Rio

4004

Ripley

The chief products are sugar cane, cotton, ce-
reals, salt, and cattle. Cattle raising is the
leading industry. Natal is the capital and
chief city; p. 738,000.

Rio Grande do Sul, state, Brazil, on the
s.e. coast, hounded by Santa Catharina, Ar-
gentine, Uruguay, and the Atlantic Ocean;
area, 106,289 sq. m. It lies wholly within the
temperate zone and has a maritime temper-
ate climate. The Serra Geral range divides
the state into two unequal portions. The
agricultural products include coffee, sugar,
fruits, corn, rice, tobacco, wheat, and cotton.
Cattle and horse raising is also profitable.
Meat packing is the most important industry.
There are many German and Italian colo-
nists. Porto Alegre (p. 273,376) is the cap-
ital; p. 3,000,000.

Rio Negro, a territory of the Argentine
Republic, forming part of Patagonia; urea,
77,000 sq. m. The climate is good and the
soil generally fertile. Stock raising is the lead-
ing industry and corn, wheat, alfalfa and bar-
ley are grown. The capital is Viedraa; p.
about 50,000.

Rio Negro, a western department of Uru-
guay; area, 3,270 sq. ra. The capital is Fray
Bentos (Mercedes), 160 m. n.w. of Monte-
video ; p. 20,000.

Rios, or Los Rios, an inland province of
Ecuador. It is flat and crossed by many riv-
ers, and the industries are cattle raising and
the production of cacao. The capital is Baba-
boyo, 45 m. n.e. of Guayaquil; p.42,000.

Riot, a tumultuous disturbance of the pub-
lic peace by three or more persons assembled
for some purpose, with the common intention
of carrying out their designs in a violent
and turbulent manner if necessary. By stat-
ute in some States riot is more severely pun-
ished if the intention is to resist the enforce-
ment of a statute of the State or of the
United States, or if the offender carries arras;
if the act is directed against the government,
it is known as treason.

Rio Tinto, town, Spain, in the province oi
Huelva, 50 m. n.e. of its port, Huelva. Cop-
per mines, which were worked in Phoenician
and Roman times, still yield a large supply
of the metal; p. 14,000. ,

Riouw-Lingga, two archipelagoes, Dutch
East Indies, lying s, and s.e. of Singapore, the
Lingga group on the equator. With the
smaller archipelagoes between Borneo anc
the Malay Peninsula, they have an area oj
17,231 so, m,, and a population of 225,000,
more than one-fifth Chinese. The natives oJ
Lingga collect trepang and the seaweed agar-

agar. Pepper, gambier, and tin are exported.
The island of Riouw was formerly known
as Bintang.

R.I.P. (Reqaiescat in pace), 'May he (01
?he) rest in peace.'

Riparian Owners. See River.

Riparian Rights, the rights of owners of
land immediately adjoining or bounded by
a river or stream, or through which one
flows, to its bed, banks, and waters. These
rights are incidental to the ownership of the
land. A riparian owner is entitled to make
reasonable use of the water for agricultural,
domestic, and manufacturing purposes. What
is a reasonable use must be determined in
view of the rule that all riparian proprietors
on the stream have corresponding rights, and
can object if the flow of water is seriously
diminished, or its quality impaired by pollu-
tion. A riparian owner cannot divert the
course of a stream, nor change the current so
as to wear away his neighbor's land, but may
protect his land from the action of the water.
See ACCRETION; RIVER.

Ripley, George (1802-80), American
scholar, was born in Greenfield, Mass. He
was an ardent disciple of the principles of
Unitarianism, which was then at the height
of its influence in New England. In 1840,
with Emerson and Margaret Fuller, he
founded The Dial, in Boston, and was its resi-
dent editor until the next year, when he re-
linquished that position to found Brook Farm.
For this community he edited The Harbinger,
which became the leading organ of Fourier-
ism in the United States. In 1849 he became
connected with the New York Tribune as
literary critic, and in this position and as
general contributor, he remained for 31
years. For nearly the same period he was
also reader for Harper's Magazine. He ex-
erted a wide and wholesome influence on the
literary men of his day.

Ripley, James Wolfe (1794-1870), Am-
erican soldier, was born in Windsor, Conn.
Ripley, William Zebina (1867-1941),
American economist, was born in Medford,
Mass. He was professor of economics in the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in
1895-1901, when he accepted a similar posi-
tion at Harvard University. In 1918 he was
appointed administrator of labor standards
for the War Department and in 1920-23 was
special examiner for the consolidation of rail-
roads for the Interstate Commerce Commis-
sion. He is the author of Tritsts, Pools, and
Corporations (1905); Main Street and Wall
Street (1927), etc,