was divided into a large number of small principalities
more or less dependant on the suzerainty of Kambuja-
desa. The most powerful amongst these states were
Sien and Lo hou^ one situated in the upper valley of
the Menam and the other in the lower. From the
middle of the uth century till the middle of the I2th
cen. (1190?, 1207, 1233 A. D.), the slaves of the
country of ^Syam" are mentioned in the Cham inscrip-
tions. The galleries of Angkor-vat explain two
bas-reliefs by several short inscriptions; one runs
thus "Vrah Kamraten anSrijayasimha varman'm the
forests leading the troops of Lvo^ Two others illus-
trate the soldiers of "Syani Kut^ These inscriptions are
of the 12th century A. D.. The two countries here re-
ferred to are without doubt Lo-hoit and Sien of the
Chinese annals.1 The country of Lvo is also mention-
ed in an inscription of the end of the icth century dis-
covered at Lopburi. Lvo of the Angkorvat inscription,
Lo hou of the Chinese annals, and Lavo of the ancient
Siamese is the same as the Lopburi (Sanskrit Nava-
pura) flourishing in the lower valley of the Menam.
Sien (or Sien lo) of the Chinese is the same as
the "Syam kut" of the inscriptions of Angkor Vat
and corresponded with the kingdom Sukhothai
1. Paul Pelliot—Deux Itineraires, BEFEO, IV, p. 236 f. I am
sorry that this highly important article has escaped the
notice of Mr. Bose. Prof. Pelliot has collected there first
hand materials from the Chinese sources for the Geography
and history of almost all the countries of Indo-China, Malaya
peninsula, & the Indian archipelago.