Liov,-J.n,WILLis

THE

_—

Victorian Naturalist

THE JOURNAL AND MAGAZINE

of the

FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB OF VICTORIA

VOL. 64

MAY, 1947, TO APRIL, 1948

Hon, Editor; A. H. CHISHOLM, F.R.Z.S.

The Author of each Article is responsible for
the facts and opinions recorded

MELBOURNE:
Brown, Prior, ANDERSON Pry. Ltp., 430 LITTLE Bourke S1RfeT
1948

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 64—No. 1 MAY 8, 1947 No. 761

PROCEEDINGS

The monthly niceting of the Ciub was held on April 14, 1947,
at the Lecture Hall, Melbourne Public Library. The President,
Mr. F. 5. Colliver, and about 200 members and friends attended,

It Was announced that assislance was required for the F.N,C.V,
Jumor Extibit at the Community Festival, Exhibition Building,
Melbourne, from May 14 to 24, 1947, Intending helpers should
contact Mrs. J. J. Freame.

Nominations for the 1947 award of the Australian Natural
Histury Medallion aré due, and tnembers are asked to submit
naines of suitable persons for consideration by the Committee.

The Treasurer, Mr. E, E. Lord. on behalf of the Committee,
recommended rhaf, as the financial year closes in the near future,
the matter of proposed increase in subscriptions be held over until
the réceipts and payments for this year are known. New methods
for the presentation of the Balance Sheet had heen suggested, and
some alterations in forni would be made; it was felt, however,
that in its present form relevant figures were given in the sitplest
way. The statement for this year would be prepared before next
meeting and the discussions on the subject could then be re-opened,

The following were elected! as Ordinary Members of the Club:
Misses E. Macfie, F. W. McDonald, E. Williams, C, M. S.
Gamble, I. F. Thomson, Mr, and Mrs. Noel Bryning, Mr. Trevor
Clifford; anc as Country Members; Misses Ii, P, Hill and A,
Daphne Boyle.

ROBDONDO ISLAND

Mr. J. M. Bechervaise, F.R.S.A., gave a graphic account of
his camp-out on this rugged mountain-island of Bass Strait—
apparently the first landing ever made there. The lecture was
illustrated hy a series of shdes and a motion picture film in colour,
and a survey of the island’s general natural history thereby pre-
sented, Following are sonre questions and answers given at the
conelision of the fecture:

1. What is the size of the island? 4us.: Approximately one
square mile. .

2. What type of granite does it consist of? Aits.: A tough red
kind, very similar to that of Cape Woolamal.

3. What species of eucalypts are there? Ans.; E, bicostata of
large size and another species not vet identified,

Pield Naluvoliste’ Chis Procerdings ib

to

4. Were any shells found on the island? tns,; No land forms
were seen, but linipets und a few other small rock-loving forms
of marine iwpe were noted.

5. Was any trace of fire noted? Aits.: Ove tree definitely
struck by lightning was the only rrace wf fire observed.

6. Were wiosquitoes common? Airs,: No mosquitoes were felt
or seen, but March flies were very conimon and caused the party
to wear additional clothing for protection.

7, What type of soil was on the island? is.: Decomposed
granite and humus mixture, varying in depth up to abour 15 feet
tn some of the small gullies.

It was stated that no traces of human visitation to the island
were seen, nor was there any evidence of other nyammals, past or
fitesent. Snakes were apparently Jacking also. Lizards were very
common (two species, one apparently a varietal form of the
mainland type.) Many birds common to the mainland were noted,
and the mutton-bird population was prodigious.

LYREBIRD-FOWL HYBRID

Writing in the Mic, Nat. for June, 1946 (p. 47), Majar H. M. Whittell
asked if any further information was available in regard to a claim made
by the late A. W, Milligan, in 1904, that he had bred and exhibited lybvids
between the lyrebird and the common fowl To thwe I veptiedt with a
quotation from a note published in 1922 in which it was claimed that
lyrebird-fow] hybrids had been known in the Twofold Bay district of
NSW, Recently T have come upen anether paragraph on the subject.
The cutting is undated but apparently was taken fron: Nature Notes in the
Melbourte Argus about 1907. Tt credits a Mr. R. Davis, of Walhalla, with
the staternént that when he képt fowls in a bush area a male lyrebird
developed the habit of feeding with them and eventually paited with 3
black Spanish hen. The fowl Jaid in the serub and brought out a clates of
chicks. “When they grew up they resembicd a lyrebird fi aver way
excepting the tail of the male Iyrebird. The feathers. lees, beak, asd bill
were just the same as those of rhe lyrebird."—A. A. Crisnon,

NOTE ON SPIDERS
For two years | have watched. spidecs demolishing thei’ old webs and
literally stuffing the old sill down their throat; but lyst aveek, while
watching one closely, 1 saw it twice eject a little grey pellet from its mouth.
1 didn't have the presende of mind to catch the pellets. hut T stil have the
spider under ohservation. The pellets aust have been the old sill.
(Mus.) Havin Mekexere.

EXHIBITS AT APRIL MEETING ‘
Mr. V. H. Miller: Miocene and Pleistocene fossils from Mt, Gavnlyier.
Mr Iva C Hanimet: Cultivated native shrubs. from Tyanhoe,
Dr, Margaret Chattaway: Collection of 16 native plants from the high
fends of southern Tasmania.

Dal HMR, Reey, A New Species of Prasophyltum 3

A NEW SPECIES OF PRASOPHYLLUM
By the Rev. H. M. R. Rouer, Northbndge. N_S_W-
P. UROGLOSSUM, sp, nov.

Planta moderate robusta, vsque ad 45 cm. alta. Fuln laminae
tnagnopere inflorescentiam excedens, Flares numerosi in spicem
densomt 7-12 ont. longa, ili in medio primo expandentes, firsco-
purpurei. Sepalumt dorsale usque ad & wen. lougum, latissime
lanceolatum vents principatibys 3. Sepala fateralia. c_& air. longo.
aperia, linearia, ad basem wix gibbosa. breviter divaricata, deinde
pavalleha. Petala breviara, Labellun pullissimum, c. 6 ant
longum, it media ad 95° flexum, inne inter sepala lateralia rigide
protrudens; callus longus, fere amembranasus. Calemna c. 34
min. alfa appendicibus latis et 4 mm, altis, Ovarium gracile.

Distribution: N.S.W., at Burrawang; collected by A. W,
Docknill, Nov,, 1246, (TYPES lodged in the National Herbaria
of Sydney and Melbourne,)

A moderately robust plant 345 cm. high. Leaf lamina
emerging high up the stem, and usually extending far above the
inflorescence. Flowers numerotis ina rather dense spike 7-12 cm,
long. dark brown with prune Gots, the buds openmg fron the
middle of the spike upwards and downwards, Dorsal sepal up to
& mm long, very broadly lanceolate, margins often inturned,
primary veins 3, conspicuous, Lateral sepals about 8 min, Tong,
quite free, linear, hardly gubbous at the hase, shortly divaricate
there, then almost parallel. Petals shorter and paler. Labelium
very dark, not much shorter than the sepals, abruptly reflexed at
a right angle about the middle, ther somewhat rigully protruding
hetween the lateral sepals like a tail; callus extending well beyond
the hend. not quite as dark as the rest of the labellum, and alinost
devoid of any membrane, Column about 34mm. high, with rather
wide appendages higher than the colunin (4-44 mmm.). Ovary
rather slender, very shortly stalked, forming an acute angle with
the axis.

It is somewhat remarkable that so distinctive a species, belong-
mg to the section Euprasophyllum, should have remamed so long
undiscovered within little more than 50 miles of Sydney Affini-
ties are with Po fiscrn R.Br, bor P. wroglossum ts a much
larger plant, and differs an other and more important respects, as
may be seen from the descniption. The character of the labellum,
in particular, is surely unique; it 1s bent at an almost perfect right
angle at the middle, and the atiterior half is rigidly extended like
a tail between the paired sepals.

The name has been given in allusion to this featitre, and was suy-
pire by Mr, J. H, Willis of the Victorian National Herbarium:

xceptionally long appendages of Lhe colunw itre also of note,

4 ALT, Maprinacey, Macquarie Island bg ens

MACQUARIE ISLAND
By A. Ho Matiixctey, Melbourne.

Jnst before the outbreak of World War 1. 1 was asked by the
Royal Society For the Protection of Birds to report on the alleged
cruelty used ta obtain ofl from the penguins of Macquarie Island,

Previnus to this | had madé arrangements with @ Mr. Burton,
whose brother was, employed at the National Museum, Melbourne,
tu obtain a vessel to transport me from the Bluff, New Zealand, to
the iste. Mr, Burton had spent three years on Macquarie Island
and knew it well, and the attendant dangers thereat. Burton died
hefore the arrangement eventuaicd. He, however, gave me a lot
of notes regarding ihe island, Later on Mr. Joseph Match, who
leased the island, gave me further notes and also gave a lantern
night at the Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria to prove thae no
cruelty éecurred in killing the birds, as had heen widely alleged,

To he able ta give a first-hand repart I made arrangements to
accompany Mr, Hatch to the island to see and film the process,
but wartime exigencies precluded my transport there, Most of the
notes given me (which [ have recently found) are presented
herewith, as well as other information,

The sub-antarctic Macquarie Island is a lonely isle about 8640
niles S.E, by 5, irom Hobart, set im a wilderness af waves and in
the southern seas about 600 miles S.W, Irom New Zealand, It is
a dependency of the Commonwealth of Australia and is under the
control of Tasmania, Jt is in latitude 55 degrees S, and is about
20 miles long hy about § miles wide in its broadest part It vansists
oi a series of almost bare hiljs, the highest reaching to L300 feet
Tt may he'likeried to a tile set on edge in the sea. Several small
lakes are found on the uplands, It 3s subject te blizzards from
the west, and has a very damp climate, being frequently enveloped
in clouds. Syrall streanis, hogs and rain squalls are encountered.
Same o€ the lakes are margined with a moss-like growth which
grows very thickly and appears safe to walk upon, but should one
attempt this he will sink through the floating mat and be precipi-
tated into icy-colil water.

There are no trees or thick seruh. but the principal vegetation
js a tall tussock grass, the so-called Macquarie cabhage, and the
large cushion-shaped masses of azorella, sage green, close-zrowing
pleurophyllum, hesitle other minor plants. jerhs and mosses.

For some vears Mr. Hatch leased the island. for the purpose of
ahtaining penguin and elephant-seal oif, and established thirteen
ilmestars for this purpose, Needless to say, the climate is severe,
During the summer, daylight lasts from 2 a.m. to 10 p.m., and
snew-storms are net uncommon in mid-summer. The southern
lights or aurora which are seen on cloudless nights display their
attractive colours to brighten wp the drab effects.

May
iss

AH, Martiseies, Moaegnarie Estar 5
There ere no proper harbours aud the forbidding rocky shores
afford little shelter for shipping in the open recidsteads, The
chiet landing spots are the Nuggets and Lusitania Bay. Many
shipwrecks have occurred, and the survivors suffered severely,

There is now na one inhabiting the island aud no killing of the
penguins or seals for them oif, but the nuunerous sealers and
whalers recently let Jogse may raid the penguiné i7 these ate not
protected hy a warden, To the naturalist the flora and fauna of
the island afford great interest, Experiments mace by the oil
gangs io grow vegetables there wete a rank failure Cabbages
grew only stalks, with leaves as jlarge as a sixpence. Carrots
and tornips grew into stalks of wood. Beans and potatoes were
very much undersized anc were ruined by frost,

The jsland js a hame for seals, which hreed thereon. The
elephant seal has a pes about 10 to 12 inches long, which
gave it the name af elephant—as well as its great size. ‘The largest
bull has a harem of from five to ten females, according to his
ability to fight to retairi them. The latgest bulls measure up to
22 [eet in length and weigh from five to six toms. The females
caine ashore to produce their pups during September, After
Temaining ashore for about two months they all proceed to sea
with their young, In December the old ones return to shed their
coats.

Leopard seals usually visit the island in May and leave again
in February, They are graceful in contour. spotted, and about
seven feet long, They can be dangerous when wounded, and they
destray many penguins; they hide in the kelp te pounce on their
prey. A few true for seals—once numerous, but brought to the
verge of extinction by sealers—may still he encountered,

The largest bird is the -king penguin; it stands three feet high.
It has a bluish coat and white under-parts. The till, head, and
feet are black, and about the cheeks aud neck there is a yellowish
band. The bird saunters along with a divnified air and shows no
fear of man. It tg an jnquisttive bird and examines anything one
mav be doing, J1s call suggests “$ have uot got time,” and is
uttered with the bill pointed skywards: then the bird bows its head
to the ground,

Penguins usually fish in the Macquarie Island area and when
ashore frequent the damp gullies or streams. They commence to
lay early in November. and incubation lasts about six weeks, Their
single egg is incubated hy resting it on their broad webbed feet:
then they project a fold of their feather-coated abdaminal skit:
over it, Both birds hatch the egg and dexterously change it over
to one another to defeat the marauding skuas, The young reman
with their parents for eleven months or until the hen bird 13 abour
to lay once again, The young then moult and go to sea, led by
the ald birds, which return in about a fortnight and toulr also

4 4, “ Vict, Nat.
é A> HB. Matiweney, Macquarie Island [ Wal: a

The young in down are a dusky brown, They feed by thrusting
their hill and head into the mouths of their parents, who regurgitate
the meal into the beaks of their young. —

The parents regularly go to sea to hunt for food and arrive
back overloaded so much so. that they can hardly stagger ashore.
When they arrive back the old birds wait for a big wave to wash
them Ingher upon the beach, Should they miss their fcoting they
head out to sea, dive through the breakers and try again. They
are fattest during November and December-

The Royal penguins are next in size to the Kings and are by
far the most numerous of the four species of penguins inhabiting
Macquarie Island. They are there in thousands. One rookery is
hve miles long, This penguin ts about two and a half feet high,
has a conspicuous bright yellow forehead and crest, coat blue-black,
under-surface silky white, The bill is a reddish-brown. These
penguins arrive in September, the bulk of them about the middle
of the month, and commence laying their single egg about October
lith. When unattended the young fie about in heaps, birds piled
one upon the other. probably for protection,

The sagacity of the parents must he great to enable them to
identify their young in the teeming throngs of them, when they
arrive to feed them. “When full grown the young are led to sea
hy their parents, the old birds returning in about a fortnight, very
fat, On their return they commerce to moult; this process occupies
about ong month. After the moult they quit the island for good
by the end of March. The birds of this species were the ones
rendered down for their oil.

When the young are ready to go to sea the old birds nudge them
down to the beach over long distances, Should the sea be very
rough the old birds make out to sea'and create an ail slick to calra
the hillaws so that their young will not be unduly buffeted.

Years ago the weka of New Zealand was liberated on the island
aml it has multiplied. Wekas are comparatively tame and would
provide stistenance for shipwrecked mariners:

it is time that Macquarie Island was protected by a warden aiid
effectively occupied as an outpost of the Commonwealth of
Australia, There are several valid reasons for its occupancy and
protection, and to prevent it fram béing raided for its oi by
adventurers. .

THE SENSES OF BATS
Anyaite iitercsted in the Aight habits of bats, and the manner in whieh
these fascinating creatures guide themselves through the dark by echo-
location, will enjoy an iJlustrated article by Brian Vesey-Fitzgerald in the
Januacy number of Endeavoxwy (1.C1. Journal, London}. Much infermation
7% fiyen on the emission and reception of super-sonic vibrations among
different specie? of British bats. maf : —

-

rece Emth Coreman, Gassip Frau Avy Garden 2

GOSSIP FROM MY GARDEN
By Evita Coremwan, Blackburn, Vie.

One of the most interesting thmgs to watch in the garden
during Marcel, and April is the small gangs of birds gathering
together, evidently for play, or to teach the younger ones, Spine-
bills and sparrows are especially fnendly. Five male blackbirds
have been frolicking at my door, so different from their attitude
towards each other tater on,

Hyacinth Orchid

This plant (Dipodium punctatumn) was very abundant in the
Blackburir district before so much land was cleared for settlement.
The open-timbered country, mainly messmate, red-gum and yellow-
hox, appeared to suit it, For more than 22 years, in a nearby
Blackburn garden, plants of this orchid have increased” and
. flowered naturally in an undisturbed part of the ground.

Some 20 years ago we noted a small patch of the autumit
bird-orehid (c iulaglotiis refiexa) on our land at Healesville. This
has increased and spread in the well-known manner of this orchid
under natural conditions. As the plants are out of all proportion
to the number of Howers produced, one assumes that the increase
ig vegetative, Some 13 years ago one plant of this orchid was
hrought from Lysterficki hy Mr. A. B. Braine and myself. It
avas planted at the foot of a gum-tree and left quite undisturbed.
This, too, has in¢reased into = small colony,

The late Lieut-Colonel Goadhy showed me a large spreading
patch of Mecrots (sp. ?) which had increased in a similar manner
on his lawn.

The Bag-Moth Agaist

- I was recently given a copy of /:melligence in Plants and
Animals, by Thomas G. Gentry, D.S.C. (New York, 1900). One
chapter is devoted to an American bag-moth (Thyridopterws
cphenieraclornis), the larvae of which are called sack-hearers or
hasket-wonms. The life processes appear ta run parallel with
those of our own hag-moths, although Dr. Gentry states that few
people have seen the mature insect, JT was impressed by the
following passage: ,

The fomale moth is wingless and never leaves the bag, but makes. her
way to. its lower onfice and there awaits the attendance of the male, She
is not only without wings hut is devoid of legs also, being, in short, nothing
more than a yellowish’ bag of eges with a ring of soft pale-brown silky hair
fear the tail.

' After pairing the Jemale deposits her ees, intermingled with fswn-
coloured down, within the empty pupa-case, When this task is conipleted
one wirks her way out of the case, drops exhatsted to the eround, and
tes. c.

arta ‘
8 Evite Compan, Gossip Fram My Garde Vink, tat

Tt will be noted that Dr. Gentry's adult iemale leaves the pupa-
ease when her metamorphosis is complete, meets the male, and
then deposits her etgs within the empty pupa-case, Unfortunately,
he does not describe her method of depositing her eggs inside the
pitpa-case, One assumes that she, like other moths, is able to use
her ovipositor by touch, since she is not able, in her ege-swollen
condition, to re-enter the pupa-case,

Birds of the Hearth

Bird-watchers must have been nupressed by the munber of
species in whieh parent hirds return year afier year to a favoured
nesting-site. One need only cite the swallows, Magpie, grey
thrush and wille-wagtail. Blackbird and song-thrash frequently
refurbish and use a last season's nest. One assumes that they
become altached to one bome-sile, probably becanse it has proved
a safe one.

For 12 years I had watched my neighbour's white cockatoo take
its morning and evening flight high over our trees, It frequently
cane into our garden, or settled in our trees. Although if had
never been caved or chamed. tt always returned home belore dusk.
Tt was brought from Croydon, where it enjoyed similar freedom,
Recently T missed it, and was told that as it had become addicted
to pulling out the clothes-pegs from neighbours’ lines, it had
become necessary to chain it. Levidently the loss of a long-enjoyed
freedom caused its death, for it lived only a short while after this
indignity.

—S—

FLOWERING OF A POTTED HYACINTH ORCHID

With refeverce to Miss Wright's note in the -Marcl number of the
Victorian Naturalist (p. 236), 1 would like to mention that on December 9,
}940, L exhibited at the Clb raceting a pot of Dipadiinw punctatren in Aowee,
This was considered, at the time. to be the first instance of the Tlyacinth
Orchid having been successiully cultivated (sce fre. Nat. Jan. 1941, p. 158).

Mr. V. Besnett, of Canterbury, had grown tt in ordinary garden soil,
and the flower stalky appeared three years after potting. Recent enquiries
of Mr. Bennett elicited the fact that after a secon? period of three years,
flowering shoots appeared again and were in bud when a rat destroyed the
planf—it never came up subsequently, It would be interesting to npte
whether plants om the bush ever exhibit a tricnnial Nowering habst,

Cotas. Prencu.

Eee collecting is a hobby of the past. Its days of usefulness are gune,
and it now leads largely to a great waste of life without offering any
adeiyjuate scientific return, . .', A study of a hird’s behaviour around one
nest yields mote of scientific value than thirty years of egg collecting.—
From Birds Around New York City, by Alfan &. Cruickshank (New York,
1942).

May, 1947

Vol. 64

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST

Ptate |

wor

ue J. He Wiruis, Mert Nome fer aistrakonw Cotton Plat 9

A NEAW NAME FOR THE AUSTRALIAN COTTON
PLANT (OR “STURT'S DESERT ROSE”)

By J, H. Wiut4s, National Herbarium, Melboyrue.

GOSSYPIUM STURTIANUM, nomnov,
[Synonymy , Shertia gossypiodes R.Br., 1849.
Gassypinan Sturtit FaM_., 1862—illeg. (Art. 54).
G ross) ypiunt austrahense Todaro, 1862—illeg. (Art.
b).
Cienfugosia gossypioides Hochreutiner, 1902.
2 nei gassypinides Gardner. 1930 — illeg.
(Art. 61). (Non G. gossypivides Standley,
1923—Mexico,}]

+ G&G STURTIANUM. var. TRILOBUM (T'n.M.) comb. nov.

[Syn. G. Sfarti, var. frilobum Fiv.M., Fragmenta LX
(1875) 127, im vbs,]

Tt is indeed unfortunate that a very lovely and popular Aus-
tralian flower has, for almost a century, borne several scientific
lames, none of which has heen entirely correct on taxonomic -
grounds or according to the Rules of Nomenclature. The chief
purpose of these notes is to set the matter night,

In the Appendix to Captain Charles Sturt’s Narrative of ian
Expedition inta Central Austratia, 1849, we read (Vol. 2. App.
p. 68), the first description of this plant by Robert Brown. The
locality is given as Ju the beds of the creeks un the Barrier Range
—Shet, and Brown observes, iter alia:

Sturtia ig no doubt very vearly relared to Gossypriem. from which
it differs in the entire and distinct. leaves of its follaccous involucrum,

in the sharp teeth and broad rounded sinuses of the calyx, and possibly
also int its frait and seeds... at present tunktown.

In 1862, both F. von Mueller (Fragm. (71, &) und A. Todaro
(Gsserv, Spee. Cotone Cult, Palermo, 19) considered the plant
a trie cotton and each independently placed it in the genus
Gossypruun, the lormer bestowing a new specific epithet. Sinrtiz,
and the latter botanist another one, anstrafrense. These names are
illegitimate, however, for they contravene Article 54 of the Rules,
which requires that the artginad epithet (it this case gossyptoides )
be used upon transference to another genus—except in certain
specified circumstances

B. Hachreutiner, 1902 (tint. Conserv. and Jurd, Bot, Geneve,
56), restored the fi rst. epithet gossyploides. but combined it with
the generic name Ctenfugosia—a systeinatic position which only
Bonin seems to have recognized, Next came C A, Gardner
(Enum, Plont, Aust, Occid., 79), who reinstared our plant among
the cottons and gave to it ‘the mame Gassypiwne gossypivides in
1930, ‘Vhis would have been the correct name today, had it not

10 JG. Wiuus, New Monte jor Austratian Coton Plant bes teria

beet rendered illegitimate hy the existence of another G, gessy-
pindes—a Mexican species published in 1923 by Standley (Corr.
U.S. Nat. Herb XXL, 783). Article 61 holds that later homu-
avins are (legitimate abd iniust be rejected.

Thus we are leit witheut a name, and I have chosen rhe
new epithet “Stirtianem' because it 1S etymologically similar to
Mueller's well known Sturét, while continuing to honour the
original discoverer. As Tor a vernacular, “Sturt's Desert Rose,"
“Darling River Rose” and ‘Cotton Rose-bitsh’’ are popular and
admittedly musical, but the shrub is neither a rose nor even rosy;
I prefer Australas Catton, which has meaning, was applied by
Ewart in his Flore of Northern Tersitery (1917). and has recently
heen adopted in Standardised Plant Nowes (Harrisburg, U.S.A.,
1942),

Sir George Watt? who gives an excellent plate and full deserip-
tion of ovr Australian Cotton, makes the rather astonishing
starement: ‘This tall, very otnatnental wild shrub was originally
collected during the -McDougal Sturt journey to the interior of
Australia in 1839." Does he mean Joht: MeDouall Sivare

' [incorrectly styled “Mr. M'Dougate Stuart" in Sturt’s Narrative,
p- 46] who accompanied Captain Sturt as surveyor and draughts-
man?—the names Suirt and Stuart have often been confused by
snhsequent botanists. Whatever Sir George meant, there was 110
“journey to the interior of Australia in 1839" and the type speci-
imens were collected during October or November, 1444.

Brie} Descriptive Notes

-_ Apart from the imperfectly knows Gossypinan Robinsontt Fv.
{restricted to the Ashburton and Fortescue River district, W.A,},
Cr, Sturtianuim is the only member of the true Cotten Plant genus
native to the Australian region. It is confined to the arid interior,
from Dampter's Archipelags in the far yorth-west to Dawson
River in Queensland (Leichhardt District), from the Gawler and
Flinders Ranges (S.A.) northward to beyond the Macdonnell
Ranges in Central Australia; but apparently it is nowhere plentiful.
The usual habitat ts in rocky gullies or along sandy watercourses.

Australian Cottort will founsh under. severe drought conditions,
and when grasses fail it becomes a valuable stock tood, of whieh
sheep are particularly fond (vide Turner’). Jt will probably
never achieve fame as a commercial hbre plant—the capsule ts
ander an inch in length and the woolly seed covering too sparse.
Efforts ta cultivate the plant on a large scale in moister districts
have not met with mueh success. Watts! remarked, “It does not
appear to have ever been cultivated and, i consequence; has not
in any, way couteibuted te the loug series of floss-yielding races."
!s Seeds are germinable ‘for a short period only and should be
sown where. the plant i8 to retnaity as youlhe seedlings resent

_ J. Wintis. Nee Noone for Aistratom Colon Pine 1
disturhance. Propagation hy cuttings has proved satisfactory; and
individual specimens have done well in Melbourne, where they
fulhl every requirement of an orpamental parclen subject. The
whole plant is glaucous, dotted with tiny dark glands. Tall shrub
size is attained, the evergreen leaves Leing roundish and long-
stalked, while the flowers are large, handsome, Hibiscus-lke and
mauve or bluish with deep purple centres,

Recent Desermrioss ty Enor3su
1. The Foraye Plants of Austraha (NIA. Dept. Agric.), FL Turner, 1801
(pp. in
Vhe Queenstnal Flora (Part 1), FP, Mo Bailey, 180% (Cp. 153),
3. The Wild aad Cilhvated Cotton Plants of the World, Sivy George Watt.
107 (pp. 63-65).
4. Flora ef Seth Austratio (Parr 111), J. M. Black, 1926 (p. 382).

ss

SPREAD OF MISTLETOE
(To the Editar)

Sir—I was very interested im-your remarks on inistletee (#te. Nad.
March, 1947, p. 225). and, as opinions are imyited, T beg to give you @ few
of my own ideas on the subject.

The increase tw mistletoe plants is very apparent between Bright and
Everten (along the Ovens Valley), and to a less extent on the Harrietville
side of Reight—-or arte pronoynced when T resided at Right some years aga,
The parasites have certain natural enemies which assist in their control,
notably Lepidoptera and’ Cerambycide (wood-boaring beetles).
~* Butterfly larvae of thy genus Delias feed chiefly on mistletoe and one
species (D. harpalyce, the Imperial White} used to be plentiful about
Bright. Caterpillars of this butterfly are large and live @regariously, 30
to & or even more being found on the same mistletoe plant. Probably the
parasite would have.a struggle. tu survive at all if it were not for the aid
to dispersal rendéred by the Mistletoe-bird.

Isolated plants do very little real harm to 4 tree, but heavy infestation
cemeinly saps its vigour. Whee living at Bright, [ formed the opinion
that. mistletoes were more plentiful in cpen country, and so were starlings,
Which apparently destroyed the natural insect enemies of the Iormer, thus
apeetting Nature’s balance in favour of the mistletne Tt is possthle thal the
starling, being also a fruit-eater, might be a direct agent in spreading
mistletoe seeds—has anyone observed il eating the berries?

It seems to me wrong fo put all the blame on Mistletoe-birds before we
have thoroughly explored all other possible agencies affectitys dispersal,
These lovely litthe creatures surely work no harder now than they did m
ages king past. :

. Yours ete.

_* H. W, Davey.

Surrey Hills.

A ten-day Community Festival will commence at the Exhibition Building
on May 14th, when music, art. pliysioal culture, and schools’ displays Will be
special Features. Junior members of (he Club are assisting and ask for
suppert; but if rail travel he not restored by May 5, the opening of (he
Festival will have to be pdstpoted,’ ' 4

.

lS

i L Yours, Native Beat of Toaruk Maran

NATIVE REES OF TOORAK
By Lywetis Younc, Melbourne.

Through the spring af 1946 and the summer of 1947 | collected,
in my garden at Toorak, a nunther of nalive bees which, im spite
ai the changed conditions brought abour by the cultivation of
extensive house gardens, have somé¢how survived the disappear-
ance of the original flora, A short note about them nay not be
out of place ih the records of Vielorian Field Naturalists, and may
serve to help other observers of these interesting honey gatherers,

On the prolific pink blossoms of Eucalyptus fierfalia. T have taken
the large Alylecoides concinma which could easily be mistaken for
2 wasp, its jet-black body slashed with a sash of brilliant vermilion,
Smaller bees with blood-red abdomen, and the black head and
thorax covered with a coat of pale golden hair, are referable to
Parasphecodes melbournensis; they dig shafts in the ground,

Some jet-black bees spotted with bitter-yelluw, say, half ai
joch a0 length, are Hylacus chrysognathe. On the lavender blooms
of the border, and even on roses, there came au clectric-blue-
banded bee with an extremely rapid flight and shrill note as ir
darted tram flower to flower; a rare visitor indeed, but a very
beautiful one with an equally pretty name, Aulhophora australis.

Tiny metallic green and red becs, which seem to he a long way
from home, since they were described from Brisbane, are neat,
busy jittle creatures rejoicing iu the name of Haketus brisbanensis.
A larger Halichts, with the specific name lect, is Mack with two or
three batids of golden hair across the abdomen, ‘These neat bees
are slender and trim, Anofher small black Matictus favoured
white flowers of the herb marjoram, a very industrious bee known
as A. victoriellus. Dozens of males hovered over the blossoms
belore the larger females appeared several days later. On yellow
flowers of the composite Tlatweed (if ypacheris), which will
spring up in add places in spite of my best endeavours to keep
the garden free from weeds, is the very tiny Haltetus jnelinans—
a pretty little bee with greenish head and thatax and a highly
polished black abdomen.

Found oti fhe same Flatweed flowers and also on Oxalis is a
still smaller bee, only a muilimetve or two im length; this is
Packyprosopis Lynettag, and its life in a telegraph pole has already
been told by Mr. Tarlton. Raymene, to whony | ani indebted for
the classification of the bees of my garden,

ARARAT TNC.

At the armeal (necting on Marelh 12 the following office-bearcrs wert
elected: President, Mr, Stan Kelly, Viee-Presidents, Messrs H, J. Blackie,
A, Wargreaves, J. Norman-Bail, H. Butler, and Misses L. Baufield and
A, Mitchell; Hon Sceretary and Treasurer, Miss 1. Guyot 78 Rarkly
Street, Ararat)

pies T. Raywenr. Need Beos and Wasps 13

NEW BLES AND WASPS—PART V
The Male of Paravolletes fervidus, subsp, subdolns Cockerell.

By Taruton Raywent, Melbourne,

The type of this species. a female, was described fron "New
Holland’, by Smith (British Mysewm Catalogue), in 1879, but
the male remains unknown,

The subspecies, another feniale, was described by Cockerell in
1913, the type specimen having been collected by our old Club
memtber, Charles French, at Cheltenhanr, Victoria, some three
miles from the author's present home.

Jn January, 1946, Owen Dawson (late R.A.A.F) collected a
large series of males and females of these handsome bees, at
Tooradin, Vietoria, They differ a trifle in the neuration of the
wings, hut are otherwise typical. During the sanie nionth he
collected anorher series of males at Clyde and, strange to say, these
were emerging through the new plaster on an old brick wall.

During February, 1946, Eyre Swarbreck collected a male on
the vérandah of his home at Highett near Cheltenham, and the
specimen is intuch longer than those fromm Tooradin and considerably
larger than all the Clyde examples. The Revd. Brother Stanley,
of Watsoma Seminary, Victoria, had in 1941 collected another
toale sheltering i the cavity of a tree,

Since the male of the subspecies has not hitherto Ween descrihed,
I select the Highett bee as the Allouype.

Paracalletes fervidis snbdaiugs Ch).
(don. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xi, p. 279, 1913.)

ALLOTYDPE: Male—Length, 12mm. approx. Black

Heed sniall, face and frons masked with a dense mat of brilliant
golden hair; clypeus and supraclypeal area hidden under the hair;
vertex coarsely and densely purictured ; compound eyes converging
below: gene with a long heard of slightly paler hair; labrum and
mandible black: antenne blackish above, ferruginous beneath,

Protharas not visible from ahove; tubercles and pleura with
munich reddish-gold hair: mesothorax shining between the coarse
Punetures, and dise with much long reddish hair: scutellum and
postscttelluni similar: metathorax With coarse trinsverse rages
abdominal segments with numerous punctures, hind-margins
broadly depressed, 1 and 2 with much reddish-gold hair; black
hair at apex; ventral segmeits with stiff fringes of appressed
golden bair, shining, with scattered punctures and a tubercilate
clevation on 3,

Legs black, with much golden hair, anterior pair with some
ferruginuus hair on_inner surtace; tarsi wifh anterior pair ferru-
ginous, others black; claws reddish; hind calear reddish-amber;
tegulze hiackish, polished.

14 I. Gitbkat, Botanical Notes on the Northern Territory Xs, We

ings dosky apiealiy: nervures sepia (the frst recurrent is
variable ina series, on some joining the cubital cell at its middle,
and on others at the basal third); ceils: second cubital contracted
af apex; pterostigma light-brown with a darker margin; hanwtli
ten, strongly develaped. J

Locatity—Highett, Victoria, Feb, 1946, Eyre Swarbreck,
ALLOTYPE tn the collection of the author.

Allies; This specimen may be a topotype, for the locality is only
a mile or two from Cheltecham, whence the type was described.

BOTANICAL NOTES ON THE NORTHERN TERRITORY
By L. Giczerr, Nabiac. N.S,W
Parr Ll: Tue Savannan Woom.anie

(a) At Cape Don, Arnhem Lond.

Eucalyptus trees form the greater part of the forest vegetation here. One
of the most common species is 4. torial ("Woollybutt’), a heattiful
orange-flawered tree (to 50 1.) with great woody druits., This area, beg:
skirted on all sides by the sea or swamps, is all within reasonable distance
of the water, and the soil is very sandy, Species of Pasdanus (Screw-pine)
ate most abundant, and Melaleuca Leucadendron. ({Cajeput) Aourishes also-

Here and dere thranghout the forest are groves of a beautiful orange
Grevillea with flower spikes wp to 6 im. long aad actually dripping nectar.
This is probably the N.T, Silky Oak (G. chrpsodendrom). bearing some
resemblance to G. robusta. The inevitahle Acacias are i considerable
variety. One is a type of “Bastard Mulga,” but not very favourable to work
because it tends to split casily. Specimens of a Sterendiw (vamiflara?) with
dairly large geddish belly is iairly comme slsa, These shruls are par-
ticularly conspicuous because of their deciduous hahii. .

Bath woody and herbaceous climbers may be found, In Janyare sone

trees are covered with the purple bells of an [pomern.
‘A tree with curious doable tomato-like Fruit of orange-red colour is
avoided by natives and whites alike, since i is believed that any juice front
the fruits or other contact with the tree would resule in a rash of running
sores. Such rashes are unlike those froin Laporte spp. in that there is
no actual sting, and the first ovidence one has of any contact with the tree
is the appearance of a great number of small weeping sores that atch
considerably. Such rushes, even whert treated with a mixture of methylated
spirit and-iodine, tast for ahout « fortnight. Fallen fruits, when trodden
upon, seen to be the soaree of some irritating juice

OF the smaller plants, grasses are abundant throughout, especially durite’
the wet season (November-March), when heights of six feet or more are
attained. A species of Pachyneme is very common, and on &. sizniata are
occasional specimens of 2 pretty epiphytic orchid with light hrown flowers
having yellow spots; diese arc fairly large and bore in Jong sprays
(Cymbidium Hillity, Only one other orchid was seen here—a tall white
terrestrial, which unfortunately was not collécted.

Mistletoes are extremely camman and varied They seem capable of
modifying their leayes to resemble those of the host plant, and were noted
my Acacia, Eucafypins, Melalewea and other trees, during imy sajourn there
early in 1945.

Moy T Ginurer, Botanical Mites on the Nivther Trertiors Fr)

ih) cdf Southport, TY ales south af Darwin ,

Moce detailed observations were made here than at tle previous locality.
Again, Encalyptes mimeta held a place wi dominate, anc again i, was often
the means of suymict dur Cyonhidiwn Alli Liv association with these grew
fair numbers of the light-yellaw-fiowered Xotwtlonemton povodinens wo
“Camel Poison” or "Lroawoud" (Erythaphiown Labouchers), with its large
dark pods, The soil we better in this area and 2 greater yariety of yege-
tation was evident. Here and there were groups of (yreniifer—usnally of
the dnt species, One with shell pink and greenish ower aud pivtiate leaves
is prabatly refcrable to G, decurrens. Another commen species hae pmk ty
redeiish Aowers and leaves somewhat similar, but of much thicker growth,
Anether Grevillea is a stuall undershrub, procuntbent with livided Ikaves ait
red Howers, Altogether, len different species af Grevilfre were collectert
wecthward from Mire Springs.

Th damp areas were [ound groves af Grenilled chijyoiendvon with
Melalenee Lewcadendren and Pandanss sp—al) three were cuinparatively
rare in the drier open forest.

The beavtiful deeidiigus shrub, Cochlaspernman heterancuriim, was a vers
cumrinon sucht, an mast pleasing one—whether ju leaf ac severed with (ts
locge five-petalled Hibbertis-like flowers One specimen liud a stalk with
43 flowers (either put or slightly wrthered) and 45 buds, some of which
were ulmast ready ta oper Tits excellent specimen was oliservell an June
22, 1945, when the species seeined to be at the peak of its Hpwerlig pensd.
Another fairly common deciduous shrob- was a species Of Steraplin Cagain
prohably raiatfora) ancl its clusters of pink or red bells, followed byw large
follicles cm the otherwise bare bratiches, peovided w contrast with thy ether
plaurs

As ever, Acacias Were in their istial great pwalasion and varicw, 21
different speries Gemg collected betwee Alice Springs and Barwin—anit
this by no means exhausted the number of species seeii} moreover, there
were cnormous numbers not seen at all, Among those collected around
Southport were 4, dfuidivi, A, anlecurpn, and A. diaewrn

Seattered throughout the forests were specimens of Prrsaonia folemty. and
not so frequently, a species af J7akea with light vellow spikes hranchive
from a main Howering stere, with leaves like those of the Persvania.

Great clumps of Pachynetha are commion, and four specs (7) were
onllected. One has the usua) wide flat cladodes; another has clarieitcs mot
su wide, and grows tear the former off oveasions. bur seemingly easily
distinguished dram at, Two other types have nidre or less pounded cladodes,
but Whereas one hears the small pink or white flowers all aver the plant,
the other fas special Aowering stems witich vise well ahove the flowerless
cladodes, often, on ibe edge of the chimp and somewhat separate jrum the
rest of the plant, ‘The first two types were seem rowing ahuwt 30 intles
south of Darwiy aiid the other two in an ayen near Kniickee’s Lagoon, +
miles sonth, No donht all four types exist between the two Iovalitics,

With these Pachynemss grew bushy shrots (about 14 in. high), sywecimens
of which have been determined a3 Pelalastwra giadvitocitare, This a
netmally a tree, so perhaps the specimens seen were new erowrhs fron
utidernground stems bf trees previously destroyed! by fire ,

Everlasting daisies are prolific throughout (lie Open forest aid grassy
areas. There were large dark red ones, and anuther whih almose wentical
heads, hint white Between these was Foun ahe—one one—sfecimen with
a head consisting of both red and white flowers, su that the caniialum Tad
A purplish appesranee. Perhaps this was a natural hybrid. A. species of
papery Polscarpded with dark red Aowers was also plentifol, Two pro
cumhent everlastings were found, one bearing blue Mowers and ithe other
pink anu white anes. A most striling everlastisy was seen in places ahour

to Lh. Gihinet, Monrnitcad Notes onette Marthorn Teevilory [ eld Bat

M miles west of Soutliport. The heads were about 14 hi. wide and stiffly
texlurer!, Tlie colour was brilliant gold. and they made very Ane herbarium
specimens.

Here and thers were groups of the tall Trachywene fJiciiecorge var,
ridinaifate which grew to 3 ie or so and bore yellowish umbels. During:
ihe wet season {he grass eraws some lb to 15 [t, alter which it bends aver
and dries wp, thus falling easy prey to the great grass fires Which ruin
the Veretation every year.

A small species of Livistoua-occurs in groves chroushour the aspen furese,
These pales grow to 6 or & feet and have the usual long sprays of tiny
vellaw flowers, The fruits are glotailar, not quite ball an inch wide, and
fairly dark. One tan-like drond examined waa found co have 3 divisrons,
Very allen 4 vrave of Cycads grew close to the palms. [liese Were ejther
tycas media or ©. Coirnsiaun. They grew 8-10 feet and were generally
distributed from Adelaide River to Darwin. These trees were unfortutiately
exploited for their convenient round logs in the making of practically every
nulitary canip. Ly is fortunate that they exist in fair numbers,

Mary types of daisies hésides everlastings were found—white, bloe sud
yellow—and al least cight different species of these were collected.

Again, the mistletoes were vomnion and were seer to grow on Xauthe+
stemon poradarns, Eryirphloeun, Labouckert, Acicids, and many other trees.
Ten apparently diferent species were collected. Many were extremely
beautiful, especially pone which seemed to favour Xauthastemon. (also
Acacias at Cape Don) Tr had large, almost fleshy Jeavts and flowers of
2 scarlet coloar with yellow tips The sprays were all upright as in the
ather species. In one nver forest wat seen a specics of Loranthus growing
an a Eucalypt overhanging the river, and an the Laranthns itself grew a
specimen of Migrunt angvlatin. This patasite-oan-a-parasite arraitgement
seemed lo wark satisfactorily.

‘AA red Pimelea (pnutrra?) was often seen in the grass, and evew to about
twa leet.

Occasionally, in damper areas, graves of Gankna dentata were noted—
joie trees were never seen. One isolated tree ohserved was a Clerodendrai
with characteristic long white bells but no other one was found.

Apart from whiquitous £. smntata, there were other types of eucalypts,
and four other species (all with white Aowers) were noted. In damper
places, in assactaéion avith the procumbent red Grevillea, Goodensas,
Pachynenias, Everlastings and other herbs, the small white-flowered Cor
foneinad parvidore abounded.

A MARINE ODDITY

A white slue-like antimal which carries the shell on its back was fouud
st Altona on March §, pushing ats way through che sand. The molluse
way leit 77 Water fram ona. which was probably fresh through heavy
rain falling the previous day, At 9 p.m, | noticed a small swelling appear-
ing from Tehind the shell, whiett had @ yellowish-coloured gill attached.
Aiter hall an hour, it avas slowly withdrawn Fram under the frost
portion of the shell appeared a prohuseis anth hack piucer-tike jaws, con-
tinually snapping and withdrawing several times for over an hour, thes
alsappearing under the shell, J have examined several af these animals,
hut have oot seen this happen hetore. Mist Joyce Allan (Sydney) has
dleeoriined ahe species as Sioa (Sivaretye) Zovale—M FE, Perane

At Point Cook on March 14 same small fishes, with silvery stripe along
the sides, were canght. Thesu soldier-fishes (4denapagen wenn) carey the
eggs in the morth yotil (hey hatch—M, E. Frramr.

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 64.—No. 2 JUNE 5, 1947 No. 762
PROCEEDINGS

The monthly meeting of the Field Naturalists’ Clab of Victoria
was held on May 12, 1947, at the Pibhe Library, Melbourne. the
President (Mr. F. S. Colliver) and about 180 members and
friends attending.

Considerable discussion took place, at a special general meeting
preceding the ordinary meeting, on the proposal te increase sub-
scriptions, A amendment it favour of an increase from 20/- to
21/- was rejected, and the original motten, whirl was sponsored
by the Committee, to make the subscription 25/- city and 12/6
country. was" carried by a large majority. The price of the
Naturalis! will be increased from 1/- to 1/6,

At the ordinary ‘meeting Mr, H. C. E. Stewart gave notice of
moucon to provide ‘for three additional offices, namely, Assistant
Editor, Assistant Treasurer, and Excursion Secretary, Pro-
visional nominations for these offices were accepted hy the
President pending discussion of the motion at next meeting.

~The President announced with regret the death of Associate-
Professor F. A. Singleton, and members stood in silence as a mark
of respect.* me

The following were elected as ordinary members of the club;
Miss Joan Marx and Mr. R. Stone: and as country member, Mv-
A. B. Costin. .

The following momimations for office were received: President,
Miss Ina Watson; Vice-Presidents, Mr. A. J. Swaby and Mr
J. Ros Garnet; Hon. Secretary, Mr. &. S, Colhiver: Hon. Assistant
Secretary, Miss H. Kneip; Hon. Editor, Mr. A. H. Chisholn;
Hon. Assistant Editor, Mv. J. KH. Willis; Hon. Treasurer, Mr,
E, E. Lord: Hon. Assistant Treasurer. Mr. Alan Carter; Hon,
Librarian, Mr. A. Burke; Hon. Assistant Librarian, Mr. H.
Preston; Hon, Excursion Secretary, Mr. A. A, Baker; Commiitiee,
retiring conimittes asc Messrs. C. Lewis, R, Dunn and N. A.
Hanson; Auditors. Messrs, A. S. Chalk and A. G. Hooke.

DR. CHATTAWAY’S LECTURE:

Dr. Margaret Chattaway, of the C.S.1.R., gave the lecture of
the evening, her subject being “Flora of the Chalk Downs.” The
lecturer showed first a series of Ulustrations depicting the
atchatological features of the Chalk Downs and a map shnwing
the extent ef the atea, after which she spoke of the birds and

Ww J. M. Becweavatse, The Rodando Episode Pat ee

flora. A commentary upon the illustrations- went to the making
of a highly interesting address. Several questions were answered
and warm appreciation of the lecture was Lendered De. Chattaway.

EXHIBITS .

Mr. A. A. Baker: Contorted tale-schist from Bullumwaal, 20
niles north of Bairnsdale, ; :

Mr. T. 8. Hart: Felspar crystals mentioned in recent article.

Mr. C, J. Gabriel: Land snail (Paryphante Gusbyt Gray) with
egg; kauri-snail or “pupu-rangi”’ front New Zealand; also small
Victorian land snail (Cherepa albanensis Cox) with egg ; specimen
from Kinglake, collected by Mr. C, Oke.

THE RODONDO EPISGDE*®
By J. M. Becrervarse, rns.a., Geelong, Vic,

There have been mes of late when requests for articles on
Rodondo have almast made me wish J had never landed on the
lonely island; ou the other hand, an intimation that the Ficternan
Naturalist would welcome a brief account had the reverse effect.
That my friend Mr. J. H. Willis, of the National Herbarium, was
prepared to write an addendum on the flora and its distribution
acted as a powerful incentive,

The tule of Rodondo has at least three beginnings—geological,
historical and personal. The first lies distant by twenty thousand
years, when, during the last great glacial epoch of these parts,
Rodendo and many other mountsins became isolated islands 1 the
newly formed strait, two hundred miles wide, between the main-
land aid what was recently called Tasmania. These plutonic peaks,
chiefly of red granite—with the exception of Rodondo, which, by
its greater height (1,150 ft.) and certain other factors, repulsed
such a fate—have since become naked, perilous rocks, spray-swent
and hospitable only tu sea-birds.

Historically, the island is about one hundred and fifty years old,
iis first observation, its charting and its naming (after a rock
hearmg a superficial resemblance in the West Indies!) being the
work of Bass, Flinders, and Grant respectively, all inteepidd English
maritime explorers.

T was introduced more than twenly years age, when, from the
Wilson’s Promontory lighthouse, the Scottish keeper painted it
out as a sort of delightful challenge, on the southern hornzon.
Since then, until our attempt was successful, it had never ceased
to stimulate and intrigue a youth{yl corner of my wind. Tt was an
odd chance indced that the fulfilment of a random bovish ambition
should have flashed across most newspapers both here and abraad,
Thcidentally, at the time, we had no knowledge of this publicity,

*Summary of address given by the authur at the (N.C, meeting for April,

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol, 64 June, 1947

Pirate LH

Luxuriant growth of White Elderberry, Flax-lily, and Australian Stork's-
hill on moist slopes of Rodondo Island.
Photo.: L. P. Greenhill.

Redonda [sland trom the North,
Aerial view, by cuurtesy Herald Feature Service.

fon J, M. Brchizavarsn, The Rodoudo Episode iL)

and even whet a plane Aew several times round the island we
thought only that it might be an eatly reconnaissance by a pilot
from Yarram who, we-had been given to understand, might
attempt to drop further supplies it we were still there in two
months |

There are plenty of reasons which might he advanced for
Wishing ta jnake the attempt; most of these needn't be expressed
to readers of this article—they are too easily amagined. Scientifi-
cally, however, there was work to be done: to collect and, from
an ecological point of view, to examine the flora and fanoa; ta
search for artefacts whieh might bear relation to the extinct races
of Victoria and Tasmania; to make a genéral study of a region
which had never kuown the disastrous hush-fires which, times
beyond number, have swept the mainjand. gravely upsetting the
balance of life after the high forest was destroyed. :

All we knew of Radondo had been gleaned through a powerfu
telescope and by flying over its cloud-wreathed hump. Bath before
1 lived in England and more recently, since my return, I tried to
interest south coast fishermen in the venture. Always I met
friendly but Arm refusals. Many laleiled the project impossible.
Official sources revealed no more encourage information, ife-
boats from a vessel mined in the vicinity during the recent war
failed to find a landing; a radar station project had heen ahane
congd, and so on, Last September, however, we achieved a
promise af assistance from one oF the most experienced men
on the ceast. George Smith of Port Albert, We waited, then,
nearly & fortwight for a possible day—and finally returned home
disappointed, .

In January, however, the weather was perfect—a rare but
essenual coildition in an area noted for its rough water, For
months on end, observers at the Promontory Lighthouse have
known the waves to dash up Redondo’s cliffs to a height of thirty
or iorty Teet. Eventually we arrived in the eastern lee of the
island with the sea as. blue and calm as Dromana in suniner, After
a careful reeonnaissance, we put out towards the cliffs m a large
dinghy, We found just one rock which permitted a landing ander
such conditions, This meant that the task of examining the cliffs
and finding a route could be achieved from a terra firvine hase (the
more the “firma,” the less the “terra’!)—a tremendous advantage.

The eastern cliffs, where we made the attempt, are the only
passible approach, Although vertical in places, they are hroken
by terraces, so that difficulties are not continuous. We took the
job slowly and gradually scrambled up until, about a quarter of
a imle south and 450 feet above “landing-rock,” we discovered a
place where tents might be pitched. ‘

The eight days spend on the island were devoter to collecting,

'

eating voraciously, lying spread-eagled in glorious sunshine and

20 JM. Bucrenvarse, The Rodonda Episode ver

tending our condenser. This latter apparatus was necessary Lo
provide fresh water from the salt sea, as the island is tom steep
for any of the bountiful rainfall to lodge or to produce other than
the mast ephemeral streams. The lransport of sea water wp four
hundred feet of cliff (twice daily after meals!) gave ws ample
practice in granite climbing.

The chief iaterest of cur botanical collection lay in the curious
distribution of certain species, unknown on the nearby mainland;
at least ant, Cape Leeuwin wattle (Albigsie distachya), is native
to Western Australia, Forms were often robust, quite giant speci-
mens of plants which are usually smallish oo the mainland, eg.,
Apis: austrade. Most interesting of all, perhaps, is the tenacious
Melaleuca armillaris, chief tree of the island, though tound neither
on the Promontory nor on even the larger islands uf Bass Strait.
It would appear ta be of aboriginal stock and, by the micro-climate
which tt provides, to have given shelter to innumerable other flora.

Space does not pernut much comment on animal life, ‘This
cousisted solely of birds. a vast number of entomic species, a
possible new member of the Aname group of trap-door spiders,
and two species of lizard, Whilst the bulk uf the birds there are
gea-dwellers, we [ound 2 considerable wealth of land types also,
ineliuding those familiar colonists, the blackbird and goldfinch!
The rare Cape Garren goose nésted on cliffs, along with penguins,
ovaler-catchers and mighty Pacitic gulls, whilst the upper sinpes
of the island abounded with the burrows of the short-tailed
shearwater (Puffinws tenweirostris), whose colomes must have
contained imillions. We found no trace of human association,
either ancient or modern, although since our retum) a certain
fisherman has clainted “priority”

Wo longer is Rodondo a boyhood challenge. Fortanately there
are others no Ivss insisteir, sone near, sOme jar, One mie cringe
rapit tempestas, deferor haspes! The world ebounds wilh
Rodondes |

COMMENTS ON RODONDO BIRDS

Bearing on the above notes by Mr, Bethervaise, it is interesting to jearn
that the introduced blackbird and goldfinch lve penetrated to Rodonde
Esland—as indeed they have to most parts of Victaria—and 11 is pleasant to
reflect that the muttan-birds (shearwaters) haye found: at Ivast one ingular
spot where they may breed tnmolested,

But the mast re(teshing pote, perhaps, relates to the nesting of the Cape
Barren goose, This distinctive bird, which occurs in uw state of nature only
along the southern coast of Australia, has become rare in recent years, and
its breediag is seldom observed, True, the species is vor difficule to keep
in captivity (as lias been proved hoth in Australia and abroad), bot reports
of ite "natural" breeding are much more welcome than perurrences a1 the
kind in aviaries—A, H. Cursponm.

ae J, H, Wuurss, Plants of Rodondo fstand. a

PLANTS OF RODONDO ISLAND
Ry J. H, Wittas, Melbourne,

‘Until Mr, J, M, Bechervaise and party landed on Rodondo last
January and brought away samples of every plant they could find,
the vegetation af this imposing islet had remained a compleic
mystery, Another |mportant link ts forged in the ehain of Bass
Strait fluras and we cam say that the last island, having a consider-
able forest cover, hag now heen explored botanically. Victorians
Should be proud of the fact that scientists and photographers irom
their own State have conquered this Tasmanian outpost’ and
became the first to make its wonders known,

Mr. Bechervaise lays no claim to having colfected every land of
plant that exists on Rodonde; neither moss, hepatic, fungus nor
alga was among his specimens, but there are certain to be many
species ni these cryptogams in evidence at nne scason or another.
However, the trophies and observations of his eight days’ asjourn
there afford the ovfy mionmation in existence, and are a good
foundation on which subsequent botanists may build,

It the present paper it Is not intended to give a word-picture
ot the island's plant cover and principal communttics. That would
be to duplicate an admirable account already published by Mr.
Bechervaise in the April number of Hed Life (Vol. 9 p. 130),
wherein we are introduced to: gigantic Melalewes. urces (with holes
up to twelve feet In girth!) which near the cliff faces “crouch low
and clutch at the wind with long gnarled arms''; a “quiet parkland”
of tall eucatypti on the western slopes; draoping she-oaks, yellow
bulbine lilies and violet trigger-flowers along the drier worth; and
everywhere charming banks of big white everlastings, storlks'-bills,
and deliciously scented white elderberry bushes.

Having handled Mr, Bechervaise’s actual collectitigs (suplicate
specimens were lodged at the Melhourne Herbariunt), [ venture
to follow up his general notes to the Nateralist with a preliminary
check-list of the flora, systeniatically arratiged. Fut, before sub-
mitting chis tabulation, a Few notes on the statistical aspects of the
flora and the interesting distribution of several species may not be
out of place,

The floras of Wilson’s Promontory (eight miles north of
Rodondo}, Kent Group (distant 50 miles E.S.E.) and King
Island (130 miles SW.) are fairly well known, Many botanists
haye browsed over the Promontory and the results of their various
published findings were incorporated in Ewart's Plone of Victorian,
1930. Kiny Island was the scene of an F.N.C.V_ camp-out in
November i857, Kent Group auother in November 1690; con
prehensive lists of plants (determined by Baron von Mueller) [ni
both areas were published in the Naturaitst. Drawing upon these

2 J. H. Wittrs, Plonts of Rodondo Tstand Yara

sources of information, | have indicated against each Rodondo
plant whether it occurs also in “Kent,” “King,” or on the “Pran.”

OF the 10 vascular plants inhahiung Rodondo («ne lichen, Usnee
borbete, was also collected), 38 are indigenous and. distrilnted
among 29 different families, giving a density of 1 3 species per
family—a rather low figure (cf. 2 2 for the sea-cliff vegetation of
Philbp Island). Compositic and Myrtocee are the largest fumilies,
each having three native representatives. It ts zingular that ive
other campasttes, Brachycome diverstfolia and the uncommon
iviolend sapina, which necur on both Kent and Hogan (onhy 33
miles eastward) Groups were nat ohserved at Rodondo, where
one would expect to find them. Kunzea ombiguit, such a con-
sjicuous shrub on the Promontory cliffs, Glennie Isles, ete, is also
wanting, ;

On the contrary, 18 Rodondo plants are not recorded for Kent
Group, 12 not ior Kang Island, and 5 not for Wilson's Promontory
less than eight miles away—a very remarkable fact, since the
island is essenually part of the old Promontory mountain system.
Of these five wlsentees fram Wilson's Promontory, four oceur
either on Kem, King, or nearer Bass Strait islands, leaving but
one species which is truly isolated, viz., Melaleuca armillans, the
picturesque and dominant tree all over Rodondw, As far as we
knaw, this species occurs nowhere slse in Basg Strait and the
Hearest Incation is aliout Genna, some 216 miles to the north-cast!

In Wild Life, Mr. Rechervaise lias referred the Rodondo
Melaleuca to MM, pubescens, the closely related Moonah whieh is
common afong partons of our Victoriaw coastline ( Poimt Nepean,
Torquay, etc.) and also m the Mallee. Ags the one primarily
responsible far this unfortimate mistake, T now apologize, attribat-
ing my earlier erroneous determination to a too hasty examination
of the Rodondo specimen—closer scrutiny would have revealed
the lerig-clawed staninal bundles by which individual flowers of
M_ avmillaris are at once distinguishable from those of AM
pubescens, though the habit, bark, aud foliage of the two species
are very similar mdeed. E never dreamt of ebeeking up on
avimdurs asa possibility,

That Melaleweca aymallaris should Lurh Up as the principal tree
on Rodendo Island is even more ustomshing than if M_ pubescens
had been the particular species—as first believed; the latter does
approach as near as 74 miles, in the vicinity of San Remo. From
Genoa and Mallacoota, 7. arntlaris extends op the N.S-W- coast
itito Queengland, but wha doesn't it o¢eur on other eastern islands
of Bass Strait (Hogan, Kent, etc.) or even on the Promantm'y?
For a shrubbery and avenue subject, it is mwueh favoured m
California, where fine specimens are growing at West Lake Fark,
Los Angeles, and San Mateo, San Francisco. H M. Hall (Ua.
Calif, Publications in Botany, Vol, 4 —'Studics in Ornamental

ae | Tt, H. Winets, Plants of Rodondo Estland wm

Trees and Shrubs.” £910, p. 32) writes: ‘This I consider the best
of the white-flowered sorts,”

Six Roadondo species attain arboreal dimensions, viz., in order
ol size: Eucalypius bicosiata. (to 100 it.), Z. sp. (a stringybark,
probably abliqut), Melaleuca armillaris (to 60 {t.), Casuarina
stricta, Myoporum tsulare, aud Leucopogon parinflorus. Nine
other species are shrubs and the remaining plants tnostly her-
baceous perennials. °

OF the two naturalized aliens, Sonchus olvracens is also known
fram Wilsan’s Promemtory and has doubtless arisen from wind-
blown seed. It is an annual of almost cosmopolitan distribution
and appeared in many parts of Australia coincident with early
settlement, (see §. Aust, Nat., June, 1946—“Are the Sow-ihistles
Indigenous to Australia’”’ by Prof, J. B. Cleland). The truly
indigenous, maritime Sowchws imegalocarpus, which perernnates
commonly on Victorian coastal dunes, was not among the Rodonda
collectings.

Albisgia distachya, on the other hand, is a native of far south-
west Austraha (Cape Leeuwin area}, and how long it has been
a colonist on Rodando we shall probably never knaw. ‘This shritb
is unknown on the Promontory, but was growing on Deal Island
(Kent Group) as early as 1884—although the F.N.C.V, excur-
sianists failed to finel tt six years later—and it is likely to have
spréeacl from there to Rodondo; the seeds, however, are rather
heavy and would hardly have travelled 50 imiles by wind—how
else did they come?

Systematic ARRANGEMENT

Distribution.
Licurnrs
Usneaceie Usnen barbuta (L.) Fr—'Beatd
* barehen’ .. ja ay ety, Prom,
PrermpopuyTa

Polypodiacoe = Poly pordiva diversifolium Willd. . Prem. Kent, King,
Stemmalornyta j

Graminee Pichelechwe crimta (4,) Whi .. Prom, Kent, King.
Pua poeformis (Labill.) Druce .. Prom, Kent, King-

(syn. P, Billardiert Steud_)

wv

Liliacem Dionclla tevis R.Br... 2... .. Prow., Kent, King.
is ; Biulbing bulbesa (R.Br) Have -. Prom, Kent.
Orchidace Tholynitra aristata Lindl .. ., . Prom, Kent, King.
Cayuarinacee = Casrvari stricta Ait... .. .. .. Prom. Kent,
Polygonacer Muchlenbeckia adpressa ¢Labill)
Meisn. .. -. .. -- - es ve ++) Prom, King,
Chenopodiacer Rhagudta boccote Mog. .. =. .- -° Prom. King.
i Salicarnia apastralis Sol, - -- Prora, King,
Aizoacee Diaihymna australis (Sal) JM,
i. Hinck .. .. .. Prom, Kent, Korg.

(syn. Mesensbryanthenaun
s wustride Sul.)
Tetragonia tmplexicoma BA -. Prom, Kent, King.

“24

J. H. Winsis, Plants of Modondo Istand

Vint, Nat

Vol, €¢
Distribution.
Rauunculaces Clemurtis aucrophylla DC. , Prom., King,
Cruciterse Lejndiune foliosum Deev, .. -- .. Kent, King, also
(syn. DL. rucerate Fv.M., nom) Flinders.
Rosacee cana anseriimfota (Forst.) Dom. Prom, Kent, King,
(syn, 4, Sangwisorba (L035
Vahl.)
Lepuminoss Acdece rhettodes Schlechtendal -- Prom., also Flinders,
a *Albigsia dighaehjta IVeut) Mac-
brido—"Cape Leeuwin Wattle’ , Kent (1884).
(syn, A, laphantha Benth.) .
= Pudtenea daphnoides Wendl, -. -. Prom, Kent.
Geramiacex Pelargomnm ausirale Willd. ,- -. Prom, Kent, King,
Ratacez Correa alba Andr. .. ... .. Prom, King.
Sapindaces Dodonea viseasa Jaay -- Kang
Malvacex Lavajera plebeyon Sims .- _., King, also Hogen
Thymelaacet = Pimwelen spativilaia Labill, .. .- .. Prom., Kent, King,
(2. wvolucrata B,et Sol. form)
Myrtacere Enoulyplis dicesitta Maut.,
Blakely et Simm, 2 . 2 -. .. Prom, King.
fh F. sp, (obAque?—no fruits) .. 2, Prom -
is Melaleuca armillaris Sm... -. -. ——
Umbellizerse Abin australe Thou... .- -. -. Prom, Kent, King
(syn. 4. prestvatum Labill.)
Epactidacea Loncopagon parvifloras Liadl. , ., Prom., Kent, King.
Apacyraces Aluxia burifolia R.Br. -. -- .. Prom, King.
Salatacee Sclanwn evicware GForst. .. .. Prom, King,
Myoporates Myaparum insiddare R.Br, - From., King,
Rubhiaceze Caltwa australe DC. 2. 2. 2. 2.) Prom
Caprifoliacewr Sambucts Gaudichancdiana DC Prom, King.
Campanulacez Hiahlenbergia quadrifida ({.Br,)
DC. [7] .. 0. ee ee ee 2) Prom, Kent, King,
Goodeniacer Gooden ovata Sm... .. -. .. - Prom, Kent.
Stylidiacce Siyhidinm gramiifulion Swarts , Prom.
Composite Olearia Gunniaua Ak, .. )... +, Prom, Keng, King.
mn Eelichrysin lracteatuan ( Vent.)
Andr., var. elbidum DC... 2... Brom, Kent.
7 Senecio lautus Borst... .- +--+, -, Prom, Kent, King.
a “Sonchns aleraccus Ly .. 6... 1 = Pram,

ZOOLOGY IN VICTORTA

Several meetings have been held recently with the object of reviving the
Royal Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of -Victuria. This body, one
of the oldest in the enuntry—it was launched in the early 1860's—has been
samewhat lethargic of late, and its officers haye been, secking methods af
stimulating it into active and useful service. Among the proposals is one
aiming at assgciation with the Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria, and to
this end the Zoological Society resolved at its last meetin to seek a
canference with the F.N.C, : a

One of the delegates appointed by the Zoological Society was Mr, W. H,
Nelson, Director of the Melbourte Zoo, wha had taken an active part in
attempting ta revive the organization, Unfortunately, Mr. Nelson ched on
May 25. Ths passing is keenly regretted by all wha were associated with
him aud Knew his worth. ~

yor A, A, Crastream, More thout Vocal Minates 25

MORE ABOUT VOCAL MIMICS
By A. H. Cersnotm

Since the publication of my article on “The Riddle of Vocal
Mimicry” jo che Itc. Nat. last year, and the subsequent publication
of the material (revised and amplified) in a booklet entitled
Nature's Linguists, several itteresting letters have been received.

Mrs. Kirk, of Jarvia Creek, via Tallangatta (View), who as Miss
Kathleen Conway used to write many inforinative nature notes,
reports that the wild Black-barked Magpie whose mimicry she
commented upot seyetal years ago is still alive and still frequents
its ald area, sometimes Aying right up fo the house for food. This
bird, a male, indulges in mimicry mast often on a wet or windy
day, und ngually does so while sitting low down in the heart of
atree, All the mmmery is rendered in a minor key. He does not
appear lo have inereased his vocabulary in recent vears, but, on
the ather haid, he has not forgotten the sounds leatmed years ago.
The ueigh of a borse and the bark of a dog-tox are still done
perfectly, and the unitstion of the “laughter of a Kookaburra is
quite good, In actdition, he renders mary bird-calls.

From Mr. & A. R. Lord, of Murphy’s Creek, Queensland,
come two additions to the list of mimics, namely, the Striated
Thornhill (an eartier suspect} and the httle-known Hutf-breasted
Serub-Wren. The Thornhill was heard imitating the calls of the
Yellow Robin, and the Seruh-Wren has been known to mimic, in
a whesper-song, the calls of several other smal) birds,

Mr. Lord adds that he recently heard a young Pied Butcher-bird
rendering imitations, and on one occasion he heard no féwer than
four birds of this species (two adults and (wo young) singing in
an undertone and nmtating between thein a large nunber of bird-
notes, including those of two nocturnal callers, the Boobook Owl
and the Owlet-Nightjar,

Another mimic for which Mr, Lord has much admiration is the
tiny Mistletoe-bird. His experience indicates that omly the male
bird mimics and that in some instances the imitations aré extensive
and remarkably faithful. The performances are rendered when
the hircl is resting auc no other meuiber of the species is presents.

A remarkahle example of the mimetic power of the Spotted
Bower-bird is furnished by Miss D. McCulloch, of Pennant Hills,
W.S.W., She savs that when staying at the home of her sister
(Mrs, Seton) near Clermont, central Queensland, she stayed in
the kouse on one occasion when her sister and two daughters went
picnicking, the arrangement being that one of them should return
tor her some time later. Soon aiterwards she was surprised to
hear the yoices of the mother and two girls below the talcony—
Mrs, Scton’s voice soothing and explaining; Helen's slightly
falsetto and rather aggrieved ;"Mary’s deeper and 4 little petulant.

ww AH. Carsuaum, More Abant Maral Miurics see Mats

Apparently all were tailing together, as was their way. But when
Miss MeCulloch went outside to meet them, all she saw was
“Spotty,” sitting in the niulberry-tree and rendenne the voices
which he had heard dtiving his visits to the house!

Another instance of a wild bird inutating the human voice js
reported by Mrs. H. Curtis (Miss Hilda Geissmann), of Tani-
borine Mountain, Queensland. Moreover, she adds the sub-
tropical Rufous Thrush, a jungle dweller with a rich voice, to our
list of tvimics, so bringing the fotal (including some few “doubt-
fuis"} to 52 species. Here is Mrs. Curtis's letter.)

_““Yalking of bird mimics: About four weeks ago Ll had a quite
new vxample from our old Satin Bower-bird m thé paddock. I
was gardening and some boys from the college at Eagle Heights
eatne along the road shonting and laughing. When tear our farm
ane of the boys let out a couple of screams—some sky-larking
or other was guing on. Instantly the boy screamed the Satin-bird
mimicked him. It was extremely funny. ‘The bird's voice was
much Jess in volume bul a perfect imitation im pitch of sour and
time. That was the first time I had heard the Satin-bird mimic
ahuman This bird is very old, The bower has heen kept going
in our paddock ever since T have lived here, and I believe it is
the same male bird, though I have no feather markings or anything
but the wonderful nimicry to go on. He is a handsome black
bird and often is heard giving his various borrowed songs and
talls, Calls of the Grey Goshawk and the sereaming chicken are
prime favourites, also the “Eat you, eat you’ of the Crested Hawk
and the call of the Chillawong,
~ “Speaking of the Chillawong mimicking Ube ‘Chip-chip; I think
that ‘chip-chip’ is part of their own true notes. Our Chillawongs
always sav ‘Chip-chip-chil-a-wong, Ka-wok-Ka-wolt-karr’ among
their many calls. I love the old Chillawongs, Tiere used to be
so many of them, but now, alas, we seldom hear une “They had a
price placed on their heads by the Council and it was the cause of
many hundreds being destroyed,

“Gur list af the binds that nimic, taken in the order they are
in your booklet (that is, the ones 1 have heavd mimicking} is:
Lyre-bird, Satin Bower-bird, Black-nest Bird (Scrub-Wren),
Silvereye, Oriole, Grey Butelier-bird, Pred Butcher-bird, Whip
bird, White-browed Serub-Wren, Large-billed Serub-Wren-

_“T shoul also add the Red Thrush. This bird can mimic, One
against the house here learned to whistle the way 1 whistled for
the dog in the evening, T always feed the dog after our ¢ea at
night and used to whistle five tunics (always the same) when I
wanted him for his tea, Vhe bird evidently heard me and was
impressed with the sound on the silence of the night. He cam
whistle this exactly as I do, only in a richer, purer tone than I
could hope to vse, It is not a natural call with the Red Thrush,”

me E. Corman, Various Observations 2

VARIOUS OBSERVATIONS
By Enrttt Coveman,*Blackburn, Victoria,

Artuns Bird-orchid

Visiting the Healesville colonies of the Auttiiin Bird-orchid
(Clulaglotts reflexa} on April 20, IT found more Aowers thar T
have ever seen, but so little leaf-development that the orchids were
not easily discovered, although the colonies have extended. The
ground under the trees was unusually dry for April. Apparently
vigorous leaf-development is made at the expense of flowers. One
sees this in the garden. By starving a leafy plant which refuses
to flower, one often has surprising results, v

Wedge-tatled Eagle

Driving ta Healesville on April 20 we saw a large Wedege-tailed
Eagle circling over a Aock of sheep at Yering—the most “aero-
plane-like” bied in flight I have seen. We stopped to watch its
beautiful movement as it circled with motionless wings, We
watched it spiral down, apparently night among the sheep. As it
caused no canimotion among them, we concluded that they were
niore scattered than appeared [rom the road, and that the eagle
had dropped down to a dead sheep. We waited ior some time
(in skvlark country, too) but saw no sheep move.

As no farmer appeared, to interfere; one assumes that the
owner of the sheep has weighed the eagle’s doings, good aud evil.
Apart from its usefulness as a carrion-feeder, in natural conditions
the eagle caubtless served not only to check a too rapid increase
in ‘the species on which it preyed, but io eliminate the wufit,
ultimately benefiting the species by weeding out the weak, leaving
the wary and the swift.

flocking af Méudlarks

We have always regretted the loss of ativ of otir trees, for they
have brought so many interesting birds about us. Qur greatest
loss Was a tall messmate on land close to our own. Like the tall
messinate we lost a few years ago, this was a landmark for miles
around. Here for some years (in May) we had watched # great
gathering of mudlarks which ¢ettled in the messmate, apparently
resting tor the night before resuming their journey carly next
morning. They settled at 5 p.m. streaming out a few times, like
the swallows, hefore finally settling down. As they wheeled and
turned their breasts caught the setting’ sun and turned to a lovely
rose colour, They might then have been galahs. Sometimes they
gathered among our own trees, but the tall messmate was their
Mecea. As soo as they arrived I would walk over to that tree,
sire of finding them there. My last date was May [6th, 1942.

- 28 ‘ EB. Coreman, Mirrors Obsrreations Yiae i

Antwnn Play Among Birds

At Healesville I found “play? in full swing among the birds.
On a luscious green lawn fine blackbirds were playing hide-and-
seck among the shruls while they foraged for ground toad, which
seemed abundant. -

At the Melhourne Botanic Garden (19/4/45) | noticed a male
blackbird with a white feather which made hnn very coftspicuets.
Was it a coincidence that he skulked under cover of bushes while
i watched. coming out only when | pretended ta Teaver He was
one of al“triangle”’ but the other two (male and female) made no
attempt to hide, At Healesville on April 23 1 saw another male
Ulackbird with quite a patch of white on one wing. He, tno, took
cover as if aware that he had lost any “cloak of invisibility” he
may have possessed.

Clustering of VW oad-Swallows

‘My last record of the Dusky Wood-Swallows was Web. 27,
1945 (FN, April, 1945). T did not see then again unt}! Feb.,
1946, They were back in the “paddock” on Feb, 16, but F did
not see them! cluster.

Feb, 17th, 1946; Cummenced ta cluster at 7.10 pan, and had
settled at 7,30 pan. after streaming out a few Hines,

Feb, 18th? Raining heavily. I did not go out.

Feb, 19th: A small cluster had settled Iigh up ina leafy top
at 7.30 p.m.

Feb. 20th: “A much larger cluster at 7.30. A Lew stragglers
came later.

Feb. 21st: [ rose at 20 to 5 a.m. and found that the birds had
gone. Sky still moon-lit but nat light enough, I thoughr, for them
to fly, “F was glad when the dogs gave notice of iny whereabouts
and a member of the family appeared who confirmed my dectsiort,
No other-birds stirring. In the evening there was no sign of them
at 7.20, or later. They inay have come in earlier and settled in
another tree. but it was too dark to discover them and there were
no bed-tine sounds ta guide me. | did not see them again yntil
April 5th, when a large swarm settled near the house, I watched
them cluster on the 6th, 7th and Sth, a little earlier each evening

Apri! 9th: The glow of setting sun caught then, Had quire
settled at 6.15 p.m,

April 10th; Clustered at 6.12 pum. It was not yet dark, With
a suitable camera and long exposure one might have secured a
photo! They never seeny to choose the most shellered positions,
This une was very exposed.

April 11th: All back at 5.45 and clustered suddenly; no mave-
ment afterwards

April 12th; Heavy rain; bitrerly eold. I did not go out.

hae E. Coreman, furious Observations ; a)

April 13th: Heavy rain at 20 to 6. Saw na swarm even when
the rain ceased, nor did I see them again until Feb., 1947.

Feb. 18th, 1947; Swarmed to-night at 7,10 for the first time.
ulthougk they have been about the trees for several days,

Feb. 19th: Small swarm settled at 7.15 pan. A few late-comers,
Some of the guni-trees, including two of their javourites, had been
cuf dawn reatly for building, This may have <isturbed them:

Feb, 20th: Settled at 7.30 in samme tree. Watched them skim-
mung among trees for 20 minutes before settling. Beautiful sunset
in which the trees stood out with a pluwing shy behind. Duoes-
sutiset influence the accuracy of their timing—to within a few
minutes each evenneg?

Feb. 21st: Skimming among trees for 15 rninutes, then settled
in the same tree as or 19th and 20th, Something seemed to disturb.
them, It may have heen ont two small cream-coloured dogs,
which unt the dusk may appear like cais. The birds flew out in a
stream and settled in a tree some LOO yards distant, not on our
land. Jt was a large swarm and made much noise as they settled,
We thought they returned to our trees, but were not certain,

Feb. 22nd: A very small swarm at 7.35 pm. Many frequently
flew ont as if reluctant to settle and meant to roost aniong lealy
twigs. Bitterly cold and windy, I came in for a coat and found
the birds srill in the same exposed situation when I returned.

Feb. 23rd: Birds skimming among the trees at 7 p.m. Had
settled at 7.13, then the cluster broke and Alew to the garelen,
Kept flying oul as if hawking, Insects numerous. Ar 7.30 L
couuted 19 Lirds as they returned and clustered. Others came
later, singly; all quiet at 25 to 8.

Feb. 24th: Warm but windy. Saw none.

Feb, 25th: Some among the trees bur did not cluster, Stil] warn
and windy

Feb. 26th: Very warm. Many insects. Birds were heautriul
skimming among trees at 7 pm. Settled high up in favourire tree
ac 7.25, makirig much noise. These bed-time sounds are delightful,
All quiet at 7.35. moos

Feb, 27th; Very warm, Many skimming among trees in. the
afternoon. No sign of them at 7.15 pai Was I too late?

Feb, 28th: About 30 about trees at 7 pan, Very bot day. A
shower at G p.m., then mild and fresh. Small chister in favourite
fork. Skimmed out occasionally, “All qhiet at 7.20 pm,’

March Ist: Saw a large ‘swarm come through and set(le aa
neighbours’ tree abit 100 yards distant at 7.5 pan, They came,
back later and setrled in a tresh tree

Match 2nd; Away from hame,

March 3rd; Birds playing amung the trees hut did not nettle at
7.10, when I came in.

40 F, Comewas, Marios Observations Viele Nate

March 4th-Sth: Heavy rain; did not go uit,

March 6th: Saw swarm fy aver our irees and scille mm same
tree as Un March ist. They came back later and settled, ther left
again for the same tree. They constituted a large cluster and made
much nuise,

March #th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th; About the trees bar did not
eluster. A cricket pitch hetween iheir Favourite trees, with bud-
ding bur very enthusiastic cricketers, may have ansettled theni,

March 12th: Cold after wet day. No encket this evening. Lurge
cluster near the gate in a very poor tree. Strange they don't seek
closer shelter. More rain threatening, but probably they are letter
weather prophets than we are. All are on the east side of the
stein, so ate fully sheltered from the west, No movement at 7 p.m,
Not yet dark. The trees are so sparsely joliaged that they shut
out very Itttle light. Last appearance,

March 13th: A large band of cricketers under tlicit trees. Birds
have not returned.

The attidy of bird migration is fascinating, even when, as in the
case of the Woord-Swallows, it is only pettual. Am interesting
feature is their princtuality, not only in clustering at the same time
each evening, but in returning to a favoured locality

April 4th: At 9 a.m, the Woorl-Swallows provided a beapriful
sight as they! played among rain-wet trees, dashing 11) and out as
if bathing. Then they settled close together high up ona chin,
leafless branch, all in line, tails all one way, closer together than
Iove-birds. There was not.room for all on the one branch so
several groups of two or three sat on nearhy twigs. They made
a beautiful picture as they sat in the warm sunshine, preening and
chattering. The slender branch appeared to be strangely thickened
and brown, in contrast with the glistermg Jeaves on other branches.
Tt will be noted that ihe Wood-Swallows appeared on April Sth
last wear after a lapse uf about twelve days. They have-apparently
clustered elsewhere if they remanied in ‘the vicinity

A BIRD AND A NAME

A correspondent has raised the question whether the nan Lyra, applied
to a smail town an the southern tablelands ot Queensland, .commemorates
the lyrebird of the area, which i the sub-speriey kitown ay Ponce Edward's
Jyrebird. Mevtnra cardi. An old resident of the region adjusted this
paint same years ago,

“The fact is," he said, “hack in the 1890's our’ township used to be cilled
Accommodation Creek, That was tou inuech of a niovthtul Aliso, it took
tee lang to write So I went te see the Railways Commissioner abour the
matter) We Jooked through a little book devoted ta aboriginal words and
found that the natives! name for creck was Lira, ‘Weill,’ 1 said, ‘what about
taking it Lyra? The Commissioner agreed, and so a Les tool ted place of
Acahnmodaton Creek "—A.A_C

1

June

eazy T. Rayment, What of the Planidia? H

WHAT OF THE PLANIDIA?

By Tartron Rayment, Melbourne.

“Well, just what are Planidia?”

They are extraordinary little creatures, as I shall show you
presently. I had not hitherto been fortunate enough to discover
any on a bee until Norman W. Rodd sent along a very fine micro-
mount of the mouth-parts,

Planidia on Maxillae (left) and Palpt (right} of a Wild Bee,
Paracolletes crasstpes.
Photo-micrographs: Tarlton Rayment.

The specimens are so beautifully prepared that I could not
refrain from making a photo-micrograph or two of these unusual
stages of the parasites. You will see they are more or less cigar-
shaped, and attached in numbers to the “tongue.” The superficial
aspect suggests the puparia of certain parasitic flles (see dA Cluster
of Rees, p. S47).

Rodd caught the host at Patonga Beach, but perhaps you do not
know the place, so permit me to tell you that it lies directly opposite
Hawkesbury, New South Wales, whence one can take a stout
little launch for the beach. I know it requires a stout launch at
certain seasons, for I have crossed over on a rough day.

My correspondent spends his holidays there, for it is a small
but altogether delightful resort. Hunting for a few indigenous
bees, Norman collected a red-legged earth-digging hee, Paracolletes
crassipes F. Smith, and in the glissa and palpi are dozens of
Planidia.

; , oy Vict. Nat.
32 T. Rayment, What of the Planidia? Ser ae

Just how the Planidia reached the mouth-parts of the hee I do
not know, but I suggest that they congregate, like the legged
triungulinid larvae of the “Blister Beetles,” in a flower, and await
the arrival of the host. I cannot, in the absence of the adults,
determine the species, and they are rarely found. So far as my
memory goes, this is the first record of Planidia on any Australian
bee. Let us, then, award Norman Rodd full credit for his interest-
ing discovery.

From Bugnion’s work I learn that the tiny females of Psendo-
gonatos liahat have no ovipositor, and the microscopic eggs pour
forth in a veritable flood, H. S. Smith, in his studies of
Perilampus (parasitic wasps), informs us that many are as small
as 0:1 mm, Some females deposit their eggs---three to four
thousand of them—on the leaves of plants, and the young hatch
there. (The Meloid beetles, parasites in the nests of certain wild
bees, also deposit immense numbers of eggs.)

However, when a suitable host arrives, the larvae become highly
excited, and attach themselves in dozens to the unfortunate wasp
or bee, The young develop, and pupate in sifu. Later they drop
off, and soon after emerge as adults,

The late Professor William. Morton Wheeler found many ants
heavily infested with numbers of Planidia, and other authors have
observed the parasites on wasps of several species. They appear
to be prevalent in America, but are seldom reported in Australia.

Wheeler says the chalcid wasps, with their ovipositors, are not
so primitive as Bugnion’s species, and that many naturalists have
observed the resemblance of hymenopterous Planidia to the
triungulinid larvae of the oil or blister beetles, which also have
remarkable phases of development. The young emerge from eggs,
deposited on plants, and await the arrival of a host, perhaps a hee,
Clutching the hairy fleece, the legged triungulins are carried off to
the bee's nest, where they pass through a hyper-metamorphosis
before the true legless metamorphic stage is accomplished.

REFERENCES

Bugnion, $.: La Structure Anatomique du Triyonalts Hafmi, Schecets.
Ent. Ges. 12, 1912.

Hohnegren, N.: Termticnstudien (4 parts), 1909-13.

Wheeler, William Martin: Social Insects.

Smith, H. S.: “Chalcidoid Genus Perifampus and its Relations to the Prob-
lem of Parasite Introduction,” U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent, Techn. Ser.
No. 19, Pt. 4, 1916.

Rayment, Tarlton: A Cluster of Bees,

ERRATA
In Fie. Nat, May 1947, p. 9, first line af last par.—For “Conserv. and
Jard.” read Conserv. ct Sard.
Ditio, p. 15, last line of par. 4—For ‘4. aacarpa.” read A. anlace-
corpa.
Diite, p. 16, second line of par, 4For “Erythphlaum, Laboucheri,”
read Erythrophl@um Labouchert.

Tune
3949

1896
14.

1897
1.

18.

F.S Conver, Bibhography of Dr, GB. Pritchard “33

BIBLIQGRAPHY OF DR. G. B. PRITCHARD
Compiled hy F. S. Contives, Melbourne.

Pritchard, Am. Rpt. Sth. dusl, School of Mines and Industries, 18591,
pp. 1-38 Remarks on the Tertiaries of Australia, together with 2
Catalogue of Fossils.

Pritehard—-Hall and, Proc. Roy. Soc. Mic. TV, 15, pt I CApr.), op
9.26, pls, INI-IfV.. Nutes on the Lower Tertiaries of the Southern
Portion of the Moorabool River.

Pritchard, Proc, Hoy. Soe, re, TV Gis), pil CApnd, pm: 56-58,
BF enas Ou a New Species of Graptolitidae (Tonmograpius mag-
wifes), ha

Pritchard, Trans. Roy. Soc. Sth. Aust, 15 (2) (Dee), pp. 179-182.
On the Cambrian Rocks at Curraniulka.

. Pritchard—Hali and, Proc, Roy. Sac. Pic, VI tas) (Jan), pp

1-23, pl. T. Notes on the Eocene Strata of the Bellarine Peninsula,
with brief reference to other Deposits.

Pritchard—Hall and, Apt. Sth Meeting Aust, Assoc, Adu, Sci, (Ade-
laide}, po. 338-343. On the Age oj Certain Plant-Hearing Beds in
Wictorra.

Pritchard, Proc. Roy, Joe, Vic, VIP (ns5.) (Jan, pp. 27-30. Notes
on Some Landsfield Graptolites. ;

Pritchard, Proc. Roy, Soc. Fic, Vil (ss.) (Jaa.), pp, 157-158, Note
on the Occurrence of Fossil Bowes at Werribee,

Pritchard—Hall and, roc. Roy? Soe, Vee, VIL Ors.) Clan-), t
180-196. The Older Tertiaries of Mande, with an Indication of
the Sequence of the Eocenc Rocks of Victoria.

Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic, VIL (as) (Jan), pp. 225-231, pl
XU. Contribution to the Palaeontology of the Older ‘Vertiary of
Victoria. Lamellibranchs. Pt. 1.

- Pritchard, Geelong Naturalist, IV, No, 3 (March), pp, 37-40. Notes

on the Freshwater Limestone of the Geelong District.

Pritchard, Geglong Neturalist, 1V, No. 3 (March), pp. 40-44. The
Sand-dunes af the Coast.

Pritchard, Proc. Mal, Soc, London, I, Ma. S (March), p 199. Note
on Spirnlirostra.. CAbstract.) '

Pritchard, Rpt, 6th, Meeting Aust. Ass. Ade. Sci. (Brisbane), pp.
348-361, Cm the Present State of our Knowledge of the Older
ertiaries of Southern Australia.

. Pritchard, Prac, Roy. Soc, Pic, VII (5.3, (Apri), pp. 74-150,

ais. ILIV. A Revision of the Fossil Fauna of the Tablo Cape
Beds, Tasmania, with Descriptions of the New Species:

. Pritehard—Hall and, Prac. Roy, Soe. Vie, VIIT (is.) (Apr.), pm

151-168. Remarks on the Proposed Sub-Divsion of the Eocene
Rocks of Victoria.

Pritchard—ITall and, Proc. Roy. Soc. Wie, TX (os.) (March), pp.
187-224, pl. VILL A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Ter-
tiaries in the Neighbourhood of Melbourne.

Pritchard—Hall and, Prac. Roy. Soc, Fic, KX (ws.b, pt. L (July),
pp. 43-56, pls, 1-f]. Geolugy of the Lower Moorabool,

34
19,

live
a

* 21,
_ 22.

. Pritchard—Hall and, Pree, Roy. Soe. Fie, X11 (ns.

F, 5. Coaniyes, Stitiogruphy of Dr. G. By Pritehard eS Wate

Pritchard-—Hall and, Proc, Roy, Sec, Vic, X (ns. ph. 1 (ely),
pp, 57-59. Note an a Tooth of Palerchestes from Beaumaris,

Pritchard and Gatliff, Prac. Koy. Sor. bie, & (ns), pe it OMay),
pp. 140, 141, On a New Species of Victorian Molluse. (Coratlias
phita zerilsant)

Pritchard and Gatliff, Proc, Ray Soe. ic, X Gis-), pt. IT (May),
pp. 236-284, Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Victoria, Part 1,

Pritehard, Proc. Roy. Soe. Wie, XL (us.), pt I (Sept), pp, 96-211,
Re. VIL-VIII, Contributions ta the Palaxontology of the Older

ertiary of Victoria, Gastropoda. Part I.

.' Pritchard and Gatliff. Prac Roy Soe. Fie, XT, (ne), pt TT (Feb),

pp. 179-184, pl. XX, Oo Some New Species gi Victorian Mollusca,

. Pritchard and Gatliff, Prec, Roy Sor. Fic, X17 (ns.), pt IL (Feb.),

pp. 185-208. Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Vicroria, Part 11.

pt. FE (Aug.),
pp. 36-58 pl. VI, The Tettiary Deposits of the: Aire and Cape
Otway.

Pritchard and Gatlif, Proc, Ray. Soc, Vic, XU (ns), pt. £ (Ang),
pp, 100-106, pl, VIII, Same New Species of Victurian Molluscs.

. Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Sac. ie, XLT (ns), pt I (Aug), pp. 112-

114, pl. 1X. On the Occurreice of Diprotodon angtyahs (Owen)
‘ear Melbourne,

. Pritchard and Gathit, Proc. Roy, Soc. Vic., M11 (ns), pt LE Apr),

pp. 170-205. Caralogue of the Marine Shells of Victoria. Part ITT.

. Pritehard. Fie, Nat, SVT, No 3, p55. (5-700); Note on # New

Name for a Victorian Margiuela.

Pritchard and Gatlil, Pree, Roy, Sac, Pic, KIT (os), ot 1 (Aug,
pp. 131-838, pls) XN, XXL, On Some New Species of Victorian
Mollusca. Part 4

. Pritchard and Gathiff, Proc, Rev. Sov. Wir, XID (usd, pu I

fAcc.j, pp 199-156. Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Victoria,
Part LY. +

. Pritchard, Proc. Roy. Soe, Wte., XIU (ns), pt. £ (Aug.). pp. T57-

174. Qn the Nomentlature of Geological Age.

Pritchard, Pie. Nat. XVI, No. 4, pp. 61-63, (8-801); Eocene
Deposits at Moonee Ponds,

Pritchard, (ie. Nat, XVITL, Na. 4 pp. 63-69. (8'0b); On a New
Zeohte (Mooraboolite}. *

. Pritchard. Proc, Roy. Sac, Pie, XIV (0.5), pt. 1 (Ang), ap. 22-31,

pls. T-J31, Gantributions to the Palacontology of the Older
Tertiary of Victoria. Lamellibranchs. Part IL.
Pritchacd— Hall and, Pree: Roy Soe, Vic, RIV (o£), pt 1 (Aug),
pe 32-54, pl TV. Some Sections Illustrating the Gealogical Struc.
ture of the Country about Mornington.

. Pritchard—Hall and, Proc. Roy, Soc. Vic, XLV Cas), pl If CApr.),

pp. 75-8), A Suggested. Nomenclature for the Marine Tertiary
Depusits of Southern Austealia. ;

Pritchard and Gatliff, Proc, Roy. Soc. Mic, XTV (ns.), pt LL (Apr),
pp. 85-138. Catalogue ot the Marine Shells of Victoria, Part V.

. Pritthard aitd Gauill, Proc. oy, Soe, te. XIV (n6.), pt 10 (Ape),

pp. 180-184, On Some New Species of Victorian Mollusca. No. 5.

June

ing7 ls

40.
41.

nal,

B.S. Corrrver, Bibliography of Dr. G. B. Pritchard B

Pritchard, iic. Nat, XIX, No. 1, pp. 14-15 (45-2), Mollusca
(of The Shorchant Campout). .

Pritchard, Vie. Nuh, XIX, No. 1, pp. 17-20 (8-53-02). Mineralogy
(of The Shorehan Campout), TT

Pritchard, Mic, Nat.. XTX, No. & p. Jl (4-12-'02), Moallusea (of
The Shoreham Campout). |

Pritchard, Vic. Nab, XS, No, 8, p, 114 (4-)202). Mineralogy
tof Lhe Shoreham Campout), :

Pritchard, Pic, Nat, XIX, No. 0, pp, 142-144 (5-2-3), Geology
of Phinders: ‘

. Pritchard, Proc, Roy. Soe. Pic, XV (n.)) pt. 12 (Feb, pp, 8?-

103, pls. SIJ-XV. Contributions to the Palaeontology of the Older
Tertiary of Vietaria. Lamellitvanchs, Part ITT. .

Pritchard and Gasliff, Prac, Roy. Soc, ie, XV (ns.), pt. I (Feb.),
pp. 176-223, Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Victoria, Part VF.

. Pritchard, Proc. Rox. Sec. ic, XVI (ns.), pt. 1 (Sept.), pp. 83-91,

pls, MIL-XLV. Ont Some Australian Tertiary Pleurotomarias,
Pritchard and Gatliff, Proc, Roy. Soc. ie, XVI (n.5.), pt. [ (Sept),
pt, 92-95, pl. XV. On Some New Species of Victorian Mollusca ;
also Ohservatians on our Commonest Species of “Chione. together
with figures of same.
Pritchard and Ost, Proc. Rov, Soc. Vie, AVI (ns.), pt. T (Sapte,
que 56-159. Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Vievaria. Part VDL.

Prichard—Hall and, Proc. Koy, Soe. te, XVI ¢n.s.), pt. 1. (Mar).
pp, 292-395, pl RXV, Geclowy of the Barwon ahout [nverlrigh,

- Pritchard and Gatlif, Prac Roy, Sar. ie, XVIT (nw), pt. 1 (Sept.),

pp. 220-266. Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Victoria, Parl VOI.

Pritchard—Chapmaa and, Proc. Roy. Sec. Vic,. CVIT (m3), pr I
(Sept), pr. 267-297, pls. XTI-MTT. TMosstl Fish Remains from the
Tectiaries of Austraha. Part {,

. Pritchard, Proc, Ray, Soc. Viv, XVIL (nay, pu. I (Seph), pp. 320-

S337. pls. MVIUI-XIX. Contriburions to the Palacontulogy of the
Older ‘Tertiary of Victota, Gastrapala. Part DL

Pritchard and Gatliff, Pro, Roy, Sov. tre. MVIT (ns), pa
(Sent), py. 338-339, pl. XX. On Some New Species af Victoriam
Moliisea, No. 7 =

Tritchard and Gatliff, Proc, Ray. Soe. Pic, XVII [os.), pu IL
(Feb.), pp. 39-92. Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Victoria,
Part TX, With Complete Index to the Whole Catalogue

Pritehacd, fie, Net, KX, Na 12. pp. 207-212 (hed-ti6). Con-
chology ot Excursion ta Wilson's Pramanteny

. Pritchard, Ite. Nat, XX, No, 12, pp 219-223 (5-4-6). Geo-

lagical Notes (oly Excursion to Wilson's Promontory, :
Pritchard, Iie. Navt,, XXIIT, No. 6, pp. 117-120 (4-10-06), Some
Palacontolopical Notes.

9. Pritchard, Hie, Nat., XXUI, No. 11, pp. 197-203 (7-3-'07),. Geology

and Valacontology. TLecowre given at the Mornington Camp,
{Printed sinmallaneously as a Supplement to the Educatton Casetic
vod Teachers’ Aid. Educstion Department Publication, Victoria.)

Critchard—Chapman and, Proc. Rov. Soc, Mic, XX (ns), mt, 1
fAug.), pp. 59-75, pls. W-VIT_ Fossil Fish Remains fro the
‘Terriavies af Australian. Part If,

% I. S. Gounrver, Bibliography of Dr. GB. Pritchara Miet. How

61, Pritchard, Prac, Ray, Soo Vie, XXI (ns), pt. 1 (Aug), pp. 392-
400, pls. XXII-RXTL On the Occurrence of the Genus Linthre
in Victoria, with Descriptian of a New: Species,

62, Pritchard, Pic. Nat, KXVI, No. 2, p. 20 (10-0-'09), Excurstoll to
Williamstown. and Altona Bay. 7

64. Pritchard,' Mic. Nat, XXVI, No. 2, pp. 20-24 (10-6-09), The Recent
Shell Beds of Williamstown,

64. Pritchard, Proc, Roy, Soc, Vie, MALL Gts.), pt IL (Apr), op, 225+
262. (nm the Bacchus Marsh Sandsiones and their Fossils.

65. Pritchard, The Geology of Melbourne; pp, 187; 44 illustrations
(Dec.). Published by Peter G. Tait, Melbourne,

66. Pritchard, Age newspaper (25-53-12), The You VYangs. What ave
they 7

67. Privhard, Troe, Ray, Sao, Vie, XXNV (os), ph TL (Mar), op
363-164, pl, KXLX. On a New Silurian Bivalve from the Lilydale
Quarries. Luema (Prolucina) snitcheltt.

6& Pritchard and Garliff, Prac Rey. See. Vie, XXXVI (us.), pt 1
(29-913), pp. 63-66, pl VIL On Nettice tasmaatca, ‘Tenison-
Woods, and Description of a New Species of Nattea:

69, Pritchard, Prac, Roy, Soc. Fic, XXXVI (ns), pt, 1 (29-9-13), pp

192-20], pls. XX-XXRI. A Revision of the Fossil Volutes af the

Table Cape Beds, Tasmania, with Deseriptions of New Species

and Varieties.

Fk Pritchard, Rpt. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sei., 84th Meeting, Australia, 1914,
p, 374 (Ref. 120). CDiscussiun) On’ the Age and Sequeme of the
Victorian Tertiartes.

71. Pritchard, Proc, Pan-Pacifie Sci. Cong. (Aust, 1923), Art. 57, pp.
934-939. The Character and Sequence ai the Victorian Tertaries.

2. Pritchard, Journal of Proceedings of he Reval Victorian Institnte of
Archetects, XVI, No. 3 (oly), pp. 107-112, Building Stones. and
their Weathering,

73. Pritchard, Bonkers’ Mogusine vj Australia, Vol, 45, No. 4 (30-11-31),
op. 55-58, Onl in Attetratia,

74. Pritchard, Ite. Nat, LV, Now 9, ap, 151-159, 4 text figs. (41-39).
On the Discovery of o Fossil Wisale in the Older ‘Tertiaries of
Torqiay, Victoria,

75, Pritchard, Proc. Sith Pan-Pacific Set. Cong, (Sau Francisco), pr.

523-526. The Tertiaries of Australia.

IS ¥4 p

76. Pritehard, Old Yurra History, as told by the Geoloay of Burnley,

Heyington, Tooronga (with appendix SA New Fossil from Auburn,
Luomphalns . holsert, sp.wov.), pp: 1-42. Published by +.
Cheshire, Melbourne,

Dir, Pritchard has reported on the following matters also: Oil, gold,
arsenic, nickel, caolybdenum, asmiridium, bauxite, sands, clays, limestones,
Rranites, basalts, bricks, tiles. firehricks, pigments, etc. ur unfortunately
it has not been possible i trace any of these ws published records,

The Victorian Naturalist

a

Vol. Vol. 65.—No, 3 JULY 9, 1947 No, 763

PROCEEDINGS

The Annual Meeting of the Club was held on June 9, 1947, ar
the Lecture Hall, Melbourne Public Library, the President (Mr,
¥, S. Colliver) and about 150 members and friends attending.
The Annual Meeting was preceded by a brief special meeting to
consider an alteration ta Rule 11, providing for three additional
offices, viz., Asst. Treasurer, Asst. Editar, and Excursion Secre-
tary. This alteration was maved by Mr. H. C. E. Stewart, seconded
by Mr. G. Coghill and carried without dissent.

A letter nominating Mr, F, Lewis for the Australian Natural
History Medallion was noted, also one from Mr, E. J. Cope
relating to a change of rule (already under consideration in com-
miltee) and from the A.N.Z.A.AS., inviting the Club to send
delegates to the Perth meetmg itt August. The delegates appointed
to visit Perth were Prof, J. S, Turner, Dr. R. T. Patton and Mr.
P.¥. Morris, Letters of protest from the Club had been sent to
the press and to the A.E.C. concerning reports that a wedge-tailed
tagle was shot by am archer—the daily press and radio had implied
upplause of this unfortunate incident.

The following were elected as Ordinary Members of the Chub;
Dinkar Kherdekar, Esq., and Mr. 1. Chapman.

ANNUAL REPORT AND BALANCE SHEET

The Hon, Secretary read the Annual Report, which was received
on the motion of Messrs. P. F. Morris and L. W. Cooper, After
a short discussion the adaption was moved by Mr. P. C. Morrison,
seconded by Mr, A. S, Chalk and carried.

The financial statement was read by Mr, A, G. Hooke, who, as
auditor, moved the adoption. This was seconded by Mr, A. 5,
Chalk and carried without discussion.

At this juncture the President arose to retire from office in
favour of the in-coming President. He stated that he did sq feeling
it a most important occasion, for the first lady President in the
Club's 67 years’ existence was about to take office, Mr, Colliver
warmly thanked the committee and members for their assistance
during his term of office; he Juooked for the same help and
co-optration to be shown the new President, Miss Ina Watson,
whe was then invited to take the chair and continue with the
election of office-bearers,

A

. .
48 Ananual Ke port Nar st -

Ina few words, Miss Watson thanked niembers for the honour
she fiad received in being chosen to represent cheni and their ideals,
As sifficient nominations, aud na more, had been received for the
yacant offices, she had pleasure in declaring those officers duly
elected. (See inside back cover for list.)

Por conumittee a ballot was necessary, resulting in the choice
of; Mrs. J. J. Freame, Messrs. G, N. Hyam, Ivo C, Hammiet,
R. D. Lee and Colin Lewis. Mr. H.C. E. Stewart cetained his
previous position as Inmiediate Past President, allowing the
committee to retain a full personnel.

The new President announced that, durmg the evening, dona-
tions of £50 had been received from Miss H. Bowie, £5/5/- from
Mr. Geo, Coghill, and two amounts of £1/1/- as donations from
Honorary Members.

Mr, F. S. Colliver's address as retiring President coucerned
“Birds of the Past." The principal fossil forms from each Age
were mentioned, and exemplified by the epidiascope and by fossil
specimens.

EXBIBITS

‘Miss Helen’ Kniep: Ned and white forms of Tempietomo retese
fram Western Australia.

Mr, V. H. Miller: Obsidian and other rocks from Mayor Island,
pumice from New Zealand, and butterflies from New Guinea
(speciniens collected by Major T. H. Brunn),

Mr. C. J. Gabriel: Land shells with egg (Paryphanta bashbyi
Gray, frony N.Z., and Charapa albanensts Cox, from Kinglake),

Mr, F. S. Calliver: Moa bones from New Zealand, weluding
Dinernis avavinius, Buyyaplerys gravis, and Lmeus cvassus.

SIXTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

The membership has grown steadily during the Jast few years,
the present year closing with 585 financial members, comprising
373 Ordinary Members, 165 Country Members, 32 Associates,
13 Honorary and two Life Members—un increase of 82 over the
503 recorded in our last annual report. Jt is interesting to record
that our membership now extends as far afield as India,

With sorrow we record the death of Mr. John Ingram, a
suewher since 1926 and one-time Honorary Treasurer. Atnong
rither well-known naturalists and friends of the Club whose passing
is regretted are: the wite of Mr, George Coghill (now an Honorary
Member and Past President); the Rev. George Cox, for so long
a fathiliae figace in the activities of the Moriington Naturalists’
Club; and, more recently, Associate Professor F. A, Singleton.

The continued expansion of membership has brought with ic
additional problems, in arranging for adequate scating accom-

Hing Trinaal Report 39
modatiun and in exhibit space for those wha attend the monthly
general meetings, Tlic trustees of the Museum and Public Library
have been very helpful in providing seats for what has been an
average attendance nf about 200, and we offer them our thanks,

Although a very tnportant feature af meetings, the exhibits
staged during the year have not been adequately provided for, but
the Museum authorities are gradually doing what they can to
unprove the lighting in that part of the hall used for our exhibits,
When this is done, more exnbit tables can be wsed. [t 1s felt thar
many exhthits have heen sufficiently important anc] interesting to
warrant samething more than a tnere mention. ‘The Editors would
welconie instructive or informative notes cancevuing then. -an
acenont of their nature and the reason prompting their display can
thus become a permanenr, record of some phase of natural history.

Despite our now large membership, it is stil a matter of some
difficulty to obtain suitable material for the Naturalist. The
standard of the war years has been maintained and, with the
co-operation of members, can he further improved, Our journal
has now an almost world-wide cireulation—scientific bodies in
France, Russia and Sweden having been recently added to the
mailing list. Members should strive to easture that it remains the
leading natural history journal in Australia. Volume 63 has been
completed and the Index is now available.

Many members regularly attend also the Group meetings. Of

the three Groups already established, those concerned with botany
and genlogy are proving pupular and ace evidently fulfilling a
definite need, Their success has brought a number of requests for
the formation ot a Zoology Group whose activities may be experted
to embrace marine biology and, possibly, entomology, Shortage
of photographic material las uucloubtedfy restricted the extenston
of membership of the Photographic Group, The wark heing done
hy its rnembers in building ap the Club's library of nattiral Instory
photographs is praiseworthy.
_ Within the Botany Group, which meets at the Royal Sowety's
Tlall on the evening of the fourth Monday each month, it is hoped
that sections will soon he formed to undertake definite projects
for improving ouc knowledge of the nearer National Parkes and
Forest Reserves. Mr. Swuhy reports that. the Record of Research
has made little progress. Possibly members misunderstand its
purpose. Atuy new investigation breaking new ground, however
small, is entitled to entry and requests for specimens or other fore
uf assistance will be duly published.

The Geology Group has undertaken a planned study of coast-
live erosion, ag it is G¢eurring at Black Rock, and if is hoped that
this will he the forerunner of more such useful projects. At the
suggestion of Mr. Elford, use of the mineral tohoratory at the

- Viet. Nat,
40 Annual Report Vel, 64

Natiorial Museum has been ‘granted to memiers of the group
(hrough the courtesy of the Drrector (Mr, R. T.-M, Pescatt) and
the Mineralogist (Mrs. Whincup). Members are also grateful to
Mr. We Preston for his gift of & set of apparatus for chenical
analysis. This group also meets at the Royal Society's Hall, on
the Arst Tuesday each month,

In addition to the Excursions (now made permanent) and Plant
Names. Sub-cominittees—which latter reports the revision of more
than half the fora of Victoria—three further sub-committees have
been set up during the year. That on Maranoa arose out of the
Club's special excursion fo these gardens last February. At the
request of the honorary secretary of the Camberwell Council’s
Maranoa Gardens’ Committee, aur sub-connnittee, consisting of
Messrs. A. J. Swaby, I. Hammet and E. Lord, was appointed to
assist and advise on matters affecting general welfare.

A Meathland Flora Reserve Sub-committee has been formed tc
examine the possibility of having permanently reserved as a natural
park sone portion of our fast-vanishing bayside beathtands. That
on National Monuments, convened hy Mr, G, N, Hvam, revives
2 body which was allowed to lapse during the war. Briefly, its
purpose ts ta shidy ways and means of improving and developing
Victorna’s national parks and, ultimately, to subgnt recomimenda-
tions far the control of af our national monuments under one
properly constituted authority.

Your committee is of opmion that the work of these sub-
committees will be made much more effective by the active interest
of Club members, whose suggeations and advice will be hoth
welcome and encouraging.

The existing national parks of the State have received attention
during the year and your committee has been cf some assistance
to Mr and Mrs, Eric Muir and the people of the Shire of Dimboola
in. ther successful move ta establish such a park at Dimboola,
The intevests of Mt. Buffalo National Parle have been watched,
especially in relation to the effects of forest grazing. At the
Royal Commission of Enguiry, our Past President (Mr. H.C. E.
Stewart), together with Mr. A. D. Ilardy, was able to offer some
pertinent evidence The committee is now occupied m furthering
the aims of Messrs, N. Learmonth, J. Jones, and their associates
of the Portland F.N-C., who are working for the reservation of a
tract of country on the lower reaches of the Glenelg River.

The Australian Nature Show was again held at the Hawthorn
Town Hall last October; it attracted large attendances and was
worthy of Club traditions, Your committee would here like to
thank all those who organized, arranged and Onally dismantled
the show under what were, unfortunately, difficult circumstances,
viz, the eyincidence of a railways’ strike. The Club also arranged

'

ante Annnat Report at

a display at aw exibition held by the Hawthorn District Boy
Scoats’ Association on May 24 law, The exhibits attracted much
interest, and particular credit is due to those of our group members
who made it such a success,

The Victorian Council of Scientific Societics has held regular
meetings during the year, and Mr. J, H. Willis has acted as F.N,C.
representative, Meetings of the Australian and New Zealand
Association for the Advancement of Science were revived hist
August in Adelaide and our official delegate on the Council was
Mr.\F. §. Colliver. The F.N.C.V. is entitled to nominate three
delegates to the A.N.Z.A.A,S, Council. Since our policy in relation
to the conservation of will life aud primitive areas is worth
bringing to the notice of such an influential body, Professor J. S.
Turner, Dr. R, T. Patton and Mr. P. F. Morris have been invited
to act as the Club's official delegates to the forthcoming meeting at
Perth next August.

The Australian Natural History Medallion for 1946 was awarded
to Mr, Heber Longman, formerly Director of the Queensland
Museum and noted for his work on Australian vertebrate palaeon-
tology. Following itz announcement of the award, the Selection
Committee made a number of important recommendations govern-
ing the rules of procedure for dealing with future awards; it is
anticipated that these will be adopted at the next meeting of the
Award Cornmittee.

With regard to your own committee, one special meeting and
nine ordinary meetings have heen held during the year, The large
volume of work dealt with in committee cau be gauged From the
following resumé of those of its activities not already discussed,

Regular reports on the junior branches of the Club at Hawthorn
and Toorak are received monthly, and to all concerned with the
active functioning of these branches the Club offers its thanks.
A possible junior branch at Thornbury is also heing discussed.
Progress of the Burnley Wild Life Club hag also been kept before
the committee, which, early in the year, offered prizes for the best
essivs on a natural history subject by menthers of that club,
Awards, whiel tock the form of a one-year subscription to
FN.CV_, went to Miss Elspeth Newittan—one of our own mem-
bers—for her essay on “Common Virtorian Terrestrial Orchids”
and to Mr. (3. H. Fetherstone for his ‘Naturalists’ Paradise.”

Revival of the Ararat Field Naturalists’ Club, which went into
recess during the war, has been followed with active interest.
Under the leadership of Mr. Stewart, an excursion to the Gram-
plays, im conjunction with the Araral club, was undertaken last
spring and it ts felt that this event did much to revive and extend
interest in the country ¢lub.

t

42 Anwal Report Mig ee

The committee's official excursion to Nelson and the Lower
Glenelg River last Raster was undertaken with the double object
of examining the potentialities of this area as a national park and
inaintaining contace with the Portland Field Naturalists’ Club. An
unofficial excursion to Bendigo, late in April lasl, served to keep
us in touch with the Bendigo Field Naturalists’ Club.

As the centenary of the arrival ie: Australia of Baron yon Mueller
occurs next December, your committee follawed up the move
initiated by the Director of the Botanic Gardens for the issue of
conimediorative postage stainps to honour the great scientist. The
objections of the P.M.G"s Departement to adopting such recon-
mendations appeared reasoaalle, bul 31 is intended that the matter
be revived five years hence when we celebrate the centenary of the
Baron's appointment as Government Botanist,

Early last October the fiftieth anniversary of Mueller's death
was marked by & well-attended pilgrimage, m conjunction with
the Historical Society of Victoria, to his meniwrial at St. Kilda,

The memorial to our first President, Professor McCoy, has heen
restored by members of the McCoy and Royal Societies, and dur-
ing the year a united pilgrimage took place at Brighton Cemetery,
when native shrubs were planted around the graye.

Your committee has decided on a policy im regard to the jure
and use of Naturalist blacks (see Vol. 63, p. 285). The Honorary
Librarian. reporis that a tumber of uzeiu) votunyes has been added
to the library, expenditure on which has been increased beyond
that o£ the last foar years. The interest accruing to the Dudley
Best Fund ig set aside specifically for Jihrary purchases; although
small, this assures the contiauance of our subscription to a number
of valued’ periodicals, Grateful acknowledgemént is tendered to
the following donars of hooks for the library: Miss F, Smith,
Messcs. F. Lewis, P. C. Morrison, A. J. Swaby, T. S. Hart
and I. C. Llammet.

The finaucial position of the Club has occasioned serious itrvesti-
gation and, al your committée’s recommendation, a amotion to
increase the price of the Nuturatist to 1/6 and to vary Rule 4 to
prawide for an increase 1m the annual subscription of those members
who receive the Club's journal was passed at a Special General
Meeting on March 10. At another Special General Meeting on
May 12 a motion was carried to alter Rule 4, so that Ordnraryr -
Menibers will pay an annual subscription of 25/- while Country
Members and Associates who receive the Naturalist will pay 12/6.

While the committee was discussing the role dealing with sub-
scriptions, some important recommendations referring to a general
revision of all the rules were considtéred and, infer alia, there atase
the question uf increasing the number of office-lrearers-

yey : slibval Report 43

In conchusion, we thank Mr. McCrae Howitt for the use of his
office as a very convenient mecting place for the committee. To
the Government Botanist, also, our thanks are due for his kind-
ness in affording safe storase to the Club's valnatile collection of
water-colour paintings by Miss Amy Fuller, and for lis ready
co-operation im making available the officers of the National
Herbariutn to act on our Plant Names Sub-committee during their
official time. To all members and friends who haye given their
time and energy in furthering the aints and ideals of the Club we
tender the deep appreciation of their fellow-ineimbers.

) F.S. Colliver (President).

Signed { J. Ros Garnet (Hon. Secretary}.

FINANCIAL REPORT ON ACCOUNTS AT S0TTT APRIL, 1947

Certain changes in the settiag out of the published accoults this year
have bees decided on by the committee, Tollowing the cstablishinent at We
April, 1947, ot the Building and Cottingencies Fund and the separate Lite
Sembersitip Account, The anfual Statement of Receipts anid Payments has
been divided jnto three sections, for General, Building, and Life Meniberstip.
Three bank accounts are now being used in order to keep the monevs
concerned separate,

The classification of the General Account. items under appropriate headings
enables the relation between ordinary income and ordinary expenditure to
be seen clearly, and separates the special income and special expenediiurc.
Donations given to the Club are wed for the purposes for which gaveri:
subscriptions paid in advance shonld be carried forward into te Following
yeat as part af the balance in the ES. & A. Bank, while proceeds of
Wild Nature Shows wilt in future la: paid. itte the Building and Con-
tingenci¢s Fund, instead of the General Account, Tt is seen from the General
Accwunt as published that the progteds of the ahow held in October Jast
were spetit as ordinary expenditure prior to the formatitm of the Duilding
ad Contingencies Fund, and that part of the advance subseriptions were
used alse: within the year,

The jnerease in subscription rates, operative [rom Whe heginning af the
present financial year, should provide sufficient ordinary income to cover
the continued publication of the Noferaftst at about the present size.
Expenditure on che General Account will require to be controled carefully
in view of the fresh arrangements of accounts outlimed above.

In ie with the terms oon which the Duilding and Contingencies Fund
was established, tt has been credited with the incame [rom its imvestnents

_ and with the proceeds of the sale of publications, and it has been charged

with fresh outlay on publications.

The Lite Membership Account has been credited with the original subs
scription of £44, received ducing the year to April, 1946, and transferred
now out of the General Account imder. Special Expenditure, also with a
second subscription of Jike amount received in ithe year just ended; £F fhm
each af these will be brought into Ordinary Income every year until
exhausted,

_The principal changes in the Balajice Sheet reflect the alterations mev-
traned above,
A. §. Cnare, A. G. Hoorv, Hon, Auditars-

FIELD NATURALISTS’

CLUB OF VICTORIA

STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS FOR 12 MONTHS ENDED 30th APRIL, 1947
GENERAL ACCOUNT

Ordivary Income
Subseriptions—
Arrears 6. 6.0). ue ue ee ee
Current .. .. E46 thes
Life Membership. “4

Cash Sales of—
Victorian Warranties ae as
Badges ., 2, 0, 42 se ye ee

Advertisemierit in Naturalist .. ,.
Interest receivyed—
. “Best Fund, £50 @ 34% .. ..
Savings Bank Current Account

Donations .. .. +)
Charge for Hire ‘of Blocks .. ..

Shecial Incanre
Subscriptions paid in advatice ..
Donation for National Parks ,,
Hawthorn Wild Mistake Show
Proceeds .. 2. .

Total Income for the Year .. -.
Balance at Bawks on Ist Mey, 1946,

£1 12
19

£26 16
10

Baw

3 ON

om

tote

£397 11

9

bh

Ordinary Expenditure
Victorian Natwralist—

Printing .. .. s. .. .. .. «1 £282 0 0
Ullustrating .. .. 1... ., - 67912 6
Despatching 2... .. we ee 6 6
Tritlex 2.0.0 2k 4a ee ed wb da 615 0
Reprintee:|. 64 6 ee tb pete te) ek te ee cn
Postage .. .. : ane-eae =
General Printing ‘and Stationery ‘A
Library .. .. g
Rent, Caretaking and “Meeting Expenses. ve ih
General Expenses .. ., o. eiess

Donations and Affiliation "Fecs Peace te Fer

Special Eapenditure
Sir Frederick McCoy Methorial
(contributed by members, 1946) #315 0
Transfer of Life Membership
Subscription to Special Account 20 0 0

Total Eapenditure. for the Year .- .
Balance ahs. & A, Bank on th April, ‘1947

—
pars
Ls]
ChCNOAAS

nal
Leal
S
‘oO
a

2315 6

—

£533 4 6
1611 ¢

£549 16 3

x

spun yy pun sydiazsy Jo yusmeszopy

#9 “1A ]
‘TEN A

BUILDING AND CONTINGENCIES ACCOUNT at lll

Income for Year— ' Expenditure for Year—
Interest on Commonwealth Bonds ....., .. #8313 9 Publication of ‘Nature's Linguists”? .. 7) ., 419 2 6
Sale of Publications .. .- 2. 6s ek un 1812 0 Repurchase of Shell and Fangus Books .. ., 32 0
P ; Balance io Savings Bank Account at 30/4/47 - F 20 1 3
#2 5 9 #52 5 9

LIFE MEMBERSHIP ACCOUNT

Subsétiptions Received to Date— | Taken into Ordinary Invome to 30/4/47 . .. £2 0 0
Two of 4H each, ..., .--, 0... .... #40 0 6 Savings Rank No. 2 Account at 30/4/47 .. .. 38 0 0
fo 0 0 | i) 0 0

BALANCE SHEET AS AT Wth APRIL, 1947

LIABILITLES ASSETS

Building and Contingencies Fund .. _. .. .. £980 1 3 Bank Current Accotnts—
Dudley Best Library Fund , si) Poe ATOR 50 0 6 General Account, E.S.& A, Bank £16 11 9
Subscriptions Paid in Adyance— Life Membership, State Sav. Bank 38 0 0
Ordinary .. .. ,- . .. . £2616 1 —-—— ff4l1l1 9
Life Membership sete te ee)6«6SH OO OD Arreats of Subscriptions, estimate , 44 6 0
— 64 14 1 Stacks on Hand, at Yaluation—
Special Donations in Hand ,. .. 2... .- . -. 910 6 Publications .. .. .. -. - .. .. £31 4 3
Surplus of Assets over Liabilities... .....,.. 977 J1 11 Badges 2. 65 6. ee ee eee ee «= 2 BOG 8
ooo 9
Titvestments—
Dudley Best Library Fund—
a Commonwealth Bonds .. .. .. £50 0 0
Building and Contingencies Fisnd—
———__— C'wealth Bands. ,. £950 0 0
£2081 19 9 State Savings Bank 30 {t 3
Audited and found correct, Sa
A, §, CHALK Lib Futni Epidi d PSA Ea
fF 1 Hon. Auditors. ibrary, Fitnitire, Epidiascope an
G, HOOKE } afc Water-calour Paintings .. +. 4: oh) 0 0

&. E. LORD. Hon. Treasurer.

£2,081 19 9

Lae

Seuaitey pup syporay fo pumndn)S

SP

5 KS. Counyer, Birds of the Past Yee

BIRDS OF THE PAST

By P. S, Contrver
(Presidential Address delivered to the FN.C. on June 9, 1947)

That birds are descended from reptiles may be stated without
hesitation, Their affinities are so close that T. 4 Huxley included
both groups under the term Sauropsidta,

The exo-skeleton of birds consists vf feathers, the horny covcring

of the beak, claws and spits and cerain corneas plates often -

found on the tarsus and the feet. The skeleton of birds is remark-
able for its compactness and lightness and the permeation of the
bones by air-cavities.

The walls of the bowes are very thin Init dense in texture, and
ate very rich int calcium phosphate, In young birds the long bone-
cavities are filled with marrow, and this marrow may persist
throughout life, e.g., in certain water-birds; or the marrow may
disappear and the cavity be filled with air, ag., in the case of birds
that soar and sail, ere. Again, the long bones may be completely
Alled with spongy bone or cancellar tissue, eg., tn the penguins,

From this it will be seen that bird bones are generally easily
recognized as such.

A sternum is always present (except possibly in Archaeopteryx)
and this is externally convex and generally broad. In length i¢
varies considerably rake group to group. In birds of flight and
birds thar use their wings for swimming the sternum is kecled
beneath; in flightless birds it may he quite smooth. The skull is
characterized by the early fusion of its constituent bones,

Due to the habits of birds generally, and to the Hghtness of their
bones. their fossil remains are not purtieularly common, although
in certain places—as Allier fn southern France, Fossil Lake,
Oregon, and certain swamp areas in New Zealand—bird-bones
have been found in considerable numbers.

The wamber of known recent birds is something over 12,000
described species, arid of fossil birds between 400 and 500, so in
palaco-ornithology we are dealing with only a small part of the
class Aves. This makes it impossible fo trace the lines of descent
of existing species. Morenver, most fossil birds are from the
Miocene ar later horizons and are readily referable to existing
families and ofien to existing genera, so they throw little light on
the phylogeny of modern birds,

The palaeontologist is hampered by having to restrict himself to
characters offered by the skeleton alone in most cases, These, of
course, are factors of primary importance, but much additional
evidence might be gathered from the soft parts and the plumation.
These factors are well shown in dealing with the earliest known

a FS, Gotiven, Birds of the Past 4?

bird, Arckacopttrye—ii in fact. it was a bird. Some workers
would have it regarded as a feathered reptile.

This unique and remarkable genus 1s known by two nearly
complete skeletons from the Lithographic Stone of Bavaria, one
of which is preserved in the Bntish Museum and the other in the
Berlin Museum, They are considered as representing two species,
namely, 4. macrura and A. stemenss.

More recendy, however, Dr, Petronievics, in the Aunals Geo-
logiques de in Pentsule Balkanique (Vol. 8, 1925) has suggested
that they represent two different sub-classes of birds, For the
British Musenm specimen, the name Archacepterys is tetamed,
whilst the Berlin species referved to Archacorms. The first is con-
sidered 10 be # primitive ratite and the second a primitive cazinate-
Further, the author considers that the ancestor of birds is bo he
sought in a primitive group of the Lacertillia, and he suggests that
the resemblances which have led investigators to see some affinity
between birds and the Dinosaurs are to be interpreted as duc to

convergence.
It is to be noted that this is a radical difference from text-hovle
teachings:

Archaeopteryx belonged to Jurassic age. It was about the size
of w crow, hac teeth in the adult form, and a tail consisting of an
extension of the backbone with paired feathers arrauged on earch
side, one pair ta cach vertebra. The icet were clawed and the
pelvis not fully developed. ‘The skull was shaped like that of a
typical bird, bul the cervical and dorsal vertebrae were replifian in
character, Also, 4 sclerotic mng was present. The wing was
relatively smal] and the hones were slender, ‘The feer were lizard-
like, terminating in three-clawed digits. It is of interest that none
of the bones appear to be pneumatic.

The bird (2} thus appears to have enjoyed a moderate power of
flight and was able effectually to climb trees and rocks

Tn the text Age, the Cretaceous, we have Hesperarnis, a Aight-
less, highly-specialized diving bird of great size, being over four
feet high and having teeth the full length of the mandible.

Another bird of this Age is Irhthyornis victor, about the size of
a Pigeon, with a similar arrangement as regards teeth, hut with a
dleeply-keeled stermum, thus indicating powerful Aight

caniornis, from the Cretaceous ot Sweden, was the earliest-
known member of the group that includes the Flamingoes, aul we
have odd members of other groups as well.

From Eocene times comes a large series of birds, including
Diatryiao from New Mexico, This bird has been provisionally
‘placed in the family RAvidae, A Penpitin (Paleeosphentseus)
occurs in Patagénia. and a piant form (Palacendyptes) is known
from the Eocene of New Zealand. A Crane (Palaeogrus) oceurs

44 F.S. Conever, Birds of the Past vier a“

itt Ttaly, another (Alelorais) at Wyoming, and a Rail (Gypsornis)
at Meaimartre. flamningoes (Agnofterss and Efernis) occur in
the Paris Basio. The first Heron (Proherodtus} cecurs in the
Lower Eocene of England, and an Ibis (/hidopcrs) occurs in the
Upper Encene. A relative of the Gannets and Corinorants occurs
in the Lower Eocene of the London Clay, and the early ancestor
of the extraordinary Hoatzin (Filholornis) occurs in France,

Armong the birds-of-prey we have Lilhornis from the London
Clay, Palacoctrews from the Paris Basin, and Bubo trom Wyoming.
A Woolpecker (Unilorms) and a relative of the Hornhills (Cryp-
tornis) occar in Wyoming and France, in that arder,

Gastorms, fram the Eocene of Lurope, was 2 large bicd, at one
time placed with the ostriches. [t 15 remarkable from the fact that
the bones ‘of the skull secm to have remained free from one another
throughout life.

Also in this age lived Gigantorms eaglesontet; the Britisk
Miiseuni possesses a breast-bone of this largest known flying bird
from southern Nigeria. Tt probably had a wing apan of not less
than 20 fect.

In Miocene times a senes of gigantic birds (Phorerhacos and
allies) ved tn Patagonia. Their structure suggests that they
were cursorial birds-of-prey in their habits, (The Eocene genus
Dtatryna was possibly allied to this form.) The skull of the
largest species, P, fongrsstirius, was 06 metres long and the cervicat
vertebrae 13 em, across, far exceeding in their dimensions thase of
any other bird.

In the Miocene of Califurnia, the earliest known Auk (Mancalle
californiensis) occurs as = highly-spectalized and flightless form,
The yecent extinebon of che wiedern type is of taterest as showing
the coutparatively short history af this type of bird.

The African parrot genus Psitlacus occurs in the Lower Mio
cene; a true Heron (Ardea) occurs-im the Middle Miocene; ducks
are conmion throughout the Miocene of Trance; and a Hoopoe
(Troger) occurs in the Miocene of France also, In deposits of
this age throughout the world pigeons are common and repre-
sentatives of the modern genera of the birds-of-prey are fairly
common alsa.

From the Miocene through the Pliocene we have yer more
modem genera occurring, but possibly the hest kninwn of the fossil
birds occur in the Pieistacene to Recent deposits af the world,

Of these Acpyornis from Madagascar is possibly the best lawn,
Tke group is known only from fossil remains, weluding entire
eggz-shells, (Our Museum in Melbourne is the proud possessor of
such a specimen.) Aepyornts titan, with a tibia of 80 cm. length,
was quite a Jatge bitd, atid the group's nearest living relatives are
considered to be those bulky creatures, the Cassowaries and Emus.
Tt woul seem that the extinction of Aepyormiy has happened in
comparatively recent time.

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 64 July, 1947
Pate III

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Fond F. S. Cortiver, Birds of the Past 49

The Moas of New Zealand may be better known as extinct birds
in this part of the world. The numbers and varieties of them that
existed in that comparatively small country is amazing.

“ea

SS ee ee eee -_——

Egg of the Aepyornis, the largest egg known. The hird is supposed to be
identical with the Roc. An egg in the British Museum has a circumference
af 2 ft. Gins. It is shown here with an ostrich egg (lett) and a hen’s egg.

From “Marvels of the Universe,” published by Hutchinson & Co,

Tall species of Dinornis have been credited with a height of
12 feet or more. However, the Riverton skeleton of D, maxturas,
as mounted in the British Museum, is only & ft. 6 ins. high, and
it seems possible that the tallest specimens would hardly have
exceeded 10 ft. in normal walking height, although undoubtedly
they could reach higher. Most of the species are now well known
by skeletons, yet it is just over 100 vears ago that the first frag-
mentary large bone from New Zealand was exhibited by Professor
Richard wen to the Zoological Society of London. It was then
that the eminent scientist said: “So far as my skill in interpreting
ait usseous fragment may be credited, | am willing to risk the
reputation for it on the statement that there has existed, if there
does not now exist, in New Zealand a struthious bird nearly, if
not quite, equal in size to the Ostrich,”

Fossil eggs of the Moa have been collected, but complete or
nearly perfect ones are few. The shell is thin in comparison with
that of the Ostrich and is formed of two layers, a thin inner series
of vertical prismatic columns and a thicker outer layer of horizontal
laminae. The surface is smooth, cream in colour and pitted with
small round punctures or larger slit-like pores.

Certai known eggs can definitely be referred to distinct species,
eg., Emews crassus. In this particular case the egg was found
lying between the pelvis and sternum of a skeleton of that species

found at Pyramid Hill.

50 F. S. Coriiver, Birds of the Past tet

Descriptions of dried skin, feathers and trachial rings of Moas
have been given, the material usually coming from caves, but
well-preserved feathers have been found 50 feet deep in river sand,
Three colours in the feathers have been noted: (a) rufous with a
dark central area and lighter tip; (b) brown at the base, becoming
lighter distally, with a white tip; and (c) reddish-brown with dark
brown toward the apex.

It is possible that certain species of Moas carried a crest of long
feathers, Such an inference was made by T. J. Parker, who
described the occurrence of pits in the skull.

It is now considered that destruction of Moas in considerable
numbers occurred during a pluvial period following the Pleistocene
glaciation, The extension of forest areas was also a disadvantage
to the bird, but its survival continued until the advent of man, a
thousand or more years ago. Taking over of the South Island
grasslands for agriculture by the Polynesians helped in the quick
extinction of the bird. Evidence is confirmed of man having taken
the Moa and its eggs for food, but the deposits showing this
evidence are of considerable antiquity, On the whole, however,
the indications are that the earliest human occupants quickly
exterminated the Moa, first in the North Island and later in the
South, and that it had disappeared before the great fleet migration
of 1350 A.D. brought to New Zealand the ancestors of the present
Maori tribes.

Contemporaneous with the Moa, Harpagornis, an Eagle larger
than any existing type, and a large Flightless Duck (Cuennornis
calcifrans) inhabited New Zealand. This latter species indicates
some of the difficulties in the way of determining exact affinities
from isolated bones, since from the tibia Gwen considered it
belonged with the Moas, while from the sternum Parker believed
it to be a Rail. It was the discovery of the skull that showed it to
be a Goose.

Tn Australia a considerable fossil bird-fatina has been described,
some of which are definite extinct species, while others are known
from such poor material that doubt must be placed on their
determination even generically.

A large struthions hird (Genyornts newtoni) has been described
from the Pleistocene of Lake Eyre—it is a definite extinct species,
well known from skeleton material, Ducks. Pigeons, mound-
builders, Moor-Hens and other types described are known from
odd hones, and are doubtful records, j

As regards age, the only records older than Pleistocene are a
fossil feather described from the Tertiary of the Redruth District,
and a Penguin from the Miocene of Christie’s Beach, near
Adelaide.

Going back into early history we find some interesting records

yf F.S Coutaver, Birds of the Past 31

from time te time, Apparently the earliest of references to fossil
birds is im a book, De Minerattbus, by Albertus Magnus, printed
in 1495, wherein are recorded and described a fossil nest with
ges on the branch of a tree.

In 1546 Georgius Agricola, in De Natunt Possilivin, recorded
"socks and hens, sometimes also salamanders,” from a rock at (he
base of the mountain Hercyniutn,

Tn 1869 Joh. Weilhard Valvasor recorded finding near Land-
spreis “x Inrd’s nest, together with a small bird sitting on eggs,
’ which altogether was transformed into hard stone“ j

In 1707 Peter Wolfart recorded and figured the head of an Owl
preserved in a coloured marble.

These and a host of other early records refer no douht to
incrustations from petrifying springs, or the fanciful tracery of
dendritic Markings, although some may have been actual fossils,
as for example the three following:

Ti 1708 J.J. Scheuchzere recorded a tail of a bird or a “remige-
feather in the fissile stone of Oeningen”; in 1726 Kundmann
recorded “an egz entirely merusted with tua”; and in 1782 M.
Robert de Paul de Lamanon gave in the Journal de Physique an
excellent summary of what was then known of ornithic fossils and
recorded some actual bones, that nay have belonged to birds, from
the gypsum quarries near Paris.

A big step forward it) the literature of this subject was made
when Cuvier, in his Recherches ser ies Ossemeats Fossifes (1812).
devoted part of Vo). ILL to the remains of birds and described
many of the bones from the gypsum beds near Paris. Also, im his
remarks he glanced over previous published statements and records.

A series of footprints from the New Red Sandstene of Con-
necticut, described under the general term of Grivithtenites, were
so strikingly bird-like that they were spoken of as the tracks of
poultry or as the tracks of “Noah's Raven,” but their reptilian
character is naw well known.

Altogether, birds of the past ure not well known as compared
with some of the other vertebrate groups, but they and their
remains constitute a highly-speciatized portion af vertebrate palae-
ontology, and a portion to which we can expect tyiueh additional
Inowledge to be added in future.

Before we can make much progress, however, a knowledee of
the skeletal struclures and a collection covering all living types is
necessary, and this in itself means mich museum work. collecting
and preparation. All collectors of fossils and all bird-students can
be expected to work ta the end of adding some little item to the
sum total of the knowledge of this nature, and I lnok forward to
members af this club doins their share in this work, Certainly
ere is much to be done in this field, and few are the workers
to do at.

52 ALK, Caneaon, New Mietorian Ercaly pt cr roms

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VICTORIAN EUCALYPT
By A. K. Cameton, Melbourne.

EUCALYPTUS CHAPMANIANA Caineron, sp, nov,

Arbor magna ad 30 m, alia; caviex bas, rugosa, cineredt, per-
sistons, rionulis glabris albis; tigno bridieo, Fotie juvenitia
glance, orbicrlata vel cordaia, girisque 4-8 con. longa, 3-6 cur. lata.
Fola matura alternate, penolata, lanceciata, glania, guisgue 14-26
cm. longa, 2-4 em. late. Venae tennissima—venae laterales angule
40° a costa divergentes, vena intramarginalis ad marginem proxi,
Umbellae axillares 3 florae; gemimae sessiles-gioxcae, clavotac
vel pyriforimes, quisgue 10 sam. longa, 3 nem, late. Opercninnt
hemusphertenm apienlatem. Capsulae campanulates vel ovato-
truncatac, sessiles glawcce, guasque 31-23 sn. longa, 8-10 min,
late. Discus conwveeus crassus; valvae 3-4 valde exsertae.

A spreading tree of 80-100 feet, with a short hole and numerous
branches. Bark on trimk grey and rough, shortfibred and not
wrinkled or furrowed lo any extent, inner bark soft and yellow;
bark on branches thick, smooth and white, decirticating: irr Jong’
ribbons in summér; timber pale yellaw to brown (F. W, Lubke),
Seedling leaves opposite for 3-4 pairs, sessile or very shortly
petiolate, oblong or oval, 15-20 mim, long, 3-6 nin, wide, Juvenile
leaves opposite for an indefinite number of pairs, sessile, ' thin,
glaucous, paler below than above, orbicular to somewhat cordate,
4-8 com. long, 3-6 om. wide. Intermediate leaves petiolate, glaucous,
oblong ta broad Janceolate, 14-20 em. long, 4-7 cm. wide, Mature
leaves. petiolate, subglaucous to glaucous, alternate (but occastom-
ally opposite and flowering in this condition), lanceolate to narrayw
lanceolate, sonietimes faleate, tapering gradually to a sharp point
and the base tapering into the petiole, 14-26 on. long, 2-4 em.
wide (méasurements of 135 leaves gave an average af 19 cin, long, 3
em. wide, with 80% of the measurements within the ranges of 16-22,
em, x 22-3-6.cm,), Venation fine and indistinct except’ for main
vein. Secondary veins not close together; more or less parallel
and making an angle of about 40° with the midrih; marginal vein
close to, but distinct from, the edge of the leaves; petioles 20) umn,
long, Branchlets glaucous. Inflorescence axilliary three-tlawered.
Peduncle short terete 5:7 tm, long, Buds sessile, glayoous,
pyrtiforin (4 clavate, 10 x § num:, calyx tube conical and a pale sea-
green colour at maturity. Qperculum hemispherical, apiculate,
shorter then the calyx tube, of a yellowish brown colour at
maturity, The immature buds are tipcat shaped with a sharp edge’
at the commissural iine and resemble those of E, cireree F.v,M,,
but are larger. Anthers versatile, opening in parallel slits. Fruits
sessile, glaucous, campantilite to’ ovate-truncate, 11-13 mm, x

r

4

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST

Piare [V

Val. 64

July.

Slze¢

nat

ne-third

TYPE,

{trom

Gum"

*Boronge

T. Reeves

: iH

Phot

be : A. K. Cameron, New Victorian Enucalypt 53

8-10 min.; disc domed, thickened, promiment, valves 3-4, deltoid,
strongly exsert.

Specific name in honour of Brigadier Wilirid Dinsey Chaptnan,
M.C.E., M1.C.F., M.J,E.(Aust.), Cumumissioner of the State Elec-
tricity Commission of Victoria, who first deew my attention to this
subalpine tree.

The vernacular name “Bogong Gum" is recommended on
account of the principal centre of distribution—around Mt. Bogang,

Localities Victoria: State Electricity Commission’s private road
to Pretty Valley, 2-3 miles above Bogoug township (Cameron
2/3/47—the TYPE) ; E. Kiewa River valley from No, 3 power
station to 3 miles beyond Bogong township (scattered in mixed
forest): creck valley about 7 miles south at Eskdale, particularly
abundant around old Lona Gold Mine ¢F. W. Lubke) ; on road
to Mt. Buffalo, 4 mile above Mackey's Lookout, near the 13-mile
peg (R. Sinith, Dec, 1946, in bud only). The 'HOLO-TY PE is
in the National Herbarinm, Melbourne.

Classification: From the shape of the aathers this species helongs
to the Macrantherae (Normales). Following the grouping adopted
by W. F. Blakely? it belong to the subseries Oritue of the series
Globulares, Tt is anomalous in that it is the only rough-barked
metnber of this sub-series. From the juvenile leaves it appears
to be between #. rucbide Deane et Maiden and &. Dailyympleana
Maiden, It would be No. 235 (a) on Blakely's numbering.

Associations: In the TE, Kiewe River valley this trée grows in
association with &. hieastute Maid,, Blak., et Simm, &, dives
Sehau., £. winntinalis Labill., and &. radiata Sieb. Below No, 3
power station it is replaced by E. Cordteri Trabut. in the same
association, About 24 miles ahove Bogong township it gives way
to E, delegutensis RTB., which rapidly hecomes the dominant
species. At higher elevations £2, Palrarapleams Maiden and &.
niphopiils Maid, et Blak. are found itt practically pure stands.
A ffinitiass

(1) E- rubida Deane et Maiden-

The juvenilerfoliage of E. Chapianiana closely resembles that
of &. rubidas but ahnost every other feature sharply differentiates
them,

{2) EB. Dalryntpleana Maiden.

_ Here again there is a simtilarity of juvenile foliage, alchough not
so marked as in the case of E. rubida, but all other fewtures are
distinct

(3) &. dtwes Schau.

~ The genvral appearance. leaves and hark of E. Chapmaniana and
K, dives are very similar aid from a distance they are hard to
discriminate. The buds and fruit are widely different.

4 A. K. Cameron, New Mictorian Eucalypt Tar ‘a

(4) E. Cordieri Trabut.

Here again the habit, Icaves and bark give these two. species a
superficial resemblance, but even at a distance the prominent large
dark-coloured masses oi fruit on #. Cordier: serve to distinguish
it from E, Chapimaniaia. The individual buds and fruits. are widely
different.

(5) £. etnersa Vv.M,.

The immature buds of E. Chapmuniana closely resemble those
of £. cinerec, but are larger. The fruits are also similar in shape,
but those of £. Chapmaniana are two to three times larger than
those of E. cinerea,

(6) FE. Mortoniana Kinney,

The frujts of FE. Mortomune as ilhustrated by Maiden*® appear to:
resemble those of E, Chapinaniana, but the smooth hark and green
ieaves of the former show it to be distinct, in addition ta the:
differently shaped buds, short pedicels, and cesfafe fraits of &.
Mortantana.

Acknowledgements: The type area bas suffered from bushfires.
and because of the consequent scarring it was not possible to obtain
au accurate description of the bark of the trees from that locality.
The above description of bark and timber is taken from a letter
from Mr, I. W. Lubke, of Eskdale, to the Government Botanist,

Brigadier Chapman arranged my visit lo the lype area and
pointed out the trees ta me and with Messrs. W. G. Chandler,
M.B.E,, B.Se., Dip.For,, Forester, and A, Keble, Engmeer of the
State Electricity Commission, assisted in the collecting of the type
material.

T also acknowledge the help and advice recetved from Messrs.
J. H. Willits, B.Sc, and P. Bibby, of the National Herbarium,
Melbourne, m the preparation of this paper.

lltustrahons: The photograph illustrates juvenile and mature
leaves, immature and mature buds, flowers and fruits of B. Chap-
MUAH,

Rerarnacrs
1, Blakely, W, Pi: A Key to the Encalypts, 1934
2. Maiden, J. 1: Crificul Revision of the Genus Excalppiars. Pl. 80, fie 8;
pl. 213, hes. 2, 3; pl 290, fig. 8.

BAY A‘T BLACKBURN

At dusk on May 8th ray daughter and I watched the movements of a bat
whith had entered a closed-in verandah through a hele in the Ay-wire. It
flew wp and down atid across the & feet wide verandah without pause for
Yong periods Never once did it touch ralter, roaf or wall until it settled’
m some crevice, or clung to a rafter for @ breathing spell. It was a
wonderful exhibition of acrial navigation and illustrated the bat’s power to
"see" by waves or “echoes.” We switched off the light and teft u. Next
morning it had departed—Eprre Coreman.

eS L. Givpert, Botanical Notes on the Northern Territory 55

BOTANICAL NOTES ON THE NORTHERN TERRITORY
By L. Grisert, Nabiac. N.S.AW,

Part IE: Tne Mancroyr; Swamps

(a) At Cape Don, Aruhem Land,

The swamps here were particularly thick, and the trees great in both
lateral and longitudinal spread. The mud was composed mainly of coral
sand and a finer dark mud so that the nixture was fairly coarse, In this
medium the imteresting httle mud-skippers revelled. Those trees which
grew in the swamps right into the sea appeared’ to be Bruguieras, The
flowers were similar to those of 8B. Rheedn seen in southern Queensland,
and the fruits were up ty one foot or more long. After being released by
the parent plant these were almost “planted” as it were by gravity and they
stuck firmly into the mud if it were sufhciently soft. In the viscous mud
the mangroves used their buttress-hke roots to good advantage. Without
these supports, standing in the swamp would be as impossible as trying to
obtain oxygen without the aid of pneumatophores. Sometimes the fruits
of mangroves were seen Aoating in the sea in an upright position so that
when the tide receded (and the amount of recession was considerable) the
fruits were left standing vertically in the mud, already germinated,

In some places, smailer mangroves inhabited the not-soe-muddy parts near
the shore proper—these were probably Arica marrina and Ceriops
Candolleana, Behind sucli areas. the sand Was inhabited hy Melaleuca
Leucadendron,

Mangrove swamp at Port Keats.

(b) At Marmara Stewnp, Darwin.

The trees in this swamp were much smaller and the larger Bruguieras
seemed to be absent. In general hahit, the mangroves here were shorter and
thinner. Two specimens were collected from this swamp and appeared to
be Ceriops Candolleana and Brugulera gywnorrhisa. Other smaller types
may have been there also, Being within a reasonable distance of the sea,
the mud was fairly hard and sandy, and one could walk upon it with fair
ease. The knee-like pneumatophores were not so much in evidence here,
but were replaced by the thinner stick-like ones.

56 L. Girnert, Botanical Notes on the Northern Territory tims re

Part IIE: Tre River Forests
fa) At Southport.

Here, two streams were continually examined over a period of five to six
months. One of these was part of the upper Darwin River and the other a
tributary of Berry Creek. Walks along these freshwater streams were
always pleasant and what was true for one usually held for the other.
Pandanus aquaticus (7) was the unrivalled dominant. These often grew
out into the water itself, and the thorny edges of the fronds rendered
swimming rather unpleasant at times. Next in position was Melaleuca
Leucadendron, which sometimes attained enormous proportions. Some mag-
nificent specimens of this fine tree were seen at Elizabeth River some miles
farther north. In this species, there seems to be every possible combination
of factors to give the impression that there are many varicties. Possibly
some trees thought to have been M. Leucadendron are really other species
altogether. Some had large spikes and small leaves; others large spikes
and large leaves; others again, small spikes and small leaves, and so on.
Flower colour varied between pale yellow and green. Some were upright,
others weeping, Many varieties of this tree have been described from time
to time (notably by Bailey) and possibly the six apparently different types
collected would include:

Melalenea Leucadendron, var. Cunninghamu Bail. (broad leaves).
var. saligna Bail. (weeping habits).
var, lanctfolia Bail, (narrow leaves),
var. viridiflara Ewart (green flowers).

in, addition, there were species of Aucalypins quite at home in a damp
environment. Acacias, too, were well represented along creek hanks, and
Grevillea chrysadendron was invariably seen in such localities. In some
places whole areas were purple with specimens of Osbechia australiana in
bloom. This most beautiful shrub, with flowers like the cultivated Lasiandra,
grew to some 4 feet. Nearby were shrubs of a species of a pale-flowered
vatiable-leaved Hibiscus.

Everywhere were long grasses (including Chloris gayana) and amongst
these twined the pretty fern Lygodtem flexwosum in great profusion and
with greatly varied pinnae—some were the spore-bearers and were finely
lobed, while the sterile ones were entire. Ferns on the whole were uncom-
mon. On the bank of a tributary of Berry Creck was found Cheslanthes
tenuifolia, var. uudtiscula, with fronds 1-24 ins. long. Not far away was
found Helminthostachys seylanica. Acrostichumr fravinifoltum and Schiza-
loma ensifalitn were collected on Blackmore River and Stevens Creek
respectively.

Along creeks, mistletoes seemed even more common than elsewhere,
possibly because birds visit the water-places frequently and it would thus
be easy for viscous Lorantitus seeds to be sown on the water-side limbs in
great numbers. Acacias, Melaleucas and Eucalypts alike were all heavily
attacked, and in many: ways the trees were improved in appearance by the
presence of great sprays af orange or red hells amongst the foliage.

At one place along the Darwin River a limb of an overhanging Melaleuca
provided the growing place for a most striking colony of epiphytic orchids.
The flowers were large, borne in hig sprays, white petalled with red throats.
The leaves, up to 10 inches, were deeply channelled above, and the species
proved to be a rather large-flowered specimen of Dendrefium canaliculatum,
The same orchid was seen once more in the same area—this time on a
eucalypt. Only these two were seen, despite the many searches during the
50-60 excursions made around the area.

uv : 5 \ =
ted L, Groner, Botavical Notes on the Norihern Tersitary 3?

Tn damp situations along the creeks, where there was soakage (ati) ait
inher areas, too} the Jamilies trocdeniacer. Sevlidinceae anil Droveracer
were well represented. In the quicter parts af the crechks were found water*
lilies, These were small dark-blue-fhawered Nymphaeas fonky 2-24 inches
actoss), with round Jeaves, 3 or 4 inches wide. Na variation wi this
creck type was see. The flowers had fewer petals than other species of
Nyumphoew Other types seca will he mentioned later, ;

Dunny the dry seasat the rivers subside, leaving sandy depnsits on either
side. One of these sandy areas was found to be covered Ly thousands of
yellaw Utricularizs. In similar creek-beds were found Dysophytla werti-
cillata, and other apparently labiate plants with blue Bowers having the
characteristic lip-shape Three different species of thir Jatter type were
callected The differenecs between these were mainly hi te Ieaves. In
additian there were plants like Eloden and others like Myxiophythaw, Io
some places Sprrogyra and other algse were common

Occasiomlly an extremely pretty shrub or small tree, apparently
myraceans, was found overhanging the water. The flowers were red and
borne in draopiig sprays. The leaves were laree (about ¢ inches, and fairly
broad), bore 3 whorls. A spacics of Dionella was plentiful iy the grass
along crovke banks Gack from the ¢reck, and in the open forests also, a
species of Hibtertia was Jound—a small semi-ercet herbs. ;

Over mimy trees the Supplejack Vine (Flogellaria tucica) (railed, and
whee this vine and others grew aver Pandatias and tea-tree (hackyts, jirowross
was impossible. -

ib} dt Mautow River.

In general, the vegetatian here is much the saine az at Southpart. J the
Tiver just below the dam were some excellent specimens of the larger
Nymphaeas where the water was sti!] Some of these huel pale blue blooms,
othets deeper, and others ranged through pink to reddish.

Here a few new climbers were added to the collection ine a white bell
an a vine with pubescent palmate Waves; possibly it is an Ipomoea. Other
vines inchiled two species of “Native Melou” with the ustial 2tllow Aowers
and divided pubescent teares-

A small shrub gcowing heside the river had blue mvo-lipped Mowers aid
the leayes had 3 “minty™ smeIl—prubably a #rostantkera: Another shrub
nearby had four yellow petals which fel very easily, Ln addition there was
the blue pea twiner previously mentioned,

(c) 4t Coumuilte Creek.

Here, along the’ Bouks, were great clumps af Bawhvan (probably 7,
arihomnice) growing with smaller clumps oi Phragmites. The former
attained a height of Mb ft.or so As elsewhere, Pondauns aquatics grew
along the water's edge, Greal specimens of Melalinca Levogrdendrow ail
the usval grasses were presewt also The grass Riewachelelrmm repens was
collecied, and the fer Bleehyiae protiferio

Most. interesting tre: was the Cork-ree (Sesbania grandifloraj—a king
in the pea family, Some of these grew near the water to a height mf 25 ft.
and had pinnate Jewes, thick corky bark, and enortnous white droopme
pea fluwers, very well populated with ants, which apparently play mo little
pict in pollination. The pods were not well developed, but even so were
13 or {4 inches Jong. The plant was not seen elsewhere, On the lills on
either side sof the creek were FEucalypti, Sterenlias, Gochlospermums,
Acacias and Cycas, as well as two speries not found elsewhere

5k L. Girpevy, Botostital Notes onthe Northern Terrltory’ Woe Ht

(dl) At Berry Creet (Lake Deane or Berry Springs).

More “tropical” ww appearance than other areas visited, tis river forest
recalled a typical rain-forest. There were even a few ferns, lacludmg
Dryepterts gongylades, as well as species of palms, The vigetation was
much tUncker, the trees had Jarger Jeaves, and there were other jungle
features, probably because the water ts permanent, whereas most other
crecks have their dry, or drier, periods as the season changes.

A barge tree. somewhat thorny, almost leafless and with rod peas borne
im clusters. muy Wave been Stuart's Bean Tree of another species of
Srylhrmar. Another tree, also deciduous, had great Aivepetaslad red bells
Vhis beantiful place was rightty made a convalescent camp during the war.
the water jn the lake is quite deep, af a clear bluegreem huc—that is
possibly derived trom seme mineral deposity early.

Paur (V: Fresuwaten Swawrs any Lacoxs

Al Soxthport aud Engrave

In these laces were found lwo species of Drosera and ad least five of the
Styladidcea ; the former were always well stocked with small Tes and ants,
Some specics of Geodenia also favour these localities, and there were iwo
species of Buchiwra (& tetragona and B. wrttafelia) which were annoying
because cyery attempt to press them successfully fatled, ‘Phe flowers are
white 6r pale bhae in Wie; but on drying, the whole plant turns completely
iack—tlis fact aided in the identification of the plants, ag Bentham imentiotis
the feature, Cartouema parvifiara antl Xyris ap. weee also found in such
damp areas. It was thought that Philpdram leungisosm naght be found
there, but the onky specimen seen was itr river sand of (he Pioneer Croek
some mules to the west.

The trees in these damp areas were mainly of Pandaies and Grewilea
cheasodendsan, with sometimes Afefnlenca Leucodendron or Banksia desntala
In one such place a tree which might have been Trishamia enverelens was
noted, while Mefastoma molabathricum was seen at Stevens Creek (about
39 miles west of Southport). -

One ver¥ Jarde lagoon Was literall covered with reed claps and
Nawtphaca Rowers and leaves; but neither has yet been detennmed, The
water-llies were pale and dark Blue, with some almost white—all about
4-6 inches actors, many-petaller] and most Sragrant. The leaves were
arbienlar and 6-1 inches in diaineter, This species was probably N, sellale
{uv W, gtgaittes), Tu addition, there was the small dark-blne type, which
seemed limited to the rivers. ‘Ehe ones at Manton River were probably
N_ stetlata also.

In ane pool on Stevens Creek the water was qiltte staxnant, jt bere the
tiry season; some pure white Nymphaeas were there, hul ain miler type,
These had the four sepals Fairly well defined and not merging so gradually
ink petals as in the other specimens, The flowers were all about 34 inches
atid the leaves & invhes across Ths thece different varieties, WW tint species,
would seem ta he present. I the Stevets Creek pool were many specimens
of Lismaniienten trenatiyns, the yellmw flowers of which provided a colout-
ful siche apainse the algae, leaves and white blooms mm the water.

dn another pool, some iiiles west of Southport near the Darwin River
were found some white limngnthemams—l.. tndicowm Knuckey's Lagoon,
nine niles south of Darwin, was well stocker with the pale blue Nynphaca.

THther spectes collected in Ure drier southern areas jochude the {oflowing -
Cassia desalata, C. arlemisioides, C, cremuphila, Brnoania anstrelts, Mirbelta
dxyiloda, Croatia dissitifiera, tWetipterwin snpitatun, Mirincepholus
Steartij, Calotis parshyraglossa, Minuria lejiophylia, Solanum ellipticum,
Alemadia ptovasperina, Eremophila Giles, B. Freelgn, and Trichavarm
helipterindes yay, nitior

Jtity
Lo?

uy
by

. Germenetion of Pras

GERMINATION. OF PEAS

1 should fike ta add a comment to Mr. Garnet's aiotes art the gerninatiot
Of peas at low temperatures (Agril Noturalist)-

An incidental point of imterest was that the peas germinated while
still green, ald | was doubted whether this would have happeued at a
normal temperature. However, some years ago a friend told mie that, when
picking pas, she found some fully grown but not “ripe” which seemed tou
old for the (able. Merely a5 an expermicnt ainl with jo expectadun of
success, she planted them, ald ile result was o row of healthy young pea

fants.
me Guraies te see wheiher the same thing would happen again, I selected
all the peas which, by culinary standards, were “old"—though all were: still
plump and green—in our next pickin of qeas, and planted! them) straight
fram the pads.

Not anly did they germitate well in the open garden, but they spronted
rather, inore quickly than ordinary seed peas, ander similar conditions This
sceined somewhat analogous to the hatehing of e#gs which sre “set” the
day they are laid. J frequently do Lhis, known Trom expericuce that Uhey
will hatch in 20 days instead of the accepted 21.

The reason for this is well known. ~The embryo in a newly laid eee
at the right temperaterc for growth, and af kept at that temperature will
continue > grow without check Jf the egg cools to air temperature, as it
usually does a short time after it is laud, the embryo becomes dormaut, ancl
makes no further growth util the right warmth is supplied, Apparently
the embryo af an cep placed under a hen or ie an incubator does not reack
tis growing temperature for about 24 hours, because ege's anew cooled
take approximately 24 hours longer to hatch than those which have never
heen belmy the temperature of the hen's body

With the seeds, the variable factor ix uot warn but anotshwe. All
gardeners know that pea sceds soaked in warm water for some hours
genminate more rapidly than those planted dry, as they absorb the requisite
amount of moisture more rapidly irom a can of water thau from tant soil,

This does nol, so far as Loca see, affect the conclusions of Russian
Sciemisis, One Way or the other, since it does not explain gy the enthryo
in a dirty seed or a cont egg begomes dormant, Nevertheless, 1 cannot at the
moment see why it is necessary to presuppose a “growth inhibiting a sub-
stance,’ because there is no growth when conditions are wnstitalsle For it. *

Mc. Garnet's article was both interesting and sllaminating. U should have
considered [0° centigrade a most unsuitable temperature for Zermination.
His later experiments with Grevillea and other seeds are more interesting
shll—Jnax Galhearru, Tyers.

MUNLARKS FLOCKING

Qn May 23rd a large flack of Mudlarks came over the garden and headed
ja a ttorth-east direction. As T was away until May 22nd, T do not know
Whether there had been previous visits. It was soon alter 5 o'clock. On
June: 2nd, ai S pam, a flock of Mudlarks again canie tigh over the garden,
from the north-west They scitled ina nearby gud wee lor a few monients,
then flew in a north-east directian. Vive came back to the mee, but when
J walked onder it they flew m the direction the others had taken, Next
day, at 5.10 p.m, we saw a few only passing over in the same directian,
but had apparently nvissed che whale Hock. On both evenings there was a
vivid sunset, which we always associate wih the Muxilarks. ;

Tt 15 piileresting to recall thai lochs of Mudlarks were seen iwice (15/5/42
and 16/5/42) previvusly, and that they came over our trees at abut § o'clock
each evening; also that there was a vivid sunset—Epirh Coteman.

w What, Where aut When wt. ha

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN

Forthcoming Excursions, cte.

Saturday, July J2—National Herbarium. Subject: Preseryation and
Housing of Specimens. Leader: Mr. A. W. Jessep. Meet at
Herbarium 2.30 p.m.

Saturday, Joly 19—Sherbrooke Forest, Subject: Lyrebirds and Fungi,
Leaders: Messrs, A. G, Hooke and H. Stewart, Train 9.13 a.m,
from Flinders Strect to Upper Ferntree Gully, thenee bus ta
Kallista. Fares: 2/5 2nd class rail, bus 1/- eath way (total 4/5).

Saturday, July 26—Wild Life Saneluary, Balwyn, Subject: Birds.
Mect at Sanctuary entrance 2.50 p.m. Take Mont Albert tram
feom Collins Street. (Janiot Members specially invited.)

Monday, July 283—Botany Diseussion Group. Royal Society's Hall, 8
pm. Subject: “Vascular Cryptogams," by Mr. J. BH. Willis, B.Sc.

Saturday, August 2—Technological Museum. Subject: Plant Produets.
Leader: Mr. R. H- Fowler. Meet at Swanston Street entrance to
Public Library, 2.30 p.m.

‘Tuesday, August 5—Geoloxy Group. Royal Society's Hall, 8 p.m.
Subject: “Build of Victoria,” by Mr. A. P. Jenkin.

Saturday, August 5—Geology Group. Visit to National Museum. Sub-
ject: Relief Maps. Meet at Russell Street entrance, 2.30 p.m,
Saturday, August $—Botsny Group Excursion to HMesthmont. Take

1.38 p.m. train from Flinders Street. Fare: 1/24, 2nd class return.

Natural History for Scouts

The F.N.C.V. committee is giving assistance to the Scant movement
in nature study, as part of Scout training. The botany, geology and
entomology sections staged at the exhibition of Auburn Stvuts un
May 24 last have already been reported. On Saturday, June 74,
several senior members of the district company were invited to join
the Botany Discussion Group in a field excursion to Studley Park,
te gain practieul experience in this direction. -

Yor King's Birthday holiday the Club arranged, at skort notice,
for Mr. T. §. Hart (of Croydon) and Mr. A- G. Campbell (Kilsyth)
to supervise field work on trees and birds respectively, at Wonga Park,
at the request of the Prahran District Scoutmasters, on their week-
end training course on Scout craft,

LIFE OF DICHOPOGON STRICTUS. ,

At least filtern years aga I noticed a Chocolate Lily (Dichopogom strict)
flowering i a corner of the path near our front gate, Every year since it
has come up, and usually if has fimwered. ‘Two years ago I cit mt off
thehtly below ground level when weeding. the paths, and thought sadly
that T had killed at, but Jast year it came up and Aowered as heartily as ever.
Although T first made a note of its Aowering there fifteen years agu, I
think it had bloomesl for many years€hetoro, possibly over since the path
was made (about thirty years ago). @<t will be interesting tn see whether
suececding years bring avy diminution of vigour, They have not hitherto,
ner has the plant increased; there is still only one “crown” and one Aower-
stalk each spring—-JEax Gatmnartu, Fyers

. ‘
4

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 64—No. 64—No. 4 AUGUST 9, 1947 No, 764

PROCEEDINGS

Vhe monthly weetang of the Club was held on July 14, 1947, the
President (Miss 1, Watson) and about 150 menubers and friends
atlending,

The President anndunced the formation of var ious sth-conmmit-
tees, and the alteration in form of lists of excarsions and notices
that will appear from tine to time,

A letrer from Prof, GO, W, Tiegs thanked the Club for good
wishes on his appointment as Profeysor of Zoology al Melbourne
University, atid invited inembers to continue ther excursions ta
the Zoological Department of the University.

The following were clected a5 TTonorary Metnbers: Messrs,
A. H. Mattingley, E. EF. Pescort and J. W. Andas: as Ordinary
Members: Mr, and Mrs. R B. Jennmison, Mrs. W. H. Taylor,
Misses A. and J, Walker, M. C, Dobson, Messrs, Ro Walker,
J.-L. Hawper, A, Coldicutt; and as Country Members: Mra, W. C.
Caiupbell, Sister Milburn, Messes, G, KR, Wade, Geoff Grice,
#1. J. Sins.

The subject for the evening was “Natural History of the Lower
Glenelg,” being a discussion of the Cluh’s Easter excursion to
Nelsen, Azldyeiges were given hy Mr. | R, Garnet and Mr. J-
Jones,

SNENBITS

My. V.H. Miller: Photographs of kangfish caught in the Glenelg
River at Nelson, and also specimens of the so-called “jewels” taken
from the head of these fish.

Mr, C. J, Gabriel; Marine shells, “hammer oyster” (Maltews
allns Lam.) from Queensland,

Mr. L. C. Viney: Aboriginal anvil stone pounder and scrapers
front Sandford, Tasmania.

Mr, J. R, Garnet: Acacia rnplera showing extreme fusciation
due either to gall insects or virus disease; specimen frour Churchill
Nauonal Park. Aboriginal fliuts, limestone showing stalactitic
formation, and introduced snail ( Helix fisana) fram near Nelson-
Uncommon plants from the lower Glenelg River area, incliding
the ferns Dryopieris pennigera and Bleclomm nudum var, btpin-
satifidunt, the epiphytic club moss, Trvestpferts Billerdiert, and
the flowering plants Logunia oveta, Potemugeton peclinatus and
Pitltensea pubescens.

Mr, ¥. S. Colliver: Fossil specimens from the Nelson district,
iticlnding lower jaws ot the Tasmanian tiger and Tasmanian devil,
also Plincene shells and echinoderms.

62 The Propased Glenely National Forest wick ete

THE PROPOSED GLENELG NATIONAL FOREST AND
SANCTUARY
(An account ot the official excursion to Lower Glenelg by nembers
of the F.LN.C.Y. at Easter, 1947 }

JxTRODUCTION

This exeursion was undertaken liy Committee members of che
Field Naturalists’ Clyb of Victoria at the invitation of Mr. Noel
Learmonth of Tyrendarra. Its purpose was to afford the Mel-
bourne FUNC, executive an opportunity of examining, if rather
gencrally, a tract of country in the south-westem corner of Victoria
which we hope shortly to see established as one of the State's great
National Forest reservations.

Mr. Learmonth, a country meimber of the F.N_C.V_ and Vice-
President af the Portland Field Naturalists’ Club, is prominent
ariong those who are actively interesting themselves in this project.
viz. conversion to the status of a permanent sanctuary for flora
and fauna of an area exceeding 80,0M) acres on either side of the
Glenelg River in its lower reaches, There are very goud reasons
why this area should be declared a sanctuary, and, in order to
enlist the full support of I-LN.C.V. personnel, the following report
has beet prepared.

Among existing reserves. Victoria possesses a number of
National Parks, Some of these, tike Tower Hill at Koroit, the
Werrihee Gorge near Bacchus Marsh and the Buchan Caves, are
more in fhe nature of Natianal Nateral Monwiments OF ovr
National Noetvrel Parks, the more important ones are Wilson's
Promontory (S-E. View), Mt. Buffalo (NI. highlands) and
Wyperfeld in the Mallee. These ostensibly “primitive areas” are
reserved mainly for the conservation uf their characteristic plant
and aninial communities, Although recognized by all biologists
and naturalists anid, mdeedl, by most discerning people as being
among cur greatest assets, these parks at present lack the finan-
cial endowment without which their function as sanctuaries for
indigenous. wild-hfe is. mevitably precarious,

The sponsors of ihe presen! propesal, therefore, have no wislt
to see created yet another National Park, Imt would prefer what,
for convenience, is termed a “National Forest Sanctuary,” ie, 4
permanent reservation administered by the Forests Commission,
yet possessing most of the advantages that National Parks are
intended to. possess. An example of such a State-controlled reserve
is our splendid Kulkyne National Forest (Murray River and
Hattah Lakes, south of Mildura)—effecttvely policed by Forests
Commission officers, but with conservation of wild-life as a basic
concert,

meet The Prapased Girnvly Netiawel Forest , 83

Each of ihe three “primitive areas” mentioned above occupies
a physicgraphically distinct region; each has botanical, ornitho-
logical and veological features not shared by the ether. The lower
Glenelg, howeyer, has advantages which none of the other reserves
possesses, and therein lies tts particular value.

The geology of the area alone conutends it a5 a qiuque National
Memument. Newwhere else in che State will be found such an
extensive and illuminating exposure of Miorene and Pleistocene
mating selinventaty rocks. The whole region is easily accessible
ra inhabilants of the Western District, the Wimmera and the
Maiiece. and, furthermerc, it should serve the needs ot those whe
dwell in the adjacent districts of Santh Australia. Mucly of tt as
already under the control of the Forests Commission, but a portion
at the far south-eastern end is classed as a Timber Reserve. If is
possible that dis Jalier section could be made available for selection,
although the natnve of vhe soil in the rest of the area preclides
economic development through closer settlement.

This south-eastern portion is an area of lightly timbered fats,
ridges, eathy moors and swamps, and for selllentent to be prac
ticahle the swamps would have to be drained. Such acrian would
inexiably bring about the mexorable drying-up of many perennial
streams which feed the Glenelg. The Moleside, little Molesice,
Jones and Gallas Creeks are typical of such streams—creeks where
may be scen up toa dozen or mare species of fern rarely found tn
areas west of the Otway Ranges. The fern growth 15 a most
impurtane factor a the watural drainage af the area,

The extensive forests of inessmate, Baxter's stringy-bark,
manna gum and occasional stands of the river red gum provide
a valuable asset to rhe State and, coupled with suclr attractions as
river excursions, limestone caves, wiki-life catnps, fsltiug parties,
etc.. serve to heighten the sigmficance of the present project.

As a reiuge and breeding place for the Koala much of the Lower
Glenelg appears cuninenty suitable, Reliable reports already indi-
cate the existence of a few of these favourite inarsupials. withie the
hounds of the projected reserve. That their numbers are srall can
be taken as evidence of the devastating effect. of the all-too-frequent
hitsh-fires. Vhe nature of the suirroimding country aud of (he exist-
ing settlements mposes a barrier to nearly all serious disturhers
of the present “balance oi nature’ except man and. his fires.

OF the settlements, the largest is Nelson township, neay the
mouth of the Glenelg—in the extreme south-west corner of the
State and rather Jess than 300 miles from Melbourne, An all
aveather road Jinks this tewnship with the Prince's Highway at
Winnap and a journey along it gives one a good cross-section al
the proposed National Reserve.

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Existing Nelson Sanctuary.

MAP OF LOWER GLENELG AREA
Harizantal shading: Proposed Glenelg National Forest,
Vertical shading:

Annee Tie Proposed Glenelg National Forest ics

Freeholders of Nelson are particularly interested in attr move-
ment and a number of them, whose properties include the lagoon
south of the township, haye had these areas declared sanctuaries
for native flora and fauna. Since the river flows through three or
jour miles of South Australian territory before reaching Nelson,
it is desirable that also that section of the fiver and its environs
should be numbered among the sancivaries. There is season to -
believe that the South Australian Government would view the
matter fayourably and an approach by our Victorian authorities
would do much to bring about an understanding whereby the
whole of the river area from Drik Drik to Discovery Bay would
hecome a permanent and nivivlate sanctuary.

In the accompanying map the shaded area shaws the approxi-
mate boundaries of the proposed reserve and some of the more
prominent landmarks: in the district, The eastern block, together
with 2 considerable part of the Glenelg River itself, embraces that
part of the reserve which was studied by the writers during their
visit. The far north-west was not examined.

—f, Ros Garnet,

Diary of THE Easter Excursion

Owing ta private exigencies at a late stage in the organizing of
the trip, the party was reduced to five members, who left Mei-
bourne by car on the afternoon of Thursday, April 3. Just before
sunset we drew into Winchelsea and, on the hank of the Barsyon
River, boiled the Imtly for tea. While there we noted two
items of interest’ an extensive patch of creeping monkey-ower
(Munutus refens) was growmg and flowertng trecly beside the
bridge, while on a bluestone arch of the bridge itself flourished a
sapling eucalypt, tooled in crevices of the masonry; ané cannot
help wondering which, if left unmolested, wold last the longer—
the bridge or the tree. Our next stop of any importance was for
supper (and more billy-hoiling) somewhere between Portland and
Heywood, and an hour and a half later we were ar Nelson, 292
miles from Melbourne. It was naw well aiter midnight so none
of us wasted any tine in getting ta bed,

Friday, April 4

Having inet our two hosts, Mr, Cliff. Beauglehole (President of
the Portland F_N.C.) and Mr. Noel Learmonth, we renewed
acquaintance with Mr. and Mrs. Eric Muir and their youngsters,
whe had come dawn from Dimboola to join the excursion. The
morning was spent among the sand-dunes and marshy land near
the ocean beach, While our bird-observers searched for the rare
Ground Parrot which had been reported from this area a few days
earlier by Mr. Eric Simson, RALO.U., the botanists, with no

‘

64 The Propescd Glenelg National forest iat ne

greater success, lnoked for the Slender Buttercup. According to
Mueller. this Tittle plant is restricted to (he Lower Glenelg River,
Wut; as we later found, its original lacality is Wando Vale, many
tiles to the north. However, several other plants were in bloont,
including the Coast Everlasting with its arama of heeawax, Coust
Daisy-bush, Sea-rocket, Moonah or Black Tea-trec, Angled
Luhelia, te Spmeless variety of Sweet Bursaria, a lovely form
of the Red Correa, its congener the White Correa, and several
examples of an interesting variety ot Yellow Gut (Lucalyptis
fencoxylon var. macrocarpa).

For the bird people, the lack of Ground Parrots was compensated
by glimpses of the elusive little Enm-Wren, several being seen.
Water-birds ranging in size trom Sandpipers to the Pehewn were
along and on the lagoon, part of the estuary of Glenelg River,
Happily chis lazoon is now a sanctuary for native birds and plants.

A pleasant and leisurely climh over sand-hills down to the orcan
beach revealed a panorama of Discovery Bay with its distant
headlands—Cape Bridgewater to the south-east and Cape Nor-
thuumberland to the north-west; at that lime,-gentle surf and a
clean beach made a peaceful, idyllic scene. To the seeker nt
aborigina) relies, these dunes and shores have viclded many
interesting ethnological “finds'’—native middens are still to be
faund antong them.

The afternoon wae spent near Mr. Simson’s home, a mile ar so
ubove the township and on park-hke land alongside the Glenelg.
Here we vambled along the nmver bank and neted a profusian of
birds and plants. Surprises among the Jatter were Blue Gum and
Yate, both ‘sq we were told’) meroduced there wany years ago
and now quite evidently thriving and increasing m aumber among
the native Banksia, She-oak and Maonah, Hereabouts were seen
shrubs of the starry-flowered Twigey Daisy-bush, the Ixodia,
whase clustered Howers are remarkable in that they can be seen
clasing up whenever rain begins to fall on them, and two species
of Bonbialla, with the little Spreading Bluebell and Bundled
Guinea-flower among lesser vegetation.

Mr. Simsen mentioned to us that four enws had been wandering
wear his gate Only a few minutes before we arrived aud, as we
subsequently noted, that focks of up to sixteen are not uneomman
on the moorlands itt this vegion, Even more interesting visitors
who left betore our arrival were sou Black-winged Currawongs—
birds usually scen farther north.

Satiwday, “lpr

Directly after hrealefast and with ample lunch (including such
amenities as a Brace of roast ¢hicken—nicely seasoned) we Teit

Sg]

The Proposed Gleacia. National Forest G7
“The Cottage,” our headquarters, and sped off lo exantiné sone
of the country int the squth-eastert: sector,

On the way we passed a Hock of emtis wobbling away across
the heathland and, ahout sixteen miles east of Nelson, paused to
see the spot where Moleside Creek joins the Glenelg River. Here,
high up on the trunk of a gum tree, was nailed a hoard which
gave notice of the 1946 flood Jevel.. This was the spot where we
had at first intended to establish a base camp—a truly pleasant
place, which can be reconnnended to anyone who preters to take
his pleasures away tram the hurly-hurly, a place where one can
quietly fish or walk or swin and where wild-liie abounds, where
the Platypus lives and the Azure Kingfisher hunts, (The Platypus,
by the way, is evidently a rather more adaptable animal than is
usually believed. Mr. Simson has seen them in the sally tidal
waters, about a mile from the mouth of the Glenelg River!)

There ate several buts and a cottage on the steeply sloping.
tree-shelrered south bank of the river; even a Buffalo-grass lawn,
overhung by weeping witlow in company wilh tea-tree, eucalypt
and wattle, dicl not seem out of place.

From this junction we were taken along bush tracks 10 the
Litt Moleside Creek, near a spot known as Hurdle Plats. After
an early (and satisfying) hinch we walked. south-east, followiug
the general directiun of the slreani for a dew miles until the
country became a little difficult for easy walking even ap on the
ridges,

Excepting Silver-eyes, Thornbills, and an occasional Honcy-
eater, birds wer not plentiful. The autumn season was evidently
responsible for this scarcity; on previous visils Mr, Learinonth
had recorded numbers of Wood-Swallows, Satin Flycatchers and
Rufous Fantails along this stretch of creek.

At last we chimbed down lo the streain and cance upon a fine
fern gully: Soft Tree-fern with its epiphytic Long Fern Chubmnss,
Austral King fern, Fishbone and Maidenhair ferns were there—
we almost expected tu find 2 Talimy- or Bristle-fern, but none
was seen. Some of ts, in the hope of discovering rarities, and
lielievirg that we would probably tumble into the water in any
ease, elected to wade upstream for some distance. [t was tiring
enough, but much less exhausting than pushing through dense
scrub which covered the steep gnily slopes. Qur reward was the
sight of a sniall cascade dropping over basalt rocks, almost con-
cealerdl in a del) of treeferns.

Along the banks flourished the Hop Goodenia (in flower) and
Prickly Currant-hush with ripe red and tasty sweet fruits: is
prickly nature was tot unheeded by those of us who happened to
grasp it in an endeavour to avoid stumbling deeply into the water.
Other well known plants, and séme not so well known to us,,

as The Proposed Gtenely Notonel borest Mot rg

wieluded Golden Tip {ahundant), Indian Weed, the Mitchell
Wattle with still an occasional fower-head, Spike Acacia tm
advanced bud, Sweet Bursursa in flower, Wrmiltled Pomaderris,
and a few plants of the Downy Busli-pea (Pudieneu pubescens )—
4 species confined to this south-west corner of the State.

Leaving the pursuance of Little Moleside, to its headwaters, to
Clift. Beanglehole and Bill Geubb—the sclioo) teacher at Nelsou—
we made our way hack downstream tu join the remainder of the
party. Again we divided, some lo wander back the way they
had come, others to climb the ridge and survey the surroundings
from & 3S0-fuot vantaye-point.

Six of seven miles away to the north-west could be seen the
sharp outline of Jones’ Ridge, near a bend in the Glenelg known
as Keegan's, To the south-east, at an equal distance, was Picea-
ninny Mount and uhree rues farther on Mount Kincaid (650 ft.),
while to the north-east was the 600 ft. Mount Vandyle with its
trig. stution and Jook-out tower, All these Jandmarks, except the
Piccanimiy Mount, are just beyond the boundaries of the proposed
reserve, while the iminediate landscape, with its swamps and heathy
rises, creek yalleys and timbered ridges, is the watershed of all the
litle streamlets, perennial or otherwise, thet feed the Moleside
Creek and ‘ower Glenelg. .

The flara of the heathy hilltops. even at this time of year,
provided a colourful sight with abundance of Red Correa, Prickly
Broom-heath, Common Heath, Flame Heath, Ground-berry, Waxy
Beroma and Woolly Everlasting. While we were engaged ih
taking these bearings, Reauglehole and Grubb came intn view—
noch after the manner of Stanley, crashing through the jangle to
greet Dr. Livingstone. With this additional company we made a
hee-line to the Hurdle Flats base. which was reached in sufficient
tone to have the indispensable billy on the fire to greet the rest of
the party, This welcome refresher over, we packed up and covered
the 23 miles back ta Nelson m goad time; several big ‘ros
thumping their way through lightly timbered forest provided an
enjoyable sight cm route,

Sunday, April 6

Follawing yesterday's exertions, a Jaunch trip ior 16 iniles up
the Glenelg came as a special treat. Far this pleasant interlude
we were gratefully indebted to Mr. Harry Youngman of Grassdale,
Those of us who had no previous acquaintance with the lower
reaches of this noble stream were surprised to find ourselves upon
water often 100 yards wide and in places up to 150 feet deep, the
Glenelg had carved its way through the rising land-mass, now ta
Aine through a deep limestone gorge which, in many places, towers
considerably more than 100 feet above the water level,

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol, o4 August. 1947
Puate V

Park-hke Stringybark Forest, beside the Glencly River at Staisun’s
(two miles above Nelson).
Photo,: Miss Ina Watson.

arg The Prapased Glenelg National Favost oY

Tn full glory of @ hrilliant day we followed the sinuous course
of the stream, lazing on deck, “spotting” birds, watching 4 pair
of Werlge-tail Eagles soar effortlessly abave us; some ol us looked
yearningly at the high limestone'cliff-face as we passed by, thinking
of the rare plants that might he there, yet inaccessible! Holiday-
makers were out in their dinghies, hopefully fishing; waterfowl!
were wat the water and above it, and other birds were there im
nutnbers, :

The launch pulled inte one of the many Tittle euves along the
gorge and, after lunch, we rawed the dinghy back lo a spot where
we had noticed an abundant growth of fern on the dripping
rack face. Here were several objects of special interest {o the
botanists—all forming a littl community on the limestone cliff-
face. The fern was Dryopteris penurgera, the Naked Wood-ern—
aw line-lover—lut we gave it the more euphonions vernacular,
“Dripping-rack fern”: its nearby associates included such diverse
plants as Owal-leaf Logania, Rough Stinkweed, Angled Lobelta,
Smallfruit Fam flower, Myrtle Acacia, and what was probally
one of the Flax Lilies, In the water heside the cliff, actually
flowering under the water, was the Fennel Pondweed, and it was
from among the 1angle of stems of this plant that we collected
specimens of a “Fresh-water Spider Crab"—an object little more
than a quarter of an inch in diameter and since identified at the
National Muscum as Halicorcinus lacnstris,

On the return trip a stop was made to give same of us an
opportunity of visiimg the ‘Princess Margaret Rose" Cave, 2
scenic attraction about nine miles from Nelson and situated in a
hill around which the river curves at this point. The circumstances
of ies discovery ave interesting enough to record

A party of trappers, cambining pleasure with business, were
searching for accessible openings to caves which were thought ta
exist in the area. High up on (he wall of the gorge they had
the gand fortune ta come upon a hole which, though tittle mare
than two feer in diameter, was large cuough to adit one of the
men; he was lowered by rope tu the bottom, fifty feet below whe ©
surface. “To thé consternation of his mates above, be remainef
there for more than two hours—just exploring. When hauled to
the surface. he tok] of the existence dawn below of a lovely cavertr
—slalagmiites, stalactites, colunms and pillars were there and num-
bers of bones, These bones have since been identified as those of
present-day animals which had had the misfortune to tamble dawn
the hole, The scratchings of those that survived the fall may still
be seen at several places within the cave—ar breaks im the walls
of the cavern where the wretched prisoner douhtless hoped tv
claw tts way to freedom.

ih The Proposed Glerela National Faresi ba maf

Now iuaittained as a business venture, illuminated by electric
light ard made tore easily accessible, the cave proves an attraction
ie most visitors tu the district aml the enterprising Hutchinson
brothers, who have charge of it,-are still labouring to extend its
passages) they hope wltiinetely fo cut throdgh ¢o a cayern whose
opening can be seen from ihe riven, high up on the \inestone face
of the gorge,

The rave, as at present known, traverses the limestone to a
depth of about 90 feet. but at that depth it ts still well aboye the
level of the nearby river. Within the caverns may be seen good
examples of fossil marine shells embedded in the soft limestone
walls, while the glass-like stalactites fornving the more spectacular
features of the rave sometimes grow for a few inches in 2 temark-
able horizontal manher-

Yet another curiosity, in several places below the 60-foot level,
was the pendulous strands of living tree roots—emerging from the
roof perhaps 30 feet above the fluor and hanging tke wisps of hair
quite 10 feet Jong, Tf, as we concluded, they were the roots af
Stringy-barks that Anorished above the cave, the phenomenon
exhibits “aerial roor” formation among Eucalypis. Tt is just as
possible, however, that they had their origin in the Attstral Grass-
tree which was conspicuous among the rich fora of the hill,

Qn the homeward ran, the quick eyes of hird-observers spotted
the Azure Kingfisher and added several morc birds to their grow-
ing list. {t is interesting that Gang-zangs., so common in the
Moleside area and farther upstream, are seldon! seen in these
Ywwer teaches of the aver. Swallows are the most romnon birds,
hestitiy on ledges of the cliffs. As the river is tidal for nearly 40
miles upstream, the birds must know the tidal linuts hecatise some
of these nesting iedzes seem perilotsly clase to the water, For
some miles on either side of the river there are extensive patches
of reeds where one might expect fo find Reed-warblers, These
reed-heds were closely studied, but the bird was not scen during
out Lip, although Mr. Simson has recorded it.

Another geological feature of special interest was pointed ont
to us—the Dry Creck. From the river, one observes 2 gap in the
north-west hank a few miles upstream from Nelson—a gap which
lacks the nsnal features associated with tributary junctions. It 1s,
in fact, a well-grassed dry watercourse, the origin of which is
apparently veiled in the mists of gealagical time.

Informed opinion suggests that it was at one time the bed of
a substantial stream flowing from a westerly or north-westerly
direction. Volcanic eruption of Mt. Schank, S.A. (ahour 20 miles
west of the present course of thé Glenelg River and mid-way
beiween Mt, Gambier and Port MacDonnell) filled the surrounding
valleys with fava, oblitcrating the sources of the stream. ‘Today

Aweust
1047

The Proposed Glenelg Natonal Farest 7t
it is recagnized only by the dry channel which opens into the
Glenelg. Apropos the country covered in this manuer with lava,
Mr. Beaugichole mentions that it now supports a vegetational
cover of diminutive species of the type represented by Sealy
Meadow-grass, Branching Daisy and a dwarf form of the mtro-
duced Beard Grass, all annuals under three inches high and
appearing seasonally in myriads.

That evening we all attended a special meeting of the Nelson
Progress Association—a meeting called to discuss the National
Forest praject, Each was asked to speak and, according to his
or her inchnation, referred to the value and importance of the
proposed reservation or discussed some relevant aspect of natural
history. Myr. Garnet spoke on National Parks, Miss Ina Watson
vemarked on the hird-hfe, Mc. Beauglehole referred to the Hora,
and Mr. Cudmiere discussed the geology of the district. If we
added at all ta the enthusiasm of members of the Association for
the scheme we can feel that the evening was indeed well spent.

Mavdery, April 7

1. was agreed by all that ihis day's ouling provided the highhght
of the trip. ‘The weather still lett nothing to be desired and in
brilliant suushine we motured across to the Moleside Creek bridge,
some 1S miles to the east of Nelson, where we came upon two
“Sveps” with thei complenient of felow-aturatists from Portland;
Through the kindness of Mr Nonuan Wade, these vehicles were
provided to carry us over several miles of trackless bush to
Jones’ Creek—a tnfaaty of the Moleside. Before commencing
the journey we spent a short time examining the vegetation and
bird-life near the bridge. Here again we found the Naked Wood-
fern iy abundance, growing as usual on limestone rock beside the
well-shellered creek. The ornithologists divided to cover the creek
area, those to the south of the road finding an area barren of birds
while the pair to the worth struck a rich “pocket” and returned
with several additions to the list, meluding the Spotted Cnail-
thrish

At last, perched alioard our “jeeps,” we nosed through the scrisb
and forest, “jumping” these fallen logs which stood as a barvicr to
our progress. (ur speed—four miles in 13 hours—was moderate
enough to permit some collecting and so to uur plant hst we were
able to add the Wiry Bauera, Rough Dajsy-bush, and handsome.
Jarge-headed crimson spikes of the Common Heath—in full flower
durmg the first week in April! The four miles of country was
at no place higher than 300 ar 400 fect above sea-level; for the
most part it is gently undulating and well covered with a some-
what firsspoiled forest of Baxter's Stringybark and Manna Gum.
Where fires have been more persistent a Sturdy undergrowth of

72 The Proposed Glenelg National Forest de ag

bracken exists—particularly on the slopes and stream hanks, as
we found to uur iscamlort later in the day.

In the marshy areas and near frequent water-boles the under—
growth was Jairly free from bracken, its substitute bemg a variety
wi rushes and sedges and such other swampy heathland shrubs as
Melaleuca, Sprengetia, Epacris, Bossiea, Platylolagin, and so on,
Where we stopped for hinch, Jones’ Creek had carved for itself a
deep valley and four of us determined to spend the afternoon
following the course of this creck to its junction with Moleside
and, ultimately, to the bridge where we had met the “jeeps” that
MOM,

The walk was strenuous enough hut profitable in several ways.
We fonnd no Suft Tree-ferns in the gullies, but King Ferns
floutished in great ahundance—more especially in open parts of
the gullies’ In other parts, and with the King Ferns, grew one
or more Blechnum species (nudum, lonceolatum, précerum and
capouse), while in another spot (unhappily mfested with ravenous
leeches) we came upon a very striking and beautiful variety of
the Fishbone Fern—Blechntuit anduns var, bi-pinnatifidum. It is
thoteworthy that in alk our rambles through places where ferns
thrive (ic, within the limits of the proposed National Keservye)
no plant of the epiphytic Kangaroo Tern was observed, cither in
the basaltic or limestone gullies, It was gratifying to find that all
gullies throvghout the sime area appear to be entirely free from
the blackherry pest,

Alihough one might easily gain the impression that this country
was practically unknown and untrodden (neither broken glass nar
rusty tins are present), any such illusion was dispelled when one
of us stumbled over the trailing strand of a one-time post and wire
fence (long since destroyed by fire} near the junction of the Gallas
and Moleside Creeks and miles from any present-day settlement,

The orchid flora of the south-west is rich, yet we observed only
two species of thal family, viz., Eriochtles cucullatus and Dipodium
punctotym—buth in flower and, as to the Dipodium, very late in
the season for such a low altitude

At the bridge we farewelled the crew of the “jeeps” and, while
packing up our belongings, devoted a few minutes to capturing
some graceful flying insects which were swarming above us. A
specimen, since submitted ta the National Museum, has been
identified as an adult MayfAy—an undetermined species of the
Order Plecopiera. What attracted our attention to the insect was
not only its gregarious habit, but its graceful appearance when in
flight; its two larger diaphanous and strongly veined wings were
outspread while its two relatively very long hind legs trailed
behind, pointing downwards.

Apert The Proposed Glenely National Forest 73

We were ready for a refreshing sleep after such a busy day, but
our insatiable curiosity got the better of us and, instead, we
rounded off the trip hy a visit to the private museum of Mr. Vause
of Nelson. Here we were shown an interesting collection of
aboriginal implements, marine shells, ninerals and fossils. One of
the party was anxious to study at first hand the tonal values of
native bull-rearers and he adjourned to the darkness of a nearby
paddock to operate the instrument, While the bull-roarer was
being recovered from the roof of Mr, Vause’s house, the owner—
himself an expert—produced a second one which unfortunately
disappeared into the paddock. We believe these instruments,
reputedly used for instilling a proper degree of fear into the black
gins, can be heard several miles away.

Tuesday. April &

In the still bright morning sunshine we said a reluctant farewell
to our Portland hosts and friends, leaving them with the assurance
that every moment of the excursion had been enjoyed by all, We
carried away a full appreciation of the rremendous value which
such a flora and fauna reserve as the Glenelg National Forest
might he to the people of this: State. Through the great kindness
and hospitality of Messrs. Noel Learmonth, Cliff, Beauglehole and
their good friends who had gone to so much trouble, we had been
able to exaimine much of this area:and, with them, were convinced
that immediate action should be taken to have it proclaimed a
permanent sanctuary for flora and fauna. It is our earnest hope
that this report will convey to our fellow-citizens, be they members
of the Yield Naturalists’ Club or not, some idea of the beauty and
grandeur of the Lower Glenelg, the charm of the almost virgin
bush with its little creeks and fern gullies, and of its value as a
nidus. for those types and communities confined to the south-west
corner of Victoria,

To conclude on a last note of appreciation, we also record our
gratitude for the efforts of Mr. Frank Chapman, who, besides
comfortably and safely transporting us to and from Nelson, <id his
best to keep our table supplied with fish from the Glenelg; he
joined tis on some of our trips and, as a consequence, almost

ecame converted to ornithology.

—Ina Watson, ). R. Garnet, R. D. Lee, A. Burke,
F, A. Cudmore.

74 FA. Cunmorr, Geoloyy 0) the Glenely Avew M a vi

GEGLOGY OF THE GLENELG AREA
By F. A. Cupar

Tertiary marine rocks are prevalent im the coastal area ou bolt
sides of the State border, The oldest is the creamy-white bryozoal
Miocene limestone, which at Mt. Gambier is quarried for a
building stone and sometines railed to Melbourne, At Nelson it
may be seen at the Glenelg River bridge, and from that point
upstream ig well éxposed in the river cliffs oa either side of the
valley, to a height in places of approximately 150 feet. These beds
often show a dip of afew degrees. The cliffs contain cave openings,
while a couple of miles west af Nelson various “swallow holes”
were inspected. Here.an area of the surface limestone bad under-
gone dolomitization into a pink rock,

Some years ago a bore was put down at Nelson in search of oil.
Tt penetrated the limestones and much black sand with lignite. to
a depth of more than 7000 feet, withont reaching bedrock, The
Tertiary sea was deep here,

Ne good locality for fossils was found, though a few pectens,
séa-urchins and lanyp shells were seen, However, a visit was paid
to Port Macdontell, S.A., 20 miles from Nelson, in search oi the
cidaroid Piyllicenthus duncant, Chapman and Cudmore. From
the limestones below high tide mark, about 300 vards east of the
dune-rock cliffs, a good collection of iragmentary tests and com-
plete spines of this regular sea-urchin was secured and lodged in
the National Museum. Associated with it, as at Flinders, Bates-
forel and Castle Cove in Victoria. was the jossil sponge Tretocolia
pezica, Hinde. Miocene flint was abundant,

In Pleistocene times the sea again eucroached upon this part of
Australia, to a point in South Australia about 50 miles from the
present coast, Coastal dunes and rocks containing sea-shells were
formed on top of the limestones, in places 200 ject abave present
sen level, These deposits, sometimes current-bedded, may be seen
along the Glenelg. As, the sea regeded, the river extended its
course and gradually cut its present deep gorge.

More recently there has been a further change in land and
sea level, as shown by the depth of water in the river (70 ft. st
Simson’s Landing}, its tidal nature and the passage of sea-water
upstream for many qiles, |

About two miles west of Nelson a resident of the district (Mr,
Holloway) kindly showed the writer a fine example of Pleistocene
beach. Flints have been washed out of the limestone bers, rolled
tipon the beach and cemented into a pebble bed. A specimen has
been given to the museum at the University,

Much of che coastal region near Nelson consists of dunes or
dune-rack. The only other rock noted was a basalt tear the souree
of the Moleside Creek.

Avyns* J. R. Garnet, Peyetutional Features of the Glenely 75

VEGETATIONAL FEATURES OF THE GLENELG
By J. Ros Garner (assisted hy Ciirr. BEAUGLEHOLE }

Ecologically, the area and its adjoining sanctuary include seven
types which are readily defined by their characteristic vegetation.
Briefly they are: (1) Forest, (2) Swamp, (3) Riparian, (4)
Estuarine and Saltmarsh, (5) Coastal and Sand-diune, (6) Heath-
land, and (7) the settled area uf the Nelson township. A few
remarks on each of these major communities may be af mterest,

(1) The forest area reaches its best development in the old
voleanic region to the east, It is intersected by numerous deep
gullies in which occur a wealth of ferns and mosses. They provide
the tlearest approach to a typical Gippsland fern gully that is ta
be sven in the far south-west of the State. It is stirprising tu find
tree-ferns in such profusion and of especial interest that the
epiphytic fern-clubmoss TPinesiptcris is present, so distant from
its rain-forest habitation in the Otways and Gippsland hills; com-
munities of gully mosses thrive in the shade of Ing ferns, and it
would be of great interest to knaw what futi are also associated
fin season ).

Throughout the whole region the widespread and dominant tree
of the forest is Baxter's Stringyhark—probahbly the most extensive
area of the species in Victoria. Droaping Mistletoe is also well
established and its abundance iu some fncalities suggests that the
forest, in such places, has rearherl its full maturity and is now
ready for sylvicultural attention.

{2) Swamps are extensive in the coastal strip between the sand-
dunes and heathy sandhills of the southern boundary and they
cover considerable areas heyond the eastern boundary, around the
source wf Surrey River and extending along its course towards
Heathmere and Gorae West. Within the boundaries they often
occur as pockets in the forest and heath areas, where they are
sometines a prominent feature.

(3) The riparian type of country ts entirely within the boun-
daries of the reserve, The river in its lower reaches, winding
for several miles through a deep and inagnificent limestone gorge,
and the accompanying wealth of plant and animal life provide an
unforgettable scene of heanty and grandeur. Sir Thomas. Mitchell
wrote of it (Three Exped., 1838, Vol. 2, p. 233): ‘The scenery
on the long reaches was in many places very fine from the pic-
turesque character of the limestone rock, and the tints and outlines
of the trees. shrubs and creepers upon the banks. In some places
stalactiti¢ grottoes, covered with red and yellow creepers, over-
hung or enclosed cascades; at other points Cusuarine and Banksize
were festooned with creeping vines.” This picture is essentially
true today.

[ Vict, Wat.
Vol, 64

76 J. R. Garner, beyetational Features of the Glenely

(+) The estuarine and saltmarsh area is not actually within the
projected boundaries, although, as mentioned above, it is now a
sanctuary for flora and fauna. The river from Drik Dmk to Nelson
bridge is a deep tidal stream, but from the bridge to the moutlr
it passes through the low-lying coastal belt. After passing the
bridge it expands into a wide lagoon from which it emerges, broad
and shallow, to traverse the substantial sand-har across Discovery
Bay.

“The lagoon is of quite recent origin, When Mitchell visited this
area the river flowed directly south to the sea, but subsequent
development of high sand-hills dammed back the river which, from
the lagoon so furmed, now flows in a south-westerly direction into
the Bay. Because of this change the haluphytic (or salt-tolerant)
plant communities present are also of recent develupment, the
principal types adjacent to the lagoon and estuary being mainly
residuals of the older swamp communities and of the normal
coastal-sand types. In consequence of its tidal nature, the river
has been colonized by such halophytes as the Glassworts: these
grow on small mud ‘flats occurting at various places along the

course of the river for several miles upstream.

Lagoon and Coastal Sand-hills at Nelson.
Photo.: Miss Ina Watson.

This change in the course of the stream near its mouth has
provided some puzzles for present-day field botanists. In the early
days of botanical exploration, by such men as Mueller, Tenison-
Wood, Allitt and Eckert, a number of plants was collected and
recorded as from the “Glenelg Mouth.” Some of these, e.g,
Forest Bitter-cress and Soft Tree-fern, were never likely to have
been found in such an environment whatever the course of the

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 64 Auzust
PLatE VI

Typical Limestone Cliffs abuve the Glenelg (from a motor-launeh
on the water),

Phote.: Miss Ina Watson,

ie J. R Garner, Meg iatiostal Pealaves af the Gleneler vw

river, The principal puzzle is, what was meant by the expression
“Glenelg Mowth* From the kind of plants these early botanists
recorded, if seeing reasonable ta suppose that "Glenelg Mouth"
embraced. aiy-and ull portions of the land thal we now hope to
see proclaimed as a National Forest and, in addition, included the
region in the ammediate vicinity of the actual mouth of the river.

The lagoon and estuary now provide a delightful setting to the
little township. The bird-lover will find this sanctuary rich in
aquatic birds and waders, while the Jess ambitious sightseer will
treasure the memory of beautiful sunsets reflected in the placid
waters af the lagoon against 4 background of distant sand-hills.

(3) The coastal and sand-dune region, also beyond the reserve
boundaries, shows interesting transitions toward the marsh,
estuarine and heath regions, all four types being represented
within the limits of one square mile on the east side of the river.
The true littoral and sand-dune vegetation includes the quite
localized Coast Ground-berry (Aerolriche cordata) and a number
of more widely distributed plants found only in such an environ-
ment, The marinc Fibre-balt Weed (Pasdania anstralis) is
ajmest certain to oectir at Nelson, since the fibre-balls derived
from it have frequently been collected on the shores of Discovery
Ray.

(6) The heathlands, home of nunierous ¢nms and sraller
birds, are fairly extensive, occurting a5 a wide Welt running

rallel with the coast and intruding into the forest area near

urdle Flats and the Little Molestde Creck feastern sector).
Here they present a colourful picture of richly vegetated sandy
ridges and gravelly rises where may be found many plants worthy
of note, such as Victorian Simokebush, Mitchell Wattle, Woolly
Everlasting, Red Correa, and Waxy Boronia,

If these heathlands are as rich and interesting as those nearer
Portland they will prove a distinct acquisition to the reserve and
assure the conservation of many plant communilies that ire in
danger of extinction through the amore intensive agricultural
development of the Portland heathlands.

(7) Finally, there is the settled arca at Nelson, providing
contrasts of botanical and more general interest. Tt comprises
open grasslands mingled with once-cleared paddocks which are
being quickly re-colonized by same of the indigenons Rora, Durmg
a brief visit in the spring of 1946, Mr. Beauglehole noted that the
Golden Moth or Snake Orchid had re-established itself in one
paddock to such an extent as to provide a veritable field of goiden
yellow. He has recorded 117 naturalized alien plants for the whole
Lower Glenelg avea; the great majority of these were noted valy
about Nelson settlement and have consequently been omitted from
our consideration of the proposed National Forest—farther north.

78

Vict, Mat.

C: Beaveeenore, Checklist of Indians lore Vol. 64

CHECKLIST OF THE INDIGENOUS FLORA OF THE
LOWER GLENELG

By Curr. Beaucteio.£, Gorae West, Victoria.

Exe.anatron oF SYMBOLS, ETC.

Forest land throughout.

2MAOT OA

River plants, found along the Glenely: itself,
Plamts of the tributary creeks, chiefly of Moleside Creck aud cits
branches, but not necessarily present it all,
' Heathlands, chiefly toward the cast of the reserve.
Open country, as along the western boundary.

Swamps, scattered through the area. .
Widespread in the whole area; where followed by capital letters,

these indicate the formations in which the species is most

prevalent.

wens

wo Very common asd usually conspicuous,

Rare—only a few plants noted.

Species not yet recorded from the Portland district.

Records of carlicr hatanists, orestly labelled “Mouth of (he Glenelz,”

but precise locations unknown—the majority would probably he

coastal.

N.B.—Piants peculiar to the coastal dunes, viver mouth and estuarine
salt marshes, and Nelson settlement (including lagoon) are
beyond the proposed National lorest boundaries and have not

been taken jato consideration.

Systematic ARRANGEMENT
T. NON-VASCULAR PLANTS, EXCLUDING ALGAE AND FUNGI
(28 spp, but the lst is very meemplete).

BRYOPHYTA
MARCHANTIACEA®

Marchantia cephaloscypha—w,
RICCIACEA

Ricciocarpus natans—C.
ANEURACEA=

*Aneura multifida (7) —C.

METZGERIACE ©

Metzgeria furcata—C (r}-
DILAENACEA,

Symphyogypa interrupta—w, C

ve). ;
HARPANTHACRAE
Ohiloscyphus fissistipus—w, C

vc).
POLYTRICHACEA:
Polytrichum comnmne—w, 9c.
FISSIDENTACEAE
Fissidens
oblongifolius—C (v.c.)-
*rigidulus—C.
DICRANACE A
Campylopus—w.
introflexus—w.
insititius—w. H (¥.¢.),
Dicrancloma dicarpum—

BRYACTAR
Bryum truncorum—w, C (s.0.)

BARTRAMIACE
Brettelia affinis—w,

RHACOPILACEZ
Rhacoplim cristatam—w, C.

PTYCHOMNIACEAR
Ptychommon aciculare—w, ©

LEMBOPHYLLACEA
Lembophyllum divalsww—C,
HYPOPTERYGIACEA:

Hypopteryg ium fovar-seelandia:
—C (v.c.).

THUIMIACE
Thuidium furforosum—w, vc.

DRACHYTHECIACEA
Brachythecum rutabulum—w,
ve.
Rhynarhostegium tenvifoliam—
Ww, ce

HY PNACEA
*Hypnum cupressiforme—R.

August

1947 1° C. Beaucrrwote, Checklist of fudigenous Flore 72
LICHENES CLADONIACEA
PARMELIACE Cladonia
Parinelia aggregata—t.
physodes—w, Turcata—w, v.c.
perforata—w, yc. pyxidata—C,
USNEACEE

Usnea barbats (7)--w, vc.

Il VASCULAR PLANTS (511 spp.)
SPERMATOPHYTA

PTERIDOPHYTA
OSMUNDACE A
*Todea barbara—c.
GLEICHENIACEZ
Gleichenia microphyta—c,
DICKSONIACE
Dicksanta antacctica—cC.

(Abundant in Liutle Matle-

side Creek.)
POLYPODIACEAE

Hypolepis pttnetala—c.
Lindsaya linearis—w, H.
Pteridiam aquilinum,

var. esculentuin—w. vc.
Pteris tremula—c,
Adiantum aethiopicum—w:
Cheilanthes tenuifolia—R_
Blechnum

nudum—C (y.c.).
#4. ay bipinpatiidiain—C

t

capense—C (¥.c.)-
procéerum-—C (yc).
*lancealatum—C (vic),
Asplenium
flabellifofum-—?
*bulbiferum-—?
Polystichum prolifervm—C.
(from: P. aculeaturn).
Dryopteris penmgera—R, C.
(Abundant in Little Mole
side Creek, also at Dripping
Rock, Glenelg River; pre-
viously, kekown only Frodt.
near Port Camplell in Fic-
toria. )
SELAGINELLACEA
Sapinella Pretssians—w, 5.
PSILOTACKA
Tmesipteris Billardieri-~C,
(The westernmost record of
the gens fur Anstralia—inr
Little Muleside Crech, on
irecesfern Irweks.).,

TYPHACE/E
Typha augustitolia—-C.
POTAMOGETON ACE
Potamogeton
australicnusis—S,
*pectinatits—R,
SCHEUCHZERIACE-E
Trigiachin
Striata—w, 5S (ve).
centrocarpa—O.
pracecra—w,

ALISMATACEAt
Alisma Plautago—S (r).

GRAMINEZ (32 spp.)
Hemarthia wicinata—w,. y.c.
Themeda australis—w, vc,
Imperata cylindrica—O-
Microlacna sttpoidas—w.
Tetrarrhena

#juncea~ R {r).
distichaphylla—w, y.c;
Stipa
*cteimophila—O,
(Near Nelson, but typr
citlly a Mallee grass.)
Mueller'\—O (vic), F.
pubescens—w.
imollis—w.
yariabilis—O, ~
Echinopogon uvatus—R.
Agrostis
venusta—S,
ayengcea—w.
(syn Calamagrostis fili-
lormis)-
* rudis—S, C.
TDeyeuxia
quadrigeta—w, v.c.
densa—O (r).
Dichelachne
crinita—w, ¥.c.
sciurea—w.
Peutapogou quadifidus—P-

Viet. Nat.

80 C. Beaucrenoue, Checklist af Indigenous Flora Vol, 64

SPERMATOPHYTA (cont,)
GRAMINEE (cont.}
Amphibromus Neesii—y, 5S.
Danthonia
setacea—w.
pilosa—w.
semmannularis—w.
Phragmites commynis—w, R
(v,8-)-
*Triodia irritans—O.
(Between Dry and Princess
Margaret Rase Creeks;
typically a Mollee grass.)
Eragrostis Brownii—-O.
Poa
cagspitosa—w, v.c.
--yar. tenera—w-
lepida—O (v.¢.),
sp. (hairy )—w, v.c:
Glyceria fluitans—w, S.
Agropyron scabrum—w, v.c.
CYPERACEAE (41 spp.}
Fleachans aruta—w, vc,
Scirpus
cernuus—-w.
antarcticus—w, ©,
inundatus—w, S,
nodusts—-w, y.c,
validus—R.
(from S. lacustris).
productus—w, 8.
*maritimus—R.
Schocnus
nitens—w.
*brevifolius—R (r).
apogon—w, vc.
foliatus—w, .S.
(syn, S. axillaris).
tenuissimtus—H,
-Cladium
articulatum—R:
elomeratum—w.,
acutum—w, H (v.c.},
jamceym—wy.-
procerum—R.
(from C. mariscus),
Haxum—S.
(Neer Long Stamp — a
new record for Wictaria.)
Gahnia -
radula—w.-
tetragonocarpa—S.
Clarkeim—w. +
(not G. psittacorum of
Tasinanie.)
Lepidosperma
giadiatum —-R.
longitadinalea—w, v.c.

*concayun—C.
laterale--w, 5,
semiteres—w, v-c.
Neesii—Q..
tcarphoides—R (¥.¢,).
Tetratia capillaris—w, H
(vie)
(syn. Cladium, capillaceum),
Gymmnoschoenus sphaere
cephalus—H (v-c.)
Caustis
pentandra—H.
flexuosa—-H.
Chorizandra
cnodis—H,
cymbaria- C,
Carex
appressa—w.-
inversa—w.
Gaudichaudiana—w,
breviculmis—w.
longifolia—R.
fascicularis—R-
({rem C. pseudo-cyperus).
RESTIONACEE
Lepyrodia Muelleri—w, vic.
Restio
complanatus—w, 5,
tetraphylitis wv, S.
Leptocarpus
tenax—w, S (vc).
Rrownii—w, § {v.c.).
Hypolzna
laterifora—w, H.
fastigiata—w. H (v.c,)-
CENTROLEPIDACEA
Brizula pumilio---O.
Centrolepis
polveyna—w, S.
glahra—w, 5S.
aristata—w, S (v.c.)-
strigosa—w, S (v.c.),

XYRIDACE AE
Xyris operculata—w, H,
JUNCACEA ‘
Luzula campestris—w,
Juncus

‘planifolius—w.
caespiticius—H.
bufonius—w.

*pichejus—?
polyanthemos—w, v.c.
pauciflorus—w-
yaginatits—w.
pallidus——w.
maritinius—R,
holoschotnas—w-
articutatus—S.

Anpust

1947 C, Beaucrenore, Checklist of lidigenous Flora 81

SPERMATOPHYTA (cont.)

LILIACE
Burchardia umbellata—w.
Anguillaria dicica—w.
Bulbine
bulbosa—Q.
*semibarbata—Q,
Thysanotus
tuberosus~—w,.
Patersonii—w,
Dichopagon,
strictus—w.
fimbriatus—w,
Arthropodium
milleflorum—-w-
(syn, A, paniculatum).
tminus—H,

Chamaescilla corymbasa—w.

Tricoryne elatior—H.
Casia
vittata—w,
parviflora—H,
Styvpandra glauca—H,
Dianella revoluta—w.
Bartlingia sessiliftlora—w.
TL.omandra
longifolia—w.
inicrantha—O,
filiformis—w, F,
glauca—O.
Xanthorrhea
Inindr—w,
australis—w.

“AMARYLLIDACEAE
Hypoxis glabejla—w. _

TRIDACE Aa
Patersonia
flauca—w, 5.
longiscapa—S.
ORCHIDACE-E (45 spp.)
Dipedium punctatum—F.
Gasiredia sesamoides—F,
Prasyphyllumn
australe—H,
elatum—H_
Hartii—H (r).
odoratum—H,
Calachilus Roebertsonii—sS.
Thetymitra
antennifera—H (y:c,),
flexuosa—.
grandiflora—H.
ixioides—w.
culbra--H.
pauciflora—w, v.c.

Microtis
uniolia—w, v.c.
pacviflora—w,
oblonga—H
Corybas
ungutculatus—w.
dilatatus—w, v.c.
diemenieus—w, vie.
Acianthus
exsertus—w.
reniformis—w, v.c.
Lyperanthus nigritans—H, R,
Eriochilus cucullatus—w.
Caladenia
atgustata—-F,
clavigera—o.
camea—w,
+ vat, pygtnaes—H.
defarmis—H,
dilatata—w,
latifolia —O.
Menziesti—w, vic,
Patersonii—tT.
+ var. suaveolens—w, H
(ivpe fram Portland),
reticulata—Q-.
+ vat, vahda—O.
(inpe from Portland),
hastata—H
Cigpe from Portland),
Glossadia major—w.
Diuris
pedunculata—O,
longifolia—w.
Cryptostylis subulata—S,
Pterostylis
alata—F,
barbata—H.
*decurya—S,
(near Lorg Swainp; neu
for SM).
‘Jongifolia—w.
nutans—wy,
nara—w.
pedunculata—w.
paryiflora—wr,

CASUARINACLZE

Casuarina
stricta—R,
paludosa—w, H.
+ var. robusta—H.

URTICACE AR

Urtica incisa—w.
Parietaria debilis~-w-

82

Viet. Nat.

C. Beayerenore, Checklist of Iudiqenens Flora Val. 64
SPERMATOPHYTA (cont.) LAURACEA
PROTEACEA Cassytha

Isopogen ceratophylus—w. 11, glabella~-w, H-
Conospermum = Mitchellii—w, pubescens—w.

H, melantha—w,
Persoonia juiperina—w. CRUCIFERAE
Grevillea Cardamime

Aquifolium, H. *dictyosperma—?

Frasmarinifatia—R (r),
Hakea
rostrata—w, H (y¥.c.).
nodosa—w, H (¥.,).
_ulicina—H (rp.
Banksia
marginata—w, Vc.
imegrifolia—R (v.c.}.
SAN TALACEAL
Exocarpus cupressiformis—w,
LORANTHACEAE
Auryema pendula—w, F {v.c.}.
Phrygilanthus cucalyptifolius
POLYGONACEA:
Rutnex
Brownii—w. :
- dumosus—O.
Polygonum
prostratum-—S-
- minus—w, S-
subsessile-—S_
Mueblenbeckia adpressa—v.
CHENOPODIACELE
Rhagodia baccata—R,
Chenopodium putnilio—O.
{not C. carinztunr).
Salicormia australis—R.
AMARANTHACE
Trichinium = macrocephalum—

Oo.
AIZOACE*®. :
Tetragonia implexicoma—R.

~PORTULACACEX

Claytonia australasica—w.
Montia. fontana—O.
Portulaca oléracea—R,
CARYOPHYLLACE Az
Stellaria pungens—w.
Sagina apetala—w.
Colobanthus. apstalus—w, O.
Spergularia rubra—O.
RANUNCULACE-®
Clematis
avistata—w, _
microphylla—w.
Ranunculus
parviflorus—w.
rivularis—w, S.
lappaceus—w.

laciniata—w, S,

hirsuta—w,

tenuifolia—v, $.
Hymetolobus procunibens—-H-

DROSERACEZE

Drosera
py2inra—Ww,

’ *elanduligera—H,
binata--w, H.
Whittakeri—w.
auriculata—w.
Planchonimw, H.

CRASSULACEE:
Crassula
Sieheriatia—w, O {y¥.).
bonaricnsis—w, -S.
macrantha—w, O,
recurva—w, 5.
SAXIFRAGACEAS
Bauera rubioides—w, 5S.
PITTOSPORACEAL
Bursaria spinosa—w,
Billardieva
scandens—w,
cymnsa—R,
ROSACE-E
Rubus parvifolias—w, C.
Acacna
ovitla—w,
anserinfolia—w, O.
LEGUMINOSZ (36 spp.)
Acacia
armala—w,
my rtifolia—w.
pycnantha—QO (v.c.).
*¢hetinodes—R, 0.
stricta—y.
minelanexyvlon—w, ©.
Mitchelhi—w, vic,
-mollissima—w, O-
Oxycedrus—aw, vc.
verticillata—-w,
Gompholobium minus—w, H.
Spherolobiym yimincusn--w,

Viminaria juncen—w. (rr)
(syn, Vo denudata)., +:
Daviesta latitolia—F.

August

1947 C. Brauctesore, Checklist of Indigenous Flora 83

SPERMATOPHYTA (cont.)
LEGUMINOSZE (cont. )
Pultenza
prolizera—w..
- (extension of range frou
Oltways)
pubescezis—R, C.
recurvifolia—?
{confined to Pict, Part-
load area).
stricta—w, V.¢.
scabta—R, C.
Dillwynia
glaberrima—w.
(wot D. ericifolia).
*floribunda —w.
cinerascens—w.
Piatylobium
abtusanguluni—w,
triangularc--w, v.c.
Bassizva
cordivera—w §.
cinerea- w, HL (vic).
prostrata—w,
*riparia—l (r}.
“Hovea heterophylla—C (r),
Gaadia lotifolia
yar. pubescens—w, C.
Lotus ¢orniculatis—w, 5.
Indigofera australis -w.
Psoralea adscencdens—w, 5.
Glycine
clanilestina—w.
+Latrobeana—O.
Rennedya prostrata--w,
GERANIACER
Geranium pilasum—w.
Erodium cy#noram—oO,
Pelargonium australe—w.
OXALIDACHAl
Oxalis corniculata - av,
LINACEAR
Lintim marginale—w.
RUTACE
Horonia
pinnata—w, H (y.c.).
pilosa—w, H O.c.).
polygalitolia—w.
palustris—w, 5.
(many parts of Lower
Glenely — probably over
looked by former cal-
lectus).
Correa
reflexa—F.
+ yar. rubra—w, yv.c.
TREMANDRACE®
Tetratheca

cricifolia—R (r).
ciliata—w, v.c.
POLYGALACEZE
Rredemeyera
volubilis—w, F.
calymega—w, H.
Poranthera
*ertcaldes— ?
(“Glenelg Mouth” is only
record for Wichoria),
micraphytla—w.
Amperea spartieides—w, v.c.
STACKHOUSTACE AS
Stackhousia
inonogyna—w.
virnmnica—F,
SAPINDACEAE
+Dodonea attentiata--R, O-
RHAMNACEAL
Pommaderris
apetala—C,
*prunitolia—R, O,
subrepanda—cC.
Spyridium
parvifolium—w,
venxilliferum—w,
MALVACEAL
Plagianthus pulchellus—C.
STERCULIACEAE
Lasiopetalum Schulzenii—?
(known from Cape Nelson,
neav Poriland),
DILLENIACEA:
Hibbertia
sericea— w, ¥iC.
stricta—w, wc.
ovata—w, HH,
*acicularis—R (r),
fasciculata—y, v.c.
GUTTIFER A
Hypericum
japanicum—vwy, 5,
gramyneum—w.
VIOLACEA
Viola
hederacea—w, V,C,
Si¢beriana—w.

THYMELAZACEAL
Pimelea
curvifiora—w.
flava—w.
glauca—O.

humilis—O.
spathulata—w,-
hgustrina—C.
octophylla—-w, A.
phylicoides—w,

84 C. Braucrenone, Checklist

SPERMATOPHYTA (Ccont.)
LYTHRACEAS
Lythrium Hyssopifolia—w, 5,
MYRTACEA
Enecalyptus
Baxteri—w, v.c.
*Jeucoxylot-—-R (r}.
¥+ var, macrocarpa—O,
{apparcntly first record
for Victoria).
obliqua-—R.
ovata—w.
camaidulensis—R.
(oun, EL rostrata).
yirninalis—w.
vitrea—w.
Leptospermum
*flayescems—?
scopariun—w.
pubescens—w,
(sy. L. Tamigerum),
myrsindides—w.
Kunzea pomifera—O,
(uvar telegraph Ine),
Melaleuca
squarrosa—w, S.
pubescens—R, C.
squanica—w, H, S (yv.c.).
ribbosa—w, S
Baekea vamosissnna-—H_
ONAGRACES
Epilobium
Rillardierianum—w,
_ (rat E, glabellam).
juncenim—w.
HALORAGIDACEAz
Haloragis
tetrapyna—w, vc.
+ var. decumbens—C.
nierantha—w, H, 5.
heterophylla—vw, 5,
exalata—C (1)
(previously knacen in Wac-
torta. only from Crerdic's
Riur. bet also at Swart
Lake Fails).
digyna—w, H, §,
CGrowhkere cast af Paorl-
Jang).
Browiitw, S,
Myriophylium
propinguum—w, S (v.t.).
verrucusum--H,
elatinoides-—R,
Muelleri—t, ~
amphibium—C, 8.
integrnolium—S

Viet. Nat.

of Indigenotis Flora . Vol, 64

UMBELLIFERA:
Hydrocotyle
vilearis—S.
hirta—w. yc,
laxiflora—w, F,
tripartita—w, S.
callicarpa—-w, H,
capillaris—w. O-
Centella asiatica—w, 5.
Platysace heterophylla—w.
(syn. Trachymene hetero-
phylla),
Xanthosia
dissecta—w-
pusilla—y,
Eryngium
rostratum—S.
vesicutlosuini—w,
Oreoiayrrhys andicola—iv.
Apium australe—w,, vc.
Lilaéopsis australica- w, 8.
Daucus gtochidiatus—w,
EPACRIDACE Az
Astroloma
conostephiaides—w.
humifusum—yw, voc.
Leucopogon
australis—C.
glacialis—w, H (v.c.).
virpatus—w, v-c-
erlcaides—w, v.c.
Acratriche
serrulata—w, v-c-
prostrata—w,
cordata—K.
(o narrewer-leaved forne
ihun the coastol plant,
fPrevipysly thought fo ec-
cur ply at Cafe Bridge-
eratter) .
Manotora scoparia—w, 1
{ye}. .
Brachyloma
*daphnoides—O (r).
ciliatum—w.
Epacris
impressa—w, v.c,
lanuginosa—w, H.
Sprengeha incarnata—w, &
(v.c.).
PRIMULACE®
Saniolus repens—f,
LOGANIACE/E
Mitrasacme
paradoxa—w, F.
distylis—S.
Logania ovata—w, R.

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST
Pratt VII

Vol. 64

August, 1947

Wat

August.

1947 C, Beauctenore, Checklist of Tadigexous Flora $5

SPERMATOPHYTA (cont.)

GENTIANACEAE
Sebxa
albidifora—s.
ovata—-S,
Centaurium pulchelium—y,
VAC.

(sym. Eryrhraea australis),
Villarsia exaltata—w, 5.
CONVOLVULACE -

Couvolvulus erubescens—w, O,

Dichondra repens—w, vc.
BORAGINACEAE
Myosolis australis—w, v.c.
Allacarya australasica—w,
(sya. Teritrichium austral-
asicum ).
Cyfoglossut suaveolens—w,

LABIATAE
Maiutha
laxiflora - w.
woastralis—.
pracils—C, R,
- gatucejoides—C,
Prunella yulgaris—w.
Ajuga
australis—w, O.
#randiflora—O.
SOLANACEAL
Solanum
nigrum—w,
aviculare—w-
SCROPHULARIACEZE
Mazus pinnilio—w, v.c.
Gratiola peruyiand—w.
Glossostigria elatinoides—S,
Limosella aquatica—S.
Veranica
Derwentia—w.
Bracilis—w.

(incl forsta gracillima—

frane Pawwkin Creck).
calycina—w.
Euiphrasia. collina—w, S,
LEN TIBULARIACE®
Utricularia
dichatama—w, S (vc).
lateriflora—w, §,

Polypompholyx tenella—w, S.

MYOPORACEA:
Myoporum
insulare—R.
viscosum—R,.
PLANTAGINACE/E
Plantago yaria—w, y.c.

RUBIACEAL
Coprosmia quadrifda—-C.
WNertera reptaus—w, v.c.
Operculuria
scabrida —w.
varia—w.
ovati—w,
Aspertila
scopatia—w.
conterta—w-
Gaitum
australe —w.
umbrosum—-w,
Gaudichaudii—w, O-
CAPRIFOLIACEAL
Sambucus Gaudichaudiang—w-
LOBELI ACEA®
Lobelia
gibbosa— w.
anceps- w.
pratioides—S.
Pratia
puberula—w,
pedunculata—w, v.c,
CAMPANULACEAL
Wahlenbergia
grocilonia—w, O,
quadrifida—w.
*oymnaclada-—-H-
consimilis—R.
(N.B. All fair spp. were
farmer) meluded wader
WW gracilis.) .
GOODENIACEA
Gaadenia
veniculata—w-
himilis—w, 5.
ovata—w, C.
Seaevola micracarpa,
yar, pallida—w, O (v.t.).
Sellicra radicans—w, S (vic).
BRUNONIACE-E
Branonia atistralis—w-.
STY¥YLIDIACE RE
Stylidiyin
praminifoliune—w.
despectum—w, S$.
per pusillam—H.
Levenhookia Sonderi—O,
COMPOSITAE (38 spp.)
Ojearia
asterotricha—w.
glandulosa—S.
ratiulosa—w, 5.
+ var, microphylla—H,
Vittadinia triloba—O,
Layenophora stipitata—w, v.c. +

Vick, Nat.

8 1. Warsow Ann N. LeAtwontH, Birds of Lower Glenelg Val 68

SPERMATOPHYTA (con y
COMPOSITA® (cont)
Brarhycome
framinesa—w.
pal'vila—O.
trachycarpa (7)—w, O ¢v.c.)
Cabandant tia Lowir Glen
elg-Swan Lube areas, 1
tending fo Cape Cratt).
Siczesbeckia ortentalis—C,
Cotula
coronopifolia—R.
australis—O.
reptans—w. vic.
Centipeda Cunningkantim—wy
Craspedia witflora—w,
Cassitia spectabihs- 0,
Ixodia achillecides—w, v.«,
*Millotia tenuifolia—o, F-.
Podatheca aljgustifolia—O-
iii tana squamalis—

Telichrysum
apiculatum—w,

*Raxteni—R,
Blandowskianurn—w, yc.
lertugineum—w.
ohtusiislium-—w, H (vc),
scorploides—w,
*Helipterum albicans—R (r}-
Guaphahum
Hiteo-albsrn- we
involucratum—w.
tit G, japoninnm) -
indutum—w. 0.
Stoartina Marelleri—vy,
Prechthites
prénaythpides—w,
ArEUuta—w.
quadridentata—w, QO,
hispidwla—w.
Senecio
lautus—wi, V.c.
> Civel, var, pinnatifida).
odoratus—-w, {),
Cambonotua Tawsonianig—R,.

Micrascris scapigera—w,

‘The author's. thanks are due to the Director and staff of the National
Herbarium, South Yarra, and ta Mr, W. H. Nicholls (orchidolagist), who
have rendered continual assistance in the determination oi specimens, whether
o£ vascular or lower cryptogamic plants. Without the expert knowledge and
checking of these kind people, it would have heen hopeless to atternpt such
an authoritative jist ay the 2bove.

BIRDS OF THE LOWER GLENELG
By Ina Watson ann Nort. LeEanwontn.

The attached list records the birds observed on, the sanctuary al the
mouth of the Gleielg River and in the area which it 1s proposed shall be
praclaimed a National Forest Those marked with an asterisk were seen
om the Easter excursion. N denotes the environs of Nelson: M, Moleside
Creek watershed; R, Glenelg River; All, any pact of the arcas under
discussion.

*Emuy (Dromains nove-hollandia). NR.

Stubble Quail (Coturttés pectoralis). N, M.
Brown Quail (Synoteus australis}. N, M

Painted Quail (Tuma varia), N.

*Conmmon Bronzewing (Phaps chalcaptara). All,
*Arush Bronzewing (/, efegae), N, M, BR.
Banded Tandrail (Grpotaenidia philipponstw). All.
Hiack-tailed Water-hea (Tribonye ventralis), N,
*Dusky Moor-hen: (Celina tencbrosa). RB.
Eastern) Swanip-hen (Porphyris melatiotus). RR.

*Coot (Aulicu ateaj_ R.

Little Grebe (Podtceps rificollis), N,
Hoary-headed Grebe (. poliocephatus). W, BR.
Great Crested Grehe (7. cristatus). N-

Fairy Penguin (Erydyptufa amimor). N,

Short-tailed Shearwater (Puffs lenwirosiris), N,
Whiskered Tern (Chidonias leucopareia), N-

er tel |

1847 I. Watsox awo N. Leaumonte, Birds af Lower Glenelg

Caspian Tern (Fiydraproyne caspia). N-
*Crested Tern (Sterna hergia). N.

*Sikver Gull (Larus nove-hallanwic). N, R.

*‘Lurnstone (Areneria taitorpras). N,

*Pied Oystercatcher (FH aemtainpis oxiraleyits). IN.

Sooty Oystercatcher (A. amentiar). N.

Red-kneed Dotterel (Ervilroyonys cinetus), N,
*Spur-winged Plover (Lobibysr nove-hallandia), N
*Red-capped Datterel (Chiradrins ruficapilhis). WN,

Black-franted Dotterel ((C. melanaps), N.

*llooded Dotterel (C. curatlatns). N:

Double-banded Dotterct (C. bicnwus). oN,
*Eastern Curlew (Niyntennis cvanopus). §,

Whimbrel (NV, phacupus), WN,

Bar-tailed. Goudwit (Limos lapporicay, iN.

Common Sandpiper (Tringe Aypalewca}, N.
*Greenshank (7. webuiarin). N.

“Red-necked. Stint (Eraltia rijficallts). N-

Sharj-tailed Sandpiper (df. aeurinata)y, N,

Australian Snipe (Golfinago hardwickt), N. M.

White Ibis (Thresktornmts wofueca). N.

Straw-uecked Ibis (2. spinicollss). N-

¥ellow-billed Spoonbill (Platalea flavipes). N-

Roval Spoonbill (Platalea renin),

“White Egret (Zgretta ala). N.
4White-faced Heron (Nutofheyar novw-hotlantdia), N, R.

White-necked Heron (VN. paerfivea), N,

Nankeen Night Heron (Nryelicorae calendanictis). R,
Brown Bittern (Botanens poiciloptilus). Ry
*Black Swau (Chenopis atratad. Nk.

Maned Goose (Chenoudlta gubatad, N,

Chestnui-breasted Shelduck (Caserca. tadortiaides}. WN, Ry
‘Black Duck (Ames supercitiosd). N, R.

Blue-winged Shoveller (Spatula rhynchats). WN,
*Chestnut Teal (Querqurdiwe castinea).

Grey Teal (QO, yibbcrifroms). N.-

Hardhead (Noroan australis), N,
*Musk Duck (Pisiwu lobaia). N, R.
‘*Binck Cormorant (Pielacrectrar curbay. NR,
Little Blaek Cormorant 2. afer). N, R,

*W hite-breasied Cormorany (F fuseescans). WN.

Pied Cormorant (P. wartus). RB.

*Little Pied Cormorant (Afteracarto melonolencus). N

Gaaiet (Sule sevretar), N-

*Pelican (Pelecamus conspicillatus). N-
Spotted Harrier (Circus assiniity). RM,
Swamp Harvier (C, apprevinians), ™,

*Australian Goshawk ¢.40tnr fascietus), Al.

Collared Sparrow-kawk (Accipiler civvocephalus). Adl.
+*Wedpe-tailed Eagle (Urogitas andar). All,

Little Eagle (Hieraaétis merphaaides). N, R.

# Whistling Ragle (Haliaster sphenurus), All,
*Peregrine Falcon (Faleo. peregninus), R,
Brown Hawk (F. berigara). Ai.

*Nankeen Kestrel (F, conchrvides). All.

+Bovhouk Owl (Ninax beobook), Mt,

Rainbow Lorikeet (Tvichorlossns maluccany), PM
#*Musk Lorikect (Glassopsittr coneinua}, R, M.

8 1, Warson and N. Learmonrn, Girds of Lower Glenelg [ Mink teh

Purple-crowned Lorikeet (G. porpoyrapepicera). Rk, M,
*Littie Lorikeat (G. pusilla). R, M.

*Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynehis frtdvens), Te, M,
*Gang-Gang Cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatn). R, M,
White Cockatoo (Kakalot golerita}. R, M,

Pink Cockatan (K. leadbeater?). Re

Galah (K. roseicapilla). R.
Crimson Rosella (Platycercus elegans), All.

Fastern Rosella (P, extn), BR, M.

Red-backed Parrot (Psepiolus hoerwtanotis). N
*Blue-winged Parrot (Neophens cheysostou). N,
Swilt Parrot (Tathanwas discolor). a

Ground Parrot (Pesoporns walhons).

Tawny Frogmouth (Podergus nines All.

*Azute Kingfisher (Alcyone astra) PR.

4Lauehing Kookaburra (Dacelo gigas). All.

Sacred Kingfisher (Halcyon senciis). RB, M.
*Spinetailed Swalt (irnadapus car wentns), All,
Fork-tailed Swift (Micropys pactficiuer}. All

Pallid Cuckoo (Cucwhes pallidis), AIL

Fan-tailed Cuckoo (Cacomantis flabelliformis), All,
Worsheld Bronze Cuckoo (Chaletes bastits). Al).
*Welcome Swallow (Atrerdto nevxena). All.

Tree Martin (Aslocheliden minster). AIL

Fairy Martin, (A, ortel), Al

Jacky Winter (Micrveca fascinons), All,

Scarlet Robin (Petretca mutticolory. All.

‘Flame Robin (PF. phaontcar), All.

Hooded. Robin CAMfclanodryas cneuladr), N, M.
F¥cllow Robin (Hopsaltria oustralis), R, M-

"Grey Fantail (Rbipidura Aabelitfern). All,

*Rufons Fantail (Fe. vefifromr), M.

aWihic Wartal (A. aba Any Aik

Satin Flycatcher (Myiwgru cyonolewca). M,

*Restless Flycatcher (Seigara tnquivtay, All,
*Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike (Coracine nova-frollamtie), AU
Little Cuckoo-Shrike (C. robusta). M.

White-winged Triller (Lalage tricalor).. All,
*Spotted Quail-Thrush (Cinclasontd gurtedatuen), M
*Striated Field-Wren (Calamenitius fitliginosns). N
Brown Song-Lark (Cinclorhamphus crirafis). N, M,
Rufous Song-Lark (C0. omathewsi). N.

Austrahan Ground-Thrish (Qreecincla hendated, BR, M,
*White-fronted Chat (Epthianwa albifrons), All,
Australian Reed-Warbler (Aerocephalus anstralis). 2.
*Golden-headed Fantail-Warbler (Cistteola extlis), NN,
*Little Grass-bird (Megaluwius granineus),

*Speckled Warbler (Chithonicola sagittata),

Little Thornbill (4cnmathiza wong). KR, tal
*Brown Thornbill (4. pusilla). All,
*Striated Thoroiil) (4, Nagata). M,

*Chestnut-tailed Thornhill (4. rropygialis) or Red-tailed Thornhill

(A. howmiltant), N

*¥ellow-tailed Thornpill (4. chrysurrkoa). All.
Buff-tailed Thornbilt (4. reguaides}. M.
*White-browed Serub-Wren (Sericomsis fromaliy, Al,
*Superb Blue Wren (Afadwrus evanens); AML
“Southern Eniu-Wren (Stpiturus malechurus). N

Ansure

sat N. OF. Lesrmonrn, Birds of Proposed Nationa! Fovest 39

*Rufour Brstle-bird (Dusyornts broadbenti). All,
White-browed Wood-Swallow Cartan sypercitosis), All,
*Dusky Woed-Swallow (4. cyanepterng), All
*Magpie-Lark (Grallina cyanoleuca). All.

*Grey Sherike-Tlirash (Colleateticte karimanica). All,
*White-backed Magpie (Gyrtmorhina fyypolenca), ALL
Grey Butcher-bird (Cracticus lovauatis), R, M.
*Eastern Shrike-Tit (Faleuncwlus frovtatus), M,

*Golder Whistler (Pachyeephala pectoralis), N, M,
Rufous Whistler (?, rufiventris). N, M.

"Olive Whistler (FP. ohvaceo). N.

*EFacteri: Whiteface (Apiclocephala loucapsis). NS.
*Orange-winged Sitteila (Neoasitle chrysoprera), M.
“Brown Treescrecper (Climacteris picunmus), R, M
*Whote-throated Tree-creeper (C. lencophara), All.
*Grey-hatked Silvereye (Zostervps halmaturina), ALL
Red-tipped Pardalote (Pardalotue arndius), All.

*Spotted Pardalote (P, puneluius). My

.*White-naped Honeyeater (Melithveptius Menains). All
*Brown-headed Honeyeater (/], brevirostuis), M,
*Eastern Spinehill (Acauthorhynchus tenuyoasteis). All,
Tawny-crowned Honeyeater (Glriertila nteldnops). N, M,
*Singing Honeyeater (Meliphaya wirescane), N,
*¥ellow-faced Haneycater (M, chrysaps), M,
*White-eared Honeyeater (Af. fowretis). All,
White-pluned Honeyeuter (AM. penteiflata), N, M.
Crescent Honeyeater (Phviddomyris pyrrhapteray. M
*¥ellow-winged Honeveater (Meltornts nove-holloudio), All
Noisy Miner (Mysontha sclonacephale).

*Red Wattle-bird (Authochucra corunculatay.. N.
Little Wattle-bird (4. chrysoptera).

Australian Pipit CAa/hus onstralis), N,
Beautiful Firetail (Zanacginthus bells), M,
*Red-browed Piretail (Aeyiutha temporatis). All.

*Raven (Corvus coronedes). All.

*Wohite-winged Chough (Corcorar smclonarhamphus). BR, My
Pied Currawong (Strepia graciiina), N, M,
*Black-winged Currawong (5, melanoptera), AU,

et

SOME BIRDS OF THE PROPOSED GLENELG
NATIONAL FOREST
By Noer F. ‘Learwontu, Tyrendarra, Vic
The party of naturalists wha visited Nelson at Easter in mspect
ortion of the area which it is proposed co reserve as a National
orest tadle note of the yarious forms of wild-life seen on the trip.
Local bird-lovers Jed by Mr, Eric Simson, R.AO.U., bave
listed 164 species for the area, and despite the departure of the
majoriry of migrants the visiting naturalists recorded 87 of these,
The following species are worthy of special note:
Emu. Up to 40 of these birds were seen, most of them along
the Portland-Nelson road; there the species is quite common,
Coot. Several birds seen in the reed-beds on various reaches
of the river. Apparently they stay all the year and do not migrate,

90 WN. FP. Learsontu, Birds of Proposed National larest Vlet, Bite

Pied Oystercatcher, Sea-Curlew, Red-necked Stint and CGreen-
shank were all seen an the sanctuary at the Glenelg estuary. They
seen to have beew lingering very late in southern climes.

White Egret. Conimon on all the SW waterways during
autniair and early winter.

Pelican. Wonderfully quiet on the mod hanks af the lower
Teathes, :

Wedge-tailed Eagle There are not many bends of the rever
where these noble hitds are mot seen overhead, Several nests were
nhserved on large trees on the top of the Ingh cliffs that form the
Glenelg Gorge.

Peregrine Falcon. Nests ou the high iimestone clitts,

Gang-Gang Cockatoo, Does not come near the sea, Wut is
wnmernus up river and in the big timber on the Moleside Creek,

Pink Cockatoo. Two birds were seen by Miss Watson on a
large Red Guni near the Moleside-Glenelg jinction in 1937. Fait
Iirds were seer last April i the Portland distriet, It not on the

* Glenelg.

Blue-winged Parrot. Flocls on the treeless limestone and sandy
rises on the S.W, portion of the area,

Ground Parrot, Though this bird was vot seem by the party,
Eric Simson had. flushed a specimen two days before, and other
local residenis report having seen the parrot recently, 1( inhabits
a dense growth of rushes, sedge aud stunted bushes that stretches
far miles on berth sides of the Glenelg mouth, country Tull of bird-
liie which needs thorough ornithological inspection, Much of this
is sanctuary and the Ground Parrot should survive and increase

Azure Kingfisher, Orly two birds seen by the party, but not
uncommon anywhere along the nver.

Rufous Fantail. One bird seen, but i spring and surmer the
species ig well represented in the thick fern gullies of the Moleside
Creele and tributaries, This ts the farthest west that the bird has
heen recorded, :

Spotted Quait-Thrush. A common species in the Forest wesp of
Portland, Seen by the party a thick seri near Gallas Creek,
north-east end of the reserve.

Striated Field-Wren, Several birds in the tall sedge bushes
round the Glenelg Wouth,

Golden-heaced Fantail-Warhler. Lives iu facks of up to 30
hirds alotiy the south-west coast in similar country to thar wf the
Ground Parrot. Only owo birds were seen on the recent trip but
there are several colomes of Cisticala inown nearer Portland,
where the species appears to he very local,

' Speckled Warbler. Yet another species of the thick rushes and
sedges: is generally in company with Cofaarétis.

Chestnut-tailed Thormbill or Red-tailed Thornbill. While search-
Aug dor the Ground Parrot, Eric Simson, Cliff, Beauglehate anc

wpe NL, lacdrmonrn, @irds of Proposed Nitioial Parcat ol

the writer fished two small bivds, evidently Thornbills. One
dived into a thick stunted bush. We surrounded this and could
almost touch the bird. but could not get a clear yiew except to
iféntifty itas ont vF the above. As both are ont of their range, the
matter needs clearing up.

Eiu-Wren, These beautiful little birds are in considerable
wumbers all through the thick growth of the country behind the
coastal sand-hills, When located, the searcher should stand quite
still and soon the female will eame to the top of their hide-out,
loak sound, then hop back into the bush and return to view with
the male,

aster Shrike-Tit. Seen in the thick gullies of the Moleside
Creek watershed.

Olive Whistler, When Mr Jack Jones visited the area in
February lie heard a bird calling strongly from thick tea-tyee and
wartle scruh close to the coast. One call was suggestive of the
Rifous Whistler’s “ee-chong’’ note, but more drawn out and
somewhat plaintive. The tangle of clematis m rhe serub scon
stopped his progress 1m search, but not berore he caught a ghmpse
of the bird clase to the ground giving its mournful “ee-chong” cull.
He was convinced it was a Whistler, bul the species remained
# puzzle until He discussed (he observation with) Mr, Herhert
Condon, ornithnfogist of the South Australian Museum. Only a
few months previously Mr, Condon had collected several speci-
miens of the Clive Whustler un sumilar scrub acar Porr Macdonnell,
abour 17 mites along the coast. Jt now seenis reasonably certain
that the Olive Whistler oceurs m the cuastal sent al Nelson,
More investigation is needed, ‘The bird was heard hy the Easter
parly whenever they were in that class of country, bit none of us
saw the Whistler.

Honeyeaters. Eight species were ideitifed, none worthy of
special notice except the Singing Honeyeater, which appears to
live ancl nest closer to the sea than any other land hird of the area.

Rell-Miner. This species is entered on the authority of the
Official Checklist of the Birds of Austraha.* In this publication
the Bell-Miner js reported fram “Glenelg River near coast and
mauntains,”!

Black-winged Currawong, One of several unexpected northern
species found in the Portland district. Itis conunon in the Glenelg
and Molesilde area and even a few miles east ot Portland.

*The statement in the Check/ist (1926) was probably based on 2 para-
eraph iq The Hoon For 24 (Vol, 24, 157) in which Me C, E, Simeon
reporied. having seen in May of that year a Hock of about W Bell-Miners
an the Glenelg River some 18 miles north of Gasterton, ‘The weiter made
the point that this was probably a westerit record for the species, and
added that jt would be interesting to see if the birds established themselves
in suitable country 40 miles ar so farther down the Glenelg. WUnirless that

hope has been fulfilled the speeies cannot be credited to the Nelsan National
Porest —Eprtor.

. ; Viet. Nat.
2 Ewesrsign List Vol, 64

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
Forthcoming Excursions, etc.

General Excursions:

Saturday, August. 16—Zoology School, University. Subject: “General
Zoology.’ Leader: Professor W. E. Agar. Meret 2.30 p.m. at
main entrance ta Zoology School.

Ssturday, August 23.—North Williamstawn. Subject: “Introduction
to Mavine Life.” Leader: Mrs. 3. J. Freantve. Meet 2.20 p.m. at
North Williamstown Railway Station, (Fare from Flinders St,
93d., 3nd elass return). Bring collecting jar, notebook, penctl,
ete. Note: Formation of a Marine Biology Discussion Group will
be discussed at this excursion,

Saturday, August 30—Sir Calin Mackenzie Sanctuary, Healesville.
“World Bird Day.” Leader: Mr. A. H. Chisholm, F.R.2.8. Bus
Leaves Batman Avenue at 9.30 a.m. Bring two meals. Bus
bookings, 6/- (including adntisston tv Sanctuary), with Mr, H, C.
E. Stewart (Tel, FU 022; Ext, 457).

Saturday, Seplember 6—Blackburn Lake. Subject: “How To Collect
Incects.” Further particulars at August general meeting.

Sunday, September 7.—Baleombe Bay, Mornington, Subject: “Ter-
tiary Fossils and Foreshore Batany.* Bus leaves Batman Avenue
$15 am. Bus bookings, 4/6,.with Mr. A. A. Baker, 52 Carlisle
Sereet, Preston.

Preliminary Notice of General Excursions:

Show Day (September 25)—Club Picnic to Anakie Gerge. Bus, bock-
ings, 7/6, with Mr, H. Preston (Tel.; Haw. 1853).

Bendigo Week-end (by parlour coach), Octuber 25-26. Approximate
inclusive cost, 50/- to G5/-. Barly reservation desirable, as
accommodution limited. Bookings with Leader, Mr. H. C. E.
Stewart (Tel. FU 022; Ext. 457).

Group Fixtures:

Saturday, August 9—Geology Grovp. National Musewn, Subject:
“Mineral Tests, Part 7," Meet Russell Street entrance, 2 p.m.

Saturday, August 9—Botany Group. Heathmont. Subject: “Native
Flowering Plants.” 1.38 p.m, train from Flinders Street to
Heathbmont. Fare, 1/24, 2nd class return.

Monday, August 25,—Botany Discussion Group, Royal Society's Hall,
2pm. Subject: "Legumes of the Spring,” by Mr. A. J. Swaby.

Tuesday, September 2.—Geolozgy Croup, Royal Society's Hall, & p.m.
Subject: “Tertiary Vossils,"” by Mr. A. N. Carter.

Monday, September 22.—Botany Discussion Group. Royal Society's
Hall, 8pm. Subject: “Census of Victorian Plants,” by Mr. J. H.
Willis, B.Sc.

Special Notice,—Excursion Sub-committee are framing 194% Syllabus
of Exeursions and would welcome suggestions for excursions and
volunteers 43 sponsors.

A. A. Baker,

Exeursion Secretary.

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 64.—No. 5 SEPTEMBER 3, 1947 No. 765

PROCEEDINGS

The monthly meeting of the Club was held on August 11, 1947,
the President. {Miss Ina Watson) and about 250 members and
friends altending.

The lollowing were clected as Ordinary Members: Miss Patricia
Wolson, Miss A. M. Morton, and Mr. B. E. Selruhert.

The subject ior the evening was a colour film of the Great
Barrier Keei, taken by Mr. T. W, Guonersen, who showed also
a short film of general interest. The Barrier Reef film was of
outstanding interest, as it showed some of the rarer reef-linang
animals (aidibranchs, mollasca, sea- slugs, etc.) going about their
formal affairs. The nudibrancls and their method af swimming
avere new to must mensbers,

A vote of thanks was proposed hy Mr. P. Crosbie Morrison,
secontled by Miss Lynette Young, and carried with acclamation.
EXHIBITS

Mr, Ivo Hanmmet: Garden-grown native plants, inchiding Avacia
farinacen, A. spinescens, Grevillca lowandulacca, G. obtusiflora,
Excalypius Kreseane, Templetonia relasa, Sholtma oligandva,
fukea sulcata, Dawiesne lnsvifolia.

; ia J. 5, Seaton > Grewllea lavandylicea, garden-grown at Caul-
eld

* Myr, A. ®. Carter: Barrier Reef shells, including Paphiu literate

Linn.; Cardin viedo Linn.; Tella wir gels Livn.; Pyrazus her-

suleus Mart.) Terebra dinvdiata Linn, ; _ ttbulota Lit. ; ; Conus
euticus Lann.; C. marmerens Linn.

Mr. Frank Child: Orchid, Corybus dtlatatus.

Mr. J. R, Garnet: Dendrobinan, teretifolium TR.Br.; m flower,

Bliss E. Ralf; deacte feprosd, garden-crown,

r. 5. R. Mitchell: Mlaked pebble implements and stone arti-
facts irom. Lake Mlawatra, N.S.W.

Mr, F.-S. Colliver: Early book on Cor als, The Natural History

oft Zuaplivies, hy Ellis (1788).

NEW JMRECTOR OF ADELAIDE BOTANIC GARDENS

Mr. Noel Lothian, a niember of the PN-C.V. since April, 1934, and sow
Lecturer it Horticulture at Lincoln College, Christéhurel) University,
NZ, bas received! advice of his appointinent to the directorslip of Adelaide
Botanic Gardens—a position that will take official effect as from the end
of the present year. Fellow-members sejoiwe iu the further mark of
honour to Mr, Lothian’s alscady distinguished career, extending to him
dheig united congratulations and warniest wishes fur the work in Adelaide,
which should prosper under the youth{ul yigoin, emthusiasm, and extra-
Australian expecience that be brings to enjiance it.

34 Ina Watsox, Pratectiot—and Yon ae: Mat

PROTECTIHIN—AND YOU
By Ina Warsow, President V.F.N.C.

Letters to the Committee and comments at meetings of the
FNC. reveal that there is a very real intetest among menbers
in vegard to the safeguarding of Alara and fauna. At the sugges-
tion of the Conimittee, these notes are written ioc information
and suidance.

A priuted list of animals (which of course includes birds) pro-
tected by Taw is obtainable from the Fisheries and Game Dept.,
605 Winders Street. A list of protected plants can be had on
request fram the Forests Commission, Treasury Gardens, (This
protection extends only to Mowers on Crown Lands, not on private
property.) All members should sec that they have a list for
reference,

If 2 breach of the law is observed, report full details to the
nearest police station, if possible getting the officer ta see for him-
self. The police can then take action. It may be possible, in some
circumstances, tu colact an mspector attached to the Depart-
iets mentioned ; one ts occasionally on duty at the main Markers,
for instance, Additional inspectors, known as honorary rangers
and/or ingpecters, who carry a special card of authority, wear a
distutctive badge, ancl have the same powers as a departincutal
inspector, are appointed iy the State Executive, Their ranks
include a number of members of this Club They have authority
to demand names und addresses, ete, and to stop the picking of
protected Aowers. 4

But it is not always possible fo get such help conveniently, and
members are more bkely to see breaches of the law when put on
field-work, In this event vo private individual has any legal raylit
to interrogate the law-breaker (whal the mentber does as an imdli-
vidual is entirely his or hee own concern), but you should note
all vow-can and report the incident fully to the appropriate Depart-
ment later. It may not be possible, for example, to obtain a (ull
name and address, bul if ad vehicle is being used, note its colour,
make, type and number: the Departments have means for tracing
it Jater, ane will take action if possible. Give time, place, district
and all relevant details.

(Tf any member wishes to (ake specimens for study purposes,
a permut should be obtained from the Forests Commission, and
ot any excursion of the Clah the leader should be told that the
member holds such a permit. It should be noted that, each year,
the Club obtains a special covering peraut for wild flowers collected
for the Nature Show.)

When cruelty is involved, remember that you must prove “legal”
cruelty, and this is diffeult because the law does uot always state
specifically what cruelty is: for example, it does not state how

an: Ina Wartean, Protection—and Yan 95

many lirds of @ certain size may be confined in a cage of definite
dimennons, and if the number is exceeded it can be regarded as
cruelty, But if wou consider that there are definite grounds for
action, then contact the police or an offtcer of the Vietnrian Society
for the Protection of Animals. Li time pr circumstance does not
permit this, be sure to get another wimess: one person's evidence
is nat sufhcient. Report to the VS-P.A. or to the police.

In regard to amiwals or flowers that are not protected by law,
yeu can protest as an individual through rhe Press (and, so help
to farm public apimien), and you can give full details to your
Committee far them to take official action if they consider it
desiralle. In any event the notes will be filed for reference for
supporting evidence when authorities have to be approached.

Memhers should know of matters in which the Committee has
acted recently:

Killing of Wedgetatl Eagle by an archer: A letter of protest
was sent 10 both the individual and the Club to which he belongs.

Cruelty to bivds used as largets dv Gen Clad; An official letter
was sent ta the Press and contact made with the V.S.P.A. A
depuration to the responsible Minister will probably be made. and
with this the Clah wall be assowared.

Exportotion of fowng suerseas: Letters were sent to the Zop-
logical Board of Vietoria and the “oological Society of N.S.W,
asking for their help in getting the practice checked, A strong
letter was sent also to the Minister of Customs asking that per-
mission be tefused where it was a question of a monetary transac-
iion, and thay where ii wag considered desirable to exelange fauna
this should he kept to a minimum, and then only with recognized
zoological hodies where it was know2 that the animals ward be
well cared for am transit and on arrival. Jt was pointed out that
this Club did tut approve. on principle, with the confining of
animals, and considered that the export of fama should be pro-
hibired untess under the most ngid supervision and in exceptional
circumstances,

Wimmera lands avd eucalypies distihieg = A tract of 1600 acres
on the narthern boundary of the Little Desert is ont of the tew
areas left in. the Wimmera where the Lowan can le found. Mr,
Muir (of Dinboola) sent details of an application by private
individuals for the eucalyptus oi rights over this urea. They
planned to roll the mallee. so that the second-growth leaves might
be harvested, Thais, of course, would laVe tieade that the area
woul! be ruined as a habital for the T.owan, Protest was made
ta the Forests Conmuission on this ground, and it was pomted
out that private property was available for leasing for eucalyp\us
harvesting. The R.A.O.U_ has agreed to co-operate witli the Club
and it is hoped that the application will be refuse.

9% Isa Warsow. Prolectiou—ond You Micha

Natianal Parks, gtc.: Members will know that these matters are
in the hands of the Sub-Committee for National Parks and Monu-
iments, al that these members do not lose an opportuaity to
further the matter. At present they are waiting wntil officers are
appointed to the Land Utitization Board (under legislation enacted
recently), and this Board formulates and announces its policy,
The August ic, Nai, gave full details of the area proposed as
a Forest Reserve in the Glenelg River district. The Club ts taking
at active part in this project.

Tudividvet obligation: It 1s suggested thar you, as an individual
member, ¢an help in the following ways:

|. Be piinctilions yourseli in abserving the law.

2 Write to your own MLC. or M_L.A. suggesting a con-
structive policy.

3. Make your own views known among acquaintances and agscer-
tain theirs. Purticarly, bring your influence to bear upon
county people and Press. The opinion of the person on the
spot counts most of ail

4+. Be prepared to help in every way possible to extend the
knowledge whiely will bring appreciation of our fauna and
flora.

A NOTEWORTHY PLANT CATALOGUE

Garden-lovers irequently pet absarhed i nusservmen's cutalogues. This
journal dovs not customarily review advertising publications, Dut the issue
of a catalogue devoted exclusively to Australian plants assuines an import.
ance (hat demands acknowledgement, fuctrafian Native Plants, 1947, from
Nindethana Nursery, Dripstone, N.S.W.. interests al] concerned with the
preservation ot our flora, also those Joyal Australians who wish for an
anusval native plant or two in their gardens, The proprietor of the nursery,
Mr, G, W, Althofer, with his brother, is widely known far gonspicuons
success in the propagation of native plants. The: imtsery has issued lists
previonsty, hut the Jatest impressive conrpilattoa bears testimony to unique
enterprise and industry,

Well illustrated, with captions (in these sevetal members of B.N.C.V,
have co-nperated), and a brief foreword prefacing a wide range of plants,
many being tare kinds, this 40-page calalogue will delight the botanically-
minded. Te would be invidious to select from the riches offered, but allusion
should be rade to Gossupinm Sierhanins (pictured in Pte. Nat. tor May, -
1947), and the varicd Evralpptas section.

Mr. Althofer is commended for ‘his work, truly of national vaiue, which
hes not broheht hin Anancial reward, The inirsery aims te build up an
athoretum of hardy Australian plants, (a preserve them from possible
extinction. Already over J,000 species have bern successfully cultivated,
Assistance from F.N.C.V. members in collecting seeds of rare species,
especially those threatened with abhteration, would he appreciated by Mr
Althofer. Further, metmbers could bring under notice of their municipal
councils and tree-planting bodies the extensive arboreal native stock the
Nindethana Nursery cau supply. Those ivtterested may communicate direct
with Mr, Althofer, who wall forward his estalogue fer 1/14. poster.

W.C.E.S.

er EL Coreman, Oecurrences Among Budgerigaes 97

MEMORABLE OCCURRERKCES AMONG BUDGERIGARS
By Eniti Coteman, Blackburn, Vic.

Like most nature-lovers [ have witnessed! many meinorable inci-
dents among Iicds and other creatures; byt L think the mght
singing of budgerigars will always he my loveliest memory.

With farmers and gardeners, birds must have been sighing for
rain during the unusually long spell of May sunshime this year.
At 7 pm. on May 23 rain fell and our budgerigars appeared to
rejoice. During a lull iy the heavy downpour ty daughter called
nic to hear them singing while the rain was still pattering. She
had heard them above the
sound of heavy rain, with the
wireless on, through a closed
window some 25 i, distant
from the birds. We listened
for a little while throuph fhe
open window, ‘then went out
to the uviaries.

it was quite dark but the
“budgies sang on, The usual
sounds that call us out to the
birds ute cries of alarw or a
noisy flutterme when some-
thing has frightened them;
but this was—how different!
The united voices of some 130
comlortably - sheltered birds
were singing in the rain. The
sweet, clear notes suggested
the ripple and gurgle of water,
or the patter of the rain itself
—a jull chorus rejoicing over
the breaking of a Maytime “drought.”

One has no words vo convey adequately the wonder and beauty
of that night chorus. We could not bave spoken, had we wished,
as we stood there in the dark, listening to Australia’s cheeriest
birds singing their song of the rain. It brought a fuller realization
of what rain must mean, under natural conditions, to these merry
little Drrds,* Tt was eloquent of their rejoicing at the end of a
long dry spell, ov the breaking up of a real drought, and the
apringing and seeding of the grasses they luye.

*Apparently the vocal seaction of parrois to rain was kiiown long ago.
although the impression then seems Lo have been that the birds were mvt
pleased by the falls, At any rate, Shakespeare caused Rosalind to assure
Orlando that when they were married she would be “more jealous than a
Barbary cock-pigeon over his heu; tore clamorous thai a parrot against
rain... .—Eeiror.

Islimael, a cobalt Budgerigar, male,

o8 E, COLEMAN, Oecurrences Amoug Budgerigare bry 2 gd

What a difference in the air they must have serised to call iorth
such a pacan uf pratse! [tis almost pathetic to note theie delight
in freshly-gathered moist grasses.

Semething of what rain ust mean to them may be surmised
from their joy when a garden spray is directed into thejr houses.
The sound of the sprinkler draws them fluttering hopefully to
the wires, They dash in and out with open, beating wings until
they are soaked.

A chap of wet grass, taken with a spit of earth, Mls them with
ecstasy. They tumble through the green blades until nov a drop
of moisture can be leit on them, A bunch of cul frass ts treated
in the same way until the whole is scattered,

Like ther birds in natural conditions budgerigars would bathe
hy darting in and out of dew and rain-wet branches, This was
revealed by their instinctive knowledge of what to do with wet
gum-twigs hung on the wires—cage-bred birds which had never
seen ar fell q dew-laden tree!

The nibbled and frayed leaves of both wattle and gum Ieaves
suggest diac ludgerigars are not so dependent on prasses as we
had thought. Cum leaves are ¢aten to the midribs. Casuarina
(she-nal:) they foye. [In natural conditions these are probably a
staple food. They love the unopened buds of wattles, but here
we go cautionsly, although, according to Ewart, there 1s only one
poisauous species of Acacia, Shey would probably nibble the bark
of these trees as they nibble apple-bark, especially at nesting time

They revel in damp humus gathered up from under the trees
and placed in their houses.

Modern research into moulds suggests that the birds And in
Intmus something essential to their welfare. Almost every day
fresh, seeding grasses are given to our birds, one or other species
being in flower throughout the year, They ure especially fond of
shell-grass (Brize wacinta) and this may well have suggested the
name Shell-parrot—the flower-spikes of the plant somewhat
resemble shells,

Children call the little black winkle (Nerite) common on racks
uncovered at low tide, ‘Budgie Shells,” haying noted their resem-
lance ta the head of the budgerigar, The corve of the whitish
apex, on the very slight spire, often with “zebra” stripes, does
indeed resenthle the budgerigar’s down-curving bill.

Other favourite erasses are ral-tail (Speroholus capensis), pas-
palun, panictin and canary-grass (Phalaris).

At 6 pam. an May 27 more rain fell after 27 days of almost
continuous sunshine The birds cammenced singing at $45 p.m,
and were ward above both rain atid wireless, They sang tor 30
minutes. They sang again on May 29 at 9.30 pm. It was a cold
but moonlit night, No rain fell.

rev FE, ConeMax, Qcetirrences Among Budaerigars 99

On May 30 they did not sing, hut on the 3ist they sang, in the
moonlight. at 745 p.m, but ceased after a few moments and
flutteree! noisily as 11 trightened. They went on again at 8.30 for
ten minutes. (A frogmouth was seen flving near the cages on
two of these moonlit nights.) We wondered whether the wireless
influenced them but they sang again on June 1 when this was silent
and there was no rain.

On June 2 (moonlight) they commenced at 9.25 pun, Tt was
so cold that T went into the house for a wrap. I switched off the
wireless, but the singing was sustained. until @30 pm. The nest
two nights were foggy, with the moon overcast, We have not
heard them since.

The singing abvays commenced suddenly as if in response to
a conductor's baton, and it ceased abruptly, like the switching off
of a wireless chorus, Doubtless others have noted this delightful
night siiging, but T have never heard of it. Magpies and willie
wagtaily are often heard at night. Possibly, too, like song-thrush
and blackbird, many birds sing in the rain, but are only heard
when there are a sufhaent number of voices im the choir to render
a far-reaching woluune, as in the dawn clianus,

As one watches these cheery little birds day after day. one
learns to read signs of pleasure or distress: sounds af salistaction
over newly-filled feeding-dishcs; contented sounds at noon when
they settle for a quiet sresta ; restless sounwis wher they seek nests,
or ask tor less crowded quarters.

Perhaps the most surprising feature of budgerigars is their
almost incredible fecundity. Not guile su surprising, perhaps,
when one considers how hardy (perhaps adaptable would be a
better word) they are, thriving happily in almost any climate and
under any reasonable conditions. Their cheery prattle breaks

~ through excessive heat or cold, or the croelly-small cage of the
bird-fancier.

It} 20 qnonths or six budgerigars have imereased to 130, 2
fecundity I can only compare with that of same white mice T
kept, and which 1 attributed to the vitamins in living herbs and
fresh seeds on which they were fed-

Qne of our six birds, a male, did not secure a mate, but, as
two females were appropriated hy another male, this cancelled ont,
His was the only death among our adult birds He apparently
dashed into a wire when frightened hy some night prowler, Next
morning he was found with a broken neck Ishanael we called him.
He spent lis days in peering into the happy homes of the others,
feeding their young wher opportunily offered, and takmg many
rebuffs from irate mothers.

This has been an exceptionally warm winter so far, and to the
present date (June 9) there has been no cessation of breeding
activities among the budgerigars. Except for feeding, the birds

100 E. Coneman, Occurrences Ariong Rudgeriyars ta 7a

have been Jefe to theniselves, to live as nearly as possible 4s we
think they would live in natoral conditions. Nesting boxes have
not been cleaned for them. On June 3 there were still eggs and
young in the nests. On that day a fully-fledged young one
emerged and a young bird was hatched. Expenenced breeders
would have renoved the nests long ago.

Late-liatched young are often weaklings, or “riers”? We
have had neither. There were three young with feet so widely
spread that they perched with difficulty, but they seemed perfectly
healthy and flew vasily to the perches. ‘They were not kept, as
we felt that they were hanticapped for taking the rough and
tumble of a crowd. ‘Iwo of these were from @ nest in whieh the
mother sat so closely that she was rarely seen. It is possible that
these young had no chance to exercise their feet, for their mother
was always on eggs and/or young. The otler came from &
crowded forthedox) nesting hox in which there were two mothers
and their families. so the deformity may have been caused in the
sale way

There seems to be a desire to hurry late broods out of the nest
so that another brool may he reared, Several young have heen
so badly treated in this way that they had to he destroyed.

Courtship appears never to cease. There ts still much love
making (billing, preening and feeding). Until June 4 one mother
was sitlng on three eggs tr what must have been her fourth or
even hith clutch. One of her last brood emerged on June 3. She and
her mate, who was the father of her three lroods last season, are
still ardent lovers. Tor long periods she would sit with her head
through the openmeg of the nest for him to precu, and she, in turn,
performed the same office for hin). They now perch side hy side,
billing-and preening as in the heyday of their “love's young dream.”

Usually the males are drowsy and inactive while thejr mates--
are brooding, They perch dejectedly until the cimergence of the
mothers reanimates them. The hatching of the first egg galvanizes-
thein into new life. From then ou the amale shoulders the greater
part of the feeding of mother aud young.

This season if was not possible to buy standard nesting-hoxes,
so cheese-hoxes were used, These proved more populay and in
some respects much better than the orthodox box,

Four birds have escaped through open dours, Two of these
returned to the wires after a day's freedom and were casily
recovered. '

There has been no regimentation—no interfering with love-
matches, with the foregoing result. One no longer marvels that
the race is able to survive the terrible holocausts during heat waves:
and water shortage. Nature allows for great losses in a wildly
extravagant fecundity, as i the cages of certain msects and ammats.
such as mice and lemurs.

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 64 September, 1947
Pirate VII

Seeding grasses

ounls £
Left: Shell grass Rigl

Canary grass

Sept, ,
18a? I, Coneman, Oceurtertces Among uidgerviqars 10

There is an old story that in the Motuccas one may not approach
a clave tree wearing a hat, lest the tree bear no fruit. Our
budgerigars, too, take alarm if I approach the aviaries wearing
a hat. I may have to acopt this means of slowing down increase!

Colour changes, always a fascinating aspect of bird-breeding,
becomes an engrossing game when budgerigars are the subject,
but this jnust be another story, We have kept our mild-greens
(cage-bred, of course) separate, and these delight me more that
the yellows, blues, cobalt, etc, lovely as they are.

The mild-greeng are a part of our sunny Jand, They speak of
sunshine and open spaces. To see these green and gold! jewels
darting in and nut of wet gum twigs calls up a pieture of the
inland, or the Mallec, when farmer and birds rejoice together ever
a long-delayed rainfall,

A bunch of grass hung on the wires instantly “blossoms with
hirds, just as a dead tree appears to burst into iresh green foliage
when wild budgerigars alight on every branch and twig (A. H.
Chisholm, Eva, 1800),

T should like to emphasize the fondness of these birds. mot anly
for grasses, but gun Jeaves, watile phyllodes and slie-oale branch-
lets, and possibly for many other plants. Here we must go
cautiously. Lia wild state, maving over a wide range. with 2
wider range of plants to choose from, the budgerigars wauld
doubtless eschew the leaves of harmful plants.

The leaves of the Cootamundra wattle are not taken bot the
flawer-buds are eaten greedily: but grasses ure taken first—and to
these living, seeding grasses (and Vitamin E) [ think we wiust
attribute the surprising fecundity of our birds.

EXCURSION TO CLARINDA

From Egst Oakleigh Station, on May 17, the route taken was along the
straight iane southward a mile to Clarinda, thus giving opportunity to
observe clearly the alternations of different vegetations onthe slight sandy
rises quid the intervening maister situations, Leplosperimum myrnmoides being:
a typical plant of the drier said-hills atid Melolenéa in the damper ground.

Few plants were io Aewer, but the Silver Banksia (8, arrgivatad made
a fine show, this being within its normal flowering season. Other note:
worthy features were an extensive carpet of Suficra on an area liable to
submergence, and vigorous vegetative growth of a patch of the Tiny
Sundew (Dresere pyginaaa), some of the very slender fruit stalks of the
Previous flowering beige still present, -

The geowth af this Sundew at this season is probably unusual and due
to favourable conditions of this year, On vearch, later, a féw examples
were also found at Croydon—not so vigorous. Information is Jacking as to
the frequency of suct) antumiy growth of this plant.

In the lanes near Clarinda School a search was made for a plant of
Casiirina paludosa carrying both staminate and pistillate Aowers, but it was
Tot located, theueh a specimen found some time ago was supposed to have
conte irom here.

T, S&S Harr. -

12 T. Ravuent, Ve Bees ond Wasps vik oan

NEW BEES AND WASPS—FART VI
An Undesernibed Paracalletes froin the Victorian Alps

By Taxtron Rayment, trgs. Melbourne

Paracoltcles slerwarti sp nov, (Faw. Colletidie) ,

TYPE: Male—Length, 9:3 tn. approx. Black. (Female, 12 5
mm.)

Head transverse, shusing: face with long luose ochreous hair,
which js black at sides (all black on some specimens); clypeus
shining, with scattered large punctures and smoky hair; supra-
clypeal area rising to a fine catina: vertex with long black Inose
hairs conmpound eves dark-<laret. converging slightly helow: genie
with a lew long white hairs; Jalbum and rmandibylae black, rhe
latter long and slender; antennae entirely black, submoniliform.

ALIAATYPRE,; Female—Heed almost circular from the frout:
face with much lore white plumose haps on the vertex a few black
hairs are intermixed: clypeus couvex, coarsely punctured, the
polished supraclypeal area rising to 4 fine carina, compound eyes
converging below; antennae black, the flagellom obscurely brownish
herteath; mandibulae polished black,

Prothoraxs black, with light-smoky hair; tubercles with a fringe
of drab-white hair; mesothores polished, with long Loose black
hair, with puuctures of mediwn size rouna the margin, but an
imponetate aren a middle; scutelhom similar, with a median
suieus: postscutellum dall. but with much black hair; metathorax
with a seale-like sculpture aver an area shaped hike a Moorish
areh; much long ochreous hair laterally; abdominal dorsal seg-
ments polished, with 2 silky obscure-purplish sheen, a few white
hairs laterally, but much black har apically [the female has a large
apical red plate as in Anthaphora (Rayment, 1942) females]
ventral segments poltshed, pale margins, a few white hairs,

Legs entirely black, with white hair (uel long black plumose
haar on tihiwe of female}; tarsi dark-amber, with tulvous hair;
claws redilish: hind calear reddish-amber [conspicuously Jong-
pectinate in female]; tegulae polished black; wings hyaline; ner-
vures sepia; cells: the second cubital forming a trapezium, receiv-
ing the first recurvent neryure at its middle; pterostigma paler
sepia and large; haniuli about eight, strong.

Leedity—Mount Buifalo, Victoria, January 9, 1947.

TYPE and ALLOTY PE in the collection pi the author.

Allies: P. leat CkIL, which has oblique striae on the enclosed
wea of the metathorax, aud some red on che mandibles and
flagellum, fifth tergite entirely greenish,

Note by collector (Mr. H, C, EB. Stewart), to whom the new
apecies is dedicated =

The first specimen of this syeces was obtained tron a Bower of the

ay T, Ravaext, Bees from the Vietorion Alps 103

Yam oear Lake Catani, but wmioriinately the misect's head war broken
off and lost in the post; q series wag collected Hear View Pout, and one
bee Was captured not far from the Chalat,

A few days later more speciniens were caughs near the jut at the foot
of the Hump, at approx. 5,0M) ject altitude, by Miss E. Collin: Chugg,
wid obseryed many females burrowing into the @ranitic sol, There was
a timber of holes, at which the bees maintained a husy (raffic to and jro,
woilé ntunbers Of mates hovered over the mound

BEES KROM THE VICTORIAN ALPS
By Tartton Rayment, +.22.5., Melbourne

“A. collection of bees taken by Hugh C. E. Stewart, at Mount
Butialu, duriaog the last week of December, 1946, and the first
weelc jn January, 1947, yielded more individuals and a few more
species than he obtained on any of his previous visits to the high-
Jands of the State. It would appear that the Victorian Alps are
richer in APTDAE than has been hitherto expected. Systematic
observation and collection should yield more suprises, ior often
the heavy falls of snow at that allitude persist for sevéral nionths,

Several good series were also taken by 2 yeothiol member of
the F.N.C.V. party, E. Coiline Chugs. during the second week,
This young waturalist of fifteen years i4 to be congratulated, not
aly on her zeal in collecting, but also on her careful) mounting
and neat labellmg of the specimens, which simplified my study af
Thiet very considerably,

That the bees of Mount Buffalo (5,000-odd fcet), in Victoria,
should approach those of the island of Tasinania, 100-200 miles
farther south, should pecasion no surprise, for the altitude offsets
the difference in latitude, so that the ecalogy is not dissimilar.

At the me of this visit, the flora was in all its glory, While
alpme conditions are responsible for high specialization it the
flora, yet the bees of the Mount are but little different fron: speci-
mus taken along the lower areas of the littoral zane.

On the ether hand, the honey-gatherers of the great arid centre
of Anstralia are characteristic of that region, and it would appear
that heat, as a factor im the evolution of hees, is of more impor-
tance than cold, .

The forty or so specimens (including Miss Chugg’s), anvong
which is a new species, have been determined hy me as follows:

family WYLALIDAE
Hylaeus engentellus Cll,
One female, larger than the type, and minus the light stripe
or the prothorax and the cream-coloured hind tars.
On flowers of the Alpine Daisy, Brachycame cardrocus pa, var.
alpena. ,

104 T. Rayment, Bees from the Vittorion Alps eee

Furyglosae snbsericea CML

A robust female, indistinguishable [roan specimens collected at
Como (New South Wales), Sandringham (Victoria) specimens
have red tarsi, and the tegulae are tulvous; the wing-nervures
much paler.

Mackey’s Lookoul, Mount Buffalo, Vie., Jan. 10, 1947, E,
Colline Chugeg.

Family COLLETIDAE
Peracolletes irrovatus F, Smith

Cockerell (1914) suggested that Fred. Smith (1853), at the
British) Museum, described this species under two names, the other
being Dasycolletes hurmerasns 1879, Later, Cockerell (1914)
described H. hutmerasns cyanurus from Oakleigh, Victoria.

A Mount Buffalo female is the large. more robust typical one
of Smith's P. Aumcerasus, the large shining convex clypeus having
a few coarse punctures; the supraclypeal area polished; mandililes
black.

The females of Cockerell's subspecies, cyarurns, Seem to helong
to a male from Emerald (in the Dandenong Hills, twenty miles
farther east) and this may be known as the allotype, It has a more
slender form, with much tong wlrite hair covering the face: closely
punctured dull clypeus and supraclypeal area, and the straw-yellow
“epaulettes” of the mesothorax. On the Buffalo speciens these
are of a yich galden colour.

Females which I cellecter) at Croydeu, V., are typical except
for the reddish mandibles. This locality is between Knierald and
Oakleigh.

Mackey's Lookout, Mount Buffalo, Jan. 10, 1947. F. Colline
Chugg.

Paracallstes obscurus ¥. Smith

One robust female, which T refer to this somewhat unsatisfactory
species, There are shght bands of loose white hair on the abdomen.

Mackey’s Lookout, Jan. 10, 1947, E. Colline Chugg,

Pararolletes leai Ck,

A. long series of males and two females, near to this speries,
which was described from Tasmania, later, Professor Cockerell
(liseussed a bee which was callected on King Island, roughly halt-
way between Victoria and Tasmania. It 15 a male, and he referred
it provisionally to this species, although he thought that it might
ultimately prove to be a closely related but distinct species.

The males now belore ine contorm tw his notes on the King
Island insect, but the female is not a typical fraz, and is not cou-
specific; therefore. a new name is advisable. I propose the name
Paracoltetes stewarts, anil have given a specific description in the
preceding article. -

ve T, Ravwent, Bees front the Victorian Alps 105

Paracolleles stewarti, sp. nov.
|For full description and discussion, see p, 102]

Paracollettes providellus Ckll,
Two females, Lypical anc indistinguishable from specimens vol-
lected by me at Emerald, Victoria.
Mackey's Lookout, Jan. 10, 1947, E. Colline Chugg.

Heterocolletes capillatus Raym,

Three robust females, which cannot be distinguished from the
allotype taken by me on the hills of Emerald, Victoria, in 1934.

These black shining bees are casily identified by the mass of
long hairs which project from between the nuinerous facets of
the compound eyes, a character found algo in the hive-bee,

The genotype, a male, was taken hy the late J, A. Kershaw,
sometime Director of the National Museum, Melbourne, on
Wilson's Promontory. Victoria, in 1929. Several hundred male
insects were clustered together in a dry curled bracken frond,
atid 1 was able to verify this observation ar Emerald, However,
the trait. is also characteristic of the males of Paravolletes

The Buffalo record is the third of the species.

Mackey’s Lookout, Mount Buffalo, Jan, 10, 1947, E. Colline
Chrgg.

Fanily WALICTIDAE
Holietws asperithoraa Chil.

A female, not quite typical, having entirely black legs, but
otherwise indistinguishable from specimens taken at Sandring-
han

Mackey’s Lookout, Mount Buffalo, Vic, Jan, 10, 1947. E.
Colline Chuge. -

Hatictus gilest Ckil.

(ne black female, not quite typical, since the fine punctures of
the scutellum tend to hecome microscopically rugose. It is, in
any case, excessively Close to gilest,

On flowers of Brachyconie sp,

Habichas hamiliformis Chl,

A series of robust females, not typical, for some have a bright
royal-blue mesothorax, but te mesonolum in others is a dull
dark-green, and there are intermediate links.

On flowers of Brackycome sp,

Halictus ismtans Cll,

(ne black female, not exactly typical, since it is a trifle larger,
with the rugae of the metathoraxic area coarser, and tending ta
anastomose,

Qn flowers of Brachycome sp.

106 T. Raymenn, Bees front the Pictarion Alas Hog bn a

Pavasphecodes cavrijerus Chi.

One female, which seems to conform ta Cockerell's description
of the type.

Collected on the yellow flowers of the “Yam," Micraserts
scaggera,

Parasphecades tilachus F. Sinith

A series of fernales, all of which appear to conform to Smith's.
quite inadequate description, In the absence of his type specimens,
accurate determination of this group is often jmposstble,

On the flowers of the “Yam,” Microseris scapigera.

Parasphecodes welltingtoni Ckll.

A temale conforming very well to the specific description.
except that tergite No. J lacks the black patel. However, the
species was described from Mount Wellington (alt. 1,300 to 2,300
fl.), Tasmania, hut a subspecies, P. welhngtont griseipennts CkIl.,
was taken at the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, on flowers
of Golden Everlasting (felichrysin braciealune).

Pavasphecudes taelbournensis Chil,

One female, quite typical, and indistinguishable from Emerald
and Sandringham specimens,

Mackey’s Lookout, Mount Buffalo. Vic., Jan, 10, 1947, E,
Colline Chugg.

Fauuly MEGACAILIDAE
Megachile chrysopyga F. Smith

A robust male, not quite typical, but antennae black (ferruginous
beneath in chrysopygopsis Ck.) and punctures of mesatharax
not so close, with a delicate tessellation between, and more black
hair: abdomen sot so hairy. (AL. chr ysopygopsis has pale-straw
to white hair on face; chrysopyga has deep-golden hair.)

Mackey's Lookout, Vie. Jan. 10, 1947. TE. Colline Chugg.

Family CERATINIDAL
Exvanenra montana Ray,

A fine large female, and 1 refer this spectineit 10 rotlane because
my recent studies of the larval forms of this genns show how
inadvisable it is to propose new species in the absence of “nest”
series with larvae, Deserihed from Macpher son Range, N.5.W.

On flowers of the Trigger-plant (Stytidiuin gramenifolium).

Exoneura robusta Cll,

A fine robust female to which all of the foregoing remarks
cdually apply,

On flowers of the Trigger plant (Stytdiunt granwirtfolinin),

Exoncura angophorac Ckil.

Three females, not quite typical, but in the absence of the larvat

forms, I refer them provisionally to this species,

Hag T. Raymeter, Rees from the Victorian Alps t7

Mackey’s Lookout, Mount Buffalo, Vie, Jaw. [0, 1947. TE.
Colline Chugg.
Additional field notes by Mr. H. C. FE. Stewart:

Not only the new Peracalletes, but also Kronedide, were observed by
me and other members of FLN,C.V, party lo operate the curious mechauism
of the Grass Triggerplant (Stylidien gecontnifohiua), which was in
profiise Hower everywhere.

Many of the bees were taken on Composiae at Reed's Lookout, and
especiaily in the alpine mcadow slong the ytreamiel on the View Paint
thick, and later avound the Lake. The specinies at Markey's Lookout,
3,100 feet, were all collected by Miss E. Colline Clugg, ‘The hest collec-
ions were made in bright sunbghe, during the moruing hours, Generally,
the tees Showed little activity in the afternoon.

In the alpine altitudes, Composites, such as Aficroteris, Brachycaine,
Heltehrysum and Hetipteren, invariably close their mflorescences in the
afternoon, and even in dull light; the ray-Aorets of Microseris close
very tightly inseards, whilst thase of Brachyeone curl eutwords, The.
bees favoured these two genera. Composites mot so sasceptible to fading
light ave Celinisia, Podalepis and Lagenaphera, and these were less
attractive to the bees.

Many flowers of the introduced Platweed, Mypocheris rodicata, were
fully open, but we did not see a single bee on these, The first favourite
wis the Yam, Microseris seapigera, the yellow flowers of whieh resemble
those of Flatweed and the Common Dandelion, This partiality for the
Campasitae was obyiousty due to the pallon, and the hright-yellow dust
ou bees taken from the Yairi was particularly evidear

Richaa couttrentiz. an. epacrid, was visited occasionally by bees, ane
wet rarely saw one visiting the Mountain Shaggy-pea (Oxvlobinm
alpestre), the Derweot Speedwell Clerantea Derwentia), ar other native

. flora.

Honey-bees were also noted on the densely-clistered flowers of twe
related cucalypts, Encalyptus pancifore and &. arphophila, both of which
fre rich yn nectar,

Tamily 4PIDAE
Aptis ligustica -- A. amellifera L-

A series of workers of the introduced hive- or huney-bee (4.
ligusttea 4- 4. mellifera). many showing only a trace of the former
race, were taken by E, Coline Chugg and Hugh C. E_ Stewart.

These records are interesting. Since no domesticated hive-bees
are kept at the Government Chalet, then these cross-breeds must
have come from wild colonies established in the Snaw Gums, and
are able to survive omaided the cold and snow of the long Alpine
winter.

Por the reed Lees, Exoreurue, in their frail shelters in reeds
and rushes, the winter must indeed be a critical perio<d.

REFERENCES

Cockerell, TD. A—"“A Small Collection of Bees from ‘Vasmania,” Pras
Laan. Soc, NSA, Part 4, 9, $98, 1912,

Cockerell, TL Do A—Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xni, p. 40, 1914.

Rayment, Tarltan—"'A Critical Revision of the Zonata Group in the Genus
Authophora,” Japanese Edition Trenbta, Part I. op. 5, 1942,

Smith, Fred—tor Hyer. 2. M. 1, p. 40, also p. 12. 1859.

Smith, Fred—New Sp. Hani, B, M,, p. IT, 1879.

boy. J Viet. Nat,
108 Lixcursiow Jiut Wal. td

WHAT, WHERE ANID WHEN
Fortheaming Excursions, «4c.
Genera) Excursions:

Sorudoy, Senromber 6—Blackhurn Lake, ‘Scbject> “How to Colleon Mnsect.!! Leader!
aie GQ Ghure, Train trom Flinders Streck 189 pum. Fare, 1/3, 2nd elas
relucn

Sunday, September 7—Baleombo Ray, Morninton. Subleets “'Pevtiary Wossile anid
Foreshore Botany," Leaders: Messrs. A. NW. Curter and A. 0. Swaby. Bue tewves
Batman Avenue 9.15 aan, Brings two ments, Boo hookings, 0/6. wth Mr.
A. A. Waker, 58 Carlisle Street, Preston.

Saturduy, Sentemhor 13—Cranbojene. Subleve: “Orehidy."" Ceader: Mr. J. Ros
Garnet. Train from Flinders Streev at 1240 pam. to Dongenong, thence bua
to Grandourne. Farnn: Rail, 2/844, Snd class retirn to Dandenenge: bus to
Cranboumme wectra.

Thursday, September 25 (Show Day)—Club Fienie ta Anakie Gorse Subinct;
“Birds and Dotany." Leader: he President (Mirn Ink Watsonl. Bus Tnaves
Batman Avenue # a.m gharyo Reine two weds. Note: TRarly hus bookings
Seite 7/6, with Mr. 7A, estom, $4 Cupnin Grove, Hawthorn (Tel, Haw.

Saturday, September 23—Studley Park (FuitGield endp. Subject: “Plant Eoolozy.”
Leader: Mr. J. FH, Wiis, BSc. Meet 5.34 v.m., Outer Circle bridge, connectang
Faoivfisld and Kew. (Take bus slong Heidelbere oati>

Sunday, September 2E—Mount Dardenone. Spine Walk of approx. T miles,
Lester: Mr A, Preston, Train from Flinders Stwet, 9.75 a.m. Lo Crowdon, thence
bus ta Mount Dundenons. Return train from Weer Merrtree Golly. Faret: and
class single tu Crovdan 1/44) hue fure 1/8 single; 2nd class sinyle raf from
Upper Ferntree Golly 1/1i!—total 4/8%.

Saturday, October 4—Croyden to Ringwood Subject: "Sorcial Loral Hotanical
Festauren™” Ieuder: Mr. T. 8. Hart, McA. Traift from Flinders Street 14.10
um to Croydon, Leader will meet 13h p.m. train from Flinders Street at

_ East Ringwood fov aflernupn excursivnists. Allday exeursionist, bring ane mesl.

Satumfay, Oelober 4—-National Museum. Subject! “Oologys—-OlJ ind New Methods”
of Study, and Introduction to Field Observations’ Jeeder: Mr, F. G. Elford,
Ki.8e,, B.Rd. Meet Russe Sireet antratre 2.30 nm. Note: Seennd of seties
of leature visits arranged with Director of Mnteum. Limit 20 members. and
Ee must be regsters? beforehand with Mr, HO Stewart (Tol, WLEOZT, extension
4 ’

Saturday. Oetober ]]—Uypner Beaconsfield, Snbiect- “‘Wawnts of the Holmeted
Slonegeater,"" ender; Mr, A. §. (halk, RAO Travel by 7.49 am. truie From
Flinders Strest t4 Beneonsfield. Pure: 3/38, Bn class réturn. Return joucney
from Beaconsfield at S26 pro. Lring two meale

Sunday, Orlober 12—Maranos Gardera. Publie inspection. Lenier: Mr. A. 7. Swaby.
Take Mont Albert tram in Collins Street and plight Parring Koad. Turn Jett
at tap of Parring Rosa Time: 239 pon, (Members sre requested to deype
exlenwive ingitulions and to take DARE In a PoollaMinary Feepocrion on Ath, Gth
er lith al the same tin, |

Special Fixtures:

fictater 4-7—Hawthorn Town Hill, Buswint Road. smidl ball, Bawthorna Tuner
Fiel@ Naturalists’ Wild Life Exhitition, Farther sariculura from Mr. 3, Be.
Mitchell and Mrs. J. 4. Fresme. Interest, aud assistance, of al) FLN.C.V, tions
lea earnestly desined. 4,

Gotoher ]i-15—Ararat Wild Nature Show. It is proposed to utage exhibits from
Melbourne. Actanxcmrits for nccommoadation aad dieteter trips for Melbovrne
members who can ussist with Snow. Partjcujars from Mr. vo C. Hemet

Octaher 25-26—Lendigo Week-end thy parlour coach). Limilet party only Farther
Metails froin Leader, Mr. H. Stewart (Tel, PU O22, cetonsien 457),

Group Fixtures:

Beturday, Septembre 20—Horany Group. Ivanhoe. Subject! “Gentine of Garen-
grown. Native Phints.” Most lsanhoe Raittway Staten 2.40 pam.

Monday. September 22—otany Diseussiun Group. Royal Soeietw’s Hull, B p.m,
Subyuck: ‘Gernsue of Vietorien Plants,” by Mr JH willie. BSc,

Tuesday, Octoher [—Geology Discuseian Group. toys! Saciety's Halt, & pain Sybiect:
“Rodir-active Minernls,"? by Mr. F. S. Colliver. { .

Asturday, Oster Ji—Mienlogy Greuv. University Geoluey School, Usiyorsity. Mect
ie Schon, 2 Asi)
Geoles¥ oop A. A. BAKER,

Excursion Setretary,

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 64.—No. 6 OCTOBER 8, 1947 No. 766

PROCEEDINGS

The monthly meeting of the Club was held on September 8,
1947, the President (Miss Ina Watson) aad about 180 members
and friends attending.

The following were elected as Ordinary Members: Miss Maud
Peterson, Mr. Allan Otto; and as Country Members: Mr, Gilbert
F, Rogers and Mr. G. 5. Campbell.

The evening was arranged as a Members’ Nighi, with nature
notes and remarks on exhibits, and the following are recorded
ior the mecting :

Mr. Paul Fisch: A series of six lantern slides showiny granite
sutcrops and tors at Flinders Peak (You Yahgs), sedimentary
rocks af Walkerville (near Wilsou’s Prameoptory), puckering in
rocks at Cape Liptrap, possible slumping structures at Keilor, and
the Geological Group at work ona mapping excursion. Comments
on the slides were made by Mr. Yisch,

Mr. Ivo ©. Hammet showed a series of slides and commented
on the display of Errastemon ebovalis at Mt, Arapiles. A 14-2acre
block showed by actual count 138 large bushes, and the slides gave
a good iclew of the wealth of flowers in the area,

Mr. FP. S. Collier showed a series of slides illustrating some
of the extinct Dinosaurs, and conmnented especially on the species
found a Austrajia. Myr. Colliver also mentioned that metbers
at the vecent Mornington excursion were thsnuyed to see ntambers
of penguins covered with oil. It was reported to the mecting that
action would be taken and the appropriate authority advised.

Mr. J R. Garnet reported seeing a fan-tailed euckoo on his back
lawn recently taking a worn) and hopping aronnd, and hehaying
very much in the manner of a blackbird, which on first notice the
bird was supposed to be.

Mr. G. N. Hyunr reported that the Dept. of Agriculture had
received a letter from a lady in Bulawayo stating she had seen
a fine stries of photographs of Anstralian will Howers in the
fiustrated London News of December last. Mri [yam recalled
that the photographs were ot exhibits Irom our last Show,

Mr. ¥, H, Miller referred to the wild flowers near the railway
line near Cook, South Australia. These tad sprung up after the
recent rains and carpeted the ground white, At dhe 547/6-mile
post on the same line he had noticed an eagle and one uf the
sparryw-hawks. Rabbits were very numerous in the area and it
was suggested that the birds were following then 1p.

116 Nield Neoturalizs' Club Proceedings Wir rt

Miss Wigan noticed a fleck of galahs flying over Toorak for
the frst time in tliree by four years,

Mr, © J, Gabriel exhibited and conimented. on specimens of the
‘Teseclo, stating thae Australia liad six or s¢ven species. Notes were
given on the damage caused by these molluscs and on the means
of controlling chem.

Mrs. J 7 Preame exhibited suie egg-cases that seemed similar
but which actually belonged to a molluse and a worm,

Mr, H C E. Stewart made some observations ot the astonish-
ing fexihiliey of rhe neck of the owl.

Mrs. J. Pinches spoke on an eagle's test containing young and
a half-eaten rabbit that was seen at Toolern Vale Jast week-endl.

Mr, E. FE, Lord exhibited ancl commented su magnificent speci-
mens of Eucalvptus cadsia. 2. macracarpa, E. sepuleiwels, and
alsa Hakea runuilata, gardeu-grown by Mr, Hateley, nese Stawell.
Comment was also made on the wide variation in coloar.ot Thrypro-
mene grown by Mr, Campbell at Hall's Gap. Colours were white,
the usual pinkish-white, and deep pmk.

EXHIBITS

Mr, A. WN. Carter; Gowrie shells.

Mr. C. J. Gabriel: Victorian species of Teredo: growth stages in che
Victorian cowry, Cyproee angsiustota; “bleeding tooth shell from the Bahaaas
Islands.

Nat Mus, Melly Skin of Apterse owen, the little grey kiwi, and also
the egg of a kiwi, possibly the sane speties.

Miss E. Ralf: Kenawedyia ruticrida, garden-growit

Mr. 1.. Lowe: Ghortzesma cordatium, gacdeu-grown; also the following:
Geraldton waxflowen, Thryptomenc, Grevillca rosmortnifolia, Evtostemon
ohowafis, Acana sfectahilis, and Grevillea [scars

Mr. H.C, E. Stewart: Spiders and imsects collected on Blackburn Lake
eacursion, 6/9/47,

Mr. V. 31, Muller: Botanical specimens Crom the Nullarbor Plain,

Mr, J, J. Freame: Ribbon fish from Portland; pteropods, shark's head,
skeleton leeth, etc, “eracifis” fish, anemone from Altona; anemones Irain
Moruingtan: stane fish fram the Bacrier Reef, cte:

Mr. J. Ros Garnet: 28 Victorian grecnhood otchids; also re-articulated
skalls oi three species of snakes, namely, the coppe*neail (3 fi ff in, shaw-
ig position of fangs), black tiger snake (5 ft, Reeveshy Ts,, showing
maximum rotation of fangs), death adder (1 ft. 12 in, showing maxim
rotalion af fangs).

WAYS OF CASSOWARIES

A member of the F.N-C. has asked these questions: (17) Does the male
Cassowary “mother™ its vaung in the same fashiol as Nu male Emu and
Kiwi? (23 lz it known if the Cassowary drums? Both questious are te he
answered m the afirinative It has Leen established trom observations made
in Zovs that male Cassowaries adopt family obligations in the same manner
as other Ratite birds; and theougi) the same facilities at has been ascertained
tat Cassowaries make s drumming noiss=one writer describes it as "a
hissing druniming.” Although based on island species, these observations
would apply also to the Australian Cassowary.—A.B.C.

one WoW Nicrwirs, The Cenns Diuris in WA, ie

THE GENUS BIVRIS 1) WESTERN AUSTRALIA
By W. H. Nictranis, Melbourne

Thal Divers is essentially an Australian orchid genus 15 apparent
hy its distribwtion. Approximately 38 distinct species are recurded,
and all of these, with bur a single exception, are jouud in the
Australian States. (‘The exception is the endemic Javanese speciés,
D. Pryane Rid)! which was described in 1885). Queensland lists
% species, New South Wales 29, Victoria 9, South Australia 8,
Taswwamia 5, and Western Australia 7.

In this paper, only the western species will he dealt with, These
(with the exception of 2D, fongifalia, a variable species in some
respects) are endemic to Western Australia.

Dunng a recent atd somewhat prolonged visit to fhe fertile
areas uf the south-western part of the State in the months of
September, October and November, the present writer cme across
all nf the western representatives of Mies. The majonty of these
were found jn abundance (for several are gregarious farms)
either on the extensive elay-pans and other moist places or on
open, rather wide sandy spaces. Thus a complete review of the
various species, ineliding some. varietal forms, listed for Western
Australia was inade possible,

Useful work ou the Western Atstralian Oscitdiaceee (embracing
the genus Diurts) had been done previously by Mr Oswald H.
Sargent? Dr. R, 5. Rogers’ and Mr. Alex. Purdie." Unfortu-
nately no worker had published a survey of Drwris in the West,
The published results (chiefly notes) of the abave-iieritioned
workers, however, bave been of material use to the present writer,

Suwly of the genus Diris Joes nol present such great diffeul-
ties as are apparent an some other genera of Australia orchids as,
fur example, stich unstable genera as Presophadliem aud (to a lesser
degree) Thelyitra, Nevertheless a thorough study of the charac-
teristics of Divris is faciitaced by the examination of perfectly
fresh material, combined with careful and close observation in
the Aeld,

Individual specunens of most orchid species vary from the type
form), chiefly in resoeet to height of the specimens, size of the
flower and tolour-warkings; such is only to be expected, Put
the worker in the field occasionally mects wath extrentes—well-
marked instances of differentiation, such as the present writer
witnessed in Western Australia. Such cases are, 1 consider, worthy
of record.

Consider Diuris emarginata, Several amazingly congested
colonies of this tall-growing species exhibited unusual degrees of
height, stature and size ot flowers. All the specimens io the groups
or colonies scen were in bloom, the individual plants ranging i
height from about 6 mches to over 3 Ecet. All were growing under
the same conditions of soil (black peat) and light. Many plants

112 W, H. Nicratts, The Geays Diurts in AY A_ [ae

weve probably young seedlings flowering for the first time. The
congested mass of tubers in the over-burdenéd soil would in 2 brief
space of tune surely create conditions whieli would eventually
force a survival of the fittest, ‘
' Hybridism appeared to be present in some massed displays
of Diuriv caringto. Some flowers were almost wholly yellow, others
(the great majority) at ¢he other extreme—bold red-brown, ot
Purple-brown, dominated the whole Aower Tniermediates were
apparent, hit in lesser numbers. The flowers of these groups
varied much in their size, But the varying size of the flowers and
the diverse colour-forins were quite satisfactorily disposed of when
the gyuandrium was xan very flower possessed the very
characteristic jnauve-blotched colunm, the hallmark of a true
PD, carinate,

All the Wesiurn Diurrs species are adaptable te cross-pollination,
1, Divris tevis FitzG, (Gard, Cheon, SVIE (1882), 495),

A slender plant 20-35 cm. in beight. Leaves 3-7, narrow, linear, sprrally-
teorstad, 8-10 em, long, enicfosod at Their base by a prominent shesth, St¢m-
bracts |-2, linezr-lanceolate, the lower one similar ta the leaves; floral-bracts
luosely-sheathang. Flowers 1-5, pale yellow, with brawn blotehiigs on the
underside of dorsal cepal, petals and labelltum, Dorsal s¢pal small, almost
qienkelie or narrow-lanceolate, i fe the column, and about hall the
Jength of the other segments,” Lateral sepals narrow-linear, parallel, stipitate,
about 3:3 em. long (overall). Labellum 3-lobed, ahout same length as the
petals, the lateral Jobes half the length of the middle lobe, somewhat faleate
and fringed or denticulate along the upper edges; middle lobe ovate-rhomboid
or triangular; disk with 2 raised smooth plates, which extend ta about 4 or &
the distance along the mid-lohe, then conpmue as a singse taisod ridge to
the apex. Column wigs broad, toothed, and about as igh or a little higher
than the anther.

Flowering: Seplender, Gctober.

Habitats: Upper King Riyer and Mt. Barker iistncts CAHN}, A
prolihe apenes ta the ahove localities.

Figured by Alex, Purdie (Mnell. Bot Lact, Sept, 1900) under 0.
manaineoia R.Br. (fig. 32), and referred to by Oswald Sargent (under
D. satacca R.Br} in Sestsmate Notes on Orcdiudageac (1907), p. 82 (See
also &. D. FinzGerald's beautifu) plate of D. laciis (in Australian Orehids,
Vol, 2, Pi, 3), which shows the characteristics of this species well)

2. Diuris Purdtet Diels (four, and Proc. Muell. Bot. Soe., April, 1903),

A slender o¢ moderatcly robust plant 12-45 cm. jn height. Leaves 5-10,
narmw linear, flrfarm on a wide base, spiralip-twiated, abour 8-10 em, long,
Stent-bracts as in D, feeds, Flowers 1-5, pale yellow with red-brown wall
flower markings, chiefly an the labellum and fateral sepals, Dorsal stpal
about 1-5 em, long, broad, ovate-trianeulac, Lateral sepals stout, linear-
lanceolate, about I cm. longer than the lahellum. Lateral petals golden yellow
above, wall-Aower on the reverse, orbicular or elliptical, on a claw 4 the
length of the Jabellim, Labellum with two short raised fines situated widely
apart at tho base of the lanvina i hes somewhat rugose) . and extending
a3 a fmgle ridge to the apex. Middle lobe very wide, almost rhomboid, and
Troe than twice as log as che half-ovate lateral lobes: lateral labes deepd
cfett an the outer tnargin and tanthed along the upper, the iuarging a
Fined. Colwmpy appendages narrow, almost as high as the anther,

Flowering October, November.

WwHny Middicton's Beach (hill-slopes), Busselton, Upper King River

et. fated
ye] W. HH, Nicwotts, The Gestus Diuris in WA, ig

For Key, see page 116.

14 W. PL Niwears, The denne Diwis in WA. We ue

The red-margined fateral Tebrs of tor labollum give the Mowers of this
species 2 bespectacled appearance, > ie

This Piweixs generally dries a purplish colour, Th the Ruseelton district
the species attawied a height of 45 em, and over, with 3-5 flowers; elsewhere
it was of low stuture, will 1-3 Blooms.

X Dipets sefacen R.Br, (Prod., 1810, Ibs}.

A leider plant about 23S om, high, Leaves 7-8, Jiasar, Gliform,
setaconme, alwut $10 em. Jong, enclosed at their base hy a prominent sheath,
Stem-bracts 2-3, huesr-lanceotate, the lower ane similar t the leaves; flornl-
bracts subulate, joogely sheathing: Flowers 1-3, yellow wath few tedelish
markines. Dorsal sepal nacrow-lanceddate, triangular; lateral sepals hepad-
linear, parallel, green and red-brown, about 4 mm. ledger than the labetlum,
Petals ovate, stipitste, about 1-3-1-5 em. {overall}. Labellum 3-lobed,
phox as long as the petals, the lateral lobes ovate; aiterior inatgin and base
marked with red-brown: middie lobe ovate-rhamboid, margined with red
along the pisterior anergins; disk with 2 raised plates extending te ubput |
half the length of the mid-lobe, dhien contitiuings as a single Ueoad, raised
ridge to the end. apex sounded, Column wings usuelly narrow, sometimes
rather wire, tecathex! along the outer margins, shorter than the anther.

Flowering: September, October, Navember- ata

Habitats: Upper King River and Upper Kalgan areas (W-H-N.), Abun-
dandy distrilyited over div clay fats in lightly timbered areas. :

Oswald H, Sargent® describes the leaves of BD, setacea as "smrally-
twister” [in ry teaterial the leaves were sefaceons, as described by Brown
in his Pradronme (see author's foatnate).

4, 8. conmate Lands, (fem et Sp. Ore, 1830, 510)

A slewder, somelimes very slender plant fram about 12 cm, to over 435 com
high. Leaves 2-3, warrow-Jinear or Aliform, about +1o cm. Jong. Sten-
bragts 2-3, the lowest similar tu tle leaves, dhase within the raceme smaller,
Flowers 1-4, yariable in size, pale yellaw with few, tmatkings, ar liright
vellow with red-brown or purplish-brown markings dominating, Porsal
sepal ovate, obling ur ovate-cuneate, about.as Jong as the Jabellum Lateral
sepals Jimear, iisually parallel, occasiqially crossed Petala oval, stipitate,
spreading, reflexed, the claws often stout, as long as or a litle longer than
the lateral sepuls Labelle 3-lpbed from a litle above the base, the lateral
lobes often brand, but variahle as te size. more commonly about halt as
lori as (He middle Jabe. Middle Jobe rather broad, sometimes the margins
relied back, semiscrcular (hatchet-shaped); the base contracted, the plate
along the centre much raised and deeply furrowes, forming on the slaw of
the middle lobe a douhle keel merging mto a silighe one an the bread lamina
Lateral lobes of the column tacrow, effen qed blutehed ond athersise
marked with guple, as lurh or a little huvher than the anther

Fiowertug | September, Octaber, November,

A very alumidant species on clay-pans and other damp areas. Habitats =
Perth) and surroundings districts (W.1T.N}, Busselton (W TLN.), Yarloop
and susroundings (W,H.N,),

D. fliwhe Lindl. is synonymous with this species, R. D. FiteGerald, in
Atstratian Orchidr (an aipiblished plate), 1894, figure 0. cazinute under
D, einarginate,

& Dinvis emarytiste R.Br (Prod,, 1810, 316}.

Oflen a dell, swierebol start plow! from about 25 bo Wem. high. Leaves
2-3, nayrow-linear, wider towarils the hase and there channelled, semi-spiral
toward: the end, 15-30 ¢ny, long. Stem-bracts 1-4, loosely sheathing, varying
auch jn length, the langest_piten 20 cm, fong; wther firacts 2-5-5 em, long,
Flowers up we? (in my specimens), yellow with red-brown markings towards
the hase of the labeflum (chiefly) - distant in a loose raceme. Pedicels slender,

ba WH, Nicrouts, Tie Geans Dinvis in WA Ws

erect | lateral sepals 2-5 em. long; petals a fitde shorter, cliipncal, contracted
on a short claw) dorsal sepal shorter than the petals, on a firm haze and
embracing the coluinn, open at the top; labellurn as long as the dorsal sepul,
the lateral lobes hroad, triangular, entire or toothed, from 4 to + as lone
as the middle lobe, and the double ratsed keel merging into a single one
one the Janna of the middle Jobe, Coluniy wings as igh as the anther,
Tuhers long and narrow, ,

Flowering: September to December, Synonyms D. Drwwnntondi: Lindl,,
Swan Riv, App. 51; Gen, cf Sp, Orch. §10; D. laxiflora Lindi, Swan River
App, 51: Gem of Sp. Orch, S10.

Habitats: Bayswater, Busselton (Mr and Mrs, W, H, Nicholls), Yarloop
(Mrs. E. Scouler). ee ; :

This species, the target of western Diuris, fayours molet, oiten shady,
plates, and sometimes grows abundantly and luxurtantly with its “feet in
water.

6, Diyrés longifelia RBy, (Prad., 1310, 316}.

Giten a scour plant 10-45 cm, bieh. Leaves 2-3 linear ur lanceolate, geute,
channelled, asually one longer une the other. Flowers sonietimes solitary,
but yormally 4 or 5, in a faose raceme Yellow or vellow atid brawa, ihe
calvurs suffusing into each other a3 in the wall-Aower, or wath the labellum
mauve, which wpihes the larger westerns form, Dorsal sepal very broad
aud rounded, abour 10 mm long; lateral sepals green, linear, with oblique
points, parallel or crossed, 16-19 sini, lone. Petals stipitate. recurved nt
spreading ; the lamina aval or elliptical, overall Jength about 20 any. Tabellum
about 10 mm. Jong. niauve ot dark brown aud yellow blended; rhe fates
lobes prominent, almost as loug as or louger than tke widdle lade, alxuneate,
the margins entire; middle lobe rounded and retuse anteriorly; lamina with
a single (occasionally double) ridge at ite base and continuing as a single
keel to the Hp. Lateral wines lincar-faleate with irregular imargins.

Flowering = September, October.

Habitats: Darling Range, Perth and surrounding districts, Upper King
River and Albany, Yarloop, etc. (WRN),

Syn. DL porrifolia Lindl. D. covyinbosa Toindl.

Variety PARPIFLORA (var. wow). Flores parvi. A small-flowered,
raiber string form prevalent in the Lesmurdie area at the Darling Range
(September, 1946), :

7. Dinris tounfora R.Br. (Prod, 1810, 316).

A slender, often attenuated plant dram about 15 tm over 40 cm, high,
Lenves very narrow, usually 3, 8-15 cm, Jong, Flowers 1-4, yellow, spotted
aml otherwise matked with brown ur purplish-brawu Petals ovate, about
1-1-3 om, long (averall), the claw short; tateral sepals Mnear but rather
wider thal in rest species, about 1-5 crm, Jong. Dorsal jepal shorter than
the lateral sepals, dotted on the margins and at apex. Labelle as long as or
longer than the dorsal sepal j-lohed from above the base, the Iateral lohes
les than half the length of the middle lobe, with o sivgle ratted ridge along
the center, Anther hjeher than the viscid disk of rostellum. dateral wings
of column a Jittie shorter thin the anther, ablang-janceolate; incurved, the
lower margins yellow, sinvous, stigma prominent.

Flawering: September. October, Newember.

Hatatat: Yarloop (Mrs. E. Scouler, W.H.N.),

Notes: In the foregoing descriptions T have given only those habitats
where my material was obtained.

The determination of the various specics has been based on a careful
reading of the origibol descriptions: (in Latin) by {chiefly} Robert Brown!
also Bentham. who had access to the ‘type specimens; and, in one or two
fistanices, on Dy. R. S, Rogers’ own conclusions

1}6 W.H, Nicnotrs, The Genus Diurts mm WA, hg rtl vi

With all due respect tu the conclusions of Oswald H. Sargent, I must
tention here thet his bricf descriptive notes on J2. setacea and D. carinata
are at variance with the original descriptions of Brown and Jandley.7 He
writes, however: ''T have, on two different occasions, sent specimens af both
Species to the British Muscum, where they have heen compared with authentic
specimens, 30 there can be no doubt about the determinations,” (Bautham
united D, cartnata Lind], with D- setacea R.Br, tut both are very distinct
species.) The above statement is rather puzzling in view of Robert Brown's
own descriptiongs—chicfly that of PD, sctacea (WIL).

BRIEF ANALYSIS OF SPECIES

Flowers yellow, the undersurface of segments marhled light brown;
lateral lobes ov labellum with fringed or denticulate wpper inargins: leaves
3-7, narrow linear, spirally-twisted—D. tiraris.

Flowers yellaw, with wall-Rower markings; HKleral lobes of labetlum
margined with red and deeply cleft on outer margin; lateral sepals stont;
leaves 5-10, ttarrow linear, spirally-twisted—D. Purdier.,

Flowers yellow, with inconspicuous red-brown markings; labellum wath
a conspicuuus dauble keel merging into a prominent simgl¢ keel; leayes 7-8,
selacenus—D. sefacea,

Flowers oiten very small, yellow, or yellow with bold brown or purplish
markings} colurian marked with dark blotches; fabellant mned-ltbe prominently
keeled; leayes 2-3, narrow linear or filiform—/) curtuata,

Flowers yellow, rather Jarge in a loose raceme; leaves 2-3, long, imper-
fectly spiral; plane tall—l. evarginare.

Flowers ycllow with wall-Abwer shades, dorsal supal broad, the Jabellum
atten yuauve; lateral lobes of labellum longer than the inid-lobe: leaves 2-4,
broad-linear, channelled—D. loitgrfotie.

Flowers few, yellow with few brow dlotcles along the margins; Iateral
sepals wide, rather propmnent; Jabellom with a singfe ridge along the
centre; column wings sinuous at the base—D. pater for

REFERENCES

Forbes’ Nat. Wond. E. Ind. Areh. (1885).

Systemahe Notes on Orchidaceas, tead before the Sactety (W, Aust.
Nat. Hist, (7), Nov., 1907, p. 10,

Trons. Roy, Sac, S. Austr. xliv (1920),

Muell. Bot. Soc, Lecture (Sept., 1900).

Ft. Asesty’sts, vi (1873).

Prod. If. Nov. Holl. (18i0).

Gen, et SP. Orch. (1830).

'

ee Nr

D2 Phen Sete

KEY TO ILLUSTRATION ON PAGE 113
(Western Australian species of Dinris Sm.)

Figures: A—two flowers of D. sefacen R.Be.; Al—a single leaf of D-
Setacea R.Br.; B—two flowers of D. paucifiora R,Br.; Bl—« single leat of
D. pauciflera R.Bt.; C—racetne of bloom D. emdrginute R.Br; Cl—a single
Jeaf of JD. emarginata R.Br,; D—two flowers of D, laevis FitzG.; Dl—a
single leaf of D. taws FiteG.; D2--labellum (acute form) of D, lewis
FitzG.; E—flowers of D, Puedtict Diels.; El—a single taf of D. Purdict
Diels.; F—Aower of D. carinata Lindl; light yclliow forms after this form
is diminutive; G—flower of J?. carinafa Lindl, (common form wround Perth
districts): Gl—a singfe leaf of D. carinuta Lindl.: M—typical column of
D. gorinate T-indl.; T—fower of D. Jongifolin R-Br, yar. parviflora, var.
noy.; J—flower of D, fongifpha R.Br, western form: Fi—Icaves (2) of
D. lounfolia R.Br,

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 64 October, 1947

Pilate [X

King Orchid (Dendrobiiat speciosuar) > a fine garden specimen which
has carried as many as 41 sprays.
Photo. by Hilda Curtis.

Orange-blossom Orchid (Sarchochtlus faleatus).
Photu, by A, H, Chisholm.

Be H. M. R. Rus, Bpipkptic Orchids of Vic. and Tas. 117

THE EPIPHYTIC ORCHIDS OF VICTORIA AND
TASMANIA

By the Rey, H. M. R. Ryrp, Northbridge, N.S.W.

Some of your orchid-loving readers may like to know a lithe
more about the five epiphytic orchids sow recorded in Victoria,
beyond the bare facts of their occurrence atid the techincal descrip-
tious of their features. Two of the five extend across Bass Strats
to Tasmania, (Have they ever been looked for mm any of the
intervening islands?) JAlk five are found in New South Wales;
three certamby, and just possibly four, are also Queensland plants

It is worth noting that only one of the five species concerned—
Sarcochilus awstralis—occurs in Victoria west of the county of
Creajingafong. Years ago this litle “Gem of the Bush” used to
be quite common at Upper Ferntree Gully; T hope it still is! 1
remember searching for it in vain in the beech forests of the
Otway Ranges; apparently it has been unable to cross the gap
of open country between that area and the Dandenongs. It 15
found in the north-easrern. portion of Tasmania, hut so far as |
know, it does not extend farther west in thal State than in Vie-
toria. Tr occurs in New Sayth Wales, and has been recorded as
2 Queensland plant; but 1 am very doubtful whether this record
can be confirmed. F. M. Bailey achutitted ic into his Queensland
Flara, Vol. V. p. 1.553, but he merely says of its habitat, “In
southern localities, rare.”” No Queensland spectiens are known.

My own view 1s that nm all probability the Queensland record is
hased on specimens of S, spethniatws Rogers, a plant of similar
habic and appearance wich was described as late as 1927. I
doubt very much whether S. australis extends niich farther sorth
than the Gosiord district of New South Wales. It is wot aneon-
ton in @ullies between Port Jacksan and the Hawkesbury River;
and Fitzgerald records it for the Blue Mountaius, where I have
looked for it in vain, Though small, il as a lovely jittke fairy. of
the orchid world, with its damty racemes of niulti-coloured, frag-
vant Howers. Tt is ari extremely difficult subject for cultivation;
even l"itzgerald, in his wonderful Hunter's Hill orchid garden, was
unable to keep it for any length of time.

The other species of Sarcochiins found in Victoria, 3, Jaleatns,
seems to have its chicf home there on the Cann River. It does not
extend to Tasmania, bot its range of habitut is more extensive
than that of .S. austraiis, My own most northerly specimen came
frum Millaa Millaa, on the Atherton tableland in North Queens-
land, nearly 1500 miles from the Cann River. The stiowy, fragrant
Howers of rhis beautiful little orchid have earned for it the-popular
name of Orange-hlossom Orchid. A splendid foll-page photo-
graph of the typical form will be found on p. 4 of the Aystratian

rohit Rewer for September, 1936. Tt exhibits, however. con-
siderable yanations from the type. £0 some forns the flowers are

118 H. MR Rure, Epiphnie Ovchéds wf Vie und Tas, [ish Be

blotehed with purple or other shades. Fitzgerald described nne
(a consistently small plate with the labellum blotehed wath bright
purple) as a distinct species, which be named S. mintanus, Bit
there are so many intermediates, that this specie distinction cannot
be upheld. The Millaa Millaa form is also a very small plant, but
ihe flowers are larger than any others I have seen, and are richly
coloured with reddish-purple aud orange on the white background.
A large plant found in the foothills of Barnngton Tops m New
South Wales had cream flowers with a tuberose perfume. An
early-fluweping form. nor far away lad flowers similar to those
of Fitzgeralil's yeontands, but with a most repellent odour, The
species is commen in southern Queensland, and at many New
South Wales forests hetween the main Dividing Range and the
coast; tt fs alsa abundant in the Blue Mountains about Mount
Walsoti, Tt is more amenable fo ciltivation than S_ australis.

Dendrobunn spectasen, Notwithstanding che landalle effort in
Victoria to substitute the name Kang Orchid for the absurd older
vernacular ‘Rock Lily,” 1 ant afraid popular custom stubbornly
Tefuses to abandon the latter over the greater portion of the exten-
sive habitat of ihis teuly vegal orchid, which jyst crosses the Vie-
teria border i eastern Croajingalong. Ins range 1s even greater
than that of the Orange-hlossom Orchid: for it occurs north. of
the Atherton tableland, aud has been reliahly reported in a few
New South) Wales localities on the western side of the Dividing
Range, It ig one of the largest plants arnong Australian orchids,
being rivalled in bulk only by one ur two species of Cymbidium,
and it North Queensland perhaps occasionally by DB. wadalatuan.
T haye seen plants that would, I am sure, have required three men
to carry flien, The most magnificent display of this species ever
witnessed by me was on the Clarence River near Copmanhurst,
wm onarther New South Wales. A huge block ef sandstone, iis
suttace weasuring about 30 it, x 20 it, lad broken from a chff,
probably centuries ago, aiid lay prostrate on the slope below, The
whole surface, and a good deal of the sides, was literally covered
with Jarge King Orchid plants, all in bloon, J calculated that
there must have heen well over 500 racemes. Each raceme would
have not less than 40 Howers (some would have far mivre), 50
that a coliservative estimate would give the number of individoal
flowers as upwards of 20,000.

The King Orsehid ts very yarable, and botanists have not been
very sucessful in defining yanetes, most of which seehi to be
miore or less inconstant, Var, Alia, with tall, relatively slender
steigs and sinaller but moré munerdus flowers, is fairly easily
recognized. Itis the donwnant [urni in the southern hall of Queens-
jand, Tie species is equally al home on rocks or trees, On the
hanks of the Allyn River in the foothills of Barrington Tops, the
river-vaks (Casuartna Crontinghtimuna) are laden wilh great
clumps of this orchiel. As the trees do not appear to be in (he least

Pe Tl. MR. Rue, Ppiphyeis Ovehids of Vie, axd Tus. 119

affected by their encumbrances, We may tale thig as a practical
demonstration of the fallacy of designating orchids as “parasites.”

The humble, distant cousin of the King Orchid, Dendrobium
striate, is admirably ihistrated in a photograph by Mr. H, T.
Reeves in this journal for January, 1938, facmg p- 141. [t grows
exclusively upon rocks. Tt extends to the east cpast of Tasmania,
but is not abundant there, Its northern limit seems to lie a. little
to the north of Newcastle in New South Wales, It is plentiful in
some parts of the Blue Mountains, and I have seen tt on the Upper
Lane Cove River near Sydney. Although less attractive than some
of the other members of the terete-leaved section of Dendrobium,
My. Reeves has shown thar in a congenial environment it can make
a very charming picture.

The Hfth Victortan epiphyte is that damty Jittle sprite af the
air, the so-called Tangle Orchid (Sarcanthus (ridentatus). Te is
the latest-recorded of the group, and was described and ilhastrated
in this journal for April, 1936, hy Messrs. E. E. Pescott and W. A.
Nicholls. The ridpalar name is based on the great development of
tangled aerial roots in the adult plant, which sometimes hangs
from its hast by a single root-strand. The flowers are very small
and insignificant. but possess a delightful fragrance. The species
has a range of habitat agreeing with that of the Orange-blossom
Orchid, It was formerly known as Cletsastome tridentate, under
which nanie il appears in the article cited above; but as ihe genus
Cletsustoina is now regarded as obsolete, it was transferred to
Sarvantives iy 1941, Te Hourishes most vigorously in moist gullies
where there is‘permanent water, and is not casily cultivated except
under humid conditions,

MEMORIALS TO ABORIGINES
To the Editor.

Sir—There is a paucity of national memorials in Victoria to honour its
onglial inhabitants, Fortunately, ane such hax been erected to Barale at
Healesville.

Sitice they will be of cdueational value and 2 directive ta the nine
Stone Age men which originally inhabited the State, it is stiggested more
should be erected to their memory in suitable areas. A good area is the
You Yang range, When the unveiling of a tablet to Matthew Flinders took
place an 19/4/1912 on Flinders Peale it was attended by Rillig Leigh, 2
rather good-loaking, full-blaoded, well-dressed aboriginal, the last of the
You Yang tribe. His photograph appeared in the Weekly Times of 27/4/1912.

May I suggest that a memorial he erected on the You Yaugs to Billie
Leigh and his tribe?

The Club has previously taken a leading part in the formation of National
Memorials. This should be & wurthy one,

Yours, ete.
Axraun H, E, Martiovery,

1 E. Coreman, Night Sutging of Budgerigers Viste wake

NIGHT SINGING OF BUDGERIGARS
By Evity Cottman, Blackbunl, Victoria

The Editor's interesting footnote (IN. Sept, p 97) on Strake-
speare’s parrot, clamorous “against” rain, recalled che anties of a
galah which we had for some 15 years, He Was fiee in the day-
time but his cage door was leit open and he put himself to bed,
Should rain fall before his cage was brought in he danced up
and down, with widespread wings, calling noisily. We did not
knew whether he clamored “against’’ the rain or tor delight in it.

Thay caged parrots were becoming well-known in Shakespeare’s
day may he gathered from his reierences to parrot talk, Benedict
calls Beatrice a “parrot teacher.’ “Drunk? and speak parrot”
(Ontello ) recalls Jolius Maplet’s advice on the teaching of parrets:
“Give them wine and they will be wanton-enough. They are hard
on the head as on the beak. When they learn to speak they mst
he beaten with an ivon rod or they feel it not’ {modernized spell-
ing—FE..C, ).

Shakespeate would probably have read Maplet’s Natural His«
tory (1567), believed to be the first hook in the English language
ig which the term “natural history” cs knewn ta occur. He would
no doubt have scen William Tiirner’s book om birds (1544) pub-
lished in Latin. Turner was the first Englishman “ta produce a
treatise in anything like a modern scientific spirit.” The edition
of A. H. Eyans (Trier on Birds, 1903) should have a note on
the poet’s clamorous parrot. I have not access to this.*

Turning to a few aythors at lrancl it has been interesting to find
that many birds are clamorous just before rain, and so are regarded
as weather prophets, Sparrows, magpies and ravens chatter before
rain. Geese and peacocks scream, The green woodpecker js called
rain-bird for the same reason, and the golden plover, whose names
in Latin and French (Phemols and Piveier) refer to its weather
prognostications, is a well-known “rain-bird.”

Aecarding ta Theophrastus, it is a sign of rain when 2 raven,
who makes many sounds, repeats one of them quickly, or if he
imitate falling ramdrops; or if a heron utter his note at carly morn-
me, or a chafineh utter his at dawn (Hort’s translation),

am afraid most of us have attached too little weight to the
weather sense uf birds. (Kipling’s seal, Padda, was sent down to
the beach to stiff to-morrow’s weather forecast!)

The instances cited do not explain the might singing of budgeri-
gars, for they sometimes sang when no rain followed, On June
24 our budgerigars gang again from 845 p.m, until 920 pm Te
was a windy might. There was no rain, and no moon, but it did
rain later on in the mighr.

*Actually Tarver ow Birds has little to say about parrots and wothing
regarding their “clamour,"—Editor.

rif E. Coresan, Night Sinaia of Budaerigars 125

July 10: They started at 10 to 9 and sang for 20 minutes in
gentle rain-

July t4. High wands all day, Birds began singing at $ io Y.
Rain just spitting,

Mignst 22: We drove 80 of them to a large awary, They
prattled ail the way, although packed i six small cages, little larger
than kerosene boxes. Was it vibration, or noise of the engine?

It is interesting to note that budgerigars are vocal all through
the winter. Their musical prattle seems never to cease execpt when
they sleep,

With reference to early and late broods, on August 22 we saw
many young in the aviaries of a fellow-enthusiast As some of
them had left the nests they would be five or six weeks old, Others
were fully-fledyed atid alist ready tn leave.

ERRATA, FN. SEPT., 1947

Page 100, last live; for “lemurs” read “lemmings.” Page 101, 2nd and
Otd pars.c jar “mill green” read “wild green.”

EXCURSION 10 BALCOMBE BAY

On Sunday, September 7, some S() mmembers and friends attended the
excursion to Balcombe Bay, near Mornington. After lunth, the geology
and botany of the area were studied by separate parties. The features seen
by the peclogiets are here described,

From the cliff above Marina Cove x fine view of Balconthe Bay was
oblained, and the leader described:the physiugraphy of the eastern coast of
Port Phillip Bay, with she gramtic masses of Acthui’s Seat Me, Martha
aad Mr. Elia marking the line of the eastern edge of Sclwyn's Fault.

The excursinisis walked suuth alkene the chff-top, here and there obtain-
ing views of the bay, and of Fossil] Beach. While descenting the track
to the beach through the luxuriant foreshore vegetation, the attention oT
the parly was calle] to the unusual “blind gully" furmations caused by
twe major and several minor landslipa when large portions of the original
Cliff moved scawards on the wet, slippery surface of the Baleombian clay,
a feature of these clays which execursianists later discayered for thenzsel yes,

In the afternoon the party visited the cozst a ¢marter of a mile to the
soutl of the Cement Works, Of the way they were shown the ling slong
which a fault bad sheared off the grey clays and substituted basalt as the
sperfac: wack, This basalt belongs ta the Lower Tertiary “Oider Basalt’
serics, and Was scen te be of a caluronar structure, differential weathering
miking tke joints between the columns very clear at the surface, The
henite deposit was also vietted, and specimens were colbected! Fromm it.

The remaining hours of the excursian wrre spent securing fossil shells
trom the grey Balcomibian (Middle Miocene) clays. Many interesting Shells
were found, the most notable being Nololofiuses carmetus, a tare species
wl Typhiz, and ane of the larger cowries, Cabitia etivnta maccoyi—aA. N.
Carre, Geology Leader,

PHOTOGRAPHIC EXHIBITION
About 250 coloured photographs of flowers and plants, mainly Victorian
and Wester Atstealian, are to he shown by Messts. HT. Reeves ane
W. If. Nicholls is the Kodak Gallery. (basement) for several weeks fram
October 6, The opening ceremony will be performed by the President ot
the FNC. ¢Miss Watson) on October 6 at 3 pm. AL] members of the
FNC should make g point of attending hia exhabition.

)z2 A_F_D'Oarain, 4 Remarkable Budyerigar ther

A REMARKABIA, BUNDGERIGAR
Ry A. F. D'Owarars, Newcastle, N.SW_

We know that same budgerigars become quite jyuod talkers, but 1 have
one (lat makes 4 specially of smitating wild birds, The strange thing about
this chap is that, with one exception, lle las picked up all the notes himsels,
without encouragelvent,

He ts @ sky-blue bird, in his fourth year. His repertoire is made um
OF the voices of fifteen ditferent birds which [ am quite sure of, anil there:
are others which may be included, Ay) ironical factor is that he copres
tie call of the Iyre-fird to perfection. fle picked this up at the Barrington
Tons Guest Mouse, whith is sithated at the foot of the dense gullios which
make up that great range. '

Whénever L po away [or the week-end I always take iny bird, as T do
not like leaving him, wal. the possibility of some friend Torgetting to feed
hii, That te low be acquires his hird-calls. Tle is quite at home in a ear
aid has travellect as far south as Huskisaan and as far north as Barrington,
while short trips arc legion, so he tas had the chance of hearing gure a
lot ot birels,

The only call I taught hint is the witistling call of iny Tather’s great
pein. cockatoo, but, of course, the mimicry is inercly a miniwtare of the
voice of the large bird.

The list of Iinds intitated is as tollaws with the hest six given first:
Grey thrush, lyre-hird, black-Iaced flycatcher, whistling eagle, whip-bird,
wagtail, restless flycatcher, golden whistler, browee cuckoo, silvercye. bine
wren, pallid cuckoa, yellow robin, sparrow, startling,

“Budgie ts in a cage bute is allowed ant every event ie the house, a
procedure he enjoys immensely. After 4 [ow shoct Aiglits (4 the room, he
sils on my finger and goes through all the quaint little antics common ta:
these birds. He tallcs fairly wetl and has a vocabulary of over 130 words.
Wher he gets in, the mood for bird-calls ‘he rattles them off one after the
other, with a lot of nates af his own oaufactire as well.

ide also talks im his siecp—at feast, that 14 how it appears to me. His
head will be well tucked mia his back feathers, and be will be rocking
gently om his perch, when, suddeoly, muayffled squeaks cone from his back,
wid one hears several ot his bird-cally and quite a wamber of his words,
He appears to be like a dog that Is dreaming in front of a fire—he shakes.
quite vistly as dhe talking goes an.

OF Tis calls, Uhe thrush and the Iwre-bind T consider the best, alvhiough the
whip-bied ts at runes néearfy perfect. At Barrington a thrush would offen
perch on his gage, so it is not surprising that he copied the call The
wagtail’s yuice he acquired from oue that ruts about on die lawn near his
cage, At times F cannot tell which is the budgerigar and which is the
weegtal, The way he can mimic the sounds of a party of sparrows Aghtiog
is astounding, 4

To iWustrate how alert tirds must be, this one copies exactly the squeak
of a gate nearby and alsu-the squeak of a wheelbarrow, Moreover; during
the foathall scasor Jast year he would imitate the sould of the referee's
whistle, coming from the park about hali a nile away Far anarker
achievement, he hay picked up the eall-sien of ane of the local broadcasting’
stations (2NC, Newcastle) and uses this frequently as an adjective!

My bird js éalled 'Rus," 2 fame he divented bimsell, as nobody has ever
said it to him.

Note--Sinee the above article was written Rus has departed for heavenly’
pastures, where, nu doubt, le has already mmseeced the sound of the harp!

ated | Groups and Croup Facursions )23

GROUPS AND GROUP EXCURSIONS

The Cammittee wishes to set out clearly the position regarding Disctussiats
Groups and Fxcursions.

DISCUSSION GROUPS;

All Groups are open to all snembors of the Clubs jndeerl, you are ured
to join, There is no extra membership fee: we only ask fii a sustained
active interest in your Group.

Diary of Graups:

Geology Group (Mr AL A, Baker, Hoon. Sec.).

Meetnigs; Réval Society Mall, first Tuesday in each roonth,
Excursions: Tirst Saturday rollowing monthly meet,

Rotiy Group (Mr. H.C EL Stewart, Ion. Sec).

Meetingt Royal Society Hall, Pourth Monday ii each ionth.
xcursions: ‘hind Saturday in each rent,

Marine Biology Group (Miss W. Taylor, Han See.),

Meetiuas Royal Society Fall, First Friday in each smorith.
Execursioas; As arranged and advertised in the Nativaliosi,

Nature Photography Group—in abewange at present.

EXCURSIONS:

Gowrel Excersivus ate open ta all members, ittends, and visitors con-
deinplating meimbershia, with the provise that, where traispere ar acéoii-
modation or both are limired, club members shall seccive preterence,

Grow Excursions sie open to all smenbers of the Club, with the proviso
that, where trtnsport and/or Accommodation are Limited, members of the
Group arranguig We excursion shall receive priosity.

As Group Excursians are usually planned ta illustrate in the field, subjects
studiel and discussed W preceding Group Mectings, it is asked that oon
Graup menhers attending these excursions should acquaint themselves with
any required preliminary information of, the subjects under consideration,
and net seck tuition at the excursiatr.

5 of es
CONCERNING THE “BETTING-BIRDB"

Rerently T had an interesting cutting from a Singapore paper sent ta me
by a friend (Mrs, Jianneey of Singapore, The cutting reads as iollows:

A friend tald nie she was much puzzled recently by the behaviour of a
migbtjar or “cok-tak” bird az.niast people call them, The bird was waddling
over her tawt in a way which made ler thik -at fret that 1) was injured.
She went a hittle claser, but the hird made no attempt to cise az they usually
do; instead, it waddled faseer than ever. Suddenly. to her surprise, a quaint
little creature, rather like a baby game bird. peeped out from beneath the
sheltering wings The nightiar had been enfeavouriug to retreat consplete
with baby. Perhaps the litle fellow found the pace too fast, Once or twice
he tried to peep our and inake a getaway; then mother pushed hin back
with her beak. I[t must bave beet: 2 most entertuinmye perfursnatioe.

Mrs, Jiannee told me (whilst in Melbourne some time ago) that Singapore
residents call this bird Ute “betasg pid" as it “tap-taps” with its beale
a great nuniber of tines, and men bet on the mumber of times it will “tap

M. Tuorsron SArex.

[The bird discussed above, the Large-tailed Nightjar (Caprinulgus
jhacries), also frequeis North Australia and the islands, and in the
former atea is wsually known as the Axe-hird, (ammer-bird, or Carpenter~
hired, each name being based on the curious calls of "Chop-chop,” or “Tok-
tak." As in Singapore, Chinese in ihe islands used lo-make a jwactice of
betting on the number of calls. The story of the nightjar “endéavouring to
Tetreat complete with baby’ strengthens a suspicion, long entertained by
some af us in Anstratia, that nightiars may sometimes carry either their

eggs or young away from supposed daxger—Enrror |

14 What, Where aud When bh tend

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN

General Excursions:

Saturday, Getober 11—Upper Beaconsfield. Subject: “Haunts of the
Helmeted Honeyeater,” Teader; Mr. A. S. Chalk. Travel by 7.40
am, train from Flinders Street. Fare: 3/3, 2nd class xeturn,
Bring two meals. Return from Beaconsfield 4.16 p.m,

Sunday, Gctoher 12—Maranoa Gardens. Veader: Mr. A. J. Swaby.
Meet Gardens etitranee in Kireop Road, 2,30 p.m Take Mont
Albert tram in Collins Street. ;

Suntiay, October 19—Werribee {Melbourne and Metropolitan Roard of
Works Farm). Subject: “General and Birds,” Leader: Mr, G, N.
Hyam. Bus leaves Batman Avenue 9.30 a.m. Bus bookings, 3/3,
with Mr. R. D. Lee, 18 Normanby Street, Middle Brighton, 8.5.

Week-end, October 24-26—Bendigs. Parlour coach leaves 116 Flin-
ders Street, 6.15 pan. ou Friday, October 24, returns to Melbourne
Sunday evening, October 26, Total inclusive cost, §0/- ta 55/-.
Further particulars and bockings with Leader, Mr. H. CG. E.
Stewart (Tel, FU 022, extension 457)-

Saturduy, October 25—Kew (Johnston St. to Victoria St.). Subject:
“Little-known Silurian Strueclures,’” Leader: Mr, RC, Kershaw,

\ Meet at Johnston Strect Bridge, 2.30 p.m, .

Saturday, November 1—Teechnological Museum, Subject: “Plant
Products,’ Leader: Mr, R. H. Fowler, Meet Swanston Street
entrance Lo Publi Library, 2.20 pm. Limit, 20 members. N.B.:
Fina! of series arranged with Director of Museum,

Tuesday, November 4 (Cup Oayj)—Bacchus Marsh, Darley and
Coimudai, Subject: Glacial Pavernents.” Leaders: Messrs A. A.
Baker and P. Fisch. Bus leaves Batman Avenuc § am. Bring
two meals, Bus bookings, 5/6, with Mr. A. A, Baket, 33 Cariiste
Street, Prestan, N.18, FRarly hooking essential,

Special Notices: ’

Saturday, November 22—20-mile day tour to Phillip Tsland, vs
San Remo and Newhaven, ta visit Cape Woolamai (tide per-
roiting). Sybjeet: “Marine Life and General.” Leader; Mr. P,
Grosbie Morrison, M.Se. Parlour couch engaged, reserved seats
20/-, and beokings with Mr. H. GC, BE, Stuwart,

Ararat F\N.G. Wild Nature Exbibition, Ararat Town Hall, October
14-15. Members who can visit Avarat and aasist please come
minicate with Me. 1, 6. Hantyriet.

Group Fixtures:

Saturduy, October 11—Geology Group excursion to University Geotoxy
Svhool. Meet School entrance, University Grounds, 2.30 p.m.
Saturday, October 18—Botany Group excursion to South Morang.
Train (Whittlesea line) from Spencer Street, 1.20 pom. Fare:
2/-, 2nd class yeturn. Return from South Morang, 6.3 pm.

Saturday, October 13—Marine Bivlo Group excursion to West
Melbourne Swamp, Leader: Mr, H. Preston,

Monday, October 27-—Hotany Group. Royal Society's Hall, & p.m.
Subject: “Shawy Monocotyledons,” by Mr. J, H. Willis, B.Se.
Monday, November 2—Geolugy Group. Royal Socicty's Hall, 8 p.m,

Subject: “Glaciers, Past and Present,” by Mr, PF, Fisch. N-B.:
Members please note change from the first Tuesday-
viday, Nov. 7—iAarine Biology Group. Royal Soviety’s Hall, % p.m.

A, A. BAKER,
Exenraion Seeretary.

The Victorian Naturalist
Vol. 6y.—No. 7 NOVEMBER.6, 1947 | No..767

-- PROCEEDINGS |

The monthly ‘meeting oF the Cluh was held on Cctoher 13, ioa7,
the President (Miss Ina Watson) and about 180 members and
friends attending,

The President announced the death on September 9, 1947, of a
valued Honorary Member, Mr. James Searle.* Elected in 1885
and interested in microscopical science, Mr. Searle had lived at
Narbethong since his retirement, Members stood im silence for a
moment as a token of esteem to his memory. ~

Tt was further announced that the Australian Natural Historv
Medallion Award for 1947 had been made to Mr. P, Crosiav
“Mortison and that the presentation would be made during the
November inecting (at the National Herbarium) by Mr. Russell
Grimwade.

Om behalf of the Club, the President offered hearty congratu-
lations and good wishes to our Tlonorary Member Mr. W. P.-
Gates, who had attained Iris 90th birthday. As Mr. Gates was
absent (rom the tnecting (a rare occasion) the Secretary was asked
to convey greetings hy letter.

The following were duly elected as Ordinary Members of the.
Club: Mrs. 5. J. Dunn, Mrs, J. P. Bryce, Misses B..M. Allars and
P. J. Lord; and as Country Members: Messrs, Donald H. De
Meules (of Minnesota, U.S.A.) and C. Bottomley,

The subject for the evening. was ari illustrated lecture, “Nature
Notes from the Middle East,” by Mr. W. D, Chapman, M.C.E..
M.1.C.E., M.1.E.Aust. Experiences duri ing the two World Wars
were recounted, from a natural history point of view, and were
illustrated by a film strip, some 40 books, many miaps and numeraus
specimens,

A vole of thanks to the lecturer was waved hy Mr, F. §,
Colliver, seconded by Mr. E. E. Lord and carried by acclamation.
A summary of Mr. © hapman’ s very interesting adelress will appear
elsewhere in the jourtial,

*An appreciation and short biography will be published im a sneceeding
aumber of the journal, also of the late R, A, Croll, ex-President F.N,C,
who died on Ortober’ 18th —ditor.

126 Australian Natwel History Medathion bd Siete

AUSTRALIAN, NATURAL HISTORY MEDALLION
. Award for 1947 .

Tt would be superfluous to enlarge. upon Mr, P. Crosbie
Mortison’s eligibility far this Award, or even to metition his
more noteworthy contributions to the cause of natural histary in
Australia, Suffice it to say that there is hardly a hamlet in the
Commonwealth, however remote, but could inuster its band of
people whose interest in nature study has been quickened through
Mr. Morrison's very popular magazine, Hild Life, and/or by his
regular broadcasts hom 3DB.

Naturalists in general, and F.N.C,V, personnel in particular,
will be happy lo corgrarulate Mr, Morrison as recipient of the
Adistraliati Natural History Medallion for the current year. He
rejoined the Club in August, 1937, after a lapse of several years,
and was President for two consecutive terms in 1941-42 and
1942-43. Last year he was actually the F.N.C. Committce’s
nominee ior the medallion, but very graciously declined in favour
vf Mr. George Lyell. The medallion will be presented to Mr.
Morrison by Mr, Russell Grimwade at the November meeting of
this Club,

Presentation of the 1946 Award

The Honorary Secretary of the Royal Society of Quecusland
(Miss Margaret TI, R. Scott) has kindly forwarded an extract
of ihe minutes of her Society's meeting on September 29h last,
at which Mr. Heber Longman reecived the 1946 medallion, This
extract reads as follows;

The Australian Natural History Medallion was presented to Mr, Heber
A. Logan on behalf of the Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria. The
Vice-President, in presenting the anedal, referred on the one hand to the
leading part Mr. Longman had taken im the scigntific life of the com-
imunitye-twice President of the Royal Society of Queensland, twelve
years a4 its Editor, Vice-Chairman of the Great Barrier Reef Committee,
etc, ax well as his long and sucevssful vareet as Director of the Gueens-
land Museum. Ou the other hand, he referred to the numerous (over 70)
scicntihe contributions. made by Mr. Longman, especially on fossil reptiles
and Marsupials, contribatiors whiel had received tributes from specialists
throughout the world,

JUNIOR SHOW AT TIAWTHORN

The excellence and popularity of am exhibition hy Junior Branch members
im the auxiliary hall, Hawthorn Town Hall, on October 6 and 7, were
reflected in good attendances, and nett takings af about #20, Much credit is:
due to Mr. and Mrs. J. f. Freame and Mr. S. R, Mitchell for organising this
effort, and a special word of praise to the Fisely family, Doncaster, whose
well-staged, comprehensive display gccupied une whole end of the hall,

deer " W. D. Cuoaeman, Nature Notes fram the Middle Fivse 177

NATURE NOTES FROM THE MIDDI.E EAST
(Summary of an IMustrated Lecture to the F.N.C.V., October (3,
1947)

By W. D. CRAPMAN, MCE, MLCE, ete,

The operations of the A..F. in the Middle East extended on
the mainland from well beyond Benghasi in Cyrenaica to the
Turkish border in the north, out in Trans-Jordania in the east,
and the war of movement certainly gave opportunities for travel.

Geology was very much in the clear. Owing to wind and water
erosion, the exposures were many, although tlie rocks are masked
in places by sand drift.

Tnterest was very soon directed to this science, for a letter from
home drew attention to the interesting nature of the racks of the
Cyrenaicand Plateau, including oummulitic limestones of Eocene
Age, of which a full description would be found in the Quarterly
Journal of the Geological Society, 1911,

These rocks, left bare by wind erosion, played havoc with vehicte
springs and a supplementary description of them as detailed by
ammunition lorry drivers who had to drive over them in the dark
without lights, at an average speed of 15 miles per hour, with
supplies for the Bardia “show,” was scnt home, but the description
was never published!

This limestone had another distinct disadvantage in that it
discouraged the excavation of slit trenches. An article written for
the Workshop News entitled “’Oles IT Have Dug” disclosed the
information that “slit trenches for officers were two feet shallower
than the others.” "I kore, because T have had to dig them,” said
the writer of the article,

On the way to Benghasi we passed quickly over Pleistocene,
Oligucene and Eocene, over fault scarps and what not, and a few
months later hack again, The fault scarps made difficult obstacles
where-the roads had been blawn, but I douht whether the work-
shop recovery sections helping vehicles up the steep slopes were
aware of the geological significance of their difficiilties.

There was little doubt when we were on the Middle Eocene a
few miles oat of Barce, The weathered-out nummiulites lying on
the ground in profusion were nicknamed by our troops “pennies
from IIcaven,” thus following truly their classical name,

Continuing on our way back to Egypt, the next occurrence to
be mentioned js thet of nummulites again. this time at the type
locality, Giza. Near here, also at Abu Roash—just beyond the
old Mena Camp of World War I—is a Cretaceous inlier contain-
img cephalopod beds and a reniarkable teef of the Hippurite,
Duvania arnaxdi, a hundred yards or more in extent. several feet
thick, with these fossils up to three or four feet long. A first guess

128, W.D, Cijapwan, Nattre Notes from ure Middle Guat ' via

as a rugéose coral reef can be excused. Interestingly enough; none
of the cover valves have as yet been found, and that is the "poor
excuse better than none"

Passing through the Delta, the crossing to Sinai would have
necessitated a water crossing in Eocene, early Mincere and Plio-
cene times, but-would have been oyer dry land in Oligocene, late
Miocene and Pleistocene, this area having had its ups atid downs,

After crossing the canal the railway makes for the coast, but
we: cross the helt of sand dunes on the slender bitumen tourist
read huilt by -an Australian, Cretaceous and Eocene arey first
eucountered atid the Juvassic of the Gebel Moghara shows up well
on the lefc, but too far off ta go collecting.

_ Special. merition must be made of the Cretaceous fossil fish [ram
Hadjula in Lebanon, Mentioned by Xenophanes, these, F believe, «
awaited re-discovery until comparatively: recently.

Basalt is found:in several areas inctuding Galilee and: the country:
beyond the Jordan, called ‘frachonites hy the ancients, The manu-
facture of nlf staues at Capernaur in ancient Limes was based on
the-supply of loca! vesicular basalt.

“Ag tothe Trachonites, no country more difficult for ar moured
fighting vehicles could hetimagined rhan the. “stony rises” similar
to.those near Colac, With volcante hills, the basalt and tuff heds,
Victorian River Red Gums round the settlements: and no camels
or:donkeys:in sight at the moment {plus a fair imagination}; one
almost expected'tn see-a Club excursion gains alone any nunute. -

rostor tsevident everywhere and: even the normal, slow: nattiral:
erostorr was faster than in most other parts of the world,.-In his-°
torical times there are ontstanding examples such sty the» Lebanon.
Range denuded of its forests, Cyrenaica is another example, andy
much of ‘this country which used to be the granary.of Southern
Europe is now denuded of sol.

The old trenches af the last war, between Beer sheba and Gaza,
have led to extensive ‘gullying. ‘

Or the other hand, particularly where the strata are horizontally
bedded, age-old’ terracint® has heen successfil in retaining ‘the soil
aver many centuries of cultivation,

-More:than 2500 species ‘of plants are to be fourid in Palestine,”
Tehanon and Syria, Oleanders, hibiscus, cyclimen, rayunculus,
poppies and anemones ("Liltes of the Field’) are common. Tt’
must be-admitred that some of aur noxious weeds are found there
also, but on the’ otlier hand mafy-an or iginal ‘af the cultivated '
garden plants:

Cyperys papyrns hae disappeared ‘fram Elfypt, but still ‘grows ©
Mentfniky in Lake Hula, whitce the Jordan fois. It’ is» ne
longer used for paper, of cutirse, haut supplies? il Weed stor ‘hasket
work and thatching,; ' °- ft alegre

+ -

November |
1947

W. D. Cuarntan, Noture Notes fram the Metele Rest 129

Ancient olive trees must be mentioned, and sotve of these are
uridenbtedly 2000 years old, as for example Uiose at Safud—"“The
city set ona Will, which cannot be hid” —and those in the Garder
of Gethsemane, prebally the only authentic scriptural localty near
Jerusalem Im The Garden, our own kurrajongs are now assu-
ented wath the old olive trees.

As well as kurrajougs, she oaks, silky-oaks and encalypts are
plentiiul. These were described int x comtmbution ta the Qyartyrhy
Sapplanent to fhe “Gui Tree,’ June, 1943,

Oh the matter of zoology we teally give up, there being some
8000 species all told, including 6310 species of ansects |

A lew umrine shells were collected while waiting for an cverdue
transport at Suez, when we wandered a few miles down the
westerm shore of the Gulf.

We also collected a few at Sidi Barram. in the early days. These
have not been pained, but have been carefully segregated because
they may be distinct [rom those in tre Gulf of Suez, One of the
points of evidence as to those periods when the Red Sea and
Mediterranean were joined is the sinnlarity of imarine shells in
the deposits at those times The Suez Canal Has upset the
Palacontological plot for the Ture in the matter af fishes as
some India Ocean specres have found their way through fo the
Mediterranean, Iut this has rot happened with fle marine ¢hells so
far. One other source of material was a restaurant in Alexandria.
The waiter still believes that one ate shells andl all!

While by tio meatis identical, the similarity between certain
regions in the Middle East and Australia should he nated. FPurther-
moré, what has happened to these revions in the way of desolation
by the destruction of the forest cover and the depredatians of the
camel and goat in such few rainfall areas during several thonsand
years, ig happening here remarkably euickly and, as we are well
aware, needs far_more control than we have exercised up to the
Present, “iy

Attother jocewerthy iiatter is that the off suggested flaoding
ot sur Lake Eyre Basin fram the sea would have no more efiect
on the intand chimate than claes the Rec Sea, the Gulf of Suez ov
the Gulf of Akaba on the surratimneding regions,

DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN VICTORIAN EUCALY?PTS

Eneolyptis foscterlosa (Pink Gum) must be added ta our Census, haying
recently bee foudd in Kanawinka Psh. W. of Dergholme. FE, bybconensts,
previously known owy [rom the ML Skene-Useful ares, now appears tear
Wulgulmerang, E. Vie, &, crenata extends beyond the type arca af Busston
to the Yarra Plats between Yering and Yarra Glen; &. oeglecta (Onieu
Gum) is to be added to ‘the Darge High Plans, while &. Kitsawams (Gipps-
Iand Matlee) occurs alsa in the far SW Povtland-Netson section.— J.T Ww.

130 E. D. Gn, Ecklin Hill here

ECKLIN HILL—A VOLCANO IN THE WESTERN
DISTRICT OF VICTORIA
By Epmunp D. Gi, B.A., B.D.

Twenty-iour miles east of Warrnambool and nine miles south
of Terang is an interesting extinct volcano,* to which no reference
has been made anywhere in literature, as far as the author is
aware. On no map consulted has the high hill which is part of
the voicano been given a name, However, the swamp which
occupies the old crater is known as Ecklin Swamyp,t and so it is
here proposed that the hill be known as Ecklin Hill.

0 ‘ CRATER
i

< Seu aies ECKLIN HILL

A

Fic. 1
Contoured map of Ecklin Hill and environs, based on military maps. The
area represented is nearly 1} ames square.
Geomorphology
Ecklin Swamp is more or less circular where it occupies the
former crater, but it also extends to the north-west. This linear
atea af poor drainage is an incipient creek connected with Mt.

* Military Map, L mile ty L inch, Panmore Sheet, referenee 826. 695,
+ Military Map, 4 miles to Linch, Colac Sheet.

November Re
arr: E. D. Giur, Eeklin Hill 131

Emu Creek, When the Iatter has cut down further, there will be
sufficient fall for a normal creek to flaw between Ecklin Hill and
Mt: Emu Creek. The crater swamp is over half a mile ni diameter,
and is hoggy for the greater part of the year.

To the west and south of the crater swaiup there is a low
rim, and to the east a very high one, constituting Eeklin Hill (see
Fig. 1) To the north-west the rim fades out, thus allowmg egress
of swamp waters. The breach to the north prevents a lake form-
ing, such as js present in so many of the craters of Western
District voleanoes. The crater rim 1s steep on the inside, Init on
the outside there are long low slopes merging into the ceneral
terrain of the plam which surrounds Ecktin Hill

Probable Origine! Profile

Rust

CRATER
- aa ee
Peat SS LT
Shell Bed \ Caldera “if
aif, i ~\
7 Complex * — Ri
+c A eS ing Fault

s.
‘

Neck

a

BEDROCK OF MARINE LIMESTONE

Fic. 2
Diagram of an ash volcano, after Wentworth (1926), The walls of the
crater cannot be steeper than the angle of rest of the ash of which il is
ecumposed (cf. a dune), unless same kind of collapse eventuates-
The Crater

When the voleano ceased activity, the jarge crater began to fill
with athivium, and with an ever-thickening peat hed. Like most
such craters in the Western District, it has a thick bed of peat
init. ‘The cattle have trodden down the peat a good deal, leaving
innumerable little “islands” of concordant summit level, which
indicate the previots height of the deposit. Goudie (1942. p. 127)
refers ta similar effects in the Koo-wee-rup Swamp.

When the owner was fencing the swamp, he eucouutered a shell
bed two ta three feet below the surface of the swamp-land. On the
occasions the writer has visited the site, the ground has been too
wet to allow collection from this shell-hed.

Origin. of Crater

The Ecklin Iiiil crater is very large, especially i) view of the

fact that the eruption was a comparatively small one. The volcano

132 B.D. Gun, Erélin Hil a ee

is of the explosive type, and emitted agh aud Japilli, but little basalt,
The ejeclamenta cover @ more or Jess circular area about only une
nnle in diameter. ;

Moreover, the steep inner banks of the fim are ata jar higher
angle than the angle of the rest of the materials constituting it-
Also the beds of tuff and lapilli have been truncated. The usual
¢crass-section for an ash voleano is shown in Fig, 2, but there are
na inward dips at Ecklin Hill, Je is clear that the crater ts one
of negative type (Stearns and MacDimald, 1946, p 14), and owes
irs Taege size to collapse. Fig. 3 provides a cross-section of the
strudiure as interpreted fram the nuterops available, and the
intormarion gained so far,

CRATER

Vert

Fre, 3

Seni-disgramatic section thrangh the middle of the Ecklin Hill volcano.
The horizontal scale is the same as in Fig. 2, but the vertical scale i
exaggerated.

The top was not blown off the original volcanic hill, otherwise
the heavy ejectamenta froin sich an event would be found round
the voleano. Only fine tuff in very thin layers is found where the
surface beds are exposed Tt 1s a collapse structire, ancl such are
common among the craters of western Victoria, The caldera of
Tower Hill, hetween Warrnamhnol and Port Fuiry, is well known,
its sunken area being 17 uiiles im diameter. Mt, Warrnambool,
near Panmure, is alsa a caldera whose ring fault is over 14 miles
across. Wangoom Hill, a valrano E.N.E. of Warrnambool, 33
almest a replica of Ecklity Hill. Jets caldera-like crater is three-
quarters of a mile in diameter. Farther east, the lakes Keilambete
(14 miles in diameter). Gnotuk (1 mile), and Bullen Merri (14
tuiles) are further exansples of negative type craters with tuff rings
rounl them. The great frequeucy of these collapse structures in
the Western District suggests that the underlying marine lime
stone was generally rather weak in its resistance to the pressures
of the volcanic forces,

The Tuff Ring

Qn the S.E, side of the crater there is a localized outcrop of
basalt. This is probably the resule of a minor effusive phase at
the heginning of the Eeklin Hill eruption. Study of the district,
has nel been witensive enolich yet to determine this point. ‘How-
ever, the eruption was inainly (if not all) of the explosive type.
The encircling ring consists of mulatudinous layers of compacted

November

1947 B.D, Gite, Eeklia Fut 193

ash and Japilh. Banded tuff was collected from the eastern wall
of the cruter, but it is best seen in a quarry on top of Ecklin Hill
(see Fig. 1). The section shows numerous layers of fine tuff,
with occasional hands of small fapilli. Two hasaltyee bombs were
noticed # site in the tuté.

The Ecklin Hill volcano is notable for the very inarked accuntu-
lation ef cjectamenta on the cast side of the crater. The volcano
is net a maar, due to a sudden paroxysmal explosien. The niulti-
‘tudinous Jayers of fine ejectauienta show that there were very
numerous eruptions over a period of time, The spread of these
materials is due to winds modifying the original trajectory imparted
by the explosive forces in the yoleano, At Ecklin Hill there must
have heen strongly prevailing westerly winds io give so consistent
a spread to the east. This phehomenon is not confined to Ecklin
Hill, hut is seen in a number of Western Districz volcanoes. An
hypothesis to explain this was presented to the recent Perth meet-
ing of A.& NZA.ASe,, and a paper on the subject as being
published elsewhere, In short, it 1s that during the Pleistocene
{Ice Age) the strong westerly winds now llawing over Vasmania
and called “The Roaring Forties” moved north before the Antarctic
ice-cap and blew over Victoria. If this hypothesis is correct, then
Ecklin Hill ss a Pleistocene volcano.

Judging by the stumps of large trees to be found, and the records
of early writers, the tuff rings of the Western District volcanoes
wére originally covered with a thick forest, The routs of the trees
were apparently able fairly readily to penetrate the tuff, and at the
same time beneft from the plentiful plant foods contained therein.

The Crater Lake

Changes in the profile of the crater walls at Eeklin Hill, and
the accurrence of peat high above te present water Jevel, show
that « lake must have once occupied the crater. The shell bed
strongly suggests this too. Water could not now fill the crater to
the hisher levels, because of the breach in the toft mug to the
north. Apparently there was a conparatively deep lake in the
crater al one time, and then the tuff cing was Ireached at its
weakust point, and a cold fuliar rushed along the low-lying country
10 the north-west into: Mt. Linu Creek. (See Colac Sheet, 4 mis
to 1 in. Military Map.)

However, apart Crom such sudden releases of water, it is 2
notable fact that the lakes of the Western District are gradually
drying up. Luke Watgoont was 20 feet deep, and local residents
kept hoats on it, buc itis now dried up. Doowick (1858) describes
-how it was then believed to be lottoniless until some scientifically-
ninded person thought of testing its depth with a Ime! lake
Terang is another which has similarly been reduced ta a swam.

a4 E, D. Gus, Bcklin Hill Wie.

A farmer beside Lake Keilambete claims that it ts receding at the
rate of 3 feet per year. Former higher levels are clearly niarked
on the banks of Lakes Gnotuk and Bullen Merri, Tower Hill
jake has receded to the S,W, corner of the caldera, although in this
case the tapping of the waters of a large spring to supply the
township of Koruit has been a contributory factor. The ahove are
hat a few instances af many that inight be quoted of the gradual
recession of Jake waters. The causes have not been worked out,
but they no doubt include long-range climatic changes, and the
development of underground dramage through the lonestone which
constitutes the bedrock. The rapid increase of the recession in
the hundred years of occupation suggests that the clearing of the
land, insertion of numerous bores, and the introduction of vast
herds of grazing aninials to the area have had their effects.

_ The lakes also vary in theic salinity, and this is an objective fact
which ts sot without significance. However, it should be noted
that the lakes vary greatly in their relation of cubte contents to
surface (and 30 evaporation) avea, There are lakes hundreds of
feet dvep, such as Bullets Merri (266 feet) aud Gnotuk (103 feet),
which have a relatively small surface area (Grayson and Mahony,
1910), while others are very shallow and have a relatively large
surface area. It has been observed from the air that the lakes on
the whole have a north-south hneation. This casr be seen also in
the + miles to | inch military maps, This is the general ‘direction
- of drainage, but as so many of the lakes are volcanic features, it
may also be an indcation of straciure in the bedrock.

LivERATURE KereRENces

Bamard, FG. A. 1911. In the Western Lake District. [7e. Nal, Vol,
XXVILT (8), pp. 158-167.

Botwick, J., {858 Western Victoria; Its Geography, Geology. and Sucial
Condition, Geelong,

Gill, E, 0., 1943. The Geology of Warrnamboul, Proc. Ruy. Soc. lite m.sy
55 (2), pp. 153-156. -

Goudie, A. G. 1942 A Survey of Soils and land Utilization in the Parishes
of Koo-wee-ruyy and Koo-wee-rup East. Pree. Roy. Joc, Wie, ns.
54 (1), pp. 93-130.

43rayson, H. J, and Mahony, D. J,, 1910. The Geology of the Camperdown
and Mount Elephant Districts. Rept. Geol. Surv, ic,

Hart. T. S, 1901. Notes on a Visit to Tower Hill, Koruit, Vir. Nat,
Vol. XVIE (9), pp. 157-160.

Stearns, H. T,, 1930, Geology and Water Resourves of the Kau. District
Hawaii. U.S. Geol, Suru, Water Supply Paper 614, op. 141-157.

Stearns, H. T.. and MacDonald, G. A., 1946. Geology znd Ground Water
Resources of the Island of Hawa. Ball 9, Naw Di of Hy-
drilagy

Wentworth, C.K. 1926. Pyraclastic Geology of Oahu, Fernice P, Bishop
Museum, Bull. 30,

——- 1938, Ash Formations of the Island of Hawai VInrd Spec, Repl,
Tilawatian olcano Observatory

a a WoL Nrewouns, Addivons tu the Orchidacrac of Wud. | 135

ADDITIONS TO THE ORCHIDVACEAE OF WESTERN
AUSTRALIA — I.

Three New Species af the Genus Caladenia R.Br
By W, H, Nicnorts, Melbourne.
I, CALADEN] A MAGNICLAV ATA, sp.now.

Planta vabustt, usque ad 35 cm. alta, Cankiy fursades, wyi-
bracteatus. Folin lincare vel lingare-lanceolatumr, hirsutissimmm,
circa 25430 curt, longum, Flores 1-2, magqnusculi, lute et purparet.
Sepa dorsdle erectunt, leurter tnewriman ad basi diletatust,
concavunt, lneare-lanceolatim, imagniclavatum, earca 4°5-5 cms.
fonguit; tateralla sepalo dorsali simile, patentia. Petala vetyo-
flexa, anguste lanceolata, patontia, magniclavata, circiter 4 cm.
donga. Labelhan breviter waguicylalian, subovatuin, marguabys
pectinatis ct denticulatis; cali lamina 4-seriaty, fincares vel sossilas,
Calunma. circrter 2-2-3 cm, longa, ancrrvissima, lute membranaceo-
dilolata, basi bicallasa. Anthera bréeviter amecronate,

A robust hairy plant about 30-35 em. igh, Leaf-lamina linear
oY Jinear-lanceolate, hairy, about 25-30 cin. long: a Joose subulate
bract about ithe middle of stem. Ovary vather large, green, with
fine silky hairs. Flowers [-2, rather large, 7-8 cm. in diameter,
Segments of perianth Janceolate, yellow or yellowish-green with a
broad crimsen or purplish stripe, dilated towards base, then con-
tracted into a loug clavate point whith is yellow with minute
darkly-coloured glands; dorsal sepal erect, incurved, the lamina
lanceolate, about 4-3-5 cm. long: lateral sepals similar to thie
dorsal sepal, spreading, Labellum yellowish with reddish-pur'ple
markings, shortly clawed, ovare, the tip purplish, very dark
recurved} margins finely combed, purplish, anterior margins
denticulate; lamina concave with fine divergent purphsh vemings:
calli in * rows, linear “poli-stick” type, those towards the tip
sexsile, Column erect, incurved, about 1-1-3 em, long, 2 yellow
stalked glands at base, rather widely winged throughout. more so
above, Anther with a short point.

Flowering Angnst-Septeniber-

Distribution: Lesmurdie in the Darling Range, WA. (Mr-and
Mrs. W. H, Nicholls, Sept. 14, 1946—the HOLOTYPE lodged
an National Herbarium, Melbourne. )

This Caladenia bears 2 superficial resemblance to C. longiclavata
Coleman, but it differs mateyially in many particulars, Jt tg a
much more robust plant; the flowers are larger and coloured
differently ; the labellun ts smaller and more prominently pectinate;
the perianth-segments are more prominently clavate, in that the
clavate partion is, in some fléwers, iully half the whole length of
tht: segment, -

Found growing in lirmted numbers in gravelly ironstone toulltty,

t6 WIT Nickonas, Additions 10 tie Orchidaceae of Ha [Ufc Net

amongst heavy scrub of the Jarrah foresr {and reported as being
iy greater numbers carly in the month of August), this Caladena
was discovered through the guidance of Master Barry Brown of
Lesmurdic

Hl. GALADENIA FERRUGINEA, sp.nov.

Plania gracilis, hirsuta, circa 25-35 em. alta. Fakum lanzee-
laticin, canahculatwin, circa IO-1S cnt. longunt, bracted silulata
ad medium cautis. Flores 1-2, circa 6 cm, in dianetro. Segnients
perianthi rubro-fusce, ditatata; sepatyua dorsale erectum, ticwr-
atum, clavatuin; loteralia sepato dorsali sinntio, pateutia. Petala
acuminald, nonelavala, Leabellunp breviter ungimeulatam, dile-
tatum; marginibus finbriatis et ad ajicem recurvem, denticnlatis,
Calli atro-purpurer, clawatt vel hineave, O-seviati, lesiter sélira
qicliuarh lavninae ferminantes. Colwnna circiter J 3 ci. longa,
incnevissiina indrmidio superiore late meombranacsoa «dilatata, basi
bicallosa; anthsra breantey nencronata,

A slender, very hairy plant about 25-35 cn high. Leaf
lanceolate, channelled, about 10-15 em, Jong, a sirigle louse shloulate
bract about the middle of stem, Flowers [-2, about 6 cm. in
diameter. Perianth-segments almost wholly red-brown, widely-
spreading (except the dorsal one); lamina dilated, then narrowing
abruptly into fine acuminate pomts (petals), and shortly clavate
pots (sepals). Petals a little narrower than sepals.

Labellum on a movable claw, red-brown and white, broadly ovate
or oblong, obscurely trilnbed, about 2-2:3 en. iuoay and 1-1-3 om-
wide (without the fringe); margins entite pear the base then
prominently fringed, except towards the tip, where they are
denticulate to the apex; lamina conspicuously marked with red-
brown divergent lines and fine blotches, the tip wholly red-brown.
Calli linear, “yolf-stick” type, in 6 rows, extending a little beyond
the bend, call darkly coloured. Culumu erect, incurved, about
1-3 cm. jong, widely winged on each side of the stigma, 2 sessile
glands at the base, Anther with a short fine point.

Floweriag September-October.

Distribution in W.A.: Annadale (W H.N., Sept... 1946); be-
tween Yarloop and Cookernup (W.ILN,, Oct, 1946); Waterloo
(WLAN, Oct, 1946)—TYPES im National Herbarium, Mel]-
bourne.

This species was found growing in fair numbers through scrub
country tn the three districts mentioned above. Other orchids .
found in association were Caladenta Paterson K.Br., Thelyritra
crimta Lindl., and T. aristata Lindl: It has affinities with C.
retienata BitzG., but differs i the much more prominent Jabellum
fringe, which is quite in keeping with its) more > rigidly-spreadt;
spider-like perianth segments.

November’) W. Hi. Nicuotxs, Additions ta ihe Orehtdaceae of WA, 137

Flowers and details of Caladenia Species

wee

=

~~

138 Ww Nicnen.s, Additions te the Orchidaceae of HA, ieee

Wil. CALADENIA ENSATA sp.nov.

Piowla rebusta, hirsuta, circa 30-45 em. atta. Lotrum ablongo-
lanceolatum, hirsutissamen, [5-20 cm. longum. Caakis hirsntas,
unsbracteatus. Flores 2-4, magnusculi, lites et purpured, circiter
6 cm. in dinmetro. Segmenta perionthiy huewre-lanceolata, ad basin
dilatala, deinde in caudis eusifornis; sepatemn dorsale erectrum
Inewurvatunn, circa 4-5 cmt. longuin; sepala lateralis patentia, ve flexa,
sited 4-5 cnt, longa; petala, patentia, civeo 3-5-4+5 cat, longo.

Labelhon brewmter aunguievlatum, suboblangunty apice amaulfo
vecurcune, marguubus leviter arvegularts serratis, lamina nervis
atris radiahbus ornatas cals linsares, cnrvi, 4-6 seriati, confirti
Tourter ultra arediun. daminre terminantes. Colnmira erecta, otenrva,
civca 1-3 emt, longa, superne latinsedle alate, basi bicaltosa, Authera
obtusa. A

A fairly robust, hairy plant ahout 70-45 cm. igh. Leaf ohtong-
lanceolate, very hairy, 15-20 ex). long. Stem very hairy with a
non-clasping subulate bract about the middle of stem. Tlowers
2-4, rather large (about 6 cm. in diameter}; segments yellow,
each with 3 longitudinal purplish lines and blotches, 3-nerved,
dilated in the proximal hall, then contracted mto Jong subulate
fluted sword-hke potnis which are yellow aud finely glandular.
Ovary with dark glandular hairs. Worsal sepal erect, mcurved,
about 4-5 cm. long: lateral sepals similar, spreading and reflexed -
petals shorter and narrower than sepals, horizontally spreading or
teflexed.

Labellum on a short claw, somewhat oblong, apex much re-
curved; margins entire in the erect part, then very shortly and
arregularly serrate; lamma decorated with red or purplish radial
nerves and blotches; calli darkly coloured, imear, “gail-suck”’ type,
denscly crowded in 4-6 rows, anc terminating just beyand the bend.
Column erect, incurved, about 1-3 com. long, widely winged on
each side of stigma, with 2 stalked calli al base. Anther oljtuse,

Flowering Qctober.

Distribution: Abundant in very heavy seruly alang the banks of
King River, adjacent to “Rallymena’ Guest Hose and on the
granite slopes westward (14 iniles), Collected by W_ H, Nicholls,
Oct, 1946—TYPE specunens are io the National Herbarium,
Melbourne, Affinities are with the South Austenlian ©, pladialaia,

KEY TO ILLUSTRATIONS ON P17

A—Two flawers of C aragnichroela sp.nov, B—Calli from labelioime
lamina of A. C—Calti from margin of labellum of A. D—Flewer of C.
forentda sf.noy. L—Calh fram margin of labellum of ND. P—Calli fram
fabellum-lamina of D. G—Owe Hower of C. cromte syttovy, TI—Calli rype
from laleflum-lamina of G, T—lLabetlum of C. edseta slowing calli, ete-

{For vatueal size of flowers see desoriptions.)

a creme © Iwa Watson, A Tortoise Founts Her Pomly 149

A TORTOTSE FOUNDS. HER FAMILY
By Ina Watson, Melbourne.

The following description of the manner in which a tortoise
4ligs a nesting hole, lays the eggs, and camouflages the area
afterwards, was tald to me hy Mr. Oliver Edgar, oi Harrow. It
is excetdingly interesting and, I think, well worth recording.
Tortoises are comparatively common about waterholes in the
Harrow district, and grow up-to 12 inches wide, Here is the story
as nearly as T ¢an tell it in Mr; Edgar’s own words:

“This event occurred several years ago, but | was so interested
that I can remember all the details clearly. It was a hot day about
the end of November, and I was riding through some dry grass
wher I saw the head of a tortoise moving about just ahead of me,
I dismounted, tethered the horse, and crepe back to wateh what
happened. The tortoise was about 8 mehes across, awd was slowly
and deliberately working round in a circle so that the grass was
teastd up; she then grabbed the grass, pulled it off and pilect it
outside the circle she was making. The tutning, teasing and pulling
of the grass continued—working with alternate ‘legs—auntil the
Frou was cleared for a circle about 3-4 inches wider than her
shell.

“Then she started digging the earth, lifting the loosened soil out
with her back flippers and piling it on the pulled up grass, When
the.ground got too hard to dig further, she then micturated and
waited for the mosture to loosen the seil. This process continued
until there was a hole about 4-5 inches deep, the entrance to the
hole smaller on top and hallowed out under the surface. From the
amount of moisture passed, the tortoise must have crunk all it
could hold before jeaving the water, which was about three-quarters
of a mile away,

“She then laid 9 or 10 eggs and, when finished, one hind flipper
was pushed into the hole and appeared to be arranging and settling
the eggs.

“She next began replacing the earth from the outside of the
cirele, pushing it in gently at first, but as the hole filled, tanyping it
down more fimily. When the hole was filled up to ground level,
the tortoise then lifted herself on her four flippers and flopped
dawn on the loose earth, thus flattening and tamping it thorouglily.
This performance was repeated several times.

“Finally, she collected the grass originally removed, and placed
it over the earth, even pulling some fresh grass to add. When the
camouflage was complete, she turned and made off for the swamp
agai. The whole process took nearly three bours-

“T was curious enough to uncever the eggs, and found they
were about [4 inches long, oval in shape, in colour blue-white, and

*

136 A Reapers Prot Your Cournittee ie bing

hard-shelled like a ird’s egg. She had arranged them so that the
smaller ends all faced toward the centre.”

Mr. Edgar also tells of a boyhood incident. When aspiring te
possess a polished tortoise “shell,” he caught a tortoise, ent off its
head, and placed the body on an ant Inll for. the ants to rlo the
preliminary cleaning. ‘The cleeapitated creature, however, was so
lively that he fenced it in with sticks, only to find, wext day, that
it had completely disappeared. This happened again when he
repeated the experiment. He asked how it was that anything
minus a head could mbve so energetically,

Mr. Crosbie Morrison (to whom the questiei) wits referresl)
explained that, being cold blooded, tortoises are diMeull to kill
quickly, prolonged réflex action taking place alter decapitahon,
although nf ceurse the action is uudirected.

A REPORT FROM YOUR COMMITTEE

Apart from routine bisiness, the following matters were reported and
discussed at Lhe meeting on 30/9/47:

Wild Flowers.—Correspondenve was tafiled in which protest had beon made
to the Forests Commission re the destruction of Boronia (8. dertigera) at
Tiiamoned. Pill, Bendigo. Arrangements are in hand for broadcasts ta bé
male From the National stations reminding Esteners of the Wildflower
Protectio. Act. Materiat for incision in the "This Will Jnterest Your
Session is being prepared by several members

Avinals—Correspondence to Geelong and Melhaurne TTarhour ‘Trosts
end the Public Works Department regarding ‘liegal discharge of oil in the
Hay, and consequent injury te penguins. ‘Correspondence from Visheries
and Game Department ant the Police; reporting that allaged cruelty ta a
kangaroo at an hotel at Corryoay was without basin, and frum Zoological
Buarth stating its policy was (hat animals were only allowed do be exported
for exchange, and wére weyer the basis of a cash transaction,

Geucro!l—Consexuent on the announcement of the scheme far jimprove-
ment wl the Bay foreshore and widening Beach Road, members are mvesti-
gating both locally, and uUwough the Contey Koads Board, so that no
unnecessary destruction of native flora may secur, .

Letters to Entamological Section of the Musenm and various societies
agreeing on the priticple that future collecting #xpeditions should he given
as much help as possible, but that tipo spechiens should not be allowed te
leave the country

Member to investigate report of unnecessary destruction af native trees
in road making and repairing at Garfield.

Members of the National Parks Sub-Committee have heen obtaining
renlies and making enquirics regarding the presenc state of all the National
Parks. As much information as is nassible to obtain should be available by
the end of Novernber, and at is intended ta hold a further mecting af repre:
sentatives of allied societies to formulate 4 constrictive policy to place beiore
the Government.

Reported that arrangements had heen made for the official recuest far the
sazetiine as National Forest the area at the Lower Glenelg to be presented
to the Ministers for Lands and Forests,

: —T MW. and F.S.C.

Novemt i 4
tyaseanee) J, BR. Gareet, Barri sign to Cradentic 141

wet

EXCURSION TO CRANBOURNE
By J. Ros Gorxrr

Cranbourne appeared ait the Excursion syllahus as av objective for March,
1934, bur apparently the outing was never held, On September 12, Wik,
coue fram Cranbourne to Frankston dil take plaee—specifically for cho study
af pond-hife and ayebtic plants—hol io pried vopant Was mada

As fae us | van determine this was the evly oecasion an which our Clak
had vished Cranbourne until September 13, 1947, On this recent excursion
mare than WO members and friends spent 24 hours in a pleasant, lxmurely’
varnble through heathdands south of the townstup. “Phe afterioon was sinuy
and warn, but orofilds, ihe object of the excursion, Were jot fuel) in
evidenee—-had we explored the area perhaps a month later many cvare
ropresentitives of the Family would have bern seen in flower.

An a recommendation for lutwre reference, it is suggested (hal an all-day
excursion ‘be artanged during October, when members would have ware
time at thelr disposal to study the general botany of this casterly outiler of
the surely vanishing "Sandringham PTeathlands,"

The Cranbourne Racecourse is at present almdést a replica of the Caullield
Racecourse of more than 30 years ago, By this, J mean that it still carnes
vestiges of Wwative veectation—vestiges, becavse most of it has boon cleared
‘very réountly to allow the racegoers an unobstructed sew, The Guiiea-
fowers, Common Heath, Weddmg Bust aul Beant Heaihs are, however,
spritging up again wd 1 imagine it will be several years before they are
+48 aneugh to warrant burning off again,

Near (it eastern houndary of the course is 4 large shallow pond in which
iNere were sufely Chousands of Jrogs, each croaking twernly and their
nnited croaks making a perfect din Mosquitocs were apparently absent
from this articular area. Ay we left the lagoon to make our way along
the Heacuusfield-Laugwarrin mpe tack, toward the huge sund-pat, the first
erehid was observed—Lvperanchirs aneyricons, iu bud only, tia To mention it
heewuse OF certain unusual features, The single basal leaf of the Aowering
plant of Lhis species is usually smaller than that found in the non-tlawenng
vegetative state, and it is not usual for the plant to flower at all unless its
habitat has tecw "horned of" in a previous sprig of summer This plant,
however, was growing i a spot obyiously untouched by fee for several
years and its jeaf was relatively large Cyperanthns satgrtcans was scen,
hy ity leaves. to be yust as abundant and widespread m the Cranhourne
fieallilands as it is (or was} an the rest of the Aed Suad area

The: significance of the expression “Red Sand," often used when relorring
to the greyish sandy sail of the coastal stap., was appreciated when the
pony viewed any of the several sand pits scattered throughout the Cran-
twnisne heathland. The lower sand, with its infilteved iro uxide, 15 distinctly
reddish belaw a very shallow overburden of greyish sand, jhe grey colour
is due to an admixture of nimns, decaying vegetable matter and white sand.
the Jatier being merely dhe anginal red sand from which the iron has heen
leached out.

Tn the absence of an expected abundatice of orelids the party turneil its
attention to the general heathland flora und had cause to admire tlle ‘eanty
of the shapely buses of the Piuk Beard-heath (Leecupogen ericoiacs),
which was abtiidant aid in full bloot. [ts convenes, the Common Bourd-
death (1. virgains), and Common Heath (&pacris teepressa) were well
represented, while two other cpacrids were seen—Pink Swamp-heuth
ESprougelio aivapnady) wea recently burted)olf swainpy area near the bie
saul prt, Tairy Antes (oles qitlosm) was nor yer in bloom, bat Wkely ta
provide a delightial chow iin late October The "Wild Pavenip" (Tnehe.
niged arisecarpal, which grey and flowered plentifutly ie Ure motster arts

. 1 PVaet, Nat.
142 J. R. Garner, Kxeursion io Crankowrne Val. 64

at the setub where eucalypts flourish, was the only representative of the
Lrmtyliferae seen jn flower.

It 15 pointless to attempt to specaly the various platits aoted, jor probably
more species were missed than were seen during the short time at our
disposal; but, since the excursion was undertaken to examine the orchid
flora, those species actually seew may be listed withour eacroaching on tom
much space They include Prerostylis awtans. P_ cenciina, P. parviflova. (in
imuit}, P. longifoka, Actanthus candatus, Ac. exsertas (with dehisced frints-
only), Glossodia major tin bud only} -Lyperantins moricays Cn hud onty)
and Calera major (in leat only). ,

Tn the shallow: valley where the May4y Orchid Getciantine candatis)
grew, amone Eyculyptus and Mefalenca scrab, mosquitoes were so abandant
and irritating as io hinder any prolonged investigation, [Memhers may he
interested ta know that a ltquicl laiawn as Dimethyl phtlialate 35 a very
effective Mosquito and sand-Ary repelladt when applied te any exposed parts.
of the body. Unfortunately we had none with ua an this orcasion.]

One of our younger metnbers, m dodging the mosquitoes, bhutdered on to
a Copper-head snake, He hounded off the reptile with such speed that he
almost landed on a second one! However, all three escaped withou further
incident.

Of other forms of anual life, signs were nor lacking that echidnas and
waliahies were plentif\l enobgh, although the animals themselves were not
seen hy any of the parry,

The Heathlands Reserve Subecommitiee [three members took part in
the excursion] is interested in the possibilities of the area dor the pui'pose
ot the establishment of « public heathland flora reserve and they are awart-
ihe jnlormation concerning the stratus of the Jand tenure in and around the
locality examined before pursuing the matter further,

Quyte apart from jts present interest, Cranbourne has (or rather, had)
something of historical interest to naturalists. The famous series of Cran-
bourne memorites came into prominenoe as Jar back as 854 when Noa 1
meteorite (the Jargest, weighing 4) tons) was discovered) To 1862 it was
Temaved under the supervision of the then Government Geologist, Mr A, Ry
Selwyn (with the invererate traveller, Dr. Geo, Neumayer, i attendance),
and brought to Melbourne to be shipped finally to the British Museurn, where
it is Wow preserved in an atmosphere of niteogen,

Sinee that time, nine ather meteorites have been located in the district;
all Gut one af them along a straight track, extending over several miles and
roughly parallel.to the present Frankston water supply pypc-line The most
recen| distovery was, I believe, made in 1928,

ANAKTE GORGE EXCURSION

Twa buses and three cars rank 50 members ta Anakic Gorge on Shaw
Day, September 25, for the Club Pienic. The Excursion Committee had
made 2]! arratigements, so of course the weather was perfect! Golden
Waitic (4, purranilial was out m profusion over the Jower slopes of the
Hrishaio Ranges, and jhongh flowere generally were (ot abundant, the
Golden Buslt Pea (Pultenaa Grant) made a good shaw in parts. One or
two finds were of interest. The Velvet Daisy Bush (Olearia pannosa) wis
found agai, as war the Mountaly Greenhond (Prrrastytis al(ne).

We were visited by a reparesr and photarrapher during the afteriaan
and thew story appesred subsequently in The Swe of Octoher 1, under "A
Day With Nature! One telt, in conversation, that the repurter was dis-
aoponited that we Were aot queerer than site had anticipated. My

eae | Epiphytic Oreluds a} Bass Strait 143

EPIPHYTIC ORCHIDS OF BASS STRATT

In his paper to the Ortoher iictorian Naturahst (p V7), the Rev.
H. M. R. Rupp raises the question, “Two of the five (epiphytes) extend
across Bass Strait to Tasmania; leave they ever been looked for an any af
the intervening islands?”

lL. Rodway (Fleru Tas, 1903, p. 187) definitely cites "Bass Straits" for
both Sarcoctilny eustrass and Dendrobinm striofahwi, As io the former
spevies. there iy a collection fram Dr, G. F, Story of Swansea, Tasmania,
in the Melbourhe Herharium bearing the following ote. ‘Some fine
specimens were four on King’s Island, Bass Straits, i the dense scrub
bordering on the sea at Sea Elephant Bay in ESSZ."" Thorty years tater
(Nov. 1887), durme the F N.C Vs official expedition to King Island, there
was apparently no sign of Sercochtlus, although the naturalists stayed 17
days ashore and yisited practivally all parts of the island. It ts extremely
doubtiul whether this epiphyte could have suryived tle lust 60 yeats of
clearing, grazing and repeated fires there, for King Island is now almost
deyord of forest cover. [ have never heard of Surrediilus on any other
island im Bass Strait, although the more mourtainuus parts of Furneaux
Group would be worth combing for a record

Referring to the ascent of 2350-ft, Strzelecki Peake on Flinders Tstand
(iret. Nov. X, p. 75, Feb. 1894), Joseph Gabriel writes: “At an altriude
af 1200 feet, we jound a fie mass of the orebld Devdrebinmn striptatrire
measuring 10 feec by ? eet, in full bloom, growing on a shelving rack.”
Tn the Melhouree Merbariuim are collections of this Rocle Orchid from
Killicrankie on Flinders Island (Dr. J. Milligan, 1845 and 1447); alsa from
the more southerby Clarke Island, collected by J. H. Machaine i 1893. [t
wollld thus sem that Vendrobnom aihabits oly the éastoen granitic portion
of Bas; Strait, connecting the Cape Howe-Genoa cegion with Gaontd's
Country amt Oyster Bay, Tasmania, while Sorcechals alone extends alsa to
the western Straits, connecting (through King Island} the Otway Ranges
with Cirealar Head, imu Ray and Macquarie Harbour in NW _ Tasmarta

J. Ro Whuts,
National Herhariam, Vic.

SUCCESSFUL SHOW AT ARARAT

A Natural History Exhibition staged in the Ararat Town Hall on
Octaher 14 and 15 reflectel great credit on the activitics of Ararat FON.C.
members, who were responsible Jor all arrangements Attendanoes were
gond, expecially of the Incal veuth, and, in addition to proving a-financial
success, the exhibition sliould do much to further the ideals of nature siudy
in that district.

Greetings [rom the F.N.CY. in Melbourne were conveyed by a visiting
qaember, who also delivered the evening lecture, and cultivated wildflowers
fram Mr. Iva Hammet’s garden at Ivanhoe occupied a conspmucus place,
Ouber fine exbabits of Australian Aowers came from places as far remeyed
as Broken Hill, Cutts and Perth, while the Granuptans were conspicuousiy
represented,

Of otttstanding merit were Mr. Stan Kelly's series of exquisite eucalypt
paintings in water-eolonr, accompanied by actual flowering speciniens from
Mr. Hately's garden, a display of Dimbools wildflowers (and drawings) by
Mv. and Mrs. Eric Muir, an elahorate project on the Insecta Class by Mr.
Tom Banfield, and an exhibit of polished Australian timbers, (Geological
and ethnologieal subjeets were also well represented: but neither watwnals.
birds, nor reptiles received adequate treatiment—certainly, the difficulties of
portrayal are much greater (han with Aoral or geological muiterial iW

O i let. LL
144 A New National Monoent Ada ay

A NEW NATIONAL MONUMENT

On Saturday, Nevember 27 last, a pilgrinvage of literati, headed by Miss
Kate Baler, OLR EF (fovader of the newly constiteted Australian Literary
Cammemorative Association) journeyed to Shepparton on the first public
function of the Association, The objective was to unved) wv brooze tablet an

a ative ivee, planted many years age by Joseph Purpbey, the “Tem Collius’™

ab Such is Life. Vhe tee a Wilga (Getjern parviflora), grows on ihe
spot where the quite lived and wrote most of his literary work, No more
delightful setting for the creation of an Australian classic contd fe imagined.
The original Murphey house has gone, hkewise Joseph's writing den on the
castern hank of the Goulburn River. But the vatural sylyad surroundings
stall rename: the splendid river red gums, with associated native nder-
shrubs, aid qiany birds. Mr and Mrs. T. B. Fawcett, who now tive on
the property, have preserved amet: of this wooded river setting in planning
eur their garden. *

Appropriately. this fine Wilga was ti Hower, and pustat Ue invetling of
the awcnrial by Me. 7. GB. McDonald. M PL. wv pair of Easter, Spinebills
Hitted qi and out of the pendulous hratiches. Alfoeether, tueelee species of
native birds were seemar heard.

The FNLC.V. was honoured by representation at the commentoration,
which concided with the U4th anniversary of Joseph Purptey's birth, Many
messages From prominent Austrthans aad writers were reat incluvling Club
members Messrs. 2. EL Pescott and Ro AL Croll The natural histovy
mroclivities of ihe author were mentioned as contcihuting largely ta that
flavour of “Australianness” in his work, and allusion was also made to his
correspondence with Daron von Mueller. According to Miss Kate Baker,
the Baron's letters had been reeréttably lost. An acute observer, and before
his time, Joseph Furphey showed a discrimmating untlerstaading of the
Victorian aborigines, His sketch “A Vignette of Port Phillip long
Temaiéed in inanuscript, hut was eccently published in a cnllection of
"Twenty Great Australian Short Stories” by Dolphin Pulilications, Mel-
bowme, Totlav. In ‘this Interary fragment. Furphey's anthropological con-
tepts appear siartingty imoderi.

The historic |ree, with the inscription thereon, has now been revistered by
this Club as a National Monument. Tt belongs to the Family Ravaceac.
which ricludes the Correa of our Club badge, the boronias, the wax-flowers,
He nuble Fhinrlersia trees and the exote Citrus graup. ‘The genus Getjeva
falter J. D. Geijer, & botameal writer). is exclusively Australian and the
species bears (he aboriginal vernacular of "Wilga’ ‘Though not natrye to
Shepparten, it oecers in vorthavest Vietoria—~in 4 very restricted area wear
Piades and Narvig ‘Che foliage provides exerllent sheep fndder in droveht
periods, and such use probably accounts fur sls diminution nowadays, Lhe
tree can be taken as expressive of Joseph Furphey's sound knowledge and
idlense regard jor the Australian flora, and a confirruation of the nifleence
of the hatenist Mueller, No wonder Furphey summed up his own work as
“offensively Australian” ‘

No fence diyides Mr, Faweett’s praperty from the street, and the Wilga
stan+ clase to the footpath, with the tablet a few feet from ground level.
Nearby Aoucrishes anther Furpley tree, a Kurrajong (Stercviia diversifalia)

-the Wenlical species as the Furphey memurnal tree in the Melbourne
Butane Gardens. This Kurrajong seeds freely, and seedling plants are
Awrinred ly the Faweetts and gencrousiy distributed to Furphians, Tater,
it is hoped to plant Geiyero AMvelfert, an attied species to the Wilga, m the
vicinity, to signalize another historic link,

JPR GY inembers visiting Shepparton ars exhorted to view the tree,
sitnated iu Wrelsford Street, a state's throw front the post office

H.C. E. Srewarr

.

fed A Now Natural History Jovrial 145 -

. A NEW NATURAL HISTORY JOURNAL

Tt is pleasing to récord that our aister Naturalists’ Clubs in the West
(founded in 1924) has now followed Tasmania's good example_of last. year
by producing a journal, Apparently a quarterly publicatian of 24 pages
is the objective, and two oumbers of Wise Mestern Austration Natwralist
have already appeared since June 18 last. The ‘size is idettical with’ out
Victorian Naterafist, but excetlent art paper has been used and there is ay
two-colour cameo of Kangaroo Paw (Anigosantles.Manglesit) on the
outside cover—it 1s lo be hoped that the modest price of one shilling will,,
not preclude the maintenanee of such a high standard-

A ptesidential announcement in Vol 1, No. 1, wforms us that the new
journal is “not mended to be a magazine of popular natural history,” Bet
that “the matter published will represent the original work of ‘aur member
field muturalists, , ., , a contribution to the knowledge-of our flora and
fauna” Tnstructive Information on the botany of Hill River district, artificial.
ropagation of Chyiistinas-tree (Nryrsie), bird life-at BDilbarid, sea birds, -

eedthz of dhe Black and White Fantail, lace-wings, jewel bectles and. fying ,
foxes Iwas been given in the first two pumbers. Congratulations, West
Australia! '

BIRD CHIT-CHAT FROM THE SUBURBS

To-the toll of native birds, sclf-immolated against glass windows, tmst
bevadded the Pan-tailed Cuckoo. On the afternoon of July 24 fast, stati’
intmbers ian office at the Explosives Factory, Maribytnoig, were startled-!
by the thud of a bird that dashed itself to death against an ontside window+
pane, one of a large expanse glazing the building. The dead bird," passed
to me by Mr. Cyril Martin, had its neck broken, [is plumage was in-sood
condition,,sa the bird was sent to the National Museum, where Mr. FG,
Elford found te bied’s crop te be full of caterpillars,

The White-fronted Chat appears to be an all-the-year-round breeder- Mr,
W. E. Vowles, of Moonee Ponds, has reported having discovered Con June
20) 3 nest of this species containing three eggs and built on top of a thistle
im a paddock at Sydenham. The sitting bird was disturbed fram the test,
and performed the usual “broken wing” lure =

Mr. Vowles later mentianed that on September 7 last, in the same: vicinity
his dng secuted the west of a Sirssted Field-Wren. The -mothér hird evinced
great distress, and jhe scatleced nestlings flullered about.ithe grasses amd
low-bushes,-wat sufficiently: fedged torfy, ‘

The aquatic bird population of Queen's Park lake, Moonee Ponds, :s-
cominiing the breeding life-cycle. The: first to nest this: season, in July: -
were the pair of Black Swans, which brought out six young. The lake
fcmains the undisputed territory of the one pair, Last-year they raised two-
broods, which were successfully driven away, It would 'bé interesting to
know what othér sanctuary’ the young birds find. -

On September 28, a Black Duck sailed round proudly with newly-hatched,
progeny. The same day, a pair of Little Grebe were observed “St their_
Mloating mest, built very conspicuously about -40 fect from the eastern edge’
ot the water, The three eggs-could be plainly seen when the sitting bird
stood up, preparatory to covering then in the characteristic mode before
leaviug the.nest. During a few minutes of- watching; both the Birds camt
and placed fyesh water weeds on the mest platforin, The obvious position
of the neti seems to be its best protection, as the wmny passers-by do not,
patier itor the sitting bird, wich is: noe disturbed by them, or with the
Continuous trafic of trams und hexvy velicls sloug the road orarby,

H, C. E. Srewanr

146 “Ain's Nature Grand!" Wales”

“AIN'T NATURE GRAND!"

“Bees, said the gardener, “that's what they bel And there's drunken
“bees there toa! Too true, Mr. Morris, there's a liyind with a beer-like
smell that attracts them. Man alive, you couldn't keep them back with
bayomets after they have hada few sips!"

"Oh, come, come,” J said. “Why not call the police?"

“B double E S—hees—insects—that's what [ mean. It's perfectly true.
I'll show you the tree.”

At last I realized the gardener from the King's Domain was speaking
entamologically.

From a sobér glance at the tree (Bursario spinosa, “Swect Bursaria’),
even an untrained entomologist could not fail to be attracted to the scene.
The tree had copioussy exuded a sweetish frothy substance having the
aroma of good home brew of grandpa’s vintage.

There were saber bees, bibulous bees, fighting bees—bees in all stages of
intoxication. Emboldened butterflies attacked the bees. Maggots af the
iruit fiy gorecd themselves. Two introduced species of fruit flies, the
ferment fly, and other flies hovered around to deposst maggots or eggs.

The King’s Domain is governed by the Melbourne City Council, Nature
had not wholly acceded to the Lord Mayor's wishes regarding “beer gar-
dens," for, away from the public's gaze, under the bark, were large numbers
of the intraduced brown “dried fruit" beetles (Carpoplitus) and the native
Brachypelpus swilling and swelling in gluttonous abandon.

“My guess," I said, “is that the tree is affected with borer. The bountifub
suminer rain atid the extraordinarily warm autumn have caused att excessive
flow of sap, whicli became external through the borer holes. The sap was
then acted upon by a yeast-like fungus, carried by the fruit or ferment Aies,
thus making a fermented liquor.”

“Ain't nature grand!" said the gardener.

Then he jumped in the air, and, holding his bald heart in agony, excitedly
exclaimed, “Strike me pirk—that’s a wasp!”

1 thought it best, as s botanist, to retreat to my own domain, ara

NINE-YEAR-OLD ORNITHOLOGIST

The following cutious item appeared in a recent issue of the Stuadey
Telegraph (Sydney) ;

“LONDON, Sat—The Soviet Government has awarded a special
scholarship to a nine-year-old Moscow schoolboy to enable him to write
& ‘iarge scale’ work on Russian birds, The bay, Alexander Kischchinsky,
has just finished writing and iflustrating a 76,000 word treatise on birds.
The Soviet News Agency says that Kischelinsky astonished his parents and
teachers ly learning to read when he was two, and ta write Auently when
he was three. “He drew a map of the world with remarkable precision
when he was four,’ the agency adds. “At the age of six he read a
“monumental tome” of the animal world and became interested in zoology.
This inspired him to write the 70,000-word treatise on birds which attracted -
the altention of Soviet authorities” ”

BOTANICAL MATERIAL WANTED FOR RESEARCH

Wauk) any nrentber able to obtain specimens of the genus Fomaderris (io
flower or Sruit, and preferably fresh), please communicate With Mr, N. A,
Wakefield, State School, Cann River, yia Orbost? ‘

November |

1947 Wartime Adventures of a Science Paste Wi

WARTIME ADVENTURES OF A SCIENCE PAPER

Two years before the war, under a smal] grant from the CSDR, Me,
Tarlton Rayment wrote 4 Critical Revisn-of the Zonata Cluster in the
Graus Authopheru, ;

This paper contsiled a sevision of all known species ji te Australian
aud Oriental Region, and Parts I, 1] and IIL, together with 1200 diagrams
iNustrating We anatomy af the bees, were dispatched to the Natural Histon
Maseum, Buitenzorg, Java, A weel after their arrival at the Muses,
the Japanese iivaded snd ovcuped thy Netherlands [niixs

Tr was later reyairted hy Indonesian Scouts that the Japauese ad destroyed
all scientific papers and that Dr. Van der Vecht and Dr. Lieftinck, well

town scientsts, had died. It wes not until twelve months after the
ecssation wf Hostilitics that Tavlton Rayment learmed that both) Liefinek
and Van der Vecht had survived. '

Dr. Lieftinck wrote from Beatrixlaag Internment Camp advising that the
parece hed seized and published Part I of the paper. This had been done
Vv & Japanese scientist, Professor Naki of Tokyo University, add fol) credit
was given to Rayment for his fne work, Two copies of this Japanese
Publication camic to MeJbourne and one was presented to-the C.S.L.R.

In September, 1947, Part IL came to hand, published be the Durch
authorities in Java. Part [I] was returned ta the author for reyision in
July, 1947, and posted back tu Bintenizore the same month, Owing ta
jurther outbreaks of hostilities between the Dutch and Indonesiaus the
manuscript was Inst. Now, at the end of September, 1947, flews has been
received irom Dr. Diakonoff that it hag again survived the hazards of war
and is in the hands of the printers! ‘Tarlton Rayment is at present engaged
on Part IV of this adventuresome revision,

Lynerrt Youns.

EXHIBITS AT OCTOBER MEETING

Mrs. H. Pink: Grevillea Mictomae, irom the Bogony High Plains.

Mrs. C. BH. Edniondsan: Garden-grawn (fram seed) apecimens af. Acacio
satune and fadigofera australis.

ig Fenton Woodburn: Rocks, fossils and minerals [rom Central Aus
tralia.

Mr. C. J. Gabriel: Razor Shells (Sole voginoiges Lany) fiom Westeen
Port, Victoria, anit Siofen siliyne L. from. England.

Mr, G F, Lewis: Colodenia. praccox trom Labertouche ares.

Mr. E. E. Lord: Fascinated growth on Aus swecedaaico,

Mr. R. C, Kershaw: New Zealand mollusea, including Anelrasiphe east
mandortnoides Powell, Stvnthiolaria papulosa Martyn, Siruthiolaria vermis
Martyn, Xenaphaliya collacta Finlay, Aleithoe stawset Marwick, Barys-
pire Wailea Sowerby, Maurca punctate Martyn, Hollotte targincu

mrietin,

Mr. J. 5, Seaton! Boroniu Reterophylle, Verticardin phanosa, Tsopagon
rascus, Greville favandwlacea (from Mr. Loity, South Australia), Aehp
tern Atumule (South Africa)—all garden-zrown at Caulficld, -

Mr J. Res Garnet: Dissected specimen. of young Tiger Snake & inches
long. showing how the reptile managed to swallow another Tiger Snake ot
the same length, Cultivated indi@enous orchards in flener, viz,, Dendrobins
aemwluns (N.S,W, and Old, epiphyte). D. siriofatum (Tas and Vic. -litho-
phyie; specimen coll East Gippsland, 1939), D.. Mmatwiforawe (NSW. and
Qld. epiphyte, Last extibited about 10 years ago). Garder-grown, native
plants, aba: Prasianthera melisstfolu, Gremilea aleoides, Keanedya
vuhicunda

hide — Whah Where, and When, tiny

tatlo.. . WHAT, WHERE, AND WHEN , i

+, General Excursions:

‘Suturday, Nov, $—BotanicGardens, Subject: “General Botany,”
Leader: Mr, A. Burke, Meet at National Herbarinm Gate (main
entrance to Gardens) 2.30 p.m. Beginners and new. members
especially welcome. a

Saturday, Nov. 15—Altona Salt Works {in conjunction with members
of Botany and Marine Biology Groups), Subject: “Sali Marsh
Flora and Marine Life." Teader: Mr. R. D. Lee. Travel by 9.26
a.ti, train from Spencer St., plutform & Single fare 1/6 to Laver-
ton, thence bus te ammunition dup, Return, by bus to Altona,
thence train ta Melhourne: single fare 1/1, bus about 2/6,

~ Saturday, Noy, 22—Phillip Island, 200-mile day tour, via San Remo
atid Newhaven. Cape Woolamai may be visited, circumstances per-
nijttmge, Subject: “Marine Life and General” Leader: Mr, P-
Crozhie Morrison, M.Sc. Coach leaves Batman Avenue 7.45 a.m.
Bring two meals. Parlour Coach is fully bouked with adyanee
reservations, which mast be paid for by 10th November, otherwise
seat will be cancelled. Fare 20/- return, and bookings with Mr. H,
Stewart, 14 Bayview T'arvrace, Ascot Vale (Tel, FU 092, ext. 467).

Saturday, Nov, 25—I'rankston (in conjunction with Anthropological
Society of Vie.). Subject: “Aboriginal Kitchen Middens, and
Geology.” Leaders: Messrs. F. §. Colliver and R. ©. Seeger. 9.48
train fram Flinders St. Bring two meals.

Saturday, Dec. 6—Kvening Walk, Yarra Boulevard at Studley Park.
Subject: ‘Astronomy and General." Leader: Mr. E. E. Lord.
Meet 7.30 pm., Johnston Street Bridge {Abbotsford, Kew), If
passible, bring telescopes, binoculars, and good torch,

Special Noiice:

Saturday, Dec. 13—Kinglake National Park, Leader; Mr, A, A, Brun-
ton, Nash’s bus leaves Balinan Avenue 9 a.m. Rookings (5/6
return) with Mr. R. Db. Lee, L8 Normanby St, Brighten, S.5.

Group Fixtures: ,

Friday, Nov. 7—Marine Biology Group, Royal Society's Hall, 8 pam.
New members welcome. (Han. See. Miss W. Taylor, 23 Jolimont
Square, Jolimont, C.2.)

Monday, Nov, 24—Botany Groop. Royal Soriety’s Hall, § pm. Sub-

Jett: “Grasses and Sedzes.”

Tuesday, Dec. 2--Gealogy Group. Royal Society’s Hall, 3 pm. Sub-
jeet: “Geology Quiz."

Friday, Nec. f—Marine Biology Group. Royiul Sceiety’s Hall, B p.m-
Further particulars from Hon, Sec, of Group,

Saturday, Dec. 6—-Geology Group. Proposed visit to Geological Survey
Museum, Gishowne St. Further particulars at meeting:

A, A, BAKER,
Excursion Secretary.

AWN, Z.A.A.S. Meeting af Perlh
At the Botany Discussion Group on October,27 -Mr. P. Fy Morris
fave some account of the Conference sessions toiwhich he was Glub
delegate; also an address oni West Australian vegetation, with a
“series Of beantiful colour slides to emphasize its peculiarities, amazing
variety and charm,

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol, 64.—No. 8 DECEMBER 4, 1947 No. 768

PROCEEDINGS

The monthly mecting of the Club was heid ar the National
Herbarium on November 30, 1947. the Presicent (Miss Jna
Watson} and about 200 members and friends attending.

Vhe President announced the death of an esteemed Honorary
Meniher aud Past President, Mr. R. 1, Croll, and also of a valued
friend, Miss Ingram. Members stand ir silence for a moment as
a mark of respect ta their memory,

A welcome was extetided to all visitors Trot kiidved societies
attending the presentation of the Australian Natural Wistory
Mecallion, aud special mention was made of My. H. Best and
our Hou, Member Mr, C, Freel, who were associated with
Baron von Mneller in his latter years.

The following were elected as Ordinary Members of the Club:
Mesdames R_ 5S. Viart, Dohson and I. W. Faulkner, My. and Ars
A. Riddell, Misses M. Blanford, FL W’Avev. &. Cainpbell, and
Mr, EK. Atkins: as Country Members: Miss G. Leivis, Mesers,
A, |. and IK, A. Gray, and QO. Edgar: and as Associate Meriher:
Master Graeme Riddell

Presentation of Austrahan Natural History Afedallian

Mr. Russell Grinwade, hefore making the presentation. stated
that he was pleased indeed to have this honour, as he hiad iuliowed
the achievements of the recipient, Mr. P. Crosbie Morrison, from
achool days to the University and up ta the present time. No
one was doing move. to poprilarize Natural History throughout
Australia and there was no doubt that the choice of tlie Selection
Coniniittee would be widely approved.

Mr. Mornson thanked Mr. Grimwade. Mr, J. K. Moir (the
donor) and inembers of the F,N\C., stating that he was very
consciaus of the juonour received. He tooked forward to many
more happy davs in the Clith.

Mr. A, W_ Jessep, Government Botanist aud Director of the
Botanic Gardens (hy «whose courtesy we had the use of the
Herhariinn Hall for this meeting), supplemented the remarhs of
Mr. Griniwade by reference to the work Mc. Morrison bad done
in producmy the Gardens Celtenary book, whist had heen
generally appreciated. .

150 Field Naturalists’ Clik Proceedings Les

Ferdinand von Mueller

Next month heing the 100th anniversary of Barein von Mueller’s
arrival in Australia, Mr, J. H. Wills delivered a Centennial
Address, summarizing the principal) events in the great botanist’s
live—his joumeyings. writings, and the misfortunes that he
surmounted so magnificentl, The thanks of the Club were
aceoitled Mr. Willis by hearty acclamution.

Mr. Best gave several renniscences of his happy associations
with von Mueller, anc letters were read from Mr. C. Daley (still
am hospital) drawing attention to his long correspondence with
the Baron and his Memoir—at presen. the onty biography of
Mueller ever published—and from Miss Gecit Harris, of Perth. a
surviving preat-nieve of the Baron’s, conveying greetings anid hese
wishes to the meeting,

Mr. H.C. E. Stewart mentioned that at a Bendigo excursioti
recently members had visited the Ar¢ Gallery and admire! an
oyhate vase, ance presented to Baran von Miyyviler by the Cyar nt
Russia. :

EXHIBITts

Mr. J. R. Garnet: Copy of Stora Austrufensts (Vol, 6) witli
mary arnsatations and marginal notes pencilled hy the Baron

Mr. C. J. Gabriel): Marine shells—Prtavia iupauaria Lesson ard
P. dtene J, iram Central America.

Mr, A, A, Baker: Collection of specimens from Comarlat,
including hene fragurents, leaves, cancretians, Molomilic travertine.
epsomite and glacial pebbles.

Mr. J. Rog Gartiet; Native shrabs—Pinelea ligustiina aid
Jvodin achileoides, both garden-grown,

Mr. J, S. Seaton: Av claleuca Sleedmani, Boronia phinala, Lepres
sperunon scoparinn, var. Laabetin, all garden-gtawn,

Natiowal Herbarium: Collection of Mueller relics.

MYSTERIOUS “PLAYHOUSE"

A few years ago we had a mystery here which we failed to salve. It
was a wonderful playhouse for something, Ie was only used one season
and bas since iullen to decay. After absence from tke gully for some tine
owile to illness, T went down one day and was surprised ta see a well
defined path, which 1 knew wae not made by man, leading trom the stream.
i folfuwed the path up the hilt into thick scrub and came io an elfin arena
ahout fnar feet syiare, All the wire-vrass and crcepers nad been pulled
dlown in (he forming of the square, Daily T watched this playhotise until
qhere were eleven “rooms” in all, one comnnmicating with another, and
even having earthen steps in places where the level caused them to he
needed. The whole thing was evidently the work of some eteatite or
creatures af the night, for ooibine was ever sce at avork, We were all
fascinated, yer aobody could aell me whan made the plavhotde, Perhaps
some saturalist can abligey--(Aliss) Amy L. Laveocw, Sassatres.

Deceraler ET. Meir, 4 Dryland Porin of Ptevastylis lyugifolia 151

A DRY-LAND FORM OF PTEROSTYLIS LONGIFOLIA
: By E, T. Murr, Dimboola.

The typical form of the Tall Greenhood Orelnd as a plant of
varving dimensions, ranging from 15 ta 90 em. in height, but rhe
forma unilér discussion isa consistently dwarf plant. The rathet'
crowded arrangement of the flowers and leaves along the upper
third of ats axis resembles that of Lindley's P, wittata; in the
typical form the leaves and flowers are more widely spaced. The
labellum is remarkable for its
wholly green colour and its
almost glabrous surface, the
striking pubescence of the
typical form being represented
merely by a sprinkling of ex-
tremely short marginal hairs,
The appendage, of 4 darker
shade than its stirloundings,
is more conspicuous than typi-
cally and in some flowers is
quite definitely inclined for-
ward, ‘The apex of the label-
lumi is almiost campat'able with
that of P, concinna R.Br., its
incision heing deep and wide
as in an old-fashioned hoot-
jack,

My first specimens of the
dwarf form were collected on
August 20, 1946, in the new
Reserve for Flora and Fauna
at Dimboola, Under the im-
pression that it was typical of
P. longifoka, a specuuen was
forwarded to the Rev, H. M.

A and B—Plants half natural size r
(B is shortened). C—Colunm and Je. Rupp of New South Wales.

Jahellum (side yiew), D—Labellam This exanrple was obviously
(irunt view). T—Column (fram past its pnme, because Mr-
frat), F—Lower sepals. G—Tetal. Rupp immediaiely asked for a
H—talea, (al as parts em further specimen, stating that

fe it was probably a new entity-
With the arrival of fresh material, and after consulting other
orchid stuclents, he decided that the variations irom type were
consistent enough to warrant @ varnielal wate, Tn view of the
crowded arrangement of the flowers and leaves, congesta would
have been an appropriate epithet, Messrs. W, TI. Nicholls and

152. E.T, Mule, A Dryland. Forms of Preyostylis Jongiflie [ist Nat

J. H. Willis, who know the Tall Greenhood well over a wide range
in) Victoria, were further consulted and they advised against the
publication of a new variety—Pterostylis longifolia is extremely
variable i» size, colouring and density of the inflorescence, and
dwarf conditions are not uncommon atnong norma) colonies o7 the
plant, especially where thete is a local deterioration of the soil.
Consequently T have decided not to describe my plant as anything
new; but notes an an interesting fornia comegeste may he worth
recording.

T callveted, three specimens, Jeaving the veimainivig six im tite
Reserve. ta be pollinated and Lo catch. if possiblé, the insect
responsible, When Mr. Rupp requested a secund specimett, some-
one had collected five of these!—the sole survivor was only a
single-Aowered specimen. Surrounding the colony, there were
quite 2 niimber of juvenile plants, which were probably those of
the dwarf P. longifolia, although they could be PL robusta, which
is locally plentiful, A fortnight later T collected wwe specimens at
Diapur, 30 miles closer to the South Australian border, Tt js
possible that there were more there, bur I had little Hoie at my
dispasal to search for further specimens. It ig thcist probable that
there will be other colonies at Diapur, in the Lawloit Ranges
between Diapyr and Yanac., and along che fringes of the [itrle

Desert,

HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF BIRDS

In writing a full-page review for Nature {June 7, 1947) of the recent
Brituh book, Masfergreces of Bird Photography, by Eric Hosking aad
Harold Lowes (Wm. Collins, Sons & Co,, London, 1947) Mr. Seton Gorden
concludes: “This is ene of the most interesting bird hooks (hat have been
published For a km time.” ‘

Victorian bird-fovers till look forward ta the enjoyment of this twelve-
and-sixpenny work, with its 63 plates, manv being of the gyeatest historical
value. It is claimed that a lapwing study, photographed by R, B. Lodge in
1895, represents the first photograph ever taken of o bird an the mest, Sach
a claim, however, js disproved by reference to our Mictorian Naturalist lor
February, 1894, wherein a pantograph is reproduced for the first time in
the jotirnal. It is an excellent picture of gantiets ot their nests at a Cat
Island “annctry," and was exposed by Mr. H, P. C. Ashworth on November
20, 1893, during the F.NUC. expeclition to Furneaux Group, Bass Strait.

EDIBLE SPINERS

"Y know of ne mmeral analysis of spaders. The only analysis T have made
was of a Siamese spicler which ig nich apprecsated as an item of fuinan diet,
The flavour ig palatable, and (he proteiu content hizh,—W, S Bristowe, in
er te do correspondent, The Coumteyinan (England), ¥ol. 35, No. J,

EXRATUM —The illustrations appearing as figures 2 and 3 (pp. 131 and
132) tn the Novetnber dumber of the Mictarian Naturist should be
\ransposed,

'

anal R.A. Hut. fdentificotion of Australian Snakes 15s

A KEY TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF AUSTRALIAN
SNAKES

(OTHER THAN BLIND SNAKES, ROCK SNAKES AND
PYTHONS, FILE SNAKES, AND SEA SNAKES)

By R, A, Hunt, Texas. Queensland.

From time to time, excellent articles have appeared on the
enakes of a particular district or State, eg., “Snakes” hy R. A,
Black in The Austrahan Naturalist, vor, 50. (July, 1930) —an
illustrated account of the three Tasmanian species} but we lack 4
wood key to the ophidian fauna of the whole Conunonwealth, With
a view to making good this deficiency, | venture to submit the
following scheme, based upon my own experiéice and valuable
information contained in the three standard works:

Snakes of Adstyalia, JT. KR. Kinghorn.
Australian Snakes, E. R. Waite,
Reptiles and Amphilians of South Austrotia, E.R. Waite.

Thanks are extended ta Mr. J. K. Kinghorn and Mr, Brayton
Eddy {of the N.¥.Z.S.) who kindly checked my “key,” giving
their apmions on it.. ;

METHOD OF APPLICATION OF KEY

(1) Note whether the ANAL PLATE js entire (Al) or
divided (A2), This will select 2 group of columns.

(2) Count the numer of scales around the body. These will
be any odd number, tron 13 to 29° The aumber counted will
sélect a down column (5S),

(3) Count the number of scales from the chin to the ANAL
PLATE. These are called VENTRALS (VJ). The umber will
fit one of the sets in the central column marked (VJ, thereby
determining 4 cross column, which makes a square with the (S)
column,

(4) Within this square ts a group of nuntbers. These numbers
coincide with the numbers of the snakes in the accompanying
notes, By comparison of rhese notes, suelt factors as the condition
of the subcandal scales ($C) and the colour will eliminate species
until the correct one has been determined.

The notes include information un the venomousness, colour,
scalation and distribution of 79 species and 7 varieties (4 known
from single specimens only). If there is no accepted vernacular
name, @ Question mark (?) will precede the scientific epithet.

NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN SNAKES (TO ACCOMPANY
THE KEY)

J. FRESH-WATER SNAKE (Netix mairt’ Gray). Non-venomous.
Coloyr: Very variable, May be from grey to a rich brown, with
markings of many kinds. Often réddish spots on the sides. Belly
rcales are usually salmon-pink.
Scalation: S$ 15-17, V 130-160, SC 52-80 A 2.
‘ Northern Austvalta.

154 R, A. Hunt, Identification of Australian Snakes [“Vei.ea

TABULAR KEY

Al
-—| VENTRALS
539 | S21 |S23

36 | 39 | NP-120

36 | 30 | 39
& 391-190
36 181-140
82
40
141-160
78 161-160
78 33 162-170
$4 §71-180
oo
37 181-290
83,84| 51
A f 148,47} 20, 24
6 | 22; 27 | $9, 48
193-200 7 | 28,31 149, 51
88, Bd
ae 70 "6 (17, 22/20, 24
al 201-210 7 | 27,98 /26, 2
51,8543, 4
aa
79 6 | 17, 22) 20, 24
Bl [3 211-220 7 | 27,28 (25,29
3, 84|43, 53] 24
BY | 47 az |:
221-230 rae ee)
38
a4
a1 12,12} | 17
au | 12 231-240 a7
i2 | 80 | 47 84
11, 12/14, #2 | 22 241-250 17,27
11,7211, 12] 12 251-280 17,27

251-290 85

foxaey R. A, How, Identification of Australian. Snakes 155

-2 HOODED SNAKE (Stegonotus cuewlatns Dumeril and Bihron).

RNon-venomous.

Calowr: Light brown on the upper surface, with a dark central stripe
commencing behind the head. Yellowish below. The lateral scales
have brown spats.

Seatatton: ‘Iwo upper labrals enter the eye. Loreal scale present,
10-11 upper labials. Parietals twite as long as the prefcontals
S17. V 194-208 SC 73-90 pairs. A 1,
North-eastern Australia.

3. HERBERT RIVER SNAKE (Stegonotus plumbeus Macleay). Non-
venomous,
Colour: A uniform black or lead colour above, and yellowish white
underneath, Subcaudals each have a black base. :
NScalation: Frontal shield broad and short. Three labials enter the
eye. Nine upper labials. S17, V 219, SC 74 pairs, A 1.

4. MACLEAY'S WATER SNAKE (A’ypsivhina macleayi Ogilby}-
Veriomaus, hut not dangerous.
_ Colow: Dark olive to black with a yellowish white line on cach side
General appearance very distinctive.
Scalation: S 21-23.. V 147-152. SC 38-47 all single. A 2,
Northern Australia,

5. SPOTTED WATER SNAKE (Hypsirhina punctate Gray). Slightiy

veromous.

Colour: Head brown, upper labials white. Upper surface dark
brown, with lines and spots or blotches. Uniier parts whitish.
Zigzag dark brown stripe through subcaudals-

Scalation: One or two loreal shields present. 12-14 upper Labials-
S 25-27. V 135-156. SC 28-41 paired. A 2.
WNorthem Australia.

6. NORTHERN GREEN TREE-SNAKE (Dendrophis calliguster Gun-
ther). Non-venomous,
Colour: (arven on the upper surface, tich yellow ta white below.
Black streak froni the side af the snout through the eye,
Seolation: & 13. V 176-200. SC 120-150 single, A zZ.
Northern Central Queenstand and Cape York,

7. GREEN TREE-SNAKE (Dendrophis punctniatis Gray), Non-
yenomous.
Colour; Usually a brilliant green above and yellow below. Black
and white markings on the skin imder aad between the scales.
Scalation: S13. V 191-220, SC 1a-144 A 2.
Kastern Australia.

8. ROCKADAM $(Cerberns atuireits Gray). Harmless.
Colour: Leaden grey above, with irregular black spots. Dark streak
on the side of the head. Under paris yellowish white
Sealation; Parietal shields broken up into small scales, S 25,
V 148-150. ‘SC all paired,
A water snake restricted to narthern Australia.

9. RICHARDSON'S WATER SNAKE (Myron richovdsom Gray).
Slightly venomeus.
Colour: Grey or olive wbove with black irregular cross-bands. Head
blackish. The under parts yellowish, with central dark streak.
Scalation; Nasal divided. - Loreal preseut. Internasal single and
trizngular, Nine upper Jabials. S 21. SC 30-35 pairs. A 2.
North-western Australia, :

156 R, A. Hunt, ldentificotion of Australian. Snakes icra

10. WHITE-BELLIED WATER SNAKE (Fordonia lencobalte Schlegel).
_ Slivhtly venomous. . Tie f
Colonr: Variable. May be black above with or without yellowish
spots, or reddish; above with a black vertebral stripe, or brown
with black spots, :
Scalation: I singles UL 5. S 25-29. V rounded, SC 26-43, méstly
paired, A 2, '
Northern Australia.

1), BROWN TREE-SNAKE (niga fusca Gray). Slightly venomous,
f Colour: Any one of several shades ot brown, crossed with many
thin, irregular, blackish bands.
Svalation: The preocular-does not join the frontal, § 19-21, V 226
251. SC 87-103 pairs. A 1.
Northern and ¢astern Australia, -

12 NORTHERN BROWN TREE-SNAKE (Sowa irregularis Merrem}.
. Slightly venomous. ‘
€atayr; As for L1-
Scealations The preocular reaches the frontal. S 19-25. V angylate.
SC 103-825, mostly paired. A db.
Cape York (N,Q).

13, EROWN-HEADED SNAKE (Glyphodon tristis Gunther), Veria-
mous, but practically harmfess.

Calon: Dark brown.

Scaletion: Intemasals half as long as the prefrontals. Frontal twice
as broad as the supraocnlars. Upper labials join the prefrontal,
S 17, V 165-178. SC 38-52, paired, or a few anterior ones
single, A 2. ; ;

N.E. Australia.
14, RED-BELLIED .SNABE (Pseudclaps squamulosns Dumeril and
Bibron), Venomous, but practically katmless.

Colour; Dark brown or black above, with an orange or yellow band
round the snout to the neck, The lower parts are salmon-red
aid may be spotted with black.

Sealation: S15, V 170-185. SC 35-50, in pairs. A 2.

Coastal plains and ranges of S.E, Australia.
In, KREFFT’S DWARF SNAKE (Psendelaps Avegii Gunther), Veno-

_ mous, but practically harmless,

Colour: Blackish-brown above, a yellow band on the nape connecting
with the yellow colour oft the side of the bead. The under suriace

‘is awhitish, the plates being edged with brow. Brown central

e atin under ie tail, é

Fatation: Nasal in contact with the predcular, 15& V 148-156.
SC 26-38 pairs. A’? F
Queensland and uorthern New South Wales,
16. WHETE-CROWNED SNAKE (FPsewdelaps harrtettae Kreffry, Veno-
mous, but practically harmless.

Colaxr: Usually dark brown, with a large whitish blotch on the
nape connected with the white sides of the head, Somotimes
the head-matkings are almost yellow, Scales on the sides ai the
neck are distinctly yellow-striped. :

Seolation: S15. V 176-193. SC 29-35 paired. A 2
Souther) Queensland,

WV, RED-NAPED SNAKE (Psendeleps dtadenta Sehlcgel). Vencetions,
but practically larnidess. :

ae R. A. Hone, Identification of Australion Suakes 187

Colour; Ifead and neck black, with a scarlet or orange heart on
nape. Bady brown above and yellowish below- a

Sealetiow; Nasal not ih contact with the preocular. S15. WV 165-
255. SC 60-100 in pairs. - A 2. e
General to Australia.

<A

Ne gorally

Names or Vaktous Scates
R—Rostral T—Temporal A---Anal

J—Internasal F—Frontal CS—Chin Shields
N—WNasal P—Parietal UL—Upper Labials
POQ--Preotijlar Ntj—Nuchals LL—Lower Labials
PIF¥—P refrantal V—Ventrals

S$OW—Swupraocular SC—Subcaudals

18 YELLOW-NAPED SNAKE (Psidelaps christcanis Fry). Veno-
° mous, but innocuous,

Calour: Light brown above, the head is dark brown, and there is a
broad yellow collar on the nape. The lips are yellow and the
underparts whitish,

Scatahion: The nasal is not m contact with the preceular. S 17,
V 165. SC about 38 pairs. A ?

Northern Australia.

19. MUELLER'S SNAKE (Pyeudelaps oneclleri Schlegel}. Venomous,
but not dangercus.

Colour: Brown above with lighter yertebral line. Head brown,
spotted with black markings. Light and dark brown and white
markings with yellowish streafs on the-side of the head, Undee+
parts yellow to coral red, speckled with black, ;

Scolation; Nasal divided and in contact with the preocnlar. § 15.
V 140-180, SC 21-35, in pairs. A 2. -

an.

a

23.

24,

25:

+

. ick. Mat.
R.A. Hunt, Identification af Australian Snakes Veni ne

COLLARED BROWN SNAKE (Demansia snuchalis Gunther),
Venomous, ae
Colvwr: Usually a light tan with a dark brown blatch em the head
and another on the pape. Stine have pale brown cross-bands,
Scalation: Rostral decper than bread, Frontal broader than the
supraoctlars. S 17-1921. V 184-200, SC im 54-65 pairs. AZ
S.W. Ausétralia and some parts of the north. 2

. WESTERN BROWN SNAKE (Oeneunia modesta Gunther}. Vono+

mous.

Calour: Usually pale olive brown, to reddish in the desert forms

“swith a few widely separated dark cvoss-hands. There is a black
mark on the head, separated hy a yellow band iram another on
the nape. The underside is whitish. J
Scalation: S 17, V 154-465, SC in 38-51 pairs. A 1.

Western Australia,

SPOTTERD-HEADED SNAKE (Demansia. olivecea Gray). Veno-

mous,

Colour: Wariable. May be olive, light or dark Browi above, each
stale haying a dafker edge. The head is speckled and Jined with
dark markings, and there is a yellowish streak from the ¢ye to
the angle of the mouth. The underparts are yellowish.

Scolatien: Kosttal broader than decp. Frontal narrower than the
supraoculars. § 15. SC in 79-99 pairs. A 2.

Northern Australia,
WILKIN'S BROWN SNAKE (Desutisin guttata Parker}. Veno-
mous.

Colour: Pale browti above; some of the scales with darker edjres.
There are about eleven darfe blotches between the head and the
tail, and two on the tail. The lower surfaces are whitish,

Scalation: Rastral broader than deep. Frontal broader than the
supracculat. Nasal entire, just making contact with the preoculaz,
the latter only slightly hollowed out. 5 2). V about, 207. SC
in 56 pairs, A 2.

Single specimen collected near Winton (Q.),
SPOTTED BROWN SNAKE (Demunsio affins Guother). “Veno-
mus.

Calowe: From tan to a darker brawn above with 2 few scattered
spots on the head and along the back. The sides are lighter.
The underparts yellowish, finely spotted with grey,

Sealation: Rostral broader than deep, J’rontal broader than the
supraoculars. S§ J7-19-21, V 184.220, SC 52-63 in pairs A 2.
Central and S.W. Australia.

CARINATED BROWN SNAKE (Deiansic cortrata Longman).
Venomous,

Colour: Dark to hlackish-brown aheve, the head being darker than
the body. ‘There ate alternate dark and light ctoss-hands on the
dorsal suvface, eoxtcuding to the sides, with the dark band
outlined. hy a much Jighter one.

Scalation: Rostral deeper than broad. Frontal net much wider than
the supradculurs, 3 17. V 220. SC in 55 pairs. A 2
Charleville district (Q.),

INGRAM'S BROWN SNAKE (Demansia ingromi Boulenger),
Venomous.

Colous! Upper sutiace ig dark brawn, sume of the scales lnaving
lighter centres, The underparts. are yellowish. the outer edges
of the scales being dark brown.

Decombt'| R. A. Hert, Jdentifieation of Australian Siurkes 189

Scalation: S17, V 208 SC 65, im pairs, A 2. Rosiral broader
than deep. Itontal as broad as the supraocular, Nasal does not
join the preactlar, ' :

Single specienen from Northera Territory. ;

27. YELLOW-FACED WHIP SNAKE (Depinsia poommopiris Schlegel)
Venomous, but) not deadly. iy
Colour; May he olive-brown to grey above; but the yellow marking
round the'eyé Js very distinctive. ;
Scalation: § 15. Vi 170-225, SC in 69-105 pairs. A 2.
General to Australia. "

28. VELLOW-FACED WHIP SNAKE, var, (Demansio prammuphis, var.
reticulata), Venomous, but not dearly. ;
Colour; A greenet varicty than the Whip mentioned previously.
Seales edged black; j
Scalation: S 1S, V 179-225. SC 63-79 pairs. A 2.

29. COMMON BROWN SNAKE (Demanste texilis Dumeril and
Bibron). Venomous.

Colow: Variable. From light tan toalinost a black, A good feature
for identification is that the venerals arg always blotched. Young
specimens are bandet. ~4 70

Scalatiom: S17. V 190-220. SC in 46-70 pairs. The anal is divided,
(seneral to Australia.

30, GREY-BELLIED SNAKE (Dentausta feectis, vac. inframaciule
Waite). Veriomats,
Calour: General colour of the back resembles thay of No, 24, The
underparts ate heavily marked with grey.
Sealation: S47. V 190. SC in 62 pairs. AZ.
Specimen found in South Austratia
oH. PERCY ISLAND SNAKE (Dewansia torgnota Gray) Venomons,
but nat dangerous,
Cotour; Olive ta thrown abave, the head being darker than the body.
There is a yellow patel on the side of the head, on the stout aud
hehind the cye. A flack bar runs from cye to eye aid another
front the eye to the angle af the mouth A dark, yellow-edged
collar, The underpatis are preyish with a dark median streak.
Scolation: Frontal not so bread a3 the supragchiar, S15 V 191-
203, SC in 75-81 pairs, AZ
Coastal districts of N.E. Dueenstand.

32, MARBLE-HEADED SNAKE (QLemansia arnaticeps Macleay)
Venomous, but aot deadly.

Colmer: Slate-coloured to brawit above. each sesie tipped with &
reddish colour. The head is beautifully miuyrbled with white-
edged, dark markinge, “Chere is also a conspicuous yellow mark-
ing along the side of the head and the neck.

Sealotion: § 15. V 187, SC in 90 pairs, A 1.

North and Western Australia.
43. ROUGH-SCALED SNAKE. (Tropictechis carinatns Krefit). Vono-
mous,

Colour: Olive-green to brown above, with numeraus eross-bands af
a darker shade, sore of which may be broken up ow the imedian
dorsal suyface, The Jips and underparts are ycllowlsh-white.

Sealotion: 5 23 (the dorsal ones strongly keeled), V 165-171, SC
52-54, all shiigle. The anal js entire
Central eastern Australia.

14

34.

36.

3.

Ri

49.

40.

41.

. : ere Vict. Nat.
R A. Hunt, /dentification of Sustratian Snakes | Wai. 64

ARROW-NAPED SNAKE (Tropidechis dunensis De Vis).. Veno-
mots, but not dangerous. ; ,
Colour: Light coppery-hrown back crossed with thin darker bands.
Arrow of darker brawn at the nape, ihe dorsal median haying a
_ irregular line.
Scatarion: The frontal much broader than the longer and marrow
supracculars. The nasal is in contact with the preocular, S 23.
V 216. SC in S4 pairs, A 1.
Single specimen found at Darra (Q.).
KREFFT'S TIGER SNAKE (Notechts ater Krefft}, Venomous and
deadly,
Colonr: Very much like No. 37, to which it is related,
_ Sealattion: UL 5. 5.97, V 163 SC 47, single A 1.
Flinders Range, Sowth Australia.
TIGER SNAKE (Notechis seutatus Peters). Venomous and deadly.
Colour: May vary from olive to rich brown of tan above. Yellowish
white below. he dark .cross-hands are about the same size a5
the interspaces, .
Scalation: 5S 15, 47, 19. Vo 128-185. SC 30-61, all single A 7.

KANGAROO ISLAND BLACK SNAKE (Notechis scutatus, var.
_ niger Kinghorn). Venomous and deadly. :

Cotour; Back dark steel-bluc. Ventral dark alate-grey. Some whate
scales on the neck.

Scalotiow: UL 6. S19 V i&4. SC 45, all single Al
Kangaroo Island, South Australia,

7 (Rhinhoplocephatus bicolor Muctler}, Wenomous.

Colaur: Above, greyish olive, the seales on the sides having dark
arty It is whitish beneath, ancl the tongue is described as beige
wite,

Scatation: It has no nvernasal shjelds, There ave two preoculars,
the lower one joining the nasal shicld, S 15. V 159 approx.
SC 34. all single. The anal is single (A 1),

Westeriy Avastratia.
BEATE ADUER (Aeanthophig antoretions Shaw). Venomous and
eadly,

Colowr> General colour brown ar grey with dark cross-hars,

Scalatwn- S 24-23. V 143-130. SC 41-51, the 5-27 last paired. A.
General to Australia.

DESERT DEATH ADDER (Acumthophis pyrrius Bonulenger).
Vetiomots and deadly.

Coloye; Usually light tan with darker cross-bands.

Scalation: $2), V 146. SC 30, the last 20 divided. A J,
Central Australia.

LITTLE DESERT SNAKE (Elapognathus mttor Gunther), Veno-
mous, but innocugus. ,

Colour; Olive-browa above, and olive te greyish beneath, the edpes
of the ventrals being brownish, In the young a black patch may
bé present on the nape,

Sealations Frontal broader than the supraocalar, Nasal entire and
t_contact with the preocular, Scales finely siviated § 15.
SC 52-60, all single, Af,

South-western Australia.

- AUSTRALIAN CORAL: SNAKE. (Riynchociaps australis Kretit).

Venomous, but harmless.

Deceneer R.A, Bue, Ideiitifiration of Australian Snakes 161

Colour: Red, with cross-bands formed by yellow, black-edged scales:
Sealation: The rosteal shield extends, in a point, well back on to the
head. The prefrontals are wbliquely set. S 17. V 152-163.
SC 18-20, in pairs A 2.
Faster Australi

43. HALF-GIRDLED SNAKE (Rhynchoelops seinifuscialns Gunther).

Venomous, but harmless. ‘

Colour: Yellowish, with a brawn bar on the head, and narrow bands
on the head. Narrow bands an the body which do not extend
far down the sides. ,

Scalation: Seales on the snout are obliquely vet, and the frontal is
three times as broad as the supraoctlar, S$ 47, V 143-170.
SC 17-25, A 2.
Western Australia.

44. DESERT BANDED SNAKE (Riiyitchoclaps bertholdt Jan). Veno-
mous, but harmless.
Calon: Yellowish with dark cross-bars. The head finely spotted
with brown, especially the binder part.
Scalation: S15, Vo 112-126. SC in 15-25 pairs, A 2
Southern and south-western Australia,

45. * (Rhkyachoelaps jasctolatus Gunther), Venomous, but harmless.

Colunr: Reddish above, with.a large black mark on the nape and the
head, becoming broken up on the brxly, the bands there being |
formed hy black spots.

Seatotion: Frontal three times as broad as the supracculars, The
nasal widely separated from the preocular, S 17. V 145-101.
SC 22-27, in pairs, A 2.

South-western Australia.
46. QUEENSLAND GIRDLED SNAKE (Rawnchoelaps Jusctcolliy Lonn-
berg and Andersen). Venomous.

Calor: Reddish-brown, the edges of the scales being darker, pro-
ducing a reticulate pattern. There is a blackish blotch six scales
wide on the nape.

ea irtaores S15. Four temporal scales. Y 143. SC 20, all in pairs.
Notthéern Queenslantl.

47. SMALL-SCALED PSEUDECHIS (Pysexdechis oncrolepidotus Mé-
Coy). Venomous.

Calour- Dark brown. The under surface yellowish. ‘The ventral
shields edged with grey-

Sewfation: Nasa) not in contact with the preocular. The frontal is
14 times as lotig as bread, and broader than the supraocnlars,
§ 23. V 230-237, SC 61-66, all in pairs, A 1.

Riverina,

48. MULGA SNAKE (Pseudcchts australis Boulenger). Yenamous.

Colour: {Foobery-browe to light brown, the wider parts being yel-
lawish,

Scalation: The rostral is broader thaw deep, The auternasals half
a¢ long as the prefrontals. The frontal is about as broad as the
supraocular, aud as inuch as twice as long as broad) S§ 17
V 199-220, SC 57-70, anterior half single. A 2
Sovth-western. New South Wales,

49. COPPER SNAKE (Psendechis cuprenus Gray). Venomous,
Colour: Tan 10 reddish-brown.

. . . Nate
162 R.A. Hurt, fdentifieation of Anstratian Snakes Vien x

Seolation: Frontal owice as long as broad and narrower thail the
supracculars The nasal joins the preocular. S$ 17, V 199-220,
Se 57-70, the majority of the anterior ores single, the rest jit
pairs.

Murray River country of Victoria and New South Wales.

50. WEST AUSTRALIAN COPPER SNAKE (Parendechts dontsonotdes
Werner), Venomous, :

Colour: Upper scales coppery-browit; the bases af the scales are
goiden, The under parts are yellowish.

Scolasion ; The internasals ate only about one-third as long as the
prefrontals. The frotttal is nearly twice as long as wide, and
not as bread as the supraoculars. 517. V 189, SC 34 single.
the rest in pairs. A i,

South-western Austrahia.

51. RED-BELLIED BLACK SNAKE (Psenudeclas porphyriacts Shaw}-
Venomous.
Colour: Black above, the ventral shields being salmon-coloured in
the centre and rer at the side.
Scalation: S17, V 180-210. SC 50-60, the first 5-20 single. A 2.
Eastern Australia.

52, BLUE-BELLIED BLACK SNAKE (Peendechis mortonensis De Vis).
Venomous. .

Colour: Bluish-hlack shove, and bluish-geev below.

Sratatiaw: The frontal ic not much longer that broad, and only a
little wider than the supraceulars. The posterior nasal reaches
the preocular, 219) V 192-193 SC 59-01, rhe first 22-40 being
single, A L
Northern and eastern Queensland,

53. PORT DARWIN BROWN SNAKE (Psendeciiis doreviniensis

- Macleay). Venomons.

Colour: ‘The head is a pale brown; the body is reddish-brown above,
the scales being dark-edged: the belly is creamy-white.

Scalation: The frontal shield js as broad as long and much wider
than the supraoculars. S17. V 212. SC 54-64, the anterior ones
being single, the remainder in pairs. A 2
Northern Austzalia,

. SPOTTED BLACK SNAKE (Pesendechis guttatis Da Vis).
Venornous.

Colour; Generally dark olive-brown above. Many of the ainterior
seales have a single yellow spot. The head is uniform brown,
and the ventrals slate-grey with light markings.

Scalation: The frontal shield is smaller than the ptéfrontals aitd
about as wide as the supraoctilars. The masal is divided and in
contact with the preacular, § 19, V 181-193. SC 52.59, mostly
tingle, A 2, ;

The plains of southery Queensland.

. WHITE-RELEIED BLACK SNAKE (Psendechis feror Macleay),
enomous.
Colowe; Glossy black above and yellowish-white bencath.
Scalation: The frontal is luiiger than broad; the preocutar is deeply
grooved; and the nasal does not reach the preocular, S 23,
V 235., SC af, all in two rows, A ;
Western New South Wates. y

we
th

wn
ue

Ducane R.A, Hunt, Identification of Atstralion Siakes 163

56. ? (Pseudechis collettt Bovtenger), Venomotrs. ;

Colour: A rich dark tan above, crossed by aiwny irregidar, blackish,
narrow bands, and a short longitudinal one on the neck.

Scatation: The frontal is very small, much smaller than the pre
f{rontals, and smaller than the supraocolars. 5 19, V 223, SC 6,
the last 9 in pairs. A 2,

(Queensland.
S7. ? €Psoudechis scutellatns Peters),

Colour: Tan above and yellowish-white below: some of the ventral
plates blotched with daric brown. ‘

Scalotion; S 23, V 2zi-224. SC 49-55, the first 20-27 single, the
rest in. pats. A Z.

Central Queensland,
$8. GIANT BROWN SNAKE (Oxysranns marlennom Kiighorn),
Venomous and deadly. ‘

Colour: Coppery-brawn above, yellowish below, some of the ab-
dominal scales biotehed with grey.

Scidation: S 21. V 234. SC 67 pairs. A 1.

Northern and north-eastern Australis,
50 ORNAMENTED SNAKE (Demisonic niwenilato Steindachner). Veno-
mons, but not dangerous, :

Colour: The back is dark reddish-brown above, the head lighter and
mottled with yellow.

Ncolation; The frontal shield is 14 times as long as broad, broader
than the supraoculars. The nasal 4 divided and in contact with
the preocular, 5 1% V abowt 130. SC 24, all single, A |,
Southern and central Queensland and northerm New South Walts,

OO. 2 (Dewisouia nacidata, yar, deqisit Waite and Longman). Venomous,
but not dangerous.

Colanr: Yeltowish-brown back with blackish, irregular cross-bands,
The head ts dark spotied and the under surfates whitish.

Sealations S17. V 124-140. SC 25-57, single, A 1.

Inland Queensland. and New South Wales.
Ol, * (Dentsonta andcilatd, var. fusciate Resend, Venomous, but not
dangerous,

Colour: Much the same as the Ornamented Snake.

Scalation; Whe rostral is broader than deep, the Jrontal much broader
than the supracculars. The nasal is not divided, and joins the
preocular, S t7. V 153-168. SC 28-31, single. A 1.
South-western Australia.

42. WHITE-LIPPED SNAKE (Dentsonia coronoides Gunther). VYeru-
mous, Lut not dangerous.
Colour: Vartes from brownish to olive above, the belly scales cream
to salmon-pink, the upper lip white below a black line,
Scalation.: Uhe frontal shield is usually twice, but nearly three times
sometimes, as long as broad, and not much broader than the
supraoculars. Scales distinctly striated. 5 15, V 136-(51, SC
39-57, all single. ‘he atal is entire.
General to Austraha.
63, WHITE-LIPPED SNAKE, var, (Denssonia coronoides, yar, morstere
- Krefft), Venomous, but not dangerous,
Colour: Olive to brown above, creamy-white on the under parts.
There jy a black streak from the nostril (hrough the cye, but the
upper lip is not usually white, The most striking feature is the
yellow collar. ;

r]

464 R. A. Hust, fdentification of Anstralionw Sikes viene

Scolation: The head shields are similar to those of No. 62, S IS,
V 136-151. SC 39-57, single, A 1- ¥
General to Australia.
64. CORONATED SNAKE (Denrsoiia corosote Seliegel. Venomous,
but not dangerous.
Colour; Somewhat like No, 63, but may he casily distinguished by
the black collar,
Sealafions The frontal shield is one and a half times ta twice ae lang
as broad, and not much broader than the supraccular. S ES.
V 138-151. SC 26-50, all single AL.
Genefal to Australia,

65. BLACK-BELLIED SNAKE ([Denisonia signata Jan). Venomous, but
nat dangerous.

Colowe! The under parts are coloured very darle grey or black. The
upper parts are dark olive-brown, with, usually, a yellowish stripe
behind the eyes a yellowish streak may also he present an the
upper lip.

Sealatfon: The frontal may be nearly twice as long as broad and
broader than the supraocular, S 17. V 150-170. SC 41-56, all
single, A 2, :
Eastern Australia.

of BLACK-BELLIED SNAKE, var. (Dentronta stonota, vai. Yagrans
Garman}. Venomous, but practically harmicss,

Colour: A uniform olive above, the belly o@ivaceaus, hut the throab
nearly black, The under-tail scales are hght. There is a black
streale from the nostril through the eye to the angle of the mouth.

Scalation: The frontal 18 twice as long as broad. aad half as wide
again as the supraoculars. The nasal is single and ip contact
with the preocular, S17. V 16], SC 49, all single, A 2,
Only known drom Dunk Island, Queensland.

, SUPERS SNAKE (Denisonta superka Gunther), Venomous and
deadly.

Colour) Varies from black to brown, the centre of the scales being
lighter. Same specimens have a dark nuchal collar, with 2
yellow border, and a dark vertebral stripe, The scales joining
the ventrals are Jarge, and are either a yellow, or salman with
dark tins. .

Scafation: The frontal is one and’ three-quarter times to twice as
long as broad, and as broad as, or narrower than, the supraocular.
Rostral broader than deep, S 15, rarely 13. V 145-160, SC
41-50, smgte, A 1.

Eastern Australia—a mountain form.

68. * (Denisowia wigrescens Gunther). Venomous, but not dangerous.
Colour: A uniform dark olive to black on the upper parts, the lower

oy
~

parts yellowish; the Scales have clark edges.

Seatationw: The rostral is twice as, broad as deep: the frontal about
one and a half times as long as broad and guite twice as hroad as
the suprgoculars, which are very short. The nasal is\ single and
joins the preocular. $15, V 170-200, SC 30-40, all single, A 1.
Queensjand and New South Wales, particularly the coastal, areas.

69 CARPENTARTA WHIP SNAKE (Demisonia carpentorine Macleay).
' Venomous, but regarded as harmless.

Colour: May be a sandy or tan colour, sometitics with & tinge of
olive, The upper lip and the lowermost mw of scales are yellow

Sealation.; The internasals are half as large as the prefrontals, The

rey gd } R. A. Hunt, ddcnttfication’ of Ausiralion Suukes 165

frontal Je not much longer than broad, arul is twice as broad -as
the supraoculars, The nasal does uot join the preocular, S 15.
V 166-183, SC 35-43, single. A 1. 7 d
FO. > (Denisonta davmeht Gunther}, Venomous, but harinless,
Coalaur: Brownisli to olive ahove, yellenvish-white béneath. Fhere is
a dark band on ihe nape. In the young the head may be black,
Sealalion | The vesttal is twice as broad as deep, and the internasals
are not half as large as ihe pretrontals, The frantal and the
supraoculars arc efonyate, the former being nearly twice as broad
zs the latter. ‘The nasal is in coslact with the préeceular, S 17,
V 147-1608. SC. 40, all single, A 2,
Central west’ Queensland.
1, BLACK-STRIPED SNAKE (Dentsonta nigrosiviata Kreftt), Yeno-
mits, but rot deadly.
. Colour: Back, several shades of light brown, with a yery distinct
almost black line dawns the centre of the hack The upper ip and
lower parts are yellowish. .
Sralation: Vhe intcrnasals are not halt as long as the pretrontals;
the frontal is very broad, quite twice as broad as the suprageulars
5 15. V 180-184. SC 50-64, all simzle A: 1.
Eastern Queetisland und New South Wales,
72, BLACK-HEADED SNAKT (Denisonta gondii Grav), Venomous.
but not dangerous.
Colour: May be coppery-brown to & light clive-brown above, aud
creamy white below, The upper part of the bead may be shiny-
black, or with a white patch on the side at the snout | .
Sealation: Uhe internasals are nearly as lang as the prefrontals;
> the frontal is net much longer than broad, and is quite iwice a>
bread as the supraocuolar. The nasal joins the predeular. § 15.
V 140-170- SC 25-30, single. A 1. .
Australia generally,
73. 2 (Denisonia palligiceps Gunther). Wenomous.
Coloar: The back is dark olive-brown, but the Iwad is much lighter,
The under surface is vellowish wilt a dark central dine onder the
all.
Youlattat; The frontal is ahout one and a half times as Jong as
broad, zid twice 23 broad as the supraoculars ‘I'he nasal is
divided. S15 V J?0-180. SC 37-38 singie A 1,
Northern aud north-eastern Queenslanel.
74. 2 CDenisontie raaesaq Kreffit). Venomous, but harmless,

Colour: Dark olive-treen to brown above, cach scale tipped with
reddish, and there is a dark Jine down the centre of the back
The under parts are yellowish, marked with brown, a2 algo :ale
the lip scales; the tail is black underneath.

Vealetion: Froutal wwice as long as broad, and as wide as the
supraoculars, Nasal daes not reach the preocylar, S15, V 164,
SC 53, all single. A 2,

Southern highlands of New South Wales.
? (Denisoitz muellert Fischer), Veriomous, but harmless.

Colaur: Usually greyish above, washed with brown. The upper and
lower lips, and sides of neck, are spotted with yellow, The tinder
suriace is grty with several longitudinal rows of davk spota,

Seafatium: The nasal jeins the preocular. The drontal is about twice
as long as braad, and not much broader than the supracculars.
S17 V ahout 118, SC 38, all single A |.

Northen half of Queeustand.

“i
on

166 R. AcHusr, fdentification of Australian Suokes [YYE NSS

76. LITTLE WHIP SNAKE ({2Benisonta flagellum McCov). Venornous,
-_ but harmless. .
Catour: Brown ahoye; the head is very dark, with a white baad
acroas the snout, Each scale is dark at the base.
Scalatiai: The frontal shield & one atid a hali times as long as
troad, and much broader than the stipraccular, The nasal is
entite, and in contact with the yreecolar, § 17, V 130-138.
SC: 25-27, all single, A 1.
Southem Victoria.
77. + CDentsviti¢ pimectata Boulenger). Vertomous, but harmless. ‘
Colour; Usually pale browa abave, each scale with a brown spat.
The head is orange with blackish blotches, and a black streak on
> each side of the head from the snout. The lower parts are
vellowish-white,
Sealation’ The frontal is nearly twice as long a3 broad, and twice
as hroad as the supraocular. “Che nasal is entire and joins the
cular. § 15. about 160. SC 25, all single. AT.
North-western Australia,

7& ? (Denisonia sutte Peters), Venomous, but not dangerous.

Colow; Light-or darker brown above, with a broad dark brown band
on the nape, The Jabials, nostril and 9 patch over the eyes, yellow;
and @ black stripe on the side af the head.

Jeatotiow! The frantal may be twice as long as broad, and twice as
bread as the suprsocular, ‘Phe nasal may of may mot join the
preocular, S19, V 154-164, SC 25-30, single. A J,
EHast-central Australia,

79. PALB-HEADED SNAKE (Hoplorephalis hitarqnains Jan), Wenor
mous, but not deadly, ‘

Colowe: A white and 4 brown or grey patch on the nape. Body
alive-brawn above, and greyish below. The top of the head is
sreyish and may bear black mackings. Jt sometimes has a white
or yellow spat on the side of the hend near tlie neck,

’ Sealattok, Frontal much broader than the supraoculars, S 21.
V 197-220, angulace. SC. 44-60, all single, A 1
Queensland and New South Wales, ;
aD. YELLOW-BANDED SNAKE (Hopiocephatus stephenst Keeffe)
Venomous.

Colour: Yellow, with black éross-bands and irregular markings;

Sealation; Frontal one and a half times as long as broad, and quite
twice as broad as the supracculars. The intertiasals aré mtich
smaller than the prefrontals. S 21. -W strongly angulate. SC 60,
all single, Al,

Narth. coast af New Sowth Wales
41, BROAD-HEADED SNAKE (Haplocephatus bungarotdes Baie),
Venomous
* Cofore: Blackish above, with yellaw spots forming a lattice-work of

_ tross-hars; ar the spots may he broken up on the dorsal surface.

Svelotians ‘Vhe nasal may be entire or divided, usually the latter,
$21, V 214-221, strongly angulate. SC 40-56, all single, AL,

' Cuastal aruas and ranges of northern New Sauth Wales.
82. DESERT SNAKE (Brachyaspis curta Schlegel) Venomous,

Colour; Drab olive-brown above, to almost a reddish-hrawn. Creamy
white below,

\ Scalation The frontal fray be twice as lore ax broad, S$ 18,
V 128-138, rounded, SC 30-35, ait sinle. A tl
Toland areas of Western Anstralia-

| RA Hent, ldeutification of dustratan Snakes 167
83, 2 CF ning boyacuterta Dureril and Bibron}, Venomous, but prac-
tically harmless.
Colours Yellowish above, cach scale bemg edeed with brown, There
is a Javge dark brown patch on the bead, and another on the nek,
Svolelion ; The frontal ig shield-shaped, nearly as broad as long, and
three tines as broad as the-suprancelars. There are five upper
labials, $ 15. V 181-217, rounded SC 20-3), all paired, A 2.
Western Australia,

24. PANDY BANDY (Purina ainwala Dumeril and Bibren). \Venomons,
but wollensive.
Colonr: Banded alternately with blach and wlirte Yipes .
Scalation: The frontal is about one and a half times as long as
broad, and about twice as broad as the supraoeulars. SK
V 180-234. SC 14-25, paired, OA

35. MANY-RINGED SNAKE (Fuviue aiullifasciata Longman), VWenor
mous, but harmless.

Colour: Upper surface banded alternately with dark brown and white
bands., Under surface irreguiarly spotted with black on a white
ground,

Scalelion: No internasal shields, Frontal a little longer jhan broad,
and quite three times as wide as the small supraoculars. & 15.
Ve 284. SC.20, all in pairs. A 2.

Northern and ¢astern Australia.

mw

SG. 2 Churina eatoneta Dumerit and Bibrow). Venomous, but harmless

Colon. The body ws vellowish-brown aboye, with a dade brown
vertelal stripe, each scale of the stripe having a dark spot.
There is a black bar on ithe snout. and another on the frontal.
Pie oceipat is brow. and there 1s 4 dark band on the neck.

scalatiou- The Crantal is 2 little longer thau. broad, ail three dimes
as broad as the ra ad The nasal joins the preocular
There are six upper labial S 1S. Vo 126-130, romnded. SC JO,
wi dwoosuws. Ad 2
Sonth-western Australis

FOOD OF FAN-TATLED CECKOG

In the Hac. Naf, November, 1947, p. 145, appeared a ante an a male
Fan-tailed Cuckoo ‘(Cocomantis Habethiformis) that had destroyed itself
agaist a glass wiaidew at Mariby rnong, Regarding: the caterpillars -ineni-
Honed as having been fownrl ji the stomach: of the dead birds a report has
sist: heen recerved from. the Directar of the Natioval Museum. Melbourne.
Th this report, the Museum Entomologist (Mr. A, W. Burns) states:

“Reamination shows. remains of Lepidopterous havvae i Yarious stages OF
dizmteegratian, Ol the fragnrents, the ehitinous fead Capsules still cemain
intact; these are the saine ax those amached to the sqweral daly antact
specinrens which are undoubtedly Jarvae of an Anthelid moth, Fron the
eoloun of the bods Nair cufte T should say that the species is. vlitheta
denticulata, ‘These caterpillars are grass Teedera and at times are very
Niinenauws.”

Ta the same note, the remarks on a pair of Black Swans at Queen's Park
lake. Maonee Ponds, contain a typeeraphical error. “The particular sentenee
is now corrected 16 read; “Last year they raised two broods which were
sneeevsievty (not ‘suécessfully’) driven away ”

AC OF. Sakwanr

: : : , Nal
Ihe What, Here and Bich eit st

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
General Excursions:

Salurday, Dee, G6—Evening Walk, Yarra Boulevard at Studley Park.
Subject: “Astronomy and General" Leader: Mi, EB. B. Lord
Meet 7.30 pan., Johnston St- Bridge (Abbotsford, Kew). If possible
please bring telescapes, binoculars and gaod texch.

Saturduy, Dec. 13—Kinglake. Subject: “National Park Survey.”
Leader: Me A, A, Bronten, Nash’s hus leaves Batman Avenue
Sam. Bookings 5/6 return with Mr. fH. D. Lee, 18 Normanby St,,
Brighton, 3.8. Bring two meals.

Sunday, Dee. 2i1—Lower Fern Tree Gully. Subject: “Entomology.”
Leaders: Messrs, R, A. Green and PL Mallgarten. Train leaves
prety St. al 9.48 vat. Ware, 2/9 secund class vetuth. Brine one
meal.

Special Notice:

dan. 24-26 week-end.—Ii is proposed te arrange a camip-out for Vnated
party at Lake Mountain, via Marysville. Subject’ “Alpine Botany
and General.” Members able to previde own transport and camp
equipment please contact leader. Mr. 7, Ras Garnet, 270 Albion SL.,
West Brunswick, N. 12,

Group Fixtures:

Friday, Dec. 5—Marine Biology Group. Royal Seciety’s Hall, & pov.
Further particulars frour Hou, Sec of Group, Miss W, Taylor, 13
Jolimoent Square, Jolimont, 0.2. [Noa Group meeting will be held
on the first Friday in January, 1948,]

Sutupday, Dee. 6—Geology Group. Further partienlars from Hon.
Sec. of Group, Mr, A. A. Baker,

Sunday, Dec, 14—Marine Biology Group excwrsion to Canadial Bay,
Prankston, Leader: Mrs, J. J, Freame. Train leaves Flinders St-
at 8.53 aim. {fare 2/7), counecting 10 aim. bus to Mt. Eliza Store
(8d. single). Return bus 5.30 and 610 por Bring two nreals.

Saturday, Dec. 20—Botany Group excursion to Beaconsfield, Train
leaves Flmders St. at 7.40 am. Bring two meals.

Monday, Dec, 22—Botany Group. Royal Society’s Hall. S pan. Sub-
ject: “Victorian Plant Assvucialions,” by Mr. J. H. Willis. B.Sc.
Tuesday, Feb. 3—Geology Group. Royal Society's Hall, & p.m, (First
meeting for the New Year), Subject: “Palaeontology, Parl. [—
Botany,” by Mr. F. S. Colliver.

A. A. BAKER,
Excursion Secretary,
53 Carlisle Street, Preston. N19.

EXCURSION TO REACONSFIELD

Although the dazen members who yisited Beaconsfield, wider Mr. A. 5.
Chalk's leadership, on October 1] were unable fo find any trace of tie
endemic. Helmeted Honeyeater.. principal objective of Unis auting. they were
amply rewarded by excellent glimpses af severs} teresting Iirds. The
shy and uncommon Blite-bifled Duck (Oxyrera australis) was seen, and the
Australian Grommd-Thrash (Oveoriuela lainlate) was observed on Wer mest
with three iawn ¢ges; the gptruss of the specific name was appreciated at
tlase quarters, by exaninaton of the dark “half-moons” edging her breast
feathers Many neeis, with ewes or veune, were found durme: the day.

Dawn Wrsres,

The Victorian Naturalist

—— __ _

Vol..64.—Ne. 9 JANUARY 8, i948 No. 769

PROCEEDINGS

The monthly meeting of the Club was held at the J.ecture Hall
at the Public Library on December 8, 1947, the Presiclent (Miss
Tna Watsor) and about 180 members and iriends attending,

A welcome to all visitors was extended, and special inention
was made of Mr. Noel Lothian beimg present. Mr. Lothian,
recently of Christchurch, N.Z., takes up his new position as
Director of the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide, carly in the New Year.

The following were elected as Ordinary Members of the Cluh:
Mrs, N. D. Hellisen. Misses H. Brown and M. Afiender, Messrs.
R. C, Seeger and W. 5, Nicholls; and as Country Member, Mr.
Johi Bechervaise. :

'Mr. V. H. Miller brought under notice a report that certain
country districts were purchasing egws and heads of sparrows, and
he asked was any check being made to sec that mative species of
birds were not being destroyed as well. The matter was referred
to the Committee for investigation.

A newspaper cutting relating to a recent prosecution (one month
imprisonment without the option of a fine) Tor having possession
of Thryptomene taken from Crown land in the Grampians area
was read and commented tipo.

Prof. O. W, Tiegs gave an illustrated lecture on the subject of
*The Metamorphosis of Insects” He traced partial and complete
ehanges in various groups of insects aud explained just how these
tools place in some of the higher orders.

An interesting discussion fallowed, many questions being asked
by members and answered by Proiessor Ticgs.

A vate of thanks to the lecturer was moved by Mr. J. IT, Willis.
seconded by Mr. A. H. Chisholm, and carried by acclamation,

EXHIBITS
My. J, S, Seaton; Lembortia forutesa, garden-grown at Caul-
field.

Mrs C. H. Edmondson: Kynsea peduneworis and Lepto-
spermunt myrsingides, garden-grawn,

Mr. A. N, Carter. South African Iimpets, including Patella
rustica Linn., #. wanabilis Krauss, P, granilaris Linn, P. cont
fressa Linn., and P_ longicestata Lam,

Mr, T, S. Hart: All the Victorian Dianellas (Flax-lihes), the
Giant Mointain-grass and Elderberry Panax (two iorms).

170 D. W_ Tes, The Melemorphosis af Insects ‘om

THE METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECTS

(Summary of address by Professor O. W. Tiegs, delivered tu |he
FLN,C. on December 8, 1947)

li we stirvey the different orders of insects with respect 46 their
life-histories. we at once see that mefamorphosis is not ove of the
geseral characteristics » and, morenyer, as we pass irom the \css 10
the tore specialized types so do we find a progressive tnerease m
the degree of metamorphosis.

In the silyer-fish there is no metamorphosis, the young insect
leaving the egg in a condition which differs only in size from that
of the adult. This applies also to the wingless fornts of Cirthoptera,
But in winged Orthoptera, as in winged termités, the young insect
{nymph) differs fram the adult in the absence of wings, the
wing-buds enlarging at successive moulls, the completed wityw
however appearing only after the last moult. This is the ,case
also in most hemipterous insects, so that, properly speaking, they
cannot be said to utidergo any metimorphosis. IEntummlogists,
who ate cancerned ehiefly with the external Jegrures of insects,
have always been impressed with the abrupt changes that occur
at successive moults, and have accordingly designated this type of
insect as hemimetaholic, im contrast to the holonietabolic type in
which a true metamorphosis is involved.

Tt is in the dragon-Ay that an incipient metamorphosis first
uccurs, Tar the adiilt insect differs very markedly both in appear-
ance and in habits from the nymph. The internal changes that
attend the metamorphosis haye never been adcquately examined.
It is in the scurpiun flies and Neuraptera that: we first find a true
metinwirphosis; the larva now differs very markedly from the
adult insect (iniago), and the transiorination can ¢mly he achieved
by the destruchian of much of the larval tissue, so that a quiescent
resting stage ig inserted in the life-history. We cali it the pupa,
As We pass into the higher orders of insects, we find a progressively
greater divergence between the external form of the larva and of
the imago, necessitating 4 more and more profound metamorphosis.
The most noteworthy feature of the evolution ot the Jarva is that
the larva leaves the egg in an earlier and earlier stage of develop-
nent as the higher orders of insects are teached, Jhus in the
beetles the larva may have long active legs, or short legs, ar may,
in some fammlies, be devoid of legs, In the iepidoplera the cater-
pillar evert has abdominal Jeps, like an insect embryo, this con-
dition being reminiscent of the polypodous condition Louwud in the
miyriapod ancestors of insects. In the larvae vi flies (maggots)
the larva leaves the egz even before its legs have farmed, This
applies also to the bees and wasps. Finally in some parasitic
wasps we have the remarkable protopod larvae, in which even the
segmentation iu the abdomen has not yet appeared.

et pri O. W. Tiecs, The Metamorphosis of Tusects 7

Tt was Weismann who first showed, in 1864, the teal character
of metamorphosis. The tissues of the imago developed out of
“imaginal nests,” nests or patches of embryonic cells that lay
dormant among the larval cells while the Jatter grew and molti-
plied during the larval phase. The truly Jaryal tissyes, according
to Weismanti, disintegrated into “spheres of granules,’ which
dissolved in the blood, and supplied the nutriment of the develop-
ing imaginal cells. Soon after. this Metchnikoff mare his great
discovery of phagocytosis, ie., the ability of certain wandering
cells to devour invaditg orpatisins in the tissues of animals. It
immediately became evident that the “spheres of granules” were

orged blood corpuseles (leucocytes), which were removing the
arval tissues, This process-oi destruction of larval tissues, which
attends the metamorphosis of all the higher insects, is called
‘histolysis. The histological changes that take place in the lower
orders af insects, such as Neuroptera, ducing metamorphosis are
unknown,

In recent years, owing to the work of Fraenkel, Wigglesworth
and others, ir has been possible to show that moulting and meta-
morphosis are stimulated by hormones liberated from, or near, the
brain, The moulting hormone comes [rom large neyrosecretory
eels in the brain, and the transfusion of the blood of a Rhoduins
nynipl about to moult can induce moulting in another nymph.
The corpora alfata, situated near the brain, control metamorphosis,
It is their active secretion that suppresses the development of adult
characters, so that metamorphosis is ultitnately due to the cessation
wf Iunctioning of this hormone. The truth of this can be shown
by removing the corpora allata from a young caterpillar, for upon
moulting such a caterpillar proceeds to pupate and to imifate the
formation of a diminutive imago,

TIELMETED NONEYVEATER

In case the impression is given that this bird, which is found only in a
few isolated places in Victoria and nowhert else, has left the Cardinia Creel
Area (feport Beaconsfield Excursion, Mic. Nat., Dec. 1947, p. 168), it should
be recorded thai an outing of the RiA,O.U. six weeks later recorded approxi-
mately 50 birds an the creek

The centre of their activity was about the junction of the Stony and
Cardinia Crecks, some bwa tniles upstream from the areca explored dy the
FING. extarsrat in September. There hud been heavy tain for the week
previous to the latter, and the creek was too Anuded tn allaw of investigation
higher op.

It would seem from recent excursions that the birds have abandaned the
area of creek adjacent to the usual stupping-place, the “Store” ahove the
golf liriks:

1.M.W,

172 W.H Nicrowis, Addittans to tke Orchidaceae of HA. bt rh

ADDITIONS TO THE ORCHIDACEAE OF WESTERN
AUSTRALIA—IL.

Three New Species of the Genus Prasophyllum R.Br.
By. W. H. Nicwoits, Melbourne.

I, PRASOPHYLLUM PALUDOSU'M, sp.nov.

Planta gracillima vel subvobusta, 40-60 cm alta. Foliuim spice
non-excedens. Flores sublaxt, sessiles, Ietet vel wrides et rubri.
Sefalwiwm dorsale lanccolatum, recurvum, acuminatum, circiter 7-8
mm. lengem. Sepala lateralia inferne ultra medium conneta,
aptetbes fberis, Petala erecia, potentia, lonceolata, sepalis
asigustiora ef breviora, Labetllum breviter ungwiculatum in ambitn
auguste-lanccolatum, margines incuryi in dratdio infere integrt;
pars inembranacea, pallida, anple crispate; para callosa conspicue,’
viridis, non-elevata, props apicem terminuns. Colkwomna robusta,
brewtsstns; laciniae laterales, Kinteare fatcatae, curciter 5 mm, altae,
bast bilohulatue, Anthere badia apiculate, apice recurva; rostellum
byrevtores. Coudicula brevt.

A slendev or moderately robust plant from about 40 to &
em. high. Leaf-lamina not exceeding the inflorescence. Flowers
fragrant, not crowded, wholly pale yellowish or greenish-yellow
with pale red or purplish markings. Ovary long and slender, 7-8
mm. long, sessile or almost so, Dorsal sepa] lanceolate, usually
yath a recurved acuminate apex, about 7-8 im. long, Lateral
sepals connate almost ta the apex, occasionally quite free, about
same length as dorsal one, margins incurved. Petals narrow-
lanceolate, erect, widely dilated, shorter and narrower than the
sepals, Lahellum on a short basal spur (or claw) of the column,
iarrow-lanceslate, abruptly ceflexed about the middle in mature
flowers, about same length as sepals; membranous patt narrow,
very pale in colour (creamy-white), ‘much crisped. Margins
ineurved; callous part green, the margins free only towards the
hase, hardly raised beyond the hend. Margins entire throughout,
the plate narrowing gradually and continuing almost to the extreme
apex, deeply channelled below. Column stout, lateral appendages
about S mm, high, extending well above the rostellum, linear-
falcate, with a large double lobe at the base. Anther avate with a
recurved apex, much shorter than the rostellum. Pollinia attached
by a short caudicle ta a prominent disk,

Flowering September-October-

Distribution (W.A.): Bayswater (HOLO- and PARA-
TYPES}, Welshpool, Upper King River, Busselton; /eg—W, H.
Nicholls, 1946.

It is somewhat surprising that this comparatively large Prase-
phyfinet should have remained undescribed until now, since the
weiter found it in two localities very close ta Perth, viz., Bayswater

ep rrsa W, H, Nicnows, Additions to the Orchidaceae of W.A. 173

Rees eT

New Species of Prasophylhun. (For key see page 176.)

17# OW. OH. Ntestonrs, Addittons to the Orehidacese of WA, Mier

and Weishpool. At the former place it grew in association with
nuinerolis specimens of Druris emarginata R_By,, and in the latter
with abundant plants af Epiblema grandifiurwm R-Br, Near
Busse!ton (in the far south-west of the State) it was plentiful in
Melaleuca country, where the location was discovered by chaner,
through the agency of this orchid’'s powerful fragrance.

Pr, paludasunt ig a itequenter af reedy swamps and bogey places.
Near Perth it grows luxuriantly in 6-8 inches of water. Pr, gractle
Rogers appears to be the closest ally, but the differences separating
these species are at once apparent wporm examination of the Mower
detai[s, the new one haying remarkably Jong sharp eolurm
appendages,

I], PRASOPHYLLUM GRIMWADEANUM SP.Now,

Planta. robusta ciride-gertas, usqie od 65 cm. alte, Fothum
spicaim usttate nov-excedens. Spica circiter 18-24 cm lange
Flares subsossiles, nunterost oenferti diversicolarat., Onaria
ractha, Bractea loncedlata, acuta, appressa, Sepaluwn dorvsale
anceolatum, acuminatun, incurcum vel recurvum, ciretter 12 ar.
loaguin, Sepala fateralia in media comuiia, anguste-lanceolata,
fulcata, recurva, circiter 14 yam, longa. Fetala lineeria vel anguste-
lanceolaia, erecta, incurva, ctreiter 10 mum, longa, Labetlum per
breviter unguiculatum, lonceolation od apicum gradatien recurvun
pers membrangceo lata crispaia; lamella adnate tenurs Jafague,
marginibus lateralibus liberis, ultvo flexumt in anguttinsculd obtiso
cacumine terminans. Colummag laciniae abivse angulatac, rastella
longiores, basi lobulatae, Anthsra opiculata, rostelle brevier.

A robust greenish-bronze plant up to 65 cm, high. Leaf-lamina
variable, about 18 em. long. Flowers in a somewhat crowded
spike of about 18-24 emi, with about 40-60 flaowérs, which are
brightly coloured (yellow, green, crimson, purple, mauve, ete,
merging in a delightful colour scheme), Ovaries slender on yery
short pedicels, the .subtending bracts lafcedlaté, acute. Dorsal
sepal Janceolate, acuminate, jncurved, the apex sometimes recurved,
about 12 mm, long. Lateral sepals connate except at the extreml-
ties, narrow-lanceolate, faleate-recurved, longer than the dorsal oné,
Petals linear or narrow-lanceolate, erect, incurved, about 10 mm.
long, Labellum ona very short claw, as long as the dorsal sepal,
not abruptly reflexed> membranous portion wide, voluminous,
crisped, pale dull-mauye in colour, inner plate with a wide deeply-
channelled base, the margins elevated, free and entire, and con-
tracting at the bend into a slightly raised, rawnded green section,
oblong in shape, terminating some distance front the apex, Column
stout, shout 3 mm. high, the appendages Jmear, apices angular,
higher than the rostellum, a small tobe situated at the base of
each wing. Anther dark red-brown, shorter than the rastellum,
apiculate. Cautlele shart-

Tuners WH, NicHoLts, Additions to the Orchidacvae af WA. 175

Flowering September-October, .

Distribution (WA: Sand ridges in very heavy scrub at
Middleton's Heach, near Albany (HOLO-TYPE)—teg, W. H.
Nicholls, Oct., 1946.

This species, the most gaily-coloured of all the Prasophatituns,
was foisid growing in thick scrub om the lee side oi sand dunes
adjacent to the beach. IL was discovered when tle writer pene-
trated the serub (hereabouts attaining a licight of over 15 feet)
while endeavouring to regain the open beach. Only six specimens
were seen and two only were in perfect condition, the remainder
being well past their prime with only the uppermost flowers
expanded,

I have named this attractively-coloured species in honour of
Mr. W. Russell Grimwade of Melbourne; his keen interest and
ready help have very considerably advanced the study of Aus-
tralian orchids, and the writer owes a debt of personal gratitude
to this kindly benefactor.

Shig new species is related somewhat closely to Py, ellipticnain
Rogers, but differs in having hrightly-lued flowers (as opposed to
the wholly pale-yellowish blooms of the Jatter}, also im several
important particulars of the floral structure.

It is allied also to Pr. regtwn Rogers and to Pr. lancealatnm
Rogers, but again it is readily recognized by the crisped nature of
the outer (membranous) part of the labellum; both Pr. regiten
and Pr. lanceolata possess entire (or almost so) outer margins
to the Jabelhuin,

Pr. Grimwadeanum is apparently a littoral species, for it was
not observed elsewhere than in heayy scrub near the beach, The
pea of flowering is apparently during September.

TH, PRASOPHYLLUM GRACILLIMUM, sp.nov.

Planta qroctllima, clongata, circa 40-60 cm. alta. Folini
croctum, oracilinnen, spica non-excedens, Spica eirciter 18-25
em. loiga, loxtuscula, Flores viridt-badit, Ovaria gracilia, Pedi-
eclla sub-brevis. Segmenta-perienthti subaequatia, acuminata;
sepolum dorsole tanceolatum, subconcavum, mcurvatua; sepattim
lateralic ad medinnr comnatunr anguste-lancealatum;: petala anguste-
lanveolata, falcata, patentia; labellum album, subeurvatum, ovate=
lanveolatum,; pars membranacea ample erispata; pars callosa tenuts,
alba, undelota. Columna laciniac robusta obtuse falcata, sub-best
lobilatae. Rostella iongiores, apice emarginata. Anthera rostello
brevior Candicula moderate longa.

4 very slender elongated species, 40-60 cm, high Leaf-annna
erect, very slender, terete, shorter than the spike, Flowers jn a
very Inose spike of 18-25 cm., rathet small, green with brown
markings, the labellum pure White.‘ Ovaries long and slender,

176 = W. H. Nicwouts, Additions to the Orchidacear of WA. [VEEN

pedicels rather short, bracts shortly acuminate. Perianth-segments
acuminate, of about equal length (7 mm.) ; dorsal sepal lanceolate,
somewhat cuncaye, apex incurved; lateral sepals connate, except
at the apices, narrow-lancealate, shortly acuminate; petals widely
spreading, narrow-lanceolate, falcate; Iabellum on a long slender
claw, semi-circulacly recurved, ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate ;
membranous part white, very prominently crisped ; inner place thin,
indistiner, with undulate white margins, channelled, and terminat-
ing beyond the middle Colin appendages stout, obtuse, falcate,
with a small lobe some distance above the base. Rostellum higher
than the column wings, with an emarginate apex. Anther shorter
than the rosreNum, Light brown, Caudicle of medium Jength.

Distribution (W.A.): Yarloop (HOLO-TYPE)—teg. Mrs, EF,
Scouler, Oct., 1944,

The Type specimens of these three new species have all been
fadged in the National Herbarium, Melbourne.

KEY TO ILLUSTRATION
Three species of the Genus Prasophyltun R.Br.

Fig. A—Pr. paludostim, Typical specimen, ulso flower entarged, B—
Flower from side. C—Caolumn, showing anther, etc, also column wing,
Fig. D—Pr. Grimzudeanwn. Typteal specimen, also flower enlarged. E—
Flower from side. F—Colunm, showing anther, etc, also column witeg.
Fig, G—Pr orectliinnter. Typical specimen, also flower enlarged, H—
Flawer from side. I—Column wing.
(For naturai sizes of specimens see descriptions.)

DEATH OF MR. C. DALEY

We record with regret the death af Mr. Charfes Daley, a former president
of the Field Waturalists’ Cluh of Victoria, a former hon, editor of the
Geelong Naturalist, and far many years 2 distinguished figure in educational
and historical circles. Mr. Daley died in a private hospital at East Malvern
on December 14, 1947, and was buried in the Brighton Cemetery on
December 16. A sketch of the career of this ennnent Victorian will be
published later. Meanwhile, we tender sympathy ta his sous, Mr. Charles
S. Daley (Assistant Secretary of the Department of the Interior); Mr,
Prank $. Daley (Chief Inspector of General Moters-IIoidens’ Australian
operations), and Alr-Commodore Edward A. Daley (Director-General of
Medical Services, RLA,A.F.)-

OCCURRENCE OF SEA URCHINS

In reply to Mr. Mollison’s enquiry of September, “Are sea urchins ever
found in deep water?" T would point out that in 1873 Dr, Wyville Thompson
reported finding a Jarge echinoderm (11 inches in dipmatec) at 400 fathoms
iff the Sydney coast, also a “heap of sea urchins” at 1375 fathoms (ie,
more than a tile and a half deep) aff South Africa---( Mrs.) M, E, Frramp.

.

demaaey A. G. Hooxe, Lyre-birds of Sherbraake Forest 177

A NOTE ON THE LYRE-RIRDS OF SHERBROOKE
FOREST

By A, G, Hooxe, Melhourne,

The question is sometimes asked, “Are the Lyre-birds in the
Shurbrooke Forest an¢reasing in number, or dying out?”

A careful survey 20 years ago showed that there were at least
40 birds at that time, the largest group of 14 being just east of
the Falls, and the rest fairly well distributed over the remainder
of the forest area. Of recent years T have sometimes thought that
the number is diminishing, but seeing 19 birds and hearing several
others in the course of 4 walk of a amile through the undergrowth
on November 2nd last, through the region of greatest concer-
tration (between the Lodge and the Falls), gives fairly good
support to an estimate of a population of about 40 still, including
those known to frequent other parts of the forest.

‘There aré, as there always have been, certain parts of Sher-
brooke Forest where you see neither a Lyre-bird nor a sign otf
their scratehings in the search for the worms, grubs, ants, spiders,
etc,, which go to make up the food-supply of Menure novae-
hotiandiae. The first essential to a desirable locality appears to
be a readily accessible fuod-supply, and this is found most easily
in Sherbrooke where there is the combination of deep loose soil
with a fwrest structure consisting of an upper starey of trees,
fairly closely set, and a lower storey of undergrowth, providing
the cover required to retain the moisture both in the surface-soil
and in the lower atmosphere, at the same time preventing the too
close growth of bracken fers.

As so much of Sherbrooke Forest 1s of this character it would
doubtless support a considerably greater number of Lyre-birds if
they were free ta increase without interTerence by foxes, domestic
cats that have “gone bush,’ or over-inquisitive humans who do
hot realize the harm that may be done by handling eggs oy young
birds in the nest, or frightening mother-hirds during the nesting
Season,

In spite of the trapping-ol several foxes a year or two ago, they
have not ail been destroyed. During the Club’s excursion on
July 20th Jast, as the party was walking from Kallista along the
track that winds upward by the smuth-eastern approach ta Sher-
brooke, a Lyre-bird was seen by those in front to run across the
track pursued by a fox. The conclusion of the episode was not
apparent,

Qne uf the 19 Lyre-birds mentioned as having been seen un
November 2nd was a young one atill in the nest, though nearly
ready ta leave. My tamily have been fortunate enough to have
followed the career of this Lyre-bird fainily thraugh the 34 months
of the recent nesting season, and here is the story:

178 A_G. Hoos, Lyre-birds of Sherbrooke Farest ee

A week before the Club's excursion, on July 13th, we spent
some tine in the Forest ta find out all we could of current affairs
in the Lyre-hird eonumunity, searching in particylar For nests,
Tis a certains locality, close to the reimains of the nests of the last
two seasons (well known to us when they were im use), we found
a nest in the top of a low stump, in an early stage of construction,
A female Lyre-bird was seer feeding nearby. Suddenly she picked
up a piece of moss as large as the paint of one’s hand, and quickly
made off. Following at a discreet distance we saw her disappear
among some bushes, to reappear without the moss.

As soon as she had moved away we quickly found her nest, also
in an éarly stage of constraction, with the piece of moss placed
inside, This nest was better hidden than the one on the stump.
It was oh a log, built with the back of the nest against a standing
tree, as is so often the case, and was pretty well surrounded by
byshes. Early on the dav of the excursion we paid a short visit
to both nests; the one on the stump was untouched, the other
was Further advanced but sot completed. Ty the circumstances it
seemed best ¢o take the Club party to all the other places of interest
possible and leave this bird undisturbed. She was already running
late in the season,

A fortnight later the nest appeared to be ready for use, but no
egg had been laid and the birds were not seen. Two more visits
were made, during August and September, and the mother-bird
was found sitting closely each time. After an interval of about
four weeks, the chick was faund to. he well advanced on November
2nd, the feathers appearing pretty well formed, and the young bird
was holding its head up strongly. It probably left the nest for
good within a few days, as it was not seen at our last visit on
November 16th,

The nest that had been commenced on the stump has remained
untouched, abandoned after a few days' work on it. Lt would be
iiteresting 1 know why, and whether it had been commenced by
our bird,

The way the bird set about building was to cammence with the
placing of the twigs that formed the back of the nest; she then
worked forward, constructing sides atid floor at the same time,
lining with moss as work proceeded. I got the impresston that
the completion of the roof, with twigs, rootlets, and tree-ferm fibre,
ibberwoven across, came last. :

Incidentally, the nesting perind just passed has been such a wet
one that it has imposed = greater strajn on roofs.than the luilders
prepare for—every nest I have seen this spring has had a sagging
root before the chick was ready to Jeave, ,

Last year, when searching for a nest am the sanjé locality, my
wife and children hit on the idea of separating when they found

Zpitazy ] A. G. Hooke, Lyre-birds of Sherbrooke Forest 179

the temale bird feeding, and each walked towards a different puitit
of the compass. As they had expected, the bird followed the one
gong near her nest, and presently showed signs of attacking with
one wing half raised. They withdrew and watched, and soon
found where the nest was hidden,

Another question: How Jong do leyre-birds live in the ordinary
course? Assuming that there ate 40-odd binds now living in this
forest, by how many gencrations are they younger than those
whivh lived there 2D years ago?

TIYERID BETWEEN LYREBIRD AND COMMON FOWL
(To the Editer)

Sir—ln the Victoriinm Naturalist of June, 1946, there was published a
letter Erorm me drawing attention te @ statement of the late A, W, Milligan
in the Ardeultieral Magazine of 1904, that, while living in Victoria, he had
bred hybrids between the lyrebird and the domestic fowl, and that he had
exhibited these hybrids st a Victorian poultry show. | suggested that some
member might follow ayy the information with a search in contemporary
Victorian newspapers, bur nothing bas yet eventuated.

Glancing through some early issues of (he Naturalist I came across further
notes tegarding these bybmds anol now republish them as they assist to
narrow down any search that may be made in contemporary newspapers.
Will some member follow up the investigation?

In a paper, “Some Notes on the Victorian Lyrebind (Moura weloria
Gid.},” read before the Club can March 9, 1914 (yal. 31, May, 1914, pp, 11-205,
the late J, G. O'Donoghue, who was a friend of A. W. Millian's, said:
"The association of the Lyre-bird with the settlers’ broods, both in a2 state
of captivity and in its feral state, has.aften heen chronicled, hut, so far as
my knowledge extends, L can only recall one instance of interbreeding heing
made public Some eighteen years ago the well-known ornithologist,
Mr. A, W. Milligan, then resident at Traralgon, had in captivity several
hybrids, a cross between the male Lyre-lurd and the domestic fowl.
These unique birds, when exhibited at a Melbourne dog and jrnultry
show, occasiotied truch inturest, ant were awarded a special prize, They
were fowl-like in form, bul built on @ somewhat smaller stale. The plumage
wati lax and indeterminate, and ashy-brown in colour, Lhe wing feathers,
protruding in sheaths like a camel-hair paine brush, closchy resembled hair
in texture, but in any other respects, except the vuicr, they approximated
moe to the characteristic featuras of the domestic than ta the wild stock.
Mr. Milligan began a series of experiments with these hybrids, which hred
frecly inter se, and had successfully reared two generations when he broke
up his home and proceeded io Western Australia .—. . ."

The imtermation now given places the date of the poultry show ahout
1896—sa @ search in Melbourne newspapers need not be too wide.

Yours, ete,

; H. M. Wrerrenz.,
Bridgetown, W.A-

NORTH QUEENSLAND NATURALISTS' JOURNAL

This quarterly publication is now made available to non-memthers at an
anitval subscription raie of 3/-, and may be purchased from the Secretary,
Mr, J, Wyer, “Lochinvar,” 253 Sheridan Street, Cairns, Queensland:

18) H, W. Davey, Cruesls of Ants, Welcome and Otherwise hd ahr

GUESTS OF ANTS, WELCOME AND OTHERWISE
By H, W, Davey, Surrey Hills, Vic,

If anyone itterested in) Nature examines the immer recesses of
an ants’ nest he will certainly be inypressed by the great variety of
imsects which take up their residence there, and he certainly will
be astonished to Irarn that several different famihes of beetles
habitually live in close association with the ants. Such iseets are
known as Inquilinés—the fern is applied to any insects which
habitually Jive as guests ov lodgers in the nests of ants, bees,
wisps, <fe,

Two of the most pruftable ants' nests (regarding inquilines) in
my experience are those of Jridamtyrmex nifdus and Chaleoponers
metalhcwmn. The first species has no sting, but the green-head ant
has a sting, though this is sot considered severe enough to prevent
anyone examining its nest.

The first life likely to attract attention, apart from the swarming
and indignant ants, will be Acarids; these are not msects hut belong
to the Arachnida, in which the spiders are plated. These Acarids
are the creatures that can be noticed necasianally fastened on to
ants aS parasites. It is the presence of these nites that attracts
some beetles to the nests to feed on these pests. The ants probably
are aware of this and welcome stich beetles to their mest,

The next to claim attention will probably be the priinitive insects
known as spring-tails, These feed on vegetable matter and may
be useful in checking the growth of moulds in the nest. A small
silver-fish (Thysanura) is often noticed, especially in Mallee nests
of ants; this is a small yellow species, but much shorter in budy
than the common African silver-fsh sometimes so plentiful in
Melbourne houses.

The caterpillars of some lovely Lepidoptera live with ants,
spending all daytime in recesses of the nest, and being escorted by
the ants at night to their feeding-grounds, which are the leaves of
the golden wattle (Acicta pycnontha), usually found growing a
short distance from the nest. These caterpillars (Mtletss ignita)
spend the daytime in the deepest parts of nests of the ant /rido-
myreex nitidus, which are usually in the decayed roats of some
old stump. As soon as evening js dark enough the caterpillars
emerge from the nests, to be conducted by the ants to a small
goklen wattle; the ants remain with the caterpillars all the time the
latter are feeding, aiter which all return together to the rest,

This association of ants with these caterpillars is a finc example
of social symbiosis, the ants protecting the caterpillars when
feeding frotn insects and ather predators. ‘Chis goes on daily nunl
the caterpillars are fully grown, when they pupate in the nest to
emerge later as butterflies. So far all appears to have been in
favour of the caterpillars. -But the ants have received payment

Tune] H.W. Daver, Gaesis of Anis, Welcome and Otherwise 181

for a}) this care and attention, inasmuch as these caterpillars when
feeding secrete a honey-like fluid from glands on their backs, and
the ants are extremely fond af these secretions. If this sugary
secretion was not eaten by the ants as soon as secreted, the
secretions would in al) probability be attacked by fungi which
would soon kill the caterpillars.

Some very interestitig facts came Under my notice when fearing
these caterpillars in captivity. The butterflies were Miletus igaila
and Pseudodipsas myrmecopinia, both species being common at
Ocean Grove in the Geelong district: One very interesting fact
was that if 4 butterfly on emergence showed any sign of being
slightly crippled it was immediately torn to pieces by the atits,
whereas others emerging in perfect condition, although suscounded
by swarms of ants, were never molested or injured in any manner.

A second observation was of mterest as bearing on the intelli-
gence of apts. In bringing home the stump containing pupae of
FP, myrmecophila, together with plertty of ants, tt appeared that
beetles which kept the acarids in check must have been left belund
in the nest, as the acarids increased to an alarming extent, so that
the ants became so thoroughly infested that many of them could
hardly walk. It therefore made me wonder why, if ants had the
intelligence often claimed for them, they did not remove the acarids,
which they could very casily have done. Perhaps far a very long
time this wark has been done for them by the beetles and so the
ants were waiting and expecting these cleansers to continue the
B£ood works,

The beetles tnost commonly present in nests oi ants helong to
the tollowing families. Slaphylnidae, Pselaphidae, Scydmacudae,
Histeridac, Colydidac, Bronthidae, Ptinidae and Trichopteryotdoe,
the Jast-uamed being the smallest beetles known. These small
beetles are sometimes very numerous in ants’ nests in damp
lucaliies so may be useful m controlling moulds in the nest.

There are other families of beetles Found with ants, but those
mentioned are the most likely to be met with.

Probably the most interesting of all beetles found in ants’ nests
are those belonging to the Histeridge, viz, Cltasydlapsts, all species
of which are highly prized by entomologists. These beetles are
remarkable in many ways, one of which is the manner jn which
the legs can be packed away. One joint has a groove along its
length sa as to take in another joint, thus leaving nothing for
ants to grasp. In addition, the antennae retract into the head;
also its strong wing-covers, and its powerfully protected though
exposed abdomen, make it loak impregnable against the ants into
whose nest it intrades itself.

Several other insects, such as Hymenoptera, are also to be found
with ants. These tiny wasps are probably parasitie on pupae of
ants, ,

182 H. W- Davey, Guests of Ants, Welcome ond Otharivise lites i

Orthoptera are represented by a small pallid cricket, occasionally
quite numerous in some nests; also a small cackroach will be found
al times, Ttis difhenlt to gucss at the position a cockroach Geeupies
in the nest, , Tf it was hoshle to ants its legs and antennae, being
quite without protection, could he attacked, and so if these insects
were unwelcome the ants could easily destroy them.

Sorte insects living with ants are totally blind, as for example
& small beetle of the family Carabidae, viz,, [uaphaores,

Diptera is also represented by a wonderful fly, Micradon, ol the
family Syrphidee, whose larvae and pupasitun are exactly alike
im appearance and were first described as molluses. [| well remens-
ber iny delight in discovering this most remarkable species in an
ants’ nest at Walhalla. These larvae or popae later emerged as a
fine species of Syrphid fly,

Insects of the Caccidae family are often fonked aiter by ants,
which roaf them in for the sake of their secretions—another
example of social symbiosis.

It will be noted from the foregoing that the nests of ants shelter
many different families of insects, so that if appears doubtful if
any tests ot ants are entirely free from visitors, welcome or
otherwise.

CANBERRA'S FLOWERS

Canberra in October is beautitul with new spring gcowth—willows fringing
the Jush river flats, avenues of poplars, elms, and conifers af all vacleties—
but where are the mative plams in oar Capital City? A few stately gums
haye been planted in stiff rows and bere and there in out-ot-jhe-way places
like poor relations are wattles, Only the golden perfumed Bulbine Lily and
the button-shaped Everlastings (Helichrysum afresdatum) hold their own
amidst the weeds on vacant blocks.

At the foot of Black Mountain a narrow road attacks the slope in twirls,
All along the way the Showy Guinea-flower (Hehbertia lnecaris var. obtiisi-
folie) Rtaunted late canary-yellow Rawers, and Piimefen spathiedata nodded
ts head above, Farther on was a large area of Silky Teu-trer (Lepto-
Spervnue pyrsinotdes) covering Une bare earth with a foam of deheate pink
blossom. Here, tao, orange-and-red Natrow-feat Bitter-pea (Devirsia
corymobasu var. wimosoides) and Heathy Bush-pea (Pultensea styphetioidary
bloomed, and IT foimd a few simall colonies of Broadslip Diaris archid
(Diuoris palachila),

Higher again the diminutive-fowered Thyme Spurge (Phpllantine thy-
Ridides) grew in small tufts in the stony soil beside Daphne Heath
(Brachyloma daphnoides) and an accasional Hake, while great clumps of
Nadding Blue Lily (Stypendra glanea) were caverect with sapphire-blue
flowers, Growing close under a tall gunttree was one prim little plant of
Lomandra wadiiflora and, nearby, Grewillea alpestris.

Away across the valley, the sides of Mt. Ainslie were gay with Heathy
Bash-pea, and Wahlenbergia with Rowers 12 in. in diameter. I found Tiger
Orchids (Divris swlphueva) here.

Red Hill, rising above the otnhern end of the city, was flowerless, On
the summit otly a solitary she-oak sighed tt the cedl south wind

Atttes B. Apaxs..,

THES E. Conentan. Nates fram. Sarrenta 193

NOTES FROM SORRENTO
By Eorrn Coreman, Blackburn, Vic:

A penguin picked up on the ocean Shore at Sorreuta on May 12th appeared
to have died recently. A flipper and abe Jeg were broken. Dissected next
day, the bird provided an interesting lesson on anatomy far four people.

The anost surprising teature was the huge wing musrles, which explained
the great power transmitted ta “paddles” us the penguin darts swiftly after
under-water toad. The liver and gull-bladder seemed extraordinarily large
for the size af the bird and are probably necessary to deal with ofly fish,
As the long aval stomach was empty, except for seversi worm parasites,
we gathered that the injured pengum had been umable to hunt tor some
time. We were very interested in long, bristly growths, directed back-
wards, on the tongue and lining the roof of the upper mandible. These
should give a sand-paper grip to slippery fish.

Hibernating Bats

-We spent thirteety of the miusual stretch of sunny May days at the
Sorrento collage where the hats [ described find sanctuary, At 6 pan,
12/5/47, ane bat only emerged for evenmp hunting, evidently tempted hy
the warm summery day and mild evenmg. No more were seen, although
I watched for twenty minutes. 1 ate dimmer on the verandah in the dusk
several lintes, in order to watch the pats’ exit, bul they were apparently
hibernating and did not appear, This was not surprising as mosquitocs and
other crepuscular insects were few.

adie Interesting Mant?

At Sorrentu we have found several of the very Suvall so-valled harke
hunting mantids, cutious Jnsects Jess than an inch in length. with broadly
expanded sbeomen and preying Eorelegs. Though stated to be bark-hwnters,
our specimens were captured on the ground.

Last: year I kept one in a glass cage, feeding her on aphids and such
“enrsll deer,” which’ she stilked and captured with her seizing forearm as
expertly as her large relations. At frst [ wave her very small ants, as she
had been a ground dweller, but these immediately attacked her, and as she
offeret no resistance IT removed them. Did they recoitmize jin ler ant

my?

Or May J0ih another mantid was found on a iable indoors. It appeared
to have dropped from some fiawers in a yase on the table. I searched
other flowers in the Sorrenta garden trom which the flowers were brought,
but jound no more of the lithe mantids. This ome is still active, 4/6/47,
So closely doeg she resemble the humus on the Aoot of the dawe that she
is discovered only after a long search.

——

IDENTIFICATION OF SNAKES

Mr. hk. A. Hunt's useful paper, “A Key to the Tdenifeation of Australian
Snakes," has beet reprinted from Ute December assue ot the Mtetorion
Netuvalirt and may be obtained, at L/- a copy, on application to dhe Librarian,
Mr. A. Burke, 7 Charles Street, Seddon, Vic.

GARDEN-GROWN PLANTS

The followiag @cmples of gacden-grown cative plants were exhibited at
the December wneeting of the F,N.C. by Mr. R. Savage- Aynyo wrandifory,
Leptuspermumn rotundifolhum, Kunsea sericea, Melaleuca puichella, M.
githbota, Grevilies birrifulie, G. Elookeriunu, Prostonthera shinescens, Olearta
myrcnoides, Calothuimmns vitlosus, Galguxia cyanea,

. Vict. Nat,
184 What, Where and Whin val. ae

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
General Excursions:

Saturday, Jan. 17—Queen’s Park, Moonee Ponds. Subject: “Aquatic Birds,”
Leader! Miss M, L. Wigan, Meet 2.30 p.m, Town Hall, Moonee Ponds,
corner Mt, Alexander and Pascoe Wale Roads (4d. tram section). Take
Essendon tram in Elizabeth Street.

Jan. 24-26—Wecek-end Camprout at Lake Mountain, Marysville, Subjects:
"Alpine Botany,” “Geology,” “General Natural History.” Leaders; Mr.
J. Ros Garnet, Mr, H, Preston. Transport arranged for a party of 12 or
more at 32/+ ecturn fare. Bookings, with fate, to Mr. H. Preston, 34
Coppin Grove, Hawthorn, Members to supply own camping equipment,
and food requirements for five meals. Service cag will leaye outside State
Theatre, Flinders St at 9 a.m, Sat, Jan. 24th, For further particulars
ring Haw. 1853,

Saturday. Jan. 31—Metropolitan Golf Links, Oakleigh. Subject: “Euca-
lypts Leader: Mr. A. J, Swahy, L35 p.m train from: Flinders St. -

Saturday, Feb. 7—(evening) Burke Road Bridge, East Kew, Subject:
"Nocturnal Spiders." Leaders: Messrs, R. and A. Dunn. Meet Icaders
7,50 pm., Burke Road train stop. East Kew trams from Flinders St.

Special Notice:

Saturday, Feb, 21—All-day Parlour Coach Excursion to Lorne, including
Ocean Road, Geclong, Anglesea, Aivey’s Inlet, Torquay, etc, Subjects:
“Marine Lifé" “Geglagy" and “Botany.” Leaders annovnced tater,
Préliininary coach bookings, reserved seats. with Mr. H, Stewart, 14
Bayview Terrace, Ascot Vale; W.2.

Group Fixtures:

Saturday, Jan, 17—Marine Biology Group. Excursion to Seaholm. Leader -
Mr. A. C. Nilsen. Catch 129 pm. or 2.19 pam, train from Flinders St,
Low tide, 1.5 p.m.

Tuesday, Feb. 3~—Geolagy Group. Royal Society's Hall, @ pm. Subjects
"Palaeontology, Pt. I," by Mr. F. S. Colliver. New members invited,

Friday, Feb, 6—Marine Biology Grow. Royal Soriety’s Hall, 8 pan. New
members welcome. Furiher particulars from Hon, See. of Group, Miss
W. Taylor, 13 Jolimont Squire, Joliment, C2,

Saturday, Feb. 7—Geology Group. Excursion to Berwick. Subject: "Fossil
Botany Leaye by morning irain from Flinders St. to Berwick. Require

iwo meals,
A. A, BAKER,
Excursion Secretary,

AUSTRALIAN INSTRUMENTS [INDEX

The Australian Society of Instrurnent Technology has recently published
an Index to all types of instruments that are available through the nornal
trade channels in Australia, whether they be of Australisn or oversvas
manujaccure. The information supplied by about 3000 firms and agents has
been incorporated,

Instruments are tabulated in alphabetical order, wilh we names of the
firms that can supply them, arid if 2 firm has branches in various States this
is indicated as well,

The types of instruments caver a very wide range and include apparently
everything in use iti scientific and industrial spheres,

The Index, which promises to be extremely useful as a reference book, is
priced at 7/6 and is obtainable fram the Society at 93 William Street,
Melbourne, C.L.

B. Catpieurt

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 64.—No. i0 FEBRUARY 5, 1948 No. 770
eee

———__ —____

PROCEEDINGS

The monthly meeting of the Club was held at the Lecture Room,
Public Library, on January ! 2th, 1948. The President, Miss Ina
Watson, and about 150 members attended.

The following were elected as Ordinary Members: Miss Siooke,
Miss. Dale, Mr, Floyd,

The Hon. Secretary (Mr. Colliver) conveyed greetings frony the
Queensland F.N.C., alsa from’ Dr. Young and Dr. Dorothy Hill,

The subject of the evening was a lecture by Mr. David Fleay,
with shides on the epidiascope and motion pictures, dealing with
his recent visit to America in charge of thrre platypuses for the
New York Zoo. Sidelights uf the journey and expenences it
America at various Zoological Gardens were of great interest to
members. At the end of the lecture questions were asked and
answered and Mr, Fleay was cordially thanked.

Mr. Crasbie Morrison asked members for any information they
could give regarding the butterfly called the “common Australian
crow.” Tt is a big black butterfly, more than 4 inches acrass the
wings, and is now being seen round about Albury whereas pre-
iously it had never been known south of the middle of N.S.W.

Many exhibits were shown, chiefly botanical. OF special interest
was an exhibit by Mr. H. Stewart of 102 species of plants, mostly
in flower, from Mount Buffalo, including the Wiry Baucra { Bavera
ruditotdes) and Milkmaids (8urchardia wnibellata), new records
for the locality, altitude 4,000 to 5,600 fect: also the Leathery
Seir-bush ({Plewrandropsis trymaliodes) from Mount Bogong,
altitude 6,000 fect. Mr, Stewart also exhibited caterpillars and
cocoons of the moth Awthela aevia, the emperor gum-moth and
green swallowtails; cocoons of unknown caterpillars attacking
Kungea Muelleri, and undescribed species of harvestmen, also from
Mount Buffalo. a

1948 FOR AUSTRALIAN TREES

‘The Chief Commissioner of Boy Scouts in Victorm has recommended
scouts to make a special study this year of the Jocal trecs—in bush; park
or private garden. This step will be welcomed by naturalists, who will see
the value af a large body of dads becoming taterested, That interest can be
expected lo grow into appreciation and then into a desire to protert.

Members are requested to contact local scouts and to exhibet interest. If
& little help and advice can be rendered, so much the betlor; bi, at the
least, let them sec that good citizens are taking tiotice aint anproving.—Note
by F_N-C. Commuttee, ; :

1s HM. R. Rew, Ashrit Between Teo Orchid Genera ete

A NATURAT. HYBRID BETWEEN 'TWO ORCHID
GENERA

By the Rev. H. M. RK. Bure, Narthbridge, N-S.W.

Some years ago a small orchid was folind on the Lane Cove
River by a member of the staff of Riverview College, who sent it
to the NSW. National Herbarium for identifcation. It was
forwarded to me, then living at Woy Woy, for my opinion, It
appeared to me to combine characters of Glossodia minar R Br
and Caloderia coerulea R.Br. No further specimens were obtained.

In September, 1947, Johu Young, a High School lad living at
Chatswood, brought me a living plant which he had iound near the
Castlecove Golf Links on Middle Harbour, Port Iackson. By a
less observant collector, it might easily have been passed by as an
unusually dark Glossodte minar—a species very abundant in the
tocality, The dominant colour js a very deep violet, The leai,
stem, and perianth are those af the Giassodia, The labellum and
column are definitely those of a Cafadema. C. cornea R.Br, C-
alba R.Br. and C. cavruéea R.Br. ave all present in the neighlour-
hood: fur the two former can be ruled out at once. C. caeruisa,
howéver, appears to have had a share in the production of this
very interesting lower.

The labellum is twice as long, and nearly twive as broad, as
that of Glossadia minoyv, Its under-surface is pale with violet
suffusions, The upper-surface is deep violet like the -perianth,
except at the extreme base and at the revolute apex, where it ts
white. There are no white pubescent bosses as in Clossodta; the
lateral Inhes are curled upwaris, making the labellum concave 34
in the Caladensa, At the base, however, are tie two Lall, semi-fused
clavate calli so characteristic of Glossodia minor. These are very
dark except at their white base. Along the whole length of the
labellum tuns a siwgle median row of short clavate eal, dark
except at the revolute white tip, where they also are white, The
margins af the labellum are entire, and lobation is rather obscure,
but there is a definite anterior constriction, Thus when the labellum
is flattened out, it presents the contour of a Glossodia labellum,
The disc and sdes are marked by dark red transverse lines as in
the Celadenta, The column is widely winged for most of its
length, but the wings are not in-turned above as in Glossodia.
There are no transverse lines. The anther is dark purple with a
very acute and straight point.

Artificial hybrids have been freely raised between certain orchid
genera, and have received names indicating their parentage, such
as Brassocattlrya, Laetiocottleya, etc. But natural hybrids hetween
two genera, with characters admitting of no other caplanation, are
rarely seen, and deserve to be placed on record.

Pena | AW HL. Cuisitoum, With the RAO. in Oueenslend 187

WITH THE &.4.0,U. IN QUEENSLAND
By A. H. Crastrars

Several officers and members of the Field Naturalists’ Club of
Vieloria were among the sixly or su representatives of various
States who spent portion of October and November in Queensland,
mainly tor the purpose of attending the Congress and Cany-ont
of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists’ Union.

This was the first interstate gathering of the R.A.O.U. held
outside Melbourne since World War Ii, and in general it was
pleasingly successful. Next year’s Congress is to be held at Perth,
with a Camp-oul on or near the historic Abrolhos Islands,

The Brisbane Congress was opened by the Minister for Agr-
eulture (Hon, H, H, Collins), who as a North Queensland farmer
made a specch animated by sound commonsense; and a civic recep-
tion was tendered delegates in the Botanic Gardens hy the Acting
Lord Mayor.

Portion of the time of Congress was occupied by revision of
rules. Of more general interest were several motions that were
adopted, One of these urged upon all amnicipal councils the
wisdom of planting as many native trees as possible, partly fo
strengthen the national character of the landscape and partly to
encourage native birds. Another pledged the R.A.O.U. to support
Group-Captain Stuart Campbell and his company in investigating
the ornithology of the Antarctic area. A third resolution pleaded
in detail for proper control at the export af Australian fauna, hath
or) The part of zoos and private citizens,

¥ct another resolution recommended to all State Governments
that surveys be made of the position in relation to National Parks
and other Crown sancluaries, and urged that these should be
adequately controlled and properly financed. Finally, a fifth reso-
lutinn: took cognisance of the approaching visits of two collecting
expeditions trom America, and suggested that the Commonwealth
and Qneensland Governments should ensure that the material
removed would not be such as would compel students in Australia
ta x0 abroad for the purpose vf research work in any aspect of
scientific study.

With the Queensland Naturalists’ Club as hosts and Mr, G. H,
Barker as organizer, several enjoyable outings and other gather-
ings were held during the Congress period, Possibly the most
memorable ouling was one to the Jagoons ai Sandgate. There many
interesting birds were seen, with the decorative Jaca, or Lotus-
bird, constituting the “show-piece'”’ as i Iripped lightly over the
broad leaves of the lilies, Both the Jacana and the White-headed
Stilt, as well as ather,less “aristocratic hirds, were nesting during
our visit. .

188 AH. Crisnoum, With the RAO.U. in Qucenstand | VE NSS

The Camp-out, which extended over a week, was held at Binna
Burra, on the fringe of the Macpherson Range National Park, It
is a pleasant spot, and visitors generally, and especially those fram
the south, greatly enydyed themselves in watching birds and in
gazing at some of the epiphytal orchids af the jungle. Many dis-
tinctive birds could be seen near the gtlest-house—Scrub-Turkeys
came ta the doorsteps to he fed; Satin Bower-birds had several
playgrounds within easy reach; and Rifle-birds, Flycatchers,
Warblers, Fruit-Pigeons, etc., could he seen or heard during short
waiks.

The dominating bird-yoices of the area were those oj the
roystering Currawongs, or Chillawongs, which in mountainous
regions aré always very clarion, Frequently, too, the resounding
"Walk-to-work” cry of the beautiful Notsy Pitta rang through
the jungle aisles, and on occasion we heard lief but competent
songs from the Albert Lyre-birds.

But the chief attractions of the region—the bitds which visitors
in general most desired to hear and see—were the Rufous Scrub-
hird and the Olive Whistler, species which in Queensland are
confined ty the mountainous parts of the south-east,

The Olive Whistler, a bird having ovany beautiful notes, and
in particular a dulcet ‘*Peeeee-pooooa,”’ js a denizen of the Antarctic
heech-tree areas and so was not seen near Binna Burra, Little
Alrichornis, the Mt-named Scrub-bird, is more widely-spread, and
specimens were located within a few miles af the guest-house.
Two at least were in open forest country, a fact that surprised se
considerably, for when I first recorded the species for Queensland,
in 191%, all the birds seen and heard frequented heavy jungle,
That was near the O'Reilly's settlement, 15 miles or so by track
from Tinna Burra.

You are not to suppose, however, that the term “open torgst’’
implies that the Scrub-birds were more accessible than they are in
jungle. True, the gums and casnarinas of the ares were “open”
in the upper storey, but down below was a wilderness of wire-grass,
etc, and in this tangle the active little ground-loving birds were
completely safe from observation. All we could do was listen
And how well worth while that wis!

Atrichorms is a very remarkable vocalist, the possessor of an
extraordinarily powerful yoice relative to his size, and a highly
skilled mimic of the calls of other birds One particular specimen,
which during aboyt two hours provided an elfin concert for Mrs.
Herbert Curtis of Tamborine Mountain, Gus the forester, and
myself, allowed his flexible voice to range over a wide variety of
horrawed notes, the most impressive, perhaps, being a heautiful
extended invitation of the trill of the Fantailed Cuckoo. Some of
his uatural calls, too, were remarkably impressive, notably ane

: —— — = ——
ee | a on 6
_ ‘a
- J if
| =a Ff
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THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol 04 February, 1948

Puate X

in the middie distance.

Phato.: [na Watson.

Eebioass AZ TL, Ceyswoum, Wott thr MALO, in Queensland $99

suggesting ihe mewing of a kitten, another that developed into a
rippling ““Ta-ta-ta-ta," and another that wes not unlike one of the
most charming nites of the English nightmgale. Between times,
of course, the little master used his own “signature tane,” the
resounding “Chip-ehip-chip-chip” that serves at ance to distinguish
the species. IL was dhis imperious call that first hrought ns to a
halt in the area, just as it caused me to “prop,” in astonishment,
on that first visit to the Macpherson Range nearly 3f) years ago.

As I say, it was iinpussible to gain even a glimpse of the Scrub-
birds in their grassy morass; but, a day ox two later, several of
‘the excursiunists went farther afteld to certain jungle arcas and
there saw soinething ot the secrerive singers, smattish birds clad in
mottled plumage of rufous and brown. Similar enterprise resulted
in brief acquaintance being made with the Olive Whistler. (Inei-
‘dentally, this plain-coloured Whistler occurs sparingly in Victoria
and in some abundance in Tasmania, its preference in each area
bemg, as in Queensland, for the caol uplands, Tt reveals many
meloadieus notes in these Southern regions, but not the beautital,
lowg-drawn-out “Peeee-pocpoo"’ of the Macpherson Range hirds.)

Yet another species which engaged mmch attention from the
Binna Burra visitors was the Eastern Bristle-bird, The presence
vof this bird in heathy portions of the Macpherson Ranpe, although
Suspected years ago, was not revealed until recently, and because
it is now very rare in New South Wales and Victuria, and because
it has a sweet voice and habits akin ta those of the Serub-hird,
many visits were made to the area where the species was to be
found, some four ntiles frum the guest-house, As with 4&ichorms,
it was one thing tn hear the birds and another thing to see them.
There appeared to be some half-dozen pairs ta the favoured spot,
‘but nobody obtained more than brief glitopses of any ore of them.
Apparently they were not nesting, for they refused to respond to
calls and usually spritited right away when disturbed, ‘Every hitle
while te birds revealed many sweet and resonant calls, notably a
shrill pipe ¢hat strongly suggested the blithe aertal call of the House
‘Swallow.

Tneidentally, a Brishane newspaper achieved a quaint eryur when,
in the course of a yeferetice to owe activities, i ‘te-christened”
Dasyornis as the Bustle-bied.' That was in fact a happy misprint,
for there cannot le many birds that “hustle to the degree that this
one does.

The “Bustle-birds” strongly intrigaed Queenslander ugh Innes
in particular, He wet to their haunts day after diay itt vain
attempts to locate a nest, and therelsy turned his wife (a3 she said)
into a “bird widow’ —us distinct from a “galf widow.” Indeed, the
rélusiveness of both the Serub-hird and Brstle-bird caused our host,
Mr. Arthur Groom, to wax eampassionate, so that lie announced

8 '

190) A H, Canguoum, With the RA.O.U- in Quocnsland [Vet Nat

otie evening that the metiu would include “Walced Bristle-hird’ and
"Atrichorais-on-toast.” "Bab! said a tired excursionist, “you've
got it the wrong way round, Atrichornis has ur on toast and some
of us got haked while looking for the Bristle-bird ""'

Still, matters might have been much worse. In recent years the
progress of ramblers in the National Park of the Macpherson
Range has been made much easier hy an extensive svstem of paths,
All of these are admirably graded and all are kept in sound con
dition by the Forestry Department. ‘They take rank, in my opinion,
as the best series of palhs in any reservation tu Austecaha. Also,
they support the view of Mr. Romeo Lahey (Presideot of the
Queensland National Parks Assocration), who in an address to
the R-A-O.1. Congress in Brisbane urged that such areas should
be kept (ree of motor-roads and hotels.

Assuming that other National Parks in Queensland are bemg
safeguarded equally well, other States obviously have something
to learn from Queensland in this regard, Victoria, for example,
might do better by handing over its National Parks to the Forestry
Commission, since fhe present system of canteol by citizen cum-
muittees (which have uo Tunds) has proved unsatisfactory.

On the whole, the Macpherson Range outing was both informa-
tive and enjoyable, particularly to southerners. Miss Ina Watsom
(President of the V.IVN.C.) recorded 38 species of birds new ro
her during the tour—most were Macpherson Range species—and
one Sydneysider whuse experience was limited actually boasted of
4] feathered novelties. That man was 60 ahead of me, for I noted
only ume species not previously seen, and that kind, as iL claneed,
was one known also in the south, namely, the Bristle-bird. Sail,
some of the birds noted had not been seen for many years, and,
as must naturahsis know, there is warn pleasure in meeung old
friends that we have “loved long since and lost awhile.”

I don't know precisely haw many of the various birds were
fqund nesting—perhaps about 20 kinds. On the journey to the
Range, Hugh Taines and 1 saw occupied nests of the Whitethroated
Warhler, Red-backed Wren, and Leatherhead, and on the moun-
tains the species discovered breeding included the Brown Warhier,
Yellow-throated, White-browed and Large-billed Scrnb-Wrens,
Whip-hird, Red Fantail, and Golden Whistler, The total number
of species recorded during the Biuna Burra visit was, I understand,
about 80.

Fer my own part, ] saw about i30 kinds of birds im vanous.
parts of Queensland, For, alter spending a few days on the
Macpherson Range, T veturued to Brisbane and went thence to-
*Warkon,” the cattle-station of Mr, L. R. Schwennesen, some 300
miles toe the south-westward; and in that part of the interior I
saw, necessarily, anany birils not found near the coast

.

rey 4, 4H, Curspeoem, With the R.A. 0. fie Queensiand 192

Emns are still nderately abundant on and near “\Warkon,” and
the handsome Krolgas (Native Companions) are seen occasionally
—4 nest with two eggs was photographed in the middle of a
swamp. Bustards, unfortunately, are now very rare; I saw only
oue specimen and that at a point up towards Taroom, Mary kinds
of water-hirds were noted, both on lagoons and the Balonne River.

Most of the bird-voices of the area were harsh—such as those
of the White Cockatoo, Galah, Grey Jumper, Leatherhead, Noisy
Miner and CGrey-crowned Babbler —but all such sounds were
counter-balanced by wonderful melody, especially at dusk, from the
Pied and Grey Butcher-birds. In addition, some beautiful sights
were afforded by Red-winged Parrots in flight, by White Cockatoos
silhouetted against the sky, hy Dellar-birds cavorting in the air,
and by the Rainbow-birds {: Meraps) that were nesting in the sandy
soil of the homestead yards.

1 saw, io0, many examples of black-and-white ussociations—
Mudllarks, Wagtails and Restless Flycatchers nesting in company—
and also a number of examinles of what is now known as “house
squatting’; thal is to say, I saw Blue-faced Honeyeaters, White-
bréasted Woed-Swallows, and Peaceful Doves making themselves
at home in the eld nests of Mudlarks. The Blue-faved Honeyeaters
were also seen (as they have been seen on other occasions) accupy-
ing old nests of Babblers. “Nest-squatting” is in fact a confirmed
habit of both the Blue-facud and the White-breasted Wood-
Swallow, 50 much so that you now rarely see the “natural” nest
of either of these birds.

Some of the hirds noted were curiously local. Thus, although
the country as a whole scemed suitable for the Crested Bell-bird
and the Red-capped Robin, I encountered those species only in one
spol. In the same area it was a pleasure 1a come upon the dainty
nest, wiih one cep, of the Western Warbler. As I had sees the
White-throated Warbler on the way to the Macpherson Range,
the Brown Warbler on the Range itself, and the Mangrove Warbler
near Rrishatie, I had now encountered in one visit all four members
of the penus Cerygone known to southern Queensland.

Many other Iinds of birds were seen when, in the company-otf
My Schwennesen and his sons, a visit was paid 10 Taroom (about
150 niles north of ‘“Warkon’}, from which point, accompanied by

_ Me. Arthur Smith, R.A.O.U., we drove some 45 miles to Reedy
Creek Station and then to the Valley of the Ruined Castles. There
wo were upon the trail which Ludwig Leichhardt and Jehn Gilbert
blazed in 1344. J) was a memorable experience.

Ruined Castle Valley and the neighbouring Carnarvon Range
are wild and highly picturesque spots. They are. moreover, rich
jn natural history interest. The region could well be made the site
for some foture camp of the R,A.O,U, of other body of naturalists.

192 H. 5. Parers, Koalas ow the Lower Gowlhin volte

KOALAS ON THE LOWER GOULBURN
By Haney S, Parris, Hawthorn, Vic.

When 1 was a child my family lived on the Goulburn River
near Nayamibie. At ths time “bears’’ were very numerous and at
night would climb about the house, and the crying of the baby
bears would waken our family, The mother bear would grab a
baby attd, pucting it across its knee, sa to speak, would spank it
soundly with its open hand and the baby would ery just like a
human baby.

T have a note that in 1886 my father remonstrated with a lad
jor shooting a hear on his property, so there was some idea of
pratecting the bears theu.

I Jearned from Major Day that when his father, William Day,
came to live on the Goulburn at Noonlim in 1856 he and his
family liverd there for about three vears before they gaw a bear
One day one appeared and seemed a wonder animal to then, but
some of the other residents knew what it was as they had seen
them im other places; however, within a month there were quite
a number about, indicating a migration,

Ten years later (1868), almost at this exact spot, Mr, John
Miller shat Ave koalas from one tree. (This would he a family,
as a male bear may have as many as Tour wives, ar possibly rwo
females and two young bears_)

So from many records [ know that from 1870 to 1890 bears
were in thousands on the red-gum) timber of the Goulburn and
around Broadford and Reedy Creek,

I thought a lot about Mr, Day's statement and concluded that
the only way to check it would be to read every book I could get
that had heen pullished before 1856 of men who had travelled in
this country, from Major Mitchell onward, T carefully read over
twenty books and not one of those mén saw a hear in the Goulburn
country, whereas each traveller in Gippsland recorded bears, An
example is James Dredge, the frst Protector of Aborigines on the
Goulburn, who Jived ac Mitchell’s Town for one year (1839-40)
and kept a diary which he wrote up almost daily. He. slid not
record seeing a bear. ;

So T think I can say there were no hears on the Goulburn when
the white men arrived, and I believe this is because they were an .
easy meal for an aborigine, In the red-gum country they were
easily procurabie and so were eaten out, but in the tall-timbered
country they were not so easy to obtain.

Some writers have said the blacks would not eat kealas, but I
think this is incorrect. In his hook, 4 Austrian Squatter, W, H,
Brodribb writes: “Our black man had to procure'us a monkey or
sloth nearly every day. The flesh is far from being nice. still we

Felvoars H, 5, Paxrss, Koalas on the Lower Gowldurn 193

were glad to eat it. Sometimes he would procure for us an
opossum or bandicoot; they are considered a delicacy as compared
with the monkey (native bear). [ therefore contend that the
bears fnereased as the blacks decreased, and in the fifties and sixties
they spread over a greatly increased area and apparently hved and
thrived in red-gum country, even if they prefer the mania gum—
so could we tict re-establish them on the Goulburn naw?

There is just one other point. At certain times the munna gums
become poisonous to bears and they have to move to other trees,
and this is especially true of the young tips that grow after a
bushfire. We also know that on “Black Thursday” (February 6,
1851) most of Victoria was burt, and this might have been a
faetor in the bears’ migration,

Bandicoots used to be found in grass tussocks on the Baillieston
side of the river. I wonder if there are any left now. I am
pleased to find that wallabies can now (1947) be found rount
Baillieston, and I do hope they are allowed to multiply,

Referring again to the koala, T appeal to thease property-owners
on the Goulburn who have made their properbes sanctuaries ior
native gaine to make an effort to re-establish the best-loved of all
wild animals, the native bear, even if it means planting certam
. trees necessary to give the bear the variety he requires, T alse
appeal to the F.N.C. to assist in this matter-

THE SACRED QUETZAL BIRD

The colour-flm screened by Mr. David Fleay at the January meeting ab
the Club contained a brief shot, taken in an Americar 200 aviary, of the
quetzal of Hordurss, the first movie of this unique bird seen in Melbourne.
Reoently to hand js a bank Jingle im the Clonds, written by Victor W. yon
Hagen, F.Z.S., and published by Robert Hale Lad, London. The author of
this work (referred ta by Mr. Fleay in his address) narrates how he
achiever the distinct of being the first to capture specwnens of the rare
quetzals in the rain-forests of Honduras and to send them alive out of the
country of their origin,

Never hitherto photographed ard never caught alive, this sacred bird of
the Astecs was regarded with superstitious awe, the brillant plumes beme
wart only by the chiefs ond high priests. After desetibing its magunficend
appearance and exquisite movement, von Hagen relates in vivid style the
search, Iocation and capture, gives oltservations on feeding and breeding
habiss, and sketches the elavorste preparations for the final despatch of the
hirds overseas.

The hagl scintillates with tropical local colour, as if te match the
irideseence of the principal subject. Accounts are also given of the rapacious
Biant umbrella azts, the tinamov bird, and the three-toed sloth, with other
sivange fauna and Alara. Desersptions of the present iihalitants of the
jungle, who are Jicaque Indians, the former Maya civilization Mat astonished
the European conquerors. and the ruins with works of art in which the
quetzal motif appears. as the shape of the plumet! serpent, impart cthnologiral
and archaeological character ta the book

H. C. E. Stews,

194 L. Gmoerr, Natwrwtists and istration Fistory vee

NATURALISTS AND AUSTRALIAN HISTORY —I,
By Lionet Grrvert, Nabiac, N.S.W,

The iendency of our modern world, with its haste and over-
sophisticstiun, seems to be to disregard, alinost despise at times,
ihe simple yet wonderful features of nature, which we would leave
to thin-hearded gentlemen with square spectacles, Jong white dust-
coats, and butterfly-nets. Yet to study the development of our
dand, and the people who opened it up for seltlement, means bo
study the efforts of a great number of naturalists who were
anything ‘but harmless or eccentiic, Conversely, Studying A:s-
tralian naturalists and their activitics means studying Australian
history to the full.

Surprising nunthers of the early vayagers were either naturalists
or had thei in the crews of their tiny sailing ships. Wreiliam
Dampier, the colourtul buccancer-explorer who visited the north-
west Australian coasts in 1685 and 1699, published sketches of the
plants, fish, ete,, of New Holland in bis journal (1702), Such
oddities from far-off places had a great appeal in those days,
and explorers made observations an tinusual plants and animals.
Clianthus spectosus was frst collected by Dampier, but this beauti-
ful red pea was later associated wath Charles Sturt, so that it is
now known as “Sturt’s Desert Pea”

Captain James Cook had astronomers in his party tu observe
the transit of the planet Venus across the Sun, with Tahiti as their
sighting-point. Also with the Endeavour were Mr. (later Sir)
Joseph Banks and Dr. Carl Splander, both known to the great
Linnaeus and the latter his pup. ‘These two naturailsts spent their
days at sea observing and studying bird and marine life, and their
time on land collecting plants. Some of the original specimens
collected in 1770 at Botany Bay were exhibited in the Royal Easter
Show at Sydnev this year, and the Melbourne Herbarium has many
of them. Several, snch as Bawketa ericifolia and &. serrata, are
sll very common around Botany Bay. The queer plants of this
new southern continent, cht off front larger latcd-masses for untold
thousands of years, amazed the two naturalists and made them
more eager to collect and preserve such Ueasures as they might
never see again. Banks, however, was determined to see more of
them, and he made sure of hisaim, Many a4 time Cook went ashore
between April 28 and May 6, 1770, to find spare sails of the
Endeavour covered with piles of drying paper and plant specimens;
in the distance might be seen the ardent pair returning, laden with
more botanical wonders,

No doubt even the unpleasant Barrier Reef episode delighted
Banks and Solander between June 14 and August 10. It was here
that Hanks had to dey some of his specimens in warm sand neat

i rived L, SiLeeet, Nolwraksty avd Anstratine History 195

the Endeavour River while the coral-holed ship was repaired,
Here, too, “an animal us large as a greyhound, of a mouse colour,
avi very swift’ was obsetved—Banks found tis kangaroo a most
interesting abject. ‘Fhe ship was hauled up in order to be
yepaiverl, and the water ran sternwards where Banks had stored
many of bis specimens. As a result some were utterly ruined.
Others were almost destroyed when, after a disagreement, tatives
fired the grass, and the plants were saved only by sheer speed.

Ranks could not forget the climate, vegetation, animal-life and
native inhabitants of New Holland, especially of Botany Bay.
England bad lost her American colonies in 1776 and was requiring ,
amore land jot expansion, Sir Joseph Banks, because of his travels,
scholarship and edneation. as well as his influence with King
George TE], was Inoked ta as a man of sound judgment, He urged
that Botariy Bay be settled—and quickly. Thus in 1787 the Wirst
Fleet, under Captain Arthur Phillip, set out for New Holland.
Bauks was evyerjoyed—that quaint land with ats, mild climate,
prinitive inhabitants und biological mysteries was to be settled!
He began to ake arrangemenis to have collectors explore this new
fielel lor every new biological oddity possible.

Meanwhile Phillip found that Sydney Cove in Port Jacksou was
the better place for a settlement, so he sailed the First Fleet out
of Botany Bay just as Juan Francois Galup de lz Perouse entered
it with two ships, the alstralabe and Baussole. The latter explained
that he was on a scientific expedition, and remaiied at the hay
fav six weeks, during which Father le Receveur, naturalist on
the Astrolebe, diced. After leaving Botany Bay, ia Perouse was
wrecked in the South Pacific, in 1788. Accordingly, the French
Government sent out Rear-Admiral Bruni D"entrecasteaux with
the Rechercite and L'Esperance to seek him (1791-94). On this
expedition went the famous botanist Jacques Julien Labillardiere,
who made collections as the Admiral sailed between Capes Leewwin
aud Le Brand and also visited southern Van Dietmen's Land, He
is renrenshered toclay in the genus Billardiera.

Also with this French expedition was Claude Antoine Riche, an
entomologist and botanical collector. While botauising in an area
visited by a landing party (near the present town of Esperance,
Wr.) he became lost. and a search party was fonned with
Labillardiére as one of its members. The inissing naturalist had
‘beer practically without food for over 50 hours, but had made
use of the fruits of a shrub, Leweepogon Richer (now L, parwi-
Jflorus) to augment his food supply, His spécimens were lost as a
tesuilt of this sishap; bat, fortunately, during the search, which
traced Riche to a salt Jake near Esperance, Labillardiéyve did some
valuable collecting, including Banksia and Fxcalyptus material,

Sydney Cove, in the meantime, was having a hard struggle.

1S¢) L. Ginnent, Nerirdiists ond Avsteatian Hiptry AS ri

Ships wete late, the original expedition had been badly equipped
and the young calony looked like starving itself to a standstill.
Philip sought new tand, but the Blue Mountains thwarted all
attempts, In 1793 Captain Paterson, a botanist whe later became
Lieut -Govertior of the colony, tried to cross the miguntains; he
succeeded only in itaking some botanical digeovennes, The germs
Polersania commemorates him,

Banks still wanted information ahout New Holland and more
specumens for his vast collections. Matthew Flinders, wha had
aJready proved himsejf a capable navigator and cartographer, was:
leaving England with the /avestigntor and Lady Ne/lsow (1801)
to exantine the coasts of New Holland (or “Terra Australis’)
and Banks had Rohert Brown appointed as hotaiist—a choice
which proved to be the best that could have been made. Ferdinand
Bauer was comimjssioned as botanical artist te work in conjunction
with Brown—and work he did. By [805 Brown was alile to
write that Bauer had made L600 drawings of plints, “all accom-
panied by initiute dissections.”

At every point where Flinders landed during his circummnavi--
gation of Australia Brown and his competent artist missed po
opportunity, and Brown’s efforts in particular. as w collector and
describer of plants, caused the famous George Bentham to say that
he exliausted the fora wherever he landed. This Muat have been
near the truth, for in his Prodventus Florac Nowre-Hollandiae
(1810) are descriptions of 4200 species of plants,

While all this remarkable work was being done, Flinders.
Was apparently most patient and gave the greatest opportunities

ossible. It must have heer a stimulating sight to the keen

linders to see two men just 25 interested in their warl as be
was in his, We should remember that the maps Flinders jnade on
that expedition form the basis of modern Anstralian cartography,
and the ones he inade of many areas have nai been repeated since
It was a tragie ending that his hook, Moyage te Terra Australis,
was only m the press when he died, July 14, 1314 ffendersia,
Bayern and Gretema are three genera _conuvemoratiug these
worthy men, On hoard the fuvestigator was alsa Peter Good,
Robert Brown's assistant collector. From all accounts, his work
was as good as his name, and it was with much regret that on
June 11 a banding-party went ashore to bury Peter Good, who had
contracted dysetittery soan after the departure from Tio Mrown,
as a mack of respect, named a Barhna and Grevillea alter hin,
and the genus Goadia also bears his name. Flinders comed the
name “Australia” which gradually superseded “New Holland,”

Banks had other collectors in the field, David Nelson he had
sent with Cook on his third voyage and the same hotanist was also
on the Bawnty at the thie of the mutiny. We remained loyal to

eet L. Greeks, Notrralists and: Austruhan History 17

Bligh and died of exposure in the open boat. Brown named the
genns Nelsonia after bini,

The Biye Mountains still presented a problem. A young man
had written to Banks saying that he was interested in botanical
collecting. Thos George Caley came to Sydney iu 1800. Four
vears later he attempted to cross the Blue Mountains; but, like
Captan) Paterséa and George Bass, he failed, Tle was able to
send home much material to Banks, however, and Ais maine is
honotired di many species, as well as m the orchwl gentis Cofean,
George Caley, like his colleagues, was most observant, and he it
was who first discovered hybridization in the eucalypes,

Sir Joseph Banks was now becoming old; but, as the President,
of the Royal Society, his interest in New Holland and other areas
of the globe remained as alive as ever. Hecarranged for Allain
Cunningham to collect plants in Brazil in 1814, and then the same
botanist arrived at Port Jackson m: 1816 to carry out further
exploration in the area his patron had examined 46 years before.
Cunningham was a great success both as botanist and explorer;
Barks uever seemed to ert in his choice of collectors, At last, mhe-
Btue Mountains had been erdssed by Dlaxland, Lawson and Went-
worth in 1813; Surveyor George Evans had discovered the Lachlan
and Macquarie Rivers; William Cox had supervised the building
of the first road ever the rugged sandstone country, and the interior
was beckoning further explorers, John Oxley set out wrth a
party of twelve, including three naturalists—Allan Coomngtam,
as King’s Rotantst to collect’ specimens and seeds for the Royal
Kew Gardens and Banks; Charles Fraser, as Colonial Botanist;
and William Patr as mineralogist—to explore the two newly-
discovered givers. George Eyans went as second in command,
The slory of how the mvers both seemed to disappear in swaips
is well known. In the meantime these three naturalists made Tull
use of every opportunity to collect specimens of the types in which
they were individually interested,

Onee he had tasted the charm of the Australian bush and revelled
in iis scenery, Cunningham was determined to discover all he could
alwut the flora of this newly-opened country, and, as a sesull, he
assisted ta gpen it still more Between 1817 and 1822 Cunning-
ham accompanied Captam Phillip Parker King (son of Governor
King) on four voyages around the Australian coast, in the Mer-

maid and the Bathurst. These voyages were of great importance
beth reographically and botanically. Areas were visited then which
have heen rarely touched since, especially in the Arnhem Land and
Carpentaria regions. Like Brown, Cunningham found that the
yiaster of the ship offered every possible opportunity to land and
collect specimens. Ty fact Captain King later turned to botany and
bostionlture himself, apparerttly through watching and helping the

- ' - Vi .
198 J., Gusert, Naturalists and Austratiay History i

enthusiastic Cunningham during those very long voyages in winch
Australia was practically circumnavigated a second tute,

In an interval between these trips, Curmingham atcompanied two
members of a Russian expedition (M. Stein and M, Tcarneyerk)
over the Bloc Mountains on @ Liclogical excursion, Two years
later (1822) “he again crossed the Blue Mountains to Bathurst,
and botanized in that area, He made a full account of practically
all his journeys, mainly from a botanical point of view-

Bathurst became a well-established centre in the early 1520's,
und not far away jay the fertile Liverpool Plains—just what was
needed for pasture land. Unfortunately that part of the Liverpanl
Range knowa as the Warrumbungle Mountains intervened. Cum:
aingham set out in 1823 to Gud a way through After two weeks’
searching along the mountain range, already explored without
syecess by Lieut. Wilham Lawson, Pandora’s Pass was discovered,
and at Lhe foot of the tange peach-stones were planted, “with every
good hope that their produce will one day or other afford some
refreshment te the weary farmer ...." Fhe way to the Liverpool
Plains was at Jast open, Ey now Cunningham had proved himself
a most irdent collector of specituens and a conpetent observer,
but he still worked at a rapid tate. In 1826 he paid a botanteal
visit to New Zealand and published the results of his work there.
By 1827 he was back im Australia and had discovered the valnable
Darling Downs in south Queensland, a most important discovery.
Agam, however, there was the difficulty of a mountam mange the
Great Divide separated the Darling Downs from the voung (own
of Brisbane, With Fraser, Cuiingham went to Moreton Bay by
boat the following year, and soon found a pass through the moon-
talus, now called “Cunningham's Gap.” In J&29 he explored the
sources of the Brisbane River.

Chartes Fraser, the Colonial Botanist, died at the end of I831,
and the position was offered to Cunningham; but he declined it in
fayour of his brother, Richard, who was also a butanist of some
note. However, as we shall see, Richard met it vinlent death and
Allan was again offered the position in 71835, when lie accepted.
The stury of his deahugs with the Botanic Gardens of those days
is a classic, He arnved in Sydney to take np the new post in
1837, but very soon foutid that he was oot i the least interested
in growing vegetables for the offers and ladies of the colony.
‘Thereupon he “discharged the Government cabbage-garden im
disgust” and commenced to erhark upon “a more legitimate
occupation for a few months"; and so he resigned.

The “few months” soon came to an end. In 1838 he once mae
spent a little time in New Zealanil, but vetuened toe N_S.W_ in a
grave state of healiy The following year a splendid opportunity
came his way an the torm of @ trip to the north-west wrth Capmam

ae ras L. Granez, Nitwrnlists and dustraiion Htslory 199

Wickhary, but he was obliged to remain at honte. During the last
fe days they took Cunningham, now hopelessly stricken with
consumption, ta a cottage in the Botanic Gardens for a change,
but be died on June 27, 1839, after a shore but tremendously
important. and busy lile of 48 years. He was buried in the old
Devonshire Street Cemetery, but it was later shifted, and the
remaius of Cunningham were laid to rest in the environment that
pleased him most. An obelisk was constructed lo contain them,
and was erected in a bamboo-lHned pond in the Sydney Botanic
Gardens,

The problem of the swampy nvers was ultimately cleared up
by Captain Charles Sturt. His published ' journal contains many
engravings of birds (coloured) and of fossil and living shells
from the various rivers he encountered, Geological totes also are
included, Having explored the Macqnarie, Lachlan, Mucrum-
bidgee, Murray and Darling Rivers, Sturt set out (1845) on an
expedition to the Contre. With him was John MeDouatl Stuart, |
The terrible privations endured on this trip are generally known,
also vhe fact that Sturt went blind as a result. In the drought-
stricken area he was obliged to hug the one water-hole for six
‘months until rain fell, Near Sturt’s Stony Desert the explorer
fourd and hecame associated with the beautiful red and black pea,
‘now called “Sturt’s Desert Pea." Actually Clanthus speciosny was
callicted 150 years beiore by William Dampier. Tt is interesting
that lwo great names can both be associated with the one beantitul
plant; the Sturl Pea was long known as C Doviapieri .

Lieut,-Col, Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, who had served
under the Duke of Wellington, was a soldier-explorer. His camps
were lined oyt with military precision, the party was well armed,
and, H menaced by aborigines, military tactics were employed. To
see one of Mitchell's exploring expeditions making its way through
unknown country was like watching’ an army scouting patrol,
Nevertheless, Matchel] certainly obtaiued results, whatever his
facies, He had a very keen eye for natural objects, too, and
khew the scientific names of many plants and animals; coloured
engravings of birds, sketches of fossil animal remains, geological
maps, portraits of aborigines, fossil shells, plants, general scenery
and descriptions of new plants all find a place m his journal,
Thyroe Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia (1838-9),
The fossils collected by Mitchell on his jaurneys were sent to the
famous palaeontologist, Professor Richard Owen, who made a
very careful survey of the specimens, and amongst them found
paris of a giant kangaroo and the great Diprotodon oaustralis.

Mitchell is noted for his interesting and numerous observations
on native tribes now extinct, and we aré (ndebted ta him for
information which today would be impossible to obtain. He had

| “et: Note
Vo fia

0 L, Gripeet, Nirtyealists and Austrotion History
a keen eye for discerning tribal differences and in fact was a keer
interpreter ot all he surveyed, whether scenery, plant, animal, or
rock. To discover a new species was always a sotiree of delight
tn Mitchell, and in his journal are the first Larin descriptions of
77 new plants by Dr, Lindley. ‘These are representative of 26
fannlies. In additun, 9 species of mammals, 33 birds, 4 fishes and
6-irisects were deposited by Mitchell in the Musenm, Many of
these were novelties, ancl Mitchell himself named some of the lirds
and manunals. Nine fossil mammals, all named and ceseribed by
Owen, were collected i part, as well as seven fossil? malluses—
described and named hy Sowerby.

John Richardson was botanist on the successful 1836 expedition
and the vietint in an aumsing incident. Mitchell records how the
party was crossing a ford ina Vielorian yiver; the water was deep,
and the ford narrow so that “the horse of one al the party plunged
into deep water with its rider, who, while the animal was sull
ewinting, incautiously pulled the bridle, and of colirse overturned
it, so that they parted company in the water, the horse reaching
one bank, the rider the other. The latter, who was iny botanical
collector, Richardson, tock his souking om a cold frosty morning
sq philosaphically, talking to his comrades az he amade Ing way 19
the hank, partly swimming, partly floating on fva huge portfolios,
that f gave lis name to the creek, the better to reconcile him to lus
wet jacket,”

The expeditiin of 1835 to the River Darling had not been so
ainusing hotanically. The botanist then was Richard Cunninghan,
who had the habit of digressing from the straight route of the
expedition and making detours into the bush on either side to
caver more country. In the Bogan River areca he failed to appear
ane night, Mitchell says: ‘The occasional absence of this gentle-
man was riot wnesurman, hut, as he had left rhe party éarly in the
day in order to join me, it was evident, fram his not having done
so, that he had gone astray."' In the dark. a search was made for
water, and finally the stars were seen reflected on the surface of
& spacios pool, Cunumgham failed to appear that might and
Mitchell heeame worried. He had already “cautioned this gentle-
mali about the danger of losing sight of the party in such a
country; yet lis carelessness tn this respect was qunte surprising.”
Richard was apparenily determined to do his work to the best of
his ability,

The next day. a seareh was commenced. his Jasted all day,
hut definite tracks of Cunningham's horse were not found. Back
al cap it was learned that tie botanist had oot returned, At
davligut on the third day another party was organized. This went
on for days—days of seeking. calling, fiting gans, blowing bugles,
days of disappoimtment, Ulnmately tracks qwere found and fol-

February ]
1948

_L, Girnerr, Nitiralists and Anstration History 201
Jowed; rockets and guns were fired, Cunningham had apparently
been forced to kill and eat his dog; his dead horse was found, and
a few of the hotanist's effects, such as his coat snd map, Later,
the search was intensified, and Lieut. Zouch of the Mounted Police
tiiade examinations and inquiries in the area. He questioned the
natives and obtained Intormation that a white man had sought food
from then. They gave him food, and he camped with them.
Apparently Cunningham was delirious trom hanger, thirst and
exhaustion, and he was seen hy the natives to be wandering around
the canipatvight, They decided he nyeait ill to them and resolved
to kill him in the morning. This three of them did, by striking
hin with a nulla-nulla and other weapons. The tivaper went to
the place of the alleged murder, and found bones and pieces at a
Manila hat and a coat, The rernains were then assembled and
a mound raiséd above them, The three natives (Wongadgery,
Boreeboomalie and Bureemal) were taken as prisoners, but the
former two escaped,

(To be continued.)

LATE NESTING

‘The coolness of the current Summer has caused many direes EO be late in
flowering and many birds to prolang their breeding seasons, At a spol near
Melbourne on December 28 I found a bluc wren's nest containing three eggs
and another one with four eggs, and in the same area an occupied nest of
the rufou: whistler was dis¢overed throuch the medium of the male hird,
which was amuwing Justily while brooding, Moreover, nests of the Yellow
Robin and the Grey Fangail, both containing etgs, were noted near
Healesville as late as Jannary 18.

In the Maryborough district on Janvary 2 I found a yellow rabit's nest
with (Wo eres and noted a pam of wrey fantails only then beginning building,
At that period ang in that area T discovered slso two painted honeyeaters'
nests and a iistletoe-hird's nest being built and four other nests of the
misletoedyird containing immature young. Now (January 16) a note from
a local resident reparts Unat both of the painted houeyeaters are brooding
egas in their lace-lke nests, Breeding in the cases of both mistleao-birds
‘and painted honeyeaters is governed by the supply of mistletoe berries,
which in some areas have been late in ripening,

Tucidéentally, a dainty nest of a mistletoe-bird examined by Mr. J. H. Willis
was found to be buile almost entirely of thistle-down, heavily remforeed by
~ cobweb, The usual hrownish decorative material was in this instance the
dried heads of wattle-blassom_

AHC.

NEW GARDEN MAGAZINE

Your Gordet is a new thonthly publication issued by the Acacia Press
Pry. Ltd, Melbourne. The first number, December, 1947. contains a range
of short articles hy experts an various aspects of gardening, Jnuciuded are
cautributions on Austraian plants by F.N.C.V. members, Capably edited
ty Mr. E. E. Lord; the first issue, apart froin the obligation ta use newsprint
paper, iddicates a high horicultuial standard. The 80 pages, with an
attractive calaur cover, makes the charge of one shilling a very modest one.

B.

CES,

.

ata Noelable Notaratsts Dix abo rags

NOTABLE NATURALISTS IWE

The Field Naturalists’ Chub of Victoria, in commen with the community
as a Whole, has suffered a severe loss of late thycwel the deaths of three
Sdtnd citizens, Messrs, R. H. Croll, Charles Daley, and J Searle, All three
were former Presidents ul the P.N-CV., and all were good naturalists and
loyal workers who did wuch tw advance (he interests of the Club, Sketches
of tne careers of our late members gre given beluw-

Crarces Davey

Our late Past-President, Charles Daley, tA, #5, Jeied the Chub ier
1915 and had been a member for over 32 years at the tinie of Ids death on
Devetnber 14. He was born on St. Patrick’s Day, 1859, al Bendiga, where
he latterly attended “The Scotch School.” Entering the Education Depart-
ment, he served for 46 years as a teacher, retiring from the South Melbourne
School in $924 after a loamy and very distinguished carcer-

He langlit at Stawell, whence he came to know the Grampians, at Chitwell,
Geelong, Sale, Box Hill and other places. Chilwell was a school of “tough
Jads” and My. Daley was warned that the place “will eliher Wale or break
you.” Same years alter, T was prosent at the jubilee of my old school in
Chilwell and Mr. Daley was therr toc. Several of the farmer hays who
were really “tough? (according to Daley) came specially to see their ald
fiend and tell how he had helped then to make good

While in the Lducation Department he took a great wilceest in the cadet
argamzation and atker nulitary matters, rising uttimately ED ihe rank
Major. We wrote of this work in the Fictorian Historteal Magasin

Doring his teaching days at Geelong, Mc. Daley was an ardent worker
in the local Field Naturalists! Club. He beeamte a President and edited the
Geelong Neturotist for many years. Comme to Melbourne carly during
Work! War IT, he transferred his principal energies to aur FN C.V, and was
elected President far the two yéars 1922-23 and 1923-24. He ynade many
excursions to remote parts of ihe State, eg., the sources of fhe Murray, wand
hes artitles on,"The Graunipians,” “The Life of Baron var Mueller.” and
the "Iistory od the Flora Austrahensis,” which were republished in booklet
form, will long be standard works of reference—they are models of pains:
taking research,

Charles Daley was 2 happy companion in the field. Ajong wath CG L,
Barrett, Vo. Miller and the late H. B. Williamson, be loud ibe Western
District ani Mallee in a faturalists’ expedition of whieh T was. leader
(Oct, 1927). He had a cheerful disposition and, while serins in his werk,
always had a genial word to pass along. .

As a historian he was also gifted and, along with lis fnends A, W, Greig,
J. A. Aflan and A. S. Kenyon, made Viebormur Iastory a live seljeel, He
published many excellent acticles an the Histenicaf Magazine, giviliz pare
licular sdtention to the journeys of Major Mitchell, Hame and Hovell, and
Gardiner, and he travelled al) oyar the Stete when caims were crecterl to
mark the itineraries uf these explorets.

Daley wrete a History af South Melbourne (1940) and The Story of
Cobb & Co, i Vietaria (1946), and his Mistory af Gippsland is now in the
printing press. Several places in which he lived, eg., Sale and Geelong,
were favovred with brief articles and Socal histones. Many were the
excursion reports and ohitwaries that he so ably compiled for the pages of
this journal, and it is odd that one should naw te writing an appreciation
of Mago! Tle was a tireless and most volunvinous writer, and I often felt
that he sacrificed his awn pet subjects of plysiography and geclogy to give
the world what would possthly be of wider interest—hialogy and history.

Above all, Charles Daley was a cultured gentleman of high attamments

Pebrarey Notable Naturatiats Dic Ws

and of unselfish character. We wall always rernember him, siting in the
frane tow at Club meetings, ever choerlal and belpfirl, giving jar mare than
he receryed or expected ia receive, His hile was full of bandly deeds, ancl
we shall mss him,
The sympathy of the Club is extended to Mr. Daley's sons,
E, F, Pesce,

(Por photograph of Mr, Daluy see Vic, Nat, March, 1925.)

Rortrt H. Crou

Robert Henderson Crall, who died on October 18, 1947, was bora an
Stawell on January 4, 1869; and what an inspiration if must have been tor
one of his temperament to grow up in such a district! With the mine
riddle “Bie TT" as a background, the Sister Recks and Black Range not
far away, and the worderful Gramudans towering fii the west, lt is no
wonder that young Croll early became a lover of beautiful things, a great
walker and a goad naturalist,

Tia these days he would have to ga by horse ar wall the 14 miles to the

ampians, which abounded in alluring creeks and watertalls, picturesque
rockk and garges, trees, and rare flawers: Lhere were no roads, only rough
buth tracks, very little settlement and few weeds, The majesty and poetry
af the Range wert powerful infdences in Iris life,

Tle came to Melbourne in DS&i ane for six years he was on the staff of
the Public Library. ‘hen he transferred to the Education Department,
remaining therem for the rest of his official life, which terminated in a
most important and responsible afice. He retired, as all public servants dv,
at the statutory awe of 43, and thereafter be eithueiastically followed his
heut for art, letters, poetrs, walking and nature sludy. He joined the F.N,C.
in Deoember, 1927, and in the Club his great knowledge and experience
were always at the service of members: he was President for the year
T9IR359, but cauld net he prevailed upon to accept a second teem of office.

TH.C. was a geniat and a very happy man, the friend and helper of
everyone who came his way, He was always ready to impart advice From
his rich experience and to praise without stint where it was due. 1 never
met & man mure universally liked--one who was “Straight oul from the
shoulder," who tnade jriends everywhere aod in all quarters. Tis ijriends
were Among the artists, literary nen, naturalists, welkers businessmen, and
aborigines (he was an accepted member of the Arunta tribe), In fact
nearly everybody knew “Bob.” During his active life he was president or
chairman of more than 4 dozen socictics and was an interésterl member of
as many vibers.

He walked Victoria fram end io end, and knew almost every road ar
track in the State, especially among the mountains. JWW=< slways held thar
walkuig was the only way tu see the country.

From lus (riendship with artists sprang such delightful works as Fone
Roberts, The Rtched Work of Joka Shirlow and athker writings. Tis books
Along the Track aud The Open Read are excellent standards for the walker.
His Cerjtral Australian book, Aide Horiaons, had a big sale, and his poenis
Are a sheer delight te cead. A flair for the histecical was displayed im Tus
collaboratian with Dr, Reland Wettenhall in the Life of Dr. Alexunder
Thomson, the first surzeon jn Victoria and founder of Geelong—a vem

able work.

Altogether, “Bob” was a cultured and versatile mau, one whom we all
appreciated and loved as a Friend, We shall all miss him, and we tender
our sympathy to his widow and son BER

(For portrait of Mr. Croll see ie. Nal Seplember, 1939.)

204 Natohle Naturalists Die bind-pp,

Jamrs SEARLE

By the death of Mr. James Searle (ow September 9, 1947) the P.N.CV
has lost one of its oldest, most loyal and helpful members. Elected in July,
1885, he became President for the year 1924-25, andl during his residence in
Melhourne was devoted to the interests of the Cluh. In. later years he
suffered intensely irom an injury to tas hip whieh precluded bis joming 1m
field excursions. A few years ago he relinquished business in the city (in
which he was largely enguget in the repair of seientific bestraments and
timepieces} and retired to a country residence at Narbethong.

Mr. Scarie's passitig will be regretted by all who, either in business or
nature-sludy, had personal knowledge of his genial and helpful character,

Afthough having some knowledge of general botany through his assecia-
tions with Baron von Mueller, Mr. Searle's activites tt the Club were
restricted chiefly to a study of cryptogamic flora and microscope life in
general, He specialized in Extomestraca and, inspired by G. O, Sars,
deseribed new species of Copepada aud Cladocera, the original descriptions
appearing in the Victorian Naturalist (three papers between Jan., 19]1, and

eb., 1914).

Mr. Searle was an excellent lanterni-slide maker and was cutrusted with
the making of stides Hlusteating the Cluh excursion to Walson’s Promontory
in 1905. He not anty repaired scientific instruments, but made some, eg.
(for his own gatisfaction and use) a ¢s-inch oil immersion microsgope lens.

A D, Harv,

Me. H, W. Davey

Since the aboye notices were sent to the printer we have learned of the
death. of another veteran naturalist, aamely, Mr. H. W, Davey, of Surrey
Hills He dieé an December 20, 1947, at the age of 80 years.

Mr. Davey was an entomologist of standing. He tock up the study as
a hobby when employed in the Agricultural Depsriment and carried on his
observations, mainly imto life-histories, for many years, He wrote a number
of sound articles on the suhject for the Pacrortan Naturalist fro time. to
time, the last one, “Guests of Ants, Welcome and Otherwise,” appearing
38 recently as last month. Mr. Davey checked the proofs of that article a
fow days before hie death.

In his woek at the Aericuleural Department, which extended over a
lengthy period, Mr. Davey roso ta the position of Chief Supervisor of
Orchards, It jollows, theredore, that he was closely interested in econoniic
entomology. He retired some years ago and had since been indulging on
various natural history hobbies

The sympathy of the Club will be extended to Mr, Davey’s kwa ety

A.H.C.

ON THE HATCHING OF CRAB-SPIDERS' EGGS

Several days before his death, the iate H, W. Davey fad commumcated
some interesting observations on a female Crab-spider to the F.N-C. His
remarks may be summarized briefly as follows!

On October Eth hist a large Crab-spider was captured in a bedroom and
confined to a glass jar. She was fed with meal-wornms, which were eaten
freely, and on Qotober 1$ she spun 4 Jarge egg encoon (alyol the size of 4
shilling) and thereafter clung to it tightly, refusing all food, On December
12 (emht weeks and two days after laying) the eggs |yatched and some
100 spiderlings swarmed oyer thetr mother’s body, practically hiding her
from view, Food was still refused by the mother by December 16, whet
Mr. Davey wrate this note,

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 64 February, 1948

PiLatre XI

ee :
* et
3 Ni, <
Go PT,
we 1. tet:

Jungle path near Binna Burra, where many birds and a wide varicly
ol plants were seen.

= ~ ° a
- ~~ ~~" “ Se
ee — = = op
Tame-wild Serub-Vurkey seeks food in Binna Barra var.
(Note curious shape of tail).
Phos. AL VL Chisholin,

.

ee Melbourne's Garden 205

"MELBOURNE'S GARDEN"
(A Review by If, C, E, Stewart)

The significance of the Botanic Gardena was perhaps nut fully realized
by Melbourne citizens eatly last year om the 100th snislversary of their
foundation, as nu adequate commemoration marked the event, Sinec dhen
samme ataihemnert for the omission has bean mate by the issue of Melbourne's
Gorden, published hy the Melbourne University Press.

Dyeing its century, the importance of the Gardens has of ootirse been
recognized, ngtahily hy the late Sir Macpltersot Rabertson, who at the city’s
centenary in 1935 donated a splendid building for the National Herbarium,
and pver the years by inaiy celebrities who have planted historic trees.

lt i now fitting that the initial outcome of Miss Maud Gibsat’s rece
beneGcenice bas provided funds for a werthy book, Edited by Croshie
Morrison, M.Sc. trem data collated hy the Maud Gibsem Trust and other
wionyingus personnel of the Gardens and Herbarium, the back is written,
and liherally tlustrated, to interest the gencral public, Tinformative chapters
cover the historic development, featuring such mamesas Charles J, La Trobe
fobs Arthiue, dhe first Superintendent, Mueller, the great botanist, alt

iltiam Giittayle, the suprenve artist, We are taken by trees. lawns, lakes,
and through "behipd-the-scemes" machinery necessary for the Gardens’ well-
being. The Anstralim flora is given due prominence, and for (lie first time
the scientifir side is emphasized by a. section on the National Herbarium, or
“Jahoratory,” as the book terms it, without which aoa great garden can
claym ty be called botanic. .

Aesthetically, the Gardeus owe mast to Guilfoyle, whe directed the fitedla
of tree, flower, leaf, stem, hark, grass, water, combined with lighi, air, wind
and earth, to evolve a lizang art, to make the Garelens nf justriable renown
Because he sopght his inspiration ite Nathre, Guilfoyle may be termed a
modernist; He shenned the formatisin of the straight fine and the fat
surface, and wrought miracles with opulent masses, towering greeiiaries guid
curves of vegetation, which he loved to mirror with water, or contrast
with wide expanses of lawn. Quttick to appreciate the potentialities wt the
covaparatively ankneawe Acstralian flora, he departed from set landscape
traditions, blemling exotic and wative plants te create new ilhusions of
distance, new sultleges of Nght and shade, and new silhouettes of tall trees
agaist the sky.

A photographer, scriving ta depict Monct's Orangeric gardens at Giverny,
exclaimed, “The camera cin do nothing here." In the difienlt task af
pertvayine Melbourne Botanic Gardens, the same appresach is evident with
Mr, Morrison aid |\is assistants lush broader scenes, deep colours and
elusive shadows seem to produce blackowts on the photograplac Hate,
Several Australian subjects, like Cathtris arenosa, are simply not photogenic.
Th genergl, however, the photographs, are by aa ameaiis unsatisfactory.
Tndeed, some of the larger pictures, as the double-page view ul the rustic
fake seen through the Central Lawn trees, are very beaurifw), Ulidotibtedly
the hest picture, ertltled "Snow in Summer,” shows Melaleuca forariitolia in
full bloom Acuity, the Melatetica is awkwardly placed on a path cle
with vw) relation to surrotinding plants, and in autunin the effect is stultifred
hy nearhy flamboyant dahlias. Though the dahfia stakes can bo seen, the
tamera contcives a better subject of the eree than it really is. Th¢identally,
this Wsteatian is one of the very few with a cloud backgroand

The Gsak Lawn ts alloite! aeveral pictures, buc conspicuously absent are
wo of the woblest trees on this lawn, the Paurtugal Gak (planted by Lady
Loch) and the adjacent Mexican Dak. The lellerpress refers rather tersely
to these magmArent specemens, The Lily Lake ores, finest expression of
the fandscape alist’ genius, regretfully Js compresaed to tabloid mention

206 An Mnlereshng Spider erie

by the gelective compass of the book. The text points out an over-emphasis
on palms, Hot Without reason. Yet Guilfoyle's free use of conifers, slow-
growing evergreens, tree-ferms and palms were for permanent effects and a
miiwintér design, Many Gardens’ lovers consid his unerring judgment
displayed to best advantage in that season of the year,

Summed up, the book admirably ivlfts the purpase in whieh it was
conceryed, aiid the genéral visitor will beer understand and enjoy the
strene lovelivess of the Gardens by its medium,

AN INTERESTING. SPIDER

In the Pic, Nat, for August, 1940, and September, 1941, I told the story
of an interesting spider from Ringwood, a Jarge salyér-grey Nephila wath
2 golden snare. | hoped that some of her wumnerous spiderlings, released
in this garden, would survive to add interest to the spider population of
Blackhtrn.

On 30/4/47 | found a fine specimen not fae from tiny home, As there
wag none of the amall. mates usually in attendance, T assusned that their
renains formed part of the long strings of debms attached to the snares,
evidence of goud dining. Her snare was not gold, but grey, Does colour
depend upon the abundance of certain prey?

In the bope that she would confirm my previous notes, I placed her la a
glass cage with a dark cardboard lid) At 9 pun much of the crumpled
snare, placed in the cage with her, had heen deglutinated into 3 gloasy black
ball on which her mouth parts were still busy,

Ow May lst f found that she had attempted te deposit her eggs in a bed
af gold silk on the roof of the cate, and had almost completed a cocoan-like
cowering af Adcculent gold silk. Unfortunately, the position of the cradle
rade deposit dificult and most of Aer eggs lay 4. 4 pink fluid on the cold
glass floor. With a palette knife I lifted the mass, raised an opening in
the “cocoon” and placed it on the smail pink mass which arcady lay there.
The mother was not perturbed, but continued to finish the sill coverlet,
rubbing ber spinnerets to and fro, drawing out more and more silk with
first one hind ley, then tle other. sealing up the margins where the cogs
wore visihle, At times she touched the cardboard, overshooting the “cocoon,”
which suggested that her action was automatic, and that she worked on an
areca dictated by her reach, or the span of ‘her less.

The ailk, ar first adeep gold, grew paler unt! there was little colaur in it
At 2 om, she had conigletely enclosed the cradle in a glistesinge network of
fine white sill, and was resting over it, apparently exhausted, Her body,
which befare was almost spherical, was now woeiully shrunken, narrowly
obleng in shape. The cocoon, at first 2 beautiful aval, was somewhat
fatiened; partly due vo my disturbance when inserting the eggs, and partly
to her weight. ,

At 8 am. nextday she was working m a lop commer of the cage The
eradJe was faced all over from roof to walls with a filmy white network
of guy ropes lashed to walls and ruof. 1 wondered if this were to serve ay
a fumting-net-

Since then she hag rensained in the “hroodiug’ position, Although she
has probably not eaten since egg-laying. she is not emaciated, Flies have
been caught and swathed sn sille, but Todo mot thinle she ate them.

On June 4th T placed a Ay in the cage. It was captured and swathed, but
the spider returned to her brooding withoue attempting to cat it, In unrinal
conditions she would prohably remain thus until aware chat her spiderlings
ate feady to emerge. One assumes that in such a loosely constructed cradle
ler assistance fs not necessary for their releasc, as in the case ai the
huntsman and death’s-head spiders, and that lice vigil, or “beouding,” is
chiefy, af not entirely, protective —Eprra CoLeman.

nies Lyrebirds in o Gully Cordon 207

LYREBIRDS IN A GULLY GARDEN

"Spring, 1947, bas beer a wet one, hut jhe garden has been lovely
nevertheless. Daffodils have never lasted so tong in bloom, and now thty
are over, there 3s a whole slope of English bluebells; juse 4 haze of misty
blue.

"This year, too, Francie the lyrebird again had her nest in iny garden, on
a bank above the stream. To get to the nest we had to go dows § muddy,
shithery slope aud stand.in the water, The egg, in the west for over seven
weeks, was durk slate-grey, We were beginning to fuel afrsid at would
prove a ‘dud,’ But one day we became very excited when a chick was seeti
a the nest, We bandied the chick from the time it hatched unul jt came
out of the mest iu the usual 46 days, It looked exactly the sane a3 3 chick
previousty hatched in my garden, with jet black down standing wp on its
head, hlack down of the top af the bady ard hare underneath—ridicuiously
tesembling a gollywor, The chick tack kindly 40 bemg handled and would
look all around when aut of the nest. We saw it change from biack to
grey, and watched tle chestrut wing-jeathers emerge As it grew bigger
and stronger, it would Gap its wings if removed from the nest

‘We were very delighted Francie did not vake the chick away alter it
finally left the nest, We saw them together under a bower of cms just
near rhe bridge over our mirrer pool. Another day, 1 viewed the chick
under ferns near the path. We think it probably a male, as it has a bunch
af plumage for a tail, just like a sniniature feather duster. ‘He’ resembles
a big grey Aoffy ball with a cing of sed round the neck, abd red on the head
just above the beak, We call ‘him’ Richard, after the song+hit on the wireless,

“One day, when over the other side of the gully to wather bracken, I
came across Fraricie abatit to feed the chick. She looked at me—jhe knows
‘me well. of conrse—and then went straight to her baby, talking in soft
tones, 1 felt gure she was saving, ‘Don’t mind the sady, she won't hurt yott,
Open your mouth, Richard! Open your mouth, Richard!’ “She aust have
approached hint hall-a-dozen times, bute he reiused to open his mouth until
T woved aside; then le opened it wide for the food. Later that day we
saw ‘him’ again ruowing shakily along the fence, just like a child beginning
to run. Yes, he certainly has provided much interest tH the garden this
willer ard spriig."—Prom a country member m the Dandenong Ranges,

PLACE OF MEETING

The Committee would like to know the wishes of menibers in regard to
the place of meeting. The hal) at the Gerburnum has been suggested as an
alternative to the present meeting place, the public lecture batl al the
Museu.

Some of the argumepts for and against each place are ng follow:

Museums Hall Convenient ta tram, comfortable seats, amplifying system,
Must be out of hall by 10 pm. Very litthe room to display exhibits.

Herbarivn Hal. Further to walk trom teamt, and further fron) the city,
No amplifier, but scousties very goad, Ample tom for display of specimens,
Within reasonable limits, na definite time for vacating hall Possible to
have at least part of the Club library there, and available for ammembers.

Two rmyembers of the Committee have offered to do ay necessary cate-
faking et the Herbariam for the Club.

You wili be asked to record your vote on this matter at the February
ttieeting, which will be Held at the Museum Hall as usual, Tf wnable to bin
present on that mygbt, the Committee would like you te indicate your
Preference to the Secretary bejore the uiglit of the tneeting. ati

: L \

208 What, Where and Whon ae ete

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
Geperal Excursions:

Saturday, Feb. 7 (evening)—RBurke Road Bridge, Fase Kew. Subject:
“Nucturnal Spiders.” Lenders: Messrs. R, A, and A. Dunn, Meet
leaders 8 p.m. Burke Road tram stop. East Kew truns from Flinders
Strect. Bring collecting tubes and toreh,

Sainrday, Feb. 14—Launch Excursion, Prices Bridge ta Maribyriong
Road jetty via Yarra River and Maribyrnong River. stapping at Footscray
Gardetiés for tea. Lauuch leaves Prinees Arkdgé 2 pra; refurh to city
via traty {vom Maribyrnong Road, Fare: Launch 2/6, warm Sd, Leader,
My, H. BP. Dickens; convener, Mr A. A, Baker.

Saturday, Feb, 21 (aot 28th as previousty intimated)—Lorne, including
Ocean Road, Geelong, Anglesea, Airey’s: Inlet, Toryuay, etc. Subject:
“Marine Biology, Geology, and Bvtaty." Harlow Cuach reservations,
18/- return, with "Mr. H, Stewart, 14 Bayview Tertace, Ascot Vale, W.2
(telephone FU 022, extension 457). Bring two meals and wading shoes
Midday meal can be purchased at Pornc. Parlour Coach leaves LIA
Flinders Sweet at B30 atm. (return to city about 9 p.m.).

Special Notices:

Sunday, March 14~—All- day excursion {Nash's bus) to Britannia Creek,
near Warburtan. Subject: “King Ferns and General Botany.’ Further
particulars from leaders, Misses A, B, Adams and M_ Elder,

Baster Camp-out, March 25-26—Heathcote-Derritial area (one of the fest
geological localities i the State). Early inquiries to Messrs, \, A,
Baker and A_ Burke

Groop Fixtures: ;

Tuesday, Feb, 3—Geolozy Group. Royal Sociery's Ball, 8 pm. Subject:
"Palaeantalogy, Pt I” (first of wew series), bv Mr, F, S, Colliver,
Tptending sew members contact Hou. Sec. of Group, Mr. A. A, Baker,
53 Carlisle Street, Preston, N,18

Kriday, Feb, 6—Marine Biology Group, Royal Society's 17a, 8 pm, New
members welcome. Further information from Hon. Sec, of Group, Miss
W, Taylor, 13 Jolimont Square, Tolimont, C2,

Saturday, Peh. 7—Geolozy Group. excursion te Berwick. Subject; “Fossil
Botany.” ‘Lrain leaves Flinders Street at 7.40 a.m.; returp leaves al &F
pim Fare, 3/3 second return. Bering two meals,

Swiurday, Feb. 21—Marine Biclogy Group, All-day Parlour Coach excur-
sion ta Lorie, ete —see particulars advertised under “Special Notices.”
Monday, Feh, 25—Botany Group. Royal Saciety’s Tall, § pin. Subject:
“Mountain Ash Forest.” New members cordially invited to attend this

first mceting for 1948,

Saturday, Feb. 28—Botany Growp. Excursion to Kallista-Shertranke. Sub-
ject: “Mountain Ash Forest?” Train from Fisnders Street at 915 an) to
Upper Ferntree Gully, thence road moter to Kallista. Bring twe meals.

Tuesday, March 2—Geology Group, Royal Scciciy’s Hall, & pm. Subject:
“Geolniry of Meathcote,” by Mr. A.C, Frostick.

Vriday. March 5—Marine Biology Group. Royal Sucety’s Mall, 8 pn
A. A_ BAKER,
Exctirston Secretary,

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 64.—No. 11 MARCH 4, 1948 No. 771

PROCEEDINGS

The monthly meeting of the Club was held at the Lecture Room,
Public Library, on February 9th, 1948. The President. Miss Ina
Watson, and about 300 members and friends were present,

‘The President announced that a valuecl member. Mr, H, W.
Davey, had recently passed away, znd members stool in silence as
a. mark of respect to his memory.

The following were elected as Associtte Members: Messrs. A.
Thomson, K. Smith and Charles McCubbin; and as Country
Member: Dr, J. L. M, Kneebone, of Hamilton.

During the evening members were asked to vote om the question
of u future iweeting-place. An overwhelming majority voted im
javour of the Herbarium, and future mectiigs wil) be held there,
through the courtesy of the Government Botantst

The subject of the evening was a lecture by My, P. Crosbie
Morrison on his recent tour of Japan, illustrated by natural colour
slides and motion pictures. With a hvelv running commentary-
the pictures afforded a goad insight into Japanese life at the present
time. Mr. Morrison was accorded the thanks of the Club.

‘The President spake on the success of the recent camp-out at
Lake Mountain, indicating that this was due in considerable part
to the efforts of Mr. Paul Fisch, andl she asked Mr. Fisch to acegpt
an annotated album of photographs that were taken on the trip.

Mr, Gabriel drew attentron to a recent note in the press that
piemic vans had heen crushing down seashore vegetation about
Rosebud, The President promised inquiry,

Mr. Colliver commented on the remarkable nuorober of golderr
hell-frags seen on his recent visit to Brisbane, and stated he had
hee surprised at the homing instinct shown bv some of these
animals. He mentioned also that a smaller tree-froz was commonly
attacked by ane of the giant stag beetles,

EXIIMIBITS

Mrs. J. [. Freame: Series of card illustrations to shaw the
Japanese silk indtstry—trom eggs and young caterpillars ta spools
of stlk threads also puppets to demonstrate Japanese costumes

Mr. J, H. Willis: Large globular gall on branch of Myrtle Beech
(Notiofagus Ciuinghamim«), caused by the remarkable “Beech-
utange” fungus (Cytiaria Gunaii) specimen collected near Crm:
berland Falls during the Lake Mountain camp-out.

200~Ct«; Mr BS Caltiver “Walaa”

NEPARTURE OF MR. PF. S, COLLIVER

The warinest congratulations of the Ciul) go to our Hon. Secretary, Mr-
Stan Colliver, on bis appomtment as Keeper of the Collection ar the Geology
Depertiment, University af Brisbane Knowing his deep interest in geology
fesoocially palacoutology), we are glad this opportuqity has couse for fata
to work 7ull-ume at a subjece which has been of absorbing anterest to hin
for many years.

Gut, of course, we gaunat retrain Lrooy self-pity at the toss of hoth Mr.
aad Mrs. Colliver trom Club activities, in which they Have taken a leadimy
part. Mr, Colliver \was elected Hon. Assistant Secretary aud Librariumn in
June, 1931. The (altawing year he was elected Hon Secretary, an oflice
which he has held continuously since, except for The recent year of his
Presidency (1946-47)—a fine record of loyal cervice

To express the 2ppremation of tellow-memibers, a testimonial fund yill
be opened by the President {Miss I. Watsun, 1 Charles St, Jolimonc, C2),
to whom subseriptians aay be sent. ar havrled in at the March mertine of
the Ctub. All money aust be cemitted by ‘Thursday, 25th March.

Ti Mv. Colliver 35. sulla Melbourne, ib a¢ hoped the presentation will be
mide at the Club meeting an Spril 12.

-\ Sacial Evening wili alsa be hell to give members a chance do say
good-bye te Mr. and Mrs. Colliver ou Thursday, April). ar the Banquet
Hall ot the Voetoria Coflee Palace, wt 8 pam. Lickels are 5/-, and they will
he available trom Mrs. Saravich at the Clab meeting in Marceh o¢ by vou
mictme her at 4142 Whitehorse Road. Surrey Hills (WEF 1425),,

A special committee ts in charge oi acrangemenes. Tt pramises an curer-
laining evening.

NOCTURNAL SPIDERS

On Saturday even. February 7, abaut fftcen members atiended the
exoursion tw Burke Road Bridge. where many interesting spiders were
exainned and discussed, Approaching ihe Yarra, the party voted what
Red-striped Spiders (J wltndectus fassettte Thor) and the cribellate Pirys
janopariis yauyapains (Simen) were fairly common. A fine specimen of
Aruvon cavulake CXevs) was barely aisible agaist the dead fowers of porse.

Along ibe river banks, orbwebs were ni proftsion and vaterally clained
rast attention, The Leai-corling Spider (Phoriggnatha sagiert Rambon)
wee particuliirhy: common. and pro species of drechuued Cncluding 74
higgins! T. Woes wre votiecd aud compared. Highhghe of the eveniie
was provided by a species of ofraned pismdasa (Walek), iv the act of
building her web. The leader Mer Ry A, Donn, explained the diffevence ja
welts ot och-spinner species

Pouring the aftermoon the leader ac. captured several specimens or Diptere
autl Ay nienoplera, so ptesidy this area would repay an cowmological visil

A\P.D,

GLENELG NATIONAL FORES!

The‘iollowie letter has een received from the Mouister tir lands (Mie.
MeDonald. MLA.) >

“Wii reierence fo the petition tram yaur Club and the R,A.O,U, peo-
posing that certain defuled areas of Crown Jandy gituated caontignons with
exisling Stale Forests a the far westoof the State be gazelle as a State
Forest. 2 desire to infosny vow that my Pepactiment is prepared in sive
<unsideratinn to the listing of certam nf rhese lands for eschaite for certaliy
ather areas of State Forest under the provisions «7 existing legislation,”

Moreh ]

ran H. Wunr, Mortons Bird Nates 213

VARTOUS BIRD NOTES
By H, Hurt, Melbourne,
Concerning Ens

An em onee kept abreast of the car in which J was motoring
for several wiles, while ihe “speedo” registered 32 inip.h. Atter
this gallop, it finally raced ahead, crossed in tront of the car,
crashed through a fence, and then disappeared from sight, still
running through the mulga trees. 1 would emphasize that the bird
went fhrowgh, not over, the fence first one leg, then the bead, the
body, and the other leg, all ow [onstent; al another time, the body
would precede the head,

Qn another occasion I observed an adult emu with family of
chick's, When the babies saw me they became agitated, but the
parent called them and, grouping themselves together, they ran
forward with beaks dawn. At given signals from the adult, their
direction would change. and change again, This parént imparted
instructions with head bent low te the ground, immecliately hehind
the chicks, bit with eyes fixed upon the intruder—you could
almost imagine the instantaneous “half right turn’ before the
chicks wheeled in a body. Tt was a most interesting sight.

Habits of Brolgas

Some of us made our way towards a Native Companion sitting
on ler nest, when the mate (hitherto not seen) uttered a cry
fromm some tall grass nearby, With wide open beal: and ferocious
screeching, he Mew toward us. While our altention was transferred
to the irate male, whom we eventually drove off, the Temale settled
herself on 4 fictitious nest elsewhere and we lost all trace of the
position of the real nest, Presently the male emitted some agonizing
notes and appeared to have broken its wing, which it dragged
about, ostensibly in great pain. We followed; intent an rendering
first-aid if we got the chance: but, when a. considerably distance
away, the hrolga rose suddenly ane] few away-

Aeroplane pilots have noted the effortless fight of brolgas at a
height of 15,000 feet, and it is said that they “sleep on the wing.”
Is this true? In various parts of Australia one may sve flocks of
these birds wading in lagoons or walerholes and it is claimed that
if a motor-horn be tooted rhythmically the birds will dance. Is
this sa? They wouldn't dance for me, although the horn sounded
pleasant enough!

The Drongo in Victoria

T have heard that the spangled drongo was observed at Mansheld.
Ts it known to frequent any other part vf the State? Along the
batlks of the Warrega River, Queensland, these birds are numerous,

212 H.C. E. Srewant, Mountar Miuatures perce: hi

In appearance they are not unlike a raven (hence the alternative
name “king crow”), but their wings are adorned with green
spangles which add an attractive lustre to the prevailing jet-black
glossiness, especially im sunlight. The body is smaller than a
raven’s and the tail is shaped like that of a fish. A harsl) noisy
chatter is maintained constantly.

MOUNTAIN MINIATURES, No, 1
By H. C. E. Srewar,

A few hundred yards above the 13-mle post on the road that
escends Mount Buffalo a slender watercourse runs down the
Tugged granite on the north-western side, The maps do not give
it a name, though the flow is constant, and in the ald coaching
days travellers always halted there to drink the icy water. The
streamlet is directed under the road and drops sharply down to
the Buffalo Creek, which drains the deep gorge carved out by
denuding forces over an jmmtetse period of geological tine. The
creek hea threads dense forest, aud ultimately joins up with the
Ovens River system, The section of the road is known as Stakee’s
Look-out. Superb panoramas are obtained of the ranges and
valleys to the north and north-west. Directly west, the scarps. of
Mount Macleod aud the other eiminences of the North Buttalo
irapressively confront the nearer range of vision,

Nature-lovers wish to name the tumbling water Baeckea Falls,
because here grows the lovely Fern-leai Heath-myrtle (Baeckea
evenatrf ola), restricted along this particular sireamlet. The speci-
men preserved in the small herbarium at the Government Chalet
is labelled ag found along the Crystal Brook, but this is an
error, as intensive search has failed to confirm its occurrence along
that waterway, Some of the plants attain a height of seven feet,
aiid constitute the daminane under-shrub that fringes the waterfall,
Appropriately, if is chiefly associated with the Wiry Coral-fern
(Gleichenia circinata), sharing with the latter a distinct preference
for running water. A party of six field naturalists inspected the
spot on 4th January last and found hundreds of tiny seedlings,
As wé looked for flowers on the adalt plants, we gained a glimpse
of some blossom higher up the steey iucline. But when Mr, E. E.
Lord climbed up he announced the flowers as those of the Wiry
Bauera (8. ruluoides). a new record for the Buffalo.

The Alpine Ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis), with the Broad-leat
Kindling-bark (&, Dalrympleana), forms the principal torest cover
of the Falls, Other vegetation, in flower and thickly crowding the
vicinity, incliided the Christmas Bush (Prostumihera losianthes),
the Common Apple-berry (Biflerdtera scandens), the Guinea-

vrviy H. C, E, Stewart, Mowstoin Miniatures 213

flower Bush-pea (Pultenaea Athbertioides), the Slender Stack-
housia (S. vtaunea), and, in froit, the Handsome Flat-pea
(Platylobinim formosum). At the opposite edge of the road, in
drier soil, flourished Star-hair {Astrotricha ledsfolia), Lemon
Star-bush ( Asterolasia Mueller’), Shining Cassinia (C_longifoha),
Ovens Everlasting (Helichryswm Shrtingt), and Burgan (armnsea
peduncularis).

Descending to the 12-mile post (3,200 feet), near Mackay's

Look-ont, the Rock Isotome (Jsetome axillaris) delighted the eye
with azure floWers of size and substance. On the journey back we
sbopped ta examine the new Bogong Gum (Eucalyptus Chap.
wianiona}, one tree anly, located by a party of naturalists twelve
months previously+ At this point, as well as near the 4,000-feet
level above, further surprise awaited us in late flowers of Milkimaids
(Burchardia wmbellate), another new addition to the local flora.
' ‘The mountain contains two other species of Breckea. The Rosy
Heath-myrtle (2. raimosissima) was in tull flower everywhere on
the Plateau during our visit, and noticed as frequently of espalier
habit on the granite rocks, The characteristic Mountain Heath-
myrtle (#8. Gunmane)* is in places up to eight feet high.

Many birds were in evidence on that crisp sunny morning. We
Stopped the car just below the 15-mile post, after a Spotted Quail-
Thrush had run across the road. Trem near this point, just
twelve months beiore, a dead bird was picked up, apparently a
motor victim, and handed to Mr. TE. S$. Hanks for identification.
A day or so later what wis described as the bird's mate was Seen.
Several times this year the prescnee of the species has been con-
firmed in other parts of the mountain. This comparatively scarce
species can now be accepted as a permanent resident, and a welcome
addition to the Buffalo bird-list.

I. Vie. Nat, Val, 64, New 3, July 1947, p. 53,

2 Ftc. Nat, Vol. 55, No Il, March 1939, p. 191

COMMITTEE MATTERS

Membership of the V.F,N.C, being now at au “all-time bigh’—approxi-
mately 700—t heeomes obvious that thought will have to be given to limiting
visitors. "The commnittee is concerned, too. with the fact that toa much of
the acuial work of the Club ts left to relatively dew members. It is vonsidered
that in such an organization every momber should be able and willing to
cantribute to the general welfare

The conference af various societies dealing with National Parks in Victoria
has heen in recess unduly Jong. It is hoped that some definite action will be
taken shortly, Members who visited Queensland a dew months wea were
impressed by that State’s mefliods af contral

The. constitution af the T,N,C js being overhauled by a sub-committer,
agasisted by lupal advice. Tt is hoped that a final report. will be ready at an
carly date,

214 FE. Coteman, Coloxr Breeding with Rndgerigars bi Arn

COLOUR BREEDING WITH BUDGERIGARS
By Evrtn Coreman, Blackburn, Vic.

While most of us prefer to study birds under natural conditions,
budgerigars may perhaps be excepted, first because thew natural
haunts are inaccessible (o many of us, sccondly because they appear
30 happy in comfortable captivity, and thirdly because they offer
an intellectual hobby—the game of colour-breeding.

Even chess players will ad-
mit that there is no more
speculative and exciting game
than playing with these hving
jewels for pawns The game
may he as simple as cals-
cradle, or it may call for as
close concentration as chess.
One may play a not-too-seien-
tihe hand, or go more deeply
into it, working out the prin-
ciples of Menctelian and sex-
linked inheritance. We may,
of course, work out these
thedries On paper, following
three penerations of imaginary
crossings, hut how much more
interesting to check them with
living proofs!

The gardener who knows a
little of plant genetics soon
realizes that plant breeding fol-
lows the Mendelian principle
Colour Breeding with Budgerigars, of inheritance with almost
ReyewAlive: An alba pa see mathematical precisian. And
wit a normal-colou . > ; 7
duced all “normals” (outwardly). Be- he So ior padeerizars
low: When two of these “normals” 3 ee haa cree lath
mated, an albino hen was produced, Jutinos (yellow albinos), and
showing that the father possessed cinmamon-wings, in which we

Cinvisibly) the factor for albinisin. have sex -linked inheritance.

This sometimes occurs im man
and other animals, but in budgerigars it is reversed; it is the
female who passes the sex-linked characters to her sons. In other
words, the factor for albinism is transmitted from mother to sons,
and from those song ta their daughters

As in plant breeding, one learns not to discard the F, penerations,
no matter how unpromising they appear, For mstancee, if we inate
an albino hen to a normal-cotoured cock (bluc, yellow, green, ete.),

il E. Caveman, Colour Breeding with Budgerigars 215

Reward of patience and persistence. Key—Above: An albino hen mated

with a split-alhino cock. Among the innumerable factors of mberitance

pooled by their union, each bird contributes the factor for albinism (borne

jn the sex chromosome). Below: Fifty per cent. of their offspting were
albino cocks and hens.

not one of the resulting offspring will resemble the white parent.
Outwardly they will all be “normals,” but the cocks among them
will inherit from their albino mother the factor for albinism, with
power to pass it an to their daughters. Although they do not
show it, these cocks are “split” albinos, Even if we mate them to
coloured hens, there may be albino hens among their offspring,

216 E. Coteman, Colour Breeding with Budgerigors erat,

because they, like their mother, carry the factor for albinism. But
if we mate one of these split-albino cocks to an albino hen, there
should be both albino cocks and albino hens in the resulting off-
spring, because in this instance both parents carry the albino factor.
As the cocle iy only a “splir’ albino (outwardly a ‘“‘normal"’)} there
niay also be normals” among the offspring. If now we mate one
of his albino sons to an albino hen, they should give 100 per cent.
albino offspring, for alling “budgies” appear to breed as true to
albinism as white mice.

All of this may be clearly followed in the aviaries, For instance,
itt our cages an albino hen was mated to a “normal.” Their off-
spring were, outwardly, all normals. These normals mated among
themselves, and though none of them was white, some of their
offspring were albino hens. So we knew flat at least one male
bird among them carried the albino factor—in other words, was a
split-albing, with power, if suitably mated, to transmit albimsm
to his daughters. As he was outwardly a coloured bird (as well
as his mate), there Were, as one would expect, only a small
percentage of albinos.

To the novice it comes. a3 a surprise to find that the cock’s
possession of the sex-linked albino factor is nat shown in himself
but cumes out in his offspring. In the hens it is apparent. One
of our albino hens mated to a split-albino cock (light grey},
produced twelve chicks of which six were albinos. Another albino
hen mated to a split-albinn cock (dark grey) produced two
albinos and six light-greys. Before these six light-ereys left the
nest ther tail-feathers showed distinct yellow colour, which later
disappeared.

The feathers of adult albinos, in certain lights, sometiines show
a blue sheen. This seems to bear on findings of the French
zoologist Cuénot, that all albino mice have some colour in a latent
condition,

Tn the adult coloured budgerigar the forchead cap is yellow, but
the fiedglings have a striped “zebra” cap, which is thrown off
later, With the Ings of spots, stripes and lacings, the pale and
clear-wing birds scem to lose the Australian budgerigar’s per-
sonality. To some of us those patterns are the “budgie.”

CORRESPONDENTS WANTED

Miss Greta Lewis, of the Telephone Exchange; Kempsey, N.S.W., wishes
ta be pul in touch with fellow-members having kindred interests. Hee
inclinations are toward Australian orchids, eucalypts, acacias and proteads,
alsa phalangers and the Hymenoptera (especially wasps). Miss Lewis
writes: "J am thirsting for knowledge, and my ignorance [s equalled only
by (HY enthusiasm,"

Mare ]

1998 TL, Grnret, Naturalists ant Anstration History aly

NATURALISTS AND AUSTRALIAN HISTORY — IT.
By Lion, Gitaret, Nabiac, N.S.W.
(Continued from February sssue>

On December 15, 1845, Sir Thomas Mitchell started trom Buree
once more and, wilh Edmund Barton Kennedy as second mn com-
mand, led an expedition to the Barcoo River district in central
Queensland, Wath this expedition went Willian) Stephenson as
surgeon and collector of natural history objects. This man later
settled in the Taree district on the Manning River, N.S.W., and
practised as a doctor: his name is remembered today by Traciy-
mene Stephensona, A stamp commentorating this expedition was
issued during 1946.

Kennedy proved himself able, sa that when it was decided to
explure the North Queensland coast he was selected leader, This

rty Ianded at Kockingham Bay in 1848 and proceeded north.

liam Carron was botanist and Thomas Wall the general
naturalist. The great Stinging Tree (Lapertes) drove their horses
mad, the ram-forests were well nigh impenetrable, the natives
were numerons aml menacing, anil, finally, the original party had
to be split up. Thirteen had landed, of whem eight were left at
Weymouth Bay (including the two naturalists) and three at Shel-
bourne Bay. This left only Kennedy and his native servant, Jacky
Jacky, who alone completed the journcy after Kennedy had Leen
speared by hostile natrves (offended long hefore)-

The relief ship was rushed back jo Shelbourne Ray, where na
one wes found. At Weymouth Bay all had died except two—the
botarist, William Carron, guarced a few specimens of plants on
the beach with Wilham Goddard; both were barely able to stand,
and were in coristant fear that the natives would return, The other
six were buried, including Thomas Wall, Another naturalist had
died for Australian exploration. Carron had collected the interest-
ing pitcher plant (Vepenthes Kennedyt F.v.M.) and other plants
later to be named after Kennedy. The botanist himself is remein-
bered in the genns Carronia and a few species. On Ins return to
Sydney, he published a valuable account of his trip (Narrative of
Kownedys Expedition) and became attached to the Botanic Gar-
dens as collector. He died at Grafton in 1876.

A route belween the tiny settlement of Victoria, al Port Essing-
ton, and the rising town of Brisbane was needed. The vast stretch
of country between these two places, including all the Gulf country,
was unknown. A young German botanist with charming per-
sonality, eccentric ways, and queer imynilses, had such a circle of
frientls around hin that he was able ta finance a private expedition.
He leit the Darling Downs (discovered « few years before by
Cunningham) on October & L844. Underlaking himself the

218 1, Guueenr, Naturalists and Avstralion History [Vi "a"
hotatueal and peoiogical callectiig, he engaged Jolin Gilbert as
ornithologist, working for Johti Gould.

This expedition did not progress very favourably all through its
3000 miles, mainly because of inexperience among its personiel—
except Gilbert and Leichhardt, whoa had done some previous
botanizing along the eastein coast, The leader, however, was
hampered by short-siglitedness, both wental and physica), and the
journey, which was scheduled to take six months, took fifteen.
Gilbert and Leichhardt beth kept diaries, though they did not
agree in all points, as was shown some 90 years later by A. H.
Chisholm (Strange New World), However, Leichhardt dtd gal-
lect plants and rocks and Gilbert concentrated on the birds

The principal tragedy oceurred on June 28, L845, when natives
attacked the cainp one night in the vicinity of the Mitchell River.
At the beginning of the uproar Gilbert jumped up and was struck
in the chest by a spear. Two other members, James Calvert and
John Roper, were very severely injured. Gilbert died alniost
immediately and was buried the next day at a service conducted
by the leader. The birdman’s grave was wiimarked, lest it should
be desecrated] by the natives, andl a fire was lit over it lo hughten
the obscurity. This grave has never been lneated since—although
a tree nearby was marked with (silbert’s name and age— and thus
another naturalist lies undisturbed antid the open spaces he loved
so well. The next new river was named the Gilbert, in his memory.

At the Roper River, first sighted by one of the wounded men,
poor Leichhardt was obliged to burn “nearly 3000 dred plants”
and to abandon his geological collections, as hwrses had been
drowned and transport of the speciinens was impossihle. It is hard
to say how many type specimens were destroyed that day. A great
many plaints are named after Teichhardt, including the gemws
Leichhavdive and the prickly tree-fern, Cyathea Leichhardtiana,
Whatever his faults and cceentricities, he did succeed in his first
geal journey and, considering the inexpervence of the party, this
feat was remarkable.

The sane man attennpited a further expedibium in 1846, hut chis
failed. In 1848 he set out again with the intention of crossing
Australia from the Darling Downs to Perth, in WA. Tlowever,
the expedition was not heard of again, despite many attempts to
find clues regarding its fale. As recently as 1938 atlempis were
made from South Australia to secure relies of the lost party, and
it would seent that some sticcess was achieved, but lack of finds.
caused the search party to return. It seems likely that the
expedition perished somewhere in the vicmity of the Simpson
Desert,

Leichhardt had not been expected! in Perth until 1851 on 1852,
when the cold fishes of that period attracted full attention. Atter

ach J. Grneat, Naswolists and Australion History 219

the first excitement, had cooled, however, people began to ask,
“Where is Leichhardt?” and search parties were organized. One
of these was under the able leadership of Augustus Charles
Gregory,

Tn 1855 a party was landed at the Victoria River, with the idea
of proceeding south to cross Leichhardt’s probable track. A. C.
Gresory aid his brother H, C, Gregory were in charge, with
Ferdinand von Mueller as botanist and Wilson as geologist. This
was not von Mueller’s first trip—he had spent much time in the
previdus seven -years exploring the southern regions itl search of
plants, Altogether, this North-West Expedition travelled 5090
miles by sea and 3000 miles by land, but no signs of Leichhardt
were found other than those of his first itinerary. Much unknown
country was described and the botanist in particular was very
pleased with his discoveries,

Here hegins a long period during which Baron vou Mueller had
the closest liaison with those concerned in the syal development
of Australia,

The 22-year-old German chemist had no saoner landed at
Adelaide (Dec. 15, 1847) than he was away in the wilds, fascinated
by the quaint plant-growths of what was to be his adopted country,
In 1852 he went to Melbourne, and was soon appointed ta the
position of first Government Botanist of Victoria. Much of his
material wag sent to Benthan) m later years, for the compilation of
the monumental work Flora Ausiraliensts (1863-78),

Sir Joseph Banks now was no longer alive to inspire others. with
zeal for the marvels of nature in this new lahd; but instead
Ferdinand von Mueller was i Australia and had his collectors
all over the country, He travelled more than 20,000 miles himself
to learn the Australian flora as no other has ever known it, The
highly respected mastey of the King's Scheel, Parramatta (the
Rev, Dr. William Woolls) was constantly collecting specimens
and making observations wiiich were forwarded ta van Mueller.
Woolls himself published some botanical works, though not as
many as his knowledge would have permitted, The epacridaceous
genus Woollsia and many species bear his name.

A link between Mueller and the first Leichhardt expedition was
the fact that Caroline Atkinson had inarried James Calvert, one
of the wounded men, Before het marriage, in JB70, Miss Atkin-
sor spent a great deal of tine around her home at Kursajong
Heights, Blue Mountains, collecting for Dr. Woolls and Dr,
Mueller. She is commemorated in the genus Atlinsotig and some
species. Unhappily she died at the early age of 38, leaving a
daughter. She showed great prottise as a raxiderinist, botanical
arid zoological artist, and was an authoress of some merit.

With such collectors in the field, the indefatigable Mueller was

220 1 Greaeur, Nateralists and Australian Histany wer a

atnassiig ani enoritous amount of oiatetial in, Melbourne, The
continent wag not yet fully explored. The various colonies were
gradually separating theniselves from New South Wales and com-
peting keenly in the fields of exploration, gold production and
science. Victoria and South Australia were in the ficld, encourag-
ing their respective expeditions in a race to cress the continent
from south Lo north.

Jahn McDoua)l Stuart’s amazing feats, crossing Central Avs-
tralia six tites in af endeavour to reach the Indian Ocean first,
at length wan him success, and the way was clear for Sir Charles
Todd to design and supervise the construttion of art Overland
Telegraph Line. However, Stuart did not actually win the race,
for the Victoria Exploring Expedition, under Robert ©’Hara
Burke and William Wills, had set out in 1860 and the leaders and
two others reached a point within a mile or so of the sea at Lhe
Gulf of Garpentaria. Both expeditions collected plants and other
natural lustory specimens, Stuart's collections and those of Water-
house {naturalist on his third expedition) were sent to Mueller,
avho named and described the unknown. species.

Two naturalists went with the iff-fated Burke and Wills expedi-
tion: they were Drs, Hermann Beckler and Ludwig Becker. The
farmer was medical officer and botanist, while the other was a
naturalist and geologist, A tumber of plants was colected in the
area south of the Bullon Camp, ancl these were described hy von
Mueller. Any discoveries made by these two waturalists were
overshadowed by the almost incredible series of blunders which
resulted in the deaths of the two leaders near Cooper's Creck after
they had eked ont a miserable exstence on the mardoo plant
{ piahane sp.), which was ground by the local natives tnto a kind
ot flaur.

Four search parties were sent out to look for these men and
hetween them they covered practically the whole af the eastern
portion of the cuntinerit. Alfred Towitt’s relief party contained
Drs. J. Murray ane Wheeler, who collected plant specimens during
the search which found King, wandering about half-starved. The
speciinens Were scnt yct again to Baron von Mueller, who described
them in Vol. 3 of hic Fragqnenta Phytogrephiac Austratiae. At the
same time, Mueller was wriling an enormous amount of botanical
literature, much Of it mast painstakingly illustrated, with deserip-
tions in Latin or English.

Some men came to Australia with the purpose of collecting
natural objects of interest for sale in London, where they always
had eager buyers. Frederick Strange was a man who made great
collections of birds, shells and plants, He knew John Gould and
Captain Sturt, and travelled widely before returning to England
with his treasured collections. Me took home the first living

_ L. Gintext, Naturalists ond Anstrehos History 221

specimen of the blue water-lly (Vaniphoen gigantea), and it wis
while collecting such objects again that he was halled, with three
others, by the natives of Percy Island, Queensland, in 1854.

Aimong foreign yisitars, one should mention Frau Amalie
Dietrich, whe, although she can hardly be styled au explorer, was
incredibly active between Brishane and Townsville For eight years
(1863-71), collecting constantly for the Godetfyoy Museum at
Hamburg. ‘This extraordinary woman crossed dangerous rivers
and lakes in a canoe with only aborigines to aid her, disembowelled
crocodiles single-handed, began a caterpillar farm for breeding out
giant tropical butterflies, gathered jungle snakes and lizards, hirds,
and strange fishes from the Great Barrier Reef, nvt to mention
piles of botanical material which were excellently dried in duplicate
(Meibourne Tierbariumi has a sct). She returned to her young
daughter in Germany via Tonga and the Horn after an absence
of ten years, and her mame is for ever perpetuated in several
North Oneensland plants, e.g,, deacte Dietrichiana and Eicachans
Dietrichvana, alsu in a mumiber of insects.

So far, the coasts of Australia lad heen fairly well examined,
aise. the well-watered areas, like Mitchell's Australia Feltx, but
apart fram: the limited investigations of Edward Jolin Eyre, John
Stuart, Charles Sturt, and Augustus Gregory, the central regions
remained a mystery. Leichhardt had disappeared somewhere in
that vast territory, and no one had found a trace, Suddenly, m
1869, natives in Perth spread the story of a massacre of some
white men near Lake Karlee, Bones were out there near the lake
as mute testimony; could such remains be those of Leichhardt?
Von Mueller wrote to the Western Australian Government offering
to Jead an expedition to recover the relics of bis countryman’s
expedition. Elowever, Mueller was unable te go, but 4 party Ieft
Perth with Surveyor John Forrest in charge. The story proved
to be a hoax, for the bones were of horses lost on a previous local
expedition by Austin.

Nevertheless, during this and two succeeding trips with his
brother Alexander, John Forrest (later to become Australia’s first
pecr and the Premier of W.A.) collected many specimens of plants,
which were sent ta Mueller for classification and appear as a
supplement in Forrest’s published journal, These men crossed,
ih the opposite direction, the cnuntty around the Great Australian
Hight already traversed by Edward Eyre, John Baxter (who was
murdered) and the faithful aburigine Wylie some 30 years before.
Tn 1873 the Forrests set out from the Murchison River, W.A.,
and proceeded eastward across the enormous tract of desert
country, They ultimately reached Peake Creek Station on the
Overland Telegraph Line, and soon the Baron had many more
plants to peruse,

222 L, Giuneuz, Natwralists nd axstralion History he rors

The collectors still continved their work, and the Baron kept
pace with them in his published botanical works, which poured
from his facile pen as fast as specimens were received, William
Vernon, in Sydney, was 4 constant correspondent for 30 years,
during which time he helped von Mueller obtain infoymation for
the Flora Aistrattonsis,

A mew and most capable explorer tank to the field under the
patronage and helpful influence of Mueller. Ernest Giles dis-
played remarkable energy and determination, second anly to that
of Staart, In 1872-76 Giles was out in the central areas some-
where, now stumbling upon palm valleys, or findimg water, now
seeking lost friends, staggering trani thirst, or sametimes arnving
at the Telegraph Line just in time; but, apparently, always collect-
ing plants for von Mueller and planting the seeds his kindly patron
gave him, We can now ste the reason why Central Australia is
sprinkled with German names. Baron von Mueller's influence can
he traced in such places as Peterrnanm Range, Mt, Olga, Fost
Mueller, Krichauff Range, Haast's Bluff, Liehig Mts., Ehrenberg
Range, Mt. Zicl, Mt. Heuglin, Mt. Sander, Mt Ferdinand, etc.,
and, although many have frownel upon the nationality of such
names, they link Australian science and history with geography.
Mest ef them haneur worthy scientists who were known to the

arOll,

During the years 1872-74, Giles contributed 254 determined
species and scores of others which could only be placed in their
respective genera; many were new to science, necessitating deserip-
tion by von Mueller, Giles spent about 18 months in the Mac-
dannell Runges, then later crossed the West Australian Desert to
Perth, and was no sooner there then he re-crossed the same region
farther north and returned to Peake Creek Station on the O,T.
Lime, Camels were used to great advantage. One of the party,
Gibson, was lost in the desert west of Alice Springs which still
bears his name, Giles spent some time seeking his missing iriend,
but he was never found. Von Mueller named an Eremophila alter
Gibson, and also one after Giles himself, In fact, it has been said
that whoever made a fair stucly and collection of Central plants
always returned with a new Eremopidla, An examination of the
specific Hames in this genus would appear to bear out the fact.
Other explorers, coo, are commemorated hy species of Bremaphile
—Wills, McKinlay (who searched for Burke and Wills), Mitchell,
Woalls, Fraser, Sturt, Forrest, Young (whe was with Giles),
Frecling (surveyor-explorer}, Dutton. Delisser, Dempster, Dram-
mond (a amos botanical collector for 20 years, who arrived in
W.A. with Capt. Stirling), Elder (promoter of exploration) and
many other famous names are jound as hiatorieal hyks im this lar:
group of pretty reddish ao: blue-Aowered plants. -

March ]
i948

L. Grusext, Naturalists and Austration Hislory 223
Abowt the same time (1873), W. C. Gosse set out [rom the
newly-diseovered Alice Springs (named after Sir Charles Todd's
wife) jn charge of a Central and Western Exploring Expedition,
He explored the Tonikinson, Townshend, Mam, Cavenagh and
Musgrave Ranges, although the original interior was to go to
Perth. His plant collectings were also described by von Mueller.

Thus we perceive Mueller’s powerful influence on the develap-
ment of Australiau exploration, both by personal example and by
patronage. The surveyor Charles Winnecke explored the Stuart
Range in 1885 snd collected yet more plants of the interior, which
of course were also sent to Melbourne for description. With the
proiigious amount of botanical matertal that von Mueller collected
himself, and that which came to him from the other early explorers,
it is little wonder that a great number of Australian plants now
have the three letters “Fyy.M." written aiter their botanical names.
We cai! hut marvel at this man who wrote the complete Census
of stustratian Plants; a second (1889) has in systematic order
8,839 species, of which 1,025 are not found in Flora Austratiensts.
When the Baron died in 1896, universally honowred and esteemed,
leaving behind air amazing store of botanical literature. the second
great influential figure in Austtalian geography and phytelogy
disappeared.

Two celebtated Agiires stand out above all others in the history
of Australian exploration (from the natural history point of view),
The earlier one is Sir Joseph Banks, with whom Cook, Phillip,
Cunninghan, Flinders, Brown, Bauer, Good, Caley, Solander,
Smith, Burton (after whom is nanted the genus Burtoma—he was
accidentally killed in 1792 on the Nepean River) acd other per-
sonahtivs aré all conuected, directly or indirectly, with the new
colony.

The next figure is Ferdinand von Mueller; with whom are
associated the names of Stuart, Gregory, Leichhardt, Forrest, Giles,
Gosse, Burke and Wills, Howitt, Wootls, Mrs. Calvert, Bentham,
Winnecke, Tietkins and Young (two of Giles's companions) and
a battalion of lesser and local collectors,

By their efforts the workers mentioned contribirted the bulk of
information we now possess regarding the geggraphy and biology
ot our country, Others have done much work since, and others
still have not been. mentioned, We should not forget, for instance,
the wark of William Hann, who followed up on Kennedy's work
in 1872 by exploring the Cape York Peninsula, He had with him
Taylor as geologist and Dr. Tate as botanist. The latter was a
surviver of the tragic New Guinea expedition which had left
Sydney iy the Maria, to be wrecked on the Great Barrier Reef,
where most of the expedition perished either by drowning or at
the hands of allegedly cannibalistic natives north of Rockingham

224 L. Gitwert, Naturalists and Australian History Ven ae

Bay. The object had been to find gold, if possible, with the view
oft opening up the Cape. Their peolngical discoveries in’ the
Mitchell River district did result im a goldfield being established
there later,

As these men bore the liardships of unknown country, facing
unexpected dangers, finding remarkable things, meeting strange
aboriginal peoples, and discovering practically all that was new to
science in the plant and animal kingdoms, it may be thought that
we, of today, with-our cars, aeroplanes, lines of communication and
modern inventions, have no part to play in the realms of natural
historv, But we have, The country taday is little less strange
than it was in 1688—rather more abused, perhaps, but essentially
the same. We may not discaver ntany more new plants and
animals, but we can certainly help to preserve those natural features
which remain and intensify their study. We can preserve and
study them for ever, if we set aside sufficient tracts of land (and
suitable ones) for reservations of plant and animal lite, as well as
for the preservation of the original inhabitants of the country, with
their fascinating customs. Surely the aborigine has already been
treated badly exough in common with lesser creatures of the real
Australian wild. Tf we do these things before it is too late, then
the efforts of owe forebears, their hardships, discoveries, atid
deaths, will have achieved the greatest possible reward.

Brevivckaruy

History of Australion Exploration -Pavenc, 1888.

Wildflowers of Western Australia—Pelloc, 1921.

Three Rxpedihans inte ike Interstar of Eostera dustrtie—Mitchell, 1839,

Sir Joseph Banks—Maiden, 1909.

Journ. Royal Soc. N.S.W., 1908 (“Records of Austratian Botanists? )—
Maiden,

Travels in Centyal Australia—Giles, 1875.

Second Systenutiic Census of Australiun Plants—von Mueller, 1989.

Strange New Worid—Chisholm, 1941,

Cottcise History of Australa—W ood.

Tracks of McKinlay Across Austratia—Davis, Westgarth, 1863.

Leichhardt Letters—Poaliteer, 1944,

LN PS Ne

—
HK SSomnh

PLACE OF MEETING

AS an overwhelming majority of memberz voted in favour of the
Herbaziam, meetings will he beld there in future, by kind permission of the
Director. Mectings will begin at 7.45 pam. as usual, and at the next one

March 8) we shall he privileged to hear Dr, David Johnston (Smithsonian
stitute, U.S.A.)- ;

The most divect route is tO take a ‘Toorale tram in Swanston Street and
alight wt the first stap im Toorak Road, Le, at Melbourne Grammar Selicol
gate.

March T. Ravmens, The Sond of o Man of Scicwce 225

THE SOUL OF A MAW OF SCIENCE
By Taruron Rayment, F.RZ.S., Melbourne.

A very distinguished naturalist has passed from the ken of nian. Professor-
emeritus T. D, A. Cockerell accupied the Chair of Zoology ot Colorada
University for many years, and was a vigorous member of the International
Conlinittee for Zuclagical Taxonomy, As a young man he studied under
the famous analonust, Sir John Bland-Sution, who was the tirst ta inform
the world ihat 4 gall-bladder was ijot essential te man's health and vigour.

Peofessar Cockerell’s name wiil always be rementbered in Australia, for
he published an immense number of papers on Australi insect speces, and
in 1932 the Zoological Society of New Sonth Wales isswed several of his
Keys to the 1,400-odd Australian bees—a work which, although jot yet
completed, will serve for all time as foundation. literature. '

His research had a very wide ambit: fossils, snails from Peru, fish-scales
from all over the warld. the intestines of rodents, the Watet-Hie of Lake
Ratkal—tio one could charge dum with over-crapping a narrow fietd. IT have
Hever Jorgatten Ns advice: “Always remeniber Uiat Art and Srience, to be
of real value, must be presented in tenss intelleible to your fellows,”

Lust year, feeling bis health waning, Professor Cockerell iooked forward
to regaining hts vigours by a long sea voyage, and ty te-visitng Austialia
with, lus wrie, ai 1948 He expressed the wish that 1 shauld continne with
the work of completing the Kee, and T trust T shall be able to da this ae a
memorial, He was 4 modest, lovable man, with an immense humanity which
is fuithiully indicated in his tribute 10 a loved friend, the famous Altred
Russel! Wallace

"The love of Nature males the whole world |cn,
So, east dnd west, the gaspeul qreached herein
Must stir the soul .

All living things his conwades were; he saw
The harmony which underlies. ai! natural law;
Saw Nature whole." =

The late Professot inseribed these lines iu a treasured persaual copy of
his own voliitic, Zoalogy, and T feel that nothing L could write would
surpass his ow gracious tribute ta a noble saul,

Theadore Cockerell was not a “typical university professar!’ Bot in
England, io 1866, of a tamily whieh had. distingiisled itself m cultural
abtdininents, he enjoyed the cumpany ot many famous people. ‘Threawned
with chest trouble, he went out to Jamaica aid worked ihere for a few
years in the Museum, hut, when greatly Goproved in health, retarned to
England. However, the cold and damp hreught on a récurtence of the
trouble, and he arrived in Colorado iv 1887 to occupy the Chair of Zoolorv—
with outstanding sucress,

Although he had retired when World War II burst upon the world, he
went lo work &t Paltn Springs, replaciug the youtig curator at the Desert
Museum, and while there he wrote a classic paper on the “Ovipin of the
Colorado Desest.” This publication is atten cited to exemplify a Arat-class
scientific paper.

(4 was difficult 4a believe that such a large, robust spirit could find lodge-
ment in such a small, frail body, and ihe naturalist always socmed more of
the spitie than ef whe body, vet We had reavelled the world, even in wild,
untutored lands— he journeyed through Turkestan and Sista by pony train.

Az the University he bad served wath such bonour he was regarded a: a
mast exceptional man, and although a naturalist of thre first order, be was
once invited to deliver a series of University lectyres on English teformers,

.

226 T. Rayment, Phe Sout of @ Man af Science re ye

for he had known the drrendship of tuany eminent ones: John Bright, Ruskin,
Wuliam Marri, Florence Nightingale, a galaxy of tynly @reat miids.

He was a gracious soul, albeit a most painstaking one, and students aha
disfigured specimens with large and untidy labels irritated him, for be
himself wrote an auidzingly neat “hand,” but, oh! so minute, aud in such
straight lines even on unruled paper.

One day in the field, a student broiwshe him a singularly puzaling specimen
with the query—"What exirtly is this, Professor?"

The scientist studied it intently for a while; ther le replied with a
aatainesian smile, “How should I know. when I've ieft al) my brains in the
libeary?”" ;

In all crutt, the great nivseams of the world do really hold bis. rains, for
almost every one A them is indebted tu hime for his determinations of
specimens.

Secking material for experiments in genecias, he seizect pom the sanflower,
ani produved the red and claret ones which Brace our cardens today.

He was very ably assisted in this work hy his wife, Willmatie P. Cockerell,
herself a grathuace of Berkeley University and with a humanity ss great as
that of ber hashand,

Hoth the Professor und his wife spent much time om behalf of the
suppressed ahd neglected races of the earth, arid they were doughty chain-
prs, foo, travelling the world with film-pictares and Jectures 10 help
mankind reach his true estate,

In 1947 Prafessor Cockerell travelled down to deliver a series of lectures
to a Pan-Central American Congress in Honduras, but on the long flight
heme he was taken seriously Wl and the present abnormally cold wave
sweeping Ayenea proved too severe for his frail consiitutio), He died an
January 29, <t San Diego, Cahiforma, Wolz, Master!

Ife is suryiver! by his widow and his brother, Sir Syriney Cackerell,
Suietime Custadian of the Fitzmaurice Museum at Cambridge. Another
brother, Douglass, gained fame as a binder of classic looks, sore of which
were recently on exhibition at the Melbourne Museum,

MORTALITY AMONG BIRDS
(To the Editor}

Sir—Destrvetion oF fyird-life in recent months was indeed great. ‘The
foiverous weather af spring and early summer faok a large toll of
fledglings as well as of chicks still in the suell, Avouud my home many
young birds of introduced species were fonnd dead. On the other hand, a
Iniend of nine had under observation a pair of blackbirds which, safely
protected by thick scrub, reared four broods dueine the season, ‘This seems
to he a record. ‘

Et would be helpful nr extending our knowledge of bird-lore if records
were Hiade of the approximate number of broods our, uomadic and non-
nomadic birds produce iv a normal season as a basas For a cetsus of the
bird-population of the Commonwealth. Some af our hirds on the eastern
littoral go north to breed in the greater warmth during the cold months of
the south, and then gradually make south as the weather becomes more
congenial. Some of them hreed again jn the casters States en route. The
same applies to parts of Western Australia,

Yours, ttc.,

: Aytiun H, E. Marrvciey.
Glen Lris, '
Jatiuary 30, 1948.

tar lWild-Ktswer Garden Section af the FNC 227

.

THE WILL-FLOWER GARDEN SECTION OF THE FNC

Tu the Club are many members keenly interested) an the cultiyanoet and
couservation of Australia's wild-flawcrs,

With the idea of bringing together these wild-Rower culturists in soimewliat
closer contact than is possible at our monthly general ieetings, a tew
Graug was zecently formed. By deeiston of members it is to be known
as the 'Wid-Flower Garden Sections’ Inaugurated in December lase, the
Group's secum| meeting was held 2t the Royal Soeiety’s Hall ou ‘Phureday,
February 3, when My, Hammes gave an address on the practical ospects of
wative plant cultivation.

Section meetings will be held at the Royal Sonety's Mail on the first
Thursday in each month, aud new anenrbers will be cordially welcomed.

For ats famediate concers The sermion will have a close interest 1) Maranoa
Gardens, Balwyn—ygardens famed far the excellent assemblage of Aus-
tralagiai plants—aned ir will encdeavaur toe exaiine the possibilities of
sponsartug, far establishment af 2 compleinentary Australian Wild-flower
Gardet in the red €and area to the south or south-east of tte Ciry.

Tt is the atitertion of the section ro maintan a seed collection for distributian
anions menwiers of the Glab and ather uttevested peaple, and te this end its
members would weleame the receipi of selected seeds of anv desirable native
plants. Any such collections should be carcfully annotated with such details
as date of coilection. type af soil or coantry fs which the plant occurs,
Feneral aspedl ot the plant, end, of cumese, its name.

JAG

A NEW INSECT BOOTE

The paucity of current entomoatagoral literature males welcome wo the
Claob library € TL. Curran’s /aseets of he Peetfic Worle. The book forms
one af the Pacific Warld Series episored by the American Conimitter for
Internationa! Wild Life Protection, and publistied be the Macmillan Com-
pany New York. Fyents in the presence decade have foctsed attention on
ike Autipedes, so iy ts not suipiising chat satureaninded people overseas.
ts well az servicenien, have become conscious of the vast courparatiyely
HWesplated Wasect Fane af these great orean islands and contiguons counties.

The authey states chat about S000 taseel species are known from
Austoahia ty Formosa. Japan and the Aleccinas, and from the Galapagos
and Hawai lo New Zealand. Sumatra and Burma. “Each vear thousands
of cliferent kinls are heiuy describes, If awe only leew use a qa of the
unbulievable vhilig@e that are a necessity in the dives ol insects, we wight
chaoze que ideas abet them,’ Such words innicate the morye of the Dank,
aud it least a god jumppig-off plave is peuvided for heginuers m entomology,
witli @ basis for study of the Austratian imsect world,

Elsie TD. Ktots writes delightfully on the dragon-fiss and damsei-tins.
The wympns of Odonata are one of the most cemarkable insect forms, and
cectuinty the most rapacious. The drsean-ly myrph aglicipated mau and
cvalyer! a systent of jet projuilstan, in che manner the aesecr slaris Uicueh
water.

The scam al the hoglk is cexteaded wo arclude the Aruchnils aml their
allies, deal with cngrossingls by Der. Wulis J. Gertsch. He allies to the
andler-spider af Austral, Dicrestedis wagmficis, whith syins ats web
loaded with a drop of sticky Mui. and held to catch prey ti Wie manier of
2 fsbing fine, Keith C, MeKeuwn, of the Australian Marscun, bas already
wade familiar this smiyue soider Some of the crab-spiders (Thosmisidde)
luck: in flawers ta pounce on ioscels. lured by the nectar Varians ‘Uhanisidx
tau charge calear to harmonize with their Aeral surroundings

,

’ vi h. Nat.
225 Mehay Hohere and iM hen Wit a

The general reader will pain from tins Compressed work considerable
enlightenment on the principal insect groups. Jn its pages ate beatrewn
many avotmative morsels, a5, for instance, how the. click-heetle “clicks,”
or haw the firefly produres its lights." The ordinary person will also be
edified-to discover that parthero-gemesis occurs in some beetles, that mot all
“lady-bugs” are beneficial, and that the idea od shifting bees from place to

lace to gel a continuous flow of nectar is not a miederiwy practice, but dates
Back at feast ta the third eentury B.C.

H. © E. Stewarn

WHAT. WHERE AND WHEN

General Excursions:

Sunday, March 14—Britannia Creek, near Warburton, Subject: “King
Perns ant Genéral Botany Leaders) Misses A, B. Adams and M_
Elder. Nash's bus leaves Batman Avenue 9 am, Bookings (7/6: return)
with Mr, H, Preston, 34 Coppin Grove, Hawthorn (Tel, Hay, 1853)-
Bring two meals:

Saturday, March 20—Botanic Gardens. Subject: “Australian Trees--
Autunm.” Leader: Mi, FL P. Mocris, Meet at main entrance (Gate
“E"'), neat National Herbarium, 230 pm

Match 26-29—Easter Camp-out, Teatheate-Derrimal Subjects: Geology,
Barany. Birds and General, Enciosed yan will leave Batman Avenue
9 aim. Good Friday. Van will be used for all excursions during Camp.
Members are requestcd io supply own camping gear, but those wishing
to attend without gear should contact Excursion Sveretary. Provisions
can be obtained alongside Camp, ‘Traheport cast about £2, according te
tumber attending. Bookings, with face, lo Mr, A. A, Baker. 53 Carlisle
Street, Preston, N18, Further particulars at March general mectiog.

Saturday, April 3—Natianal Museum. Subject: “Australian Marsupials”
Leader ro be arranged. Meet at Russell Street entrance at 2.30 pan.

Saturday, April 10—Beenak. Subject) “Fungus Foray’ Leader: Mr 7. A,
Wilhs, B.Sc, Nash's bus leaves Batman Avenue at 9 am, TBnokings
(8/6-return) with Mr, R, 1D. Lee, 18 Normanby Avenue, Middle Brighton.
S.A. Bring two meals.

Preliminary Notice:

Saturday, May 1—All-day Parlowe Coach Excursion (200) miles) to
Strezleckr and Loch. Subject: “Gippsland Giant Earthworm,” Leader:
The President (Miss Tna Watson). Cnach baokings (22/6, inclustye of
inidday meal) with Mr. H. Preston, 34 Coppin Grove. Hawthorn [ Tel.
Haw. 1853).

Group Pixtores:

Friday, March 5—Marine Biology Group, Royal Society’s Ilall, & pa

Saturday, March 2—Marine Biology Group excursion to Black Rock.
Subject: ‘Life at low tide.” Take 1.45 or 23 pam. train to Sandringham.
connecting with Black Rock tram or Beaumaris lity to Balcombe Road
Bring wading shoes and afternoon tea,

Maniday, March 22-—Botany Group, Royal Society's Hall, 8 p.m. Subject:
“Lagoons and River Banks.”

Friday, April 2—Marine Biology Group Royal Society's Hall. § pan.

Tuesday, April 6—Geology Group. Royal Socicty’s Halt, 8 pan. Subject:
“Palarontology, Part 11—Protezoa.”” : :

Thursday, May %_Wild-flower Garden Group. Royal Socioty's Hall, 8 pom

A. A. BAKER,
Exctirston Secretary,

— es

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 64,.—No. 12 APRIL 6, 1948

=

PROCEEDINGS . .. ~e yo ee

The monthly meeting of the Ciub-was held at the National
Herbarium on Monday, March 8, 1948, the President ‘(Miss Ina
Watson) and about 300 members and friends attending.

A welcome to American visitors-and to Mr, C, P, -Motintford
was extended by thé President, who referred to an outing that had
been arranged for them at the weekeend. Mr. Mountford spoke on
the personnel and aims of the forthcoming expedition to Arnhem
Land and stated that Australian science and museum collections
should benefit from this combined party, in which the Smithsonian
Institution and National Geographic Society of U.S.A. were play-
ing a conspicuous part. . is
- Miss Nonie Wright was ¢lected as an Ordinary Member of the
Club. eis a
Mr, G. N. Hyam introduced the subject of the naturalized
Italian white snail (Helix pisana). The distribution of this mollusc
in Victoria, South and West Australia was discussed at some
length in relation to its food plants—evidence seemed to indicate
a purely coastal habitat, e
’ Mr. A. D, Hardy reported the death of many’ magpies in Drouin
district, owing to. the birds’ feet becoming entangled with waste
material from a local flax mill, Threads adhered to the birds’ feet,
and later caught in the branches of trees, the vietins dying slowly.
Mr. Wardy intimated that he had written to the Fisheries and
Game Department about the matter.

Mr. H. C. E. Stewart reported having recently heard a grey
thrush mimicking certain other native birds—apparently a rare
occurrence.

WILD LIFE PRESERVATION IN USA, .

Dr. Dayid Johnson, mammalogist trom the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, showed two films, “The Fort Niobrara (Nebraska) Wild
Life Refuge” and “The Canadian Poreupine,” He gave a running
commentary on these splendid motion pictures in’ colour, which
were of outstanding merit and greatly appreciated by’ the audience;
At the conclusion of the films, members asked several questions,
which were answered by Dr. Johnson who, th tum, asked some
questions concerning Victorian wild life; particularly as’ to the

A

2) E. Coteman, Swarming of Dusky Wood-Stvatlows [Viet Ye"

Dandenong Ranges. A vote of thanks was proposed by Mr,
S. R. Mitchell, seconded by Mt, F, % Colliver and carried by
acclamation,

EXHIBITS. © -- 2
Mr. J, S. Seaton, Beatfortia sparso, gardet-erown at Cautfield la mig
nificent myrtacequs plant from WiAs with vivid starlet flowers. ot the
“begete: bre type),
Mr. P. F, Morris: Encalypt branichlet attacked’ by the remuiricahier nodeld
scale insect Apiomorpha sniniio—both male and female galls. The nyasses
of réddish gail-tubes are sometimes called “vegetable coral,'"

SWARMING OF THE DUSKY WOOD-SWALLOWS
- 7 By Eorrst. Coremay, Blackburn, Vic.

Tae Dusky Woed-Swallows are again clustering. They have heen among
our trees since the middle of February. Although we did jot look for the
swarm until March Ist, they had probably becn clustering for some time.

ot has taken place this year at approximately the times recorded for 1944,
1945, 1946 and 1947, and followsthe
regular routine—hawkinr, play and
song amote the trées tintil the sun
goes down, then clustering with
much chattering. A few birds form
little groups of twos and thre¢s,’
-preening and twittering umul they,
too, join the cluster, They. uteer-
many pretty, Jow notes before
finally sertling down.

As ustal, they “foat'® in high
overhead from the south-west at
about 20 minutes to 7, uttering
somewhat plaintive calls. Fram.
overhead their singing is rather
like that of the British song-thruskh,
perhaps muted or whispered, It is
pretty to sce them alight on the
boughs, tails sw inging from side to
side so that the white shafts are
Seen, i

That the removal of trees, and
ai alntost completed house wrthin
4 few fent oF their favourite trees;
Bwarsibsi at Dusky Wood-Swallows ‘gether with the sounds of build,

tB 6/3 Insét, a “close. ig. have not driven them away
, i of ae Auster, bint suggests 2 strong attachment to ore

spot. They probably do noi desert
the district at all, 84 We often see them in smaller parties at other periods of
the year, They have nested iq our trees and in others nearby.

Reference to previous dates (#7.N., 1944, 1945, 1947) will show how
acchfately Lhey time theit swarming: the 1944 cluster noted Feb, 26th and.
27th (my husband saw jt for a forther weele in our absence); 1945, Feb.
17th to Fob. 27th; 1946, Feb. [8th to March 12th. As we are sometimes
very busy at this time of the eventing, we have probably missed many clusters

On March 6th my daughter sketched the cluster, using opera glasses Tor

a “close-up,” It thay interest those who have not seen the clustering, _ — -

Hy W: Hy Nithotes, Vew Specier of Orchids from Tasmanig 287

TWO NEW: SPECIES OF ORCHIDS ‘FROM TASMANIA
By W.H. Niciotts, Melbontne. _ ad

I, CALADENIA CAUDATA, sp.nov.

‘Planta subrobusta vel gracilis, hirsuta, circa 10-12 cmp.-olta.
Folium lanceolatum, canoliculatuan, hirsalissouint, circiter 9 cm,
longum, Bractea suindata ad smedium caulis. - Flos solifarins,
luteo-viridis ef rubro-atropurpurcus, in diainetra fere 4 ce. Seg-
qmentz “perienthy' ad basin dilatata, deinde in-coudts caudate,
multi-glandulosa; sepalem dorsale erectum, imeurvsomn, circa 3
em. longum, sepala flateralia refleza smulia; petela circa 2:7 em.
longo. Labelium’ unguiculatum, subovatum, cuneatum, apice
canduttt, multi-glandslosum, decurvunl; marginibus pectinatiz
et dentatis. Call lineores curvt, pedati, atro-purpurei, 6-serictt..
Colwmnna erecta, incurve, circa 1°2 cm. longe, superne latiuscule
alata gd basin bicollosa, Anthera brevissima,

A moderately robust or slender hairy plant 10-12 cm_ high, Leaf.
janceslate, hairy, chanyelled, about 9 em, long, with a subulate
bract about the middle of the stem. Flower solitary, ‘yellowish
green with purplish and some red markings, the apices ; segments
purplish-black, about 4-err, in diameter. Perianth-segments dilated
at the hase, then narrowing gradually to purplish-black- tail-like.
points, the tips very glandular, glands invading to some extent the
lamina! portion; dorsal sepal erect, incurved, lateral sepals similar
to the: dorsal, and about the same Jength (3 cm.) ; petals narrower
and alittle shorter, Labelhim on a movable claw, subovate-cuneate
with a tail-like, very glandular decurved apex about 6-8 im, ‘long.
Margins pectinate, more or less regular, dentate towards the tip.
Calli linear, curved, almost black, in 6 rows ending at the bend
(some calli footelike), ” Column. erect, incurved, about 1:2 cin,
long, winged widely on each side, of stigma, with two stalked
glands at base. Anther short.

" Flowering in September. ‘

Distribution ; Tasmania, at Bellerive ( Miss Winifred M, Curtis;

Sept. 1545, Oct. 1947—T YPE).

Collector's notes: ; : '

This species grows on 3 dry hillside carrying open yegetation, Although

. . the aspect is southerly, the locality is one of the earliest in tho district.

Comtusion plants in the association are Cahnia raduia, Lomandra longifolia,

. Dillwynia cisepascens, Hovea heterophylla, Hibbyrtioa actewlarls, cte., also

» the moss Polytrichwm, Such low-growing plants predominate. The only

shrohs are a few scattercd examples (not more than about 12 ft, in

height) of Casuarina suberosa, £ xcaly pins oma pditins and Dodonase

wiscost, The orchid is found in dare patches of sandy soil In previous

. Sears they hava been, quite plentiful (eeveral dozen could be collected

without difficulty: j in an asea of about half an acrs),, but this year ney,
are very infrequent - .

Bz WH, Nigxous, New Species of Orchids from Tasmania a teres

Caladeiia caudata (sp, nov.) is more closely allied to Cal. reti-
eulala FitzG. than to other species, but the stout tail-like points to
all the segments in the new species are very characteristic.

Outwardly it resembles also Cat, echidnaciila Nich, but-m this
tate form the Jabellym fringe’ is different and (he points of all the
segments aré slender and longer.

Il, PRASOPHYLLUM CONCINNUM, sp, mov,

~ Planta gracilis, 30-40 em alta, Folium teres, vaginatum,
erect, saepe iflereseentiam non-excedens.. Spica laxa; flores
virides vel. flawo-wirides badii. Pedicelli breves. Ovaria turgida.
Sepaium dorsate lanceolafum, srectum, acwninatum, meuryin,
circiter 10. mm. longum. Sepale tateralia porallela, lanceolata,
fulcato-recurya, concava, ad basin cohaerentia (1 wm,), circiter
20 ymni. longa, Petala patentia vel ineurva, linearia-acuta, circiter
& wot. longa. Lahellune non-mobile, crectum recurvum, ovate
cuneatum, civciter. 3 mim. longum; pars membronacea palkde, od
basin lata, marginibrs integerrimis, prope apicem angushin,; pars
cillosa angustata, vivides, paene ad apice prominente producta,
ed basin conoligulata, marginibus laterafibus elevatis. Columnae
lacinias laterates brevis, apicibus obtusis, emarginatis, Anthera
parea, Caudicula brevis.

i A slender terrestrial herb, 30-40 cm. high, Leaf slender, terete,
sheathing -at base, erect, the lamina not exceeding the spike.
Flowers jn ratlier a Jax spike at about 10-14 em, green or
yellowish-green with brown markings. Pedicels short. Ovaries
turgid. Dorsal sepal about 10 mm. long, lanceolate (somewliat
narrow), erect acuminate, the tip often imcurved. Lateral sepals
equal to dorsal, parallel, lanceolate, faleate-recurved ; outer margins
prominently iacurved, connate only for about 1 mm, from the
base, Petals about 8 mim. long, spreading or incuryed, linear,
acute,

Labellum rigid on a stout claw, erect, recurved in its distal
third, ovate-cuneate, about § mm, long; membrarious part pale-
coloured, rather wide towards the base, and narrow beyond the
bend, margins entire throughout; callous plate prominently raised
upwards, rather narraw, green, extending from the bend almost
to the extreme apex; a prominent channel towards the base, with
two lateral Iobes, the outer margins of which sre raised and
entire. Column appendages very short and stout, obtuse, with an
emarginate apex,.a smal] Jobe at base. Anther small. Candicle
short. _ '

lowering > November-December,
. Distrthution: Tasmania, at Blackman's Bay, on sandy heath
Jand (Miss Winifred M. Curtis; Nov, 30, 1947--TYPE).

i ' OW. H. Nrenoxts; New Species of ‘Orchids from Tasmania - 1233

fe dtaren one, Saf 1948

Two New Species of Orchids from Tasmania.
(For.fey, see page 234). 0 ~

2i4- W. HH, Nicwouts, New Stecies of Orchids fram Tasmania beara

- This attractive species is closely allied to P, fuscum R.Br. and
“P. alpine R.Br, but it differs fram both in = number of
important particulars (see plate.) Chief difference is the presence
of Jateral lobes towards the base of the labellum, a feature not
readily discernible in such small flowers without the aid-of a mag-
nifier. The specific epithet is in allusion to the neat, immaculate
‘appearance of the plant when in bloom. ve
Type material of‘ both néw species has heen’ lodged in the
National Herbarium, South Yarra, :

KEY TO ILLUSTRATION

Pragaphylhumn concinnun: A—Typical epecimen } B—Flower. from front;
—Calumn, showing anther, tc. (pollinia remiyed) ; D—Coluran wing;
E—Pollinia. | -

Calesenia caxdeta: F—Typical specimen; G—Labellum from side, showing
jong. apex; H—Short tip of a labellum, showing @Jandular character;
I—Types of calli from labellum lamina. , ia

(For natiral aize of specimens see text.)
'

t

‘

MAGPIE AS VOCAL MIMIC — |°

Although hoth the White-hacked and Black-hacked Magpies have been
recorded as vocal mimics {in a wild state}, it is interesting to Jearn from
Mrs. B. Long, of Macorna, via Bendigo, that she régards “Maggie” as one
iOf the best of all mimics Mrs, Long writes: |’ im
_- “When jowls got into the garden my pet magpic would manage one, but
“ii there wetre more he would yell, ‘Mothér, quick, quick!’, a phrase he got
rom:'my? children: when they hurt themselves‘ at play. He: also had my
daughter's laugh to a nicety, and he learnt to call my son ta get up after
shearing Pad do so°& few times. T was offered £5 for Maggie, but money
‘would not buyshim: However, he became very jealous of my jlast baby and
nearly pecked’ one of his eyes, so Thad to part with him, T:gave him to
‘a Worthan who would, I knew, be kind to him, but she had him only one
week—he did not say one word then)-bit pined away and died."

a ' i 4

ret
4

ii
y 1
w= |
LATE NESTING « | iH
: On March 14 Mr.:P. Fisch, nf Doncaster, showed me thé test of a
Spine-biiled Honeyeater. containing.two well-fledged young birds, situated
ata height of about 3 feet in a pear tree in his Grchard. This is the latest
‘date on which J have ever seen a Spinebills’ nest dnd also the first time I
have seen one in an orchard tree. In point of fact, it seems: a sare event
dor a Spinebill to nest away from native trees, the only instance of the kind
2 can recall being a nest in’a California pine. The mest in Mr. Fisch's
‘arehard, tike all Spitiebilly’ nests’ (and-as distinct from -other-honey-eaters’
homes) was warmly lined with feathers.

Late nestitg ‘has.-of, course, been a feature, of the summer just closed Tt
‘has heer) more marked than in any s¢ason.sthce 1937, when hoth nattye and
intraduced birds bred into Febrtiary.—A.H.C. '

Ge S.R. Mrveresa, 4 Seb of Aborigixal Stone Tools 238

A SET OF ABORIGINAL STONE TOOLS
By S, R, Mitenert, Melbourne,

A recent fod by the writer of small stone artefacts on the
Mornington Peninsula is of particular interest in that they were
probably the working cools_of an, aboriginal craftsman who used
thera where they were found. They were obtained from a hmited
area measuring 8 ft, x 4 ft. on a hard dune surface recently
uncovered by wind erosion—the unly artefacts found on at ieaat
half an acre,

They consisted of a number of microliths, micro-flakes, cores
and wasters, and included the whole of the stone material on the
site, ‘his was near the trigonomettical station, shown on the
miljtary map as 508 feet above sea-level and about 150 yards
south-west of a waterkole known to the early settlers of the
‘Peninsula as the Blacks' Cainp and a favoured aboriginal camping
place, The waterhole was then extensive and permanent, buat is
now divided into two impermanent portions where it is crossed
‘by the Lighthouse Road whtch teaves the Rosebud-Flinders Road
about seven miles south of Rosebyd.

The stone miaterial gathered comprised: 32 Bondi points, 16
‘segments, 7 aberrant mieroliths, 30 Sharp-edged flakes, 4 cores,
‘6 wasters or reject pieces.

Among the Bundi points were twe well-formed ¢xamples 40 mm.
Jong and of a fine-grained red quartzite, trimmed along the whole
‘of the thick margin, One of them (No. 1 of plate) shows sigas
of muclr use and the ather (No. 2) that it has been re-edged to
form an effective scraping edge. One has a sharp, slightly-curved
opposite margin, while on the other ihe margin is irregular and
uneven (No. 2), The remainder are of a grey quartzite, difficult
to work, the sourec of which Mr, R. A. Kettle tells me was probably

a pebble-bed-—the remnant-of a ‘finviatile deposit on the southern
aope of Arthur's Seat, 54 miles to the north, containing pebbles
from the metamorphosed base 'rock of the Central Peninsula.

These are classed as points (row 1) and are made from thick;
short, asymmetric flakes with more or less trimming on the thitk
margin, Some of the broader forms with furtler- retninming
‘would result in asymmetrical segments. They range in length
‘from 15 ta 30 mm, and in width from 8 to 12 mm.’ OF the 16
seh ents (rows 2, 3 and 4) six are asymmetrical forms made from

es trimmed along the thick margin and around the hutt. They
ae borderline types between segments and poirits. The otters
‘approach the normal segments with more Gr'less _triinming dn the
thick margin. One only car be classed as 4 trapese.'

‘ “The seven aberrant forms (row 5)-¢how trimming’ on’ fportin
-Of the margin-ne ifregulatly Shaped flakes:> Orie thicke triangular-

236 S.R: Mircuetn, A Set of Aboriginal Stone Tools baie

shaped flake hay some trimming towatds one end and appears
either to be a segment in the process of making or has been dis-
carded because of the thickness of the stone: The leat-shaped and
fortuitous sharp-edged flakes number 30 (rows 6 and 7) and
would all serve as cutting tools, although they show na evidence
of this. They range from 10 to 25 mm. m-length, Some are
‘suitable for making ticroliths, L ,
_ The cares (row ” are irregular in shape and are small, the
Jargest being 35 mm. long. The flake scars show that the flaking
Property of the quartzite was poor, which is also indicated by the
itregularity of the microliths,

" Six pieces (row 9) are classed as wasters, with no sharp edges
‘and were generally too thick for use in making any type of stone
artetacts,

- There is a slight difference in the grey quartzte used. The
Majority were made from a-coarser-graine) quartzite, but a pro-
portion from a finer-grained, denser variety, No core of the latter
was found. ;

Hamuier stones are seldom found on the Mornington Peninsula;
in all probability the base of a ground-edge axe was used for the
purpose of knapping Makes from cores.

_ From a study of the material front this isolated site it is probable
that a series of flakes with a proportion of wasters was produced,
and Wwere-used asthe occasion aruse. The cores indicate that no
‘more useful flakes ecnild he made from them, Suitable flakes were
‘used and re-edged to produce finally the conventional types. Over
45 per cent. of these artefacts show use as scraping tools,

- A dune ridge crosses the Cape Schank road and continues for
about 300. yards, It is well-grassed and close to the waterhole.

Casuarina and other trees and shrubs grow on it, and flakes,
chips and sliell remains are plentiful, indicating Jormer aboriginal
secupation. On the eastern end of the ridge, crosion has com-
menced and some 60 microliths were collected; these were chiefly
points, -

» We can visualize the primitive life from what we knaw of it
‘when this waterhole was the centre or gathcring-place. of the
natives of this part of the Peninsula. : :

Close:to this permanent water supply lived menibers of the
Buinurong tribe, sheltered by the vegetation growing on the con-
“solidated dune-ridge nearby, Camp activities were catried on;
women Visited the coast and gathered shell-fish, small animals and
‘vegetable foods; the men hunted the kangaroo and emu and
‘captured possums and snakes; the children played around the
camp or disported themselves in the water. Farther away, a few
hundred yards from the main camp, an old man, presumably the
spear-maket of the tribe or an adept-in making wooden implements,

‘

April, 1948

siad dd adda
‘4larialpas

- pot ~
) > d ¥
=
Nhoriginal Stone Tools.
(For key. sec article. }

pe 5, R. Mivcuets, A Set of Abariginal Stane Tools 237

caniped alone hehind his brush breakwind. Tea-tree shoots, bent
roots ar short sticks would be hrought to him by the more active
men for fashioning into spears, boomerangs or throwing-sticks.

We can see him kuapping a couple of pieces of quartzite brought
from. the pebble-bed and valuable because of its scarcity. With
the butt of his stone tomahawk, flake after Hake was struck off
untit a small core only was left. Wor a solid anvil to rest the
juar{zite on, a piece of rock oy another axe may lave served,
Selecting a sharp-edged flake, the protuberances on the shouts
were cut off, alsa the bark, and when the shaft needed thing,
this was done by scrapmg. 1f bent, it was heated in the smoulder-
ing ashes of his fre and the bent part straightened.

He would use some flakes for scraping because of the con-
venuonal shape. To make a hard, sharp point, Wye end of the
shaft was charred in the fire and scraped away intil the desired
result was attained,

He may have set some of the selected flakes in resin, or in a
cleft on the end of a short stick, and to get an effective scraping
edge pressed off mmute chips on the exposed parts, With use,
this edge became dull but was readily re-sharpened hy further
pressure flaking, ultimately producing a recognizable type, one we
classify asa geometric or point, both of which, however, functioned
im the same way,

In such a way evolved some of the stone indusiries of prehistoric
cut of Europe, Asia, Africa and elsewhere; similar types of small
tools fashioned from flint or quartzite were made by them 10,000
to 15,000 years ago. '

BIRDS’ USE OF ARQMATIC PLANTS

When Mr, and Mrs. P.Visch, of Doncaster, found numerous sprigs broken
off two species of mative plants im their garden—the Geraldton Wax-flnwet
and the Snowy Sand-Myrtle—they supposed that children were to blame;
hut later they saw English sparrows doing the damage, aml later acain
they found the missing sprigs woven into the sparrows’ nests. This tallies
with what a woman living at Cheltenham told me in 1933—she said that
nesting ypartows were a thorough nuisance among her Geraldton Wax-

owers.

Now, what t5 the attraction for the birds? Superficially, the plants named
uo not Seen very suitable for nesting material, and so (and in spite of the
fact that few bitds have a Strang sense of 4mell) we are isced wath the
possibility that the sparrows appreciate the aromatic odour of the plants
and vse then as antiseptics. The same consideration obtains in regard to
birds’ Use of the insect-+epelling pyrethrum, thyme, and rue, concerning
which Mrs, Edith Coleman wrote informatively in tis journal a lew years
ago. (lt. Nat., Jan, and Sept, 1944, and Jan, and Feb, 1945.)

Ht pomains to be deteritined ta what extent this ase of odorous plants in
nests is related to “aniing” hy birds—their hahit of rubbing ants, lemon-pect,
walnut-juice, aromatic leaves, ete, on their bodies —A, HAG,

rn

ee Se a View. Nat.
238 ~ EL Covenant, Fanly Life of Budgerigars bese ing

FAMILY LIFE OF BUDGERIGARS
By Evita Coreman, Blackburn, Vie,

If the faney run to exhibition budgerigars, the way of the expert
must be folinwed; but for those who have no such ambition, and
littte interest in the problems of colour-hreeding, there are other
dehghts.

If vou love the merry prattle of “budgies” in the parden, give
them an aviary (hat perntits fight and a free wing. Wirh fresh
water daily, and seed such as they might gather trom herbs and
grasses, they will show how capably they inanage their own affaars
in an adrniitedly difheult land.
And the garden will be musi-
eal throughout the year, for
> budgies are vocal, nat only
iu winter, but even on dark
nights.

Moreover, walike that of
most birds whose love-making
, wanes with the soning of
winter, budgie -Jove outlasts
the passidnate fervour of
spring.

Are there other birds whoee
ways so closely mirror our

F sit by wae window.'—For Jone OWNS .

periods a déyoted nck sits at the Among hucleries, as among

a ciety nt is brooding mee Entei there ate eb and

preening her head, plang her with “triangles” ; spite and jealousy

eee yi nie pe aya fig too, when one lady budgie wins
more than her share of atten-
von A jilted fen will “take on” any bird aw the aviery, or she
may lapse inta a “green-sickness,” moping tc an alarming degree.
When nest and mate are won, she may start on her maternal way
with gory feathers—whicli her mate will preen most lovingly.
_ 1 do nat doubt that many budgies mate for life. Nothing fs
nore touching than their so obvious attachment, as unyestrained
us that of any ‘Arry and “Artiet in a park, Tf one separates
betrothed birds, both will iret, refuaing to glance at other woners,
noumatter how charining or persistent,

Every year is leap year with budgie “girls’’ If a hen takes a
fancy to one special cock, she will “tell” him sq, and i usually
means a happy match,

For long periods u coele will perc at the nesi-opening, creaming
delectable meals for his brooding mate. Shotld she fail to appear,
he summons her by tapping with his bill, and again more jnsistently,

A = ; i
Bat F, Coreman. Family Life of Budgerigars Zi

until she is visible. Shoutd she fail to appear he may, alas, tap at
another casement |

In the orthodox nesting-box one sees the fledgling next to quit
the nest peering through the opening at its brave new world, It is
perched on a peg just beneath the “window,” well ahove its mother
and the rest wf the brood. In the cheese box, whieh for several
reasins I prefer, with its lower opening, it is pretry to see the head
of a brooding hen in the opénirig for ler nate ta preen. He feeds
and caresses her even while she broods. Presently the head of a
Aedgling appears beside hers, sometimes two, making as pretty a
picture of feathered felicity as une imght hope to see.

One may see a cacle bird sitting listless and dejected while his
mate broods. A piercing, purring ery galvanizes him into action,
Tt is the ery of a newly-hatched chick, audible even before the shell
is fully broken. Yhe father Altes, not te the seed-clish, hut to the
bunch of grasses, for the immature seeds that make a soit, creamy
pap. As he sits waiting for the ery that announces his fatherhood
he calls up a picture of human fathers, in pre-hospital days, waiting
for the cry which ended anniety.

The baby burlgie’s ery is a surprising volume af sound to come
from such a tiny, helpless creature. [t probally has survival yalue.
In a nest crowded with fat babies, a new arrival might quite easily
be overlooked, even smothered. Its cry brings father and moter
with food and hygienie altention, Human parallels are almost
embarrassing! As in our own world there are selfless mothers
and devoted fathers,

Some uf the yale parénts alniost starve theniselyes in feeding
their jiamilies, There are solid fathers whom no Delilah could
lure from the path of virtue; and there are minxes and dangerous
httle widows. One of these was the odd female i a cage of seven
birds. She spent her days im challenging the mothers, trying to
annex their nates a5 well as their nests, even tossing out their
habies. Removed to another aviary, she promptly annexed a nest,
as well as the attention of a father whose brooding mate was too
engrossed ta nate his hack-sliding.

And what a marvellous mother that little lady made! Three
roods she launched without assistance, for their father knew then
not, Her nest was @ nindel of hedtness. Daily we watched her:
sweeping the floor with her wings. carrying out excrement piece
hy piece. But feeding five lusty chicks left lictle cime for grooming
ther. aad because of this two of thens developed undershot bills,
attributed io lack Of cleansing,

IL should like to stress the fondness of these luvely birds for
more assorted green food than js wsnally given them, for wattle
and yun leaves, buds and flowers, ‘for silver-bect and immature
grass-steds. They love to nibhle pittosporumn leaves, Their liking

240 E, Courman, Family Life of Budacvigars Booty

for the stamens of eucalypts suggests that. they may be useful
pollinators,’ Like most birds they love chickweed, a herb still used
in herbal therapy as a demulcent and refrigerant, for poultices to
indolent ulcers, in ophthalmia, and as an ointment for skin troubles,
It is said to cause indigestion in lambs, but fram very early times
it has been fed to caged birds, as. we know from Turner—‘*Little
birds in cages are refreshed with chickweed when they loathe their
meate."' (Gerard’s translation.)

In Elizabethan days the plant was eaten as a pot-herb and the
juice was believed to cure warts. One old author tells us that
water of chickweed was given to cluldren “for their fits, and its
juice for their gripes.’’ Parkinson (1567-1650), apothecary to
James I, praised it as a poultice for sore legs—“and ve shall find
help, if God will,”

According to Dr. W. T. Fernie (1914) fresh chickweed juice
produces sharp rheumatic pains and stitches in the head and eyes,
also soreness of the liver with sensation of burning and bilious
indigestion. Given curatively, an the homeopathic principle of like
to like, in very small doses, ir should cure those ills. Dr, Fernie
ascribes its wide distribution all over the earth to some universal
utility. So let us give chickweed, too, to our budgies, There is
an old couptet;

All linnets, and [ame ones and lean ones take heed,
You may fred, walk, ahd flourish hy eatin: chickweed,

CORRECTION

In Mrs, Coleman's previous article on Budgerigars ¢1/_N.. March, p.
216), in first (ire of last paragraph, read after “budgerigar” the words
“wovmal green? In the yartous blues the forehead cap is usually white

RAGU. OLTING TO W.A.

As a number oi members of the V.P.N.C. attended Jast year's congress
and <amp-out of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists’ Union in Queens-
land, tiembers gerletally may be interested to iearn of the artanvements Tor
the next congress and camp-out, to be held iu WA, On present arrange-
ments extursionists from the east are due in Perth on Saturday, September
lJ. Several days will be spent in congress business and excursions about
Petth. On or ahout September 16 the party will Jeave for Geraldton,
whence they will be transported hy road about 100 miles to the mouth of
the Murchison River, Ty is expected that at that spot much interesting,
bird and plant life will be available for study. Intending excursionists
sous contact Mr. D, Dickison, General Sec. R.A.O.U.,. 386 Flinders Lane,

elbourne :

Apel ] H, M, R, Rure, Faxenoiitic Di fiemltics in Geitas Drwevis 241

TANONGMIC DIFFICULTIES IN THE GENUS DIURIS
By the Rev. Ho MR. Rupp, Northbridge, N.S.W.

The illustrated article by Mr. W. Hy Nicholls in this journal for October,
1947, an the Western Australian species ai Diuyis meets a long-felt want.
Qrend students im the eastern States Nye fotmd serjovls difficultles in
determining thu ideutity of specimens fro W.A,, and we needed just the
information Mr, Nichgils has given us. aa)

One remark which he makes in the course of his article 1 fear I ‘cannot
endorse. He says, “Study of the genus Diurte dues nor presertt such great
diffculuies as are apparent if) some other genera of Australian orchids.”
Far my part, with the increase of material that is coming im from callectars
(at least jn New South Wales), 1 find thit genus becoming more and more
dificult fram the taxonomic paint of view. It is true chat the problems
presented by the diminutive flowers of such groups as Wie seclion Gyie-
Plesiwit of the genus Prasophylidm do nat céifront yo here bot they are
replied by wthers mo less perplexing, Possibly these are experienced more
acutely i New South Wales than elsewhere; ior there can be little doubt, 1
thins, that Dios develops a far greater yariety of forms an thr: State than
in any other. The following tabulation of all Australian species published
tu date vill jllustrate (his. States are inditated by their initials.

Tt has been suggested that some of the species published tor New South
Wales may ultimately prove to be merely Incal variants from the type forms
of species previously described. While not concerned ta deny tie passi-
bitity of this, Do doukl very much whether Wo would clintinate more than
thres or four at most, There wauld still remain a large majority of species
apparently peculiar to New South Wales, At the time af writing [ have
under preparation Ucscriptions oi three new species fram our Central
Western Slopes, one of which, in my opinton. can pussibly be regarded as
variants of any species previously deseribed. Trom the same area I have
under consideration a very large number of other fomns, sume of which 1
am quite unable to identify with any known species, Obviously it is
wndistrable to go on multiplying species indefinitely of te can be avoided:
tut the extraardinary yarlety of forms now belhg brought to light demands
some attempt at explanation, Credit for the ahseryation of ihese Torms is
due to Messrt. G, Wand P. Althofer, of Dripstane who have seized the
oppertittity of acd exceptionally good scasun ta caver Jarde tracts of the
area, collecting a3 many different forms of Déueiy as possthle. Duplicates
of some of these have bee) sent to Me Nichalls, who will, T thinte, endorse
my views as to the difficulty of determining their identity with any certainty,

Tt seems ta me that such diffvuleies may be explained at least in part by
the two follawing considerations;

(1) Descriptions of species are often formulated too rigidly, In many
instanees ther are drawn up. from §pecimens found im one sréa, or even ane
precise locality, TH the epccits descrilied is actually restricted to that area,
variations from the type may perhaps be slight and unimpornant (though
thisis unt always the case), But it is always possible that whar is essentially
the same species aay Be discovered in another area, where differences o
son, climate, ar enviroament may cause variations 50 marked. that the plant
does nat ft well into auy published deseription, atid Wentitv hecomes dowbeful,
We must, of cpurse, describe carciully am] accurately the plant which vez
chouse as the type of our species; but in doing so we ought to make clear
what Inaiy people fai) to take into account, thet wrrahons trom this type
ure almost evrfomt ta vecnr within the species, and must be allowed for by
thase who use our descriptions. Colleetars shoyld realize that po nyo
Plauts are ever commlelely identical, Just as Ho iwn individuals of the

'

242 H, M, R. Rurp, Taxonomic Diffenlties in Gens Druirts Nah Hat

| Species Distribution in Australien States
TD, abbreviata Q. N.S.W,
acqualis NUS.W,
alba QO. NSW. OY,
aurea Q. N.S.W.
bracteata N.S.W.
brevifolia N.S.W. Vv. S.A.
brevissima NSW, OV.
carinata W.A.
Colemanae QO NSW,
cuneata _ N.S.W.
dendrobioides NLS, W.
fasudiosa VY
emarginata W.A,
flavopurpurea N.S.W T.
lacyis WA.
lineata N.S.W.
longifolia SW. Vo SA. T WA
maculata Qo $%NSW V. SA T.
palachila NWSW. OV. OSA.
pallens Qo MSW.
palustris V, S.A. T,
pauciflora W.A.
pedunculata oO NSW YY. SA,
platichila Qa NSW.
polymorpha N.S.W,
punctata Qe NSW YV S.A
Purdiei W.A,
rhomboidalis N,S,W-
secundifiora Q N.S.W.
- semiluniilata N.S.W.
setacea W.A.
Sheafhana NUS.W.
striata N.S.W.
sulphurea Q. N,S.W. at S.A. T
tricolor N.S.W.
yenosa N,S.W.
vistoriesisis N.S.W. V.

ji 29 12 8 6 7

species Homo sapiens are ever exactly alike. But in many instances, I think,
original descriptions require expansion to caver variations which were fot
realized when they ‘were compiled, although such expansion must not be
pverdone or the description will be too cumbersome and involved, Welli-
established variants, of course, can be, and are, described separately under
yarietal names,

(2) The character of many of the flowers sent m by the Althofer brothers
strongly suggests that a good deal of natural hybridization ts going on
amongst species of Diuvts. I am well aware that we should not attempt to
escape taxonomic difficulties merely by pronouncing a plant to be a hybrid
because it resembles both of two known species. But the circumstantial
evidence is sometimes well-nigh irresistible; and there seéms no good reason
to doubt that hybridization does occur. Many species of Diuris are obviously
closely related; and where they occur together in ahy numbers it would he
surprising if inter-specific crossing never took place. Lotsy long ago pointed

’

rts H.M, BR, Reee, Paxonowte Diflenttes in Gens Diets 243

cut the importance af hybridization as a factor im the evolutlonw of plant
tite: and that it lias played, and js still playing, 4 large part un the develop-
miemt af arehid species scents ta me beyend question, \

Let us aim, then, at making our specific descriptions as comprehensive as
is pussible without sacrificing conciseness; let us remember thal yanations
from the type are almost certain to be met with sooner or later; and if aw
adition we realize that in all probability natural hybridizagion is cans
tributing ta the development of new and permanent species widey our yery
eyes, 1 think we shall be less perplexed by the difficulties presented in the
stily uf a polymorphic genus such as Jyreris,

"WILD PLOWERS OF AUSTRALIA"

Miss Thistle Y. Harris, Lecturer in Biological Science at the Teachers’
College, Sydney, has surely made the most sueeesstul attempt so far to
meet a constant and growing demand for popular guides to our native
flowers. Hag just a deeady since the apmarance of hee first Mild Flowers
of Aiustraha, and a second book under the same tithe was published at the
end of last year by Angus & Robertson, Sydney (7" x 939", 206 pp, 67
colour plates, brawn cloth binding, price 17/6). The new volume is larger
and tore attractively greseived aud thie same pluies (with two extras) are
much more clearly reproduced in their larger size, It is indeed a tmatter
for “decp regret that the artist, Adam Forster, did tot dive to see this
frultian of bit labour.” Gond colour delineations of 250 selected species are
an inducement chat will assure the popularity and success of this book.

On the whole, the Hlustrations @ive & dalr <rosa-section of Australia's
miore spectacular Aowers As the artist lived and worked at Sydney there
6 Naturally a predominance of Hawkeshury-sandstone flora, e.g. four species
of Stuplclin are figured. yet the genus is uncommon or wanting in most
wild Hower ateas of the Connnonwealth. Very few of he mynad Aoral
ecms in south-west Australia are featured, while Tasmaniaiy and Narthem
Territory subjects also recegve rather scant attention, [hn the descriptive
matter, some important charauters have been overlooked, the powerful
perfume of Cromeu Arrcciation: for instauce. Golden Everlasting is condensed
to four lines and no mention made of the success attending horticultural
treatment oi this showy plant—long available as a4 gariien annual uuder a
wide range of brilliant colours, Several common names are not very apt:
Divety protctata ts called “Doued Double-cails," yet ihe fonn with spots as
extremely rare and few have ever seen it. Granania Is claimed to be an
annual on p, 44, but it is called a perensial on p, 142. Personally, ] have never
known the Blue Pineushion ta be anything clse than an herbaceous perennial.

Pethaps the most weighty eridcism which can be offered is that plates
and dezeriptive text follow no particular order. However, a botanist will
have little difficulty in finding his way throuch the hook, thanks co its good
seientifi¢e mdex and key to families which as based on van Mucller's ose of
macroscopic characters to run them down.

Botlt Miss Harris and the publishers are to be warmly complimented upon
tliis Australian preduction, which is as excellent as any similar work 1
lave seen ‘rom alyraatl und is, as stated on the cherming caver-flap, “sa
de luke edineon . -, . iat anyone would be prod to own. Victorian
naturalists should certainty try and secure for their hookshelyes this fine
volume by a fellowemermher of the FN IC

J, BH. Witetrs,

44 Aw Ausirction Plont in Great Britian Tice, Was

AN AUSTRALIAN PLANT IN GREAT BRITAIN

- Dering a sit to Mount Buffsla early im 1942, seeds of several native
plants were collected on tire Platead and despatched por Mrs. Edith Coleman,
af Blackburn, to Mr. G. W. Robinsou, furmerly Dircewor of the Pirysics
Garden, Chelsea, London, and later of Oxford Of tle seeds that were
viable, ang species only, Veronica Derwentio, the “Derwent Speedwell,”
withstood the war blitz on glagshowses and the severe Londan winters.
Whea Mr, Rebittson movol to Oxford he louk seedlings of the Weronicu
with hint Mr. Robinson advised Mes. Coleman that Ue plats survived fu
oped grauml out of doors, and at an auiumiy meetiig of the Seleifie
Cammitise of the Royal Horticultaral Sociery, England, he exhibited Mowers.
He expressed 3 pleasure ut raising and distributmg the plant apyain and
joond zt a most interestang and de¢orative subject ;

Further refercuce bas since been made by Mr. Robinson in the Janrnal of
tke Royol Horficeliwral Soctety, Londo, Vol, LAX, Part (0, Getober,
1947, pp. 400-1, which is quated as follaws
,“S., D find it difficult to explain why it [Mevenica Derwentia, the “Der-
went Speedwell”) is so rarely seen outside botanic gardens. Fron: 2 purely
horteuitural point of view, et is of interest in thae rt is the only Australian
plant which has survived recent winters in the open i this payt of the
country, and also ihat it was amongst the first Australian planis to reach us.
It ig an almost glabrous perennial, grawing some 2 to 3 fevt high, with
sestile lanceolate serrate leaves some 2 te 4 inches a tongtl) and tapering
w & long point. ‘The flowers are white (or shehiy tated), relausely large
Sitd borne mm eacermes some 4 to 8 inches long in the upper axils of the
leaves. Jt ts found in many parts of Austrabia and also is a commen plant
in Tasmania.

“Tin caniest reference is in Andrews! Botnnists’ Repostlory, Vol. 8 and
plate No. 531 is quite a good Agure. The text runs: “This new species of
Veronica was commvuyicated ta us by A, B. Lambert, Esq, TH ts a native
of Bolany Bay, on the banks of the Derwent, and was sent aver by one of
the setWlers. The abundance and agreeable fragrance of its flowers render
it deserving of a place iw any dolléction’ The date of this igure is uncertam,
but other plates w the same volume bear the dates 1806 and 1807. In 1814
the plan¢ was again described ij; the Berantes! Magazine, 1.1660, by R,
Brown under the name . labtata, thaugh he does not say why he rejected
the earlier name. Tite name “Derwentia® by the way, he ascribes to Little-
john, and tiat ta Andeews. The plate shows 2 pate-blue Aowered plant, is
a poor drawing and altogether seems extremcly doubtful, A later Botanical
Magazite plate, t.3461, also as (/. Jaliate, is much more Like the plant; his
was Aowered in 1830, in Glasgow Bolame Gardens. The only reference |
can Gad in more recent times is /ournel RAS, Val, 38, where Irwin EB,
Lynch grves if an excellent tabloid description as “herbaceous in habit and
almost European in aprewtance.' Mr, Preston tells me that they still have
the plant at Cambridge.

"The quotation from Andvews’ Repasttory is Somewhat ousleading The
River Derwent from whieh it is named is probably the Tasmanian river
of that name, bor the plant may also have been coltceted in the weighbour-
hood of Botany Bay, as it is found in New Soutlt Wales. It is alsa recorded
from Victoria ancl the wetter parts of South Australia.”

Though the New Zealand Veronicas are widely represented in our Rotanic
Gardens, the species native to Victoria seem to be non-existent. Private
gardens completely ignore the Victorian plants as herhaceous subjeets, The
newly-formed Garde Geoup in the Club night consider the pons as
specially desirable to bring to nonce aga, Peron Deyaiwnlin is 0
widely distributed as ta be almost commonplace. The species con still Be

rts ( Pisit ta Lome | 245

found as mcat the city as Bayswater, In the Dandenong’ and Healesville
ranges, it is frequently regarded as a weed: The Mount Buffalo granite
appeirs to give the species a splendid vigout. Durmg a visit there fror
December 26th to Januaty 9th Jast, the plant was in a zenith of bloom
everwhere; nearer the Hows at a higher elevation the flowers were tinged
wittt blues and imauyes, The foliage also takes on rich tints, due to late
frosts On New Year's Bay last the speciey was seen Aourishing all along
the Pretty Valley road up to the Bogongs, the plants-arraining fullest stature
‘(5 teet) at shunt 5200 feet altitude,

Another species, Meranica nives, the Mountain Speedwell, is also cammoy
“on Hie Buffalo Platcay, The plants grow in thumps op to 18 inches high
in alpine niwadows, with fine-cot [eaves and attractive mist-blue flowers;
bf a mare prostrate habit, not so ocimmon, V. serpylhfoho. inhabits open
bogs on the Buffato. All three species propagate teadily front seed and
oiake very desirable alnines in any garden,

H, © E Stewasr,

VISIT TO LORNE} ;

The Lorne excursion on Saturday, February 21st, attracted a full hus of
over 40 members, and a pertect day afforded occasion for enjoying the
coastal physiography along partion of the Great Ocean Road under the best
possible conritions. - \

Botanieally, the trip proved of abundant interest. Especial admiration was
evoked by the Aowering of the Moonah (Melaleuca pubescens) along several
miles of terrain through Anglesea, Airey’s Ihlet and beyond to Easter
View. On return via Tarquay, the care bestowed on preserving. this fine
tea-tree ial some private gardens was pleasingly apparent. The profuse
occurrence of the White Ixodia (Wl. arhillroties) between Bellbrac and
near the Anglesca River was a delightful surprise. It was gaod to see many
acree of this sturdy composite, samme plints up to 2 feet high, in the
asceridant again after the Gres of the past decade, -

Oi; the otitward joorney a brief halt was made at the Geelong, Gardens,
where splendid trees of Kurrajong (Sterculia dtversifolia) hybrids, and
the (}ueensfand Lace-hark (8. discolor), were a riot of colour. Beneath the
last-named was a thick ruby carpet of fallen blossoms. {Two exotic plants,
members of the Selanaceor, and rarely seen in Melbourne —Solanuns
asUreuh, & mass Of bright blue, and Solandra witide, with tmmense flowers
of pele yellow—do well in these gardens... Curiously, atiothér member of the
same family, a single plant of Salanten warginotem, a garden escapee, was
found on.2 yacant alloteieut in the main _strcet_of Lorne. The’ formidable
array of spines prejudiccs cultivation of this unusual African native.

H.C, E, Srewakr,

FCHIPNA IN A SYDNEY SUBURB

Tr a letter from Roseville, Mr, Alec Costin writes: "The bush near here
hag been so frequently burnt during the past few years that | has Jost mich
of its former Weauly. However, I was recently surprised to sed a fox and
an echidna quite near a busy road, The last fox was secn in these parts
about five years aga, but T have never heatd of a ‘porctipine’ at all,

“The echidna’s actions were an education to watch. As soon as he saw
me, he ran behind a ledge of rock and, despite the branches and, strmes
beneuth him, literally 'sank” into the ground. . Soon only the tips of a few
quills showed shove, and the more you Jooked at these, the more thoy
appeared to be just ao many burnt twigs half buried ja the scil, Tr 19. good
‘ta know that at least some of the original launa survives hereabouts,” ~

246 New Locality Regord of Elbow Orchid veh ts

A NEW LOCALITY RECORD OF THE ELBQW ORCHID

The Elbow Orchid (Sticwlea Hwan) has been found on the Plenty
Ranges at Kinglake, To the surprise of those wha observed it, the plant
owas fot anly widespread in the district but quite abundant. ;

The writer, who spent a week or 60 jn the Masun’s Falls areca during the
first half of January, nated hundreds of plants between Pheasant Creek and

: “the Sugarloai, More than fouy
dozen were counted in a sinall
area on the property of Mr. A. A,
Brunton.

Mr, A, J, Swaby, while holiday-
ing ai Healesville, also found the
species flowering there this season.
Since its original discovery in Vic-
toria by the Jate Mr, A. B, Braine
at Crayensville, near Tallangatta,
and later in the Pyrete Ranges
near Gisborne by Mr George
Lyell, this curious plant has. been
located at & number af places,
éspocially in eastern Victoria, not-
ably Harrietville, Mt. Buffalo, Mt,
Cabbier, Mt. Howitt, Mt. Welling-
ton, Dargo High Plains, Mafira,
and in and around Marysville—
even in the main street of that
township, Daylesford and Egans-
town seem) to be the most westerly
stations, Nevertheless, it is still
of sufficiently: infrequent occurrence
to he worth recording,

Spictlea Aintiana is one of those
peculiar terrestrial orchids which is
evidently a holo-saprophyte. Like
the Hyacinth Orchid (Dipodines
punctatun), it is teafless and de-
pendent for its complete nutrition
On corexivtence with w mycorrhizal
fungus. ‘Its root-system is almost
* vestiges), being mere excrescences
- on a er seaall tobecnus thizame

. , - - which Ites buried just beneath the

Riba oe Rad Apa tie surface of the ground. From obser-

- 5 " . . yations on the root-system of 3
fiumber of plants, it is -difficult-ta believe that the plant is ahle to store
enough food in its rhizome to permit survival for long as a perennial. its
infrequency of appearance and its abundance when it does occur {as on
this occasion) leads one to suggest that for reproduction it possibly depends
on growth from seed, and its development therefrom, might take place only
after a succession of favourable seasans: on

There is nothing obvious in the rhizome to suge@est development of a new
crown or of a lateral offset which would deyelop into a food store for che
one oT more years that may follow’before' it fowers again, ;

_ For the guidance of those who tay wish to seek the plant in future years,

it may easily “he mistaken for.adegd and withered Sundew (Drasera avurr-

ewata), which is common enough in the Kinglake peppecmint and messmiate
>, ‘ ' 4 te ‘ reo of 7

arte é Ribliography of 1. H. Gali 247

stringry-bark forests where the orchid was abundant. Plants were seen mi
-places: wliére there: was ample: suntight but plenty of shelter, more often
beside paths, tracks and amma] pads rather than in the denser interior of
the forest, and wherever they grew there was always a cover of forest
Mebris—dcecayed and decaying gym leaves and twigs. ; Sens
Spicnles Huntiaza is one of our tertestrial orchids that challenges
-observers and inyestigators, and some. careful field-work on its habits and
habitats may make much easier the laboratory work which such 4 curiosity
deserves. — ; i ; TRG.

OTHER RECORDS .OF THE ELBOW- ORCHID _ ,
Sirce its discovery in Victoria at: Cravensville in vorth-cast Victoria by
Mr. A. &. Braine (1917) this remarkable specits has been. recarded from the
following places: . ide
Pyrete Range, near Gisborne (W.HLN. and'G, Lyell) ; near Harrietvitic,
Mt. Kent (D. Matthews); Aft Cobbler, Holmes’ Plain. wear Mt. Howitt.
Dandongadule Gorse (D. Matthews and WiH.N.3; Mt: Buffalo (H. Stew-
‘art); Farragon and East of Bute Buly (Ro Bond)—the farthest sonth for
this orchid; Daylesford (J, A. Willis); Afae (N. Holmes}! Muffra,- Me,
Wellingtos (D. Matthews); ‘Dargo ‘Plains (J. H. Wilhs); Marysville
(W.HLNL). The highest clevation where this orchid has been seen is 5,645
fect, “ a - }
(The place-names in italics are districts in NLE. and E. Victorig:)
W-. TT. Nicwouns,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF J. H. GATLIFF+
“ ‘ Compiled by F. S. Conniver, Melbourne. a ’

1. Gatlift, Vie Nat, IV, No. 4 (Ang.), pp. 57-60, A List of Some of
Lg pints of the Marine Molluscs found upon the Victorian Coast.
1888 ’ ;
2. Gatti, Pie. Mot, V, No. 8 (Dec.), pp 171-214. A List of Some of
we a of the Marine Mollusca found upon the Victorian Coast,
t, B
20! : rif ren Oe ; to fa Se,
~~ 3. Gatliff, #te. Nat, VEL-Nas: 11-12 (Mar~Apr,}, illd., p. 179, Descrin-
‘tien of @ New “Victorian Cone (C. segravet), beat
2892 , ¢ a { ; ;
4, Gathft—Pritchurd and, Proc. Rog, Soe. Vic, K (ns.), pt. 11 (May),
pp. 140-141, On a New Species af Victorian Maltuse (C orailio.
5. Gaui Prhord is)
. 5. .Gatliff—Pritchard and, Proc, -Roy, Soc. Pie., X (ms), pt: IE '(May)
} Pp. 236-284, Catalogue of the Marine Shelis af Victoria Pit

§. Gatliff—Pritchard and,-Proc- Roy. Soc. Vie, XE (ns.), pt. I (Feb),
A Oen W. XX, On Some New Species of Victarian Mollusca.
. (No, 2.)) 5. wee .o- & ’ . ‘ " i
4. Garlitf—Pritchard and, Proc. Roy, Soc, Vic. XU (ns), pt. IL (Feb),
DD, 185-208. Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Victoria.” Pt Il.
sHaches" of conchology-tn Victoria. Bora Leeds CEng.) (348) died Melbuorie,: Seprember

if iss. after 73 years.in Austrslia —Flis collection of shells (720 ep} #8 in the National

Bibliography of 3. H.-Gatlif ‘Woice

‘Gatlif—Pritchard and, Proc, Roy. Soc, Pie, XIT (n.s.), pt. I (Aug)

pp. 100-106, pl, VIII. On Some New Species of Victorian Mollusca,
(No, 3.)

9, Gatlif&—Pritchard and, Proc. Roy, Soc. Vic., XIL fz.) pt, II (Agr.),

pp, 170-205 Catalogue of the Marine Shefls of Victoria, Prt, IIL.
Gatliff, Vie. Nat,, XVII, No. 3 (July), pp. 54-55, Nate on Same
Victorian Marine Mollusca.

. Gatliff—Pritchard and, Proc, Roy, Soc, Vic, XU1 (ns.), pt. [ (Aug),

pp. 131-138, pls. XX, XX. On Some New Species of Victorian
Mollusca, (No, 4)

, Gatliff—Pritchard and, Proc, Roy. Soe. Vie., XIII (ne.), pt 1 Aug.)

. 139156. Catalogue of the Marine Shelle of Victoria. Ft. IV.

. Gatiift, Vic. Nat, KVIT, No, 6 (Oct.), pp, 112-113, Text fig. Note

on the Type of Thalotia dubia, a Shell described by Tenison-Wacds,

Gatliff—Pritchard and, Proc. Roy. Sac, Vie, XIV (ns.), pt 01
(Ape) pp, 95-138, Catalogue of the Marine Stells of Victoria.
t.

, Gatlif'—Pritchard and, Proc. Roy. Sac. Fic, RIV (hs.), pt. I

(Apr.), pp. 180-184, pls. IX, X. On Soine New Species of Victoriah
Mollusca, {No. 5. .

Gatlift, Vic, Nat, XIX, No.5 (Sept.), pp- 75-76. Notes on Perry's
Conchology,

. Gatlif—Pritchard and, Proc, Roy. Soe, Fic, XV (i.8.), pt I (Beb.),

pp. 176-223, Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Victoria, Pt, VI-

. Gatliff—Pritchard and, Prac; Roy. Soc. Fie, XVI (ns), pt I

(Sept), pp. 92-95, pl. XV. On Some New Species of Victorian
Mollusca, No. 6. Also observations on oltr common species of
Chione, together with figures of same,

. Gatliff—Pritchard and, Proc, Roy, Sor, Mic, XVI (ns), pt I

(Sept), pp. 96-139. Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Victoria,
Pe VIL. 7

. Gatliff, Vie, Nat.; XX, No. 7. (Nov.), pp. 99-91, Additions to the

List of Victorian Marine Mollusca,

, Gatlif—Pritchard and, Proc. Rov. Soc. Vie. XVII (ns), pt.
‘ieboria.

{Sept}. pp. 229-266, Catalogue of the Marine Shells of

t VII. pret
. Gatliffi—Pritchard and, Proc. Roy. Soc. lic, XV tos, mt, 'T

(Sept), pp 338-339, pl. XX. On Some New Species of Victorjan
Mollusez. (No, 7.) ms .

Gaui, Wie, Nat. XX, No.1 (May), pp, 12-13, Text fig. Deserip-

tion of Two New Species of Shells of the genus Leuconopsic.

Victorian Estuarine Univalve Mollusca,

. Garlif, Vie, Nat, XXII, No. 1 (May), pp. 13:16, Catalogue of

5. Gatliff—Pritchard and, Proc. Ray. Soc. Vic., XVIIT (ns3, pt. IT

(Feb.), BG ene Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Victoria,
Pt IX, -With complete Index to the whole catalogue,

Gatliff, Proc. Roy, Soc. Pic, XIX (ns), pt V (Aug), pp. 1-4,

_ pls. I, 1, Some Victorian Marine Mollusca, New 5 . and
others Little Known, New! Species,,,any

30,

3.
1909

a2

2910’

Bibliography of J. H. Gath 2Ae

- “2 wd pb

27 Gatlift and Bastow, Prov, Roy." Soe. Vics XX ing. Shek f' (Aug.),

pp. 27-30, pls. TIT, IV, ‘New Species of Australian *Chiton from
Queensland, Euoplochtion torri. wud

» Gatlifi, Proc, Roy. Soc. Vie, XK (na.)) pi 1 (Aug), pp.'3l-37.

Additions ta the Catalozué af the Mutine Shells of Victoria,

eats

29, Gatlitf and Gabriel, Proc. Roy. Soe. “ie., KX (a-5.), pt. (A ide

py. 365-367, pl. XXL" On'Some New Species of Victorians tte
Mollusca.

Gatliff and Gabriel, Proc, Roy, Soc. Vie, XXI (ns.}; ph I’ (Aug:),
pp. 368-391, Additions to and Revision of the Catalogue af Vic-
toriat) ‘Maurine Mollusca,

Gatliff, Hic. Nat, XXV, No. 5 (Sept), p. 4, pl. IVE “Description of
Velwta {Amoria) spenceriana, Bp. DOV. from North Queensland |

Gatliff and Gabriel, Proc, Roy, Soc. Wic., XXIL (ns.), pt ¥ (Sept.),
pp. 35-36, pl. XIIT. Description of a New Marine hail of the
genus Lavina ( ?}.

. Gatlift and Gabriel Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., XX (118.), (Sept, ; bP,

37-46. Additions to the Catalogue of the Sian Shells of Victor

. Gatliff and Gabriel, Vic. Nat, XXVI, No, & (Dec.), pp, 117-118,

mlg. Tf, IIb. First Record of the ‘Anirnal of Foluta trill iia
with Remarks thereon, - é

35, heer andl Gabriel, Proc, Roy, Sac. Pse., XXII (ns.), pt. I (Aug.),

~ 4

M913
42

Reon

Dp: 82-86, pls. XVIIT, RIX. On Same New Species of Victorian
Marine Mollasea. *
Gatliff and Gabriel, Proc, Roy, ‘Soe: Vie., XXII1 (ns.), pt. I (Aug.
Bp. 97-98. Additions to the Catalogue of the Marlné Shells €
ictoria, =.

. Gatliff and Gabaieh Prov. Roy. Soc, Fic, XXTV (ns), nt. 4 Sen,

pp. 187-192, pls. XLVT, XLVIT. On Some New Species of Vic-
torian Marine Mollusca,

Gatliff and Gabriel... Proc. Roy. Soe. Vic, KXIV (ns.), pt. T (Sent),
pp. 193-200. Additions to and Alterations in the Catalogue of
Victorian Marine Mollusca, -

30. Gattift and Gabriel, Pic. Net, XXIX, No. 3 (July), pp, 46-48, pls.

On a New Variety (var, bokeri) of the Marine Shell
Fusciolavia australasta Petry.

. Gatliff and Gabriel. Prac. Roy. Soc. ic., XXV (ns), pt. T (Aug.),

rp: seer -168, pl. 1X. On Some New Species of Victorian Marine
ollusca,
Gathif and Gabricl, Proc, Roy. Soc. Vie. xxv (ns-), Pt. I (Aug,
% 169-175. Additions to and Alterations ile Catalogue: of
iotorian Marine- Botluees. - #.2

‘Gatlif—Pritchard and,. Proc. “Roy. Soc, Vie, sc tns.), pt
(Sept.J, pp. 63-66, pl. VIL, On Natiea fasmanicn T. Woods; and
description of a New Species of Natica.

Gatliff.and Gabricl. Proc: Raw. Soc, Vic, XKVT (n.s.), pt: 1 (Sept),

_ pp. 67-70, pl VIE. On Same Hew vr, Species and Varieties of Vie-
turian “Marine Molineca” _

ede C

0 Bibliogrephy of J. H. Gathiit Nriea.

44. Gatlift and Gabriel, Prac, Roy, Soc. Vie, XXVI (ns.), pt. I (Sept),
i pp. 7)-B7, Additions to the Catalogze of the Marine Shells at
P _ Victoria. a
ot
45. Gate and Gabriel, Vic. Nat, XXX, No. 11 (Mar.), pp. 210-244,
1. X1. List of Recent Victorian Brachinpoda,
46. Gatlia and Gabriel, Tie. Nat, XXXI, No, 5 (Sept.), pp. 82-84.
Alterations ln the Nomenclature of some Victorian Marine Mollusca.
’ 47. eral ana Cais Proc. Roy. Sac, Vic., XXVIL (n.), pt. 1 (Sept),
pp. 9 s. XIV, X XVI. On Some New Species of Victorian
rf a *Nictteaca
’ 48 Gatliff and Gabriel, "Prove, Roy, Soe, Vic, XXVIL (n=), pt. 1 (Sept: Me
pp. 99-103, Additions to the Catalogue af the Marine Shells of
Victoria,
1915
49. ‘Gailis and Gabriel, “Proc. Roy, Sac, Vie. XXVIII (mg.), pt
(Nov.), pp 415-123, pls. te, XU Notes.on Some Diabtian
f Species of Teredo.
1916
50, Gath, Vic. Nat., XXXII, No. 10 (Feb.); pp. 147-149, Text. figs.
; , Descriptions of twa New Australian Varieties of Cowries. — -
51. Gatliff and Gouri, Proc. Roy. Soc. Viec,, XXIX (ns.), pe: I (Oct),
. 104-105, pl. VIE Description of a New Genus and two New

i -

' Species of Vertorian ‘Marine Mollusca
32. Gatliff and Gabriel, Proc. Roy, Soe, Vic, XXX (ns), pt. T (Oct),
_ Bp. 106-113. Additions to and Alterations in the Catalogue of the
aps "Marine Shells of Victoria.

53, Sati and Gabriel, Proc, Ray, Soc, Vie, KXX (ns.), pt. ‘I (Sept.),
- pp 2 1, pl. II. Additions ta and Alterations in the Catalogue
4021 the “Madee Shells*of Victoria. —
54, Pane ec Gabriel, Proc, Malac, Soc. XIV, pis. V, VI (Oct.);
-* oy Ri Text fig. Description of a New Phasianatla (P. tomlini)
Sine rom AWestarn Australia.

185. Gatliff and Gabriel, Proc, Roy. Soc, Fie, XXXIV (ns.), (May),
pp. 128-161.’ Additions’ to and Alterations in the Catalogue of
Victorian Marine Mollusca.

"56, Galliff and Gabriel, Vic: Nat, XT., No.1 (May), p. 10, pi: Il, Ona
New Marine Bivalve Shett, Hemidomax chaprrant, « sp. nov:

2. Gattift and Gabriel, Prac, Roy. Soc. Vie, XXXVI (ns), (July),
pp. 88-94. “Additions to the Catalogue of Victorian Marine Mollusea,

58. .Gatliff, Mic. Nat, XLVI, No. 6 (Oct; p- 136,- Alteration in the
' tame of a Cypraca.

59, Gathff and Singleton, Proc. Roy. Soc. Pie, XLT (ns.}, pt IL
(Mar.), pp. 71-77, pis T-IV, On the Relationship Wales
A asperrimies Lam. and “Pectes” wmutiawsieaits Tate, with =
description of an allied Fossil Form.

xP
“60, Gatlift and Gabriel, Proc. Roy. Soc, Vic, XLII {ns.), pt wm (Feb. },
= pp. 202-232. Additions to ‘and Alterations in the Tsiatogue of
Victorian Marine Mollusca,

<a Fhe Bteventh Cammandmeist 23)

THE ELEVENTH COMMANDMENT S

Volume IV of the Proceedings of the Sixth Pacific Science Congtess,
1939 ¢pp. 891-896) contains an article written by W, C, Lowdermilk, Director
of thy: Soil Conservation Bureau of the DLS. Department.of Agriculture,
entitled “The Eleventh Commandment.” :

From this article, which was written in Jerusalem and which deseribes

the great dangers facing mankind due te inappropriate land use, we quote
the following. intreductary remarks;
_ “Mases was inspired to deliver to the children of Israel, wandering in the
wilderness, the Ten Commandments to regulate man’s relation te his Creator
and to his fellow-men. These guides of conduct faye stood the test af tine
for more than Wotyears, But Moses, leading the Israelites in the wilderness,
failed to foresee the great need of the {future for an Eleventh Commandment
to reyulate inan’s relation and responsibility 19 Mother Earth, which must
nouriih all generations. “Fr

“TE Moses had anticipated what we have seen in North China, Korea,
North Africa, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and our own United States, namely
the wastage of land resulting from man’s practices or suicidal agriculture
and the consequent man-made deserts and ruined ciyilizations—il he had
foreseen the impoverishment, revolutions, and social decadence. of billions
of people through thousands of years—he doubthess would have been inspired
to deliver an Eleventh Commandment to complete the trinity ‘of man’s
responsibilities to his Creator, to his fellow-men, and to Mother Earth.
Such a Commandment should read somewltat a3 follows":

“NT. Thow shale iotherit the holy earth as a faithful. steward, conservt
its resources and productivity from gendration to generoHor, Thow sholt
pow thy fields from soil erosion and. thy wills from overgrazing by thy

rds, so that thy descendants may have abundance forever, If oxy shall
Fail im this stewardship of the land, his fertile fields shall become sterile
stoner and gullics, and his descendants shail decrease and hive mw poverty. or
vornish from the face of the earth.” -

AUSTRALIAN BIRD NAMES

Tt is proposed shortly fo attempt to And more suliable vernaculat names
ior those Australian birds which are at present “officially” known by names
either tue vague or too weighty, Numbers of amendments of the kind were
inade when work was previously done on the Checklist of Birds of Australis,
and it is hoped thar other useful titles will now be found. Naines that
appear ta need amending include black-taced cuckoo-shrike (blue jay),
goldenrheaded fantailewarbler, and some of the “whites” and "yellows
amobg the noneyeaters, \

Members of the V\F.N.C. are invited to offer suggestions in the nvatter.
Suggestions already made include advocacy of the greater use of aboriginal
names. The motive here is worthy, but it has to be recalled that some
narive names are unduly long and appear to carry fitde meaning. Moreover,
it is Westrable that a bird's “surname” shal! be ove appropriate to all members
of lé genus —A.H.LC,

EWART'S FLORA OF PICTORIA WANTED

Mr. John Kendall, & Woodstock St,, Canterbury, E,7, is anxious to obtain
a copy of the above, cither by sale or on loan.

232° What, Where avd When bh lay

‘WHAT, WHERE ANB WHEN
General Exeursionk:

Soturday,.April 10—Heenak,. Subject: “Rungus Foray.” Teader: Mr. J. H.
Willis, B.Sc, Nash's bus leaves Batman Ayenuc 9 am, Roskings, &/b
return, with Mr. R. D. Lee, Normanby St, Middle Brighton, Bring
two: meals and strong jootwear; walk of about three aniles:

Saturday,’ April 17—Maranca Gardens. Opening of Frederick Chapman

- Memorial Gates and Planting Day. Leaders: Members of Wild-flower

.. and Botany Groups, urider the direction of Mr. A. J. Swabys Meet at
Kireep Road entrance toe Gardens. 245 pm. (Take Mont Albert tran

, in Collins St. City, and alight at Parring Road stop.) All Club mernhers
are-particularly requested to be present, and to invite others with a view.
to beeoming “Friends of Mfaranoa.” N.8—Do not bring plants.

Saturday, April 24-.Eimerald, including Nobelivs’ Nursery, Subject: "Aus-

__-tralian and New’ Zealand Vegetation.” Leader: Mr. E. E. Lord.’ Train
‘from Flinders St. 9.18 a.m., to Upper Ferntree Gully, thence road motor
to Emerald. Bring ane meal for lunch at Emerald Lake, 12 noon.

Saturday, May 1—Loch and Stretecki. Subject; “Gippsland Giant Earth-
worra.” Leader: Miss . Watson. Parlaur Coach leaves Batman Aveaue
8.30 am. sharp, Bus bookings, 22/6 return, including midday meal, must
he confirmed with Mr, H, Preston, 34 Coppin Grove, Hawthorn, B.2

. (tel Baw. 1833) on. or before General Meetnig. on 12th April, otherwise
preliminary booking cancellurl. ‘ 4 ‘

Saturday, May_8—National Muscum. Visit cancelled,

Group Fixtures:

Sunday, April 18—Marine Biolowy Discussion Group excursion to Altona
Reach, Leader: Mr, J, J, Freatne. ‘lraiis frum Flinders Street to he
announced at April Club mecting, Bring wading shoes and afternoan
tea. (Low tide 3.15 pm)

Saturday, April 17—Geology Discussion Group exeursion to ‘Altona. ~Sub-

~ ject: “Poraminitera.” Trains from Flinders St. at 1.2¢ and 215 pm,

'* ¢Eurther details fram Hon, Sec, of Group, Me, A, A. Baker, 53 Carlisle
St, Prestan, N18.) —

Montay, April 26—Botany Discussion Group. Royal Saciety’s Tall, & pm.
Subject: “Salt Marsh Plants," by Mr, J. H. Willis, B.Sc.

Tuesday, May 4—Geology Group. Royal Society's Hall, 8 pm. Subject:
“Gald—Geolugical, Historical and Economical,” hy Mr. 3. R, Mitchell. -
Thursday, May 6—Wild-flower Garden Group. -Royal Society's Tall, &'p.m.
~ Subject: *Maranoa Gardens,” by Mr. W. Bury. New members welcome.
‘(Ilon, Sec. of Group,-Mr. H. Preston, 34 Coppin Grove, Hawthorn, E.2.)
Friday, May ?—Marine Biology Group. Royal Society’s H all, & pm. New
members invited to join up. Particulars from Hon. See of Group, Miss
W, Taylory 13: Jolimont Square, Jolimont, €.2 (tel. MY 4269—day only},
: A. 4. BAKER,
' Excursion Secvetary,