IV THE UPPER CLASSES IOJ
love-inscriptions on vases.1 Many of the kaloi became archons
or strategoi5 all of them became 'good men'. Good men were
brave men, and thus served their Polls,2 but they did this not
only as hoplites or strategoi, also as magistrates, as councillors,
as citizens in general Here we touch on the very nature of
those who claimed to be the 'fine and brave' (or whatever
English words we like to use for the not translatable kalot-
kagathoi). When we realize that the boy was kales, i.e. beautiful,
and the man agathos,i.e. a good citizen, in particular as a soldier,
we seem to be approaching an explanation of the obscure ex-
pression kaloskagathos 3 The word had been used to charac-
terize the aristocracy and its members, but eventually it came
to indicate some special qualities which might be ascribed to
that class but were not confined to it. The kaloikagathoi were
said to be the real and true 'men', the 'good men' 4 They had
been fine boys, they now were fine, brave, worthy and dignified
men. In recognizing that style in living is the outstanding
quality of the kaloskagathos we combine the two meanings of
the kalos and the agathos KalokagatJiia^ when it became a sort
of personal virtue, was no longer confined to the old social
sense, but it was still used of the upper classes alone.5
Its meaning was therefore somewhat ambiguous, for it
referred to an upper class which was no longer simply the
aristocracy. This becomes particularly clear when we think
of the highest office in the State The social change here is
1 Cf, in spite of their obvious insufficiency and incorrectness, the valuable
suggestions in D M. Robinson and E J Fluck, A Study of the Greek Love-Names
(1937)5 esp 47f, 66£F See also above, p 101 For a full list of love-names by
rf painters see J D Beazley, Atttc Red-Figure Vase-Painters, App III, pp.
9I2ff
2 A.696
3 ocyaOos TroAhrjS, K 944. In introducing the two age groups of boy and
man as an additional element of the composed expression KoA6$ Kocyo66$ we go
beyond the explanation formulated, eg by H -I. Marrou in Ms valuable book
Eistoire de P education dans Pantiquite (1948), yyfF, as the union of '1'aspect
moral et 1'aspect physique' Nor does it seem adequate to base this double
aspect on 'sport' alone
4 K 179, 333, 392, 1255, W 1185, 1256, Cf J Juthner, Chansieriaf Rzach
(1930), loif
5 This is perhaps the case of the man who in Enpolis' Demot (109) claimed to
have a yuvf^ KoAfj TS KccyoQfj who had loved him from a girl (cf. Eur IfL A.
750) It is, however, also possible that a second Strepsiades is speaking, as prob-
ably also in another fragment (Kantharos 5) which emphasizes the woman's
Athenian origin: yuvcttK' 'A6r|vociav K-aXrjV T€