Royal

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Royal Society

stantine was forced to abdicate again, how-
ever, in 1922, in favor of his second son,
George n, who, when a republic was set up,
relinquished the throne in less than a year.
Constantino died in 1923. He was the first
cousin of the emperor of Russia, of the king
of Great Britain and of the king of Denmark.
George n returned to the throne, 1935,

MONTENEGRO.—The last ruler was Nicholas
i, born in 1841, and proclaimed prince of
Montenegro in succession to his uncle Danilo
in 1860. He assumed the title of king in
1910. Prince Danilo Alexander, "born 1871,
was heir-apparent but, upon the death of
King Nicholas in March, 1921, Montenegro
became a part of Yugoslavia.

ROUMANIA.—Carol n, who became king in
1930, son of Ferdinand i and Queen Marie
(daughter of the Duke of Edinburgh, after-
wards Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha), is thus
a great-grandson of Queen Victoria of Great
Britain. He was born in 1893, married in
1921 to Princess Helen of Greece (divorced
1928); offspring, Crown Prince Michael (Mi-
hai), born 1921. In 1940 the Germans forced
the king to abdicate and he fled from the
country.

RUSSIA.—Nicholas n, last tsar of Russia,
was born in 1868, a descendant of Michael
Romanoff, who founded the dynasty in 1613.
Nicholas was the son of Alexander m and
Dagmar of Denmark (sister of the late Alex-
andra of England, the late Frederick vm of
Denmark, and the late George i of Greece),
and was therefore first cousin to the king of
England, the king of Denmark, and the king
of Greece. He married Alexandra Alice,
daughter of the Grand Duchess of Hesse
(formerly Princess Alice of England), and
had five children. Nicholas abdicated both
for himself and his only son Alexis in March,
1917, and in 1918 the entire family was mur-
dered by the Bolshevists. Later a young wo-
man who claimed to be Princess Anastasia,
and to have survived the Bolshevist attack,
visited the U. S. and gained some following,
though she was denied recognition by rela-
tives of the late Tsar. Grand Duchess
Marie, daughter of the late Grand Duke Paul
of Russia, and cousin of the late Tsar Nicho-
las became employed in a New York City
Fifth Ave. shop as buyer and designer of
novelty articles. Formerly a member by
marriage of the royal family of Sweden, she
lived for nine years in Paris where she oper-
ated an embroidery factory to give employ-
Blent to exiled Russians.

SAXONY.—The last king of Saxony was
Frederick August m, his ancestor in 1806 as-
sumed the title of King of the Electorate of
Saxony, and an earlier ancestor was emperor
of Germany. He married Louise of Tus-
cany in 1891 (the marriage was dissolved in
903), by whom he had six children. George,
born in 1893, was the crown prince. On No-
vember 9, 1918, Saxony was declared a re-
public.

SPAIN.—The last king of Spain was Alfonso
xm of the family of Bourbon, and a descend-
ant of Louis xrv of France. The only son of
Alfonso xn and Maria Christina, daughter of
the late Charles Ferdinand, Archduke of Aus-
tria, he was born in 1886. He married (1906)
Victoria Eugenie, daughter of Princess Bea-
trice of England (Queen Victoria's youngest
daughter) and Prince Henry of Battenberg,
Six children were born of this marriage, the
eldest in 1907. Alfonso withdrew to France
when a Spanish republic was established in

1931-

WtJRTEMBERG.—The ex-king was William
n, who was born in 1848, and succeeded to
the throne on the death of his cousin, Charles
i in 1891. He had been married twice, but
had no male descendants. His cousin Albert,
born in 1865, was heir-presumptive until 1918,
when Wiirtemberg was proclaimed a repub-
lic. He died in 1921.

YUGOSLAVIA.—Crown Prince Peter was pro-
claimed king, Oct., 1934, under a regency of
three following the assassination of his father,
King Alexander. His mother is Marie, second
daughter of King Ferdinand of Roumania, to
whom were born Prince Peter (1923), Prince
Tomislav (1928) and Prince Andreja (1929).
In World War II the monarchy was over-
thrown and a republic established.

Royall, Isaac (c. 1719-81), was born in
Antigua, West Indies and later moved to
Medford, Mass. Adhering to the royalist
side in the Revolutionary War, he had to
leave the country (1775). Although his large
estates were confiscated, he bequeathed 2,000
acres to endow a chair of law at Harvard
University.

Royal Society of London, the oldest sci-
entific society in Great Britain, was founded
in i66o> though the nucleus of the organiza-
tion was formed fifteen years earlier by a
number of learned men who met in London
to discuss philosophical questions and report
experiments. Sir Robert Moray was the first
president of the Society, and Sir Christopher
Wren and the Hon. Robert Boyle were among