Renal

3962

Rennie

for Rubens and Van Dyck. In Spain and
Portugal the force of the Renaissance spent
itself in exploration, colonization, and religi-
ous reform. In England, on the other hand,
the movement confined itself almost wholly
to literature and scholarship. Englishmen
went to Italy to study under the great hu-
manists of the day, and brought back with
them the seeds of that efflorescence which
rendered the era of Elizabeth the Golden Age
of English literature. Grocyn, Linacre, More,
Colet, Ascham, Cheke, Camden, and others
diffused culture throughout England. Shake-
speare, Marlowe, Bacon, Ben Jonson, and
Milton were all in turn inspired by the Re-
naissance spirit. So also in France, in litera-
ture and art, the stimulative force of the Re-
naissance was strongly felt, Clement Marot,
Villon, Ronsard, and the Pleiade, Mellin de
Saint Gellais in poetry, Comines, Montaigne,
and Rabelais in prose, the Scaligers, Budseus,
Calvin, Dolet, Salmasius, and Beza in scholar-
ship, Fouquet, Perreal, the three Clouets, and
Jean Cousin in painting, and Columbe and
Goujon in sculpture being the leading ex-
ponents.

Perhaps in architecture more than in any
other department the influence of the Re-
naissance was experienced in greatest meas-
ure. 'Renaissance architecture' proper is really
the return to ancient Greek and Roman styles
adapted to modern needs and requirements,
The 'Venetian-Renaissance' style is the one
most frequently seen nowadays. In it each
story is distinguished by a separate line of
columns or pilasters, with their entablatures,
the windows exhibiting the rounded arch
with columns, while figures usually fill in the
spandrils. Extreme variety of detail and
wealth of carving are also prominent features
in this style.

Renal Calculus, or Kidney Stone, is
formed from the deposited solid constituents
of the urine, which vary from fine sand to
masses two or three ounces or more in weight,
Stones may be of uric acid, calcium oxalate,
calcium phosphate, and other rarer sub-
stances, though often they are of mixed com-
position. A highly acid urine favors such,
They may be present in one or both kidneys
at the same time.

Renan, Ernest (1823-92), French writer,
He was born at Treguier, on the seaboard of
Brittany. In 1860 he traveled in Syria, and
gathered the local information he needed for
his Vie de Jisus. He was dominated by his
artistic genius. The beauty and clearness of
the French language have seldom been better

displayed than in his crystal sentences. This
may partly account for his popularity, but
the bast sale of his works is no doubt mainly
due to the fact that he dealt with sacred
subjects with a peculiarly audacious original-
ity, and in a manner within the comprehen-
sion of the least instructed. His principal
works are History of the Origins of Christian-
ity, which includes the Life of Jesus (1863),
The Apostles (1866), St. Paul (1867), and
Marcus Aurelius (1880); to which appeared
later, as a complement, History of Israel.

Renault, Louis (1843-1918), French jur-
ist, was born in Autun. He was a member of
The Hague Tribunal and in 1907 received
one half the Nobel peace prize. He published
Introduction a Vetude du droit international

(1879).

Rene the Good (1409-80), Duke of Anjou
and Count of Provence. By the will of Queen
Joanna he became heir to the throne of
Naples in 1435, but was driven from the city
by Alfonso of Aragon in 1442 and retired to
Provence where he devoted himself to art
and poetry.

Renfrewshire, county, Scotland. Dairy-
farming is the chief industry. Agriculture
and stock-raising are carried on and coal,
iron, and shale are mined. The manufacture
of thread, cotton, and chemicals, shipbuilding,
engineering, and sugar-refining, are the other
chief industries. Gourock is a popular water-
ing place; p. 288,575-

Rennell, James (1742-1830), English
geographer, was born in Devonshire. He was
the founder of the branch of geography
known as oceanography. His publications,
which are valuable and the result of careful
research, include a Bengal Atlas (1779), a
map of India (1783), a geography of Hero-
dotus (1800).

Rennes, town, and archiepiscopal see,
France. It trades in dairy produce, and has
manufactures of sail-cloth, table linen, leather,
and agricultural implements. Here Boulanger
(1837-91), was born, and here in 1899 Drey-
fus was tried for the second time; p.83,418.

Rennet, a preparation made from the lin-
ing membrane of the true stomach of the
calf, which yields an enzyme, or soluble fer-
ment, capable of causing the coagulation of
casein. Rennet preparations are much used
in cheese-making to produce the curd, which
is subsequently separated from the whey, or
watery portion.

Rennie, John (1761-1821), Scottish civil
engineer, was born in Phantassie, Hadding-
tonshire. Settling in London (1791) he did