koosevelt

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Roosevelt

application of stereoscopic photography to
the microscope, besides devising a flicker
photometer of novel form.

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882-
1945), thirty-second President of the United
States, was born in Hyde Park, New York,
January 30, 1882, and educated at Groton
and Harvard, where he was graduated in
1904. In 1905 he married his cousin, Anna
Eleanor Roosevelt. Five children were born
to them, James, Anna, Eliott, Franklin D.,
and John A. After three years at Columbia
University Law School he was admitted to
the bar and practised with Carter, Ledyard
and Milburn, 1907-1910. In 1911 he became
a member of the law firm, Marvin, Hooker
and Roosevelt, and in 1924 of Roosevelt &
O'Connor. He \vas elected to the New York
State Senate in 1910 and resigned to become
Assistant Secretary of the Nnvy, 1913-1920,
which period covered the World War. As
State Senator, he led important opposition to
Tammany Hall, blocking Boss Charles E.
Murphy's efforts to dictate the senatorial
nomination of William Shcehan. He was
nominated for Vice-President at the Demo-
cratic National Convention, 1920. In 1928
he was elected Governor of New York for
the term 1929-1931, and reflected for a sec-
ond term during which he removed a New
York County Sheriff and forced the resig-
nation of James J. Walker Mayor of New
York City.

At the Democratic National Convention
in 1932 Mr. Roosevelt was nominated for
the Presidency on the fourth ballot, July i.
The ensuing November election proved a sen-
sational victory for the Democrats. The day
of Roosevelt's inauguration, March 4, marked
so serious a crisis in the banks of the country
that Roosevelt proclaimed a bank holiday be-
ginning March 6, during which no money
could be paid out; he also called a special
session of Congress for March 9, He was
able to get numerous measures passed by this
Congress and soon began the planning of the
New Deal, (See UNITED STATES, NEW
DEAL). In 1936 he won a second term over
Alfred M. Landon, carrying every state ex-
cept Vermont and Maine. In 1937 he called
for a reorganization of the Supreme Court.
(See SUPREME COURT). In 1938 the
wages-and-hours law was passed, establish-
ing a 40-hour week and fixing minimum
wages. This term was also marked by the
many sit-down strikes.

In 1940 he broke the tradition against a
third term and defeated Wendell L. Willkie.

In his message to Congress, Jan. 6, 1941,
he advocated four freedoms: freedom of
speech and religion, freedom from want and
fear. He joined Prime Minister Churchill
in issuing the Atlantic Charter (see AT-
LANTIC CHARTER), secured the passage
of the Lend-Lease Bill (see Lend-Lease),
and following the Japanese attack on Pean
Harbor, Dec. 1941, called on Congress to
declare war against Japan and Germany.
In 1942 he established the War Labor Board
and asked for fixed price ceilings and ration-
ing of essential commodities. In 1943 and
1944 he was engrossed in war problems, with
conferences at Casablanca, Cairo and
Teheran. In some instances labor troubles
led to government seizure and operation of
war plants.

In 1944 Roosevelt won a fourth-term
victory over Thomas E. Dewey. He attended
the Crimea Conference at Yalta (see
CRIMEA CONFERENCE) in Feb. 1945.
Kcre, as in previous Allied conferences, he
evidenced marked ability as a statesman. On
April 12, while on a visit at Warm Springs,
Ga., he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and
died suddenly. On April 14 funeral services
were held in the White House in Washington
and on the following day the President was
buried in the garden of his estate at Hyde
Park, N. Y.

Prcs. Roosevelt will be remembered for
the many democratic social measures he
sponsored and for his able leadership in
World War II. Consult Lindley's Franklin
D. Roosevelt > (1932); Looker, This Man
Roosevelt (1932); Mrs. Sara Roosevelt, My
Boy Franklin (1933); Ross & Grobin, This
Democratic Roosevelt (1932),

Roosevelt, Kermit (1889-1943), son of
Theodore Roosevelt, president of the Roose-
velt Steamship Company. His books include
War in the Garden of Eden (1919); and
American Backlogs (1928).

Roosevelt, Nicholas (1893- ), diplo-
matist and editorial writer, was appointed
Minister to Hungary by President Hoover in
1930. He resigned later to join the staff of
the New York Herald Tribune. Earlier, he
had been Vice-Governor of the Philippines,
lie wrote several books, including The Rest-
less Pacific, The Philippines, a Treasure and a
Problem, and America and England.

Roosevelt, Nicholas J. (1767-1854),
American inventor, was born in New York.
During the Revolution he invented a paddle
boat in which the movement of the paddle
was produced by springs. In 1802 he assisted