Rubus

4061

Ruffin

director until 1867. As a composer, Rubin-';
stein has written largely in nearly every
branch of music. He was an extreme anti-
Wagnerian, and his style displays the influ-
ence of Schubert and Mendelssohn to a
marked degree. Of his symphonies, the Ocean
and Dramatic are perhaps best known; but
many of his compositions for piano, some of
his chamber music, and a great number of his
songs are highly esteemed.

Rubus, a genus of shrubs and herbs be-
longing to the order Rosaceae. They bear
mostly panicles or corymbs of white or pink
flowers, followed by often edible fruits.
Among the edible-fruited species are R.
ld<zust the red raspberry.

Ruby, a red variety of precious corundum,
AluOs, which differs from sapphire only in
its color. It is strongly dichroic, and this
property is useful for distinguishing it from
garnet, spinel, and red paste; while its speci-
fic gravity (4) is higher than that of red
tourmaline, and in hardness (9) it is inferior
only to the diamond. The most precious of
all is the bright carmine red, known as the
'pigeon-blood' color. Large rubies are ex-
cessively rare. These gems are obtained prin-
cipally from Upper Burma, Siam, and Cey-
lon. 'Reconstructed rubies* are obtained by
melting small rubies in an electric furnace
and then allowing them to cool very slowly.

Ruckstuhl, Frederick Wellington
(1853-1942), American sculptor, born at Brei-
tenbach, Alsace; educated in St. Louis, Mo.,
where his parents settled in 1854. His female
marble figure Evening, received honorable
mention at the Salon of 1888, and later a
grand medal at the Chicago World's Fair in
1893. It is now in the N. Y. Metropolitan
Museum. Among his other important works
are the bronze Victory on the Soldiers' and
Sailors' monument in Jamaica, N. Y.; marble
figures of Wisdom and Force for the appellate
court, New York city.

Rudbeck, Olof (1630-1702), Swedish au-
thor and scientist, born at Westerls. At the
age of twenty-three he discovered the lymph-
atic vessels; was professor of practical medi-
cine at Upsala (1660), where he founded a
botanical garden and edited a herbarium en-
titled Campus Elysius (1701-2). His chief
work, however, was his Atlantica (1675-98)
in which, with immense erudition and extra-
ordinary ingenuity, he endeavored to prove
that Plato's Atlantis was really Sweden, and
that Sweden was the craclle of human culture
Rude, Fransow (1784-1855)»

culptor, born at Dijon. His chief work is the
ine trophy on the Arc de Triomphe de
TStoile. He broke with academic traditions,
and turned to living nature for his inspiration
and models. His best work is found in the
-ille and Dijon museums, at Versailles, and in
he Luxembourg Gardens at Paris.

Rudolf I. (1218-91), German emperor, was
ilected in 1273. In 1278 he defeated and
dlled Ottocar, the powerful Bohemian king
who held Austria, Styria, Carinthia, and Car-
niola. This victory proved to be the founda-
ion of the future greatness of the house of
Hapsburg.

Rudolf II. (1552-1612), German emperor,
was the son of Maximilian n., and became
emperor in 1576. Weakness was the most
conspicuous feature of Rudolf's character. In
1606 the Hapsburg archdukes set up Matth-
as, the emperor's brother, as head of the fam-
ly, and compelled Rudolf to resign all his
dominions except Bohemia. In 1611 Matthias
seized Bohemia.

Rudolf or Rudolph, Franz Karl Joseph
[1858-89), crown-prince of Austria-Hungary,
only son of the Emperor Francis Joseph. It
s generally believed that he committed suicide
over a love affair at Meyerling, near Vienna.

Rue (Ruta gmveolens), a perennial ever-
green herb, whose leaves were formerly occa-
sionally used for flavoring and in medicine- It
was the herb of repentance and the herb of
grace. It bears greenish-yellow flowers, and
the leaves have a powerful smell.

Rueda, Lope de (d. c. 1567), Spanish ac-
tor and dramatist, and one of the founders of
the Spanish secular stage, born at Seville. He
first popularized the true drama in Spain, and
wrote his own plays, mostly from Italian
stories. But his most famous works are short
humorous dialogues or interludes, called
pasos.

Ruff (Machetes pugnax), a bird of .the far
north, more common in northern Europe than
America, and a near ally of the sandpipers.
In the spring the male loses the feathers on
the face, which are replaced by yellowish
or pinkish tubercles; curled tufts of feathers
also arise near the ears, and later the shield-
like rufi is developed.

Ruffe, or Pope (Acerina cernua), a small
fresh-water perch, found in sluggish streams
throughout central Europe, and common in
many parts of England.

Ruffin, Edmund (1794-1865), American
agriculturist, born in Prince George co., Va,
In 1832 he founded the Farmer's Register and