Roanoke

4008

Roberts

m. to the n. The leading industrial estab-
lishments are large railroad shops, pyrites
plants, bridges and structural iron works,
iron furnaces; p. 69,287.

Roanoke Island, an island off the coast
of North Carolina. It was the scene of an
unsuccessful attempt at colonization by Sir
Walter Raleigh in 1585-87.

Roaring, a disease of the horse.

Roaring Forties, a sailor's term for the
regions of the Southern Ocean, s. of lat. 40°
s., where the prevailing winds are from the
n.w. and often stormy.

Robber Flies, powerful predatory insects
of the family AsUidae, particularly destruc-
tive to honey bees.

Robbery, the unlawful taking of personal
property from the person or in the presence
of another, against his will, by means of
fcrce or violence, or fear of injury, imme-
diate or future, to his person or property.
Robbery is a felony, and in all States is
punished by a long term of imprisonment,
twenty years being the average maximum
penalty.

Robbia, Andrea della (1437-1528), Flor-
entine sculptor. A fine specimen of his work
is a retable of the Assumption in the Metro-
politan Museum, New York.

Robbia, Luca della (1399-1482), Floren-
tine sculptor, was brought up as a goldsmith.
In sculpture he executed ten fine panels for
the choir gallery of the cathedral at Florence
(1431-40) ; reliefs for the campanile (1437);
a remarkably fine bronze door for the sac-
risty of the cathedral (1446-67); and the
tomb of the bishop of Fiesole (1457-8). In
the latter part of his life he worked prin-
cipally at terra-cotta reliefs, covered with
enamel in polychrome. For this work (Della
Robbia ware) he indeed founded a school.

Robbins, Wilford Lash (1859-1927),
American Protestant Episcopal clergyman,
was born in Boston. In 1903 he was chosen
dean of the General Theological Seminary
in New York City. His publications include
An Essay Toward Faith (1900) and A Chris-
tian Apologetic (1902).

Robert I. (of Scotland). See Bruce,
Robert.

Robert II. (1316-90), king of Scotland
from 1371 to his death. He became the
founder of the Stewart dynasty. The most
notable incidents of Robert's reign were the
invasions of Scotland by an English military
and naval force under the command of the
Duke of Lancaster in 1384, and again by
King Richard n. in 1385, which wasted the

land as far as Edinburgh and Fife, and the
grand retaliatory expedition of the Scotch
in 1388.

Robert III. (c. 1340-1406), king of Scot-
land from 1390 to 1406, son of Robert n.
The principal events in Robert's reign were
the invasion of Scotland in 1400 by Henry iv.
of England, who penetrated as far as Edin-
burgh, and the retaliatory expedition of the
Scotch, two years after, under Archibald
Douglas, which resulted in th'e terrible dis-
aster at Homildon Hill.

Robert L, surnamed le Diable (d. 1035),
Duke of Normandy. In 1035 he made a pil-
grimage to the Holy Land, on the way
home from which he died at Nicsea. His son
was William the Conqueror of England.

Robert, Christopher Rhine lander (1802-
78), an American manufacturer and philan-
thropist, was born in Brookhaven, N. Y,
Having become interested in Turkish educa-
tion while visiting Constantinople during the
Crimean War, he established Robert College
in Constantinople.

Robert College, an institution of higher
learning for men at Constantinople, founded
by Christopher R. Robert, of New York,
and opened in 1863. The college is situated
on the shores of the Bosporus. Preparatory,
Collegiate, and Engineering Departments,
with courses leading to the degrees of B.A.
and B.S., furnish instruction in the usual
branches, and in the vernacular of the stu-
dents, who include Greeks, Armenians,
Turks, Bulgarians, Albanians, Hebrews, and
Persians. The instruction is non-sectarian.

Robert of Gloucester (/L 1260-1300),
British chronicler, born during the reign of
Henry m. He is the author of *a rhymed
Chronicle of English history, from the Trojan
War until the dose of the reign of Henry in.
It is chiefly valuable for its linguistic interest.

Roberts, Benjamin Stone (1811-75),
American soldier, was born in Manchester,
Vt. In the Civil War he served in the opera-
tions in New Mexico and in the second Bull
Run campaign; commanded an expedition
against the Chippewa Indians; and partici-
pated in numerous other campaigns. He was
the inventor of the Roberts breech-loading
rifle.

Roberts, Benjamin Titus (1823-93),
American clergyman, was born in Leon, N.
Y. In 1860, with other ministers in sym-
pathy with his opinions, he founded the Free
Methodist Church.

Roberts, Brigham Henry (1857-1933),
American Mormon, was born in Warring-