V TRADERS AND CRAFTSMEN 117
distinction, clear as it seems, does not always hold good.
Although in exceptional cases, as we have said5 the emporos
was also a land-trader, in fact both naukleros and emforos
together represented sea-trade l Especially since every corn-
ship had to call at the Peiraeus, it had become impossible to
distinguish one from the other 2 In a famous fragment of
Hermippos, Dionysos is called a naukleros who brings all the
products of the world to Athens.3 In another fragment we are
told that the tomb of Themistokles could be seen by the
emporoi when entering harbour and leaving it.4 In another
source, the em-poroi and 'those who enter harbour' are the same
people, the wholesale corn-traders, and there were emporot
who sailed round the Peloponnesos.5 There was no clear dis-
tinction between emforos and naukleros., and the actual usage
implies that the words were interchangeable,6 Many a nau-
kleroSy who sailed with his own cargo, sold and bought goods/
many an emporos used to hire a ship and sail from port to port.
Andokides, as he himself tells us, was naukleros and emporos in
one.8 Both shipowner and trader ran the risk of losing either
ship or cargo or both.9 It is confirmed from other sources that
there was only a small number of people who used one or more
ships of their own for trading, unless they took up a loan, or
were engaged only in the carrying-trade 1£) All sea-trade was as
yet on a small scale. In general, when a man had enough
money, he did not sail himself, nor did he let his ships sail,
1 Cf, e g, Xen Poroi 3, 4f - Glotz, 184
3 Hermipp 63 Only a knowledge of the lost plaj TO ouid tell us how Dionysos
came to be a shipowner, there may be some recollection of the story of the god
and the sailors It is hardly probable that the fragment alluded to ca captain
Dionysos' (Ziebarth) Dion> sos as the name of a man is very rare indeed
4 Plat 183
5 Lysias XXII, 17, 21 — Thuc II, 67, 4
6 We have, it is true, tw o inscriptions of the time, dealing with (perhaps even
a sort of guild of) ucojKArjpoi (7G I2, 127, 128) Unfortunately they are badly
damaged, and in both places where vcxuKArjpoi are mentioned it is possible that
strrropoi, too, were referred to (i 27, 3 3; 128,3 f), cf already Ziebarth, 138.
7 conxKpopTQS, Krannos 248 — Xen oik 8,12
8 Andokides I, 137 — Heichelheim, 335, speaks of the mutual economic
approach otnauklena and empona I should think a growing distinction is more
probable, considering the increasing specialization of the time, and the growing
importance of bottomry
9 B 593ff, 598, 711, PI ii79,adesp 377. cf Eur fig 417
10 Its existence is proved by Heichelheim, 337f, against Hasebroek