106 STAT. 4522 PUBLIC LAW 102-572—OCT. 29, 1992

"(C) armed conflict between military forces of any
origin.";

(4) by adding after section 2332, as redesignated by para-
graph (2) of this subsection, the following new sections:

"§ 2333. Civil remedies

"(a) ACTION AND JURISDICTION.—Any national of the United
States injured in his or her person, property, or business by reason
of an act of international terrorism, or his or her estate, survivors,
or heirs, may sue therefor in any appropriate district court of
the United States and shall recover threefold the damages he or
she sustains and the cost of the suit, including attorneys fees.

"(b) ESTOPPEL UNDER UNITED STATES LAW.—A final judgment
or decree rendered in favor of the United States in any criminal
proceeding under section 1116, 1201, 1203, or 2332 of this title
or section 902(i), (k), (1), (n), or (r) of the Federal Aviation Act
of 1958 (49 U.S.C. App. 1472(i), (k), (1), (n), or (r)) shall estop
the defendant from denying the essential allegations of the criminal
offense in any subsequent civil proceeding under this section.

"(c) ESTOPPEL UNDER FOREIGN LAW.—A final judgment or
decree rendered in favor of any foreign state in any criminal pro-
ceeding shall, to the extent that such judgment or decree may
be accorded full faith and credit under the law of the United
States, estop the defendant from denying the essential allegations
of the criminal offense in any subsequent civil proceeding under
this section.

"§ 2334. Jurisdiction and venue

"(a) GENERAL VENUE.—Any civil action under section 2333 of
this title against any person may be instituted in the district
court of the United States for any district where any plaintiff
resides or where any defendant resides or is served, or has an
agent. Process in such a civil action may be served in any district
where the defendant resides, is found, or has an agent.

"(b) SPECIAL MARITIME OR TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION.—If the
actions giving rise to the claim occurred within the special maritime
and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, as defined in section
7 of this title, then any civil action under section 2333 of this
title against any person may be instituted in the district court
of the United States for any district in which any plaintiff resides
or the defendant resides, is served, or has an agent.

"(c) SERVICE ON WITNESSES.—A witness in a civil action brought
under section 2333 of this title may be served in any other district
where the defendant resides, is found, or has an agent.

"(d) CONVENIENCE OF THE FORUM.—The district court shall
not dismiss any action brought under section 2333 of this title
on the grounds of the inconvenience or inappropriateness of the
forum chosen, unless—

"(1) the action may be maintained in a foreign court that
has jurisdiction over the subject matter and over all the defend-
ants;

"(2) that foreign court is significantly more convenient and
appropriate; and

"(3) that foreign court offers a remedy which is substan-
tially the same as the one available in the courts of the United
States.