Rowland

4056

Royal

the Grand Challenge at Henley, and their
showing was splendid. They defeated the
London and Thames Rowing Clubs in the
trials, and were defeated by Leander in the
finals only after a glorious struggle. Since
1878 the dual meet between Yale and Har-
vard has been held at New London, Conn.
Of late years school crews have attained dis-
tinction in the Henley races. The American
Brown and Nichols crew of Cambridge, Mass,
und the crew of Kent School, Conn, have
both won the Thames Challenge Cup in Eng-
land. Professional rowing flourished in the
United States before the Civil War. The first
championship races of this kind were rowed
in 1837-8 between Stephen Roberts and Sid-
ney Dorian, both of New York. Dorian
won the first race, Roberts the second and
third, and the fourth was ended by interfer-
ence with the course from other boats. The
•five Ward brothers and three Biglin brothers
were the most noted oarsmen of the late 'fifties
and 'sixties, when professional sculling reached
its greatest popularity.

Rowland, Henry Augustus (1848-1901),
American physicist, professor of physics in
Johns Hopkins University, which chair he re-
tained until his death. To Professor Row-
land are due many notable investigations in
physics. He made an absolute determination
of the ohm that helped to fix the value of
this important electrical unit; and his work
in spectroscopy, especially the spectrum of
the sun, brought him an international repu-
tation. His contributions in the fields of elec-
tricity and magnetism were hardly less note-
worthy.

Roxana, daughter of a Bactrian chieftain.
Alexander the Great married her in 327 B.C.
In 311 Cassander put her to death.

Royal Families of Europe. The belief
in divine right of kings has manifested itself
perhaps more forcibly in modern times by the
persistent practice of intermarriage among
their relatives, until, at the time of World War
I, nearly all of the royal houses of Europe
were closely related by blood ties.

Reigning Families. — BELGIUM.—Upon the
erection of the kingdom of Belgium in 1830,
Leopold i was chosen as king, and his son
Leopold n succeeded him in 1865, until hie
death in 1909. His nephew, Albert i fol-
lowed. Albert i married Elizabeth of Ba-
varia. They had two sons and a daughter:
Crown Prince Leopold (born 1901) married
in 1926 Princess Astrid, daughter of Prince
Charles, brother of King Gustaf v of Swed-

en; offspring, Josephine Charlotte (born
1927), and Prince Baudoin (born 1930). On
the death of Albert i (Feb. 17,1934)» Leopold
HE succeeded to the throne. In 1940 he became
a prisoner in Germany.

BULGARIA.—King (tsar) Boris in, son of ex-
king Ferdinand of Bulgaria. Boris was born
in 1894 and succeeded on the abdication of his
father in 1918. In 1930 he was married to
Princess Giovanna, third daughter of Victor
Emmanuel m of Italy; offspring: Marie
Louise (1933). Boris died in 1943.

DENMARK. — King Christian x succeeded
in 1912 on the death of his father, Frederick
vm. His grandfather, Christian ix, was fa-
ther of the Empress Marie of Russia, wife of
Emperor Alexander m of Russia and mother
of Nicholas n; also of Alexandra, wife of Ed-
ward vn of Great Britain and mother of
George v; his son, George, became King of
the Hellenes in 1863, assassinated in 1913 and
succeeded by his son Constantine. Christian x
married Alexandrine of Mecklenburg; off-
spring: Crown Prince Frederick (born
1899) and Prince Knud (1900).

GREAT BRITAIN.—George v, son of Edward
vn and grandson of Queen Victoria, succeeded
on his father's death in 1910. His mother was
the Danish princess, Alexandra. He married
his cousin, Victoria Mary of Teck, in 1893.
Of their five living children the eldest is the
Duke of Windsor (1894) who upon his fath-
er's death in 1936 became King Edward vra,
and abdicated same year. He was succeeded
by his next younger brother George vi
(1895) who married, 1923, Lady Elizabeth
Bowes-Lyon, daughter of the Earl of Strath-
more and Kinghorne; offspring: Princess
Elizabeth (1926)—heir to the throne, and
Princess Margaret (1930). Other children of
George V are: the Duke of Gloucester, mar-
ried Lady Alice Montagu-Douglass-Scott; the
Duke of Kent (died 1942) married to Princess
Marina of Greece and father of a son and a
daughter; and Princess Mary, wife of the Earl
of Harewood and mother of two sons. George
v was first cousin to the German ex-emperor,
the last Russian emperor, the King of Den-
mark, the late King Constantine of Greece,
and the King of Norway, who married his sis-
ter Maud. George v was also first cousin to
ex-queen Victoria of Spain, to the late queen
Marie of Roumania and to the late crown
princess of Sweden. Edward VOT on his ab-
dication became Duke of Windsor. In 1937 he
married Mrs. Wallis Warfield Simpson, an
American, at Monts, France,