134 TRADERS AND CRAFTSMEN V

thus easily be able to stop the sale of flour I Some retailers,
whose shops were not specialized, were apparently to be found
in various quarters of the town.2

To a large extent intellectual output followed the same
economic tendencies as retail trade. To Aristophanes medical
treatment, it is true, was not a techne in the ordinary sense, but
something that was taught to mankind by true poets in the
same way as morality, honour and bravery, or, on the other
hand, farming 3 He loathed the various 'sophists', the pro-
phets, physicians, thinkers, rhapsodes, astronomers and others,
because all these specialists earned money by their art 4
Without accepting the comic poet's view of them we can dis-
cover their economic standing Among the hateful individuals
who rushed into the newly founded Cloudcuckooborough
were several of this kind, for example the poet and chorus-
trainer Kinesias, who was famous among the tribes.5 It shows
a peculiar inconsequence on the part of the poet that he
derides another chorus-trainer, Kalhmachos, as well as the
painter Pauson, merely because of their poverty.6 The physi-
cians in particular had the reputation of running after money.7
Euripides describes his treatment of tragedy as if it were his
patient: the doctor, by a special therapy, first causes the patient
to lose flesh, and afterwards puts him on a special diet, the
object, of course, being to keep him under treatment as long
as possible.8 It is easily understood that people did not hurry
to call in the doctor, and when a woman suffered from stomach-
ache, her husband simply mixed some powder to relieve her.9
But if the patient died, the doctor ran the risk of being accused
of carelessness.10

The members of the various intellectual professions — in-
cluding, perhaps, the 'writer of books' — were more or less
kapeloi.^ There were some 'honest vocations', which Aristo-
phanes approves of, besides his favourite, agriculture, and we

1 K 852ff, 857 2 Lysias, frg 38, 3. 3 F io32ff

4 C 33 iff, W 52 and elsewhere

5 B 14035

6 E 809. — A 8 54, Th949, PI 602. The part which Pauson plays in the
obscure lines of Eupolis 40 P, jff, remains unexplained, also in Jensen's treat-
ment (Abh. Preuss Ak 1939, no 14, 6),

10 Antiphon, tetral III, 2
11 The pipAiccypcq>o$ (stc, Kratmos 249) was a scribe rather than an author,