Rugby_________________________4062

edited it until 1841. He fired the first shot
opening the siege of Fort Sumter (April 12,
1861), and at the close of the Civil War killed
himself rather than swear allegiance to the
Union.

Rugby, Warwickshire, England, on the
Avon. The church of St. Andrew replaces
an older one, mostly demolished in 1777.
Public buildings include the famous school,
founded hi 1567 by Lawrence Sheriff. Dr.
Arnold was headmaster (1828-42), and
among many memorials in the chapel are
effigies of Dr. Arnold and Dean Stanley; p.
23,824.

Rugs

Photo by Elliott & Fry.
Rubinstein.

Riigen, German island in Baltic; p. c. 48,-
ooo. The soil is fertile, and agriculture, cattle
raising and fisheries flourish. Bergen is the
capital.

Ruger, Thomas Howard (1833-1907),
American soldier, born at Lima, N, Y.; be-
came a brigadier-general. He fought at Chan-
cellorsville and Gettysburg; assisted in sup-
pressing the draft riots in New York city;
and was provisional governor of Ga. in 1868.
In 1871-76 he was superintendent of West
Point.

Ruggles, Charles (1892- ), actor, was
born in Los Angeles, Calif. He was educated
in the public schools and made his first ap-
pearance in a stock company at the Alcazar
Theater, San Francisco, 1908. He is popular
in motion picture films and has appeared in
many character parts. He is a recognized

champion handball player, an expert swim-
mer, and boxer.

Ruggles, Samuel Bulkley (1800-80),
American lawyer, born in Conn., began to
practise law in New York in 1821. He was
a member of the legislature in 1838, and in
1840 and 1858 was president of the canal
board. He was an authority on financial and
statistical subjects, and represented the U. S.
in the international monetary conference at
Paris.

Rugs. Most of the Oriental rugs sold in
the United States come from Persia, Russia
and Turkey. A few come from India and
China and some are woven in Beluchistan
and Afghanistan. The Ballard collection in
the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York,
is notable. Everywhere the method of weav-
ing is practically the same. The warp threads
are stretched vertically between two rollers.
The pile is formed by the ends of rows of
woolen knots tied to the warp between weft
threads that bind them in place. An aniline-
dyed Oriental rug is of little value as the life
has been taken from the wool and the colors
grow harsh with age instead of softening and
blending into quaint and curious harmonies
as do vegetable colors. The principal centers
of rug-weaving Persia are Tabriz and Sul-
tanabad, where the industry is under Euro-
pean control. Tabriz rugs excel in fineness of
weave and intricacy of design. The color-
ings are exquisitely delicate and the patterns
brilliantly harmonious. Other rugs of North-
western Persia are Gorevans, Scrapes, Bak-
shaishes, and Herezes. Among rugs woven in
Western Persia are Sultanabads, Fcreghans,
Hamadans, Sehnas, Serebends, Kurdistans and
Saruks, The high reputation of Kerman rugs
is due partly to the quality of the wool of
South Central Persia. The principal types
of rugs woven in the Caucasus are Daghes-
tans, Kabistans, Derbends, Chichis, Shirvans,
Kazaks, Guerges and Karabaghs. Rugs wov-
en in Russia east of the Caspian along the
line of the Transcaspian railway are Tekkes,
Yomuds, Khivas, Bokharas, Afghans and Sa-
markands. The most important center of
rug weaving in Turkey is Oushak. The indus-
try is under European control and large, thick
rugs in Persian, Turkish and European de-
signs are woven under the names Kerman,
Ghiordes, Yaprak, Sparta, Gulistan, Enlie,
etc. The colors are strong greens, green-
blues, reds and maroons. Anatolia is another
name for Asia Minor. Under the name Ana-
tolians are sold small odds and ends of every