Rose Chafer

4043

Roses

ing premier on Gladstone's retirement in 1894,

Rose Chafer (M' acrodactylus subspino-
sus), a small beetle, light brown in color,
with long spiny legs, which feeds on roses
and other ornamental shrubs, and also at-
tacks the blossoms of apples, plums, cher-
ries, grapes, and various grains and vege-
tables.

Rose Cold. See Hay Fever.

Rosecrans, William Starke (1819-98),
American soldier. On the outbreak of the
Civil War he became a volunteer aide on the
staff of General McClellan. He succeeded
McClellan as commander of the Department
of the Ohio; was put in command of the
Army of the Mississippi; succeeded General
Buell in command of the Army of the Cum-
berland, His defeat at Chickamauga in 1863
was the only blot on his military record.

Rosecrans went as minister to Mexico in
1868; was a member of Congress from Cali-
fornia during 1881-5; and was register of
the national treasury from 1885 to 1893.

Rose Geranium. See Pelargonium.

Roselle, borough, New Jersey, Union co.;
3 m. w. of Elizabeth. It has manufactures
of hydraulic machinery; p. 13,597.

Roselle Park, borough, New Jersey, in
Union co.; chiefly a residential town; p.
9,661.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), an
aromatic, evergreen herb which has long
been cultivated in gardens as an ornamental
shrub. It has tiny light blue flowers and
narrow leaves which are used for seasoning.
An essential oil obtained from the leaves
is used as a perfume.

Rosen, Charles (1878- ), American
landscape painter, was born in Westmoreland
co., Pennsylvania. He studied in the Na-
tional Academy of Design and the New
York School of Art, and received numerous
awards for his work, including the Inness
gold medal and first Altman prize of the
National Academy of Design in 1916.

Rosen, Roman Romanovitch, Baron
(1847-1921), Russian diplomatist, born of
Swedish stock. He was successively charge
d'affaires in Japan, consul-general at New
York, and charge* d'affaires at Washington,
He was minister to Japan from 1903 until
the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War,
Ambassador to the United States from 1905
to 1911, and a joint plenipotentiary with
Count Witte in the Russo-Japanese peace ne-
gotiations at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1905
After the Bolshevist revolution, having lost
all his possessions, he escaped to the United

States. He published Forty Years oj a Diplo-
mat's Life.

Rosenbach, Abraham Simon Wolf
(1876- ), American bibliophile. For his
own account and as the representative of
others he has spent millions for rare books in
:he auction rooms of Europe and America.
He acquired a Gutenberg Bible for $106,000,
one of the highest prices ever paid for a single
volume. He maintains offices in Philadel-
phia, where he lives, in New York, and
abroad.

Rosenthal, Moriz (1862-1943), Austrian
pianist, was a pupil of Liszt. He made numer-
ous successful concert tours of Europe and
the United States,

Rose of Lima, Saint (1586-1617), a nun
of the third order of Dominicans, was born
.n Lima, Peru, the daughter of Gaspard Flor-
ez of that city. She entered the order in 1606,
and gained a reputation for the severe regi-
men of her life, of which many stories are
extant. She was canonized by Clement x,
who fixed her day as Aug. 30, She was the
first American saint so canonized.

Rose of Sharon, a name sometimes given
to the Syrian mallow (Hibiscus syriacus), a
beautiful shrub with brilliant flowers, rang-
ing in color from purple and red to a delicate
pink and white.

Rose Quartz. See Quartz.

Roses, Wars of the, the name given the
series of struggles in England in the latter
half of the i$th century between the houses
of York and Lancaster. They were so named
from the badges worn by the rival factions,
that of York being a white rose and that of
Lancaster a red one. During the temporary
insanity of Henry vr. of the house of Lancas-
ter, in 1453-4, the Duke of York became pro-
tector of the realm. When, on the king's re-
covery, he was dismissed from office, the
Yorkists, armed, won the battle of St. AI-
bans on May 22, 1455, and York again be-
came protector. In 1456 York was dismissed
a second time, and in Sept, 1459, Salisbury
defeated the Lancastrians at Bloreheath.
Henry vi. then met the Yorkists at Ludlow,
Richard of York escaping to Ireland, and
Salisbury and Warwick to Calais. A Parlia-
ment was then called by the royalists at Cov-
entry, and the Yorkist leaders were attainted.
So far the struggle had been for control of
the government. After the attainder of York,
Salisbury, and Warwick, at Coventry, the
war became one for life and death. At the
battle of Northampton, in July 1460, War-
wick captured Henry vx.> and a Parliament