Rousseau

4054

Rowan

dred specimens are still visible. Specimens
may have been built, according to Dr. Petrie,
as late as the i3th century, although he is of
the opinion that most of them were erected
from the loth to the isth century, while a few
may be of 6th century origin. The date as-
signed by Irish annalists to one of them
(that at Tomgraney, Co. Clare) is about
1005 A.D., being attributed to Brian Boroimhe
before his overthrow of the Danes. It is a
vexed question as to what use these towers
were put.

Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-78),
French philosophic writer, was the son of a
watchmaker at Geneva. Rousseau, having fled
from his native town, was introduced to a
Madame de Warens, who occupied a some-
what equivocal position as a pensioner of
Victor Amadeus of Savoy and Sardinia, and
agent for the conversion of Protestants to
the Roman Catholic faith. By this woman
Rousseau was sent to a seminary at Turin,
where his 'conversion' was effected. Rousseau
acquired powerful friends, and soon obtained
the post of secretary to the French ambas-
sador at Venice, where he lived for the best
part of two years. On his return to Paris he
became associated with Therese le Vasseur, a
girl from Orleans, by whom he had five chil-
dren, all of whom he sent to the foundling
hospital. Rousseau's literary success began
in 1750, when he was awarded by the Acad-
emy of Dijon a prize for an essay on the
effect of the progress of science and art on
morals; and in 1753 he brought out his suc-
cessful opera, Le Devin du Village, and was
equally successful with his Discours sur Vine-
galite parmi les Hommes, which may fairly
be regarded as the popular gospel of the
'state of nature.* In the same year Madame
d'Epinay, one of his great friends, lent him
a cottage called 'The Hermitage/ on the bor-
ders of the forest of Montmorency, a few
leagues from Paris. There he lived till the
end of 1757, and in 1760-1 he published
Julie, ou la Nouvelle Heloise, La Paix Per-
petuelle, and Le Contrat Social. On the ap-
pearance of his Emile, ou de I'Education in
1762 he was threatened by the Jesuits, and
fled, first to Switzerland, subsequently to Eng-
land, where he was the guest of Hume. At
last he was permitted to return to France,
where he died at Ermenonville. In England
he had begun his remarkable Confessions.
Rousseau's real strength lies in his style. An
edition of his CEttvres Completes was pub-

lished in 13 vols. in 1884-87; all his works
have been published in English.
Rousseau, Pierre Etienne Theodore

(1812-67), 'the father of modern French land-
scape,' born in Paris; exhibited his first work
in the Salon of 1834—Lisiere d'un Bois
Coupe. His great work, La Descente de?
Vaches, was rejected in 1836 by the votes of
the classic painters, and from that time till
1848 he was persistently refused. Others of
his pictures were The Chestnut Avemte, The
Marsh in the Landes; and after the reorgani-
zation of the Salon in 1848, he exhibited his
masterpiece, The Edge of the Forest. Up to
this period Rousseau had lived only occasion-
ally at Barbizon, but in 1848 he took up his
residence in the forest village, where he sent
out landscapes which are now considered the
chefs d'ceuvre of French art. Fine examples
of his work are in the Louvre and the Na-
tional Gallery, London. His IIoar Frost is
in a private collection at Baltimore; The
Gorges of Apremont, in New York, and Morn-
ing on the Oise in Orange, N. J. Consult
Sensier's Souvenirs sur Theodore Rousseau;
D. C. Thomson's The Barbizon School; Gen-
sel's Millet and Rousseau (1907).

Roux, Pierre (1853-1933), French bacteri-
ologist, was born at Confolens in department
Charente. After being assistant (1874-8) at
the Paris Hospital, he became assistant at
the Pasteur Institute on its foundation in
1888, vice-director on the death of Pasteur in
1895, and director in 1904. As early as 1888
he was successful, in conjunction with Yersin,
in preparing the diptheritic antitoxin serum

Rowan, Stephen Clegg (1808-90), Amer-
ican naval officer, was born near Dublin, Ire-
land. He was brought to the United States at
an early age, and entered the U. S. Navy. He
took part in the Mexican War, as executive
officer of the Cyane in the capture of Mon-
terey and San Diego. On the outbreak of
the Civil War, he destroyed or captured the
Confederate fleet in the Pasquotank River,
assisted General Burnside in the capture of
Winston, Newbern, and Beaufort, and he
spent some arduous months at Charleston on
the New Ironsides. He was subsequently com-
mander of the naval station at New York
(1872-9).

Rowan Tree, Mountain Ash, or Quick-
en Tree (Pyrus aucuparia or Sorbus aucu-
paria), a tree belonging to the natural order
Rosaceae, abundant in Great Britain and in
many parts of continental Europe, An allied