THE

Victorian Naturalist
THE JOURNAL AND MAGAZINE
of the
FIELD NATURALISTS CLUB OF VICTORIA

VOL. 70

MAY, 1953, TO APRIL, 1954

Hon, Editar : .N. A. Wakefield

The Author of each Article is responsible for
opinions therein. |

MELBOURNE:
Brown, Prior, ANDERSON Pry. Lrp., 430 LITTLE BOURKE STREET
; 1954

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST

VoL. 70

MAY, 1953, TO APRIL, 1954

MONTHLY MEETINGS AND LECTURES

1953
May 11—Presidential address: “Structure of Eucalypt Bark”
Makcaret M, Cuarraway
June &—Annual Meeting and Election of Office-bearers.
Colour Slides of Australian Wildflowers and Scenery, R, MetviLti

July 13—"“Central Australia”... wou. as ae 6 INA Watson

August 10—''Reclamation of Desert Lands” te ous ove) 6D. Cruumies Ross

September 14—‘Impressions of Northern Africa’ .. .. S. R, MritcHec.

October 12—“Victorian Orchids” .. .. 0. 2. 2. W. L. Witerams

November 9—"The Nature Show and Youth Education”, WN. A. Wakericu

December 14—"Hammersley Ranges” .. .. .. 4. .. J. He. Writs
“Rosebud -Foreshores” . .. .. -. «.. RB, J, MeManon

1954

January 1i—Members’ Night (Lecturettes by seven members).

February 8—"Snakes” .. ., .. oe TAN WaAtLace

March 9A Walking Holiday. on toute Bogong and the High Platns”
Jean Bracksurn

April 12—~—“Some North Queensland Islarids” .. .. .. .. .. FL Lewis

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. zo — Nu: 1 MAY 7, 1953 No, 833

PROCEEDINGS

The Gereral Meeting of the Clib was held at the Herharium
on Apnil 13, 1953, with Dr, Chartaway in the chair. It was well
attended by members and visitors, numbering about )05.

Mr, A, W, Burston introduced the speakers for the Nationai
Parks Symposium; and a report of the lectares may be found
elsewhere in this issue,

The Seeretary called for nominations for the 1953 award of
the Australian Natural History Medallion, and for Club Office-
hearers and Council for 1953-4.

Correspondence was read from the Entomulogical Society of
New South Wales, inviting F.N.CV¥V. members to join that
Saciety ; fram the (.S.1R,Q. Division of Forest Products, request-
ing the co-operation of Club members in research into wood-
dlestroying fungiy from the Native Plants Preservation Society,
seeking signatures to a petition for legislation to prevent the gale
of wildflowers; and frotm the Premier of New South Wales,
stating that the Kurnell reserve would not be interfered with
hy the oil refinery there,

On hehalf of the Club, the President thanked Messrs. Ler,
Pisch, fennison and Burke for their help in the renioving of the
Cloud library from the Roya) Society’s Building to the Herbarium
where Mr. Jessep has made a room available.

Mr, Lord spoke of the scheme for replanting Wattle Park with
native trees and shrubs, and he asked members to assist by
donating plants. (See list of plants needed.) :

Mr, Baker announced that future meetings of the Geology
Group would take place in the Nationa] Museym.. Mr. Swaby
made a request for information about films and slides figuring
Australian plarits suitable for cultivation.

March Meeting— EXHIBITS

INSECTS: Caterpillars of the Wanderer Butterfly (Miss Finches).
ARTEFACTS: Aboriginal artefacts from Tasmania (Mr. Miller).
MISCELLANEOUS: ‘Lhree stages it the preparation of drawings of
a new wasp, Nysson portlundensis—(a) plotting of arrangement oty page,
(bd) pencilled outlines of wings, etc, (c) sdult wasp completed in. Thdian
in nip Rayment), Photographie views of Victorian National Parks (Miss
igan).

BOTANY: Garden-grown flowers—Queett Ann Lace Flower (Miss E-
Rafi}, and the native Beanforta sfarya of Western Australia (Mr. F. BE.
Lord), The fatter, kiown as the Swamp Brush-Myrtle, is distinguished from
Callisteman by its branched anthérs, and it flowers for abaut six weeks in
the Jate summer off-season,

1

F Exhibits ‘vel 0.

April Meeting—

BOTANY. Thryptomene Hybrid, a form origmated in South Austrade
and proving excellent in cultivation (Mr. Seaton); Melalence sqkamed,
Hakea uodosa and Erivchilus cncullatus (Miss Gamble}; fanksia srrvata
from Portland (Mrs, Crofts) ; Asteha nervosa fram Rysou's Creek, Vic-
iovia (Dr, Chattaway); Calltstemon paludosus, Erwstemon gracilis and
Melaleuca macronychm from Botanic Gardens (Mr. Atkins); collection
of ables flowers (Mr. Singleton), and garden grown Rowers (Mr.

avage),

REPTILES: Colour variations of Tiger Snakes (Mr. Wallace).

MISCELLANEOUS: Photographic views of National Parks (Miss
Wigan): Aboriginal woman's skull (Mrs, Carberry); Eggs of Giant
Gippsland Earthworm (Mr. Lewis); Brittle Star (Mrs. Freame),

GEOLOGY: Quartz veins traversim jaspenzeéd rocks, “Wood-opal”™
and banded Silurian Limestone—all from Waratah Bay (Mr. Day),

NOTICE TO EXHIBITORS

The exhibits steward and editor would be very pleased if you accam-
panied each exhibit by a written note stating the name of the specimen(s},
source (locality) and the points of interest im eonnection with it, that is,
tiie rcusom for showing it These notes will then be valuable contributions
for qublication in the “Eximbits” report in the Naturalist: Make the exhihity
2 feature of each general meeting and of each issue of the journal!

NATURE NOTES

Colour variations of the Tiger Snakes (Noléchis scrtetns), exhibited a!
the weneral meeting;

1. Bands almost as broad as the imterspaces: hight grey above. cream

below.

2, Bands narrow and interspaces beaad; dark above, bright yellow below.

3. Not at all banded; olive green above, cream hekiw. This specimten.
which is above average size, was “milkead" six Umes within 24 hours and
yielded mare than sufficient venonr cach Ame to kill an adult person,

Note: Colour variations. occur without correlation to local conditions.

GEOLOGY DISCUSSION GROUP

The monthly meetin of the above Group was hekl on Api! 7, with ate
attendance af Tf

In a report on the excursion to the Altoua District held on March 7.
Mr. &. D. Gill deseribed the emerged shell beds #5 rising over ten feet
above L,W,M., and composed of shells and calcareous sand but with
little siliceous sand and clay. The hedls are horizontal, with same current-
bedding. The matenats that make up the strata have beeu Water-sorted_
and in one bed nearly all the shells were concave-side downwards. The
shellfish did net all livé where ther remains are now found, for those
that live on rocks, those that live on weeds, and those that live on sand
are buried together, Most of the species are still found in Pore Phiflip,
but Anadara frapeant is very rare there, and Nuwlla torqauats, (found in
similar beds to the Altona ones) has apparently not been taken ahve on
the Victorian coast,

The excursion also visited the former Brown Coal Mine at Altona where
fossil wood with doubly terminated quartz crystals was obtained

The talk for the evening was given by Mr, A. A. Taker, and entiticd
"Fossil Jnvertebrata—their Life and Form'—Mollusea, Pt. 2. This dealt
with the Scaphoda (tusk shells), and Cephalopoda (nauti)nids, ammonites.
belemnites, squids, cuttlefish and octopuses). A description of the aminaal,
the shell, the gealoytic history, and eculogy was given with the aid of lantern
slides and specimens.

Mny

stad Geology Discussion teroup A

Exhibits
“Mr. Watts —Linwstane (polished) irom Pt, Grinder, Waratah Bay, Vir,
Mr. D. Jeffries—Micro. quarts crystals fram Altona (under a micro-
scope), Cladaphlebis and Tacmopterts in a block of Lower Jurassic
sandstone iram Cape Patterson, Vic.
Mr. E. D. Gill—Pelecypads and barnacles from a new fossil locality on
the Maribyrnong River, Essendon, Vic,
“Miss Br Niclson—Collection of chitons, pelecypods, gasteropods, and
a small octopus (in spirit) from Balcombe Bay, Lilydale, Torquay, exe.
Master Phillip Bock—Collection of fosstls in nodular limestane (Bal-
combian) from Beaumaris, Vic.
—A. A. Baken.

“THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST”

In the production of the montliy issues of this journal, there
are three main corisiderations. First, there are the Club activities
to be placed on record, so priority is given to the monthly Pro-
ceedings, Nature Notes, Exhilits and Lectnre at each general
ingeting, and to the reports of Group activities and Club excur-
sions, Secondly, there are published notes and articles of popular
interest, written hy members of the Club for the purpose of sharing
their observations and (houghts with readers of the magazine,
Finally, the journal is a medium for the publication of papers
embodymg the results of original research in the realms af
Natural History; and it is recognized as such and sought after
hy scientife institutions throughout the world.

The general editorial policy is to maintain the Nateralist in
its three-fold purpose. The inmediate consideration with cach
issue is to strike the desirable balance hetween scientific papers
and popular articles, and between the amounts of material dealing
with the various branches of Nature. As the mapazine is the one
link which the many Country Members have with the Club, it
nnist be made as attractive and interesting as possible for them.

There has always been a preponderance of botanical material
in the Naturalist, due to the great proportion of Club members
interested in that science. But when a completely botanical number
is issued, it 1 solely because there was nothing else jn the
editer's hands, For a more satisfactory halance, there 1s need for
nusch more tnaterial dealing with geology and zovlogy. The Ctub
is waiting for contributions, preferably ilustrated, of articles and
notes on the subjects of your interests, Country members are looked
ta in particular to record their excursions, observations, notes
and questions.

If the journal pleases you, consider how you can iniprove it:
if it displeases you, give thought to fectifying the fault; but in
either case, remember that the iectorian Naturalist is, and always
will be, what YOU make it,

4 The Victorian Naturalist Val, 70

NATIONAL PARKS SYMPOSIUM

Mr, A, W, Burston opened the second evening of the Sym-
posium, and the frst speaker was-Mr, W. F. Waters, who gave
a graphic account of the development and problems of the Kinglake
National Park.

The main part of the Kinglake Park, an area of 13,800 acres,
was established in 1928, due to the efforts of Sir James. Barrett,
William Everard, M,L.A., and Professor Laver. Soon after tts
inception, Profcssor Laver presented an additional avea of 57
acres at the head of Jchosophat Valley; and in 1929 a further 86
acres was added to include the Wonthelano Falls, The composite
reserved area is approximately’ 14,000 acres, with parts in the
Shires of Whittlesea, Elthant and Yea respectively, It extends
fram Sugarloaf Creek at Kinglake West, some 10 miles easterly
to the Mr. Slide junction, and thence 6 iiles south ta Watson's
Creek at Christmas Hills.

The McPherson Ministry gave the new Patk a grant of £350,
and a ranger was appointed with a house in the Sugarloaf area,
The Conmittee of Management aims at the preservation of flora
and fauna and beauty spots as. well as the develapment of recrea-
tion facilities for tourists, walking clubs and schools. Works
already carried out include the making of camping grounds and
tracks to beauly spots, with a service of fireplaces, kiosks, water
supplies, parking areas and other conveniences. Much assistance
has been rendered by the Country Roads Board and the Public
Works Department, as well as by the various Shire Councils,

Revenue is quite inadequate; it is sufficient for about one-
quarter of the wages of one ranger, There is 4 £100 grant by
the Public Works Department from the Tourist Grant, and a
small amount from parking and camping fees, sale of firewood,
etc, Many essential works are in need of attention, mainly the
establishment of tourist facilities; but the vital necessity is the
provision of three rangers with suitable houses and equipment.

Mr. N. A. Wakefield spoke on the East Gippsland National
Parks, and illustrated his talk with a film-strip showing maps
and views of the areas concerned. First came Lind Park, on the
Princes Highway, west of Cann River, a small area of attractive
fern gullies. Some pictures were shown of Wingat Inlet’s historic
interests—Captain Cook’s “Ram Head" and the landing place
of George Bass. The feanure of the area is the Tree Trigger-
Plant which grows Wo six feet in height, and which is found
nowhere else in Victoria. The story of Alfred Park followed, and
a full report of this may be jound elsewhere in this number, The
talk concluded with reference to some botanical and geological
features of the Howe Ranges in the Mallacoota National Park,

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST May, 1953

Prate I

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 70
Parr Il

In the Wilsen’s Promontory National Park : Oberon Bay and Growlers
Creek, with Mount Norgate in the background.

Photoa: P. Groshie Merrison.

Regeneration near Sealers Cove: A riot of Bindweed takes possession
after the fire,

esr National Parks Symposium 5

Mr. P. Crosbie Morrison was the final speaker in the National
Parks Symposium, summing up the general situation before pro-
ceeding with an illustrative film. He agreed with what was pub-
lished in the last issue of the Naturalist about the impossibility
of conducting Parks efficiently under the present system. Mr,
Morrison maintained that much of the criticism of our National
Parks at present is justified, ancl the reason for it will not be
removed until there is new legislation. First. there must be
adequate finance for National Parks, independent of any revenue
irom camping and parking fees. (Grazing fees and firewood royal-
ties are not included as legitimate sources of revenue for any
National Park.) In so many cases, the efficiency of a National
Park will be in inverse proportion to its earning capacity—the
more money made out of it by public access, the less efficient it
will be as an area for conservation of fauna and flora, The group
that recognizes this best is the Administration of the Belgian
Congo, which has probably the best National Parks policy in
the world. The main aim ts conservation of the complete ecological
environment, and it is virtually imposstble for a tourist to gain
access to such an area. Entry into the conservation sections
is for legitimate study only, and the interference with reptiles.
fish or even insects is banned on principle. That means that the
Parks are not expected to produce revenue; money is made
available for their preservation intact. These Belgian Congo Parks
are the largest in the world, two of them having areas of about 4.000
and 4,500 square miles, or 24 and 3 million acres respectively.

The second necessity for efficient National Parks maintenance
is a pool of trained rangers and superintendents, with some pro-
vision for training. The present system, tising old men on the
basic wage or less, with no training, deserves what it gets!

On the other hand, there has been some uninformed criticism
that does more harm than goud. We have seen recently a very
outspoken criticism of Wilson's Promontory, which, under
analysis, is found to be utterly misleading. It blames the present
committee of management for pre-war conditions in which most
of tts members had no say, and also for the recent disastrous
fire which started outside the Promontory reserve and could never
have been controlled with two rangers for 10,000 acres. Criticism
is needed; but it must be based on correct grounds and not so
obviously answerable as to induce complacency.

It is the whole wrong principle that the Victorian National
Parks Association wants to change, so full support is needed
for the big public inauguration planned for July 23 in the Mel-
bourne Town Hall. The motto of the National Parks re-organiza-
tion should be: FOR ALL THE PEOPLE—ALL THE TIME.

Mr. Morrison treated the Club to a preview of an excellent
colour film which is in the making to illustrate National Parks

6 National Parks Symposium sie am

in Victoria. It took in the Grand Ridge Road, a visit to the
swing bridge in Bulga Park, and a tour of Wilson's Promontory.

—~—
+

The Promontery Emus, near northern entranee to National Park.

At the northern end of the Promontory, the usual mob of emus
was seen on parade, and the interesting said movement of the
“Burning Cliffs” intrigued the gathering. Darby River and
Squeaky Bay came next, followed hy views of the tourist accom-
modation and the gnarled old Banksia trees at Tidal River. Then
there were scenes along the tracks round Norman Point to
Oberon’ Bay and Growlers Creek, and of the walk right across
the Promontory from Tidal River to Sealers Cove.

The film concluded with a full-circle panorama of the Tower
Hill Park, and some views of the Lower Glenelg River.

VISUAL EDUCATION

Though it is billed only as a support, the film Nature’s Half-Acre
fully warrants the prominence of being featured. After viewing it. one
cannot but be deeply impressed with the value of visual education in its
application to the teaching of natural history.

With one exception the script is quite accurate; but the pictures them-
selves—of wasps, caterpillars, butterflics, bees. flowers and birds, all im
action—are altogether thrilling, and the magnificent natural colours are a
delight to the eye.

In five minutes, the zoology student learns more about the mechanics
et the chameleon’s moveable “head-lamps” than he would ever discover
from‘pages of print. The wonders and the range of the little animal's vision
are fully appreciated when one eye is seen focussed straight ahead while
the other is directed to the rear; and the film makes a dramatic reality
of the “shooting down” of a victim with the lizard’s tongue.

Excellent and accurate photography depicts the amazing “pollen dance’
of the bee even hetter than one could see it naturally on the honey-
combs, Here a minor lapse occurs, The youngest bees, which are said to
manipulate the wax inta cells, are in reality the nurses that feed the
brood, and they do not leave the hive until about a fortnight after emerging
from the cells. This slip 1s small but regrettable, for complete accuracy
is essential in such Alms if their full educational value is to be realized.

re Misnal Education 7

The botany student may be enthralled by the unfolding flowers, but the
rolling open of golden catkins amazes him with the sheer loveliness ni
nature's work; and the garden lover is enraptured by the light and colour
in scenes of floral and arboreal beauty.

Walt Disney appears to revel in the Almiag of natural history, and he
associates with a number of competent naturalists, So Nature's Half-Acre
leaves a regret that such magnificent Jessons, full of truth and beauty, are
noe incarporated into the ordinary curriculum of the schools. It teaches
simultaneously the beauty of nature, colour-karmony and light effects, .as
well as animal and yegerable morphology and physiolagy. in visnal educa-
tion Disney has shown us what a magnificent instrument we have for
the cultivation of the tund; so it is lamentable that iv tamy cases this
lovely mediuin has been prostituted to the base motives of crime, greed
and destruction,

—Lynetre Youna.

BIRD OBSERVATIONS IN THE RIVERINA

Mr. Jas. Watson, country member at Albury, N.S.W., writes;

Since early September, 1952, [ have been seeking birds in sress more
distant from Albury than in previous years. The first of these was near
Batldale, some 45 miles to the north-west, where Apostle-birds were found
nesting, and a subsequent trip beought ta light the Cockatiel! {not nesting),
the Stone Plover and Brolga. Both the last two have become exceedingly
rare in the Riverina, where the sight of cither is samething af 4 novelty.
There I visited a Kookaburra's nest with three eggs, while a White-faced
Heron had a nest so scanty thal the bluc cegs could be scen through gaps
in the sticks even frum the ground. By the end of October, Brown Sone-
lurks were very prominent in this section, whereas nearer Albury anly
the Rufous Songlarks were found. The latter almost certainly nested on
the local Golf Links, rigbt in the city here, but several early morning
sits failed to find the nests in the waast-high grass.

On the October trip to Balldale L was informed that in a swamp a pair
ot Brolgas were probably nesting, so I called there on the way ta keep
an appointment. Judve my astowishment to discover not oly Brolgas in
the swamp, but, in the trees above, the finest nesting colony of White-
necked Herons | fave come across. A dozen nests were plainly yisible
irom the road, and in the few’ iniautes available—L[ was already late for
that appointenent—l noted a Yellow-billed Spoonbill, also om a nest, atid
with twa babies shuffling about on the support, for all the world like
animated pauwder-puffs, Next week | plan to look this areca over agan),
for my friend says that he has several nests of the Azure Kingfisher (1
think he means Rainbow-bird!} under observation, as well as a Songlark's
nest.

The second area LT have been watching ts the Dora Dora State Forest,
37 miles north-east of Albury and about 6 miles from the Hume Highway
as i approaches Holbrook, This is really good bush, nearly virgitt, in the
dtea 1 fave covered. There is no other road or hatutation to the soutli
for abgut 25 miles, and it is a poor day when ane sees no kangaroos or
wallabies. My main interest there lay in the nesting of the Scarlet Robiti,
for several pairs were seen lyuildling, mostly well above 25 feet. Serub-
wrens with yourg were sighted, and both Grey and Pied Currawongs were
present. Doring my October visit, a Noisy Friar-bird was finishing a
bark nest 25 feet up, while the Gang-Gangs, in evidence earlier in the
season, had probably gane further inte ihe hilly to breed, for they appear

to prefer thé very tog timber,
—Communicated by BC,E.S.

3 The Victorian Naturairst ; Vor 70

ORCHIOS AT CRESWICK
By J, Hy Wiis, Naclowl Herbarjum, South ¥ares

At the present time 45 species of Orchidacer haye been qoted (by con-
petent observers) in the Creswick district, whieh lies on the northern slope
of the Divide some 10 to 12 miles north of Balkirat (rainfall 27-7 inches)-
The qnajority of orchids favour gravelly ground in Stringybark-Peppermmal
woodland on the Ordovician formation, where Xantharcuee winer arid
Leptospermun inyrstneides are conspicuous. Often enatgh, sucli species as
Pacrostyl{t tongifola oc Dineiy sulphivea will be found growrig cou-
sistently in the centre of Nanthorrkaa clumps, where an ermiture of tough
rigid foliage protects the tender orchid parts from destruction hy rabbits.

The following spécies are quite rare and are known from single Creswick
collections: Prasophellan odoratum, Thelumitra Aeruosa, Ty iwinides, 7.
sedia, Aciauthus reniforniis, Lyperanthus suavzalens, Coladenia filgaeraldii,
C. wonstestt, C. crewlata, Prerostytts rufo, Po pusilla and 2. evenavephata
{the last three discovered by R. W. Bond jn 1933 and 1934) Others are
fogtiicted {o a few small colonies and are certain fo become citer, eg
Galecna major, Prarophalliom juscum, Tielynutra grandiflora, T. anlrini-
jera, Diuris longifolia, Corylos dilatatus, Colademd clavigens, C. deforms
and Picrostyfis burbats,

Many good archid grounds at Creswick have been ruined tirough the
aitivities of the Forests Commission—replacement of bushlatid by pine

Jantations which ¢fectively smather out any indigenous plants that are
et. One cannot hope to haly development of areas set aside for the pre-
duction of mijch-needed sottwaod, but it is lamentable that small patches
of the best wildflower country could not Have beer reserved as part of
the Commission's policy. “Nature's Dell" at Lake Sc. George. as T first
ktiew it, wag one ot the most beautiful spots about the township—a enol,
ipagrant, mossy retreat with banks of maidenhair fern along miniature
cascades, the haunt of innumerable small birds (Crobins, tits, wrens, honev-
eaters, fautails, pardalotes and whistlers); now it is a dark, depressing
place, where all enchantment has been obliterated hy = deep carpet of
fallen needles and braneh-litter from mtonotonous rows of panes.

Another datiger to vanishing orchids are the local school children wha
heedlessly raid the areas where these charming flowers are still accessible,
carrying Of bunches to their homes or clasarootiiws—-they saz be taught
that a “bloom an the bush is worth twoon the Hand’, and (hat thers js
the responsibility for protecting nature's wonderful heritage.

While rambling through the Creswick bush early in January. J was
elated to see spire-like inflorescences of the onion aechid, Aficrotts brpul-
wuaris Nicholls, at several places near Lake Sf, George (Government
Dam")—in company with, but snot nearly so frequent as, IW. anifoliz. This
Plant, previously known only fom the type locality at Quail Island, Wester)
Pore (where [ collected further material during Navember), appeared
also in New South Wales at Woodford (Blue Mountains) last October,
Since MM, bipplangrixs is offer associated in the field with typical Mf pays
flare, from which it appears to differ only in possessing Farge cushion-like
swellings ot the fower part of the labellum, one ts inched to rhe vicw
that at may represent meecely a pectliar development in Mf. purcifore,

Only three specimens of the fantastic Elbow Orchid (Spicufea kwutrana)
had been collected near Creswick before—each by a different person: but
at the thitd small dam below Wolfe's, along the high southern bank af
Staty Greek, T saw literally hundreds of plants in flower? No insect visitors
were observed, and time did nol permit the keeping of an effective “watch,
Later td January, Mr. Allan Sonsee found Elbow Opchidle to be much
more widespread m the Creswick district than we had amagined—lie noted
colonies on the summit of Humbug Hill, alone Lineal Gully, at the Sr,
corner of Sawyit Plantation, and at Sprinemaunt,

vee The Fretarion Naturalryt )

NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN PTERIDOPHYTA
By N. A. Waxerteco

These notes are presented mainly as a supplement to a number of papers
dealing with the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Victorian Fern-Flora,
published in the Fietorian Naluralist from June, 1942, to January, 144.
aT the specimens cited hereunder were collected by. the author in the
County of Croxjmgolong, Victoria, aud his herbarium specimen nimber
is quotedt in each case. This material ig housed in the National Herbariant
of Victoria (MEL-). except for some minor pieces which were donated to
the National Herbarium of New South Wales {NSW).

1. Kef.—'A New Species of Cyathea”, Le. 59: 33 (fune, 1942).

CYATHEA MARCESCENS N. A. Wakefield. The syntypes cited
with the original description ate here designated as

LECTOTYPE: Mt. Druintmet, below “The Spring”; 2/2/1941, Na. 96,

PARATYPE: Rungywarr Creck, Combienbar; 2/8/1941; No. 95,

{No. specimen was collected from the plants ohserved at Karlo Creek.)

Excellent material of C. nuwerscons wae collected recently from the
type locatity (Mi, Drymmer) ; 12/1/1953; R. Metyille No, 282) & N.A.W.),
This showed the indusnim, which forms an irregular hemisphere romnd
the lower half of the mature sorus, to consist of two sub-orbicular concaye
sub-cntice scales each lateral to acd on opposite sides of the perve.

Z Ref —‘tA New Species of Schisaea”, tc. 59: BO (Septernber, 1942).

SCHIZAEA ASPERULA N A. Waketield. Specimens were preparnil
feom four of the localities cited, which syatypes are now set up as:

LECTOTYPE: Head of Betka River, on open heathland amengs|
Annthorrhea; 3/2/1991; No. 13. Part of this collectfon is the plant iMus-
trated fon the left side) in Hict, Nat. 37: 66 (July $940) erroneously as
S. infida,

PARATYPES: McKenzie River; 17/1/1943, No 12; (Fragment, NSW.
P4828), Wingan River; 9/3/1941; No, 14, Newtons. Creck; 17/E/19d);
No, 15,
sath ie —"Some WVoetorian Species of Blochunm’, Ie. 50: 193 (March
BLECHNUM N{}OUM (Tab.) Met. ‘This cambinatian, cited as new,
had already been made by Mettintus (Luerss. Flora 1876, 292).

4. Rel—'A New Species of Aypolepis™, Le. 60- 42 (July 1943).

HYPOLEPIS MURLLERI NA, Wakeficld.

HOLOTYPE: Mt. Drummer; 6/7/1941; No. 114.

5. Ref—-"Revision of the Victorian Gleichesierede’, lc. G0: 108 (Novem-
ber 143).

STICHERUS LOBATUS N, A, Wakeheld.

HOLOTYPE: Mt Drummer, forniing tangled masses in jungle on hbill-
sides; 6/7/1M1; Na. 31; (Fragtnent, NSW, 17.6320).

A different collection (Bungyware Falls, Combienbar ; 2/8/1941 5 No 34)
provided the material illustrated (Le. 109), the details of which are:

1, a primary pinna (x4); Ja, a typical pmaule (x2); 1b, paleae fron
the rhachis (mach enlarged) 3 le, the cluster of lobed basal piunules
(xt); 1d, a typical lobed pinnule (x4)

{The error in citing Stichervs flobellatus CR, Br.) Hl. St. John as a new
combination was indicated by J H, Willis (he. 60; 196),]

6, Ref —“Two New Species of Taresipteris’, 1c, Os 142 (January 1944).

TMESIPTERIS OVATA N. A. Wakefield, Le. 143,

Iu N, A. Waneriecn, Nofes on dastratim Ploridaphyta eee

Pai ML. Drummer; 1/6/1941; No. 374; (Fragmen, NSW_

TMESIPTERIS PARP A N. A. Wakefield, Jc, 143.

HOLOTYPE: Karlo Creek (Mt. Drummer); 1/3/1941; (Fragment,
NSW, P.5741)- E ;

‘The iluswation of the two species was published upside down, Hence,
as noted by J, H. Willis Cc. G0: 196), each specific name refers respee-
tively to a group of plants on the opposite side. ‘he muterial for these
Wlusfrations came Jram the specintens

T. ovetu—Mt. Drummer; 14/6/1941; No 375.
T. parza—Mt, Drummer; 14/6/1941; No, 377,
Professor H. N. Barber of the University of Tasmania has made chromo-
some courts for several specics of Tunesiplerts, and he reports the following :
T. parwa—Mt, Wilson, 8.5.W.; Mt Drummer, Vie-—I02-104.
T. billardiere) Me Wilson; Mt. Drummer; Tasmania—l2-104,
T. truncata—Sydaecy Thstrect, N.S.W—204-214.
T. ovati—MacPherson Ra, Old; Mt. Driinymer—about 200,

7. Refi—"New Combinations i Some Australian Ferns”, le 66: 39
(july 1949),

CYATHEA WOOLSIANA (F. Muell,) Domi, This species was
wrangly included, gor the combmation had already heen validly published
by Domin: Preridephyte (1929) 263, ”

MORE WINTER SHRUBS AND ATTRACTIVE WILDFLOWERS

There are a few additions that Y would like to make to the list of
"Victonan Wilddowers” which provide outstariding displays (Pict Nat,
December, 1952), The first of these are the Tall Sun-orchid ( Thelyonitre
medic) and the Great Sun-orehid (7. grondifiara), both of which may graw
tow height of about thitty inches, Recentty, I counted twenty-six individual
flowers on a Tall San-orchid, and one can imagine nothing more beautiful
than its attractive colouring and stately digmty.

Some of our other blue wildflowers wiich are worth special comment
hecause of their massed displays ducing spring and early summer are
Bluebells (Madlenbergta gracilis), Pincushions (Srtmonia australis), and
Blue Dampicra (0, stricta).

A further list of native plants which flower during the winter months
muy be of interest. (See “Winter Flowering Shrubs", Piet. Nat, 09; 3—
July, 1952.)

To the Jist of those which flower throughout the winler may be added
stveral species of Correa including fadcholie with its salmen bells, a hybrid
Correa with all-red flowers, and various forms of Correa ribra; while the
Dotted Heath-myrtle (Thryptomene saxicola) and Fuchsia Weath (Epacris
fongiflora) flower at intervals throughout the year. Rock Isotome (/- aril-
faris) flowers continuously bet is Gest iteated as an annual.

Other native plants which helped to brighten our garden during the
winter months included the Red-flowered Tea-tree (Leptaspermum scopa-
rim fambethi), Showy Bavera (8. sesslhfere), Grlden Grevillea ((.
chrysophaca), and Common Hoves (7, heterophylla).

Although Hakea faurina was one of rhe few native plants te welcome
Winter with a show of bloom, tere were many which flowered late im
that season and greeted spring with a floral display. These ineludet Wiry
Bauera (8. rnudiowdes), a purple Coral Pea (Hardenbergia comptaniana),
Tadige (ladigafero australis), Eutaxta (2.' rmcrophylley, Spike Wattle
(Acacia oxycedrus), Varnish Wattle (Acacia vernicifina), and the Darling
Pea (Stwarinsona procuntbens).

—A. E. Brooks,

oom The WVretorian Nafurgirst It

MOUNTAIN MINIATURES, No. 2
By H.C, E. Stewany, MeSbourne

Mr, W.G, Chandler, Forestry Officer of the State Electriaty Commission
of Vicharia, has cotnpiled a chart of "Eucalypts occurring in the Wan
e2ratta-Bright-Bogong Arca." ‘Twenty-four species are tabulated ta accord
with the arrangement serials of W. F. Biakely's Key to the Eueatyate, and,
besides line sketches of rhe buds and fruits, clues are given tor tontification
and logation. A copy of the chart is available at the Mount Buffalo Chalet,
and, with the Buffalo species, visitors are afforded a helpful service. dis-
pelling much af the confusion that prevails with the eucalypts there, as else=
where For instance, Mr. Chandler records the occutrente of Candicbarks
CE. ralnda) around the Chalet. The noa-expert experiences dileuky in the
held separatine the Candlebark from its close ally, the variable Broad-leayed
Kindlinghark (E. dalrympleaua), the predeminant tree in the vieutity. The
chart etummerates clearly the morphological differenecs,

Doring a week spent on the mauntain late in Jandary 1952, visitors re
marked on the peerless beauty of the Candlebarks seen along the road wp the
Mount continuously from about faur-roje ta above fifteen-mile. IT have
never krown these trees to preseitt 30 striking @ conttast With the new bark
in white and pale chrome oplourings against the vivid grecn foliage The
uld hark had decorticsted evenly in long strips, imparting to the tall sleniter
rrunks the apt yeriacwiar of Candlebarks. Freedom: from fire since 1939,
and a sudden spel] of warm weather following a late winter seasan of snow
and frests, were possibly 2wo factars impelling the new bark to show up
cleanly aid uniformly. Sisnilav influences, too,seem to have been at work
an the boles of the few magnificent White Brittle Guins {£, amuewlaaw)
afoul Mackay’s Lookout, at twelve-mile. In these the old bark, except on
the lower trunks, had come off in flakes, giylog momtléd effects in delicate
tones of grey and white Curiously, the few Jofty Candleharks ou the
eranite at Beut's Lookout, 4,500 feet, showed the burnished trick-red holes
and main branches, typical of muabide.

“Of the cwo. Poppermints common in the locality, Ms, Chandler cites the
Broad-leaved Peppermint (E. dives). as found up ta the clever-mile pcg
on the maio road, an cleyation of just under 3,000 fect. This Peppermint
possesses compact fibrous basis on the stera and well out on the mani
brariches, fealures referred 1a in Blakely’s Key. On a previous vistt, just
two years ago, Mr, Frank Hobsors, then park ranger, directed my altentiun to
lwo matuce examples af Peppermint, since verificd as £. ives, One, at the
side of the road about eighteen-mile, directly below the torth-east section
af the Chalet, 1s marked with the elevation sign of 4,500 iect, The other
stands a few yards away and nearer to the edge of the Gorge. Further
amaller specimens are dotted eparsely along the trucks ending to Reed's and
Mattheld’s Loukouts. Thos &. dimer occasionally advances its narmal range
to well above the snow line, a tendency noted in other igh alymeé situations.

An interesting rodiscovery made on the Plateau earhy in January 1950
was Loganie floribunda The ringing call of a Pilot bird, followed hy a
momentary glimpse of it disappearing into the undergrowth, caused me to
peer into the bushes, when a plant hearmg fruit was scen, A day or 30
later another busly, in Aower, was found by Mr. E. FE, Lord, on the exactly
opposite side of the teack where it merges into the inner Gorge, averloolcinyg
the Crystal Brook Falls. The spot ts a short distance {rm the camp site of
the first official excursion of Club members i December, 1905, Tho species
was 01 tecorded then, nor cam any printed imention be ascertained since,
Cherk ar the National Herbarium, Melbourne, discloses that Baron yawn
Mueller found the speces au his visit to'the Buffulo in (859! Further
mecurcences of the plant haye sinpe been noted lower down at Mackay's
Lookout, 3.100 feet.

12 The Virtertan Naturalis! Vol, 70

ALFRED PARK
An East Gippsland National Reserve
By N. A. Wakeriku

Just over three hundred miles east oF Melbourne, the Princes
Highway rans through one of Victoria's finest National Parks,
But few who pass there know it as such. Some see the sign,
“MT. DRUMMER, 1,184 FEET”, they note the tropical aspect
of the vegetation, and perhaps pause to take in the rather fine
panoramas away to the south and the east. But most motorists
cdncentrate on the winding road witli its numerous blind bends.
and no doubt regard the mountain as just another delay as they
hasten an for more civilized parts.

May we, then, introduce this delightful little spot to the
ivayeller, with the suggestion that he at Jeast stops at the Spring
to drink in the delicious mountain air with its aroma of musk and
hlanket-leai; or maybe to boil the billy at the fireplace there, and
eel the peace and serenity of the place as he partukes of bis
hunch ?

The first chapter in Lhe story of Mount Drunnner is almost
lost in the obscurity of the past. A hundred years ago, the original
dlray-track from Genoa ro Cann River crossed the spit same
miles ta the north of the present highway. In those days there
were a few cattle runs in the Genoa distriet, and the Cann Valley
was used as an auxiliary to one of them. One day, as a team was
labouring across the range, one of the bullocks—named “The
Drummer"'—put its head on the wrong side of a stall tree. Its
sieck was broken, but in losing its life, the victim: attained immor-
tality, for the scene of the accident was known thereafter as “The
Drummer’s Mountain”-

About thirty years ago, the Cann-Genoa sectign of the Princes
Highway was opened. and from then until the present day,
niatorists have passed through the pocket of jungle which is now
pact of the National Park,

It was not Jong before official notice was taken of this stray
patch of subtropical rain-forest; for in 1924, the Wield Naturalists
Club of Victoria made representation to. the Lands Departmentr.
with the result that, by 1926, a 5,400-acre tract about Mout
Drummer was surveyed and reserved. The Minister for Lands at
that time was the Hon, Alfred Downward, M.1.A., and his
christian name provided the title for the new National Park.

Those who pause on the road to look down across the main
jungle hallow, are at once impressed by the remarkable dif-
ference between the two types of forest, The general vegetation
of the district is a dense growth of Eucalyptus of a dozen different

May, 1953

NATURALIST

VICTORIAN

THE

Piate I[1

N. A. Wakefield.
Park.

Phate:

National

Alfred

Lilly-Pilly and Jaana in the

Massive Water-Vine supporting Jungle Pulypody ancl
Lilly-Pilly tree with Creeping Wood-fern at its base.

Photos: N. A. Wakefield.
Skirted Treefern at Mount Drummer.

.

i a Pe

pe No AL WaREFIELD, Alfred Park 13

species, with many wattles and other shrubs, as well as a medley
of smaller herbage. But here this country gives place, in a few -
yards, across an amazingly clear-cut line of demarkation, to a
massed tangle of creepers, shttibs and trees of an entirely different
set,

One cant be in the open forest one moment, confronting the
Jungle wall, and then push through this curtain into a world
apart. The change is startling in its suddenness—the foliage is
now many feet overhead, shutting out all direct sunlight; and one
is knee-deep in niassed ferns, with pillared tree-trunks and fes-
toons of “monkey-ropes” in hetween,

Before those devastating bush fires of carly 1939, there was,
up the mountain-side above the road, a spectacular wall of trees
and creepers, with the crimson flame of waratahs each spring-
time, Most of this was destroyed, and is now replaced by a dense
growth, mainly Blanket-leaf, pretty enough i its way, bnt nothing
like the glory that was,

Beneath a road culvert ows the ‘Spring'—a mere trickle of
water, but never dry; and nearby, Country Roads Board employees
have constructed a substantial Areplace. A few yards wway is the
habitat of the Violet Nightshade, which has not been found else-
where in Victoria, . .

Below the edge of the highway, there is an almost impenetrable
harrier of secondary growth, the appearance of whicli is sufficient
to damp the ardour of any but the most enthusiastic explorer.
Tree-ferns, “Musk and ‘Hazel’ form a bulwark for various
creepers as well as the native Moluecca Bramble, and, unfor-
tunately, quite an amount of the introduced Blackberry, too. But
there is no need to be daunted, for once a path is negotiated
through this few Jeet of scrub, the going is quite easy, and one
may spend a very pleasant hour or so exploring this remarkable
underworld af fern and creeper,

All the eucalypts have remained behind in the open forest, to
be replaced here by large Blackwood and Lilly-Pilly trees. To
these the massive Water Vine clings, trailing its thick stems as
though tied in knots by some giant hand. Musk Daisy-bush and
Blanket-leaf are the main tree-shrubs, competing jor place with
hundreds of fronded pillars of the Rough Tree-fern. With all
this foliage away overhead, one walks through masses of ground
ferns. The Creeping Wood-fern is the most plentiful, growing
literally by acres; and yet this spot is its furthest penetration inta
Victoria!

Further down is the attractive Bolwarra with its large shining
neatly arrayed leaves, and scares of Prickly Tree-ferns whose
fronds will tear a person’s clothes—just as blackberries do, On

+

Viet, Wet,
4 NO A, Warnricen, 4Ured Park Val. 10

the trunks of the Tree-ferns arc clumps of the delicate little
Jungle Bristle-fern and two diminutive spectes of Fern-Clubmoss,
all af which are botanical rarities, at least as far as Victoria ts
concerned,

Now and again, often where a great tree has fallen to drag a
gap in the ceiling of foliage, a patch of sunlight strikes through.
Then the ground ferns harden and adopt a yellowish hue, and
other species appear. There may be the tiered fronds of the
Spreading Fan-fern, or the cak-like Bat's-wing Fern; and masses
of Stalked Doubah climb in a riot over everything,

Along the creek fed by the spring, at the bottom of the gully,
grow the giant Kanooka trees, their enormous buttressed trunks
clothed with Filiny Ferns and mosses, and the vast spreading limbs
massed with Kangaroo Fern and curtained with the beautifal
Weeping Spleenwort. One of these massive trees supports no
fewer than four of the large jungle lianas—Water Vine, Doubah,
Morinda and Big-leaf Vine, their foliage lost to sight a hundred
feet overhead

Here the Soft Tree-fern predominates, its bowl a perch for
innumerable epiphyhe ferns and the soft-leaved Fieldia. But there
are also its two rare cousins, the Slender Tree-fern and the
Skirted Trec-fern. The latter was unknown to science until it
was discovered at Mount Drummer in 1940. and has never been
found outside Victoria. A huge plant with a crown usually well
over thirty feet across, this Skirted Tree-fern grows in a few
Gippsland gullies, and has been located, too, in the Otway Ranges.

In the wet gully bottom the Gippsland Waratah grows to per-
fection, often to a height of thirty or forty feet. In fact, one which
had fallen proved to have been 62 feet in height, and the trunk
was over a foot thick. Hundreds of great blood-red blossoms and
the large attractive leaves make it one of Australia’s show-pieces.

And so one may wander about in this wonderland of plants
to his heart’s content. No great distance is covered, for progress
is very siow, not through difficulty, but simply because of the
endless succession of nooks and corners to be explored, and
beauties and wonders to he investigated.

Every now and again a vehicle hums past along the road a
hundred yards or so above, but otherwise there is an eerie feeling
of unreality. Perhaps what creates the impression is the semi-
darkness of the place and those huge fantastically twisted monkey-
topes,

Back up on the road once again, in the bright sunlight, walking
along to where the car is waiting, one carries for a while a vague
feeling, difficult to define—a peculiar subdued sensation of the
magnitude of Nature's handiwork, and the riot of sizes and shapes
down there in the gloomy seclusion of the jungle,

send N_ A, Wakrrietn, Alfred Porie 18

Sunanery of Plants mentored:

Common Filmy-Fern -. .. .. -. Hymenophyltum cupressiforme
Jingle Bristle-Fern .. 2.2 2, 2. 2.) 2.) Maeraylena ecaudata
Rough Treefem -2 .. -. © eee, 6 i, ) CO yathed anstralry
Prickiy Treefern .. 2. -- 02 u. 0. = Cyathea loichhardtiana
Skirted Trecfern - woe ee ue ee ee OC Yathor smarcescens
Soft Treeférn .. .. .. - . os Dickson antarctica
Spreading Fan-Fern ,. ., 6, 6) ce 4, 2s “Sheherus lobatus
Creeping Wood-Fern .. 0.06. 0. ©. 2... Dryopteris tenera
Weeping Spleenwort 2 22. wk, Asblenium flacctdum
Jungle Potypody . 6.) 0. ae Palypodiven pirstelatune
Kangaroo Fern, .- -. 5. -- ee Palypodinn diversifohum
Tiny Fetn-Clubmuss .. 0.0 2. cee ee oe PL omesipterts parvir
Blunt Fern-Clubmass 2. 6. 6. ue ce aa) 1 ntesipterts ovate
Gippsland Waratah .. ee ee ee ue ee a Paloper oreades
Big-leaf Vine ., ou. ewe we ee Sarcopetahon Aarveyanuny
Molucea Bramble .. .. - 2.2 -. 2. 0. a.) Ratbuts Iithi
Blackwood 2. 2. 6, we eee ee Acacia melanoaylan
Bolwarra thoes th ee ee te ee a ae) =Bepomehia fanrine
Water Vine 2. a. we ee ee Chistes Aeppoglarce
Litly-Pilly 22 2 eo uk ee ey) Aeterna smttthit
Kanooka 2. gy ee ee ee ee ne ee ee Fristania lanring
Stalked Dowhah - 2 22 2. 2. -. 2. 2. Marsdenta rostrate
Gieldia .. une ce ee ee ce ey te Feelin auestvatis
Violet Nightshade ~. 6) 6. ge ee ow Sten winlucennr
jasmin Morinda .. -. 2. -. .. 2...) 2. Morinda sasminoides
Musk Daisy-bush .- .. 4. -- 0. 2.) ,,) Olearin argophytte
Rlanket-leaf gw, tee yu Bedfordia sabhicina

*These species, and also Avpoleprs suuellevi, constitute a group of five
recently described Preridopbytes whose type specintens came from the
Alfred National Park.

NATURALISTS’ NOTE-BOOK

(Space will be available here each month for you to record your obser-
vations, nates ated queries me connection with axpects of Natural History.
Share your opinions with others and make the “NoteBook” a source ol

interest —Editor )
“KRAKATOA

lt is reported that this island is agai in eruption (1952), In the eruption
of 1883 “this forest-clad istand was converted into a lifeless desert of laval
ashes varying from 90 to 200 {eet in thickness. Not a vestige of soil could
he traced on the island. Very soon bipe-green algae covered the-barren
waste and began to prepare the way for lichens and suchlike plants nf
simple type; then mosses appeared. Three years later a few ferns esiab-
lished themselves, ta be followed soon by more fems and platits of larger
growth, In fifty years 4 new soil had been developed and the island re-
clothed with forest."—from Continnons Creation, hy Wilfred Branhetd, with
ittroduction by Professor Frederic -Woad-Jones, ree

THE LARK’S NEST

“The meadow had remained empty since, the previous summer; even
the grass i the gateway jeading to the next field showed to éign of
having been disturbed. Thirty feet from the gateway a pair of larks were
nesting, and I was dismayed to see a herd of cows walk across the field
to the gateway, lurch through if and stride towards the hidden nest. Just
as ] expected to see the two Jeading cows, still in close column, trample
over ite nest, a lark rose in the air, its wings almost brushing the muzzle

16 Naturalists’ Note-Book Ye pro

of ane cow, In their surprise, the leaders swung to left and right, and their
followers, too, went round and not over the nest. I did wot see the cattle
teturn that afternoon, but vext morning, after milkifg, the same thing
happened: the lark flew up and diverted the cows. In a few days they
had worn paths that curved outwards heyond the gate, leaving 2 shield of
wmitrampled grass where the nest was hidden."--Russer Barr, Somerset.
From The Countryman, Summer, 1951.
—J. W. Rar

MOUNT ELIZA IN SUMMERTIME

Tt was, im truth, the last day of Pebruary and thus of summer when
last I visited Mount Ediza, It seemed to me interesting to find what this
ares, so rich in Rowers during the more favourable seasons, had to offer
in the Jate starunertime,

Hyacinth Orchids were the main attraction, many of them at the peak
af perfection and adding bright touches of colour among the more sombre
widergeowth. There were pink atid white spikes of Coimmon Heath on
the hillsides, but whether these were very early or very late I was quite
unable ta say. Wiry Buttons, Bluehells (Waldenbergia constumlis), and
Anstral Centaury added other touches of colour, and the silvery grey of
juvenile cucalypt leaves provided still more variety.

The panoramic views were as wonderful as ever. In different directions
Port Phillip and Westernpert Bays, and places as far distant as the You
Yaugs and the Strezlecki Ranges, the blue Dandenongs, French Istand
and Arthur's Seat presented colourful pictures framed by cucalypts of
varied greens, _

J saw no black wallaby as I had on other occasions, but although ihe
crest of the range lacked its June display of Commoiy Heath, the Novernber
Sun-orchids and its glorious springtime show, it was still well worth a
visit during this off-season —A.£.B.

AUSTRALIAN SHRUBS NEEDED FOR WATTLE PARK

Banera sessiliftora, Beanfortia sparsa, Callistemon specrasus, Callisteman
citrinns (Clanceolatus), Galothammus villosus, Cvratataria, Ertostemon
utvoporaides, Grevillea lawanditlacea, Grewitica tinearts, Grevillea hookeriana,
Grewillea olcoides dimortha, Hibiscus Auegeli, Kunsca sericea, Lepto-
sherman “lawbethit"”, Leptospernme scopariun grandiflora, Melaleuca
steed and Prostonthera ovulifalam—L each.

Carrea reflexa ribira, Epacris Jongifiora, Crowea saligna (Eriostemon
crowei), Hoven clliptica, Micromyrins, Prastanthera rotundifolta rasca and
Srarinsona galegifoliut red—several each.

' E. E. Lown
WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN

General Excursions:

Sunday, May 17—Menztes Creek. Subject! Fungi. Leadors: Botaay Group
Take 8.45. Upper Ferntree Gully train, ther Clematis bus to Menzirs
Creek, Bring unt meal.

Saturday, May 23—Sydewlam Wildflower Sanetuary weeding Jay. Take
$38 St, Alba's train from Flinders Strect, then by private cars.
Bring one meal.

Saturday, June 6—Botanic Gardens, Subjects Winter Vistas, Leader’ H.
Stewart, Meet at William Tell rest house by 2790 p.m,

Group Fixtures:

Tuesday, June 2—Geology Discussion Group, Mect at Russel] Street
entrance of Nationa) Museum, 7.30 p.m.

(Botany Group in recess during renovations of Royal Saciety’s Hall)

Kernera Atkins, Excursions Secretaey,

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 7o—No, 2 JUNE 4, 1953 No. 834

PROCEEDINGS

'The General Meeting at the National Herharium was held on
May 11, with Dr. Chattaway presiding and over one hundred
metubers anc visitors in attendance. Seven new members were
clected: Messrs, Wallace and Thurbon as Ordinary Members,
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas as Joint Members, Mr. Lincoln and Miss
Brady as Country Members, and Miss Bowker as Junior Country
Memher.

Dr. Chattaway then delivered the Presidential Address, which
took the forin of a well illustrated discourse on the structure of
eucalyptus bark. This demonstrated the research upon which Dr,
Chattaway has been engaged during the past two years for the
Forest Products Division of the C.3.J.R-O. The general ground
covered in the address may be read elsewhere in this issue. Many
rhembers asked questicns, and Mr. Willis and Mr. Baker proposed

1 vote of thanks on behalf of the Club,

A letter was read from the “Victorian Photographic Society.
inviting metttbers to attend Miss Ina Watson's colour films on
Central Australia, at the Radio School on Friday, June 15.

It was reported that Club mail had been interfered with at the
Royal Society's Hall, so all mail should henceforth be sent direct
to office-bearers, and any case of suspected theft of mailed swb-
scriptions should be reported.

Correspondence was read frons Mr. Lord making a further
appeal for plants, or donations to purchase them, for Wattle Park.
Those needed were listed in the May Naturalist,

Best wishes were extended to Mrs, Fisch and her daughter
Anne, who are to visit Switzerland shortly.

‘The meeting adjourned at about 9.30 ym, for the Conversazione
and examination of exhibits.

NOMINATIONS FOR OFFICE-BEARERS

President .. .. .. -, .. .- ia Mr. A. A, Baker
Vice-Presidents 1. ,. - Professor Tavaer, Mr. Sarovitch
Secretary i i fee se vs ve Mt, FL. Lewis
Assistatir Secretary eens. [oe Awe Rn cen 9 af ” Miss T.. Kurth
Treasurer _- : Co ee ve ee er ee Dre WY Geroe
Assistant Treasurer ’ some . . .... Miss N, Fletcher
Editor .. .. hone ee ee ee ee ae cee Mer N. A. Wakefield
Assistant Editor Se ee be ee ty ee ee ee yy) Mr A. EL Brooks
Librarian |. _- wee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee. Mr. AL Burke
Assistant Librarian .. .. .. Ma - 4, +. Mr. R. Lee
Excursion Secretary ., .. ooo, Mr, K, Atkins
Council .. .. Messrs. A. W. "Burston, 'P "Fisch, RR. Jennjson,
ER, FE, Tord,

17

ii The Mietorien Naturalist Vol. 70

EXHIBITS AND NATURE NOTES AT MAY MEETING
Botony

Rare plants from eastern Victoraa—Mr, HW. Stewart. Schoeans imberins,
a rare Bog Rush, and Sossiava heterapkylla, a brilliant autamn Mlowerme
legume, béott) came from Sperm Whale Head. Paslydewm lanugitesun, the
“Woolly Water-lity”. which has bee collected but few times in Vietoria,
and Eriocanloe searioswm (“Pipewort’), « small marsh plant, were bath
frum the same paddock along the Priaces Highway near Fernbank. The
latter Lwo show remarkable net-like septate structure m the immer leaves
An ancainmon Conebush, Lropoqow unemonifoliny, way vollected at the
150-mile post along the railway Jine ovat Fernbank

Acoms of the Portuguese or Pity Gak-—Mr. G, Coghill, This species was
planted sume years ago, at Mr. Coghill's instigation, along Monomeilit
Avenue in Camberwell, which street is now said to be one of the showiest
ia the world.

Orchids grown jn pots—Mr, W, Williams. One nf these, Prorostytis
frawata, was in full bloom after a remarkably shoct pemod of ten days
fro when the shoot first appeared above Ue ground.

Water-bearing root of Mallee (Eucalyptus gricétis) from near Lron Knob,
South Australia—Mr. T. MWanks. About threequarters of a cup of gaod clicar
water was obtained from this, dripping slowly out over about 20 ounutes.

y

Quartz cyrstals replacing wood structure, uit brown coal from. Altona,
Victoria—Messrs. A. Baker and D, Jefirey, These cyrstals were former
Trem silleeous solutions from the surface, penetrating through the satids
above the brown coal Lied and saturating the wood. Precipitation of the
silica from the solutions gave rise Lo the crystals, as their growth removed
portions of the woody martrer, The layers across two of the specimens were
wfilling transverse cracks in the wood, caused wile the wood was bone
converted into lignite (brown coal}. The quarts crystals are mostly double-
pomted; that is, they have a pyramid formet at each end. The specimen
sparkled when moved in direct light, and the crystals could be seen under
the microscope.

GEOLOGY GROUP

The May meeting was held at the National Museum, 22 members and
visitors being present,

Repart—Mr. 7. A. Blackburn gave an account of a Group excursion to
The Boulevard, Essendon, where marine fossils were collected and the Older
Basalt observed.

Address—As Winess preyented the speaker for the evening fronr attending,
a talk on Eonco Swamp (near Rosebud, on the Nepean Penarsula) was
given by Me. E. D. Gill, New Zealanders studying the famaus moa swamp
at Pyramid Valley in the South Island requested] material from Bonev
Swamp for the putpost of examining more closely the ostracod Léninreythore
sicula, Mr, Gill therefore visited the swanip and by an auger hole on Drown's
Road proved the presence there of two formations, viz.: '

1, An upper black carbonaccous alluvigm with ameraus fossil snails,
ostracods (Limnicytere), and some diatoms (Synedre),

2. A lower yellowish non-carbonaceous highly calcareous sand with micro-
fossils, including diatoms (Synedra, Epithenma). Mr. N. B. Titdale has
studed the diatom flota Irom these beds,

Keble has reported wiarine beds from Icealities nearer the coast, which
proves am jticursia of the sea mm wot very dislatit times, and (he overlying
alluvium has developed since then,

Exhibi¢—(iold in quartz vein from Daylesford (polished section}, by

Mr. D, Jeffrey. A.A B
‘ AKER.

ie The Victorian Naturalist 19

A MYSTERY TREE
By Cras. Weir, J.P.. Blackburn.

It is just a Yellow Box tree standing amongst other stunted trees in sheep
country, but to the few who know it well it js a source of wonder,
Probably about the year 1855 it was
chapped down, leaving only a stump
about four feet high with a hollow
centre. However, the tree did not die,
but sent out a sprout which developed
into a strong sapling which gradually
spread around the stump and prew
into a fair-sized tree.

It was first pointed out to me by
an old schoolmate over forty years
ago. He told me that when a boy
he had noticed the attraction the tree
apparently held for birds arid insects,
and on inspection found that the hol-
low in the old stump inside the tree
was always full of water, even in the
hottest and driest of summers. I put
my hand into the hollow, and the
water was there. In the intervening
years T have visited the tree again
aml again and have always had the
same experience. It has therefore been
under observation for over sixty years.

Where does the water come from,
and how does it collect mside the
hallow? There is no water nearby;
the tree is growing in shallow gravelly
soil, with a hard reef a few feet below
the surface. The upper picture shows
the tree as it is today, In the “close-
up" the aperture is shown; part of
the old dead stump can be clearly
seen, and the hollow was, as always,
full ot water.

I would like some naturalist to
inspect this tree with the object of
salying its mystery, It would make
a pleasant day's outing, about twenty
miles beyand Bailarat, passing through
a district of much interest to geologists
and naturalists generally.

(Since the above was written, the Ballarat F.N.C. has been interested in
the “Mystery Tree”, and one of our Melbourne Club members has decided
to make the trip to inspect it—Editor.}

CORRECTION

Ref-—-NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN PTERIDOPHYTA (Vict. Nat,
70: 9)

The specimen referred to as of Cyathea marcescens {R. Melville No, 2821
& N.A.W.) was in fact of the somewhat similar C. cuaninghamii. Hence
the description of the indusium set out there does not apply to that of the
former species. N. A. WaKEFIELD.

20 The Victorian Naturalist Vol. 70

MYCOLOGICAL EXCURSION TO SHERBROOKE FOREST
By J. H. Wrunts

The Jast report of a Club outing devoted to fungi appeared in the
Naturalist of July 1948 (65: 69). Beenak had been the venue then (April
10); but as that excursion came at the end of a protracted dry spell, there
was little lo reward our long trip.

On May 2nd this year a party af two dozen members was apprehensive
of similar disappointment at Sherbrooke Forest where no substantial rain
had fallen for many weeks. However, Sherbrooke's perpetually damp ferny
dells yielded 60 species of the 240 higher kinds known from that area,

Excursionists entered the forest by Ferny Creek memurial gates, and the
first specimen collected was Mycecna cpipterygia—a grey-capped, yellow-
stemmed midget with odour suggesting cucumber. En roitte to the “falls”,
we seen found five other toadstools in this attractive genus, the more
colourful being blood-red Af. viscide-cruenta and peerless Af. interrupta
(“Pyxies’ Parasol’) of delicate blue—the former on fallen twigs and leaves,
the latter on moist logs. Commonest gilled-fungus was the little white
Lepiota parvennulata, and russet Lacearia faccafa was almost as numerous.
Not infrequent were two species each of Ritssula and I/ypholomea, viz. FR.
fepida (white form); R. cyanarantha, H. fuseinlare and Hy sublaterttinm,
The last species, in immature clumps against logs and stumps, was highly
decorative—dense clusters of dark brick-red buttons, flecked with white
and surmounting very shaggy whitish stems. A few isolated individuals
of the burnished violet Cortinarius subarcheri occasionally brightened the
humus, but its many vivid congeners were absent.

Except for a few indeterminate J{junenogasiracer, no member of the
intriguing puffball assemblage could be found. Coral fungi (Clavarita spp.)
were also scarce, the only two observed being C. cristata—in several forms,
from very crested and almost white to thick, rugulose, unbranched and
dark greyish—and the peppery, wood-inhabiting C. pyriduta. One mag-
nificent blue-green colony of the verdigris “cup fungus”, Chloresplenium
uerugtnosion, became an object of admiration on rotting branchwood; the
broken timber showed well the extent of invasion by its equally vivid,
concolorous mycelium.

After enjoying Junch in perfect sunny weather at the falls picnic ground,
we followed a scenic contour through pine plantations on the way down to
Terry's Hilt, Belgrave. The pines yielded a surprising harvest of that large.
introduced orange-zoned and edible Lactarius deliciosus, which was gathered
enthusiastically by several for gastronomic purposes (ht, it needs to be
fried in oil or fat, never stewed!}, An interesting experience was to stroll
through a stand of closely planted Douglas Fir, stepping from bright sunlight
inta a stygian gloom that was almost eerice—not a green plant or even
fungus relieved the sombre carpet of fallen needles,

Throughout the afternoon special attention was given to wood-destroying
types (Stercion, Fomes, Palyporus, Poria, Trametes, Coriolus, ete.), and
Mr. Neville Walters, mycologist from the C.S.1L.R.O, Forest Products
Division, secured a good “bag” for subsequent examination; he appealed
for assistance in collecting these pathogens and distributed leaflets among
members, with instructions on how to gather and annotate their specimens
[sec illustrated article, “Woud-destroying Fungi” by Mr. Walters in the
May number of Wild Life and Outdoors, pp. 423-430],

One very big, lethargic cranefly was bottled—a handsome white-spotted
insect of black and orange-brown (probably Scuimofes sp.) —but animal life
on the whole chose delitescence. Very few bird notes enlivened the air,
and lyrebirds were almost silent; a stray kookaburra, crimson rosella (“red
lory”) and yellow robins came to watch us at lunch, while from nearby
scrub we heard the shrill calls of a pilot-bird.

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Val, 70

Pare V

iN

for. Margaret M. Chattaway—F.N.C. President, 1952-53

Sane The Victorian Naturalist 21

THE STRUCTURE OF EUCALYPT BARK
(Substance of Presidential Address to the Club—May 11, 1953)
By MarGARET CHATTAWAY

In the course of an inyestigation of the bark of various eucalypt species,
it became clear that although from the days of Baron von Mueller the
genus Eucalyptus has been classified according to the appearance of the
bark, very little anatomical work had. been done on bark generally, and
practically none on that of the genus Eucalyphis, and it was therefore
considered that some information on the subject would be of general interest.

A few botanical terms must be used; they are defined below:

Epiderimis—the outermost protective layer of the young stem.

Corter—the outer layers of the young stem, forming the tissue between
the phloem and the epidermis.

Phloem—the product of cambial division towards the periphery of the
tree, considered as conducting the manufactured foodstuffs from the crown
of leaves.

Cuticle—the waterproof outer Iayer of the epidermis.

Perideym—the layers of cells which replace the epidermis in old stems;
it consists of the phellagen or cork cambium, an actively dividing layer
which cuts off layers of phelloderm on the inside and layers of phellem on
the outside of the stem.

Rhytideme—idlead tissue which has been cut off by the periderm.

Subenni—an impermeable substance which may be deposited within the
wall structure of the cells, or secreted and accumulated as a covering layer
outstde them.

As the term “bark”, which was originally applied only to the dead tissue
covering the stem, is loosely used in the non-technical sense of “everything
outside the cambium", the technical term “rhytidome” is preferred and will
be used for the dead tissue which has been cut off by the periderm.

The structural differences between xylem (wood) and phloem are due
not only to the different functions the tissues fulfil, but also to their different
positions in relation to cambial growth and the increase in girth of the
stem. In an actively growing tree the cambium has a twofold function to
perform. It not only contributes to the girth of the tree through tangential
divisions which add new cells to the xylem and phloem respectively, but it
also accommodates itself, and consequently the tissue it produces, to the
increasing girth. As this increase is on the outside of the xylem, the tissue
undergoes little extension after it has been formed, and secondary thickening
of the cell walls soon fixes it into a mould that does not alter much
throughout its life. Except for the formation of tyloses at the inner edge
of the sapwood, the cell pattern of the wood is fixed within a few millimetres
of the cambial layer, and no further growth of the wood cells occurs.

Such is not the case in the phloem, The cambial divisions, which are
sufficient to keep pace with the increasing perimeter on the inner edge of
the phloem, cannot have any effect at the point of greatest increase, which
is in the oldest layers of the phloem, on the outside of the stem, at the
farthest point from the actively growing cambium. The phloem is, there-
fore, under a constant tangential strain all its life, The cells of the
parenchyma and rays in the phloem remain alive and can undergo division
and enlargemeut until they are finally isolated by the formation of a
periderm which cuts them off from the food supply and catises their death
and the subsequent formation of rhytidome. ‘

The structure of the young stem is very uniform throughout the eucalypts,
the characteristic features of the mature trees developing when the stem
is four or five years old, or, in some species, the juvenile bark structure
being retained throughout the life of the tree, except for a purtion of variable
height at the base of the tree.

ig. 1—Cross-section of phloem of Excalyptus obliqua L’Herit
(& 350). The arrow on the left points towards the cambium.

¢. 3.—Suberin deposits sealing cracks in
the phellum of F. ausfratiana Bak. and
smith and &, regnats F.v.M. (xX 350).

NjINAG “AVAVLILVHS) “WV

y4vg WApoonsy fo oa

|

OL ‘IPA
VN "PIA

sane M. Cnarraway, Structure of Encalypt Bark 23

The young phloem (Fig. 1) is a very regular tissue consisting of sieve
tubes (a) and their companion cells (b), tanniniferows (¢) and erys-
talliferous (d) parenchyma, and bands or patches of fibres (e), The cortex
consists of tanniniferous parenchyma and contains a variable number of
oil glands towards the periphery. The epidermis, covered outside with a
thick layer of cuticle, at first keeps pace with the expanding girth of the
stem, the epidermal cells dividing by radial walls and the cuticle con-
tinuing to define the limits of the original cells (Fig 2).

As soon as the epidernal layer is stretched to its uttermost, the first
periderm forms, immediately underneath it, usually begioning under the
lenticels, This periderm is the pattern for all the subsequent ones and
consists of a phellogeti (Fig. 3a) which produces a variable number ot
layers of thick-walled lignified cells with all the thickening on the inner
tangential wall (b) interspersed with a variable tiumber of suberised layers.
the cells of which are, at first, thin-walled. bet which later acquire an
inner lignified layer which may fill most of the cell (c}. As the stram of
grawth becomes greater this layer ruptures, but the break is quickly made
good by the seeretion of suberin by the outer cortical layer (d). These
deposits may be so great that they give the appearance in cross sections of
a tew epidermis, where the broken periderm has fallen away. The suberin
seal is nat sufficient us a permanent outer covering and new periderms form
deeper and deeper into the cortex till the whole cortex Jas been cut aff
and the periderms form in the phlocm itself. It ig at this stage that the
different types of rhytidome associated with the various groups of eucalypts
hegin to develop,

In the gums, which have smooth white ur greyish trunks, the rhytidome
is shed in the Jater summer and carly autumn, Jeaving the stem always in
the juvenile state, covered by only one periderm which is kept impermeable
as the year gocs on, by the development of suberin deposits under the newly
formed cracks.

The stringybarks, which are covered hy a very thick loose bark which
is never shed, but only warn away gradually by abrasion, hive a phelloderm
five to six cells wide inside the phellagen. The phellum is in its early
slages very similar tu that of the gums. Fhe characteristic of these trees
is the enlargement of the phloem parenchyma which takes place as cach
new periderm forms, causing the tissue between the new and old periderms
to become very loose and spongy. At the same time a tanyential band of
radially elongated cells forms in the phelloderm. These cells may enlarge
to many times their original size; they are usually thin-walled, but adhere
strongly together su that they are a conspicuous feature of the torn and
dry rhytidome on the very outside of the ald tree. They can be seen with
the naked eye as light tangential bands on cross surfaces uf the bark.

In the boxes and peppermints the young stems still have the characteristic
structure noted above, In older trees, lowever, the bark hecomes ruguse,
that is to say, wrinkled, and is perststent on the whole tree except the
young branches. The rhytidome is formed by the development of a number
of closely spaced periderms which may he many cells wide and are usually
without conspicuous thickenings on any of the cells. When the stem expands
with the growth of the tree the stretching causes the phloem and ray
parenchyma to expand, and the living evils divide so that the mature bark
consists of alternating wedges of phloem and parenchyma. The phloem
wedges taper towards the periderm and the parenchymal wedges towards
the cambium. In peppermint and in thy hing-leayed box, oil glands develop
in the parenchyma wedges.

Yet another type of bark is developed in red ironbark. the hard, Black,
furrowed rhytidome differing from all the ether barks cxamined, in the
presence of large pockets of kino. As soon as the smooth twig begins to
give place to the rough-barked stem, which in its turn grows into the

24 M. Cuattaway, Structure of Eucalypt Bark ‘ee Ay
flanged and furrowed trunk, the periderms begin to be discontinuous, becom-
ing rugged and broken, interrupted by the development of extensive kino
deposits which appear to come from the disintegration of the phloem tissue
itself. In the young stems these cavities are bounded by many layered

TT
:

z
wa
o
=_
wi
>

4S0))

=
2
ns
4
a
v
—s

2.—Cross-section of cortex of Eucalyptus gigantea Hook

Progressiv es

tex and epidermis (*

Fig.

periderms, which are similar to those of the younger stems of this and
other species of eucalypt. In still older bark the kino pockets are much
more extensive and may burst the confines of the periderms, remains of
which may be found here and there around their peripheries. The cohesion

eta M, Crrarraway, Stricture of Enentypt fark 25

of the bark of red jfanbark into a hard mass is due to this taypregnation
with kino, which burdens on exposure ta the air. The deep furrows, which
are cuch a feature of (ronbarks, begin to form early, when the young stem
expands, and the phloem pacenchyma and tay cells divide to form wedges
of jarge-celled tissue, As the surrounding tissue becomes hard and rigsd
these wedges form weak places that give way very easily under the strain
bf expanding girth amt consequently are the site of further cracking. These
wedges of large-celled Ussue are sinuilar to those observed in the boxes and
penperntints, hut the greater rigidity and cohesion of the dead tirytidonic
iu the ironbark ensures that the cracks always occur in the same place, and
that little bark is Lost through abrasion. In the boxes and péeppermints there
is a certain amount of “pive’ in the sirrounding tssue, and the cracks are
not always in the «ame place The trunks of such trees are a network of
small fissures instead of the fewer deep furrows of the ironbark,

It is possible that 17 more were Inown ahuut the structure of bark another
feature might be added to those which help in the identification of eucalypes.
Bark is more accessible than wool and sufficient for exanvination can be
taken off the outside of a tree without cansing damage to the timber, or
permanent tisfigurement to the tree. Unfortunately the details of structure
are not ay easily seen wittl a pelikinfe and band lens as are those of the
wood. Tt is atten difheult to get a clean surface without embedding rhe
bark in wax or celuidin, and gyen then the cuteing requires a very sharp
knife, But (here is alresdy sume evidence that a survey of the barks of the
ifferent cucalytts is likely to help establish relauonships and to assist in
the separation of species which Nave very few distinguishing features in
the wood.

(Reprinted from the Porcst Products Newsletter, No, 190, 1952.)

A NEGLECTED TREE—BLACKWOOD WATTLE
(Acacia melanogsyloit)
By (rhe late) James Ranctoyxt

{ should fike te sex the Blackwood planted more freely m this State. Iv
has many qualifications for planting—uniform growth, evergreen dense
foliage, disease and drought resistance. It forms a beautilul ornamental tree,
and, Being hacdy, will accommadate itself to any soil. Tt is a deep roster and
urass tan be grown quite close to the irunk. Although the majority of wcatras
are short-lived and cannot be recommended for street planung, the Blackwood
is un exception and is planted in Jarge numbers in the U.S.A. and other
coitus The Blackwood is most suitable for cooler localitles and should
be given @ fair tral, Unfortunately, in this country, it has not received the
attention it deserves and few speciqiens are ta be seen in our parks and along
our highways. Qne reason for its scarcity is the slowness of its growth in
the early staves, but whed fully grown at forms a goud-sized evergreen tren
of pyramidal shape and dense Toliage, and T have s¢en quite a large number
of trees of 20-30 years old, perfectly untiorym jn shape.

The Rowers are round and creamy white, on stalks over half an inch Tong,
am short racemes af 3-5 Hower heads; the sced pods are a reddish-brown and
hang on the trees for months. [t can be classed as a superior indigenous
tree, and by far the best ul the Wattle family for parks and for planting on
the highways. Toth iar beauty, shade and utility the Blackwood could become’
an Ornament to thea,

It alsa produces an excellent timber, often with fine fiddleback figure, that
ean be used tor furniture, rad and tramears, boat-building, dstliard tables,
piany furniture, and many other ornamental uses such as. yeneers, for which
its Capacity to take 4 fine polist especialty fits it.

*Since whis note was, accepted fer publicanon the eoth of Dr, Railton has beee
=nnvanced,—Ed, r

35 The Victorian Naturalist Vol. 70

PRECOCIOUS LEMON SEEDS
By Tareton Ravment

The author is optimistic, perhaps simple enough to belieye that a mere
lemon-flower possess a world of interest for the true nature-lover. It is
essential for the successiul germination of certain seeds that they hecame
thorotighly dried out before they are sown, Table peas, for example, belong
to that class, for if they be planted in rheir soft green state the percentage

sory TabLtow Rayment, Precoctous Lemon Seeds 27

germinating will be very low indeed. Lemons do net, however, require to
pass through such a "resting phase, for the geeen "pips will sprout
rigorously even While the yellow fruit ic still hanging on the qrec.

At Toorak, three miles east of Melbourne, in the garden of our irend
Lynette Yoong, there is a flourishing lemon: tree, and on many occasiotts
well developed fruits haye been picked in Which several "pipe had already
developed a lone, strong radiclo—a few were showing the twa grecn
eatyledons| iideed, one testa contuned two embryonic plauts, Should the
embryonic plants be allowed to remain in the Fruit, they are soon. destroyed
by moulds

hi 1950, Miss Youhe planted one of the precocious seeds in a flower-port,
and it bas grown so vigorously that the yeung plant is now. ready te he
transplanjed to a permanent site. Lt will be interesting to study its future
progress.

The atalor asked Miss Young to preserve for hinn any other growing
seeds she injght discover, and on March 28, 1953, another geavid fruit was
found in which sever seeds were germinaimg, The largest radicle avis
prasly two inches in length, but several slages of growth were represenled,
and the drawings were made fram the actial seeds before they were planted
im a pol.

On examining the tree. the author found that it was bearing two types
of flowers.. The ordinary blossom had Ave petals and 38 stamieis) the
other kind had mine petals, with 23 stamens surrounding the green stigma.
It was observed is the latter fiawers that the filaments were frequently
fasciated for their entire length, and at the apex there was (he merest
yellow line and not a true pollet-producing anther, Tn the fve-petal iype
the stamens gre partially fasciated on the hasal half

It was observed, toa, that the broad fasciwed stamens exhibited many
oiledots, similar to those in the petals, demonstrating that such broad forts
ure tending to become petals, for there are no ofl-dots in the normal,atamens
Both kinds of Fowers pradiice fruits that appear io be normal, and the
wuthor 15 marking a few of the Aawers to ascertayn whether or nat Ht is
the ming-petal Mowers that produce the precocious seeds,

OF course, the geven leaves too wre covered with ail-dots, for the citrus
jamily, Rutaceae, ig famous for its etherial oils yielding delicate periumes.
The family contains such plants as orange, Boronnr, Eriostemon, Corres,
Pailotheca, Phebaliton and others.

Explaxatton of Pioie’ |—The attractive soented white bud of the lemon
flower is suffused with ameiliyst colour. 2—The normal flower has fire
petals and 38 stumens. 3—The nine-pecal form with its 28 stamens. 4—
Lateral view of the fiye-petal flower, Bot); kinds are sweetly scentec.
5—The gree calyx with its five tiny sepals. G—The green stigma at the
apex of the white style (the pistil) is viscid, and so holds the pollen-graius
from blowing away. ?—The tormal stamen is white, end bears 2 golden
unther, Rthe broad fasciated atamens praduce no pollen. ¢- The empty
and effete anther turns and twists upon itself. 10—Some of the elliptical
pollen-graius are white; others are golden avith ail. “|A" has a pollen-tube
emerging, 11—The emipty testa or seecl-shell is tough and yellow, 12—The
testa splits open, 13—And soo after the stout radicle emerges, 14—And
continues to lengthen, 15—Until a tenuous root "haie” appears, 1h—Portion
of one of the fasciated and aborted stamens, showing the numeraus oil-dots.
17—One of the seeds produced two embryouc plants. 18—One of the two
embryonic plints, showing the Jang white radccle and the pair of stout
green catyledons 19—Tlse small green fruit appears at the base of the
white pistil after the five stiff petals fall from the calyx. Tie atectary 14
indicated by the arraw. 20—Afier the petals fall, the nectaries can he seen
tasily.

28 . The @ietoyion Naturatist Val, 70

NOTES ON EAST GIPPSLAND ORCHIDS
By N. A. Wakerrreco

This subject was last dealt with im the Mic. Nat. of December 1950
(67; 1667, and some additional records and notes are nuw available to
bring tho hist up to dale. The aggrceate of East Gippstand orchid species
now stands at !17, ahd the three additional species af Fresophytiva: bcing
the total for that genus to 19, while the numbers of Picrostyts and Thely-
vutrea remain unchanged at 22 and 18 respectively.

Prosophythan parsflorwim (Fie. Nat. 37: 191, March 1941). A sohtary,
samewhat damaged specimen was found amongst Aawtherrhoca tastitts un
the wildfower sancwary at Marlo, (W, Hunter—Oet, 1951.) ;

Prosophytlwan arciert was growing abundantly ott the “Bare Rocks” above
Boutidary Creek, Wuledbmerang. Jt was aésocrated bt ure place with
Chileglottis refexa, and was otherwise here and there amongst the low
sparse ae growth which covers this remarkable rock outcrop. (N,AAV—
21.1.1983.) ;

Prasaphyllian anorrisit was observed growig abundauily on recently
burnt heathy flats and lew grayelly spurs, near the conflucace of Weelan
reer 31). the Upper Genoa River, just within Victoria. (N.A.W—
15.1,1953.

Caladenta pallida, though nsually in the highlands ai Fast Gippsland,
was Howerine well on an open forest spur at Mount Dyummer andl also
just within Victoria near the Upper Genoa River, in eacit locality at only
about 1,000 iget elevation. (NAW —12/13.1.1953.)

Chitaglottic coruvta (Syu C. mniellert) was found, growing as usual on
Dicksome trunks and in sedgy patches beside running water, in 2 jungly
gully an the south-east slope of Mount Ellery at abuut 4,000 fect elevation.
ON.A, W.—28.12.195])

Cryptostylis junteriana. Since the report made in December, 1950, the
kngwn range of the Purred Tonguc Orchid has been doubled by tts discovery
at two places east of the Cann Kiver, Meee were a few plants near the
Princes Highway at Reedy Creck, and over a score at Rotvle Creck by the
Tamboou Road. (N-A,W—Dee. 1951.) The habitat was, as usual, in the
Aanthorriwea hastifts-Carnartna poludosa association; and the flowenng
was repeated in January, 1950.

Tn January, (982, the writer moticed that a native bee was visiting, and
apparently pollenating, Prasophyliin oustrale, on a sedge flat near the
Thurra Raver: One particular bee visited several spikes of the orchid and
lad the complete potlaila of one Mower attached to its thorax. Me, Tarlton
Rayment later identified the bee as Exoneura hameulata, one of the Reed
Bees. (See Mic. Nat. 63: 65—July 1946.) [t was interesting to see that
Ulis particular insect restricted its attention to the Leek-Orchids, while all
the ather bees thers, presumably of the same species, were workmy the
fowering spikes of Xuothorrioea ainer. :

Al “Diggers Holes? on the Nunniong Plateais Plevastylis evenocephala
was flowering well on January 5, 1949 Fifteem miles south of that spot,
at Bentleys Plain, Eriochilus cucullaius was in full flower on Janvary 26,
1953. Both loc#litves arc in the snow country at aver 4,000 fect elevation,
and the two orchids—which flower in ihe fowlands in spring and autumn
respectively—bloom simultaneously in mid-summer at Nunuiong to avoid
the alpine snuws of there ajatmal seasons

BIRD PROTECTION

Country Lite (Dec. 12, 1952) motes that a hill will br introduced shortly
tn the British Parliament to resolve the present state of chacs and give
tinrds a protection that has in the past beet only theoretical, Members who

‘ash, Bird Protection 29

have been in England and recall the size of ‘the Englisle counties will
understand. how necessary slicly legislation ts, especialy when they lear
that nel only do the close. seasons for wild birds vary from ane country to
aliother, but that a bird may be protected iu one county and not in an
adjaining one. For example, i Rerkstire the little owl may be killed with
impunity, whereas in Buckinghamshire it may not. Wor betide the little
owl that gets off its course on a dark mght and inadvertently crosses the
county order!

What is now needed is tid only aniform legislation, but same means of
enforcing it. It is hoped that this will be provided im the new bill, and that,
reinforced by a grawing public opnion that no Jonger tolerates the robbing
of mests or the shooting of rariies—except with a camera, a happier day
may be it store for British birds,

May Australia soon fallow suit, even though the uniformity would have
te cover so much Jarger an area. and problems of enforcement wruld be
multiplied so many times.

M. M, Cnarraway.

WHIPSTICK ORCHIDS — TWO NEW RECORDS

Although the Tall Greenhacel (Prerestylis longifolia) and the Nodding
Greenhood (7. nutans) are common throughout Victoria, they were wot
jncluded in the tate D. J. Paton'’s census—“‘The Plants of the Whipsticl
Scrub, Bendigo” (Vict, Naf, 40: 10--Feb. 1924), nor were they recorded
by J. W. Audus or the Tate A. J. Tadgell who listed further Whipstick
specics,

Last July, hoth orchids were distovered near Lightning Hill on the
southero fringe of the Whipstick, cach in two different Incalities.

The Tall Greenhood, in both instances, was found aear Red Stringybark
irees (Anecelyptus imecrorriytcha), ond 1 am wondering if any other
aturalists have recorded an association between these two species.

The Nadditig Greenhaods were found in. the broken ground of old mine
workings which probably date back to fast Century. As this orchid tes
yet te be ivund m virgin ground iu the Whipstick areca, and as ite only
other otcutrence known to the writer in the Bendigo area as south of
One Tree Hill, about nine miles distant, could it be that PL aitans tb a
rectal miroduction to the Whipstick?

W._ Teery, Easlehawk.

PLANTING AT MARANOA GARDENS

Over 60 members and friends attended the Clab excursion on April 11,
and enjoyed the baliay autumn afternagn, The lack of flowers gave more
leisure to appreciate the varied foliage, looking particularly attractive despite
the dry late summer. The Chairman of the Committce for Beckett Park
and Matranua Gardens, Cr. August, welcomed the visitors ond thanked them
for their continued interest.

In view of the very dry season and the probability of continuance, the
Conunittce Hmited the number of plants, but about 60 were available, OF
special note were. Haken purpuren, Grevillea juniperina var. rubra, fros-
Jonthera cunvata, Grevillea resmarinfolia—the Hurstbridge form, Grevitira
sevicon—similar ta G. linearis but deeper in celowr and in flower throughout
the year, and trial seedlings from Miss I. Nethercote's beautiful Lepta~
spermum scopariwn. This was believed to be the result of crossing of
Leptospermaon lacvigalum and L. scoparia var. wichollti, but, af 30 secl-
lings, none haye shown any characteristic of L. focifgetirn.

Afternoon tea was provided by Maranoa Committee, The Club President,
Dr. Chattaway, bricfly thanked the Committer.

A. j. Swasy, Leader.

30 The Fictarian Naturalist Vol. 74

TWO NEW SPECIES CF TASMANIAN MOSSES
By G. G. K. Satwsuesy, Wairoa; NZ.

The two species, deserited below as new, ate founded on Tasmanian
specimens ii Rarjvay’s herbarium, collected by him and labelled respectively
“fricranum sp and “Bhadia arcueta Br. & Sch" The former moss is
closely allied to the widely distributed Dicranolome Billardiovi (Schwaegr.)
Par., bul has a strikingly different perichaetium, whilst Lid latter is entirety
distinct from Blinvdia mageNanica CM, (of which B. arewala is a synonym)
[t should be added that Mitten was the author af the last-named species.
aud that both J3. magellanter and 0. Sitinzdiers occur in Tasmania and
New Zealand The types of Wotl species are in my collection and in the
herbariuyy of the University of Tasmania, Hotart,

INCRANGLOMA PERICHAETIALE Sainsb spi toy

Sat robustum, dense caespitasum, oureum, Caules plerumague simplices,
ca. 5 cm. alti, apicibus cuspidatis, Folia 7-10 mm. longa, et 1:1- 3-3 mm
lata, ad apicern caulis conferta et leniter falcato-sccunda, avato-lanceoiata,
longe subwlata, valde concava, haut! plicala, apicem versus nonnurguam
obsolete denticulata, Casta angustissana (forma Leptodenvo), 25-30 mic,
Jata, amicem versus derso denticulatu, excurrens vel percurrens, Cellulae
clongatac, WMerassalad, parietsbus poresis, Ad marginem laminae angustissi-
mac, fimbuin angustum byalinumque insttuettés, cellulae alares magnac,
fuscae vel hyalinae. Perichactiuns Jovigstaeues ad thecam attingens, bracteis
convolutis tet subulam setaceam coittract?s. Seta ca. 1 cm. alea Theea ca.
2 nim. longa, sicca iicurva, suberectz, esirumosa, opercula langiraétri.
Peristomium generis. Spori ca, 18 mic

Hab.- On logs, Zeehan, Tasmania. Coll.: L. Rodway [(63a}—date vot
iven, Herb. Sainsbury, No, 16722 (TYPE)-

Apart froin the inordinately long periclhactium 1 can find nothing in this
plant to separate it fram ©. Bilfardien, at auy rate rf a broad view be taker
of that species; but the material is scanty and there may be differences that
have seaped me DB. calyeinwin Broth. & Par. from New Caledonia also
has a gteatly Jengthened perichaetium, but the leaf theré has a much
wider hyaline border which fs continued almost to the apex: the nerve is
twice as wide and the leaf oclls are shorter. In Rodway's "Tasmaiian
Bryophyta", Part 2 (Papers and Proc. Royal Sor. Tas. for 1912, p. 102)
le gives a var ongustinerve of D, Rillardiers a5 having the nerve very
uarcow, and the ‘seta “encased in the perichaetials to or almost ta the
capsule’, and he goes on to say that this plant is common, The variety is
perhaps intended to replace Mitten’s Dicranum anguetimerve which, though
founded on Tasmanian paternal, is not mentioned specifically in Rodway's-
work. This species was considered by Dixon (“Studies in the Breyology
of New Zealand’, Ne. 1, p 25) to be a synonym of J. Réllerdicri, It was
jtot described by Mitten as having 4 particularly jong perichactium, 2
striking Feature git which he could not have failed to camment, so T do not
think that it cun possibly be identical with Rodway's variety. There is nu
named specimen of the fatter in his herbariym which would seitle the
question whether or not the Zechan moss and the variety are fdentical;
and in such a highly critical genus ax 2zcranvloma the description given
is really not adequate for that perpose. In any event, the name used by
Rodway could nat be applied bo the mew species,

BLINDIA TASMANICA Sainsb. sp. or.

Ewblindia, Dioicz. Sat robusta, nigrescens. Caulis usque ad 4 em. altus.
simplex vel superie ramosys. Folla $-6 mim. longa, ficato-secunda, rigida,
foncaya, @€ basi anguste ovata sensim vel raptim an subulam Jomgissiman,

“tea] |G. OK, Sanspuny, Twa New Species af Tasmonian Mosses 31

‘

rigidam, integram, olfisam angustata, Costa robusta (cirea 150 mic. lata),
subulam omnine implens, Cellulae laminae 60-100 mic, longae, cirea
& ™ 1, sat incrassatae, haucd porosde; cellulae alares hau déiversac, Seta
circa 1 cm- alta, crassa, fere erecta Theca ea. 1 mm. fangs, pallide fusea,
cyathiformis, pachydermatica, Annulus male evolutus, Peristomti dentes
rubri, superne valde papillesi, ibi plerumque hifidi. Operculwn systylagin,
ange oblique rastratum. Calyptra cucullata, dd hasint theese proadueta.
Sport 28-32 mic, laeves, pallide virides,

Hob» Cradle Mauitain Tasmania. Coll,; Lo Reelway, Dec. $916, Herb.
Sainshury, No. 16549 (TYPE).

‘The long, solid arista recalls that of 8. contecta (A&W) C.M.; but
the leaves there are straight, the cells much shorter, and the capsule
inmmetsed. The operculuns whe dry is concave and shirivelled, as in
Trochobryiws, and its attachment toe the columella is a particularly striking
feature. This character is also exhibited in 8. Myer-Ureestt Barer. trom
New Guibea, but (hat 1 4 thee smaller plant with leaves weakiy ervert
aml highly differentisted alac cells, Mr, E, B. Bartran, who has kindly
examined the Tasmanian moss, confirms my opinioit that it is a new and
distinct ‘species.

LET'S HAVE MORE ALL-AUSTRALIAN GARDENS

"Maranoa” was preserved for the public through the Influence of sere
of our veteran members. Right through its development Liek| Naturalists
have been active with guidance and hard work. The future progress will
depend on our support. Members are requested to keep up their interest
aud to ensure that thei¢ iriendy are isitcoduced, The Camberwell Gry
Council] will be encouraged to spend more on the Gardens if they arc
visited by Jarge numbers, We must brmg the visitors:

"Maranoa” does not suit a great many of our best plants, li Melbourne
js to have the best possible representation, we must have supplementary
Zardens in the sandy loam and somewhere in the Dandenongs.

Cheltenham Park stems likely to provide the sand ares. A planning
committee is working under Moorabbin City Council, WW has heeuw agree
that the north-east partion shall be devoted to a garden oi the best small!
trees, shrubs acl smaller plants likely to succead in saud. All concerned
are emphatic an che condition that the infornal “bush” agyearance shall
be juaintained, with the indigenous plants of ihe area giving a foundation.

South of the garden aréa, many of the plants af the “red sand’ area suli
flourish, This section bas heen twarked for preservation as a "“primitive’
areca, The antly planting will he the restoration of species not now found
there,

While glans ave well advanced, iwo factors are vausing delay. Moarabbin
has a vast area of new homes with unmade streets, and money is simply
not there at present for developing the garden. Willully destructive
children exploit their nuisance value. Until money ts available, cither from
Cauneil or the State, the Catymittee will do what can be done by voluotary
helpers. The tendency to vandalism may be checked by a roster of an
pealary body to have someone supervising at week-ends and during

Oday s,

Here, Pield Naturalists can help Wf they live liandy to Chelteulram,
Cornmittee will be glad to have their assistance. Tl not. they may kiow
people dawn there, In any case, we can mention the matter wherever we
raay Be. The prospect of a garden in Cheltenham is too opportune far us bh}
et at gO.

Lastly, what can we do to get a garden Wy the Dandenones for iets anil
forest flora? That is for readers to discuss, The writer will be glad te
have suggestions.

A. J. Swapy-

42 The Vietortan Naturalist Vol, 70

NATURALISTS’ NOTE-BOOK

(This space is for your Natural History obser vatians, notes and guerias.)

AN ATTRACTIVE BIRD

The- black-daced cuckoo shrike (Coresina ttoyae-hollaitdige) with its
eoat nf light grey and its black head to form a striking Contrast must be
one of our most attractive birds. These birds are numerous in the area
between Sandringham and Cheltenham, probably because the golf links
Provide open spaces to their kine. They are fond of resting on the clec-
tricity wires, They have an undulating Hight and, after alighting, they fift
thete wings and then lower them into position again.

=AE.B.

EFFECT OF EXPLOSION AT DEER PARK

On Sunday, February =, when a large quantity of suspowder blew up
at Deer Park, I was at the salt marshes at Altona, some & to 10 miles
edistant. Av. this time of the year, large groups of wading birds gather there
before starting off on their long migration journey northwards, and hundreds
of duck and other waler birds arrive as summer heat drits up the shallower
waterholes in the surrounding country.

At the time of the explosion, about 4.20 p.m, we happened to be facing
towards Deer Park and saw the Jong column of smoke shoot up aud
“mushroom” at the top. After ati appreciable time, the sound waves reached
us as two dull “booms', Instantly the air was full of wheeling masses af
birds. (Our census figures for that day imdicated chat there were about
10,000 individual birds in the area, They kept generally iit sriall fools,
mostly each of the same species, thaugh some were mixed. There was
ove large flight of Sharp-tailed Sandpipers, a dense mass which wheeled
aid changed course in the inimitable fashion of that species.

They settled again after a short time, but for those few minutes it was
fascinating to watch the moving tapestry of flight pattern of the different
flocks and various speeds of flight, and to hear the air filled with the

r

sound of wings —I.M,W,

DWARF SUGAR GUMS

Although the recently developed Dwarf Sugarguin (Eucalyptus clodo-
catyse sone) has proved very successful in the dry interior, it is not so
suitable for planting near the coast or in areas of high hurnilivy,

Tt grows about twelve fect high and is guite bushy, but many specimens
on my property at Sandringham have been attacked by a fungus parasite
(Sphaeropsis malaria) which causes the condition known ag ''Biack
Rot™ or “Stem Canker” in apples and other trees. [t must therefore be
concluded that the Dwarf Sugargum should be planted in the areas whielt
atso sit the comment tall Sugarguen—A.E.B,

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
General Excursions:

Sunday, July 12—Sherbrooke Forest, Subject: Ieyre Birds. Leader; Miss
Tha Watson. Take £.45 am Upper Ferntree Gulty train, thea Olinda bus
te Memonal Gates. Enng ane meal.

Group Fixtures:

Tuesday, July 7—Geology Discvssion Group, Meet at Russel] Street
ttrance of National Museum, 7.30 p,m.

Kexnneru W. Atkins, Excursions Secretary.

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 7o— No. 3 JULY 9, 1953 Ne. 835

PROCEEDINGS .

The Annual General Meeting of the Club was held at the
National Herharium on Tuesday, June 8, 1953, It opened with
Dr. Chattaway in the Chair and about 125 members and visitors
present.

Mr. Clyde Sykes, of Gelantipy, was elected as a Country Member
of the Club,

The Secretary's Annual Report was read, received and adopted.
In the absence of Miss Fletcher, Mr. Chalk read the Treasurer's
Report, which was duly received and adapted, Bath these
reports may be found elsewhere in this issue.

Mr. Hooke, one of the Aiditors stated that the ¢redit balance
for the past year offset only part of the aggregated debit balances
of the previous several years. The remaining leeway should be
made up by strict control of finances, until certain hiabihties were
covered by a credit in the Club’s working bank account.

There being ouly one nomination for the Presidency, Mr. A, A.
Baker was duly declared elected, and Dr. Chattaway vacated
the Chair in his favour, ‘The President then declared elected
those nominated for official positions and Council. Names of
these new officials are published on the inside back cover of
the Naturatist.

Mr, Baker commended the work of other members, particu-
larly Messrs. Garnet and Burston in connection with the National
Parks Association, Miss Wigan and Mrs. Freame as assistants
in the Youth Movements, Mr. Willis of the Plant Names Com-
mittee, and Mr. Swaby on the Maranoa Gardens Committee. Mr.
Coghill and Miss Young propesed a vote of thanks for the work
of the rettrg Council, and especially that of the Treasurer, and
Mr, Garnet supported the motion.

Messrs, Chalk and Hooke were re-elected as Anditors for
“1953/54,

Dr. Chatlaway informed the meeting of an offer to the Club
of 8 acres of bushland at Upper Beaconsfield. Information abeut
this can be obtained from Council members, and the matter will
he brought up later at an Extraordimary General Meeting.

Mr, Willis reported the publication of Parts 3 and 4 of the
Australian Geographical Society's reports on the natural histury
of the Recherche Archipelago, copies of which booklets may be
bought from the Club Librarian.

Miss Wigan reported that about 30 plants or donations (3/6
each) were still required by Mr, Lord for the planting scheme
in Wattle Park. Suitable plants are listed in the May Nutwralist

33

[ss Nat

34 Provecdings Val, 13

Dr. Melville, of the Kew Royal Gotanie Gurdens in England,
showed the meeting a number of varied and interesting colour
slides, hath scenic and hotanical, of his journeying in the eastern
States of Australia. Dr. Chattaway and My. Fisch proposed 2
vote of thanks expressing the Club’s appreciation and wishing
Him a pleasant return trip to England.

The mevling closed at 9.50 fur the conversazione and examina-
tien) of exhibits.

F EXHIBITS AND NATURE NOTES AT JUNE MEETING
lotony : .

Specinen of Woolly Wattle, Acvcia lanigera, from Red Tronhark foress
tear Hendiga. An attractive carly wintec-Aloawering wattle, of crect shrubby
form—Mr. H. Stewart.

Concholagy ;
Shells trom Barrier Reef: Mitra ponttficalis, Mitra episeapalis and
Torebra waclhtda—Miss MePhee.

Geology j

Granile~-With Variations: Ortucalar Gremite, with concentric layers of
mica and white Telspar, known from Kangersala in Finland and mare
commonly at Karamca and Wangapeka River in N.W, of South Island of
Kew Zealand, Graphic Grantie, with intergrowths of quartz in felspar,
resembling ancient IIehrew writing—specimens from Painted Canyon, Ben-
stead Creek, Northern Territory, and Balmoral, Victoria. Graitite Peamo-
tite, with the quartz, felspar and mica developed to much larger sizes by
more fivid solutions cooling slower—Wodonga, Vic. Granodiorite showing
xenoliths which are portions of the rock through which the granite magma
Was joreed—Hareourt, Vic. Also specimens of Micro-Granile, Heath-
cote; Green Granodiorite, Dromana; Granite Porphyry, Murray Bridge,
S.A.; Granodiorite, Somertun (the nearest worked granite to Melbourne},
and various other Victorian and overseas specimens —Mr, Baker,

GEOLOGY GROUP

The June meeting was held at the Napenal Museam, 16 members and
visitors being present.

Excursion to the cliff exposure on the Moobee Ponds Creek, i100) yards
upstream from the bridwe at Brunswick Road, West Brunswick: Mr.
Baker reported that in the upper beds fossils of Brachiapads, Gastropeds,
Ceghalopods and Crinoid stems were easily obtained, being well preserved
un the sandy mudstone. In the flower beds, preseryation was poor, the
stratification showing evidence of stumping, Thin layers of a clear
mineral, probably Hyahte f(opaline siliea) were obtained from the joint
qilanes of the rocks. The age of this exposure’ is Upper Silurian (Mel-
bourniai),

Mr. A. B. Scott reported that a piece of wood collected on the May
excursion ta the Boulevard, Essendon, had 4 bored hole in which the sbell
af a wood-burning beetle remained. Mr. A. N. Burns, of the National
Museum, Melbotrne, considered it to be a Longicorn, “The woad, Red Guim,
which was partly charred, bad also the borer holes and fragments of marine
borers in ity

The subject for discussion, given by Mr. A. M. Cobbett, was Granites;
dealing fully with the early history, texture, mineralogy, classification and
methods of quarrying.

Correclion—tn the Jast report (June Naluratis(, p: 18) the pame “No B-
Tindsle" was. inserted in error for “F) By Tindale".

July The Vietorian Naturalist 33

SEVENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT, 1952-53

Your Council has pleasure in submitting the 73rd Annual
Report of the Club. Our membership now consists of a total of
434, being 278 ordinary members, 132 country members, 19
honorary arid 5 life members, Amongst those whose passing during
the year we have had ta mourn were Sister Melville, Mr. TC.
Bryan, a vice-president, Mr. W. If. Gates at the age of 96, and
Mrs. I. G. Edmondson, the last two having been honorary mem-
bers of the Club. During the year honorary membership was
conferred on Messrs. L. W. Cooper, V. H, Miller and the Rev,
H, M. R, Rupp for their long and honourable service to the Club.
The Australian Natural History Medallion for 1952 was-awarded
to Professor J, B. Cleland, of Adelaide, who was nominated hy
three organizations in South Australia. The lectures given and
papers read during the year have been iiteresting and varied and
thanks are expressed to those who have assisted in this way,

Two very importunt events were associated with the Club's
activities during the last twelve tionths. First, the special Lyre
Bird issue of the Nafuraiist in September was an event which
reflected credit on ali those coucerned. This special number was
made possible by a grant of finance from the Ingram Trust whom
we thank for their help. The other*important feature was the
Symposium on National Parks which was arranged by Mr. A.
W, Burston, a committee member ‘of the National Parks Asso-
ciation, This dccupied two evenings and several members con-
tributed items. During the year the Government introduced a
Rill into the Legislative Assembly, dealing with, amongst other
things, the National Parks of Victoria. The Bill had many faults
from our point of view and because of a change of Government
and subsequent election, was withdrawn, to he replaced later on,
we hope, by a more acceptable measure, Another iniportant
event connected with this subject was the formaton duting the
year of a National Parks Associatiun, with Mr. P. Crosbie Morrison
as Presicent and Mr. J. Ros Garnet as Secretary, It is hoped
that this step will in the not 100 distant future put the National
Parks of this State on a much more satisfactory and sound footing.

The problem of the trees on St. Kilda Road has received atten-
tion and your Clyb’s views have been expressed by the Presideat
and others to the praper authorities, sa that it looks now as if
the Desert Ash will not find a place in this lovely avenue,

A very good piece of work initiated by the ornithological clubs
and supported hy members of our Club ts the survey of the habiiat
of the Heimeted Honeyeater, It is a pity that more work of this
nature is not ullertaken,

Our Journal, The Fictorion Naturalist, under its new Editor
has undergone some changes. Reasonably adequate revenue has

[ Vick Nat
| Vol

36 Seventy-urd Anwudal Report, 1952-53
enabled us to dispense with the inside advertisements, thus allawing
more reading matter, The Editor is very desirous of giving us a
balanced magazine, and would appreciate more notes on Zoological
subjects, : ‘

The Royal Society having decided to rebuild its hall in Latrobe
Street which stored our Library and was the meeting place of the
Club groups, it has been necessary by the kind permission uf Mr.
Jessop to transfer sur books ta the Herharmim where they are
unfortunately not available for oar) ta members, The only grouy
now meeting, the Geology Group, meets at the Museum, and
reports a yery successful and active year of study and work.

The provision in our Constitution and By-laws for affiliations
has resulted this year in three organizations being granted affiliation,
the “Save the Dandenongs” League, and the Maryborough and
Frankston Field Naturalist Clubs. Other Clubs m the country
have sought information on this subject,

The increased annual subscription, having been in force for
uné full year, has enabled your Council at last to balance its budget
and finish the year with a small credit balance. A number of
inembers resigned hecause of the merease to £2 per annum, but
we have been pleased to welcume quite a number of new members.
The credit balance is not large enough to justify at present any
reduction in the anmmual.subscription because the cost of printing
the Naturalist, which is. our main item of expenditure, shaws no
signs of declining, but let us take satisfaction in the fact that we
are now holding our own financially. An increased membership
would be advantageous, and if every member who has a friend
likely to be interested in Natural Histoty would propose him
or her, that would be helpful.

Our old friend, Mr. George Coghill, during the year celebrates!
his seventieth year of membership and aenye service with the
Club, Such a record is something to be really proud of. Te
was presented with a iramed illuminated address to mark the
accastan. What a pity there are not mure of his calibre,

Two members of the Council who have rendered faithful service
to the Club will be retiring this year, They are Miss Watson
and Miss Wigan. Sincere thanks are due to them beth for jobs
well done.

Your Council has again had great difficulty in getting members
to fill the various positions which fall vacant annually. For the
seventeen vacancies requiring to be filled, only eight nominations
Were received, leaving the balance to be filled by the Cotineil
itself, This is an entirely unsatisfactory state of affairs. Let ws
see if next year we cannot improve the position,

Tris now quite a long time since the Club held a Nature Show,
But this year our energetic Editor offered to organize one and

voy Sepenty-third Annnal Report, 1952-53 7

has obtained the use of the Prahran Town Hall. We know you
will all be anxious to co-operate with him and help in every way
possible to make the function a success,

Finally, we must again express aur thanks to all who have
helped the Club in the past year; particularly we thank Mr, A.
W. Jessep for the use of this fine hall for our meetings, and Mr.
Otte, of the Sux News-Pictorial, for help in connection with
advertisements in the Naturalist, We are grateful to the Royal
Society for the use of the Lower Hall for the storage of our
Library, which we trust will be going back there after the altera-
tions have been completed,

On behalf of the Council,
F. LEWIS, Hon. Secretary,

NATURE SHOW

Ovr Australian Nature Show js to be held in the Prahraa City
Hall from Moitday 19th, to Wednesday 2lst Octoher, 1953. A
suinber of government bodies, natural history aud other elubs,
as well as tiany individuals, are co-operating to pravide a diversity
af interesting and unusual exhibits, A full report of the organi-
zation to date will be given. at the July General Mecting, and a
list of solunteers will need to be compiled then for the many
emall tasks involved during the actual staging of the Show,
Members are requested to give this serious Congtderation in
the meantime, as ultimate success will depend, not onfy tunon
those who are putting several months’ effart into the exhibits
and the organizatton, but also upon the team of volunteers who
are each available for an hour or so at critical times. :

—N. A. WAKEFTELR

F.N.C.V. EXCURSION TO WERRIBEE GORGE.

Club menibers visited Werribee Gorge on March 14, 1983, travelling
from Melbourne by train and taking cars from Bacchus Marsh railway
statian for about 54 miles along the Wester Highway to a gate opposite
the confiuenes of Myrniong Creek with the Werribee River; whilst the
return journey from near the weir was also facilitated by car transport
along four miles of bituynen road. Thus the distance actually walked was
little more than six miles, incliding at least a mile cach way alone the
more dificult section of: the gorge,

Various gedlogical features of the sirtrounding country and in the gorge
itself. were viewed from several elevated vantage points, before the pariy
descended past the upper shelter shed down several Hundred feet to the
Wervibee River. Upstream, and also down along the irrigation chanel
tar Bacchus Marsh district, many items of geological and botanical interest
were observed at close range

Notes on the physiography and geolory of this area were read to the
party at the luach spot. These are published in this issue for the interest
and instruction of other members, particularly any traversing the famous
worge. In 1914 there was issued an inch to the mile geological sketch map,
which is recommended az a valuable guide to the Werribee Gorge and

adjacent country. —-A. W. Berston.

FIELD NATURALISTS, CLUB OF VICTORIA

STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS FOR 12 MONTHS ENDED APRIL 30, 1957
GENERAL ACCOUNT

RECEIPTS PAYMENTS

£8)

Subscriptions— The Victorian Naturalisi—
Arrears 3h f- cs. 2 we EL PG Printing .. .. 2. «2 -. £56010 0
Current J 1 y- +s VIF UF? 7 Illustrating un 8.* Ae << #318 O
Life Membership gel teteperctt 810 0 Despatching .. 4... -. 27 13 11
£743 11 =f Trd@xA, 4. 8 ee a au 1210 9
Sales of The Victorian Naturalist... .. 664} —————_ (684
Advertisements in Watyralist .. 0. 2... 69 7 6 Reprittts: 2.0 ce oe ea eee ey Q
Interest received—Library Fund... .. 1 6 Postage... mary Bs 34
Donations received .. -- :- -, 44012 0 General Printing and Stationery tg ot %. 27
Sales of Census of Victorian Plants... .. .. 110 0 Library : oy ye EE Be on 15
Rent and Caretaking ™ Looe ites: Se: 18
Donations .. Bm blepeidee ae ge 2
General Expenses .. 2... 0. ye ae 15
. Surplus of Receipts over Payments for the year 162
£962 19 3
BUILDING-AND CONTINGENCIES. ACCOUNT 2
Balance in Bank on SAPS peo oe 4 TESDITZO O Cost of Printing Amendments to By-laws .. £3
Interest on Investments .. .. .. ,. .. .. 8116 3 Bank charges and interest .. .. .. 5. oe 1
Sale of Publications -. 6. 02. 6... ue) 21 18 7 Balance in Bank on 30/4/1953 2. 2. 1. ek BB
Sale of Badpes .. -2 2.2 0. we eee 4206

B& 311 ‘ £88

pare
on
tn} WO] wn SOoanweNr

£962

ES-Z667T ‘Suse y pup sydiwoay-

]

OL “19K,
FEN LA

LIFE MEMBERSHIP ACCOUNT

Balance in Savings Bank on a i ca .. £4919 0 Taken into ordinary income of year to 30/4/1953 £10 0
Interest on current account .. bi aed 125 Balance in Savings Bank on 30/4/1933 .. .. 4211 §
#51 1 = § #51 1°55

BALANCE SHEET AS AT APRIL 30, 1953

LIApruitres ASSETS
Building and Contingencies Fund £1,033 3 4 Bank Current Accounts ,. ., #173 11 2
Dudley Best Library Fund .. 50 0 Arrears of Subscriptions, estimated to realise 60 0 9
——— 1,083 8 4 Sundry Debtors... sh? CF) wk ad 32.5 0
Subscriptions paid in ao Stocks on hand at valuation—
Ordinary. - ar ar £92 11 6 Publications .. .- .. .. #160 0 O
Life Membership mr on 4211 § Badges a fae ee 26 0 0
135 211 ———— - 192 0 U
Excursion Account .. at) a2 34g 69 12 7 Investments, at face value
Special Donations in hand .. wl. 3114 9 Dudley Best Library Fund:
Surplus of Assets over Liabilities .. .. .. 116811 8 Commonwealth Bonds .. .. £50 0 O
Buildiug and Contingencies Fund:
C'wealth Bonds £950 0 O
E.S. & A. Bank
Account .... a3 8 4
. 1033 8 4
———— 1083 8 4
Library, Furniture, Epidiascope, Loud Speaker
and Water Colour Paintings, at valuation .. 947 5 &
£2,488 10 3 £2,488 10

Audited and Found Correct.

A. §. CHALK
A. G. HOOKE t Hon, Auditors.

June 5, 1953. N. FLETCHER, Hon. Treasurer.

Cad

[ine

E£G6E ‘Ways aounpog

6£

4 The Victorias Notwraliss Val. 70

THE WERRIBEE GORGE
By A W-. Tluxstox
{Notes Read to F.N.C.Y. Excursion on March J, 1953)

Wortiboe River

The Werritce River ia about 70 miles long with its source near Bullarto,
Berween Batlan and Pyke's Creek it Hows m a valley about 150 fect Heep,
cutting the volcanic plain, und exposes small patches of Ordovician sand-
stones, Permian glacials, river gravels, etc.; and in places cuts through
deep basalt, The grade stecpens helow Pyke's Creek, cutting downwards
through hard grano-diorites and Ordivician beds, to form a precipitous
gorge for the next three miles, to the confluence with the slecp-sraded
Myrniong Creck near the cast end of "The Island’. The gorge coritinues
onwards for sbout 24 miles.

The river emerges from the Ordovician rocks at the inouth of the
gorge, and in the softer rocks hereabouts many tertiary and decomposed
older voleaitics, as well as viver terraces, are found. The river is wider,
anid the land of greater economic yaluc.

Beyond this, the river valley widens out into the fertile fats of the
Bacchus Marsh basin, It runs tarongh alluyium in a channel from iwe ta
twenty jeer detp, and is joined mi succession ‘hy the Parwan (from §.),
Lerderderg R. and Coimadai Ck. (from N.). Tt then turns south from the
Aats to enter ance more a narrow yalley, cut into the basalt. ia which the
Melton Reservoir is located.

Topogrephy

The topography of the Werribee Gorge area is mainly the result of
extensive faulting giving rise to areas of uplift and sinking. This ix the
principal factor in determining the large scale eresion af the gorge, the
stresm drapping from the Ballan sunkland to the lower Port Phillip
sunklands over the Rowsley fault line. The changes of grade have caused
extensive cutting back which has formed the narrow gorge, and the
depesttine of deep soils tear the Bacchus Marsh flats.

Physiogrophy and Geology

In early Tertiary tines this area formed part of the great peneploin
of Eastern Australis, which plain was subsequently destrayed by differential
upult along several well-defined faults. The upthrown blacks oi the Brisbane
Ranges to the south, and the Blackwood ges to the north, and the
Gisborne Highlands to the north-east, are geologically relatively simple.
each being made up of rocks of Ordovician age covered Sy several long
tangues of newer basalt. The dawnthrow blocks are the Ballan sunkland
and the Werribee Plains—pant of the Port Phillim sunkland, and largely
volcanic. The wide variety of rocks and geological features found in the
Ballan sunklancds have interested geologists sitice they were first sitveyed
aver Si years ago,

In Lewer Ordovician times, much mud and sands were deposited in
seas which covered this area and later eeceded to the east. Uplift here
was followed by folding, prodtcing greit mountain ranges and initiating
long periods oi erosion, Tn Devonian times, these sediments were intruded
by a granitic magma with its acid dykes, the pranmte rocks being later
exposed by denudation. In Permian times, with colder temperatures,
glaciers mored over the land. During recession of the glaciers, Huvio-
glacial conglomerates. and sandstones were depasited in glacial rivers and
lakes, and great masses of morainic material were left io the old valleys.
Triassic sandstones were lait dowh on these elacia) heds Possibly some
earlier movements along the Greendale {to N.) and Soring Chk. fto 5)
faults let down the Ballan sunkland and so protected the glacial beds
fram complete removal by erosion, By carly Tertiary times, the aren was

nly A, W, Benston, The /erriber Garge al

SKETCH MAP

oF Country Arouno WERRIBEE GORGE
ScALE oF Mites

ban

LEGEND : Alluvm—A, Tertiary Capping—TS,
Upper Tertiary —YT , Newer Basalt—fV.B -Fragmental Beds-F,
Tertiary Grevels¥ Leaf Beds—TS, Older Basalt—0.8
Fermo-Carbeniferous—P®, Granite—G. Ordevician— Or.
GEOLOGICAL AUTHORITIES :&.Dainrree,CS.Wilhinson,
RAF Murray, CCBritHebank, and C.5.6loe.

SEVALAN

S4LLAN
! (here ldmiles wrole between faetts)
Cy

é

aan

cf )
i Teer
ay nd Wily — ¢

+

2
FY
&
x
=
x
5

{
aah as'dothed finesiM®

42 SW. Burston, The Iernter Gorge YRS, Nee

reduced to a poneplain, partly destroyed by autpeurings of flows of Older
Basalt, Differential uplit along the Greendale (10 N.), Gisboriic and
Coimadsi (to N.E3, and Spring Ck. (ta S.J fanits then produced the
vaised blocks of the Blackwood (or Lerderdecg) Ranges (10 N.), the
Gisborne Highlands (to N\E,), and the Brishane Raviges (to S.), together
with the Ballan suuklands and those of the Werribee plains, With the
dissection of the raised blocks. coarse [aule aprons were deposited near
the scarps, and up tw 4 thousand feet of finer sediments were Jaid down
at sume distance from the fault lines, These latter include ligniles, m

aces interbedded with Miocene marine clays and jimestones, aud alsa

jocene sands and ironstones with leaf impressions. Extensive Newer
Basalt erupitons then filled valleys int the uplifted blocks, and practically
soveted the sunklands, Associated was jmoyvemenc along the Kowsley Fault,
which, besides increasing dissection ai the Ballan suukland, led to the for-
mation of the narrow Werribee Gorge and the wider Parwant Basijy,, The
differences i shape, area and depth of the narrow parges and wide yalleys
ate due co the variation in hardness of erodibilily of the formations
thraugh which the streams Row. A widespread though thin fault apron
was deposited along the base of the Rowsley Scarp, as was alluvium along
the Werribee and Parwan just above the fault; whilst the recent alluviuny
or the flats nearer Bacchus Marsh was also formed at that time.

Geologicol Formations Represented
_ Ordovicio Sediments form the bedrock of this area, alitcropping for a
lew square miles m the Werribee Gorge. ‘The hard slates and sandstones
here haye been indurated by granitic intrusions, Their general resistance
lo erasion cat he seem in the gorge with its high cliff-like sides,
Devanian Granite outcrops (of adamellite) occur i a few squiate miles
in the Werrihee Gorge near Ingliston; abave the Myrniong Creek junction,
forming well-rounded bills fairly vesistant ta erosion.
Permian Glaciol Beds: Numerous outcrops, none more than a Sew square
niles in extent, are exposed in the Ballan sunkdand, These rocks consist
of truc tillites, with canglomerstes and sandstones, having been preserved
irom erosion where protected in the sunklands. Elsewhere, on steep hill-
sides, sheet crosio is very advaneed,
Trigtsie Sandstunes: A limited outcrap—one of the few known in
Victoria—occurs on the eastern slopes of Bald Hill wear Bacchus Marsh.
The Older Wolcante Sertes: These rocks ate miaiily confitied to the
Ballan sunkland betwien the Greetidale Fadlt and the Werribee River,
aid camprise basalts, decomposed to rich red-brown loamy clays of eait-
siderable depih and fertility, and of excellent, structure snd porasity,
Miocene Sediments melude inarine clays and Jiniestones (which do not
appeay at the girface), and Muyiatile sedyments (Tertiary Leaf Beds},
and are confined to sunklands. These rocks inelude boulder elepasits, sands
and clavs, ierruginous sandstones aul amudstories, and. Itmoanite, mostly
poorly cemented aid cusily eroded,
Reds of braun coal are found close to the eurface near Bacchus Marslhi,
Several open cuts are operated at Maddingley
The Newer Folcanic Serics) Nower Basalt covers large portions of the
sunklands, and the rack is generally dense and well-crystallized,
Post-Newer Wolooue Grovels, Sands, Clays sud Atlaatwa; Grayels and
sands along the west ec of the Werribee Plain stnkland form the
Rowsley Fault Apron, Alluviutty haz been deposited wong the courses of
the Werrihee and Parwalt, ahove the Rowsley Scarp, below which the
streams aré cutlini through the basalt; whereas, above the fault-line, ther
“have long since cut thrangh the hard hasall cap and into softer underlying
rocks, enabling them to reach grade and to deposit alluvitun along their valleys.
Below tho Fault Scarp, loosely compacted recent alluvium is trend in
the fertile and extensive Bacchus Marsfi fasts.

Jul : . x
rere The. Victorian Naturalist 43

“THE SECOND COELACANTH”
By J. H. Wiu1is

Early in 1939 ichthyologists the world over—and many naturalists of
catholic taste—were amazed by the announcement that a kind of fish,
believed extinct since Cretaceous times, had suddenly appeared off the
coast of South Africa near East Landon; it was almost as if some
dinosaur had come to life again! The solitary specimen trawled was
five feet long, weight 127 Ibs., and became the type of a new genus and
family, Latinteria in the Latimneritdae—closely related to the fossil
Coclacanthidae which were ganoid fish haying deeply imbricated cyctoidal
scales and large jugular plates [see Mature, 143: 455-6 (March 18, 1939)]

Malania atjonanae J. L. B. Smith (Famtly Latimertidac)
few genus and species of Coclacanth,

After Neture, 171; 100 (Jan. 17, 1953}, by permission Professor J. L. B. Smith,

Sg momentous was the discovery that Professor J. L. B. Smith
(ichthyologist at: Rhodes University, Grahamstown) prepared a leaflet in
English, French and Portuguese, describing the new coelacanth and
offering a reward of £100 for cach of the first two additional specimens
caught. These leaflets were circulated amony native fisherfolk throughout
the coastal regions of the Western Indtan Ocean. Nothing transpired for
14 years, and then, as a direct result of Professor Smith's enthusiasm, on
December 20th last a native on the Island of Anjouan (Comoro Archi-
pelago) hooked the second covlacanth from a bottom of eight fathoms,
200 yards or more offshore. This fish came to the village market next
day and was saved from being cut up by another native who recognized
its likeness to the picture in Smith’s leaflet; it was a male, with total
length of 4 ft. 7 in.

Anjouan inhabitants know the coelacanth well and maintain that one
or two are caught every year in the same waters. Now that the search
for these “living fossils” has been focussed on a definite locality, it must
only be a matter of time before other and undamaged examples, perhaps
of several species, will be obtained for investigation. Professor Smith
establishes a new wenus Afalania (after Dr. D. F. Malan, Prime Minister
of Seuth Africa) for the second coelacanth, giving a most informative
account of its discovery and salicnt features in Nature, 17/: 99-101 (Jan, 17,
1953). TI am indebted to Professor Smith for kind permission to reproduce:
a drawing of his illustration in Nature, and to Miss Coryl Skewes who
made the accompanying very beautiful sketch.

44 The Fictartan Naturalist Vol. 70

THE SEA-EAGLES GF MALLACOOTA
By F. J. Bucktanp, “Sunny Corner”, Mallacoota

LThe nomination of the writer of this story for membership of the Club will by
before the General Meeting on July 23. During his long association with the Mallaceota
lakes, while resiling on their shores, Mr. Buckland has had excelletit opportunity wi
observe Nature in secluded places,—Editor. |

There are two pairs of White-breasted Sea-Eagles always to be seen
about the Mallacoota Lakes. One pair nests in a tall “White Gum” on
the shore of the upper lake, and the second pair have a nest in a big
stringy-bark tree close to the edge of the lower lake. The latter nest has
been in use each season for over fifty years, the young eagles appareutly
leaving the district as soon as they are fully fledged. These cagles feed
mostly on fish and smaller birds, and they kill and cat a number of young
Silver Gulls cach year in the gull roukery un the Goodwin Sands. Recently
T had the opportunity to observe the Sea-lagle's ability, under favourable
conditions, ta “take off” from the water, and also a method it has of getting
vut of dificulties in less favourable circumstances.

The first time I saw one of these birds actually in the water was at
the mouth of Harrison's Creck. It swooped at a pair of Chestnut Teal
which had been disturbed by my launch. The Teal “crash-landed”
the water, and promptly dived. The eagle apparently miscalculated its
speed and it also Int the water in a patch of thick submerged water-weed.
It did nut attempt to rise off the water but fanned its tail very wide and
raised it in the air above its back. The wind was quite strong at the time
and the eagle simply sailed to the shore some thirty yards away, walked
out on a dead tea-tree branch, and took to the air,

The second incident occurred some months later. I was motoring along
the foreshore read at Mallacoota, and disturbed a Sea-Eagle which had
been cating a Coot. It flew along in front of the car for a few hundred
yards, with portion of the Coot clutched firmly in its talons. As we
approached Stingray Point, a second Sea-Eagle flew off a tree and
attacked the first one. They flew out over the water and, after several
clashes in the air, the bird with the Coot was knocked down into the
water. It disappeared from sight, and when it came to the surface, minus
the Coot, it appeared feet first. However, it soon righted itself and
rumained stationery for a few seconds, floating very high on the water.
I fully expected to see another demonstration of sailing, but to my great
surprise the cagle raised its wings clear of the water and literally
“exploded” into the air, just as a Black Duck does when suddenly dis-
turbed. Apparently it was the dense growth of water weed that prevented
the first one from taking off from the water.

The third story concerns the Sea-Eagle’s taste for young birds. I once
saw one attack a pair of Black Swans and their brood of cygnets, when 1
was fishing from my launch in a secluded part of the fower fake at Malla-
coota, There were a number of swans on the lake, and one pair with five
or six cyguets was several hundred yards away from the main flock. They
were swimming along, with the cygnets following close behind the mother
hird. The youngsters were small and looked for all the world like a number
of golden powder-puffs being drawn along in the wake of the old bird as
she swam.

Our friend the Sea-Eagle had been watching them too, from his perch
un the dead limb of a high tree nearly half a mile away. Having made up
his mind to attack, he glided down to within a few feet of the water and bore
down on the little family group. When the eagle was about fifty yards
away, the male swan uttered several loud warlike trumpet-calls and turned
to face the oncoming etemy. The mother bird remained a few yards in
the rear of her mate, also facing towards the danger.

ae FJ, Bucxtann, The SeaLagles of Maltacoola 45

As the eagle came in close, the guardian of the brood rose half out of
the water and struck at him, first with the right wing and then with the
left Had either connected, the old pirate would probably have had a
ducking, ar worse. The attack was renewed several times, accomspanied
by foud seresins from the eagte and much) tvampeting from the swan. How-
ever, cach dime there was such determined resistance that the eagle finally
wave it up and flew slowly back to Hes pereb, no doubt to watch for some-
thing nor so weil guarded.

While the fight had beeti 3 progress J tad aot see the cyenets, and
as there was still a0 sign of them 1] cruised slowly towards the two olf
birds, Approaching to within guod observing distanec, I noticed that the
inother bird had her wines held slightly away from her body, and of
drawing stit] closer [ saw the whole brood suddenly appear from under
her wings where they had tsken refuge during the battle

THE VICTORIAN NATIONAL PARKS ASSOCIATION PUBLIC MEETING

Meinhers of che Clufy are reminded of the public mecting to be held in
the Melbourne Town Hall on Thursday evening, Joly 23rd. The Lord
Mayor ¢Cro W. Breas) js to act us Chairman, and shore addresses will be
given by the Mjnister of [ands and Conservation (the Hon. R. W. Hole,
M.L.A.) aud the President of the Association (Mr. Crosbie Morrison),
The rest of the evening will be devoted to the screening of films dealing
with Australian and overseas national parks.

The meeting os being organized to extend the interest o7 the public in
their patks, Also it should result in a substantial increase in membership
oi the Association, without which the achievement of immediate objectives
is likely to be exasperatingly stow. Furthermore, the implied mara! support
mia very great membership is necessary for the future success the
Associatian's campaigns,

The Victoria: National Parks Association developed from and succeeded
the National Parks and National Monuments Standing -Committee, in the
affairs of which the F.N.C.Y. played a leading part. The component
otgatizations, formerly laosely united by correspondence and periodical
conferences, are now organized as a closely co-operating unit with 2 formal
canslitttion and properly defined rights of representation, All the dmportant
Victorian natural history societies, walking clubs, youth oreanizations and
ulher soctetics inferested itt conservation and nature protection are joined
as Corporate Members, For the private member the annual subsesiption
if a nominal Ave shillings, and half of that sun for thore undey sixtecn,

Even in its formative stage the Association, backed by the prestige
built op by the Standing Committee. exerted considerable influence aw
sheping the National Parks Bill introduced late in 1952 by the then
Minister of Lands (Sir 4. E, Lind), It is the task of ihe Association
to see that the present government introduces a new Bill—one which will
avetd the all-tag-evident faults aud shortcomings of the 1952 Bilt.

The objects of the Association, laid down in the Constitution, are theme
stlyct a good indication of the policy it will pursue:

(1) To strive for the welfare of National Parks and their preservation
in perpetuity,

(2) Ta faster public interest in and xppreciation of National Parks.

(3) To form 2 link between the public and the Administration mn
matters concerniig Natiotal Parks aid to advise, When required,
the appropriate .authority,

(4) Yo make investigations aud representations for further reservations
of National Parks

{5) To éoroperate with persons vp ogalizations having similar objects

or like niecrests.
—J, Ros Garnat

46 The Victorian Natrratizi Vol. 70

DONALD MACDONALD SANCTUARY
By A, E, Drooxs

The Jast large area of Beawmaris heathland, where Donald MacDonald
must Ofte Have roamed admiring the many species of birds and nalive
flowers pf the ted-sand area, has been subdivided into builcling allotments.
Houses are already being erected on land where many orchids grew, but
stparated trom this area by only the width of a roadway is the noted
rlaturalist's memorial reserve, where native birds and plants will always
be protected, There is also a monument to Donald MacDonald -and,
although the reserve has been sicglected for some time, it is hoped that
many improvements will soon be effected,

As some of our members, when visiting Black Rock, have failed to Incate
Donald MacDonald Park, 8 few wortls concernitig its Jocation may not be
out of place, This memorial park is situated in Hayden’s Road on the
corner of Fourth Street. It could be reached by travelling along Beach
Road beyond the Black Rock iram terminus to Fourth Street, then along
the latter steect for about half 4 mil¢ until 2 football ground is seen labelled
Donald MacDonald Recreation Park. The enclosed part of the park adjoins
this on the cast side,

Facing Hayden's Road is 2 memorial fountain and a plaque with 2 likeness
of Donald MacDonald and the inseriplion:

Donald MacDronald, Friend of the Creatures of the Wild, chose this
District in which ta five and ta end his days, Born at Pitgroy 1857, died
= Black Rock 1952. Erected by readers of his Natu ates im the

rgus. '

The enclosed arca of about two acres is covered with coastal tea-trcee
(Leptospermuen laevigata) to the almost tatal exclusion of everything else.
Much wire netting has been removed from the ericlosing fence, but birds
seem to appreciate the bird hath and fountain, which ace more substantially
enclosed, The difficulty in Anding this park is due to the wide belt of thick
teastree which separates it irom the roadway.

Extracts from the Sandringham City Couneil’s Scrap Book show thal
representatives of the Council, Natural History Societies, and other inter-
ested organizations, held a meeting early in 1938 and appoented an executive
cominitiee to itiscuss matters relating to the provision of a suitable memorial
to the late Donald MacDonald, This consisted of Mrs. Britomarte James,
Miss Canpbell, Dr. Garnet Leary, Messrs, A. H. Mattingley. R. BH. Croil,
J. W. O'Neill, H. Beck, Ernest McCaughan, and Crosbie Morrison who
acted as honorary secretary.

On Sunday, December 17, 1939, the memorial in the form of a bird
bath in sculptured stone, surmounted by a dancing brolga and bearing a
bronze bas-relief portrait of Mr. MacDonald, was onveiled by Mr. Mac-
Donald's daughter, Mrs. Elsie Whittle. The sculptor Was Mr, Stanley
Hammond. .

Among these present at the unveiling ceremony were Sir Edward
Cunningham, Siy Hasty Lawson, two of Mr. MacDonald's nieces, Miss
Kathleen MacDonald and Mrs. Margaret Fleteher, and representatives of
the F,N.C.V., the Bird Observers’ Club, the Gould League of Bird Lovers,
the RAOUL. the Wattle League, the Centenary Club. the Historical
Society, and (he Entammological Society. A foral tribute was placed on
the memorial by Miss Cullinane, one of the oldest resdents of Black Rock.

Ty 1952 the F.N.C.Y_ Council appointed a committee, consisting of Miss
M. 1.-Wigan, Mr. N. A. Wakefield and the writer, to assist the Sandringham
City Council in conriection with the care and development of Danald Mac-
Donald Park The Sandringham’ City Council jminediately showed its
appreciation of this mterest by replacing wire-netting missing from the
fonce and clearirg for a few feet inside the entire fence-linc.

el A. E. Brooxs, Donald MacDonald Sanctuary 47

The Committce’s plan for preliminary work, submitted to the Council and
approved by it, includes the following recommendations :—

1. Further repair of the fence ta make it rabbit-proof.

2. The gates to be repaired and kept locked for the time being, one key
to be retained by the F.N.C.YV. Committee.

. Two notices to be placed at the front and rear of the enclosure with
the wording “Bushland Sanctuary. Preserve Your Birds and Plants”,

4, Alien trees and shrubs to be removed and an area of about one square
chain cleared for the establishment of attractive local trees and shrubs.

5. The approach from Hayden's Road to the memorial to be cleared,
except for two ornamental trees
previously established there, and an
avenue of Australian trees ‘planted.

It is proposed to eventually form
a committee of management, arouse
general local interest, organize
excursions for seed-planting and
the transfer of local plants into the
sanctuary, and to institute further
improvements.

There has been some criticism
of these plans for the future of
MacDonald Sanctuary, but the
spontaneity with which seedlings
are appearing in the cleared strip
inside the boundary fence indicates
that when a new part of the area
is cleared many species will re-
generate even without replanting.
At the time of writing there arc
many Tiny Greenhoods in flower
within the sanctuary, and a cersus
has revealed that there are already
ne fewer than twenty-four native
species growing near the fence,
This is interesting in view of a
first iiiees itn that the sanctuary
contains only Tea-tree and Wattle.

Doubts about the siccess af
transferring heathland plants into
the sanctuary should be dispelled
when it is considered how some
of our members have successfully
moved such into their gardens
from areas about to be cleared,
This is not difficult to achieve if
plants of the right size are selected,
dug carefully and transferred into Photo: K. Glance
a similar habitat. These conditions ern :
will not be difficult to fulfil in the The ‘Memorial. Pouhtain
MacDonaid Sanctuary.

The plants within the two-acre reserve include Hill Sword-sage, Tassel
Rope-rush and Giant Rush; the lily family is represented by Spreading Flax-
lily, the irises by the Long Purple-flag, and the orchids by the Tiny Green-
hood, Fringed Spider-orchid, one or two Sun-orchid species and an uniden-
tified Greenhood. The Angular Noon-flower and Downy Dadder-laure] are
represented, legumes include the abundant Coast Wattle, the Showy
Bossiaca and the Heathy Parrot-pea, and of the spurge family there are
the showy Wedding Bush and the Broom Spurge. There are two species

Yada Nat.

48 A, E. Brooks, Donald MacDonald Sanctuary Vol, 70

of Hibbertia, the Bundled and the Silky Guinea-flowers, and the myrtle
famtily is represented by the prominent Coast Tea-tree. Cranberry Heath
and Prickly Broom-heath have appeared plentifully, and there are a few
plants of Common Heath and Common Beard-heath. The Kangaroo Apptc
is there, too.

Many of these plats have appeared during the past several months,
and it will be interesting to see the nuniber which are sure to grow after
the proposed thinning of the dense tea-tree growtli within the sanctuary.
The fountain is a favoured drinking and bathing place for quite a mimber
of birds. Yellow Robins, Fantails, Silver-eyes, Thornbills, as well as the
introduced Blackbird, visit it frequently; and with the restoration of the
heathlands flora, more birds will come. So, with very little actual work,
this two-acre reserve can be restored to a bird and plant sanctuary fitting
as the memorial to a great naturalist.

REVIEW: “DANGEROUS SNAKES OF AUSTRALIA”

This new book, from the pen of Eric Worrell, is the most recent
addition to the literature on a subject of universal, even if somewhat
reluctant, interest. Wait’s Repiiles and Amphibians of South Australia
{a Science Guild Handbook of 1929, and now practically unobtainable)
was restricted in its field. So, too, was Glauert’s Handbook of the
Snukes of Western Australia (West, Aust. Nats, Club—1950, and still
available). Kinghorn’s comprehensive pocket-size compendium Snakes of
Aystraita of 1929 is now unobtainable. R, A. Hunt's short Key to the
identification of Australian Snakes (F.N.C.V.—1947), still available from
the Club Librarian, could well be used in conjunction with the new book.

Mr, Worrell's book, Dangerous Snakes of Australia, is partly based on
his own field observations and experiences. He has compressed into 64
pages snake-lore that has accumulated over the years, and the average
“Bushman, Bush-walker, Missioner, Serviceman, Boy Scout, New Aus-
tralian and Naturalist” for whom it is written, will find it a reasonably
reliable vade mecuin during excursions into sttake country. It is small
enough for pocket or haversack, but the paper, though suitable for the
numerous clear informative illustrations, is not good for out-of-dors in
all climates, The rather obscure subdivision into sections (or chapters?}
emphasizes the lack of an index for quick reference.

Twenty-four pages are devoted to the biology of snake venoms, the
preparation and tse of anti-venine and the emergency treatment of snake-
hite. This tends to establish a profound respect for the Australian repre-
sentatives of the Ophidiae, but there is the reassuring reference to the
I in 1,600,000 chance of an Australian succumbing to snake-bite. The
rest of the book contains succinct descriptions of the reputedly dangerous
species, with notes appended for those who, by chance or choice, dabble
with these. The tedious trinomial classification is used throughout, 2
nomenclatural refinement hardly necessary in a popular book. The usual
importance is attached to scalation, but colour and climatic and geographical
ranges are also noted, though a few diagnostic points are omitted for the
sake of hrevity. The western species are not adequately surveyed, but
Glauert’s Handbook fills that need. Distribution notes are at times tmis-
leading—the Death Adder does net occur in “coastal hills and valleys” in
Victoria, nor is the Copperhead there restricted to “swampy mountains”,

However, the book should fulfl its purpose, and it 1s recommended
for an even wider selection of readers than that mentioned by the author.
(t is published by Angus and Robertson, Sydney, and priced at 10/6,

—J. Ros Gagner.

duy

1962 The Vietorian Nurevatist 49

CLUB EXCURSION TO MENZIES CREEK, CLEMATIS

The weather on Sunday, May 17, treated the 16 or so members very
Kindly on, their fungi exeursion to Menziws Creek; aid considering the
long epell without rain the number of specimens seen was surprising,

First in discovery and ¢ertauly fureniogt in allerést were the specimens
of the Vegetable Caterpillar, Cordyaeps ginati, several of which were dug
ont emire. Examples of this ate always to be Lound along that stretch of
the creck at this season, Then meiabers were delinhied by those dainty
little fan-shaped “hoods, Neretis archers, grawme on a decaying branch.
Flassmvula excenivica and Schisephylhan commie were two others of the
“bracket” type of agaries noted,

As could be expected for the distract, Leprola grdctleta, the Parasol
Fongus, and L. crisfala were in evidence, as was also the Rooting Shank
Caliydia vadicate. Surprisingly euaugh, only ove stnall group cach of two
Myeccna species were encountered all day. One was Mycoia preliata, with
jt¢ long slender stems with fufiy bases, and the other species was not
idemifed. Mycena subgalericiate, usually well in ewdenee, was mot scen
this tune, To roimd off the agarics, there were Psathyrella disseminate, |
that world infomous Arnetlaria. welier which does so much damage to
standing trees. the equally ubiquitous Lacewria foceaia (not isiamous), and
the uncom Cltacyhe eyathiformis. var. ciuerascens, Other fungi, Gano-
derma opplmatyny (at least two [eet across at the widest part), two species
of Boletus, and the red-staining Patyporis rudis, campleted out list

At the billp boiling rendezvous, the party was entertained by a “tame
witd Kockaberra, whith approached to within aem’s length of some
imeinbers while selecting the choicest lit-bits thrown ta it; and two of the
members who went further along the creek saw a colony of Bell-hirdy

\ —R DD. Err,

HAWTHORN JUNIOR F,N.C. EXCURSION TO MT. ELIZA

On November 1, last year, about JO members of the Mawthore Jumor
Clubs held a half-day excursion. Conveyed by the popular Fisch Lruck andl
+ |Tivate cars, they were led hy Mr. Yorstan (father of ond of the memhers)
to some seres of bushland owned by him, abou 1)° miles gomb-east ol
the Mr. Eliza general store,

At about 450 fcct ahaye fea level the formation is of sandstane anél
mudstones of Ordovician age; while the mount itsel, 530 fect high, is
gtanvdiorite of a later age, iL having pushed through the sedamentary
racks, $

Ju the Ieft distance could be secn Western Port Bay: while below spread
the Movrooduc Plaiu, composed of Tertiary sediments, and very swampy
ui places The Mooracdue quarry with its folded rocks was seen from
the edges during the waik about the area, and graptolites could have been
oltained by access te the quarry,

The area is well covered with eucalypts and bushy veretation, but the
flowers, archids and birds aurscted most atteption, Koalas and wallabies
have been seen at times, but on this occasion they were absent.

Christine Fisch tendered the following list of orchids for the day:
Fringed Spider Orchid, vag | Caladenia, Rrown-Beards, Nodding and
Tall Greenhoods, Maroonlicod, Blunt and Tiny Greenhoods, Conimon Onion
Orchid, Large Waslip, Twisted Sun Orchid, Dotted and Slender Saw
Orchids andl Ware Orchid.

Peter Willis Wsts the birds spotted during the éxcursion: White-throated
‘Tree-Creeper, Yellow-tailed ‘Thornbill, Welcome Swallow, Blue Wren,
Yellow Robin, Red Wattle-Bird, firey Thrush, Grey Farmall, Willie
Wagtail, Australian Raven, Magpie-Lark, White-hacked Mayyie, Wiite-
cared and Whiteplumied Haoneyeaters, Kookaburta, and Pallid Cuckoo, 35
ua zn the introduced Blackbird, Sparrow, Thrush, Goldfinch, Starline
an yna.

=) Tie Vietorian Neturotts Val. 70

FICTORIAL BIOLOGY OF A LEAFCUTTER BEE
Mayachile chrvsopyga Smith
By Takin Rayment, PAZ Ss.

Tie genus Meyuchile contains two groups, the ane pinking leaves
and the ether inodelllag an esi and wax, Moresver, in the fest
group the abdomen is slovet-shayed, as in Jf. chrysepyya Sm. whrile
in dhe second ft is longer and parallel-sided, as in M. piillipensis
Raym. The famous French naturalist, Jean Henri Fabre, regeetiod
that bees were not clessified according to their trade rather than
their uniform, This concept is evidently shared by Prof. T. D. A.
Cockercll, who has placed those species that model in) wax and
resin in) his mew subgemts Hackpriapis.

Hymenonterists agree that bees evolved fram wasns, and, after making
thousands of dissections, the author coueludes that there can bé no other
verdict. The evidence afforded by hody-steucture is supported by a study
of the insects’ habits, The leaf-cutting bees are proficient in the art o1
winking of cutting leaves, and are alte to measure siaes accurately so as
to produce truly artistic work, Size is wot determined mechaniealty, for
dimensions vary accardijig to circumstances,

1 was delighted ta discover one wasn, she graceful red and black Discoclius
ecclesiastens Raym., certainly of the Odyneri, the mud-dauher family, yet
departing from her traditional trade to pink the trifoliate Irayes of tho
“Ruining Postman", Kemtedya prostrato. Admittedly, she tacks the artistry
af the Jeaf-curting hees, for there are no circles and true ellipses, but onty
tagged pieces slashed out haphazardly. These are then chewed into a fine
vegetable putty and used in the forming of cell-divisians. This is crude wurk
pecbaps, but it should be nnted that many members of Aegachile still
plaster a wad of similar "putty to seal the door of their home.

The accompinying set of ilustratains shows the interesting biology of
Menachile ¢hrysopyge, a true Ieaf-cutter bee. The story told by these
pictures is as follows ;

3I—Dorsal vicw af female pupa before shedding the fitth or final pellicle
on Feb. 25, 1953. 2—Ventral view; the compound eyes are beginning to
colour purple. 3—The ceyelopment of the mouth-parts; nove ihe long
elossa. 4—Latcral view vf the fuvagination of the apical segments of
the female abdomen. S—Rach of the sesinents of the flageluin bas a
large tubercle. G—Through the wing-pad of the pupa may be seen the
develaping neryures insite. 7—The fitl tarsal sermient shows tlie first
signs of biturcation. @-Lateral view af some of the ridged segments
af the fully-developed larva showing ihe tubercles before the fourth
pellicle was cast on Jan. 20, 1953, %—The amber chitinons claw was
visihle through the fifth pellicle on Feb. t4. 1955. 10—Dorsal view of
thé invagmation 6f the ahdamen of the female showing the two embryonic
donostyli. 1!—Postecrior tibia showing the developing calcar; the strigilis
ol the antertor lee 35 very similar al this 4tagpe. 12—Lateral view of
the moutli-parts; the mandible was being giadually chilinized inside the
skin... 13}—Looking into the cast pellicle (the fourth) from the front;
the dark larval mandibles were attached to the pellicle. 14.15 & 16—Even
the dry pellicle is not without beauty. 17 Portion of a Jorg tracheal
tube was shed with the pellicle; interior of the spiracle. 18—There are
about four Hines of serrasions inside the mouth af the spiracle = 19—Exterjor
af one of the spitactes cast of with the fourth pellicle on Jan. 20, 1953,
ZO AIL the hwirs of the Jarva are attached to the dry pellicle 21—Two
of the hairs more highly magnified; they are sensory m function, with a
nerve alony the centre, 22—Several elliptical pieces of lraf were used
to build the walls of the cells, 22—Pour or Ave rreolar pieces farm

Tartton Rayment, Pictorial Biology of a Leafoutier Bee 5!

the divisions between the cells. 24—Graphic section of a cell with the
pollen-pudding and an egg, on approx. Feb. 1, 1982, 23—There were
two tufts of appressed hair on the scutellum, under the fifth pellicle.
26—Elements of a spur on the posterior caxa; the coxae in Megachily are
often spined, - The bees emerged from their celle on the morning ot
February 26, 1953, therefore, 391 days are required by this specice for
complete development fram egg to imago.

zz The Vietorimn Naiwralist Vol. 70

NOTES ON THE RED-BACK SPIDER
(Latrodcctis hasselti)
' By J. Kos Garver
Carnivore yersus Vegetarian

d undertake iy atmual clean-up of Red-back Spiders jit the auton.
They ave mure easily detected then, when the female has finisheded cgr-
laying and the brownish spherical ewg-sacs claster conspicuously, af rather
untidiy, in the equally untidy webs. Last autumn, one of the two wehes
located, near ground level in the fernery, contained a0 less than ten egg-
sacs presided over by a particularly Jarge Temale, Despite the prodigious
sutput of eggs, the spider was still wel) nourished, ler abdomen being
fetween cent and nine millimetres i dlarieter,

She was put in a gtass jar te be preservetl as a museum specimen and
1 dropped a black, cricket i 100; but the presence af the latter only caused
the spider to remaye herself as far from it a3 possihle Occasionally the
cricket would stumble over the spider or get ils aftteunae nixed up with
ties Jews, but. there was to display of augressiveness an either side, The
encket's antennae yibtated in what was construed to be agitation, but that
was all, So 1 Jeft them to their own devices.

Taking a glance at the jar some six hours Jater, expecting to sce the
spider enjoying 4 repast of cricket-juice (for they do feed on crickets), J
was astonished 19 see the cricket feeding on the spider| There was my
intended museum specimen ullerly ruined with the cricket intdustriously
-chewing away al the upper surface of her eephalothorax. Tt did not at any
time attempt ta nibble the abdomen or legs. How much longer it worked
on the dead spider I do not koow, bot the fatter looked much the same
ext mornin,

‘The tricket, however, was tow anoving arouvid the jar miius one Jeg.
Thinking this duc to excessive humidity 1 remover the lid and at once
uotice! an offensive amunoniacal odour, stranely reminiscent of the methy-
lated amnics—the substances associated with stale fish, Whatever caused
the exigur must have been severe for, as the day wore om, most of the
cricket's antennae and Jegs dropped off and ut finally died. Perhaps the
odour originated in the cricket and served to stupefy the spider Or was
the cricket's dismemberment ¢atised by its amyestion af the juices From
the spider's cephalothorax ?

Odours emitled by some insects certainly do have an atarstictic, even
lethal, effect om athers, as testified hy entomologists who happen to mix
certain live insecls in clean collecting bottles. This phenomerion was
sthkingly demonstrated recently when a tiny arachmd of some sort {i
was pot a spider) was kept in a stoppered bottle for some time, Later, it
was given a smal) green dipterous insect to asdttage tls hunger. The fly
took a few steps alatig the inner wall of the container and inimediately
collapsed, sppareatly overcome by a nosiovs vapour, It did mpt recover
and the small arachnid was soon eating ir

There, then, is the account of the celuublalble Red-back falling victim
to a common field cricket The circumstances were aftificial; and J suspect
that, bad the ¢ricket otetmbled actoss the spider on her home ground, it
wauld hardly have survived the suare of the tough, sticky and untidy web,

"David and Goliath”

That it is nul always the bigger who yvanquishes is apperctit to most
nature absetvers. Concurrently with the field cricket episode, another little
tragedy was heing enacted. Several liundred newly-emerged spiderlings,
swarming prior to dispersal, were sprayed with 1.0. —gammexane
miatire; hut two survivors of eavilee broods were collected and put
together in a jar.

wad J. R. Garner, Noles 00 the Red-back Spider 53

I pught remark that some thousand or so spiderlings had already cis-
persed from -seven of the egg-sacs collected, for these exhibited the little
cleanly-cut emergence holes ap the summit, (Kor comments on the feciindity
of the Red-back Spider, see my notes in Mie. Nal, 68: 17, May, 1931.)

To return to the jar; One of the specimens tad been through several
wioults or else was. a very small male and the red stripe was evident an
its three millimetre diameter abdomen. The other avas only about twa-
itiirds that size, and still retained the white and black pattern af the
younyster of the species.

I am well awarc that syideytings will devour oné another, bit bad
helieved that bigger ones wauld have the advantage by virtue of their longer
legs. Rue it. na tine the little spider had its mate properly ted up, and
it was not long before the bigger one bégan to shrink while the other
hoceme correspondingly inflated.

Since the pair were suspended somewhere in the middle of the lsuttle.
J wat reminded of the prattice of atreraft refuelling an mithair,

PRESERVATION OF NATIVE FLORA
By J. S. Seaton

Australia has been endowed with one of the richest floras in the world,
yet her white jiewsessors have done less toward its preservation than
people iit most other Jands If such a heritage is 14 be preserved jor
posterity, we wmust be prepured to benelit fram the experience of these
other counties and ase all the methods af preservation,

It is interesting toe compare the Commonwealth with South Africa, which
has had some three tentynes of Evropean occupation. The indigenous flora
of the Cape Province bears a striking resemblance to our owt; but, while
the giant life of the former region has certainly sitlfered over the years,
aty even greater extermination of spécics. would baye ocqurred had it not
been for the excellent worle carried out by the Kirstenbosch Botanic Gardens
since 1033, When one of the most beautiful flowers im Cape Colony, viz,
the “Blushitig Bride’ (Serruria floridai, was on the verge of extinction,
a few plants were talsedl from seed and the progeny eventually distributed
to many parts of the world; it is now successfully jerown, witen the appro-
priate amethods are employed. The New Zealand “Glory Pea" (Chinthnus
paenicous) would doubtless have died aut long agu, had the Maaris (and
later white colotiists) now brought it into cuyltivation—the plane is exteenely
rare in tle wild piate,

The relationship of plants to insects, fungi and other organisms whieh
prey upon thera (predators and parasites) is all but completely unknown
in’ Australia. Tt is this complex pattern ot ble which constitutes thle
“halance of natnre’—key to successful preservation. There is a need for
close study regardime the soil reyuitements of Australian plants, the dime
when scediings normally germinate, the prapartion of survivals, their
span of life, and many other features which would prove an insurance
against Joss. While preservation in am undisturbed and nstural habitat nist
be the main. objective, there is no guarantee that many of these peculiar
Hiableats will he cafe for all time; so, the fact remains that cultivation
may be the best way of saving certain specics fram extinction In Victoria
there seems to be af over-eniphasis an “nature” preservation, to the exclusion
of all other means. ) believe 2 broader owtlaok, embracing the cultivation
of many more ative Rowers, shavld be adopted

$4 The Victorian Naturalist Val, #0

A NEW SPECIES OF CHILOGLOTTIS (ORCHIDACEAE)
By the Rev. H, M. R, Rupe, Willnughhy, NS.W

CHILOGLOTTIS DOCKRILLI] sp, nov.

Planta terrestris usque ad 18 om.
atta, Caulis ruber, paulun robpstior
quam ut solet. Bractea aliquanta
magna, laxe vaginata, Fulia 2 ad
caulis basin, fere sessilia, ovata séd
inucronata, cn, 25 mm. longa. Flos
solitarius, fuscoruber. Sepalum dor-
sale post coluninam curyvum, 12 mm.
longum, angeste lanceolatun et ad
basin cuneatum. Sepala lareralia 1
ey, fonga, anguste lanceolata, 4
mim. lata, Petala angustissime Sine-
aria, recurya, 15-16 mm. longa,
Labellum unguiculatum, prope
em. longum; discus rhomboideus,
4 mm. teangus, callo glandulosa
magno; glandes magni duo ad basin
protrudentes; callus anterioré dis-
cum excedens, obtuse acuiminates.
Columna Alexa, ca. 1 cm. longa,
supra angustissime alata.

Holotype; Barrington Tops,
N.S.W.; Febeuary 1953; A. W,
Dockrill (in Herb. N\S,W,),

A terrestrial plant up to 18 cm.
high. Stem reddish, rather more
robust than is usual in the genus.
Bract tather large, loosely sheath-
ing more than half-way up the
stem, Leaves 2, basal, almost
sessile, -oyate but very shortly
mucronate, about 25 mm. long,
inarging somewhat ecrisped. Flower
solitary, red-brown. Dorsal sepas
curved closely behind ihe column,
12 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate
tawards the apex, cuneate below.
Lateral sepals I cm. long, about
4 mm. wide, narrowly Janceolate,
Petals very narrawly linear, almost

Chiloglottis dockriiltr sp, nov.
filiform, recurved, 15-16 mm. long, A- Labellum, above (enlarged),

Labellum on a rather long claw,
with the claw almast 1 em. tong;
disc rhomboid, 4 mm. long, with i
a large glandular callus; 2 large glands protruding slightly downwatds
at the hase, other glands very small, bie the callus in front narreying to
a blunt point well exceeding the margm of the disc. Columti bent, about
1 em. long, very narrowly winged above.

The outstancine distinctions of this species are the unusually tall Aowering
stem and the peculiar details of the large labellar callus. As is: well knowz),
the stern in several other species of CAtlagloitis is elongated after fertiliza:
tion has been effected, presumably to give the seeds a better chance of
dispersal by wind. But in the present instance the stem attains a height
of 15 to 18 cm, before the flower is mature. ‘The labellum is shaped

B—Lahbellum, side (enlarged)

wnt H.M_R. Rupr, 4 New Species of Chiloglattis 58

rather Jike that of C. /rafcsijormio R. BD. Pitzg., but the claw is longer and
the calli anc quite different, Th CG. tragesforons the eallus consists af va
amall group of glands concentrated at the hise of the fisc, Tn the new
Species it acebpics tle ereatet fart of the stirface of the disc; two rather
large jaimted glands protrude at the base, bent slightly downwards; the
remainder wf tle callus consists of # mass of very small glands, which ts
produced heyand the front of the dise into an obtise point.

Mr. Dockrill hiss doue much valuable work for the National [erbarinm
of New South Wales in bis searches for orebids, and I think it as ditteryr
that this new species of Chiloglatirs slould he named in his honour,

SYSTEMATIC NOTES ON VICTORIAN MOSSES — 2
By J. Tl. Wrens, National Merbsrium of Victoria
SPHAGN UAL

Last year 1 discussed [ret Naf 69; 15-18 (June 1952)] the confusion
anil curtectainty which had so long obstructed (he nemenclature of
Sphagnacer in Victoria, and an attempt was made to bring order out of
prevailing chaos; four species (and probably a fifth) Were recogmzed Jor
the State, Since then, further research has demanstrated the need for
rigme changes it two species, aud again f am greatly indebted to Dr. A
Lé Rev Andrews (Ithaca, USA) for entical reports on the identity of
type material which he has been good enough to examine at my request,

Following ace the names whiet must mew be adupted for these two
splragna, with brief accounts of their unsatisfactary treatment in Literature:
alsa, for each Victorias species the proven cynonythy is give (hc. maimes
which have becn apphed te Australian populations, but nor the nymerous
synonyms which caucern only New Zealand or other parts of the Southern
Hemisphere)

S§. CRISTATUM Wampe in Limero 38: 661 (1874)

Synty of this species—irom Mt. Kosriuska and “Mt Aberdeen’,
ne. Bullalo—ace in the Melbourne Herbarium and are certainly identical.
Fhe iatter collection uw what Hamnpe had earlier labelled “S. cambifoliotdes
CM." (1 1853), and 3s most probably the basis also of F, Muellec's ngmen
nudiem, S. cymbaphy linn, published in Ws Second Systemane Index of the
Plants of Wictorea (1854). Hanipe was mistakeq im calling F. Mueller’s
Mi. Bufislo cpllection $. cynbtteliotdes, for the type material af that
spectes (tu Mitten's TWerbartum at New York Botanical Garden} came
from Green Cape, south of Eden (NWSW), and represents, i the opinion
of Dr. Andrews, mercly a large form of S. sabscoundwi Nees; the error
was corrected by publication of S. cristata in 1874,

C. Miiller received several Australasian collections of S. cristatim, deserib-
ing them each [Flora 1887] as different species, vo. S. fetonodae from New
Zealand, S. whilelgget and S. wilcaxit from New Sourly Wales,

C, Warnstorf Liecdwiyie 29; 252 ¢(1890)] made @ serious mistake an
reducing S. cristatwin Hpe. to synonymy under 3. amtarcticuw Mitta
very different plant in another seclion of the genus. Apparently he had
tot examined the true type (in fruit) of S. cristatwm, because he cites the
eallection as fram “Herb. Resch.” (2.c. Bescherelle) aid then says he had
trever seen fruit of 5. antureticuss Obviously ihe only reason for the teduc-
tion was Bescherelle's specimen, which could hardly have represented
Hampe's S- cristatzns from the Australian Alps. Tn his subsequent mono-
graph, ‘Splragnologia Universalis’ (Pfancenrsich, Beit 51, Dec, 19113,
Warnstarf still keeps S. eristotue as a synonym of S. axtarcticum (p. 153},
but has a ountrachetory Note om pages 199-157:

Kine Urivinalprobs win S, ceistotim Hope. von “Tames ff Buinel
Biver, 1,220 mo, do M., CAustralion) in tterh. Paris gebart cicht xin
Kawkm—, sondern aur Cymbifotom—Grappe.

€ | i 7 UJ mt,
Mi Jo UL, Wants, Systematic Notes on “betoriitn Musses—2 [ tity

So be had by then seen an authentic specimen of S. eristutunr, recognized
that if Was aot S, astfareticnn, yet without amending the syconyniy! W, W,
Watts [Proc. Luo. Soc, NSAP. 57 = 384 (1912)9 perpetuated this error,

To add te the ewofusion, Warustorf (1991). so broadened lis eeneept of
the Europea species 5. siibbicofor UMpe, ag fo include C, Muller's 5, Jesonopren
(N.Z.) and S. whiteflegget (NS.W.) which are actually anseparable irom
the teuc S. cristetum: again, Watts “followed sit’,

In 1908 CHvdadgia}. Warnstorf had deseribed two more specics nt
sphagna it the TMOPHLORA section; both were dram New South Wales,
ws, 3S. decipiens and S. wardelfonse, Dr, A. Le Roy Andrews conmmented
‘pon these, and the Mudllerian entities mentioned above, m his “Studies m
the Warnstor? Sphagnum Herbarium. VI The Subgenus Inoplrloea m tke
Eastern ITemisphere’ [The Bryolegrst 54: 87-89 (June 1951} ], 2s follaws:

My tentatave comidasion is Mat all these Australian and New Zesland
“species” - .. represent in reqliey a single one . . UE the species ix
distinct (24, frum the Enroptsn 3. palngtre and S. mudbieolor, ete.) as t
have Assumed it to be, thé guestion af Irs proper mame should be sciLlerl.
4 « OFFS, lotewotwnr there is an isotype wm the herbarium af New York
Hotanical Garden which I have been permitted to sturdy and would. accoril
iughy suigest that this some be employed

Dr. Andrews was not to know that 3. cristatline Chanished by Warnstorl
ag A synonyat in another subgenus) would be the begutimate name to adcopl,
antedating S. erowatwe by 13. years, and wethout access tu the type material
Gin both Metbourne 2nd the British Museum herharia) it would have been
quite impossible to establish the real identity of Hames moss, Incideslally,
the epithet “ersstetwm'’ is very appropriate, lweamse this species may be
recognized from a crest-like projection of exterior cells just belrind the
cuculfate apices of its branch Jeavex

S. AUSTRALE Mitten ex Wilson jin Flora Taswainie 2: 162 (1858)

The situation here is far less camplicated than with 5- cristalum Hype.
Wilson published SS. qustrale (type from Huon, Tasmania), using the
manuscript diagnosis of Mitten, while the Tatter botanist’. lengthy paper
“Descriptions of same new species of Muses irom New Zealand ,,. etc.” was
wailing fo appear in ihe Jonrnal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society
(4> 64-100 (18609). When Mitten's work left the press, néarly two years
after publication af the beyophyte section ut Flora Tosmannie, IMs diagnosis
af S. anstraie was repsated word for word, S. confertuns was described
from western Tasmania and S. enterciician Irom Campbell's Island (N-Z.}
The types of these “species” {in Herb, Mitten, New York Botanical Garilen)
are cemspeerfic, and clearly the name §\ oustrale bas prority of applecation.
Warnstorl (1911) synonymised .S. onstrate under 5S, ontareticne, believing
that the Flora Tasmania had appeared wholly in 1840. Many botanists
have made the same mistake: But reference to unbound copies af this
superb work will show that it came out in ten parts between 1953 and 1840,
the BRYOPHYTA being included in Part § (28583, Jn 1915 (Heduapie),
Warnstorf described another ‘Tasmanian speces, 3. soownoulhn, which
mst be added to the already considerable synonymy of 5. avstrale.

VICTORIAN SPRAGNUM SPECIES
All synonyms known to have been used for Australian material,
and of whieh the types hare been investigated, arc arranged
alplhulstieniiy under the wames now accepted, while a few pro-
see Mot yel proven) syuonyms are prefixed by a
query (7),

MALACOSPHAGNUM (¢RIGIDA) Group -

1. S. owsteole Mitk. ex Wits. in Flora Tas, 2; TA2 (1858)—Tas. type
S. antrveticnmn Mitt, en Jour Proc, Fine Sor. 4; 100 CIREDI—N,Z, type
S. confertum Mutt. fc, 10—'Tas. tyyie.
S. macrvecdhalim Warnst_ in Hedwigia 82) 72, (6 11882) —Tas. type
S yureymonwthit Warnst fe. 57> 78 119t6I—Tas type.

Jule

rire) J. He Waris, Systematic Notes on Picton Mosses—2 39

CUSPIDATA Group
2 *S. faleotulum Besch, in Gull. Soc. Bot. France 67: (1885)—Fuegia type.

S, brathernsst Warnst, in Bot, Central, 82: Sa £1300)— N.S. type.

S. caspidatnm sens. Warnat, W911, noe Bhet, 1799

S, deeganactadnm uamnet in But. ‘Contralbl, 822 55 “(1900) N.S “W. type

tancsfatinm C. & Wartnst. in Hedwiate ag 18 (1897)—WN.S,W. type,

*S. nolesowndl C. i in Engler Bot. Jahr, 9: (1882) —O'land Ee

C8. rodwaxsi Warast, ex Rodway ia Papers & Pre. Roy. Soc. Tox tor
W919: 257 Grads Tas. type,

9S, scortochinii ap, Warnst, in Aedteigia $6: 443 (1897)—) "lund
type

&, gcevatiotiven Warust, in Bot. Contralbl, 82: S32 (19U0)—N.S,W, type

PS. serratum Aust, vat, derrafatunt (Schlieph.) Warnst, -sens, Warnst,,
bon Selfieph, ete

§. servudatiom Warnst in Hedeigie 32: 1, Til, f.1 (1893)—Tas. type.

PS. drtchaphytlum Warnst. in_Hedtogia 392 100° (1900 —Tas. type.

S. watts Warnst. in Bot, Gentealbl, Fo: t6 (1R98)—N_S AW. type,

SUBSECUNDA Group

i. S. subsecundum Nees ap. Stamm. in fl, Germ, Crypt, 2: Fase. 17 (1819)
—Eyjrope type.
Sf. comnmlaiom Waist. ia Magy. Bot. Lopok, 0:45 reich pes S.W.. type.
S. comosimn ©, M, in Flora €)4 (9887) — NSW.
+ eyinbifationdes C. M, in Bot. Zoit. 9: 596 (1851)—_N.S -W. type,
S. errace Warnat. mt Nedwiave 30: 20, TA, 1.7 (1891 }— *Newfouidiaud

TF

Ss. ee CG. M, cx Warnst. in fencer, Heft $2: 12 (191))--Wie.
ty

&. molieulvm Mitt. in Journ. Prov Linn. Soe, %: 99 (1860)—Tas. type.

S. enoeres Warnst, in Aligom, Bot, Zeitsche, . — . in Kertgeuhte Wo. tt

ood (1805) [4- var, macrophyllam Warnst. in Pflansens, Heft. Sf:
_ 69 (1914)I—Tas. type.
4, marsmannianuny C,M, aemen andion—Tas, type. .
Ss. saa ee Mitt in Journ, Pros Lew. Soc 4: 99 €$360)—

Lg
5: jrerdee ioibens Warnst, is j{iedwigio, 32: 6, T. 2, £5) (1893) [+ 4
vars. in Pflantsenr Heft. Sd: 371 {197199 —Tan, type.
S. subcunturéure Hampe in Linea $0: 308 (i876)—N.5.W. type.
S. sntrivliicatiom Warns. in Hedwigie 36; 164 (1897)—Tas, tyre, |
S, anfivanti C.M. cx Warnst. in PRansenr, Hely, 50: 427 uote Vic.
type.

INOPHLOEA Group

+S. eristotom Hampe in Linnea 38: 661 (1874)—N,S.W. & Vic. type
S. cypsbifotum sens Avett, Aust, & Warnst. 1911, now Eliety 1730,
S$. cymbophyllam Fo Muell. somien asda, 1854 —Vie. Wipe.
S. deviplens Warnst. in Nedwigin 97: 78 (1908)—-NLS type
S, teronetum CG. M. in Flova 408 (1887)-—N.Z. sree
S. mapellanicnm seas. Paut 1924. nan Brid. 1798
5. mavimum Warnst. in Medwigie 30: 160 (189)—Tas, & NZ, type.
5. medium seus. Warnst. 1911, non ‘Linipr, 2831.
5. meadiven (sens. Warnst, 2917, nos Limpr. 1B8).
5. pachycladum C. M. nomen wudwin—? N.S.W- 4 Hr
S, sublicoler sens, Warost, 1911, non Tlampc |
S., wardetlonss wan in Aledwigta 47. Bt 1 OUR) _N.S.W. type.
Ss. whitelegges . Me in More, 408 (1887) —N_S,W_ type
S$. wifcerts C, M, im Flora 47 (887)—N.S.W, type,

5, becearii Hampe in Nuov, Giorn, Bot, Ital, ¢: 278 (1872)—Barneo
type.

“rt

OPS. prandifotinm Warst. in Bot. Centralbt, het 33 (1400) [4 2 vara, in
Pflanceny, Heft. $1: 484 (911))—N.S WwW. fype.

*T saw this moss abyndantly at Mr, Field West in the National Park, Tasman.
gmwing by and around shatlow pools among communities of alpine cushion planta (nt
about 4,600 t.); these aamanian examples yvaricd in catoyr, rohostiess and brane
density, showing nicely bow by Sucreas¢d imnversion the “fibrits in the empty cells
of the lesvex aay Ie partially chininated, Dr, R. Melville recently collected at the
Genoa Creek (far eastern, Victoria) a suite of G. subsccundum quite remarkable tor
ws diversity of colour and growth form—from dark green, very slender, sparmaly
ened and small lraved, to almost white, with robust congested branches and laveo
eaves.

38 The Victoriam Naturalist Vol, 70

FLORA OF DIMBOOLA MATIONAL PARK
(A Comprehensive List of Specics?)
by E. T. Muir, Dimbaoja

Victoria's smallest Natwnal Park of 33 acres, adjaining the Dimbaocla
Hixzh School, was officially dectared and opened in Novernber 1946. [See
ict, Nat. 62: 1I8 (Nev. 1945) and 63: 220 (Feb, 1947). J 1 promised
then to prepare a censps of al) plants growin: io this mallee reserye. Year
by year, a few species have been added to the list which is now as nearly
compicte as it is possible for me to make it. Jong: and algae have not
been taken itito consideration (relatively few species of either group are
present}; but Jichens, mosses and introduced weeds are listed, as weil as
the indigenous vascular species. No doubt occasional intradttctions will
continue ¢o appear from time to time, especially weeds of the familes
Cranmance and Conrpositar whack spread so easily by wind-borne seed.

The list, here published. stands at 174 species of indigenous vascular

plauty (representing 32 families and 120 wenera), 46 naturalised aliens, I8
beyophytes and 16 lichens, Farnilies with the largest muinber of hative
representalives are Composite (34) and Granuneew (16); these are weli-
fitted for survival in the semi-sd eovicmmment which obtains a this
area, Cienopadiacere are couspicuous (7 species) and there are 12 orchids;
bat the characteristic Australian famrloes af Proteacew, Epacndaces and
Styfdiacer: have cach only a single member jn the Dimboola park, Canopy
is provided by the dominant mallee, Eucalyptus duanosa. Many kinds nf
plants are to be found only on the outer fringe af the reserve, where there
are no evcalypts, but othets prefer the friendly cover of the mallees.
_ In compiling my hist, T have enjoyed the utmost co-operation by thr
Director and staff of the National Herbarium, South Yarra; their help
in determining and checking many specimens iy gratefully acknowledged.
Mr. Cliff Beauglehole of Gorse West visited the reserve in November
1949 and collected every kind af moss gad licheu that could be seen; to
his enthusiasm then, we owe the record of nearly all these cryptogamic
species Tinally, Tam indebted do those other observers who have recorded
nqumeroys minute and epherneral plants hy close application of the “hands
and knees" technique.

The systematic arrangsinent of families follows the Engler and Prant!
scheme as used by Ewart and recently by J, M. Black in his revised Flora
of South Australia, Mien plants are prefixcd by an asterisk (*), and the
fofluwing three symbols [given after cach mame) denote the frequency
with which vascular plants occur:

« Abundant in most parts.
wi Widely scattered, but not plentifal,
r. Rare—oly une or a few plants noted.

Except where stated spoerfcally, all the lichens and mosses were growing
on sandy earth, i
SYSTEMATIC List

P. imitatria

Lichéns
DERMATOCARPACEAE PB. rutidota—hark and twins

Dermatncarpou hepaticum USNEACEAE
DAPESSCHISTACEAE sonics fe iptaralone Lwigs

freevlaria serupasa snca harhyta vor, hirta—dead woned
LECIDEACEAE , Siphula coriacea

Lecidea civstallitera
Prora decipiens

CLADONTACEAE
Clulonia aggregata
C. verticillata

© sn, 2 (ercy. cripped and Popmectin-

ike. -systumatic position uncertain)
NARMELIACKAE
Heterodea mucllert
Parmelia amphixartha

TELOSCHTISTACEAE
Teloschistes panietintis—vark and
dead twigs
T. cheysophehalmus—bark
Hapotics
REEOULIACKR AR
Fimbrizria convcephala
RICCIACEAE
Riuceta sp.

week E. T. Murr, Flora of Dimbaola National Park

Mosses ;
BISSIDENTACEAE
Ficsidens vitiatus

DICRANACESE

Carpylugus inteofesus

‘POTTIACEAE

Tortella calvcina

Triquetrella papillata

Harbula torqtara

BR. luctomanoii

AL pseudopiltfera

Pottia starkuaua

Destiatyden convolutus

Aloina sullivaniana.
GIGASPERMACEAE

Gi epost pore
PUNARIACEA

Tanaria are ee

b. gracilis
DERYACEAE

Rryurn billarderi

B. campytothecium
WARTRAMIACEAE

Burtranua stricta
Vascular Plants
PTERIDOPHYTA (Feros)

) OPHTIOGLOSSACEAE

Opliieglossuai col aeroud—r_
ADIANTACEAE

Cheilanthes tenuifolia—r.
GYMNOSPERMAE (Conifera)
CUPRESSACEAE

Calijlris propirgiua—w,

ANGIOSPERMAL (Flowering Motrts)

SCHBEUCHZERIACEAE
Triglochin calcitrapa —r
GRAMINEAE (Grasses)
Themeda australis--r.
Neucachne alopecnroides—c.
Panicitnt efusuni—r,
*Phalaris: mizoc—r.
Aristida bihriana
Stipa clegantissima—c,
S. variabilis-=a,
S. semitarbara—w-
*Aira caryovhyllea—-c.
"Avena sativa
Amphibromus neesii—r-
Danthonia geniculate
U, setaces—c
D, durcontana—w.
*Pentaschistis aitaides
*Laitarckia, atirea—r,
*Koeleria phicoides war, gtorensis
“Avellinig michelit---v
Eragrostis dhongoracr,
‘E, eslianensis—w.
Distichlis. distichophylia—s.
Poa caespitosa—w,
“FP. bulbosa—w,
*P. compressa—r-
*Vulpia bromoides—e,
"VL omyuros--w.
*Bramus rubéths—wy.
"RB, Bussoi—w.
Chloris tronoata
Lolium muleifiorum—,
“Parapholis’ in¢orva—r.
Agtopyren, scairuin—w,
VHordeum = murinum—.

“CYPERACEAR (Sedges)}

Scirpus. antarcticus—r.
Eleocharis | acuta—r.
Lepidesperina viscidum-—9,
JUNCACEAE (Rushes)

ufeus ? palyanthemus—s,
*7, capitstue—w,

Sh

LILTACEAE

Lomandra #ffusa—e-

L. micrantha—e,

L. glauca~-r.

Rurchardia umbellata—v.

Anguillaria dtoiea—e.

Bulbme bulbosa—c.

Thysanotus patersynin c-

Dichopogen strictus—a,

Dianella revaluta--c.
AMARYLLIDACEAE

Hypoxts glabeliso—e.
*Brodiaca wnitlora—c.
IRIDACEAE |
*Romulea crociaia
ORCHIDACEAE .

Prisupbylluso fusco-viride+-c,

Thelymitra aristata- ow.

Caladenia carnea—o-

©, deformis—c.

C, dilatata—r,

C. filunientosa ver, rentacalata—s

Diung maecniata—r-

Ptecostylis rulusta—c.

PL mugea—c,

FP. eychocephalsa—r.

Tufa—r. (one specimen)

PF. longifolia,
URTICACEAE
“Urtica urens—r.
PROTEACEAE

Grevillea ilicifolia—r,
SANTALACEAE

Santalum. acuminatum—r,
CHENOPODIACEAYF,

Rhagodia autans—w,

Chenopodmum _ pseudamicrophyliuze—w.

Atriplex isemibaccata—e,

Basia quibquccuspis

Noounifiora- -c.

Kochia tomentasa—w-

Enchylaena tomentesa—<.
AMARANTHACEAE
*Arnranthas albius—r.

‘A. retroflexus—r.

Trichiniuy obovatum—s,

T. ¢xaltatum

T, erubescens—w,

T. spathulatun—c.
pecantiore repens <1, (noxious)
ATZOACEA

Cote acquilaterus—c.
PORTULACACEA

Calandrinia Aiea cs
CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Saginua apetats—w-

Spergularia rubra—w.
*Stellaria mediia~y.
*Silene conica—r.

*Tunica yelutina—r,
RANUNCULACEAE

Clematis. aristata—o

Benauealae layspacers—wv.

R. parviflores—w-.
LAURACEAE

Cussytha meéluntha o,
FUMARIACEAE

*Fumaria tapreplats—w-
CRUCIFERAE

Cardamine hirsuta—c,

TSisymbrium pritalale—w.

Alysaum Jinifolium—r.

Menkea australis—w,

Lepidium hyssopifoliuum—c.

Capsella _pilostila—w.

Stenopetahim sphacrecarpuim—r,

S$, litneare—w.

Viet, Nat

40 le. T. Ofte. Flora of Ovabonle Natemal Park Vat. TH,
DROSERACEAE CONVOLVULACEAE

Drosera whittakeri—c- Conyutvulus erubescens—w

D. pianchorii—c, NORAGINACEAE

CRASSULACEAE
Orassula sieberiana -c.
C, macrantha—ec,

PITTOSPORACKAE
Pittasperum phillyreoides—w,
Borsaria spinasa—e.
VRilardicra cymosa- cc.

MIMOSACEAR
Acacia spintscens-- oc
A, acinacea—c.

A. brachybotrya—e.
A. pyenantha—e.
A, Tlakenides—r.

A. montaita—o_

PAPILIGNACEAE
Eutaxia smiecrophylla—c.
Daviesia genistifolia -<.
Templetonia stenaphylla—t,
*"Teifolium procumbens—™
*T. tomentoaum—w.

“T, arvense—w.
Medicago hiapida—w.
Swainsona pracumbens- i.

GERANIACEAT
Geranium pilosum—w,
Enidium tygionun—w,
*E_ botrys—w.
Pelargonium australe—v

OXRALIDACEAR
Oxalis sorniculata—w.
*Q. pes-caprae—y.

LINACEA ;

Linum macginale—c,

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
Tribulus terrestris—w.

RUTACEAE
Phebatum pungens—r,

EUPHORBIACEAE |.
Euphorbia drumemnondii—w
Beveria jeschenaultii—e.

STACKHOWSIACEAE
Stackhousia monopyna- -c,

SAPINDACEAE
Dodonaea cuneata—e.

REHAMNACEAE
Spytiduadr eriocephalun—e

MALVACEAE

*Malva paryulora—w.
Sida corruigata—w.

STERCULIACEAR
Lasiopetalum bayeri—e

THY MELAEACKAE
Pimelea glauca—c:

PB. carvidara—e,

MYRTACEAE
Eucalyptus Jargiflarens—e-
E. Jeptophylla—we
E. leweoxylon—e,

E, dumosa- —c,

E. incrassala—w,
Melaleuca acumisata—-vw-
M, pubescens—iv.
Calytrix tetragona—i.

WALORAGIDACEAL
Haluragis Heteroptiy tla

UMBELLIFERAE
Naucus glachisliatus—c,

EPACRIDACEAE
Lissanthe -trigosa

PRIMULACEAE |
*Centunculus roitinus

GENTIANACEAE
Sebasa ovata—rv,

Holictropium euvopacum—w.
_ Cynoglossum suavealena—r,
LABIATAE

Teucrium racemosam—r-
*"Marrubian valgare—r.

Prostanthers aspalathadca—w.
“Lumium_amplexicanle ~w.
SOLANACEAE
“Lyeiuns ferocissimum—e (noxious)
MVOPORACEAE

Myoporum = deserti-=¢.

M. platycarpnm —w.

Eremophila longifolita—w.
PLANTAGINACEAE

Plantago vatis—e,
RUBIACEAE ‘

Opercntacia scahetde-- r-

O. yaria—w,

QO. turpis—w.

3 Galism raudichaudii—c_
CAMPANULACEAE

Wahlenhergia bieolor—iw:

Wi) gracilétita—e,

_W. guadrifda—e
GOOQDENTACEAE

Goodenia geniciilata tar. primu-

laccu—e, ‘

G. varia—,

G. pinnstifida—e.

Cr. pysiiliflora—,
STYLIDIACEAR

Leveripokia_ dthia- -c.
COMPOSITAE

Brachycome Jeptocarpa—r-

‘H_ lingaritoha—e,

B. aculesta—vy,

R. twartala—e.

KR. parvula vor, lissocarya—r.

B. ciliaris,

C+ ver. suhintegrifolia)
Minuria jdeptophytls—e,
Caiotis scabiusifolia—e-

C. hispidula—w,

Vittadinia triloba—c,

Olearia decurrens—r_

O, ramylosa—e,

Cotula sustralis—vy.

Isvttepsis wgraminifoliz—w.
"Inula graveolens—w.

Angignibus stnetus—c,

Calocephalus cifreta—e.

Gnaphatodes nliginosuin—c.

Craapedia unitora—e.

Voxanthus muctlerim—c.

Millotia tenuifalia—-c.

Ixigttena leptolepis- w_

Leptorrhystehia sqamatie—ey,

Vielichrysum apientlatum—e.

H. semipapposum- c.

H. tencopsidiam—e,

H. Inluobum—e_

Helptersm , corymbiflorum—c.

H. demissum—c,

H.. pygmacum: -c.

Guaphalinne Iwtewalbani-o,

G. soyolucratum—w..

Senecig brachyglossus—a,

S. quadridentatuz—‘r,
*Avotothiees caleudula—y,
Carthamus Janatus—w. (noxieus)

Mtcroseris lanceolata—e,
“Hypochveris glabra—e
*Hedypnois eretica—w.
*Sonchas oleraceus—jp.

ey Tax Wanrack, Suoke ands unt Fanciers fil

SNAKE FACTS AND FANCIES
By lax Waxtace, Wartirne

Down through tie ages the aoake has been regardes! as an almiost stper:
natural creatiire capable of incredible feats, and even in our enlightened
era many popular fallacies about it still exist. [ar a timber of years my
brother Ron and I have kept wimerolis “pet snakes arid handled matty
more, and in the following paragraphs are -sct out some of aur experiences
and thoughts in connection with several of these ¢ommon beliels. This
material as mainly for the unsopliisticated, but it is hoped that more
experienced waturalists, too, may glean some points from it.

Je as generally believed that, most snakes are pugnacious and ever
ready to chase people, Jn Victoria the Brown Smake is the only really
aggressive ane, and it ws exceptionally fast im ils movements, too, It will
repeatedly attack any object presented ta it and cannot be frightened away
easily as other snakes can: This attitude ts usually attributed to the Tiger
Snake whict, in actual fact, avoids people when possible, and, wher one
challenges its occasional “bluff”, it almost invariably turns and flees, The
black stake ts extremely shy and sathec slow-movmeg in its natural environ-
ment, but will show & certain amount of temper when molested or captured.
The reverse is the case with the Copperhead; it is an aggressive hunter
but becomes curmpletely “cowed” when branded. A snake's maxinium spted
is three or fowr miles per hour, hardly 2 rapid walking pace.*

The forked tongue of 2 snake, thought by some toa te the fangs or
“sting”, apart from being harmless, is an extremely impartant organ. It
is ju use constantly, to identify prey and enamies by “tasting” their scent.
A reptile cannot be rendered permanently harmless by the removal of
the fangs themselves. These, actually biting teeth placed one each side
on the upper jaw, if broken away, are eeplaced by new ones withia a week
or so, Normal clothing is ample pratection against any snake that ae
be encountered in dur bushland; even an ordinary woollen sock will absdr’
tmuch venom from the grooved fangs and prevent them from penetrating
far, By milking a snake once, only a small portion of the venom is extracted,
and when this is attempted a aumber of times, the venom may be with-
held, So there 1s no guarantee Urat the reservoie ts ever exhausted.

Despite the idea What the presenve of lizards in any place indicates the
absence of snakes, the two are offen found living quite close together and
apparently iy harmony. Jn captivity they wall bask side by side in the sun,

he shining scales, particularly soon after an old skin is shed, give the
impeessian that reptiles are cnld and clammy (even slimy); but actually
they are about as warm always as the temperature af the surrounding
atmosphere, ane] quite satiny te the touch,

Its said that the snake that has gone under a house cun be enticed out
with a sawoer af milk. We have expertinented repcatedly by with-
holding water for a period aud then offering milk to our snakes. Thus
they always @atly refused, but they drank freely of water when it was
agam made avatlable. Neither by thes mor by other methods tried have
we ever succeeded i) persuading snakes to deink milk, “They are repute
to be fond of musit, but our experiments indicate that they are almost deaf,
relying om the sense of sinell rather than sound, This is a controversial
question, However, for it has been proved that some snakes do respond to

“This abscrvation applica to progress on tevel ground, but on « slape a snake
usally turds downhill wheil disturbed atid makes a slithering Mvht at a somewhat

fer speed, offen tnwarfis (and past) the disturher, thus creztimg the errontous
impresaiun of a Waaifl anil aggressive attack. When preparing to grasp its prer or
fo strike an enemy, snake draws back its fead so that the fove-nort ef its body
forms a borizimtal "“S" shape, from which posidion the head may go forward im 2
Ughnung movement; hut suck rapid motion should be eistinguishad from tbe normally
alow progtcss “across uostry'—Editor,

2 lan Wattacr, Snake Facets and Fancics bait a

certain high-pitched notes, Were they truly susceptible, either to modern
or classical masic, an orchestra might have been employed, Pied Piper
fashion, duritig the resent suburban snake scare.

It is difficult for us ta concede thal such a primitive creature as a snake
can possess the lighty intelligent power of hypnotism. We have observed
them approaching frogs 2nd mice which remain motionless, apparently
almost paralysed with fear or else simply endeayourlng EO escape attention,
One could imagine them hypnotised, byt when the snake approaches too
closely they after make a sudden miove out of immediate danger. Some
alleged cases of hypnotism niay be die to birds putting on the “broken-
wing act" when their nests are approached, fluttering to the graund and
becoming prey to snakes.

Many snakes, technically dead with head crushed or severed, have heen
seen to have the heart stil beating quite normally, LT have observed this
phenomenon, in one case an hour and a quarter after “death, This is a
property of cold-blooded ammals in general, and gives rise to the belief
that a snake does not die until sundown, This may be correct in some
casts, but only when the cooling of the lady causes the heart to cease
Functioning at that particular time,

Aud snakes sometimes do swallow their yung, a procedure quite common
with many other animals, when olher food is starce: for it is a case not
of protection but simply of hunger, and the youngsters die immediately they
reach the digestive juices of she sturaeh. It ae defisitely one way traffic!
The fact that post mortem examinations have proved that some snakes have
had live young inside them simply means that the latter were nearing
hinth, for many snakes are viviparous,

Though the bushmen of this country are responsihle for many “tall
stones”. that of the hoop-snskes did not originate m Atstralig, One can
perhaps imagine a snake taking its taif in its mouth and wriggling round
in wa citcle after the style of processional caterpillars; but te have tt ereet
itself and go bowling merrily down a slope would be to rob mankina of
the just claim to the conception and exploitation of the idea of rotary
motion.

TERMS ANG DOTTERELS AT MALLACOOTA

in early January this year, several shore-hirds were nesting on [he sandy
streteh between the ocean beach and the éstuary of the Betka River about
two miles southward fromm Mallacouts. The similarity of the nesting features
of two sposics of different orders of birds was remarkable.

First there were the Little Terns, whose nests could be located by with-
drawing a little front the area and watching the individual birds hover and
then drap to the sand. When the breexe was strong enough to shift the
surface, the eggs rested on the clear level sand; otherwise there was a
slight depression, the making of which brought to light a few pebbles and
yhells, A pair of beautifully striped fluffy chicks found m one “nest bad
removed to the lee of a stane some days later, and finally ane only was fo
he found—in the fark af a stnall low of drift-wood.

Further from the ocean, amongst the Sea Rocket (Cakile), the nests of
the Red-capped Dotterels were located by hack-tracking the birds in the
sof sand, Though the Dotterels are only half the size of the Terns, both
hirds lay eggs of about the same size, in nests almost identical, and af a
scalour pattern not aupreciahly different—a base of buff or biscuit colour
marked with numetous darkebrawn blatches and some taint purplish ones.

This parallel development of protective camouflage is a feature of the
nets and eggs ol groups of thore-birds the world over. SAN

mm An, hort >. ]
ae The Vietortan Naturalist 63

NATURALISTS’ NOTE BOOK

[Reserved for your nature notes, observations and queries]

SPIDERS AND BLOSSOMS

Ten years ago (Mic, Nat, 60; 54) the late Mr. A. J. Tadgell commented
on the spider NepAila assisting him by holding in her web sufficient material
to enabie him to recognize a misdetermination of one of his plants of the
Whipstick area. The leaf-curling group of arachnids im particular are noted
for such activities; and Mr. J, H. Willis comments on the enterprising
spider that made a home in an empty snail-sheil which she had managed
to draw aloft into her web! The Hawthorn Junior Club recently saw a
similar example of spider activity, information about which is supplied by
Mrs. M. E. Freame:

Photo: R. OD. Lev

“This specimen was a spray of Excalyptus ercmephila brought in to the
Junior Club by Mr. Ivo Hammett. I took it home and after a couple of
weeks found that as the caps loosened they were collected (evidently by
a spider, for all the flowers were tangled with web and two bees were
caught) and made into a neat nest, Though I watched and turned the whole
thing over carefully I did not sce, the spider which seemed to work only in
the dark. Six weeks it was working on the nest, and one day I am sorry
to say the branch was knocked over, and then everything stopped. A couple
of times I took it in to show the Junior Club, and may have lost the spider
then, but I think it was in the fall."—Eprtor.

RAPID GROWTH OF A GOLDEN GREVILLEA

The remarkable growth of a Golden Grevillea (G. chrysophed) trans~
planted in my garden during September (1951) may be worth placing on
record. At first it consisted of a single upright stem, but three new
shoots soon appeared and grew about fourteen inches in the next sixteea
weeks, while along each of these new branchlets from twelve to fifteen
side shoots appared. [Irom the time of transplanting the grevillea con-
tinued in bloom for the next two months, and produced 20 or 30 blooms next
winter. It would seem that plants whose normal habitat is the gravelly
capping of the Brisbanc Ranges are very much at home vrowing in the
red sands of Sandringham. —A.E.B.

r repel Qn Vict. Nat.
o Naturalists’ Note Book oh 1

FLOWERING OF RED BEAK ORCHIDS

During last winter and spring a large number of leaves of Red Beak
Orchids (Lyfcranthes nigricans) was kept under observation at Beaumaris.
Although | would estimate the number of plants at about three hundred,
only three flowered. The leaves are dark green, fleshy, and grow flat on the
ground. The plants seem to flower much more readily after a bush fire has
passed over the area. They are known as the 'Flawer of Sadness’ and some-
times as ‘Undertakers’ because the flowers turn black when they die or are
pressed. AEB.

A SOULFUL DANCE
Extract from The Confessions of a Beachcomber, by E. J. Banfield.

Of the many corroborces that [ have witnessed, the most novel in con-
ception was performed on Dunk Island by blacks who came from the
neighbourhood of Princess Charlotte Bay, some two hundred miles to the
north. The imitation of the frolicsame skip and wing movements of the
native companion is one of the typical dances of the aboriginals frequenting
open plains where the great birds assemble. In its performance the men—
decorated with streaks and daubs of white and pink clay, and wearing in
their hair down and feathers—form a circle, and bowing their bodies towards
the centre, chuckle in undertones to the pianissimo tapping of boomerangs
and the beating of resonant logs. In strict time, to a crescendo accom-
paniment, the performers throw out their arms, extend their necks down-
ward and upward, simultaneously utter squawks in imitation of the bird,
and finally whirl about, flapping their arms, ceasing instantly hy a common
impulse. The ballet is modelled in accordance with a study of nature,

—Submitted by F. Lewis.

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
Excursions:
Sunday, July 19-—-Mount Eliza. Subject: Botany. Leaders: Botany Group.
5 or 8.53 Frankston train from Flinders Street, thence to Tower
Road by Mount Martha Bus. Firing one meal. Bus leaves Tower Road
for return at approx. 4.40 p.m.

Saturday, July 25—I.ecture at National Museum: Fossil Murals (recently
completed). Speaker: Mr. E. D, Gill, Curator of Fossils, Russell
Street entrance at 2.30 p.m. Party limited to 25, names to be sent to
Excursion Secretary.

Saturday, August &—Geology Group cxcursion. Details at Group meeting.

Group Fixtures:
Tuesday, August 4—Geology Discussion Group. Meet at Russell Street
entrance, National Museum, at 7.30 p.m.

Preliminary Notice:

Four-day Excursion to Bairnsdaie—Transport, if possible, by private cars;
details from Mr. H. Stewart, 14 Bayview Terrace, Ascot Vale, W.2
(FU 1096),

Friday, October 30—Leave Melbourne early in evening, travel to Sale.

Saturday, October 31—Proceed to Bairnsdale, inspecting en route the
heathlands of Providence Ponds sands area,

Sunday, November 1~-To Paynesville, and by boat to Lakes National Park
(Sperm whale Head).

Monday, November 2—Full day on Mitchell River flats and swamps, near
Bairnsdale.

Tuesday, November 3 (Cup Day holiday})—Return to Melbourne.

(Accommodation: Hotel bed and breakfast at Sale and Bairnsdale.)

Kennetn W. Arxins, Excursion Secretary.

The Victorian Naturalist
Vol. 7a—No. 4 AUGUST 6, 1953 No. £36

PROCEEDINGS

Mr A A, Baker presided and about 150 members and friencls
attended at the General Mecting of the Club, at the National
Herbarium on July 13.. = i met

Amongst correspondence tabled was the information that Tye's
Art Gallery had been reserved for a Club exhibition from
September 12 ta Septentber 25.next. The President requested
members to suggest suitable displays and asked for volunteers
who could be in attendance. The Show, to be free to the public
and open from 9.30 aim_to 5 pan. daily, would provide an admirable
opportumty to publicize the objects and achievements of the Chub.

Through Mr. H. P. Dickins, it wag learned that there was to
he presented to the Mitchell Library, Sydney, a series of illuminated
addresses, prepared over the years 1897 to 1947, and notable for
the inclusion in the decorative motifs examples of Australia’s
most colourful wildflowers. The album of fifty illustrated addresses
was exhibited at the meeting.

There was considerable discussion about an 80-acre bushland
property which might be presented to the Cluh for maintenance
as 2 sanctuary; and the meeting finally agreed that the Council
should investigate the matter fully so that the Club can consider
the proposition af a future general meeting.

Mr. N. A. Wakefield suntmarized the preliminary organizing
of the projected Australian Nature Show to be heletan ihe Prahran
City Hall on October 19, 20 and 21 next, and stressed that
emphasis would le placed on economic aspects and every-day
application of natural nstory knowledge.

Miss Ina Watson then addressed the meeting on her visit to
Central Australia with the R A. O. U_ in 1952. With the aid af
kocdochrome slides, members were taken on an armchair tour of
Alice Springs, Herimansberg, Palin Valley and the Cycad Gorges,
to Ayers Rock and ultinately to Mt. Olga. The photographs, |
faithful to the vivid colours of the inland, showed the rare beauty
of wildflowers, trees and shrubs, landscapes and sunsets, which
toa few of these present are privileged to see in situ.

On the nomination of the President ancl Secretary, Sir Russell
Grimwade was elected to Honorary Membership of the Club. Mr
F. S, Parkin became an Ordinary Member, and Dr. C. 5, Williams
and Mr. F. ]. Buckland were elected 3§ Country Memhees.

Mise M. L. Wigan suggested that the Wattle Park tree-planting
should become a coronation year gestute, and recalled that such
metias Mr. E. E, Pescott and the late Charles French had ortgin-

‘ally influenced the trustees jn the use of native trees and shrubs
there.
6S

66 The Piglovian Naturalist Vol, 70

NATURE NOTES AND EXHIBITS AT JULY MEETING
Botony

Mentone Greenhood, Prerastylis fovtyang, now alinost extinct, beng
known only from small patches such as at Greensborough, Specimens of
Litria. dealbata, a itee of the New South Wales and Queensland rain-
forests, and delightfully aromatic especially i rainy weather —Mr. Kf, Atkins

Entomdlogy

Originsl drawings to illustrate the type of a new genus af hees which,
though of a primitive group. hear on the posterior legs the elements of the
cotbiculae or yilenebaskets which are otherwise found anly in the highly
evolved Haney Bec.—Tarlton Rayment

GEOLOGY GROUP

Seventeen members attended the July meetin m the National Museum.
The auhject for the évenii was a commentary on kodochrame slides given
by Messrs, H. Watts and 1D. Jeltrey.

Miss J, Hassett deseribed the excursion to Gellibrand Hill, Broadmeadows,
& report of which is elsewhere it this issue,

The exhibits included aboriginal axcheads fram Cape Everard and Meath-
cate (Mr, Watts), and a bone of the Diprotodon from the Baechus Marsh
open cut coal mnine—Mr. Gil.

VICTORIAN WILDFLOWERS NEEDED FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA

The W.A. Naturalists’ Cloh will be staging its “Wild Lite Show" in the
Perth Town Hall, from 14th to 17th September, 1963. Members of the
FN.CV, ave asked 16 forward some spceimets of the wildflowers of
this stale, or any other exhibits of interest to naturalists, Wonld those
who are able to co-operate please contact Gur Secretary or Editar as soon
as possible?

THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF VICTORIAN PLANTS

A new revised addition of this set of notes, issued by the Botany School,
University of Melhoumww,, is now ayailable, As before, it provides keys
und other information necessaty for identificanion of plants of the State,
In general, the keys run only to genera, but keys to the species of Agacio
and Evcotypins are provided, (Price; 17/6, Posted 18/6). In addition, a
supplement designed to bring the first edition mp-tu-date, has been prepared.
(Price 2/-, posted 2/6). Both are available fram Mr. J. R, J. Mannix,
Botany Schoul, University ot Melhourne, Carltan, N3.

BIOGRAPHY — GUSTAV WEINDORFER

Dr. Géorwe F. J, Bergman, 49a Carr Street, Waverton, North Sydney,
N.S.W.,, requests assistance from any reader who is in possession af infor-
imation, ahout Miss Kate Cowle (later Mrs, Weindorfer}, especially par-
ticulars as to her profession befare hex marriage im 1906. Mr. Rergman would
be interested to know of the existence of any photographs of the Weindarfers,
partcylarly if taken of the two together,

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR BIRD PRESERVATION

Mr, D, E. Tomkins, Honorary Secretary of the Australini section of thus
Committee, desires information as to any Club member who might sttend
the 9th Intertational Conference, to he held in Switzerland next year, and
oi any Suagestions for the agenda of the Canference

er The Ficturion Naturalist WF

EXCURSION TO SHERBROOKE

On Sunday July $2, 25 members and friends (ineluding 12 schoolchildren
under the auspices of Mrs. Hellisen) visited Sherbraoke Forest. After a
very cold Jrosty morning the sun shone waraly, and the absence of wind
ihade jl an ideal day for ‘Lyrebirding’. Three males and two female birds
were scen, a nest biilt some 30 fcet up gn the fork of a eucalypt was
inspected, and an Old mest of the previous year examined closely. Birds
wete singing very well, and some members of the party were lucky
enevgh to see a thsplay. Skins of birds seen in Sherbrooke, and whose
calls are imitated by the lyrebirds were available for inspection thrangh
the courtesy of the National Museum,

The success of the excursion, fram mare than ane aspect, may be
wauged by the report submitted by the scholars of grade five from the
Pascoe Vale Stare School: ,

“As Saturday night was rather fogey, we thought that Sunday would be a
good Lyrebirding day We were up ¢arly and met Mrs, Mellisen who
taok twelve children from our grade to Sherbrooke Forest. The first
thing we noticed was the lovely smell of the bush, and the tall gurm trees,

“With some Ficld Naturalists, we walked through the Fire-break and
were thrilled to hear the first Lyrebird calling in the distance, sa we
followed the sound quictly until we conld sec a male bird, with its beautiful
tail trailing belond it, raking the ground for food. We were all curious to
know what he was catums so we raked the ground and fouod many little
crustaceans, We bravghe one home and saw it throuh the microscope.

“Miss Watson showed us some mounts and @ Lyrebird's pest ahout
thirty feet up a tree. We could hear Lyrcbirds singing in many directions.
After Juneh we were shown the skims of many birds which the Lyrebird
minic. Then we went to see an old nest,

“The hen makes the nest berseli and lays only one cee each year, anid
its ol it for six weeks, She has to find her'own food, for hey mate docs
not help at all. When the ‘little one hatches, it is very ugly and stays in the
nest a lang tinie.

“On oue way back to the Fire-break we scrambled through O'Leil’s
Gully and saw lots of fems and mosses growing on tree trunks. There
wete pretiy fungi too.

"Then came the best show of the day when we saw two displays, The
litd threw its tail over its head and sang gloriously. It kept us feathers
still for a long time, then they began to quiver as the bird danced, Some
of the hirds j! imitated were Kookaburra, Whip-bird, Cockatoo, Crimson
Rosella, Grey Thrush and Serub Wrew.

“Thoagh we would have Inked to stay longct we bad 19 catch the bus,
bol it was auley we shall never forge,”

—Iwa M. Warson,

DISTRIBUTION OF THE “YICTORIAN NATURALIST“

When joining the Club, new members are asked to specify which copies
of the Voaluratist they wish to recurve. On paying a full year's subscription
the member is entitled to alf back numbers. of the current volume (which
begins in May}, During the laiter part of the Elnb year, new members
niay pay half the normal annual subscription, and receive the tatter six
Aumbers. of the current volume (from November onwards}.

li order that the maihng list may be kept ap-to-date. and Motwratista
forwarded promptly, members should keep the Hon Treasurer informed
of any amendments required to. existing addresses. Recently, thieves inter-
fered with some Cluli mail at the Royal Society's Hall, and this may have
caused certain dislocation in organization. Therefore, members arc requested
to report immediately any appareni cases of suclh.

68 The Vietotian Naturalist Vol, 70

NEW BEES AND WASPS, Part XX

By Tariton Rayment, F.8.2.3.*

Tasmania is not rich in indigenous bees, and many of the species are
recorded from the soutltern littoral of Victoria. A recent survey of the 138
known specses’of bees of Portland showed that 24 were present sh the island
state. None of the bees could fly unaided across the hundred odd miles
of water now farming Bass Strait, so one concludes that these must have
penetrated to Tasmania before its separation from the mainfaid, A land
connexion existed during the Perman Period, when Gondowana included
pettion of America, Africa, Asia, Australia and Tasmania. (See ma
Carnegie Institution af Washington and Schuchert’s Historical Geology.)

Tt was, theretore, with no lide mmterest that the author discovered a
New species it a small collecttam of bees from the Great Lake. district
The insects were taken on a species of “Eyerlastings’, by a hife-member
of the Victorian Field Nataralists Club, Victor Miller, The new hee is 2
smail black species, conspicuous for its excessively large, wide head.
Though placed in the genus Hy/oens it is not typical and will probably be
separated when more is known about it and the other sex a available for
study. The species is dedicated to the memory of the late Blanche Miller,
whe contributed so muth to the suecess of the Field Naturalists Club
during her long asseciation with its members,

While endeavouring to determine whether this strange specimen had any
relatives in Victoria the author notictd particularly a specrmun ol Euryglossd
taken at Lake Hattah, Victoria, by the Jate EK. J. Dixon, another old and
respected member of the Club, This too is sinall and black burt is distinguished
by its excessively lang narrow head. The contrast between the two bees is
so striking that the author has prepared a text-figure to illustrate these
characters. The Tasmanian species is referred to Hyfaeus, with certain
reservations. as the author feels that st approaches the bees from Lake
Hattah, which must be referred to Enryglosse. However, the illustrations
will ensure the easy identification of both species, and the specific descrip-
tions are included Iereunder.

Family COLLETIDAE
Paracalicies obscuripeanizs CkIl.

Three. fine males, considerably larger than specimens forin Lainecstan,
and having more of ihe smoky-coloured hair on head, thorax and abdewnen ;
the tegulae are black, (red in type); the median tarsi are bright-red, the
others are blackish, Great Lake, Tasmania, on flowers of Alettchrysin Sp
February 6, 1953; leg. Victor Miller.

A scrieé of smalicr mates, some with the apical segments of the Magellan
excavated. Launceston, Tasmania, an flowers of Burseria spinosa, Janoary
Z, 1938; ieg, T. Gunton.

A series of males, tat typical, being much smaller. Bolgait, Western
Australia, on flawers of Hakeo sp.; August 20, 1949; leg: Rica Ericksow.

EURYGLOSSA DOLICHOCEPHALA, sp. noy

Fermale—Length 5.5 ot approx. Black

Head excessively jong, bright, a very delicate sculpture; faceemarks nib;
Frons with scattered large shallow punctures; clypeus brighter, the punctures
larger; supraclypeal afca impunctalé, 4 Aine groove reaching the median
ocellus; vertex with a few pale hairs; compound eyes excessively long,
subrentfarm, genac with sparse punctures, a few white hmirs; Jabrom
blackish, a long narrow oval; mandibulae with a subapical amber patch:

* Honorary Associate in Ewiomalogy, Nations) Museum, Victoria

1 ag Tarcton Rayment, New Bees and Wasps, Part XX 69

antennae short, segments of Aagellum wider than long, light ferruginous
beneath.

Prothorax wath short appressed while hair; tubercles have a heht spot,
aud a fringe of white hair; mesothorax minutely tessellate; scattered shallaw
punctures; seutelluna aml postscutellum similar ta mesothorax | mctathorax
truncate, a delicate tessellate sculpture; abdeminal darsal segments blackikh,
somewhat suffused with amber. posteriar marguis inore or less pallid,
scactéred punctures, a minute lincolate sculpttre, a few pale hairs al apex,
ventral seementy similar

Legs browtish, with knees and tibiae amber: sparse white hair; the
pasterior pair somewhat spiculose basally; tarsi amber, each with a fine
ctenidium,; claws amber; hind calear amber, with tour or five rounded teeth:
tezulae pallid, dull, wings iridescent, hyaline; nervures dilute sepia, basal
arched and far shori of neryolus; cells norma) for the genus; pterosticima
palest-amber, dark-margined; hamult five, weakly developed.

The male is smaller, 4 mm., but otherwise similar te female,

Lewality—Lake Hattah, Victoria; leg. E, J. Dixon.

Type and allotype in the collection of the author.

Allies: E. goodentae CkIL, which has hlack nervures and a wide head,
The new species is casily known by the excessively long head_

ig Sees.

“eciron Rey mMeENT

HVLAEVS BLANCHAE, sp. nov.

Type Female—Length 4 mm. approx. Black, oily-bright

Head excessively large, quadraie, resembling that of certain Megachile,
almost nude; face micrustuypieally simate. a rare white hair here and there;
irons with minute punctures between the Jines; clypews flat, with more
numerous deeper punctures between the striae; supraclypeal area. with
striae more conspicuous, and a fine sttleus reaching the tuediatn -oceilas,
which it elicireles; vertex very Jong, with the strike converging yw the
ocelli; compound cyca very long; facial faveae narrow, but decoly incised,
and following the pattern of the striae: there as a slight umargination’ of
the eyes near the base of the Joveae; eenae excessively large, a few more
white hairs; labrum black; mandibulae black, bidentate; malar area large,
slriate; antennae black, suhmoniliiorm, obscurely brownish hencath.

Prothorax praduced laterally to a tubercle, otherwise depressed against
the mesonotum, a few more white hairs; tubercles ivory (the only pale
mark on the body); mesdthorax depressed along a conspicuous median
sulctis; an excessively delicate clase tessellation; many microscopic shallow
punctures; a few white hairs; scutelfum and postscutellum similar to meso-

90 Tapiron Rayment, New Recs and Wasps, Part XX VG pas

thorax; pleura shining, with a delicate tessellation; metathorax with au
area enclosed by a very fine line: the whale finely tessellate, with a few white
hairs laterally: abdominal dorsal segments with a microscopic cancellate
Yyneation; the hind margins depressed and narrowly lighter, a few louse
white hairs; more shirang ventral segments similar.

‘Legs black, stender, kiiees ivory, Clearest on posterios pair, a few white
hairs; tarsi blackish: claws bihd, reddish, very small, hind calcar amber,
fiucly serrated; tegulac black, sculptured with a fine tesscllation, shimng;
wines dark; vervires blackish, both recurrents received by the second
eubslal at equal distances: basal arched as in Buryolotsa cand reaching
nervulns; second cubital cell small, contracted at top; pterostigma can-
spicunus, blackish; hamuli four or five, very weak,

Loeality--Great Lake, ‘Tasmania, taken on Helichrysum sp.; February,
1953; leg. Victor Miller.

Type i the collection of the author.

Allies: Not near to my described species. [It appears to stand between
Aylacus and Euryglosse, and structure suggests some relationship to Eury-
glossa dolichocephalus, sp. nov. H. hobartiannz Chil. has a large head, but
the area of the metathorax 15 different, being closely punctured; and NH,
Llanehae cannot he the female of it

Family HALICTIDAE
Fhalicties latssi Chl,

One male, vot quite typical. Great Lake, ‘Tasmania, on Howers of Helt-
chryswas sp.; February 6 1953; leg. Victor Miller,
Halictus bandint Ck.

A large robust female, almost certamly the alletype,- which can he
recognized from the description of the male. Great Lake, Tasmania, on
flowers: of Wehchryswar sp.; Pebrnray 6, 1953; leg. Vietor Miller.

Altotype in thé collection of thé author.

Flatictis bowent Chit,

A male, not quite typical. Great Lake, Tasmania, on flowers of HHei-
chrysni sp.; February 6, 1953; leg, Victor Maller.
Halicins confusellns Cel.

Qne female, typical im all characters. Latincestou, Tasmania, an flowers
of Bursaria spinosa, January 2, 1938; leg, T, Gunton,

tine fentale, typical. Groat Lake, Tasmania; February 6, (953; lez. Victor
Miller,

Hatictus disclisus Ck

A series. of females, which appear to be the undescribed sex, and one wil)
therefore become the allotype should a pair be taken in cop. The black
head and thorax, and pale-ferrugmouy abdomen give these bees a strileing
aspect

Great Lake, Tasmania, on flowers of Helichrasiem spo. February 6, 1953)
teg, Victor Miller.

Hoalhictis gronulithorax Chil.

One female, typical in all characters, New Norfolk, Tasmania, on “Ever-
Jastinys’ > January 12, 1952; leg. Vivienne Gibson,

Kalictes tnclinans Sm.

Two females, rather sinall, with black legs. Great Lake Tasmania, on
Helichrysia sp; February 6, 1953; leg. Victor Miller

Professor Cockervell theught that the Jarger /7. subinelieans Chl, with
light-red Ings, was the mainland form, but the author has both species
from Tasmania.

Halicius subinclinaws.
Typical females. Launceston, Tasmania; leg. T, Gunton,

ar ry Tawizow Ravorent, Veto Seer and Mesps, Part 3X 71

Family APIDAE
Apis mellifera, Linn
‘Three workers, small and very black indeed, and therefor unlilee the rmuti-
land biye-bee, which has now a strony infusion of yellow “blood" from
A. digustiee Spin, giving it a ian or orange-<coloured band on the abdomen.
Great Lake, Tasaania; February 6, 1953: leg, Victor Malley.

Ksy to Text-block

Thylacus blanchas, sp nav.—-l. Front af large head-capsule of female;
2. Lateral view of same showing excessive developirient of vertex and
Benae : 3. Finely serrated hinted calear of female; 13. Fine striate sculpture
o7 Frons, '

Eneyglossa dalichaceplhals, sp. noy.—a. Brant of head-capsuleof female;
6. Lateral view of same showing the lowe frons avd narrow genae; 7. The
coarsely dentate hind calcar.

Nalictus disclusus Chil—® Lsbrom appendage of female; 9. The bind
calear finely serrated only on the middle portion, 4. Pollen grams from the
insect.

Sculpture of dorsum of .metathorax—l0. of Hatictyy basstt, Lb, oof
H, bowers; 12. of A. houradini.

AUTUMNAL FLOWERING OF SPICULAEA HUNTIANA
By W. L. Wiritass

Baron vou Muller, the publisher of this intriguing fitele orchid, records it
as at autuinn flowering species, lis specimens having come irom Mount
Tingirings, New South Wales. Much later (1917) A. B Beaine discovered
*S. hwitiaua at Cravensville, Victoria, and for many years it was knowi in
this State fram that locality oniy. The flowering time was said to be
November-December. by both E. E. Pescott and Dr. RS, Rogers, in The
Ficturian Naderalist of 1926 (Vol, XLII Nos, 6 and 8), Rogers wrote
“LT notice that its anchor, Baron von Muller, refers co it 4s an actumnal
plant, but all plants received by me from Cravensville (and they have hes
fairly numerous) bleomed in November and December."

it is to be remarked that amore recent publications (e.g. b/sitfowers af
Vietoria, Jean Galbraith, with orchid section by Winifred Waddell) mention
January as the flenyering month. T recall Mr. A. J. Swaby telling me that
he tad found niuteraus specimens t2 Ilgem sear Healesville early im the
‘New Year—T think in January, otly a jew years ago,

On April Sth, this year. 1 came across one six-flawered specimen anid
another seven-flowererd one ear Posters Lookout, Blackwood. Both were
soynewhat past their best, the two or three Jowest flowers on each bring
partly withered, thovgh all yaris were perfectly recognizable In only one
bloom liad the delicate labellum shrivetiad atively and dropped of The
majority of the Newers were fresh) and in very good condition, Tt would he
quite safe to say that 2 weel earlier (or a fortnight at the most) the plants
would have heen perfect. specimens—that in to say, they had heen in full
‘bloom soriewhere between dhe 20th aml the 3st of March, Lf the good
Baron's first epecilens chanced to be of this kind {here would seem to be
avery reasan for his recording §. Aiuttiqna as autumn flowering. (Qn the
‘previous day, ior instanes, 1 had found Eriochilus cocullatus and Prorustylis
parmiflera).

lit any case, records now seem to indicate that over the Stare az a whale
S, fustian may he in Aower from November to the ed of March. T am
uot sure eriough of my ground to claim the record iw flower spans dor this
interesting little orchid, but it must come very close to it

UVhe late Ww. 4, Nicholls amee commented thar he had resords nf the Feynevuil:
Orchid, Dipoddres punctatin, flowerinm during cack moth of the year, -Edilor

72 The 'ietortan Natwrefist Vat. 70

BUCKSHOT GRAVEL AS A TIME AND CLIMATE INDICATOR
By Epsruwo LD. Grout

Buckshot gravel is a produrt of a pedological process, fut can be of
consid¢rable value and interest ta the geologist in that it can be nosed dor
geological dating and Tor palaccecolagieal reconstructions. le a¢ widespread
in. certain areas in Ansteaiia, occurring (a) in present Soils, (b) i fosell
soils, and (c) as a secondary deposit after erosion by water and/or wind,
By reasati of its physical and chemical stability, it often persists for a
éonsiderable time after its formation, Jt provides one aspéct of “pedogenic
inertia" (Reyan and Teakle 1949). Leeper (1948) says:

Tromstone gravel aceurs jn soils in wet climates or in Wet sittatians,
especially above a clay horizon; if seems likely therefore that it is
associated with water-logging . - . The moet likely explanation is
that iron is reduced to the ferrous state under prolonged water-logging
in dhe absenue oi oxygen. Daring drier periods, oxygen re-enters the
soil and converts the ferrous compounds into Ferric oxide

Bucesnor As a True Lanicator

It has heen noticed that soils on voleanic-ash spreads known to. be
Heolopitally youthful, such as Tower Hill jn the Warrnambool District of
Vietaria (Gill 1950, L953), were devaid of buckshot gravel in their soils,
while those-on the older ash spreads, such ay at Camperdown where they
are overlain In places by Arid Period dunes, possessed a well-defined Imuck-
shot horizon. The presenoe or absence of a buckshot torizdit i whe soils
of a given area cen thus indicate relative age, In cocks that are generally
nion-fossiliferous, ag for example ifie widespread basalts and tuffs of
Western Victoria, such a time indirator can he a great belp in unravelling
the geological history. Bryan (1952, p. 50) has also recently drawn
attention to this. Degree af buckshot develosinenr can be regarded as 4
function af the tame during which a process of leaching continues, This-
process cerrie to extremes resiilts in w lateritic profile. ie. grass leaching
and degradation

As slape and drainage can affect buckshot develdpasent, it i wise to
comider the degree af development of this material ower the whole of the
Seolagical formution conterned, Only accasional nodules, and no buckshalt
horizon as such, have been seen by Wie writer jn any geological formation
originating in the Arid Period or since. This suggests that, in the conditions
that have pettamed in Victoria in the Tlolocene. very Huitle laackshat
development has taken place. [t looks as though something like 10,000
years at Jeast i¢ tleeded a such civclimstances to produce a padsnl soil
with a buckshot horizon, Tr is hoped thar radiocarboo altalyses at present
heing carricd out will throw light an this matter, There has been a plavial
period since the mid-Holocene Arid Period, but this has only formed a
comparatively thin loam an the Arid Period dunes, and produced neghigihle
quantities of buckshot in creck alluvia and such low-lying deposits more
apt to be water-logged, This pluvial period caused the lakes of the
Western District ta be maintained at 1D to 20 feet above the present averag:
levels, as is shown by terraces routtd the shores, and by emerged beds af
Cowiella shells, In places, the terraces are cut into the Arid Pertad dines,
atid so the high levels are later than they arc

Bucxssor as 4 Ciimate INpicator

Insufar as bucksliot gravel is a function of a Ieaching process, it is
indicative of eansiderable rainfall, A pudsolized soil, or the extreme form,
a Jaterttic profile, cannot form in an arid period, On the other band, the
greater the rainfall and the greater the amount of waterlogging, provided

*Curutor of Fossils. Nesiowsl Museum of Virtoria.

— Eomeunn BD. Girt, Suchshot Gravel 73

there are mtérmuttent opportunities for the oxidation of the soil, the greater
wili be the degree of buckshot develepinemt, This is well illustrated by a
series of soils m a section ete in a Jone cutting oh the Cantperdawne
Timboen railway line south of the Princes Highway near Camperdown,
and west of Lake Bullenmerci (ee niap, Gill 1953). The general succession
1S,

Present sail with buckshot Basalt

u Laterjtic profile

Fossil soil with buekshot
At the jorth end of the cutting on the east side, the present soj] on the tuft
fan be seen, and the fossil soi) under the tuff was proved by an auger hale
which finished on the underlying basalt:

Oft, to 3it, =... =) Poadsolized soil, grey loam overlymg yellow clay
. with much buckshot above and an the ¢lay,
Mt, to Sh. die . Basaltic wl, finely bedded.

Sit Aw. do Gi, Sin, = Fairly heavy, grey, silty clay with ‘yellowish
mottling; taugh; quite well structured; a little
buckshot.

Ott ine ta Of thin. Heavy, tev, gravelly (buckshot) elay with yellow
maotthng,

Git tin, to Ff. Sin, = More-yellaw, but uniform yellowish-grey in colour:
buckshot alinost disappeared.

74t. Bin. to Fé. Din, Calcureous clay; lime present in clay, and oceur-
ring also as hard nadules.

Tit, On. to 7 ii. Decormposed calcareots rock; dark brow, alter-
nating with limey material,

Sit. in, 2... Basalt chipped by auger. :

Further south ir the same cutting, but on the west site, a section was
examined where the basalt flow met by the auger hole outcrapped, ane
tinder it was observed the upper part of a lateritre profbe closely packed
with buckshot right to the surface. As the basalt contacts different
horizons of this profile, the fossil) soi) must have been oroded before the
outpouring of thé basalt. In the top foot, a clay Joam to light clay, light
brownish-grey in colour. holds the buckshot; but the next six inches can-
sists of practically nothing bur tightty packed buckshot. Under this is a
fieht reddish-brown clay loan, There ts a great depth of chis buckshot
hocizan exposed in yariaus parts of the cutting, and it is estimated that it
is 1D to 15 feet deep.

At the north end of the cuttiig, opposite where ihe auger hole was put
down, there is exposed about 1D feet of the lower part of the laterjic'profle.
consisting of grey, red, and yellow mottled clay, Ii places there is 2 to &
feet of solid ironstone im this mottled horizon.

Thus there are three soils, all with buckshot, which reflect the climatic
conditions of the times in which they were Cortved, viz!

|]. Tertiary dateritic profile underneath the basalt, The desp mottled
zone and the deep ironstone zone packed with buckshat show that extreme
conditions af leaching existed. This fits the picture of a tropical to sub-
tropical pluvial environment a4 Indicated by the flora and fauna of the
titddle and upeer Tertiary rocks of Victoria, Abundant warm waters
severely leached and degraded the soil, while weathering processes petic
trated deeply (20 to 30 feet) into the bedrock, Prescott (1931, 1944)
deseribed Jateritesy as a product of a "“huenid cycle”. The lateritic profile
described above appcars to be formed on sands and gravels that overtic
Miocene calcareous clay, and in turn i¢ overlain by a basali of probable
Pleistocene age.

2 Somewhat leached sot on Pleistocene basalt. The profile of this
fossil suil indicates much milder climatic conditions, as reflected in the dearee

Viet, Nat,

74 Enotve BD, Ginn, Buckshed Gravel [ Vel. 70

of leaching, The basalt wes weathered, the Hime carried down ia the profile,
buckshot formed from similarly transported iron, and so on, but nothing like
the slegree or depth of degrailation shown by the lateritic profile. This
type af soil development is common in contemporary’ sails on Pleistacene
hasalls, as at Mt. Gellibrand,

3. Padsel scart on the wii, be. rhe contemporary soil, which fas been in
formation long eneugh, and siiffered leaching enough, for buckshot ta torr.
tt js known frem other sectiems (Gill 1953) that this tuff ante-dates
appreciably the mid-~Halocene Arid Period. There have been pluvial periods
hefare and since this Arid Period. and it was probably during the earlier
aue that the buckshot was mainly Formed,

Thos it 1s clear Uist the lateyitic profile formed under oné type of climate
while the two Later soils formed under quite another, The jormer climate
was highly pluvial, tropical to sub-tropical, while the latter was Iess
niyyial and cooler.

. Foss. Burksitor GRAVEL

The iron oxide of buckshot eravel and ironstare js remarkably stable.
Similarly. fossils impregnated with the same iron oxide retain rhe red
colour even atter being buried far a lenge time in a chemically reducing
environment Thus ted fossil bones are found in the grey clays af Western
District iacustrme and palustriné deposits. They are derived trom the
sites where they were oxitized, but still retain their oxidation colour
heeause the iron oxide is so diffeult to reduuce. Where ald soil horizons
have been eroded, often aff that a8 leit is the buckshot. G, Baker and the
waiter have found buckshot gravel cemented ina beseh deposit on a ten-
fact emerged platform on the const west of Port Caimpbell, Vietoria. The
buckshot apparently tell to the beach during the erosion of the cliffs (nat
naw reached by the sea), ancl, although.all the rest of the fallen material
has disappeared the bitekshot renjains,

BucksHor A5 Aw Aip to Georostcar Marvrya

In areas of low relies, superficial deposits of sard and clays often exist
which are very difficult to map. ln the Western District of Victoria, such
deposits are jound overlying Miocene marine limestone, Professor G, W-
Leeper pointed ont to the awriter that buckshot forms only under extreme
conditions cn dimestonc, the process being inhibited by caleium ion.
“Calearcous parent materials,” writes Prescott (1944, p. 5). “buffer the
soils against podgaliaation.” It therefore became clear thal the presence
oer absence of a buckshot horizon could be an indicator of whether one
was dealagg with a sol derived from the limestone bedrock or a soil
derived iran) guperficial sandy clays. This was tried out dn che field, by
checking on sections found m coad and railway curtrings, drains, and break-
aways in sinkholes. Tt was found to work very well, the huckshot marking
the areas of sandy clays, and the absence of buckshot being indicative of
the presence of the limestone underneath,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
T am indebted ta Professor G, W. Leeper for deseribing the sail profiles,
and far checking this payer.
- Raremnces
Bryan, W. fH. (1982) —Sir Douglas Matyan. Aimeiaersary Pealtomr, 43,
Adelaide,

Bryan, W_ H., Teakle, L. J. H. (1949). —Netare, 164, 865_'

Gill, HD. (1950). —Pree, Roy. Soe. Vict, Gh, ibe
— (1953). —Mene, Nat, Mns Meth. 18,

Leeper, 6, W. £1948) —/ntroduction te Sail Science, Melbourne,
Prescott, J. A. (1931). =—C.SUL. Bull, 52. *
————— (1949) —-CS RO. Bull. 177) (Meprinted [9475_

pee The Victorian Naturalist 75

TWO NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOSPERMA

By N. A. WAKEFIELD

This paper provides names for two hitherto undescribed species of
Lepidosperma, both of which have been investigated hy the author during
several years of residence in far-eastern Victoria. In 1942, the Melbourne
National Herbarium specimens of each were examined by Mr. S. T. Blake
of Brisbane, but their systematic position was disputable owing mainly to
paucity of material, Now that more suitable plants have been cxamined,
the following descriptions are presented:

LEPIDOSPERMA LIMICOLUM sp. noy.—

Rhizoma erectum; folia plano-convexa; culmus biconvexis, margims per-
acutis, contextu ominino duro, fibris vascularibus etiam prope centrum
occurentibus; paniculae rami detisissim! erecti, bracta subtendenti in longi-
tudine subaequali; spiculac acuminatae cinereo-brunniae, glumae appressae,
inferiores latac ohtusae mucronatae, supertores curvato-acuminatae; antherae
longae (circa 3 mms.), filamantis longe exsertis; styli ramuli solum
exserti; penanthit squamae aig usto- -lanceolatae, ad medium nucem attilt-
gentes; nux subargentea apice incrassata irregulari costisque straniineis.

t

1. Inflorescence of L, tongitudinale Latiil. 2. 7. fomicofae sp, nov. CN.AW. 4720).

HOLOTYPE: Reedy Creek, three miles cast of Cann River, castern
Victoria; 5/4/1953; N. A, Wakefield No. 4720. (The type specimen was
flowering; the fruiting characters were determined from the author's Na.
3596-—see below).

Rhizome erect with erect branches, clothed with brown fibrils fram the
torn leaf-bases; leaves rigidly erect plano-convex, the bases broadly-sheath-
ing and distichous; stems up to 2 metres tall, about 5 mms, wide, biconyvex
with very sharp cutting edges: panicle short broad, the primary branches
erect very dense each about equal in length to its subtending invoiucral
bract; spikelets acuminate pale grey-brown, cach subtended by an acuminate
bract; glumes rigidly appressed, the outer ones broad and obtuse scarious
with prominent dark keel and mucro, the inner ones narrow curved-
acuminate: filaments long-exserted: anthers about 3 tnis. Jong; style not
exserted but the stigmatic arms visible; perianth scales narrow-lanceolate
entire, up to half the length of the nut; nut siler-grey, the irregular thick-
ened apex and the three ribs straw-coloured.

76 N. A. WAKEFIELD, Two New Species of Lepidosperma tee SRE

The species is known to the author in several localities in eastern
Victoria and south-east New South Wales, where it grows abundantly,
always in sedge-bogs with its rhizomes several inches deep in black mud.
As well as the type specimen cited above and some isotypes, two other
callections were made at the same place (N.A.W. No. 2080, 12/11/1947.
and N.A.W. No. 3596, 22/11/1948) and one from about 30 miles further
east (Maramingo Creek, 29/9/1946; N.A.W, No. 3384). Ten miles
further north again, plants of the species was observed at Bens Creek, 6
miles within New South Wales (8/1/1953) but none of that material was
preserved. The species evidently flowers about March and the seeds
mature about November,

In the Melbourne National Herbarium there are specimens of /.. ftmtcelun
from New South Wales—Bulli, 1875, S. Johnson; Blue Mountains, 1870,
Woolls; New England, C. Stuart No. 23; and Timbarra, C. Stuart No. 14,
This lot was put together by Blake, on 30/7/1942, under the label “Lepi-
dosperma sp.". Another Melbourne collection labelled “Extratrop. East
Austr, Dr. Leichhardt” and two af the author’s specimens (Nos. 2080
and 3596) were determined by the same authority (30/4/1942, 15/1/1948 and
19/10/1949 respectively} as Jepidosperma fongltedinale,

1. Lo wraphorum sp. now. (NAW. 4271). 2. 2. caneseens Boeck. (Haptotype)s

L. fougitudinate has rhizomes horizontal, stems hollow (ur suft-pithed}
and with non-cutting edges, panicle-branches stalked and greatly exceeding
their subtending bracts, glumes broad and reddish-brown, filaments short.
style exserted, and the perianth scales broad and very short.

LEPIDOSPERMA UROPHORUAM sp. nov.—

Species affinis Z.. canescentis sed culmis multo longioribus, habitu cfoliato,
vaginis atque involucri bracteis nigribus earem apicihus filiformibus, pani-
culae rami longissimis gracilibus, bractea interiori bicarinata atque glumis
inferioribus dense albido-squamosis differt.

HOLOTYPE: Upper Genoa River, Victoria; 17/10/1948; J. H. Willis
and N. A. Wakefield,

Rhizome horizontal; culms leafless very tall (or long) terete; basal
sheaths black, the innermost blunt and bearing a long filiform tip; inflor-
escence a single spike or else a panicle with several slender spicate branches ;
subtending involucral bracts similar to the sheath; spikelets slender, appressed
to the rhachis; outer bract dark acuminate; inner bract broad two-keeted,
very scabrous with white scales; lower glumes blunt mucronate somewhat

a NA. WAKEFIELD, Two New Species of Lepidosperma 77

squamulose; upper glumes acute; nut greyish-green, the thickened apex
and ribs straw-coloured; perianth scales short broad acute punctate.

L. wrophorum is widespred in the lawlands of far-eastern Victoria,
usually but not invariably in association with rock cliffs. The author's speci-
mens are from Combienbar Road. Bemm River (No. 3389, 29/10/1945) ;
and from the Reedbed near Cann River (No. 2001, August 1947; and No.
4721, 5/4/1953). Specimens cxammined indicate that few nuts mature,
owing evidently to a small proportion of fertilization (ahout 10%).
Perfectly Aowering material has not been examined.

Specimens in the Melhourne National Herbatium are mainly from East
Gippsland: Granite Rocks at the Genoa River, September 1860, . Mueller:
Everard Range. 3/6/1891, R. Helms: Wibenduck Greek (near Orbost),
1937, F. Robhins:; Mount Nowa Nowa, October 1940, W. Hunter. A large
suite of material of the species was collected at Bellbird Creek, near Eden,

Key to Text-block:--A.—L. jirephariom: 1, Mature spikelet showing squamulase
twokeeled bract and glume; 2. The somewhat squamulose bratt which subtended the
spikelet; 3. Mature nut with its broad punctate perianth-scales; 4. Bract subtending the
inflorescence; 5. Part of culm and apex of sheathing bract (nat. size). H.—Spikelet of
LE. canescens for comparison with ALJ. C.-L. fmicotim: 1. Flowering spikelet, with
filaments exserted but style hidden; 2. Mature nut with its long perianth-seales: 3.
Cross-section of culm showing disposition of woody bundles in the pith,

(N.B. Excepting C.2, these illustrations are fram type material),

New South Wales—#/1/1953, R. Melville No. 2741 and N.A.W., in shade
of trees on slope of gully in rain forest, stems 6 feet long; this is to be
todged at Kew and duplicates distributed.

The author's No. 2001 (now in Brisbane) and several of the Melbourne
National Herharium specimens were determined by Blake as L. canescens:
which species has leaf-hlades strongly developed, short culms, brown sub-
tending bracts with long thick apices, a differently shaped inflorescence
(see illustration), spikelets curved away from the rhachis, bracts and glumes
without scales: and it is found only west of Port Phillip Bay.

a J
78 N. A. Wanekipnn, Pwo Nete Species of Lepidosperma ree

The holotypes of L, Qnuteolun and 1. wrapherim are in the author's
herbarium which is ladwed in the Melbourne National Herbarium; and
isotypes are being distributed to Ruyal Botanic Gardens, Kew; National
Herbarium of New South Wales, Sydney; and Botanic Musetwun and Her-
barium, Hrishatie.

I wish to record my thanks to Mr. J. H. Willis of the National Her-
barium of Victoria, Melbourne, for his untiring assistance with the
preparation of this paper, and to Mr. R. D. Lee of Melbourne fur taking
the accompanying photographs.

THE PRESERVATION OF SPIDERS AS MUSEUM SPECIMENS
By J. Ros Garnet

Seit bedied objects such as spiders and caterpillars do not Jend them-
selves to dry-smaunting, Museum specimens are generally kept in fluid
preserving media, and anatomical distortions and caleur changes vecur,
With a temale Red-back spider in pickle. the red stripe was slowly fading
to a dirty white even after a few days. The tuid used consisted uf:
Suciam chloride, 0.85 pgm.; Sodium hicarbonate, 05 gim.; 4% Farmalin
sulution, 4.0 ml.; Chloral hydrate, 4.0 gim.; and Water to 100 ml, (The
Chiloral hydrate, ‘used to prevent oxidation aud enzyme action which destroy
certain colours, may he omitted.) I knew that the spherical abdomen
would shrink and Jose its shape, so [ determined to try freeze-drying as
a means of preservation, and the technique appears to be satisfactory-
[It involves. the use of equipment not normally found outside research
laheratorics or modern foad-processing factories, but a museum or ento-
nological laboratory should find it worth while installing a small drying
plant, for it would have innumerable uses. The apparatus needed includes
a freezing box, a vactuny desiccatur, an efficient desiccant, and a single stage
vacuum pump. The process involved setting the object—preferably on a
thin glass plate or slide—in the desired position, the tips of the fect polite
fixed by quick-drying cement such as cellulose acetate or Tarzan’s Grip.
The object is then frozen rapidly because slow freezing promotes the forma-
tion of ice erystals sufficiently large to rupture the cells. Immersion in
an atmosphere cooled by either liquid air or solid carbon dioxide gas
(Carba Dry Ice) is effective. The temperature of the latter is abaut —70°C.,
suliciently low to snap-freeze such simalf objects, The slide is then plared
ina vacuum desiccator over a powerful desiccant such as anhydrous gypsum
("Anhydrite’) or phosphorus pentoxide. and the desiccator is inimediately
and quickly evacuated by an efficient yacuum pump to less than 300
microns (0.0 mm.). At this low pressure the object will remain frozen
even though it might werm up to room temperature and, so lone as the
pump is working, ice will sublime from the frozen body and be absorbed
by the desiccant. After a few hours the specimen will be suffictently dry
to permit cessation of pumping, It can then be feft in the desiccator, still
under high vacuum. to completely dry out, for two or three days if possible,
aiter which dry air may be admitted slawh, The object may then be
transferred to its museum jar and sealed to exclude atmospheric moisture.
The specimens thus dried will be extremely brittle and would not withstand
the pressure of a pair af forceps; hence the advantaye of mounting and
fixing them on a glass plate or slide for handling. The spider so dried
has retained its original shape and form very satisfactorily. but its colour
pattern bad heen obscured by the preliminary pickling process which should
not be necessary in routine freeze-drying.

It may be added that the technique is also applicahle to the fruiting
hodies of the higher fungi, especially the more delicate forms which are
not amenable to oven-drying, Following freeze-drying the plants may be
dipped in a water-free quick-drying varnish, being given, thereby, some
raaiity and Tessening the lability to irrcparable damage through subsequent
hanelling.

ie The Mitetorian Naturalis 7y

GEOLOGY GROUP EXCURSION TO GELLIARAND HILL

Tu a quarry pn the eastern slopes, the patty observed decomposed granicic
rock The felspars wére seen to he altered to kaolin, the black micas were
bleached, while the quartz grains were practically unaltered. The section
mast worked (having kaolin and fine quartz grains) shewed distinctly as an
intrusive rock, probably a quarta-telspar-porphyry, Above this decomposed
rack were iron-stained gravels. [t has bee cansideredt that this altcration
may have been caused by solutions and gases from tertiary. voltanie lavas
which were deposited over itns portion of the granite mass. [Ref—aA. J.
Gaskin. Prac. Ray. Soc Mi. Vol LVI Part I, N.S. p. 13],

The party then visited a quarry near the snmourit, originally warked as
building stone for the old Princes Bridge, the Chiet Secretary's Office, and
the Melbourne Tawn Hall, Showing poor jointing, this. granitic rock 1s
termed adamellite. An aplite dyke traversing the bared rock surfaces and
examples of exfoliation due to temperature weathering, were observed
on the northern slapes,

The toporraphy of the area was clearly viewed from the summit of the
Hill, An extensive quarry of Silurian sediments on the southern, slopes
was only observed from the road, while in the road cutting these ¢edimnents
shawed prominent folding.
‘ —J-_ Tlassev.

NATURALISTS’ NOTE-BOOK

TReserved for your notes, observations end queries)

BIRDLAND AIRLIFT

Recently [ watched a Pied Cuorrawone (Strepere gracnliin) whieh dis
covered a whole <lice of bread and wished ta move H to a more secluded
caver. Taking the bread in its beak it tose from: the ground, aud, as soar
as it was in full flight, dropped it and caught it neatly jn both claws.
Just before landing filty yards away. tbe Currawong took dts fd in its
heak again to teaye the feet free for landing. A moment or aye later it
wag disturbed and Rew another fifty yards or so, exactly repeating thetirst
manoeuver with the bread.

—Jran Gacovarrn, Tyers.

WAPROVEMENT OF NATIVE PLANTS

Altliaugh nature has developed native pladts able to withstand hard
<canditions, it is interesting to see better plants result when given more
congenial conditions. A good cxample is the Flame Heath /{Aatraloma
comostebiiones) planted an my garden. [t becarne iar superar to ai!
observed in naturs! habitats, and, after 15 years, still shows no signe al
detenoestion ji form, faliage ar flower

—J. &. Saran
A VAIN BLUE WREN

A family of Superb Blue Wrens, at present numbaying seven, are frequent
vigitors to our garden. They ate always welcome, not only on aceont of
the lovely blue feathers of the mature males, but because their aninented
moventents and spirited chirping are gach a delight,

One of these birds a male with his full complement of blue feathers,
developed the habit of picking a yellow pctal from a Cassia bush and
Hying between vamous vantage pomta with the potal in ois leak, often
including two or three visits to the Cagsia with the same petni.

As the gold petal provides a beautiful contrast to the blue markings
af the Wren, we eat) only conclude that he likes the effect praducéd as
much as do we who observe him—A EB,

& The Victorian Naturalist Vol. 70

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
Excursions >

Sunday, August 16—Five miles, from Mt, Eyetyn to Moaroolhark, Subject :
Botaity. Leaders: Botany Group, 9.12 am. Warburton trait from
Fhnders Street, alight Mt. Evelyn, Bring one meal.

Saturday, August 22-—Afternoon excursion to Mt. Royal Home. Subicet:
Acacias. Leader; Mr, J, R. Garnet, Take cither West Coburg tam
in Willan Street, alight at Royal Park (Zoo) station, ar Coburg tram
fram Flinders Street. Meet 2.30 p.m. at tram stop beside Reyal Vark
station. The leader desires some native shrubs Jor planting 1g com-
memorate the visit.

Sunday, August 30—Bendigo. Subject: Hakea, Acacia. Leaders: Beniiga
F.N.C. Take 9 a.m. Bendigo train from Spencer Street, fares £l, 13/-.
Returning tran arrives Melbourne 9.40 pm. Bring two meals. Party
limited to 12, names to K. Atkins, Botamc Gardens, South Yarra, S-E.1.

Saturday, September § -Geology Group Excursion. Details at Group
Mecting, ‘

Sunday, September G—Mt. Eliza. Subjects: Botany and Birds. Leaders
Frankston FLN.C. “Take 8.47 or 8.53 am. Frankston train irom
Flinders Street, then to Tower Road (Mt. Eliza Golf Links) by Mt
ptybe bys, Bring one meal. Bus leaves Tower Road approximately

40 pan. .

Group Fiatures:

Tuesday, September |—Geology Discussion Group, Meet at Rugsell Streit
entrance National Museum at 7.30 p.m,

Preliminary Notices:

Saturday, September 19—Botany Grow) Excursion, Seven mile waik from
Nyora to Lang Lane.

Saturday, October 10-—180 mile Parlorcoach trip to Creswick, Subject:
Orchids. Teader: Mr. A. Sansec, President of Ballarat FLN.C. Coach
leaves Batman Avenue 8.15 a.m. Feturning approximately 7.30 p.m.
Fares 17/-, bookings with Mr. K. Atkins, Rotanic Gardens, South
Yarra, SEJ,

Satuniday- Sunday, October 10-11_—Our Club metnbers hare again been
invited by the Maryborough F.N.C. to spend a week end at Mary-
borough. Transport. if possible, by private cars: camping facilities
available at Princes Park. Members who desire hotel accomadation
tu make own arrangements.

Saturday, October 31-Tuesday November 3, Cup day—Four days excursion
proposed to Bairnsdale district. Transport by private cares, Can aur
members provide private cars with caravan towing facilities. Leader
Mr. H. Stewart, 14 Bayview Terrace, Ascot Vale, W.2. (FU 1096).

Friday, October 30-—Leave Melbaurne ¢arly in evening, ‘travel to Sale.

Suturday—Pruceed to Bairnsdale, inspectme en routé the heathtands ol
Providence Ponds area,

Sunday—To Paynesville, and by boat ta Lakes National Park (Sperm
Whale Head).

Monday—Full day on Mitchell River Aats and swamps near Barnsdale.

Tuesday, (Cup Dayj—Return ta Melbourne:

Accommadation- Hotels, hed and brealefast at Sale and Bairnsdale Otler

meals at cafés or take with party.

—Kennera W, Arkovs, Excursion Sceretary.

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 7a— No. § SEPTEMBER 10, 1953 No. 337

PROCEEDINGS

At the General Meeting of the Club held at the National Her-
barium an August 10, Mr, A. A, Baker presided over an attendance
of about 130 members and friends.

Distinguished visitors included Professor Eames, forinerly of
Cornell University, who is well known among botanists for his
work ou wood anatomy, and who is now in Melhourne on a
Fallbright Scholarship.

‘Correspondence included a request from Professor B. Kastiew,
of! 52 George St.. Norwood, S.A., for the assistance of members
in collecting a herbarium of Victorian native plants.

The President appealed for help in setting up, supervising, and
dismantling the forthcoming Cluh Display ta commence at Tye’s
Art Gallery on September 14.

The meeting was then addressed hy Dr. Clunies Ross, Chairman
of the C.S_-L.R.O., on “The Reclamation of Desert Lands”. A re-
port of this appears elsewhere in this issue, At the conclusion of
this lectuire, a vote of thanks was moved by Dr. M, M, Chattaway,
supported by Prozessor Turner, and carried with acclamation.

Miss M. J. Lester was elected as an Ordinary Mevuber anc
Mrs. E. J. Woodburn and Mr. F. L. Johnston became Country
Members, One of our snembers, Mrs. Fisch, was welcoined back
after her visit to Swetzerland.

GEOLOGY DISCUSSION GROUP

The August meeting, held jn the National Museum, had an attendance of
16 members,

Mr. Baker reported on the result of the strvey being dene along the
Darebinl Creek; the section traversed on Judy 17 being from Smith Strect,
Alplington, to Darebin Road, Northcote. Colummnar basalt and payément
were observed, as well as extensive, vertical, irregular cracking of the basalc
ciiffs at the section helow Smith Street foot-bridge. Further upstream the
creck narrows, and two bars of basalt traverse the stream. Thus probably
affected the drainage system of the area during the oulpouring of the lava
Other features observed in this same section substantiate this yiew. and fur-
ther study is heing undertaken,

The subject for the evening was a talk by Miss Batbara Nielsen, entitled
The Origin of Ore Deposits’. This dealt with ore and ganguc minerals,
syngeuitic and emgenitic deposits and sedimentary deposits, and wag illuse
trated with sketch maps and hand speeitnetsa.

Erratem: The bone exhibited by Mr, Gill at the July meeting—Mtel, Nae.
70: 66—~had rot heen identified as belonging to a Diprotodon, but was a
scapula of a large anima).

$1

2 The Wictortom Natirvalisd Val. 7

NATURE PHOTOGRAPHIC COMPETITION

Vhe Victorian Association of Photagraphic Socictics, in conjanction with
THO Field Naturalists Club af Victoria, is conducting a Nature Photographic
Competition, the entries for which will be displayed at the anita) exhibition
of the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria al the Praheas Town Hall on
October 20, 2) and 22, 1953,

The competition js open to all, Vhere is no entry fee and na entry iorms
are required. The Association's Print Award Stickers will be awarded to
prize-winners together with the fullowing (rophies; Fiest, £3/5/-; seoond,
£3/3/-: vied, 21/)/-, Other entries may, at the discretion of the judres, be
awarded special recognition stickers. Judging will be conducted by a panel
Of photographers aud naturalists.

KULES AND CONDITIONS OF COMPETITION

1. Entties shall be of a recognized natural histary subject

2, Prints are to be on standard mounts, preferably 20 in. by 146 in, although
movunts 1éin by 12 in, will be accepted.

3. Prints niay he by any ce¢oenized photograpiie process

4+. Monochrome prints coloured by hand with oil colour, water colour or
crayon, etc., are not acceptable.

5, Entnes may he forwarded to the Honorary Steretary of the Victorian
Association of Phutograplic Societies (Me N, B, Crouch), either by post
to 15 Denver Crescent, Elsternwick, Victoria, or by rail to the Jelstermwick
Railway Station after advising him by letter, ur to any af the following’

Camera Supply Company, 330 Elisaberti Street, Melbourne.
Kadak (A/asia) Pty, Ftd. 282 Collins. Streer, Melbourne,
Herbert Small Vey. Tete, 308 Colling Street, Me!bourne
York Camera Shop, 294 Lit, Cellive Street, Melbourne.

Postage o¢ freight mist be pre-paid and entries sere to the above-mentiones
addresses should be in sealed packets marked “V.A,P.S. Nature Photographic
Coinpetition™. Name and address of sender cogether with instructions for
retum must be enelased, Where applicable reteru postage dp freight must
he jneluded,

6. The Victorian Association of Photagraphic Societies will exercise every
tare bul camnt accept responsibility for loss or damage to entries,

7. The judees' decision 1s Anal.

&. Entries clise Qetaber 7, 1953.

NATURE NOTES AND EXHIBITS AT AUGUST MEETING

Silver Gulls: Miss 1. Watean commented shat Silver Grolls at Altona are
nesting about a month later tka ysual, This she believed to be due to the
ceareity af pond life caused by Tow salt concentration in the pans where
the birds uest. Mr. A. B. Scott stated that there appeared to be no shortage
of pond life, such as totifers and volyox, in other areas.

Maroonhoads, Prerastolss peduwevlale; Mr. WoL Willian showed a pot
of these orchids collected from a poor soil area some five years ago. During
the first three years cf cultivation scarcely auy increase Otcurce!, but after
a top dressing with superphosphate and well rotted manure ning plants have
uppeared ad several of thuse are about to Hower.

Me. Garnet recalled that the late W. H. Nichalls ised rock plrosphate va
provide extra nutnents for his epiphytic archids. The routs soon attaches!
themselves to the guano and the plants appeared to thrive exceptionally well.
Hy had notice when eyrowing terrestrial! orchids that they thrived better
during same ‘years, but this depended on the regularity of overhead watering
rather than on whether they bad been top dressed or nut,

Sent Natyre Notes and Eochibits BR

Devil's Claw; This is the {ruitang bedy of a plant, Proboscideu jusriewt.
which fs the bane ot pastoralists in New South Wales, The exhibii shawed
haw the "claw" embedded itself in the wool of a sheep—Miss M. l- Wigan,

Charred Timber, thought to be Red Gum, and excavated about fifteen
feel below the surface at the present water leyel of the Maribyrnong Rives.
was exhibited by Me, A. B, Scott. Le showed the remains of a longicorn
beetle and 2 large toredo worm, Fram ite contenis aod position can be de-
duced an interesting picture of the receut geology of the locality

AUSTRALIAN NATURE SHOW

Except lor possible ptinor edljustments, the Alor pan and details of exhibits
are now arranged for the fartheuming PLN.C.V. Nature Show. to be hell
in the Prahran Citp Hall. Various considerations indicate that the two-day
period originally planned Would not do the show full fustice, and it will
therejore be open for dhree full ays—Tuesday. Wednesday and Thursday,
Oetoher 20, 2] and 22, Extra stewards will now bo neoced irom the ranks
af the Club; and this matter will be brought before the September General
Mecting.

—N, A. WAKEFIELD.

A CENTRAL AUSTRALIAN TREASURE CHEST
{From a alk given by Miss Ina Watson at the July meeting of the Club]

“One of the most interesting birds we saw in Palm Valley was 4 male
of the Western Bower-hird (Chalmyeiera gutta) and we were never tired
of watching his actions. He was ubout the size of a Mountain Trush, of
browtt colour spotted with goiden-fawn and with nape feathers of a rare
hlac-pink, Has bower was composed wf thin sticks and pieces of spinifex, a
horsethoe-shaped structure under the drooping branches of an acacia. The
‘Hoor was quite thick, and the bower had obviously been in use for sume
years, Tt was decorated around the ‘front enteanec’ with 9 collection of
bleached vertebrae and ather bones and a few bright green thorny berries.
At this, as well as al another boWer seen, there was the body of a black and
gold e@rasshopper still alive but with alt the legs removed,

“At approximately hourly intervals, the male bird visited the hower for
some five to fifteen minutes. He hopped round und about, busily pushing
sticks into place in the walls of the bower and shifting some of his treasured
decorations, the most precious of which were right in the centre of the
bower—oue or two #rcen beriies, Wo preces of wlass, and the slutty lead.
top of a Kodak film container,

“We decided to experiment, and in the mtervals between visits placed 17
of the yellow heads of 'Billy-huttans’ in the bower entrance. Back lic carve
and his actions left no danbt as to his displeasure. Hopping valrsitatingly
to the yellow flowers, one at a tinte he pele them up, hopped outside the
radius of his ‘hone’ and, with a flick of his head, cast each offending obsect
well away. He didn’t stop votil he had cheposed of thers all. Our uext experi-
ment was with a shilling-piece, but this was a different matter: the bird
took it with delight, and it was. put da the centre of the bower with His other
treasures, [1 regret to have to tell you that the coin was retrioved by ite
original awner before he lefc!) Kuowimg the predilection of cur southern
Satin) Bower-bird for all things blue, we coated two snall stoaes with a
mixture of washing blue, but these also were rejected and cast out as were
whe yellow flawer heads :

“This birt] was observed consistently far two days, atid in (hat time zhe
female visited the bower only on two occasions, Then the male dird showe:l
great excitement and the Hise neck plumes were displayed”

84 fie Prelanaw Nutsretist Vol, 70

THE RECLAMATION OF DESERT LANDS
[Summary of Address to Club on August 10, 1953, by Or. Clunics Ress]

The term "desert", as applied! to the areas in Alistralia with which the
C.S.LB.G. jivestivations have been concerned, is used with cectam reserva-
tions. Tn point of fact the Winety-Mile Desert in South Australia js. for
example, far from bein a desert in the accépléd sensé of an ata and con-
qutely infertile region. Coona'pyn Dowss, as it is now officially naraied, with
all average arinual caingall of mare than 18 inches, supparted 2 relatively dense
native heathy ¥egefatinn—predominuantly of the Mallee-Brooanbush asszocia-
tion. Despite this rainfall oud vegetational coverage the vas! area was of
litte economic use even for sheep grazing
. Attempts at tnirachicing fodder crops ef certain erasses and legumes had
been successtul to only a very hmited extent because, as investigation subse-
queatly shower, the soil iiself lacked some of the mineral cluments essential
for the nutrition of thege plants, The addition af zine and copper in mimite
amount permitted tush growth of legumes such as lucerne and subterranean
clover, ane! its contimued cropying sem hilt up in Ube soil an adequate mucttogent
content. With further additions of phosphorus and suiphur in the form of
Superphoephate the hitherto “hungry” soil herame fertile enough ta support a
loplation ef cereals and fodder grasses sufficient ta soan turn the “desert”
into an econoniically valuable region for primary production.

Aithough solving some of the problems of desert fayd reclamation, top
dressing with fertilizers and trace-elementts created new problems for research,
In regions whure pasture grasses and Icgumes scemingly thrived. sheep
wraving on Pholoris tyvergsa lowed to infertility and to what is known as
“phalaris staggers’. This was found 1 be dug to drace-clereient deficiency, this
time, cobalt—a substance evidently not present im the gress in amannt
adeyuate 10 maintain a ruminant in health. Researches on animal tilteition
have shown that cobglt is an cesentisl! constituent of the anti-acaemia factor,
Vitainin B12, ingestion of which by the animal quickly relieved it a& the
s¥mptams of phalaris staggers. Ta the same way ingestion of that vilamin by
luman beives is the remedy [or pernicious anaemia,

Both by sbservation and experiment it is being revealed that there is a
clase relatianship of plant and arnmal nutrition, Although top dressing with
stlected trace-elements might provide whal 4 apparently cxcelleat pasture,
sich fodder could be inadequate for animal yutriticn. The explanation for
this lies in the capacity ef the plants to take um these trace-elements in
amounls properly balauced Jor syel: putrition. JL is inypertaut lo canirol the
copner-molyhden\un balance, Aithang! the latter meta! jg an essential factar
in the nutrition ef ruminants, in excess it adversely affects the store of copper
la the animal's system, The further the investigannns are pressed. the clearer
does it hecome that each sel type pases ts awn problems, hoth as ta prerisely
what elements should be added ta xt, what vepetation shuuld be cultivated on
it anil what arintals should be peazch upon the vegetation,

It is clear that the existence of our primary industrice now cepends largely
on the application of kuowlelee gamed by scaentihe résearch inte such pro-
bleris, Tt lms been shown thar the character of wool itself is directly in-
fluertced| hy the anismel's mutrition, The “steely woul", despised so nieh hy
growers because 21 resenbles artift:al Abre, 1s due solely to « copper-sine
deRelency. Same of ghe finest worl 35 a praduct af sheep starved of sonte
nntritional requirement. and it is clear that the variation in the quality of
the wool in one flock as coepared with another can be explamed in terns
ui differences i, the soi] and the vegetational cover on whieh the flocks graze

Coomalpyn ts spectaculir because it is an example of reclamation on a vast
scale, where each yeat 30,000 acres are being turned inte productive lands,
where wheat and eheep—Anstralia's top industrics—ere superseding Malee
unt! Melaleuca, There is wo likelihood af the present reclamation plang cam-

oes: J, Cioxies Ross, The Reclantatian of Desovt Lorts uy

- pletely wiping out some of Australia's most notable or rare wildflowers.

Hundreds of thousands of aeres Will stiliremain untouched by such develup-
ment. There fll remgi many ligkly interesting subjects for scientific
inquiry, foe it is not knawn how the native yegetation thrives in the absetce
or paucity of those very minerals which are essential for the grawth af
the intraduced plants,

‘The A MAP. Setulement o7 Cocnalpyn Downs js undertaker with due regard
to soil conservation. Shelter belts of wnaltered lan are distributed in Accord-
ance wilh the advice of the State Soul Conservation Anthorty. It las been
found that fencing is lagging behind revlamation, bur fortinarely my xotaatess
has effectively stopped rabbit iywasion. The absence of peeraneit etreams is
uo hindrance to the maintenance of a mosquita population, and eye when
seasonal conditiars reduce these insects to negligible numbers [and they arc
the main vector in iransmissiun of the myXoms virus) Liere aré plenty of
other insects capable of harhouring and transmitting the disease,

The danger of “salting” from contisinal tap dressing is almost negligible.
Vhe original vegetation would probably re-establish itself if top dtessing and
eullivation were discantinued, Already in sante parts of tlie ponent Hlack-
boys (a sptcies of Aantierrkeca) are reappesring.

MEMORIALS TO NATURALISTS
By Atec H. Citrstrorm, Sydney

With the passim remark that Donald Macedonatd never rendered his name
“MacDonald” (as giverin the tel, Nod. for July). 1 should like ta say that
it ig refreshing 19 lear that a committee from Ure FIN.C.V. ay to assist in
the care of the memorial erected to the memory of 9. very notable nalyralist,
Like tnany others, I owed in boyhood a good deal ty the stimulus imparted
hy Donalé Macdonald through his writings it the Melbourne Arous. More-
over, he was in the chaie when Ll, as a country youta, Arse attended a bird
observers’ meeting in: Melbourne (in 1907}, and a few years later, when 1 was
Iransferring to Queensland, he wrote me sage advice on Low to conduct 4
columy wf nature gossip in the north. Later again [ succeeded Mac in the
conduct of Nature Notes in the Aegis, and, as matters fell out, I was Editor
of thal newspaper when its readers renalved (in 1938) to erect the memorial.
T have thereiore considerable personal interest in ihe welfare of the Mac-
donald Memarial—the first one of its kind to cominemorate aj Australian
naturalist—and [ bope very anuch that it will be efficiently safeeuartled.

The same hope may he expressed tn regard wo the Gossip Meivnttal. As
most members will recall, this handsome structure was erected in Arsrat
toa commemorate George Gossip, «a cheery and public-spirited citizen who did
a great deal of national service in the propagating and preserving of native
plants. Advice received recently indicates that quel vandalism fas occtirrerl
in Atarat’s valuable Httle national park, and one can only hope that the
damage has not extended ta the Gossip Memorial,

A third example of the bush memorials dericated to naturalists belongs to
the Drakeshrock district of Western Australia, Erected in 1944 by the Koysl
Australasian Osnithologists’ Union and the Historical Society of Western
Australia. tt commemorates the pioneer birdmian John. Gilbert and his botanist
compation Jame: Dructimend (who were in the area in 1842), together with
Atrichornis clomarus, the remarkable Serub-bicd Chow possildy exiuer)
which Gilhett obtained im that district.

There are, of course, distinetive meuidrials over the graves of various
eminent naturalists—notably those of J, W, Lewin in Sydney, Baron von
Mueller in Melbourne, and “Beachcomber Banfield on Dom Island, North
fiweensland—but the Macdona!d, Gossip, and Gilbert-Druinmond Memorials
appear to be the only “independent” examples in kind, and as soch they rmeelt
special consideration. ?

&% Tie Peetorian Naturalist Ve. 7

QMISTRIBUTION OF THE TASMANIAN DEVIL, THE TASMANIAN WOLF, ,
AND THE DINGO IN S.E, AUSTRALIA IN QUATERNARY TIME ,

Ky Enauno D. Gruc*

Occupation of Australia by Eurapeans is often given as the sole cause of
extinction of inany members of our ative Fauna, While this occupation has
had projound effects, it is not the sele cause In Jate Pleistocene aid Halocenc
times numerous species have become extinct in Australia, and some were
almost so when white people came do settle here. The Tasmanian Devil and
the Tasmanian Wolf, now limited to the sland State, were ones common
on the mainland. The introduction ef doge by Europeans has been blamed
for the destrietion of much of our mative fauna, and while this is certainly
a factor, it ia shown that the ative dog or dingo has been in this country
for many thousands of years.

THE TASMANIAN DEVIL—SARCOPAILUS

This marsupial is innted to Tasmania at present, bar unlike the Tasmaman
Wolf, it is not becoming extinct, Retng a wild orcature, Sarcaphilis avoids
built-up areas, and so the European occupation of the island has resulted in
the driving back of this animsl, and reduction in numbers. A few hundred
years ago fur possibly fess). the Tasmanian Devil was. still Hying on the
mainfand. Mahony (19]2) recorded Sarcaphilec harriuad from an aboriginal
kitehen midden at the Koroit ar Tower Hill beach, north-west of Warrnam-
bool (Gill 1951), and a radio-carbon date fur this site makes tt 538 +200
years (Libby 1951, Jolson (951), iu, somewhere between 338 and 738 years.
The large margin of possible error is due ta the difficulty of measiuving such
a Feoent sample, Analysis of the Avorine content af a bone from this midden
relative to its phosphate content supports the radiocarbon dating in showing
that the eleposit is a very recent one. The writer has found the jaws of Tas-
manian devils in theee middcn sites along the coast in the Tower Hill aren.
The bones are all whitc and womineralized Finding Sorcopinius on midden
sites sugeests that the aborigines used it far food Kershaw (19t2) recorded
the capture of Sorcopiilvs a1 Tooborac, 63 niles From Melbourne, hut did
hot know whether it was indigenous or a specimen escaped from captivity.
The latter is now ubviously the interpretation, because if there were a popu-
lation af Tasmanian devils at Tooborad laret enough to maintain the species,
residents could nut fail ta be aware of its presence in this camparatively
settled district. This marsupial was not Jong ago common in Victoria, as the
following records show, but it became extinct in this State quite a short time
before the arrival af Europeans, Jt appears likely that the Thylacine died
out first on the mainland, just as it is the first af these two marsnpials to
approach extinction in Tasmania.

When Kershaw exhibited) to the Field Naturalists! Club the specimen of
Sarcophitus from Tooborac, he alsa exhibited a fossil one from the east side
of Lake Corangamite, Western Victoria. The skull and a ramus of the lower
yaw (P1528549F wore collected hy W, Wallace of Corarooke, and pre-
sented to the Muscum dn 7/8/'12. The bones are yellowish, unomperalized,
and probably quite recent. Fragtnents of anmineralized jaws and tecth were
found at a depth of cight feet ina shell deposit (probably a Cortella bed)
on "Bullumbar", North Cuncare, near Lake Corangamitc, and sent to the
Museum on 1/10/13 by Thomas Bath. Another skull was obtained from a
railway turing at Little River between Melhourne and Geelong.

Dr. G. B, Pritchard collected from a limestone cave on the Paint Addis
pil lease on the Glenelg River, the réemamis of at Jeast three individuals, asso-

* Palacontologist, National Museu, Methourne.

_ 4 Numbers so given are registered numbers in the paleesnselogical collection: of the
Wational Museum of Victoria, Melbourne,

'

rae. ED, Gre, Tosmorvion Detil, Tosmanten Molt, and Dingo 87

riated with an extant fauna including kangaroos, wallabies, native cals, ral-
kangaroos, wombats, dinge, and birds. The hones ace all yellow ond up-
minecalized, Colliver (1938) found Sercophilie in a dry cave on the Gienele
River, near Nelson, associated with Tasmanian Wolf, kangaroos, wallabies,
marsupial mice, lizards, amd birds—twenty-six species in all, McCoy (1882)
ferured Sorcephilus urzinur (= 8. harris) from a cave on the east side of
the freshwater Lake Purrumbete (P2283), which corsits af volcame tull
and Inpilli, The same writer ficurerl a specimen (P7432) from Queenscliff.
Port Phillip, reported as coming iron “the saudy bed jntercalated with the”
acolianite, and another ¢ P 1857) froma cave free miles south-east of Gisborne
(see also Quarter Sheet 7 NAW.).

What may well be a more ancient Tasmanian Devil is represented by a
small ramus of a lower jaw obtained from a depth of 50 feet in allotment 42,
parish of Smeaton. ‘The bone 16 minerahized, fawn to bluish in colour, while
the one tooth present, a molar, is cobalt blue in colour due to the mineral
ak The fossil was prepented to the National Muscam by J. Marshall
n 4,

Sarcopliies harcisi is cecorded also from Western) Australia (Gleuert
1914}, South Australia (Hale and Tindale 1930), and. New South Wales
(Owen 1877).

BIGGER AND STRONGER DEVILS

Just as there were giant kangaroos, giant woinbats, giant koalas. piant
cuscuses, giant echidnas, and se on during the Ire Age, so there were also
snant Tasmaman Devils. Tn the Queen Victoria Museum at Launceston, Tas-
inania, Unere are preserved bottes obtaived from a cave at Scotchtown, 3-2
mkiles south Of Samithtoy on tle north-west coast. These mclude a mant
Sercophitus, whose jaw meisurcments vary from 15 to $0 per vent larger than
an average extant Surcophulus (see. plates). Similarly in Vietaria, there has
been found in the Camperdown district. a jaw of a grant Tesmaman Devil,
whase age is believed ta he Pleishocenc. These spectinens (the latter received
recently frou Me. J. Manifold) have not heen recorded before, and are ao
ilouht referable to Sarcophthes danarins Owen (1838, 1877) which has been
recorded earlier fram Queensland, Western Australia and New South Wales.
Simpson (7930) records S. laniarins as occurring in Victoria, lmt sa fae J
have beeu unable to locate the specimen on which this record i based, Owen
says that Tasmanian Devils of both extant size and giant size were found
tagether in the Wellington Caves in N.S.W., but that the latter were more
mumercus, Alone wrth the other giant forms of the Ice Age, 5. laninzins
has became extiner, and indeed it as the tendency even pow for the larzer
ruarsepial farms te die out and the smaller ones to prove more virile wi rela-
tiott Eo the existing conditions, S$. lonfartur was discovered at the Dallactonia
Soak in an arid part of Western Australia along with the bones of the huge_
Dipratodon, a giant Wombat, 2 number of giant kangaroos, amd the so-called
marsupial hon Thylaceleo (Glavert 1912). In those times an ample rainfall
must haye fallen in thal area io grow enough food to support poqulations of
these lage animals, sa the climate must have been very different from the
jwesent and one.

The short broad head of the Tasmanian Devil is packed with masses of
muscle that make it ane of the most powerful in the world for its size, Fleay
relates (1946, p, 157), “We cangit 19 devils in the wire drags»... Some
large males twisted the chain wire with their powrrful jaws din a pllenonerial
fashion. One cut his way right through the wire andl escaped, caving a fringe
of black hair argend dhe opening.” The head of the extinct Devil was not
only lacger but also more robust, so it must have had exceedingly powerful
jaws.

BROT) DD, Gre, Vasmemas Dewl, Tasmeniar Hol, and Dingo ad Sahn

THE TASMANIAN WOLF THYLACINUS

The Tasmanrin Wolf oe Tiger (the former is the more appropriate tame)
is the largest living polypretodont, and it has lived in Australia for a very
long Wing, Its scientic name Thylacisns cysocephalys means the pouchet
stag wath the well head. Like the Tasniainan Deval i used (O roan tle mait-
land, where tors now extinet It is simost extinct in Tasmania, but ivaces
of it ave becn found in recent years (Spencer 1944, Flesy 16}. Hawever-
as the pnpnlation of thylacines has fallen so dow, evtenction wil unfortunatelr
suo tome. BH. H. Scott. then Directorof the Qaren Victaria Mnseom, Lavin
cedion, Wrote to the National Museum, Melbourne, nn 29/5/'03, “I ar sending
a Thylacituw by the Coanee this morning. The animal was trapped for you
(i) Ehe ieutitalns and on the way to me it died... The Thylerinus is now
tare, and very hard ta come by al all... The lwo devils wall be sure
to rcach you alive as they are very hardy and stand anything, while their
corigener the Thylacine is exactly the reverse." Tt appears from eorrespar-
denee that wo to the beginning of this century there way om difficulty m
obtaning thytacums iw Tasman.

Kasals teferable to the living species Thylaciuus ¢ynoetphalus have beon
found in Victoria in a cave near Gisborne (P 7427-1450), and in a cave pear
Nelson MCalives 1938). The species is also recarded from Western Aus
tralia (Glawert 1014, 1926), and New South Wales (Broome 1896). As
David aid Browne have commented (1950, p, 644), “Most of the fossil
thylacines were higger than the living species and differed in other respects,
bus the latter bas been described fram the Womteyan Caves and the Mam-
moth Cave." Two species of fossil thylasines have been described, Théyla-
cimus magor (Owen 1877) fram NSW. and Thylagnits rostralis (De Vis
1899) [rom Queensland and Victoria, The thylacine is also fonnd fossil in
Tasmania along with the grant extinct marsupial fauna, so it must have been
there for a Jong tine. Lt may be signifenmt that the Thylacme and Devil,
which did so well all over Australia in the Ice Age, are now canfined to the
enldese area of Australia, Some thylacine remains were found in the same
caye at Scotchtown, north-west Tasiuauda, as held the giant Sorcophilus
fsee Piate VIIT, bottom).

THE DINGO OR WARRIGAL CANIS FAMILIARIS DINGO

"Recent scientific apmion maintains that the dingo was introduced to the
comtinent hy the aborigines, or adjacent native peoples, hy a northern ses-
borne route in ages past" (Troughton 1951), How long ago did this happen?

The first white man to settle at Lake Colongulac, just north of Camper-
down in western Victoria, was Willam Adeney, Who arrived there in 1843.
There was but a narrow beach to the lake then, and front thiz Adeney picked
up fossil bones washed from the cliffs. They included the giant Drpratedas,
the so-called marsupial lion Taéylucefeu cornifex {the type specimen), five
specics of giant kangaroos, Captain Cook's kangaroo (Macropus comgere),
ap ancietit wonbst, an extinct thylacine, and the dingo, For aver a century
the bed trom which these fossils came was not discorcred, but was recenth
found, During the great Arid Period of 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, most ff
not all) the Western District lakes dricd up, and the dat-floored ones had
dunes of windblown material raised across their floors and along their east
and soutl-cast sides Ai Lake Colongulac, the taff from the local volcanoes
underlies these ancient dunes which are now much dissected. Lower still,
undermeath the tuff, are old fake deposits,'and in these (he bones are found
(GiN 1951, 1053), This indicates a considerable antiuvity for ihe dingo
in Victoria, With the help of the Fietd Naturalists’ Club Geology Group,
thousands of try Coatdifu shells have been extracted from the rock of the
hone bed so that 2 radiocarbon analysis can be anade, whieh will give the
age of the hed (and sp the fossil dingo) in years. A fossil dingo was fourid

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol 7U September, 1953

Phare VIT

Living and Fossil Tasmanian Devils

Left: Non-fossil skull of Sarcophifus harris) as shown in
Plate VI.

Right: Part of upper jaw of Sarcophtlus fantarius trom
Scotchtown Cave, N.W. Tasmania. The incisor
(QO.V.M. 1953.39.3) appears to belong to the piece of
upper jaw (Q.VLM. 1953.39.4) with which it is asso-
ciated in the photograph, but the two were found
separate in the fossil collection. See also Plate VITT.

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 70 September, 1953

Prate VITT

Tasmanian Wolf and Devil

Top: Two lower canine teeth of Fylacinus cyroce phatus.
The upper is non-fussil (Nat. Mus, coll.}. while the
lower is from the Scotchtewn Cave, N.W. Tasmania

(Q.V.M, 1953.39.5).

Centre: Part of ramus of TAylaciaus ch. cynocephalus
from the Scotchtown Cave (O.V.M. 1953.39.6).

Bottom: Sarcophilus faniarius from the Scotchtown Cave.
Side view of specimen shown in Plate VIL. Another
piece of upper jaw, which is not figured and comes
from the same locality, is O.V.M. 1953.39.7.

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 70 September, 1953

Phare VI

Fossil and Living Tasmanian Devil.
Lett: Sareophiins fantarius Owen from Scotchtown Cave,
NAV. Tasmania. Q.V.M.F 1953.39.2,

Right: Jaw of non-fossil Surcophifus Aurrisif in the collec-
tion of the National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne,
R 4879,

FNumbers su given are registered numbers uf the Queen
Vietucia Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston, Tasmania.

Note: In Plates VI, VIE and VIII, specimens are all
shown natural size,

een ELD. Girt, Tasmanran Dowl, Tasmaman Walj, and Dinge 82
with the bones of extinct marsupials in the Wellington Caves in New Sourh
Wales, It may be assumed that the aberigines brought the dingo to Aus+
tralia, and so the aborigines can be concluded to have been here al the
same Ume as the giant marsupials.

The jlingo has not been fount fossil in Tasmania and was. not there when
white people first arrived, bur the Tasmanian aborngines readily adopted
dogs irom the white, settlers. Bois therefore inferred that the Tasmanian
alyorigines had no dog when they came. The association of (he dingo wath the
mainland aborigines fs the aldest record we have of the domestication of the
dog. At Bushfeld, north of Warrnambeol, an ancient aboriginal site has
been found underneath We tuff feem the Lower Hill veleano (Kebie 1447,
Gill $983), and has yielded p basalt axe, Aint ancl bone implements, and the
bones of a number af extant animals, including the dingo, This meang that
the ahorigines did seé at least one yoleand active m the Western District,
as their traditions claim) When 2 landshile at Meredith i 1914 cevealed a
fissure two fect wide and twelve feet deep, James Hay searched among the
18 jnches ot fine dry red cave carth at the bottorm and found the bones of
dingo, kangaroo, and wallaby. Iu a cave at Tantanoola in S.A (Tindale
1934), and in the aboriginal slietter at Devon Downs (Hale and Taidale
1930), the dingo has also been found fossil, Other places in Victona where
the dingo has heen found fossil are Ure two caves on. the Gleselg River men-
tioned carter, Lake Bulleninerri, Colac, Gishorne, and Bairnsdale.

So the dingo has had # long and varied carcer in Australia, It came
apparently in the Pleistocene wher ihe chmate was cooler and in matiy places
wetter. It survived the Arid Period, and stili roams inany of the wilder
parts of the continent, although often admixel with the breeds af dog bronght
by Europeans.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

T am sndebted to the Director of the Queen Victoria Museum and Art
Gallery, Launceston (Miss 1. Thomson), for the opportunity of studying the
Seotehtown fossils.

REFERENCES
Broom, R. (1896).—Report om 4a hone breacia near Wombeyan Caves,
NSW, Pree, Linn, Soe, NS, 2L. 48-61

Colliver, FS. €193%) —Cave Munting in Victoria, Vict. Nat. 54: 152-155

Davii, T. W. E., and Browne, W, R. (1980).—7T he Geology vf the Com-

maniwealts of Australia, Svo,, Tandon

Fieay, 13. Aires) —WNotes on the Breeding of Tasmanian Devily. Viet. Nat.

52: 100-105
(1946).—On the Trail of the Marsupial Wolf. Joie, 63= 129-135
(1982)..+'he Tasmanian or Mareupiat Devil—its habits and
family lite, lust. Afws. May 10: 275-280
Gul, E. BD. (19510) —Adoriginval Kitchens Middens ond Marine Shell Beds,
Manihind ¢: 249-254 :
(E9516) —New Evidence from Victoria Relative tu the ADti-
quily of the Australian Aborigines. dust. J. Set, 2403) 2 €9-72
(1953) —Geological Evidence in Wester Victoria Relative
to the Antiquity of the Australi Aborigines. Meo. Nol. Mus. Afeld,
78 (in press)
Glawert, L. (1952) —Fossil Remains from Balladonia in the Eucla Division
Ree. West eieztir, Mus. and oirt Gall. 7¢2)> 47-65
(1914).—The Manimoth Cave. thd. 103) 244-251
— €1926) —A List of WA, Fossils, Bull, Geot, Sura. Wad, 8&:
a0-fe

Hate, H. M., and Tindale, N. B. 11930). —Nates on Some Human Remains
i sine erwer Mitay Valley, South Australia. Wee SA, Afas. 4:

ED, Gn, Tasmanion Dewil, Pasmanion Wolf, ord Pingo whee

References (continued)
Jenrisnp, F, (1951) (1ditor).—Radiocarbun Dating, Mem, Sou Amer,
Aleck. é
Keble, Ro A. (1947)- Notes on Austratian Quaternary Climates and
Migrauon. Mem, Nat Mus Melb, 15+ 28-3)
Kershaw, J. A, (1912) —The Tasmanian Devil in Victoria, Pret Nat, 20
75-76 Alse exhibit, p. 69 “
Libby, W. FP, (1951).—Radiscarbon Dates Il. Seienee 174: 291-295
McCoy, FP. (1882),—Produmus of the Palaeoytology of Victoria, Dee. 7.
Geol, Surv, bite 4to, Melbourne ,
Mahony, D. J, (1912) —On the Bones of the Tasnianian Devil and Other
Animals Asinciated with Human Remains near Warrnambool: with
a note an the dune sand. Vret. Nat. 20: 43-46
Owen, R, (1838) —In Mitchell, T. 7... 1838, Three Eapeditions to the
Tterior of Eastern Anstralia, etc, 2 vols. 8vn, Toudon
€1877).—The Extinct Manuals of Austratia with a Nottce
of the Extrict Marsiujfials of Englend 41a, 2 yois, Landon
Spencer, C. (1944).—Tasinanian Tiger Reappears, Wiel, Nat 41> 44
Tindale, N. B. (1934) —Tantanoola Caves, South east South) Australia;
Geological and Physiograpdical Notes. Trans. Moy, Soc. S.4. ST
134-142
Troughton, E. (1951) —Furred Matimals of Australia, Bvo, Svdney
Ne Vis, C. W, (1894) —A Thylacine of the Earfy Nototherian Period in
Oneensland. Prac. Linn. Soe. MSW. 2: 443-447

REVIEW — CHECKLIST OF NORTH QUEENSLAND ORCHIDS

We have recemly received Publication No, 7 of the North Queensland
Naturalists’ Club. First issued in 1945, .as Publication No, §, the Cheektist
has now been revised and expanded frm eight to twelve pages, the extm
teur bemy deveted ty line drawmys of but eight of the 8 entities Nsted
Over 4) new species names appeat—many for plats recently described,
some for old iriends under new najyes for reagons of priority transfer or
change of rank, ethers being new records for North Queensland.

The compilers (Dr. A. Blecker aud the Rev. H. M. Ro Rupp) have
recorded as a yaricty of Deniyobram bigibinan Lindl, the handsome J,
phalacnapsis itz; so alsa is 0, fitsgeraldit Fy Mucil. lost to us hy ats
inclusion in the species D. svpertnens Reichb. Being conservative, thas
reviewer is not convinood of the need for many nomenclatural changes iheust
upow botanists by some specialists, What good purpose is served by trans
ferring diintifurus from Sarcochilus ta a new genus, Rhinerhiza, where it
tnost likely always will be the ite member? We had no trouble in “keying-
vat" divitifiorus in the genus Sarcachitis, It would have been quite another
matter if its affiliations were with an already established genus.

Possibly it is not the ditty of the compilers of a checklist to accept or
reject, but mercly t record, This heing so, they have done their task yery
well. [f another revision is undertaken, the line drawings could be omitter
end the space sed to include synonymy and references to origmal publication.
This 1953 Checklist explains the precise limits of North Queensland Defined
on the front page, the southern boundary has a definite geological and lrence
ecological sigurficance. It cum be inferred from the text (hat the northern
boundary ieludes all the adjacent 1lamds.

Copies af the Checklist are available frorn the club's secreiary, Me, J.
Wyer, 253 Sheridan Street, (Qairns, and the price is twa shillings and
Sixpence,

J, R, Garner,

ies. The Miétorsons Noturotist 9)

THE UNLOVELY SCORPION -
A Review)
By Tasitor Rayer, vews,

The werest novice will have na difficulty i recornizing a scorpion; the
large cravfish like claws, the long tail recurverl over the badly and armed with
a‘siromg scimitar-shaped sting, are the unmistakable “hall-marks" of its
anment lineage “Che details of the morphological structure are, however,
wot so well known, afd studems of the taology are few ald far between}
for the animals are repelling. 1 aspect, and dangerous to handle. A sting
oy the flesh of ane's arn or lex rests ip an excessive aod alarming
swelling with some pain, 50 potent is the poison.®

In the British quarterly review, Endeavoiw 12, No. 46: 80-89 CApe,,
1953)], Dr Max Vachon, of the Centre Natimal de Ia Recherche Scien-
tifique, discusses several North African species of scorpions. The six plates,
each 11 by 8 inches, ae (ull colour, are a sheer deliele for the nalure-
Jover because of their arfistic repraducumm The text-hgnres are Vaithtut
delineations of the anatomical stroctures, and reveal the author's familiarity
with his subject. The colour-plates are signed by M, Gaillard, and never has
the scarpion been mon: effectively portrayed. Perhaps the highest praisc
that gould be offered would be to compare the paintings with those of
Detmold in England? Jn any case, the studemt is presented with a
splendid opportunity to become familiar with the gress morphology arn
anatomy of what are sometimes described as “living [vssils”.

Scorpions are archaic avimals; that is, they are of a primitive type which
has came down throul the, ages. Dr. Vachon saya they have remained
virtually unchanged for hnndreds of millions of years. They are not,
of course, msecls; but are-closer to spiders, for the head and thorax are
Fused into one piece, the eephalothorax. Ihe aninls alsa have faur legs
for locamotion, a pair of front linils arimed with large powerfyl -claws
(pedipalpi) and a sinatler pair, the chelicerae, which hold the prey to the
dhouth while the life-juiees are sucked out, for scorpicns cannot swallow
solid foad, The abdomen bas seven short segments, and the tail five, plus
the globular apical poisow-yJund atid curved sting. Even the oldest of
fossils ate easily identified by Lwvo pecvliav etractiares, known as the pectines
or consbs, which lie just belind the genital region, Rare double-tailed
scorpions may still be found, and such strange forins were not unknown to
the ancients, Vachon sugpests that these anomalous e¢rcaturcs are the
resiit of “incomplete twianine"

Australia lias a itumber of indigenous species and, like those of other
countries, ihey are found mostly under stones and logs and eveu in shallow
burrows. Such 4 comparatively restricted jialitat is, however, ubsyuitous
aml the creatures are easly fuund Moreover, they aré chiefly noetdrpal,
and these habits are na dowbt partly yesponsible for the success of the
Species.

Othe researchers account in Extdeavour) of tle devefupient of the
wabrya is of spectal interest to biologists. “At the end of its developinent
each embryn fies in a diverticulum, which possesses a tubular extansion,
This extension, almost an umbilical cord, is applied ta the wall af the
mother's intestine, from which it draws off nutrients by osmosis’... we
can ahnost speak of it as a bottle and teat process.”

Fiy-maggots pubs out 4 secretion which dissolves the solids, and reduces
them to # soup which is easily ingested, and digested, and adult scorpions,

"A sting Tron 2 small uudéetermined apecies, found under stones jn North Gipps
land, is claimed by a limber-deler to be ie cause of a pamiully swollen ¢lbow,

TE. Detmald! Tnimitsble illustrations io J. H- Fabre’s Stovybook of J/msives
(Edinbureh Univ. Press, 1922, Edition de Luxe, Hodder & Stoughton).

92 Tartton Rayan, The Cilovely Scorpion Tunnels

too, have 4 simitar frabit. Scorpions eat anly living prey: insects af ali
tainds, imillipedes, spiders, and at times even larger creatures. The author
believes that the paar Ol simple eyes are toa “erude” to be of iplieh
assistance in detecting prey, and since scorpions arc Jargely nocturnal, fe
Sluymests that cerngin sensory hairs ftrichabotheia) on the pedipalp) gre the
chief organs of detection, since they ere plentifully supplied with nervnures,
The author uses the apprapiiate termi, “receiving sets", for these argans.

It rook a poet. Jean Henti Fabre, to describe adequately: the elaborate
nuptial dances of tue scorpions, the fromenages & der, an) the arbre droite.
‘The cature-laver wha lias vot read Pabre’s enthralling aecount has vet te
eijoy one of the brighrest werms in the literature of natural history.

SOME BARRIER REEF SHELLS
Py J. Moiczsos
[Substance of 2 talk given to the Club on January 34, 1932]

In May and Jie, 1951, LT spent 2 very erjoyable holiday in north Gueens-
land and saw 2 cond deal of the Tarrier Reef. i saw several Giant Clams
aivl J would) like to 1¢!1 you something about they ard of some cowries and
cone-shelis, At Greeit Lstand, 12 miles ont from Cairns, I went over the reef
with a party of tourists in a glass hottamed hoat. There was great excitement
and many exclamations of awe ani astonishment ay We peered through the
glass at a Giant Clam (Tridvena derasa), lying on the sea floor below, A
full-sized specimen is ever three fect in length and weighs hetween four and
five huodredweight. ‘Che outer shell of this ote was heavily encrusted with
marine growth, the valves were partly open, and the rich, velvety-brown
mantle was clearly visible We were able to wateh the clam feeding by means
of the two large, circular apertures in the tssue between the nraitles; water
is drawn into ane opening and, after the teod it comtaie is sifted, it passes
out through the other. The Giant Clam alse cultayates a vegetable garden of
algae ii its tissues. Unlike the smaller clams, the Giant Clain does nbt appear
to be common an the Barrier Reef. 1 saw only two full-sized speciniens af
Green [sland oe from the glass-bottomed boat-and the other £ was able to
watk right up to, While rambling on the reei, The latter was completely, ui-
covered hy the tide and © pushed down the soit, thick flesh of the mantis, so
that I could see the pure, white shell beneath.

Horseshoe Clams CEfippopus Aippopusy are yery abundant, although Less so
than the Hurrawing Clam Like ihe Giant Clam they just lie on the reef Rats.
but. unlike ther large relative, can he picked up easily, 1 picked up many
on (he reef and euch tite the sealluped valyes srapned shit. These clams
are frequently found in sandy stretches, where there are nu rocks or coral
and jn such tases. cowries, Starfish, sea urchins, crahs and small fish gladty
shelfer Deneath the Morseshoe Clam, There 3s heavy mortality among these
dams, L found many cmpty, corroded shells and 7 believe that their priu-
cipal etemy is a large, predatory starAsh, of which 1 saw several. I was
astonished when T frst saw these huge starfish, something Ite a bulky cushion
in shape and aver a foot in dinmeter, but afler ane has bees ay (he Barrier
Reef for a whale, he ceases ta be surprosed at anything. Another large star
fish with black protuberances on its arms reminded me oi x miniature moun-
tain range. Staghorn Coral semetimes grows on tive Elorseshoe Clams and
wccasionally smothers thet. The Jeneth uf-a full-sized Horseshoe Clan is
about 12 inches and the mantle is a bright olive green

Burrowing Clams ( Tridacne crecea) are far more numerous than any others
E caw, and mute beatiful tuo. Their vividly ooioured mantles rival the
heauty of the coral jtse!f; some are a deep blue, others blue-green or a moltled
pink and green. There is a curious type of solid coral on the Barrier Reef
known a a porite, forming large round platforms usually about 5 or 6 fea
in diaricter, Only the outer rim—an exquisite lavender—is alive, the rest of

aoe, J. Mottason. Some Barrivy Feed Shells a

the platform i juse hard rack. Now the Burrowing Clams seem to think
that the porites were made for theni: 1 saw at least 30 embedded in ote
porte, The edge of the sll is Qualiawil) the rock surface and the animal
i2 attached to the tack through an opening in the shell This burrnwing habit
gives the clanis coiysidérable protection, and F found ic difieult to diskdge
them. As it grows, a clam makes the hole larger. by racking to and fro,
Sometimes these clams hurraw into the living brain corals then there is a
striking contrast un dolours—the warn, red tints of the coral, and the deep
blae or green ai the clans’ mantles,

Cowries are among the most beatiful and most saugtt after shelis on
the Barrier Reei, their chief charin belie the briliait polisls iound on tie
mature shell, Fhey all have a characreristic general shape, but even so there
is very geeat variation in size and shape, colour aud pattern. Generally speak-
ing, ¢he sinaller cowries aré sti)! very projific, hit my experience has been
that the ones that reach a Ieneth af Foor 4 inches are we tanger conimon mi
the Barrier Reef L found tle white Egg Cowrie (Awe phiperas ovnni) with
the animal in it at. Orplens [sland, but it was the aniy specimen of the
farecr members of the fannly, chat [ saw in the natural state, The clossy
white Beg Corrie is 4 very beautiful shell, different im shape from mast of
the other eownies, and the animal is jet black The Chocolate Cowrie
(Mauritie wanritione) is unother large and beatiful one, ard is very solid
with aA humped back. The patter 1s very attracoye willl its dark chocolate
base, spalled brawn and cream: on top, Perhaps the best kaowWwa of all is the
Tiger Gowrie (ypraca tigris), although it is beeeming scarce on the Barrier
Reef, The ordiusely dotted pattern varies from orange and bluist-wlnte to
dark brawn, and a yellow line on the back shows where the mantle Aap
Wheet. With 2 brown base aud snow white spots on the back, the solid ltle
Sernent-head Cowrie (Rowrlroamn capnéyerpentis) is onc ot the most beautiful
species. They tou are booumis scarce on the Barrier Reef, but 1 beheve
there js 4 small colony of then: at Collaroy, hear Sydney. The Arabic Cowrie
(Arabica aroliea) i5 still fairly commun; the spotted and lined pattern on
thejback varies considerably, but all are easily recognized by the dark black
at brown spots at the base, the red tecrh and the salid shell, The Ringed
Maney Cowrie (Monetaria anwnlus) is stil Foud in great numbers. the red)
dich orange cing adding an attractive deature to this beautiful little shell

Cone Shells are a latte and very interesting family, connion on the Barrier
Rees, where the five species delinitely knows to be poisonous all gecur, The
Cone's poise system ws rather enmsual; the animal nejerts a joismn-fitled
Look rite ats vntim, The Geographer Cone (eollns geaurapienc) is well
huown for the virulerce af ils poison, and caused the death of a young man
on the Barrier Reef in 1935. The actual shell with the animal in tt Was beet
presetyed in the Brisbame Muséum. The Geugrapher Cone ‘has the glossy
poreclair jexture of the family, but, unlike seme of its relatives, it 1s very
thin; almost fragile. Many cores are solid hervy shells such as the Letter
Cone (Canys fiteratus), We black and white pattern of “Inch as obscured
hy the dark, horny perinsiracum, The Vlag Cone (Rivsesorws vexiiline),
another large heavy ane is citer covered by = thick white warine growrl,
evets When conlaiine « living ania) The well known and beautibal Cloth.
oaf-Gold Cone (Dariarouns textile) has an nessa! and intneate patrern aad
it is very poisonous. The smooth black and white Marble Cone (Caronaxiz
THotHorcus) oe porlicularly Mlerestne as it is uot covered with a perlostra-
cum, (hough the beginning of onc can be seen clearly ar the edge ni the shell
Lt, tao, is poisonous. When handling live cones, it 1s hest ta hold them by the
hase of the shell, with We aperture uppermost. A pair of eyes, beautiintly
marked with concenteig riivs of verinis calaurs anc situated af the end of
long stalks is attodd feature of cone shells As Sool) asa shell ja picked up,
these stramge eyes come slayly ont, probing about thy shell, as if ta sce what
As the matter.

G4 : The Victorian Natuenlist Vol. 70

A NOTE ON NOTHOFAGUS CUNNINGHAMII, “MYRTLE BEECH”

‘he tietlets farm a group of three, the central one {Wor Winged, and thy
lateral ones three-winged, Their arrengement can be seen by the seats i
the involuere after che fruits have failen. This is a coining: tiemple foci
of wrowth, seen for instance in winter in the leaf bule af the Ash, The
English Beech has two nutlets, departing irom te iiore primitive type:
A, fossil Beech has been Tang known i England im ro¢ks about the age of
the ‘Fossil Beds at Morninetan. Reference to Ternli's British Plont Life
(1949) shows (hat it is caw placed ag Wothofages This supports the
Southeri’ Beeches as the more ancestral form,

The vernacular “Southern Reech” fits the Vollofegus group of Sowh
“America, New Zealand, Tasmania and South-enstern Australia (South is
not a traisbarinn af “Nothn"—}: “Antarctic Beech” ts also used. The name
Myrtle Beech for our chiek species takes pp au éxisting veruacular, wut,
using “Myrtle” as an adjective, indicates actually a Keech, hut with sone _
suggestion of a likeness to a Myrile in the leaf,

Jn the spring of 1952, the example in my Crovdon garden showed the
flower arrangement cited by Bentham: mew side shouts carrying staminate
flowers at the lower leaves and pistillate flowers Curther out from the base of
the shoot. In earlier seasons this placing was not ohserved, ny 1952 there
were pistillate flowers Jow on the side shoot, and staminate ones on older
wood. Tarller still. only staminate flawers were noticed. It is possible that
pistillate fiswers were pverloaked, hut the fruits are easy to sce. All these
observations were made on the readily accessible lower branches,

—T. S. Harr.

NATIONAL PARKS IN BRITAIN

In Rritain, as io Australia, it is a grim fight ta preserve sufficient land
for ational parks an@ saictearies, but the National Parks Commission
(Country Life, Dec, 1952) yeports that during its second year of full activity
the Pembrokeshire Coast Park has been established, wand the Norlh York-
shire Moors Park designed aud comirmed In Cornwall, Exmoor and the
Yorkshire Dales parks, projects have got to the stage of consultation with
Local Authorities. Joint Planning Heurds ate now working in those ot
the yreviausly establistied parks such as the Peak and the Lukes, which he
in several coumics and therefore some under different authorities whieh
may lave conflicting interests.

The great disappointment of the year is the lack of progress made ain
Snowdania, This lies in several counties which have Gatly refused to set
up a Jaint Planning Board, thus running counter to Ministerial instructions.
This 3s ail the more serioas as the Snowdonia HAydro-electric Scheme
threatens to “transform” the whole area, aml) it is feared that unless this
park is established soon there will be ete little that is worth reserving.
Imless the Minister concerned now takes a very frm stand on the dehant
action of the councils ganeerned, a precedent may be create! which could
wreck the whole scheme for national parks in Britaim-.

Victorians may take heart that hey are vot alone in the struggle The
teed ‘to preserve a heautifal countryside jrom the advancing vide of “pro-
gress" is felt in many countries: others, too, are having difficulty in securing
their packs im perpetuity, and af cs wel! frat we, who still have plenty of
land available for this obrpuse, shomlil plar on u large seale, Tor once such
land has beer exploited the way of securing its release is larder, and by
the time it is ayailuble again the heauty and the yalue to nature lovers may
have been destroyed for ever

M. M, Crarrawar

ty Lhe Mtetortan Naturatrat ; hy

BOOK REVIEW
Recs, of the Portland Datrict by Tarltm) Rayment, PR ZS.

The bees of Portland have been very thorgugiily investizated by tye
members of the Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria, and ihe resulting
publication appeared on Coroiration Day, The collections in the fickdl
ducing the three years of the investigation were carried out by Clifford
Reauglehole of Gorae West. und the taxononty. illustrations and editing of
the work were completed by Yarlton Rayment. Lt is a wonterlul record
for any district: one hundred and thirty-welit species of bees are eecorded,

-of which twetity-eight are now to science, A remarkable feature ig thar
twenty-four of the species are recorded also From Tasmania. AN the
ants known to have heen visited by the bees are reported, and this is an
nnique feature,

1 weuld commend Ui sentiments of the armatmeement on the iiside of
the back ouver: “The Portland Field Naturalists’ Chib is a nan-prufit
inaking socicty orgatized to foster an appreciation of the aieique flora and
fauna of the Distri¢t. Just as Portland plotighed the first furraw far
Agriculture, so the Club aow publishes this booklet in an endeavour to
promote the culture of the mind.”

Bees pf the Portland District reflects the greatest credit of the PorUand
Club, and reveals its progressive character, for ne other district a Australia
has been able to produce any publication of @ similar character, The
beoklet has also an historic value, and copies may be obtained from. the
Chub,

—Lyinmrin Youn.

FEEDING BIRDS
By Jean Gatprarti, Tyers

Since the beginuing of the cold weather in July [ have been pulling crambs
ou a windowsill against my weiting table, and have teen interested in the
different ways m wlech the birds take them,

Two Blue Wrens fly down from the nearest branch and eat as mnch as
thry can as fast as they cau. ‘The hen bird came hrst for two days, but the
cack is always ahead now. They usually choose very small crumbs unless
there are pieces of cheese, for cheese as the food must favoured by all who
come to the windowsill, Tf there is cheese they snately one large piece and
carry it off to be dealt with in the seclusion of the shrubbery. ‘They land direct
on the sill, with vo hesitation,

Brown Thornfills rarely fever do this. They Mattes huiriming-bird fashion
above the sill for several seconds, as if to make sure there is something worth
aluhting tor. J do net think this 1s precautionary so much as an exploratory
examination, as 1 have seen them do the same thing when searching roses
and chrysanthemums for aphis. Onee on the “table”, they eat in ipuite a
feisurely manner, even if several peaple are talking inside the window.

The one Yellow Robin that comes, usmally studies the foad fram several
vantage points before landing to select unerringly the largest piece of cheese
irom whalever scraps may be chere. H this is toa big to be swalhawed alter
being turned round to find the easiest way, he may try two or three other
pieces before selecting one small enough. This is swallaweidl whole, sometimes
with such an obyions gulp that onlookers feel a momentary sense of chokiigt
Tf a large picee must he broken wp, this is never done ar the window, but
amongst the shrubs across the path.

Two Grey Thrislies are more fastidious, They study the feast from a road
branch several feet wway—the favourite vantage point of all the birds, €
there is no-cheese they do not come nearer. ff there ts cheese, it is eaten

. Viet, Nat.
56 Jean Gaueraitn, Feeding Birds ey

purposeflly and cather erecdily, hot without haste, and any large piece is
carried off to the cailing that supports the rose. There it is put down and
deliberately pecked to pieces. Twice I was interested to sce a thrush pick
off a relled leak containing a caterpillar. Ou one occasion it. wedged it in
a splintered part of the railing, and the sccond time in a rose fork, before
neatly extracting the contents.

A pair of White-browed Scrub-wrens, so tate that they habitually
come into the honse, never approach the window-sill, It is too high, about
fiwe feet from the ground, but they fare sumptuously on crumbs that the
other birds spill.

Sulver-eyes have been very busy amongst the chrysanthemums. outside the ,
window, enjoying black aphis, but so far are indifferent to the sugar put aut
for them, though one occasionally looks on while a thorntnil feasts.

I have several times seen one of these adult thornbills feed the otler with
crumbs from the windowsill, This was an July 23, and was perhaps the:
beginning of a courtship,

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
Excursions:
Saturday, September 10—Seven-mife wall, Nyora to Tang Lang, Take

9 a.m, Yarram train fron Platform No. i Centre, Flinders Street. Alight
at Nyors. Bring two meals. Arrive back at Flinders Street, 845. pan.

Saturday, Seprember 26—School of Horticulture, Burnley. Take Burwood
or Wattle Park tram in Batman Avenue, Alight at Stop No. 18, Meet
at 2.30. p.m. at School gates.

Sunday, Octuber 4—Kalerama. Subject: General. Leader; Mr. B. Jennison.
Le 9.14 asm. train to Croydon, thenee bus to Five Ways. Bring one

en
Saturday, October 10—Geology Group Excursion, Details at Group Mecting.

Saturday, October 10—180-mile fariqur coach trip to Creswick, Subject.
Orchids. Leader, Mr, A, Sonsce; President of Ballarat F.N.. Club,
Cosel) leaves Batrnan Avenue 8.15 a.m. returning approximately 7H
am Pare 1?/-, bookings with K. Atkins, Botanic Gardens, South Yarra,

Saturday-Sunday, Qetoher J0-11—Our Club have again been imyited by the
Maryboraugh E.N- Cluh to spend a week-end at Maryboroveh, Trans-
port, if possible, hy private carss campy facilities at Princes Park
Menilers desiring hotel accommadatiay to make own arrangements,

Group Fixtures:

Tuesday, October 6--Geology Group Mestiny. Mect at Russell Street en-
trance National Museum at 7.30 p.m.

Preliminary Notices:

Saturday, October 31-Tuesday, Nuvember J (Cup Day)—Four-day private
car excursion to Bairnsdale distnct, Can any members provide cars
with caravan facilities? Leader. Mr. H, Stewart, 14 Bayview Terrace,
Ascot Vale, W.2 (FU 1096), Details pn last jssue.

Tuesday, November 3 (Cup Day)—President's Pienic, 200-mile parlour
coach trip to Cape Paterson atid Iiverloctt Coach feaves Batman Aventic
8.15 aim. returns 830 pm. Fare 22/+ bookings with K, Atkins,
Batanic Gardens, Sonth Yarra, 3.E.1.

Kesnern W. Arxtns, Excursion Secretary.

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 7o—No. 6 OCTOBER 8, 1953 No, 838

PROCEEDINGS

At the General Meeting held at the National Herbarium on
September 14, Mr. A. A. Baker presided and about 150 members
and friends were present. A special welcome was extended to Miss
Jean Galbraith, our well-known Country Member from Tyers,
Gippsland.

The President then introduced the speaker for the evening, Mr.
S. R. Mitchell, who took those present on a tour of North Africa
and gave his impressions of that country gained during his. visit
to the Geological Conference held at Algiers last year, ‘Ihe addrese
was well illustrated with pictures of places. visited, Mr. Cobbets
thanked Mr. Mitchell on behalf of the Club. The context of the
talk may be read elsewhere an this issue.

The President discussed the forthcoming show prepared in
Tye’s gallery, and Mr. Wakefield informed members of several
aspects of the Austrahan Nature Show to be hell in the Prahran
City Hall in October,

it was announced that Miss Jkurth had resigned from her
position of Assistant Secretary, and Mrs. Lewis from that of
Exhibits Steward. Volunteers are requested to fill these positions.

The Secretary announced. that Dr. Wettenhall had sent a dona-
tion of one guinea to the Club's funds.

The President referred to the fact that our “Treasurer; Dr.
Gerge, was leaving shortly for England and would he absent for
about four months. He expressed best wishes and bon voyage on
behalf of the Club. During the absence Miss Butchart will act as
Treasurer.

After several exhibitors had conimented on outstanding points
in connection with their specimens, the meeting was adjourned at
about 10 pam. for the sual covversazione and inspection of
exhibits.

GEOLOGY DISCUSSION GROUP

The September meting was held at the National Museim, 16 members
being present. Mr, Baker gave an aceount of a Group Excursion on
August 15, when the survey along the Darebin Creck was extended over
a farther section, The subject for the evening was a talk by Mr. A. A.
Baker entitled “Fossil Invertebra—Their Life and Form—Arsthropoda
Part J2' This dealt with Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, and Cirripedia. A
description of the aniniats, the geological history, and ecology, was given
with the aid of lantern. slides and specimens.

97

os The Mittorian Naturalist ' Vol, 70

NATURE NOTES AND EXHIBITS AT SEPTEMBER MEETING

Geology:,

Sections of states from Bendigo, showing graptolites, and staining from
pyrite crystals—Mr. Baler.

Conchology:

Olive Shells, representing the genus Olize, a yery popular group of
deautifilly marked and naturally polished marine shellsk—Mr. Gabricl, The
exhibitors commented that he wonld be interested to receive a local speci-
mtn of the one species recorded for Victeria, Jt is well-known further
west, hut he has not collected it iw this state, during 40 years’ experience.

Shells from Barrier Reef and Cowes—Master Ronald Tremewen,

Barrier Reef shells, from Dunk and Orpheus Islands, brought back by
Mr. and Mrs. Lewis after their recent visit to Queensland tropical waters,

Botany:

Coral Lichen, Cladonia retipora, from the Bendiga Whipstick arca—Mr.
Baker.

Pseudanthus ovalifolius, Westringia glabra, Phebalinm obcordatum, Lep-
tomerta aphylla and Casuarina wmuelleriana, all from the Benda Whrip-
sticks—Mr. Stewart.

Greenhood Orchid, brought back from Papua by Messrs. Semple ani
Rayner who recently ascended the 15,000 feet Mount Wilhelm in New
Guinea—Mr. Garnet.

Garden-grown wative flowers, Grevillra olioides and species of Acacia—
Mr. Jenson, These flower better under dry garden: conditions than they
do in their natural habitats.

“Rock Lily,” Dendrobiww spectosumt, Vittoria's Jargest orchid—Mr.
Miller. These plants were collected about 20 years ago at Genoa iu East
Gippsland, where they are severely cropped by wallabies. They flower
profusely each alternate year, responding well to complete lack of cultivating,

Philonotis tenuis, a normally sub-antarctic moss found by Mr, Rieschick
jp a shaded gorge of the Macdoymell Ranges in Central Australia.

Miscelloneous:

Photographs of wild animals in the Kruger National Park. South Africa:
und two albums containing South African butterfies and suceculents—Miss
Gwendoline Neighbour.

OBITUARY

The death is recorded, with regret, on July 24th last, of Mrs. L. A.
Cochrane, of Sandringham, a member of the Cluls for some years. Until
failing health of recent months prevented her, Mrs. Cochrane consistently
uttended the various activities of the Club, She evinced keenest interest
in natural history, especially on field excursions, where her bright persanality
made her always welcome. Her metier was birds, which accounted for
her being an enthusiastic member of all the societies in Melbourne concerned
with the study of bird life.

tad Yhe Vicetorwma Notnradise 99

IMPRESSIONS OF NORTHERN AFRICA
By 5, R. Mircueia
t [Address to the Clutton Auguste 19, 1953]

The Nincteenth International Geological Congress was held at Algiers iu
September, 1952. The writer was fortunate enough. to attend and to join =
pre-congressianal four of te days derution, The tour commriced at
Marseilles, where 350 members of the Congress embarked for Tumis on ihe
5.8. Chainpailion. This ship, a fine vessel of 12,500 tons burthen, was
unfortunately wrecked on the Lehanon coast a Sew weeks later. Two days
were spent in colourful Tunis; the slip thei moved Gomi port to port during
the melt, steqped at Biserte, Bone, Phillipsville, Djedjelli, Bouyie and
Oran, thence travelling back ta Algiers. In the daytime long tours were
made inland, by busy, enabling the party to sec much of the country and
study the geology of this part of Northern Africa.

Several days were spent by the writer in Marseilles, the second largesd
city in France. and founded by the Greeks in 400 BC. Situated on a
narrow coastal sbrip and on the foothills of the mountain range, it posscsscs
stnall natural harbour, the “Vieux Port’, seventy acres in extent, An oli
fort standg at the entrance and is now surrousded by tall buildings and
modern cafes, The safety of this harbour for the small vessels af older
times was prohably the reason for the settlement. The modem part has #
long breakwater built parallel to the shoreline for protection of shipping.
As there are very few natural harbours m the Western Metliterranean,
particularly on the African coast, most of thase naw dit use have such
artificial breakwaters ias that af Marseilles.

Qn approaching the city one first sights the high mountains which aslcirt
the French and Italian Riviera, then sone small rugged islands of hard
ptey limestone, and the well Known Chateau d'Tf made famous by Alexandre
Dumas. Marseilles is well laid ont, with many fine Boulevards and squares,
lined with magnificent thick-boled plane trees growing to a height of sixty
(eet oy so Leoking dawn on the cay from the hill on which is the church
of Notre Dame de la Garde, the streets are well marked by the greet
foliage of these trees.

Tunis, siteated on the Bay of ihe same name, ts a marer city, the
capital of the French dependency of Tunisia, which was taken over in
881, A dew miles away are the cums of ancient Carthage. Within the
city is the old walled Arab tawn, notable for magnificent mosques, the
remains of the aqueduct that conveyed water to Carthage, as well as a Aie
museum and shopping centre. The old aqueduct is constructed of arches
of Hmestane, to carry the water channel, Some of the arches are 50 feet in
height, and portions of the structure may be seen for many moles inland.

The omseum houses a Inege number of remarkable mosilics recovered
From the ruins of Carthage aid other ancient eities, These mmaspics are set
up on the walls, where they may be closely ¢xaomried. They are made of
innumerable pieces cf coloured stone set in a lime cement, to farm intricate
and beautiful designs—veritable pictures in stone—some of which amay be
compared to tadern floral carpets, yet it is doubtful if anadern artists iit
any media capture those glorious effects of past fnasters, One eutstanding
example, originally the floor of a swimming pool, demets mare lile hi
vanous forns—sharks, porpowes. crabs, velop, fish of several specice and
farge shell-fish

There are also a tiumber Of very Any bronze and itarhle figures, recovercl
from the aicient harbour The story is that these relics were pan of the

10 S. BR. Mrtenenc, Lipressions of Northern Africa [YE At

cargo of a ship, which, carrying gorls from Greece to Carthaye, was
sunk, covered with mid, and sq preserved. In 1912 the remains of the
old vessel were located by fishermen, and the treasures now to be seen in the
museum at Tuniz are in such splendid condition that it is dificult to realize
their great antiquity.

The ruins of Carthage hold much of interest. Carthage was founded in
700 BC. by the Phoenicians, a Semitic people from the east coast of the
Motliterrancan, worth of Palestine. Seafarers and traders. they formed
4ettluments | Spain, Corsica and Malta, and probably visited Cornwall for
tin, The Carthagenians. as they were called, becaine dangerous rivals
to the Romans. After three wars Carthage was capired and destroyed by
Scipio in 146 BAC, OF its then population cf 700{0 people, a large pro-
portion was massacred, the others being made slaves, That Carthage must
have been a prosperous city is evidenced by the ruins of the Forum, several
fine temples, an open air theatre and large water cisterns, all showing
damage dane by the Romans,

During the Roman occupation of North Africa many cities were built
and a number of them have been excavated and restored by the French,
Some are still covered by the sands of the Sahara. After the decline of the
Roman Empire, Vandals crossed over from Spain and conquered the
country, they m turn being deieated by the Arabs in 688 AD. Northern
Africa Uren ctme under Turkish rate, and finally onder the French.

The North African region which extends from Tumisia to Morocco, ts
characterized by two mountain ranges, the Lesser Atlas which skirts the
egast and the Saberan Atlas lo the south. Separating these two ranges is
4 bread belt made up of tablelands, hightands and ravines. Further south
1 the eountey rapidly becomes more avid, merging into the Sahara, This
far-famed desert, the largest area of arid [and in the world, consists of satidy
and stony stretches, mobile sand dames, low-lying depresstans, and accasional
cases on which the date palm thrives

Much of the undulating country of ihe coastal region is under cultivation,
The climate js warm, and in parts there is a 40-inch rainfall. The French
have planted large areas of vines, and have cultivated olives, although the
Olive appears to be indigenous, growing wild on the fills. Cark-oale forests
cover much oi the poorer hilly country. Figs, oranges, tabacco, cotton and
rice are ainong the crops grown, while turther inland wheat, oats, and
barley are produced in large quattities, Tt is @asy to realize that twa
thousand years ago this part of Africn was regarded ns the granary af
Rome. A railway system connects the pringipal cities along the coast and
inland with various centres; there are also excellent highways,

Some of the mountajnous regions. sucl as the Teil Aures, reach a height
of 13,000 fect, and are snow-covered in winter, The geological structure is
of greal interest, being chiefly a complex af Caingzoic and Mesozoic rocks,
with same Palacoraic formations, which in places ace much metamorphased
and with numerous granitic intrusians. There are some areas of voleanic
craters, lava flaws of basalt, volcanic plugs and dykes of phonolite; these
last having been exposed by denuding agencies. Limestoncs and marbles
occur in many places: and were largely used by the Roamans in the cons
struction of the cities in this country.

It was very pleasing to an Australian to see that our evcalypts have been
planted extensively along We railways and highways, Tn a different en-
vironment they seém to have changed their babit: the leaves are Jonger,
thinner and of 2 much lighter colour than is the case jf their tataral
habitat. One bluc pum was noted with a diameter of al Jeast 30 inches
near the ground. Botany Bay fig trees, currajongs, acacias amit the salt-
bush were also noticed in various places.

oe SR. Mircwens., dinpressions af Northern Africa 10!

The people of these couttries are cliefly Avaby, There if a small pro-
portion af Kabylies of Hanittic origin, with the darker Berbeus im the south,
The Arahs Who are Mohammedans, live under squalid conditions in the
cities and m mud huts in the country, The nomadic Bedouins dwell in
flat tents of fele, with their following of camels, sheep and goats, Grain is
stitl Separated Im dhe old, eastern way, with donkeys treading on the straw,
which is broken up during this process. It ts then built up inta long stacks
and covered with mud 16 prevent its being blown away by (he wind,

Aiter leaving La Goulette, the port of Tainis, the next stop was Bone,
a small town, well laid aot, with one wide tree-lined boulevard and many
fine buildings. A visit was made by electric railway to the M'Oucnza iron ore
deposit, same cighty miles inland. “Good quality ore, mastly hematite, is
quarned there, the present outpot being in the region of 2,000,000 tons per
annunt Much of this is shipped to England. This deposit was exploited by
the Romans, Close to Bone js the Cap de Garde, a high rogky port over-
looking the Mevliterrancan, and with a magnifeent view of the coast, A
narraw. pathway has heen cut in the face of the steep clif—; to pravide access
ta the lighthouse.

The rums of Hippone, also im the vicinity ci Bone, are most imposing.
These include the remains of what must bave been vety fine vilias, With
handsome marble columns. 2 theatre, thermal baths, an aqueduct and several
temples. On the paved floor of the forum is a monumental jitseription to
Gracous Alricanius, obviously an important personage of his time, but un-
known To present day historians Another notable relic is a large marhle
head of the Raman Emperor Vespasian. Some indication of the engineering
ability of the Romans is piven by the fact that most of the ancient cities
in Africa possessed Doth water supply and sewage system .

From Phillipsville. the next port of cali, a visit was made To Hie picturesque
city of Consrantie, some 30 miles we the south, From Constantine, which
is situated) on. the summit of a mountain of limestone, can he seen a semark-
able panoranra of the surrounding country. A deep gorge divides the town
into two parts, linked by suspension bridges. Well paved streets, a spacions
square and modern buildings give the impression that portion of Paris has
been transported to Africa. On the lower slopes are the crowded dwelllugs
of Arabs and Berhers, roofed much in the same manger as in Raman times,
The approach to the tawn is marked by a magnifirant marble arch on the
edge of a steep cliff, 2 most artistic and impressive war memorzal,

West of Constantine are some ancient srail-shell middons, mbabited by
man 15,000 years ago. These have Deen excavated and studied; and an
interesting fact is that large numbers of the small flint artefacts that have
been recovered are identical in form with those mate by the Australian
aborigines,

Qn the return journey some tinte was spent at the heatlquarters of the
French Foreiun Legion; this catislsts of a fine sericea of buildiigs, with a
historical muscum and many relics of interest, From, Bougie, the next
pon, Cap Carbo was visited. This is part of the coastal range bordering
the Mediterranean. It ts mad&é up of highly resistant metaniorphic limes-
stanes and schists, and rises steeply Jrom (be sea to a height of 2,000 feet.

The famous runs at Djemila, emong the fitiest m Norther Africa, com-
prise the remains of a large forum, several iemples, a theatre, market place,
water fountains ald baths, White marble has been used cxtensively for
paving, as well as for the construction of several Ane arches and innumerable
caluaiins. In the city, which was founded tn the second century A.D., are the
remains of fine vallas, a @reat contrast to the small rooms and shops facing
natrow streets, m Which the poorer classes lived. Although the walls are
rot now very High, the diving conditions of people of those times may easily
be visualized: Inland from Bougie the French have Quilt a large barrage for

102 S RB Mertoneni. dmpressions of Northpri Alfred Tis ts

the conseryation of water and a hydro-electne power plait. The highway
follows a remarkable gorge (Gorge de Kentiata) which traverses (te Chaine
des Babors where sume of the cock faces are 1,000 Tret high

Oran was the Chonpalher's. most westerly port of call, Lt was st this
amall port. about 220 niles west of Algiers, that some of she French Aleve
was sunte to preven! ihe vessels falling into German hands, Renvains oi
same of the wrecks are still (a be see. A shore inp was mace to a sea-
side resort, where members of the Congress had an opportumey ta bathe
in the warm anil very sine waters of the Mediterranean.

From Oran the ship then proceeded ro Algiers, the capital of Alweria A
very fine city, spread over several miles of hillside, Algiers possesses an
excelient water-tront, roaiy wide streets and treedined reseryes, The
French section #3 somarkable for its cleanness and Jur dhe great number of
six ar seyen storied buildings, In the centre of the city is a wide reserve
consisting af a series of terraced gardens. There is a well desipiied mem-
arial, anc a large paved area fronting the cignifted Government buildings,
over which the French tricelour fies,

On the heights is Uw ald fort whith the French stormed in 183), when
they took over Aljeria. Ptior to this line this coast, known as the Barbary
Const, was notorious for the raids made on shipping by the Arabs. On the
_ summit, offering a magnificent view aver the Mediterranean, the people

enjay the amenities of 4 swirming pool, a sparts ground and a children's

playground. These pleasuregrounds throw into sharp relief the Casbah, the

Arab quarters, in which Arabs, Jews and Nabians live-in squaior.

The Casbah, on the slope of the hill, is traversed by narrow passageways
and mean streets, all very dirty and smelly. Some of the douses have

_severs! storeys, but the rooms are small and unattractive. Many of the shops,
houseng bakers, batchers, shaemakers ancl metal\orkers, measure nul more
than six feet syuare, The men vary in color irom while to black, They
wear whate shorts asl shirts} and the women, with faces covered to the.
ryes, are also earbed in. white.

The Geological Congress, held here last year, was well organized by the
Frencli, and was attended by delegates fram over severly countries. Much
interest waz shown in the writer's talk, supplemented by a range of speci-
inens, dn the stone and woeden artefacts of whe Australian aborigines
Questions were asked i a number of differcot tengucs; but, with the help
af French, ltaan aiid Gertnan friends, as well as that at the able Dutch
cheirman, the langage barrier was overcome.

MORE NOTES ON FEEDING BIRDS

Dyring the two weeks since I scut vorie notes un birds? Jeeding habits
when they came to my window for crumbs, b lave realized that T was
inistaken in supposing that the Auttering of Brown Thornbills before aigtt-
ing was not au iidiestion of lack of confidence. The Brown Thornbills are
vow 40 coufident that they Hy straight across the garden, alighting ou the
window-sill without the slightest lesttatton or fluttering.

However when 1 placed cheese crumbs on wy Wand resting on the sii,
instead of merely on the windew-sili, the thornbills Buttered ahore it, as
they had done at first above the window-sill, but avere sufficiently comfdent
to wlight momentarily ow my hand aud spateh cheese, although the Blue
Wrens which had originally been more confident than the thornhills would
not dake anything from my hand. They cid alight an the window-zill beside
it, and towk erumbs from there. As tins eanerinent was tried for the
first tine to-day, C have litle doubt bur that both birds would soon be as
teady to take fuod fram my hand as from the window, if 1 could spend
half an hour wr so accustoming them to the new arrangement,

—Jran Gatoratro, Tyra.

A Lhe ictovion Nativalist 103

LYREBIRDS AS “PETS
By A. H, Ciztgitors

Although a considerable body of usctul information regarding the Lyre-
hind was given in thy Pretorinn Natyratis! jast year ¢September, 1952),
the group is so remarkable that auen mate could be written iwithoul
exhausting the subject

The story of white men first contacts with the bird, for examole, is
uivoived and Yuntastic, Another facet af interest relates tu the keeling of
specimens in captivity or in a stale of semi-domestication. A summary of
this latrer phase of the subject may be given here. Tt concerns experiences
in Australia, England, and France, The United States of America has in
recent years gut-distanced other countries im obtaining examples of Aus-+
iraiian favna—uotally the platyyus and koala—but. so far, it has never,
ruined a specimen of the Lyrelnrd.

The pactcer keeper of Lyretards was J. F. Wueox, a zoological collector
wh overated mainly in the Richmond River region of New South Wales,
There, in 1882, he took drom nests four fledglings af the theu neywly-dis-
covered Prince Albert Lyrchird aud tended them successfully (using worms,
ingects, fread and meat at food) until they were about six months ald;
thén he lust all daur in a bush 4Sre. : .

Soon after that, alrempts were znade im the Latrobe Valley, Victoria, to
rear yous Superb Lyrebirds with the aid of domestic fowls, Details of
wks experiment are lacking; it is merely mentioned, in the Trasactiqns
nf the old Philosophical Institute of Victoria {in 1858), by J, W. Bealby,
who adds that the attempts “succeeded sufficiently to induce further efforts,
with greater care for the safe custody of the chicks.’ In the same decade
u Aedgting was kept for eight days by Ludwig Becker. a Melbourte medical
man, Dr Becker, an Australian acquisition from Germany, had appointed
himself a kind of publicity manager for the Lyrelurd. and he gave John
Gould (See Hindbook to tie Birds of Avstralic, 1865}, same informative
notes regarding Ins “young captive,” Also, he expressed the opimen that
Lyrebirds “could be shippet to Eneland with as Jitele difficulty as any
ather Australian birds, nowe of which, however, offer such attractions =
the Afeunra.”

A few years Inter (1843) whe firse Lyrebied to leave its Nomeland ih a
living state urriyed at the Lona Zoo fron, New Sauth Wales; that
unfortunate pioneer, a male bird, died within a few days. Twa further
specimens acquired by the same Zou, in 1867-8, ved « good deal longer
(they were fed mainly om finely-chopped meal, caclworms, and meal-
worms}, and the ccie first obtained. am imotature mule, became the sebject
af an enlightening article by the Superintendent of the Zoo, A, D. Barilett.
His chief points were three iv iamber—s tribute to the gentle nature of the
bird (the same ceenment bas since been made in Australia) ; a reference to
tire fact that thé captive contd move very quickly and also jure “atmost
inerédille distances” anda gasp of surprise at the bird's ability to drag about
elods of earth and roats upwards of 7 Ih in weight. (See J°.2,5., London,
867, np. 688-9),

The next experiment of the kind appears to have heen one centring an a
pair of bids which, haviig heen veared by a settler in the Hawkesbury
district of New South Wales in the 1880s, were bought by a J renchinmn
and—accompanied by 20,000 earthworms obtained by adverdisement—were
shipped to France, The emule, at as reported, didd from he eftects of Ue
leat while passing throwsh the Recl Sea, but the male ved on for ahout
five years mm 4 Zoo in Paris. . ; ‘

At the present time-there.are ne Lyrebirds in captimly outside Australis,
Hut several are held in Zaus and “Sutciayries” in this country, None of

' -

‘

104 A, H. Cansitoum, Lyrebirds as Pets” ; a nae

these captives, whether paired or single, ls revealing any hint of the spec-
tacular achievements they are capable of jiroducing in a state of freedom.

In point of fact, people lacking personal knowledge af Lyrebirds, but
who have heard of their reputation for beauty and song, are often dis-
abpeinted at seeing a brown-bodied and silem bird m a Zoo enclosure.
Last year, far example. a woman whe was peering into the Lyrebied
aviary al the Adelaide Zao asked a kenyer to direct her to the bird. She
was told that the exliitit wag staicling a fow yards away.

“Nowsense |" said the visitor. “I've seen the Lyrebitd on a postage
stamp, and it has a large fail erect over its back. Whyat's more," she
added triumphantly, “that bird is plain brown, and the Lyrebird on the
stamp is greet"

Incidentally, not ane ol the Zoos of Avwstralia (which m general are
hotanously ineMicient in compiling zoological dala}, has ever pula uselul
fact regarding Lyrebirds on record. Aside from a few nous made by
David Flewy, some years ago, on a pair of Moukea at the Healesville
Sanetnary, the only material reeults obtained from Lyrebirds in caytivity,
at in semi-domestication, are those to the credit af examples named “Jack”,
“James”. “Joe”, “Zoe, and “Pat. all of which were associated, sot with
Zoos, but with peivate persons.

Jack was 4 domesticated bird that lived jor about twenty years (from
1885} on a farm near Wravin in Gippsland): he distinguished himself by
tsarning to reproduce the human voice. (See {te Bren, 5: 33, 1905),

James was 2 wild bird that became by chance a frequent visitor to the
cottage of Mrs Wilkinson, ut Ferny Creek, in the Dandenong Range of
Victoria; 3 handsome fellow, he was admired by many visitors from
various countries aver a yieciod of years, and, perhaps inevitably, he was
mide the subject of many extravagant statements,

More inmortunce attaches to Joe and Zou, Lyrebirds taken as fledgelings,
in 1927, by Jack Coyle of Springwood, on the Blue Mountains, and tended so
successfully {with governmental peratission) that they eventually estab-
ished a record by breeding under aviary conditions, Zoe first built a nest
and Jaid an’ege oc the age of Ave years, hut after iwelye days she pave up
broodina and destroyed ihe egg. later—at the age of nine years—she
brooded am egg for ihe orthodox pericd of six weeks and then delighted
all concerned by producing a chick, The newcomer was named “Pat’.
inainly, no doubt, because Jack Coyle was haty about certain aspects of
tonby Lyrebirds and so gave hirsell a chnice between Patrick and Patricia

All three of those engaging birds died prematurely: Fat met with a
iatal accident; Joe died fron shock*soon after a busl-fire approached his
quarters, aud Zoc pined away within a dew months of fosing her mate
le Was a sad ending to 4 hotable assocration, Jae and Zoe had been together
for fifteen years.

Further to the matter of the impact of the white man on Lyrebirds’
hehaviour, there are reports t6 the effect that iliese distinctive birds have
sometimes fallen from traditional grace to the extent of interbreeding
with dorestic fowls. A. W. Milligan, a campetent ornithologist of other
days, has claimed that he placed tybrils between the common fowl and the
Lorebird on view in Melbourne in the 18905, and a ceport from the Two-
fold Bay district, WOS.W), referred to similar hybrids: they were said to
have been fathered by fine loyrebird that visited a bush farm, and were
déscribed as betag wild chicks with more resemblance to the male than the
female parent. {Set Pfc, Naw, June, 1946 and January, 1943),

These reports are pusziing, Althuygh the Lyrebind was supposed Jong
ago to be galiimaccous, it difers anaiomically and in various Other respects
(including tastes in food) tram the fowl, and i witerbreeding occurred
between the two graups the occurrence would be, to say the least, quite
extraordinary,

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 70 October, 19Sa
Piare IX

-

= oe" ten arm) and "Zoe", the pet Leyrebirds, seeking warms from
‘a otin. Vhe smaller girl is an Amertean, the other an \ustralian.

“Jove” at close range. He often perched on a visitor’s arm, and the
enjoyment was mutual.

Ay A. TE Ciansnone, Lyrebtivds as “Pets” 105

In any event, Hybrids among birds are rarely uplifting sights, and
certainly na one should clesire to see evidence of ‘promiscuity an tne part
of the Lerebird.

Here is a creature of ancient Uneage and high Lradition, and one whoee
habits nf nesting-time, on the part of both sexes, give it rank among the
fiest distinguished bieds of the world. Australians, therefore, well may hope
that family life in this remarkable group wil] continue jn.its wormal course,
and that the birds. will remaii for all time, as they are now, a very charm.
ing feature of ther own particular bushland.

NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN MOSQUITOES
By N. A. Waxerieto

At the August meeting of the Club, Dr Clunics Ross made some interesting
comments on the part played by the mosquito 4aopheles annndipes oi spread-
ing the rabbit plague, myxormatosis, in Australia. The comalation of data in
compection with this disease, mainly by officers of the C.$,1,.R.0,, has added
much to scientific knowledge of the habits of the mosquitoes of sauth-eastern
Australia, just as the consideration of malaria during the war years stimulated
similar research in.more northern areas. Much of the resultant informacion
has beer publistied in various scientific journals, by experts in the field of
entomology, and the following notes are presenter! here for thi less scientific
naturahst, as a brief glimpse into a very intriguing subject.

Mosqustces are oi necessity most interesting becguse of their activities in
twansmitting numerous diseases. but, while one species may act in thig way,
other closely allied ones may not. Anopheles anniliper is the ccanmon member
of its genus im Victoria atid 1s quite widespread in Australia. Neither this
species nor the more northerit A. amvctis ave malaria earviers*, so that disease
did not become prevalent among residents of extra-tropical Australia even
after the return of many infected soldiers curing the past decace, A notorious
catrier, A. penctulaées. rariges -iuto tropical Australia soulh ta about the
latitude of Cairns,

Acdes acgypl, a noiseless speckled mosquite, comman ahout houses in the
Brisbane area, 1s responsible for ete transmission of Dengue Fever, a anild
tilness of about a week's duration, Members of the Aéding sub-genus Stegom-
sna spread Yellow Fever in ather parts of the world, but so far the Australian
species of the group bave fortunately not been tested in thiy capacity.

Culex fatigans, which breeds in anclean stagnant water from domestic
drainage and often assumes plague proportions in the environs of Sydney,
transmits a very prevalent but apparently harmless form of Alariasis. The
parasites which infect the blood in this case come to the small vessels near
the skin only at night, which Jinks with the wholly nocturnal habits of the
particular mosquito, ‘

Th contrast with the well-known clusters of “ege-rafts” of the Culicine
species, the egys of Anopheles float singly on the water. Tle Jarvae are
surface feeders and may be seen testing horizontally along the water or
moving acrase it with a characteristic jerky motion, They avoid diving
except when it 1s necessary jor safety. Very little water is needed, and in
New Guinea fully developed larvae aud pupae were often seen in the tiny
pools in wheel ruts and even in the depressions left by soldiers’ hesls in
muddy places.

In cases of food shortage in small quantities of water, stronger larvae <al
others This tendengy was illustrated wear Brishane in 1943 when members
of different specics were collected into a single tube. Very soon some of the
specimens disappearcd, and tt was noted on that sccasian that the Anoplielines

* At least of WN 7942 Chere had been hut a single knows case of avalaria fr whieb

Anophots aaictas was evidently to Mame, for the victim had nower been Zyrthee north
than Buntdabere, Queensland, '

106 N, AL Watcermin, Notes a8 Angtralion Mosqidtoes Se

succumbed to the Culieines. Caunitbatisin trust be a general rule with mos-
quite spemes which habitually deposit several “epe-rafte’ each of about 20
eggs, ol tiny pools rontaiming « pink af water or jess,

The time iieeded far the emergence of the adult inser is Ofte ae litte
as I) days atter the laying of the eggs, and the adults ean live for at lease
several ments, “hibernating” in sheltered places when necessary, Therefore
very little occasional water vill ensure the survival of a mosquito population,

A CSABRG. report, an Nutnre (July 5, 1952), Winks the coyxomatosis
“vou" oF the sumnier of 1930-51 with the abundance of Cates oainirestezs,
while the spectacular spreacl of the disease a year Jater, over one-third of
Australia, ts coupled with the widespread appesranee in great numbers ol
Anopheles unmeipes, Ihe latter vs reportel to haye a marked preference lor
the blocd of rabbits and to inhabit their burrows, ven si dry areas.

Tn many deserp parts of Australia, the presence of rabbits is reputed ti
fepend ou their access to-sublerrinuan water, There is therefore a possibility
that in some cases the inasquitocs might wiilize similar water for breeding.

Anoplicles lacks the familiar nedsy hom of many other niasquite species
aad also theiv irritating sting. It is a sileue flier and its attack is usually pain-
Jess and passes unnoticed. Moreover, it avoids daylight and is mainly
nocturnal qn its habits. On one eecasion the writer wes attacked by some
Anopheles cu the daytirne, bet this was in the gloom ofa dense Sungle” rain-
forest on Mow Cooter im south-east Queensland Thre offender was the large
Anopheles bancroft, nots disease carner, but with thick dark palpi giving it
a farmicaiile heakedt appearance.

ln New Gumea, during a year jn andrea Where larvae of Anopleles were
much in evidence, ine writer was on’y once aware of being bitten by av adult
o€ the genus. Many soldiers who contracted malaria did nor know themselves
so be Entteu at all, and a mumber of casaal obsetvers have expressed the
viiiton thar mosquitoes were nat firesent ur cectain arens reached by miyso-
matasis. However, there are sirong grounds foy assoming that ninsquitees
can survive in any area where rabbits can exist. '

Though -4tapkeles annadipes might neghece hurnans when the rabbits which
it prefers are available, it will at times readily turn Lo homai llowl, AL Noble
Park near Melbourne, just at dusk ane warm evening int March Jast year,
reat numbers of this species were an evidence, as many as a dozen at a ime
landing on one’s arms. They “stood on their heads’ on the unmistakable
Avonhelineg attacking position—probascis, bady and light-grey speckled wings
wligied almost at right-agles to the surface «if the skin, held there hy ex-
tremely tone slender Jegs,

One af the outstanding features af the I935L-f2 sumnier spread af eiyxa-
mitosis was the appearance of several outbreaks each far distaue {anything
we to SO njiles) fron the aearest known infected sreas. In considering this,
it is Wteresting to recall instances af the migration wf mosquitees, evidently
with the ald ot prevailing winds, for long distances irom their breeding places.
The nother! Aides zxgilas, a fierce littl: btacic biter of the cuastal scrubs,
breeds by preference only in brackish water, but has been repoited at T'oo-
Woomlat in south-east (ueensland, about 80 miles from the coast, Its Vie-
foriad eoliiterpart, A. candlorhinehus, whichis exactly similar iu its habits,
often appears, following Tavourable winds, ia quite plague propartions svany
miles inland, anly to die out eventually for want of suitable water for breeriny.

Perhaps the most remarkable mosquito breeding place ts in the Bind of
Vepcuthos, the Pitcher Plant. About a score of Culicine species are believed
to lay their egies Nowhere else On ane occusion in New Guinea the writer
was able lo observe this Partnerstxp. Each open “pitcher” contamed about
a dazen larvae which were not only able wo resist sufficiently the digestive
yroperties of the liqatd, but shared with their carniveirous hosts the procerds
of these “death-traps” in which tiey Ived.

ae The Victovign Naturalist ivi

BOOK REVIEW

Avstraten Plants for the Garden by ‘Thistle ¥. Harcis. 1m, x 74in,,
p. XMIV-354, pls: 3 col. 32 halt-tone Angus & Robertson, Sydney 1953
63/>, r

Avstralia is riehly cadowed with a magnificent and colouriul finra, whiel
ix lar too little appreciated hy her laity. WJnqestiolably, an inmipurtant
reason gor the weelect of Ausiration plants by Australian gardeners, day ing
more than a centirsy, has beer the lack of any text-book devoted entirely
to these natives—a seliahle and handy guide te the mare ornamental species
foe varinus environmunts, what they look like, andl haw to propagate aud
caré for Uigrn in the garden, Nurserynien stock so amore than a few hardy
indigenous kinds, sunply because there is little denzutd for atters: but good,
authoritative snd popular Jiterature would foster public interest and au in
creating sich a demaril

The ehajlenge has been accepted by Thistle ¥Y. Harris, lecturer in Rio-
logical Science at Sydney Teachers’ Golleze, who os well known by Ser
hook Heidflowers of 4ustrrbie (2nd ed 1947) and who is eminently qualified
to write appealingly and belpfolly ahout the horticultural merits of ovr
native flowers. trees and ferns. So we welcome the splendid, most
altractively illustrated yolomne whech bas jus} appcared in cansunination,
as it were. of her enthusiasm. Anstratron Plauts far the Garden worthily
upholds the Angus & Robertson tradition for yood typography, ynetorial
reprodeection and geueral arrangement of subject matter.

‘Tweaty-three well poised chapters adequately creat such subjects as the
planning of a varden, propagation technique, diseases and ther control, simall
home gardens, trees for parks ané avenues, lwdees and wihdbreaks, (erie,
climbers. and plants suitable for the rock carden, water garden ov window
box The derivations of scientific anmes form an appendix, and sperial
plantings plans {each with fucid diagram) are formulated jor 17 types of
arden, varying with sol elimate and specific meals, A full milex mf peners
species and vernacular names closes (las book which is a “noust’’ for all
patriotic Australian horticulturists who enn afforcl three guineas—thex will
nat be disappointed with tiie autlay.

The pages (2-20) on garden planning are full of wisdam, especially the
plea for naturalness and hannuny in fencing, adornments and jiths; red
ironstone grayel ig recommended as ideal cover for garden walks, being
adit io the eyes and a fomillar jataral feature of our sunpy dand, The
chapter on preparation of sail, hearing in mind its physical aud chemical
nature, 15 instractive; so are tie ummerous diagrams which. explain the
treatment of sced and Seedlings a the nursery stage. Then tierce arc
detasled accounts of planting out, staking, proning, mulching, propagation
by curnigs or graity avd plant breeding A worthy selection af species is
made from the whole Commonwealth for adaptation to differing garden
requirements, aml the exseuti#l feature (appearance, Hower season aod
habitat) of vach plant are suceuietly desenbed. Lhere are surprising sy Jew
typographical errors aniang the hundreds of scientific nares ernploved,

One would prefer to conclude without a word of adveese criticisi, bub
there aye some disturbing blemishes which call far mention. The adapt-
ability of ceveral bundsame native trees has been emply pestecl, yet one
luoks Tor these in vain among the anthoress’s lists, Fwo it particular spring
to mind—Red Ironbark or Mugea (Encalytrs sideryawen) whose massive,
deeply Muted black bole is the personification 2f rugged strength, contrasting
delightfully with silvered foliage, aml Tamar Cypress-pine (Callitris
alfonge) which, in its trim erect habit, low yery dense branchitg and bluwi
aspect stands in the very forefrout of elusirable subjects fur a hig hedge.
In relerence ta “Wattle Hedyes", should it tot lye sthessed that cutting is

108 Rook Review ee

usually jnimical, and exposure of the wood in many Afracia species is an
invitation (o disease-producing organisms? Why is Spotted Emu-bush (&re-
inofuitia snectlata} sdvocated far hedges in arid areas? Experience has
proved this beatiful shrub to be notoriously poisonous to stock, so sttrely
there is wed for duc waining against ts cultivation whete cattle or sheep
aire at large. The colour plate of NSW, Christinas Bush (opp. pe XIV)
48 Pleasing, but one could wish that the cardinal glory of Sturt’s Desert Pea

{opp p. 51) had been photographed against a pale contrasting background
instead of a depressing, smwdey wine-purple

More serious are the factual errors in nomenclature and derivation of
names. OF 8) different species figured, 11 have been mis-identified, eg.
the plant called “riynouta australis” Copp, p 146) 18 in feality a Parmele,
“Hokca teucoptera” (opp p. 242) is undoubtedly Gretiitea lencoptoris,
“Bucadymus tetragona” fopp. p. 259) is referable to &, tetreptera and
“Melatenca thymifolia” Copp. p. 227) to M, pulcietin. Tt is regretiahle
Wideed that the titles of the pictures were not carefully cheeked before
publication, for the incomparable photographic work of Mr, H. T. Reeves
has contributed so materially to the usefulness and selling value of the book;
it is destrable that an errata slip be printed now for insertion anside the
cover, Tieghemapauas ts spelt correctly in the appendix, but appears as
“Tregmanopanos” elsewhere.

‘Coming to the derivations, too may epithets, like ridioides, are attributed
te “Audit =a kind of plant’: why not be definite, citing “irom Afnbta,
the niadder, Toes, the ¥ew, or Ulex, the gorse", as the case may be?
That ridiculous legend about Churisemsa (“Irom churas, a dance, and seme,
a drinking-vessel") is perpetuated on p, 292, although consultation of
Labillardiere’s published journal (1800) makes it quite clear thal this new
gets of pea-Hower was named trom chorize, to separate, and seme,
“thread” —in allusion té the free and distintt staminal filaments. The epithet
aticae derives from the Grand-duchess Alice of Hesse (a daughter of Queen
Victoria}, not from “Alice Springs"; likewise wictorige commemorates
Queen Victor, net the Victoria River. The epithet comptomiana honours
a family name (Compion) of the Marchioness af Northampton who intro-
duced Hardenbergia compfaniana ta Engiish gardeners at the beginning of
the 19th pentury—it has nothing whatever to co with the Latin ward comptus,
“neat’’ or adorned [as stated). J. Basisto was uot a Victorian botanist,
hot a manulacturmg chemast; W. Ferguson, Inspector of Forests, was in
charge of landscape work at the Melbourne Botanic Gardens for a shot
period, but was never Superintendent (as stated); Sir Thomas Mitehell
was better described as Surveyor General aid @ distinguished explorer
than a “nineteenth century botanist", while Sir James Edward Smith never
batanized in Australia, as intplied.

almoneing Signifhes Kangaroo Island, sot ‘'salt-loving", and hoticocabum
is Hterally a “red earthen salt pot" (in Greck)—the name was fittingly
applied to the decorative angular fruiting calyces of the American Straw-
berry Ground-cherry {Physals alkekengy), not a “nightshade”. Melissifelsa
denotes balm-leaved (atet “honey-lealed"); nesophila is island-loving (nat
“river-loving") ; erobotdes means Jike the genus Orabxs (nat “‘orb-like’™) ;
rodinta means radiating, like the spokes of a wheel (not “shining'') ; scuber
and scabra (gender forms) mean precisely the same thing, viz. rough ar
scurfy, So one could ga on; but enough has heen said to show the nued- for
gcrupakiae accuracy in a list Of name denvalions—i they are to serve any
& ‘}urpose at all,

Let us hope there will be future editions of Australian Plants for the
Gorden, and that all irritating impertections may be climimated from stich
a praiseworthy addition to our bodaimcal literaiure

—J HL Wrrats,

.

on , The Victorian Naturalist 109

THE ARCHIPELAGO OF THE RECHEKCHE—Port 3, Plants; ond
Port 4, Mammols.

fA Review)

A further instalment of the ful) Report of the Australian Geographical
Society's Expedition to the ahove Islands has been issued, and is now
available, price 5/+ per copy.

Part 3 takes in the Land Flora, inclusive of the Vascular Plants and
Cryptograms. for which Mr. J. H, Willis is responsible, whilst his collection
of the Marine Algae, probably the first made from the area, was reterred to
Mr. HB. S, Womersley, who sets these out systematically, with a brief
foreword,

Mr. Willis covers his domain conyprehensively, first outlining the
Westary of exploration in the islands, batunically of considerable importance.
He follows with vivid ecological descriptions of .the islands examtined,
enumerates and discusses the plant formatiqns and communities, with the
induence of factors introduced by man. Finally, he appends a systematic list
of the plants, which includes several types dating back to 1792, and not a
few records now niade new for Western Australia, With thoroughness. Mr.
Willis eotnpiles this impressive List referentially and emendately, and sum-
mavizes by statistical analysis and comparisons with the mainfand flora,

Thus the botanical mind obtains a clear general phytographical picture
af the Archipelago. Some fascinating facets of Mr, Willis's observations
are presenled. For example. no two islands visited “were identical Aoristi-
cally, each having an individuality attributable to the composition of the
plant communities present, and most islands yielding some species not shared
by others.” Again, the widespread gecurrence, on granite, of Lobelia
Qnecps, was af a farm ltardly recognizable to the less robust plant, of
Marshy places, in the Eastern States. Incidentally, ot one island L. puceps
was closely cropped by rock wallabies.

Many problems of plant distribution are posed by the dearth of certain
eammon spécies. Among these Mr. Willis refers to the minimum of
Prateaceas (only three species—one a Robert Brown type, and one an
undetermined isolated Dryandra), and Pileridophyta (limited to two species).
Amaranthuveay is conspicuously absent. On the other hand, the Archipelago
is rich in Stylidiaceae (8 species), The delightful Stvlidinn adnatwn,
another Rabert Brown type (in part) is depicted! fx rife, among the few
well-chosen illustrations to the text,

In Part 4 the comparatively attenuated field af Mammals is deale with
by Mr. V.N. Serventy. Pride of place ts given to a full-page picture of
the Recherche Rock Wallaby. Mr. Servetty treats this as a suh-spocies,
Patragale lateralis koeketti, you questions the separation specifically «i P-
lateralis fram that of P. penicillate of Easter Australia, The author com-
ments frecly an intraduced factors, such as grazing. homan interference,
and fire; the fast acesiniting for the virtual disappearance of wooded
vegetation ow some islands, with resultant depreciation of the native faune.
He considers. however, the rock-haunts of the Recherche Wallaby offers a
pratection irom fire, as the anima) was found flourishing. Another wallaby,
the Tammar, maintains survival, according to Mr. Serventy, by reason of
separation fram the mainland, where it has almast vanished, Curiously, Mr.
Serventy noted the Tammar and the Rock Wallaby as inhabiting adjacent
islands, but not together on the one island. Despite the depredatians af
sealers in the past, two species of Seals still aceur iu tle Archipelago.
One, the Fur Seal, remains at a low population strength,

H. C E. Srewarr,

110 The Vtctorum Naduratist Vol, 70

AMENDMENTS TO THE NOMENCLATURE OF SOME VICTORIAN
POLYPORACE

Ry J, H. Weiss, National Herharium of Victoria

Ih recent years it has become apparent that the old morehologseal criteria
for separating genera of polypuron! fungi are quite unsatisfactory, ail
attention has heen focussed ipa the microscopic hyphal structure whieh
affords a mere reliable and natural busis of division, whether the fruiting
body is resupinate ar jultute. woody, corky or leathery, smeoth or hairy or
zone!, Whether there aré “pills of pores on the hymenium, tt matters httle-
hut whether there are generauve hyphae alone, skeletal aud generative
hyphae tugether, or generative skeletal and hinding hyphae al! present, is
ot vital significance. The primary groups into which many miodert systenia-
lisls ow arrange polypores are thus: Monamittc, Dimittc and Trinsttic,
according te increasmg complexity of hyphal structure. This has meant au
abandonment of several Fricsian groupings of long standing (e.g. Polystietis
which was a very artificial assemblage) and the establishment of a mimber of
unfamiliar genera—Anauroderata Fonilopsis, Coriolvs, Coltricia, fsonorus
and Fuscaparia, Irksame as are these hewildertny changes and the inevitable
new combination of names which accompany them, it will be necessary in the
iuture for all Australian myenlogists to familiarize themselves with the new
nomenclature—this has come to stay.
Dr. G. H. Canningham. whe has afopted the hyphal system int Iws recent
Works on New Zealand polyporoids (8ulletor Nos. 72-83 of the Plant Diseases
Division, NZ. Dept. Scient. Indust. Research, 1947-1950), is now etigaged
upon a major eevision of all Australasian Palyporacee. Huw arlitrary and
artificial has been the concept of Zeneva is exemplified by Dr Cunninghans
with reference to Trametes commabarine (the very cammon, widespread
“Searlet-shetf"} : whea coriaceous and thin, with a single pore layer more
or less embedded in the context, one would refer it to Polystictus: wher
possessing a Unck and floccase hymenophore, it could be Polysorus; whet
resupinale, a Paria; when having pores mserted at varying <epths, 49
Trametes, and when stratified, 9 Panes)
During 1948 Dr. Cunningham stutied the considerable Australasian Poly-
poracee represented in the herbaria at the British Museum and loyal
Retanic Gardeus, Kew, amending the oumenclature wher uecessary and
embodying the results of his research in a paper to the Linnean Society of
New South Wales (Proc. Lit Sac, NAA 75: 214-249, Sept, 1950).
Tn the bight of Dr. Cunningham's pubjished work and the many determina.
tions he has kindly made af Victorian’ polypores for the weiter, it is obviots
that corrections must be made in, several of nity contobutions to the Iir-
torion Natrralisi. The most disconcerting list of alteratians cowcerns the
genus Poria, In May 1939 |Jtct, Nat. 56: 7-8]. 7 drew uy aw key based on
gToss morphology to 13 of the commoner Porn spectes in Victona! but uo
more than five of the names then published remain unchanged! Here follow
ihe amendments which are necessary :
For Porta macrespora Rodw. & Clel,, read P. fencoplaca (Berk.} Cke—
firior name.
~ PF. vaillantin (DC. ox Fr.) Cke, read PF. afutaces Lowe—former

misdelermination,

P_ minulipera Radw, & Clel., read P. lenis (Karst) Sacc—-former
misdetermination.

» FB. yineta (Berk) Che, read P. rodida (Pers, ex Fy) Oke—
privy name

LP. subyaivantinca Rodw. & Clel,, read P. sipdulla-pauis (Pers. ex
Fr) Cke—former miscdeternination,

“nh J) H. Waris, Nameneloture of Pictorion Polyparocea a)

For P archert (Berk) Che. read 2. xhissx (Schw.) Chke.—former
misdetermination.
, #. felesiana Bres., réad Kuscaparia cantique (Pers. ex Fr.) G. 14
Cunn.—former misdeterminacion.
, 2. bruuaca-adherens. read Fuscoporia brivinee-adtarrens (Clel, &
Rodw.) G. H. Conn.—generie change,

Common species which mizlit be added to the Wictorian list are Port
eupora (Karst.) Che. P. onbcrassa Rodw. & Clel. and Fuscoporta ferrei
(Pers ex Fr.) G. A. Cont; while uucommen species (which are represented
at Kew by Victorian matecial) are Porta atro-vinovt Che, P. vapororia
(Fr) Che. P. aerstgora ( Pers.) Rom. and P. ictorin ( Berk.) Cke,

Corrections to the Club's fungus handbook of 1950 are (under “Polyporcid
Bumgi") = i

Page 62 Fomes rabusing Katst. should read FB. setiosus Lioyd—a
different species,
. 9 Polyparns exucalyptoria Pr, shoald read P, portentasns Berk—-
prior name.
. 64 Porta mucrospora Rodw. & Clel. should read FP. lencoplaca
(Berk.) Cke—prior name.
» Polysteetus versicolor and Trametes chimoatarine Chut pot 1
Hilectna-yiluay are now referable to. the genus Cerinlus, which
equbraces most of the species previously referred to Palysticts.

Tt is hoped before long to publish (perhaps in the Naturalist) a list,
as complete as passible, of all Victorian Pelvpordeee under their generic
<ateguries, as naw accepted, with familiar synonyms and locality data
(where the species have restricted range).

NATURALISTS’ NOTE BOOK

[Reserved tor your notes, abservotions amd queries]

A LESSON IN FISHING

"T go to Bell Weir above Staines two or three tintes a year, and have had
ahout three trout there o1 forty pears, These last five years IT have noticed
a solitary hero which fishes the weir better than L da. He flies down to 2
little fedge level with the white rushing water, and there stands suff and
still, Suddenly he tightens up his legs, and his neck, mstead of being straight,
has a slight crook in it. Bang gous his head, and a fish comes up crosswine
in his beak, He then raises his head, and you can see his throat unrulating
ag the fish passes dawn it alive. Finally he giyes himself a little shake and
le his old -pusition’’—G. H. Sauworrs, in The Counéryman, Autumn
1950,

—Submitted by J. Wo Rarr.

MANNA GUMS

Mauy peuple have marvelled at the difference between the majestic white-
holed manna gums (Fucalyptus wnoinalis) which grow i the hilly country
aud the reugh-barked spreading one which grow on the flatter sandy country.
Although those who should know seem tu agree that they are two different
forms of the one species, J have often thought that IT would like to verify
this by transplanting a young manna gum trom a place bkye Healesville to
Sandringham and to repeat the process in reverse,

As [do not seem to getaby nearer to carrying out tis interesting project,
and as it would take several years ii any case to study restilts, could alivone
tell me if such aq experiment has. ever heen undertaken? mR

—A.LFR.

113 Naturalists’ Note Boot bei tn

THE GROWTH OF GREEN PEAS

In the Vict. Nat. of June 1953 (70: 26), Mr, Tarlton Rayment remarks
that if green table peas were to be plunted, the percentage of germination
would he very low indéeed. Mr. J. R. Garnet thought likewise when, in
April 1947, he published his notes on the germination of green peas under
refrigration (see Vict. Nat, 63: 263), But Miss Jean Galbraith gave eviderce
in July 1947, of two instances when the contrary was the case, and green
peas, When planted, germinated as well or even betidr than dried ones do,
(Vict. Nat, 64; $9),. Has any other Field Naturalist tried it owt?

N. A, Wanrritco

MOSQUITOES AND YOU
(From The Countrwman, Vol. 43, No. 2, 1951)

When a Canadian entomologist wanted to discover what attracted mios-
quitoes to settle on people, he used dummies instead of men. White cloth:
ing attracted them much Jess than black, and green then red and blue, the
paler shades. of which brought fewer then half as many mosquitoes ax the
darker ones, When the temperature of the air was above 40° F. a dummy
with moistened clothes attracted from two to four times as many of the
msects as one with ary clothing, but at cooler temperatures they preferred
the dry ones. When a dummy was dressed in a jerkin that had been used
to dry the sweat {rom two men, it attracted twice as many as a clean ferkin
moistened to the same extent, Satins were found to be less attractive than
broaticjoths or crépes, and woven nylon attracted far fewer inyects than
cotton shirts and drill trousers, .
Susmitteo ny [, W. Raver

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
Excursions:

Saturday, October 24—Planting day at Wattle Park. Take Wattle Park
tram in Batman Avenue, alight at Main Gates, Meet at Chalet, 2.45 p.m,
(Journey takes 40. minutes).

Saturday, October .31—Tuesday, Novenber 3.(Cup,Day}—lour day private
ear excursion to Bairnsdale district. Leader, Mr. H. Stewart, 14 Bay-
view Terrace, Ascot Vale, W.2. (FU 1096). Full details in August
issue.

Tuesday, November 3 (Cup Day)—President’s Picnic, 200 mile parlour
coach trip to Cape Paterson aod IJnverlach. Coach leaves Batman
Avenue 8.15 a.m,, returns 8,30 pi, Fares 22/-, hookings with K. Atkins,
Botanic Gardens, South Yarra, SE.

Saturday, November 7—Keilor. Subject: Keilor Skull Site, Leader: Mr. E,

'D pitt Take 1.40 pm. train to and alight at Essendon, then bus to
éilor.

Group Fixtures:

Monday, November 2—Geology Grou Meeting. Meet at Russell Street
entrance National Museum at 7.30 pan.

Preliminary Notice:

Saturday, December 15—Parlour coach excursion tj Mount Franklin,
Daylesford, inspecting on route Trentham Falls. Leader: Mr. A, Cubbett.
Coach leaves Batman Avenue 8.15 am., returns 8 p.m. Fares £1, book-
ings with K. Atkins Botanic Gardens, South Yarra, $.E.1.

Resnern W. Atgins. Excursion Secretary.

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 7o—No. 7 NOVEMBER 5, 1953 No. $39

PROCEEDINGS

The President, Mr. A. A. Baker, was in the Chair and about 120
iwembers and friends were present, al the National Herbarium on
October 12, 1953,

The President firs: opened an Extraordinary General Meeting the
purpose of which was to deal with a request by the Native Plant
Preservation Society for affiliation with the Field Naturalists Club of
Victoria, He quoted the relevant by-law which enabled the Club to
accept the request for afhliation.

The President then opened the General Meeting and extended
a welcome to some visitors who were present from the Burnley
Schoo! of Horticulture,

The nomination of Mrs. N. K. Miller for joint membership and
as Hon, Assistant Secretary was approved.

The Chairman, then introduced the speaker for the evening,
Mr. W. L. Williams who gave an exceedingly interesting talk
on Victorian Orchids and showed some very beautiful slides. of
various specimens. Mr, Lewis expressed thanks to Mr, Williams
far his interesting address,

The President notified the resignation of Mrs, Jewis as Exhibit
Steward and asked for someone to take this position. Mrs. Jen-
nison offered, to take Mrs, Lewis’s place,

. Mr. Baker informed the Club of the success af the firsr Nature
Show at Tye’s Gallery and Mr. Wakefield discussed the Shaw to
he opened on Tuesday, October 20, in Prahran City Hall, by
Major-General Ramsay, the Director General of Education, with
the support of Mr. Crosbie Morrison. He asked for assistance
from menthers and gave a list of the exhibits—26 in all,

Mr. Atkins stated that the Leader of the Bairnsdale excursion
has been compelled to defer it to a later date owing to insufficient
members and the necessity of securing accommoadation,

The Meeting was closed at 945 p.m. far the usual conversazione.

GEOLOGY DISCUSSION GROUP

The October meeting, held at the National Museum, was attended by i?
members and visitors, Mr, Baker reported on the result of the Darebin
Creek survey; the section iraversed an September 5, was between Dundas
and Wood Streets, Preston. A zone of weathered rock between layers of
dense basalt was exposed on a cliff in the area, while further upsirearn the
creck valley widened atu the muddy banks contained no racks of importanec,
Mr, A. Frostick conducted the subject for discussion, Métearites and
Associated Phenomena; dealing fully with the flight of meteors through the
atmosphere awd the form, mineral composition and orcurrence of meteorites,

113

it Tha Victorian Naturalist Vol 7

a ~ lo" KALORAMA EXCURSION: . en

Rain the night before was probably dhe reasan for so few members
turning up for the Kalorama Geneyal Execusion on Octoher 4. However,
except for two trie] showers, the weather was particularly pleasant for the
oe¢asion, Beautiful views and lovely cloud effects added to the pleasure
of the day. It wax a little early for quite a murttber of the plants, but never-
theless there was plenty to be seer—perhaps too imoch to remember, Thre
acaciat (A, fepeosa, 4. verticiflata, A. muyrtifolio, A. stricta and a. mteto-
naxylon) formed the largest flawering, group, which, aloe wrth Bultinaea
quant, farmed 2 pleasant splash af colour aver the mouttaun side, Pultonuen
seabrir Was still an hud showing colour, Indigofera mecrolis wes particu-
larly beautiful-sud colourful. There were a number of patches of Grosnfood
Orchids ( Prerastylis alaina), and also a few specimens af Prerasivlis lonyi-
fata, The Bird Orchid (Chilaglottis quand) was in bud and ane specie
was in flower. Prinelea oatflora was at its best and much in evidence, as was
Foodie tottfalia too,

The Grey Thrush, Golden Whistler, Yellow-Rohin, Tree Creeper and
inany other birds Were busy among the trees, hut, alike the Aowers, they
dii-not stay to be observed, —AJ

THE CLUB EXCURSION TO MT, ROYAL ON AUGUST 22, 1953

Despite the carlier showers the afternoon twas cool and sunny for the
occasion of the visit of the cleven ciub inembers who explored the grounds
of the Old Folk’s Hume at Parkville. The Home celebrates its centenary
this year and it seemed appropriate thar the Club should commemorate the
visit by planting 2 number of Australian native shrubs and trees to add to
jhe existing goad collection. With the approval of the superintaiident af the
lastiiutios (Mr. Ro Eltete) and with the co-operation of several of our
ihembers and the Melboume Botanic Gardens, te young plants were
provided and, as the party moved irom place ta place in the park-like
graunds, these were planted, each in What wat considered to he the tnost
stitable available position, The plants included Acucia Aabeoides, al, rubida,
4. dsalhate, Callistesnon brockvandrus, Caltiteis dennmondt, Exgenia sais,
Grewillea oleaides var. dinar pha, Hywtenesperaman flowwn, Konzea basteri.
and Leptosperintunomyrizfodliam,

Mowiit Royal as the name bestowed on whac was formerly caldedl (he Old
Colonists’ Honte. The institution oceupies several acres af flower gardens,
spacious and well-kept lawns, vegetable plots and pleasant -nooks and
shaded pathways, beside the creck which runs through the grounds near the
eastern boundary. A plantation of eucalypts and other native trees, establiscd
about 1945 are now adding to the charm af the grounds Mahogany Gums,
Blue Gums, Blondwoods and Silky Oaks of an earlier planitiig are nearing
maturity while many of the aca¢ias along \he creek bauk—an Tull vigour of
growth in 1946—are now declining thraugh ald age and atlack by borer.
The two uncommon <pecies, 4. dorotaxrylon and A. dallachyona are, however,
sull growing healthily One specimen of Winlda (4. rhetinodes) near the
Park Sirect corner is now quite dead and if seems that it will not be long
before specimens such as A, westita, A. pravéssima and A acixacea will be
finished. .

The excursion although of no small (interest ta botamsts was not without
jts iterest to (he geologists and students of the early tistory of Melboutne,
Where undergraund drains open into the original creek bed. just iaside the
north-east corner cf the. Mount Reyal grounds, considerable scouring has
taken place to expose the silueian hedrack which at this spot bas beer
apparently folded aad pushed to within about fitfeen feet of the level of the
adjacent street. Other exposures occur along its course through the grows
of the nearby Mental Panents’ Receiving Homie.

Now. Excursion to ith Royal M5

During the excursion it‘Was mentored that a so-called “donga” whieh
cuts through the slope to Mount Royal from: the direction of the Royal
Fark railway station is not a wvatiiral water charinel hut the rest of exce-
vations for sand or gravel some eighy or uinety years ago. Th Is ast known
whether the cluster of twenty-11ine eucalypts and the solitary Acaric. armafa
growing beside the danga are a tatural Browth of the ecomsequence of a
deliberate planting. They seem little different in appearance tro what they
were twenty-five yedrs ago—perhaps 3 little more ragged although during
that time a mistletoe haz estabhshed itself on one of the cucalypts Possibly
ites the anly cxample of Phrywilenthus cucolyptifotins m the district. Tt js
improbable that a mistletoe bird introduced the parasite & the first instance
and one suspects that the seed may have arrived at Rayal Fark with a
possum brought from a distant place by one of the greyhound trainers whe
infest the park at times. There are plenty of Silver-gréys i the trees around
about and one ts melined to believe that some of them are survivors Trom
such exercises,

That part of the park nearest to Mount Royal Home extibits the usual
collection of mitroduced weeds that one firids in suburban oper spaces bul
neat the clump of eucalyats a few berbaceous native percinials stilt manage
to survive—a couple of grasses. the Saloop Salthush and the Blushing Bind-
weed, However flirther up the bill, wear the tram line, several natives
unexpectedly persist. They include the New Holland Daisy, Saloop Salthuslh
and Blushing Bindweed—a trio wluch, elsewhere, resist anwhilation equally
successfully—and Creeging Wood Sorrel, a Scirpus, a Jeneus the Flat
Spurge, a Cudweed and, oddly, an orchid, Needless to say the orchid—Mfie-
rolis wtfala—is rarely recognized as such. There are some hundreds of
plants there at present. The soil at the spot where they grow is so inhospit-
able that even the ubiquitous plantains eschew Mt. __y Ros Garner.

DECEASE OF HENRIETTE SINCLAIR

Another link with Baron yon Mneller was severed qn’August 17, by -the
death at Rockhainptun in Queenslasd of his niece, Mts Heurietle Sinelair-
A vei'y gracious lady, who met her ilfysrrious. uncle only once’ (in 18761)
the late: Mrs, Sinclair always took a keen interest in affairs of the NLC,
recalling proudly her uncle's close identification with the Club. She
distributed coptes of the last fungus handbook, in the hope of encouraging
several young Queensland frienily ta take up mature study, and her charming
letters were full of enthusiasm for the wonder arxd beauty of the natural
world around ber, While on a brief visit to Melbourne, she was able iu
atiend cur meeting of April Lh, 1949, arn was delighted to receive then a
flowering sprig of Australia's only Rhododendron species UP. laekae) which
ahh had made known to science in the Victoriam Naturalist for March,

Mrs, Sinclair supplied practicalty all the material—old family letters,
Photagraphs and boaks—for the first two chapters of the Mueller bingraphy
("B-~ Their Fruits’), and this early period of the botanist's life would hayec
reniained alimast blank without such important information She lias also
slmnated many valuable relics of the Baron to the MeSbourne National Her-
barium. Among her accomplishments were hame-nursing, a little painting
and exymsitely moulded pattery-work. Her father, Dr. Edward Wehl (who
married the Baron's yougest sister Clara), was the first medical man in the
far soulli-cast of South Australia, and it used jo be thrilling to heae Mrs.
Sinelair tell of his piancering exploits in the Mt. Gambier district where
she was barn.

All who were privileged to be friends mourn her passing and offer real
sympathy to her surviving family and descendents. JEW,

116 The Victorian Naturalist Vol. 70

A NEW SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY

A newcomer to the ranks of Australian scientihd societies is The Society
af Entomologists, Sydney The first official move to form this organization
occurred ata meeting held on December 9, 1952 when eight people gathered
fopether and resolved to form a socicty to promote un intcrest in entomology
by means of lectures, publications, etc Temporary olfcers were appointed
to act a& chairman, honorary secretary and honorary treasurer, and the
chairinan was empawered to circulorize people likely to be interested and
to convene an Imaugural meeting at a suitable tine and place,

The respanse of interested people was beyond expectations, thus démone
strating the need for such a sorely. ‘She maugural meeting was held at
Science House, 157 Gloucesier Street, Sydney on February 20, this year.
Fifty-two poople were present, and at the coachision of business for the
night the soaety had 95 fimancial menibers, Since that date the membersbip
has grow tu a tetal af 125 at the end of August, six months after the
inauguration.

Membership is derived from peapte in many walks of life—professional
entomualogists, medical men, foresters, pest cantral operators, clermists,
teachers, e1¢,, as well ag many others Who are interested in entomology
pac as anvatcurs. Naturally most of the members live in New South

ales, but all mainland states are represented as well as New Guinea,
British Guiatra aid Argentina. Besides ordinary membership (for those
hiving within the Coury of Cumbertand, which enihraces the Sydney
meiropolitan area}, provision is made, at a lower fee, for associate members
(people living outside the County of Cumberland), and for student (or
junioe) members.

Up to the ptésent the mani activity of the society bas been to arrange
lectures, 4 summary of each of which is sent ta all members, Speakers
have includes’ the following: Mr. JE. Fog], "The Sterilizattan of Timber
by Fumigution”; Mr. J. H. Burden, “Entomology im Relation ta Medicine’;
Mr. ‘I. Greaves, “The Argentine Ant as an Australian Problem”; Mr. A. N,
Jotmston, “Insect Toxicology with Speeiaf Reference to Systernic Insecti-
cides”; Mr. T. G. Camphell, “An Entomological Survey of the Cocas-
Keeling Islands"; and Dr, A, R, Woodhill, "Some Aspects of Mosquito
Ecology.” A screening af entomological films was also heli ut one niceting,
The society alms at providing lectures om all aspects of entomology by
people who are recognized as authorities in their own special fields.

One gratifying feature has been the {riendly avproaches made by the older
Entomolegical Society of Queensland and the Entomological Sovicty of
New Zealand and the subsequent exchange ai pubhcations and circulars with
these two orgamzatiors.

The officers of the society are 29 follaws; President, Mr, C, E. Chadwicts |
Vice-President, Mr. FE. A, Atkinson; Hon, Sceretary, Mr, E, L. Jones:
Assistant Hon. Secretary, Mr. M. Casimir; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. P. Hadling-
tem; and Council Members—Miss K. English, Mrs. M. Casimir, Mr, G. J.
Shanahan, Mes, N. Turner, The address af the Hon, Seeretary, Mr. E. Lb.
Jones. is 17 Chisholm Street, Greenwich, Sydney-

—C, E. Cianwics.

OBITUARY

Miss Margaret Lillian Flockton, botanical actist, diet at the age of 91,
ow Avewst 12, 1953, at Tennyson, N.S.W, She came to Australia from
England at the age of nineteen and fur oyer forty years she was Ue artist
at die Sydacy Botanic Gardens where she prepared most of the illustrations
for the late J. H. Maideu’s botanical books. She also prepared for publication
a hyokelet of coloured plates of Australian wild Aowers.

—D. J, Dickrson.

ois Tho Mictorian Nattivatist WF

MOSQUITO SURVEY IN THE MELBOURNE AREA
By NancveE E, Kenn, aac.

SUMMARY

During the period frem late February, 1952 to the end of April, 1952 4
tsiryey was undertaken at mosquitoes breeding in the Melbourne area, In
all, the larvae of 11 species belonging to 4 genera, namely Anopheles, Cale,
Aides and Theodaldia, were collected, The majority of these laryag were
bred through jn the laboratory and the resulting adult insects retained for
positive determination. A mumber af iifferent types of larval babstats were
sampled und a note made of the species breeding in cacl.

Ix rrontctioN

The survey was carried out fram the Walter aml Eliza Hall Institute of
Meditat Research, its purpose being to provide a guide to collecting places
for mimequito tarvae which may he required by the Instinte for future
laboratory experimental work on Murray Valley Encephalitis, The arez
eavered during the survey comprised the main Melbourne suburban portion
and, in addition, included a few of the more outlying districts as far aheld
as Broadmeadows to the north-west, Upper Ferntree Gully tp the east, and
Dandenong to the south-east. The north-eastern suburban districts were not,
however, coveted during the course of this particular survey.

Tanvat Hapitats

Dunng the survey a mumber of different types of hreeding places were
sampled, but it is not intended that the work done should be regarded as
entirely comprehensive." Tre¢-holes, for example, the natutal hahrtat of
many species, were not examined. However, breeding places yielding good
catches «i larvae included wide sluggish creeks, semi-permanent water-
lioles in creek beds, large grassy ¢wainps, salt-marshes, brackish pools. and
‘ canerete wells and drainage pits, Ne larvae were found in the salt water
of coastal rock pools abnve high tide level, although at least ane speties,
Addes (Poendostiused) concolor Tayvb, is known to breed is such situations
in other parts of Victoria,

The most common mosquito at the time of this survey and in the brecding
places examined was Culex pimens australicns Dobrotworsky & Drummond
with Andes albnannulatus Macyuart, Culex pipiens molrstus Forskal.,
Anopheles annulipes Walk, and Calea globocoxitus Dohrotworsky follawing
in that order, Larvae of Curlew fatigans Wied, C. ferguson Tay), Addes
tamptorhynchus Tomson, Ac. ocerdentalis Skuse, “ld, notascriptus Skuse and
Theabaldia incanspicua Lee were also collected, Adults of At. camptor-
hynckus were extremely mameroys and would appear to be the chief day-
time bitery at this time of year, but few of their favoured larval habitats,
ie, brackish marshes, were examined, Larvae of the genus Theobaldia
were found breeding i the Melhourne arca tar the first time—in a concrete
drainage pit in ihe Botanical Gardens. 7°. inconspicua is also known to breed
in fresh water rock and ground pools (Lee, 1944), and is common in the
Dandenong Ranges,

Sprcers Coviecten As Larvat

Twenty-nine Jarya) collections irom 28 sites were made during the period
under discussion. ‘These sites comprised 13 yaricties of breeding places.
The larvae collected were bred through in the laboratory and the resaltaut
adujts used for positive identification. Int all, 11 species of mosquitoes were

“A list qyine the exact locetion pi brceding aites, tagerher with the species sutlected Trois
these sites, has been ledged wink the Editi,

Vie,
118 Nawcve E. Kent, Mosguity Survey an the Afetboura’ Area |, ee

collected as larvac in the Melbourne wrea during the survey. The abservatiots
dre Summarized in the table on page 120,

Anopheles (Mysamyia) anwulipes Walt:

This species was found freeding i 1 af Whe: 2a sites inapeceed, but was
aot particularly abundant ah any of these places. Larvae were collected from
semi-permanent waterholes in creek beds (from 5 of the 8 sitcs examined),
from wide sluggish crocks with grassy cdges: from semi-permanent swampy
areas; from an earthen roadside ditch and (rom a slightly brackish pool.
According to Lee and Woodhill (1944), A. anitipes is “most catholic in its
breeding habits and has beer recorded from sunlit, shaded, clear and muddy
water, fram weedy rock pools, running water alongside stones, gravel beds
on creek banks, open sandy pools, swamp margins, hoof marks, wheel tracks,
Jit trenches, water-holding rubbish, and from brackish water up to 1.6%
ealinity, Tt has also been recorded in tubs and fish pords adjacenc to houses,"

Crlez (Culex) Jatigans Wied,

Larvae of this species, usually a daumestic mosquito, were collected from
colerete drainage pits (Fawkuer Park housing settlement and Botanical
Gardens) ; from an earthen roadside ditch containing polluted water (Upper
Verntree Gully) = and from a semi-permanent waterhole in a creck bed off
the Dandenong Read. dynone of these places were C fotigans larvae found
im any considérable numbers. Artifieral comtainers it domestic situations
are the soemal habitat of this species (Tce 144), but few were examined
during the course of this survey. However, Mr, N,V. Dobrotworsky has
uniformed ime that ais observations over the Jast two years have shown
that C, fatigaus is vot an abundant mosyiite in the vicinity of Melbourne.

Culex (Cidex) piplents-avsiratieus Dobrotworsky & Drummond

This species wae found breeding im 21 of the 28 sites examined, its
habitat covering a wide range of situations and including broad slugeisls
creeks with grassy edges; semi-permanent waterholes in creek beds, often.
but not always, with grassy edges; grassy seepage pools beside a creel; an
earthen roadside ditch: concrete draitiage pits; grassy depressions beside a
stormwater chaimel; semi-permanent swanipy areas; earthen dams with
hoof-prmts and slightly brackish pools, Jt did oot, howeves, appear ta be
present in salt-marsh areas; neither was it found in the only large grassy
swamp examined daring the survey. Ip the Mildura area, during the work
carried out in the summer 1951-52, this species was wot found to be breeding
in permanent waterholes, but wus present in all other types of ground walter,

Cules (Cules) alobocoxritus Dobrotworsky

Larvae of this species were collected from 10 of the 28 sites inspected,
but were not usally very numerous. Fireeding places were semi-permanent
waterholcs in creek beds; a wide sluggish creek with grassy edges; a large
grassy swamp; an tcartien dam with hwot-prints; brackish pools; 2 concrete
well and a drainage pit, This species was often foune in association with
C. pipiens austrulicus and C. pipiens imalestus.

Cwlee (Crlex) pipiens matesins Forskal,

C, pipiens wiolestus was found breeding, often in very considerable
numbers, in U1 of phe 28 sites examined during the survey. Breeding places
were as follows: semi-permaneit waterholes in creek beds {collectians
froin two of the eight sites); grassy depressions heside a stormwater
channel; a semi-permanent swampy area! an earthen dam with hoof-primts ;
an exrthen roadside diteh; dramage pits and a concrete well,

ae | Naxcys FE. Kewr. Afasguite Survey in the Meibourne Arca 119

Culex (Neocules) fergusont Tayl, + ; roe

C. ferausons typically is a rural inosquitd and is probably not very abun-
daut in the Melbourne suburban area. 7: was found breeding in small
numbers jn two sites only, both semi-permahent waterboles ith creek beds,
ane 2t Wattle Park and the other near Springvale, Lee (1944) states
Uiat it normally breeds int fresh water ground and rock powls, often in
association with Spiroqyre

Avdes (Ochlerulatus) camptoshynchus Tomson

As stated earlier, adults of 46, camproshyacthis were numerous and wide-
spread; these mosquitoes are vicious daytime and early evening biters,
especially under trees. The larvae were found breeding in brackish pools
aud, particularly, in yalt-marshes (Fisherman's Bend); isolated specimens
were also collected in the wide shagpish creck with erassy edges at Broad-
measlows. Although the larval habitat is usually given as brackish water
{Lee 1944), this species wall, in fact, tolerate a wide salinity range and
lireeds freely in fresh water.

slides (Finlaya) albounnnttins Macquart.

Ad, alboamudates was found breeding in 12-01 the 28 sites examined, but
wi most cases not as prolifically as was Culex pipions onstraticns, Larvae
were collected’ from semi-permanent water-holes in creele beds (from
sever! of the cight sites tispected, und including one fresh water rock pool),
Sram a wide sluggish creek with prassy edges (al Broadmeadows); fram
grassy depressions beside a stormwater channel; a semi-permanent swampy
area; a grassy svepage pool from hillsade drainage (at Upper Ferntree
Gully) and from'a brackish pool This species was not actually found
breeding in concrete wells or draiwage pits although adults were taken
hiting in the vicinity of these sites and resting an the walls thereof ( Fawkner
Park dratiage pit, Botanical Gardens foomath grids, and the well of a
private residence near Dandenong).

Atdes (Filayo) vedidentahs Skuse

A& occidentalis was found breeding in two sites only—in a concrete
well near Dandenong and in a grassy secpage poul fron: Inllside drainage
at Upper Ferntree Gully. Lee (1944) has recorded iis species, indistanguish-
able in the larval stage from Aé, alboonunlatus, m1 fresh water ground and
rock pools and occasionally in brackish marshes.

Aédes (Finlapa) natoscriptus Skuse

This species breeds commonly in tree-holes. Such sites were not examined
dure this suevey, but the larvae were [ound in considerable wumbers in a
drainage pit in the Melbourne Botanical Gardens, Larvae were also collected
irom 2 concrete well near Dandenong and from a grassy scepage pool from
hillside drainage at Upper Ferntree Gully. Lee (1944) states that Ae.
voldsevipiws breeds in rock pools, tree-holes, tanks, tins and similar con-
tainers. Adults of this species taken in the Melbourne area were generally
larger insects thai those collected in the vienity of Mildura duritte the
period Decernihber, 1951-February, 1952.

Theebaldin (Calicelia) inconspicva Lee

Although this species is kiiown to be common im the Dandenongs, it has
not been recorded previously as breeding in Melbourne itself. However,
during this survey, larvae of T, incouspicno were found in faivly large
numbers in a covered concrete drainage pit in the Botanical Gardens, and
numerous adults were taken resting on the walls of the pit. Lew (1944)
states thet its habitat is fresh water sock and ground pools.

120 Nance E. Kenr, Mosquito Survey tw the Melbourne Area yates

* Mosquito Breeding Sites Examined in the Melbourne Area
February-April, 1952

SPECIES COLLECTED

Lu!
g =
5 3
@ 3 y
8 Blels £/z/ 2/3]
3 || 4 FIZ /Ele/#@l/e]s/ 3]
= i » & FIs E ris
El el el ele] eles] ele
os ®/$/es/8] e212] 8} se] s
SS SBI SB EL Sis|] el] siz
eff Bll] aR] SB) aA] se _ oye S| « =
LARVAL. HABITAT 3 § elelelslslgigs|s/aiz
Ele/</s/S sie] [2/2/32
2USISITS IS lolsosleilel <i ale
|
Creeks, wide, sluggish, |
grassy edges 3) 2 2 1 1]1 |
|
Semi-permanent —-water-
holes in cceek beds (i.e.
ground and rock pools) || 8 || 5] 1] 8 4 2 a 7
1
Seepage pools from creeks || 1 1 | |

|
Grassy depressions beside
stormwater channel

Semi-permanent swampy
areas

Earthen dams with hoof-
prints

Grassy seepage pools from
hillside drainage

Brackish. pools | 2 | 1

|
Salt-marshes | 1 | 1 | |
Concrete drainage pits | 4 | 21314 | 4 | | 4 1
Conerete wells | i | | 1/1 1 rit
let

pra | Nancey E. Keng, Mosquito Survey in the Melbourne clrea 124

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The opportunity is taken of thanking those friends and colleagues who
helped in the prepuration of this paper. In particular, J am gratefal to
De. F. YW. Drunimond of the Zoology Departinent of thé University of
Melbourne for his advice and for the trouble he took in checking my
identifications, ahd ta Mr N,V. Dobrotworsky of the same Department
far his able assistance and co-operation, The interest taken by Dr. Gray
Anderson of the Walter and Eliza Hall [nstitute of Mediral Research
during the compilation of the paper was very much appreciated, as was
ptm and advice given me by Mr. Warreu Perry whe read the early

raits.

Rerernkces

1, Dobrotworsky, N. V. (1952)—The Celer piprens group ia sojith-
eastern Australia, T. Prog, Linn, Soc, NSW PF > 357-360.

2, Dobrotworsky, N. V. and Drummond, F. H. (1953}—-The (Ciler
fipicns group in south-eastern Austraha, IL, Proc, Linum, Soc. NaS’,
8: 131-146.

3, Edwards, 6. W. (1923)—A sytiopsis of the adale mosquitoes af tte
Australasian region. Bull. ent Res. if; 351-401.

4. Knight, K..L., Bohart, R M. and Bohart, GE. (1944)—'Keys ta the

Mosquitoes of the Australasian Region—including a Synopsis of their

Distribution and Breeding Habits" (Office of Medical Information,

Washington.)

Lee, D. J. (1937)—Notes on Austrahan mosquitoes (Diptera, Culi-

cidae}, Part IV. The genus Theobaldis, with description of a new

species. Prac. Linn. Soc, N.S.H7, 62: 294-298.

6 —-— (1944)—“An Atlas of the Mosquito Larvac of the Australasia
Region. Tribes—Afegarhintnt and Culieba.” (Australian Military:
Forces—OMicial Publication.)

7, Tee, T. J, and Woodhill, A. R. (1944) —"The Anopheline Mosquitoes
of the Australasian Region,” (Univ. Sydicy, Dept. Zoology. Mono-
graph No. 2.)

& Marks, E, N. (1949)—Studies of Queensland mosquitoes. Part IV.
Some species of Aédes (subgeiius Ochlerotatns), Cre. Queensland
Papers, Dept. Bioloay, 2, (VY.

§ Smart, J, (1944)—'Insects of Medical Emportance.” 2nd impretsian.
(British Museum—Natural History, London.)

oe

A SNAKE AND A DRAKE

The articlo “Do Smikes Fascinate Birds?” by Tarlton Rayment it) the
Victorian Naturalist of March, 1953 (69: IL} brings to mind au jucident
lL once witnessed involving a snake and a drake,

Tt was in the days when the University was able to boast of a lake.
The snake, by that time dead, had been found in Queen Street and brought
to the University in a sugar bag to be offered for scientific purposes. The
owner of the bag took out the dead snake and taid u straight and facing
away fram the Lake but towards a Muscovy Drake which up ta this
stage had been taking very little interest im the procecdings,

The deake took one look wt the dead snake and fled in mortal terror
and with great rapidity to the sanctuary of the water, Amd that is all
there is to the story, for how the drake came to recognize the snake as a
fangerous enemy, I eannot even conjecture Can you?—A.ER.

122 The Victorian Naturatist Vol. 70

A BLUE WREN CHANGES HIS COAT
Ry Juan Gaveratru, Tyers

Qn July 26, this vear I noticed a certain dishevelment about the cock
lve Wren that comes to our window=sill for ¢rumbs. Until then his only
dflerence tronp his mate was the dark hlne tail. The change from normal
trimness Way. soo accounted for by the appearance of thé tips of several
scattered black feathers in his grey breast, a

During che next theee weeks J kept notes of the development af his dull
plumage:

July 28, black foithers form a gutted line, like the rim of a bih, fran
cur to ear.

July 29, black feathers on each shoulder at apex of wing.

July 30, black forms a delinite but intermittent semicircle from shoulder
to car, as. well as across the breast. Genera) effect patchy, No blue visible
in morning, but in the afternoon one could see the beginning of two
tuorgqunise ear patches, and hy 4.30 pam. there were many scattered
tuorquaise feathers on head and sides of face,

July 31, blue on forehead and either side of face, as well as° black at
base of tail. Alsa some blue feathers on breast (later hidden by black).

August 1, all lines and patches of colour thickening to form a defAnite
pattern.

August 2, patches of bloe much wider, but slill only broad stripes, a
little interrupted. Crown and back atill eeey.

August 3, black patches on head and shoulders nearly cornplete, - and
teveloping on throat, Blue spreading up taward forehead from the beak.
Crewn and: back of neck still grey, and cheek patches still only stripes.

August 4, blue and black mere solid and blue patches wider but juteertt
Jittle changed.

August 5, frout view looks like that of a bird in ful) plumage, but the side
wnew “pattern” is blurred by grey feathers that will Inter be bluc. A
faint indigo "wash" on cach sitle below black throat and breast.

August 6, blue cheek patches complete except for apparently one feather.

August 7, plumage complete except for forehead and crow Blue spread-
ing slowly upward loward top of crown,

Aveust 8, blue almost covering top af head.

August 9, all plumage appears complete except for about one grey feather
ai the back of the blue cap, and a narrow grey line running backward to a
point between the shoulders,

August 10, full plomage. Last grey oun head disappeared this afternoon
three weeks and a day after the appearance of the first black feathers.

Other observers have noticed a tendency of the male Blue Wren ta
keep out of sight amongst undergrowth during plumage changes, and L
have never seen one at this stage before, but the bird [ haye described was
no more retiring than usual, coming many times every day tor crumbs from
the. window-sill of our living-room, not more than two feet from my writ. -
ing table,

I did note fawever that he did not sing at all during this time, All 7
heard were small twittérings between cock and hen, but during the fine
days since August 10, I have heard the familiar song of the two birds

sitiging foudly together.

aaa The Miptarian Naturalist: ee Fh}

NEW BEES AND WASPS—Part XXI '
Ry Tartron Ravaent, F234 ' }

PARASITES ON SERICOPHORLNE WASPS

(fford Beauglehole was fortunate in collecting several rmutillids whieh

haunted the vicinity ot the shafts of Sericophoris, and there is little dowhr
that some of these at lease are parasitic on the larvae of the wasps, His most

itterestine discovery Was a wasp of another genus, and which he thought
tight deposit its egg on the young larva.

This observer posed the following question: “Doe you know af any

parasitic wasp.Which lays its e#gs dn the sericophoring nests? There is
one here which appears 10 be parasitic, 1 watched its actions for a con-
siderable time, and it immediately foilowed down 4 sericophorine that bad
just desended with her Ay, A few minutes later, the parasite (?) emerged
from the shaft, and waited at the top, jacing the entrance, and every now and
then she locked down the shaft, as though expecting somet}iing to happen.
The sericophorine came ap out of the shaft after a jew minutes, drawing the
{ront legs aver hee jaws and face, and while she was engaged in cleaning
her eyes, the parasite moved hack out of sight behind the maund al the
entranee. After the sericuphorine wasp had Hown away, the parasite went
to the entrance again, and was about to descend, when it was disturbed by
a passing automobile. However, Twas successful in obtaining twa specimens
tor you.”
_ These small wasps, about 7 mms, in length, are black, red and yellow im
colour, with a supecficial likeness to certain species in the genus Lavia,
family STIZIDAE, although they lack the hooked anteunal segnieuts oF rhac
genus, The behaviour pattern is, however, very different, and does not
appear te have heen studied in Austratia. Lazia, moreover, has three
cubital cells in the antcrior wings,

They differ irom Oxyhelns (nat recorded for Australia) by the neuration
of the wags; Oxybelus having the cubitus vem obsolescent, so that the
cubital and the discoidal cells are confuent, The postscutellum bas lamellar
expattsians ot each side nod the epinutum jy produced inte g spine or
muecra as in Nysson,

The general facies is quite unhke Pardnysson, which has threr distinct
cubital cells; the first recurrent enteriag the long firse cubital cell, as m

‘ Sericaphoras; the second recurrent entering the small sceond ewhital.

Several small black wasps, 55 mme. in tength, were taken at the same time
and place. The two sexes of the wasps were laken we copula, so that there
is no doubt about the correc} assietation of the sexes. The male closely
resembles (he female, except fur the differences which are no doubt sex
characters..The male is very different indeed from the much larger (7 mms.)
Nysson gilbert} Turn. in the collection of the C.S,1.R.0., Entémological
Division, Canberra, F,C.T.. and which I was able to study by ¢he courtesy
of the Director, Dy. J. Nicholson. This new specics is however closely
related ta N. gifverti by de Iateral spies on the dorsum of the epinotum,
but differs by the neuration of the wings; N. oifberté having the first re-
current practically meeting the first ntercubitus {morphologically the
second intercubitus) and light-brown nervures in the wings.

Tt will be observed from the illustrations of the new species, that al-
though both recurrent wervures enter the Jong fiest cubital ceil, the
position undoubtedly indicates that ane of them would have been received
by the (morphological) second. cubital cell, had the first intereubitus
nervure not been extinguished thus feaving only two culntal cells, 1 peo-
pose two new fatnes, Bid append the specific descriptions,

*Hon. Associote in Entomokgs, Netional Myreom, Melhoopny.

Vie. Nuc.

W240 Tamtox Rayment, New Bees and Wasps—Part XX] Ya, 7

NYSSON PORTLANDENSTS, sp. nov.

Tyne, Femate—leneth 6.5 mms. approx. Black end red, with yellow
markings.

Head small, transverse, black, ‘ith much Justroys straw-coloured appressed
hair over the Jace; frous closely punctured, with a compressed tubercle :
clypeys black; glossa short and broad, six black segments m the maxillary
paluas; supraclypeal area ill-defined; vertex closely punetured, with
sparse fine hair; a few much larger shallow punctures; compound eyes
rather small; genae with lustrous straw-colonred hair; labrum reddish;
inaudibulae acute, reddish, but black apically; antennae subminilifanm,
beownish above, scapes aid Alagelluin red beneath.

Prharax long, dark-red, large punctures, eovered with pale-yellow
lustrous hair; tubercles rlark-red, with pale hair, miceting the prathoracio
callat; mesothorax black, dall, large punctures, with many micmscapic
ones. between, lamellar extensions posteriorly red, scattered pale lustrous
hur; scutellum with simalar sculpture, back; postscutcllam’ black, rougher,
with pale hair: nictathorax black, with two large lateral spines tipped with
red, but haying the Black bases masked with appressed steaw-coloured
hair; the dorsum showing a deeply-pitted structure; abdominal dorsal seg-
ments flack, with many large punctures and microscopic ones between; each
seement has.a broadly mtercunted ivory-yellow band, the margins of which are
suffused withr reddislr; there is soiwe fitte pale hair; and a red macula
petrol on basal terguny; ventral segments black, with fringes of short

ale hair,

" Legs slender, red. the ¢oxae, trochanters atid femora blackish; each of
the tibiae has maziy Ane white spines; tarsi dark-red, anterior with a comb
of five slender spines; claws eed; pygiclial plate blackish-brown, rugoso-
punctate; hind calcartae simple, black, not long; tegulae dark-reddish, same
colour as the legs; wings deeply fuliginous, especially on the radial ceil
and apically; nervurcs black, both recurrents cutering on the long first
cubital} the second cubital cell triangular, stalked; pterustigmes inconspicuous ;
lamuli small, bit mumeraus, about fifteen,

Locality—Cape Nelson-road, Portland, Victoria, Inn, 25, 1953, leg, Clif-
ford Beauglehnle.

Type ane atlotype in. the collection of the author,

Altes: N. albert? Turn, which bas an entirely red basal segment on the
abdonien, and is imoce coarsely punctured; amber nervurcs in clear wings;
red legs; second recurrent nervure meetiig the first intercubitus; apical
segments of abdomen with mich hair

Taken jronv shafts of Sericophorus wictoriensis Raym.

NYSSON WENTY!, sp. now

Type, Male—Length 5.5. mms. approx. Black, ivory-coloured markings.

Head transverse. black, closely and decply punctured, with many tmicro-
soopie pulktiures on the ridges hetween; face with much appressed silvery
bair; frons narrowest at the insertion of the scapes, where it is greatly
contracted; clypeus concave, black, coarsely puncturod, with more silvery
hair masking The sculptuces supraclypeal area elevated to a sliort carina;
vertex witlely raunred, sculpture simiJar to rest of head; compound eyes
large, anterior margins converging strongly at insertion of scapes; gemae
similar to rest of the head; Jabrum ferruginous; mandibulae ferruginous,
acute, black Ixasally 7; antennae black abave, snbmoniliform, didl-ved beneath,
scapes short and thick; two apical segments excavated {see Mg. 29).

Protharax long, sculpture sitar to that of the head) tiberctes black,
adjacent area elevated; mesothoray black, excessively coarsely punctured,
the rugae between polished; scutellum and postscutellum similar; meta-
thorax black, short, deeply pitted on dorsum, the posteriar, “earner” af

Ne Tartiton' Rayman, New Bees and Wasps—Part 4XS 125

wich ts developed ta a long curved! black tooth, about the base of which is
inuch) silvery hair: abdominal dorsal segments black, the Coarse punctures
well spaced, with numerous micrascopie puncturca hetween; a few short
white hairs: 1 with a red spot basally, and an ivory stripe laterally; 2 and 3
with a Snmlar ivory stripe; ventral segments of similar sculpture, with some
white hair, apical plate bi-lobed in male,

Legs black, slender, a rifle of appressed silvery hair, femora ald knees
suffused with red; (anterior lcgs almost entirely red in female); tarsi
slender, obscurely brownish; claws simple, brawn} hind calcar micrar
scopically serrate, black; tegulae black, shining, 4mooth; Wwities subhyaline,
somewhat fuliginans apically; oervures brownish-black, both recurrents
entering the first cubilal> the second recurrerit would lave ctitered the
second (morpholugival) had the second intercubidus not been Jost: second
cubital) cell (third morphologically) triangular and stalked; pterostigma
brownish-black, very small; hamuli strong, ¢leven or so.

Locality: Portland, Cape Nelson-raad, Jan. 25, March J} [id cop.) 1933,
leg. Clifford Beauglchole.

Type and allotype m the collection of the author.

Allies! Too few species are kivowi for comparisons. Anomalously, the
males fn this species are larger than the females, which are very muelt
ammaller than A’, portlondowsix, which has ¢uch more red, The female may
readily be recognized from the abore description, but the tollowing are no
doubt sex characters,

The apica) seginents of the trale are excavated in a pecullar tanner (see
Fig. 29); there are 12 segments in the antenna of the female, and 13 in vat
of the male; the mandibles of the female are miuch langer and mare acute}
.the apical terguin of the male is hi-lobed, that of the female bears a naked
caarsely-pinctured caudal plate; in the three males studied there are no
specific characters ui the genitalig; the scapes of the male are inuch ticker
than those of the female:

Taken mating over the shafts ot Sericophorns tictoriensis Raym.

Writing of his collection of this species, Clifford Beaugichole staves ~

"When I visited the site of the nests of Sericaphorns victorionsis, Raym.
along the Cape Nelson-road, on a beautiful morunug in March, 1953, I saw
the stnaller black species Aying freely, Three of the wasps were Aying in and
out among the stems in a cluster ot braken ferns and other plants, and
owere only a jew inches above the sandy ground of the road-side, Usually,
they Hew a single fle. and Ll wag hoping thac both sexes were present, so
L speht considerable time following them with the hope that 1 should
.Ostablish the actual coupling, Fortunately the waspe limited their Aight ta
an area a chain or £6 in length, atid which roughly covered the site of the
shafts of Sericaphorny, Suddenly, one of them, the feniale, ‘landed! on a
small stick, and was immediately followed by a male, and mating took plaec
while the female was <till resting om ihe stick."

The exact relationship of these myssonid wasps to the sericophorines is
vot Known, but the behaviour of the first suggests that it may be pucasitic,
Phil. and Nelle Rau,t in America, observed that Suswy twrictnerus Say,
"loufed” about te shafts of another wasp, @rionnny.e thomae Pabr., until
& suitable opportunity arose when it descended the shaft, and ate the egg
of the host before depesuting its own, The Australian fyssonid may have
committed a similar destruction when it emeracd “licking its chops” By
a curious coincidence, both the American and the Auspralian observers Used
that expression; they were, af course guite unknown ta each olher, ’

To the Portland species at least there is apparently a very close assooatlon,
and the life-evele of the nyssonids appears to he passed jn the vicinity of the
sencophorine sliafts. Clittord Beauglehole has observed both sexes of the

tRau, Phil. Animel Behaviour 6! 27-63, 1916.

126. Taetrax Ravaens, New Bros and Wasps—Part XX fiserpion

14

TARLTON Raoymeny

Details of Nysson porllundensis and Nyssa dent yt
(Key on opposite page}

‘

Nes] Tancros Ravaest, New Bees ond Wasps—Part XX1 127

sntaller species, Vo fientyi, sp. nov, flying Dither and thither over the shafts
of the sericophorines, anly a few miles from Portland.

He did nat see this smaller black species descend ‘any shafts, but tho
larger red one certainly does, aud on excavating several cells of Seritopherus
victorieins, sp. nev. (in the Press), he found a spot of moistaré on o Aly
where (he sericopharine egg should have been, Since (his was experienced
more than once, it would appear that this Avstralian nyssonid may destray
the egg after the habit of the American 4Sfeewe,

- 4 Key to Mlustrations

Fig. 1, Lateral view of adult female wasp Vycson portlugeuas, sp. nov,
2, Genitalia at male N. dentyi, sp, nov.; 3, 4, 5, 4, 7, 8, Stermal plates of the
temale N_ portontdevsis: ‘note the excessively large second Sternum: 9.
Mouth-parts of the female; By One of the spatulate hairs of the glossa;
10, The mandible is simple and acute—no! notched ag in Sericophorus: 11,
Maxilla, with galea and palpus: note the maxillary cormh as in -Anthophoro;
12, Paraglossa detached fram the mouth-parts; 13. Pharyngeal rods showing
openings of ducts of the pharyngeal glands; 14, Ducts more highly magni-
Red; A; Each duct appears to be encircled by a raised rim; 15, Labrum af
the female wasp; 16, Many of the segments of the flagellum are wider tan
tong; 17, The sting of the female is short, ad af only mediuin development ;
18, The claws of the female are simple, with pulvillus much reduced; 19, 20,
Anterior and posteriar wings of the femae; 21, The filteen bamiuli joining
the two wings are strongly developed; 22, Porc-organs (olfactory?) at fhe
hase of the glossa resemble the openings of the pharyngeal ducts (See No,
14) > 23, Metathoraci¢ acea showing the two dentate processes of the dorsum
of the epinotuin; 24, Apical tergum of the male NV. hewtyi is bi-lobed> 25,
The hind, calear of the female is microscopically serrated; 26, Strigilis of
the anterior Jeg of NV. partlamdensts has a malas tliat nv velunn} 27, The
caudal plate of the fernale N. Jrenfy ds excessively coarsely punctured; 28
The first (prosterhal) furea, or internal skeletal structure, lics immediately
over the atterior legs; The second and. third furar (metasternal}) are
united near the metathorax, hut are not included here: 24, ‘The apical see-
ments of the male flagellum are somewhat excavated.

NATURALISTS’ NOTE BOOK
[Reserved for your notes, observotions and queries] 7

BUTTERFLIES ON MUD
{From The Counteyman, Vol, 43, No, 2, 1951]

“Twice in recent years T have scen tmall groups of green-veinied white
butterflies clustering om nud or damp moss by the side of small streams
Were they drinking?"—R.E,, Oxfordshire

(The tate A. DB. Trams seported that he had seen holly blues suck up
moisture from soil alter a shower, and wat af the opjnion that, when they
resorted to wet tnud, it might be for moisture anly. He pornted out, how-
ever, that the purple empcror butterdly 1s well known to feed on carrion,
dung and sap exuding from trees, ail that jn the lropies butterflies often
congregate in “flacks’ on wet sd or other places where they can suck up
decomposing enganic Aids of vartons sarts. C. L, Collenette writes of
Zatherings of up to 2,000 butterllies on damp sand by rivers in Mateo
Grossa, Brazil, where men or animals bave trodden, apparently attracted by
theiy perspiration, Sweaty garments hung up in the ferest alsa atteacted
several species uf butterdy, If a handkerchief soaked in sweat was dipped
in the river and then wrung out on the sand, tis spot became the most
popular an the sandbank far bitterfies)

—Submitted by J. W. Rarr

28 Naturalists’ Note Book vate

A FREAK SKINK LIZARD |

Last summer, at Bidwell, I was shown, secon after its discovery, a ali
lizard with two heads, one of them where the tail should have been. I was
told that the specienen would be sent to Mr. Crosbie Morrison. It wis 30
pheétiomenal that I am eager to have expert opinion about it, and probahty
other members of the Club would be equally interested. Would a speciilist
member kindly contribute to the journal some comment either on that
specimen or on the general atibject of freak growth of skink lizards?

W. MWunree

GREVILLEA WILSONII

In 1938 I obtained a plant of Grewilles wilson which grew inte wy
excellent shrub but gave no indication of flowering, However this year
it is gag to flower jor the first time and in view of its healthy condition
it seems remarkable to haye been without flowers for 1S years. This
previllea which inhabits the gravelly soil uf the Darling Range, Western
Australia, has decp green divided leaves and imtensely scarlet flawers
carried in chisters at the extremities of the branches, Jo cultivation a
heavy type of soil wauld prove benefical but as with many other Western
Australian species the difficulty is to obtain plants:

—j. S, Seaton.

WHITE COCKATOOS

Large flocks of the white or sulphur crested cockatog (Kakatoe galeria)
are often seen feeding im open spaces. about the countryside, as they were
em obr excursion ta Mount William earlier last year,

fs it true that these birds send a scout to reconnoitre a likely feeding
ground, and thenctravel to the area themselves if he brings back a favour-
able réport?

T have also been told that an observer is posted ta amnanuce ta the flock
the apptoach of danger. Is this another popular falfacy, or is it partly or
wholly trué?

—A_E.B.

[See humorous article “Serateh Gooky’ by Dr, FF. D'Avey in Viet. Nat) GE: bt
(duty 1946), —Eal]

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN

Eacursions;

Sunday, Noveniber 15—Thiree mile walk to Mowit Moston, Subject:
Botany. Leader: Botany Group, Take 845 ain. Upper Ferntree Gully
train, then. bus. to Belgrave South. Bray one meal.

Sunday. Noveniber 29—Seville, Subject? Birds. Leader: Mr, A. E.
Hanks. Take 910 am Warburton train from Flinders Street, alight
at Seville, Arrive back in Melbourue 7.20 p.m, Bring two meals.

Saturday, December 5—Parlor coach excursion to Mount Kranklin, Dayles-
ford, insvecting zu reuwte Trentnamn Falls, Leader: Mr. A. Cobbetr.
Bring two meals Coach leaves Batman Avenue 815 ami, ceturns 8 pan.
Fares £1, hookings with K, Atkins, Botanic Gardens, South Yarsa, S.E.].

Group Fixtures:

, lucsday, December 1—Geology Group Meeting. Meet at Russell Street

entratice National Museum at 7.30 pn,

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 7o—Na, 8 DECEMBER ro, 1953 No. 840

PROCEEDINGS

At the General Meeting held at the National Herbarium on.
November 9, the President, Mr, Baker was in the Chair and
about 120 members and friends were present. Mr. Baker informed
the Club that Mr, Gabriel had been ill in the Freemasons’ Hospital,
but would shortly be with us again.

In wiew of the death of a Club Member, Mrs, L. A. Cochrane,
the President aske¢ members to stand for one minute's silence as
a mark of respect.

Messrs. P. LB. Moore, John W. Moore, Ken Hirst and J.
Echherg and Miss Hazel Knott were elected as Ordinary Members,
and Miss Helena A. Doyle as a Country Member.

Mr. Baker then troduced the speaker for the evemng, Mr.
Wakefield, who gave an interesting afldress regarding the im-
pressions he had gained from the recent Nature Show held at the
Prahran City Hall, and some ways by which the Club could
further its educational aims. The address is reported elsewhere
in this tssue.

Mr, Pederick, Chief Inspector of Primary Schools, of the Vic-
torian Education Department, spoke im support of the schemes put
forward, suggesting that the Club should prepare a concise pro~
pasal to place before the Director of Education. Mr, Pederick
said that he would be pleased to accompany a Club deputation for
this purpase,

Mr, Alee H. Chishohn, visiting from Sydney, was welcomed
to the Meeting, and spoke briefly to the Club, commending it on
the high standard of various of its activities.

Tt was announced that Mr. W. L. Williams had been appointed
to the Club Council, to replace Mr, E. E. Lord who had resigned.

Menthers were told that Club Christmas Cards were available
from Mr. Lee, the Assistant Librarian.

Ms. Hanks read a description from an early Natyralist of the
first Club camp-ant, and the finding of the firsr nests of -the
Helmeted Honeyeater; and Mr. Lewis read an article from the
Times Weekly Review, reporting the appearatice hi numbers of
England's rare Coral-root Orchid.

The meeting adjourned at 9,50 pm. for the sual conversazione
and examination of specimens.

[As this issue pf the Naturalist is devoted to articles in connection with

the Australian Nature Show, most of lest micath’s notes and reports will
be dealt wrth in later issues]

129

136 The Victoria Naturalist Yol. 7)

THE NATURE SHOW AND YOUTH EDUCATION
(Resumé of talk to the Club on November 9, 1953, by N. A Walsefieltl)

The 1953 Awstralian Nature Show, organized by the TON.CV. in the
‘Prahran City Hall, was officially opened to the public by the Director
af Education, Major-General A, H. Ramsay, at 4 pan. on Tuesday October
1, The speaker was inrrorlnenrl by the Mayor of Prahran, Cr (C. 5. Gawieh,
and Mr. P Crosbie Morrisan cottcluded the ceremony with same obstevations
and words of thanks to Major-General Rayusay,

Detailed information about the show was published in the Education
Gasrite of September, 1953 and, ar a result, a muimbcr of teachers made
application uid arranged fer a total of about 2.0K) scholars to attend. On
{he mvitation of the Mayor of Prahran, a further 2,000 jocal scholars came
alung. All these wece adhnitied free of charge, the show being reserved
for these organized groups irom) 9 am. to 4 pm. on cach of the three days
af its currency, Gramps fram the school far the hlind were specially cared
gor by the stewarils and derived a great deal of information and enjayment
fiom their visits,

General publicity was arranged for by notes ih three consecutive issucs
of Hild Life and Outdoors Magatiie and by an article in the scouts’
jouruat; aul several thousand beachures were distriluted by the Council
of Adult Education, Walking Clubs, Tourist Compaaties and menbers of the
TANG. and otter organizations participating m the show, The Prafiran
Lacel featured the fullction yery prominently beforehand, and. inmimestiately
after the official opening, wictures and notes about the shea appeared in the
Herald, Sun and Age. Finally, most af the 6,000 printed guides to the show
Wer taken home by thase wha attended, affording detailed inforination not
only about ihe exhibits but of the Wield Naturalists Club also.

Most of the pulilic attendance was between 4 pom. and tO pay. on che
show days, ad altogether about 1,500 peuple came duriig these times. On
Tuesday, with its violent rainstorms, there were only about 200, but on
Wednesday anid Thursday evenings the hall was comfortably filled. The
charge made far public attendance served ta provikle a small profit margitr
after covering the cost of production. Vhe expenses included the wetting
together of a considerable ariount of equipment which will be available for
future shows,

The publicity policy was aimed at reaching and attracting people with
at feast the beginnives of interests in Australiana, the aim being to pro-
duce a comfortable educational] exhibition and present jt to thase who
would profie by it, rather than to create a sensation and attract and amuse
a large crowdl of sigtit-seera. (1 was with the same respect for the dignity
of the shuw that the mreniber of the Amlropological Society a charge of
their exhibit at the time, refused emphatically to allow i press photographer
te take a picture which aimed anly at sensation.

Tt was on the understanding thar the exbibition aimed at elucation and
was not a money-making caneern, that the fecessary co-operation was
forthcoming from so many directions. The Prahran City Hall was made
available free for four full days, Australian National Airways carried
flowers at 2 considerable concession, and institutions got coniwcted wrth the
P.N.CY, staged and masuned three-quarters of the exhibits. Iv the girimary
aim of such a show were to be the raising of money, this Club could not
expect the several government departments concerned te incur considerable
expense in conection with it nor ihe numerous other satieties tu co-operate
without some arrangément as to the sharing of profits.

In dire past, the PLNLC.V. staged shows, the major part of whirl con-
sisted of wildflowers, and large profits were made, Now, with the preser-
vation of native Gowers & major concern of the Club, such exhibitions

an NA, Warertklo, Tie Nature Show and Youth Edweation 134

would be detrimental Therefore there were nn Victorian bush dowers at
the 1953 ahow, lit u stinking display. of garden-erown Austrahans, with the
eisphasig on their cultivation. Moreover, even thoupl che government
bodies and ether societies provided the nuimercus attendants heeded at their
respective displays, the part that fell i the P.NAC.V, members to look after
was offen crifi¢ally uider-staffed, It was tnainly due to the admirable
oforts of the greatly overeworked few, that the setting-up and running of
the show Was completed with no serious break-down,

Such considerations caused the F.N.C.V. Couneit to allow a lapse of five
years alter the staging of the last show at Hawthorn, and te decide to
Attenipt another exhibition only after considerable controversy. This tod
was the reason for the experiment With a new ype of show. The various
branches of oature each had their place, but emphasis was placed on ihe
appheation of the paturalists’ sindies to the utilization and canseryation -i
our natural resources, As a result of the broadened scape nf the 1953 show
and the different approach to it, the Victorian Educatiou Department ts taking
cansiletable notice of the Club, and is ready to consider methods of en-
aperating to durthes the cammon aims of the twa bodies.

Tins Clab should now form a strong committee to colisider future
exhibitions, The present experimental effort can be improved upon, @
simoother orgaitization instituted, and a really outstanding show provided
on the next occasion,

There is food for (liought sn cammection with the attendance at the Nature
Show, for thongh many thousands of adults were reached by the publicity
campaign, anly A very small pércentawe of these were interested endugh 10
attend. Somme questioning indicated that the greater proportion of those
present wad learned of the show. thravgh more thay one chanel; and
Wild Life magazine had pravited by far the most effective publicity, This
meant that only those already interested in Australian outdoor pursuits were
prepaced to purse those jnterests fiyrther ratlter than spend men lersure
time a¢ the ever-available amusements.

{n the adult population there is a deplorabiy small percentage with
apprectalion oF the vital problems in connection with nature knowledge
and the preservation of our natural things For Uhis reason such organ
zations as the National Parks Association find a disheartening apathy, instead
of enthusiastic co-operation, when they put frrward their well-considered
schemes for conservation.

Fut in the youth of this ecoworry we have. abyodant leltile ground, for
they are athirst for knowledge and guidance, However, too little of the
desirable scod is sown. not so amuch because of lack of efort Ly teachers,
but because many willing teachers have not the Knawledge and Jactlities
tecessary for the most druitful efforts. There was a remarkable difference
in altitude to the Nature Show by various school grouns who attended,
The majority of those brought ete maser from the local schools, though
satisfactorily entertained by the most spectacular of ihe exlibits, did not
peofir lo any ereat exteut educationally. But those from distant subirhs
inyariably derived great benefit ftom the alow, for the teachers wha wert
interested enough te arrange for their attendance bad already sown the
seeds of interest and enthusiasm in their scholars. We shall be taking a
major step forward towards publte enlighterment if we can assist teachers
in commection with their mature studies at school.

Thirty or 50 vears. ago, the Tate Dr J, A. Leach, ali FP WLC,V. member
and also an Education Department Inspector of Scheals, laid the towndativn
by having mature study incorporated as a subject in the school currieuluin.
His book, Australion Noture Studics, is still the indispensable reference
for the teacher of the*subject, Furthermore, it is tu the Aestealian Bird
Book by the same author that the credit is due for the wide kj\owledge

1320 ON OA. Waxerienn, Phe Nature Show and Youth Education bi pat:

possessed by this generation af Victorians of tlic birds af their Stare, This,
together with (he e¥ganization of the Liould League of Bird) Lavers, has
eliminated the once widespread practice of egz-collecting. What has been
done in the feld of ormthology catt be dane also in other branches of nature.

It is suggested that the FLNLC.V. organze a Nature League, with the
approval of the Educatton Department, in Victorian schools. Units af
this could exist i ifidividuyal schools or grades, each under the care af an
interested teacher. with am [N.C.V. committce to place at their disposal
much that would Ja¢ilitate school wature study. Lor a very small subserip-
tion, each member scholar could receive a small inonthly publication con-
raining informative pictures and notes, resumés of books, ete. suitable
fer school libraries, arrangements for identification of specimens for the
class musaum, suggestions for excursions to places af natural interest, and
the organization of correspondence berweett country and city groups.

The Victorian Education Departinemt has a small number of nature text
books for free issue to its sehonls, and with ats Tuture publications this
Club should seek departmental acceptance for the same purpose. The forth
coming revised edition of Mictorian Ferris sould be an excelient example
of the type of boale needed—with every known Victarian fern species well
illustrated and dealt with mm simple Ianguage. durably bound, and priced
at fess than narcmat cast of productian, A series of such tarndbooks should
be available for the ws¢ of teachers and students of nature study,

For those who leaye schon! with a suitable foundation laid, the continu-
sttion of natural histary interests should be catered for by Junior Natura-
lists Clubs such a3 that which Has fiinctioned at Hawthorn for a number of
years, The foundation af 2 chiuh ai this nature is. being considered at [van
hoe, and in the very near foture another is to be inaugurated at Prahran,
where the progressive City Counct) with its excellent Children’s Libraty
facilities will lend every support to the movernert,

The objects of the F.N.CV. are “to promote the study of and stimulate
interest in wi branches af Natural History, and to preserve and protect fauna
and Bara": so we should consider these movements for youth education
very deeply, jor their successful operation will produce 4 seieration pi
adults with a far greater appreciation af Nature, and a vital interest im the
intelligent. utilization and canservation of Australia's resources and the
Preservation of ov? natbral wonders,

EXHIBITS ANO EXHIBITORS AT THE NATURE SHOW

For the purpose of putting on record the F.N.C2¥- Show for 1933, various
of the exhiliturs have cowiributed articles for this issue of the Natseratiss,
The resulting booklet provides a fairly camprehensive survey of the
exhibition, an msight into many achviles of the institutions concerned,
and seme interesting facets of the question ef public education, The eight
ghotegruphs reprotuced ir; this tsue were taken by Mr. Mervyn H. A
Thomas

The twenty-six main exhibits were as fullaws:

1, CULTIVATED NATIVE FLORA AND WILDFLOWERS. irom
Naturalists Clubs throughout Australia and Irom iots] and tnterestate
mardens.

2, FIELD NATURALISTS CLUR OF VICTORIA = PUBLICATIONS
AND INFORMATION.

3. HOW OLD IS AUSTRALIA /—RBy the F_N.C.V. Geology Crony.
4. SEA-SHELLS—By members of the F.NICLV.

.

6.

“t

14,

| Exhibits and Exhibitors of tho Nature Shaw 133

s ENTOMOLOGY: BUTTERFLIES, BEETLES, ETC—By the

National Museum of Victoria

PHOTOGRAPHY: A serics by Howard Hughes, A.R.P.S,, of the
Australian Museutn, Sydney.

. WORK OF JUNIOR MEMBERS OF THE GOULD LEAGUE OF

BIRD LOVERS.

, ACTIVITIES, PUBLICATIONS, etc., of the Bird Observers Club,

and a record of the work of the Altona Survey Group:

_ BIRD PHOTOGRAPHS and PUBLICATIONS—RBy the Royal Ausr

tralian Ornithologists Union,

. SURVEYING and MAPPING, PROSPECTING and ASSAYING,

VICTORIAN ORES and METAL PRODUCTS. and the GEIGER
COUNTER in operstion—By the Department of Mines.

. SOME AUSTRALIAN WATTLES—RBy the FLN.C.V.
. NATIVE PEOPLES OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA,

PAST AND PRESEN T—By the Anthropologica! Society af Victoria
and the National Musenm.

.MAPS AND PHOTOGRAPHS OF AUSTRATIA’S SOUTHERN

DEPENDENCIES—By the Antarctic Division, Department of External
Affairs.

. EROSION DEMONSTRATIONS, MODELS AND PICTURES

—By the Soil Conservation Anthority-

. RELIEF MODEL, FOREST TYPES, ETC, OF TIVE DANTE-

NONG RANGES—Ry the Save the Dandenongs League.

PROPOGATION FOR RE-AFFORESTATION—By the Natural
Resources Conservation Leartic.

. THE BUSHFIRE MENACE—By the Forests Commission of Victoria.
. LIVE MARSUPIALS, PARROTS AND LIZARDS—By the Zoo-

logical Board of Victoria.

, DEMONSTRATIONS WITH VENOMOUS SNAKES—By imein-

hers of the F.N.CY.

. WOOD-DESTROYING FUNGI and the STUDY OF FUCALYP-

TUS BARKS—By the Vorests Praducts Division of the C.$.1.R.0

. COMBATING THE FRUIT-FLY—By the Department of Agriculture
. EMBROIDERY, WITH AUSTRALIAN FLOWER MOTIFS—Ey

Thelma Crawford, Melbourne.

. MARINE LIPE—By members of the F.N.C.V.
24. ENTRIES IN THE NATURE PHOTOGRAPHIC COMPETIT-

1ON—Organized by the Federation of Victonan Photograplsic Societies.

, COLD WATER AND TROPICAL FISH. By the Aquarium Society

of Victoria.

. INSECT PESTS—By the Micruscopical Society of Victoria.

13 The Victorian Naturalist | Vol. 70

DIVISION OF FOREST PRODUCTS
COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
ORGANIZATION
Ry A. T. Wyeowot

The Tiivision of Forest Prodoots, af the Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research) Organization, was farmed in 1925 to carry out investi-
gations oi Australian timbers, and to give direct assistance to al) concerned
with Wood utilization,

A major aspect of its Work is the more Clfective use of furest resources
by reducing waste in forest, mill, and factory; by reducuig losses from decay
and insect attack, and by a study of the relationship hetween silvicultural
treatment and timber properties.

lu the Sections of Wood Struciute, Wood Chemisity, Limber Plysies
aild Tirnber Mechanics, the etnphasis is on basic investigations, though
applied problems are also covered, Ta the other fmur Sections, Timber
Seasoning, Wood Preservation, Veneer and Gluing and Timber Utilization,
applied preblems comprise the more prominent part of the work, but basic
investigatiaus are also carried out. Facilities available in the Division
include a comprehensive library, covering all aspects of forest products
research, and well-equipped workshops.

In its early years, the Division occupied temporary accoinniodation al
the Headquarters of the then Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
at Albert Street, Eust Melbourc, but soon established its importance suffice
ently lo warrant & hotne of tis own, and in 1996 moved (Go its preset
faboratories in Warra Bank Road, South Melbaunie,

Ad the recent Austratian Nature Show, come features of the Division's
wark were illustrated, '

The exhibit was divided into two sections, one dealing with word destray-
ing fungt, and ihe other with. tunber identification problems.

Fariy this year the Division called for assistance from foresters, natura-
lists, school-children and the general public, in the collecting of fruitingr
bodies of woud destroying fungi. These were needed ta provide cultures
to test the ttatural durability of Limbers, the durabiliey of preservative-
treated tibey, anc to idenvily wood destroying flingi in the laboratory,

The fungi shown represent all the more Impartant genera of wood ¢estray-
ing fungi, and many of them were sent to the Division hy interesteA persone '

The specimens chosyn avere those most typical of their species, in size

_ aml other vharaeteriatics. but maty of them are capable of eenwing to #
much greatcr size, .

The sloping panc! helow the furmgi gives practical examples of how the
tiycologi¢al work 1s. carried out ;

On the extreme left several sathples of decayed timber are shown, Decay
causes the Ioxss of many millions of pounds worth of fiinber cyery year,
and the search for new and better wood preservatives is cuntinually going
cil,

In arder ta identify (he fungus tesponsihle for decay of a piece of titnber,
where no fruiting budy can be found, 2 culture 1s made irom the thnber,
and the growait is compared with cultures grown from known jgungi, By
this means the unknaw fungus may be identified. Another anethod ts ta
grow a fruiting body of the unknown fungus amd oimpare it with nanied
fruiting bodies, however this is very difficult co do witli wmost species.

Cultures fram known species uf fungi are widely used i rhe Inboratory
to test the latral durability of various timber species, also to test the
effectiveness af rarians wood preservatives.

Two common types of test are shown. In the first ease, blocks of the

'Informstion Oteer, Division of Forest Products. C.S.14.0.

a ALP. Wysono, Divisions of Forest Praducts, CS LR.O. 135

same species, some treated with preservatives, and seme untreated, are
tested by exposure for some months to an active wood destroying fungus.
The blocks rest on moist soil jn a culture jar from which all other fungi
have been carefully removed. Under these conditions the untreated blocks
rot completely, and some decay occurs in all but the most effectively treated
blocks.

In the second case, the technique is the same, but the test is being used to
determine the natural decay resistance of different timber species.

The right-hand half of the Division's exhibit deals with the identification
of eucalypt timbers. The lower section shows the five main groups of
eucalypts, based on the bark characteristics. These are—(a) the Gum
group—the old bark peels off periodically, leaving a typical smooth surface;
(b) the Stringybark group—thick soft fibrous bark which tears off easily:
(c) the Box group—semi-fibrous type of bark with shallow fissures tending
to form flakes; (d) the Peppermint group—semi-fibreus type of bark,
intermediate between bux type and stringvbark type; (e} the Tronbark
group—very hard deeply fissured bark often with dark coloured deposits.

This grouping is useful to the forester and naturalists. but it obviously
cannot be apphed to sawn timber which requires a somewhat more
detailed examination.

One macroscopic method of identification ts based on the Division's card
sorting key. which covers all the more common Australian timbers, The
equipment needed, in addition te the key, is simply a sharp knife and a 10x
lens. The general features of colour, hardness and weight are noted, and a
clean cut is made on the end surface with a sharp pocket knife. The cut is
then examined with the lens for distinctive features which are sorted using
the card sorting key. Ry this means. with a litthe practice, the species can
usually be determined. The system, however, has its limitations and some-
times will not distinguish between closely related species.

The microscopic method can then be used. This ts essentially a laboratory
method, in which very thin sectious of the wood are cut on a microtome,
mounted on glass slides, and studied in great detail using a microscope. A
much more accurate identification is possible using the features of structure
thus revealed.

Enquiries relating to this exhibit, or to any matters concerning forest
products generally, may be addressed to the Chief, Division of Forest
Products, C.S.1.R.0,, P.O. Box 18, South Metbourne,

136 The Victorian Naturalist Vol, 70

MINES DEPARTMENT OF VICTORIA
[Report contributed by the Department for the (ictorian Naturalist]

Though crystallized as one compact instrumentality, the Mines Department
presents an inspection many facets, each contributing in its own way a
vital service ta the people of Victoria. The Department to-day embraces
scientific, administrative, and technical work, and it was the purpose of
the Department’s exhibit to present to the public a few features of some
of these activities.

The first panel of the exhibit listed the Department's chief functions—
Administration, Geological Survey, Inspection of Mines and Quarries,
Inspection of Boilers and Pressure Vessels, Drilling, and laboratory
Research.

The second panel further developed this theme by describing the
functions of the Branches not elsewhere covered: the Administrative
Branch which protects the legal rights of miners and the general public
with regard to mining, and controls the issue of Jeases and fticences for
all types of mining activity and the collection of toyalties on minerals;
the Mines Inspection Branch which supervises safe working and health
in all mines and quarries throughout the State, eliminating potential
sources of accidents and uf conditions which would cause miners to fall
victim to such occupational diseases a pmeumonoconivsis; and the Bofler
Inspection Branch which ensures the correct and safe design as well as proper
care and maintenance of boilers and other pressure vessels in the State.

Also displayed on this pancl were a few of the pamphlets which the
Department makes available to school students to assist them with their
prosects.

Then followed the story of Drilling: ta belp combat the nation-wide
shortage of raw materials, the Mines Department has undertaken a
comprehensive exploratory programme it connection with the development
of mineral resources. Mobile modern equipment has been acquired to
advance this programme and seven drilling units are in continuous
operation, These include percussion, diamond and rotary rigs, some capable
of drilling to a depth of about 2,000 feet.

The panels explained first why dritling is necessary, listed the chief
types of drills, and then by phatographs and actual samples demonstrated
the sequence of operations of drills in action.

Special attention was given tu the rotary drill, the mast generally useful.
An Atverican Army publication, "Well Dritling'’ defines rotary drilling
as follows: “Rotary drilling requires a cutting tvol or bit, a means of
imparting the retary motion to the tool, a mcans of maintaining bit pressure
against the material being cut, and a means of removing the material
displaced by the bit.”

In rotary drilling the material displaced is removed by the circulation,
down the drilling rods and up the sides of the hole, of a gas or liquid,
generally mud. Or, when a sample or ‘core’ of the material being pene-
trated is required intact, fur inspection or analysis, then a special coring
bit is used which cuts out and traps a cylindrical section of the material.
The exhibit displayed actual drilling and coring bits, and cores recovered
by the Department's rigs at depths down to 1,500 feet.

Apart from locating and defining deposits of coal and other economic
minerals, and providing samples for analysis, drilling work is of great
importance to the Geological Branch as it provides information as to the
geological structures of certain areas and so speeds up the finding of new
deposits.

The central feature of the whole display was a revolying rotunda whieh
carried on its tiers samples of Victorian minerals aid their industrial

aad Mines Department of Victoria 137

products, surmounted by a working scale model of a rotary drill, The
model drill related the rotunda to the previous part of the exhibit and to
the work of the Mines Department generally, whose broad function tt is
to promote the safe and efficient winning of these typical Victorian minerals
—brown coal, kaolin, gypsum, limestone, antimony, ete.

Beside each mineral was set a sample of its chief industrial product—
stich as plaster of Paris from gypsum, aml cement from limestone—in
order to bring heme to us how much we depend upon our mining industry for
ordinary daily needs and amenities.

To provide a topical note, the rotunda also carried a sample of uranium
ore. As this sample approached a Geiger Counter alongside the rotunda,
the “clicks” emanating from the instrument's loudspeaker increased in
frequency, and then diminished as the specimen of uranium ore receded from
the Geiger Counter, thereby illustrating vividly a subject much in the news
—fprospecting for radio-active minerals,

tee lee
i=] LABOR ATOMS |
eeo0
[= 2)

Central Section of Mines Department Exhihit,

The next panels presented aspects of the work of the Department's
Laboratory, which performs the chemical investigations necessary ta
determine the composition and economic value of specimens provided by the
Department's Drilling and Geological -Branches, or by prospectors or
members of the mining itdustry. This work embraces the assaying of
metalliferous and auriferous ores, the analysis of coals and other minerals,
the fire-testing of clays to determine their suitability fer brick-making
and pottery purposes, the classification of rocks and minerals, and—to
advance safety and hygiene—the analysis of mine. air.

Typical work was illustrated by showing the steps i assaying a gold
ore and in fire-testing a clay, The techniques employed were made as graphic
as possible by showing actual sainples—from the weighing of the gold ore
as received to the weighing of the pure gold extracted from it, and from
the moulding of the clay as received to examples of its behaviour after
being fired at high temperature.

Then lastly, came the Geological Survey unit: The scope of the mining
operations for Victorian minerals is a wide one, and embraces a great deal
of geological investigation. The geological staff carries out surveys of the
various mines and geological structures of the State, adding continually to

138 Mines Department of Pictoria Pie le

the information available on the gold reefs, the coal areas, and the other
mineral deposits. Apart from the search for minerals, geological advice
is frequently sought in relation to major developmental works such as dam
construction.

Photos illustrated the field geologist on the site, no matter how rugged
the terrain, gaining the all-important first-hand information and collecting
rock specimens, and the palaeontologist, petrologist and other specialists
examining and correlating these specimens with regard to composition,
crystal] structure, fossil remains and so on, leading to the preparation of 4
base map.

The last panel dealt broadly with the work in producing a geological
map, towards which geological work is principally directed and from which
information vital to a wide variety of industries and sciences can be
deduced. The Draughting Branch carries on fram the wark of the geologists
to the production af the finished geologically-coloured map.

Aerial photographs are used extensively by the Mines. Department for
geological interpretation and for the compilation of the new standard map
series. Included in the display was a stereoscope mounted over a stereo-
scopic pair of aerial photographs of Mt. Difficult in the Grampians, so
that the public could see the third-dimensional effect obtainable by this
technique which enables the draughtsman, using stereo-plotting amachines,
to plot contour levels.

A sample geological map, embodying the results of so much detailed
and éxpert work, concluded the exhibit.

These, briefly, are the Department's main activities, Other work includes
the filling-in of dangerous abandoned amine shafts with a bulldozer, the
operating of State crushing batteries at various country centres to serve
the needs of prospectors, the rationing of fuel supplies through the State
Coal Committee, the maintenance of a Geological Museum for those who
desire to examine the actual products of mining and the various kinds of
minerals that are obtainable in the State and in other parts of the world, the
régular issue of mineral statistics, and the publication of scientific reports,
handbooks for prospectors, and the periodical Mining and Geological
Journal which provides an up-to-date coverage of mining and geological
activities in Victoria.

In all these ways, the Mines Department of Victoria functions for the
development and utilization of our natural resources.

FORESTRY IN VICTORIA
[Report contributed by the Forests Commission for the Victorian Naturalist]

The history of the control of farests in Victoria, until the formation of
the Forests Commission in 1919, is a chequered one, Prior to this date,
forestry had been a Cinderella department, forming, at various times, a
branch of the Departments of Mines, of Lands, and of Agriculture—seldom
remaining very long under any one “of them.

In the last century, huge quantities of valuable timber were destroyed
during the years of intensive gold mining and land settlement. Large
tracts of forest-bearing Crown Lands, often obtained under political pres-
sure, were ruthlessly cleared by ring-barking and fire, regardless of their
suitability or otherwise for agriculture. Although great efforts were made
by those who realized the potential value of our forests, the frequent
changes of control had a disastrous effect by destroying that continuity of
management so essential to forestry,

Faced with this legacy of mismanagement and abuse, the Forests
Commission planned and implemented a vigorous policy to repair the
damage done to one of this State’s most valuable assests. Scientific forestry

anal Forestry in Victoria 139

and modern equipment are to-day achieving the aims of the Commission—
the conservation, development and utilization of indigenous hardwoods, and
the establishment of adequate softwood plantations,

Professional field staff to carry out this vital work is trained at the
Victorian School of Forestry, Creswick, a well-equipped residential college
with ample facilities for practical instruction in all aspects of forestry.
Following a three-year course at the School, officers may proceed to take
a Science Degree in Forestry at the University of Melbourne.

Four main nurseries and numerous smaller ones are maintained by the
Commission to supply seedlings fur their own planting programme, and
for distribution to rural areas for re-afforestation and shelter planting.
The Commission's ultimate objective in softwood planting is 250,000 acres,
of which more than 40,000 acres have already been established.

Forests Commission Exhibit at the Nature Show,

The campaign against fire has been greatly intensified over the fast decade.
An adequate fire Jaw and stricter supervision by forest officers, the use of
aircraft, modern heavy carth-moving and fire-fighting equipment and the
installation of a highly efAcient radio communication service, have done
much to reduce the threat of a repetition of the horror of 1939. Nearly
8,000 miles of furest access roads have been constructed by the Commission's
engineering branch, opening up a considerable amount of country previously
inaccessible, Many observation towers haye been erected and are constantly
manned during the fire season. Reports are flashed through the Commission’s
radio network to the central station, V.L.3 A.A,, at head office and
operations are co-ordinated and directed from there.

Progressive development of scientific forest management in Victoria is
essential—not only to ensure adequate timber supplies hut also to safe-
guard and conserve water supplies and maintain, as a continued source of
inspiration and recreation, to the people, the limitless beauty of our forests.

140 The Victorian Naturalist Vol. 70

NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION LEAGUE GF VICTORIA

[Extracts from the League's First. Annual Report, which_is_the Ninth
Annual Report of the “Save the Forests” Campaign, by C, E, Isaac.*]

The League came into existence officially on January 1, 1952, taking
aver the assets and liabilities of the “Save the Forests” Campaign Council.
The campaign is being continued by the league with the same membership
and under the direction of an Executive Committee elected in the same
way as the Executive of the former Campaign Council.

For more than a hundred years we have been cutting down or ring-
barking trees by the million. We have cleared thousands of square miles of
country in water catchment areas that should never have heen cleared.
Fires also have depleted our timber resources. In 1939 the most disastrous
forest fires on record in Victoria almost wiped out the valuable Mountain
Ash forests of this State.

These fires made public understanding of the seriousness of the position
imperative, The chairman of the Forests Commission said—

“No matter how strictly fire prevention laws are enforced the sympathy
and support of the people will never be obtained in the absence of
education. It is firmly believed that in public education lies the key-
stone ta fire prevention in this State.”

The chairman of the State Rivers aml Water Supply Commission said—
“The limittng factor im the develupment of Australia will one day
prove to be the limit of her water resources, -fffurcstation and water
supply ge hand in hund. Tt is a grave reflection upon our times that
conservation’ of our resources receives su little attention.”

An intensive education campaign to save the forests, in which every
tree lover could take part, was becoming an urgent necessity. With this
background the “Save the Forests” Campaign was started early in 1944.

The purpose of the “Save the Forests Campaign was laid down at its
inaugural meeting in the Melbourne Town Hall on 27th January, 1944. It
was: "To impress on the people of the State the fundamental importance
vf forest preservation in relation to the timber, soil and water resources of
Australia". Tius will continue as the prime objective of the Natural
Resources Conseryation League.

In the first three years of the “Save the Forests’ Campaign finance was
provided by donations only. In 1947 a direct Government Grant of £715
was made. This wag increased the following year to £2,000 and has since
risen to £5,000. In 1951 a small charge was made jor trees supplied for
farm use apart from 30,000 trees supplicd free of charge to Soldier Settlers.
Income for the years 1944 to 1952 is as follows: 1944, £1,605; 1945, £1,707;
1946, £1,810; 1947, £2,233; 1948, £3,730; 1949, £6,455; 1950, £6,679; 1951,
£10,434; 1952, £10,633,

Associations to awaken interest tn forests and tree planting have been
formed over the past fifty years in all States. Some of them are still
active but their membership has never exceeded a few hundreds. The
new campaign needed thousands. A plan capable of enlisting the support
of thousands was devised. Instead of forming a new association with its own
membership the plan adopted was ta co-opt the membership of existing
organizations interested in community service. The plan was immediately
successful_

The “Save the Forests” Campaign has had practically no direct individual
membership but its “co-opted” membership exceeds 400,000 which is the
aggregate membership of the organizations represented on the Campaign
Council and, now, on the League.

*Hanorary Director, Natural Resourers Conservation League of Yictoria, Spring
wale Road, Springvale Suuth.

ein C. FE, {saac, Natitral Resources Conservation Leagte 141

It is not expected that all of the members of an affiliated organization will
take an active interest in the objectives of the campaign. but a surprisingly
large number of the members of some organizations actually do so. Amongst
these are the Country Women's Association and the Returned Servicemen’s
League in which literally thousands of members take a personal interest in
forest preservation and tree planting. Country municipalities also are becorn-
ing a mainstay of the mouvement.

Tree planting activities serve the dual purpose of directly helping reaffors-
station and assisting to retain the interest of those who wish to da something
of practical value in association with the campaigtt.

The Campaign's Research Nursery was started in a small way in 1946,
In each succeeding year larger quantities of trees have been grown and in
1952, in spite of severe losses through excessive rain, 100,000 trees were
ae and distributed. It is expected that this number will be doubled in
1953,

The League's exhibit at the Nature Show, illustrating the method
by which trees are raised for distribution. The steps are: (a) Seed
saving, (b) Seed sowing, (c) Tubing small seedling trees, (d)
Caring fur newly tubed trees, (e) “Hardening off" trees in tubes,
(i) Planting out and gearing for advanced trees. The steps were
described in detail ou large wall paneis, and the table and floor space
was taken up with actual examples of cach stage. Officers were in
attendance to demonstrate the tubing process and supply information,

Australian trees constitute G0 per cent of the total grown, and of these
eucalypts of value for timber and stock protection form the greater part,
Species of proved value are prown in greatest number, but fess well known
kinds are supplied to Soldier Settlers and others in various parts of the
State with a view to widening the selection for roadside planting, community
forests and farm use.

Amongst educational activities which have been used to influence and
inform public opinion are: Leaflets and cireulars of information, field days
and demonstrations, the screening of educational films, exhibits at the Mel-
bourne Royal Agricultural Show and at district shows, visits by the
Campaign Field Officer, and a series of broadcasts over several years.
There is ample evidence that the public is better informed and more interested
in forestry, especially in relation tuo timber, soil and water conservation
than it was when the campaign was started.

142 The Fictertan Naturalist Vol 70

THE FRUIT FLY CAMPAIGN
By F. M, Reap, o.ack.sc.*

Although Queensland Fruit Fly {Dacus Tryoni) has been present in the
sparsely populated eastern extremity of Victoria for some years, its occur-
rence in fruit of one Gravenstein apple trce in the Melbourne suburb of
Surrey Hills in January of this year was the first record in any other
part of Victoria.

Immediate examination of several hundred gardens within a radius of the
voccurrence failed to disclose further evidence of its presence, but it was
decided nevertheless, in view of the nature of this pest—one of the worst
of fruit pests—and the proximity of important fruit-growing areas to Mel-
bourne that vigorous steps should be taken to eradicate it. The measures
decided upon conform generally to those which have been adopted success-
fully at Sale, in East Gippsland and in Adelaide, in recent yeats.

As a result of wide press publicity, some two thousand specimens of
suspected fruit fly were submitted by the citizens of Melbourne, and within
a fortnight frit fly was identified in five other suburban gardens, one in
Box Jill, two in Toorak, one in East St, Kilda, and one it, Beaumaris.
The fruits concerned were nectarines and peaches, except in the Bax Hill
and Beaumaris cases, where adult flics were found in the houses and were
considered to haye uriginated in apricots grown iu the gardens of these
properties. Residents recatled having seven maggots prior to the press
publicity. Of these cases all were Queensland Fruit Fly, except that at
Beaumaris which was identified as Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ccratitis
capitaia), In all cases, as at Surrey Hills, only a single tree was affected
and these trees were separated hy a distance of two or more miles, except
the two infested trees in Toorak, which were about one-third of a mile apart.

After the lapse of a month, during which, despite the continned active
search by householklers and the Department of Agriculture, no further
cases of fruit fly were cdletected, four occurrences in apples were recorded
in mid-March—one in Hawthern, one in Essendon and two about three
hundred yards apart in Windsor. These cases, like the others, were isolated,
single-tree infcstations.

The only country case brought to light by this intensive search was at
Longwood, a small township about 90 miles north of Melbourne, on the
Hume Highway. There are two commercial orchards separated hy a
distance of about a mile at Longwood and about a score of widely spread
farm homesteads, Fruit fly occurred in nectarines on one orchard, but
no evidence of its presence was detected on the other properties.

Under the provisions of the Vegetation Diseases (Fruit Fly) Act, an
area around each pot of infestation was proclaimed but these have now
been rescinded. In the suburbs a proclaimed area embraced all land within
a mile of the point of infestation. Within this area the planting of tomato,
pepper, egg plant, ornamental solanum, rack melon, sweet melon, cucumber.
and cape gooseberry was prohibited, The removal of fruit from the pro-
claimed area or from any property within it to any other property was also
prohibited.

Stripping and disposal af fruit, although required of the owner under the
Proctamation, was carried out, on their behalf, hy teams employed by the
Department of Agriculture. During the fruit stripping, prohibited plants
were also removed and disposed of by placing in a deep quarry and, after
applying D.D.T. dust equivalent te not less than 4 oz. per square yard of
actual D.D.T., covering the fruit with not Jess than three feet of con-
solidated soil,

Qnly the central part of the proclaimed area, embracing propertics with-

*Superintendent of Horticulture, Departent af Agriculture, Melbourne, C.2.

a F. M, Reap, The Fruit Fly Campaign 143

in half a mile of the point of infestation, was stripped, first to dispose of
any other fruit which might already be infested, though undetected, in
the vicinity of the occurrence, and secondly to remove all suitable fruits
in which the fly or flies responsible for the observed outbreak could lay
further eggs during their lifetime, which may be up to several months.

In addition to stripping, all gardens in the suburban proclaimed areas
were sprayed by Departmental teams on behalf of householders.

As a total of about 120,000 property-sprays were applicd, the organization
of this spraying work was no light task. It involved the hiring of 48
trucks on which were mounted power spraying machines loaded by or
hired from orchardists in the districts nearer to Melbourne,

The first spray, applied here and there in gardens within a quarter to
half a mile of the infestation, was a tartar emetic and sugar bait spray, in
the hope that flies would be attracted to them and poisoned, A good deal
of this work was carried out by men working on foot using knapsack sprays.

Power sprays fullowed with U.2 per cent D.D.T. at regular intervals up
to mid-May.

Fruit Diseases Extibir, at the Nature Shuiy

The purpose of the 1.1.7. sprayingg over this protracted period was
to kill the adult fly by contact as it moved from tree to tree or plant to plant
in its search for fruit in which to lay its eggs.

At Longwuod, both commercial orchards and all other fruit trees within
a mile of the infestation were stripped and sprayed, on a similar plan to that
described above, by the orchardists under the supervision uf the Department.

The inspection of fruit coming mte Victuria commercially from the
northern States has, for many years, been very stringent, involving inspection
of each individual fruit and the repacking of all consignments from districts
where fruit fly occurs. The recent and prospective further speeding up of
interstate railway schedules for goods trains om which fruit is carried
is reducing the time between fruit picking in the northern States and
inspection in Victoria. Thus fruit tends to reach us when the insect is in
an earlier stage of development and cotisequently more difficult to detect.
Much thought has been given by the inspection staff to this problem but it
is possible that affected fruit in an early stage of attack may slip through
oceasionally. It is the responsibility of wholesale and retail merchants and the

144 F.M. Reap, The FPrait Fly Campaign ine ae

public to watch for any signs of such infestation and report it. It is, how-
ever striking that in fact, at no time has infested commercial fruit been
brought to the notice of the Department.

A more probable source of infestation is thought to be fruit brought in
privately hy travellers, and although the Department has for some years
been giving publicity through posters, wireless statements, and the press
to draw the attention of travellers to this risk, the valuable press publicity
given throughout the campaign unquestionably assisted in bringing home
to travellers the good reasons why they should not bring fruit from
northern States into Victoria.

The distribution of posters and folders on fruit fly is being continued,
and road signs have been placed, in co-operation with the Country Roads
Board, along the Hume Highway and other roads leading from New
South Wales. To keep Victoria free of this pest will require continued
vigilance on the part ot Departmental officers and a continuing appreciation
by citizens of their responsibility to see that they do not inadvertently
introduce this pest by bringing fruit through channels where it cannot be
carefully inspected by the Department’s fruit inspection branch.

SOIL CONSERVATION AUTHORITY
[Report contributed by the Authority for the Vicferian Naturalist)

This authority was constituted in 1947 and charged with ‘the prevention
and mitigation of soil erusion,” “the promotion of soil conservation” and
“the determination of matters releyant to the utilization of all Jands—".
The authority's activities cover surveys and investigations of erosion, the
determining and earrying out of conservation and reclamation warks, advice
to Jandhuiders as to such works and their supervision, and the co-ordination
of policies and activities of public authorities dealing with the occupation and
utilization of lands.

Exhibit at the Show

The Soil Conservation Authority's exhibit at the Nature Show demon-
strated that vegetation provides the best possible protection to the soil.
This was shown very clearly in a model of a reseryoir and its catchment.
On one side of the reservoir, the country had been subdivided into several
farms and completely cleared of its protective tree cover, In the following

nF Soil Conservation Authority 145

years it had been heavily grazed by stock and rabbits, resulting in complete
loss of the soil and heavy siltation in the reservoir, On the opposite side,
the forest had been retained on the upper slopes and farmland on lower
country had been. protected with improved pasture and careful grazing
management, Run-off into the reservoir from this side was clear of silt.

A second model demonstrated that the splash of pounding raindrops on
bare soil picks up small particles of soil and the Water is immediately
turned inte mud, but vegetation, either growing or dormant, provides a
protective carpet over the soil, breaking the pounding effect of the raindrops
and enabling the water to pass aver or into the soi] without disturbance.
This was simply and effectively shown by water dripping on a revolving
dise of soil, half of which was protected by a coyering of grass and the
other bare half of which was rapidly washing away.

ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS
By Joyce Seecame*

The Nature Show exhibits from the Zoological Gardens were most
popular, especially with the children. They included a young Wombat, twa
Siiver-grey Possums—ane an Albino type, three Lesser Gliders or Suger
Squirrels, several varieties of Parrots, Spimfex Pigeons and Lizards.

The shaw was stolen by “Wombee? the Wombat. There is quite a story
attached ta this popular character. One night, about 18 months ago, a
“New Australian” truck driver was travelling along a Gippsland highway,
when he felt the truck hit something on the road, He got out to investigate,
and found that he had, unfortunately. killed an animal of a species tnknown
to him. He took the carease te a family at Moe, who identifed the creature
as 4 Wombat. While examining the carcase, a little pink feot protruded
from the pouch, and the baby was remuved fram the dead mother.

This famtly at Moe looked after the young one for a few months, and
on their next visit to Melbourne, brought “Wombee” along and presented
him to the Zoo, where tre continued to receive the same good care and
attention as his adopted “family” had given him,

Many “orphans” are brought to us under similar circumstances. Young
birds who have fallen from the nest, baby Wallabies, Kangaroos, Possums—
beautiful litth: creatures whose fate would be a slow death from starvation
after the mother’s death, if an interested person did nut investigate and
rescue them.

It is gratifying to see the acceptance of human foster pareuts by young
animals. The care and attention given them ts rupaid. in the reciprocation of
affection.

These animals live out their lives peacefully at the Zoo in surroundings
comfortable to them and attractive to visitors, The picture of Kangaroos
f#irazing contentedly in grassy paddocks or lying under shady trees is one
which appeals to lovers af nature.

A large aviary, dense with trees and shrubs, resembling a miniature
Australian forest. houses Spinifex, Bronze-wing and Wonga Wonpa
Pigeons, Diamond Doves, Zebra, Gouldian, Pictorella, Red-browed and
Black-heart Finches, Brown, Stubble, King and Painted Quail, many of
which breed. Also, Bower Birds build their bowers in this enclosure.

The Zoo offers many opportunities for the abservation of the habits of
Australian and exotic animals, and organized excursions hy parties of
naturalists and students are particularly welcome.

"Public RelaGons Officer, Zovlegical Gardens, Parkyille, Victoria.

146 The (ictorian Naturalist Vol, 70

ANTARCTIC DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS
By A. Camprecr-Derury*

One of the main concerns of the Division is the organization of the Aus-
tralian National Research Expeditions. Each year since 1947, parties of
scientists and technicians usually numbering about fourteen men, have left
Australian shores to endure twelye months of isolation on Heard and
Macquarie Islands in the sub-Antarctic, For the benefit of mankind
generally, they do battle with the elements—the wrath of the winds, the
incessant blizzards and the bitter cold. The weeden huts in which they live
and work and store their modern equipment, are of prefabricated construction
securely Jashed down to the ground with steel cables and designed to with-
stand the worst weather the Antarctic can provide.

The meteorological stations on these two islands have been carrying out
continuous observations over the past six years to provide data about the
weather from that part of the earth where storms which blast the southern
states of Australia originate. Radiosonde and Rawin equipment is being
used to measure the temperature, humidity, pressure and wind velocity in

Antarctic Division Display at the Nature Show

the upper atmosphere, 50,000 feet above the earth's surface, and this unfor-
mation is radiocd to Australia daily.

Radio-physicists, Geopliysicists and Cosmic-ray scientists are reaching
out into space from these southern latitudes to find out more about the
upper atmosphere and auroral phenomena which have a very important
bearing, amongst other things, on the propagation of radio transmissions
throughout the world,

Here too, biologists are learning more about the flora and particularly
the fauna in these regions Where such extensive research has never been
previously undertaken, Bird-tinging and seal-branding are enabling them
to study migratory habits.

The Photographic Section of the Antarctic Division has a unique collec-
tion of photographs and films in its files, amassed over the years, which
are constantly being drawn upon by interested bodies everywhere and
distributed far and wide to educate the world on the part Australia is playing

“Member of Institute of Photographic Technology, Photographic Officer of the
Antarctic Division,

me] A. Cayvntie-Daury, Antarctic Dinision \47

in the far south, A fine exhibition of Antarctic photography has tecently
been shown in Australia, America and the United Kingdom to further this
end, and through the modium of photography and the writings of the
scientists cmptoyed by the Atiarctic Division, many reports are being
evolved which find their places on the shelves of every nottwortiy
scientific society throughout the world.

A number of these Antarctic photographs, along with specrmerns of Kang
and Rockhopner penguins, were exhibited at the Nalure Show of the
Victorian Field Naturalists Club last October, and in this way the general
mublic and thousands of school children from whose ranks members for
future expeditions will be drawn, were thus afforded an excellent opportunity
te Jearn something about their couttry'’s Antarctic onyirorts.

In January of mext year, Mr. PG. Law, Director of the Antarctic
Division of the Department of External Affairs, intends landing a winter-
ing party of ten men on MacRabertsan Land in the Australian sector of
the great Antaretic Continent which for so Jong has Indden its secrets.
In some parts of this vast icy wasteland there carst miseral deposits which
will one day be ustd by a world whose niineral and fucl supplies have a
very definite limitation,

NATURE PHOTOGRAPHIC COMPETITION

Following an approach by the Field Natuealists Club of Victoria to the
Victorian Association of Photographic Societies, if was decided to conduct a
Natural History Photographic Competition which, alter judging, would be
displayed at the Annual Exhibition to be held at the Prahran City Hall.

Publicity was giver: in various magazincs and papers; this club sent
notices to its various correspondents, and the V-A.P.S. circulated every
camera club and photographic society in the Communwealth and New
Guinea, resulting in a total of eighty-three entries being Feccircd.

The results of the competition were 25 follows:

FIRST PRIZE of £5/5/- (donated by the Field Naturalists Club of Vic-
toriay. "Skua Gull and Chick” by Mr. WR. J. Dingle of the Weather
Bureau, Melbourne,

SECOND PRIZE of £3/3/- (donated by Camera Supply Co Pry Led.
Melbourne). “‘Shindy in the Shaliows" by Mr, A, V. Potsa of Lang-
horn’s Creek, South Australia.

THIRD PRIZE of {1/L/- {donated by Victorian Association of Photo-
graphic Societies), “Ball Seals Fighting” by Me I. Lewis of 2 Denham
Place, Toorak.

The judges, who were considerably impressed with the high standard of
the work, were:

Me. P. Crosbie Morrison, B.Se, Editor of Wild Life and Otdoors.
Mr. E. R, Rotherham, nature photographer and overseas exhibitor,
Mr. Edwin G. Adamson, A.R.P.S. Photoyrapher-

The judges are to be complimented on their awards, for the malting of
their decision was by no meaus easy. In a competition such as Uns, there
is far more than technical excellence and pictosial composition to be con-
sidered. The sarily of the subject phatographed, the practical difficulties
to be overcorvc, the nced for great patience and many other factors must all
be given consideration before a just decision can be made,

Of the ¢ighty-three entries received, three, m addition to the prize
winners, Were Iugbly commended by the judges, and alogether fifty-two
will receive the Phatograpluc Association's Sticker as an award of merit.

The success of the competitian has resulted in a decision. being made to
conduct ont anmyally, and the experiente gained in the one just completed
will be a valuable guide for the fuiure,

—N, 8. Caoucerr, Hon Sec., V-A.PS, 15 Benver Cres,, Elsternwick,

143 The Vigtorion Naturalist Val. 70

THE EXHIBIT AND THE ACTIVITIES OF THE ENTOMOLOGY
DEPARTMENT, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF VICTORIA

AON, Boans, ange, eaes.F

A total of Uwelye cases Was exhibled, and an endeavour made ta make
the exhilit as comprehensive as possible eambining attractive and interest-
nig features as well, Naturally i) doing thie such insects as colouriul
Butterfies and Moilis were forsmost; these were supplemented with some
large Bvetles, Stick lusects, art Cicadas.

The Jast were well-kiiown Australian species representod by same of
the larger and well known farms. Cicadas are cdten guile wrottely
referred to as Locusts ta which they are not really mt any way related
lias only the male Geada which “sings’, and in a favourable Cicada
season their constant shrilling is a familiar sound in the Australian bush
during the suminer mouths. Cicadas have a Hfe histary lasting over a
period of years. One American speccs takes no less than 17 years to
become adult and live an serial existence of @ few weeks only! Just how
lont our Austrahan species take ww develop to maturity is tot yer definite,
bul it ts belleved that the Common Green Munday (Cxclorhila australasior
Bon.) spends seven years underground as a “nymph” or larva before
becoming adult, Cicadas vary xreatiy in size, and amongst the many
species to be found throwrhout Australia are small misects measuring less
than an inch across the expanded witizs, to giants (the Double drimmers,
Thopire spp.) measuring just under six inches across the wings, and with
hodics almost two iehes in length and on juch in with. Tasmania and
pacts of algae Victoria and southern New South Wales contain each a
single species of “songless Cleada”, fgenus Yettgarcia) creally “living
iasgils"—examples of ile types of Cicadas which had their hey-day thow-
sanils of years age,

The Beetle exhibit was conined to the Jong warned beetles of the linge
family Cerunbyeidoec, or “'Lougicorms” as they are cammonly called. Aus-
tralia is rich in species, aid these range i size ftom siender insects less
ilian half an jneh in length, ta speenmens, with budies ulmust three tuthes
in length and antennse eight inches or more in length, Must uf the very
large species are found in the more tropical parts of Australia, but even
in Vicluria We leave several handsome species with bodes well over fwo
inches in length and correspondingly lone antennae: Many af these insects
are destructive to grawing or freshly felled trees. The female beetle lays
her eggs on or in the bark or sapwood, and these hatch ont into grubs
which bore their wav uvough the wood, ofea for ereat distances. Some
species have a life cvele occupying one vear; athers may dake several years
lo become adult.

Phusmids or "Stick Insects" were represented by one cuse, aiid these
large creatores aré alWays interesting beeause af their remarkable shape
und protective colouration. Living as they do amongst the tops of trees
lhey ure not frequently seen, though often during rough weather specimens
are shaken fron the higher drecs and fall to within casy reach of the
collectar, The eggs are large and lard and are usually dropped by the
female un ta the ground where in due course they harch out into strall witg-
less “Opinphs’. ‘Lhese commence fewling on foliage, and from time to time
“moult, cascing off their entire jitegument. Linmediately after a moult they
are soit for a period, and ir is durmg this brief period thal they actually
grow, After the final moult the wings appear andl the inaect js adult,

Maths were exltibited by two cased, ane af Hepiolidae (Ghost Moths), anil
ane of Corsidaée CGussid Moths). Many of these are large and attractive
insects, and in the Heptatidae many species are remarkably coloured witl
shades af deep green, silver spats, and pinkish or yellowish colouration.

“Cusutur of Inspects, Wationsl Museunn.

oe] AN, Btinns, Entomoleoy Duparmucnt, Netigual Rftesera 149

Hepialid larvae may be either borers of growing timber or soil dwellers
where they Teed on the Abrous roots of native (rées and ehyubs The
durallove OF Their life histary varies, some species having a twelwe imonths
life eycle, whilst otivers extend over a period of several years. Tite larvae
of several of the soil feeding species are often attacked by Cordgeeps fiueus
(Cordyecps gun: O16) which give rise to the so-called 'Vegetable Cater-
pillars’. ‘The spores af the Cordyoeys aré shed on the ground and are
ingested by the caterpillars. [ts due course the spores commence Bowing
inside the caterpillar, the myechuny of the furgus permeating the entire
fissues. Changing them inio a fairly hard cheese-like suhstance, From the
anterior end of the caterpillar the trunting body of the Cordyceps prows ont,
and continues growing uncil i¢ reaches the surface and for about & couple
of inches nbove, when the cylintrical spore-head forms and produces more
spores, The orginal shape ul the caterpillar is retained, and from this the
name “Vepetable Caterpillar” has been derived,

A case of Life Histories of Moths and some of their parasitic enemits
was exhibited. [nm most instances the complete life cycle ol the moth was
shown, exp, larva, pupa and cocoon, and perfeer insect The parasites,
which consisted of parasitic Wasps and flies, amt factors wlych maintain
the Eatanuce of Nature and thus prevent particular insects from becommg
over abundant. The wasps flown were Ickneuntontdac, and the Flies,
Tachinidac. {y eath case the larva is the host Jor the parasne whieh, Iays
its egg ou or just under the skin of the caterpillar, This hatehes inty 4
wasp or Aly larva as the case thay be which feeds mi) the interior tissues
of the hast, When fully groyww the wasp larva usually pupates within the
skin of pts host, but if a fly parasite the full grown larva (maggot) lcwves
its hast and drops to the prourid where it pupates.

Six cases of Butterflies completed the exhibit, Oneadt diese eootained
Giant Bivd-wing butterflies frony parthern Australia, Sexual dimorphism
is very nmrked in these, the males being mostallic green and velyety black
with bright yellow bodies, and the Jarger females being Hack and creamy
white aml grey. In Australia, rom thé Clurence River, NwS.W., northwards
to Cape York and several of the Torres Straits Islands, no less than Tour
races acteclr of Papilio prigmve—the Bird-wing Wutterily, The genus Papifia
Which embraces all the Swallaw-tal and Bird-wing butterflies, was repre-
sented hy another case depicting the Orchard Swallow-twil, Pafitin megess
segeus Dion. This large and pretty species ranges fram Victoria (where it
a only rarely seen) ta North Queensland, Females are a little larger than
males aud are quite differently marked ‘The Jatter are black with large
cream jtarkings, Whilst the females are blackish brawn with white mark-
ings and, on the findwing. lunulated markings of reddish brown and blue.
The larvae feed ou various kinds of Citrus trees, antl in some parte of New
South Wales 40d Queensland are minor pests of then, The family Prendac
(Whites) showed seme speces of the genus Delinr whiel is remarkable im
that all the species have their gayest mackings ort the underside df the wings.
Sexual dimorphism exists aod ig fairly marked, males are black and white
on the upperside whilst females are greyish white ar vellawish white at
black Vhe colouration of both sexes on the underside iy similar anil is
black and white Wilh orange and crimson markings om the hmdwings, The
taeva feed om varions species of Mistletoe, A case ad dine species of Nymphalid
butterfly (Fl ypolimaas bolina werina Fab.) was displayed to show the
difference between the sexes and the great range of colour variation
exhiinted i the female These fusects are large, flack, with irideseent
purple and whitish pnarkings. The species ranges from Sydney to northern
Australia. Another case showed some of the smaller butterflies of the
Family Lycaenidae These are brightly caluured insecta which are black
with metallic bluc oF gutple markings, offen with whitish areas in Me wings.
There ate about 90 species of Lyzwenidue in Australia, and the lide histories

14 ALN Borns, Enontslogy Deparimeni, National Myseum aE mi

af many species ate of great interest because the larvae live in association
with Suis whick constatly attend them because of a sweet substance which
they exude from specu) glands at the postemor end of the body, Lastly, a
case of fnixed butterflies completed bie exhibit. This was tu give repre.
sentatrves of all tle families iz) Australia mainly for purposes of comparison
for the benefit of persons who might be interested,

Though only 3 comparatively small section of the field of invertebrate
zoology comes within the scope nf the Entomology Department at the
Museum, the range at the work is uevertheless quite comprehonsive,

We are fast reaching the stage whereby a Museum is hearg recognized in
the community ss a centre of learning, which it rightly should be, and it is
pleasing especially to Museum warkers to realize that the old idea of 1s
being a repository far old hanes, skeletons, and a Sew stuffed birds and
animals, is fast dying out.

The tota) humber of inseet and spider specimens in the National Museum
collection would not be far short of a million; perhaps included in this
vast namber could be the Crustacea which come under the cantrol of the
staff of the Entomology Department also, The prumary duly is the care and
maintenance of the collections, many of which are of grear value because
of the great number of TYPES they contain. Other collections are
importamt historically, and of this type perhaps the twa most outstanding
examples are the Curtis collection of Britssh insects which i¢ over 150
years old, and the faniéus Castlenau collection of Coldoptera.

It 35 indeed a task cach year to go carefuily througl all the cabinet
drawers and storchoxes to ensure that none of ihe specimens is being
attacked by museuny heectles (Anthrenws) or Mites (Precis). To guard
against these troubles the receptacles for insecticide arc kept full af a
mixture Of Naphthalene and Paradichlofobenzene, Specimens must
watched for other troubles such as mould, grease, or pint corrosion, and if
uny of these is noted it must be dealt with at once,

New specimens are continually commg mto the muscum; these have to
be acknowledged jn tho appropriate way, labellel, and carefully set in
readiness for housing in the reicrence o¢ duplicate collections as the case
may bc. Sometimes specimens are receiyed by way of purchase or exchange,
or by direct gift, donation, or bequest.

Keeping up with the nomenclature relatiig lo thé yariens groups oj
imsects 15 impartant because names are comtinually being changed, For this
worl: it is necessary 10 have a geod reference library at hand and to receive
issues. Of all the leading journals dealing with both systematic and economic
entomology,

Material is continually being sent in from various sources for identi-
fication, much comes to the muscum through the post, whilst many persons
bring their queries te us in person, Visiting scientists, who are specialists
in various groups, from time fo time spend a few dzys or even a week going
through thé museum material of the group or groups jn which they are
particularly interested. This is often the means of enabling us to bring
the classification of a special group yeght up to date,

Field work is another phase of the work, and during the year members
of the staff spend anything up ta a fortnight m the field collecting specimens,
data, cle, Upon retin this material Irs to be labelled and set, Research
work is still another activity, and, as dime from routine and ather duties
permits, is undertaken by members of the staff in the particular groups im
which they are interested.

The work is indeed varied, and brings museunt workers inte personal
touch with people in many walls of life, and jmto correspondence with over:
seas workers and apesmlists, all of whom are members of « fraternity
which holds a common iterest, the study of a branch of one of the
natural sejences.

pe | The Wetorian Naturahst th)

EDUCATION AHD ANTHROPOLOGY

[A Cominentary on the Anthreyulusy Exlibit at the Austrian
Nature Stow]

By Donauy J, Tuciav?

Lf aniltropology is tht study of man in its widest sense, thon everyour
is an anthrepulogist In same degree, because everyone must adjust himself
to the demands of his own culture in the process of Socialization whicl: trans-
forms the narcissistic antl animmal-like demands of the infant into the
qnaturer interpersonal adjustment of rte adult. ‘Yet every culrurc tends to be
self-sufficient and its well adjusted Human products have no doubr that theirs
is the proper, the best way to behave Our Australian culture shares this
tendency and ayr educstianal system provides ane of the main media for
its perpetuation. We need, of course, the stability which well socialized
individuals give any culturc, but expanding communications, dwindling
distances and the political events of aur eta have made the widerstanding
of the way of life of other peoples vital to stable living in the same world.
The Anthrapology exhibit at the Australian Nature Show was 4 contri-
hution toward: such understanding.

The exhibit was organized Isy the Asthropolorical Society of Vielorin
amt the National Museum of Victoria and occupied 2 floor space of only
22 feet by 12 feet, The materials were laid ot on Fat trestles and boards
in the form of a hollow rectangle broken at two pons ta allow entrance
and exit to the hollow af the réctangie, Where a chair was placed for an
attendant Three quarters of the exhibit space was devoted to the Australian
Aboripities, onc quarter to peoples of New Guinea. Perhaps this proportian
should have been reversed, perhaps it was a function of the material
available or our own interést or public demand, It as difficult to judge.
At any rate, owe might say, that if understanding starts at hame, the
proportion wag a good one Por the Australian Aborigines an attempt was
tmade to demonstrate most aspects af life aiid to make these obvious from
a study of the exhibit itself, Stone artefacts, as the primary toals of the
culture, were, therefore, well represented by basic wyes from different
areas. This led naturally to the tpanufactore of wooden artesacts, aynong
them a spearthrower and a wooden bowl. Magic and ceremonial life was
dealt with hy clemomstratmyg hull-rearers. churingas, Kakadu totem figures
from the Natthern , Territory, cylcons, kutdaitcha shoes, poieting hones,
widows' caps, gtavemarkers, and feather decorations. There wrre also
sections an fire-making, fishing, collected foods, and finally, a series of
articles nade under cullure contact. conditions. ‘The Ausitalian Aboriginal
material was provided by members of the Authrepolagical Sacicty, notably
Dr. R, Wishart, Mr. S R. Mitchell and My. R. C. Seeger.

The small section am peoples of New Guinea showed amongst other things,
a homicidal head-dress, skirt, comb, bow and arrows, clubs, pottery, stonu
adzes and other material colture objects from the National Museum of Vie-
toria, Roth exlibits were cmpletely labelied and Wlustrated by photographs
mountéd on 4 board 1 foot high, ruming around the back of each table.
Throughout the Show, dhe exhiblr was canned by at least one merber of
the Anthrapalogical Society of Victoria who directed interest, answered
questions and generally filled t the story of which the materia) objects
formed the basis, Particular mention must be made of the work of Mr,
Te. W. P. Chiinery, former Government Anthrapologist in New Guinea.
wha during the day gave the New Guinea material a living cattest for
the hundreds of children and adults who were stimulated jnto asking
questions The amazing intcrest in this material was ane of the fentures
of the exhibit,

"Curator of Anthropbloyy, National Musvum of Victoria; President. Anthropological
Sooiety of Victora.

152 Dowaco Lo Tucey, Education and Anihropolagy ve Pt

The lessons leant from the exhibitian are valuable ones, The planning
was done hy a seb-committee of the Anthrapalapical Society of Vietoriay
The material was brought to the hall and tard out the might before the Shaw
opencl, Most of the labelling was done belorehand, This was found to be
most desirable, Once the exhibit was ap, the pressure af enquicy proved
too much far would be Jabellers: The manning of the exhibit by a know-
ledgable person contrituted greatly to its educational cficacy, and the
members of the Anthropstogical. Socscty who undertook this tiring bul
warlliwile task arc to be congratulated and thanked, The visitur who is
met by a puzzle becomes frustrated aiid niores elsewhere, one whose
curiosity ig satisfied waals to learn more. The background photographs
gave the exhibit a fiving context. These were the gnod points, On the
other hand at was found that the trestles and boards were insufhciently
stable ta withstand the eoncurted pressure uf a class of selool children,
thie paner covers on the tables took on an aif of dishabille towards evening
and the exposed Jabels needed to be very well fixed. Material not under
glass required constant surveillance to avoid over batsterous handling,
This 1s a difficult queshun, First class material carmot be exposed to the
wear and tear of being picked up, and yet the handling of material is 50
qiuch better that mere secing as av efucational aid, The visible satisfaction
af a bey who can feel a bow in his hand or heat a drum is very tangible
evidence of the identification which can come with activity. If we lenew the
leclmiques, and had the person to run a play growp on a day in the Jife of a
New Guinea tribe, real cross cultural education would begin. But these
thivgs 4re for the future, for Satire Shows, feture school curricula and.
Futures museums, Overwhelmingly, Australian claldren convey the impression
of interest in life and what people dao, we have only ta supply the materials
amd techniques. for study, not the motivation in the children themselves.
Some are serious and bring their notchooks, others are pert aud ask
questions, bit all display a capacity for identification and unarerstandina
nf the problems of people in ether cultures whech makes one wonder wlrat
happens to whe adults. Perhaps we need to examine our school curricula
partrevlarty | the faler grades in Social Studies, and se! where they can be
neiented to fit modern Austrahan needs. First, my respect of content, to
inclide study of our South-east Asian neighbours and our responsibilities
tn the Mandated Territory of New Guinea, and sccond; an relation to
meéthads to itelude much greater use of exhibition and museum facilities

Tn this reorientation of interest towards cultures which will play @ large
part in Australia's future, the Anthropological Society, the National Museum
and public exhibitions Gave an important part Exhibitions bring material
to museumless suburbs and encourage the habit of exhibition visiting. The
Anthropological Society provides a forum and mocung ground for interested
members of the public and professional anthropologists The Museum
supplies the nmtesials, better permanent exhibition facilities, Joan teaching
collections and techriical knowledge. There is a great willingness to learn
about athers, sid paroghialism and self sufficiency are om the retreat,
Anthropology, and the spread of knowledwe about it, are patent factors in
exposing the fallacy of racial ematianalism-=adequate teaching aids are
another. We ne¢d to think hard about the presentation of matertal cullure
and the role of the exhibit, Exhibivion for exhibition's sake 3s a poor form
of action, There is so much information and so much understanding to be
River) snd, in giving thadequately and well, we ase securing an understanding
of social processes in our own and other cultures which will safeguard our
future gacd relations,

Thr Ambeopofagieat Society af Vietoriz eas formed im L934 tn promote the study
<A anthropology and im qerticular that of tho Australian Aborigines amt naive peoples
of the Pacific ares, Meetings are hold every secand Wednesday in the month fram
February to Nowember at S pom. in the BMA Hail, Albert Stecet, Ens! Melbourne,

ne | The Wietorton Natwratist 153

INSECT PESTS, EXHIBIT BY THE MICROSCOFICAL SOCIETY OF
VICTORIA

By F.E. J. Ockenven, INSTT) F-R-M.5,7

Unlike many of the avarks of mature, but few denizens of the Inset
world can be regarded as “Triends of man”. Some, for exaniple focusts,
compete vigorously with hint Jor his limited supply of fond plants, and arhers,
a vast majority, acting as carriers of disease, either specifically as wath
sertain mosquitoes, lice and fleas, or adventitiously as with house flies and
other garbage feeders, are a menace to both his owe health and that of the
stack on whieh be depends for meat and transport,

Reeognition and control of such important factors in Jaman existence bave
been greatly facilitated by the use of the microscope and its associated
research techiuques.

Not only do these enable small differences in species, ete, to he readily
determined, but by facilitating study, under varying conditions of the
life history of an insect, together with ite susceptibility to attack from yet
sitvaller orgattisms, ie. fungi, hacteria, viruses, etc., man is assisted to some
degree, to suppress a menance which wauld atherwise if left to -itself,
rapidly “eat hint off the face of the earth."

Some modern aspects of micruscupical development lave now adyanced
to such a stare as to be beyond the resources of the amateur, An outstanding
exainple is the exlremely recent Electron Microscope, With this instrament,
marmifications of up to 200,000 diameters can be reached. It has. however,
the disadvantage that all material has te be examijed whilst in a very
high vacuum, this obvivusly completely precludes the, cxamination of
levying riaterial,

Even in the case of now living ssecimens it 3s by 1 means. certain that
the stream of electroius with which they are homibarded during inspection
is Without effect an their composition and more delicate cytological and
histofngical features.

Another recent development. “phase contrast” microscopy lias the limiralion
that its use is restricted lo the exammuation of yery thin and transparent
material.

Thus, where the study of the nesect world is concerned, whether dot
research purposes or for the piéasuire retulting from first band kiowledge
af the “wondery of Nature” which caq be abtaised in this way, the ardinary
optical inieroscope still remains the instrument “par excellence’ for the
purpase,

It is interesting to note that many af the mosk profaund studies of insect
liie have been made by amateurs working solely for the love of it, The
warks of le fabre and the famous monograph on the hause Ay by Lowndes,
are outstanding’ examples, Even to-day there remains a tide field for
exploration in) which the amaten¢ Microscopist can find a lifetime's interest

A doll study of insect tife can invalye not only the dissection and delineation
of insect anatomy, bur irvestigation ite the function oF features the use of
whicl>is at present completely unknowl,

‘he amazing development in the insect world of “Inherited bebaviaur™
by meang of which, for example, the leaf carter bee will, without tiitiut,
cut accurate circles {rom a leat and se: theny to build a aiest, or a spider,
though ttoc strictly i inseet, will spin its web without any previous ex peri-
ence or instractian whatever, is a oustanding source of wonder to the
student of nagural history.

"Mr. Ockenden is she Jawmediate Past Fresident of the Miteuscipical Sorietr af
Victorix, which meets notmally ia dic Royal Suciely’s Hall once each monlls and whose
Proceedings ajprar twice o year. Tho Tlonorary Secretary of the Soticty i# Mr.
Wo FP J. Evans, Peter Street, Footseraz.

154 VP. E J. Ocwexnen, Snsect Posts pie, a

Much cemaine to be disenvered iii this sphere alone, Ry what “clock”
for instance, does the cicada measure the seven rears it remains buried
urderground before eonierging to lake up its ephemeral existence as a
complete insect?

Life histories, habitats, food plants and mares of nualtiplication all pre-
sent problems which only patience and the use of the micrnscepe can sol¥e-
These studies lead naturally to work on plant and aquatic Ife with their
profound infleence cu every aspect of human life and health,

The world of beauty and interest mare availahle hy the smevoscope
is m€ oulinsitedl extent and provides a hobby offering, in afdition. a degree
af intellectual satisfaction which it would be difficult to surpass.

ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION
By E. &, Hanks

A mounted specimen of a large Wedge-tailed Eagle with ottepread
wigs surmounted the exhibit of the Royal Australasian: Ornithologists’
Union. Around the walls were arranged a number of paintings and drawings,
the wark of several of its membets. On the table were shown samples from the
excellent library available ta members. Nexe to these were periodicals
about birds, publications coming from all over the world. A showeard
announced that these and many more may be had for study. The aims and
objects of the organization were outlined atid an invitation given for these
interested Lo become members.

The nests of about twenty species of birds were shown, the selection bene
inainly from those to be found awar Melbourne.

The Royal Australasian Ornithologists’ Union was formed in 191 to
organize the activitics of ornithologists throughout Australia and New Zea-
jand. Tt embraces both the scientifie and the popular sides of thy subject.
Conservation is an intartant pert of its wark, 4 committer being can-
startly engaged jn securing the protection of species it danger of extermin-
ation, A highlight in the actiyitics of the Union jis the Annual Congress,
held ina different state cath year and followed by a Camp-out in a
selected area of (hal stave. Thin proyides excellettt oppartulities fur abserying
hirds in the wild

The quarterly journal, Tine Lai, is equal in quality and appearance to any
olher published in any part of the world. It circulates qn scientific, societies
in every cantinenr,

The Honorary General Secretury of the Union ig Mr Gordon Rinns,
486 Flinders Latte, Melbourne.

THE GOULD LEAGUE OF BIRD LOVERS OF VICTORIA
Ry H. EL Stetetexson*

Early Australian history presents a serty picture in reward to treatment
af native fauna, ancl any protective tucasures during uve mmneteenth century
were the results of influence by a few bird and animal lovers, But legis-
lative measures aré not the only means -nor the lest—in achieving preser-
vation, and in 1909 steps were taken in our-atate ta demonstrate this.

With the formation BF the Gould League of Bird Tovers of Victoria,
education became the principle method of attaining the desired affect. With
the Hen Alfred Deakin, Prime Minister of the Commonwealth as président
and Mr, J. A, Leach as honorary sécretary, the movement was acclaimed
and supported throughout the schools of Victoria, and in the first yeas
25,000 tHembers were onrofted. Life membership was granted foro fee of

*Seeretary and Organizer, Ganid League of Bird Lovers, Siste Sekout No. 1BAG,
Abtststord. (Telephone; JA 4011),

bea H, E. Stepnensos, Gould League of Bird Lovers 155
ofe oenny, Which Has since bee raised to threepence for childrcn and one
shilling far adults, .

Since the wauguration of the League, membership increased to 316,772
to the end of 1982) The annual magazine, JRe Bird Loner, wae first isstrex
in 1948, and in that and successive years, an annoal sale of over 30,000
copics hay been maintained

The Gould League welegines the opportubity to atrange displays of
competiiian work and 4o enral new members, At the October Nature Shaw,
children trom schools out of contact with the League shower considerable
interest in the exhibits, and large nurbers became members. Lhe worth of
the display cannot be set down wholly jn figures, bur at is interesting to
report that 628 new members were enraller, und 72 hadges, 86 sketch books,
and 393 copies of The Bird Lovey were sold. \

BIRD OBSERVERS CLUB AND ALTONA SURYEY GROUP
By Row Wreatrn®

The Bird Observers Club display consisted of one staud of bird photo-
graphs taken by members of the Clubh—Messrs Harvey Dickison, Ron Fer-
guson, Bryan Mitchell, A.D. Selby and Ho EE Tarr) The other stand
displayed Club publications, Pir Hawk Boektel and The Waster Booklrt, as
well 23 copies of Phe Bird Observer, excursion ist, ete.

The Bird Observers Club was founded in Melbourne a 1903, and its
numbers were hinited ta 23 mule members of the RAO. In 1912 the
number was inereasel, but it was not pnril 1927 that female members were
admitted. At present the B.0.C, has an Anstralia-wide membership of
over 300, Its aims are the conservation and preservation of aur native birds
ad to help and etieourage members in the study of our tifd life, The B.0.C,
holds monwily general meetings in the Thealrette at the Museum, Talks, to-
gether with films or slices of bird life or other natural history subjects are the
feature of each meeting Which is usually in the hands of & well-knawe
ormitholopsst. From May until October, study Meetings are held each anonth
in the bird room ni the Museum, where the Jecturer has skins from the
famous H. L, White collection for demonstration purposes, During each
manth, a Club outmer ta some faveured bird spat nexe Melbotrne ts ntade
by parlour coach, and special holiday trips are wade at Cliristinas, Easter,
and the June week-end, Many members are actively engaged im outings
with the Altona Suryey Group and the Helmeted Honeyrater Survey. The
Club publishes a monthly paper Vite Bird Observer, with popular motes,
articles, lists and the activiries of the Club Twiee a year supplements are
published, one of a Ine! fist from a certain area, and the other World Bird
Day lists from: all over Auttralia—these lists are made during the last days
of August cach year

The badge of the Bird Observers Club is the Blue Wren, The Honorary
Secretary 3s Mr. Bryan Mitehell, 4 Victor Avenue, Cheltenham, $:22.

The Altens Survey Group was instituted in June, 1950, by a number of
enthusiasts consisting mainly of members of the Bird Ohservers Club and
the R.A.0.U_ The objects of the praup were ta study the bird hfe on the
Salt Works avea near Alona aml make a census of the eistriet. and at the
same fime, study the life histery of the Silver Gull which neste there i
several colonies. Since the start, aver 130 persons have taken part Gn the
weekly surveys, visiiurs from all Austealian States, New Zualand and over-
seas also assisting, This group is the ollly ane actively engaged in ringing
hinds, outside of interested Government departments, and young Silver
Gulls are ringed. there each nesting period. Recoveries have come fro as
fac afield a: Sydney and Hobart. A “hide” overlooksig ane of the nesting

"President. Bitd Oleervers Cinb; Orpeeer, Allaa Survey Group,

ul
1550 Worreten, Bird Observers Club ant Altona Survey Gear iit mee

colonies is used extensively for recording display, nesting behaviour, habits,
feeding, ete, af the breeding hirds. A 24-hogr watch was ade from the hide
iw September 1951, an interesting and unigue observation, In April 1952
and 1953. inembers completed a cenyus of we gull population af Port Plullip
Bay and adjommng areas with most mieresting results, The group as in
need of transport and feld workers during the syria aud surmimer months
Jé vou feel like assisting us, please cotitact Miss Ina Watson, at PA S55$
{business hours).

‘Members of this group walked over 4,000 miles in three years in making
a Bied Census of the Attona marshes. They counted over 600,000 birds of
171 ¢pecies, and also minget over 800 Silver Gulls’) This was the heading
an the display-board of the Altona Survey Group at the Nature Shaw, and
flanking it on either side was the bird list af the 171 species recorded pn this
census. Beneath the heading was a map of New South Wales, Victoria and
Tasmanian, with coloured cihbous leading out Tro various points on tie
imap to regiorts on ringed gulls sent ia from these ptaces. Some of tite
reports displayed the actual ring recovered frum the bird. A specimen
Silyer Gull was on display with rings as attached by group members.
Various types of bird rings were of show, a8 Well as charts aid reports
otf the mary activities of the Aitona Survey Group.

FIELD NATURALISTS CLUB EXHIBITS AT THE MATURE SHOW
SNAKES By lax Wattact

The keen interest shown in the snakes proved just how eager youngsters
are to learn something of the creatures people nornvaliy Jodthe, At the same
time it stresses the need fer children to be eclucatec! in that direction) so that
they imay Itave more knowledge but fess fear of reptiles thin do many of
their patents. It 3 surprising just how little the average person knows ni
svakes, and it is anly by the children being taught more of natura] history,
that we shall have a generation that understands these sitiple things.

The snakes exhibited were Viewer Snakes Notechiz seutates, Copperticads
Penssania atperiaa and White-lipped Snake 2, corencides.

The Tiger Stakes were of dilferent sizes aud various colours 30 commit
i Uiat species, Uhe entallest being one of last year's yourig—harely six michies
in length and pretrity marked with viviel orange ancl yellow cross bands,
aid it was greatly adinired bv ithe children. The small ainount of venom
yielded by a Tiger Snake ac a single “milking” (shout 2 drops) surprised -
many people who had imagined 2 mnch larger quantity would be uveessary
ta kill a bumtar, Few peopi¢ realize that Tiger Suake venori ranks as one
of the most potent snake venoms in the world,

Great interest was shown in the White-lmpped snake, possilly because they
are Jessy Gommol) than their Jorger consis, when fully grown tneasuring only
about eightcen Inches jn tength, They are very prety little snakes and have
a canspicunusly white upper lip. They would make splendid pets and can
be handled without fear of unpleasant circumstances, for they aré moflen-
aive and barmiess. Ahihauels they possess veto, 11 4s of no danger to humans.

The Copperheads drew the least attention, possibly because they do not
possess vivid colours like those of the Tiger Swalres, Many people asked
how the name “Copperhead” orgimated. It was apparently derived [rom the
young of the species which as a rite have the truly copper coloured head,
a. feature nsually absent in the adult.

As very Little work has been dowe on Vieterian swakes, there remezins
A vast field jo be explored by those Interested, The few hazards involved
in the study of dangerous snakes have been almost climinated by the
introduction Of a most efficient autivenine. With this readily available and
with a thorongh kigwledge of the appropriate first ail, aie should have ao
dndue werpies.

men Field Naturalists Club Exhibits 157

GEOLOGY : By A. A. Bakeo

How old is Australia? Iy Australia the oldest country in the world?
These and similar questions, bused mainly ot thoughts of our primitive
aberiginats and mainmals, are questions that are frequently asked, This
sitggested the geological exhibit at the Prahran City Hall.

Twelve charts, cach with a bricf description of conditions occurnmmyg at a
period of the earth's history, together with specimens to illustrate, conveyed
the thoughts af the wsitor from the Pre-Cambrian (550-1,000 milion years
ugn) to the present day.

At the end of the exhibit, a folder contained the answer to “How Old

‘45 Australia?”

To outline this history woulkl require more space than is available in the
present journal, but this will be dealt with at a later o¢casion, ;

Questions relating to the geological history of Australia and the rest
of the world are being discussed at mouthly meetings of the Geological
Discussion Group ai the P.N.CV,, held in the National Museum, Russell
Street, Melbourne, at 8 pnt on the tiest Tuesday of each month. The wext
meeting will be on February 2, 1954, the subject—"Genlagical Holidays’.

Commenced over seven years ago, this Discussion Group offers an excellent
opportanity for Club members to gain up to date knowledge of that interest-
ing and important study of the earth's crust. It you ary interested, why not
contact the Secretary for further particulars? The uecessary information is
found on the inside back cover of the Natureiisr

CONCHOLOGY By I. Macrte

In the Conchology section Whe writer's exhibits were staged with a view
to the interest atid insteuction of the young folk who attended the Exlribitian
in such numbers.

There was a small collection of eoinmmon Victorian shells, that anyone
interested might hope to find without difficulty on our beaches, both bayside
and oceate

Another section showed shells casjly collected on the various islands of the
Barrier Reef by any visitar there. These were mainly the smaller types of
shells, both wwivalyes and bivalves. Varicties of Cowries and also of Cones,
collected around the Pacific Isles, were inchided, showing some of the
foisonous members af the latter group.

Of particular interest were some Jarge and very beautiful shelis mostly
univalyes—varietics ul Harpo, Sonne, Mures, ete, which were collected
around the Pacife Ocean more thay a hundred years ago. The collector
was a ship's commandant who was decorated for the part he played on the
sitec of Acre in 1840.

(The major portion of the Conchology section was exhibited hy the
veteran F.N.C-¥. authority an this subicet, Mr, C J, Gabriel, who ts now
convalescing after a sujourn in hospital. Among his cxlibits were examples
of the Pearly (Chambered) Nautilus and the Paper Nautilus, drawing
attention fo the differences in the make-up and faction of eacht—the latter
being really the ege-case of its species. A ceries of Victorian Cowries graded
from the tiny immature shells to the perfect adult specimens with inturned
hp calloused sud toothed. There were beautiful and gaily-coloured Spondylus,
Spiny Oysters, great tropical taud shells aud 2 host of other material. An
example was chsplayed of the tiniest Victorian shell, a perfect coil but
Heeding mapnification ta be recognized at all—one youthful visitor asked of
its collector, “How did he know what tt was, and haw did he know when
he'd found it?’}

158 Field Naturalists Club Exhibits Ares
WILD FLOWERS FROM THE GARDEN ty A. J. Swany

Many members were surprised to find no flowers in the Show from the
bush. Looking back, we can scarcely regard the classification sections of
recent years as satisfactory—too many flowers plucked, too few qualified
systematists, hasty rearrangement for parcels arriving late, The outcome was
not spectacular, there were few visitors interested in mere names and the
great majority passed by with hardly a glance.

We should have our local flowers represented; but in a way which would
stimulate observation. Doubtless, those preparing for the next exhibition
would welcome suggestions. One thing is certain—we cannot return to indis-
criminate gathering of all in sight.

The date was rather late for the spring flush; nevertheless a very attractive
display was made of cultivated specimens.

A Corner of the Australian Flower Section at the Show

Mr. Morris arranged a very beautiful stand from Melbourne Botanic
Gardens and Metropolitan Golf Club. Some showy buds of Eucalyptus
lchmannii were noted. Boronta heterophylla and B. denticulata were par-
ticularly well grown,

Frankston Golf Club had some outstanding specimens. Anigozanthos
manglesit, Dryandra formosa, Leschenaultia biluba, Banksia coccinea, Hakea
victoriae, (so named; although known to most of us as H. cucullata), and
Eucalyptus preissiana are evidently quite at home in the coastal sands.

North Queensland Naturalists put in several orchids. The lush foliage
of their trees contrasted strongly with specimens from ather parts.

South Australian Naturalists showed, among many other good blooms,
excellent clusters of Clhianthus dampiert.

Telopia speciosissona and Grevillea sericea were notable amongst flowers
from New South Wales, Western Australia produced Darwinia citriodora
with heads thrice as large as we can grow. Pimelea spectabilis received a
good dea] of attention, The most interesting, however were several species

on Field Naturalists Clib Exhibits 189
of Siplaium (Trigger Plant). They should have had more, prominence.
. Miss Ashby, af the Adelaide hills, combined with Broken Hill Natura-
Jists in a dainty table.

As always, Mr, Ivo Haimet produced some lovely specimens. How
could he spare those five-icet branches of (rrevillea mecrostpis? Meolalonoe
drichophylla was a gem fram fairyland, Epecets longtfora made another
spectacular bunch. There were only two spikes of AMelalence fulgens> but
their brilliant red canght the rye at once.

Perhaps the hest from Maranoa Gardens. were Calyinx, C. letragoua and
C, sullivanii, Anopterus glondulosa was also admired.

This stand had short notes on stature and conditions of soil and moisture.
Tr was very evident from the notebooks produced that the small extra
trouble was well warth while,

In thinking back over the display and the comments of patrons, one
cu see that the popularity of Avstrahaw plants amongst home gaceeners
is very definitely growing, and they’ are looking for help.

There should he a small sub-committee for this section of future shows, ta
plan the general organization and arrangement, secure the co-operstian of
other States, and prepare motes on suilabie species and their treatment
Exhibits should have bold labels, and at all times there should be in
attendance at least two persons with knowledge of the cultivation of pur
Australian flora.

MARINE LIFE By M. E. Freame

Visitors to the Natuee Slows of the FLN.CY. are always. interested
in the marine specimens, The small boys wonder how (he whale manages
to obtain enumyh fuod through the fringe of the baleen, and toothache Is
often mentioned When they see the large teeth of the killer-whale, They
have lota to say about ihe barnacles that attach themselves to the whale,
and the plankton upon which it Jives.

Attention is altracted too by dhe poisonous fishes. Aviongst then are the
Queensland Stone Fish with its ueadly spines. the Tody and Potcupine Fish
that blow up like a balloon and float, and the Cobbler, a prick from whieh
can be very piindul.

The Sueker Fish attaches itself to various denizens uf the deep and is
thus borne along.

Leafy Sea-Drason, Sea Horse and Pipe Bish are ajterestine because the
males carry the exes witil the young are hatched—in a more comfortable
traniret thait does te small Soldier Fish which carries the eggs in its
mouth for about two weeks,

AL specimen which causes considerable interest is the Angler Fish, whith
dangles a small “fine” and “bait” just over ita mouth,

Among the crabs are those that graw gardens of seaweed over them-
selves: athers carry sponges on their backs. The Bashial Crab folds its
front claws as though ty hide its head; and the Swimming Crab has
swimmiltg paddies as its hind jegs, Pew haye seen the King Crab irom
New Guinea.

The most admiitel specimens are the beautiful sponees, Buplverdlta, and
Starfish, “strepecter, the fatter from deep water at Portland Bay,

Among the Corals, the Suva Pen was one of the wouders of the sea-lite}
and there were the Jelly Fish and Portugiese Man-of-War, The remarkable
Velelia divides amang its members the different functions of the colony;
special nutritive polyps undertake the nutrition, belleshaped individuals, like
medusae periorm the swimming movements, and true medusae ate charged
with the reproduction.

160 The Victorian Noturatist Vol. 70

PRAHRAN JUNIOR NATURALISTS CLUE

On Tuesday, November 17, a preliminary meeting was held at the Prahran
Children's Library, to test interest in the formation of a Timior Naturalists
Club for that area, About 40 children and several adults were present, and
the purpose of the proposed club was outlined to them.

Our President, Mr. A, A, Baker, spoke of experience gained with the
Hawthorn Junior Club, and showed those present a series of geological
specimens, Other exhibits included Barrier Reef shells and nature photo-
graphs from Mr, F. Lewis, and a representative series of useful natural
history publications,

As it was apparent that live interest was thore, the T.N.C.V~ Council
appointed a sub-committee comprising the President, Secretary and Editor,
who eonferred further on the subject with Miss E. Haynes, who has charge
of the Prahran municipal libraries

It was decided to invite mémbership from bath children and adults, at a
subscription fee of 2/6 per annum. The Club is to have a President,
Secretary, Treasurer and Exeursions Secretary who, with three other
people, will form a commnittee of seven to organize and conduct activities.

Meetings will be held at 7.30 p.m. on the third Tuesday of each month
{excluding January) and are to be coiducted on the lines of those of the
senior Club. At the next meeting, on December 15, Miss Ina Watson
wil give an illustrated talk on Central Australia. Senior Club merabers
are invited to attend and lénd support to the new hody,

It is the opinion af the FLNLC.V. Council that a strong working Committee
will need to be fornyed in the senior Chib, to direct or actively support this
and other youth activities. ‘The matter will be pat before the Club at the
December General Meeting.

—N. A. Waxerincn.

MATURE NOTES AND EXHIBITS
Entomology

A yew species of Swift Moth (Hepiatidar), from Ridgeway and Tena's
Valley, Southern Tasmania; of which a preliminary description is giver:

OENETES TAGGI, sp, nov. Male: Length If inches; width across wings
2 inches, Head, thorax and forewings brown suffused or overshot with green ;
on wings there are some obscure reddish spots, near hind margin and
towards termicn, Hind wings with apical part dark fuscous brown and the
basal half famingo. Female: Larger, pale green with pink markings.

—Craries G. One

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN

Excursions:

Sunday, December 20—Rotany Group Picnic at Fairy Dell. Take cither
8.48 am. or $8.55 am. train to upper Ferntree Gully, then Monbulle bus
to terminus, Brine tivo meals.

Pretiminary Notice:

Monday, January 23—Atstrolia Day—Parlor coach excursion to Lore,
Coach Ieaves Batman Avenue 8.15 a.m. returns 815 pin, Fares. 1B/-,
boekings with K. Atkins, Botanic Gardens, South Yarra, S.E1.

[No Geology Group Meeting will be held im January.)
Kenvetu W. Atkins, Exeursion Sceretary

The Victorian Naturalist

Vel. 7o—No. 9 JANUARY 7, 1954 No. 841
PROCEEDINGS

At the General Meeting of the Club at the National Herbarium
on December 14, Mr. Buker presided and abant 180 members and
friends were present. Messrs. Pearson, Mules and Oke were
elected as Ordinary Members, Mr. and Mrs. Coghill as Joint Mem-
bers, Mr. Austin as Country Meniber, and Misses Yuer and Let-
mak as Junior Members. Mr. Baker expressed gratification that
so tiany Junior Members were being enculled and that more per-
sons with entamological interests were joining the Cliub_ |

Our veteran member, Mr. George Coghill, presented the Club
with a hook picturing some scores of lovely plates of oir cucalypts.
Wher thanking him, Mr. Gaker informed the gathering that the
Club Library was now in the new room at the Royal Society's
Tiall, and, pending ihe necessary sorting out, woul! be in normal
use again early nt the new year.

Nouunations were called for the reforming of the Youth Move-

- ments Committee for the purpose of attending to questions of Junior
Clubs and school nature study. It is desired to have the names hy
ihe January General Meeting, so that the Council can finalize the
miatter at its next meeting later in that month.

A report was given from the Wattle Park Committee of the
successful planting of mative trees and shrubs in that park. It was
remarked that the growing activity of the Club in establishing Atis-
tralian material in parks and enclosures was winning the F.N.C,V.
recagnition as an-autkoritative body on that subject, Deep concern
Was expressed at a proposal by the Tramways Board ta remove a
large number of trees at the Park for the establishment of further
golfing facilities in ihe locality. Mr. N_K. Miller and Mr. V. H.
Muller moved that a letter be written to the Camberwell and Box
FLil! Councils, the Canmmuissioner of the M.M.T.5. and the Minister
for Transport, uncompromisingly opposing the exteusion of the golf
course. ‘his was carried unaninously,

As Mr. Lewis was unable to screen his Nerth Queensland films
owing to a receut injury, Mr. J. H. Willis treated the meeting to
an excellent impromptu talk on the Nammersley Ranges, This
miMuntain chain, situated in the north-west of Western Australia,
is 100 miles long and rises to an clevation of 4,000 feet, It is a resi-
dual plateau through which the tributaries of the Fortesque River
form 2 network of precipitous garges, in the depths of which persist
pockets of rain-forest vegetation allied to that of New Grinea and
Timor. John Forrest traversed:the area in L&74 and amazed Baron

16]

L
162 Proceedingé vet

von Mueller with his. botani¢al collection from there. However,
it if an arid place, with a very erratic rainfall averaging only 8
inches a year. The deposits of asbestos there now supply 95 per
cént of Australia's output of that commodity. Mr. Willis went on
ta shaw a series of Kodachrome slides, sent to him for a brief loan
by a local correspondent at the asbestos works. These artistically
depicted the brilliant colouring and spectacular mature of the tower-
ing crags with Ghost Gums perched precariously on rock ledges,
the white-lrunked yasiety of the river Red Gums by the cool blue
rock-poals in the depths of the gorges, striking panoramic views
of the intricate gorge pattern, the savannah forest and Porcupine
Grasse of the plateau top, and numerous other features of this
extremely interesting region. When thanking Mr, Willis, Mr-
Baker remarked that the rock formations were residual outcrops
of extremely hard sandstone which had withstood the weathering
effect of the hot and arid climate,
Mr. R. J. MeMahon followed with a plea to the Club to join
what he termed the “Battle of the Foreshore”. He explained haw
- varjous factors over recent years had resulted i an enormous influx
af summer campers to the foreshores from Drarmaia ta Sorrento,
This is resulting in wholesale destruction of the normal tree and
shrub vegetation, causing an extensive secondary growth of alien
weeds and the problem of erosion, An otitlne was giver of the
political moves in connection with this camping question, and it
was maintained that the foreshore should be carefully re-established
and preserved, while the hahiday-makets used less vital areas of
land removed somewhat from the beach. Mr, McMahon suggested
that members of the Club should visit Rosebud between Christmas
and New Year to obtain a first-hand impression of the situation.
Mr. Baker said that the Club was sympathetic to the problem,
which should be considered in council.
The President then extended to inembers the stason’s grectings,
and adjourned the meeting for the conversazione and exarnination
of exhibits. j

NATURE NOTES AND EXHIBITS
Botany—

Pittotporiat bicolor—garden-prown Aawétring branches exhibited October
12, 1953, for T. S. Hart, Croydon, who writes

“Seeds from the Dandenong Ranges were sown in November 1944, By
tmetnory, germination was slow. At 16 months some were still in pots and
some planted out, A few Aowers have been seen in earlier seasons but this
year one tree about 13 feer high is flowering freely. The tree is straight-
steruned, upright and father narrow pyramidal in shape, perhaps due to
being somewhat well sheltered when younc.” P

Ornithalogy—

Nests of the Helmeted Honeyeater, Meliphaga cassidix, one of the world's
rare birds. This exhibit has more than usuai interest for the Club, 2s on the
very day 69 years ago, November 9, 1884, the first mest and ergs of this bird

ra Nature Notes and Exhibits 163

known to ornithology, were taken by the late A, J. Campbell on the Olinda
Creek near Lilydale. The outing, also historic as the first “Camp-out” of
the Field Naturalists’ Cluh of Victoria, is described in an article in the
Pictorian Naturalist, Vol. 1.

The article gives a short list of the principle species identified during the
outing; these include among others: Red-necked Wallaby, Koala, and two
of birds which would now rarely if ever be seen in this area, the Spotted
Quail-Thrush, and the Southern Stone Plover.

As it was the first “camp-out” of the Club, the names of those present
were placed on record. These included that of Mr. George Coghill, who
was present at the meeting on November 9, 1953, when this note was read.

—E. S. Hanks.

COMBINED EXCURSION TO MOUNT ELIZA

Forty-five excursionists, from the ranks of this Club and the Frankston
F_N_C,, combined for a visit to Mount Eliza on September 6. The F.N.C.V.
members Joitered somewhat on the half-mile walk to the rendezvous, for
the hird-life by the wayside was too rich to be passed quickly. The attractive
calls of the Galden Whistler contrasted with the raucous notes of the Red
Wattle-Hirds, Restless Flycatchers performed their well-known “scissors-
grinding”, acrobatic Grey Fantails flirted here and there, Yellow Robins
twittered pleasantly, and ascending tree-trunks in search of insects were some
White-throated Tree-Crceepers. From afar came the rollicking notes of the
Kookaburra, White-hacked Magpies roved the fields, Blue Wrens and Brown
Thornbills flitted amongst the roadside scrub, and the Black-faced Cuckoo-
Shrike was in evidence. The piping notes of the White-naped Honeyeater
were heard, there were groups of the coastal Yellow-winged Honeyeater,
and in a spreading Ribbon Guin a pair of Striated Pardalotes showed them-
selves to the company.

Having finally joined up, the large aggregate party made its way through
Silver-leaf Stringybark and Manna Gum towards Mount Eliza. The under-
growth was Cherry Ballart with the rich green foliage yellow-tipped, Swamp
Paperbark in dense thickets, and in full bloom, the Coast and Hedge Wattles.
All four orchid species seen were of the genus Ptcrostylis—Nodding Green-
hood was most numerous, Trim Greenhood grew thickly in tsolated patches,
Maroonu-hood displayed its dark flowers on stiffly erect stems, and the few
Tall Greenhoods included one with a spike of sixteen flowers,

On the east side of the brow of Mount Eliza, there are several acres of
White Sallee, the lowland form of the Snow Gum. The trees were felled
some years ago, and coppice growth, now fifteen feet or so high, makes
an attractive sight, The slender trunks, dull white and blotched with grey,
contrast attractively with the bright red branches.

Tt is hoped that this pleasant outing will be the forerunner of further
combined Club rambles on the Mornington Peninsula.

—K. W. ATKINS.

BIRD ANTING

Once of the first naturalists to observe the habit of birds ustng formic acid
was the American, Audubon, One day he saw several birds upon a deserted
ants’ nest. Over this they were walking, and at the same time appeared to
be pushing their wings against the surface of the nest. After watching them
for some time he came to the conclusion that they were striving to incor-
porate with their feathers some of the formic acid with which the ground was
saturated. He expressed the apinion that this was to eliminate parasites.

—A. A, BRUNTON.

Vol. 70

The Victorian Naturalist

164

NATURE PHOTOGRAPHIC COMPETITION PRIZE-W!INNERS

bud “f° “At

OPID pue ynD enys,,

a Nature Photographic Competition Prize-winners 165

The Nature Photographic Competition was conducted by the Victorian
Association of Photographic Societies, in conjunction with the F.N.C.V.
Australian Nature Show at Prahran in October 1953. A selection of the
83 entries was displayed on that occasion, and the three which were judged
the best are reproduced here. A report of the competition appeared on page
147 of the Naturalist for last month.

r Pe |

. . Vict Nat
166 Nature Photographic Competition Price-winners [ Vol. 20

THIRL : “Putt Seals Fighting” — BL Letveis

HABITS OF EAST GIPPSLAND CURRAWONGS
By W. Hunter, Marlo

The heading “Birdland Airlift” in the Naturalist for August (p, 79),
recalls an experience, also with a Pied Currawong (‘“Bell-magpie’), several
years ago, in the forest country east of Cann River. Our camp was the site
of a recent C.R.B. road construction camp, and rats were so troublesome
that I soon had to set traps for them. After the first might’s trapping, I
placed the dead bodies of three rats on a large sawn-off stump in the
clearing, where they could be easily seen by the currawongs that came
each morning for scraps. Soon one bird appeared, alighted on the stump,
and picked up one of the rats, holding it transversely in its beak. To my
surprise, it then picked up another. Naturally it had some difficulty in
doing so, and more difficulty in getting both rats balanced fur holding,
several re-shufflings of position being necessary before the bird appeared
tu be satisfied. lt then completely amazed me by attempting the obviously

tH W. Hunzer, Hodits of Eort Gippsland Currewonge {67

impossible feat of picking up the third rat. The attempt caused it ta lose
its hold of the other two; so it had to begin all over again, And again,
after (he same difficulty m stowlig 1Wo rats, if nullified its work by iryice
ta take the other also. After spending seme minutes in repedted nftsiiccesse
{ul attempts to get all three rats inta its beak, ot eventually Rew off with two
of them. :

The stump was about three feet high and broad enough to give the bud
a shorn run-off, But jt sale alist to the ground with its load, and cou-
tinued tor several yards flying slowly and very unsteadily, Howevue, it did
not "crash", and was soon in better comtrol of its flight and slowly gaining
leight, though it was still tow when it disappeared inte the forest,

Almest immediately allerwards, another currawong cime salon and taok
the remaining ral. I assumed that the first bird's desire to carry off all
three rats at once was due to its knowledge of the néarness pi the other
bird, ready to take the Jeavings before it could return, But that idea
seemed to be disproved when very soon the first bird retumed and, alighting
on the stump, began a thorough search, which T felt could have been only
for the rat which it had Icft there. It continued its search of the ground
around the siump for several mioutes, aud when it few away if somehow
suggested that it was puzzled and disappointed, :

y¥ opinion is that the obvious diffeulty whieh the bird had in its Aighe
with the two rats was due less to the weight than to the position of the
load, which must have been unbalanced, Transfer of the load to its claws
(as in ihe case reported by Miss Galbraith) would restore the balanec; bit
1] cinnot remember ever having seen such a manoeuvre, while admitting that
my observation cf birds has been cather casnal. This bird certainly did
not do so while in my sight; but that may have heen because it was still tao
close to the grautid, ar because of the impossibility of tuking the two raks
agaiu jn its beak while iy the air, before atighting.. Perhaps the fatter
suggestion ia a rather rash one in the circumstances; the feature which
most impressyd me was the bird's determined attempt ta accomplish the
impossible Feat of holding thee rats i its beak. Perhaps it had heard of
how the pelican Gecame famous, and was trying to emulate that bird!

One day more recently, ih another camp, a sudden bird cotimotion drew
my attention, Not far away, a freshly-killed rabbit had been prepared for
cooking | and now a pied currawong was Aying: off with most of the innards
Brasped in its claws but hanging well down in an untidy mess and bene
torn by at least a dozen other currawongs, which were continually swooping
in to take their share of the feast. The bird was handicapped by its load,
and could do nothing to bold off its pursuers; it juat kept ts gp and few
an, squawking loudly, while the other birds made = great clamour, which we
could hear for long alter they bad passed out of sight in the forest.

Currawongs are birds of the forest; but in autumn large numbers congre-
gate about the settlements and remain there during the winter, dispersit,
to the deeper parts of the forest in early spring, During such scusona
visits, I have sometimes observed [raternizettan between the two species—
the pied and ihe grey, In “the bush", the currawongs ure usually scattered
in small ar family groups, and ] have not observed any such fratermzation
there, even when the birds congregated im much larger growps. In Marto,
during the winters of I9§) and 1952, a flock of cutrawongs caine fairly
frequently every day for scraps, It varied considerably In wumber, from
abaut 70 to occasionally over SQ, (he majority being the pied spectes, aud
about six of the wrey. Phey fed together as amiably—or gs Unaifiably—as if
they were all of the same kind, and when the flock had its ocrusional sing-
song alf joined in the singing. ;

Rarely—[ noted about five or stx such incidents—2when several cutta-
Worles Were on the ground and rushing jor seraps of food thrown tawartls

‘108 W, Henter, Hobits of East Gippsland Cyerarvongs eis!

them, a bird towards the rear would suddenly grip dirmly in its beak the
tail of another birt ahead of it and tug heartily, preventing Further progresa
for a second or two. Was it a sart of practical joke? The “joker” was nat
always the same bird} once or twice 71 was a grey qilrawong, at other times
it was a poe,

The grey currawongs, or some of therm, in a little time shewwed fess shyness
of humans than did the others; and when the Hock lemporaniy bloke into
small graups the greys remained togettiee. Wlole the wed currawongs. took
fruit almost as eagerly as they took nicat, these preys slawed no interest
in fruit ; otherwise the twe species seem ta have similar tastes and prejerences
in food.

T do nat knaw whether the currawongs regularly viait the same spat for
the Winter; Dut this year there have heen considerably fewer af shem, and
they have come around less frequently aud ini smaller groups all of the pied
species, 1 have occasionally seen in the yicinity a grey currawong, or less
often two of them, Der never mingling with the pied. as the greys had done
during the two preyiqus seasons. .

The currawonge is the largest of the birds af the East Gippsland bush
which can be readily enticed about a camp by the offer of food, Its sive gives
it superiority over the others in enforcing an exclusive right ta the feeding-
ground: so that most of the smaller lards are very shy about taking offered
food Wher a currawong is near, and usually restriel (heir appealanees to
times when there arc nane abort, or they may, if many currawongs arc more
or [ess constantly present, avoid the place as a feeding-grdand. I like to
encourage all birds to come about imy camp, bul it is rather usual to have
two kinds feeding cngether; when dhey do so, one is soticeably watchful of
the other, and there 35 a tenseness which is not evident when te birds are
alk of the same spectes. J used to cry by scattering the larger seraps in ove
dicection and smaller crambs i another ta encourage ail the birds to come
together, bui I soon found that my scheme did not work out as I hoped;
the larger birds showed just as much relish for the crumbs as for the digger
scraps,

he: bird whose presence at mealtimes seems to be royl resented by the
currawong is the Grey Thrash. As | have a special liking for thrushea, the
eurrawongs have a fow place in my order uf preference for the birds. But
to be fair one must admit that it is its size that inakes it appear the offender,
The intolerance of sharing a neal with other species seems to be fairly
common amang wild birds, aud a thrush will chase away a vellow robin, for
instance, just as aggressively as a currawong will clase away a thrush.

There has not been much variety m the kinds of food offeved to the birds
at my camps, but the currawongs ate and appeared co enjoy. practically
anything, including any paper well amptegnated with fat or the like. They
showed the greatest relish for yneat, and cheese, cold porridge, aod bread
came prokably in that order of preference. Like all witd birds, they have
a wonderful instinet for recognizing at a glance whether anything thrown
out is edible or inedible, Soap as perhaps the ouly thing witich does oveasian-
ally mislead them, and until they have lesmed to recoguize it a small cake
of soap left uncovered is likely to be pecked hadly, of to be cartied away,

As I write this, Cam rentinded that the carrawongs do not always fate the
better in competition with smaller birds. Two currawangs, each j) 2
separate bricf encounter, have just been completely routed by a pair of
red wattle-bieds. The wattle-birds were certainly ihe aterestors. In .a
suttden concerted action they swooped on one currawong, witich svas uretly
perched ona tree, and quickly put it to hurried Aight, squewking vigorously.
Retucning froms that chase, they almost immedsately launched 2 similae
attack un another equally inoffensive currawong. in a near-by tree, and
waickly put it to flight also. :

be The Victorian Naturalist |. - a “169

SYSTEMATIC NOTES ON VICTORIAN MOSSE5—3
By J. Ho Writs, National Herbarium of Vietorlar +
ACAULON and POTTIA (Pottineea)
(With a new combination and descriptions of tivo new yariéties)

Species of the pottiaceous genera Acailon aml Patha are aiyong the
smallest of Australian terrestrial Miser Consequently they are often avec-
looked and seldom collected, and Jortunately their aomenclature is relatively
free of synonymy, The aim of the present paper is to list the-entties known
to occur in Victoria, with synonyrmmies as, far as these have been investigated
(hur only with reference to Australian material}. 1 have examjned the
various collections cited under each species: Uicy are believed to embrace
practically all the macerial thar has ever been collected in the State, and ate
lo¢ated at the National Herbarium, South Yarra, Vic., cither in the depart-
mental folders or those of my own private moss herbarium.

ACAULON CM, (syn. Spherargine Schimp.) is a small cosmopolitan
genus consisting of minute gregarious rosette plants in which the broad ¢rett
leaves overlap closely, concvaliig the very shortly stalked, dvaperculate and
non-apiculate capsule, Ly external appearance Acunon ds rather like Grges-
Periian (often co-extensive an open ground), but that remarkable genus
differs in its subterranean “rhizome”, nerveless leaves, larger hemispherical
capsules (to 1 mm.), deciduous operculum and much Jurger, irregularly
polyhedral spores: (90-130 mic. wide) Only one rather variable species
would seem to be represented in Victoria faraund and west of Melbourne).;
it is A. apicwlatem (Hki. & W.) Jaeg. under whiely { shell describe a
hitherto unrecognized variety irom the extreme niocth-west of the State.
Individuals of A, apicnlafnws are about 1 mm. an diameter, with pale or
whitish leaves, and put one in mind of miniature onions; the capsules are
glaboid and reddish, the verrnculase spares 30-40 mic, diameter,

Of the other seven Acunion species that have been recorced for Australia,
A. brishanticrm CM. [Liniea 372 44 (4871) from Queensland is at
Astounyin, while the types of 4, ansiro-siuticnan, 4. integrifolinuy A, sullivan
and A. turgidian can not be separated from the usual form of 4. aptculatione
(see synonymy below). T have hot seen the types af 4. crassiervion, Broth.
(narton nuda?) and 4, robustim Beoth in Roth [AHedwwigia 53; 94 (1912)]
—both from New South Wales—bot, when critically investigated, they will
probably be found identical with 4. apices tou,

Acoulon apiculatum (Hki. & Wils) Jace. In Mused Clers!, 20 (1B69) -
NZ. type
Pahoscum aplovatem kt. & Wils. ia Flora N.Z_ 2: 58. T.63, fe 1 (18544,
PF, apicnasur, var, turgidum Mitt. ex Wils, in Flora Tas) 2: 164 (ia58)—
~-Tas, type.
Acaulon venegcrouieusicu rs Geheeb in Rorh im Stedreisrte 34; 2f2 (2314) —

NUS.W. type.

A, entegrifalinm OM, in Bot, Seis, 745 11833) —Vie tree,

A. suithwonis C.M. in Flora No. ), 138¥—Vic. type.

A turadnm (Mite ex Wils.) Mife in Prod, Rey. Sor, Vee 19s 58 LIGBID
| —Tas. typo. '

Virtovian collections; .
Yarra R, neat Melbourne, on bare ground (F. Mueller, ca, I833—TYPE
A. tuteartfolinum C.M_) > wear Melbourne Botanic Gardens {R. A. Bastaw,
Aug. 1896) + Heyington, on shady bank of. Yarra R. CW. W. Watts, Sepe
1902); Buninyong, & miles 5S, of Ballarat (R, A, Bastow, Ae 1898) ;
Mt. Ararat (D. Sullivan, Oct. 1882—TYPE A. sullivent? CM.); Batts
Ridges, 7 mites W. of Portland (CUM, Beaugichole, Sept. 1948), Cony of
Rorung at Yarriambiack Ck, and also near Dimboola, on heavy dark clay
(F, M. Reader, Aug. 1903); S. Aust. border in Hambadin Parish, 17 miles

APO JH. Waas, Systematic Notes ow Victorian Mosses—3 [Yh Ne
. Vol, 70

N, of Serviceton, on damp sandy flats in-mallee scrub (J, H, Willis, Sept
1949); Kulkyne National Forest near Hattah (Cliff. Beauglehole, 1948).

A. apleufetum, var. eristatum J. H. Wilks wan now. :

A forma typica speciei ¢ostin lonige excurrentibus aristns Iaxae formantibus,
éellulia prope apicem folil tages (Ceirtiter 40-50 15 — 25 mic.)
cenuatis taxis (nunguam parvis inerassatis) differt.

Loe. Berribee Tank, 62: miles west of Mildiva, Victoria—danip
red clay-loam. rainfall ca, 10° pann, (J BH. Willis, No. 46,
Aug. 29, 1948 TYPE in Herbaria MEL, ], N. Willis &
G. 0. K. Sainsbury).

Kaown only from dhe single collection, this new variety may be
distinguished by its long—excurrent nerve and lax apical areolation
(cells larger abore than in typical 4. apicwatiwn and never in-

' grassatée).

POTTIA Piirnr, species display more diversity than thase of Axsaulon,
and Brotherus gave the number as about Sin 1924, Although characteristic
of plain country (including mailee sandhills and arid limestone tracts} they
are known from coastal salimarsh and subarban gardens in southern Victoria_
An elongated seta (several millimetres long) is present, ihe operculum may
be deciduous of persistent but always apiculate, the peristome very short or
absent and the spores smooth or with various excrescences; capsules are
often lustrous as in Astontun colindricum. Four species are defituitely known
to oceuit in Victoria, but it is probable that the boreal P. heintis (Hedw.)
Faenr.—tecorded for Tasmania and New Zealand—and West Australias
F. scabrifolia Bartr, (195)) will eventually he found here also; the latter
is very closély related to P. davalli¢na {with echinulate spores) and was
collected on calcareous varth at Stresky Bay, S, Aust, by A. J. Hicks in
July 1952, I have examined the type of Potta brachyodus (Hpe, sub
Awacalypta 18460) Jaeg, and find it referable ta Desmatedon comvalutus
(Bric) Grout. P. recurvonucronata C.ML is a momen otmdion; I have not
been able to see the collection representing this name and have no ideg what
Species may be involved,

Artificial Key to. Victorian Portia Species

Margins of leaves plane; cells clear, rarely somewhat pupillose,
Capsule deapercuilate, faking away fram a miedian zone af
dehiscence; leaves minute, less than L mon long ., Po dromstondit
Capsule with deciduous, obliguely rastrate aperculum att) well-
lefined mouth; leaves about 2 mint. Jong .. ,, 5... 5. 2. truncate
Margins of minute leaves strongly revolute: cells obscure gud
Papillose {capsule opérculate),
Peristome present (of short, blunt, pale papillose teeth} ;
spores abont 25 mic. wide, almost smooth or with shallow
counded tubercles ("like miniature bags filled with apples")
bide) ple fod da wee belle iota daw tt 0) at me tei jeeceal vecdae SHOP RTE,
Peristome absent; spores 25-55 mic., acutely papilluse _ £7. dogeltieesn
Pattia deummondii (Wils.) J. H. Willis cond, nov,
Phaseam driummondic Wils, in Lond. Sours. Bor. 75 26, Ula (16848)—

“AL
Phateum denapens C.M. in Fiota No. 1 (2888J—Vie. broe.
Pottia disziempens (C.M.) Broth. in Nar, Pflansenf, f, pa, J: 4239 (1902)
Féctorion colfoeteons : ;
Livingstone Ck, Omes (J. Stirling—colfuyttan vot examined); Sunday
Island, Corner Inlet, ia saltmarsh under Arthracnesnne (Cory) Skewes, Sept,
1952) ; Quail Island, Western Port, in saltmarsh with Salicornia {. Dakin,

i084 J, A, Wiars, Systematic Notes on Pictorion Misses—I 171 -

Sept, 1952}; Melbourne, of bare ground (F, M, Adamson, May 1854);
Castlemaine (F. Robbins, Adg. 1943); Logan, 12 miles E, of St. Arnaud, on
bare clay soil (R. D. Lee, Sept. 1951); Moyston (D. Sullivan, Oct. 1882—
TYPE Phascuin disruanpens CM.)-

Through the courtesy of Dr, G. Taylor, Keeper of Botany at the British
Museum (Natural History) I have been enabled to study the type of Wilsan’s
Phoscom drummondii (fro Swan River, W.A.). Tt is clearly the same
moss as C Miller's P. disrumpens from near the Victorian Grampians
(TYPE in Herbarium MEL}, and, as both are referable to Pottia, the earlier
epithet rhre-y be adopted and the combination Poia drmmmondi established
(as ai =

P. dreummondii, var. obscura J. H. Willts vor. ov:

A forma usituls opecici foliis acutis, costis percurrentibus, cellulis pavlum
obseuria plus minusve papillosis, spurs maximis. (3040 mic.) crast
verruclosisgue differ,

Loe.! Sandy desert, Dimboola Shire, Vietoria—on ground (F. M,

Reader, Aug, 1, 1897. TYPE in Herbarium MEL, a5 “PAhasewas
mmolle” C.M. ined.) ; Yarriambiack Ck, near Warracknabeal,
Vie—on damp clay with Acaidon (P.M. Reader, Aug. 1903).

This Wimmera variant is distinguished from the usual form
of the species by its more acute leaves with percurrent nerves,
rather obscure areolation and rather larger, quite verruculose
spores (almost smooth an the typical plant), ,

P. truncata (Hedw,) Fiirnr. in Flore 12, pt, 2, Erg.: 25 (1829)—Germ. type,

Gymnostomum trancatum Hedw, in Sp, Mure. Frond, FG_(/8011)

Pottia truncutvia Lindh in Euroy. Trichort. & (1864)—Eurnp. type.

P. reader CM. in Hedwrota 37; 152 (1BYb9—Vic, wee. .

P Tubppivoconadtpeoidea Brath. in Proc. Linn. Soc, NSW, tf: $82 (1916)
Vie. type.

P, mulbourniana Dizan ex Weymouth & Rodway in Papers & Peor, Roy. See,
Tas. for 1920: 174 (1922)—Tas. & Vie type

Victorion collections:

Melbaurne and suburbs, on garden paths, etc, (F. M. Reader, June 1884—
TYPE P. readori C.M.; W. W. Watts, Sept. 12—TYPE P. subphyseomi-
trioides Broth.; R. A, Bastow, Oct, I9OL; J. VI. Willis, July 1939 & June
1941; E, Dakin, July 1951)5 Vermont (H. T. Clifford, Sept, 1952); Croydon
(H. T. Clifford, June 1951}; Buninyong, 8 miles. S$. of Ballarat (R.A.
Bastow, Sept. 1898) ; McVean’s Springs, Lake Corangamite (Coryl Skewes,
Oct, 1951) ; Gorm West & Mt, Eccles, W. of Portland (Clif, Beauglehole,
Sept. 1952).

it is possible that sorte, at least, of the Victorian populations of this
boreal species (particularly those ocourrmg in the metropolis) have been
introduced from abroad; os with Barbule ungiwiculata. T concur with Mr.
G. O. K, Sainsbury's treatment of Pottia subphyscomitrioides and P, mel-
boursiona [Papers & Proc, Roy. Soc. Tes, 87: 84 (1953)] and examination
of type PF. readeri convinces me that this must likewise be relegated to P.
truncate—Brotherus was not justified in merging it with P. dfermedia
(Turn.) Furnr, a specie: distinguished by papillose leaves with revolute
margins, :

P. etorkeona (Hedw.) CM. in Syn. Muse. 1: 547 (1849)—Germ. type.
Weisria star(ejkeang Hedw, in Sp, Mesc. Froud. 65 (IBO1y. ’
Anacalypea cers pititoua C.M.. & Hpe. in Lines 261 491 85Ij—S_ Aust

type,
Pottia vaspilitosa (C.M, & Hpe:) Paris in dides Bryot, (20 (18979. ,
tP, brochyphyiia Hpe, nomen mudum—Vic. type

W2 JH, Wineti, Systematic Noles on F ictorwn Mosscr—3 Paget ng

Pictorian collections: 5 9 5 ; ;

"County of Boryng”, of clayey’ soil’ (F, My ‘Reader, Aug, 1903) ; “County
of Lowan", Dimboola Shire, iv sandy soi] (F, M. Reader, Sepe 1898 & July
1900, as “P. brachypiylla” Ape.) } Salt Lake at Lovhiel, on clayey soil (FM
Reader, Juiy 1896); Dimboola National Park (Cliff, Beauglehole, Nov,
1949); Berribee Tank, 62 miles W. of Mildura, on) damp cred Joam (J. H.
Willis, Sept. 1948); @ miles E, of Quambatook (Isabel Ritchie, Young
Farmers' Club, Oct, 1953); Mt. fef€cott near Donald (1, O. Marnske, Sept,
1953) ; Broadmeadows, ati heavy basaltic soil (R. 1. Lec. Aug. 1952) ; Yarra
R. (F. Mueller—colleciion not examined). ~ ~

C. Warnstorf had intimated that FP. cespitoce was identical with the
boreal P, starkeana, an opinion with which (having exainined Muller and
Hampe's: Mt. Lofty type of Anocalypta cespitulasa in Herbaria MEL) I
entirely agree 1 have uot seen the specimen “on Qrerens clfortiene", upan '
Which susie proposed lo base his P. brachypivlla, but suspect thal at belongs

ere also,

P, devaliiena ( Sin.) C Jens in Danmarks Mosser 2, 342 (1923)—Switzer+
land type,
Cymiitestomum dovalianuyn Sm. in’ Konig & Sims Anis Bot. t) $77 (PROS).
a. = Soar bo Schwez. in So, Muse, Frond. Supol J: 25, 7, 9 (laity
wite. type.
Pottia minsitaa (Schwer,) Fuenr in Flora 12, pt. & Aya: 34 (1829)
2G. brevicawle Tayi. {n Lond. Journ, Bot, $4 42 ORSGI—W.A. type.
FP bremiemils (Tas) CM, in Spo Afnge, 1. 594 C1B4S),

Victorias collections:

Queenscliff (F. Mueller, Sept 1867) ; “Avonhurst’, St. Kilda Rd. Mel-
bourne, on garden path (W. W. Watts, Sept. 1902—der Brotherus ag P.
brevicaulis).

T have not heen able to inspect Taylor’s original material of Gymwastpacut
brevicanle (from Swan River, W.A.}> bot Wilson stated on page 447 of
the same volume in which it was published: "seoms searcely diferent from
Pottio minutia, var, obtusa’. Moreover, the St. Kilda Road collection whirh
Brotherus identified a5 Pattie brewicatdis is quite sirmlar to European examples
OP. davaifiana (syn. Po ovnnetufa), and 1 strongly suspect that the Australian
plant 15 no-more than a form of the latter. .

HALL'S GAP ANNUAL WILDFLOWER EXHIBITION
By J, S. Seaton

The show of Australian wildflowers staged at Hall’s Gap from October
2-11 compared favourably with the high standard of previous years, As my
holidays mm the Grampians comeided with this everl, [ was able to assist in
collecting, the flowers and in naming the specimens tliat were sent from
Perth, A. ‘ -*

Country people show a remarkable interest in Uns ‘exhibition, fat on the
Sunday, which was very showery, about 2,000 attended. The hall is really
‘far too small for a crowd of this magnitude, and it is proposed to build a
bigger one in the near future. ; P

Typical samples of whe more spectacular species in the large Grampians
flora comprised the bulk of material dispiayed, e.g, Thiypramens calycina,
Micramsyrtus ciliatns, Lhatskya alpestris, Calytriz sullivan, Prostanthera
rotwuivoha (an excellent forms {ram Mt. Zero), -Calectasin cyanea, Grevilica
alpina {both orostrate and upright forms fear the northern Grampians),
Boronic fimnala (she usuab pink and pure white form), SAacris smpPresza
(some good specimens although late}, and a goadly callecuiow of orchids,
Mr. G. A. Hateley, af “Hill Crost', Stawell, sent a fine collection of his

We]. i DS. Season, Hall's Gap Anaual Wildfigwer Exhibition — 173

cultivated eucalypts, logether with other shrubs; these added. much interest”
to the display, - } ,

Wildflowers sent from Perth included dingoszanthas manglesi, Leschonaultia
diloha, Conaspermaan, Merticordia and Grevillea species) as usual, they were
a mest popular feature.

The annual Hall’s Gap exhibition has wndoubted educational value, if only
to afford people an opportunity of admiring and learning the names of native
flowers witich they would never otherwise see, Criticism is offen levelled at
the picking of flowers jor this purpose, but 1 would like to defend this show
om the following grounds:

1, Permits are issued by the Forests Commission for all exhibits obtained
on Crown Lands. :

Some af the flowers are collected fram private property.

Most Howers are collected far away from tourist tracks and roads,
‘Phase authorized to collect are respansible people in Hall's Gap who
fully appreemte what, their wildAfowers tean to the district.
Judicious picking of flowers can prove beneficial to the plant by acting
BS 2 pruning,

Mr, Ro Mair, Forester at Hail's Gap, has beeti most co-operative, advising
not oly the location of many species but where the dest Aowers may de
obtaited at a particular time,

When the proposed new building at Hall's Gap increases the facilities for
staging, it is safe to predict that this annual exhibition of wildflowers will
rank among the very best in the Commonwealth.

Bors

uM

LABILLARDIERE'S PLANT NAMES
By Tuomas 5. Haat

Labillardiere the distinguished botanist of the expedition under D’Entrecas-
teaux, in search of Fa Perouse, wrote an, account of the yoyage, published
i 1799, and a hotanical werk in Latin, Novae Hollandiag Plantarwn Spee
mon (1804-6). Both are available at the Melbourne Public Library, the
“Voyage” in the English editioti of 1802 a6 well as the original French,

In the Latin work he regularly explains new generie names and gives
reasons far them, the Greek ruots used for most of the names being inter-
preted by Latin equivalents, but many of the words in both languages are
quite- familiar to us,

For the smaller aumber of names piven ortginally in the “Voyage” we
find his nieaning an the context, more o¢ less explicitly stated 14 narrative
form, As a few were rather puzzling, a study of his method of forming
names was undertaken with some-results of considerable interest.

1. It appears at ance that his names are mostly smocth-running words of
flieee or four or aeeasionally five syliables quite usable as vernaculars id
needed, even the longer onct presenting ne difficulty in praiunciation.

2. Mast of the names are formed from Greek words, usually of two gach
words cambined,

3. The characters vt the plant on which the names are based are well-
chosen features, A vame, of coterse, is tot a deseription, but a reminder of
some leading paint. '

4, The Greek roats are alta well-chosen with attention to somte fine dis-
tinctions of meaning.

5. Euphony is treated as important; hence the ordinary usages in forming
compound words are often not adhered to. Letters may be omitted, safteted
or even added to get a neat name. :

6. As a Frenchman he fas less.use for same groups of letters which we
use; fi. is nat different from t, and st; and especially sir, are much Jess

trequent in-French thaw in English, ‘ -

"7 Ow )

174 Tuomas S. Harr, Lobiltorditve's Plawt Nemes [V5 Se

The well-known Calptrix illustrates Is methad—Cai\r, or cp, used jn
its hotanical sense, and trick or ¢drix, a single hair or bristle explained as
Latin seta He could nat have well chosert a more suitable feature than this
bristle ot single hair on the end of the calyx lobes. The word calyx really
has a sccand & sound in the + and Irix js not exactly either Greek farm of
the word, but a short and euphonious form is attained. Calyc-a-thrix, used
by Mueller and earlier, 1s what would be called mare correct by usual
methods, tet ie is worth noting that Moeller stil calls it by Labillarchérc's
name,

But cowé in Comesperma is hair collectryely, hair of the head, referring
to the hairs on the seerl, and yet another is used in Atherosperma, ather
the beard of barley, or barbs of a spear, referring to thé pluniose awns of
the Truidets, He knows, of course, that these matured carpels are reatly
Frnittets but he acknawledjres 2 popular usage Wy inserting ‘'secds if they
wish",

Atherarpernia, owe Sassafras, 35 correct im form by usual fules, but the
namie is easy and WE need ait erudge the Ane plant a rather more striking
name than usual.

Lepidospernra, as it statds, is also formally correct, but he derives it from
the adjective fepaatin, vath scales, and drops the 4, Incidentally, this is
the most characteristic Ausiralian group of sedges, limited 19 Australia and
a few i the islands end south China, The other large sedge genera are of
wide distribution,

Of the earlier names in the "Voyage" some are easy enough from the
context,

°A fine plant of a new penus very distinct fram all that have been so
far described. It is an rid with two stamens. | have given jt because of
this singularity the name of Drplorrena, The affinity with the geius Morava
caused nie ta give it the name Diplarrhena areca” Cour Buttery Flag).

Again, “I soon found an evergreen tree of which the nut (amande) is after
the manner of the cashew mut situated on a fleshy stalk much larger than
itself. I have given for this reasan to this new penus the name of Ferocarfus”.
Exe outside, ca+pos fruit, This is the Wild Cherry ov Cherry Ballart. There
is na mystery ahout the nature of the fruit and fieshy stallr,

Ansgosanthus for the Kungaroo Paw is rather more dificult. The onequal
Iohés at the etd of the tubular perjanth aré mentioned, Bentham, wha rarely
explains names in the Flora Australicnsis, says detinitely axisas unequal
altered for Fuphony—no doubt ta avoid the repeated -. -

We may note that Labillardiére ireats these older names as adequately
explained as he does not cffer any further explanation in the "specimen.

We then come to Chorizema. which was actually the name which started
the search, A derivation irom chores a dance is piven as @ conjecture in
Curtis’ Botanical Magazine 1807, semia punishment being suggested for the
lai{er part—"as we suppose from the inconvenience its spinous leaves must
occasion to the nzked fnoted dattcers of that country’. Tho plant was 2
prickly-leaved species of this genus. This represents dictionary work with
the attendant dangers of the method and without duc reference to the narrs-
tive. The Greek has distinct letters for the short o and the long 2, and the
lang @ ts at the end of the alphabet well separated from the other and Hable
to overlooked.

The derivation from choros—a dance is given also by Ton [832 but the
latter part of the name allered to serui—a drink. On the previous day alter
some search they had found sable water in small amount, of no yse for
the ship's shoringe, but ample for their evening: meal. Next day, they found
many plants including chorizeme,2 pea with separate stamens. ‘The narrative
clearly fits chiMiso—I separate—and fhema—filament of the stamen, the %
elected for enphony and shortening the name. This treatment of the: name
is fully supported by Labillardiére’s Campywema, cuplicitly given in the

rH THosas S, Hast, Lodillerdive’s Plant Names 175

“epecimen” from Casepylas—curved, and peny—filament of the stamen, the !
~ belag dropped our. But choriscww also agrees with Labillardiére's use of
well-chosen features. The Podalyria section of the Pea Family has this
feature ai free filarnetits. Fodalyria itself, and a very Jew other genera, are
South African, there are a few in America but only one species of this set-
lion jn Europe. Three-quarters of this section are Australian including several
important genera and this plant was the first ef this group found by Labil-
lardiere. With most local observers following Bentham and Mueller the
group 1s very well known,

Murray's Dictionary gives Chorisema pronounced with the o long and
derived from Choriza. The difference in pranuticlation at once sorts out
the wacds rélated to Choros: ‘The correct derivation is not 4 fresh distovery.

As Mr. Robinson of Dutson remarked fn a former discussion, “It is a
good plait and a gond name." and it jis none the worse for knowing the
author’s ability in making good names.

NATURALISTS’ NOTEBOOK

[Reserved tor your notes, observations ond queries)

COOTS IN GIPFSLAND LAKES

During 1952 two major Noods—in June and December—occurred im the
river-system which flows into the Gippsland Lakes. As a result, the water’
of the lakes remained in a comparatively fresh condition over a. period af
from 8 to $ months, This’has been followed by the reappearance of extensive
weed-beds in parts of the lakes where marine growth has been absent for
many years past. ‘This change has, in tarn, brought to the lakes area count:
Tess numbers of Coots (Fuster atya), which obviously are finding in the weed-
beds an abuudanee of foot. Many Crested Grebes (Podiceps cristotus) have
also, at times, beet) observed. Although Coots have always been more or Ices
plentifn! in the Jagoons and morasses adjacent to the rivers, I have no pre
vious. record of their occurrence in siich numbers in the open Jakes.

These changes should be of particular interest to marine-biologists and
others who have ben appointed to investigate the effects of increasing salinity
in the waters of the Gippsiand Lakes in relation to changes im marine and
maryrnal growth, crosjon, ett. ‘

—Freo, ©, W, Barion,

CATERPILLAR CULPRITS
[Frony The Countryman, Vol, 42, Na. 2, 1950]

Gardeners already have no cause to Jove the Jatge cabbage white bulterfie
which swarnt aeross the continent each epring. It is their caterpillars, o
course, Which devour our green vegetables [ater in the year, Now it seems
that Toultry keepers, too, have a case against them, The Jatest “Report on
Aumial Health Services” (H.M.S.O., 1/6) records several outhreaks of a
disease of ducklings which produced a sudden high mortality, and they were
alj among birds that had had access to caterpillar-infested greens, In every
case investigated, the caterpillar of the large white butterAy was involved, and
its polsonous nature was confirmed by experimental feeding, Fawls are less
susceptible, bul, when next the cabbages are being eaten hy caterpillars. do
not risk ‘turnings poultry on to them,”

—Submitted by J, W, Raff.

174 Naturatists’ Notebook ee ty

BUTTERFLIES ON MUD

There’ is, ‘fortunately, 110 necessity to travel to elther Oxfordshire in
England, or Grosso in Brazil, to determine whether or not butterBies absorb
water irom damp ground, for Tinms's observation can be confirmed in Aws-
tralia. (See Pict, Nat. 70; 127—Nov. 1953.) |
*. During the war years, about 1941, 1 spent.a few weeks collecting in South
Australia. One day, in the vicinity of the Morialto Falls, in the hills near
Adelaide, [-was enchanted by myriads of the beautiful “Wanderer" butterfly,
Danaida. archippus. Fabr. The insects were so numeraug that the trees
appeared ta be draped with autumn’s russet fotiage, A blow on any trunk
would, however, cause the eruption of a most amazing cloud oj Tragiments
of gold-leaf fluttering against the dark rocky walls of the canyon, It is an
nforgettahle memory, |

The pupa 3s of the Joveliest shade of emerald-green, with a minute defeate
“wecklet” of gold beads, but just befors hatching, the pupal case becomes
purple. Ii was possihle to secure, without any great ¢ffort, pictures of every
stage of the life-history,—eggs, larvae, feeding, pupae merging, and adults.
No detail was hidden from the naturalist. Later, the photowraphs and the
story were published in W/alkabow magazine, The “Wild Cotton” plans
(Asclepies pliysocarpa) on which the green-striped larva feed, were growing
everywhere, and on every little pate damp vand washed down the tunnels
between the rocks, there were hundreds of “Wanderers” resting quietly as
they pressed the proboscis inte the moisture.

=Tanritos Raymer.

FESTIVAL OF THE PERSIAN PLUMS

Christmas is usually celebrated at Toorak, Victaria, by the carols of num-
eraus' hirds assembling at dawn for the annual ‘'Pestival of the Persian
Pluws”. Frat the earliest Hours of jie morting, the Girds arrive in flocks
10 shriek, tussle and quarrel as they feast on the dark-red fruits, until the
Jocal gentry are driven from bed und sleep. But this year, surprisinely
enough, there are no Iirds at ihe Festival of the Persian Plums, and the
owners of the gardens cansleep an undisturbed by ihe revelrles an the trees,
And the, reason? The hirds have departed io breakfast on the abundant
insect fife. It is evident that a meat diet is preferred to a vegetable menu.
When insects are as abundant as they were in December 1953, then the Fruit
ees are Newlected. The absence of the birds from this annual feast makes
one ponder: Haye they departed tram their usual haunts ta take a table at
the “Feast of the Grasshoppers" im our ravaged northern areas? Seagulls
once suddenty appeared like a miracle to cleatr up a locust invasion in Leah
(USA), which is bundreds of miles from the sea,

’

—lLyxittr Yours.

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN -

Sunday, January 1?—Botany Group Excursion to Sherbrooke Forest. Suh-
ject: Ferns, Take ether R48 ain or 853 am, Upper Ferntree Gully
train; then bus. to Kallista. Bring one meal,

Monday, February U {Australia Day)—Parlor coach excursion ta Larne.

_ Coach leayes Batman Avenue &45 a.m, returns 815 pam. Fare 18/+,
bookings with K, Atkins, Botanic Gardegs, South Yarra, SEL

Sunday, February 7—Geology group excursion to Grice’s Creek, Subject:
Fossils. Leaders: Frankston Field Natvuralists Club Take &45 a.m. or

8ST am. train’ to Frankston, then Mount Martha bus to Sunnyside
Road. Bring one nical,
—Kennety W. Arkrns, Excursion Secretary.

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 7o—No. 10 FEBRUARY 4, 1954 No. 342

PROCEEDINGS

At the General Meeting held at the Herbarium on Januasy 11,
1954, about one hundred members and friends were present. In
the absence of the President, the chair was taken by Mr. Sarovich,
Vice-President.

Mrs. E. A. Snow and Miss Beryl Mason were elected as
Ordinary Members, and Andrew W. Q. Vial as Junior Member

The Secretary read letters from the Bread and Cheese Club
asking for the assistance of the Club in putting the ahariginal
cemetery at Coranderrk in order, and from Mr. Ros Garnet and
Miss K, Thomas protesting against views expressed in a report
in the January Nafuralist on the Hall's Gap Wildflower Show.
All were referred to the Council for attention.

Tt being Members’ Night, several gave short addresses. Miss
Ina Watson showed some excellent Kodachrome slides of North
Queensland flora and fauna, taken during the recent R.A.O.U,
camp-out. Mr. Stan Colliver spoke of his work at the Brisbane
University, especially referring to a mural showing Australian
prehistoric animal and bird life. Mr. Paul Fisch showed some
8 mov, films taken at Lake Mountain and Cape Shanck. Mr. Noel
Lothian, of Adelaide Botanic Gardens, spoke of the suitability of
Adelaide for the growing of Australian native flora. Mr. Fred
Lewis showed specimens of the Gippsland giant earthworm’s. epg,
found three miles north of Warragul, which greatly extended the
kriown habitat of this creature. Mr, George Coglutl spoke of his
experiences at Mount Buffalo at Christivas time, Mr. Tarlcon
Rayment discussed a book he had read recently on aniimal
behaviour,

The Chairman asked if any members had comments to make on
the Rosebud foreshore probleni, and for volunteers to act on the
propased Youth Movements Committee, He also announced the
Witd Life and Flower Show at Hobart at the end of January.

The meeting was adjourned at 9.50 p.m. for the usual con-
Vversazione,

EXCURSION TO SEVILLE

The Club excursion to Seville, on November 29, 1953, was attended hy
about twenty persons, including six fromt the Butnley School of Horticulture
Wild Tife Club, As Seville Railway Station is in splendid bushland, it made
an excellent starting point for a naturalists’ ramble, Forty species of birds
were noted, and five of these were nesting. Wildflowers were plentiful, and
four species of Eucalyptus were scen as we passed,

—E, 5. Hanks,

178 Tie Viclorian. Naturalist Vai 7

CLUB EXCURSION TO BENDIGO WHIPSTICK

On August 30, 1953, twenty-Ave local naturalists accompanied the twelve
Melbourne Clut members on a visit to the environs of their city. At Huntly
North the Pathd Cuckoo and Grey-trowned Babbler were calling amongst
the rounded yellow masses of hakea and wattle, and the nest of a White-
fronted Chat was found in a serudby eassinia bush. The two blue grey
fledglings gaped their yellow mouths wide when the nest was Investigated,
and the plaintive “Nalig-tang" of the parents was heard nearby.

At the hinch piace, Grey Box and Red Ironbark tawered above thickets of
the Bull Mallee and Green Mallee and three species of Haney-myrtle. Besides
the pale-Apwered Spreading Acacia, there were two forms of Golden Wattle,
the first normal but the second a dense compact shrub with narrow phyllodcs,
Gold-dust Acacia formed low cluinps, Spoon Acacia displayed its red buds,
Shrubby Sheoke wore masses of scarlet flower-spikes and hushes of the
white-flowered Silky Hakea were scattered alout, Leafless Cirrant-bush
provided edible rather acid berries, and Ruddy Beardsheath showed an array
of hanging drupes along its wiry branches. Pore white flowers of the Climb-
ing Sundew nodded in the breeze, the dull red flowers of Rosy Heath-myrtle
trailed about, and a few Mowers of the Hiue Caladenia caused comment.

In partly cleared places Peach-heath glowed with red buds, and on a
nearby rise, the smoky fohage of Blue Mallee contrasted picturesquely with
the black teunks, red branches and xilvery foliage of the Ironbarks.

One Eenclign member observed one of the Gilbert Whistlers whieh, with
the Crested Rellbird, could he heard calling, Red Wattle-Birds uttered their
harsh notes and the Brown F lycatcher, Restless Flycatcher and the inevitable
White-winged Chotighs were seen here and there. Five species nf Haney-
eater yere seen, cach with its characteristic call—the scolding of the White-
naped species, the loud “chop-chop" of the Whilte-cared, the “'hoh-hol” of
the Fascous, the high-pitched notes of the Yellow-tufted, and Jinally the
mournful Aule-like call of the Tawny-crownes. Though typically coastal,
this last spectes has heen frequently observed in thy Bendigo Mallee area,

The party moved westward through stands of Grey Box and Yellow
Gum, and, afler inspecting stacks af Green Mallee at a crude evealyprus-still,
arrived at Flagstaff Hill. Here were green patches of Matted Bush-pea,
gunk flowers Small Crowea, the ashy-grey Mountain Grevillen, silvery
cluinps of Drooping Cassinia, and the rather uncommon Club-leat Phebalium
showing a few white flowers. Parties of Purple-backed Wrens ainl the
mouse-like Shy Ground-Wrens flitted about, Eastern White-faces mingled
with Yellow-tailed Thornbills, and a Fantaif Cuckoo trillet] mournfuliy from
a large shrub.

4 stop was made finally at the Eaglehawk Rifle Range, to inspect white-
blossomed Fairy Wax-flower, Smallteaf Wax-flawer, the mative-blue Shruh
Violet and the pink-spiked Sticky Boronia. Nerrow-leaf Logania grew nix
fect high and displayed its sweet white Aawers, and brown blooms of the
Leopard Orchid vhowed through the ground cover.

Thirty yearsogo, the late D, J. Paton remarked on the unusual abundance
of the Large Detder-laurel and the absence of Dranpiny Mistleter, [See
“Plants of the Whipstick Serub", ict. Not. February 1924] A watch
throughout the day |ndicated that this is still the case, for though the lornver
smothers square yards of vegetation, the latter is apparently absent.

’ —Kansurna W. Atwins.

NATURE NOTES AND EXHIBITS
Members yiving nature notes or showing exhibits at Club meetings arc
requested to supply the Exhibits Steward ar the Editer with lnef arritten
~ summaries for‘inelusion im the Naderatiys.

Feb. f . 7 A
1984 The (tctoriaw Neturalist 179

ORCHID MOTES FROM MORTH OF THE MURRAY
By the Rev. H. M, R, Ruer, Willoughby, N.S.W.

I. A NEW SPECIES OF CALADENTA FOR NEW SOUTH WALES
C. HOLMESTI, sp. nov,

Plants parva. gracillima, 10-17 cm, alta, Calis beactea taxa, filiformis.
Folium Jineare, usque ad 1} cm. longum. Flos solitarius, rubro-purpureus.
Scpala petalaquc fere aedualia, angustissima, circa 1 cm. longa, glandulosa.
Labelluny et coltinjita cum lineis transversis*pullissimis. Labelli lobi laterales
magni, integei; lobus intermedius: pallidus, frilobotas; Jobus centralig acumi-
natus, Vix reflexus; lob) laterales obtusissimi, ad apices. glanduloso-papillosi.
Disei calli in ordimibus duobus ad lobi intermedii hasem patentes. Columna
usgue dum labellum.

A small and very slender plant
10-17 am: high. Stem-bract fili-
form, loose. Leaf linear, up to 1)
em. fong, érect. Flower solitary.
tich reddish-purple. Sepals and
petals almost equal, very natrow,
glandular-papillose, about 1 cm
long, acute. Labellum and columti
traversed by very dark transverse
striae. Lateral lobes of labeilum
large, with entire margins, taid-
lohe pale, frilobaic, the central lobe
acuminate, scarcely teflexed, with
irregularly roughened margins, the
side Jobes very obtuse, with elatydu-
lar-papillose apices. Calli of the
disc yellowish, in two dense rows,
30 arranged as to give the impres-
sion of two double rows; extending
from the base of the. disc ta the
base of the mid-lobe, the anterior
and posterior calli longer than
those in between. Colunin as long
as the labellum.

This beautiful litth: archid was
at first suspected Lo be yet aother
variety of the polymorphic species
C. carnen R.Br. The character of
the Jabellum, however, is very dis-

Caladenia helnesii, sp. nov, nective, the mid-lobe itself heiig

(Deawuus hy Mrs. Joyce Telfer) ° colspictwnsly « three-Jobed. The

!. Plants, nacugal qize, ' discal calli also arrest attention,

2 Labeilum, enlarged, showing one tetera Although really only im two rows,

Inhe much refexed, they !can outwards and inwards

3. Labelltum greatly enlarged, to show the alternatively, giving the impression
character pf tho trilobate mid-lobe. that there are four rows.

wee New South Wales; August 1952 and September 1953; Icy. L.
oles, (

Mr. Holmes, who its att officer of the Forestry Department of N.S.W.,
states that the new species has been found growing only among the roots

\,

20 WOH R. Rupp, Orehid Notes from Novih of the Merrity bid a

and in the shade oi Lawbertia ‘formora, a shrub usually known as “Honey
Fiower". This habit makes its rich calouring the more remarkable, sinee
SpeciMens of Ca/adenia growing in shady places are generally pale. [¢ is not
commen, buc has been found in sufficient numbers 1a warrant its publication
az a mew species. Por the excellent illustration of the new species, which fs
named alter ats discoverer, [ am indebted te Mrs, Joyce Telfer, af Mosman,
N.S.W., who ras made a careful stidy of several spceimens.

If. NEW RECORDS

(a) The Rev, B. W, Lowery, S.J., whose investigations of our orchid
fora are not unknewh to Victorian orchidologists, has made some jnteresting
discoveries i the outer northern suburban bushlands near Sydney, In June
1953, ta. my surprise and pleasure, he sent in flowering specimens of Corvbes
undulatus from the Wakehurst Parkway on the eastern side of Middle
Harbour. It may be remembered that in 1928 I “re-diseovered® this ttle
Helmet Orchid at Bulahdelal after in had been lost to botanists for more
than 90 years. Subsequently it was found in southern Queensland; but until
the present year (1953) all efforts fo discover it anywhere in the Port
Jackson area met with no success. Another “find” of much interést, by the
pame observer, is that of Coladenia indesceus, which was collected in the
neighbourhood of Elanora Heights, beyond Narrabeen. Previously there was
na record af this species in New South Wales farther north than Yass,

(b) Mr. B, McCarthy, af Cessnock, has sent Aowers of an epiphyte which
he found on the Dividing Range in that area, upon which it is very dificult
to express a definite opinion, The plant, he says, bears considerable resem-
blance to Sarcochilus harteannii, The general aspect of the Aowers suggests
a Jarge farm af S. falcatus with narrow sepal2 and petals. But the labellurn
is not that of a Sarcochilus at all. The lateral lobes are rhoniboid; the mid-
lobe is acute, concave above, with 2 few tall calli; and there is no trace of a
labellar sac or "spur". If additional specimens can he found, it would appesr
that this plant belongs ta an undescribed geritas.

(ct) Dendrabinn elobotum. An this journal for January 1953, 1 described
this as 2 new species discovered hy My, Stantey St. Cloud in the mangrove
scrubs of Trinity Bay near Cairns, N.G. Mr. St. Cloud has the type plant
growing. Now A referetice to the illustration accompanying my description
will, T think, convince anyone acquainted with Queensland orchids that it
would he dificult to find a Dendrobium. with flowers more unlike those of
the well-lenown O- adifetim. Yet some months later Mr. St. Cloud sent a
raceme front ihe some Maz, the flawers of which were almost (but not quite)
typical D. qwedulatin| Now he has sent fowers from another raceme, end
these are nearly idéntical with the type Sowers, the only distinction of impor-
tance being that the Jabellum has ate narrow Jateral lobe. How fs this re-
markable dimorphism to he explained?

(d) Corvhas unguicufatus. Mr. H. Goldsack reports the discovery of this
apectes at Bridgewater in South Australia. Previously the only species known
in that State were C, diemenicur and C\ diletates,

(e) Attention may be drawn here to the description by Mr, Trevor Hunt,
in the Australion Orckid Review far September 1953, of the first, species of
the gequs Arowheodix (CR, vesisin Hunt) to be recorded {jt Axnstralia,
Tt is a tall terrestrial orchid, and occurs m the Weipa Mission area, Gulf of
Carpentaria. Bromherdia comprise: about a dowen. species, extending from
Burma through Malaya, Indonesia, ete, to Austrafia,

re The Vietorian. Naturalist 181

CRATERELLUS MULTIPLEX: Che. & Mass.
An Uncommon and Remarkable Funeus
By J. H. Wits, National Herbarium of Victoria

By comparison with. the multitudinous and frequently colourful species of
agarics and polyporoids, the family Thelephoracea has little to offer in the
way of elegant or attractive fungi—minst of them either form rather dingy
everlapsitg brackets of leathery texture or are variously effused as thin
crusts over dead wood (eg. Corkcivm and Aleurodiscus), True, there is
. the ternestrial Sterewnt efegans

Which Has rosette-lke clusters of
almost funnel-shaped sporophores,
beautifully zoned in cinnamon and
darker browns, while S, Airsutwen
and S$. fobatwu., brighten up drab
stumps and logs with tintings of
apricot, orange or ald-gold.

The genus Craterelfus ia a wel-
come departure in form and tex-
lure, embracing about 20 species
fram vurious parts of the world
By virtue of its. membranaceous
or almost fleshy context, and the
fact that its hymenigm is spread
orer more ar Jess. lineally ar-
ranged folds or wrinkles (some-
what resembling “gilis’}, a few
boranists, including Lloyd (1920),
Rea (1922) and Cleland (1934),
have placed Craterellus in the

_ Anericacea—a treatment which I
followed in the F.NUC.V. fungus
handbook, 1950; more recent
research, however, indicates une
doubted chelephoroid affinities.

Four species af Crateralfus have

been recorded for Australia, viz,

C_ cornucoploides (the “horn-ot-

plenty"), C. oderatus (syn. C.

conplugns), C, pusio (on mosses

wid very minute} and C. suults-
flex, The two first are trumpet-
shaped, all have heey reckoned ay
rare jplants, and only the tiny

Tasmanian C. pusta does noe

seen) to have been discovered in

Victoria.

There can hardly be a mote intriguing fungus than C. seufeiplee, with ite
superimposed leaf-dike pilei [yellow above, and pink beneath on the rugose
hymeniumn); but Polyporus superpositus Berk. (ranging from N.E. New
South Wales through New Guinea to Malaya) shares this unique feature of
tiered, unilateral pile: on a common stipe. 11 is not intended here to duplicste
the description given on page 60 of our Club's fuhgtis handbook, but a few
acditional facts about the plant may not be amiss—if only to stimulate
interest and encourage scarch for future specimens (at present all too few in
our herbaria).

182 J. H, Wrens, Crateretfus sultipioe ae ee

The original and type collection was made by Leonard Rodway on the
Derwent River, Tasmania, and described by Cooke and Massee in 1889.
No further specimens seem to bave been found anywhere, until Professor
J-_B, Cleland recorded an occurrence at Mt. Lofty, South’ Australia in
1924. Sinee then at least eleven other callections have been made, six of
them in and near the Dandenong Ranges, Vieloria {by Associate-Professor
Ethe) L Mel.enran and the writer). The latest appearance was near
Heacensfeld (Tas.), and ta Mr, T. E. Burns goes the honour of re-discaver-
ing ©. multiplex: in Tasmania—the accompanying sketch was drawn from
ane of lids Specimens. According to available data, the fruiting time extends
irom April to August, with an optimum during June (five collechons). Tr
is almost certain that occurrences will eventually be reported from New
South Wales—probably also from the ather two States and New Zealand.

As the spurophores dry out their hymenial colour remains almost un+
altered, us a lively pink (near “cupid pink’ of Maerz & Paul, Deettonary of
Colavr, 1930) and a pronounced odour develops —somewhat like chestnut
flour. Dried samples become exceedingly britthe with age. I find the spores
to be abundant, hyaline, globose, glabrous and about 4 mic, in diameter; but
T have tot examined the byphal structure. Here follows a list pf the eleyen
knawn collections, and a bibliography of references to C. oxenlttples =

TArManta
Derwent River (L, Redway, No GSH#—TYPR at Kew, duplicate in
Herb. Melbourne).
Supply River, S.E. of Beaconsfield (T, E, Byrns, Aug, 1953—Herb,
Melbourne & Viet. Dept. Agric).

Sour AUSTRALIA.
me rich base. of dead stump (J. B. Cleland, June 71924—Herb,

Vicrorta

Mt. Clay near Portland; dead falien branchwaod (C, Beauglehole &
P, E. Finck, June, 1953—Herb, Forest Products, C.5, & T.R,O.),

Bolwarrah, N.W. of Ballan; base of dead Bue. obligua (P. E. Fink,
July, 1933—Herb. Forest Products, C.S, & LR,G,),

Creswick; against ald dead stumps and grass tussocks—plant with 12
superimposed pilei (J. H, Willis, June, 1931).

Dandenong Ranges: Sherbrooke Forest (J, H, Willis, June, 1933; EB, f
MeLennan, June, $934—Herb. Melb, Univ.) ; Kallista (E. I. Mehen-
nan, Aug., 1924—Herh. Melb. Univ.; F, Packe, Apr, 1951) 7 Belgrave
(Naney Robinson July, 1947—Herb. Forest Products, C.S. & LIRO.)..

Cockatoo Creek (J. H, Willis, June, 1934—Herb. Meth. Uniy,),

Beacks Spey (Norm. Tamblin, July, 1947—Herb, Forest Products, CS.
& ILR.0.). ;

Bonang and. Goongerah, E. Gippsland; well-ratted logs (W, Misnter,
Aug., 1944—Herb, Melbouene),

REFERENCES

Cleland, J. B., 1924—Trais, Proc, Roy, Soe, 5. Anse 48: 251,
1934—Toadstools and Mushrooms etc..of S. Aust. 1: 174
Cooke, M. C., 1892—ondigek of iat, Pung: 178, T. 11 fig, 77

Cooke, M. C. & Massec, G,, 1889—Grevillea 18: 25 [Original diagnaate]
Cunningham, G. TH. 1953-—Prec. Linn. Soe. N.S 77) 288

Lloyd, C. 3, 1920--Mycological Notvs 62: 934, T. 2702-3

McAlpine, D., W9S—Syst. Areangeinent of Aust. Frigi 62-3

Saccardo, P, A,, 1891—Sylloge Fungorum 9; 220

Willis, J, Hy 1941—Wtclorion Fungt 60, To 1 fig. 2 (also 2nd ed, 1950),

CHANGES OF NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS

LIST 2

By C. E. Crrapwicx, Department of Agriculture, Sydney |

The following changes im nomenclature ot well-known insects are added to those in List 1
(Viet, Nat., Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 227-230). Abbreviations used are those of the World List
of Scientific Periodicals published in the years 1900-1950; Third Edition, 1952,

Present Name

ORTHOPTERA

Gryllins cammodus
(Walker).

HEMIPTERA

Austrousca (Austroasea)
terrae-reginae (Paoli)

Austroasca {Austroasce)
viridigrisea. (Paoli)

*

Synonyms

Gryllus commnadus Walker,
1869

Gryllus fuliginosus Serville
(nec Stall), 1839

Gryllus servillei Saussure,
1877

Empoascu terraé-reginde
Paoli, 1936

Empoasca inacilata Evatss,
4942

Empoasca. viridigrisea Paoli,
1936

Empaasca terrac-reginag
Evans, 1941

Authority, Remarks, ete,

Kirby, W, F. (21906). A+Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera,

II, (1), p. 34

' Chopard, L. (1951). A Revision of the Australian Grylloidea.

Ree, S. Aust. Mus., UX, (4), 397-533.
Common field cricket,

Lower, H. F. (1951). A Revision of Australian Species Pre-
viously Referred to the Gents Emponsca (Cicadellidar,
Haonoptera). Proc. Linn, Soc. NSW. LXXVI, (5-6),
190-221.

Lower, H. F. (1951). A Revision of the Australian Species
Previously Referred to the Genus Esipoasca (Cicadellidae,
Homaptera). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S, LXXVI, (5-6),
190-221. E. terrae-regitue was a misidentifcation ; the species
hot known outside Queensland, Suggested cotumon name,
the vegetable jassid.

“al

[ ¥S6L

ISIOAON MOLAO}ALA IY.)

fel

Present Name

HEMIPTERA (Contin.)
Orostus argentatis (Evans)

Unaspis ciiri (Comstocky

COLEOPTERA

Anthrenus flavipes
Le Conte, 1854

Heteronychus sanctae-
Aelenoe Blanchard

Synonyms

Thamnotettiix argéeutata
Evans, 1939

Chionaspis citri Comstock;
Chionaspis etronymi Comstock
(misidentification)}

Howardia citri (Comstock)

A, vorax Waterhouse, 1883

FH, aretar Burmeister, 1847
(nee Fabricius, 1775)

H. transvalensis Pering, 1901

Authority, Renrarks, etc.

Evans, J. W. (1939). Australan Leaf-Hoppers; Part 8.
Pap. Roy. Soc. Tasim., 1938, 1-18.

Evans, J. W. (1947). A Natural Classification of Leaf-
Hoppers (Jassoidea, Homoptera). Part 3. Jassidae. Trans,
R, Ent. Soc. Lowd., 98, (6), 15 July: 105-271.

Common brawn jassid.

Ferris, G. F. (1937). Atlas of the Scale Insects of North
America. SI-128, S{-129. “In the author's opinion the two
genera Prontaspis and Unaspis should be united, the latter
name having page precedence and therefore being adopted.”

For further synonymy see:

Fernald, Maria E. (1903). Catalogue of the Cocetdae of the
World.

White Jouse scale.

Barbet, H. 5S. (1951). Another name for the Furniture Carpet
Beetle. Coleapt, Bull, Tune, V, (3), 44-45.

Carpet beetle.
sida G. J. (1937). Coleopt. Cat. Berl, Pars. 156, Dynasiinae,
p. 31.

Britton, E. B. (1951). The Nomenclature of Heteronychus
sanctag-hélenae Blatichard (Coloeptera: Scarabagidae ;
Byaastinae). Proc. Linn. foc. N.S.AW., LAXVI, (3-4), 133-
134. “The continucd use of the name arater in Heteronychus
is inadmissible as it 3s a secondary homonym, The next
available name for the species, Aficteronychus sanctae~helenae,
Blanchard, 1853, is therefore valid.”

Black beetle,

Lad

OL ‘JOA ] SPMYIDAP? PMD SISK fo J4njpojanaiuo yy “MOIMOVH} “FD

QU “WIA

Present Name

Synonyms ; Authority, Remarks, etc,

COLEQPTERA (Contin.)

Laemophloeus mimutis
(Olivier, Cucujezs, 1791)

Stethorits zagans
(Blackburn)

Laemaophloeus pauper Sharp, | Steel, W. O., and Howe, R. W. (1952). A New Species of
1899 Laemophlaeus (Col.: Cieujidae) associated with stored
products. Proc. RK. Ent, Soe. Lond. (B), Vol. 21, 5-6, pp.

Scymaus vegans Blackburn, | Flat grain beetle.

1892
Stetharus vdgans (Rlackburn,| Kapur, A. P. (1948). On Old Warld Species of the Genus
1892), Weise, 1908 Stethorus Weise. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Bull. Ent.

Res,, 39, (2), 297-320.
Mite-eating ladybird.

HYMENOPTERA
Lissopunpla excelsa

(Casta)

Pimpla excelsa Costa (1862},| Parrott, A, W, (1952). New Zealand Irhnewnonidae, IL. Tribe
1864 Echthromorphim (Pimplinae). Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z., Vol.
Rhyssa semipunetata Kirby, 80, Pt. 2, pp. 155-170, 10 figs,, Sept. 1952.
1883

Lissopimpla semi punctate
(Kirby, 1883), Dalla Torre,
1901 ;

Xenopimpla semipunctate
. (Korby, 1883), Cameron,
1898

Lissopimpla actoguttata
Kriechbaumer, 1889
Lissopimpla 10-notata
Kriechbaumer, 1889
Lissopimpla haemorrhoidalis
Kriechhaumer, 1889
Lissopinmyple excelsa (Costa,
1862, 1854}, Schuiz, 1912

“GAT

SpHLYyIDAp pun spoasuy fo ddnwpIuswaN 'MOIMGYHD “AD [ FS6T

ser

Present Name Sytronymsa
HYMENGPTERA (Contin.)
Moerebia spp, Abispa spp,

Pteromalus vitripennis
Walker, 1836

Pleromatus ebnormis
Boheman, 1858

Nasontia brevicornis Ashmead,
1904

Mormoniella brevicoriis
Ashmead, 1904

Mormontella zitripennis
(Walk)

N. etelia ephippiatus

Paniscus eplippiatus Smith -
(Smith) 1876

Pamisens productus Hutton,
1904 '
Paniscus smithis Dalla Torre,
1901
Netelia productus Paniscus productus Brulle,
(Brulle) 1846
Paniscus foveaius Cameron,
1898
Platysectra onaiis Pterygophorus onalis Costa,
(Costa) 1864 :

Authority, Reciarks, ete. —

Meade-Waldo, G. (1914), Notes on the Hyntenoptera in the
Collection of the British Museum, with Descriptions of New
Species. V. Ane. Mag. Neat. Hist, (%), XIV, December,
pp. 450-464. On p. 461 states “Saussure wrongly sank his
gentis Monrerebia (1852) to Abispa (1838)."’

Edwards, R. L, (1952), The Precedence of the Generic Name
Moarmoniella Ashmead over that of Nasonia Ashmead (Hym.
Pteremalidae). Ent, Mon. Wag., Vol, LAXXVIII, (Fourth
Series, Vol. SII1), Fourth Series, No, 149, No, 1056, May,
Pp.

Mormontella (p. 316) has page priority over Nasonia (p. 317)
in Ashmead’s revision (Ashmead (1904), Classification of
pe Saad Flies. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, Vol. 1,
No. 4).

Sheep blow-fly parasite. '

Parrott, A, W. (1951), New Zealand [chnenmionidoe, Paper
No. 1, The Genus Wetelia Gray (Paniseus of Authors}
(Tryphonmac: Phytodiettti), Trans. Roy. See. NZ, Vol.
79, Pt. 2, pp. 286-293, pl. 40-43, Sept. 1951,

Parrott, A. W, (1951), Sce ahaye,

Benson, R. B, (1938), A Revision of the Genus Pterygophorus,
sensu fate, with the Description of Twa New Genera
(Hymenoptera, Symphyta), Anu. Mag, Net. Hist. (11), i,
(6); pp. 610-625, 12 tis.

Jronbark sawfiy.

981

Ob "OA ] SpuyIDAB? PUD SpITSH] fO PanpopIMIO I "MUIMOVHY “FD

‘VON. “FPEA.

Prescnt Name

HYMENOPTERA (Contin.)

Platysectra interruplus
(Klug)

Pseudoperya lewisti
(Westwood)

Sceliphron latetim
(Smith)

DIPTERA
Allermétaponia piubriceps
(Macquart)

LEPIDOPTERA

Psendaletia australis
(Franclemont, 1951)

Synonyms

Plerygophorus interruptus
Klug, 1814

Perga lewisit Westwood, 1864

Pelopacus lactus Smith, 1856
Seeliphron (Pelopoons) laetum

(Smith, 1856), Kohl, 1918

Metaponia rubriceps
Macquart, 1847

Chiramyza fulvicaput
Walker, 1856

Cryptoberis herbescens White,
1916

Cirphis unipuncta (Haworth,
1809), (misidentifcation) .

Authority, Remarks, ctc.

Berson, R. B. (1938). See above,

Cattle potsoning sawfly,

Benson, R. B. (1939). A Revision of the Australian Sawflies
of the Genus Peroa Leach, sens lat, (Hymenoptera, Sym-
phyta). Arist, Zool., Vol. 9, Pt. 3, pp. 324-357.

Pale brown sawfly.

Kromhein, K, V. (1949). The Actleate Hymenoptera of
Micronesia, I, Scolttdae, Mutillidae, Pompilidae and Sphe-
cidae. Proc, Hawati. Ent. Soc., XIU, (3), 367-410.

Miller, BD. (1950). Catalogue of the Diptera of the New
Zealand Sub-Region. Bull. No. 100, D.SR., N.Z., ps 72.

Franclemout, J. G. (1951). The Species of the Lewcania unt-

puncta Group with a Discussion of the Generic Segregates of

Leuconia in North America (Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae,
Headeninac). Proe. Ent. Soc. Wash, Vol. 53, No, 2, April
1951, PP, 57-85. The common army warm,

Poel
‘qa

[

Spina pun sporsuy fo aunyvzotdWee AY “MOIMAVHD “WD

Bt

188 The Wietorian Natwritrst Val, 70

THOUGHTS ON PLANTS COMMON TO AUSTRALIA
AMD NEW ZEALAND

By A. E, Brooxs

When Dr, C. 5 Stttars compiled Jus census of the Sandrincham Sands
flora (Pict. Nat, Val. 29, No, 6) he listed 460 species of which 120 are found
also in New Zealand. These latter, as well as including a proportion of
cosmopolitan plants, cover strch species a8 Grass Trigger-Plant (Stylidiumn
gromintfolum), Manuka Tea-trce (Leplospermunt scoporiton), and Soft
Tree Fern (Dickson antarctica), Ina recent lecture to the Club, Dr, R. T-
Patton referred ta plants of the Bogeng High Plains, which occur also in
New Zealand (Wirt Net, Vol. 69, No. 11). This effectively reminds us of
the strong affinities which the New Zealand flora has with that of Australia,

How is the occurrence of so many species common io the two countries
to be explained? Plant <ceds can he dispersed for considerable distances by
wind, water, or wnimals, including birds, but the types of plants under
consideration do not have seeds whieh can he conv by water, and lack
of a Jand éonnection and the absence of native animals in New Zealand rule
cut lant animals as a medium for carrying seeds.

Birds readily carry the seeds of succulent berries bot the plants we are
considering do pot have fruits of this kind. 1t should fot he overlooked
that birds may convey large numbers of seeds in mod attached mainly to
their feet, but other than sea birds and wading birds those conimen to Ans-
tralia and New Zealand are linvited to a few such as the Spotted Ow}, Sacred
Kingfisher, Shining Bronze-Cuckoo, Grey Fantail and Grey-backed Silvereye.
Tt does not seem likely that the solution hes in this direction.

While on a visit lo New Zealand a few years ago I found the show on
the Southert: Alps tinged with red—an effect credited to wed dust from the
arid areas of Australia, If dust can travel the intervening twelve hundred
miles between the two courtries ther at Idast the finest of secds could do
the same Is takes more than fifteen million seeds of some orchids to weigh
one ounce and among the common plants of Australia and New Zezland are
many orchids: Austral Lady's Tresses (Syrreanthes ausiralis), Red Beards
(Calochitus paludorus), Slender Sun-orchid (Thelynvira paneifiera), Veined
Sun-orchid (7. wettese), Dwarf Greenhood (Prerostyiis sana) and others.

Since the Karakatoa explosion of 1882, that island has grown. new vege-
tation, many of the plants having small seeds which could be wind-borne
This island is only about Alty miles from the nearest land trass; but the
Azores Islands have a Rora similar to that of Europe although they are about
wihe Hundred miles distant at the nearest point. We must conclude, then,
tiat wind-dispersal of some seeds between Australia and New Zealand siust
be considered a definite possibility.

The other way in which plant species may have travelled between Australia
and New Zealand, or to both countri¢s from a common source, is along 3
land mass which connected them, although tis inay not have been complete
at any ane time. Geologists do not believe that Australia and New Zealand
were ever connected by land, but the ratite birds of Australia {Emu and
Cassowary), New Zealand (Kiwi and the extinct Moa}, Africa (Ostrich),
and South America (Rhea) sugacst that there must have been somé con-
nection between all of these countries. There may have been imtervening
land masses which are now beneath the seas. ;

Ta support of the land-chain theory, it may be noted in passing thar certain
plants are common to South America, New Zealand and Anmctratia, ex.
Alpine Euphrasia (E. antarctica), White Wood-sorrel (O-ratiy aiovellanica),
and Alpine Fern (Blecknvm fenne-marine), whilst Powowle trattota is
common io Australia and South America, and other plants such as Lhe King

ho A. E. Brooks, Plants Common to Anstralia and NZ. 189

Fern (Tadea barbara) are common to Australia, New Zealand, and South
Africa.

It is submitted therefore that Australia and New Zealatid were once joined
by a fand-chain, not necessarily complete at any one (ime, and that it 15
possible that secds of some plants have hee wind-borne between the two
countries. ;

MEALY BUGS
By Tarttox RayvMEnt, F.B.2.5.

A closter,of galls. rather larger than the type, were collected by Mrs. D. 5.
Lewis at Tidal River, Victoria, on November 20, 1953. These galls were
zbrotoal erowths of yegetable tissue on trees of the genus Evculyplay, aut
since the cells grow in 2 disorganized matnet, such galls ar analogous with
the cancerous growths of the human body.

These strange developments. are brought about by a cooed, Aprontorphe
pileata Schrader, The msects are peculiar to Australia, where there are more
thati 40 species known to science. The galls of the males are much smaller
het snose of the females, and arc quite different i form, being somewhat
urntilee,

The differences between the sexes are arresting, the females being farze
‘and stout, and wingless, and the much smaller, slender males are endowed
with 2 pair of extretnely delicate wings. The female 1s about 16 mm, in
length, and 10 mm, broad at the widest part, and fs conspicugusly white, a
splendid opaque white which comes off readily as an inipalpable powder,
dusting with “snow” everything she touches, including the smooth immaculate
interior of the gzall—hence the vernacular name “Mcaly Bugs". They are
in the Family COCCIDAE, and Subfamily APLOMORPHINAE.

Varro Rarer

Expcanavion of TExt-Ficure
1, A cluster of female galls of Apiontorphu piledia Schrader.
2, Galls of the males.
3, Section of a female gall showing, the immaculate interior.
4. Ventral view of the female.

190 The Wietarian Naturalist Vol. 70

THE BLACKBIRD’S RIDDLE
By N. A. Wanerieto

In the early part of the spring of 1959, ao English Blackbird built a nest
in the garage at my home at Noble Park. The site chosen was right inside,
on a narrow Iedge against which were Iraning some fly-screens, these latter
being pustied ont almost to overbalancing during the building process. At
abet the time that the bird Iaid a clutch of three ergs, the screens were
removed and a smal) piece of three-ply tacked upto hold the nest firm in
their stead. This apparently oftentted the bird, for she thereupon deserted
the nest and ewes.

About six weeks later the bird was seen on the nest, and tmivestigation
shaweil that she had Jaid a second clutch of three eggs and was sitting on
all six. Having suttled down to the business of hatching, she remained
delerminediy on the nest even whet approached closely. She accepted cheese
and buttered bread readily fram the hand, eve on the farst occasion that
such was offered, and so was fed regularly. When 2 piece of fool was
dropped jnta the nest aitd Ashed out again, the bird simply stood up and
strangly pecked the intniling fingers.

Hatching time was awaited with na stnall interest, for there was the
question as {9 whether three or six chicks would emerge, However, tragedy
overtook the little home, and the answer remains uncertain. One morming
it was noted that the parent bird was not on the nest, and an examiation
revealed that there was a single lead chick tm it. A carcful search failed
to bring to light the slightest evidence as to what had happened to the rest
of the brood. However, the alsence of any sign of brokers: eges suggests
that all six did hatch; for would a predatory rat or cat completely Uispase af
three addled eggs?

The adule bird survived the disaster. Ttis readily recognized by its short
ragecd tail lacking mast of the normal long feathers. She is still quite
active about the garddon, and hag since heen seen gathering stringybark
from the woodheap for another nest. It in hoped that her persistence is
betier rewarded on this occasion, even though it will teat more raiders
on the strawherries and tomatacs,

But there stifl remains the orlginal question. Did the bird’s first three
eggs tetain thcic vitality during the several weeks’ acglect? Has any reader
a sttggestion ta make on the matter?

NATURALISTS’ NOTEBOOK

LReserved for your notes, observations and queries]

GERMINATION OF GREEN PEAS

T did not have to wait very long for new evidence on the germination of
fresh peas, T had hardly digested the note fn the Naturalise af Octoher 1953
when ny wile Brought in one of the peds che had Deen “shelling’ for dinner
The peas inside were plump, tender, and very greed, and from each af them
issued a long strong white radicl, Since the precocious seeds were stil?
enclosed irt the sappy pod, it is dificult to see just how they could haye sur-
vived the long delay hefore they finally reached the soil. It would appear
that the drying of seeds on the plant before they are shed to fall on the
ground is 2 universal law throughow the botanical world, and one that makes
jor the survival of the species.

. —Taritow Rayment,

Or Naturalists’ Notebook 391

BLUE-BILLED DUCK ON PHILLIP ISLAND

A bird observation perhaps worth noting is that of a pair of Blue-hilled
Ducks an the swamp bordering the squth side of the Cowes to Rhyll Road,
Phillip lsland. I stopped the car on the morning of December 22, and was
standing near it looking over the swamp, when these twa Ducks, the black
and chestnut male follawed clesely by a lighter, freckled mate, swam into
an open patch only twenty yards away. They did not dive as T watched them,
but swam directly across the open stretch to shelter. Identification could
not have been extder.

One point of interest about this observation ig that this Duck which Leach
mentions as having been “recorded from inland Victorja’’ was here on 3
swamp which could hardly have been nearer the coast, Tneidentally, Gould
knew it from coastal lagoons in Western Australia, and thought it was con-
fined to these. Sharland calls it "probably Tasmania's rarest wild Duck’. It
is potable, too, that this “shy and wary bird’ which “generally keeps — ,
well away froin the margins of lakes or swarnps” (Cayley) was here swine
wing only a few yards from a motor-raad, when even the Swans were shulk-
ing behind reeds in the centre of the swamp. It is not oftew that Nature yoes
out of her way thus te make things more convenient for the bitd-watcher.

—J. Laurte Provan,

SNOWY MINT BUSH

Although Snowy Mint Bush (Prostantherva vive) usually grows no
closer to Melbourne than the You Yangs or Bacchus Marsh there is a
good plant of this shrub growing artong manuka serub at Sandringham.

Has ihe seed been ¢arried from a garden plant by a bird or even by a
mouse, has sateone thrown away some pisces of a plant gathered tar
afield, or acagtered some seed, or could it have occurred naturally there?
It ig interesting to speculate.

When in Aower karge pieces are often broken fram this bush, but this
rough farm of proning serves only to make it grow more vigorously
and become morte shapely.

There is a blue flowered forny of the snowy mint bush (7. nivea indxta)
which has whitish stems and makes a good garden plant.

—A.E.B.

FARMING LADYBIROS
(Feonr Anmtere Gardening, London; Sept, 25, 1933)
Early in life gardeners are tanght to preserve and encourage TLadybirds,

because these small, spotted and pretty creatures feed on aphids. Frorn
encouraging to “farming” Jadybirds. is a far cry; nevertheless a man living
in Arizona is “farting them. He haa grown tired af the Jarge assortment
of insecticides and argues that if nature has. provided a mvans of control,
why not take full advantage of it. He estimates that each adult Jadybird
(lady bugs iit America) will consume about 45 pestiferous insects. every
day, and that they devour other pests besides greenfly, The good man's
name is Quick, and it appears that he has huilt up a quite good business
by selling ladybirds at eight dollars a gallon. and @ gallon contains about
135,000, He also gstimates that 20 gallons of ladybirds will control the
insect population on 100 acres af vegetables !

Submitted by J, W, Raff,

$92 Naturalists’ Notebook Vol, 70

“RAREST BRITISH WILDFLOWER”
(From The Yiures Weekly Review, July 30, 1953}

British botanists are rejoicing in the announcement that our varest wild.
flower, the spurred goral-rool orchid, Epipogium uphytiun, is new flowering
in a “southern English woorlland’. This find was reported in a letter to
The Tones last week by Mr. RA, Graham, of Middlesex. The exact locality
i$ known only ta a very small circle pledged to secrecy, No fewer than [2
examples have been found—a remarkable discovery, since in the plant's
Ienown history frere only Lb had been found hitherto, The first specimen was
found in 1854 by Mrs, W, Anderton Smith on the Herefordshire and Wor-
costershire borders a second, by another lady, in 1878, near Ludlow; a third
in the same place in 1892; and a fourth near Ross-on-Wye in 1910, Since
1923 another seven specimens have been discovered in beech woods in Oxford-
shire, the last sonle 20 years ago.

Tt is not only a very rare plant but also a very strange one. Waving ne
Zreen colouring matter, it cannot make its own food in thé usual way. It
is a saprophyte, existing for years and entirely underground as a whitish
ov brownish coral-hke mass, rootless aed absorbing nourishment only through
a fungus which infects it. A flower spike begins to form about 10 years after
the establishment of a new plant, and after am unknown lapse of years,
perhaps another 10, it rises, leafless, a few inches above the ground and
Produces. a typics) urehid, aboul half an inch across, with a pink hp and
Feliowish petals, Tt is rarely fertilized, It is believed that much continuces
tain is necessary for the coral root to flower; and to any butanist so rich
& crop as JF rast be ample compensation for a wet sanmer,

—Submitted by E. L, Forster.

PRAMRAN JUNIOR FIELD NATURALISTS CLUB

About 7) persons, including several members of the Senior Club, attended
tlie meeting of the Prahran juniors on December 15, 1953, It was antiounced
that at the February meeting there would be an electian of office-hearers for
1954, comprising a President, Secectary, and three others. Miss Ina Watson
was the speaker for the evening, and. with an exocllent series of Koda-
chrome slides, she took the Juniors on att educational tour to Afiee Springs.
Ayers Rack, Mount Olga and other Central Australian places of interest:
Several children spoke on their exhibits, and Mr. A. A. Baker showed a
series of economically impurtant Victorian minerals. ‘he meat meesing will
be held a1 the Prahran Children's Library, Greville Street, on February 16,
at 7.30 p.m, and members of the F.N.C.V. are invited to teke an active
interest in this mew Junior Chib-

; —WN. A, WaArrrreco.

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN

Saturday, February 20—Totany Croup excursion te Mr. DB Schubert's
plant norsery, Harristreld, where Me. Schubert will demonstrate methods
of propagatmg native plants, Take 1.33 p.m. Dandenong train, abght
at Neble Park, thea three-quarter mile walk, Bir, Brooks will meet
party at station.

Saturday, March 6—Geology Group excursion. Wetails at Group Meeting.
Group Fixtures:

Tilesday, March 2—Geology Group Meeting. Moet at Russell Strect entrance
of National Museum at 7.40 pm.

Kesseta W. Atkins, Excursian Secretary,

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. Fo—No. 11 MARCH 4, 1954 Ne. 843

PROCEEDINGS

M;. A, A. Raker presided over a meeting of about 150 members
and friends at the National Herbarium on February 8, 1954,

First, an Extraordinary General Meeting approved the applita-
tion for affiliation with the Club of the Ararat Field Naturalists
Club, which has 21 financial members.

At the opening of the General Meeting the President welcorned
_ several visitors, including two from England. Welcome was
extended to Mr. Gabriel, who is back with the Club after his recent
illness, andl to Dr, Geroe, who is back from England.

The deaths were announced of Mrs, Walter Hanks and Mr,
Semens, and those present stood in silence as a mark of respect.

Miss Midgley and Messrs. Houghton and Fink were elected as
Ordinary Members, and Mr. Addison as A cine Meniher,

The speaker for the evening, Mr. Ian Wallace, gave an interest-
ing talk on the subject of snakes and showed a very good film
including some close shots of their feeding habits,

The President atinounced the award of the Natural History
Medallion to Mr. Charles Barrett, Honorary Member of the
F.N,C.Y, and outstanding worker im Club affairs for many years.

(Nature notes and exhibits, 2s well as other reports, are to appear im April
Natnratist.J

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN

Sunday, March 21—Botany Group Excursion to Fishermen’s Bend. Take
M.M.T.B. bus, Garden City, via Port Melbourie, in Flimlers Street;
meet at terminus, 2 p.m.

Sunday, March 28—Yering Gorge, mine-mile walk. Subject; Geolouy.
Teader: Mr. W. Burston. Lake 9.10 ant: Healesville train from Flinders
Street} alight at Yarra Glen, Bring two meals,

Saturday, April J0—Geolngy Group Excursion to. Arthur's Seat. Leader:
Mr, A. Cobbett. Take 9.10 am. Frankston train (does not stop certain
stations), then bus ta Dromana, Bring two meals. Mares, total ensé
agproximately 12/-.

Group Fixtures:

Tuesday, April 6—Geology Grobp Meeting. Meet at Russell Street entrance
National Museum at 7.30 pan.

Native Plants Preservation Sacicty:

Wednesday, March 24—"Bushland lowers of Victoria”, a selection of Koda-
chrome slides, by Mr. J. H. Willis. School Hall, M.C.E.G.G_S . Anderson
Street, South Yarra, at 8 pm, Tickets 2/-, irom Miss Elder or Miss
Waddell,

Prahran Junior Club:

Tuesday, Maren 1G6—Mouthly Meeting in Children's Library, Greville Street,
Prahran, at 7.50 pny, Stibjeet for evening: Volcatoes. by Mr A A

Baker, 183

A

194 The Victorian Natseralist Val. 7)

EDITORIAL

The F N-C_V, Conncil acknowledges with gratitude the grant
made hy the M, A, Ingram Trust for the production of this issue
of the Victorinn Naturalist. The Trustees undertook to finance an
issue devuted to articles dealing with the origin, habics, food ar
life histories of Australian mammals,

The articles in the following pages picce together a story of the
disastrous tepercussions that civilization of this country has pro-
duced on the marsupial fauna of Victoria; but here ‘and there a
heartening note is struck by the stories of the halting, at icast
temporarily. of the tragic march to extinction. The story of the
origin of our Australian fauna is being campiled gradually hy the
palaeontologist and geologist from the fossil records which are.
preserved in the rocks.

The Council thanks those who have contributed articles, photo-
graphs and illustrations for this special issue,

AUSTRALIA’S BANDICOOTS
By Tasttran RarMenr, r.r.z.5,

Many Australians are surprised to Jearn that they have no atigimal eldim
to the name “Bandicoot”, for it hag been appropriated from the Telugu
longue, the language of the people of the eastern Deccan Plateay io India,
There it is applied to a large tat, Mus giganteus, which is hunted for food,
the title meaning, literally. “pig-rat’”

Tt would haye shown more character to have retained the melodious abori-
ginal names for ovr native animals, Are not “Urgile’, “Wilalya”, “Mar}"
and “Bilby” more euphanious than “Bandicoot"? Faced with the misnomer,
one appréciates better the exactness of scientific nornehelatdre, for by it we
know with which animals we are dealing.

The Bandicoot Family, PERAMELIDAE, is distinguished hy its members
having many incisor teeth (polyprotedant dentition) as in the carnivorous
marsupials, but also lwo oombined (syndactylows) toes as im herbivorous
groups, The whole family comprises seven genera, but only a small number
cd specics, about Afteen of which occur in Australia

Actually, the main toe of the foot of @ bandicoor ss nota super development
of the “big” toe. which is i fact almost absolete, but is the fourth toe, The
second and third toes are the senall conjoined anes which function as a single
unit Over 100 years ago, Sir Richard Owen observed that these syudactylous
toes were uw highly specialized structure functioning as a hair-cornh, far the
aitimals” furry coats usually harbour a number af small parasites.

The Bandicoot is, of caurse, a marsupial, for it poets a poatch or
marsupium, However, much more than that external feature is connoted hy

the term, for it involves some amaxing anatomical phenomena. To appreciate ~

this, ib is necessary to ¢onsider the reproductive anatomy of several animals.
In the case of the Echidna, there are two distinct tuhes, the uteri, which
remain distinct, and the eves may pass down either the tight or the leit,
with a trend to the greater use of the left one, Two ovaries are preaent an
insects, but a pigean far instance has only the left ovary, whilo the European
pisebtal inanimals have a distinctive bicornale uterus. The pouch ef the

chidna is small and rudimentary and the single ese is developed ihere, but
how it arrives there is ae yet an unsolved problem.

In the case of the Bandicoot, there are at first two ducts, yet, liter, two
enlargements of the uterus press together and actually rupture and then
almost fimmediately coalesce so as to form ane pseudo-uterys in whieh the

rae Tarutox Rayment) .fustralia's Bundicoots 198

einbrya is develaped, The temporary phenomenon has ta be repeated at each
pregnancy The pouch or marsupiam 1s well-developed, apening dawn and
backwards and conlauime eight mammae with tcats, from whieh the young
inatnimals draw their sustenance, Woed-Jones (1943) uses the definition.
"A wrarsupial is a mammal whose kindney ducts lie mesial to ity aviduees”)
for this amatomical structure governs ull the other phenarmena,

The Pig-footed Bandicoot, Chaeropus ecundaivs, is our sole species of its
menus, and itis 50 mamed because it has only two (oes fulty develaped on each
of its foreleet. This animal is brownish jn colour and the tail is melined to
be bushy on the apical half, Its habitat was origitally aver most of inland
Australia, but it is now quite rare.

The Rabbit Bandieoots are separated in the genus Macros, having very
large cars and tufted tails usually white-trped aitd conspicuous. The Whiite-
tailed Bandicuot, Af. Jeneura, of Central AusteaHa, is fawn-colcaired on the
back atid lias white limbs. “Urpile” is the aboriginal name for a darker race
of the species, found farther to the north. The commoner Rabbit Bandicoot,
M. fagotis, is the aboriginal “Bilby", and it once inhabited the southern half
of Australia; but it was. reported to be extinct in Victoria as early as 1866
It has long soft fur, fawn-toloured above and white beneath, The aborigines
like its sweet flesh and sought its bushy tail, too, for ornament and personal
decoration

The genus Perdmeles is distinguished by its members having very long
lapered snouts and large pointed cars. It inclodes the Striped or Barred
Randicoots, and to one of these, LP. wiyosnrn, ut south-westem Australia, the
alurigines apphed the name “Marl', The Easter Barred-Randicoot, ©. fas-
cuita, Trequerts the tafty grasslands of the westem plains af Victoria and
New Sotth Wales It has four stripes of darker Hear on the hindquarters
and jks fur is softer than that of ather eastern species. 2, geo of Tasmania
is greyish-brown ahove and yellowish-white beneath, the tail js sinall and
short end the fur softer. There is the “Little Marl", P. bougainville, of the
Shark Bay country of Western Australia; and in the “Camtre”, the Desert
Randicnot, CP. eremiante, ts keenly hunted by the aborigines. The secoml Vic-
tute Specs, the Long-nosed Bandicoot, P. nasa, is very large and is not

anded. -

Members of the geuns Jroodom are called “Shart-nosed Randicoots”, anrl
they have short rounded ears. The cammon species, J. obesnfts, 35 found
thronegbhour Australia and in ‘Tasmania, too, Several islands near the mainland
have their endemic forms; /. barrotweeneis comes from the Weat Australian
Farrow Islands, and Nuyts Archipelago off South Australia has 7. santicis,
Jn nurtherm Australia there are a further three species of the genus, a large
stout species, f. macroavus, with Coarse spinous hair and short eats, a second,
the Golden Bandicoot, /, durelis, of a rich goldea-browh eolour with a pen-
cilling of tlack, and also the Cape York species, J. perdnadac.

The sole representative of a fifth genous has been recorded front the extreme
north, Ibis rhwmtepera rafestens aistralis, a sub-species, separated by Dr-
Tate, af a New Guinea species,

In the early days of settlement, Bandieaats were exceedingly jieniifal ip
the densely wooded hills of Gippstand. Many of the small clearings were
devoted tothe cultivation of potatoes, which do sa well in the rich red volcanic
soils. The Bandicoot ts suid ta have added the tubers to its menu, hence the
saying, “bandicoot the potaloes”, bul Crosbie Morrison (1946) says he could
tol tempt his tame bandiconts to ext potatoes,

The Bandicoot’s omniverons het is indicated by its dentigion, with the
molars intermediate In stricture between the low-erewned ones of the imsecti-
vares sich as the Piemy Glider and the sharper ones pf the herbivores such
as the Kangarao, Bandicoots have been observed ta eat tiany kinds of roots
gad bolbs. fungi, small birds, eartirworms, seeds of many species, aid Insects
of several fanilics

195 Tarnrox Rayurwr, viistrerlia's Uondicaots Gee pe:

My first aoguainrance with the comma Short-nosed or Coast Baniicoot
was nj South Gippstaiid, when I picked bp a long slender grey foot. still
warn, which had been chopped off by the jaws of a tabbir trap, The ui-
fortunate animal had escaped, leaving the foot behind. The arcident provided
Ine with my irs} ooportunity lo study the adalomy of the syndactylous toes.

However, jn later years many bandicoats were to come into my hanes,
and at Black Reck sear my home, T ain able to study thei in their native
haunts, Here the Short-nosed species etill nanages to survive, lhough new
hoses are closmjr mn about the little amrals, and they must soon disappear
from that once pictuvesque aréa, whicte inight well lave been teseryed 2s a
sanctuary for the Bandicoot, and the unigue Sandnngham fora,

‘The animals are timid and shy, creeping furtively amongst the undergrawth,
so that the novice wotld at first mistake oe for a Jatwe rat ‘The nest» are
usually formed of leaves and etass, built up in a low dome-like structure
aver a shallow dcqpression fn the ground, often under a Coast Wattle or a
Black Sheoke. An entrance is provided at the side but the whole structure
is 50 heaunballey camouflaged as to easily escape the casual eve. The nest
rarely exceeds a Mot in dhanicter, and ig anly a trifle hislier than the level
of the ground, -

They comte ont to feed mastly at night-time, and when startled they make
2x soft emtting sound, but whether ur mot that imbcates fear has yet to be
deténmined. I) tay be just a matter o7 surprise, or even warning,

The Bandicoot breeds frequently in capitivity, though at somewhat irregu-
iar intervals. Up te four and fiye young have heen reported ata birth, though
twos the sta! auimber. Many naturalists have made pets of them, but if
confined too closely, they will Kill their yotng and fight ta the death amongst
themselves. So long a5 theie run is extensive, with 3 dense shelter nf shrubs
aud bushes, the atumals will do weld, for even in their wild state they seldom
wander far from their own particilar locality. When anised to heim handled,
they hecome very excited and have been known to inflict a serately witly the
jargest toe, or even a hite, an an oulstretclied hand.

Thoth mainly socturmal, T have seen therm foraging about at Black Rock
in liroad daylight. “Trey will cat toast amd biscuits and pick seraps of neat
from bones discarded from the table. There ie to doubt whatever about their
DTiverds appetite.

Bandicouts play ait unportant role in the life of the Australian abarigine,
for the animale are keenly hunted to provide a tasty meal. The cooking of
them is often of the simplest neture; after Letrig eicased in thick mud, the
Randicoot is placed ameang hot envhers, and roasted a fa casserale, When
judged toa he cooked, the caked mud is cracked off, carrying the fur with i;
the entire viscera being then removed from the interior as a hard lump to
be discarded. Sometinies the dead vam is simply roasted pyver an open fre,

‘The atiirmal also plays @ wot Insignificant yole m the while man's eccnomy,
although the little marsupial seldam receives credit far its good work, Bandi-
coats ext very larve oombers of destructive insects, and should be conserved
iy only because of that appetite. They are amongst the most harmless af
creatures. Surely we Australians should have enough prile in our vativye
land 10 protect these most imeresting marsupials.

REFERESCES

1. Brazenor, C, W— Mammals of Mictoria, Handienak J, National Museum

_ of Victoria

2 Mornson, Croslie—The Mystery of the Bandicaat's Toe, Five, Not
Ad; 8 (1944),

Lucas and Le Soenl—Anmiatls of Avstratiy, p. 44 (1909).

Ogilby, J—ahistratian Mommaty, South Aystralian Muse.
Troughton, 1. Je G—hurred Animate of ctustraiia.

Wood-Jonues, P—T'Ae Manonals of South Anstratu, Fis. 1-H 41925),
~ Habit oud Hertrage, p, 75 (3943),

MS unis

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 76 March, 1954

PLATE XN

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 70 March, 1954

Piatt X]

Characteristic pose of mother Koala ane cub.
In anether six weeks or se. the baby will be midependent of its mother.

RKawdas on French skand.
A group #athered in readiness for boxing up.

ais The Victoriat Nuturatist 197

THE REHABILITATION OF THE KOALA IN VICTORIA
By F. Lewis

Investigations which | have nade aver the pase forty years, clearly indicate
that an the early days of tis State komlas were exceedinaly nyierous, their
halietet extending from the Glenelg Valley in. the extreme west to Mallaronta
iu (he extreme east, Thev were also ahundane in many parts of the north-east,
notably so around Strathhogie, aid im Ue Goulburtt Valley, But Gippsland,
hath North and South, seens to have had the Jargest population, Alihough
tey were found all roond Western Port, it, would appear that nome was m-
digecnons te uny af the islandsan that bay French, Quail, and Philip Islands
—althouglt the food trees which they favour were in ercat abundance there,

Early residents of South Gippsland have jaformed mite that before the
afvent of the railway, which resulted in the opening up and clearing of the
country, most of the land was covered with heavy forest. Because of the
absence of fires there was little scrulr and one could easily ride through the
forest. The Manna Gum (Awcolyptes vindnalis) was very coreman on the
fiver fais and practically every tree contained ane or more kealas. But wath
the comming of the railway te Jand was thrown open for setilement, trees
were felled and the forests burned, with the resull that, ina few years, the
koalas had practically disappearcd fram that part of the taurttry.

Tu. other parts of the State, m the latter years of the toweteenth century,
quite a atumber of koalas were shor for the sake of thei skins There
localities Where oll residents have told me of rhis accurring are Strathhogie,
the hill eountry south vf Warrigal, and also the northern slopes ai the Strze-
fecki Range from Traralgon castwards. The skins brought from sixpence
to denpenec cach and were carerly sought. Doubtless there were imany other
ilistriees Where this Rind of thing went on, because the admunistration of the
flame laws in those days was excerdingly lax. Platypuses were killed for
theie fyrs, aud any animal wr bird good to eat or which the sewers vhooght
might be damaging their crops or grass was wantonly destroyed, It was
ainly fg this period that the Native Companion and the Hustarid) were so
preatly reduced in mumibers chat when edme laws were eventually enforced
it was too late to save ther.

Until the time of lcderation the ame laws af Victoria were admimsterer|
by the Department of Trade and Customs, There was, however, jo special
staff toedeul with game conservation, nor were there any gume wardens or
inspectors. After Federation, game law enforcement was handed over to the
Ports and Harbours ranch, frst of the Deparuneiit of Agncultufe, and
later of the Itubhe Works Department, then ultimately to the Chief Secre
tary’s Department. 11 seems a pity that it was ever removed from rhe Depart-
ment of Agriculture, which is 4 much better organization to deal with fauna
cotservalivnt than a department concerned with such things as the contral of
racing and Ure care of neglected children, prisoners, and atylims for the
mentally iL

The Ports and Harbours Branch had a miscellaneous lot of duties to per-
form, fauna protection being only one of them, but ultimately one permanent
inspector was appointel. Consideridg that he head to look attr athateur and
cammercial fisherses a5 well, it is not difficult ta realize how little time could
be deyoted to the fauna side: of the work. But in 1910 a big step forward was
made. A Parliamentary Royal Conmnission recommended that Fisheries and
Game be temoved trom Ports and Warbours and made a separate branch
with a staff of outside inspectors ta enforce the Jaw. The Government
apprared and the branch was set uy to administer Fisheries ani) Game from
July 1, 1910. Although the staff, both indoor and outdoor, was small, such
activities 4s shooting koalas for furs ceased entirely. Actually this had prarc-
tically come to an end some years previously, owing fo the increasiig scarcity
of these onimals-

4

1% —-F, Lawas, The Rehobilivotion of the Koala in Victoria [itt Nat

In the early 19M, when in Charge of the departmem, I becaine very con-
cerned at the state of affairs, Inquiries were instuted to determine where
aid in what swmbers koalas still existed. It appeared that they had gone
entirely fram western Victorta, die Goulborn Walley and the north-east, and
‘that only in a few plates {n Gtppsland did any remain.

* To ascertain phe exact position, TL jivestigated Gippsland tram Dandenang
to Yarram, all through the hill country of the Strzelecki Ranges where once
these animals lived in their thousands. Schools were visited and scholars
questioned as co low many had seou koalas; milk anid creat carters were
interviewed, in facr anyone who had a knowledge of the country was sovght,
The net result was that, although an odd few animals were faund, it was
definitely proved that only two small colonies existed, one near Yarram atid
the other becween Grantville aud Coyinella.

Investigation of the three islands ity Western Port was then undertaken.
As already stated, koalas were rot indjgenons to any of these. [t appears
that a few were first taken to Pnlip Island mt 1870 by a Mr. J F Ceth,
from the Bass River. Later, Mr. W. Kennon obtained some from Filaders,
and Mr, Graden some from Gippsland; but it was mat until maoy years Jater,
when Mr. W. Thompson of Cowes brought a good many fram Fretich Island,
that the population reéally begat 4a increase.

As regards French Island, some fishermen of Corinella informed ine Urat
they took the first konlas there in the 1880s, They did not incréase to uny
treat extent, heweyer, for many years, Koalas normally have only ane yours
ata bitth and they do not breed every year, 80 that increase is naturally slow,
Quai! tsland was first stacked in 1934

On all these islands, the koalas’ javourste trees-¢xisted im great sdmbers.
On French Island, it was mainly the Manna Gum (CE. uvredmotis) that was
eaten. OW Phillip Esland, the Manna Gum, the Swamp Guin CE, ovata) and
a iorm of the Blac Gum (2, bicastata) were all favoured, while on Quail
Island, Manna Gum, Swamp Gum and to a certain extent the Common
Pepperniit (&. ridiaia) were caten

Seeing that there was gbundant food on all these islands, it was considered
that with care and close prorectiat, sufficietst numbers of koalas emild be
built up from. whic to stock other suitable areas of the mainland. Philhp
Island is nowadays the only sonrce of supply, but French and Quail Islands
have beth been utilized in the past. But to get koalas from these two latter
boats wert reguired, and that added to the cost and imereased the lenuth of
dime the animals were on their journey,

Quai) Island, an area of Crown land of 3.000 neres, was nt cme time heavily
timbered, mostly with Manna Gum, and after Stocking m 1934 the aritals
did so well that io the autuenn of 1944 about 1,500 strong healthy animale
were transferred to other districts. Examination of Quail Island in subse-
quent years shower that it is badly infested with insect pests of many kinds
and the trees are now in a bad state, It might be worth considering burning
over \he whole of the island on some suitable day, with adeyuute safeguards,
to destroy the millions of pests winch afflict the trees thete. Such a fire would
bring to life the eucalypt seeds Jying in the ground, and in a jew years there
weld be @ luxuriant growth of healthy trees.

French Island is also af 16 further use as a soirce Of supply, principally
because the timber on the island has declined seriously in receit years, fue
to fires and insect infestation. Que has anly to look at French [stand fram
Tankerlon to see thousands of dead trees which af ove tlhe s\ipported a large
koala. population, While the anintals are still foond there, they are poy suih-
ciently wumeratis to justify the trouble and expense of going for a catsign-
ment.

Phillip Island, tow, is rapidly losing its timber, Large quantities are cut
for firewood, for drying the chicory which js so largely grown on the island,
and more lard is being cleared every year for cultivatini\, There are two

tee F, Lewis, The Rebebsttation af the Koala tu Mictoria 149

small reserves on the tsland, which are being planted with suitable food trees,
and I antenmate that in the tot very distant future these areas and the
stretches along the roadways will le the only timbered places on the island.
Té the peaple of Phillip stand realized what an attraction to tourists the
koalas are, they would in their own interests do something to piresetve the
trees, but the riumber of people interested'’in the matter is wueltlly few.

Aveas to be restocked were carefully chosen, A prime necessity was, of
course, @ bountiful supply of the natural food trecs. of the koala, which as
most people Inaw is a food faddist of the highest order. 1 have seen two
Manna Gums growing a close proximity on Phillip Islaiad, Wie leaves of ote
being eaten while the other tree wae left completely alone To ine, the leaves
were ilentical in growth, favour and texture, but the avimals detected some
difference which made the leaves of one.accentable and those of the other not.

Another essemtial factar in the chooce of sites for restocking was the rcla-
Hye safety from fire. Adthow@h some people blame huiting and shootiaig oF
disease fur the disappearance of the koala from the Victorian bush in the
Jast forty or fifty years, L am firmly convinced that the bushfire was more
than anything else responsible for this state of affairs. Each summer, Hf
spite ol every care on the part of Forestry alficials and others, dhousands of
acres of Our countryside are ravaged by fire Th much of this country koalas
once lived, sa while that gocs an it weld be foolish indeed to waste effort
in Liberating koalas in any locality wher there is 2 chance of them heing
Buriat oul.

Another factor in choosing 2 pite is lo have same facal organization which
will take sorte interest ig the welfare of the koalas and keep the department
advised as to Lhear progress.

Transer operations should be undertaken either in the spring or auluenn,
tlie latter for preference. The reason for this choice is that a baby kerala
is usually bor in March, being then only about half an anch tm leneth. It
spends about six months in the mother’s pouch, coming oue about September,
when at 15 weaned; but dt is still very much dependemt on its mother and
remams with Ger uutil about the end of the year. Sa if transfers ary made
in the spring itis possthle that mother and cub may become ¢eparated and
the haby lust. Aut in the autumn the young ones arc well able to look after
themselyes, It is very unwise to attempt transfer operations during the
suramer montis, as heavy Josses. may be uteurred owing to the heat and the
cConfnemedt in the hoxes

If possible, the whole aperation of catching, transter and liberation shauld
be completed in the one day. 1f this iy mot possible, the animals ate taken 10
soune cenural depot and givey a meal and a spell our of the boxes for the
mei, By these methods 2 consignment usually gets through m excellent
condition, and, over he years, the losses mm transit have been almost nil.

The methods eniplored to catch and transfer the koalas are now mere or
Jess standardized, The work involves the services of at least six mien, whilst
2 number of corn sacks and suitably prepared boxes, a trick, and sometimes
a beat, are required. Living in the trees as they do, the animals are nut easily
Pattght, ail some of us know th our cost that when interiered with they do
tot hesitate to use their tecth and strong sharp claws.

The men locate a suitable area of timbered cotratry were the ammals are
reasonably numerous. One man bas a long pole with a sirang but light rope
attached, at the end of which is a running noose. If the tree in which an
arimal is located if not tuo Digh, ip anay be possible to reach up, put the loop
rowid the koaln’s body, and by gently pulling persuade it to come down. If it
refuses, 4 tarpaulin is: held undee the tree by four men, and the animal is
puiled off she branch and caught as it falls, Tt as then lifted from the tarpaulin
and placed in a cornsack whieh is tied at the mouth and suilably ventilaved,
Tlis js Jett in a shady spot while others wre collected. They are then eon-

200 F, Lawns, The Rehabilitation of te Koala in Fictoria bis

veyed on the men's backs to be placed in the boxes on the truck on the road,
each with a good supply of gum-leares, and sa to thetr destination,

Onte ides sile that was stocked a iew vears ago jis Mount Alexander, a few
niles from Castlemaine, ITere is a mannifcent State forest of Several Whou-
sand acres ot Mawna Gum, reasonably sate ivom fire, awd with the Castlemaine
people very inferested in the project. There the koalas have done very well,
and sprewd over a lange tract of country.

This polity was ewnmenced in the early 1930s, all three islands in Western
Port being used as reservoirs, as circumstances warranted, for stocking ather
places; and some thousands of koalas haye now been transplunted hack te
safe homés where once they existed but from which they have heen absent
for may ears,

Prom ar estimated total population of alumut aD0 in 1925, they have now
iucreased ti many thausands ur this State and their future satety seems
assured. While Utis work was going on, the public was being educated ta 4
koala conservation consciousness, so that nowadays it 1s unlikely that snynne
would dream af destraying or even molesting one of these lovable line
creatures,

BOYHOOD MEMORIES OF THE MITCHELL RIVER FALINA
By H. R Wakerieco, Melbourne

Asx schoolboy 1 saw the deeliné or disappearsnce of anany native animals
tran the vicinity of the Mitchel] River near Tindmow, and, as the fates
of some of these happenings cad be fixed within a year or so, they may be
ef use as well as interest fa naturalists. Tit those days, oature study was not
fostered in schools, aid we had no reference books to supply information
abour what we suw. Ouv activities cicl not bring us into contact with qany
purely nocturnal animals, so that in those days U did mot see any of the
Glider LS for instance, though local folk oiten referred ta the “Rying
squirrels”

There is no doubt that, beiore the earliest settlers arvived, the greatest
concentration of native animals was <ibout the river flats themselves. Vor
this reason the aborigines also favoured these tracis, and the original settlers
often treated bath than and animal with the same ruthlessness, To one plate,
above Lindenow, a luge pit had been dug, and kangaroo drives were con-
ducted periodically. Senres at a time would be herded beuween long wing
fences, in the shape of a V, and forced to jump over a low harvicade at the
end—inta the pit, Traces of the trap could be seen until quite recently, though
the "need" for it disappeared perhaps sevenly years aga.

We went ta hve al “Horseshoe Bend" on the river Aats adjacent to Hrilsite
late in 1900 aed left there a little over a year Jater, At that time, boih black
and grey wallabies were on the more wtnder north sie of the river and
would often cross aver when the water was low, always on all fouls, to feel
fhe depth as they went, Tt was im about 1904 that T last knew of a wallahy
coming down to the river there. Lt was a stray autd had watdered through
about balf a mile of maize. However, though disappearing completely from
that part oF the flats, both kangaroos and wallabies persisted in large numbers:
on adjafent forested slapes.

The limestone bluft overlooking the river here was fairly leoteycomberd
with wombat burrows, and) these animals used to crost the river at night,
roll dowh several sets of maize each and zat a few cobs. As this performance
would be repeated vach oieht there was trouble with the Lariders, who foxnd
the raiders very dificult to deal with,

The flats were not all cleared at that time and there was plenty of shelter
for wild animals. Native Cats were particularly nuwierous, and liked dyer
eges and young chickens, They regularly raided our kitchen also, getting at
the Alour-hag ar any bread or such that they could Gnd. oI remember my
father taking me cack shouting with him, and we hid im tall reeds bordering

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol, 70 March, 1954

Pirate NIT

Looking round the new home on Quail [stand.

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol 70 Mareh, 1954

Prark NIT

Koalas at Mount Alexander near Castlemaine.
When frst liberated, they make for the nearest tree; then within a few
hours they spread out ta suitable foud trees.

arr H.R. Waneriein, Itemorier of the Mitchell River Fore 201

@ stall lagoon, Logs had been rolled ajite the lagoon (lorie elevating opera-
tions, and presenily dhe whole place seemed to become alive with Nalive
Cats, At least awenty could be seen at one time in the bright poontighy,
scampering and chasing op awd down the lugs and rustling through the reeds.

‘This was just owe toy camer af the “vac damaits, and stiows what their
Hundhers wst have becn, About a year Tater, probably in 7902, T vememper
seeing puc Native Cat on a manlight might, aml since then fave mor seen
aulsther in its wild state. I have since learned that this disappearance was
Widespread,

Late in 1901 we moved to Flagey Creek, on Ehe oppusite side of the fats
from Lindenow, and it was there and at that time that we cume by the most
interesting Jitthe animal that we ever had as a pet. Mg two brothers and T
were with our father, who was burlding a pig paddaek Cwith upright aplit
slabs) on 9 scrubby, partly foresied hill-side, We Ireard oir dow barking
as she chased something through the ferns, and presently a Rat-Kangaroo,
hard presser, passed quite close to us. The dog was almost upon ber when
she plucked a young one from her pouch and thew it away out of the path
of the dog. Tt rolled over and over and brooght up right at our feet and we
picked it up. Reliever! of hee burden the kangarna quickly lost the dog-
We Inare since wotidered how long she searched altérwards for her baby,

Tt soow learnt te take milk Tram a apoon and was tate almost from the
frst, As it grew upit became very fotid af becad soaked am milk and sugar,
and i¢ aso used to nibble at tender picces of geass and other vegetation, It
dil most of its cating am the kitchen, holding its food in both “hands” ond
conslandly hopping to the dooy to see where the dog was. They never made
friends, though it was quite cvident that the dog would not molest it, TY the
dog were near, it kept up an exested chattering, Its bed was o short length
pt a small bollaw log, lined with a possunl skin, alid kept in 4 corner of the
kitchen near the fireplace, After half a century one still remernbers with
affection this Jovable litle creature. F

We also made pets uf possums, both Silver-grey and Ringtail. The latter
could he obtained from ineir pests. in the willow Crees along the river, and
the Salyer-eeeys fram the pauches of their mothers which had heen trapped,
Rarely did one find either at just the right age; if too young, they could nat
survive without their sothars, aud if too old, they were not to be caught.
They made affectionate pets; too mach So at times, as they had a predilection
Jor wut oir, Lu their endeavours to scramble up to make themselves snug
on the tops of our heads, our faces were often scratched.

Fossum silaring was quilé an industey when we were at Flaggy Creek. I
have ofien visited trappers’ camps, to bring home ecarcases jor the pigs.
There was often a heap of Silver-greys piled three feet high fram one nights
catch. Within a few weirs they became so scatce along (ie Mitchell Vailey
that.it seenicd they would disappear in the path of setilement. This ras not
proved fo be the case, for the Silver-grey is mow ily many settled districts
and towns in very great punrbers. It has developed a taste for fruit and
cultivated shrubs, and so has become quite a pest in may places,

Only once did I see a Tiger Cat. Qur dog, % rather stocky oe With & pre-
dominance af Collic blond, Aushed it fram a half-rotted log cavered with
brambles, tall bracken and shrubs. ‘The battle was fierce, both cat aud due
siffering damage, but the cat escaped. This was on the side of the Oluli
overloaling the Hurseshoe Hend, and happened about two years after the
Misappearance of ike Native Cats.

T saw only (wo koalas durigg all the time T was iq ilat dtetiet, one a
1902, along the baek read te Bairnsdale, and the other in 1910, on Mount
Lookout, Being mainly nocturnal, bandicoots and tarsupial iiiee were
seldom seen, though the burrowilbgs of the former joditvted their “abundauce.
Finally, with tettion of the Echidna and the Platypus, | cau eanclude my
boyhood inemories of the marsupials pf the Mitchell River.

n

1G2 The Wictoriay Naturalist Vol 70

THE REDISCOVERY OF THE HOCK-WALLABY IN VICTORIA
By N.A Wanmeereu

Though maity marsupial groups have representatives in Tasniania or New
CGuimea, the Rock-Wallubies arc wholly Australian, being confined to the
mainland and & few al the small islands vlose to the coast. In Ellis Trenaghton's
populace look, Favred Ananale of Anstrate, eleven species are listed, ten be
longing ta the genus Pelregale and one, a imuch smaller animal, to Perador-
cas. Tt is with the oqeurrentce in Victaria of the Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby,
Petrogute peniciffata, that this article is concersiedl.

This species is stated to have ranged ay far notth as the Liverpool Ranges
in New South Wales, while in Victoria it was formerly sbuudain i the
ruyeed mountain country of north-castera Gippsland, particularly jn the parts
oVverlodking the Snowy River and aboue its western trifutaries, the Buchan,
Murrindal, Little and Suggan Buggan Rivers. ids reported to have lived in
the vicinity of Omeo, near Livingstene Creck and at Mount Tainbo, hut
further records to fix the limits of ite occurrence in Victoria are not forth-
coming,

As with many other marsupials, our Rack-Wallaby declined rapidly i
iumbers fram about Aity years ago, until finally, by about 1916, it was
fevaried a6 extincl in Vieluria, nal only by zuologisis but by the local resi-
denis who were fatniliar with Hs original haunts, This was the state of
affairs for just aver twenty years until, in abont 1937 ar 1938, it was seeil
avain iy two of the present country members of the Field Natoraliews Club
of Victoria, Mi, Keith Rogers, of “Rockbank', Wulgultnerang, and Mr.
Clyde Sykes, of "Karinya’, Gclantipy.

In a letter dated September 2, 1953, Mr. Rowers gives the following accouné
of his experiences With the annnals: “When we came (o live at Black Moun-
taia I waz a child of seven, that being in February 1903. We used 10 go for
rambles round the cliffe on Mount Hamiltat, and the Rack-Wallahies were
extremely oomercas, Any cracks aud ledges or small caverns were worn
smooth and shining by the wallabies that lived tn them. Being fearless antl
also iiost inquisitive, they would bound ante the highest cocks and Jook down
on us As I hecame alder and rambled further, there always seemed to be
these littl wallabies wherever there were cliffs, along the whole Sugean
Buggan devide. Just about then, and perhays for andther year or two, great
numbers were shot for their skins. [ have been told that, ove winter, a party
shot 1,200 in Suggan Buggan.

“My first ride ta the Snewy River, at MekKellat’s Crossing, was in about
1905 or 1906, when tiny father tank 9 horse to exchange at the ferry with
je then ogeupier ot Tubhur. With us was Jolin Flynn (later af Inland
ame), who was a student in the Presbyterian Church. He was an excellent
photographer, and L remember Mr, Flynn taking photegraphs af the Rock-
Wallabies that swarined on the high cliffs about ‘Tangham's Bloff ou tie old
Toad—-that is, on the first pyrt of the cutting on the fall tor the Snowy.

“They being so commen, atid we so accustomed to seemg them, I camiot
say just when they began to became scares, Also; being a child at that time,
I would not know how widely they were distriluted beyond. this district.
However, they were most nurmerous on the Suggen BRugean and Snowy falls,
wherever there are cliffs, and that ts almost everywhere! T ani tofd tat they
were numerous about Murrindal and Buchan, too, They preferred the sweer
country cuch as Where the box grows. They would run ap the box trees 19
feel, and also the kurrajong, of whiely they were very fond

“Prom what 1 cin semetiber ii Would appear that the wallabies began to
declijte in wumbers very rapidly frat ahaut 1906 ar 1907, and well before
the frst war they had practically disappeared, Tt is generally (honght amongst
the locals that shooting réduced the numbers, but that the fooreg really Iecillee

— N. A. Waxeriewp, Rediscovery of Rock-i/dllaby in Victoria 203
them out, as with many other auinials. In 1915, when riding all our moun-
taina when musteting, the otly places where I saw Rock-Wallabies were
on the Buchan-River wi a gorge ahout ten miles west of here and at the
Lighthouse on the Suggan Buggan River. They were the last 1 saw aity-
where until I saw thos¢ at the Wallaby Rocks some fifteen or sixteen years
ago,

“Unfortunately, fT cannot be sure of the exact year or date of this find. On
that occasion I was boundary riding the fence of the eastern paddock, when,
to my amazement, I saw a Rock-Wallaby jump onto a rock and peer down
just as they always used to. Shortly
after this [ mentioned the fact to
Clyde Sykes and he saw them when
up after dingoes, and through that
channel the Museum heard of the

€ fined.
4 “Last year 1 went and searched
R. the Lighthouse for wallaby tracks,
Range , but there are none there now.”

Mi. Kamattons P Mr. Sykes has a very sound
aye fhowledge of the native animals
and their haunts, through experi-
ence during the execution of hes
one-time dutics in connection witl
the trapping of dingoes over the
Snowy River country with which
we are concerned, He reports chat,
on learning from Mr. Rogers that
# Rock-Wallaby had been seen, he
examined the area and observed
several of the animals At one
stage there were four in sight,
moving ubout and at times play-
fully caffing each other, On becont-
ing aware of the intruder, these
gave the usual warning thumps and

quietly slipped into cover.

The area of this original dis-
cavery came to be known as the
“Wallaby Rocks”. They are at an
elevation of about 2,800 feer.—a
steep scrub-covered outcrop just
below the top of the scarp of the
Wulgulmerang Plateau, The aspect
is North-easterly and a fine pano-
raniic view ts obtained across the
valley of the Suggan Buggan River
which is five miles away and 2,000
(eet below. The rocks are granilic
and extend about a mile to a great
bare crag known as the Hanging
Rock. My, Rogers later examined
the outcrop and found indications
of the wallabies being here and
there over the whole extent of it.

x

‘
a

‘
1
'
‘

'
‘

‘

aos'y yepwisnn

Locality Plan: The three known
eoloties of Rock-Wallahies are
jiicated and wumbered

Mr. Sykes recounts that, on the
occasion pF one Visit to the Wallaby
Rocks by Museum personnel, be

24 N. A Wakecnenn, Reditrouery of Rock-tallaby in Mietona [Vi Na

worked throug the area well below the woper part, and observed allogether
ahout twelve of the Rock-Wallabies as they moved down the slope away
roi) the Ingler rocks. Cina specimen was shot, and officrally identified hy
Mr, C. W, Brazenor, mammalogist at the National Musevot af Victoria,
who published a bricf record of the jnawter itp October, 1947, (Afetn. Net,
Mus, Pte, No 15, pe. ;

Ou January 30, foag, Mr- Roget's ad his son tole the presesity writer ta
the Wallaby Rocks, Tt was towards evening and the slope was in deep
shadow, The area was approached alone tle boundary fenes. and the con-
spicuous rock, where the original avimal had heen seen, was examiied first
The members of the party maved down and spent some time lying quietly on
a huge cock Jewer dawn, and from time to tinie teased stones into the serub
dowh the slope jn an endeavour to excite the normal curiosity of the fittle
wnimals and bring them out to be viewed Just when these efforts were
Heemed fruitless and it was decided to return, a fine specimen was seen calinh
gazing dow tipo the gacty [rom the top of the original tock abant fifty
fect away, Tt remained in full view for a cansiderable time until a move was
mare rawards it, Then it slipped silently aver the edge and disappeared, but
was Hushed ont again later at very close quarters.

The Brush-tailed Roek-Wallaby i¢ stoekily built, the general colour is a2
rather dark reddish-hcown merging to black on the feet, tatl and sides of the
face. [Fis a handsome animal, large as Kock-Wallahtes go aid the name ol
rhe species refers ta the foug hair which clothes the full length of its
tail.

To Mr. W. B. Hiteheock, ornitholagist of the National Museum, belongs
the credit of discovering another colony of Rock-Wallabies, about five
miles to the north of the Wallaby Rocks, below the chasm cut by Stradbroke
Creek as it comes over the escarpment of the plaéau belore falling steeply to
the Suggan Buggan River. Mr, Hitchcock tells how, a July by, 1953, Ire
made his way Irom Snuggan Buggun to Mount Stradhroke, wader whiels this
conspicuous chasm has been cul. While negotiating the rather tricky descent
of the cliffs a few chains to the cast of the lower end of the gorge, he rounded
a point of rocks and came upon three Rock-Wallabics on a weather large broad
rock-ledge. Two of them immediately disappeared amongst the neighbouriiz
scrubcovered rocks, but the third remained a while before giving Ele usual
“thump, themp’ and fullowing the others. Te was evident that the aninials
had spent some time scuffing about at this spot. The observer commented
particularly an the abtlity oF the sizahle animals to niave quile wiselessly
tivoueh the rocks and serub.

The writer paid a visit to the same spot on January 21, 1954, to make
further abservations. Before working round the mountainside to the gorge,
two other rock outcrops were examined some distance te the south-cast, and
at cach of these there were indications of the recent presence of Rock-
Wallabies. 14 had heen an extremely hot day, but thunderstorins developed
in the afteritoon and some time was spent sheltering from the (gia, so the
gorge Was ceached tod late for a thorough exploration. Hawever there was
abundant evidence that it was the strongpuint of whatever wallabies there
were jn the aeca. A fleeting glimpse was obtained of one as it disappeared
over the-elge of its look-out rock, and a little stalking was rewarded by a
Surther sighting of the same animal. [t was ona racley slope, and after givin
w triple “thump, thuenp, dhunip. it slipped off in the usnal noiseless fasdinn
through the dense scrub,

The divide here between the Suggan Rugean add tle Little River is kuawn
is Rocky Mange. It is of the same granitic formation a3 the Wallaky Rovks,
and where the wallahies occtit Is on the more broken sciub-vuvered OULC Fass
rather than the higher cliffs and precipices.

As segards the Rock-Wallabies which were found formerly along the Mut-

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 70 March, 1954

Piatt XLV

“4

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 7A) Mareh, 1954

PLaTE NW

Clase-up of seme of the Wallaby Roeks.

Tt was on the tup of the pinnacte on the right that Mr. Keith Rogers
saw the Rock-Walloby in about 1937 or 1938,

TITLE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 70 March, 1954

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 70 March, 1954

Piare SVT

bs
=
i

SUrVIVE

Rock-Wal

rene WN. A, WAREBIELD, Reabyorvery of Rock Wallaby in Pictorta 205

rindal River, another country member of the FNACV, Mr. Leo Hodge, of
"Poorjnda”, W Tree, made the followmg observations in a Jether dated
September |, 1955:

“Ing this locality there ased te be Rock-Wallabies jn all cliffs of any sive
yb del abot 1914, bet from then on their ncwabers became fess cach year
ait they finally disappeared about 1917-38 T think the rabbit, which m-
creased to plague proportions about that (ime, was the main cause, av grass
was probably the wallabics’ tain food, although T remember that they used
to cal Pomsderris and Corres too.

"Just (o watch the wallabies Ikan, we would frighten thom oul of their
homes in the rocks with loug sticks, itnd sometimes there would be three or
four in ane place. 1t was usual to see thent jump forty feet or more dayil
the side of a chill, touch a jutting point of rock, and turn to the side even at
right-angles,

“Tp until 191-11 the Koala was quite numerous, but it disappeared m
about 1916, much the same as did the Rock-Wallaby."

On August 31. 1952, there canve to light evidence that the Brusl-taled
Rock-Wallaby still survived also in this southem) extremity mf its former
range. This discovery was made in the Snowy River gorge east of Butchers
Ridge, and just twenty miles m a direct linc from the Wallaby Rocks above
Suggan Bugpat. On this occasion, Mr. Hodge and the weiter were cngapged
on a botanical exploration of this extremely joteresting area.

To reach this particular gorge one takes a motor vehicle as Gir as the
“Tulloch Ard" homestead, and then proveeds on foot down the very steep
Spurs to the Stiowy. Lt is best Lo sttike the river above Une main forge and
then work downstrean. rather than attempt to negotiate the more broken
approaches lateral to the gorge.

Though no animal was seen, their droppings, which could not be mistaken
for those of any other local animal, were seen here and there on the almost
inaccessible ledges and pianacles where omly a Rock-Wallaby woul! yenture,
Furthermore, three perfect s¢ts- of. prints, also unmistakable, were dour
where one of the animals had crossed a moist patch of sand left amongss the
racks by a reunt flock!

Rock-Wallabies have broad pads on the soles of their feet, ihe whole lengl
of which, {rom toe to heel, is applied flat to the surface upon which they leap,
in the case of the common Swamp Wallaby atid Brush Wallaby (known
locally as the “Black” and Red" respectively) ome dinds the deep prints of
their large tees, for the heels (back-bending “kknecs") are held well clear
of ihe ground as they leap along.

The writer made a second excursion inte the same locality on January 20,
1954, again with Mr. Hodge, aud a bivouac was made overnight. This timo,
about a mile of the extremely rugged terrain was examined along the west
bank of the iver, both low dewn and on the precipitous slopes several hundred
feet above. There were abundant indications that the Rock-Wallables fre-
guented the whole of the area explored, thenngh the oldness of the evidence fn
most places stitpested that a comparatively small ntmber of attimals ranped
widely aver it, apparently according to food supply, Native grasses and other
rush-hke plants were observed to be cropped closely, particularly i ihe
crevices of the rock outcrops.

The wallabies habitually come down onto the sands of the river bank,
thoagl apparently not to drink, and in one place a wallaby hae investigated a
“cave” beneath one of the numerous huge boulders lying about. It is lwterest-
ing to note that there were fo prints to indi¢ate that the front paws lat been
put to the ground, though the cave rouf was so low that the walléby must
have hacl to almost creep along. Uowever, it had progressed by ments ol a
strics bE very short leaps, with the long benshy tail dragging alone. This
feature ig probably wniversal with the Roek-Wallabies, providing an inserest-

\

206 N A Waxertenn, Redétcovery a} Rock-¥allaby iw Piclorio Ewa one

ing contrast to the well-known method by which the large wallabies .and
kangaroos progress When Moyne Alojg lowly, supporting themselves by the
tail and fure-paws while the hind limbs are moved forward, The tail of «
Rack-Wallaby is not strong enough ta be used in this feshion.

The overnight stay was for the purpose of observing the wallables thein-
selves, for tt was conaidered that tate evening and early moriing would aford
the best opportunity of so doing But, though the cliffs near and far were
examimod from time co time with binoculars, none wis seen. This was prob-
ably due tothe very hor mid-summer weather, when the wallabies. would be
in the coolest and deepest caves aid crevices. However, there had heen
achivity among them «uring the night, for sets of tracks were observed on
January 21 on one large sand-hank which had been bare the day before. This
was well upstream, und chservations had showed that under the buge walls «
mile to the south others bad been moving about very recently too.

Towards the northern end of the habitat of this colony there is a large
caye, the mouth of which can be scen plainly from a mile away. Examination
proved it to be a favourite roosting-place of the wallabies, two spots jn it
being wort! smooth and shunays by constant contact with iter pads and furry
bodies. From each of these places there was a cleat view af the only
negotiable approaches ta the cave, 30 they must have been chosen for the
sake of sazety. Pron the cave one obtained ‘also a fine panoramic vigw over
the whole oi the section of the river gorge and the cliffs which provide a
hone jor this group of wallabies,

Except where the river has. cut through to rather beautiful dark-hlue
Ordiviciar sedimentary rock, (he cliffs aid gorges along this section of che
Snowy River are porphyry. In roost places progress is difficult amongat the
broken rock masses whilst here and there walls, some hundreds of feet in
light, rise sheer froin the water of the river. Even the agile Rock-Wallabies
are unable to negotiate such places, and tracks are found where they make
their way to higher terrain away from the river to avoid them,

Here the Snowy slips through the gorges at only about 100 feet abave sea-
Jevef, but ina little over a mile either side the country rises to ahour 2,000
feet. The nature of the place may be gauged from the fact that large stacks
of flood debris were found on cliff-ledges a hundred feet above the river,
and twenty feet higher up there were some Red Gum trees whieh must have
grown from steds deposited there by a much higher Anod matiy years
ago, -

Such Is ihe type of cauntry to which the Brush-tailed Rock-Wallahy Ihas
vetreated before the advance of mal aad his alien fauna, We wow know of
three Victorian Jocalities, in cach of which a little community of a dozen
ur Yo of these wallabies lee, and further searching will surely bring to light
fore sich places, peoneiny abont the uppér Buchan River and the lower
reaches of the Tittle River, [t seems that the animals have adjusted their
numhers ta the food supply which is available to them in plates safe from
their natural and introduced enemues, and thac the possibility af bush-fires,
ino Ferce ta he avoided, is now the only threat to their survival.

Nule-—While the feregaing account wae it press, it was learned from
Mr C E Bryant, of the R-A.O.U,, thar tn 1925 lie saw a nuiber of Rack-
Wallabies at the foot of the Snowy Bluff by the Moroka River not jar from
{ts coufluence With the Wantangatea. Some were seen towards evening, and
later, bathe moomight, quite a number were seiiteling about on the rock ledges,

Tins report not only extends the ariginal known range of the animals in
Victoria’ lue prevides also a record of their gecurrence at a tinte teveral
years ater they were thought to have disappeared. It would be interesting to
Joiowsif the Rock: Wallaloes still survive along the Moroka River after the
lapse lif over thirty years.

‘

/

March]

LOGg. > The Victorian Nivturalist ~ 207

A WORD FOR THE DINGO
By Lug Wence, W Tree

As Lam a sheep-owner, it may seem rather odd that I should give the
Dingo any houour, but experience and abseryation of it over a fumber bf
years have taught me the injustice of condestiniug all because of a guilty few.
However, i015 evedited with being Australia’s most desituctive and cruel
animal, mainly in connection with the killing of sheep abd Sometimes calves,
They are proclaimed vermin and there is a bounty for theit skins. In spite
of this [ telieve that something bike five per cent only may be sheep killers.

Although domeste dogs are kept more or less under control. there have
been, according tu my experience ju Uiis distriet, more sheep killed by them
than by dingoes. Were such dogs as our Border Collies given the same
privileges ay dingnes, that is, to inhabit the bush or to be left unesntrolled,
fam certain that sheep-killing would reach alarnwiig proportions.

Some of our best shecp dogs of to-day are said to have otiginated through
crossing with the Dingo, but nething has been done to domesticate and
train the latter to be at some use. About thirty years aga T saw a dingo with
a few sheep il was keeping logether in a smafl flock, just as our sheep dogs
do. There were no sheep being killed at the ome nor for at least twelve
months afterwards ‘

This incident Jed me to understand why the strongest and healthiest sheep
are the victims when killers are at work. Shecp, if kept together by a dog
and wot permitted te travel in any direction, will finally breale away, the
s(rongest making the first rush, Soa dingo, after rounding the sheep together.
attacks and kills the frst to break from the group.

Wallabies are their natural prey, and wher hitting in a pack, the dingoes
always go against the wind, Some travel along a gully or creek while the
others are scattered on cither side, The wallabics, when disturbed, Hee down-
hill and are killed by the dogs waiting below. The ald females are bese at
the Jatter task. Dingoes seldom “run” their prey.

Bach dingo jack, consisting alsually of male, female, and young up to
tighteen months or two years of age, seems to keep to its own ates. 1 have
noticed thas. by trapping one pack aut, then having to shift the traps to an-
other locality to cately @ second lot, and this may be only six or cight miles
~ away, a very short distance for a dog.

The pups, net being cunning, are caught first, and sometimes it is ciphteen
jrionths: before tte two old dags are caught. Over the years L have trapped
several such packs, and in no case did the ald female show siwns of havine
another Jitter of pups before tie previous fot were able to fend for them-
selves. This meatis that, at least in this locality, individual dingoes do not
bree each year, for pups twelve months eld would not he alile to catch and
kill wallabies.

Whether dingoes male for life I do not know, but I have noticed that the
male remains with dhe fenvale until their young are able (a care for them-
sclves, so tf is quite dikely that they do. These breesing cycles and the pack
life seerm necessary far the sirvival of the species,

Dingoes never bark, but sf caught in a trap and while trying to escape they
give a constant Jitte “yap". Vo wart the pack of danger a dingo gives
cre Tong low howl], and eo call ahother ir ysvally utters three high-pitched
OWIS.

Dingoes never irot as other dogs do, but to increase their pace fram a walle
they break into a lope, This was a feature of one of my best sheep days,
for its site had been a dinge.

IL edtiht the Dingo as one of our native Australians, and if they become
extinct we shall lose a unique and beautiful animal.

208 ~ The Vietorton Notsreliy Vol, 70

THE SQUIRREL GLIDER
Evy Davut Freay, West Burleigh, Queensland

li can be claimed without much fear of contradiction (hat the prettiest
fares, the saitcst fur and the sharpest tecth and claws df all Australian tree
climbers beldig to Chase vivacrous lite Glider-Posstims whlel are cormmaiily
inistalled "“Aving squirsele”. Neither is there veal exaggeration in the state-
neat that these exquisitely pretty creatures represent 2 high development in
the Phalangerid family, for father Ghder-Possum, in the genes Setaurtws
at least, is unlike most other marsupial males in actually assisting a the care
of lis offspring.

Rarely seen on account of its strictly nocturnal habits the Squire] Glider,
Petourus nerfatrensts, is the middling-sized memher of the group ranging
from Victoria, where it i Tare, to regions nacth of Cardwell in Queensluid.

Tlere at West Burleigh, some ten miles aver the New South Wales border
in sunny Queensland's South Coast area, the charming, clean-furred Squirrel
Glider is our commonest tree maminal. Ibis much at home i our bushlands
of Forest Red-cum, Spotted Gun, iranbarks, box (Tristanio) and blood wood.
Ad night in Lhe spot-light beam when L shoot Aying foxes (used as food items
fo. Our reserve) 7] have to be most careful to differentiate hetween the eye
reflection of the big fruit Lats ard those of the pink-nused gliders skipping
from branch to branch in the Moreton Bay Figs, Only a few nights agu as
we approached the garage one lively fellow skimmed the cay windscreen to
"land" and gaze alertly from a handy tree trimk.
| During Governor Phillip’s vavare to Botany Bay in 1789, this glider was
rollected, described, and illustrated, bul owing to some confusion of notes
made at the time concerning the Colonics of Port Jackson amd Norfolk
Teland the name uorfelcensis was mistaleily attached to the Squirrel Glider.
Tlowever, as the garliest valid specifie name it mist remain.

John Gould, tte famous bird mat who ato made excellent observations
on Australian mammals, noted that the aborigines appreciated the Squirrel
Glider a5 a food item and also disposed of the skins to the colonists, who used
them for the trimming of dresses or for making fur necklets. Gould found
the animals in bush adjoming the open grassy areas of the country rather
than in tle densely forested coastal ranges,

Owing to its more limited distribution the species is, generally speaking,
not so well known as the smaller and yery similar Sugar Glider. Apart frant
being nearly twice the size the- Squirrel Glider is distinguished from the
Sugar Glider by a longer and more pointed face, lengthier and narrower ears
and a characteristically bushier tal. he longer fHufier and more squirrel-
like tail has given. this glider His name, though naturally none af the volplan-
jig marsupials ever Holds its tdil ih the true squirrel manner.

"The overall Jength of the Squirrel Glider is about twenty inches, with a
tail fornang some eleven inches of this measurement. The colour is a soft
pede grey ahd the fer is fine and slightly woolly, A well defieed, almost
black dorsal band runs from hetween the dark liquid eves, over the head and
dawn the back te the rump. Lhe upper surface of the gliding membrane has
a darker border (ringed with white or yellow, while the uider surtace is white
suffused with delicate yellow. Add the Ulack patches ar car hases, the delicate
pink nose, pink-soled feet, mnquisitive disposition, plus extremely active mouve-
ments, and yoo have a Peture of the delightiul Squircel Glider, one of the
gems of Australia’s marsupial fauna,

Volplaning by means of an cxtension of the body skin fram the fifth finger
along the flanks ta the ankles, the active creature fas solved its dranspert
difficulties and is able to swoop fitty or sixty yards at a time from tree top
to tree Look. So, with a iainimun of lime and energy, it travels considerable
distannes from its cosy leaf nest im a secure hollow tu find flowering trees

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 70 Mareh, 1954

Piatt XVII

Mather Squirrel Glider with ten-week-old) twins greedily devours a
lmgicorn beetle larva held in her forepaws. The fringe of the gliding
membrane running from the fifth digit of the forepaw i> plainly seen.

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Val. 70 March,

Prati XEN

mane Davyip Freay, The Souityet Gader 209

ard suitable bettles and grubs, Remember that the Squirrel Glider is not a
leaf cater, Fhe most delectable morsels with whach we can supply then are
the creamy cancertina-like larvae (“Witchely Grubs”) of langicorw beetles,
aml (here is no question as to the enjoyment as ane of the furry larrikins sits
op In trie sqinirrel Fashion to devoor the unfortumare grub held tightly ja
hath jore-paws. ‘Uhey are also partial to moths, beetles, crictects, karyditls,
cicaias and grasshoppers. If necessary they will also tackle small birds aid
mice. During 4 winter petiud some years ago, when insect Dood rad mat
boon reality available, we were astounded when, in spite of an ample supply
of bread and milk, sweet jam and strips of Jatty meat, our Squirrel Glidere
jnade a nocturnal attack upon a hall-grown guinea fowl which lived iw the
same lug cage, The small marsupials used their teeth to such geod effect that
oue of ihe unfortunate’ bird's wings was stripped of feathers and a good deal
of fiesh! Small birds are eaten so readily that I think there is title dowlbe
that during colder mouths these gliders prey oncasionally up sleeping honey-
eaters and oiler sinall birds af the treetops.

A large part of the diet is, however, blassom nectar, sap licked from .snvall
hranches pierced or stripped by the long sharp incisors, Sweet exudations
from trecs and sugary extracts fram berries and other [ruits.

For all its vivacity, (he Squirsel Glider is pot as voral as either the Greater
Glider, Schoinobates wolans, or the Fluffy Glider, Petauras dustralts, twa
much larger species whose prolonged pureling shrieks: dawing yolplaning
netivits até So auch a nocturnal feature of castern Australian Wushlands.

‘The smaller glider nevertheless makes up {or suth shortcomings by ils
extraordinary capability mn the matter of “swearing and cursing”! TH bandied
against its will, or when engaged in family squabbles, it immediately breaks
out into loud, droning, “self-starter” cursing—I can think of no imare aps
description—accompaniod as often as.not by an agonizing series ob bites.

Never plunge your hand with fingers extenderd into the nesting hollows of
one of these pliders. The tapered, warrow lower incisors measure half an
inch im length and contact with them does not pay. | have known males of
this species to fight so savagely m a tree that they have fallen at my feer,
So enyrossed were they in their private "hate" that [have been able to pick
up the furry spitfircs, emly to hecome the motnediate and suffer target of
two pairs of sharp lower teeth at ore!

As ane would expect in a larger animal the droming “self-starter” notes
of auger ate decidedly deeper and more throaty than those cf the smaller
Supar Glider, Another point of intercst is that, though the Squirrel Glider
is ta all intents and purposes a larger edition of the “Sugar species, it
apparently lacks the little fellow’s curious and distinctive habit of uttering
repeated terrier-like yaps or-shnill grants of puzclement of flervolstiess, Tt
is noteworthy that the two species Teadily Interbreed in captivity.*

Gur own Squirrel Gliders at West Burleigh have built a large and ecom-
foriable cup-shaped nest of gum leaves i an old box, eaclt leaf of the rim
being stacked neatly an edge

They live in family groups of five or six or more, bul the nest does moe
exude the rank unpleasant odour characteristic of the Sugar Glider groups.
Shoald a strange Squirrel Glider stray into the vicinity of an established
home it is Hable to receive a most hostile reception.

Owls sharing the squirrel Glider’s habitat are obviong matural enemies,
though evidently not 2 serious menace to the alert marsupials, The Masked,
Sosty, Powerful and Barking Owls are those chiefly concerned. Far more

4 Emphasisicie tlie petenal closeness of the two inimat4, C. HH. Tate wrste: "We
have also a spetimen from 340 miles wost of Toausville, which differs very sfiehtly Irom
P. breviceps longiwundutns ite the direction oF ‘norfolcrnss’. lt is slightly larger than
fopprcawdutis anil the base of the tail is fuller; 75 mm. of its tip is white. But it is nut
nearly 6o Jarpe as morfolrémic cor is its Be nredined ao (n that opecies”” [Mareanls of
Cape York Pominstla, Kesalte of the Archbold Expedifions, No, 66 J

210 Davin Freay, The Squirret Gider eae

serious aré the depredations of the common cat, hoth feral and “attached”,
and as in the case of Sugar Gliders the discovery of the thick furry tails
discatded by the efficient and ruthless ieline are all too common evidence of
glider destruction in Queensland.

fn the warin and equable climate of this Queensland region thete appears
to he no recognized scason for tho appearance of the two young in the pouch.
In fact aue female which reared owins four manths ago already has another
set af twilis at the powth-leaving steme The gestation period is only abou
three weeks and the little ones at birth are mote active and practically twice
the size af embryo native cats (daysures) a¢a similar stage. Otherwise there
is little difference between them.

Developing at a comparatively rapid pace, the pink infants show a cavering
o€ short fur when slimest twa months old Very soon after that, thoueh still
in the blind stage, they become too large to he contained in the pouch, and
simply cuddle up to the parents in the leafy nest. While father glider ts out
Aittme hither and yon in the starlight, mother stays baby-sitting, and vice
versa, There is a definite sharing of lzbour here in the care of the offspring,
When separated even momentarily from the parents, haby Squirrel Gliders
utter Slow repeated cries of both a throaty and sibilant hature. The taother
auitnal is not slow to respond, often braviruy the disliked daylight to enable
a distressed “joey” to grip her fur once more

‘The babies” eyes open soon after they leaye che pouch (at ten weeks) and
subsequent growth is quite raprd. At four, months they are at their loveliest
—fresh, slim and with ihe pinkest of noses and soles. They then beria to rely
on their awn resources though still remaining menibers of the family,

Note-—Examples of Petaurns norfofeenms trom the southern: extent of its
ranged, are diseuguished by an extremely bushy taik base as well ag by denser
conis in general,

FPetaurns norfoleensis gracilis De Vis, 1883, recorded from Cardwell,
Qvéensiand, is a large and differently riarked animal. Onginally described
by De Vis as a distinct species, it is nowadays regarded as a northern race

NOTES ON NATIVE CATS
By F. J, Bucktano, Mallacoota

Before inoving ta Mallacoota, the writer's family owned a grazing property
near Delegate, in the southern Momaro district of New South Wales, and
Y remember the Native Cats which at that time were very abundant in the
area. It is a very long time aga, shortly atrer the turn of the century, but,
as I recall it, nearly every large heap af racks and 2 great many hollow logs
near our home, each had its quota of them.

They Frequeuth raided the poultry yard at night An yproar among the
fowls was ihe tignal to rush,outside with as much mouse as possible and
release the dogs. The intruder usually took refuge in the nearest briar bush
where il was safe, arid the family would then be kept awake by the barking
of the dogs as they tried ta reach thei¢ enemy. One night my mother saved
an ald hen by her timely intervention with 2 stick. The Native Cat had its
victiin by the Jeg and had almost succeeded in dragging her into a briar,
where she would undoubtedly have been set upon by other cats and quickly
despatched.

As a sinall boy, | was a never-ending source of interest to me te see the
Nasive Cats sitting on the "pack fences", sunning themselves af a marning
atter @ frost. These fences. like the cats, are oow things of the past on
Monaro. They were built by the Chinanien, who piled up fogs of variqus
lengths and sizes to form sheep-pronf barriers, Most of the logs were hollow
and i them the cats lived jn comfort and security. As ane drave along the

eri FT. Boexianu, Notes on Native Cats 211

road fo Delegate in the warm morning sunshine, the animals would remain
on top until the hugty was fairly clase, then disappear down into the hollow
logs.

When we left Monaro and settled at Mallacoota, there were still a great
many Native Cats up there, but I helieve some kind of disease wiped them
neht out I did not ever see a Jive Native Cat m the Mallacpota district, but
I did see two dead ones. The first was an wbout 391f), atid the circumstance
was a real bush tragedy, A Delicate Gwl had flown into the top strand of
a fence, and one oi the barbs had penetrated its throat A Native Cat had
apparently jumped up aiter the owl, aud it had met the same fate. There
they were, both dead, the cat hooked by the throat, too, to the second wire,
apd hanging about a foot below the owl

The second Native Cat I saw at Mallacoota had been poisoned; this was
quite recently, in 1940. It was a fie specimen, a male, perhaps somewhat
larger than the anes I remember from Monaro, though the markings were
tiuch the same.

In 1945 T was in Wester) Australia, and during an expedition into the
Sand Plains near Jurien Bay we came across = large cave. [1 was in lime
stone formation, about a hundred feet in width and with the acch about
forty fect above the entrance. Incidentally, ihere were three bee-Wives tn the
crevices.

The fine sand af the floor at the entrance of the care was covered wath
attimal tracks. There was a freshly killed and partly eaten pademelon lying
ati the ground, and, an seeing MH, I imimediarcly suspected foxes. Bul a careful
search failed to reveal any fox tracks amongst those an the dry sand, There
was also the dried-out hairless hacly of a hall-crown Native Cat at the cave
entrance, and there is very little doubt Unat the dozens of tracks in the sand
jiad been made by the same animals,

There was a colony of them, and they lived away back under the cave walls
which caine dowt to within a» foct af the feor. The pademelon was vert
small and had evidently been killed by the cats somewhere close at hand
during the previous night and dragged to where 1 saw it.

When searching about for hanes and animal tracks, T was amazed to dis-
cover half-a-dozen smal) fish ying in 4 teat heap. They rcsembled pilchards
and were about Ave inches long, Clase examination showed that they were
drietl-out empty shells, still retaining all their scales and the original shape,
_ They had apparently been there for some time.

This cave Was at least four miles from the sea, ard ane is left wondering
that the fish were carried so far across country and Je{t, aneaten, in the
Native Cats’ den.

(Note —The Mallacoot= Native Cats would probably be the Eastern species,
Dasyvens quail, which survives in a very few Victorian loealities, including
Studley Park, Melbournc. Those on the Monaro Plains may have been the
Western Native Cat, Dasyuriuns geoffron. The Jurien Bay area is within
the range of the West Australian race of the latter, 0. geefroi? fortis, Bath
the Eastem and the Western Native Cats are parttal to Ash,

In Furred Aninale of Ansteolia, Elis Troughton reeords the southern
Dama Pademelon as besng represented in the south-west of the continent by
a race, Thylogale exgenit. derbiana, known there as the Tammar; while a
smaller species, Sefonix brachyuriss, the Quokka or Short-talled Padernelan,
is listed tom, Both species are stated 10 extend on the mainland as far north
as Moore River, so Mr, Buckland's record from near Jurien Bay [ys very
‘interesting. The small size of the specimen he saw suggests that it might br
the latter species, which i not much larger than a big tabbit—Epiror.]

212 The Vielorias Natwralin Vol. 70

EXTINCT GIANT KANGAROO FROM THE NEPEAN. PENINSULA,
VICTORIA

By Eosrgnn D, Girr*

The Nepean Peninsula consists inainiy of anciem!| dunes turned to stone,
for ahere was formerly a biz dune system right xcross what is now the mouth
af Part Phillip Tay, The lines of dumes ran freon Oneetisetitt across to Rase-
hud and from Point Lonsttale across ta Portsea, and Jodeed this is why Port
Phillip has so warrow ahd so shallow an éntraice, The dies turned qo stone
conaritute a bay bar (Keble 1950);

Text-figure 17> Location of tossil kangaroo on Nepean Pemmsula.

The sand of these aucient dunes was nol quartz sond hut. calcareous sand
formed by the Fraemetitatiow of the skeletons af innumeruble marine animals
—the shells of molluscs and foram, the hatd parts of polyzoa, the Jramewurk
af echinoderms, and the tests ai many ather arganisms, Some of the calcium
earbonate from this dime ¢and was dissolved by percolating waters and te-
deposited as a cement, fhus turning louse sand inta solid rock, Because the
sand was built tnio dunes by the wind, this rock is often called wenlianite
(after Aeolus, the ged of the winds), but those who prefer a descriptive to
& genetic jaime Call it caledzenzte (literally lime-sand-rock),

Erosion and soil formation reduced the former hilly dunes toa Aat or un-
Holating surface on Which yet anather series of dunes was built, so that now we
have hutdreda of [eet of lintestone (ae proved by the Surtenta Bore—Chapman
1928) consisting of layers of acolianite separated by fossil sails or intercala-
tions of marine rock -a geological club sandwich, The fossil soils are terra
rorsas, Which are tssually 18 mches to 3 fect thick. Such a soil represents 2
good deal of erosion and the passing af a not incansiderzhle periud ai time,
5 wach foot of sail is what is Jeft from the breakdown of JU feet or more
of rock.

* Curator of Fossils, Nations! Museum of Victoria.

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 70 March, 1934

Puate XX

Photog: Eo DO. Gill

Fig. 1.—Ramus of lower jaw af young Maecrapus fifa as seen in shore plat-
form at Montforts Beach.

Fig. 7—View from cliff above share platform: at Montfort’s Beach at low
water spring tide. The figures are standing round the fossil kangaroo.

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 70 March, 1954

PLatE NXT

Photo: N. Shaw

Clit of aeolianite at Fowler's Cove.
Top left is a fossil soil, and on right of figure is a solution pipe opened
by coastal erosion tu show fossil soil inside (marked by hammer).
Above figure is part of a second solution pipe.

March

pen EL. D. Grup, Ewhitel Giant Kangaroo from Nepean Pontrsula 213

CHANGING CLIMATES

Thus enormous forces. of construction have alternated with iorces ol
destruction. Dunes have been built, solidified, then ground down so that the
remaining portion is but a minor percentage ot. the original big deme system.
Changing climate must have caused the switch trom dune-building to dune-
breaking. A coinparatively dry climate is necessary for the amassing of a big
dime series, because a wet climate causes a heavy verctation to sereen the
sand, preventing its distributian by the winds. Then a soil forms, the aluues
are reduced by teaching and érosion, percolating waters cause cementation,
while solution pipes and such features develop, As the wet climate cases off,
conditions of wetting and drying cause the solution pipes ta he coated with
travertine, ot even choked by it. Plate XX1 shows an aeolianite cliff at
Fowler's Cove with a solution pipe apencd up by coastal crasiun; the pipe is
lined with 13} to 2& inches of travertine then infilled with a red fossil soil eon-
taining fossil snails. At the south-east end of Fowier’s Cave a solution pipe
was noted which was inflled with a red snail-hearing fossil soil in which
were the roots of an aticient tree replaced with travertine.

The alternation of dune rock and fossil sail in the Nepean Peninsula thus
provides cyidence of alternating dry and wet climates, The structures are
illustrated by a coastal section at Pearce's Beach, which is south-east of
Fowler's Cove (see text-fAyure 2), How many phases of dunc-making and
@unebreaking are recarded in the rocks of the Nepean Peninsula has not

SAND & MIDDEN

AZOLIANITE

TRAVERTINE BAND
SOLUTION PIPE

AEOLIANITE

BENCH

E)VLAAUOLMQANLAUTDANOTA AAU ANovuP Rum AgpUNNTLANerL ELS TEN ha
INDURATED SOlL WITH FOSSIL SNAILS

‘Yext-figure 2: A tvptcal coastal ciiff at Pearce’s Beach: The section
shown is approximately 25 icet high.

214 E, D, Gita, Extinct Giant Kargarog from Nepean Pentnsula wl a

been worked out yet, but that quite a number are involved is showi by the
Sorrento Bare (Chapman 1928) and the Wannaeue bores (Keble 1950),

Although built by the wind, the acoltanite extends far below present sea-
level, as also do some of the fossil soils and solution pipes Changes in the
relationships of land and sea have therefore obviously taken place, and Jor
this there are two réeasons—the Port Phillip fault system, and the eustatic
changes of sea-level brought abour by the alternative building up and wasting
away of tce masses during the Ice Age.

EXTINCT KANGAROOS

Professor J, W. Gregory (1902) described from Fowler's Cove on the
Nepean Peninsula a giant extiner kangaroo which he compared with Polor-
chestes asoel. An ineisor tooth from this specimen is in the Nations] Museum
free. No. P 7419), and the rest of the bones tound are in the Department of
Geology, University of Melbourne, It was therefore with considerable interest
that the writer heard from Mr. Johtt Thomson in 1951 that there were
further vertebrate renzains embedded in the aeolianite at Montfort’s Beach,
near Blairgowrie, about half a mile north-west of Fowler’s Cove (text«fgure
J). Gregory's fossil was discovered in the acolianite shore platform where
waves had exhumed it, and in this sarne manner the fossil now reported
became wsible. The platfortn surface is a little above mean low tide, as can
bescen by the upper firit of the kelp in Plate XX, fig. 2, and much of it is
covered with seaweed (/formonra) meadows, algae, patches of calcareous
tube worms (Galeolaria), colonics of mussels (Brachkpdontes rostratur), and
nurncroud limpets {Cei/ana trameosvvica and Patelloida latistrigata) .*

Saldiers stationed in the area during the war noticed hanes in the shore
platiorm and tried ta dig them out with bayonets but the rock was too tough,

being densely indurated with calcium carbonate. All the visible fossils were
ultimately dug ouv at tow tide with hammers and cold chisels with the help of
Noel Shaw, John and Peter Thomson, and Malcolm Kidson. They consisi of
a carinum somewhat truncated by the erosion of the shore platform, a ramus
similarly uffected {Plate XX, fig. 1), a piece of & sceond ramus, a portion of a
rib, and numerous fragments, totalling seme 23 fossils in all, The boneg are
white (where exposed) ta cream in colour, and heavily mineralized, A gur-
veyed section (text-figure 3) shaws theit position im the shore platform,

mo =" ——SHORE PLATFORM” ~~ ~-—---- -F

GULCH
CM.

SEa.=oette-

ANITE
ou

:

WO € VERY sScate Done Chain 2

Text-figure 3} Measured section of the shore platform at Montfort's Beach,
showing location of giant fossil kangaroo, Coinpare Plate XX.

The distribution of the bones laterally in the shore platfotny is shown by the
scatter chagram in text-figure 4. No doubt there were some hones at a higher
Jevel which have been destroyed by marine action, and there are probably some
still out of sieht under the aurtace of the shore platform, All the bones.
seen could belong to the same animal and indecd fossil marsupials are so rare
itt thus dermation that ane is safe in assuming this to be the case, Besides
the two fossile inentioned above, the only other fossil verttbrate known to

“Shells kindly determined by Mi i ned ati
Mavens, Mindly i y Miss Hope Macpherson, Curator of Shrils, National

sorrel E. D. Girt, Extinct Giant Kangaroo fram Nepean Pemisula 215

me from the aeolianite of the Nepean Peninsula is a fragment of a rib of
a giant marsupial found by Mr, I. N. Hall at the Rye back heach (Military
map, 1931 Sorrento Sheet, grid reference 860, 643). ;

HOW WERE THE BONES SCATTERED?
ft is interesting to consider how the bones became so distributed and
broken. The rock in which the bones are preserved is a lithified soil, red in
colour, clayey (so thal many springs emerge on top of it alotig the coast),
and enclosing numerous fossil snails and some charcoal, The soil ds approxi-
mately horizontal and so the bones were not scattered by sliding down a

t 3SBONES 29'6°IN

2 BONES -=- THIS DIRECTION
1+5 CHAINS ( ‘
iN THIS 9 SMALL PIECES
DIRECTION \ 7 IN THIS AREA
a
FRAGMENT
‘ FRAGMENTS

a 5 a AZ

e / 2 3
FEET RAMUS & BASE LINE
PART PARALLEL TO SHORE

a OF RAMUS
CRANIUM

SCATTER DIAGRAM

OF BONES OF

>

GIANT FOSSIL KANGAROO >
FRAGMENTS

a

slope. The soil was traced in the cliffs for a considerable distaice and so it
is not just a local development bur an old land suriace, The acolian dune
Structures widerreath are trinicated by it, while the sand of the fossil dune
above it Hes horizontal where in contact with the soil. That the giant kan-
parog from near Blairgowrie (Mactapus titai) liyed in atime of soil forma-
tion and not dune formation shows that the climate was relatively wet. This
is borne ont by the fossil snails which are yery numerous and of the small
planispiral type referable to the genera Laoma, Puralaume, and Rhytida
which live in damp places such as under decaying wood and around moss.

216 ED, Git, Eetined Glont Kaxgoraa fram Nepoor Peninavia Vig Hite

_ The charcoal in the soil hears evidence of vegetation, and of fire which
could be either a nstural bush-fire or a man-made one On present knowledge
it would appear that the time concerned was before the aborigines reached
this part of the world, and so the charogal 15 more likely to be the result of
a natural bush fire, caused perhaps by lightning. If the lreavy bones of this
kangaroo were not broken and distributed by man, a predatory animal must
surely haye heen the cause. Tn late Pleistocene times, Tievlocotws the Tas-
manian wolf, and Sarcephilns the ‘Tasitanian devil, including forms. bigger
thar the preseitt oned, Hyed uni the maiiland (Gilt 19534), The unworn con-
ditian of the incisor and molars of the Blairgowrie kangarao show that it
was still a young animal when if. ded,

We are justifind therefore im bringing this soume Macropuy titan alive in
our injaginatiot ona tenra rossa soll in a Aat or slightly andulating cauurry-
aide enjaving a fairly wet climate qwhicl, would give an ample vegetation.
Numerous little planispiral snails crawled amongst the vegetation and under
decaying logs tind leaves. In the bush lurked marsupial cartivotes which
included the kangaroos in their diet.

DATING THE BLAIRGOWRIE KANGAROO

The lovse sand overlying the acahatite is yuite recent, and in many places
preserves a dune morphology, Some sections show at this ges a immature
fossil podsol soil of Jight grey eolour, containing numerous dxstrosucetted
snail shells This sotl sametimes bifurecates into two soil layers, but ther
are never very far apart. Simlar sands with similar fossil soilg characterized
by large numbers af Ausirosuceneo have heen observed overlying acotianite
at inanyv paints round rhe coast of Victoria as far as the South Australian
harder, Austrasuceinea as been iound only in tlie podsols of the recent
sutids and not in the terra rossas o7 the aeolianite, Ahorsginal kitchen iniddens
otcur on, th, ard onder this sand Sarmation, hut have aot heen found jn the
acolianite, Middens are common im the Montiort's Beach area, and are
characterized by rock shells of the Turbo (Subuicllt) and lenpet types.
A midden on The Sphinx included nutmerous bird bunes and some remails
of eee shelly.

The contact between the more or less loose sand and the underlying aeabian-
ite fan erosion surface, and may represent quite a perind of time. Strieturey
(such as solution pipes) in the acolianite indicate a pluvial period since the
time of the fassil kangaroo, and. this may well he ane of the phases of the
fast glaczal period. Our understanding of the Quaternary period is all too
seant, but we can say that Mecropye tifon roamed the areca now called the
Nepean Peninsula in Upper Pleistocene time. This kangaroo was probably
the most murnerons of the giant kangaroos of that time, and has beer fount
in many Victorian lucelities (Gill 1953 b, ©)

Rerphe crs

Chapman, I, 1928—The Sorrents Bore Rue Geot, Sure Vict, § (1): 1-195.
Gill, E. D., 1953a—Distribution of the Tasmanian Pevil, the Tasmanian
Wold, and the Dingo in SA. Australia in Quateruary Tome Pict Mur.

70 (5) + 86-90, i
eee ae Kangarans Lived at Campbellficld. Jbid. 69 (10):
, 1953e—Gonlogical Tevidence in Western Victoria Relative to the
pasang at the Australian Ahorigmes, Afem. Nat. Wns, Melt. 18> 25-92.
Gregory, J. W., 1902—Some Remains of an Extiner Kangarao in the Dutne-
rock of the Serrenta Pentisula, Vietucia. Proc. Ray, Soc, Vict 14 (2)!

139-144,
Kebte, R. A. 1950—The Mornington Peninsula, Mem. Geol Syre. Wied, 1?

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 70—Na. 12 APRIL 8, 1954 No. 844
PROCEEDINGS

Ahout 120 members and ériends were in attendance at the
General Meeting of the Clib at the National Merbariuin on
March 5, 1954. i

Miss Julia Walsh and Miss Helen Evans were elected as
Ordinary Members, and Mr, Ralph O'Brien as Junior Member.
‘The Presideht, Mr, A. A, Baker, warmly weleomed these new
inembers to the Club.

The President then called upon Miss Jean Blackhurn- to
deliver her lecture on a walking holiday to Mt. Bogong and
the High Plains, Miss Blackburn very ably described the trip
which she and several Walking Club utctubers had made in the
1952/3 Christmas season. Starting from Tuwonga Gap they
spent six days ott the High Plains, thence proceeding to Mt.
Bagong. Miss Blackburn showed an excellent series af Koda-
chrome slides featuring the geology and flora of the Plains,
notable amongst the latter being the Alpine Pimelea, the Royal
Grevilia and other rock loving plants. She also showed soime
excellent panoramic views of the wonderful mountain scenery
at this attractive part of Victoria, Hearty thanks were expressed
ta Miss Blackbur,

The President mentioned the gift by the University of a colour
filny of the Mistletoe Bird to His Royal Highness, the Duke of
Edinburgh, This excellent film had heen made by Mr. Ray
Livlejohns. He alsa congratulated Miss Ina Watson on the
sclection of one of her hooks on the Lyrebird as a gift to the
Royal childzen, .

The Secretary réminded members that nominations for the
yarious offices of the Club were due at the April meeting, alsi
hominations far the Australian Natural History Medallion for
1954, and particulars of special business which members may
desire to have discussed al the Annual Meeting.

Dr, Chattaway inoved that copies of the March Special Fauna
issue uf the Natwealist and the Lyrebird issue be forwarded tu
our Patron, Sic Dallas Brooks, Lor submission ta Her Majesty,
the Queen, it he thought fit, This was approved unanimonsly.

After several members delivered nature notes and discussed
the specimens on exhibition, the President adjourned the Meeting
for the usual conversazione and examination of exhibits,

217

218 The Victorian Naturalist ' Vol, 70

NATURE NOTES AND EXHIBITS

February MMecting—

Landshells of the genus Paiyphanta were exhibited by Mr. C, J. Gahriel,
who made the following. comments: P. atramenttaria Shuttleworth, of the
Dandenong Ranges, Marysville, ete, has a somewhat fattened dull shell
and the animal js salmon-pink. 7, campactd Cox and Herlicy, of the Orway
Ranges, Lorne, Apollo Bay, ete, is more conical and more polished, while
the anlmal is grey. Neither the eastern nor the western species bas been
recotded from (he district of the other. ;

Several snake exhibits were shown and commented upon by Mr. J. R,
Garnet; ‘The re-articukated skulls of four of Victoria's venomous snakes,
Copperhead, Death Adder, Black Snake and Tiger Snake, illustrated the
vharacteristic dentition of cach species. The fangs of the Teath Adder
have the poison ducts within'the body af the tooth, while in those of the
others it is 4 groove on the outer surface. For comparison, a Carpet Srake
skull déemowstiated the formidable though won-venomous array of tecth,

A further exhibit by Mr, Garnet was of an S:inch Tiger Snake with the
ventral scales disgected away ta: show a similar young reptile Jying along
the whole alimentary canal, Jt had heen swallowed, all but the last inch
at its tail, this feal beine tide poxsthle by the property of dislocation af
a snake’s jaws which are not hinged ball and socket fashion as in anammals
hut linked by extensile muscles.

Note on the Slender Treefern, Cyaliea ceumtaghamui: At Brittania
Creck, south of Yarra Junction, Miss M. Elder found a single plant of
this species growing in a nacrow and shallow erosion gully, Though the
matte Slender ‘Treefern usually bears its fronds far aut of reach an 4
tall slender trunk, this specinien bore easily accessihle tertile fronds an a
trurik only about six feet high.

Nate on Hyaeinth Orchid, Dipodiun prnctatuaim in cultivation: Mr. No A.
Wakefield commented that he had seen an example -of this orebid which
bad been growing for two years and flowering each season in the fernery
ot Mr. W. Meddines of Sarsfeld in East Gippstand. It was am earth in a
kerosene tin, and at the time there were three stems bearing Aower-spikes.

— [In Pict. Nat, 64; 8, May 147, MroChaa. French gave notes on a similar
instance of this species Aowermg in a pul In that ease the plant flowered
again after being dormant fer twa scasons—-Editor,]

Note on the Yellow-tuited Honeyeater™: Mr, N. A. Wakefield reported
that in January last Mr. C. E, Bryant and he observed and identified these
birds in several places in the Cann, Winga and Genoa River areas. in the
far cast of Gippsland. Mr. W. B. Hitcheock records the same species from
the Snowy River (near Deddick) and Suggan Buggan, and specimens
have been collected at Vimbillica on the Prince's Highway two rnifes
wittun New South Wales. Mr Wakefield reported an excursion to the
spat tear Merimbula where Mr. F. TE Wilson recorded the Helnicted
Homeyeater several years aga, and finding there a colony of Yellow-tufted
Foneyeaters.

[*Since this report was maite to the Cloh, a great deyl of further infarmotion om
the subject has come jo light, ind it is inténdéd that the matter will he deall with
ot length in a fytyre esue of che Vateralises -N.AW,)

Test, Natwre Notes asd orhibits 219

March Meeting

Female Red-backed Spider (Lafredectus hasseltiz) with four ese sacs
and spiderlings, collected mear ground Jevel in a [ernery at Pascve Vale
on February 27, 1954, The exhibitor, Mr. J. R. Garnet, remarked that the
smiderlings usually emerge din the autunm mouths, On a previous occasion
he tad sade an approximate count of the contents of seven egg sacs and
concluded that the pumber of exes produced by thé spider during a seasni
o£ bountiful food supply could easily reach 1,000. "There were between 500
and J,000 spiderlings, both. batched and anhatched, mt the extabit jac. The
untidy web in which were enmeshed the chitinous rearains of beetles. slaters
and black held-riekets is characteristic of the spider,

Mz. A. W. Rurstoy commetited on an excursion to the Mitchell River
Gorges and mentioned in particular a huge kurrajonys tree which grows
near the confluence of Deadcock Creck and the Mitchell River.

GEOLOGY DISCUSSION GROUP

The February meeting was held at the National Museuin, 14 members
and visttors being present. Mr. Jenkins gave an aceount of the Club excursion
on December 5 when the Trentham and Sailors Falls and Mt. Franklin
were visited. During the evening short talks were giveu by Mr. Blackburn
on the ¢pidiorite and granite of Ceres, near Geelong, and the dacite and
granite of Arthur's Seatt by Mr. Raker on the rocks of Cape Patersat
and Waratah Bay; by Mr, Gill an his New Zealand visit; and by Master
Bock on voleanic bombs and tcttiary marine fossils from the Caniperdown
district, All speakers exhibited specimens illustrating their talles

The Match oreeting, held also at the National Sera, was attended
hy 15 mombers and visitors. ‘Mr. Baker reported on @ Group excursion
on Februacy ?, when, wilt) mernbers of the Frankston Field Naquralists
Clab, the tertiary fossil deposits of Gnee's Creek were visite, Thre sulyect
for the evenine was the Geolewy of Geelong, aud the two speakers, Messrs,
Jenkins and Jeffrey, gave accounts of the ages and faulting of the teks
and the fossil flora of the Jurassic sindstone of the area.

PETROGRAPHS IN THE KOETONG CREEK VALLEY
Ry S. Ro Morcnrau

This paper places on recard the occurrence of aboriginal rank-paintings
in the valley of Koctang Creck, the only examples so far known m the
North-eastern part of. Vietona Several olhers Baye been recorded mw
Wester) Victoria, mast of them being ‘in the Victoria Range, the most
western part of the Grampiats.

Matthew €1897) described the well-known Glen Isla eock-shélter in the
parnsh of Billuyinah, This site is shout five miles east ot the Glen Issa
homestead close to the main read hetween Horsham atid Hamilton. Barres
(1943) recorded jmaintings in the Brimgower Cave theee tiles west af the
Glal Isla site, Another painted rock 15 that on the flanic of Mi, Zera, an
the northern end of the Grampians. The only other oceurrence tw the
Western District is on the southern slope of Langi Ghiran neat Buangor,
about eight miles cast of Ararat. This was described by Kenyon (1929).
“Roek shelters with stencilled hands are known to exist at ather places am
the district but have yet to be recorded.

Through the efforts ‘of the Anthropological Society of Victoria and the
P.N.CYV., three of these precious memorials of aboriginal art are naw
prolected frum vandalism by substantial fencing. These are at Glen Isla,
Mt, Zero and Lang Ghiran, The Cyclone Company of Austeslia generously
donated the fencing material and it was crected by the Forests Commission.

220 S.R. Mircnett., Petrographs in the Koetong Creck Valley

Viet. Nat.
Vol. 70

Copies of Petrographs in Koetong Creek Valley, (See text}

Shi 5, Ro Miveuent, etrographs m the Kootong Crock Valloy 22)

Koelong Creck js a tributary to the Murray River which it joing close
to Rungil. The rock-paintings arc on the western side of a large granite tor
Ingh up on the soathem slope of the valley, approximately four miles m
2 northerly direction from Darbyshire, a statfon on the Wodotiga-Cudgewa
railway ne. Koetong Valley 1s eroded to at least 1,209 feet deep, and the
country aa the vicinity of she painted-rock is very rugged, with numerous
large granite tors, It carries a spzrse growth of trees, mainly suringy-bark,
box, blue-gum and acacias.

The country rock throyeh which Koetong Creek has cut its valley is a
moderately coarse-gcajned granitic type. From a very massive tor, rock
has broken away {tom a joint plane, resulting in the exposure af a moder-
alely smooth iwelined face, roughly’ fourteen feet wide and eight feet high.
A stone everhang of about five feet has served to protect the paintnigs tu
@ certain extent. A small slab of rock bas also separated fram the lower
right-hand side, and on the exposed face a squatting or dancing figure
(Fig, 6) is depicted, The background on which the paintitigs are, is light
buff in colour and on the whole the figures show up well,

Thete are seven well-defined conventionalized human figurés, some pxox-
sibly representing mythical beings, and a number of markings owch too
abscure for recording. One figure appears to represent a kangaroo ar
wallaby (Fig. 2) with the tail, probably a later addifion, placed in. an
annatural position. Through Jack of sufficient space the tail was made ta
cutve upwards. The figures range in length from twenty-eight inches (Fig.
+) to eight ouches as in Fig. 6, Fig. 3 shows a round head, but in the others
the head is oval, Fig. § is a conventionalized human figure with protyounced
extensions af the ears, aid ane hand grasps a stick, possibly representing a
spear. ’

These paintings were probably executed with a brush made of vegetable
fibre, and a ted pigment. Atinosphertc weathering has faused bleaching ta
a light pink, and in some cases the colour appears to have run, This is
suggested by the lower extremities tapering off to a pomit,

The natives who frequented this area belonged lo the Walgal tribe of
New South Wales (Howitt 1904), both sides of the Murray River would
naturally be embraced in their trial confines. Howitt states that the Waleal
people journeyed annually into southera Vjctoria, and Koetong Creek
was probably one of their tracks. Such @ secluded spot as this rocke would
be ideal for carrying out initfation and other ceremonres, and it is also
significant that the only animal figure int the series is a kangaroo, one of
the Walgal totems.

The pamtings have been known to the local people for atany vears, In
1930 the late Mc. A. S, Kenyon, J. R, Rhymill and myselé visited Koctong
but failed to locate the site. About 1934, Mr. Kenyon and myself, oudet
the guidance of Mr. Cecit Webb of Tallangatta, visited the site, but only
rough drawings were matic. During a recent visit in 1950, again under
the eindauce of Mr. Webb, the site and the paintings were photographed
and measured. 3

E wish to tender thanks to Miss Gwen Walsh of the Adelaide University
for the reproductions of the drawings, and to Mr. R. A. Keble, former
Palacontologist to the National Museum, Melbourne, for helpful-snggestians.

\ RErer ences |
t' Barrett, Chas. 1943—1/sd Life Magayine (April).
2. Howitt. A. W., 1904—The Nalive Tribes of Sowh-East Anstealie
3 Kenyou, A. 5S. 1929 -Austration Aboriginal Art. National Miusseum,
Melbourne: A

4, Matthew, John, 1897—Notes on the Aboriginal Rock Painvogs im the
Vietoria Range, County of Dundas, Vie. Proc Rayal Sac. Mir. 1897.

q ~ - f Vict. Mat.
222 The Wietorian Naturalist + a. o

MOTES ON A PHYNWID WASP
By N. A. Waxertsrp

While gardening a dew weeks ago 1 tuned inp the remains of a partly
eaten mole cricket together With the insect larva which had been respousible
for its demise, Judging by the size of the parasite and the fact that adults
had been secn about, it wat taken to belong to the species of wasp, the
fermale of which is commonly known as the “Blue Ant”. ‘

An adult female was later draught to light and also a pupa_ol the same
species, and a ‘week later two males were seen. Me. A. N. Burts, ento-
mofogist at the Natiouwal Museum, confirtned the identification of the larva
and supplied the classification details of it and the cricket.

The “Blue Ant” is not. an ant, but the wingless female of a Phynnid
wash, Dununa bicolor Smith. it is comumonsy seen in backyard gardens
-and such places, usually in hot weather, and ate inch Jong iridiscemt blue
hody ts rather striking in appearance. When molested it moves hy a series
of rapid runs with ils abdomen clevated, and one must beware, for its
stings 1 severe,

The Jarva was unearthed from a depth of several inches in hard earth
previously. uncultivated. It was abowt three-agarters of an inch in length,
white in colour with a yellowish apical tip to the abdomen, and the head
bore a pair of active “tnppers”, Its body was quite ‘stout, perhaps twice
the weight of that of the adult female,

The victim was a large Right brows mole cricket, probably of the speciet
Gryllotaiphe africana Pat. de Heau, witch is fond also in Africa snd
may not lave been originally mative to Australiz. The "Blue Ant” is the
only known parasite on the mole crickets. This particular cricket had
been 4 larye specimen and was almost complctely yrooe, only parts of the
skin of the abdomen, a wing, the shell of the thorax and the large legs
remaining,

The pupa-cas: of the wasp is oblong-elliptical m shape, a hittle over
half au iieh sa length and finely woven of reddish-brown silky threads, Lt
also is usually some inches below the surface of the ground.

Mr. Burns commented that the winged males of ihe wasp were usually
seen on the Aowers of tea-tree but’ could be attracted by caging the feniale,
This experiment was carried out about a week after the making of the
first observations. Anether “Blue Ant” was seen in the garden, and it was
covered with a aniall fly-wire cage. Within a minute or so two siates
approaches flying awiftly in circles and finally landing on the ground by
the cave,
~ These males were smaller insects, the body Tack but with whitish trans-
verse bands ay the abdomen, and the legs were dark red. Their antenuaec
were vibrating and it was evidently a case of that insect “radia” ite exact
tatare of which is as ycl not Imown. There were some Red Gum trees
about Aflty yards away, and the nearest (ea-tree was about a hundred yards
distant an the other side of a large honee, ‘

Males of the Ichneumonid, Lissopinpla excelya (Syn. L. senuprnctate)
were sten ta approach the Blooms of yarinus species of Tongue Orchid
(Crvprozlis) in exactly the same way when such were being handled
at Orbost in the 1937/38 summer season, Tt was obviously a sexnal attrac.
ion as hy a female, but the significant point is that the orchid blooins had
the same property of attraction ag did the foniale fly. This indicates that
it is something akin lo scent which is picked bp by the remarkahly sensitive
antennae of the mates.

To Viet. Nat, 50; 4t at. seg, Pdith Coleman discussed to some length ies
subject of the attraction af both female wasps and orchid blooms for the
tnale msects.

i : The Mayrortan Npturctist u a4

TWO NEW VICTORIAN SPECIES OF ALPINE COMPOSITAE
(Celmisla serieophylla and Podolepis robusta)
By J. Wi. Wiers, National Herbarium of Yieoria

1. CHLMISIA SERICOPHYLLA J. BH. Willis;

species. nova ex affinitate C. longifolym Cass, a qua in situ ad
aquam, foliis flaccidis utrinque sericeo-villasis. invelucri sqaants
lanatiofibus, aclienjis brevioribus (§-6 mm, loneis) et pappos
vixdum excedentibus differt.

Herds perennis alpina dense casptosa, ad ripas aquam jmpencdens. Folia Aacolda
argeoe2 Jinearia, usque ad 25 cm, longa % 10-25 mm. lata, apace subobtuss, utrinque
indumenta molli sericeg-villusa Obsilas oturigg pili rests Cnoa Aexuovi), 3-14 mic. diamet
Scdpar tsqgue ad 320 em. altus Ae faganonie defoliatus (S¢d Wacteis G12 Msearihus
conspicats proditus, ut in C, fongifolia), Carta cpm 3-6 cm, Iota, crrciter 150-Rora
teive, SO flores lignlate incl), Fnwoleortd sauame asque ad 15 am, lougay, lniceres,
acurmnatt, cxtrinéecus ominiida JaLugiioge, intds glabr® nitile ad ayidem purpusate,
Flores hyulete usquée ad 25 rom. tongs, albids, interdum zosaceelineati, styli manuli
1-2 min. longs, ligulati: pbtuel, obscure pumiiasi, Flores tnbiladd nsque ad LO mm Jeng,
Asvi, peepee centrum capitie sob:la, lobia obtusia apive cucutlatis papilless; overiam
3.4 mim. longom, quail omnis flogeulus cire triple brevins Cov. CO. dongifoad; ste
vernull furiter acute papillost,s anther# Kneares, chro, 2 inn Jonge: pollinis gvanula cise.
IB mac. diamet, aseriter ecnuolacs, Pupp rete circ. 40, libra, usque ad 6 mm. loner,
breviter barbellabe, versus epicem socpe Aaveserntes, Achante lineurix, §-6 mm, Joga,
subcustata, gerites pilis Urev:bus ereetls appressis,

¥retonta—Endemile on Doxang Tiel Plaine, above: §.500 1.: Caseades alone
southern hel of Big River, bulow Shion Kop, 3 February 1949, J 4. Weil
(CHoLorvyr, a: Mev; Head af Middle Creek wear Mr, Cope hue, 10 January
ivdo, 7. A. Walite (Meu) Head of Bonidatial Rieer J mile BE. of Mr Cupe,
42 Jomuary 1954, Cart J. Shores (Mev); EB. slope of Mt, Nelson, on tributary
of Wig River, (3 tanteary 1959, Coral J, Skewes (Mati; 2? Rocky Valley,
t Jaudaey 1923, A. . Waianisod Usfend.

This magnificent plant, with soft sifvery-arey foliage anc marguerite-like
heacls, is one of the most attractive botanical features of the Bogong High
Plains where it flowers abundantly during Jatvary aad February; the
name "Silky Daisy” is here proposed as @ suitable vernacular. It is confined
to rocky stream banks, at altitudes of about 5,500 feet or more, and is not
uncommon betworn Mt, Rogeng and heads of the Bundarrah River- near
Mt. Cope (a lineal distance of some 15 miles}. Particularly fine examples
occur around shaded pools st Howman Falls on Mt. Bogong and alang
cascades af the Big River source jmmiediately north of Spion Kop (see
Plate XX11).

There are no undoubted records fram beyond this region, m which the
new Colmisia would seem to he endemic, A specimen in H. B. Williamson's
herbarium was Jabelfed “summit of Cobberas, 6,000 it.", but it is almast
cenain that the dabel originally referred to examples of C. fongifolia Cass.
(which is common here and had been subsequently alisplaced, Another
specimen was mixed with a collection of ©, fongtfolia, var- Tatifolia F,
Muell, ex Benth, from the summit of Mt Wellington, Vic. ("among
eucalypt thickets") in F, vot Mueller's herbarium; bur the habitat is wrong
for C, sericophstla, and it is most unlikely that the sample came from M1
Wellingtan—it could have heen carelessly Joit m the folder of var. latefalia
by sonteone making conmparisoris.

Baron von Mueller never reached the Bogong Hizh Plains proper sec
“Baro von Mucller’s Australian Alps" by N, A. Wakefield, Vice. Not. 6¢:
173 (Jam 1980)F and vo he missed finding the present handsome Celnrinty
The first reference to this plant appears to have been made by H. B. Williant-
son, an describing 2 trip to the High Plaine during January 1923. Can-
cern plants observed in bloom alone Rocky Valley he tentions [Fi¢t,
Nat. ag: 90 ¢ aes) 1923} ]: “the luxuiiant form of Cednaisia fongifolia, vac.
latifolio, with farge daisy-like Howers and broad silky-woolly leaves".

224 Wiis, Twa New Pislorian Species of Alpine Compasitae hd wats

Williamson's accompanying plate [/.c. T. VI] Jeaves no doubt as fo the
daisy which so atraeied him, It is enrious that such a keen observer shanld
have been Satisfied fo link C. sericaphylla with the broad-leaved varicty oi
C, longifalia as a “luxuriant form’. In habitat, habit and general aspect, tlie
former is quite dissimilar to any known variant of C. lozot{olre, which often
grows near it bat on higher, drier ground sway from the water,

The foliage in C, Jangifalia 4% invariably rigid, with the glabrescent upper
suriaces of the leaves’ contrasting strongly with the ventral faces where a
wefl of intricate flexuose hairs gives the characteristic and permancntly
silver, lustrous appearance (hence “Silver Daisy")—in C. sericophylla. the
dreaping flaccid leaves have a unifonn velure, above and below, of straight
silky hairs. Other differences aré apparent in dhe involietal bracts, the
Proportional dimensions of ovary and pappus, and in) the achenes. These
distinctions may be summarized in tabular farm, thus:

. LONGIFOLIA, var. LATIFOLIA

C. SERICOPHYLLA

——___.

Mubitat Grassy planes awas freon Tune

pater

Rocky stream hanks, overcharging ,
water

Ofter jorming extensive sheets cf

Wabi. Growing in well-defined tussncks
“yasettes’*
Leaves Oblanventaletineur, ter 35 cit. NX | Oblancentate, ta ¢O nm. x 20-30
10-25 mm-., flaccid aad drooping mm, CHaidinger Range, March
186I—K. Meuciler, Veey of cae
fivty), straight wank rigid
Surface Both Jeui surfaces with a thick | A striking disparity between wyqer
permanent vestituce of focwardly und lower leaf isucfaces: the
appressed sitky hairs; veluvimate upper it first with a sparse indus
to the touch; hairs all straight, mentum of straight hairs (10-29
a4 mis in dianwter gue. in diameter}, chen - almost
qlabrous: lower with a permanent,
weft of intricate flexuose hairs
(6-10 tied, paving a silvery-
white sheen
r Deovely Vvillsus ater the whole | The tips 91 least glabrescenc
Beans Reprtscin 7 8
In dithHowsrs 4 -stm. loag, | Tu diskRiwers §-6 |
yy. <8 : By 1 2 Weer: oo mm, long, oe)
Ovary alimk one-third of total Roret n1ore thin one-third of whole fisret
Achene 5-6 sm. Jong, hardly longer than | 7-10 tom long, exceeding the panpus

i
the pappus at materity ist deuyth when mati

2 PODOLEPIS ROBUSTA (ituid. & Betche) J. H. Willis, wat nov.
P. lengipedata, A, Cunn. in DC,
val sotitte Maiden & Betche in Proc. Lino, Soc, NSA. 23. 42
P. atumdnoir R. Br. in Ait.,
yar. robusta (Maid. & Retche) J. H. Wills in Piet Mat 59> 120
(Nov. 1942).
' Hace species a P. yoccoides (Sims) Deuce [P aewniear
R. Br, in Ait.], FP. Jongipedatee A, Cum, in DC. et specichus
ality dexeriptis ditinguitur; hahity perrobuste, fyliis rosulatis,
‘inflarescentia Janpginosa subcongesta (pluricipe), lanunis in-
volueri squam obtusioribus promingnte latiore arcolatis indis-
tingle nervosis, achenia glabra Cnon papillasy).
Heeke perennis acawlis alpina, in praGs gmuminasis Ninwidis erescens, tasulas sagas
(ugqae ad 3f em, dinmet) formans. Foe rosulate, oblanceolate-spatholata, ayteyra,

apice subobtuss, (eqie ad 20 cm. Jonga x 2.3 um. data (empe pervigta), suberassinse ula,
gmning glabra, versus inflorescentiam in ‘bracteas foliacens mutantia. Si forcacenria

rHE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 70 April, 1954

ut Wirtrs, Dw New Mictorion Species of vipine Compositae 225
ercets, arachioideo-lanuginosa, nse ad 40 ¢m. alfa, caritibus pluribus (ere. 6, rare
8-10) In paniceli brew denss, Capita 21 cre diamet., Urevipeduneuiaty ad besin
perabtusa Jnwiners squome eine, Sseriate, ragulonae; inferiores sessiles parve sul>
rdtunda, s#¢us pedunculum breviter extendentes; superiarés spathulata, pedibus 4-4 stn,
Jongis scabripstolis Ginins glabris), Jaminis 4-3 mm. Jongis obtusiuscolis byalinus
Jeniter ruguineis Jaxe lateque areolutis (celluiis majorihus 25-39 one, lalis), nero
famine rodistineto prope mecival partem cvanescente, Florey cive, 200, ausci, gtisque
gortel lignlar= radiate Ibis mm. lengus, pooluude 4. aut S-idue Sey: ramell circ.
1 mm, Inngi. lineares, dense papillosi, ad zpicent clayatl, Anthare linegres, cine. 24, sm.
lofige, cauilis Jongis gracibhus: pollinis ranula 20-25 mic. diamel., acriter ethimulita,
Peppa sete cire. 30, +6 tnt. lovge, barbelleta, ad basin breviter connate. Actvowie
3-4 mm. longa, cumplanata, apguste ahorvidea, glabra, sepe 2d apicem enmteactum parce
tuberculata,

New Soury Wares —Me, Kascinake, S500 19 6,000 Nh. alt, January 1898. 7. H.
Maiden (Paratved ib NSW) fe. January TARO, Pradiey (Moat: Kowdee
disteict, Mebruary IR97, ff. floteke (Lxeetoryre in Men, Panaryze in NSW);
Walchn district, Noveohar 189%, J. AL Marder (Panaryec in NSW). Ry

Vidiorkia-Cobboras Mis, 6,000 f2.. Januory 1954, 7, Mucor (Marri: ic. 4,000
5,000 1, J. Srvetne Ny. 286 ¢Meui> Dargo High Pleins, 168). 4 UP. Houwite
CMec), Haldinger Runge NW, of Mb Wellicigtan, 5.000 ft,, Mareh 3861, Fy
Mucler (Met); Bowolg High Puig at head of Wrerry Valley, 5.990 ft, TS
Janvary L9e6, S.A. Weiiliy (Mer); fey 26 Januaey, 1952, Coryt 1. Skemes
(Mew): he at Buckety Plain, 5,500 (t.. 29 Jactuars, 1952, Const , Séemew Meu;
Mt. Faiter High Plains, 5,700 4%, February '526, 4 J, Tadue (Met;
Between Mis Feathertop pod Horham, 6,000 ft, 4- /- Vadgolt (Me) Mi!
Nonlo, December 190A 6, Mi etrdorfor at summie, 5,2uil fe. (Maedt fe, April
1910, FF. Piseker (Mauls Le, Janeway 1919, HB. Withammn (Mtr): fie.,
March 1930, 2. it. FF St. John (Mevd; Mr. Muller, J. Sones (Mery,

The 2lpine Pedolepis, now accorded dull sperific rank, is a cothpicurivs
feature on grassy tracls of the Victorian alps above 4,30) [l,, acctting
also on the high mountain grasslands of New Sauth Wales bul non appa-
rently, in Tasmania. in addition to the Intalitics cited above, I have noted
(without collecting} it on the Baw Bawsy Mt. Stirling and the Clear
Rills, Cattlemen sometinies use the name “manntain lettuce” for its large,
lively green rosettes of broad, hairless and occasionally crinkled leaves.
Specinens lave bees observed in hloom between November and Apri, tlie
season caubiluss varying with the intensity of tate swowfalle, Wut Lowering
seliom occurs before late January.

The first specimens, prestimably, were collected by F. von Mueller pear
the sammit of the Cobboras in-January 1B54—just a century ago, )fe Inbelled
them) ''Padolepis acunitnaty, var. enervis derd. Mueller", in gllusion tw the
very indistinct nervation of the hyaline involicral hratts; hit he fever
publistied auy description of his plant. Bentham [Flora Ausi, 7. 604 (1560))
merely Hsted the Cobboras collection onder 2. ucwntixnfa, but, in ettine
Moeller's later gathering (1861) of comparable matecial iron) Haidinger
Ratigic, he remar eel : “the lamina ot the myolucral bracts almast ofituse’.

Tt remained for Maiden and Betche to publish this alpine Pudolepis—as 2
varielo ralinstt of the eust coust species P. fougipedate A, Cann. in DC.
Their diapgiiasis [Prac, Lint, Soc, NSud*. 23: 12 (1898) ], based upon New
South Wales material only, was as follows:

A wiry staut perensial sith a hare motetock, attaining veorly 2 feet in hesght
aod Mure woolly ehau fi the typical form, Plewer-heads above J inch in ciamoltor,
tho scarions lamina of the immer bracts only shpatly Jauges Haan che clays,

_ Why the authors shuuld have allied P. robusta with P. fongipedota 5
inexplicable, since the two entities have few Featvres in common, either in
linhitat, foliage, inflorescence, shane and areolation of imvalucral bracts or
achenes. T clisenssed [ree Nat. 59> 12) (1942)] the necessity for separating
var roberta from (* langépedata and made a few combination tier 2.
acraninata to which is afitnities seemed much eloser, Since then, « careful
examimeian WF itaiy specimens has coivinced me that J* reabuste is
aluutlansly disrivrt fron P Juceeides (Sis) Druce [syn. P. nevnriinte
R, Br in Ait] aiid worthy of spevific status. Rather than simke a new

4s : . : Viot, Not
224 Wipnts, Two New Victorian Spvctes of Alpine Compositae ‘rat ae

epithet, L lave adopted the very appropriate varietal one, ‘robusin', and
have chosen E, Betche's collection iron Kiandra ditqict as lectotype of
the new species.

The orpinal description, quoted above, was so yery inadequate Lal a
detailed diagnosis in Litin is now preseited. The disunetive characteristics
of P. robusta are its:

lurge, glabrous, obtuse, rasulate léuyrs; congested famele of ficads
with qwoolly-chite branches; lamina of the tvolucral ply ilories
olinse, finely wrinkled, almost nervelese and with. loose areolation
of cells about 25-35 nic, withe (wider then im any other casters
species).

NOTES ON ANOTHER MOUNTAIN PODOLEPIS
(P. ducracioides F Muell. in Fragimente Phyt, Ast, 1: 142 (Apr. 1859))
By J, H, Wass

. The name Podotepis Jongipedata A, Conn. in DC, has heen spplied to
highland populations in southern Australia which dre manifestly distinct
fro the origmal material collected by Cuoninghain at Moreton Bay—a
widespread plant, fram the rivers of "New England ¢N.S.W_.) along the

veensland coast to Rockhampton, and inland to the Maranoa. True notthera
P. longipedwa has very sumerous small and closely dinbricate myolucral
bracts with shert, pointed, triangular, finely striate and often finibring
liminae which are wery sharply differentiated {rom their claros, giving a
dappled effect to the whole capitulum; achenes are strongly papillose
Mitchell's Maranoa River plant, which Sonder described as a new species
P. matchelltt [Linnea 25: 508 (1852)), has heads precisely the same and
appears to be no more than a dryland annual form

F. Mueller published as a new species P. hieracioides—a subalpine poly-
cephalous plant that le found along the Delatite, Matallister, Mitta Mitta
and Snowy Rivers, in open cucalypt Sorest above 2,000 ft. In his detailed
diagnosis [Fragmenta 1: 112 (18599) the points wherein this montane
plant differs from P. matehelttt [Le. from 2. tongipedata) are emphasized
shorter peduncles, fewer larger less appressed phyllaries with longer
obtuse laminae and siandular claws. Bentham [/fora dust. 3+ 604 1366))
syhonymized Mueller'’s P. Ateractoutes under P. lomgspedata with the remark
that “narthern specimens generally have an annual appearance, with smaller
flower-heads than the southern otics", and stated furthee that R, Brown's
speemmens linked the two forms—he made no mention of the manifest
differences between the peta of P. hAicractoides and P. lougtpedaia.

I cannot agree with Bentham's treatment (perpetuated in Ewart's Flava
of Pretoria, 1930). There is no diffewlty in distinguishing these northern
and southern populations, and 1 consider that the ald name P. Aferactotdes
shoul he restored for our tall many-headed montane Podolepis which
extends at least as far as the Kosciysko region in New South Wales,
Besitles the earlier collections of Mueller, there are in Melhouwne Her-
bariim more recent ones from the upper reaches of the Tamba, Delegate
and Genoa Rivers; a specimen labelled “mouth of the Glenete’’ (collected
by Allitt) must surely be ani itruder in its folder, which also coniains 3
sample of northern P. fongipedata purporting to come from the same ares!

The epithet is most appropriate, Por the smallish, campanulate ta funocl—
shaped heads are remarkably Aieraciyn-like. Sometimes the heads art ex-
ceedingly congested. in fascicles forming a long vatrow interrupted particle
(eg. TDelatite material), A luxuriant specimch from the oppéer Snowy
River, about three miles north of Hotel Kosciusko and at some 4.000 f1.
elevation (feg, Dr. M. Mueller, Nao, 341, 6/2/1953), is almost 3 ft. high

ert J. HL. Wiis, Noles an Another Mountain Podolepis 227

and has a very broad, spreading pavicle bearing about 60 capicula. More
often the panicle consists of eight or more heads in 2 single termina) cluster.
As Lectoryes TP have chosen ane of FP. Mueller's specimens fron the dpper
Macallister River (Jan. 1859), and as Homeeorver a very excellent ¢xample
collected near Mt. Caopracambra (between the upper Can and Genoa
Rivers) by Dr, R, Melville, No 2865, 13/1/1953—bath specimens in the
Mellwurne Herharium.

P. iieracinides must not be confused with the truly alpine, blunt-leaved
and rosulate P, robusie, nor with several-headed iorms of IY. saceoides
(Sims) Druce—the correct name for. aevtnnata R. Br. in Ait. of Ewart's
Florw and other stabdard works—whicl may also enter highland country.
P, jaccoides always has targer, more abtuse heads, with claws of the
Wracts shorter and hardly elandular. Seviral forms of tt exist in Victoria,
some with very large solitary golden-yellow heads, others with nweh paler
heads Alowering at a different time [1 45 possible that more than one
shecies js invalveri, attd the whale group needs a conipetent systematic
Fevision,

EFFECTS OF TIGER SNAKE BITE
By Taw Watracr

Throwglicint the summet mouths of 1953, my brother and I conducted
snake demonstrations at the Siv Colin Mackenzie Sanctuary at Healesville
These demonstrations involved the handling of inany lWondreds of snakes,
chiefly Tiger Snakes, Copperkeads, Brown Snakes and Black Snakes.
The object was to educate visitors in costect first ald, in cuse of snake bite
and to make them more fainiliar with these much-feared reptilés. It was
during one of these demonstrations that, through my ayn carelessness, 1
was unfortunate enough to experience very severe effeeds of snake bite,

it was a warm March afternoon, when the usual procedure of catching
snakes jn a Jarge rocky pit was under way. It so Lappened that the first
snake I picked up. a Tiger Snake, was particularly lively. While I held it
in nity right hand priar ta hagging it, it made a quick mavement upwards,
and in a Aash had touched my thumb, dispraviug the theory that 2 snake
is harniless while held by the tail.

f immediately granted the snake its freedom and examined my thanib.
Believing that the fangs had ofify grazed the skin [ squeezed and sucked
the hite thoroughly: ane there being only one mark on the skin L did nut
consider it worthy ar first aid, and 30 carried on with the task of hagging
siiakes, J) was jn a mattér of about (wo minutes that J realized my mistake.

{y heart began to beat heavily, and there was @ peculiar burning senss-
tion in the mouth. At this stage a ligature was applied; hut, according wo
the eyriptoys: that followed, it was of tittle Use, 1 was nninediately assisted
aut o7 the pit, and walked with difficulty to the Sanctuary cottage On my
arrival. vision was blurred, and in 2 matter of minutes complete lass af
sight’ resulted, breathing became dificult, almost the entire polar was
faralvsed, and the throat became swollen.

- Tt is due te the venom of the Tiger Snake being of a Wedratoxic type,
that is, affecting the nervous system, that a victim suffers breathing dill.
culties, loss of sight, and certain parts of the body become paralysed,

Approximately ten minutes after the bite speech was difficult and breathing
was almost impossible-as the lungs could he felt slowly paralysing, T beheve
it was only by hein cuMeiently conscious to inhale deeply at regular intervals
and #0 fully inflate the lungs that it was possible to continue breathing.
[ feel certain that, shauld ane ga to sleep wnder such circumstances, it
would be very difficulk to avoid sitfocation, Throughout the effects T would
have had uo difficulty in gomg to sleep, bul this was purposely avoided.

7

208 law Waunacr, Effects of Tiger Snake Bite - (PEE Rat

Tt was impossible to drink, and swallowing was dificult, At this stage
my thumb was opened with a lancet, and alsa Tiger Snake antivenine
(3.000 nits) Was administered, but 6 pain was felt and T have no recollec-
won of these being dane.

The efficiency of the antiventie was rapidly proved, Within three
rimuies of $5 administration vision hade cleared, although it was still
slightly blurred, and breathing lrecame easicr, but the Jungs were congested
as af with asthina and remamed so for abovt ninety, muniles aiterwards:
The palate also remained numb for a shore time, F felt sick and cold, but
experienced tone of the vomiting cammon with. snake bite.

L tad perspired profusely tiroughout the effects, but this had ceased
following the antivenine injection. A severe headache followed, tut on my
arrival at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, after being rushed by ambulance
from Healesville, my condition had greatly improved, asd iwo hours later
T fclt almost nurmal, -

1] was held under observation for twenty-four hours before being dis-
charged, and during that time my hand became very swollen. Thais was
treated wath injections ay an emfection, bet ia my opinion thé swelling
was not due to wfection. bat inflammation, The latter is, apparently common
with many snake bites, especially those of the analler Whip Snakes
(Dentsonia spp.). I hare often cxpericnecd -bites of these, bit have had
uo ill-erfects allliaugh severe swelling often results,

The effects [ experienced would not necessarily apply to ull victims alike,
ag much depends on the size of the snake, the amount of venom injected,
how quickly first aid ds selmiqistered) and what resistance the victim has
against {he venons, Apparently, im my case, the fang had penetrated one of
the smaller veins m my thinb, resulting im almost immediate symptams-

MOISTURE SUCKING HABIT AMONGST AUSTRALIAN BUTTERFLIES
By A. N. Burns, ansc., eres.

1 was greatly interested iin the mote entitled “Butterflies on Mud", hy
my collracue and friend, Mv. Tarhon Rayment, whith appearcd im the
January issue of the Naturalist,

Beme a keer student af Rhopalocera 1 hare whseryed this interesting
phenomenon many times and in maoy places in Australia, and hope that
a jireeis of these observations might lend added interest to Me. Rayment's
note,

His observation of the Wanderer Butterfly (Danntda peripous Fab.) in
the vicinity of Moriatts Palls, South Australia, adds another species to nity
alveady Jong list of bitterties which are attracted to moistare during very
hot weather,

-As Mr. Rayment 3tates, it ts not necessary to travel either to Oxfordshire
in England or Grosso in Brazil to observe this interesting habit of some
Widterffes. During the great Aight af the “Lemon Migrant” (Catopsilia
poniona pomona Fah, Pieridae) in central Queensland during January 1924,
thousands of these insects were to he seen imbibing moisture from damp
sand along the edges of streams. Amongst these were numerous other spocies
melding the Migratory Skipper (Badhamia exclamationts Fab. Hesporidae),
two species of the pretty little ordered Sulphurs (Exrdna app. Piendac).
arkasianal Swallow Tails fniasty the Blue Fanny, Papilio savpedor chorcdon
Feld. Papiffandac) and several species of “Blues or Lycaenidae. Of the
late PY, far the eanimonest was the “Porgut-memnot" (Catockrysops platassi

Sch.),

Later. during the same summer, and again ihe FoMlowing semen, when
the sun shone hetly aller heavy falls af rain, many butterflies were to be
seen round the <dpres of puddles by the rradside. .

eCurator of Twsecte, Nationat Musenm of Victoria,

‘

N

Ao A, N_ Buxns, Moisture Sucking Halit Amongst Mallerfites 229

fo the summers of 1925 and 1926 when the writer was liviug near Cains,
it was usual to 7¢¢ quite a umber of ‘species of bitlterfles sucking ioistuse
from) wuvls and the edges of streams, In addition to the species already cited,
several showy species of “Browis” (Nayimnphatidec) were often seen nv very
hot weather partaking of moisture, Most noteworthy atnonest these were
the males of the "Cruiser" (Cyria arsitac ada Butl.). Females were never
observed thuswist. During late March 1950 when the writer was visiting
the samé district, he encountered many examples, both ingle and female,
of the pretty litte “Cupid” (EAuchrysops carjus cuidus Whs. & Lyell
Lacaruidae) at pools ef water by the roadside at Batrou Crossing, During
that same visit, at Gordonyale, some fifteen miles sout of Cairns, scores
af Bordered Sulplurs (Lurema spp, Pieridae) were to be seen at the odge
ol every available smiall pool—tio matter haw muddy the water!

This interesting habit amongst butterflies may often be observed even
m the suburbs of Brisbane. During very hot weather when the waler cart
has heen along the roads, it is quite common to:see specimens of the Blue
Fanny (Papilio sarpedow chorcden eld. Papilionidae) and anore rarely
the Pale Green Triangle (Papitiy onrypy/es Typenan West. Papilienidac)
sucking moisture from small pools in the gutters.

During visits to northern New South Wales the Writer Has Seen the
same thing an wumerous aecasions. In January 1934 near Port Macquarie.
on the day. following a heavy thunderstorm, Jarge numbers of the Commian
Mobatross (4 fpior Paulina ega Boisd. Proridac) were alserved at pools;
these were accompatied by examples of the small Common Blue (Zrzeerta
fobradus Jnhradus Goi, Lyracnidac) and the Common Grass Yellow.
(Evxveme hecabe sulphents Butl, Prendac).

ln Victoria, too, this moisture sucking habit amongst bulterfies may
sainetioes he soted. During late December aud January the writer has
seen numbers of males of the Common Brown (Heteronyuipia inerope
merope Fab. Sofyidac) and speeanens of the Common Blue (2Ziseeria
fabvadss lebrodus Godt Lareentdor) on the daaip sand by the edge af
streams at MeJton, Shade and cool maist conditions are apriarently mue¢h
souglit after by many butterfies in excessively Hot weather, Sonte years
ago |") Jatiuayy scores of Saterld butterflies ai several species were ahserved
hy the writer at Nowa Nowa, sheltering under the ayerhang of embhank-
ments bordering a small creck, Whilst wus resting they could very easily
bévapproaches| and captures,

PRAHRAN JUNIOR NATURALISTS CLUS

About 50 were present an February 16 at the first mecting for 1954 of
the Prahran Jumtors. The Comnnttee for the year was elected and consisted
of Chairman, Secretary and three others Miss Merle Day gave a very
Intecestiig talk and demonstratian on collecting and mounting insects.

On Mare 14, Mr. A. A. Baker gave @ Lilk on yoleaiides, and 75 persons
attended On April 13, the subject far the evening will be "A Tour of East
Gippsland”, by Mr. N. A. Wakefield.

ERRATA

In the Printing’ of the paper entitled “Changes of Nomenclature of Certain
Insects and, Arachinids" in the Vice Not of February 1954. the author's
manuscript was departed fram in some ways, Tnelading the wrong use of
some capital Ictters in abbreviations af journals, the insertion af & umber
af commas in places at the second column the omission of brackets jn
“Lissopivipla exceelsa (Casta, (1862), 1864) Schulz, 1912" and in the
incorrect spelling of Seehphron Javtum, Also tbe spelling of Lowinobhioeus
should he corrected in the third <obunin,

2350 The Virtonan Naturaliz Vol. 70

FUNGI ANO SEES
By Tartton Ravuunt, F.8.z.5.¥

A short but interesting paper (Natwre, 153: 112, Jan: 1944} has just
arrived {March 24, 1934) from Ronald Melynie, who, it will he remem-
bered, recently visited Australia. Lt ig wriffen in collaboration with H. A.
Dade, of the Imperial Mycofogical Institute, Kew. ;

Deseribitig a piece of partly decayed wood containing the remains of
cells built by a leaf-cutter bee, Megackile, Dr. Melville says: "The pupa,
and pollen store Were invested with a white mycelium in which small black
fruiting bodies were observed. On examination the fuugis proved to he
Poreystis opis Maassen, the pathogen responsible for chalk-brood disease
of the horey-hee We ate tot aware of earlier records of ihis fungus
attacking wild bees,”

TARLTON RaAYyMeENT

Exe.anarion of Text-lroure

1, A reddish Uropodid mite, probably a new species of Phauludinye hus
tiken from Tertiaiius pupae of Zlelictus prranstraks Ckll. 2, Claw segment
of leg (x $60). 3, Round the body of the mite are 38 spatulate organs with
a serrated margin (X erie 4, Que of the spines oi the legs; the mites have
few hits, 5, Portion of the mourh-parts more highly magnified. 6, Sculpture
af the median oyal structure on the ventral surface of the mite. 7, Exy ot
the mite found on Hatictwy lea? Ckil. 8, The stercoral pellets af the laryac
ob Td. fewi, often in a compact mass in a cast pellicie, are consumed by the
nites, 9, The pollen-mat of H. lve? Ci. is offer covered with the mycetiu
oj a mauld, 10, Two of the “green” fruiting-bedics of the mould tauch
enlarged. 11, The spores are in purple-coloured cases (species not deter-
mived, hut perhaps Perteystty). 12, Mites aré often congregated in 4
“trase” of minute nodose “hairs” of the larvac of a museum pest (viewed
by daw power). 13, Two of the nodes bighly magnified. 14, Basal structure
of the “hair.

“Hon, Agsptiate mm E:ntomology. National Museum af Victoria, Melaourne

4

fort Tariron RayvMenr, Fungi ond Bees 23)

iu December, 1947, the author investigated the biglogy of Haltetns deal
CkIL, collected by Owen Dawson, at Cranbourne, Vieroria. but his notes
were not published until 1934 (efestralion Zoalagist, Pt. 1, March, p, 26,
1954). 4

“Micrascapic stully of five mites on a wild-bee that had large areas af
its body growing a mould producing a purplish-black sporangium, showed
that many of the mites had ingested a few of the sporangia. The author was
unable to determine whether or not spores form portion of tlhe normal diet
of the mites.”

Tt would be interesting to discover whether the fungus on the Austratial)
Hoalictng is idemucal with that found by Dr. Melville an the English Afega-
chile, The drawing may assist some mycologist to determine the species.

NEW LIGHT ON ANIMAL WAYS
(Book Review!

To understand the behavivur of any animal the student should invariably
walk “chetk by jowl” with it; may, more, he should live among its kind,
and Jew hehaviourists have done that so successfully as Doctot Konrad Z,
Lorenz, of Altenbery, on the Austrian Danube—and not in cages, mind yon!
This maturahst’s remarkable open air investigations have been translated
fvom the German by Marjorie Kerr Wilson under the title of “King Solo-
mon's Ring”, and the book thoroughly deserves the high eacumiums hestawed
onal by our own eminent Julian TWuxley. All naturalists aod philosophers
should read this book,

Lorenz, a truc scicutist, repeatedly compares the reactions of bis animals
with those of man, da an informative and interesting style, and presents wu
with many uncommon angles that we would do well to meorporate im aur
own researches, It ts impossible, in a shore review of this kind, 1o caver
adequately the extensive field cultivated by this naturalist, for he woa
the friendship of jackdaws, doves, coclatoos, dogs, hamslers, wolves aud
many other animals; and he ornaments margins with nunsbers of anusing
but nevertheless notvely cleyer thambnail sketches that a reader thoroughly
Nj oys, 7

This reviewer found the chapter on ‘Morals and Weapons" exceedingly
thouzht-provokine. Lorenz siresses the fact that the weapons bf a species
govern very largely the behaviour with ats lellows, and pomts out that
only ane, maa, his been able ts arm hnvself with horrible weapons that
aie not his own by nataral iuheritance. Consequently, man's behaviour in
modem warfare dees not conform with the natural mbhibitions of other
animals hi combat. This reviewer admits, ruefully enongh, that he cannot
share dhe author's optimism in the future behavionr of mankind when
ance war 1s declared—or, perhaps, an peace.

Quotation at (his junctare is mnayvoidable: “LT think i¢ a truly magnificent
thing that ane wolf finds himself unable 1 bite the proffered neck of
another, but sull more so that the other relies wpem him for this amazing
eestraint™, This reviewer has repeatedly witnessed two queen bees locked
in combat so that each could deliver a fatal sting to ile adversan. But
on fhe instant the posture of extermination is attained, both insects imme-
diately break wway without effecting the coup de grace. The teture of
the species is Uhreatened: Whe rove mus( not be exterminated, .

That reerciful behaviour is the: commen Inheritance of the social amunals,
hot ont nian. It is the basi of the plea for nierty by the weaker wartias—
the sword is lowered jn -submission, That was for the ancients, To-lay it
ais futile for dhe innocent and the weak ones ima city to pray for tercy;
the atom bomb will mevitably fall and redhee the just avid the injist to
clemental dast.

—Tamion Ravwenyt

- ~ - >

BAT The Victorian Naturalist Vol, 7a

NATURALISTS’ NOTEBOOK

(Reserved for your Notes, Qhservations and Queries)

FOX AND WALLABY

In the Veh Nat of Mareh 1954, Mr, Leo Hodge commented on the
dinge's methed of hunting wallabies. Following is a note concerning an
attempt by the niroduced jox ta ermulate the dinwo nm this tevard. T was
out atop the Genoa River at Wangrabelle very early ane morning during
the Faster of 1940, when my attention was attracted by moventunt on a
sandhank about 150 vards upstream. A Swamp Wallaby was hopping
slowly about followed by a smaller animal which was thought 1 be 2
“joey, A secand loole indicated it to he a dog of some kind and the
natural supposition was that it was a dingo. However, on approaching
claser I was surprised to sec that it was 2 fox, full grown bute still quite
small compared with the wallaby. The fox became aware of the observer
and slipped across a shallow arm ot a lagoon and into cover while the
wallaby took to the water. The latter was a stocky auimal about three jeer
high and sat hunched vp in only about nine inches depth of water, ohviously
quite exhausted, The maze of tracks on the sandhank told a story of perhaps
an hour of slow flight and relentless pursuit. The fox had apparently suc-
ceeded in exhausting the wallaby as tnuch by fear as by exertion, and one
wonders what would have been the outcome of the little drama had it not
been disturbed.

—N, A. WAKEFIELD.

SPARROWS ARE CRUEL BIRDS

A friend who lives at Hampton, a bayside suburb of Melbourne, has
a brick porth over the entrance to his house. The openijig to the porch 35
in the foym of a Rotman arch; aud far séveral years—-perhaps: tet: or sa—
a pair of swallows have spent much time darting through this arch ta
attend to a mud nest built on 2 small wooden shelf ever the electric meter.

My friend encourage! and protected the swallows which, le says, ure
the original pair A kind of friendship has. developed between fhem, and
each year the birds return to the same nest at approximately the same
thae, and are not disturbed at his proxiniity,

One year, a cat learned how to reach the shelf, and ate the entire brood,
My frimtd then erected a.wire barrage that effectually: excluded the cats,
hut permitted the swallows to pass throurl readily. This year he was
thoroughly shatked whet a cochk-sparrow flew into the nest, and when the
young swallaws opened their papes to receive the anticrpated food, the
sparrow plucked out the tender iangues of the nestlings and swallowed
them. The brood died,

—Tariron RaymMery

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN

Sunday, May 2--Koombala, Olinda, 4-mile walk, Subject; Autumn Faliage
aid Vistas. ‘Take 8.85 an. Uppet Perntree Gully train, then Manbulk
bus, alight at Nathalia Springs, Bring one meal.

Satuday, May &—Geology Group Excursion to Black Rock, Subject
Erosion Survey, Take 145 pm. Sandringham train, then Beaumaris
hus ta Half Moon Bay, Mect 2.30 p.m. at pier

Group Fixtures

Tuesday, May 4-Geology Group Meeting. Ring Group Secretary for
details of meeting place,
—Kennetit W. Arxins, Excursion Secretary,