death of Francis n., returned
to Scotland, and strove to modify the still
incomplete settlement of 1560. Her reaction-
ary policy was, however, futile. The victory
of Protestantism was now secured; but there
was a long struggle as to the organization of
the church. John Knox and Andrew Melville
strove for Presbyterianism and spiritual in-
dependence, while James vi. and his suc-
cessors were resolute to maintain Episcopacy
and secular control. The result was the Na-
tional Covenant (1637), which restored Pres-
byterianism in Scotland. Presbyterianism was
finally established by law in 1690.

Whereas in Scotland the Reformation was
mainly a popular and an aristocratic move-
ment, in England its origin and course were
to a large extent determined by the mon-
archy and by political considerations. The
desire for a male heir and alienation from
the Emperor Charles v. urged Henry vm. to
seek a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. On
the Pope's refusal to grant the divorce, Hen-
ry carried through Parliament a series of
measures which severed the English Church
from Rome, established the ecclesiastical su-
premacy of the crown, and enabled the king
to despoil the monasteries of their wealth.
But these changes were purely constitutional,
and did not affect the dogmas or ritual of
the church. Under Edward vi. the govern-
ment fell into the hands of nobles, who en-
riched themselves with the spoils of the
church. The result was that the royal su-
premacy was employed to carry the Ref-
ormation to lengths for which public opin-
ion was unprepared. The old Latin services
were superseded by an English liturgy; the
clergy were allowed to marry; images and
other ornaments in churches were condemned
as idolatrous. A violent reaction followed

under Mary, who restored the old form of
worship and the authority of the papacy.
Fortunately for the Protestants Mary died
childless; and Elizabeth in 1559 again repu-
diated papal authority by the Act of Su-
premacy, and restored the English Prayei
Book by the Act of Uniformity. In 1570 the
creed of the church was determined by the
promulgation of the Thirty-nine Articles. In
Ireland Henry vm. had no difficulty in es-
tablishing, in what was regarded as a mere
dependent province, the ecclesiastcial revolu-
tion that he had already wrought in England.
Thus Protestantism prevailed for the most
part among the Teutonic peoples of Northern
Europe; whereas Roman Catholicism was re-
tained by the Romance peoples of the South
and in those parts of Germany which had
once belonged to the old Roman Empire.
The so-called counter-reformation was as
much a part of the Reformation as were
those Protestant secessions which usually
monopolize the name. The evils and abuses
which had incurred such merited opprobrium
at the close of the Middle Ages were swept
away by reforming popes and by the Council
of Trent, which sat with intermissions from
December 1545 to December 1563.

Reformatories, institutions for the cor-
rectional treatment of first-time offenders,
with the object of reformation rather than
of punishment. With respect to the age and
presumed criminality of the offender, the re*,
formatory stands between the penitentiary
and the juvenile reform school. The reforma-
tory system has had its greatest development
in the United States and forms an interest-
ing illustration of the evolution in penology.
The first American juvenile reform school
was opened in 1825 on Randall's Island, New
York City, as a private philanthropical insti-
tution. The first reform school supported
wholly by public taxation was opened in
Westborougb, Mass., in 1847.

In 1876 the New York State Reforma-
tory at Elmira was opened. Since that
time 15 other reformatories patterned in es-
sential features after the Elmira institution
have been erected. It is estimated that in
almost every reformatory, as at present con-
ducted from 15 to 20 per cent, of the in-
mates are habitual criminals, a menace and
corrupting influence to the remaining 80 per
cent., of whom some 10 per cent, are likely
to be feeble-minded. Reformatories for fe-
male of enders are conducted on similar lines
as those for male.