Se FS de 2 i es a ee _ 97 — oe ro 2 a ark ee c ..._ Ls : Pr) — es r= ~ 7 a 7 7 ead ‘. a 1 — a, NATIONAL LIBRARY, SINGAPORS. q i aa . —— NA BO3 Inte f> C /to NATIONAL LU _ SG ® ry 7 , i A t i] Nps 4 ‘a “a yy. | ae e mull : ym e 4 =" o y ~ ity : 1 | ee i cr 4 ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN JAVA, AND THE NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS. BY THOMAS HORSFIELD, M.D. F.LS. MGS. Donvon : PRINTED FOR KINGSBURY, PARBURY, & ALLEN, LEADENHALL STREET. 1824. NAI.O /' | :BRARY, © GATORE. i eeata 6373 RBS qe AMR 541.4427 te RL Fe Me A A Re ee ee a RR RM TO THE HONOURABLE THE COURT OF DIRECTORS OF THE WMonourable East AYudia Company, THIS WORK IS, WITH THEIR-PERMISSION, RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY THEIR GRATEFUL AND OBEDIENT SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. i “male ne sist a of 8 one ro far Ais te - + < PREFACE. LN the prosecution of this Work, the plan originally offered to the Public has _ been adhered to with every possible degree of solicitude. The design of the under- taking was to exhibit accurate Figures, accompanied by detailed descriptions, of the most interesting Quadrupeds and Birds collected during my residence in Java. It was also stated, in the commencement, that, by the liberal permission of the Honourable Court of Directors of the East India Company, I had been enabled to avail myself of the valuable Collections forwarded by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles from Sumatra. The arrangement which has been made of these Collections under the orders of the Court, in the Company’s Museum at the India House, has greatly facilitated the means of introducing into this Work various subjects which had not previously been given to the Public. Throughout the continuance of these Zoological Researches, I have unin- terruptedly enjoyed the support of the Artists originally engaged for the illustra- tions. To William Daniell, Esq. I am indebted for the drawings of the Quadrupeds, and Mr. William Taylor has, with great assiduity, afforded the aid of his skill in the Engravings. The greatest proportion of the Birds has been drawn on stone by Mr. Auguste Pelletier, who has likewise been charged with the superintendence of their colouring. In several of the Birds Mr. John Curtis has afforded his assistance, both in the drawing and engraving: the Mlustration of the new genera requiring a minuteness of detail, which could not with equal effect be given on stone. Every exertion has been made to preserve the same style of execution in which the PREFACE. Work commenced. In order to afford sufficient time for the execution of the Plates, a small extension of the period in which the successive Numbers were engaged to be delivered, has been required: this, I trust, will not be a subject of disapprobation. I request the supporters of this Work to accept my cordial acknowledgements : I am happy to enumerate among these, many Gentlemen who have, since my arrival in England, honoured me with their friendship. To the distinguished patronage of the HonovrasLe Court or Directors oF THE East Inp1a Company, the origin and progress of this Work is in a great measure indebted. At the conclusion, I entreat the permission of the HoNouURABLE Court to tender to them the tribute of my sincerest gratitude and obligation. The Work was originally dedicated to this Honourable Body, and with all its imperfections, it affords an additional evidence of the patronage afforded to science in their oriental possessions. As the Public has been prepared to expect a more general report of my Researches, in consequence of the favourable reference to them by the distinguished and enterprizing Author of the History of Java, in the Preface to that Work, I embrace this opportunity to state, that although some delay has occurred in the publication, the materials eollected have not remained unexamined or undescribed. Iam happy to announce, that my friends, William S$. Macleay, Esq. and Robert Brown, Esq., have, with great disinterestedness, undertaken to give to the Public that part of my Entomological and Botanical Collections which may be most interesting, and a more particular notice of the Works proposed will appear without delay. : r += General Catalogue of Sabanese BUDS, ARRANGED IN THE MUSEUM OF THE HONOURABLE EAST INDIA COMPANY. So THE first column contains the names of the Systematic Arrangement and Description of Birds from the Island of Java, read before the Linnean Society of London, April 18, 1820, and published in the XIIIth Volume of their Transac- tions. The second column exhibits the changes which have been occasioned since this period, by the rejection of fopical names, by the introduction of several names employed in the Nouveau Recueil de Planches coloriées d’Oiseaux, published by M. M. Temminck and Laugier, and by other necessary alterations in Nomenclature. Orvo I. ACCIPITRES. Fam. II, Fatconrpa. Falco cerulescens, Linn. Faleo Tinnunculus, Linn. Falco severus, H. Falco Aldrovandi, Reinw.. Falco Pondicerianus, Gm. Falco Ichthyetus, H. Faleo Soloénsis, H. : Falco cuculoides, 7’. Falco melanopterus, Daud. | Falco Bido, H. Falco Bacha, Le Vaiii. Falco Limneetus, H. Fam. III. Srricipe«. Strix Javanica, Gm. Strix badia, H. Strix Selo-pulo, H. Strix pagodarum, 7’. Strix rufescens, H. An vere distincta a S$. Lempiji ? Strix castanoptera, H. | Strix Lempiji, H. | Strix noctula, Reinw. Strix orientalis, H. Strix strepitans, 7". Strix Ketupu, ZH. . Strix Ceylonensis, Lath. GENERAL CATALOGUE. Orvo II. PASSERES. Fam. TY. Hirunpinips, —— Podargus Javensis, H. Caprimulgus affinis, H. Caprimulgus macrourus, #. Hirundo esculenta, Osh. Z7. Hirundo fuciphaga, Act, Holm. 33, p. 151. Hirundo Klecho, H. Podargus cornutus, 7’. Hirundo longipennis, Reinw ? Cypselus longipennis, 7’. 2 Fam. V. Syiviaps. —_— Leptopteryx leucorhynchos, H. Lanius Bentet, H. FEdolius forficatus, H. Edolius cineraceus, Le Vail/. Edolius Malabaricus. Ceblepyris Javensis, H. Ceblepyris striga, H. Muscicapa flammea, Gm. Muscicapa obscura, #. Muscicapa Indigo, H. Muscicapa Banyumas, H. Muscicapa Javanica, Sparrm. 'Turdus hemorrhous, H. Turdus ameenus, H. Gracula saularis, Linn. ‘Turdus mindanensis, Gm. Turdus macrourus, Gm. Turdus analis, H. Turdus bimaculatus, H. Turdus strigatus, H. Turdus viridis, #7. Turdus chalybeus, H. Turdus Javanicus, #, Turdus varius, 7. Turdus cyaneus, H. Turdus flavirostris, H. ‘Turdus ochrocephalus, Gm. Turdus gularis, H, Turdus dispar, 2. Artamus leucorhynchos, Vieid/. Edolius longus, Le Vaiil. Edolius retifer, 7’. Ceblepyris papuensis, 7’. Turdus orientalis, Lath. - Muscicapa hirundinacea, Reinw. Muscicapa cantatrix, 7’. Muscicapa Psidii, Gm. To be cancelled. Lamprotornis cantor, 7’, Turdus concolor, corrected, H. Turdus glaucinus, correeted, H- Pitta glaucina, 7’, Myornonus metallicus, 7’. —— ll GENERAL CATALOGUE. Trmata pileata, H. Téra scapularis, H. Oriolus Galbula, Lath. var. 3. Oriolus xanthonotus, H. Melliphaga Javensis, H. Irena puella, H. Myiothera affinis, H. Pastor griseus, H.. Pastor Jalla, H. Pastor tricolor, A. Motacilla speciosa, 7. Motacilla flava, Linn. Sylvia Javanica, H. Sylvia montana, H, Saxicola fruticola, HW. Bracuyrreryx montana, #. Bracuypreryx, (?) sepiaria, H. Mercaturus palustris, 7. Oriolus cochinchinensis, Briss. To be cancelled. Edolius puellus, 7’. Pitta cyanura, 7’. Pastor cristatellus, 7". | Ewnicurus coronatus, 7". Saxicola caprata, corrected, H. Malurus marginalis, Reinw. Fam. VL. Frrncinvape. i Minarra Javanica, A. Parus atriceps, H. Fringilla Philippina. Loxia Philippina, Linn. Fringilla Manyar, H. | Fringilla punicea, H. Fringilla Amandava, Linn. Fringilla punctularia. Loxia punctularia, Linn. ‘Fringilla striata. Loxia striata, Linn. Fringilla prasina, H. Fringilla sphecura, 7’. Fringilla oryzivora. Loxia oryzivora, Linn. Fringilla Maja. Loxia Maja, Linn. Sitta frontalis, H. Sitta velata, 7’. Fam. VII. Corvipe. - Colaris orientalis, Cuv. Eulabes religiosa, Cuv. Purenotrrix Temia, #7. Crypsirtna Temmia, Vieili. Fregilus Enca, H. | Corvus Enca, corrected, H. Fam. IX. Cerruraps. i PoMATORHINUs montanus, HH. | Priia familiaris, A. OrtHotomus sepium, H. Cinnyris affinis, H, Cinnyris longirostra, H. Nectarinia Javanica, A. Nectarinia pectoralis, H. Nectarinia eximia, H. Diczeum cruentatum, Cuv. Diceum flavum, HA. Evurytaimus Javanicus, #7. Merops Javanicus, H. Merops Urica, H. Alcedo Meninting, H. Alcedo Biru, H. Alcedo tridactyla, Linn. Alcedo leucocephala, Gm. Alcedo Coromanda, Lath. Alcedo chlorocephala, Gm. Alcedo sacra, Gm. Alcedo melanoptera, H. Dacelo pulchella, H. Buceros Rhinoceros, Linn. Buceros undulatus, Shaw. B, plicatus, Shaw. Buceros albirostris, Shaw. B. Malabaricus, Lath. Picus Javensis, H. Picus Bengalensis, Linz. Picus miniatus, Gm. Picus puniceus, #7, Picus strictus, HZ. Picus minor, Linn. Picus tristis, H. Picus tiga, H. GENBRAL CATALOGUE. Nectarinia inornata, 7’. Nectarinia longirostris, 7’. Nectarinia lepida, 7’. | Nectarinia eximia, 7’. | Nectarinia barbata, 7’. Fam. X. Meroripz. — Evrytaimus Horsfieldii, 7" Merops Savigny? 7’. Merops quadricolor, Le Vaiil. Aleedo omnicolor, 7’. Fam, XI. Buceripez. —— Orpo III. SCANSORES. Fam. XII. Picrpz. Picus leucogaster, 7’. Picus dimidiatus, 7". Picus Goensis, Gm. | Picus analis, 7’. | Picus poicilophus, 7’. # GENERAL CATALOGUE. Fam. XIII. Cucurime. Pheenicophaus melanognathus, H. Ph. Rouverdin, Le Vaill. Pheenicophaus Javanicus, H. | Coceyzus chrysogaster, 7’. Cuculus orientalis, Linn. - Cuculus fugax, H. Cuculus flavus, Gm. Cuculus canorus, Linn. Cuculus Prayata, H. | To be cancelled. Cuculus lugubris, H. Cuculus xanthorhynchus, /. Cuculus basalis, H. Cuculus chalcites, Iilig. ? Centropus affinis, H. | Centropus Bubutus, H. Centropus Philippensis, Cuv. Centropus lepidus, H. To be cancelled. Fam. XIV. Bucconrps. Bucco Javensis, H. Buceo Kotoreas, 7’, Bucco Philippensis, Linn. Bucco australis, /7, Bucco gularis, 7’. Fam. XV. Psrrractps. Psittacus Osbeckii, Lath. | Psittacus Galgulus, Lin. Var. 8, Le Coulacissi, Buff: Orvo IV. GALLINACEX. Fam. XVI. Coxumpane. Columba vernans, Linn. Columba litoralis, 7’. Columba melanocephala, Gm. Columba tigrina, 7’. Columba risoria, Linn. Columba Bantamensis, Sparrm. Columba bitorquata, 7’, . Columba Javanica, 7’. Columba Amboinensis, Linn. Columba zenea, Linn. Perdix Chinensis, Linn. Perdix Javanica, Lath. Perdix orientalis, A. | Ortygis luzoniensis, Lath. Gallus Javanicus, H. Gallus Bankiva, 7’. Pavo Javanicus, H. Vanellus melanogaster, Bechst. ~ Vanellus tricolor, H. Charadrius Cantianus, Lath. Charadrius pluvialis, Linn. Charadrius Asiaticus, Gm. Charadrius pusillus, 1. Cursorius Isabellinus, Meyer ? Glareola orientalis, Leach. Ciconia Javanica, HH. Ciconia leucocephala, 7’. Ardea cinerea, Lath. Ardea purpurea, Linn. “ Ardea Egretta, Linn, Ardea affinis, 7. Ardea Malaccensis, Gm. Ardea speciosa, H- Ardea nycticorax, Linn. Ardea sinensis, Gm. GENERAL CATALOGUE. Fam. XVII. Terraontpe. —>— Perdix personata, H. Zool. Res. VIII. i Fam. XVIII. Puastanimpe. — | Gallus furcatus, 7’. Fam. XIX. Pavone. i || Pavo muticus, Linn. Orvo V. GRALL. Fam. XX. CHARADRIADA. tie Fam. X XI, Arnpeapez. ———— Ciconia capillata, 7’, Ardea russata, 7’. Naine to be cancelled, as not distinct from A. speciosa. Name to be cancelled, as not distinct from A. lepida. Ardea flavicollis, Lath ? Ardea lepida, H. Ardea nebulosa, H. Ardea Javanica, H. | Ardea cinnamomea, Gm. Numenius Phaopus, Lath. Scolopax saturata, H. Scolopax Gallinago, Linn. Totanus affinis, H. Totanus hypoleucos, 7’. Totanus acuminatus, H. Totanus tenuirostris, 7. Totanus Damacensis, H. Totanus Glottis, Bechst. Totanus Javanicus, A. Ryncheea orientalis, H. Limosa melanura, Leisi. Tringa subarquata, 7’. -Himantopus melanopterus, Meyer. Parra superciliosa, #7. Porphyrio Indicus, H. Gallinula gularis, H. Gallinula lugubris, H. Gallinula orientalis, H. Gallinula Javanica, #7. Rallus gularis, H. Rallus fuscus, Linn. Rallus quadristrigatus, H. Fulica atra, Linn. Pelecanus Philippensis, Gm. Pelecanus Javanicus, HZ. GENERAL CATALOGUE. An vere distincta ab A. lepida ? Ardea virescens, Linn. Fam. XXII. Trine. ———_ Seolopax Terek, Lath. Limosa Terek, 7. R. varia, 7’. Fam. XXIII. Ratume. a eee -: smaragdinus, T. Name to be cancelled, as not distinct from the following. Gallinula pheenicurus, Penn. Ind. Zool. % Gallinula superciliosa, 7’. Orvo VI. PALMIPEDES. Fam. XXIV. Pevecanripz. ———— | Nametobe cancelled, asnotspecifically distinct from the former GENERAL CATALOGUE. Carbo Javanicus, H. Carbo Africanus, Lath. Plotus melanogaster, Gm. | Fam. XXY. Cotymerpe. Podiceps minor, Lath. , Fam. X XVI. Laripg. —— Sterna minuta, Linn. Sterna Javanica, H. Sterna melanogaster, 7’. Sterna media, H. Sterna grisea, H. Sterna affinis, H. Fam. XXVIII. Anartipe. gee? SE Anas Javanica, 7. | Anas arcuata, Cw. The following order is proposed for the arrangement of the Subjects and Plates in the binding of the Volume. To facilitate the reference to the Plates of Illustration, the order in which the Subjects were given in the successive Numbers, is added. The Plates of Illustration should be bound, in the order of publication, at the end of the Volume, —=00/C>iseee——. MAMMALIA. BIRDS. Simia syndactyla. Falco Ichthyzetus. Semnopithecus Maurus. Falco ceerulescens, Semnopithecus Pyrrhus. Falco Limneetus. Tarsius Bancanus. Strix badia. __Cheiromeles torquatus. Podargus Javanensis. » NNyctinomus tenuis. “Muscicapa Banyumas, . Rhinolophus larvatus. "| Muscicapa hirundinacea. ,-Rhinolophus nobilis. Muscicapa Indigo. :Vespertilio Temminckii. Turdus varius, 4 —Pteropus Jayanicus. Turdus cyaneus. )-- Pteropus rostratus. Timalia pileata. Tupaia Javanica. Timalia gularis. Tupaia tana. Iéra scapularis, Ursus Malayanus. Oriolus xanthonotus, Gulo orientalis. Irena puella. Mydaus meliceps. Motacilla speciosa. Viverra Musanga, Brachypterix montana, Viverra Rasse. Phrenotrix Temia. Mangusta Javanica. Pomatorhinus montanus. Lutra leptonyx. Prinia familiaris, Felis Javanensis. Calyptomena viridis. Felis Sumatrana. Eurylaimus Javanicus. Felis gracilis. Alcedo Biru, Mus setifer. / Dacelo pulchella. Sciurus insignis. Pheenicophaus Javanicus. Sciurus Plantani. Cuculus lugubris. Sciurus bicolor. Cuculus xanthorhyncus. Pteromys genibarbis. Centroepus Philippensis. Pteromys lepidus. Perdix personata. Rhinoceros sondaicus. Ardea speciosa, Tapirus Malayanus. Scolopax saturata. Cervus Muntjak. Parra superciliosa. i Anas arcuata. ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES, &c. SSS oO MAMMALIA. BIRDS. No. I—Felis Javanensis. Irena puella, male, Felis gracilis. Irena puella, female. Viverra Musanga. Phrenotrix Temia. ‘Tapirus Malayanus. _ Motacilla speciosa. No. II.—Mydaus meliceps. Eurylaimus Javanicus. Gulo orientalis, Podargus Javanensis. Tarsius Bancanus. Turdus varius. Felis Sumatrana. Dacelo pulchella. No. I1I.—Tupaia Javanica. Falco Ichthyetus. Tupaia tana. Falco cerulescens, Simia syndactyla. Timalia pileata, Timalia gularis. Pteropus rostratus, Cuculus xanthorhynchus, No. IV.—Semnopithecus Maurus. Calyptomena viridis, Ursus Malayanus. Strix badia, Pteromys genibarbis. Alcedo Biru. Pteropus Javanicus, Turdus cyaneus, No. V.—Nyctinomus tenuis. Pomatorhinus montanus. Mangusta Javanica, Phenicophaus Javanicus. Pteromys lepidus. Muscicapa Indigo. No, VI.—Cervus Muntjak. Téra scapularis. Viverra Rasse. Falco Limneetus. Rhinolophus larvatus. Oriolus xanthonotus. Rhinoceros sondaicus. Centropus Philippensis. No. VII,—Sciurus Plantani. Brachypterix montana. Lutra leptonyx. Ardea speciosa. Semnopithecus Pyrrhus. Muscicapa Banyumas. M. hirundinacea. Rhinolophus nobilis, Cuculus lugubris. No. VITT.—Sciurus bicolor. Prinia familiaris. Mus setifer. Perdix personata. Vespertilio Temminckii. Parra superciliosa. Cheiromeles torquatus, Anas arcuata. ERRATA. Article IRENA PUELLA, second page, four lines from the bottom, for Cornirostres read Dentirostres. Article PTEROMYS GENIBARBIS, first page, sixth line, for Peraurvus read Peravaisrus. SIMIA SYNDACTYLA. Orv. II” QuapRUMANES, Cuvier. 1° Famille, les Singes. Orv. I. Primates, Linn. Syst. Orv. II. Potiicata, Tiger. Fam. 1, Quadrumana. SIMIA, Linn. Briss. Schreb. Cuvier. Hyxosates, Illiger. Pitruecus, Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire. eee ELL SSE ELSES SEES TEL Simia aterrima, collo pectoreque nudis, indice et digito medio podariorum coadunatis. Siamang, of the Malays. Simia syndactyla, Sir 7. S. Raffles's Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra, Tr. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 241, 1821. TO the following description of the Simia syndactyla it may be proper to premise, that the generic name is employed, by Sir SraMrorD RarFL&s, according to the classification of Linnzus. M. Cuvier, in preserving in the order of Quadrumanes the two Genera of Simia and Lemur, has found it necessary to divide each into several Sub-genera; and the celebrated Illiger, in his Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium, has established among those Quadrumana, which, according to his views, agree in generic characters with the Simia Lar, a distinct genus, denominated Hy osatEs: this is arranged immediately after the genus Simia, and is distinguished principally by the proportionally greater length of the anterior extremities, which, when the animal stands erect, reach to the ground, by the naked callosities on the buttocks, by a comparatively short muzzle, and a facial angle of sixty degrees. Agreeably to the Tableau des Quadrumanes of M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, contained in the XIX" Volume of the Annales du Museum, the Simia syndactyla belongs to the genus PITHEcUS. The Simia syndactyla, as well as the Tupaia tana, which is described in the preceding article, form part of the Zoological Collection which was forwarded to the Honourable East India Company, by Sir Stamrorp Rarrxes, from Sumatra; SIMIA SYNDACTYLA. the arrangement of which is now in progress at their Museum at the India House, together with that of a general series of Quadrupeds and Birds from Java and other Islands of the Eastern Archipelago. Three specimens of the Siamang, of different sexes and ages, are placed in that Museum ; and, with the permission of the Honour- able Court of Directors, I am enabled to illustrate the description of Sin StaMFoRD RarfF.eEs, contained in the thirteenth volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, by a figure of our animal from the pencil of Mr. Daniell, and to add some details regarding its dimensions, form, and bony fabric. “ The Simia syndactyla is of a jet-black colour throughout; it is upwards of three feet in height, and of a robust and muscular frame. It agrees with the Simia Lar of Linnezus, in being tailless, having naked callosities, and arms reaching to the feet. It differs, however, essentially in having the index and middle toes, or rather fingers, of the hind feet united as far as the middle of the second phalanx; in having two loose and naked folds of skin on the throat, which I have observed to be occasionally inflated with air; and in being entirely black, with the exception of a few brown hairs on the chin, which appear to become gray with age. The hair is long and soft; the face is without hair, and black, as are also the breasts of the female. The orbits of the eye are circular, and remarkably prominent. The canine teeth are long.”—Tr. Linn. Soc. The Dimensions of the largest specimen, at the Museum at the India House, are the following :— Feet. Inches. Entire height from the heel to the summit of the head............ 3 2 Length of the head and Meck ......sccrsereceererstresrsseerenesesencsenaees 0 6 ice ntthie heiccn) CAG BITE pcancczentae nce pnatensdes Bend shan ve ckbbeevh dabativesmecbssevion aeeuie oL sal Be trait 4G LOLA ATOM, jncsseskabeaqatilspned nce ceds oud dunes sedis esis eNia eee ace QL sea skebautisen the. Tian and. fingers, ccasvsscades sinntionptn ens acnsseasesescacpiteen 54 antes vesenprcas ADE EMIGh DONE: ‘ : r J : ‘ : 4 ‘tne she - nc - a) d 2ER, a mae A : t ; 374 % -< -* * ‘ - vi) ”— 2 " ‘ y d = a - - 7 eel . ri q ‘ . a : + * ~ * i” ' oy : . oo a ay na P| i a 4 i ~ - al M4 q ' eS = ° iP ? fren anit. SIMITIA oh Atmarhncry, cartary ibd Ona Fret SYNDACTYLA. ? 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A ; : 5 ee wad | j : be © i. 1 7) 4, 3 ; o aed | ) 7 a mt) y P+ ® serio? i AME ny sat v : > a aoe” a Dy * 4 j > ' i? ie | rf 7 Fl : Abe | P 7 t. i il b/ Lig>te "s fi ne OM wor. 2 WBA a eo dhe be ram! ; ry) ' * ee Th iy, z F mae & i 7 @ iil i . = é iz 1 , a_i rT . en 1 i ae aN eee mea, | oe al onl, Wie Lea toed * Dag , i (la 4 ed ms A LE" F “es ae bi i a sales + Aged | Aa - ss . ”, * ; | ial re ee = fE i . a et. ah Be Le el Ree vite wr mite ee tal je e sas | r a7 i eg "5 ek: a ie ans a lL ("ya 2 1 /* mit af aes mic) oa ¥ pe te. _ l * - el “4 ' i ale ; : sal ih 4 gieyy : a mal ‘ Baas ote | ad . b] ‘ a te rn ak Oe Ae li : j ii : le ‘ oo | wig * i ih ak | Ds rag it § he athe L's] wl rb ds hy Pad as s ] oo be ae ae hae a eS aes | Tape: | 4 * r i J ais oe F ee C; oP hh my Pe ] ee 5 4 a uy 2 bt ai / - a eeu. + Bie F Dtfles ee ae =e “ee ie acta tee A si ‘ 2 ae A i! aa Fin r i , . : , A! Ca | rs — = i. ay; | 2 Li 1 s P | 7 7 in’ c ‘ | ‘wae _ : 4 fel i oe oe i r } e tai ‘ : ae “a he, La - k ' — 9 A. 1 ‘a L yeti fv i j = 7 i ." Faby ral A rT PR: i] 1 *) a ' ne : ra i i 4 a | ‘ : : ell bow SEMNOPITHECUS PYRRHOUS. Orv. II*® QuaprumanEs, Cuvier. 1° Famille, les Singes. Orp. I. Primates, Linn. Syst. Orp. Il. Potzicata, Tliger. Fam. 2, Quadrumana. SEMNOPITHECUS, Fréd. Cuv. Mamm. lithogr. 30 lvrais. Sim1a, Linn. Cuv. Schreb. CercoritHecus, Briss. Eraleb. Cuv. Illig. Geoff. CHAR. ESSENT. GEN.—Laniarii superiores obsolete triangulares, interne longitudi- naliter suleati. Modlares inferiores postremi quinquecuspidati. Pedes elongati. Semnopithecus rufus nitore splendide-fulvo, pectore abdomine artubus intrinsecus caudeque basi subtus pallide-flavis. Lutung, of the Javanese. — ON the Plate which illustrates the present article, an animal is represented which agrees with the Semnopithecus maurus in all points excepting the external covering. ‘The permanency with which this exists, and the peculiar name of our animal among the natives of Java, must be taken into consideration, in determining its title to a specific distinction. The colour extending over the upper parts of this ani- mal, and over the exterior of the limbs, is essentially different from the fulvous tint observed in the Semnopithecus maurus, before the change of colour to black takes place, which, commencing on the extremities, spreads gradually over the whole animal. No discoloration of this kind occurs in the Semnopithecus Pyrrhus. Various young individuals, contained in the Honourable Company’s Museum, exhibit, in a striking manner, the changes which occur in the covering of the Semnopithecus maurus, as it gradually increases to maturity. Three adult speci- mens of the Semnopithecus Pyrrhus agree in all points, as far as regards their colour. I am sensible of the difficulty which frequently occurs in distinguishing animals specifically : and if doubts still remain regarding the specific distinctions of quadrupeds which are natives of Europe, the same may be expected in animals from -SEMNOPITHECUS PYRRHUS. distant parts of the globe. In exhibiting our animal with a peculiar name, and thus proposing an addition to the Systematic Catalogue, I shall not oppose my judg- ment to those Naturalists who, after instituting a careful comparison, may be dis- posed to consider it merely as a variety of the Semnopithecus maurus. Our animal agrees strictly with the Semnopithecus maurus, as described in the Fourth Number of this Work, in all points that regard generic character. A remark- able attribute of this is a great length of body and slenderness of the extremities ; the figure of the Semnopithecus Pyrrhus exhibits these peculiarities of form, which are concealed in the attitude of the §. maurus. The lighter tints of the breast and abdomen are also rendered conspicuous in our present figure. The hairy covering of the Semnopithecus Pyrrhus has the same character as in the S. maurus; it is long, delicate, soft, and silky. Its colour, in the latter, is intensely black ; in the former, it is reddish-brown, with a beautiful golden gloss on the back, head, tail, and the extremities, varying slightly in its degree of intensity as it approaches the sides and forehead: underneath and along the interior of the extremities it is pale yellowish, with a golden lustre. The long, shaggy, thickly disposed fur which covers the upper parts, is separated by a regular boundary stretching along the hypochondrie, from the hair on the abdomen, which is very thinly disposed, curled, silky, and of a very delicate texture. Our animal greatly resembles, in its external covering, the Cercopithecus aura- tus, described by M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire in Vol. XTX. of the Ann. du Mus., from a specimen in the collection of M. Temminck; but the latter has a clear distinguish- ing character in the black mark above the rotula; and, as far as appears from the description, is of a more robust habit, and does not belong to the genus Semno- pithecus, as defined by M. Fréd. Cuvier. Our animal, when full grown, is equal in size to the Semnopithecus maurus. SEMNOPITHECUS PYRRHDUS. rawr. by Wo Dasmels . Sngravéd & W, taylor . sami, Published by Kingsbury, Parbury teAllen, Leadinhad. Street Octl 1343 . tales | a = 4 e = 3 : = a = 4 7 7 = * ¥ * P i z a — ; * : = Pees 1+ “ee J hi’ = » — oe : a i Ly «=. 2 P| 7 9 ( oO > a a | -. Z x —| 7 2 i —* ~ » J =... EE. 7. ; = bal 7 P 7 ‘ sl i 7 Ma wa r .™ eee - 7 EE : 7] “* J m * “ := . . a = , * 4 ‘ ‘ ‘ i . lei! ( —_ = - ; a | a Lae % b ba oe. : 5 . ak 4 | Sage - sl q a i - - 7 A . : 7 os | = - = = i“ mt re « * iy : 1 ‘. ia} : » 7 : = * aaa = a a > £ my? i 7 » > = =e ts ee ‘ Ti = i g == c. aa 7 ee a — iil 2 7 TARSIUS BANCANUS. ——)' =a Orp. Il® Quaprumanes, Cuvier. 2° Famille, les Makis, Cuv. Les Lemuriens,—Strepsirrhini,—Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Orv. I. Primates, Linn. Syst. Orp. II. Potricatra, Tiger. Fam. 4. Macrotarsi. TARSIUS, Storr. Cuv. Geoff: Illig. Lemur, Pallas. Macrotarsvs, Lacep. Dipetruis, Linn. Gmel. Prosrmi1a, Bodd. Cuar. Gen.—Dentium formula; Primores 3 seu ;, Laniarii = Molares = seu =. Primores dissimillimi, variabiles, supra aliis 4 aliis 2, intermedii longiores acuti (aut nulli), 2 externi minimi: infra 2 erecti (aut obliqui). Laniarii utrinque primo- ribus breviores. Modares utrinque utrinsecus 6 (interdum 5) anteriores unicus- - pides, laniarios emulantes, posteriores majores multicuspides. Rostrum breve acutum. Oculi magni, antrorsum versi, approximati. Auricule nude magne aut mediocres. Cauda longissima apice floccosa. Pedes omnes manibus pentadactylis. Zarsi longissimi. Ungues lamnares, triangulares, plani exceptis digiti secundi et tertii pedum posteriorum qui sunt verticales, subulati, erecti. 41s a Tarsius fuscus, dentibus primoribus intermediis maxilla superioris nullis, auriculis rotundatis horizontalibus capite brevioribus. ALTHOUGH the Tarsius from Banca agrees in the essential points with the other species of this singular genus, which have hitherto been discovered, it exhibits the following peculiarities. It has no intermediate front teeth, and the exterior tooth on each side is, comparatively with the other species, extremely minute. Counting (with Desmarest) one canine tooth on each side, above and beneath, it has only five grinders in each jaw. The ears, instead of rising in an erect position, are placed horizontally backward, and are proportionally short. On its structure and peculi- arities I have further to add the following remarks :—The head, in preportion to the size of the body, is large; the arch of the forehead rises high, and the occiput is regularly spheroidal. The proximity of disposition and excessive size of the eyes, is equally characteristic in this as in other species. The rostrum, or extremity of TARSIUS BANCANUS. the face, is short and obtuse; the nose is slightly rounded, almost flat above, and the nostrils, as usual in this genus, are pierced laterally. The ears, which, from their erect position, and their projection beyond the cranium, give a peculiar distinctive character and appearance to the other species, in our animal are disposed horizontally, and instead of rising up toward the crown of the head, incline backward, and extend. but little from its sides; the lobes, as usual, are very thin, membranaceous, semitrans- parent, thinly beset with delicate hairs; several tufts of longer hairs arise from the base, where the interior membranaceous lobules are discovered, but in our specimen too much contracted to admit of a detailed description. The neck is very short, and the ante- rior extremities have the same proportion to the body asin the other species. The hands are externally covered with a very soft down; internally they are naked, and provided with several rather prominent protuberances, which, according to the opinion of Mr. Fischer, are calculated to assist the animal in climbing. The fingers are deeply divided, and very delicate; those of the hands have the same proportion, one to the other, as they have in man; on the feet they are more lengthened, and slender; the third finger is longer than the middle finger, and the thumb is proportionally short. In all the third phalanx is somewhat thickened, and surrounded by a pro- jecting orbicular border, which, in the thumb particularly, constitutes a delicate ball, supporting the nail. ‘The nails of all the fingers of the hand, as well as of the thumb and the third and fourth finger of the feet, are triangular, and represent a delicate compressed scale: on the index and middle finger of the feet they are erect, sharp, compressed, slightly curved, and not inaptly compared by Mr. Fischer to the thorns of a rose-bush, constituting one of the essential characters of this genus. The body is handsomely formed, and, as in the other species, somewhat contracted towards the pelvis; the lower extremities also have in general a similar character, but the tarsus has less of the extravagant length which is common to the other Tarsii. The tail has nearly the length of the body and head taken together; it is somewhat thicker at the base, nearly naked two-thirds of its length, but covered towards the extremity with a soft down, which forms, near the tip, a very obscure tuft. The fur is remarkably soft to the touch; it is composed of a thick and very delicate wool, which envelopes the body, head, and extremities, forming a coat of an unequal surface, from which irregular straggling hairs project; at the root of the tail, and at the hands of both extremities, it terminates abruptly in form ofa ring. The general colour is brown, inclining to gray; on the breast, abdomen, and interior of the extremities it is gray, inclining to whitish: a rufous tint is sparingly dispersed over the upper parts, which shews itself most on the head and extremities: the naked parts of the tail near the root are considerably darker than the extremity. I obtained this animal in Banca, near Jeboos, one of the mining districts, where it inhabits the extensive forests in the vicinity. TARSIUS BANCANUS. As the teeth of the Tarstus Bancanus differ in several particulars from those of the other Tarsii, it may contribute to the elucidation of this genus, to present a detailed description of them, with reference to the Plate of Illustrations.—See Pl. of Ill. Let. G. (a) upper-jaw, 1 front tooth; 2 Canine; 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Grinders: (6) lower-jaw, 1 front tooth; 2 Canine; 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Grinders. I shall further add an enumeration of the different species of this genus that have hitherto been described, with their characters, as given by Professor Gotthelf Fischer in the Works cited. Teeth of Tarsius Bancanus-—Front Teeth: in the upper-jaw none interme- diate; exteriorly, one on each side, minute, cylindrical, consisting of a simple point, projecting about one-third of a line beyond the gums: in the lower-jaw, two inter- mediate, long, attenuated towards the point, which is slightly rounded, projecting obliquely forward, diverging in a small degree from the middle, where they approach nearest to each other, surrounded at the base by a slightly projecting margin. G. a, 1. 8, 1. Canine Teeth.—In the upper-jaw one on each side, slender, somewhat angular, acute, inclining obliquely inward ; in the lower-jaw one on each side, attenuated, com- pressed, somewhat shorter than the front teeth, but closely applied to them above, and having the same direction. G. a, 2. b, 2. Grinders.—In the upper-jaw five; the first rather broad at the base, angular, simple, pointed: the second and third smaller than the first, but larger successively, somewhat compressed, each having a single point, with an additional projection anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a compressed base, from which the point rises: the fourth and fifth very large, and nearly equal, consisting of a broad base, from which project three high, acute, somewhat angular points, one on the interior, and two on the exterior margin, having in the middle a considerable concavity: in the lower-jaw five, the three anterior consisting of a single point; the first broad at the base, pyramidal, acute, somewhat oblique, encircled at the base by a margin, larger than the second and third, which being removed somewhat interiorly, in consequence of the curvature of the lower-jaw, have a disposition slightly different from the corresponding teeth in the upper-jaw: the fourth and fifth are large, and resemble those which are opposed to them; the points on their surface are less regular; they form two transverse ridges in the anterior and posterior part of the crown, between which is a considerable groove. G. (a) 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. (b) 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. TARSIUS BANCANUS. Species OF TARSIUS HITHERTO DESCRIBED. 1.—Tarsius Palassii: T. incisoribus obtusis, intermediis brevibus. Gotthelf Fischer, Anat. der Maki. T. sulphureo brunneus, auriculis acuminatis. G. Fischer, Zoognosia. 2.—Tarsius Daubentonii: T. incisoribus acutis, intermediis rotundatis longis. G. Fischer, Anat. der Maki. T. gracilis ex nigro cinereus auriculis rotundatis. G. Fischer, Zoognosia. 3.—Tarsius Fischeri: T. incisoribus acutis, intermediis longis latere exteriore de- pressis crista acuta obductis, marginatis. G. Fischer, Anat. der Maki. T. badius, pedibus ex nigro fuscis auriculis rotundatis. G. Fischer, Zoognosia. 4.—Tarsius Bancanus: T. fascus, incisoribus intermediis maxille superioris nullis, auriculis rotundatis horizontalibus capite brevioribus, TARSIUS BANCANTUS uF F a ee LL ma , rn roe F Fw 7 | * r , ; A rf » ‘ Londen, fublimed by Black, Aingtiury, farhiory, & Aten, deadenAad’ Street, Wor, 122 . | a ib ad ae =) . Diet AS, “ A ff * + | wa * | E 1 t ; 4 o-oo ie rT 1? =) a eS =. c ay le Ay ae J 4 if a) eit ain iy we : a . Bs t J Ee ‘J ~ Fr : it a sere M, % ahi rere sad rr ref et ¥ b eed * sit wl 7 ae a: ee G8 alice a » haan Ski a Ie | shai fe: ate aca ee - ‘ an | eters iret 1 mt ~ a ¥ mile ih ie ; i « - | yd 5 # am a | a iat , . * a i ul] i r ‘or , i} ." a =; b ? ' * ra | # F 7 f i r | oe ' j Paty [7 = EF 1 Ls mth Lt Ul Lm * 7. a | alin ee ins CHEIROMELES TORQUATUS. Orn. III" Carnassiers, Cuvier. 1° Famille, Les Cheiroptéres. Orp. I. Prrwares, Linn. Syst. n On. XI. Vourranria, Wiger. Fam. 82, Chiroptera. CHEIROMELES, Nobis. wer, CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS.—Dentes primores otinete duo; supra magni, approxi- mati, semiconici, acuti, infra minimi, simplices. ostrum conicum, sulcatum, glandulis confertis setiferis in paribus tribus oppositis coronatum. Auricule distantes, patentes, operculo brevi, semicordato, obtuso. ¢ jaccus axillaris amplus, ad regionem hypochondriorum extensus, antice membrana pectorali, postice patagio complexus. Scelidum podarta manus sunt. Halluce ungue lamnari, extrorsum serie secunda setarum uncinatarum marginatus. CHARACTER NATURALIS.— Denies primores supra dud vain, approximati, ab laniariis paululum remoti, conum per axin sectum referentes, latere interiore recto con- niventes, latere exteriore, laniarios spectante, obliquo, antice laeves, subconvexi, postice basi marginati, concavi, attenuati ; infra duo minimi, simplices, basi cylin- drici, scalpro compresso equali. Laniarit supra mediocres, erecti, trigoni, latere anteriore obsolete canaliculati, angulo interiore sectorio, gradu basilari cincti ; infra breves, parum extrorsum spectantes, obtusiusculi, basi antice marginati, postice gradu semilunari emarginato preediti. Molares supra utrinsecus quatuor ; primus externe acie subelongata trigona, interne ad basin gradu obliquo instruc- tus, secundus et tertius consimiles, margine exteriore bipartito ex columnis duabus triquetris tricuspidatis confluentibus efformato, gradu interiore magno obsolete bituberculato, concavo, obliquo, subemarginato, tuberculo anteriore elatiore. Quartus parvus compressissimus transversus. Infra utrinsecus quin- que, compressi. Primus minimus dentibus proximis occultatus, vix supra gin- giyam conspicuus ; secundus acie sectoria elongata, margine interiore_basilari producto; tertius, quartus, et quintus consimiles, coronide quinquecuspidato, cuspidibus tribus anterioribus in trigonum dispositis, duabus posterioribus oppositis; quintus parte posteriore angustato obliquo, CHEIROMELES TORQUATUS. Caput oblongo-cylindricum; calvaria supra longitudinaliter cristata. Rostrum conicum, supra suleo longitudinali exaratum, glandulis confertis, setiferis, erectis, in fasciculis tribus oppositis, coronatum. Rhinarium productum apice emar- ginatum, prosthemate nullo. Mares tubulose, tumide, antrorsum spectantes, simplices. Labrum crassiusculum, carnossum, simplex. Auricule mediocres, distantes, patentes, obtuse, margine posteriore involuto: operculum breve, semicordatum, obtusum. Oculi parvi, margini anteriori auricule approximati, illoque partim absconditi. Corpus patagio digitali, lumbari et anali, membranaceis, denudatis, cinctum. Saceus lateralis amplus, ab axillis post pectoris parietes, versus dorsum et regionem hypochondriorum extensus, antice membrana pectorali versus brachium extensa, _ postice patagio corporis complexus. Mamme subaxillares, laterales, membrane pectorali et patagio intermedia. Patagium anale mediocre, integrum, rugosum, fibris muscularibus pluribus preeditum. Cauda compressa, subcylindrica, obtusa, annulis membranaceis cincta, raropilosa, basi patagio anali adnata, ultra medium libera. Pedes pentadactyli. -Antipedes chiropteri, brachiis digitisque elongatis, his muticis, halluce libero, unguiculato. Scelidum podaria halluce maximo, crasso, libero, a reliquis digitis separato, instructa; ungue lamnari elongato. Series setarum hallucis secunda; setis apicalibus longissimis, lateralibus gradatim brevioribus, omnibus uncinatis. Digiti quatuor compressi subequales, unguibus falculari- bus. Pili longi, setacei, digitis unguibusque rare adspersi. Arriniras. Ab omnibus Vespertilionidis hucusque cognitis satis distinctum genus Cheiromeles, Nyectinomo pluribus notis convenit. Podaria scelidum halluce libero lato-unguiculato instructa, aliquam affinitatem cum Quadru- manis Prosimiis indicant. Querendum igitur, nonne Systemate naturali dispo- sitio generum Vespertilionidaram commutanda? Galeopithecus et Pteropus a Quadrumanis removendi? Ast Cheiromeles illis contra associandus? et hoc genus nostrum constituatne cum Nyctinomo, Molosso, Dysope, et Myopteri familiam naturalem ? tee eS Se r Cheiromeles collo pilis longiusculis cincto, dorso punctato nudo, CHEIROMELES TORQUATUS. I have designed for the present article one of the subjects which have been added to the Museum of the Honourable East India Company, by the researches of Dr. George Finlayson. The various Vespertilionide enumerated in the journals which were kept by this meritorious Naturalist, during the mission of John Crawfurd, Esq. to Siam, Cochin-China, and the Indian Archipelago, were collected in Penang and Singapore. The chief notices concerning them relate to the places where they were discovered, as the examination was deferred to a period of rest and leisure. Since the lamented decease of Dr. Finlayson, a liberal provision has been made by the Honourable Court of Directors, for arranging and exposing to view his collections; and I trust that the description of the new and interesting subjects will prove the zeal and industry of the collector. As a native of the Indian Archipelago, the Cheiromeles torquatus belongs with propriety to the limits of these Researches. In its physiognomy our animal bears: considerable resemblance to Molossus, and, on first view, it was considered as a species of this genus; but a more careful examination soon brought to light its peculiar characters. The singular structure of the foot, or rather of the podarium, according to Illiger’s language, which in the posterior members has the character and properties of a hand, has suggested the name of CHEIROMELEs, from x#e manus, and uss membrum. The entire length of the specimen of the CHETROMELES TORQUATUS which is now before me, is five inches and one half. The extent of the wings is nearly two feet. The head is long, somewhat cylindrical in its posterior portion, very slightly rounded above, and terminated by a long conical muzzle, the extremity of which projects nearly half an inch beyond the lower jaw. The summit of the skull is marked in the middle with a distinct prominent longitudinal ridge, and the rostrum has throughout its entire length a deep groove, which forms at the extremity a small notch between the nostrils. The nose consists of two tubes, of considerable length, and somewhat muscular, at the end of which the nostrils are placed. These are simple, orbicular and tumid, and the external aperture is directed forward. The upper lips are simple, fleshy, thick, almost naked, and bordered with delicate and somewhat rigid hairs. The lower jaw is broad and obtuse at its termination. The rostrum is marked above, on each side, with three small fascicles of short, stiff bristles, conical and glandular at the base, rigid and spinous at the point. They are arranged successively, in opposite pairs, at the extremity, in the middle, and near the base of the ears ; a similar fascicle of bristles, with glandular bases, is situated on each side of the lower jaw, near its extremity. The ears have comparatively a posterior CHEIROMELES TORQUATUS. position. The auricle is very broad at the base, and extends along the skull from the eyes towards the neck : posteriorly it forms a curve, which rises again to a large tragus, placed exteriorly below the auricle. It is about two lines long, semicordate, obtuse, and continued anteriorly into a small membranaceous border, extending towards the angle of the mouth. The auricle itself is oblong, nearly obtuse, simple at the anterior, and involute at the posterior margin. The general direction of the ears is upward and outward. ‘The base of the auricle leads to a tube of great trans- verse dimensions. Indeed, the great extent of the internal ear is one of the peculiarities of Cheiromeles. The diameter of the entrance to the cavity of the tympanum is likewise of extraordinary size: in preparing the skull, the bones of the ear were easily separated for examination, and, in comparison with those of the human ear, were found of enormous dimensions. In the skull all the parts belonging to the ear are greatly developed, and the cochlea in particular is of uncommon extent. The texture of the os petrosum was apparently very loose. The eyes are small, and partially concealed. The eyelids are surrounded by a minute circle of rigid hairs, regularly disposed. The anterior margin of the auricle is adapted to afford a partial covering and protection to the eyes. The front teeth in the upper jaw resemble a section of a cone through the axis: they are of great strength; those in the lower jaw are comparatively small. ‘The canine teeth above have a sharp edge along their internal angle, but in other respects these teeth are of moderate size, and of simple structure. The large grinders agree in all essential points with those of Nyctinomus; but this agreement will be shewn more fully in the comparison of Cheiromeles with that genus. Of all the Vespertilionide with which I am acquainted, the Cheiromeles torqua- tus has, next to the Nyctinomi, the greatest extent of wing. The phalanges of the third and fourth fingers are remarkably long and delicate. Our animal possesses a peculiarity of structure at the union of the arm with the body, similar to that which has already been observed, in different degrees of development, in several Vesper- tilionidee. It consists of a deep cavity, extending from the axilla and neighbouring parts, towards the spine and the hypochondriz. Anteriorly it is bounded by a membrane extending from the arm to the pectoral muscle, and then passing to the sides of the body, and uniting with the common integuments: the expanded mem- brane of the arms and body is its posterior limit. The cavity thus formed is about an inch deep, and nearly two inches long; it is lined with a very delicate membrane, and its uses will be pointed out in the sequel. A structure analogous to this occurs in the Pteropus palliatus of Geoffroy, and in the genus Cephalotes. In the Saccopteryx CHEIROMELES TORQUATUS. of Illiger, a smaller sac is observed, but in a different situation. It is placed about the middle of the forearm, and has no connexion with the axilla. It here appears to be of less importance in the economy of the animal. In the Pteropus palliatus, and in the genus Cephalotes, it consists not merely in a cavity in the axilla and the neighbouring parts, but the membrane, being detached entirely from the parietes of the thorax and abdomen, rises from the middle of the back, where the skin forms a ridge of two or three millimetres in height: from this it is spread, as a mantle, over the animal. This organization, M. Geoffroy remarks, renders the animal spe- cifically lighter, and assists its flight ; and, by supplying a deep and extensive pouch, it affords to the young, while they continue at the breast, a convenient covering, and a retreat in which they find the security and the temperature which they require. The pouch in Cheiromeles torquatus, although less extensive, answers the same purposes. It has been attempted in the illustrations which are given on the Plate exhibiting a front view of the Cheiromeles torquatus, to shew the disposition and extent of this singular pouch; buta more distinct view, as well as a more satisfactory description, are still to be supplied by the examination of the living animal, or by specimens preserved in spirits, in which all the parts remain in their natural state, and not deranged by the process of preparation. ‘The breasts, or mamma, are situated at the sides, a little below the axille; they are covered before by the membrane which bounds the pouch. The subject procured by Dr. Finlayson, from which this descrip- tion was prepared, is a female. The bones of the arm are of great length. The thumb is of moderate size, robust, and armed with a strong claw. In the index only one phalanx is distinctly observed ; the middle finger consists of four, and the fourth and fifth fingers have individually three phalanges. The two first phalanges of the middle and of the fourth finger are of great length, and contribute, in a great degree, to the extent of the anterior extremities. The extreme phalanges are very slender and delicate. The posterior extremities are uncommonly robust. The thighs are enveloped in the interfemoral membrane ; the legs are short, and covered with numerous folds of this membrane. The foot constitutes the chief distinguishing character of our animal, Its peculiar structure is perhaps most precisely expressed in the technical language of Illiger, as applied in the essential character: scelidum podaria manus sunt. ‘This hand consists of four fingers, which have the same disposition and structure as in other animals of this family, and of a distinct thumb, essentially agreeing with this member in many Quadrumana, and in several animals of the Rodentia and Marsupialia. It is a complete antagonist to the fingers, enables the animal to take hold of objects, CHEIROMELES TORQUATUS. and thus constitutes a perfect hand. The metatarsus, in Cheiromeles, is broader than in other Vespertilionide. The metatarsal bone, supporting the thumb, is very robust; it is somewhat swelled at both extremities; at the point of articulation its situation is in a small degree oblique, so that the thumb at the base has a natural disposition to diverge from the fingers. The first phalanx is of great dimensions; in our specimen its sides are angular, and it has double the size of the fingers. The second and third phalanges are very minute, and cannot be distinguished separately. The nail is long, broad, perfectly even before, somewhat concave behind, and slightly rounded exteriorly at the extremity. It is proportionally longer than the nail in Monkies, but it has the true character of the Unguis lamnaris, resembling in its structure the elongated nail of the Prosimii and Macrotarsi of Illiger. A very slight convexity exists in the anterior surface of the nail, and the posterior is pro- portionally coneave; at the insertion of the nail the thumb is distended, and the sides are somewhat flat. Together with the structure and position of the thumb, a very peculiar character is afforded to the Cheiromeles by an appendage or brush, consisting of bristly hairs, directed to one side, and forming a regular series along , the outer margin of the thumb. At the extremity the hairs are long, and spread as a fan over the nail; they gradually decrease in length as they approach the base, preserving throughout the same direction. The separate hairs are rigid, thicker at the base, then gradually attenuated, and terminated by a hook. To this singular character I have observed an analogous structure in Nyctinomus, by which it is in some measure illustrated. It is doubtless of importance in the economy of the animal, but its use remains to be determined. This character must not be confounded with the long, solitary, bristly hairs which, in Cheiromeles as well as in Nyctinomus, are loosely scattered over the fingers, and particularly over the extremity, near the insertion of the claws. The other fingers are compressed, disposed in the same direction, nearly of equal length, and armed with strongly compressed claws, agree- ing essentially with those of other animals of this family. The skin which covers the base of the fingers is lax, and constitutes a short membrane between them. The neck of the Cheiromeles torquatus is short and thick ; the body large, ovate, broad between the shoulders, then gradually contracted, and obtusely terminated. The interfemoral membrane is short, transversely distended between the thighs, and obtuse, with a slight curve on each side of the tail. Its texture is thick and rugose, and it is, to appearance, plentifully supplied with muscular fibres. In this character Cheiromeles resembles Nyctinomus more than other animals of this family: in its termination, expansion, and rugosity, the interfemoral membrane of Cheirorheles CHEIROMELES TORQUATUS. agrees apparently with that of Nyctinomus Aigyptiacus. The tail, along one half of its length, is enveloped by the interfemoral membrane ; the remaining portion is cylindrical, somewhat compressed, obtuse, and marked throughout its whole length with annular folds closely disposed and continued from the interfemoral membrane. A few straggling bristles are scattered over its base. The exterior character of Cheiromeles is peculiar in various points. The back is nearly naked; an almost imperceptible down, of a brown colour, extending uni- formly over it. The skin, which by reason of the vacancy occasioned by the cavities under the thorax and in the flanks, is contracted into wrinkles, is marked throughout with very minute dots, which, when closely examined, exhibit the appearance of shagreen. These dots also extend to the shoulders, and along the arm to the thumb, and over the interfemoral membrane; but, in the latter, they are partially concealed by a very delicate down, of a dark brown colour, which not only covers the membrane, but also extends, in a defined line, nearly half an inch in breadth, along the bones of the arm to the thumb. The shortness of the fur, affording an appearance of nakedness to the general surface, is characteristic of Cheiromeles. The longest hair on our animal is observed in a collar, or ruff, about the neck, from which the specific name is derived. This ruff, nearly half an inch in breadth, is irregularly defined. In its posterior portion the hair is soft and uni- form in length; anteriorly it is unequal, silky, and delicate; and the hairs, meeting from the opposite side, and crossing each other, form a projecting brush in a middle. The breast and abdomen are covered with a very short, delicate, silky fur, of a dark brown, somewhat rufous colour, which is closely applied to the skin. A line of longer hairs, variegated with several tufts, marks the region of the pubes, and conceals the genitals. Short bristly hairs are scattered over the interfemoral mem- brane, extending to the root of the tail. All these hairs have a dark brown colour, with a rufous, somewhat resplendent tint, when exposed to the light. In the mem- brane of the wings, the back, head, ears, rostrum, feet, and tail, the colour is sooty black, with occasional modifications of tawny. ‘The nails are transparent, and of a yellowish brown colour. The series of bristles along the exterior margin of the thumb is tawny. ‘The membrane of the wings is marked with numerous parallel transverse veins. Several long, lax bristles are irregularly scattered over the face and lips. ‘I have endeavoured to detail with accuracy all the external characters of Chei- romeles: those which belong to it exclusively have been enumerated in the descrip- CHEIROMELES TORQUATUS. tion of the genus. I shall add a few remarks on its immediate relations. It has been stated as a query in the notice of its affinities, whether Cheiromeles, Nycti- nomus, Molossus, Dysopes, and Myopteris should not form a separate subdivision in the family of Vespertilionide. As far as regards their front teeth, the resem- blance between all these is strong; it is as follows :—CHEIROMELEs =, Moxossus 2, Myorrteris 2, Dysopes 2, and Nyctinomus 4. These genera have likewise a striking affinity in the size and organization of the ears, in the nakedness of the nose, in the great expansion of the wing, and in the structure of the tail, enveloped at the base in the interfemoral membrane, and detached at the extremity. Among these, on first view, Cheiromeles appears to have the greatest resemblance to Mo- lossus; but the comparisons which I have instituted, shew that it is still nearer to Nyctinomus; therefore, without entering into a separate analysis of the genera enumerated, and their affinity individually to Cheiromeles, I shall mention in detail only those particulars in which it agrees with Nyctinomus, as they appear in the form of the skull, in the teeth, in the structure of the ears, in the nose, in the anterior extremities, in the interfemoral membrane, in the tail, and in the brush- like appendage of the thumb and fingers. irst:—The form of the skul/ in Cheiro- meles and in Nyctinomus is almost precisely the same; to shew this, a comparison of the details which are given in our Plate, with those contained in the Illustrations to the Vth Number of these Researches, is sufficient. Second/y:—The front and canine teeth in both these genera have so nearly the same character, that the deserip- tion of them in one may, with a very small modification, be applied to the other. The grinders likewise are constructed exactly on the same plan; but their analogy shews itself strongest in the lower interior ridge of the upper grinders, which is emarginate, and supports two points, of which the anterior is largest. Thirdly :— regarding the ears it may be remarked, that in Nyctinomus the auricle is larger, and has a more anterior situation; but in the great extent of this organ interiorly, in the form of the enlarged tragus, and in the covering which the auricle is caleu- lated to afford to the eye, both these genera agree. Fourthly :—The nasal tubes and the end of the rostrum are similar in Nyctinomus and in Cheiromeles: both genera are distinguished by numerous conical spinous glands situated on the rostrum; but in Cheiromeles these are separated and distributed in various fascicles, while in Nyc- tinomus they are collected near to one point. J i/thly:—The agreement which exists between Cheiromeles and Nyctinomus in the anterior extremities, shews itself not so much in the size and form of the membrane, as in the great length and delicacy of the phalanges of the fingers. Siath/y:—The structure of the intezfemoral membrane, and the muscular fibres with which it is provided, in both these genera CHEIROMELES TORQUATUS. affords a striking affinity ; this is very satisfactorily illustrated by a comparison of the Cheiromeles torquatus with the Nyctinomus gyptiacus, figured in the Mem. de l'Institut @Egypte, &c. by M. Geoffroy. Seventhly :—The tail has likewise essen- tially the same structure, though it appears of greater dimensions in Cheiromeles from the membranaceous covering with which it is surrounded. Eighthly :—A very striking resemblance between Nyctinomus and Cheiromeles, and which, as far as my observation extends, has nothing analogous in the other genera above enumerated, exists in a brushlike appendage to one or to several fingers. In Cheiromeles it occupies the exterior side of the thumb, and has already been described in detail. In Nyctinomus both the exterior fingers, as well that which corresponds to the thumb, as the little finger, are provided with an appendage which has the following character. A series of delicate hairs, about one line in length, extends along the whole of the exterior side both of the thumb and of the little finger; a few hairs of a greater length are scattered through these, and likewise stretch forward, and spread over the claw. These hairs rise nearly erect or vertically from the finger, and are not directed horizontally outward, as in Cheiromeles. The separate hairs are bent or hooked at the extremity; their colour is silvery gray. This regularly defined series of hooked hairs must not be confounded with the long lax hairs which are observed on all the fingers of the Nyctinomi, and which, according to M. Geoffroy, must also be placed among the generic characters. These long irregular hairs are likewise observed in Cheiromeles, independent of the appendage of the thumb. It should be remarked, that in Nyctinomus the metatarsal bones of the thumb and of the little finger are perfectly uniform in size, slightly exceeding those of the interior fingers. From the preceding comparison it clearly appears, that in a natural arrange- ment of Vespertilionide, Nyctinomus should immediately follow Cheiromeles. I am not prepared to state the order in which the other genera belonging to this group above enumerated, should be placed; but Cheiromeles doubtless stands at the head of it, as possessing an affinity to the Prosimii or Macrotarsi of Illiger, not only in the structure of the thumb and its lengthened nail, but also in the carni- vorous grinders, which are provided with projecting points. These considerations suggest a new disposition of the Vespertilionide, but this remains for future inquiry ; my immediate object has been to give the history of Cheiromeles torquatus, and to illustrate its affinities in this family. On the Plates annexed to this article, an anterior and posterior view of Cheiro- meles torquatus is exhibited. In the former the animal appears of natural size ; in the latter it is reduced nearly one-half: to this Plate the following illustrations are added. NORRN AE RASH SOBR CHEIROMELES TORQUATUS. Profile of the skull of the Cheiromeles torquatus, of natural size. Skull seen from above. The same from beneath. Lower jaw: to exhibit the teeth. Profile of the teeth in the upper jaw, seen from within. Profile of the teeth in the lower jaw, seen from without. Front teeth of the same. Front teeth of Nyctinomus tenuis, Profile of the head of the Cheiromeles torquatus. Podarium (hand) of the posterior members of the same. Nail of the thumb, of the same. Lateral view of the nail of the thumb, of the same. Foot of Nyctinomus tenuis. Front view of the axilla of the Cheiromeles torquatus. Posterior view of the Cheiromeles torquatus, in which the extent of the axillary cavity is indicated by a dotted line. * 4 Seay judy jaggy 7pyurpmy wyp ay ngny hangitay a prygnyns *twopuey OPT jy A pay ‘ "SALVOAOWOL Sa LeWoOwlawD | ra ae "adel Bae 4 . C ee ve ee be ays fe at ia Bi Vinge: isda ean | ve aihaee oly i,” 4 Sill - ES Je (fal ih a4 ; a YP ty all ane et ai : eer, oe: pig a Me) 5 4 ae cd Asia ok tes) ES Cae ~ r¥ oe ee ae lg 2 690i pr agati ee? pie a “Fear pudy aay peppers any y Concny ombuly Q Peysyens “wopury - e - aol ry say Ap paenaPiegs “SQLVOAOWOL SATANOWLAMD — « i] 7 > ‘ * . * - Ll rf U - | * 4 ' ¥ = ‘ — | t 7 = a . P, 4 = a . : + L “ty ty Py f- . - | We { 1 | ' a | , - ai F ale | . 5 _ J J ae 4 a _- eT > mee . fi 4 a ea | - ip _ . ‘ id Lb = . Vi au ‘fF " we 2 ] = | a | al} ai | RHINOLOPHUS LARVATUS. Orv. III™ Carnassters, Cuvier. 1° Famille. Les Cheiroptéres. Orp. I. Primates, Linn. Syst. Orv. XI. Voritantia, Iiliger. Fam. 32. Chiroptera. RHINOLOPHUS, Geoffr. Cuv. Ilig. Desm. VeEsPerTILIO, Linn. Eraleb. &c. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS.—Denies primores supra duo, ossi intermaxillari mobili inserti, infra quatuor breves, trifidi: mo/ares supra exterius margine cuspidato, interius gradu obliquo abbreviato, superficie plano. Prosthema maximum, membranaceum, complicatum. -Auricule maxime sine operculo. Mamme duz pectorales lactiferse; papilla etiam dua, absque glandulis lactiferis in pubis regione disposite, approximate; (pelvi tendentes. Kuhl.) CHARACTER NATURALIS. Dentes primores supra duo, parvi, breves, approximati, paralleli seu convergentes, basi cylindracei, apice compressi dilatati, scalpro integro seu emarginato, ossi intermaxillari cartilagineo, mobili, lamellis duabus parallelis efformato, injuncti; infra quatuor, breves, compressi, approximati, trifidi, exterioribus sublongioribus. Laniarii elongati, supra conici, compressi, erecti, subarcuati, gradu interiore dilatato, instructi; infra conici, erecti gradu basilari antice adscendente carinato, postice oblique excurrente, cincti. Molares supra utrinsecus quinque; primus minimus obscurus, dentium serie interne omnino occultatus ; reliqui complicati, margine exteriore elevato, gradu interiore abbreviato; secundus angustior, acie anteriore elongata, tertius et quartus consimiles, margine exteriore bipartito, ex columnis duabus triquetris tricus- pidatis confluentibus efformati, interne gradu angulato obliquo, facie rhomboidea, instructi; quintus minor compressiusculus postice obliquatus. Infra utrinsecus quinque, compressi, superioribus angustiores ; primus et secundus unicuspides, basi margine carinato cincti, primus acie brevi rotundata, secundus acutus elongatus, tertius, quartus et quintus consimiles, serie regulari dispositi, coronide columnis duabus triquetris confluentibus efformata, quinquecuspidata, cuspidum duorum exteriorum anteriore elongata, quintus parte posteriore angustata obliqua, RHINOLOPHUS LARVATUS. Caput oblongum, magnum, rostro obtuso terminatum. -NVasus prosthemate maximo, — membranaceo, complicato, figura variis speciebus diversissima; nares circulares seu ovales, infundibuliformes, plica membrane interioris cincte. Labra dilatata; fibris muscularibus in omnem faciem distributis. Auricule maxime, acuminate, erect vel patentes, absque operculo, basi simplices vel involute, nonnunquam profunde emarginate, lobulo accessorio instructe. Oculi mediocres, membrana prosthematis superiore subapproximati. Corpus patagio digitali, lumbari et anali, membranaceis denudatis cinctum. Pata- gium anale integrum. Cauda mediocris, patagio anali innata et ad ejus mar- ginem pertingens. Mamme aperte due pectorales lactifere; papille etiam due, absque glandulis lactiferis in pubis regione disposite, approximate ; (pelvi tendentes.) ; Pedes pentadactyli. -Antipedes chiropteri, halluce distincto, unguiculato, digitis reliquis elongatis, inermibus; indice phalange minimo aut nullo, Scelides ambulatorie. Ungues falculares, digitorum elongatorum antipedis nulli. AFFINITAS.—Hoe genus indice minuto cartilagmeo phalange unico instructo cum secunda tribu Vespertilionum insectivororum omnino conyenit, ac nasi prosthe- matis strucfura complicata generi Megadermati proximam affinitatem prebet : tamen auricule simplices operculo destitute et verruce elongate in pubis * regione disposite, que adspectu mammis similes sunt, Rhinolophum ab aliis hujus familiz generibus longe dissociunt. ee a eR eh ee a ** Membrana superiore prosthematis transversa porrecta. Rhinolophus supra ex fusco fulvescens postice saturatior subtus fulvus nitore canes- cente, cauda pedibus breviore, auriculis magnis acutis erectis approximatis basi latissimis simplicibus. Lowo-sumbo, of the Javanese. TO the description of the subject which has been selected for the present article, I have proposed to premise a few general observations on the genus, and to exhibit, in a connected view, the species which have been discovered in the Island RHINOLOPHUS LARVATUS. of Java. The genus Rhinolophus is one of the most remarkable among the family of Vespertilionide. The individuals which compose it, are distinguished, even on a superficial view, by ears of excessive size, broad at the base, erect and. acuminate, and by a greatly complicated nasal membrane. But the most striking character, which belongs to it exclusively, is the presence of two papillary tubercles, situated on the os pubis, and exhibiting the external appearance of two breasts. This cha- racter, as far as my inquiries extend, is first distinctly noticed by Bechstein. The female, he remarks, has, to appearance, four teats, two on the breast, and two on the region of the pubes; the latter he always found relaxed, as if the young had drawn milk from them by sucking, as well as from the others. Mr. Geoffroy notices this character, with the following remark: “ besides the two pectoral breasts, which are the only organs for the secretion of milk in the other Vespertilionidz, the Rhinolophi have two others, situated near each other, above the os pubis.” He recommends this eharacter to the attention of naturalists, and it doubtless deserves more careful inves- tigation. M. Desmarest, in his character of Rhinolophus, describes two pectoral mamme, and two warts, situated on the pubes (deux verrues pubiennes), having the appearance of breasts, but being destitute of lactiferous glands. M. Kuhl’s observa- tions on this subject shew, that during the first year, these lower teats are altogether wanting, that they are minute in the female of two years, and that only in the third year they acquire their full size. It appears to Mr. K. that, although connected with the propagation of the species, they are not breasts, as he never discovered lactiferous glands near them. They are connected with the cavity of the pelvis. The ears of the Rhinolophi resemble those of the Pteropi, in the simplicity, of their structure. They consist of a large membranaceous lobe, very broad at the base, tapering towards the extremity, but without that enlargement of the tragus, which constitutes the oreillon in the other insectivorous Vespertilionide, and which affords them the power of rendering themselves deaf at pleasure. This organ is subject, however, to several variations of form, which will be described in enumerating the characters which have been employed in the specific distinctions. With the simplicity of the ears, the complicated structure of the nose forms a striking contrast; this exists as well in those parts which are concealed by the in- teguments, as in those which are exposed to view. The external entrance to the ___. olfactory organs consists of several membranes, variously disposed and folded, so as to constitute a funnel, the object of which is, to direct the olfactory particles to the nasal chambers, which occupy an extensive cavity in the anterior part of the skull. The lowest exterior portion of the membranaceous apparatus consists of the apertures RHINOLOPHUS LARVATUS. of the nares, which are confined by a delicate membrane, and have a circular or oval form. ‘These are bounded, at the sides and underneath, by one or by several folds of a membrane, which has some resemblance to a horse-shoe, whence the name of Horse-shoe Bat has, from time immemorial, been applied to the European species of Rhinolophus. Above, these nasal apertures are defined by a large membrane, - which either rises perpendicularly to a point, in form of a lance, or stretches transversely across the nose, and constitutes a prominent arch or conch, These are the two principal forms which have been observed in the membranaceous appa- ratus of the Rhinolophi, and according to which they may be divided into two sections; but each has again several modifications, which serve to distinguish the species. A cartilaginous partition of:the nose projecting forward, which is called the crest, and which may be compared to the bill of a cock, surmounted by its comb, exists in several of those species, in which the superior membrane is lance-shaped and erect. In considering this nasal apparatus, it should be observed, that it is likewise a character in several other genera of this family, but in Rhinolophus it has by far the greatest degree of development. The structure of the lips is very complicated: some of the fibres separate, and are extended to the forehead, leaving a vacancy, which has been compared to a funnel, at the bottom of which the nostrils are situated. The tail is long and entirely enveloped in the interfemoral membrane ; its relative proportion to the legs, affords a character which is employed in the discrimination of the species. The fur is gene- rally characterized by a great length and softness; in several of the Javanese species it possesses, on the upper parts of the beay. and on the breast, an uncommon degree of tenderness and eaairs The Rhinolophi ‘Badng to the second tribe, established by M. G. Cuvier, among the Insectivorous Bats; in this, the phalanx of the index is single, short, or rudi- mentary, and each of the other fingers has only two phalanges. Of the other genera which are contained in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company, Mega- derma, Nycteris, and Vespertilio, also belong to this tribe. : The teeth are very uniform in all the Javanese species of Rhinolophus; their structure is clearly exhibited in the natural character; a few slight modifications of the front teeth, above and underneath, will be noticed in the detail of the species, In describing the Rhinolophi, which I have collected in Java, I have to acknow- ledge my obligation to Mr. Geoffroy, for the general illustration of this genus, which RHINOLOPHUS LARVATUS. is given in his Memoir on the Rhinolophes, contained in the XXth Vol. of the Annales du Museum, &e. This Essay contains also the most copious list of species which has hitherto been communicated to the public. Mr. Geoffroy enumerates six ; these have all been adopted by M. Desmarest, in his “ Description des Especes de Mammiferes,” in the Encyclopedia. The species enumerated by M. Geoffroy are the following :—1. Rhinolophus uni-hastatus; 2. Rh. bi-hastatus; 3. Rh. tridens ; 4. Rh. speoris; 5. Rh. diadema; 6. Rh. Commersonii. To these I have added from Java, 1. Rhinolophus nobilis; 2. Rh. vulgaris; 3. Rh. larvatus; 4. Rh. insignis; 5. Rh. deformis; 6. Rh. affinis; 7. Rh. minor. A comparative view of these species will be given in the sequel : their number and peculiar modifications, appearing both in Asiatic and European forms, together with the species of other families of Vesper- tilionide which are found in Java, tend to illustrate a very appropriate remark of M. Geoffroy, which I shall give in his own words: “ n’est-il pas remarquable que dans chaque région zoologique, quelles qu’en soient les distances, les chauve-souris aient une organization qui rentre rigoureusement dans une de nos familles, au plutét que chaque famille ait dans chacune de ces régions un représentant qui lui appartient sans ambiguité come sans partage?” But I may observe here, that as investigation extends, new types are discovered. One of these is exhibited in the Pteropus ros- tratus, of the Third Number of these Researches, which M. Fred. Cuvier has sepa- rated from the Pteropus, and described as a distinct genus.* M. Geoffroy further points out the peculiarities of the Rhinolophi, as_ consti- tuting a genus more strictly limited and circumscribed in its characters than most others. One of the Javanese species in our collection deviates in a small degree from this peculiarity, so that I have been led to suppose that the structure of the head, and the erect disposition of the nasal membrane, as well as the character of the tail, tend to shew that it forms an approach to the genus Megaderma. It has been named deformis. For the present article I have selected that species, in which the peculiar character of the inguinal protuberances is strikingly apparent. The Javanese Rhinolophi may be generally divided into two sections; the first having the superior lobe of the nasal membrane erect and lanceolate—the second havy- ing above a transverse membrane, stretching forward as a small arch. Of the former . I have found two species, which, according to M. Geoffroy’s ideas, would be the * I should add, at the same time, that in defining this species—the Pteropus rostratus—I was not regardless of the Pteropus minimus of M. Geoffroy ; but as he has placed it in his second divison ** des Roussettes 4 queue, Ann. du Mus. XV. p. 97, and as it does not agree in colour with our specimens, I decided it to be specifically different. RHINOLOPHUS LARVATUS. representatives of the European Rhinolophi in India. The other section is more strictly Asiatic: three of our species have, in the membrane, the character of the Rhinolophus diadema, with a slight modification; another has already been men- tioned as forming an approach to Megaderma; and one of our species has an excava- tion in the forehead, above the membrane, similar to that of the Rhinolophus speoris of Schneider. To distinguish clearly the Javanese Rhinolophi from those which are found in other parts of the East Indies, I have taken into consideration, in defining the specific characters, besides the nasal membrane, the ears, the proportional length of the. tail and posterior extremities, and the colour of the hairy covering of the body. The ears exhibit the following forms: they are erect, patulous or spreading above, entire, curved or emarginate at the sides ; at the base they are simple, or provided on one or on both opposite sides with convolute lobes, which in several species are separated posteriorly by a deep notch, and thus exhibit a distinct inferior lobule, The propor- tional length of the tail, and of the extremities, affords in several species, a marked distinction. The colour is considerably diversified ; it is either golden with a beau- tiful brown lustre, pure gray with a silvery tint, or pure brown of different shades, passing by insensible gradations to grayish brown and gray. These remarks are sufficient to illustrate the following enumeration of Javanese Rhinolophi. * Prosthematis membrana superiore erecta lanceolata. 1.—RHINOLOPHUS AFFINIS. Ra. supra ex fusco fulvescens subtus fulvus gula pectoreque saturatioribus, cauda pedibus breviore, prosthemate dilatato lacinia superiore erecta lanceolata late- ribus infraque membrana lata plicata, septo narium cartilagineo porrecto unci- nato, auriculis patulis latere exteriore sinuatis basi lobo accessorio maximo. Mensura: Rhinolophi vulgaris. 2.— RRHINOLOPHUS MINOR. . Ra. supra plumbeus nitore fulvescente subtus canus, prosthemate dilatato lacinia - superiore erecta lanceolata lateribus infraque membrana lata, septo narium carti- lagineo porrecto uncinato, cauda pedibus breviore, auriculis magnis erectis latere exteriore emarginatis basi lobo accessorio maximo. Mensura membrane antipedum expansorum novem pollicum Angi. RHINOLOPHUS LARVATUS. ** Prosthematis membrana superiore transversa porrecia. 38.—RHINOLOPHUS NOBILIS. Ra. supra ecanescente fuscus subtus dilutior, lateribus colli et abdominis axillis maculaque infra-scapulari albentibus, cauda pedibus longitudine equali, pros- themate supra membrana transversa porrecta infra acumine elongato, auriculis _ _ erectis acutis magnis basi latissimis lobo utrinque subinvoluto. Mensura membrane antipedum expansorum 194 pollicum. 4.—- RH INOLOPHUS LARVATUS. Ru. supra ex fusco fulvescens postice saturatior subtus fulvus nitore canescente, cauda pedibus breviore, prosthemate supra membrana transversa porrecta infra acumine breyi, auriculis magnis acutis erectis approximatis basi latissimis simplicibus. | Mensura membrane antipedum expansorum 14 pollicum. _5.—RHINOLOPHUS VULGARIS, Ru. supra fuscus subtus canus concolor, cauda pedibus paululum longiore, prosthe- mate supra membrana transversa infra simplice, auriculis patulis latere exteriore excisis basi utrinque lobulo involuto villoso. Mensura membrane antipedum expansorum 12} pollicum. 6—RHINOLOPHUS DEFORMIS. Ra. supra fuscus subtus canescens, ealvaria porrecta compressa facie elongata plana, cauda brevi subobscura, prosthemate erecto supra membrana transversa infra simplice, auriculis magnis approximatis erectis latere exteriore parum incisis basi latis lobulo inferiore involuto. Mensura membrane antipedum expansorum 12 pollicum. *** Sinu frontali, supra prosthematis membranam transversam. 7.—RHINOLOPHUS INSIGNIS. Ra. supra fuscus subtus canescens concolor, cauda pedibus paululum longiore, sinu frontali elongato inter cutem et calvariam adscendente ore transverso contractili, prosthemate supra membrana transversa concava infra acumine mediocri, auri- culis patulis extremitate subrotundis margine exteriore incisis basi utrinque lobulo involuto. Mensura membranz antipedum expansorum 13} pollicum. RHINOLOPHUS LARVATUS. After this concise view of all the species of Rhinolophus which have been found in Java, with those enumerated by M. Geoffroy, I proceed to the description of the Rhinolophus larvatus. Our animal affords an excellent illustration of the second section of this genus: the nasal membrane is broad, and all the parts are greatly developed, so as to give the face the appearance of being covered with a mask. In its extent and disposition this membrane agrees with that of the Rh. Diadema and Nobilis, and it is only by a very careful examination that any difference of structure can be discovered. Our animal is about one-third smaller than the species just men- tioned, which, although they agree in size and conformation, differ essentially in their colour. The entire length of the Rhinolophus larvatus, from the extremity of the nose to the root of the tail, is three inches, and the expanded wings measure fourteen inches; the tail is one inch long. } The head is, short, thick, and abruptly terminated anteriorly, so as to afford a plane surface for the disposition of the exterior portion of the nasal membrane. In its attachment to the neck, it forms nearly a right angle. The neck is swelled, and very short. The length of the animal, without féllowing the curve of the head and face, is no more than two inches and a half. The ‘peculiar attachment of the head is accommodated to the manner in which the Rhinolophi suspend themselves, as is ingeniously stated by M. Kuhl, in his account of the German bats, A very distinguishing character of our animal is the form and disposition of the ears. The base is excessively broad, and altogether without that involution of the lower portion of the lobe which occurs, either on one side only, or on the opposite sides, in the other Rhinolophi, and which supplies, in some degree, the place of an oreillon. The anterior margin rises high, forming a curve in its ascent, so that, in the middle, the lobes from the opposite sides nearly approach each other: the extre- mity is acuminate, having the point tending outward; the posterior margin is very slightly emarginate, and, inclining backward as it approaches the head, continues to form an excessively broad base. The interior of the ear is perfectly naked. The nasal apparatus is bounded above by a broad membrane, stretching trans- versely across the nose, and projecting forward in form of a shelf; it has a very slight transversely projecting ridge in the middle; the lateral membrane consists of three parallel folds, of which the exterior is shortest, while the interior constitutes a semicircular envelope, as in the Horse-shoe Bat, which has a short obtusely rounded point in the middle. The nostrils have a vertical direction, and constitute indivi- dually a small ovate funnel, surrounded by a narrow membrane. Above these the -RHINOLOPHUS LARVATUS. interior of the nose is naked, exhibiting a plane glandular surface, bounded by a -ridge parallel to the transverse membrane, having a small groove at its upper margin. A few long, slender bristles are dispersed over the surface of the membranaceous apparatus. The eyes are of moderate size, and situated somewhat anteriorly, between the upper part of the nasal membrane and the base of the ears. The lips are distended, and closely covered with long bristly hairs, having a direction downward, and consti- -tuting a pendulous beard. The deviations of the teeth, from the description already given in the natural character, are very inconsiderable in the Rhinolophus larvatus. The front teeth are somewhat converging and distended on the interior margin, and very obscurely notched. The first grinder is comparatively obscure; the projecting point of the second grinder is long. In the lower jaw the two intermediate front teeth are marked with deep notches, and they are comparatively robust. Of the two simple -anterior grinders, the point of the second is acute, and considerably projecting beyond the other teeth. The third, fourthfand fifth grinders form a perfectly regular series, and along the outer ridge, the anterior point projects a little beyond the others, The body is broad across the thorax, and being gradually attenuated, has an abrupt termination posteriorly, where it forms a broad, obtuse surface, from which the tail proceeds in the middle, and the thighs laterally. The two pectoral mamma have the usual form and disposition ; immediately above the union of the osa pubis, about one-fourth of an inch from the anus, and two lines distant from each other, are situated two cylindrical warts or papillary tubes, above a line in length, regarding the purpose of which, the opinion of the most eminent naturalists is still divided. Among the various Javanese species, these organs are particularly prominent and conspicuous in the Rhinolophus larvatus, and a careful and accurate view of them is given on the Plate. They became obvious only in this species, after removing the covering of the body. This consists of very long, close, silky hairs, very soft to the touch, and closely investing the body, both above and underneath. Its greater thick- ness on the neck and breast forms a peculiarity among the Javanese species, in our _ animal, and in the Rhinolophus nobilis. The length of the anterior extremities is moderate, and the membrane presents nothing peculiar; the thumb is. provided with a sharp claw, and the index is without a phalanx. The form of the interfemoral membrane is regulated by the RHINOLOPHUS LARVATUS. length of the tail, which in our animal is shorter than the legs. The posterior extremities are long and slender, and the claws are strongly curved, and very acute. The colour of the Rhinolophus larvatus above, is deep brown, with a golden lustre; it is more intense posteriorly. 'The separate hairs have a golden hue at their base, which becomes brown towards the tip; so that, by the accidental undulations, a most beautiful variegation is produced on the covering of the animal. Underneath, the hairs have a lighter golden tint, which becomes grayish towards the extremity, in consequence of which the colour here has a strong tint of gray. The membrane is blackish-brown, with a yellowish gloss, which varies according to its disposition to the light. The Rhinolophi, in Java, agree in their manners and mode of life, with those that are found in other countries. They retire, during the day, into deep recesses and caverns; at night they sally forth in pursuit of insects. The relative number and distribution of species, in Java, remain to be ascertained by future investigations. The Rhinolophus larvatus, as far as I have observed, is less abundant than several other species; the Rhinolophus vulgaris appears to be most generally distributed. i peau ee oy “SALVAUMV'T SHH dO'TONIAY / 1 i A," r Mi . ! ; Ti q - iis “a | , ’ a i tel fi re i a . ss + * J ‘alien! i 4 i i } “ ve . a : i 7 | » e i a > r] ” J ‘ e a ty ay 7 . mi . ‘ | r Pi = i i F - lL i } i l re Y f 4 i, .. a - oA, 1 . 7 7) j “» E 5 . r 1 : = : i. ae = h. »” ia” = ‘ 4 a f j m7 r u* : ; ; ia _—" a a Mean all ‘ #) _ a’ 2 4 : — es et ary i oad me Ae: Pa , hile tb Loa i Lae mh wl hw a F : hs : aft i tess! ' - i Med 4 Ve A : i *; he ] e * * | a A, a be : " i. _ 1 ee. #. \ a.) fia i gir ; aw + i] ; _ [ - ot ' J vy z | i r =e ; : nt - 7 bas ae i = tl in ar —*. to ; I a ' k ae 4 j Raa Oe . ore Fae ae i we | ' cy ig a ec) ; F Peet 4 , oy Ta en As va Pict . *. aa } » aie BPE | skh tn | ., i ak en e i | cae 5 Te al ie ee Taye rites aT iris . chee cer he i 4 fae ay : aes ie “ 7 ay a yk rs ; ve ig : dhe ” - iy F A Le aad - i 7 Ace 2 7 a : a b> a md sa ; : ; s 7 s ar: = in ae] my is Fy ti 4 . ae - ‘ec; ae = ry, > m ‘te ri wh TF _w - a? ' | | el oe : — a al = [ . = ‘ : " f d al ' “ a = Dp || “ _ omer i s 5 ; ee ea. : bs ey oe ‘ i ; | j | , ef 5 ji cd a | . ad © Fe i ms taal ‘ 2 oe. y oe ee) } rl . 4 pl i : 4 ' rae i a ie tee aa | a te i = ; ies, vd i ret) el he - 1 ph ee jot } *) 1 —_ . [ ] r - , } Pu 7 " ue id 2 ‘” , = f i coche / 7 MH . | ie a ’ 1 | ‘ Lim 1g . : F a ia] if i = ‘Aes: Eights | feet arnt eae ith rh “ae A Tie Z aie tbat tual mh aps, 4 ; an j i He : ti 4 + Te | } lt j - ? e hd - i i) ity 7 a, t 1 lad i ‘ ’ i : a) =” aa 4 | iP - ' — "| be FF ’ Lia 7 7 1h ’ ‘ - es = *| M Oy, - ~ ‘on rad a ; te oF : fa oF om Vn) 6 yar ‘i mo ry oes r ~ a 3 eb a Ea : OS ' Py be a " a ay Th iy ' t; Lt Bel | | P-3 tied y* f ' T Hes! 7 ; :% e | 2 ats a, i a mee abaiy: it sf) os + .* i / ; ; Rig Ba: - ae 7 rs — ban ay ’ Wd } ~ Ton wt’ 7 se a4 L i i ee : F | ” } a: h 2 : % ae 3m ' ’ yh i adie te n a * ae i Perec ey re ee Jd a ye PO ete. me rei RHINOLOPHUS NOBILIS. Orp. III™ Carnassiers, Cuvier. 1° Famille, Les Cheiroptéres Orp. I. Primates, Linn. Syst. Orv. XI. Vorrrantia, Tlliger, Fam. 32. Chiroptera. RHINOLOPHUS, Geoffr. Cuv. Iilig. Desm. VesPERTILIO, Linn. Eiraleb. &c. Cuar. GEN.—Dentium formula; Primores +, Laniarti +, Molares ». Primores supra ossi intermaxillari mobili inserti, infra breves trifidi; mo/ares supra exterius margine cuspidato, interius gradu obliquo abbreviato, superficie plano. Pros- thema maximum, membranaceum, complicatum. -Auricule maxime sine oper- culo. Mamme duz pectorales lactiferee; papillae etiam due, absque glandulis lactiferis, in pubis regione disposite, approximate, pelvi tendentes, | ee eh Re Rae ee me ee a Re é ** Prosthematis membrana superiore transversa porrecta, Rhinolophus supra canescente fuscus subtus dilutior, lateribus colli et abdominis axillis maculaque infra-scapulari albentibus, cauda pedibus longitudine aquali, prosthemate supra membrana transversa porrecta infra acumine elongato, auri- culis erectis acutis magnis basi latissimis lobo utrinque subinvoluto. Kébblék, of the Javanese. AFTER the general view of the Javanese species of Rhinolophus, which was exhibited in the Sixth Number of this Work, it ismy intention to give the figures, and a more detailed description, of several of the most interesting species. For the present Number I have selected the RurNoLopuus NoBILIs, the largest in the Honourable Company’s Museum. It is equal in size to the Rhinolophus Diadema, which was discovered by MM. Péron and Lesueur in Timor, and it has the same character in the nasal membrane, and a similar habit and proportion of parts; but it differs essentially in colour. Two principal modifications are observed in the Javanese Rhinolophi, as far as regards the external covering: several have the brilliant golden lustre, which, in the opinion of M. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, becomes more intense RHINOLOPHUS NOBILIS. according as these animals inhabit countries nearer to the Equinoctial Line: others have the more simple and obscure tint of the European species. Of the former an example is afforded by the Rhinolophus larvatus and the Rh. affinis; of the latter by the Rhinolophus nobilis and the Rh, minor. Several of the other Javanese species have an intermediate tint. “eT The Rhinolophus nobilis belongs to the seoonale section of this genus. The nasal apparatus consists of a broad membrane stretching transversely across the nose, in form of a shelf; the sides are bounded by several parallel folds, and inferiorly it constitutes a semicircular envelop, which has a short, obtusely rounded point in the middle. All the remarks which apply to the genus Rhinolophus generally have already been given with detail in the description of the Rh. larvatus ; but few observ- ations therefore are required to point out the specific distinctions of our animal. The colour above is pure brown, and underneath brown variegated with gray. The sides of the breast, and of the body underneath, and the marks on the back, above and beneath the scapula, are light gray, inclining to white, with an obscure silvery lustre. The fur is remarkably long and silky, and supplied with a most delicate down at the base, so as to be throughout very soft to the touch. The hairs are uniformly gray at the base; on the darkest portion of the back, about one half of their length, is dark brown with an almost imperceptible hue inclining to chestnut; on the upper parts of the neck and head, the basal gray portion exceeds the brown portion near the extremity ; these parts therefore have a lighter tint. Underneath, the hairs are generally more soft and lengthened, and the gray colour predominates. The lowest portion of the breast and abdomen is marked by a broad band covered with hair, gray at the base, and brown at the extremity. The hairs of the axillz, hypochondriz, and scapular marks are nearly white. The flying membrane has a deep tint of pure brown, with a slight tawny gloss. In the proportional length of the anterior and posterior extremities, the Rhinolophus nobilis agrees with the Rh. larvatus. The tail is equal in length to the posterior extremities, exclusive of the toes. The ears are remarkably large, and tending to the sides; they are acutely terminated at their union with the head; the margin, anterior and posterior, is involuted, the posterior involution being the largest. | The body of the Rhinolophus nobilis is four inches in length; the expanded membrane measures nineteen inches and an half: Our animal feeds on insects. It is comparatively a rare species ; two specimens only are contained in the Honourable Company’s Museum, which agree in size, colour, and external characters. ‘PORTO Wenge rypepory ungy ay Cingeny kengsOury My prysrgny wage yz “STTIGON SHHAIOTONINGY be — - = = _ 7 - \ = . + : rl x " » , . 7 - e d 7 ay) la “. ‘ * ig La ‘, Li ‘ Lh Pe ” = at i,k : e a ie ih ms é 4 ba! a aA wt 5 ” j a. | Ps b r + Z ’ 7 ‘ A rm | ' 2 ' * | j - he * a? w ~~ a — a nis # i~ ry a oe 1 a ig ‘ ; . Paley a 9 4 | , : | = id : i a BS ae hi aia Jae ; | ' wipes | he seers Pe Si males ee ye ae bie a et | a enh: oT a ait bide Pha i er | Pe A BPRS REY: “ ti es AN ms < Ee 3 ehh ae i = al i % 7 is * 7 Sint = 4 | < : i F) . - - ye cae er paar, fam " a , Am i 4 pees i, apig capac + eae ; ip 1 ee ‘e 4 ayer nes shat 3 ry on “ae F ag Serhan dt Sinatate Sa ae aa a 4 a or, es ‘ ' ot i at lt 2 hy ‘ VESPERTILIO TEMMINCKII. Orp. III™ Carnassrers, Cuvier, 1° Famille, les Cheiropteres. Orv. I. Primates, Linn. Syst. Orp. XI. Vorrranti4, Illiger. Fam. 32, Chiroptera. VESPERTILIO, Linn. Briss. Cuv. Geoff: Iilig. &c. Cuar. GEN.—Denies primores supra duo solitarii aut quatuor geminati, lacuna inter- media distincti, cylindrici, acuti, vel compressi, emarginati; infra sex valde approximati, apice bifidi rarius trifidi. Laniari distincti longiores conici vel sepius obsolete trigoni. Molares supra utrinsecus quatuor, quinque vel sex infra utrinsecus quinque vel sex, anterioribus sepius unicuspidibus, posterio- ribus complicatis multicuspidatis. Rostrum productum. Nasus prosthemate nullo. Auricu/e magne operculate. Corpus patagio digitali, lumbari et anali, denudatis cinctum. Patagium anale inte- grum. Cauda patagio anali innata, ad marginem ejus usque protensa, inflexa. Mamme aperte due pectorales. Pedes pentadactyli, antipedes chiropteri, halluce libero unguiculato, digitis elongatis muticis. Scelides ambulatorie. Ungues falculares, digitorum elongatorum anti- pedum nulli, HAVING in the former Numbers of this Work described and figured various subjects of the Family of Chiroptera, I have proposed in the present to give a connected view of the species collected in Java, which belong to the genus Vespertilio, as defined by M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, with a more detailed account of one of these, which is represented on the Plate annexed to this article. I have dedicated it to my illustrious friend, C. F. Temminck, the Director of the Museum of Natural History of the King of the Netherlands, in Leyden. The species will be enumerated in the following order:—1, Vespertilio Zem- minckit; 2. Vespertilio adversus ; 3. Vespertilio Hardwickii ; 4. Vespertilio tralatitius ; 5. Vespertilio imbricatus ; 6. Vespertilio pictus. VESPERTILIO TEMMINCKII. IL—VESPERTILIO TEMMINCKII, Nod. V. capite cuneato supra lateribusque planis, auriculis capite brevioribus oblongis rotundatis margine exteriore parum excisis trago elongato falcato, vellere sericato pilis brevissimis supra fuscis subtus sordide-flavis lateribus capitis corporisque nitore dilute rufescente. DENTIUM FoRMULA:—Primores —, Laniarii =, Moiares =. Urrer Jaw.—Front teeth; one on each side, oblique, closely applied to the canine teeth at the base, which has a slight marginal enlargement; point conical and simple, with a strong inclination inward, Canine teeth of moderate size, erect, with a small, compressed, vertical heel at the base, by which they meet the first grinder. Four carnivorous teeth (carnassiéres) on each side;*the first with a conical projecting point, and an interior dilation at the base; the second and third very large, compound, and having the usual form of the large grinders in this Family ; the fourth small, and greatly compressed. Lower Jaw.—Front teeth six, nearly equal in length, less strongly emarginate than in other species. Canine teeth very slightly curved, and tending outward, base having a marginal heel interiorly. First grinder very minute, regularly disposed in the series, compressed at the base, with a short, acute, conical point; second grinder having a somewhat compressed point, pro- jecting slightly beyond the other teeth, and an internal heel at the base, which is closely applied to the third grinder; this, as well as the fourth, is very large; the fifth is, as usual, somewhat compressed posteriorly. The head is of moderate length, broad between the ears, and very gradually contracted in dimensions towards the nose; it is nearly even above, compressed at the sides, and its vertical dimensions are proportionally great. The muzzle is broad, and abruptly terminated. The nose is slightly emarginate, and the apertures of the nares are directed downwards. The eyes are distinct, and more prominent than is usual in this genus. One of our specimens has an indication of the sebiferous glands, in a semilunar rib, extending across the face before the eyes. The angle of the mouth (mundwinkel) is proportionally small, and terminates under the eyes; while ‘in many species of this genus it extends backward to the region of the ears. ‘The lips are not thickened or rugose, but bordered, and nearly concealed by delicate hairs. The ears are somewhat shorter than the head; the auricle is oblong, erect, rounded, obtuse, naked, and slightly indented posteriorly ; it is continued into a narrow border, VESPERTILIO TEMMINCKII. which terminates below in a small lobule; a little above this is situated the dilated tragus, (oreillon, or operculum,) which is linear, erect, somewhat falciform, and shorter than the auricle. Interiorly the ear has several transverse membranaceous folds. The entire length of the Vespertilio Temminckii is four inches and six lines; of this the head occupies about one inch, and the remainder is made up in nearly equal proportions, by the neck and body, and by the tail. The neck is thick, and the body robust, and very gradually attenuated. The tail consists of seven delicate cylindrical vertebree, supporting a large interfemoral membrane, expanded at the sides by a delicate cartilage. About the middle of this, a small semicircular appendage of the membrane is placed exteriorly. The anterior extremities have an expansion of twelve inches. A peculiar character is afforded to the Vespertilio Temminckii by the shortness of its fur. It is uniformly and thickly covered by very soft, delicate, silky hair, closely applied to the skin: on the upper parts this hair is about a line in length; it is shorter and more delicate on the head and forehead: on the breast and under side of the neck it is somewhat longer, and constitutes, when raised, a soft down; but it more naturally lies close to the skin. The colour of our animal is pure dark brown above, grayish brown, somewhat dusky, underneath, with a rufous tint extending laterally from the nose to the tail. The transparent membranes are brown, with a tawny lustre. The interfemoral membrane is slightly veined in the middle, and plain at the sides. Of the remaining species I shall at present give the specific character with a very concise notice, reserving for a future opportunity a more detailed description. IIl.—VESPERTILIO ADVERSUS, Nod: V. capite cuneato postice alto, rostro lato, dentibus primoribus maxilla superioris per paria de laniariis remotis scalpris emarginatis denticulis adverse positis, auri- culis erectis obtusis parum postice spectantibus trago lineari erecto, vellere sub- lanuginoso pilis longis supra fuscis nitore griseo subtus albido-canescentibus. DENTIUM FORMULA :—Primores =, Laniarii =, Molares =. The upper jaw is broad, and the series of teeth are, comparatively with other species, distant from each other. Front teeth, two on each side, approximated in pairs, and somewhat removed from the canine teeth, erect, compressed, emarginate, with the sides in contrary directions, so that the notches are placed adverse to each other, the interior tooth VESPERTILIO TEMMINCKITI. and its notch having the natural position, while the exterior tooth is transversely placed, and the notches meet in form of a cross, Canine teeth long, and somewhat triangular. Grinders, six on each side, of which three are false grinders, and three carnivorous teeth ; the latter having the usual structure which occurs in this Family, The first false grinder is conical, small, and simple; the second very minute, concealed and forced inward ; the third has a triangular point, projecting slightly beyond the general series. The lower jaw has likewise three false grinders, and three carnivorous teeth on each side, disposed in a perfectly regular series: the first false grinder is conical, simple, and margined at the base; the second very minute, and compressed; the third is equal in length to the series of carnivorous teeth, which haye nothing peculiar in their structure. The head is short, high in a vertical direction between the ears, and abruptly tapering to a broad rostrum ; the sides are naked ; the forehead oblong, having uniform dimensions from the vertex to the nose, which is broad and obtuse ; the nostrils are directed downwards. The ears are as long as the head; the auricle erect, obtuse, slightly inclined backward ; the posterior margin terminating in a very small lobule; the tragus erect, linear, obtuse, and half as long as the auricle. The entire length from the nose to the tail is three inches and three lines; of this the tail composes one inch and three lines. The expanded membrane measures ten inches: the interfemoral membrane is irregularly veined, and marked with obscure dots. The fur is very soft, long, and silky ; above grayish brown, and underneath whitish ; the tips of the hairs on the upper parts have a light grayish tint, and mudeenesth the silky down of the fur is grayish brown. IIL—VESPERTILIO HARDWICKII, Nob. V. capite calvaria globoso-tumida, rostro brevi depresso, dentibus primoribus interio- ribus elongatis simplicibus, auriculis latissimis lobo rotundato productis concavis postice carinatis lateribus conniventibus tragum lineari-lanceolatum erectum lon- gum ineludentibus, vellere lanuginoso mollissimo pilis longissimis basi sericatis supra canescente-fuscis subtus sordide-canis membrana antipedum et interfe- morali transverse venosis. I have named this species in honour of Major General Thomas Hardwicke, who has lately arrived in England with the fruits of his long and successful researches, consisting of a most extensive series of drawings, and of numerous collections of subjects in all branches of Zoology, made with great zeal, and a liberal devotion of his means, during a long residence in various parts of India. DeENTIUM FORMULA—Primores = 2, Laniarii = , Molares =. Front Teeth, in the upper jaw two on each side, approximate in pairs near the canine teeth; the interior tooth somewhat longer, nearly erect, compressed, entire, and slightly cuneate at the extremity ; the exterior tooth small and somewhat oblique. Canine teeth, long, compressed, with a heel interiorly at the base. Three false grinders and three carnivorous teeth on each side: the two first false grinders small, simple, disposed in regular succession ; at the third, which has a point projecting beyond the posterior grinders, and a dilatation laterally and interiorly at the base, the series of teeth takes a slight curve outward. The grinders in the lower jaw are disposed in a regular series, haying a very slight inclination outward ; the three false grinders are simple, compressed, somewhat dilated at the base, and nearly of equal length. VESPERTILIO TEMMINCKILI. Ears large, auricle very broad at the base, with the posterior lobe descending, and terminating with a rounded process opposite to the angle of the mouth ; the anterior and posterior lobes meet when the ears are in a collapsed state, and constitute a deep fold including a long linear-lanceolate tragus. The rostrum is very short, depressed, and obtuse, and the skull globular, and distended between the ears. The entire length is three inches, of which nearly one halfis made up by the tail. The distinguishing character of this species is a very long, delicate, soft. silky fur, grayish brown above, and brown, with a tawny tint, underneath, The interfemoral membrane, and the membrane of the anterior extremities near the body and thighs, are marked with regularly parallel transverse veins. - IV.—VESPERTILIO TRALATITIUS, Nodb,. V. capite cuneato, ealvaria supra rostroque latiusculis, dentibus primoribus superi- oribus obliquis interiore emarginato, auriculis latis planis obtusis antice posticeque rotundatis trago brevi lineari erecto obtuso, antipedibus subelongatis, vellere molliusculo supra fuliginoso subtus canescente. Lowo-manir, of the Javanese. DENTIUM FORMULA.—Primores =, Laniarii ‘=, Molares =. Urrer Jaw.—Front teeth, two on each side; the interior tooth oblique, compressed at the extremity, and notched ; the exterior tooth obsoletely angular at the base, attenuated at the point, having the same direction as the interior, tooth, to which it is closely applied. Canine teeth long, nearly erect, obsoletely triangular. Two false grinders, and three carnivorous teeth on each side, the first compressed, short, regular in its disposition ; the second margined at the base, and compressed at the point which projects beyond the neighbouring grinders. Lowen Jaw:— six grinders ; the three first with simple points, i ings successively in dimensions. Front teeth somewhat less distinctly emarginate than usual. Head, cuneate and broad above ; skull with a very slight distension posteriorly, a few bristly hairs scattered over the face; ears large, auricle plain, broad, obtuse, rounded anteriorly and posteriorly. ‘Tragus short, linear, erect, obtuse. Wings narrow and of considerable extent ; bone of the fore-arm slender. Point of’ the tail lengthened. Interfemoral membrane slightly dotted. Fur of moderate length, of a sooty black tint above ; underneath, sooty, with a grayish cast. Length from the nose to the tail, three inches ; of the expanded membrane, ten inches. This species has much of the habit of European Vespertiliones. V.—VESPERTILIO IMBRICATUS, Nod. V. capite rostroque latis brevibus, dentibus primoribus superioribus obliquis com- pressis emarginatis imbricatis, auriculis latis obtusis trago brevi semilunari subrefracto antice spectante, vellere fusco nitore fulvescente, pilis frontalibus erectis rostrum auriumque basin subtegentibus. Lowo-lessér, of the Javanese. * VESPERTILIO TEMMINCKII. DENTIUM FORMULA.—Primores 22 ad , Laniarii =. =, Molares =. Urrer Jaw.—Front teeth, two on each side, oblique, compressed, emarginate, imbricate, the interior some- what larger. Grinders, four on each side; they are all carnivorous teeth, the first being somewhat smaller and compressed. Lowxr Jaw :—Grinders, five on each side, compressed, with points more elevated than usual. Of the two anterior teeth, the first is very minute and simple, and the second, margined at the base. The canine teeth are short, tending slightly outward, with a compressed anterior heel. The intermediate front = are subtrifid. The head is short and broad ; the forehead slightly elevated. The nose is broad, and the eyes are concealed by a thick fur, which also partially covers the short rostrum and the base of the ears. ‘The nose is broad, and the eyes are obscure. The ears are as large as the head: the auricles are oblong, obtuse, rounded, and have a slight tendency backward ; the tragus is short, semilunar, obtuse, with the extremity pointing forward. The expansion of the wings is proportionally great, and the interfemoral membrane marked with transverse veins. The fur, both above and underneath, is brown, with a fulvous lustre. This species agrees in the length of the body with the Vespertilio tralatitius : the expansion of the wings is somewhat less. VIL—VESPERTILIO PICTUS, Pallas Spicil. III. p. 7. V. auriculis ovalibus capite breyioribus latioribus quam longis trago subulato, vellere supra rufo aurato subtus flavicante, membrana antipedum juxta digitorum phalanges plagis dilute flavis notata.. Lowo-kembang, of the Javanese, Vespertilio pictus, auctorum. Vespertilion kirivoula, Geoff! Ann. du Mus. Vol. VILL. p. 199. ‘PENT Tuay 2a yeyuapeey uae p hengqunz dangsbury Ap prysygny wpe Tt * 4ojehy a AQ peamuhuy “TIHONITAW a OVILLLAWAdS WA Of ‘ it, i - ‘y “7 th Ht ny ths .“. ray I ee Mell 1 lo = ee: i 2 Nears 7% ks ie ri . ie ad a hiiety a gi i? a ee = 7 = . hy | na " hh he . Rea ons le tire! Th pores ah shines pa intend ah (adhe te ” 7 Phe o i rN vada tN aly nie ie i f uric" eae eg r ee PTEROPUS JAVANICUS. Orp. III™ Carnassters, Cuvier. 1° Famille. Les Cheiroptéres. Orv. I. Primates, Lann. Syst. Orp. XI. Vorrrantia, Iliger. Fam. 32, Chiroptera. PTEROPUS, Briss. Eraleb. Cuv. Geoff: Illig. Vesprrtitio, Linn. Gmel. Bodd. Spectrum, Lacep. Car. Gen.—Dentium formula; Primores +, Laniarit =, Molares =. Laniari distincti, primoribus longiores, conici. Molares obducti, coronide in medio sulco exarata margine utrinque carina parallela tritoria predita. Rostrum acutum. Nasus prosthemate nullo. -Auricule mediocres oblonge. Corpus patagio digitali, lumbari, et anali, denudatis cinctum. Patagium anale excisum. Cauda aut brevis aut nulla. DMamme aperte due pectorales. Pedes pentadactyli, antici chiropteri, halluce et digito primo unguiculatis, reliquis digitis inermibus; postici ambulatorii. Ungues: falcule acute, antipedum digitis elongatis, tribus interioribus exunguiculatis. * ECAUDATI. Pteropus niger, collo supra rufo-ochraceo, dorso pilis albis nigrisque commistis, rostro mediocri. ; Kalong, of the Javanese. Pteropus edulis, Geoffr. Mém. sur les roussettes. Ann. Mus. Tom, XV. p. 90. Note. MS. de M. Leschenault. : Pteropus javanicus, Encyclop. Method. Mammalogie, p. 109. Par M. A. G. Desmarest, 1820. IN the examination of the Pteropus rostratus, no difficulty occurred ™ determining the species; the characters were strongly marked, and presented no variation in the numerous specimens contained in the collections of the Honourable East India Company. But the minuteness of the subject did not afford the means PTEROPUS JAVANICUS., of illustrating the generic character in a satisfactory manner. For this purpose, the * species selected for the present article is more particularly calculated: it is the largest hitherto discovered, and all the characters exist in a complete state of development. It may, however, be proper for me to state in this place, that the following details are not given as an original illustration of this genus; this has already been afforded to the scientific Public, both by M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, and by M. Fréd. Cuvier. I mention particularly the details of the latter, contained in his “ Memoires sur de nouveaux caractéres pour les genres des Mammiféres,” published in the Annales du Museum, &c., to which Memoirs I have on various subjects in the course of this Work, already referred with acknowledgment. But entertaining the desire to supply to the animals successively described, all the illustration which the materials in the Museum at the India House afford, I trust the present discussion on this genus will not be unacceptable to the patrons of these Researches. On the Plate of Iustrations I have represented, with all possible accuracy, the skull and the teeth of the Pteropus javanicus, of natural size; but before I proceed to the description of them in detail, I shall enumerate the essential characters of this genus, as given by M. Geoffroy and the Baron Cuvier. By the former they are comprised in the following terms :—crown of the grinders large, and terminated by two ridges: second finger of the hand provided with an unguiculate phalanx. M. Cuvier concisely expresses them thus :—the grinders have two longitudinal and parallel projections, separated by a groove, which are worn by detrition. As the celebrated Illiger has not included this peculiarity in his generic description, I have added it to the citation of this genus from his prodromus, placed at the head of this article. In the Plate of Illustrations, Figure Q represents the skull of the Pteropus javanicus. The form of the skull, its relative proportions, and the limits of the intermaxillary bone are distinctly exhibited. This species affords a sample of the genus in its intermediate state, between the extremes of elongation and brevity of the rostrum: the latter here constitutes about one third of the length of the skull; in other species it bears a much smaller proportion; in the Pteropus rostratus it is comparatively much longer. The longitudinal crest along the highest part of the skull is distinctly exhibited: an accurate examination of the skulls of the individuals of this genus may assist in future in affording distinctions, where other characters are insufficient. The teeth are 34 in number: namely, In THE Uprer JAw—4 front teeth, 2 canine teeth, and 10 grinders. In THE LowER Jaw—4 ditto 2 ditto 12 ditto | In the upper jaw the front teeth are semicircularly arranged, at equal distances; they are cylindrical, and present a transverse edge by the detrition of their inner PTEROPUS JAVANICUS. surface. "The canine teeth are long, erect, grooved, and provided at the base, internally, with a semicircular ridge. Of the grinders the first is in most cases only rudimentary ; the second, third, and fourth have a similar construction ; their surface is greatly compressed, In a lateral point of view, they present anteriorly an elevated point, declining to the back part of the tooth, where it constitutes an obsolete notch : the anterior elevation is most prominent in the second, and gradually decreases to the fourth. Longitudinally their surface is individually divided by a groove, leaving on each side an elevated triturating ridge, which has been described above as consti- tuting the essential character of this genus. The fifth grinder is minute, nearly triangular, with an even triturating surface. In the lower jaw, the front teeth have the same arrangement as in the upper; but the exterior teeth have double the size and thickness of the intermediate teeth. The canine teeth are shorter than these teeth in the upper jaw, and they are less deeply grooved. The first grinder is minute and cylindrical, having a single excavation in the middle of its circular surface. The second, third, fourth, and fifth grinders have the same construction as the second, third, and fourth in the upper jaw, and the sixth grinder is small, cylindrical, and even on the surface. In attempting to define the specific character of the Pteropus javanicus from a review of the specimens which I brought from Java, I met with perplexities which had not occurred in describing the Pteropus rostratus. These specimens are so diversified in their external marks, that they appeared to belong to distinct species ; but after the most careful examination, I came to the conclusion, that they indicate two strongly marked varieties. One of these corresponds to the specific character placed at the head of this article: the second requires a separate description ; and I shall only state at present, that the principal distinction consists in a collar of a lighter brown, inclining to chesnut, and extending entirely around the neck; in a mixture of brown hairs with the black hairs, both on the back and on the abdomen; and in a more regularly defined line across the back, separating the brown hairs from the general black colour of the animal. Of the first variety there are four, and of the second five specimens in the Museum. They are sufficiently diversified to shew distinctly that the differences are not the effect of age; and of each variety there are young and old specimens. The longitudinal ridge on the summit of the cranium affords no distinction, and a eareful comparison of the other parts of the skull appears to shew that they belong to the same species. The difficulty of discriminating the species of this strongly marked genus, in consequence of the uniformity of the external marks necessarily employed in defining them, is strongly pointed out by M, Geoffroy : it has occurred to me, not only in examining the Pteropus javanicus, but also in the review of the individuals of another species, provided with short PTEROPUS JAVANICUS. tails and marginated ears. In the latter, I have found in the specimens from Java, indications of a new species; and my inquiries have convinced me that many other species still remain to be added to this genus. One of these, which is a native of Bengal, was lately communicated to me by Joseph Sabine, Esq.; it is a large animal, and belongs to the first subdivision: it agrees with most of the species already known, in having a brown collar; but it possesses distinct characters in the peculiar distribution of this collar, and in the shortness and form of its muzzle. The, Pteropus javanicus is the largest species of the genus hitherto discovered : in adult subjects, the extent of the expanded wings is full five feet, and the length of the body one foot. In the specimen which I have placed before me in this descrip- tion, the extent of the wings was five feet and two inches. The smallest specimen in the Museum has an expansion of three feet and ten inches across the wings: all the other specimens measure nearly five feet. The length of the arm and forearm together, from the union with the body to the origin of the phalanges, is fourteen inches; the latter are distributed as in other species of Pteropus. The naked thumb projecting beyond the membrane, measures two inches; and the claw, which is strong and sharp, has an extent of nearly one inch along its curvature. On the index the claw is minute, and by the particular inflexion of the phalanges, which was first pointed out by M. Geoffroy, and which is carefully represented on the Plate, it obtains a direction opposed to the plane of the membrane. The length of the posterior extremities is eight inches and an half. The toes, which are slender, compressed, and distinct, agree in size, with the exception of the exterior toe, which is almost imperceptibly smaller; they are disposed on the same plane. The claws have nearly the same size and extent of curvature as the claw of the thumb. The interfemoral membrane is regularly cut out in a circular manner, and forms a border along the inner side of the posterior extremities, about an inch and an half in breadth. The head, as in other species of Pteropus, is oblong, and the muzzle compara- tively of moderate length: it is very gradually attenuated, and measures less than one third of the entire length of the head. The nose is short, somewhat compressed at the sides, and deeply emarginated anteriorly : in dried specimens, this organ is somewhat contracted within the volume of the bony support of the rostrum. The nostrils are round anteriorly, and pass backward by a curve, resembling part of a volute. The ears are simple, long, narrow, and acuminate. The eyes, as in other species of this genus, are large and prominent, and the irides dark. The gape of the mouth terminates under the anterior canthus of the eye, and, in correspondence with the length of the muzzle, admits of considerable expansion. The nose projects but slightly beyond the jaw, and the lips are narrow, and form a neatly defined inclosure of the mouth. No vibrisse exist, but a few lengthened, bristly hairs are PTEROPUS JAVANICUS. scattered about the lips, nose, and eyes. On the upper part of the head, the crest. - of the skull shews itself as a longitudinal ridge, which is more prominent in adult individuals, and on the whole is more apparent in that variety of the Pteropus javanensis to which our animal belongs, than in the other. The general form of the body presents nothing peculiar: the anterior part of the breast in the female is as thickly covered with hairs as every other part, and the mamme are situated near the axille. ‘The organs of generation in the male are greatly developed. The colour of the flying-membrane is dark brown, inclining to black, with a slight tint of rufous. The general colour of the body and head is black, and of the neck and adjoining parts above, smoky brown ; but both the extent and intensity of these colours are subject to variations. In the specimen which was figured to illustrate this article, the hairs which cover the head are short, black, and scantily interspersed with hairs of a grayish hue. On the back, long black and white hairs are mixed in nearly equal proportion, so as to afford a gray appearance to these parts; they are closely applied to the skin. On the rump, hairs of a similar colour are long and frizzled. ‘The covering of the under parts exhibits: several modifications in different specimens. In some, the hairs are smooth, and purely black; in others, they have a sooty colour, and numerous tawny hairs are intermixed. The upper and lateral parts of the neck, and the adjoining parts of the back, between the shoulders, afford a principal distinction in the varieties of this species. In many individuals, the brown or rufous hairs form a complete collar round the neck, though the colour is always more intense above. The breadth of this collar varies considerably ; in some cases it extends from the middle of the head to beyond the shoulders; in others it is confined tothe neck and the back part of the head. _ The tint likewise varies from rufous to blackish brown, but in all cases it has a smoky hue. In young subjects the hairs are long, soft to the touch, and pa in old subjects they become crisp and rough. The Pteropus javanicus is extremely abundant in the lower parts of Java, and uniformly lives in society. The more elevated districts are not visited by it. Nu- merous individuals select a large tree for their resort, and suspending themselves with the claws of their posterior extremities to the naked branches, often in compa- nies of several hundreds, afford to a stranger a very singular spectacle. A species of . Ficus, in habit resembling the Ficus religiosa of India, which is often found near the villages of the natives, affords them a very favourite retreat, and the extended branches of one of these are sometimes covered by them. They pass the greater portion of the day in sleep, hanging motionless: ranged in succession, with the head downwards, the membrane contracted about the body, and often in close contact, PTEROPUS JAVANICUS. they have little resemblance to living beings, and by a person not accustomed to their economy, are readily mistaken for a part of the tree, or for a fruit of uncommon size suspended from its branches. In general these societies preserve a perfect silence during the day; but if they are disturbed, or if a contention arises among them, they emit sharp piercing shrieks, and their awkward attempts to extricate themselves, when oppressed by the light of the sun, exhibit a ludicrous spectacle. In consequence of the sharpness of their claws, their attachment is so strong, that they cannot readily leave their hold, without the assistance of the expanded membrane; and if suddenly killed in the natural attitude during the day, they continue suspended after death. It is necessary therefore to oblige them to take wing by alarming them, if it be desired to obtain them during the day. Soon after sunset they gradually quit their hold, and pursue their nocturnal flights in quest of food. They direct their course, by an unerring instinct, to the forests, - villages, and plantations, occasioning incaleulable mischief, attacking and devouring indiscriminately every kind of fruit, from the abundant and useful Cacao-nnt, which surrounds every dwelling of the meanest peasantry, to the rare and most delicate productions, which are cultivated with care by Princes and Chiefs of distinction. By the latter, as well as by the European colonists, various methods are employed to protect the orchards and gardens. Delicate fruits, such as Mangos, Jambus, Lansas, &c,, as they approach to maturity, are ingeniously secured by means of a loose net or basket, skilfully constructed of split bamboo. Without this precaution, little valuable fruit would escape the ravages of the Kalong There are few situations in the lower parts of Java, in which this night wanderer is not constantly observed; as the light t of the sun has retired, one animal is seen to follow the other at a small 1 sirresllr distance, and this succession continues uninterrupted till darkness obstructs the view. e flight of the Kalong . is slow and steady, pursued in a straight line, anc capable of long continuance. The chace of the Kalong forms occasionally an amusement to the colonists and inhabitants, during the moonlight nights, which in the latitu de of Java uncommonly serene. He is watched in his descent to the fruit tre o da discharge of small shot readily brings him to the ground. By this mei I frequently obtained four or five individuals in the course of an hour; and y my observations I am led ‘to believe, that the varieties above described, belong to one species, as they appear ‘all to live in one society, and are obtained promiscuously. I have only further to add, that when it is considered.that the numerous Chiroptera which are found in Europe, have only recéntly been distinguished with accuracy, some indulgence may be claimed in the determination of a species, collected in a distant climate, without the mearis of forming an acquaintance with the late additions to this genus in different countries. ar 5 . FL wages iy 4D pads "ENT wary: ganeass yrenpienmery wang op dimpeng Congr Pucy AY gaye geny weprUry "SOHOINVAVE SHAOWA Dd ens oy ees = Ad 4 _ ail 1] ‘ " is ‘ a on ‘a ‘ i iF a ' a = = = Lj - Ne, ‘ 7 a . ' a 7 ~- - i « r a } : i ' a t rs _ . 1 . 1 a © i . a . P| i A. og a: -— : =F — . . ' } As i Pret f Ae fans _ Lj he pal ae 7 Ay ; = _= mn. m1 a - re rr - ? pi . et! ii ' i, L. ea | P| ah : mle , °= * i 1 Le , th: a " 7 i} , ’ 1 re ] 2" id ae & v4 . wa pie” Se b . | = | ie Li a i i ie ‘ ‘ : op ioe A lad et d Lin J i : [ a 7 " 7, My a Pe) | Ns ad anal | ky Lene embed asia e ik re ine Av A | ¥ - : ats ho 3 hg ae ee , 7 fitness aelsias ani ; aw Bh oa ee =f faye sasladaae =_* i al 1" Re ; ‘ rsh Dies oF by 4 = A m4 — —_ aeih 2 etm i ae ¢ . i. eat ae i i iv Tat a Ect tdealahe dion + +. Wu Le ~ | . as “eis fleet 8 Si aad aye, ee i arco ay 1 sheibnes 2 Lien ti ihe tre bia an eal | tox be gab) ‘ewat bith gets dart, , Tse pain 2 3 4 mo Pes & 7 oe ’ = A. ts diet Wie " ri, ak 1 a bir akan ; FI f a Maer PTEROPUS ROSTRATUS. Orp. IIT™ Carnassters, Cuvier. 1% Famille. Les Cheiropteres. Orp. I. Prrmares, Linn. Syst. Orv. XI. Vorrrantia, Iiger. Fam. 32, Chiroptera. PTEROPUS, Briss. Eraleb. Cuv. Geoffr. Illig. Vesrertinio, Linn. Gmel. Bodd. Spectrum, Lacep. Cuar. Gen.—Dentium formula; Primores +, Laniarii 7=, Molares =. Laniarit distincti, primoribus longiores, conici. Molares obducti tritores tuberculati. Rostrum acutum. Nasus prosthemate nullo. Auricule mediocres oblong. Corpus patagio digitali, lumbari, et anali, denudatis cinctum. Patagium anale excisum. Cauda aut brevis aut nulla. Mamme aperte due pectorales. Pedes pentadactyli, antici chiropteri, halluce et digito primo unguiculatis, reliquis digitis inermibus; postici ambulatorii. Ungues: falcule acute, antipedum digitis elongatis, tribus interioribus exunguiculatis. * EcaupDati. Pteropus corpore fusco concolore ex isabellino canescente, patagio saturatiore, rostro elongato. Lowo-assu, of the Javanese. IN one of the next succeeding Numbers of these Researches, I propose to exhibit a connected view of the various Chiroptera which I have observed in Java. 1n dite ol on dito, toinateoq silt tinh’ beta BB: nhidiavqeils bua, aright ane an), oval tlions dane oat Haj, ecrok edt. ak sp ftioat jet ad Te fous feta eafarsle. ural, eflosipis ore, sist annie) wee i | : u is hat hy abe stv. statis iltond ort tis ott sftinn sorte, ei banal fata BUELL ti tof + age omirnt fosspilda, Fults Toiags b yt yichve “ahve itor ‘ocly: refit 5: shit allt mic, ail pattitespry vaal ef dud \emot taliesia «end daidld: pagans as } _oalt yi fFiR, Fyésst, ythiourett, brdiky 9 uly aldenne'er, hue. _fipeeorqesoe, china. ng, iieie Dow i 7 pat, rk eve pity | alt to initia ye ot ni Sinhingstt ‘elie ikeog aio | al swonncyet ands iy: Wah aiphcade “gk Dine Roger ft ube. pi ron le) ou et », alt, Heras esate. coed Lowen ‘ [i | Doth, ie at Soe ye! va ‘5 1 "pliers ei da , tw a tonne Rt hea ea bas a: | ie he Te 4 we nee tee oO : Sa . iri : b yr “Tiss wild, ; tetartiony _aatnlde. ak oie pet hes se stg i "a “gab, Honea byes erode tod y | ust gollin oa gust toting rif - oO sant ites gers Tet ti seer vilsubary gad? “tha . b oilt ui ngasedtith Mase ekcomod Ts yeni roe of lay | ay | usa foptal BC | sini batts es orale © i te Sis is 21% ; 4 . rj 7% = . - 7 aid ") he are 4% é m °| 7 . i : ee yy 1 : i ning ne | 2 3 | ra ns fis a —_ es << os : : Ml ‘4 ‘ wt rye a “3 ve 2 nay te . ; al La a - Herta: nei oth ‘ter ediaeenizs aly ban. fir puto. pronel 908, Sem Tage" ats = elite Wane 4 p. Ze ay uF — a= Je P... : os ke +, i ‘A Ye ay yeni, viianss ul ele ried Fe tee Ip role, toon ttf, ya Za MAHL tests husntshiaon ot of spt ae aie Poa Hee : 19. = 4 eo - Po de - ; i ie st 2 9d) Nil ; ps a % 4 x r ssinkaada aie ae ot aed orice tt vn erat ope pili ore | Ot / sieattine, oth abated, sine veils va do. etnrit . RC ma. 28h ating Lt a a aes Siinoeet roraiin flo to Boor Tilt tH 40 ah Mpteetaetoes Par ay iia Gia Hea it ag Lge vy 4 is - \ 1 ' Sete on ees a alt 2 pat a ad oF 4 } «ge _ in. ore ae pr ss = oS Pao Boh is é 25 ees « vuelve: # Ph a rier whe io ane “4 . f a r 4 Jo at oe » a a ‘ ~ / 7 a 7 ' . a 5 f “a aa hoa oN ie i Sie licen ses! tei a: 2 cd * i, s S" 7... ; ‘ i ; . Ps 4 ai 1 < iT : : _ ’ = Fi * ¥ = “4 : Lea | ‘ * ' = yg ‘ a . Ta ‘EOUT Gee PRLS TRY UTP T “UY AD MLAS LEN GOL NOUNS Ap PPI T Mp te 7 “aegher iy M pornubuz . *"SA.LVULSOW SOdouwd Le ia Sia ae ~~ i I — 7 neg ae ae ie TUPAIA JAVANICA. —— Orp. III™ Carnasstrers, Cuvier. 2° Famille. Les Insectivores. Orp. III, Fer, Linn. Syst. Orv. XIL. Farcuxiatra, Illiger. TUPAIA, Raffles, Act. Soc. Linn. Lond. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS.—Dentes maxille primores intermedii nulli, laniari solitarii, discreti, molares septem; mandibule primores laterales minores, daniarii solitarii, obliqui, molares sex. Rostrum attenuatum rhinario obtuso. Oculi pro- minuli. Aures magne, heligmate plano. Cauda disticha. Pollex distinctus. Ungues compressissimi, validi. CHARACTER NATURALIS.—Dentes primores supra intermedii nulli, lateralis utrin- secus simplex, erectus, magnus, cylindraceus, subattenuatus, apice rotundatus ; infra sex procumbentes, lateralis utrinsecus brevissimus, acutus, compressius- culus, intermedii quatuor longissimi, subaquales, horum exterior utrinsecus linearis horizontaliter compressus, interiores subconvergentes, scalpris attenuatis, obliquis, subtransversis, acutatis. Laniarit supra parvi, solitarii, discreti, primori- bus breviores, subcylindracei, apice paulisper curvati, compressi, infra mediocres, solitarii, conici, basi latiores, obliqui, subcompressi. Molares supra utrinsecus septem ; tres anteriores unicuspides, singuli corona obtusiuscula subtritoria, qua- tuor posteriores multicuspides: primus subcylindraceus, attenuatus, discretus ; secundus primo simillimus sed minor; tertius oblongus, compressus; quartus acie sectoria omnium longissima, externe gradibus duobus acutis interne gradu tritorio magno auctus; quintus et sextus subequales, aciebus duabus inter- mediis sectoriis, externe margine compresso interne gradu maximo tritorio aucti; septimus subtritorius, aciebus tribus brevioribus, obtusioribus. Infra utrinsecus sex; anteriores duo unicuspides breves, compressi, conici, gradatim majores ; posteriores multicuspides: tertius corona obsolete trifida; quartus et quintus consimiles, corona singulis sulco transverso bipartita, margine exteriore aciebus duabus majoribus interiore quatuor minoribus; sextus subcompressus, parte anteriore aciebus tribus acutis, parte posteriore gradu magno tritorio preeditus. TUPAIA JAVANICA. Caput oblongum, depressum. Rostrum longum, wqualiter attenuatum; rhinarium lateribus compressum, simplex; nares laterales, semilunares. Oculi maximi, prominuli; pupilla circularis. Aures magne, oblonge; heligma lineare, parte superiore margine prominulo subinvoluto, parte laterali plano capite adpresso ; antiheliz parallela, hinc inde pilosa; tragus mediocris, nudus, meatu auditorio exparte inflexus; antitragus conico-depressus, nudus, auris cavitate medius. Vibrisse breves, labii superioris plures, menti et genarum rariores. Corpus cylindraceum, gracile, codario et pilis mollissimis tectum. Cauda corpore longior, linearis, compressa, villis longis in serie disticha dispositis. Mamme apertz, quatuor ventrales. Pedes ambulatorii, plantigradi, pentadactyli, fissi. Plante nudx. Digiti compressi, pollice distincto maniculis podariisque; digitus minimus posterior liber, inter- medii longiores subequales: Ungues omnes consimiles falculares, compressi, validi, pilis rigidiusculis obtecti. Arrinitas.—Genus Tupata, characteribus pluribus, animalibus INsEcTIVvoRIs ordinis SARCOPHAGORUM. Cuvieri, similitudinem habet : dentibus laniariis molarisbusque MyGatf, rostro elongato SoRicE convenit ; discrepat tamen den- tibus primoribus, rhinario obtuso proboscide carente, oculis, auribus, habitu corporis aliisque characteribus. Nec hucusque satis apparet, nonne systemate naturali Tarsus ordinis QUADRUMANORUM magis affine sit quam anima- libus subterraneis familiz Insectivororum. Genus nostrum agilitate formaque gracili, aspectu Sciuri quasi larvatus, characteribus aliis RoDENTuSs plane diver- sum est, a a a eR Ne Re ae ae Tupaia rostro mediocri, cauda longissima, corpore supra fusco et cano vario subtus strigaque scapulari ex albo-canescente. Bangsring, or Sinsring of the Javanese. IN the Malayan language the name of Turat is a general term for various small animals which have the external form and the agility of the Squirrel; while each different species, agreeably to the observations of the natives of the Islands of the TUPAIA JAVANICA. Eastern Archipelago, where these animals are found, is distinguished by a parti- cular epithet. Thus two small animals, which, according to our classification, belong to the genus which has been above described, are denominated Turat Press and Tuprar Tana; while several other animals, belonging to the genus Sciurus, are denominated Turat Jinsanc, Turar Tanxrawa, &c. The generic name placed at the head of this article, was first proposed in the Catalogue of a Zoological Col- lection made in Sumatra by Sm T. Sramrorpd Rarrues, and published in the thir- teenth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. It is a simple modification of the Malayan term Tupar; and from the comprehensive manner in which this is used by the natives of the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago, it may claim a place in our systems, perhaps with more propriety than many names borrowed from the languages of the countries where the animals to which they are applied, are indigenous. Three species of Tupata have hitherto been discovered ; two of these are natives of Sumatra, Penang, and Singa-pura, while the third has been found exclusively in Jaya, where it is distinguished by the name of BANGSRING, or SINSRING, The generic description above detailed, exhibits accurately the characters of the Tupaia javanica, of which two very perfect specimens are contained in the Collections of the Honourable East India Company. Of each of the two other species, individuals in a good state of preservation were sent by Sir Stamrorp Rarr es to Sir EvERarD Home, for the Royal College of Surgeons; and through the liberality of the Board of Curators of that noble Institution, I have been enabled to give a figure and description of the Tupaia.Tana, in this Number of the Zoological Researches, and to consult and compare the peculiar characters of the Tupaia ferruginea. In my inquiries relating to this genus, I have therefore enjoyed the advantage of having before me all the species that have hitherto been discovered ; and before I proceed to the description of the Tupaia javanica, I shall enumerate concisely those characters in which they all agree. These shew themselves, first, in the same number and disposition of the front and canine teeth, as well as of the grinders, and in the length and conical form of the rostrum, which being obtuse, and without that proboscoidal elongation that exists in Sorex, Mygale, and the rest of the Insectivores of Cuvier, to which they are allied in the system of dentition, affords a clear dis- tinctive character. These animals further closely resemble each other in the promi- nence of their eyes, in the form of their ears, in the number and disposition of their toes and claws, in the general contour of their body, fitted for great agility, in the quality of their fur or hairy covering, in the proportional length and form of. their tail, and in certain peculiarities in the distribution of colours and distinctive marks, TUPAIA JAVANICA. The particulars which apply to the teeth of the three species hitherto dis- covered, generally, are the following, as to number— Urrrer Jaw—2 front teeth, 2 canine teeth, 14 grinders. Lowrer Jaw—6 ditto 2 ditto 12 ditto. They have in the upper jaw no intermediate, but two large cylindrical, erect, and rounded lateral front teeth, placed at the angle of the jaw; further—one canine tooth on each side, which is smaller than the front tooth, very slightly curved towards the point, and solitary, being placed at an equal distance from the other teeth; and seven grinders on each side, of which the three first are small, having a single point, and the four posterior teeth compound, and marked with several sharp elevated points on the surface. In the lower jaw they have individually six pro- cumbent front teeth, of which the four intermediate teeth are very long, and the outer one on each side very short; further—one large canine tooth on each side, hav- ing a broad base, and tending obliquely outward; and six grinders, the two first of which are small, and consist of a single point, while the four posterior teeth are com- pound, having a broad crown, from which several sharp points project. For a distinct view of those characters, which are common to all species of Tupaia, I refer to the Plate of Illustrations, in which Letters I, K, & L exhibit the teeth of Tupaia Tana; Letters M & N, those of Tupaia ferruginea; and Letters O, P, & Q, those of Tupaia javanica. I proceed, after these general remarks, to describe the Tupaia javanica. The BancGsrinc has the appearance of a sprightly animal; and as far as its manners are known, it perfectly agrees with this character. Its body is graceful, and handsomely formed, and its limbs are slender, and fitted for great agility: its size and exterior habits so nearly resemble the individuals of that family which Illiger has deno- minated animalia agilia, that, on a superficial view, it has been considered to belong to it, Our animal agrees with one of the most numerous sections of this family, the Squirrels, in the form of the body, the proportional length of the extremities, the breadth of the tail, and the faculty of carrying it on the back as a plume; but the succeeding details will shew that its structure and organization are essentially different. The head of the Tupaia javanica is oblong, rather depressed, and very gradually attenuated to a conical muzzle, which is somewhat compressed laterally. The nose is obtuse and naked. The nostrils are slightly curved, somewhat broader in the middle, and pierced from the sides. The upper jaw surpasses the lower but little in length. From the upper lip are protruded mustaches, consisting of numerous short, slender TUPAIA JAVANICA. hairs, and a few solitary bristles arise from the cheeks and chin. The eyes are very large and prominent, and situated at an equal distance from the gape or opening of the jaws, and from the crown of the head: the pupil is cireular, and the irides are dark. The ears offer some peculiarities both in their disposition and form. They are externally provided with a large helix, which being margined in the upper part, passes in an angle to the sides, where a well-defined antihelix runs parallel to it, and between both patches of short hairs are scattered without regularity. The tragus is of moderate size, and naked, representing a scale, which is inflected in part over the meatus auditorius externus, and is calculated to cover it entirely, whenever the eco- nomy of the animal requires this organ to be protected. The antitragus is naked, and occupies a considerable portion of the auricular cavity. The ears are situated far behind, near the commencement of the neck, which is of moderate length, and differs but little from the head in dimensions. The anterior extremities are slender, and somewhat shorter than the posterior: the latter are considerably more robust, and the thighs are muscular, and calculated for vigorous exertion. The feet are planti- grade, and the soles perfectly naked; the tarsi of the posterior extremities are consider- ably longer than those of the anterior, and the mamner in which the feet are placed on the ground, gives.a peculiar character to the gait and appearance of our animal. Each foot is provided with five slender, compressed, distinct toes. The three intermediate toes have a similar disposition in both extremities; the middle toe scarcely exceeds the lateral ones in length. The small toe is shorter, and placed more posteriorly. The thumb is perfectly distinct, and moveable in a direction opposite to the others ; in the hind foot it is placed at a greater distance from the toes than in the fore foot. In the Plate of Illustrations, Letter G represents these details in the fore, and Letter H in the hind foot. The claws are sharp, compressed, and curved, and in comparison with those of Sorex, and several other genera of this order, of considerable strength; they are individually supported by a small protuberance, similar to that which is found in the Tarsii; and the construction of the claws in Bangsring is adapted to the same food and habits as those of the other species of Tupaia. The tail is of the same length as the body and linear, compressed with the hairs spreading far on each side; but it is less full and ornamental than in the Squirrel. The Bangsring is closely covered with fur, which is remarkably delicate and silky on all the under parts: on the back, neck, sides, tail, and on the extremities above, the hairs are longer and straight, arising from a similar silky down, not rough or straggling, but closely applied to the skin; a few longer more rigid hairs, TUPAIA JAVANICA. of a darker colour, and shining, are dispersed among the rest: the length of the hairs gradually decreases from the forehead towards the nose, and on the extremities towards the feet. In all the species of Tupaia a considerable uniformity prevails in the distribution of the colours; the upper parts have a dark, the lower a lighter tint, and a regular narrow streak extends from the neck over the shoulder. In the Bangsring the upper parts are brown, slightly diversified with gray, of different shades; the lower parts are dirty white, with a slight tint of grayish ; the tail agrees with the upper parts, and the scapular line, which is nearly an inch long, agrees with the neck. The mixture of colours which is observed in the upper parts, is produced by alternate bands of gray, and blackish in the longer hairs. The extre- mity of the nose is brown, and the claws have a horny hue. DIMENSIONS. Inches. ‘Lines. Length of the body and head, from the extremity of the nose to the root of the tail ........... (ey EL a ae Ree 6 5 East besaeucels the Recshors Sik stata anal AL TU op, el 9b camer a 1 9 Niedety coeiias ERS VOSEUIN we diak od nend ca leae ede deoles Casa releb spe tdnmieonmpeiasngidoe ges @ 8 cri ver ae te tho meekss : sc. ot2 ns San Samad ance debe sneenea stir eo tie ebiesenaeua o 8 PRA See Bad: Hea | siccock sancs Sucdaacen ce beaen Ge eereuek eandoe nels) cakceeomeieueal a 5 AT crieee te the anterior Extremities .........cessecccasesccscsececcecses coesvens B 2 tovpse outs the posterior extremities ...........-srscetssrccsssrreescesrenceeee 2 OF ance abeecces thie TAPAS BLOC a. cov cece uetakiaesmns caret Sind arcs abunes Ska cena 24 Although Tupaia has been placed among the Jnsectivores, which, agreeably to the classification of the celebrated Cuvier, constitute the second family in the order of CARNASSIERS, its arrangement in a natural system requires further consideration. It is necessary for this purpose that we should be more fully acquainted with its internal structure, and with its manners and habits, than we are at present; for although in certain characters it approaches near to the genera Sorex and Mygale among the Insectivores, yet in others it strikingly resembles Tarsius among the Quadrumanes, and withal it is masked by the external form and appearance of a Squirrel. I can at present only exhibit its resemblance to each of the families above mentioned, and enumerate those characters that belong to it exclusively. In the first place, Tupaia agrees with the animals of the second family of the Insectivores, in the elongated form of its rostrum, and in certain peculiarities of its dentition. In the latter it is most nearly allied to the genus Mygale. This is pro-~ vided with seven grinders in the upper, and six grinders in the lower jaw, of which the anterior teeth are simple, consisting of single points, while from the crown of the TUPAIA JAVANICA. posterior numerous sharp protuberances of different length project. The resem- blance of the grinders of Tupaia and Mygale is more clearly shewn by a comparison of the Plate annexed to the Continuation of Mr. Frep. Cuvrer’s excellent Essay on the Characters for the Genera of Mammalia, contained in the XIIth Volume of the “ Annales du Museum,” with the Illustrations of the Genus Tupaia given in the present Number of these Zoological Researches, than by a long description. Mygale is also the only genus among the Insectivores which agrees with our animal, in having in both jaws single well-defined canine teeth; but the incisors of Tupaia differ essentially from those of all other animals of this family, as will appear in the sequel. As far as regards the rostrum of Tupaia, it should be observed, that although it is long and tapering, the upper jaw projects but slightly beyond the lower, and is not extended into a naked proboscis, which constitutes a peculiar character as well in Sorex and Mygale, as in other genera of this family. Of other characters it should be noticed, that the eyes in most genera of the Insectivores are minute, or scarcely perceptible, while in Tupaia they are large and prominent. The structure of the external ear is also entirely different in our animal; in Sorex, for instance, in which this organ is most developed, the anéitragus is enlarged to such a degree as to close the meatus auditorius, while the helix has a similar disposition, and can be folded over it as a double membrane. In Tupaia, on the contrary, it is the ¢ragus which is so constructed as to afford a covering to the external passage, while the antitragus is a simple eminence in the cavity of the ear; the helix constitutes a narrow border, forming an extensive circuit about the auditory passage, and can only be elevated to regulate the admission of sound, without affording an additional covering, as it does in Sorex. Tupaia is further destitute of those glands which in Sorex and Mygale are placed in the sides of the body, or at the root of the tail, and which by their odoriferous secretion constitute a very peculiar character. The form and habit of the body, the length and structure of the extremities, and the broadness of the tail, give to Tupaia a physiognomy entirely different from that of the Insectivores hitherto known. It is this external appearance which has led to its association with Squirrels. But a more accurate examination of these animals shews that they differ greatly in those characters which constitute a natural affinity ; and to explain this difference, it‘is sufficient to compare the form of the head, the mechanism of the feet, the structure of the eyes and ears, and particularly the system of dentition. In the latter, Tupaia exhibits considerable affinity to the genus Tarsius. ‘This appears not only in the peculiar character of the front teeth, but also in that of the grinders, which are covered with high projecting points, separated from each other by longi- tudinal and transverse grooves. A comparison of the teeth of the Tarsius bancanus, as given in the Plate of Illustrations to the Second Number of these Researches, with those of Tupaia javanica, represented on the Plate annexed to this, will exemplify TUPAIA JAVANICA. their affinity. Our animal has a further resemblance to Tarsius in the form of the feet, in the deep division and free motion of the toes, in the great length of the tarsus of the hind foot, and particularly in the size and prominence of the eyes. But further observations are required to indicate whether in the system aboye men- tioned, Tupaia should be arranged among the Quadrumana, after the Tarsii, or among the Insectivores, in a section distinct from those animals which lead a subter- raneous life. In this inquiry we should consider that Tupaia is provided with a small cecum. This appears from a concise account of one of the species, probably the Tupaia ferruginea, prepared by Mr. Diarp. I regret that I have no other means of referring to this account than that which is afforded by the notices con- cerning the Meetings of the Asiatic Society, which are from time to time given in the Caleutta Gazette. From a republication of these, contained in the Xth Volume of the Asiatic Register, I extract the following :—‘ On the 10th of March, 1820, was brought to the notice of the Society, a drawing and description of a small quadruped, native of Penang, and other Islands of the Indian Seas, by the French Naturalist, M. Drarp, and presented in the name of the Honourable Sir StaMForD Rarfries.” After the description of the system of dentition, Mr, Diarp proceeds: —*“ A ces particularités dans la dentition de notre animal, si l’on ajéute la presence d'un petit coecum a lorigine des intestines; coecum qu’ aucun des Sorex n’a encore presenté, on aura certainement tout le droit possible de le prendre pour type d’une nouvelle sous-division; nous lui assignerons le nom de SoREX-GLIs qui donne a la fois, lidée de la forme extérieure et de sa veritable nature. Enfin pour terminer histoire de ce veritable Sorex, deguisé sous des habits d’ecureuil, nous ajoutons, qu'il a de grands yeux, quatre mamelles ventrales, une langue longue, un éstomac simple, et une tube intestinal replit sept fois sur lui-méme, et suivé, comme nous Vavons déja dit, d’un petit coecum.” In further illustration of the history of the Tupaia javanica, or Bangsring, I have to remark, that it belongs to a genus which has hitherto been only found in the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago, where the individuals are by no means common. Three species, as far as I have ascertained, have hitherto been discovered. The Tupaia ferruginea, the Tupai-Press of the Malays, has the most extensive range; it inhabits Penang, Singa-pura, and certain portions of Sumatra. The Tupaia Tana has hitherto been found in Sumatra alone, and the Bangsring is exclusively a native of Java. The only notices of the Tupaia ferruginea and of the Tupaia Tana, which have hitherto been made public, are contained in Sm SramrorD RaFFLes’s descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, from Sumatra, published in the XIIIth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, and in the notices, above referred to, of the Meetings of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta. TUPAIA JAVANICA. The Bangsring fell under my observation during an early period of my researches in Java. In traversing the Province of Blambangan, in the year 1806, I discovered it in the extensive forests which cover almost entirely the eastern extre- mity of the Island. Constant and careful researches, since that period, have neither enabled me to meet with it again, nor to ascertain that the natives in other parts of Java are acquainted with it: and although its range may not be confined exclusively to the Province of Blambangan, yet, agreeably to my observations, it is extremely limited, both in residence and numbers. During the period above mentioned, I obtained but two individuals. One of these was forwarded to the Museum of the Honourable East India Company in 1812, with a few remarks on its locality, food, and manners; and the other formed part of the collection which was brought to England by me in 1819. I have to regret that the information which I was enabled to collect during my passage through the districts which the Tupaia javanica inhabits, was extremely scanty, and not calculated to illustrate those circumstances which are most interest- ing in its economy, and on which its final arrangement will depend. Our animal was obtained, at one period only, in the extensive and almost inaccessible forests of the Province of Blambangan: here the natives described it as living on trees, and feeding on fruits and nuts. But this intelligence must be received with due limi- tation. The system of dentition evinces that the Bangsring is more adapted to animal than to vegetable food: to elucidate this, it is sufficient to examine carefully the structure of the teeth. Thus, for instance, we find in the upper jaw, on each side, one erect front tooth, of great length, calculated effectually to answer the purpose of the canine teeth, which, from a peculiarity of structure in this genus, and in several allied genera, both among the Insectivores and Tarsii, are shorter than the front teeth. The fourth grinder is provided with a lacerative point, of uncom- mon length; the fifth and sixth grinders are of a compound nature; in the middle of the crown they have two erect, high, acute points, which give most decidedly the character of carnivorous animals, while an extensive even projection (or gradus) on the inner side, affords a triturating surface. In the lower jaw the front teeth have that disposition which also occurs in the Insectivores, Tarsii, and Rodentia; they are adapted both to animal and vegetable food; but the third, fourth, and fifth grinders correspond with the fourth, fifth, and sixth grinders in the upper jaw, and are provided with high sharp points, which are found exclusively in carnivorous animals. Those characters in the system of dentition that are adapted to vegetable food, shew themselves in the first, second, and third grinders in the upper, and in the first and second in the lower jaw, which, in Bangsring, are obtuse; in the large triturating surface, on the internal side of the fifth and sixth grinder of the TUPAIA JAVANICA. upper jaw, as above described, and in the posterior portion of the last grinder in both jaws. All these peculiarities are distinctly exhibited on the Plate of Illustra: tions in Letters O, P, & Q, to which I refer. I have only to add the following particulars regarding the manners and food of the species of Tupaia in general. Sir T. Sramrorp RarFr es, in the descriptive Cata- logue above mentioned, in describing the Tupaia ferruginea, remarks—* the tame one above mentioned was suffered to go about at perfect liberty, ranged in freedom over the whole house, and never failed to present himself on the breakfast and dinner table, where he partook of fruit and milk.” And in the communication extracted from the proceedings of the Asiatic Society, it is stated, “ that a living animal of this species (T. ferruginea) was brought to Bengal by a medical gentleman some months ago: it runs about the house tame, but will not allow itself to be caught for close inspection. Though at liberty to run out of doors whenever it likes, it shews no disposition to leave its quarters, and evinces some attachment to the family; for whenever strangers enter the house, it shews disquietude, and makes a chattering noise. It occasions no trouble in feeding, for it is always on the search after insects, and its favourite food seems to be flies, erickets, grasshoppers, and cockroaches.” &¢ "LAP yy to wane he mercury pores dg PryTag Ly, “VON VAW VW LV dl OL = a ot = i” == JS i, ft i { , i? 7 at ie J J > = J 4 7 -” ri | * . a ! . | | i] | k ! . Pies Ly ; *| * i Pa s ria é rt 1 * a * i ! 1 ; BA a a * a id : Vy Pe 1 i rf x Lie | A. Be J i? ra), ek = 4 ¥! ' Li * “ . . ‘ ay ae Ls ‘ e “ p fi. 4 i & / ; ' ‘ ri ; . x as " . . : ‘ | ee ath Fe : ‘ 7 , ' P . bs em | : a. - : Z rn . a! | _ 4 « _ f a | > + = * | j _ ey w _ | : ‘ H I | ot = ' r a ‘ | 24 Vea) e = , a] . ; eo Bee! ilihe hore, sk ; és -F 7 ; 7 eh 7 . ' \ ae L Fe iw , eS ay ' a i i. ence. a oh Ata ‘ eialy Lvs 3 | is Bests Ssh ies T P a ie he. yt WA aaa a a *yt Tuk ie te & toa f tthe ees ae . | oF i! Wee we ; 7 ) “fino a eae bi 1% 4 a" a ia : T ised a ag, i . a1, ead Ch) death: tae iv hi Gan "Acne oti © ie, J . hos : Saal Cy a 4 i ser in a rey 4 | = P- a oa A end at y ‘ A pbegeh sect ay a ae Pie an a rites uit Preah ye tou ath Paes yaya rath 0 a th one Joule a if ioe | x | i + sa sane ee ‘ Bf i hd Y i ri ol * « i . ’ . - tei tikes Liste” def l Th ’ <- . - a i fe nie a * TUPAIA TANA. Orp. IIT™ Carnassters, Cuvier. 2° Famille. Les Insectivores. Orp. III. Fers, Linz. Syst. Orp. XII. Faucurata, Iliger. TUPAIA, Raffles, Act. Soc. Linn. Lond. CHARACTER GENERICUS.—Vide Tupaia javanica. Tupaia rostro longissimo, corpore supra fusco et nigrescente vario subtus strigaque scapulari ex badio rufescente. kh. 4 24 48 4 Tupai-tana, of the Inhabitants of Sumatra. Tupaia tana, Sir 7. S. Rafjles's Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra, Tr. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 257. ‘THE Tupaia tana has already been enumerated in the account of the Tupaia javanica. We owe the discovery to Sm Sramrorp RaFFies, who having given a description of it in his Catalogue of a Zoological Collection made m Sumatra, forwarded the first specimen to England. An examination of this having with great liberality been afforded to me by the Board of Curators of the Royal College of Surgeons, I have been enabled to give some details regarding its external appearance, its teeth, and dimensions. I have also added a figure of the animal, and those peculiarities in the species which will tend to illustrate the genus Tupaia in general. The Tupaia tana is the largest species of the genus hitherto discovered. Its dimensions are the following :— Inches. Lines. Length of the body and head, from the extremity of the nose GO! CeELIGS OF ERE LOND 05, cox ncnccstccnectnnsenscicabécareldesnsces 10 5 Re ciitvuves Ooten CTC CEE COEE Svs cin cecctescscovesuduseanssedcdenenaeecee teresavcttiter 2 6 Sabteegs valted the rostrum, or attenuated part of the head ............. 1 4 joks ie CARE: WUCCURE Ce Lee ASA SATE Seca tienticceneyes reateapsdiniekaets Es rebaeatbae IL 0 TUPAIA TANA. Inches. Lines. Krengel of; thie de yy isa sanscesstaneonsarstncasvancnsonveveseeiccatensis sh usibe severe 7 0 eesbacsiitetous Gives Bibl og ea he a cepa sa apucgutne a bhdod e caamaeeaestostuasbanaeunone MO 6 Seabesbksaseuse the anterior EXtTEMItIeS ....00-sccercccesccctccscscsccsssscacaccseese B 0 Gees uitaestyes the posterior extremities.......c-.-ccsssrseeacesserenerceserssrerree 4 = QE Regarding the system of dentition of the Tupaia tana, it should be noted that, although it agrees with the other species in all essential characters, it possesses certain peculiarities, which I shall proceed to enumerate with accuracy. In the upper jaw, the front teeth are proportionally large, and have a slight inclination at the extremity. The canine teeth are more hooked than in the other species. Of the grinders, the three first do not terminate in an obtuse triturating surface, as in Tupaia javanica, but are gradually attenuated to a point, which in the second and third tooth is sharp and elevated. They are all considerably compressed at the base. The lacerative points, projecting from the crown of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh grinders, are long, and have the same disposition as in Tupaia javanica; but the triturating surfaces of the fifth and sixth are less extensive, In the specimen from which the description was made, the intermediate front teeth alone, in the lower jaw, were perfect; but of the two others, on each side, the rudiments remained sufficiently evident. The canine tooth is proportionally longer and more hooked than in the Tupaia ferruginea and Tupaia javanica. The first grinder is acute, slightly hooked, and shorter than the canine tooth; the second is obscure ; the third is considerably elevated, broad at the base, and compressed with a small anterior and posterior heel; the fourth is somewhat larger than the fifth, but both agree in their construction ; they have individually three sharp points projecting from the crown ; the sixth is smaller, and presents three less elevated points. From these details, and from the comparative view which is afforded on the Plate of Illustrations, in Letter I and in Letter O, it appears that the Tupaia tana is distinguished from the Tupaia javanica by a greater length of its canine teeth, and of the lacerating points in all the grinders. This character is undoubtedly accommodated to its habits, and shews it to be more exclusively adapted to animal food than the Bangsring. An elongation of the rostrum or muzzle is characteristic of all the species of this genus, but in Tupaia tana this character exists in the greatest degree. In Tupaia javanica the rostrum is shorter than the head; in Tupaia ferruginea it is nearly of the same length; but in Tupaia tana it is one third longer. This elongation gives a very peculiar physiognomy to our animal, and in consequence of the length of the jaw, the interstices between the teeth are greater than in the other species; this appears distinctly in the profile of the head given on the Plate of Illustrations. The attenuation of the rostrum is almost uniform from the crown of the head to its TUPAIA TANA. extremity; a very slight depression is observed a little anterior to the region of the eyes. The nose is of a brown colour, slightly compressed at the sides, and considerably extended beyond the lower lip; the nostrils are lateral, curved, and broader in the middle. The head, between the region of the eyes and the ears, is somewhat depressed ; it is connected with the neck, as in the other species, with- out any diminution in the dimensions of the latter. The whiskers arising from the upper lip, the chin, and the forehead, are short, and not numerous. The eyes are large and prominent, and exhibit the same character as in the other species; the pupil is circular, and the irides are dark. The ears are placed at a great distance from the eyes ; they are large, oblong, and provided with a narrow, rather membranaceous heligma, which is closely applied to the head; they resemble, indeed, in all essential points, so nearly these organs in Tupaia javanica, that they require no detailed description. The neck is shorter than the head, and increases gradually in dimen- sions towards the breast. The body, as in the other species of Tupaia, is gracefully formed, rather oblong, somewhat thicker at the rump, and, in the specimen from which the description is made, the back is slightly arched. The tail, in Tupaia tana, has a greater resemblance to that of Squirrels than in Tupaia javanica; the ‘hairs spread in all directions, and give it a bushy appearance; its proportion in length to the body, cannot be given with perfect accuracy, as a portion appeared to be wanting in the specimen. The anterior extremities are shorter than the pos- terior; they are thicker near the shoulder, and gradually tapering towards the feet; the tarsus is of moderate length. The feet and toes agree in length and division with those of the Bangsring. In the posterior extremities the thighs and legs are robust, and the tarsi proportionally of great length. Of the toes the intermediate one is longest ; the next on each side are somewhat shorter, and the thumb is placed further back than the small toe. The claws have the same general character on both extremities ; they are strongly compressed laterally, but broad in a horizontal direc- tion, much curved, and fitted more for seizing their prey, than for digging the earth ; they are rather wider and more vigorous on the posterior extremities, and indivi- _ dually covered by a delicate tuft of long hairs arising from the extremity of the toes. The fur of the Tupaia tana is soft and delicate. The general colour of the upper parts is dark brown inclining to black; of the lower, brown, with a reddish tint. The separate hairs of the upper parts are banded alternately with grey and dark brown, so as to form a variegated surface. The colour of the back is deeper than that of the sides, and it increases in intensity towards the rump. Our animal further exhibits the following distribution of distinctive marks:—The head and snout are mixed blackish and gray; the throat is grayish, with a rufous tint. The TUPAIA TANA. occiput is marked with a narrow transverse band of black, constituting a very obscure crest, from which a narrow dark-brown streak passes along the upper part of the neck; this gradually increases in breadth between the shoulders, and descending along the back, is lost in the dark fur which covers the posterior part of the body above. It is bounded on each side by a streak of a lighter tint than that of the upper parts in general. The peculiar characteristic mark of all the species of this genus shews itself in our animal, in an obliquely-transverse band, of the colour of the under parts, extending from the neck across the shoulders to the back. The under parts of the neck and body, as well as the tail and the extremities, are of a reddish brown colour, with a tint of bright ferruginous. This colour be- comes dark and brownish on the feet. ‘The tarsi above are covered with very short hairs ; and small tufts of hair of a brown colour arise from the extremity of the toes, and are partially spread over the claws. A view of the head in profile, of the size of life, is given in Letter A, and a view as it appears when seen from above, in Letter B, of the Plate of Illustrations. The other details relating to our animal, will be explained in their proper place. The Tupaia tana is represented in the figure, in the attitude of the specimen above referred to, belonging to the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. The animal is capable of climbing trees as well as the other species, although the name of the natives conveys the idea of a residence on or near the ground. This is also stated by Srr StamrorDd RarF.es in his description. Our animal is a native of Sumatra, and generally known by the country people under the name of Tupai- tana. /4y TUPATA TANA. * ean Jv BT OT} ii a 8 Eo ikl dy # La Plbatis i mane an iF, favlor Lod 3 = * bl oe be —_ t _ 7 iJ nat * . L if " t be "i l “ e i om Ay Th! Ly ' ‘ rf f - : : +" uo i | 4 a 13 . PL 4 i f m ' 7 = ‘al © | . s , i “ 2 r Wa = > ti w ar * Alan ‘= ve } : i ; 1 wt y ae . . ip Led , . 7 . . Py FAN A MAA, Pa ae ee ee Aa : 4 Pe i ti und (1 Shgeinc ia p. talleeand Sear ban: eit. shih: opaath ge Diy cr Sony eaten Pgh uty ES Soe stunt r inagebanl ” aka Ne aan AY eat hy ¥ ak zal =a ha Fx ‘sasealit ‘ Mee ee ae danni iL: ae ii fey aT fe ate Pd ye tke ps Hy ta Wi sak) Pate hy debt anga fat hye. mbit Spey ear, | ee ae ‘Kw Mea. phe “eae? i aad ; a Tet ge i a. : : r ; on iar é = I [ « Aly RT RT ee CNet ea ar wy s H . es Pas lo “he a ee ee i. ' L - dy 2 a Uae, as URSUS MALAYANUS. Orp. III™ Carnassters, Cuvier. 3™ Famille. Les Carnivores. 1° Tribu, Plantigrades. Orv. III. Ferz, Linn. Syst. Orv. XII. Fatcunara, Iiliger. Fam. 34, Plantigrada. URSUS, Linz. Cac. Geoffr. Mig. &e. » Dentes Primores utrinque sex, inferiorum cereus exterior basi crassior, interior. Laniarii distincti primoribus: longiores, eonici. Molares obducti supra utrin- secus sex: primus dimotus minutus, secundus minutus deciduus, reliqui tritores tuberculati: tertius parvus, quartus triangularis, quintus subquadratus, postre- mus maximus oblongus longitudinalis; infra utrinsecus quinque: primus dimotus laniario proximus, reliqui tritores tuberculati: secundus unitubercu- latus, tertius et quartus oblongi, postremus quarto minor subquadratus. Rostrum productum. Nasus prominulus, rhinario lato obtuso. _ Lingua levis. Auricule mediocres rotundate. Corpus villosum codario pilis intermisto. Cauda abrupta. Mamme Bs quatuor pectorales, duo ventrales. Folliculus supra anum nullus. Pedes distincti ambulatorii plantigradi pentadactyli fissi. Plante denudate callose. Ungues: falcule acute. Illiger. Ursus ater, pilis brevibus rigidis, rostro ferrugineo, pectore macula semilunari alba. Bruang, of the Malays. | Ursus malayanus, Sir T. S. Rafjles’s Cat. of a Zool. Coll. mate in Sumatra. Trans. Linn. Soe, XII. p, 254. IN the figure which ‘illustrates this article, the Ursus malayanus is ‘carefully represented from a specimen contained in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company. This was forwarded to England by Sir Stamford Raffles in the URSUS MALAYANUS. year 1820; and the account of it contained in his Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoolo- gical Collection made in Sumatra, and published in the Thirteenth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, comprises all that is as yet known of this interesting animal. In communicating this figure to the Public, I shall therefore give Sir Stamford’s description entire in his own words, and add a concise account of the specimen which is now deposited in the Museum at the India House. “ This deserves to be ranked as a distinet species from the common Bear, and from that of the continent of India. The most striking difference is the comparative shortness of its hair, and the fineness and glossiness of its fur ;*in which particular it appears to resemble the American Bear. It is further remarkable in having a large heart-shaped spot of white on the breast. The muzzle is of a ferruginous colour. It stands lower, but is a stouter and better proportioned animal than the common Bear. * When taken young, they become very tame. One lived two years in my possession. He was brought up in the nursery with the children ; and when admitted to my table, as was frequently the case, gave a proof of his taste by refusing to eat any fruit but mangosteens, or to drink any wine but Champaign. The only time I ever knew him out of humour was on an occasion when no Champaign was forth- coming. It was naturally of a playful and affectionate disposition, and it was never found necessary to chain or chastize him. It was usual for this Bear, the cat, the dog, and a small blue mountain bird or Lory of New Holland, to mess together, and to eat out of the same dish. © His favourite playfellow was the dog, whose teazing and worrying was always borne and returned with the utmost good humour and playfulness. As he grew up he became a very powerful animal; and in his rambles in the garden, he would lay hold of the largest plantains, the stems of which he could scarcely embrace, and tear them up by the roots. “ A female of this species was sent to England last year by the William Pitt.” — Trans. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 254. , Description of the Specimen at the India House-—Head short, conical, very gradually attenuated, obtuse, broad between the ears, defined above by a nearly straight line. Nose terminated by a fleshy elongation, consisting of an oblong pro- duction of the upper part of the rostrum, covering the nostrils, which are round, and separated by a narrow septum. Gape of the mouth terminating below the anterior canthus of the eye. Lips thin and defined, bounded by a series of short URSUS MALAYANUS. stiff hairs. Vibrisse few in number, and solitary, scattered about the lips. -Cheeks even and regular at the surface, agreeing with the conical form of the head. Eyes situated far in front, but vivid and prominent; irides dark. -Ears very short, abruptly terminated, appearing as if cropped by art; meatus auditorius covered with hair, arranged like a funnel. Throat regularly rounded, passing gradually to the neck, which is of a moderate length, and somewhat contracted behind the occiput. Body oblong, robust, elevated anteriorly between the shoulders, moderately distended. about the abdomen, descending gradually to the rump, which is terminated by a * short tail, consisting of an attenuated tuft of bristles, about an inch in length. Limbs robust: anterior extremities thicker near the trunk, tapering towards the feet, elevating the anterior part of the body by their vertical disposition; posterior extre- mities with very stout.muscular thighs, and short, somewhat curved, legs. Feet plantigrade, thickly covered with hairs above, naked underneath ; the fore feet some- what longer than the hind feet. Toes five, all resting on one plane, compressed, not deeply divided, nearly equal in length; exterior toes on each side scarcely. per- ceptibly smaller. Claws very long, strongly compressed and arched; acute, rounded , above, grooved underneath, of a pale corneous hue. The heel of the hind foot is slightly elevated in walking, and this foot is, on the whole, both shorter and narrower posteriorly than the fore foot. The colour is jet black on every part, except the muzzle before the eyes, which is dusky gray, and a white semilunar mark, with extended sides on the breast: the form of this mark is nearly represented by the letter U: the breadth is about an inch, and the length of each of the sides, from the general base to the extremity, is about six inches. ‘The hairs are short and thickly disposed, so as to form a very dense covering; they are smooth, decumbent, or closely pressed to the skin on every part, excepting the upper parts of the head, neck, and shoulders, on which they are slightly frizzled. The length of the separate hairs is three-fourths of an inch, and they are rigid and strict. The characters which chiefly distinguish the Ursus malayanus from the Bear of . India, the Ursus labiatus of Bainville, which it resembles in the paleness of the muzzle, and in the mark on the breast, have already been mentioned by Sir Stamford Raffles in his description. It is also distinguishable by the comparative short-' ness of the tail, and by the mildness of the natural disposition. I regret that the materials in the Museum did not afford the means to illustrate the generic character : the skull had been removed from the specimen sent to England, and unfortunately was not contained in the general collection of objects of comparative anatomy from Sumatra, which has been deposited at the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, ’ 7 a © . ie URSUS MALAYANUS. DIMENSIONS. | “a 7 = ’ . e body and head, from the extremity of the nose to bY t 1€ tail oose a one oan COCR . r Ree . , ooRerer Pest : 4 PILE Ih : ; a i OE) sreneneeeee ies a PHSCCPSPET SST SE ESET ESSA EES vse é Pee ULC er erry) Ke seseeseersvenne TH TITIEELELETirriierrieriri ie au : 1 LLL it e fore foot, along . ; oe “yee PSPSPS PTE TTT eee ry 1 in "4 part of the . 4 =e : a i ’ POPPE) ‘ gy * ‘ F " esbusaabene i Fi / os . J . ICIP TEI : : : ) . . . tlt ae : pom on i af . a ” | . yy , ; ae ie ED ’ a Pe ¥ — = . as * a é ~ . . : . Pl a , ee, ; aay 0 2 2 oor fK SC CO Feet Inches 11 “I @ db oo fo SPA DRY Lares Maye op Aaa ap nyse Ay preys wea yz . $ i | RI Wy A ¥ Fl VA g fl S Yi fil Yrs a ep Peouseg ap wen ~S¥ ] = u 1 = (= F Fy \ ahs if | ih t | a MA ‘ fe : 3 ' | * ee ee 5 od oe B ii 7 " = a) 4h he * J ' © - 4 od eR is = ie ¥ = “ “2 a ly = - - “ , a , a n Ly a [ ae E f \ ? torts nf f id « . & . a) GULO ORIENTALIS. Orp. IIT™ Carnassiers, Cuvier. 3" Famille. Les Carnivores. 1° Tribu, Plantigrades. Orv. III. Ferx, Linn. Syst. Orv. XII. Fatcuiata, Ldiger. Fam. 34, Plantigrada. GULO, Storr. Cuv. Illig. Mustreta, Linn. Ursus, Linn. Gmel. * Meters, Bodd, Desm. Metuivora, Storr. . . 6 ‘ oe j 5—5 4 Cuar. Gen.—Dentium formula; Primores ;, Laniarii ;, Molares = seu & seu =. Primores utrinque 6, supra externus utrinsecus major, infra secundus exteriore inte- rior. Laniarii longi, conici, acuti. Molares supra utrinsecus 5, (aliis 4), penultimus maximus, gradu laterali antico unituberculato auctus; postremus tritorius, trans- versus: infra 6, (aliis 5), penultimus maximus medio bicuspidatus antice gradu acuto postice margine tritorio auctus; postremus parvus tritorius. Rostrum acutum. Rhinarium prominulum. Lingua aliis levis aliis seabra. Auri- cule breves. Corpus pilosum. Cauda mediocris aut brevis, laxa. Pedes plantigradi, pentadactyli. Plante nude. Ungues: falcule, acute, compress fossoriz. Gulo fuscus, corpore elongato, cauda mediocri, gutture pectore genis maculaque verticis ad dorsum longitudinaliter extensa flavicantibus. Nyentek, of the Javanese. THE various species of Gulo which have hitherto been discovered, inhabit the northern countries of both Continents, the equinoctial and temperate regions of America, and in Africa, Guinea and the Cape of Good Hope. In arranging in this genus an animal found in a country remote from all these, where its GULO ORIENTALIS. range, as far as we know at present, is greatly circumscribed, I have endeavoured carefully to examine its characters. In this examination I have followed the princi- ples of classification detailed with great clearness by M. F. Cuvier in his excellent Memoir, in the 10th Volume of the Annales du Museum, &c. In this he very properly divides the grinders into false grinders, fausses molaires; carnivorous teeth, carnassitres ; and tuberculous teeth, tuberculeuses. The first are small, pointed, and formed for cutting or tearing the food; they vary in number, from one to three or four in each jaw; the next to these, in both jaws, is the largest grinder, the carni- vorous tooth, consisting of several points, with an additional heel; to this follows in each jaw in most genera a single tuberculous tooth, having a nearly even surface, formed for trituration. In the third family of the Order of Carnassiers of Baron Cuvier, the carnivores, the grinders in general, assist in affording the means of clear generic distinctions. Our animal agrees in most points with the true Gluttons, as exempli- fied in the Plate which illustrates the Memoir of M. F. Cuvier, to which I have referred: it has five grinders in the upper, and six in the lower jaw. The three first in the upper, and the four first in the lower jaw, are false grinders; they increase successively in size, having comparatively a broad base, and a somewhat rounded obtuse point; the carnivorous tooth in the upper jaw has three principal points, of which that on the exterior side forms an extended ridge; here it also has, anteriorly, a very minute additional heel: in the lower jaw this tooth is long, and consists of two principal points in the middle; anteriorly it further has one additional heel, and posteriorly it is continued into a rounded triturating ridge. The tuberculous tooth in the upper jaw is large, and placed transversely ; in the lower jaw it is small. The front teeth in the upper jaw are very regularly disposed; the exterior tooth, on each side, exceeds the others slightly in breadth, but not in length: in the lower jaw these teeth are all of equal length, but the two exterior ones are broader; the tooth next following them on each side, is removed somewhat interiorly from the general series, and the two intermediate teeth are smaller than these. The canine teeth in the upper jaw are rather long, and have an additional projection at the base, which I have not observed so distinctly in other animals of this Family ; in the canine tooth of the lower jaw this projection is still more considerable, and extends obliquely backward; from this the tooth is suddenly curved upward and outward, so as to form an angle from the point in which it is in contact with the front teeth. Our animal further agrees with the Gluttons in the structure of the feet, which are plantigrade, or formed for resting, in walking, the entire sole on the ground: the claws likewise have the character belonging to the different species of this genus ; they are long, horny, compressed, curved, and obtuse; calculated more for digging the earth, than for seizing other animals; a capacity which they appear to possess in a degree far inferior to Felis and Mustela. The characters taken from the length of GULO ORIENTALIS. the muzzle, from the form of the body, the proportional length of the tail, and of the lobes of the ear, are not uniform in the animals which belong to this genus. The structure of the anal folliculi, as well as of the tongue, requires in most species a further examination. In the most numerous Catalogue of Quadrupeds hitherto published, which con- stitutes the article Mammalogie in the Encyclopédie Methodique, compiled by Mr. M. A. G. Desmarest, four species of Gulo are admitted; namely, Gulo arcticus, or Wolverene; Gulo vittatus, or Grison; Gulo barbatus, the Taira of Buffon and the Galera of Brown; and Gulo capensis, or Ratel. Besides these, the Baron Humboldt has described two animals, inhabiting the equinoctial regions of America, with the names of Gulo Quietensis, and Gulo Mapurito: but these Mr. Desmarest has added to the genus Mephitis; as they are both truly plantigrade, they confirm this character as far as regards the latter genus. Of the species of Gulo above enumerated, the Gulo barbatus, the Taira or Galera, appears to have the nearest affinity to Gulo orientalis; but the figures hitherto published, afford but imperfect means of comparison. | The Gulo orientalis is somewhat smaller than the English Pole Cat. The form of its body, in comparison with other Gluttons, is rather slender: it is thickly covered with fur, consisting of long hairs closely arranged, silky at the base, of a brown colour, and somewhat glossy, with a slight tint of reddish brown; in certain lights it appears diversified, grayish, and tawny. This fur covers greatest part of the body and head, and the whole of the tail and extremities; the colour of these parts is consequently brown, or reddish brown, with occasional shades of rufous and tawny: the sides of the head, the neck, the throat, breast, and a broad spot on the top of the head, which passes, gradually decreasing in breadth, to the middle of the back, are white, with an obscure tint of Isabella yellow, of different degrees of intensity: this colour also exists, less distinct, in a longitudinal band along the lowest part of the abdomen. From the posterior angle of the eye, a narrow dark brown band passes in a cutve towards the throat, and returns again to the posterior part of the ear, where it unites to the lobe. On the forehead, between the eyes, is a transverse band, of a grayish hue, united to an obscure longitudinal streak, which extends along the summit of the head, from the region of the eyes to the crown. The borders of the upper jaw and of the ears are whitish. The head is rather small and compressed, and the face gradually tapers to an obtuse nose. Both jaws are of equal length; but a slight extension of the naked extremity of the snout gives to the upper jaw the appearance of projecting beyond the lower. The nostrils are pierced anteriorly, but have a small lateral notch. The mustaches consist of a few solitary stiff bristles arising from the upper lip, closely applied to the head, and pointing backward. The eyes, which are rather prominent, GULO ORIENTALIS. are situated at an equal distance, between the extremity of the nose, and the ears. The lobes of the ears are larger than in other species of this genus; they are entirely covered with delicate hair; the meatus auditorius is nearly concealed by the covering of the lateral parts of the head, consisting of hairs, long, closely arranged, and some- what rigid: these extend from the nose backward, and form a very obscure crest on the top of the head between the eyes. The limbs, both anterior and posterior, are slender, and the feet agree in structure with those of the other animals belonging to the first tribe of the Family of Carnivores; the soles are naked, and formed for the plantigrade mode of walking. Each foot is provided with five claws, which are horny, transparent, compressed, curved, and larger on the fore than on the hind feet. They are regular in their dimensions; those of the middle toe are longest; they are somewhat shorter on the index and on the fourth toe, but equal one to the other; on the thumb and small toe they are smallest. The thumb is placed somewhat behind the other toes. Although the claws have considerable resemblance to those of Mydaus, and are formed for perforating the ground, they differ in being shorter, more com- pressed laterally, and more suddenly curved. The tail has nearly half the length of the body ; it is somewhat bushy, and terminated by long bristly hairs. DIMENSIONS. Length of the body, from the ce of the nose to the root Of: the: taal... 0cbs.ccetne csc sceeeeseepeueteumensay£es cpeaitnss 1 foot, 4 inches. secteaa cues the h6ad. akccsvavsvss Deenasssacdgpnapebaraabere cetaneaeehessivdewesccevens) Ome OO, icanniakucwees Ce Call sicko csc tcccstedecsacavcsdegeene ean tpeaMe Mies Dreveevesrevesseepeay G30 ROLE Bre the anterior extremities, rR the shoulder to the extremities Of the TOce sl incsdasserives ite ssncvncsessecses bus ake 41 do. s$éunuuabsedeae the posterior EXtreMities ..0..,rrercersersscssseceresevevesssersee DB GO, This animal is more solitary and more circumscribed in its range than any other of the quadrupeds that have come under my observation in Java. I regret that I had no opportunity of observing it alive. It was obtained during one of my visits to the mountainous tracts in the western provinces of the dominions of the native Princes, by one of my assistants, in the lower adjoining districts. The natives denominate it Nyentek, and represent it to be limited in its range to part of the territory South of Mountain Prahu, between the two principal cones of the central part of Java, the Mountain Sumbing, and the Mountain of Teggal, consisting of part of Baggalen and Banyumas, and extending to Gowong in the East. I obtained no notice of it in the Eastern provinces, or in the Priyangan Regencies. Judging from its general structure, as well as from its teeth and claws, it may be supposed to have habits similar to the Taira and Ratel. ORIENTALIS., te Hs ES IL, CD GUT a iv" } ‘ oe at SS ee an ie ‘. oeee hat MN | tl e " ¥ = = : Ti Pe , ae i =m i ee | a) ann * ee ay ‘oe! uatry) Fagot Hs r | y e, : an y fr Q Lede ey: ie wien. os ie! seas 1 Bad ee ae | F * oe I Py ea il - 7; =e ; Jat #4 . = « 28. ae pret ; . iT at i hae) Tas oc Oty RA ET AUS GaScr aay ri = 1| | ss . J SUL oa 4 “a s “ ilg as Z Lf = ae 7 un Me * ry a4 w) { ‘4 e Py ict liad deg = J ; i a Va ; i t “a i. 7 _ aks rerie 1m j +e “fe CLs ri es ‘Poel im fe ay Lee ee. See a ‘ = 4 a o ay ae Ce 4 "a. ne . pe tt f. 7 | a al S Fy) | e rT oie a "ee bl Aa. oS - oe a = — - mL a 7 a a : | . AG ¥ oT ‘ - Bs on ‘i a lia ] yae Fle | ue hea : | ; a + Ne ra] , i ia . , “ats i : * el | we ie” H g : < - - q s x - ay fet . ta ¢. ; 43 A v 1 eb a sane it ‘ele ay / | ; ae pe) * i “4 & I : { " * | _ ry 2. : ihe: che ‘ee ba e ans mM ti , I | | “ as | ; bq | t ne A — a , f rea Ve a ry .) hs { J Arey 4 - : F year ike pe Ey = ? ¥ Yi 3eP . . ee s., = mag ag 7 2 = * W —— _ a j ai A ns a* | ra re “Wl i " fe Cae eh BO Gaye Sah a eds | a as oe : ; | ; | [a ri +. VIVERRA MUSANGA, VAR. JAVANICA.,. te a Orp. III™ Carnassters, Cuvier. 3™ Famille les Carnivores. 2* Tribu, Digitigrades. — ‘Orv. III. Ferx, Lenn. Syst. | Orv. XII. Faucurata, Tiger. Fam. 35, Sanguinaria. VIVERRA, Linn. Erzleb. Schreb. Cuv. Geoff. Ilig. Cuarac, Gen.—Dentium formula, Primores =, Canini =, Molares = seu =. Primores utrinque 6 intermedii breviores. Molares utrinque 5 aut 6: supra quartus maximus, interius gradu laterali antice auctus; quintus et sextus tritores. Infra quintus, seu quartus primo deficiente, sectorius maximus; sextus tritorius magnus. Caput elongatum, rhinario prominulo. Lingua retrorsum aculeata. Corpus codario et pilis longioribus vestitum. Fo//iculus inter genitalia et anum. Pedes pentadactyli fissi. Ungues: falcule semiretractiles. Sect. II. Genettz II sous-genre les Genettes. Follicules reduced to a simple excavation. Viverra corpore nigro et cinereo yariegato, dorso obsolete striato, capite pedibus caudaque nigris, fascia frontali per aures ad latera colli oblique producta rhina- riique basi albentibus. Luwak, of the Javanese. Musang-bulan, of the Malays. Viverra Musanga, Sir T’. S. Raffles’s Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra. Tr. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 253. Musang, Marsden’s Hist. of Sumatra, p. 118. THE Viverra Musanga so nearly resembles the Viverra Genetta in size, colour, and distribution of marks, that it has by several authors been described under that name. It constitutes, however, a distinct species, which is itself subject to several varieties. Its appearance in Java is here represented from an adult subject in a very perfect state, and of a full size. Its dimensions are as follow: VIVERRA MUSANGA. Length of the body and head, from the CHENEY of the nose to the root Of thie TaMisee leche isket dactevcevedavecteacs ..1 Foot, 10 inches. itocteocssces, 40 Gaik LA iiesk ahs dbsecte ccitevara cere (eewubacendee 1 do. 6 do. eotiatten jonse CHE CA. 12... .crecsvoucstatteustecvebeseitessuseverstestnsverssvastesens | 4104 w« the anterior @XtVemilthes io. 3.o cdl esssentearescoccsseescsscsnenves 6 do. XB Ret ee the posterior extremities... gilt. inal ciel Fi ido Descrirption.—Head black, with a whitish-gray stripe, commencing near the inner angle of the eye, gradually increasing in breadth, and passing across the ears to the sides of the neck. Extreme point of the muzzle, surrounding the base of the nose, whitish. Body and anterior parts of the neck and breast, variegated gray and black, slightly inclining to tawny, very obscurely striated. Legs and tail black, or deep brown. Nose prominent at the extremity, and deeply furrowed. Ears short and rounded, provided with a very small anterior lobule. Bristles stiff and horny at the base, arising numerous and of great length from the upper lip posteriorly, singly and short above the eyes, and near the angle of the mouth. Eyes rather prominent, pupil round, irides dark. Limbs rather short and robust. Claws large, strong, prominent, and scarcely retractile. | Soles of the feet naked. Tail nearly the length of the body, very gradually tapering to the point, covered with long, coarse hair. Fur composed of hair somewhat stiff and bristly, not closely applied to the skin. Hair variegated, gray at the base, with longer or shorter black points, or entirely black, liable to vary with the age of the animal, whence results the difference in the marks of young and of adult subjects. 7 In the most common variety of Java, the Viverra Musanga is of a much lighter grayish colour : three distinct longitudinal stripes appear on the back, and two some- what paler on the sides. The white colour bordering the base of the nose, is much more extensive, shewing itself also under the eye, and at the extremity of the lower jaw. These marks, with the white extremity of the tail, an inch or two in aie appear to be permanent. In Sumatra the Musang assumes, agreeably to the description of Sir T. S. Raffles, illustrated by a specimen deposited in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company, a dusky fulvous colour, and the point of the tail is uniformly white. The stripes on the back and sides are more distinct than in the dark Javanese variety. The same appearances are exhibited on the figure in Mr. Marsden’s Hist. of Sumatra, p. 118. Pl. XII. No.2. The teeth agree in the specimens from both Islands. The incisors present nothing peculiar. The canines are long, and slightly grooved. The molars are VIVERRA MUSANGA. limited to the number of five in each jaw: the three foremost in the upper jaw are conical and rather short; the fourth is largest, and agrees with the description contained in the generic character; the fifth is proportionally large, and formed for grinding. In the lower jaw, the three first are conical, the fourth corresponds to the fifth in other species, and the fifth is very large, and marked with three ridges of tubercles. The shortness and comparative breadth of all the molars indicate their being calculated chiefly for vegetable food. Of the various Indian species of Viverra, described in the Encyclopédie metho- dique, under the article Mammalogie, by M. A. G. Desmarest, the first part of which was published in 1820, the Viverra fasciata is most nearly allied to the Musanga ; the whitish extremity of the muzzle, of the band extending from the forehead over the eye through the ear, and the lines on the back and sides, are similar; but the body is of a yellowish colour, while the feet and the extremity of the tail are deep brown. The Viverra nigra, recently sent from India by Mr. Leschenault de Latour, has also various points of agreement with our species. - The manners and habits of the Viverra Musanga are very similar to those of the Genet. If taken while young, it becomes patient and gentle during confinement, and receives readily animal and vegetable food. It requires little attention, and even contents itself with the scanty remains of the meals of the natives, with fish, eggs, rice, potatoes, &c. the structure of its teeth being particularly adapted to a vegetable diet. It prefers, however, delicate and pulpy fruits; but, when pressed by hunger, also attacks fowls and birds. It is most abundant near the villages situated at the confines of large forests. It constructs a simple nest in the manner of Squirrels, of dry leaves, grass, or small twigs, in the forks of large branches, or in the hollows of trees. From these it sallies forth at night to visit the sheds and hen-roosts of the natives, in search of eggs, chickens, &e. Its rambles are also particularly directed to the gardens and plantations, where fruits of every description within its reach, and particularly pine-apples, suffer extensively from its depredations. The coffee plantations in Java are greatly infested by the Viverra Musanga ; in some parts of the Island it has on this account obtained the name of Coffee-rat. It devours the berries in large quantities, and its visits are soon discovered by parcels of seeds which it discharges unchanged. It selects only the ripest and most perfect fruits, and the seeds are eagerly collected by the natives, as the coffee is thus obtained without the tedious process of removing its membranaceous arillus. VIVERRA MUSANGA, The injurious effects occasioned by the ravages of the Luwak in the coffee plant- ations are, however, fully counterbalanced by its propagating the plant in various parts of the forests, and particularly on the decliyities of the fertile hills: these spon- taneous groves of a valuable fruit in various parts of the western districts of Java, afford to the natives no inconsiderable harvest, while the accidental discovery of them surprises and delights the traveller in the most sequestered parts of the Island. SN ENT ny peas eres enya company “Gingedury yong My penny “Muze reer ae yu “VOINVAVE (@VA)°VYSNVSOW VUWUTATA th ‘ fia 1 4 7 ~- ss t i i I * 1 ; ; : 4 | ( - rn - ; s i ' 2 “ fied | « a i ) j * ! a J 4 ld ' ik ee —s. 4 ri a 4 - 5 is ‘a i i va lg ey! . * | = | ‘ - fay = ; . ! tise | a I - /- . aa " - Vides ie. aN il - h = — d a eh i ie . ii tf ona Pe is Nes | * ve i sr LS '- ry i” 4 ite *. as i J ie ey i A) = eH: n ty ear weet i] ' :. ," a. teal ‘Delete 5 | h Tam hI hie. Se eh gos Sak ih Si 4 hes KY ae” fie re a ar * " ‘ ! aa rie a ie Ch. blir had | Ty ee A | | 2b nryO® % ree ae ala J 1m, vet ee ae. -- ie. an ome . fd 2 pap ths 8 Ratt Ot Ean iets ae > serie SF, “earns ~ =. 1 cag, VIVERRA RASSE. Orp. IIT™ Carnassiers, Cuvier. 3° Famille. Les Carnivores. 9° Tribu, Digitigrades. _ Orn. Ill. Fera, Linn. Syst. Orv. XII. Farcurara, Iiliger. Fam. 36, Gracilia. = VIVERR~: subgenus primum (VIvERRA) Cuvier, Régn. anim. I. p. 156. VIVERR& SPECIES, auctorum. Cuar. Gen.—Dentes primores utrinque sex, in eadem serie collocati. Laniarii dis- tincti, primoribus multo longiores, conici. Molares supra utrinsecus sex; antici tres sectorii, compressi, basi gradibus obsoletioribus in posterioribus gradatim majoribus aucti, quartus maximus, acie una elongata, antice gradu abbreviato, postice gradu emarginato et interius processu laterali magno sectorio auctus, quintus et sextus transversi, tritores, tuberculis prominulis. Infra utrinsecus sex, primus minimus, secundus, tertius, et quartus gradatim majores, gradibus basilaribus obsoletioribus, in tertio et quarto postice bifidis magis prominulis, aucti; quintus maximus quadricuspidatus, aciebus duabus externis sectoriis, posteriore longissima compressa, tertia interiore, quarta abrupte breviore poste- riore; sextus minor compressus, tritorius, tuberculis prominulis attenuatis. Rostrum acutiusculum, rhinario prominulo obtuso. Lingua retrorsum aculeata. Pupilla transversa. Auricule rotundate. Corpus codario et pilis longioribus vestitum. Cauda longa. Mamme aperte. ' Fol. liculus maximus, ovato-oblongus, depressus, utrinque dilatatus, subbipartitus, inter anum et genitalia situs, glandulosus, liquidum odoriferum secernens, rima longitudinali aperiens. - Pedes distincti ambulatorii, digitigradi, pentadactyli, fissi. Plante pilose. Ungues: falcule acute, semivaginate, semiretractiles. eee VIVERRA RASSE. Viverra griseo-fulvescens, auriculis subapproximatis, dorso lineis octo longitudina- libus parallelis nigricantibus vario, collo fasciis obscuris, pedibus concoloribus fuscis, pilis corporis caudeque attenuate rigidiusculis. Rasse, of the Javanese. THE Viverra Rasse is at once distinguished from the other species of this genus, by its lengthened form, and by the slenderness of all its parts. The head is laterally compressed, elevated from the jaws to the crown, and regularly and uniformly atte- nuated to the muzzle. The position of the ears affords a peculiar physiognomy to our animal: they approach each other on the forehead, in consequence of the narrow- ness of the head ; the auricle rises to a considerable height with a curve, and then suddenly declines to the sides; but its margin is generally reflected, and thus this character, as is the case in our figure, does not appear in its full extent. Near the base the auricle has posteriorly a duplication or fold corresponding to an antitragus, and is provided, opposite to the base, with a tragus of considerable extent. The internal ear has several naked transverse membranes, leading to the meatus audito- rius; but it is concealed from view by a decumbent series of stiff hairs, which extend into the ear from the sides of the head. The eyes are of moderate size, prominent; and have a dark iris; before the interior canthus, a considerable cavity exists in the face. The muzzle is long, defined above by a regular line, and terminated by a short naked nose with lateral nostrils. ‘The whiskers consist of several stiff hairs of great length, closely applied to the head, differing as to colour, being either entirely -white or entirely black. A few solitary bristles are also scattered over the chin and cheeks. The teeth agree precisely with those of the Viverra Zibetha: the canine teeth are long and slightly arched; the points of the false and true grinders are acute and elevated. The front teeth are disposed in a regular series. Both jaws are of equal length. The form of the neck and of the body is slender and cylindrical. The tail is of small” diameter at its origin, and regularly attenuated to the point. The anterior extremi- ties are slender ; of the posterior extremities the thighs are stout, but the legs and feet are delicate. ‘The Rasse belongs to the division of strictly digitigrade Carnas- siers. ‘The claws are sharp and semiretractile. In the number and distribution of the toes the Rasse agrees with the other species of Viverra, and with Genetta and Musanga. | The apparatus by which the odoriferous substance, the dedes or jibet of the Javanese and Malays, is secreted, consists of a glandular body, of an oval form, slightly compressed, having in its external surface considerable resemblance to a nut- VIVERRA RASSE. meg. The diameter is about three-fourths of an inch. It is situated in contact with, and a little before the anus, and is provided externally, with a longitudinal aper- ture, or rima, half an inch in length, capable of contraction, and partially concealed by the hairy covering: this passes directly into the glandular apparatus, constituting an extensive surface, on which the secreted odoriferous substance is deposited : the sides are covered with numerous papille. The covering of the Rasse consists of rigid hairs of considerable length, supplied with a downy appendage at the base. The general colour is gray, of a tawny hue, variegated with lines and spots, dark brown, inclining to black, of different degrees of intensity on different parts. The distinguishing character of our animal is afforded by eight lines of a dark brown colour, extending longitudinally from the shoulders to the root of the tail. The intermediate lines are continued and regular; the exterior lines, on each side, are slightly interrupted, and the brown colour is variegated with lighter shades of tawny. On the sides of the body the marks consist of several interrupted lines, which are also observed on the shoulders and on the thighs, The head above, — and the upper parts of the neck, are covered uniformly with hair, banded alternately with tawny and brown, which gives these parts a variegated appearance. A black spot marks the anterior canthus of the eye and the base of the ears; the extremity of the auricle is gray externally; several small tufts of whitish hairs are dispersed over its internal surface. On the lips, the cheeks, and the under side of the neck the colour is lighter, and has a grayish tint, but slightly diversified with tawny. A longitudinal line extends, along the sides of the neck, from the ears towards the shoulders : anteriorly the neck is marked with several transverse bands ; two of these have an oblique direction, and, inclining towards each other, mark the neck with a figure resembling the letter Y. The lower portion of all the extremities, the breast, and the inner side of the thighs have a saturated blackish brown tint, with an obscure reddish lustre; the abdomen, underneath, is blackish gray, with a tawny hue. The tail has eight rings, of a blackish colour; the intermediate rings are gray, and the colour becomes gradually more diluted, and whitish towards the extremity. In young subjects the tawny tint predominates generally over the gray, and the lines and. bands are obscurely marked. . In the characters which belong to the genus Viverra, as now defined, the Viverra Rasse agrees strictly with the Viverra Civetta and V. Zibetha: the great elongation of the points of the teeth, as well as the glandular apparatus for secreting the civet, affords a character to distinguish these animals from the Genette ; and in the employment of this genus, I have followed the division established by M. Cuvier, in the Regne animal, I. p. 156, VIVERRA RASSE. The entire length of our animal, from the end of the muzzle to the root of the tail, is one foot and eleven inches: the head measures five inches and one-fourth, and the tail twelve inches; the distance between the ears, at the base, is ten lines. A very perfect specimen of the Viverra Zibetha, the Tanggalung of the Malays, forwarded from Sumatra by Sir Stamford Raffles, affords the means of shewing more distinctly the peculiarities of the Rasse, by a careful comparison, The Tanggalung is two feet six inches long; the head measures six inches and three-fourths, and the tail eleven inches. The space between the ears is two inches. The proportions of the parts of the body of the two species are very different. The Viverra Zibetha is comparatively a stout animal; the neck is short and thick, and the breast full and distended. The head, which in the Rasse is regularly attenuated, in form of a wedge, in the Tanggalung is swelled, rounded and bulging before the ears, and then very abruptly contracted to a short muzzle. The ears are ten lines distant in the Rasse, and two inches in the Zibetha; this character gives a very different physiognomy to the two animals. The tail is nearly cylindrical in the Tanggalung; in the Rasse it is regularly and uniformly attenuated to a point. In the hairy covering, or fur, these two animals are essentially different; while it is rigid, coarse, and rather scantily disposed in the Rasse, it is close, soft to the touch, and provided with much down at the base in the Tanggalung, and its thickness affords a peculiarity to the tail of the latter. I shall now concisely enumerate the distinctions afforded by the external marks. The Viverra Zibetha has a single black line, of considerable breadth, in the highest part of the back, bounded on each side by a white line; exterior to this is an inter- rupted line of a dark colour, while the rest of the back and sides is covered with smaller spots, disposed in such a manner as to give the appearance to these parts of being transversely undulated. In the Rasse eight regular parallel lines are clearly distinguishable. The upper parts of the head and neck present no difference in these two animals; but the marks on the lateral and anterior parts of the neck are very dark in the Zibetha, while they are faint and indistinct in the Rasse. The rings are strongly marked, and pass uniformly around the tail in the Rasse; in the Viverra Zibetha they are irregularly defined, and scarcely perceptible on the under side of the tail. The name Rass, like many other Javanese names, is derived from the Sanskrit language; and it is therefore entitled to be employed as a specific name, with the same propriety as Civetta and Zibetha, which are derived from the Arabic. Rasse, as employed by the Javanese, is a modification of Rasa, and is applied to our animal as producing an odoriferous substance. In the original, Rasa has various significations, of which flavour or taste appears to be the primary meaning; the others also relate chiefly VIVERRA RASSE. to the senses, or to emotions that arise from them; fluids or juices are comprised among its meanings, and many applications of the word Rasa and its compounds, to odoriferous substances, perfumes, &c. might be adduced. The Viverra Rasse supplies in Java, the place which the Viverra Civetta holds in Africa, and the Viverra Zibetha on the Asiatic continent, from Arabia to Malabar, and in the large Islands of the Indian Archipelago. I have endeavoured to shew that, by its form and marks, it is essentially distinct from the Viverra Zibetha; and it differs as much in its natural disposition as in external characters. The Viverra Zibetha is an animal comparatively of a mild disposition; it is often found among the Arabs and Malays, which inhabit the maritime parts of Borneo, Macassar, and other Islands, in a state of partial domestication, and, by the account of the natives, becomes reconciled to its confinement, and in habits, and degree of tameness, resembles the common domestic cat. The Rasse, on the contrary, preserves in con- finement the natural ferocity of its disposition undiminished. As the perfume is greatly valued by the natives, it is frequently kept in cages; but as far as I have observed, must always be obtained for this purpose from a wild state, never propa- gating in a state of confinement. The Rasse is not unfrequently found in Java, in forests of a moderate elevation above the level of the ocean. Here it preys on small birds and animals of every description. It possesses the sanguinary appetite of animals of this family in a high degree; and the structure of its teeth corresponds strictly with the habits and modes of life. In confinement it will devour a mixed diet, and is fed on eggs, fish, flesh, and rice. Salt is reported by the natives to be a poison to it. The odoriferous sub- stance, the dedes of the Javanese, or jibet of the Malays, is collected periodically ; the animal is placed in a narrow cage, in which the head and anterior extremities are confined: the posterior parts are then easily secured, while the civet is removed with a simple spatula. The substance obtained from the Rasse agrees with the civet afforded by the Viverra Civetta and Zibetha, in colour, consistence, and odour. It isa very favourite perfume among the Javanese, and applied both to their dresses, and by means of various unguents and mixtures of flowers, to their persons. Even the apartments and the furniture of the natives of rank are generally scented with it to such a degree as to be offensive to Europeans; and at their feasts and public processions the air is widely filled with this odour. — :, - ey ag »'s ; oD » “04 “, rs 7 . £ : i 4 % ° a + , ae = _ a i d “ id Se > = 5 1 - a fs * z a's : ' = rn 7 - ry . ! r hee, b ) J al ts + — hi s ‘a } , - - Se * . . ‘wy ; “ os E : ie ‘ al | ’ ‘ a p J i} i ; . p . ' a | | | \ = iS cael f . " a ‘4. a ‘2 | ie ’ | ry 4 i - x my “SMSS¥H VHA ATA. —j & i/ / WE, ifr hil x"! hence Ah iif Wey light, Sd Hw ee at pe aig ft cs eas a a * , Lt |; “ lj * ral : " =i = J - ‘ a : « : ~ ‘ a. ; J ‘ ; Tal os call 1] | = —— ii j =i | = vi “wl in +" 4 | . ve “ aa =? « \ ; / A st si 4 i) i in e bj s e ‘, | J 1 ; Le 1 1 4 i i. af iI Ms “— : . < aT =. a | é Of the various names which have been introduced into the systematic catalogues, since the animals arranged by Linnzus in the genus Viverra, have been distributed into several distinct genera, I have selected that of Olivier, which was first given to the Egyptian Mangusta. The name of Ichneumon, originally applied by Lacépéde, and afterwards sanctioned by the authority of Geoffroy, would doubtless - be more appropriate, had it not previously been employed in Entomology; and it may be presumed that for this reason it was not adopted by Olivier and by LIlliger. The latter has applied to this genus the name of Herpestes; but this had been selected by Gertner, to distinguish a genus of plants, several years before the publication of Illiger’s Prodromus; and having been adopted by several Botanists of the first eminence, it must be considered as established in this branch of Natural History. | In describing the Mangusta javanica, I shall first concisely enumerate those characters which apply generally to all the species; the comprehensive observations of M. Geoffroy, in describing the Egyptian Mangusta, will direct me in this enume- ration. , The skull agrees generally in form with that of the genus Viverra; a name which I propose to limit in this description to two species only, the Viverra Zibetha, MANGUSTA JAVANICA, and the Viverra Civetta of Linneus. It displays strongly the character of an animal devoted to the chace. The sagittal and occipital sutures are in a slight degree more elevated than in Viverra; the skull is likewise somewhat more distended or inflated posteriorly, and truncated in a more vertical manner. The forehead is rather lengthened, and the posterior portion of the mastoid process of the temporal bone has an oval swelling or enlargement, which is not observed in Viverra, but which exists, according to the observation of M. Geoffroy,.in several of the Mustele. In the interior of the skull, the osseous tentorium cerebelli is very extensive. -The orbit of the eye is complete posteriorly. The lower jaw, at the juncture of the two lateral portions, is much more strong and robust than in the other genera of this family, with which I have compared it. The teeth offer the following particulars. The front teeth in the upper jaw are arranged ,with perfect regularity, but the outer tooth on each side exceeds the others both in length and breadth, and tends to an oblique point; on its internal surface, an oblique groove is formed by the attrition of the corresponding tooth in the lower jaw. The canine teeth are long, conical, and erect. There are six grinders, the three anterior of which are greatly compressed, and constitute false grinders, © The first tooth is very minute, and often wanting; it has posteriorly an obscure additional heel; in the second and third the heel appears anteriorly and posteriorly, and the latter is further provided with an interior acuminated tubercle. The fourth tooth is very large, and being broad anteriorly, and narrow behind, it leaves an extensive triangular vacancy, fitted for the reception of the longest point of the fifth grinder of the lower jaw; along its outer margin is one high projecting point with a small single anterior, and a double posterior tubercle; it is further provided with a very large heel projecting far internally, and terminated by a sharp point of considerable length. The triangular space remaining between the fourth grinder and the posterior teeth furnishes an example of the peculiar provision in many carnivo- rous animals for most effectual mastication, and also of the propriety of denominating this tooth, the carnivorous tooth, in distinction from the anterior false grinders, and the posterior tuberculous teeth. The fifth and sixth grinders are transversely disposed, narrow, and provided with several tubercles. Their points are, on the whole, more acute and elevated than in the teeth of other animals of this family. In the lower jaw the outer front teeth exceed the others in breadth; the next adjoining teeth diverge internally from the general series, and the intermediate teeth are narrower and shorter. The canine teeth are conical, slightly arched, somewhat swelled at the base, but without any projecting ridge. The four anterior grinders are compressed and successively larger. The first, as in the upper jaw, is sometimes. MANGUSTA JAVANICA. wanting in adult subjects; the second and third have a small anterior, and a larger posterior heel; and the fourth is more distended behind, and provided with two tubercles. In the character of the fifth grinder, the genus Mangusta is evidently distinguished from the genera with which it is connected by the relations of affinity—the genera Viverra and Ryzena; at the same time, it is obvious that the teeth. generally are greatly compressed, and the anterior and posterior tubercles more developed than in Viverra. This peculiarity produces a strong analogy to the, Felis gracilis, of the First Number of these Researches, which will be pointed out in the sequel. This grinder greatly exceeds the others in size: it is provided. with three high projecting points, two of which occupy the anterior and external, and a third the middle and interior portion of the tooth; of the former, the second is sharp, greatly projecting, and terminated exteriorly by a curved edge; the interior point is acute, simple, and lower: the posterior part of the tooth consists of an abruptly abbreviated heel, formed for trituration, and directed to the sixth grinder, which is a small narrow ‘tuberculous tooth provided with three distinct points, The head is conical, of moderate length, slightly depressed above, and terminated by an acute muzzle, which projects somewhat beyond the lower lip. The tongue ‘is covered with long, sharp, horny tubercles. The eyes are provided -with a nictitating membrane, which admits of being drawn entirely over them. The ears are naked and membranaceous internally, and provided with a narrow reflected auricle. Both the body and the neck have a slender form. The hairy covering is long on the body and tail, but short on the head and extremities: it is rigid and glossy, closely applied to the parts which it covers, and provided scantily at the base with a delicate down. The tail, in most species, equals the body in length: it is thick at the root, and gradually attenuated to a point. A very extensive ‘pouch exists between the root of the tail and the organs of generation: it is formed by the common integuments being greatly distended, and disposed in folds, so as to pass over the anal aperture, and to cover it entirely. The Mangusta javanica belongs to the digitigrade animals, and its extremities are proportionally short. The feet are semipalmate, and provided both on the anterior and posterior extremities with five short compressed toes. Of these the two intermediate ones project beyond the small toe and the index, which are nearly of equal length, while the interior toe or thumb is so far removed from the other toes, as to be apparently of little use to the animal. The claws are of moderate length, greatly compressed, slightly curved, acute, fitted, agreeably to the habits of the animal, both for seizing its prey, and for burrowing the ground; and, excepting that of the thumb, which is smaller, vary but little in size. The soles of the feet, and the adjoining inferior portion of the legs, are naked. | MANGUSTA JAVANICA. After the preceding observations, which are founded on a general survey of all the species hitherto discovered, a few concise statements are still required to illustrate the history of the Javanese Mangusta. The external form of the body and head, and the proportion of the extremities, are in complete agreement with those of the other Mangusta. The tail is very robust at the root, and gradually attenuated to a point. This character shews itself strongly in my drawings and specimens. The specific character of M. Desmarest, as far as regards the tail, does not strictly apply to our species, and in Seba’s figure, the tail is also represented eylindrical : 1 have therefore not admitted it as a synonyme; it also differs in other | points. The eyes are disposed far anteriorly in the head, and the irides are reddish brown. The form and structure of the external ear require a few remarks. This organ more nearly resembles the human ear than that of any other animal of this order: with a slight distortion of parts, it affords an accurate representation of it; and all the divisions which have been named by anatomists, can be pointed out. The helix is narrow, linear-oblong, somewhat obliquely disposed, and closely applied to the head: the antihelix runs parallel to it, and. is regular and distinct. The upper extremity of the helix is united to a membrane which, after a slight curve, passes transversely across the ear in a direction towards the antihelix: parallel to this is another membrane, of somewhat larger dimensions, representing the segment of a circle, which passes transversely across the ear in the same direction. Below this a naked, depressed process of considerable extent stretches boldly into the ear, being analogous in situation and direction to that part which, in the human ear, is called the concha, a name which in too large a sense is applied to the entire auricle in quadrupeds. At the exterior and lower angle of this, the marginal eminence surrounding the ear rises again, and constitutes an obscure tragus that passes in a narrow border circularly round the ear, to be united on the opposite side to an equally obscure antitragus, which is immediately connected with the antihelix. Between the tragus and antitragus the naked margin affords a slight indication of the lobule: at the lower extremity of this, but concealed from view, the meatus auditorius is disposed. An accurate representation of all these parts, conformable to this description, on which the separate parts are indicated by letters, is given in the Plate of Illustrations, to which I beg leave to refer. The pouch situated between the organs of generation and the tail, which affords a distinguishing character to this genus, is very extensive in our animal, and agrees closely with the general description above given. . The Javanese Mangusta is chiefly distinguished from the other Indian species, and particularly from the Mangouste de Malacca, of M, Fréd. Cuvier, by its darker MANGUSTA JAVANICA. colour. A ground of deep brown, passing, with obscure undulations, into black, is variegated with very numerous short longitudinal lines of a tawny colour. This appearance, which is characteristic of all Mangusta, is produced by alternate bands of tawny and brown, of different shades, passing into black, on the separate hairs. The tint is uniform on the whole surface, excepting the upper parts of the head, the forehead, the muzzle, and the feet, which are dark brown inclining to black, with obscure tawny variegations. The upper parts of the back are more intensely coloured, and the under parts throughout are scarcely perceptibly lighter. The separate hairs are stiff and somewhat bristly, but closely applied to the body. In their disposition some -peculiarities occur, which are distinctly represented in the figure. A broad tuft of long delicate hairs passes from the temples over the ears, and affords a substantial covering and protection to the auditory passage; on the anterior parts of the throat, the hairs are regularly directed anteriorly and posteriorly from one point, and spread in a radiated manner. The helix is covered with a very short down.: On the upper lip a few stiff bristles of a black colour, nearly an inch in length, are loosely dispersed. The claws are of a brown colour, with a darker tint inclining to black along the upper margin. The Mangusta javanica is distinguished by the native name of GaARANGAN. In its habits and manners it resembles the other Mangustee which have been described in detail by various authors. M. Geoffroy had an opportunity of observing and studying the Egyptian species, both in its native country and in Europe; and M. Fréd. Cuvier has given the history of the Mangouste de Malacca, as he observed it in the Menagerie of Paris. The Mangusta javanica is found most abundant in the large teak forests. Its agility is greatly admired by the natives. It attacks and kills serpents with excessive boldness. The account which the venerable. Rumphius gives of this animal, contains various particulars of its history. I shall extract a portion in his own words, ‘ Maxima virtus et officium quod hominibus prestat, est, quod serpentes occidat, quem in finem Magnates Javani eum maxime educant, et pro quivis octo vel decem nummos imperiales solvunt, ut aliquando ludibrium hujus pugne videant, que sequenti fit modo. Bini hostes sibi ;mutuo quum obvii sint, primo tentat anguis more suo Mustelam circumvolvere et enecare. Moncus hoc sibi permittit, sed sese adeo inflat, ut turgeat, quumque serpens eum complectitur, suoque capite ad eum accedit, ut morsum ipsi adferat, tum Moncus corpus suum contrahit, ita ut elabatur, at serpentis collum arrodit, ejusque fauces jugulat."-—In referring to my notes, I observe that the mode of attack of the Garangan was stated » to me by the natives precisely as it is related by Rumphius; but the story regarding . MANGUSTA JAVANICA. the antidote which is afforded by the Ophioxylum serpentinum to an animal which may have been wounded in the combat, was not reported tome. It is one of those stories which, being founded on superficial observation, has too readily been credited and copied from one writer to another. The Mangusta javanica is very expert in burrowing the ground, which process it employs ingeniously in the pursuit of rats. It possesses great natural sagacity ; and from the peculiarities of its character, it willingly seeks the protection of man. It is readily tamed ; and in a domestic state it is docile, and attached to"its master, whom it follows like a dog; it is fond of caresses, and frequently places itself erect on its hind legs, regarding every thing that passes with great attention. It is of a very restless disposition, and always carries its food to the most retired place in. which it is kept, to consume it. It is very cleanly in its habits.» It is exclusively carnivorous, and very destructive to poultry, employing great artifice in the surprising of chickens. For this reason it is rarely found in a domestic state among the natives ; as one of their principal articles of food is the common fowl, and great quantities are reared in all the villages. The Javanese also, like Mahomedans in general, have a great partiality for Cats, and they are unwilling, in most cases, to be deprived of their society, for the purpose of introducing the Garangan. It has also been observed that its sanguinary character shews itself occasionally in a manner that renders it dangerous in a family as a domestic animal ; and it indulges, at intervals, in fits of excessive violence. In the history of this genus, the result of the researches of Naturalists in recent periods, both in increasing the number, and in defining the characters of quadru- peds, is favourably illustrated. In the twelfth Edition of the Systema Nature, one species only of Mangusta is, given, with the name of Viverra Ichneumon, by Linneus. In the works of Buffon, the Ichneumon mungo of Geoffroy is de- scribed with the name of Mangouste de (Inde ; two other species are designated with the name of Nems (Ichneumon griseus Geoffr.),and La grande Mangouste (Ichneumon major, Geoffr. ;) and the Ichneumon galera Geoffr. has received the name of Vansire. Edwards added one species, the Ichneumon Edwardsii of Geoffroy ; and Schreber, after this period directed his attention to the Manguste, and has made some improvement in defining the species. But we are indebted to M. Geoffroy for having fixed, with all the precision which the materials hitherto collected admit, the characters of eight species. ‘The researches of M. Fréd. Cuvier have contributed to illustrate the history of several of these, and he has added to the number enumerated by M. Geoffroy, the Mangouste de Malacca. He states, that having separated those species which possess strongly marked chara¢ters, namely, the MANGUSTA JAVANICA. Ichneumon Pharaonis, the Ichneumon major, the Ichneumon griseus, and the Ichneumon mungo of Geoffroy, there still remain five species, which differ only by insensible modifications of -gray and brown; and when they are brought together, and arranged in a series, agreeably to the nearest resemblance of colour, they appear to constitute mere varieties, while those at each extremity of such a series, are so dissimilar, that they must be considered as distinct species. This indeterminate series, as it is denominated by M. Fréd. Cuvier, comprises the Mangusta Edwardsii, the Mangusta galera, the Mangusta rubra, the Mangusta javanica, of Geoffroy, and the Mangusta Malaccensis of Fréd Cuvier. The Mangusta javanica exhibits the extreme darkness of colour among these, when contrasted with that from Malacca, the latter being of a grayish colour, while the former is dark brown, inclining to black. The Mangusta Edwardsii is only known by his figure and description ; the Mangusta galera, or Vansire, has been observed in the Menagerie of Paris; and the Mangusta rubra is contained in the collections of the Museum at Paris. In the definition of these species, great accuracy has been displayed by M.M. Geoffroy, _and Fréd. Cuvier. The genus Viverra comprised in the year 1766, when Linnezus published the twelfth Edition of the Systema Nature, siz animals: 1, the Ichneumon, Viverra Ichneumon; 2, the brown Coati; and 3, the rufous Coati, Viverra Narica, and Viverra Nasua; 4, the American Pole-cat or Skunk, Viverra putorius; 5, the Musk animal or Zibeth, Viverra Zibetha; and 6, the Genet, Viverra Genetta. In the year 1788, Gmelin arranged under this genus éwenty-six animals, which at the present period are distributed into two families, each comprising several genera, distinguished by clear and obvious.characters. Of the various animals which Gmelin brought together, the Viverra Ichneumon, Mungo, and Cafra belong to the genus Ichneumon, as first defined by Lacépéde; the Mangusta of Olivier; the Viverra tetradac- tyla, from which the Zentk appears to differ only in name, constitutes the genus Suricata of Desmarest, or Ryxena of Illiger; the Viverra Nasua and Viverra Narica are the only discovered species of the genus Nasua, first defined by Storr; the Viverra Putorius, Mephitis, and several others, constitute the genus Mephitis of M. Georges Cuvier; the Viverra Zorilla is placed in the genus Mustela, by Desmarest; the Viverra caudivolvula forms the genus Potos of Geoffroy, or Cercoleptes of Illiger ; the Viverra mellivora and Viverra vittata belong to the genus Guo of Storr; the Viverra Civetta and Viverra Zibetha constitute, at present, exclusively a genus to which the name Viverra might be preserved, by way of distinction; the Viverra Genetta, Fossa, and several others, are arranged by M.M. G, Cuvier, Desmarest, &c., as a sub-genus of Viverra ; but their characters, in various particulars, are sufficiently marked, to sanction a separation into a distinct genus, to which the MANGUSTA JAVANICA. name Genetta would be properly applied. Of the other animals enumerated by Gmelin under the genus Viverra, the classification, as well as the existence, remains to be confirmed. | Of the various genera here enumerated, Potos, (or Cercoleptes), Gulo, and Mephitis, are Plantigrada; to these later discoveries have added two others, which, according to the views of Gmelin, would likewise have been associated with the multifarious genus Viverra, namely, Mydaus and Paradoxurus of Fréd. Cuvier. But my object in detailing these genera, is to add a few remarks on those animals which belong to the family of Digitigrada, in so far as they illustrate the affinity of Mangusta. Although these animals agree generally in the structure of their teeth, an examination of the relative development of their grinders, parti- . eularly of the carnassiers of Fréd. Cuvier, (the chewing grinders of Fleming,) sug- gests the following arrangement, vix. Genetta, Viverra, Ryzena, and Mangusta, I have before me for this comparison, from the splendid museum of Joshua Brookes, Esq., a very perfect skull of Genetta and of Viverra, as above defined, with the skull of the Mangusta javanica, extracted from the specimen, the figure of which illustrates this article. In the Genetta, which lives in part, and often almost entirely, on vegetable food, the points of the carnivorous teeth are short and strongly rounded, and the tuberculous teeth, by the obtuseness of their points, indicate that they are comparatively much used in mastication. In Viverra, the habits of which are more exclusively carnivorous, the points of the posterior grinders are lengthened and acute, and the points of the tuberculous teeth are likewise more prominent. The fifth grinder in the lower jaw illustrates the character of these animals in the strongest manner. A very evident development of this tooth shews itself in Viverra; and, as far as I can judge from description alone, it is still greater in Suricata or Ryzena; but in Mangusta, the points of this tooth exhibit a great elongation and acuteness; and this character, a development of’ the points of the teeth, is observed in a proportionate degree in all the grinders. In Mangusta a character and disposition strictly and exclusively carnivorous, exist in a higher degree than in Suricata, Viverra,*or Genetta: and we find, in accordance with this, the carnivorous teeth and the grinders generally more acute and lengthened. The examinations connected with the description of the Mangusta javanica, and the comparisons which I instituted among the numerous genera above mentioned, naturally suggested a reconsideration of the Felis gracilis, which was described in the first Number of these Researches: and as the most rigorous comparisons and examinations have confirmed my original views, regarding the natural affinity of this animal, I shall now concisely detail their result. MANGUSTA JAVANICA. For the purpose of following me in one of the most essential points of this description, I beg the reader to take before him the Plate of Illustrations contained ‘in the First Number, and that which is annexed to the present Number, of these Researches. It will then be perceived that between the grinders of the Felis gracilis, and of the Mangusta javanica, there is a great resemblance. In the grinders of the upper jaw of the Felis gracilis this resemblance appears indeed only partially. The view which, in making the delineation, was taken from the specimen prepared for the Museum, did not exhibit the tuberculous tooth with the minuteness of detail.that would have been desirable; and what appears a single posterior tuberculous tooth, will probably, on an inspection of the naked cranium, be found to consist of two teeth placed in close contact: but the contour and separate parts of the other teeth are given with a degree of accuracy sufficient for my present purpose. In the grinders of the lower jaw this resemblance is strong and apparent: thus, with the exception of the additional heel of the base of the three first false grinders, these teeth, in both animals, are perfectly similar; and in the most» characteristic tooth, the fifth grinder, being the true carnassier, or carnivorous tooth, it is difficult to perceive any difference what- ever. But if the comparison be extended to the front teeth of these two animals, they will be found to be perfectly dissimilar. The front teeth of Mangusta javanica have all the characters of the Viverrine animals enumerated—namely, Genétta, Viverra, (as above limited,) Suricata, (agreeably to Desmarest and Illiger,) and Mangusta; while the Felis gracilis will be found strictly to agree with the teeth of Feline animals. After these remarks relating to the teeth alone, I proceed to com- pare the other characters of Felis gracilis with those of Viverrine animals generally. The Felis gracilis, exclusive of the lengthened muzzle and slender body, has the general physiognomy of Feline animals. Its claws are completely sheathed, and retractile, and its feet have precisely the same covering, disposition, and attitude as those of Cats; with this difference, that Felis gracilis has five toes to the hind feet, while the genus Felis, as previously known, has only four. To afford a distinct view of this most essential character, care has been taken both in the plate of details and in the figure of Felis gracilis. This animal further agrees with the Feline tribe in the absence of the anal folliculus, or pouch. Of this I am enabled to judge, by the completé absence of all odour during the ‘period I had it in confinement. The Viverrine animals hitherto known, and particularly the Mangusta javanica, have long, naked, horny claws, which, although defined semi-retractile and semi-vaginate, possess this property in a very slight degree, and are more properly fitted for burrowing in the earth, which many of them, and particulary the Mangustz, perform with great dexterity. They have, without exception, either simple follicules, gradually larger in size in the successive genera, according to the order in which they have been enumerated, or an extensive anal pouch or sack. Their tail is in a greater or less MANGUSTA JAVANICA. degree acuminated, which contributes, with their other characters, to give them a physiognomy essentially different from that of Feline animals. ~ From these details it appears, that although the Felis gracilis agrees with the ' Mangusta javanica in the structure of the grinders, particularly of those in the lower jaw, it is in other respects entirely different, as well from this animal, as from Viverrine ani- mals generally; while, with a slight modification of characters, it agrees with the Feline animals hitherto known, particularly in the general physiognomy, in the structure and disposition of the feet and claws, in the absence of an anal pouch, in a cylin- drical tail, and even in the external marks on the skin. We have thus an agree- ment in one character, or a relation of analogy, while in the aggregate of the other characters, which should regulate us in the classification of the animal, we have an indication of its relations of affinity. When I examined the Felis gracilis, preparatory to the description which has been given in the First Number of the Zoological Researches, these different relations occasioned me some perplexity. After carefully balancing its characters, and exhi- biting a tabular view of the genera Felis and Viverra, as defined by Illiger, to shew at one view its relations to both these genera, I finally determined, by a prepon- derance of what appeared to me its natural character, to associate it with the génus Felis. This indeed appeared to me more a family than a genus; but the peculiarities of the Felis gracilis made it necessary to construct and define a distinct section, for which I proposed the name of Prionopontip&%. When I discovered the Felis gracilis in the forests of Blambangan, before I had considered the numerous subdi- visions which the genus Viverra, as employed by Gmelin, requires, I included it in that genus in a Catalogue of Mammalia, which I forwarded to England in the year 1812; but a more careful examination has convinced me that it cannot be separated from Feline animals, however peculiar in some HOSES without violating its natural affinities. Having already stated that the discussion of the characters of the Mangusta javanica almost insensibly led me to a reconsideration of those of the Felis gracilis, I can now add, that several of the difficulties which presented themselves, when the First Number of. these Researches was prepared, in the classification of this animal, from the existence of those characters which rendered it doubtful whether it be a Felis or a Viverra, have in a great measure been removed by the views to which I have been directed by the Hore Entomologice of my learned and highly respected friend, W. S. Macleay, Esq., in which, from an admirable extent of observation and — research, and with consummate originality, he has explained and illustrated the MANGUSTA JAVANICA. various relations of animals. I shall therefore, agreeably to the direction afforded to me by this work, consider the Feline animals as one series, and the Viverrine "animals as another series. That the animals of the former series are still imperfectly known, can clearly be demonstrated, As one proof, I shall adduce the Felis capensis _ of Forster. This distinguished naturalist, who was not unacquainted with the characters of Felis and Viverra, as defined by Linneus, clearly gives, as a property of the animal described by him, a lengthened head. Phil. Trans. Vol. LXXI. p. 5. Caput vostro magis acuto quam Felis cati. And M. Desmarest, in describing this animal in the Encyclopédie, offers in a note the following remark :—* M. Georges Cuvier, au quel on doit les rapprochemens que nous adoptons, a lui-méme balancé a regarder le chat du Cap, Felis capensis de Forster, comme une vraie civette. Dans son Mémoire sur les espéces de chats, il le considére comme une espéce voisine du chat serval; mais dans son dernier ouvrage (le Régne Animal), il dit qu il ne diffeére pas de la genette.” Concerning the Viverra tigrina of Schreber, which was figured by Vosmzr, it more resembles a Feline than a Viverrine animal. M. Desmarest points out its affinity to the Felis gracilis; and the name given it by Vosmer, Chat- bixaam, shews that he considered the characters of the Cat to predominate. The specific character also exhibits a remarkable agreement with our animal in the external marks, at the same time that it clearly indicates a specific distinction. We have thus in the Felis capensis, and in the Viverra tigrina Gmel., two animals of the Feline series, which are analogous to Viverrine animals; and it may reasonably be expected, that future discoveries will make known others, which will unite the Felis gracilis with the Feline animals now known, and thus complete the series which is still inter- rupted. In the Viverrine animals, which are apparently better known, the series is more regular; according to the relative development of the grinders, it has been arranged above in the following order: Genetta, Viverra, Suricata, Mangusta. The proportional development of the anal folliculi also confirms this disposition: in Genetta it constitutes a simple exeavation; in Viverra it is a pouch, divided into two sacks; in Suricata, and particularly in Mangusta, it consists of an extensive portion of integument, with numerous folds, which passes over and incloses the anal aperture. These observations, which shew the regularity of the Viverrine series, and the interruption still existing in the Feline series, were necessary to my conclusion, that, although the Felis gracilis agree with the Mangusta javanica in its relations of analogy, the aggregate of its characters, which constitute its relations of affinity, associate it with Felis. In illustration of these observations, I shall intro- duce Mr. Macleay’s words :—* The test of a relation of affinity is its forming part of _ a transition continued from one structure to another, by nearly equal intervals, and the test of a relation of analogy, is barely an evident similarity in some one or two remarkable points of formation, which at first sight give a character to the animal, MANGUSTA JAVANICA. and distinguish it from its affinities. Asa relation of analogy must always depend on some marked property, or point of structure, and as that of affinity which con- nects two groups, becomes weaker and. less visible as these are more general, it is not at all surprising that what is only an analogical correspondence in one or two particulars, should often have been mistaken for a general affinity..—Hore Entom. Vol. 1. p. 11. p. 364.—These remarks explain at once, and remove the difficulties which have occurred in the classification of the Felis gracilis. By regarding its rela- tions of analogy alone, which I presume I have observed in the grinders, and particularly in those of the lower jaw, it has (as far as appears to me) improperly been classed with Viverrine animals; and it has therefore been my endeavour to shew that its relations of affinity associate it with Feline animals. _ . Directed and confirmed by these views, I shall in future consider the Felis gracilis as the type of a distinct genus in the family of Feline animals, and desig- nate it by the name of Prionopon, which has already been proposed for a section of the genus Felis. This name. accords with the character of the teeth. Comparatively with those of other Feline animals, the teeth are not only more numerous, but they are more compressed and elongated; their crowns are more strongly notched or serrated, exhibiting numerous acute points; and a lateral view of them may aptly be compared to a saw, the teeth of which are jagged or uneven. The name is accordingly compounded of two Greek words (xziw» and odods), explaining | the character of the teeth. ht ; a - a te tah cd a4 Fy H b on ; \ . = ak ‘ : : Cae , -~é@ [toe ‘ oe * ' ; = i = 9 ye a “ =~ 4 i] i » s - ba * 4 a2 a - = mi s i i Lod al - 4 ‘ / be 7 A J CT PSP ee i - = bi h : if 4 v= : eee E ' " rd 1 =) Me ee he a ‘ a mw " * 5 iy de I ei ® a E 4 7 Fs i # i i = = f . a r} ha i : ) a 7 - ' 7 Nerang ey 4 1} * = = e =* 3 « ‘ J av iat .% c eo oe " Fie . . . a5 ee ry a I . - ' , ~ 4 é * @& = ee ft a Le) a F -j wi, a J ' Fe... ‘ ; 4 d » ee - 4 . 7 ee * oe j 7 rs = io ae | 4 * ard a . i * i bed ae! i Saoeen Sly | dade tet So 941) oem ,

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Sy trae, bcm Pe te. i eS aS, > ‘yi i Pig cay ce is a ae \ aes : - Ss i . = \ 5 7 = 4 A . - & ae at bal ase panne re 5 Vine wt & i 7. ak a << se ee 7 a =. - L © ! iw ort fi i rn Se an) + ; i } ss i a. = eT 220" pei be aperarlcry yeep yt papa npr ap Cernget pte hel ra enrury VG pyre T if "iy uy Sheorpet at “VOL JINVAY r Wall VLSMONV kk Ba “4 pA yous 9 7 . o i] : r | iy ; * | , a I 4 * - et i “ae [7 / ‘ . a = : » mb " A 2 a - 7 Re c ree | ' = a - a ie a | - . oi. i - i t a] ba | i‘ ié ! i ti * ; . , —_ 1 ih mF a = r ‘ =. 4 a Pe 7 al iy ; ili = La” be 1 a 4 OE "eer 8 ‘ ; a Ae ol ae - oe i W is Pie 11) oi Dae | | “ ra = ¥ i. i b Tl a wd if a : . tf : j \ A k Tet 3 lent? 4, : oD = 4 — 1k i 4 iimy ns i ? : i 4 : : ' he =i 3 1 fh 4 | i ; cit re a ‘ a ; f l A LA a a. ; i ae 7. risa ij # Ld | : a Pe { a5 al 4 ; a : = a ye T a bi i. 3 7 2 Sn ie a . = q ha t 7 tee ‘bi bale whe Lites oh " wae ' 4 ao” ai) | ae Far PE ene Li , 7. ea | iigrig er yo - vo Ean Ld = a a re _ ; ‘ i : oe Hes. ete . er mpi iit ay eel ae i F = = gy fe «= ‘ rhe .s , ma i ' Ee - : ad , er. ‘ SAREE 4 eae Boe a a it. L | t i FRED “us bk r | al. & Py “Aa a . 4 rch i ’ a i 7 ne F i ge . i mt ’ i a” y a 7 Is sah New aA ay & Alaa’, / Pars f] “. # ze ‘elf " m s ‘ b * h te F “ ‘ \ 5 . Lt 1% _ i Pa i " y a, = * ; aia = z é }* Y : i a ! 5 « et ta ‘ LUTRA LEPTON YX. Orp. IIT™ Carnassters, Cuvier. 3™ Famille. Les Carnivores. Orp. IIT. Fera, Linn. Syst. Orv. XII. Fatcunata, Illiger. Fam. 36, Gracilia. LUTRA, Ray. Briss. Eraleb. Cuv. Shaw. Illig. Muste.a, Linn. Gmel. Cuar. Gen.—Dentes primores supra sex; infra aut sex, quorum exteriorum secun- dus angustior et interior, aut quatuor (in Marina Stelleri). Laniarii distincti, primoribus longiores, conici, acuti. Molares obducti, supra utrinsecus quinque (aut quatuor): tres (duo) antici sectores, conoidei, quartus (tertius) sectorius, maximus, gradu interno laterali, postremus tritorius, tuberculatus ; infra utrin- secus sex (aut quinque) primus minutus, duo sequentes (antici) sectores, conoidei, penultimus sectorius, maximus, acie bicuspide, ultimus tritorius, tuberculatus. Rostrum calvaria brevius. asus obtusus rhinario lato. Ocudé membrana nictitante. Auricule breves rotundate. Corpus codario et pilis longioribus vestitum. Cauda brevis. Mamme aperte ventrales. Glandule odorifere anales. Pedes distincti subretracti, subobvoluti, ambulatorii, palmati, pentadactyli, postici, laterales, podio antrorsum verso. Plante nunc denudate, nunc pilose. Ungues: falcule acute aut sublamnares. Si a a he Lutra fusca nitore fulvo, gula sordide flavescente, cauda corpore dimidio breviore, unguibus brevibus obtusis sublamnaribus. Welingsang or Wargul, of the Javanese. Anjing-ayer, of the Malays. LUTRA LEPTONYX. Simung, of the Inhabitants of Sumatra. Sir TS. Raffles's Cat. of a Zool. Col, Tr. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 254. Gryze Otter, Verh. van het Bataviaasch Genootschap, Deel. Il. p. 457. ——— AS the appearance which the Javanese Otter presents on a superficial view, may occasion the remark, that its separation from the common Otter of northern climates is a needless augmentation of the Systematic Catalogue, I have, in the following description, entered into more details than the nature of the subject would otherwise require. There is perhaps no genus among quadrupeds, in which the discrimination of the species requires a greater nicety of comparison. The Common Otter, the Javanese Otter, and the American Otter, (including both the Canadian and Brazilian Otter of authors), are so nearly alike in external appearance, that the specific character drawn by Linnezus for the Mustela Lutra, applies to them all. But as research is extended, and as new subjects are added to our Collections, a greater amplitude is required, both in the specific character and in the descriptions, in order to afford means to the naturalist to discriminate those species, which, from an agreement in several external characters, are liable to be confounded. When I first observed the Lutra leptonyx, I considered it as specifically the same as the Common Otter of Europe and Asia. My opinion was formed only from its general external appearance; and I was confirmed in it by the observation, that the Javanese Fauna contains various subjects which are likewise found in Europe. Of these I may enumerate the Golden Plover—Charadrius pluvialis; the Kentish Plover —Charadrius Cantianus; and the Common Snipe—Scolopax Gallinago. Even in the White Owl, the Strix flammea of Linnzus, as existing in Java and Great Britain, no clear distinction can be pointed out; and several other subjects have been enumerated in the Systematic Catalogue of Birds from Java. In the vegetable kingdom a similar fact has been observed ; and Botanists are acquainted with several plants, which preserve the same character in the most distant countries. But a more accurate inquiry than I was able to make in Java, and a careful comparison of specimens of the different species of the genus, have shewn to me that this remark does not apply to the Javanese and tothe Common Otter. The characters which dis- tinguish the American Otter, are detailed with great precision by Joseph Sabine, Esq., in the comprehensive account of the Quadrupeds and Birds, of which specimens were collected during Captain Franklin’s journey to the shores of the Polar Sea, which has contributed greatly to the illustration of the Zoology of Arctic America. LUTRA LEPTONYX. I am also indebted to the kindness of this gentleman, for the means of extending my comparison to a specimen of the American Otter, and of becoming more accu- rately acquainted with the Common Otter which inhabits England; and_I shall now detail the characters by which the Javanese Otter is distinguished... — | The head, in the Lutra leptonyx, has a different form from that of the Lutra vulgaris. It is narrower and more lengthened, and the ears have comparatively a posterior situation. The physiognomy of the animal, in consequence, when accu- rately regarded, is essentially different. The neck is considerably longer: the tail is smaller, both in its vertical and transverse diameter; it is somewhat shorter in proportion to the body, and more acutely terminated. The anterior extremities are likewise proportionally longer, and the entire habit is more slender and extended. In these characters the Javanese Otter approaches to the American Otter; but, agreeably to the comparison which I have made, it differs essentially in size and colour. It has likewise a peculiarity in the size and structure of the claws, from which the specific distinction is principally derived. In the Common and in the American Otter, the claws are robust, long, compressed, curved, very acute, and projecting beyond the extremity of the toes: in the Javanese Otter they are weak, short, obtuse, resembling thin lamin or scales, which are buried in the fleshy extremity of the last phalanx, They have, in their disposition, some resemblance to the claws of several monkies. This character exists in the toes of both extremities, nearly in an equal degree. In very young subjects the claws are acutely terminated, and project slightly beyond the toes; but they have the same slenderness of texture. Two adults, an half-grown, and various young specimens are contained in the Museum of the East India Company, in all of which this character is the same. Baron von Wurmb, the author of the description of the Gray Otter of Java, con- tained in the second Volume of the Batavia Society’s Transactions, also points out this character, describing the toes as being provided with “ rounded claws.” The distribution of the external marks is similar in the Javanese, the Common, and the American Otter. All the parts are uniform in colour, except the sides of the head, the throat, and that portion of the breast which is nearest to it. In the Common as well as in the American Otter, the dark parts have a pure brown tint, very intense; in the Jayanese Otter they are brown, less intense, and present a tawny lustre: the lighter tints on the sides of the head, the throat, and part of the breast, have a whitish silvery lustre in the former; in the latter they are yellowish, dusky, without any gloss, and the distinction of the colours is continued lower along the neck, The Javanese Otter has, like the Common Otter, a double series of whiskers ; LUTRA LEPTONYX. the anterior of which arises from the sides of the nose near the upper lip; the poste- rior, opposite the junction of the jaws. The bristles are numerous, rigid, and closely applied to the head. The ears agree in form with those of the Common Otter ; they differ, as already observed, in their disposition, being far removed from the eyes, and from the angle of the mouth. The teeth have the characters of the genus Lutra . as defined by Illiger, and as represented by Fréd. Cuvier on the 29th Plate of the “ Dents des Mammiféres.” They differ in no essential point from those of the Common Otter. In the Javanese specimens there are but two false grinders in the upper jaw ; this is the same in Mr. Sabine’s specimen of the Common Otter, and in the American Otter; in a specimen belonging to the British Museum, which is remarkable on account of its size, there are three false grinders above. The eyes are situated near the nose, and are small, vivid, and dark-coloured. The covering of the Lutra leptonyx has the same character as that of the Lutra vulgaris ; it is made up of hairs which are downy at the base, rigid, and somewhat bristly at the termination, and closely applied to the body; the fur would be useful, could the animal be obtained in sufficient numbers. Dr. Finlayson, in his account of the Siamese Otter, which he considers to be the same with the Common Otter, states, that the skins form an article of trade between Siam and China. In its size the Javanese Otter is somewhat inferior to the Common, and to the American Otter, as appears from the following estimate. DIMENSIONS OF THE LUTRA LEPTONYX. set Inches Lines, Length of the body and head, from the extremity of the nose to the root of the tail, (English ee eeiiii odes pbb 2,1 0 itibre we. thier irabasas sill. acres sltcassccece tt sails. Sanhas Sopihaeabeae rte A My Os ID Circumference of the tail atithe base 5 sisiiis iis cere e eh as cetsevsenes ee Se Breadth of the tail at the base.............ccccssssccsssscssscctersossosesetss B25 pene Distance between the ars ..........0sssscsseeeccnsoecssccecnscceesccctenesonns 0. 8.48 DIMENSIONS OF THE LUTRA LEPTONYX, From the Batavia Society’s Transactions. Length of the body and head, from the extremity of the nose to the root of the tail, (Dutch measure).......... ivoxsabsusssaeons aS) BP se s casuatenensies » WIIG SALE ssc escaswarsnccsceovenss'aceqpencpesnpsspeetmmeaasauaneres*eteseh ko) Tae Breadth of the tail at the base . scsnaneshesanevssepigtTee seipistnessbinonasceses GPF. mr uh ae Distance between the €aFs .......s.scssscrcsesseeeesers datas couutagentuontaxes oO LUTRA LEPTONYX. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMON OTTER, From a Specimen preserved in the British Museum. Feet Inches Lines. Length of the body and head, from the extremity of the nose to the root of the tail, (English measure) ........:.s0s:seeeeseee $0: 6 steshectaescces the EE C2 EE eS F386 Circumference of the tail at the root............ HeusvdadeecncateS baci cea 0 10 O Distance between the Cars ..eio cca. cates ctdiaaacaivenss caseeceas ves Onde The American Otter measures from the nose to the root of the tail full three feet six inches, and the tail eighteen inches; the latter is four inches broad at the base. The Javanese Otter agrees in its manners with the Common Otter. It inhabits the banks of rivers, and lives on fishes. Its disposition, when found at large, is extremely ferocious; if attacked, it defends itself with courage. It is with great difficulty taken in its adult state; but if obtained young, it is mild and tractable: in tliis state it is occasionally seen in’ dwellings; but I never observed it to continue long in confinement. The natives distinguish two varieties of the Javanese Otter ; to one of which, the name of Wrreut, to the other that of WELINGSANG is applied: the former is of a gray colour, and is said to be solitary, while the latter lives gregariously ; but these statements require confirmation. The Otter is found near the sea, in all the large rivers, both along the northern and the southern coast of the island; but, as far as I have observed, it does not establish itself in the interior. In the account given in the Batavia Society’s Trans- actions, its voice is said to resemble that of a human being when weeping. It shews a great attachment to its young. a4 ‘ 7 om (aaa Ifo | a Txiiag ah agity vane angie - F att ai Co: pace orm a cre s ras ferry : Hine - 7 ) RL T jpPreyurpm *XAR a « } wayyy Gnecry aeorgshuiy 4p pry: LA Wa = ee i n a - = * u - 1 va 4 4 — x = i “ ' pj * rae 4 « * if “ ' gia ' 7" ; { a” 4 i ai i ss “Tt i <& A He a: Ah . f : i | , ant 4 | a * |e “{ a) ar 1 } rt wf is t) ] Z om . = wi | ' : = ‘ i 7 b LJ aly Poe R ” » 7 hs ak f F | 7 J | ; F ae 2 | | ren: Agena | “e oer a a * ! Pierve ——- a ij ie: ™ a i »” i r ee TF ! a : io : : , ; : hi. . ki ‘ aaa a ‘i \ P= 1 il ™ ae ae ed .\. ha ‘ , N ‘ Lae Pere eae) arte > » i { «= 4 F fi 7 . 7 = 4 J + a be © La = i oor 7 1 -. i * a f i : ‘| fe j i. I | a i e8h - lie vr aa ihe A rf 1] ‘ r = fe . | : | r he - / tT | “ - ¥ yt ry } a 95 ay _ , LY, " - or ’ ty _ * & [a iS - P : ; wf G. | 7 7 ie P | a ee oe Py i ' ‘ ; ra + * ee lua ¥" ¥ 4 5 é pak : val i a i 4 ; = lg a rl ' ae i a co . ee mi a 7 ' . al * - - heal 4 a = * ie La ' be ' I Je Ye igs a a a 7 - 2 a , et sd " J ‘ a i r ; é i. fd ’ r Pita 7 a 4 = * r " if a“ 5 j t T | fal : a ¢ r | i vl 7 h iii FELIS JAVANENSIS. Orp. III: Carnassrers, Cuvier. 3™° Famille. Les Carnivores, 2° Tribu, Digitigrades. Orv. III. Ferz, Linn, Syst. Orp. XII. Faucunata, Illiger. Fam. 35, Sanguinaria. FELIS, Linn. Briss. Eraleb. Cuv. Geoff: Ilhg. Cuar: Gren:—Dentes Primores intermedii wquales. Molares supra utrinsecus qua- tuor, tertius maximus, interius gradu laterali auctus, quartus tritorius (aliis nullus). Infra utrinsecus tres, tertius maximus. ostrum breve, rhinario rotun- dato. Lingua restorsum aculeata. Fodliculus supra anum nullus. Pedes digiti- gradi antice pentadactyli, postice tetradactyli. Ungues: falcule acute retractiles. A i Rl A a A Re ay Ra a MR Rm RR A Felis cauda abbreviata, corpore griseo-fusco, supra lineis quatuor fuliginosis dorso interruptis, lateribus maculis oblongis abdomine maculis subrotundis notato, gula fascia una, jugulo duabus fuliginosis. Kuwuk, of the Javanese. | Chat de Java, Cuv. Mem. sur les especes du genre chat, Ann. du Mus, tom. 14, pag. 159. n. 26. Felis javanensis, Desm. nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. Felis javanensis, Encycl. Method. Mammatogie, par M. A. G. Desmarest, 1820. THE subject of this article belongs to a subdivision of the genus Felis, which is characterized by a small size, somewhat elevated legs, a short tail, and by three grinders only in each jaw. In discriminating the numerous species which are arranged in this subdivision, a very careful comparison of the characters peculiar to each is required; and in the figure which illustrates this subject, great care has been taken to afford an accurate representation of the Felis javanensis. Among the Indian species it may be confounded with the Bengal Cat of Pennant, with Felis Galeopardus of Desm. in Encycl., which is the Serval of M. Fred. Cuvier, and with Felis undata of Desm. in Encyel. By means of an accurate description, accompanied by a faithful drawing, contained in the Museum of the Hon. East India Company, I have ascertained the Bengal Cat to be considerably larger; to have a different disposition of the marks on the breast, sides of the body, and tail, and different habits and manners. ‘The peculiar characters of the Serval are accurately represented in the figure of M. Fred. Cuvier; it is distinguished by a darker colour; by the FELIS JAVANENSIS. marks on the back and on the sides of the body, and by its having an annulated tail. The Felis undata of Java varies chiefly by a transverse disposition of the spots on the sides of the body, and by a brighter colour. A distinct species has recently been added to the Hon. East India Company’s collection from Sumatra. The general colour of the Felis javanensis is grayish brown, exhibiting on the body, neck, and limbs a delicate mixture of gray of different shades; the upper parts are more intensely coloured, and incline to tawny; the throat, cheeks, fore- part of the neck, the breast, belly, and tail underneath are whitish. Although it resembles the common domestic cat in many points, the smallness of the ears, and their distance from the eyes, give to its front a different appearance; the form of ’ the body is likewise more slender. The specific character is founded on the disposition of four dark brown or blackish stripes, deeper and more regular on the head, neck, and back, passing, with interruptions of the general gray colour, to the root of the tail, on the regularity of the lateral spots on the body, and on the transverse bands on the throat and breast. As the four longitudinal lines on the head and back are observed in most of the allied species, and even in several varieties of the common domestic cat, it is necessary, in defining the specific distinctions, to combine these with other characters. In the Felis javanensis four interrupted lines of oblong spots may be traced on the sides of the body, extending to the rump, more regularly disposed than in the other species that I have examined, while the marks on the belly are roundish. On the limbs and tail similar spots are distinguished in broken lines, at small distances; on the latter they are very obscure. The inner side of each of the limbs is marked transversely with two indistinct lines. The face has the same colour as the body, the region of the mouth being paler, and marked with several transverse stripes, from which arise numerous bristles, shorter than the head, diversified with gray and white. A long white streak, broader above, marks the side of the nose, and is continued towards the forehead. Between the two inner frontal lines an obscure stripe appears, which is lost on the neck, where the two exterior lines diverge, and taking an oblique direction on the back, continue a small branch over the shoulders, The eyes are placed more anteriorly in the head than in several other species ; the irides are yellowish, inclining to brown; the pupil is circular. The ears are round and small; from their base anteriorly rises a thick tuft of hair; exteriorly the base is white, and they are terminated by a broad black margin. Behind the ears an extensive black spot marks the sides of the head. From the posterior angle of the eye, a short narrow stripe passes under the ear. The superior transverse band rises from the cheek, near the angle of the mouth, and, after taking a curve FELIS JAVANENSIS. backwards, passes to the throat, and unites with that of the opposite side. Of several transverse bands crossing the anterior part of the neck, two are more apparent, and form one of the specific distinctions of the Felis javanensis. The fur is long, and soft to the touch, but does not form so close a covering of the body as that of the subject of the next article. The front and canine teeth differ in nothing from those of the other species belonging to this subdivision of the Genus; the grinders are proportionally of mode- rate size, and compressed. The first in the upper jaw projects but slightly above the gums; the second is tricuspid, having one long and two short points; the third is large, and has the usual form, but the anterior internal projection is scarcely percep- tible. In the lower jaw the two anterior grinders are tricuspid; the third is largest, having two equally prominent, and one shorter point. The claws are completely retractile, and when the animal is at rest, concealed by the soft fur which plentifully covers the feet. DIMENSIONS. Length of the body, from the extremity of the nose to the root OE EIGEN chic licctidec os cvcachachaceateabetsecvedaze tis ont 1 Foot, 11 inches. Gususpwatuandes sp blte thea dens cgyescdaniins cts onsteeacsacuvuuecestivecsneseacveicdcaets Mek GOs snvawdseas necrey RNG GALL | Ailzsecherennwcussrubteancecstsdtencodscsacdlecdedtinccvsceutense OW (GO. Wvetececzhoves the anterior extremities, from the shdbldes to the extremities of the toes ........... Utah hedusdet ye darusareuaeaee | |) “do: wisiabe'dhe oties the: Posterior EXtFEMItEs!s.6.5. sossedvevesccdesestevdcecsncdeosssve 9 | GO. The Felis javanensis, or Kuwuk, is found in large forests in every part of Java. It forms a retreat in hollow trees, where it remains concealed during the day; at night it ranges about in quest of food, and often visits the villages at the skirts of the forests, committing depredations among the hen-roosts. The natives ascribe to it an uncommon sagacity, asserting that, in order to approach the fowls unsuspected, and to surprise them, it imitates their voice. It feeds chiefly on fowls, birds, and small quadrupeds; but, in case of necessity, it also devours carrion. This animal is perfectly untameable ; its natural fierceness is never subdued by confinement. The same character is given to the Bengal Cat by Drs. Gibbon and Buchanan ; but it has not the disagreeable odour ascribed to that species, nor does it frequent reeds near to water, to feed on fish, snails, and muscles. I first collected the Felis javanensis in the year 1805, in the extensive forests of Pugar and Blam- bangan. ‘These also contain the Felis undulata; the latter, as far as my observations extend, is confined to the eastern extremity, while the former is by no means scarce, and distributed through every part of Java, “ae tage li pean i “rears One ges yeyuapesy way ey Mangens kgriury yore Ap prysiyny wipuey “SISNANVAVE SITY Pos r = ia ma — ' ‘sea ay Ag wea 1 ely a i ill J ee , "= |. i if r ty i ' "a * > I a ‘ = r f V, nt t _ q be vs a Ta A j i « } i " P ied @ 4 5 in t a) | aad L iat | 7 rk ; # yy Pi p - ia “i 7 7 - i ] t ‘ eae , Fie , ’ , nT i oo . PALLY be Mak = & i. i aL, ~ sj“ | i an { = iT : 7 ” 7 “ e ra 4 L. j ’ ' 4 | ft a) eee b * edly ae ae ae . Me P 4° F Pi oa i _ , us a - | + » ry [_* Be i Ve 5 ‘ a ia = : ee me Pa « i iv i rs By sy righ ae * iT iar ret) oo Fy -_ I f ribet. noe > bi iA 7 S : ‘a 4 , ’ " i ‘ ple ‘nN ey : « 7 atl : | - i } on ’ j , - & ' al 4 : — 4 ¢ 2 ) 2 | al a an iy | Lin _ iy | TT a oe ia a) |. =H 1 meter ae Wb — a if ; A, ey ite ra bat ae: an ue hg ay a : = 7 Se turtice ie Ay Pa enti ry he i or. " uh nee a ee ane few! r F< digs Sy 4 Wt. a . q 4 7 ge sth yt ; an ; ie ry J a | | hei, ee 1 Py ye | ‘ . ny, Ai 4 Pa OS be 5 >, SB: FELIS SUMATRANA. Orn. III Carnassters, Cuvier. 3™° Famille. Les Carnivores, 2“ Tribu, Digitigrades, Orv. III. Fens, Linn. Syst. Orv. XII. Faucurara, Tiger. Fam. 35, Sanguinaria.' FELIS, Linn. Briss. Eraleb. Cuv. Geoff: Illig. Car. Gen.—Dentes Primores intermedii xquales. ‘Molares supra utrinsecus qua- tuor, tertius maximus, interius gradu laterali auctus, quartus tritorius (aliis nullus). Infra utrinseeus tres, tertius maximus. Rostrum breve, rhinario rotun- dato. Lingua retrorsum aculeata. Fo/liculus supra anum nullus. Pedes digiti- gradi antice pentadactyli, postice tetradactyli. Ungues: falcule acute retractiles. Re a Re Felis cauda abbreviata apice fusca, corpore ex flavescente griseo-ferrugineo maculis atro-fuscis dorsalibus lineari-oblongis confluentibus, lateralibus angularibus irre- gularibus sparsis, THE name of Felis javanensis having been applied to a subject described in the first number of these Researches, which appears to be peculiar to Java, the present species, which has been forwarded to the Museum of the Honourable East India Company by Sir Stamford Raffles, from the neighbouring Island of Sumatra, on which it has hitherto been found exclusively, may with propriety be denominated FELIs SUMATRANA. In the article referred to, the resemblance which exists between the smaller species of this genus, hitherto described by authors, has been pointed out; and although between several it is very close, they possess, individually, characters too well defined, to allow them to be united into a single species. ‘The Felis javanensis and the Felis bengalensis are most allied; to these the Serval, the Felis galeopardus, approaches nearest in external characters; the Felis undulata is readily distinguished by the transverse disposition of its marks; and the Felis sumatrana possesses peculi- arities still more obvious and striking. All these species are natives of the East Indies : the same remark regarding the affinity of external characters, applies to the more numerous species of this genus which are found in North and South America. In size, in the proportion of the legs to the body, and in the shortness of the tail, our species agrees with the Felis javanensis; it is also, like that animal, marked with four dark brown lines, consisting of oblong confluent spots, which commence on the forehead, between the eyes, and pass along the back to the root of the tail, FELIS SUMATRANA. and with several transverse bands on the throat and breast; but it exhibits the fol- lowing peculiarities. The general colour is ferruginous, inclining to yellowish-gray, more intense on the back, the crown of the head, and the upper part of the tail; paler on the sides, and passing into whitish-gray on the cheeks, breast, abdomen, and the interior of the thighs and legs. The spots on the sides of the body are angular, and scattered almost without regularity, very different from the longitudinal, nearly parallel lines which exist in the Felis javanensis: it is difficult indeed to_ convey by words a correct idea of their arrangement, and I must therefore refer, in illustration of the description, to the figure in which they are carefully represented by Mr. Daniell, as they exist on the animal. The colour of the spots is intensely brown, inclining to black. On the anterior portion of the back, between the shoulders, we can trace the commencement of a series of irregularly transverse spots, stretching obliquely across the sides of the belly. Immediately before these, and exterior to the first of the marks which constitute the longitudinal line on the back, is a similar triangular spot, but with more regularly defined sides; a little below this, on the sides of the breast, are three triangular spots, placed in regular succession, and in contact with each other; they all present one of their points backward, and meet the last of the spots of the obliquely transverse series above mentioned, which is followed by three other spots, more lengthened, and pointing backward. Between this series and the streaks on the back, several spots are disposed, of an irregular oblong form: the marks on the flanks follow in succession, but are irregular in size and form, and on the lower part of the abdomen they are rounded, and smaller. As the various longitudinal series approach the lower part of the back and the thighs, they increase in number, so as almost to cover those parts, which have a more intense colour, with irregularly oblong spots. The limbs are marked with lines, disposed at small distances ; they are narrow, and interrupted: on the anterior extremities, several large irregularly rounded spots are scattered through these. ‘Towards the feet the colour is more uniformly rufous, and the marks are more minute and indistinct. The interior of the limbs is marked with two transverse lines, of unequal breadth, in the same manner as the Felis javanensis, On the upper part of the base of the tail, numerous narrow transverse lines are crowded together; they are more pale and distant in the middle, and the extremity is uniformly brown. The face resembles that of Felis javanensis, but the cheeks, as well as the breast, are paler, and on the former several minute spots are scattered. The first grinder in the upper-jaw of our specimen is wanting; in all ‘other respects the teeth agree with those of Felis ees which is also the case with the eyes, ears, and whiskers. It is denominated by the Malays Rimau bulu, and is one of the various species of Felis which are found on the Island of Sumatra. See T. 8. Raffles’s Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra. Trans. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 249. é'2 yay peppery age a Ce oerhegr gery GS Peers S LT al ell “VNVULVMAS anergy a Me umn es we | r fh i PS i is ery! We ee st aa ou i \ . L { ait i i #2: ai ; A ; " ae on i, “ 5 _ i Tt ps) eA 3 ea i, rt ye ee ‘ as . as .. ei » j : ¥ ‘Toa La ie? \ | " 4 ad Be iad ; a 7 : ; pe “ = nee eit x = fz eens i ¥ : L | Sir J “a pn & 1 Sigal EY RN ie Se tal haul ties Be oct tiga ¢ Fo Ly a Nt 5 < + be Ween ra io a var * Pe ti \, ; rh : orem emit pies tA 2 gly 7 - i a ye a em ae ay « eae 7 F ae | ae ; ng } eee a> a ¢; ie Lig nant a j me ‘, < lint i. wine oe a aah oe . “ae TH iat te rs, Ay ; w | ” Wine dilh Higetbe iat oben hh sree’ ae Bes niite (ha Bul. pent tap tye ele ito: iia my BS oe ry ye Era Ch | ey ee oer | ie . i * eS a a i he et a va op - i - ‘oe i ivi i = i i r a aan | a a | - = i 7 cs ' b Py , b f a J ' AF 7 bey ma I =. ed - a ¥ F Hs 4 *) " - a Loa ane 4 i =_ : : / P i F F . " ¥ La “ w ~~ oj ¥" re il Lb 2 a r] = a: . * fe eo » « = @ a » - FELIS GRACILIS. Orn. III™ Carnassiers, Cuvier. Orp. III. Ferz, Linn. Syst. Orv. XII. Faucurara, Illiger. FELIS, Linn. Briss. Eraleb. Cuv. Geoff: Illig. CHARACTER GENERICUS.—Vide Felis javanensis. Sect. Prionopontip#, Nob. Dentium formula: Incis. +, Canini =, Molares Molares omnes multicuspides, superiorum quartus maximus gradu laterali mediocri auctus, quintus tritorius. Infra guintus maximus, acie externa postica longissima, acutissima. Rostrum elongatum, rhinario prominulo. Corpus codario et pilis densis vestitum. Cauda longissima. Pedes digitigradi pentadactyli. Ungues: falcula retractiles parvae acuminate. ia Felis cauda elongata annulata cylindrica, corpore dilute-flavescente, fasciis dorsalibus quatuor latissimis, analibus duabus angustis, striis lateralibus duabus_latis, cervicalibus angustis, maculis humeralibus et femoralibus pluribus, annulisque caude septem saturatissime fuscis. Delundung, of the Javanese. Viverra? Linsang. Hardwicke in Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 235.* BEFORE proceeding to the description of the subject of this article, I have thought it proper to give a detailed comparative survey of the genera to which it is nearest allied, in order to exhibit the views by which I have been guided in pointing out its natural affinity. If I have been mistaken in the genus under which it is arranged, my‘object is still obtained, if I have shewn that it partakes of the characters of Felis as well as of Viverra, and that, in a natural arrange- ment, it stands between these two genera, or forms a link by which they are connected. * General Hardwicke has, with a laudable zeal to extend our knowledge of Indian Zoology, which is greatly indebted to his extensive researches, communicated, in 1820, a concise description of this interesting animal to the Linnean Society. As the teeth in the specimen examined by him were wanting, the genus remained doubtful ; and as his specific denomination is the native name of another Javanese animal, (a species of Lutra), it cannot with pro- priety be applied to this; and I have therefore substituted gracilis, as applying peculiarly to its form. FELIS GRACILIS. In the number of the toes of the hind feet, and of the teeth, as well as in the form of the head and body, the Delundung resembles the genus Viverra; but the character of the claws, as well as the peculiar structure of the teeth, and the use for which they are intended in the economy of the animal, indicate, in my opinion, a closer affinity to Felis. I have therefore placed it in that genus, in a separate section, which I have denominated Prionodontide; and, for the purpose of comparison, I now add Idliger’s detailed description of the genera Felis and Viverra. FELIS. Secr. I. Molares 4 aut 3 maxilla superiore, pedibus posticis tetradactylis. Dentes Primores utrinque 6, in eadem serie collocati. Laniarii distincti primoribus mul- | to longiores conici acuti, versus api- | cem sulcis exarati. Molares obducti, fere omnes sec- tores, supra utrinsecus 4aut3: antici duo conoidei crassiusculi, tertiusmax- imus acie bicuspide, et interius gradu | antico laterali parvo auctus, quartus tritorius tuberculatus parvus interior transversus. Infra utrinsecus 3: an- tici duo compressi simplices, tertius | maximus acie bicuspide. Rostrum calvaria brevius, obtusius~ culum, rhinario prominulo rotundato. Lingua retrorsum aculeata. Pupilla his oblonga, illis orbicularis. Auricule parve acuminate. Corpus pilosum. Sect. I]. Prionodontide. Dentes Primores utrinque 6, in | eadem serie collocati, wquales (exte- riores vix majores. ) Laniarii distincti primoribus mul- to longiores conici acutissimi versus | apicem leves. Molares obducti supra utrinsecus quingue: antici tres sectores com- pressi; primus bicuspidatus, secun- dus subtricuspidatus gradibus poste- rioribus minoribus, tertius subqua- dricuspidatus, acie intermedia sectoria elongata, antice gradu uno postice duobus brevioribus auctus; quartus | sectorius maximus acie una elongata, antice et postice gradibus duobus minoribus et intertus processu laterali mediocriauctus ; quintus tuberculatus | tritorius. Jnfra ufrinsecus sex: antici quatuor sectorii compressi; primus tricuspidatus; secundus, tertius, et | quartus gradatim rmajores, quadri- cuspidati, gradibus posticis obsoleti- oribus; quintus omnium maximus quadricuspidatus, aciebus duabus ex- ternis sectoriis, posteriore longissima compressa, tertia interiore quarta abrupte breviore posteriore; sextus | minor tuberculatus tritorius. Rostrum elongatum acutiusculum, | rhinario prominulo. Lingua. Pupilla orbicularis. Auricule breves rotundate. Corpus codario molli et pilis longi- | oribus dense vestitum. VIVERRA. Dentes Primores utrinque 6, in eadem serie collocati. Laniarii distincti, primoribus mul- | to longiores, conici. Molares obducti supra utrinsecus | 6: tres antici sectores conoidei com- | pressiusculi, quartus maximus secto- rius acie subtricuspide et interius gradu laterali antico paryo auctus, quintus et sextus tritores tuberculati, sexto minore. Infra utrinsecus 6: antici 4 sectorii unicuspides (primo nonnullis deficiente,) quintus secto- rius maximus, acie externa bicus- pide, tuberculis duobus internis aucta, et postice gradu magno quadrituber- culato auctus, sextus tritorius tuber- culatus magnus. Rostrum acutiusculum, rhinario prominulo obtuso. Lingua (certe antice) retrorsum aculeata. Pupilla elongata transversa. Auricule breves rotundate. Corpus codario et pilis longioribus | westitum. FELIS GRACILIS. FELIS. VIVERRA. Secr. I. Sect. If. Prionodontide. Cauda aut elongata, aut mediocris, || Cauda longissima. | Cauda longa. aut brevis. Mamme aperte aut ventrales 4 vel Mamme. Mamme aperte aut 4 pectorales et 2, aut 4 pectorales et 4 ventrales. 2 ventrales, aut 4 ventrales et pecto- rales nulle. Folliculus supra anum nullus. Folliculus supra anum nullus? Folliculus glandulosus inter geni- talia et anum. ' Pedes distincti ambulatorii digiti- Pedes distincti ambulatorii digiti- Pedes distincti ambulatorii digiti- gradi, antici pentadactyli, postici te- || gradi pentadactyli. | gradi pentadactyli fissi. tradactyli. Plante pilose. Plante pilose. Plante pilose. Ungues falcule acute retractiles Ungues falcule parve acuminate Ungues falcule acute semivaginate vaginate. retractiles vaginate. semiretractiles. Iliger. _Miger. The Felis gracilis is strikingly characterized by a slender body, a tapering head and sharp muzzle, a long and thick tail, and slender delicate limbs. The rela- tive proportion of these parts is carefully represented in the figure. The body in length is nearly equal to that of the domestic cat, but in consequence of its slender make, it has a greater resemblance in form to the various species of Viverra. The following are the dimensions :— Length of the body, from the anes of the nose to the root of the tail.............00-. eS eo ae 1 foot, 34 inches. a pevctal UMN Gs (GANG MPCAUE Ua igu.ssdstciseasucceeids cosceatcacsencastasseacsdadslutsssnesicas S| UO, sassere Bitters) CHE Cehbtca oiaes* one pescsscesevsdsuropanincdeopertyasniccesesics L100 7 = “OD, P= Pe the anterior extremities, form the shoulder to the exizemsity Of the toes «scsi iilisicsiss se ssvececeossesecses 51 do. aitiiasss. CNC PORECTION CXULCTIILICS scsscpecccatecensessvajnessacooecvesessees 64 do. The form of the head gives to the face a long and sharp aspect: both jaws are of equal length, but the lower mandible is sufficiently narrowed to allow the upper to enclose it, when shut. The eyes are of moderate size, very sprightly, and placed near the nose: the irides are brown, and the pupil circular. Numerous whiskers, rising from the upper lip, and pointing backwards, exceed the head in length; several distinct patches of bristles are placed near the ears, and at the angle of the mouth. The nose is long, somewhat narrow at the extremity, of a dark colour, with a longitudinal stripe extending along the head, the colour of which is dusky gray. The opening of the nostrils is rounded below, and situated laterally. The ears are of moderate size, rounded and placed posteriorly in regard to the eyes; from their inner base, and rather forward, rises a thick tuft of hair of a whitish colour, and a circle of thick bristles is placed before them on the lateral parts of the head. The anterior limbs are rather slender and delicate; the thighs are robust in proportion to the size of the FELIS GRACILIS. animal, and indicate considerable vigour in the posterior extremities, The toes are thickly covered with a soft and very delicate fur, which likewise occupies the in- terstices, and extends to the soles of the feet, as completely as in other species of the genus Felis. 'The claws are minute, sharp, transparent, and retractile ; they are entirely concealed by the fur. The covering is remarkably soft and delicate; the hair forming the coat, is of moderate length, silky at the base, and closely arranged, so as to render it very pleasant to the touch. The tail is nearly equal in length to the body, exclusive of the head; it is perfectly cylindrical, fully and thickly covered with along silky spreading fur, and beautifully marked with seven rings. The strong contrast which exists between the pale yellowish white of the throat, belly, back, and tail, and the deep brown bands and spots on which the specific character is founded, gives the Delundung a striking appearance. Its elegance when alive, is perhaps not surpassed by any species of the genus Felis: and the specimen ~ belonging to the Honourable East India Company’s Museum, after a lapse of four- teen years, has preserved a considerable share of beauty. On a ground of pale yellowish white, which covers the throat, breast, belly, sides, and and part of the back and tail, the distinguishing marks of a deep brown colour inclining to black, are arranged in the following manner :—Four transverse bands, gradually i inereasing in breadth, cover the back at intervals between the limbs; on the rump are two narrow bands ; two longitudinal stripes take their origin, one between the ears, the other near the posterior angle of the eye, on each side, and pass, with interruptions at the transverse bands, to the thighs, where they are continued by numerous large spots which cover these parts. From the shoulders and thighs, several obscure stripes pass to the feet, which have a dusky gray colour. Between the origin of the longitudinal stripes of the body, and the transverse bands of the back, two smaller stripes are placed, which unite on the lower part of the neck, from the opposite sides. I discovered this animal in the year 1806, during the early period of my researches in the district of Blambangan, situated at the eastern extremity of Java: the natives here distinguish it by the name DeLunpunG. I have not been able to ascertain that it is found in any other part of the Island, or that it has another name. Even in Blambangan it is rarely met with. It inhabits the extensive forests, which, with the exception of the capital of Banyuwangi, and a few small villages, cover pe district. Of its particular habits and manners, the natives could give me but information. 'To observe and study these, as well as for the purpose of debinestion, I obtained, after much research, a second individual; but this soon made its escape, and since this period I have not been able to find it in any part of Java. In a manuscript catalogue, which I forwarded to the Honourable Directors of the East India Company, in the year 1812, this animal was noticed as a species of Viverra, with the specific name of Delundung. Rd fayler, Angraved dy GRACILIS, FELIS dy A fide, ifP ary r ; Ft fr Dae. - fy wh ATagtho ry, Herta, dn Atlen, SestoeAad! Sree . iat . London Fabiiphad Ay , a? ‘ } ’ F) . 1 a f - s ‘“ E t aa .§ “a po A a 3 oe ' 2 * | k :% \ " A tp [ ’ . J ‘eh j & i 4 ° 1 Fi e ts a ’ lve! ean - ' te » . E t oe 5 Te Fs Y Pale , if ” ant * | shld } ' 2! 1 ts 4 ; J ats! i 4 f 1 ee ee ke WT | Mite ce Joe ery | es (us hs, hey * Ot eT ihe Red go ke a ar - a ak ey (i "i LM) ee iar ro . 7 4 ' ‘a ; nly . | i Wire rad ‘ 4e ‘ ? L + 7 iy —_ ? ms) hd a = ae 5 as foe ee bs ra A Mie ae ms ; 7 . roe ee “tbo ant a apaaan a . $f Pick jhe as ; - _—_— owt he cil ae ee hs IL 3 , Ve: | i 2 .7 a) i, eri ; , ' / | 2 we = Atay ms - aM nee nae Te a pdt On a a ce = i : 7 7 r y - : Mi Aa aA the aaa, ; F aed Y ate ¥ site gh 14 uftig ae ee gt Td Oe eae Le) a ‘vel Je ue . a in % ty te nag sib HY, Bae "i ir ae a bY Par Ah! Ap an ined, phiainchy fea ¢ zi Lf ; il i i i sofa LO iy std ai oi A esha git! meres, sie hg ee fealie yates, an aor ae 1 1“ 4 - \ = Ls ‘ h te he r ef f ae iq thd fle or at | .. ke it ; ~ po? ieee ee A se ' com =, ™ b sar ts ab A oe " hie “ioe . aa dite Tico" 0 of an artsy ni =a - ~ | H fark, ‘ ; = ee VE Late Ca te a ee Nate Anaais Joh: a iy i. i * : : ms 7) ‘ :) . Jj again cay Coe cen. eee Mi To, Nios tet ascot 1% Hat sah dea © , Tele eee il. La i ee : r ve Le ee! id Svar maid we iat he! - j ' \ beaitase. 4). (i ua, 2s ry | ei at in rs oy ry _ “Soaps ae! eNom 0 ik ues: At iat ~. | hs , o/ eT) sw | ur ’ 7 ey. jo re gee as Pee ees ee al P i? : Cabs 4 i a 0 Ree Y mt ‘ - 4 We aris f + Fl ‘ : ' e = . i ‘ i : fra a Poe at | um ry - ie = ] J ‘a; i eles , ea) 4 yi | % ™ * ‘ . way, * , a d - i i { + af 7 = Ay ve s : ‘| a ae . : » La 7 = ‘N ' | 2 : ‘ i a. 4}{ j . ; ak , a sd ? “me ; , ‘a MUS SETIFER. Orp. IV™ Roncevurs, Cuvier. 1° Division. Orv. IV. Guires, Linn. Syst. Orv. IV. Prensicutantia, Iliger. Fam. 10, Murina. ‘ a MUS, Linn. Eraleb. Briss. Cuv. Illig. &. Cuar. Gen.—Dentium formula; Primores +, Molares =. Primores inferiores scalpro compresso acuto. Pro Laniariis diastema. Modares abrupti, obducti, tritorii, tuberculati, Rostrum acutum. Labrum fissam, Saceuli buccales nulli. Auricule oblonge aut rotundate, nudiuscula, = ri Cauda elongata aut mediocris, squamata, annulata, me Molaiee —_— pectorales et ventrales 4—12. Pedes distincti, arabgyetor, antici digitis 4 5 verruca hallucari, postici pentadactyli. Ungues es. Illiger. > 4 ¢ e . * * . #* _« # # ‘ Mures setost vel spinosi. Bd THE distinguishing character of the Tikus-wirok of the Javanese is afforded - numerous rigid hairs, which are scattered over the upper parts of the body, and project widely from the general covering. These hairs commence immediately behind the neck; they increase in number on the back, and being considerably lengthened on the rump, they constitute a lax investment about the root of the tail and the uropygium. ‘This peculiar character has suggested the specific name MUS SETIFER." setifer, and associates our animal naturally with those species, which, in the article Mammalogie of the Encyclopédie, constitute the second section of this genus. It is however to be remarked, that these hairs are not of a spinous nature, as in the Mus fasciculatus and the Mus macrourus; they may properly«be compared to bristles, having more consistence and rigidity than those of the Mus decumanus and giganteus; and in a natural arrangement, our animal stands between these species, and between those from which the chaicter of the section is derived by M. Desmarest, and which, in a more rigorous sense, may be called spinous Rats. Our animal agrees in many particulars of its form and proportions with the Mus decumanus, the Brown or Norway Rat ; but it is larger, and more robust. The head is lengthened, and somewhat depressed. The nose is acute, and marked above with a longitudinal ridge of delicate hairs, while the extremity, in which the nostrils are situated, is naked: it is well calculated for burrowing the ground. The upper lip is deeply divided; the lower lip is considerably shorter than the upper, and the front teeth, in both jaws, are largely exposed; their colour is reddish-brown, and more intense in the upper jaw. These teeth are proportionally larger, and more robust in our animal than in the Mus decumanus; they are broad, strongly curved, attenu- ated in form of a chisel, and abruptly terminated, exhibiting very powerful cutting edges. The grinders, nearly resembling those of other Rats, are disposed in a per- fectly regular series; they are transyersely grooved above, and marked at the sides with stri, or depressions. The eyes are small, vivid, and prominent. The whiskers are black and numerous, arising promiscuously from a large portion of ‘the cheeks. Above the eyes, and near the temples, a single bristle arises from a separate point. The ears are long, broad, rounded, and covered towards the margin with a very minute down; the extent of the external lobe exceeds that of the Mus decumanus; several transverse divisions are observable in the interior. The body of the Mus setifer is robust, lengthened, and cylindrical. ~ In the proportion of the extremities to the body, our animal resembles the Norway Rat. The fore feet (in our specimens) are comparatively slender and weak; the thighs, in the posterior extremities, are remarkably robust. The feet are covered with hairs to the extremity; they are five-toed; in the fore foot the thumb is very minute, con- sisting of a somewhat lengthened compressed claw, removed far from the other toes, and supported by a tubercle, which when dried, acquires a corneous appearance ; the other toes have the same proportions as the fingers in the human hand, The claws are slightly curved, obtuse, and apparently formed for perforating the ground. On MUS SETIFER. the posterior extremities the three intermediate toes are largest; they are robust, and nearly of equal length; the outer and inner toes are smaller; the latter is consi- derably removed from the others, and admits a more lateral motion. Underneath, the feet are naked, and provided with prominent tubercles. The body is posteriorly lengthened towards the uropygium or vent, affording thus a conical base to the root of the tail. This organ is nearly cylindrical, and very gradually attenuated to an obtuse point: it is covered with numerous delicate membranaceous rings; the disposition of these is regular in the highest degree; they are made up of oblong scales, placed in close contact, so as to exhibit the appearance of rings with crenulated margins, in which the separate squamz are not perceptible. The tail is more naked than that of the Mus decumanus; a few short delicate hairs arise, in very small tufts of two or three, from the scales composing the rings. The colour of our animal is dark brown above, and grayish underneath. The tint is more uniform than in the common Brown Rat. The separate hairs are gray, or tawny, at the base, and dark at the extremity, by which a slight variegation is produced on the surface. The covering is throughout rough and bristly; the hairs are short on the head and on the under parts generally, and they are here supplied with a little down at the base; among these, the rigid hairs or bristles, which give a character to our animal, are copiously scattered; they have an oblique direction on the back and the adjoining portions of the sides; they are here nearly an inch long; but on the rump they increase in length and in substance; their direction is more regular, and they constitute a lax covering about the posterior parts, which projects considerably beyond the body, and terminates in an abrupt manner. Several points of agreement between the Mus setifer and the Mus decumanus, or Brown Rat, have already been enumerated: in my comparisons with other species of this genus, I have had the assistance only of figures and descriptions. Besides the peculiar rough and bristly character of its hair, our animal differs from the Brown Rat in the extraordinary size of its ears, in the strength of its front teeth, in the comparative nakedness of the tail, and in several minuter particulars in its form and proportions, which, although not easily expressed by words, become obvious by comparison. Among other Indian Rats the Mus giganteus and the Mus perchal have some affinity to it. The former is carefully described by General Hardwicke, in the VIIth Volume of the Linnean Transactions; and detailed draw- ings, accompanied with notices as to its size, have been received at the Honourable MUS SETIFER. East India Company’s Museum, in Colonel Mackenzie's collections. The Mus perchal is identified with the Mus giganteus by Fischer ; but Geoffroy, in his Genus Echimys, distinguishes it with the specific name of perchal ;, ; and Desmarest has placed it in the second section of the genus Mug, to which | like Wi se the Mus setifer belongs. The Tikus-wirok is found in Java at the confines | c agreeably to my observations, it rarely approaches the vi natives. It is very shy in its habits, and is with gr seized. Nowithstanding continued and careful res ea ests and woods, and, s and dwellings of the alty Same and ined but a small number of specimens, and by my inquiries | learne d particulars as to its food and manners. The natives ‘describe it asa apis chievous ) animal ; the robustness of its form, and the remarkable size and s rength of its front teeth, agree with this character. In its more prominent fea fe. our al agrees with several species of the first section of this genus; its nose is € ae oyed in burrowing the ground in search of its food, and its tail has the a ; 01 are in the habit of frequenting the water. Aaa i | iy Py A species of Rat, which greatly resembles Jongs to the same section of the genus, is describe . milton, with thename of Mus Icria. It has, in a very conspi cuot racter of the projecting dorsal and anal bristles. In its size it somewl he Mus decu- ' manus. It lives in the ai eH o * lakes y and fi ame of Icria is significant of its superior strength and si sae ae ie Bil. ey ie “eye J ie) & - "WATT LaAS* SAK 4‘ ' to Be — —S—— + ' are, rel ati | Py i :' +e i} i ee re ae 7] i ai mre ‘Pa, ' 22 vats) : - | = eA , Fy eo “4 rowlas ae . ae i Pura ae, : 7 = ® = 1 ‘ ty ; | -. ‘ys, s dl “A ‘ \ i I j r oy * seg Pe Z Tak | "1 | ee stl abut x 4 ra j a j | ify . : he Pe at : 4 . AS Co b 7 | J “, f Dy uals ‘at pie janie . es ca } ea ms fan : Sp eenanee ey he eats, a by A 1 Ba ae a a a f “ + x ee OF te! LF wi. Nas 5 : i aaF Ww ul : we Pe J sis 5 | eg ; ek s Gr A en oie \ wi : Pas " Fi . a , iz a " ll 1 Lo e oe s a J secs ) ene be rae rae el Set Gah bi eg: Ale ria | a a i f = Le | yy ’ Meh | to ein ee » re 4 Wey i mm | , - ye 4 ™ , r J : , fi oS Th iat «Lr » = “ :4 ot | ! i be 7 im | ad 1 x - ne = = J Ve vi i “ d, = me r ; “y it oe a fi A I! " ' \ | ij : ' is “ | ; ‘ l J ; ln ie lat LI . Ry * a i _ "toa ie . , 4 i" a ren “e ' oh J Aare A oe Pde i Mihi raid Wwe 5 7 al 1 r _—s 7 \ * : er i ; Fj / -y ’ | ‘ Lis dy | or heey 1 co. T i Ae ¥) i < ‘ ‘ iy ae bf “ + ij . 7 ‘ : : 4. a a 7 é a i | —_ | 7 + -- : a 4 we * | a 2 = S Me j — Ne " f a 4 ‘ 7 4 a} | ~ i! 7 , j ; bh Py ta \ P| Tt 7 4 ral y ( : ati 4? “ T . = , Sei ' a * a eee 4 - ; bie t ’ eRe . | a | P ‘ i ‘ wis hoe SCIURUS INSIGNIS. ea ' Orv. IV™ Ronexrurs, Cuvier. 1° Division. Orv. IV. Gunes, Linn. Syst. Orv. IV. Prensicutantis, Illiger. Fam. 9, Agilia. SCIURUS, Linn. Briss. Eraleb. Bodd. Cuv. Geoff: Illig. &e. Cuar. Gen.—Dentium formula; Primores 2, Molares =. Primores superiores pagina antica leves, inferiores admodum compressi acuti. Pro Laniariis diastema. Molares abrupti obducti tritores, supra antico accessorio. Sof Rostrum acutum. Labrum fissum. Sacculi buccales nulli. Auricule oblong, peni- cillate vel rotundate simplices. Cauda elongata villosa, compressiusculo-disticha vel cylindrica. Mamme aperte. ie ae, ** Cauda cylindrica, vel apice tantum disticha. Sciurus fuscus griseo variegatus subtus albidus, striis tribus nigris longitudinalibus, hypochondriis femoribusque tenia ferruginea diffusa, lateribus colli et abdo- minis angusta notatis. Bokkol, of the Javanese. Sciurus insignis, LE Lary, Fréd. Cu Mamm. lithogr. 34 livraison. Encyel. Method. Mammalogie, Supplement, p. 544. Par M. A. G. Desmarest, 1822. . THE discovery of numerous species of the genus Sciurus, in recent periods, has.required the establishment of a second section, in which those individuals that are provided with a cylindrical tail, are separated from the common Squirrels of Europe and North America, in which the hairs on this organ are disposed in two rows. Of these new species, some have been added from South America, others from the Islands of the Indian Archipelago; the latter are likewise distinguished by short rounded ears with a narrow helix closely applied to the head, destitute of a brush-like appendage of long hairs, and by genital organs, in the male, of uncommon size. SCIURUS INSIGNIS. — The Bokkol of the Javanese, which is now to be described, belongs to this section. The covering is grayish-brown, inclining to tawny above and on the sides, and white underneath, with an intermediate streak of a ferruginous tint, extending from the angle of the mouth to the posterior extremities, with different shades of intensity, and diffusing itself irregularly over the thighs and flanks. But a distin- guishing character is afforded,to the Bokkol by three black lines, about one fourth of an inch in breadth, extending from the neck to the rump. One of these is placed in the middle, and follows the course of the spine; the others are parallel to it, . one on each side, at a distance equal to the breadth of the lines. The upper parts are. delicately variegated, in consequence of the alternate bands of gray, tawny, and black with which the separate hairs are marked. The muzzle and forehead are nearly uniformly gray, with a slight diffusion of a blackish brown colour. On the crown of the head, and on the neck above, this colour is more intense. The white colour of the under parts shews itself distinctly on the throat and neck ; it is more obscure and contracted on the breast and abdomen. The intermediate ferru- ginous streak begins on the lateral parts of the head; on the throat and neck it is obscure and partial; it diffuses itself irregularly over the shoulders and along the abdomen, mixing with the gray of the sides, and the white of the lower parts. It is broader and more intense on the flanks, and spreads on the anterior part of the thighs, while the lower parts of the thighs, as well as the legs, on both extremities, agree in colour with the upper parts. The feet have the same tints as the muzzle and forehead. The tail has a more intense colour than the body, and is obscurely undulated with brown and black, having gray hairs irregularly scattered over it. The claws are of a pale horny colour, and the front teeth are rendered conspicuous by a beautiful reddish-brown glossy tint. Several long black mustaches, closely applied to the head, arise near the lip from the extremity of the muzzle. The covering of the Bokkol is thick and close, consisting of long hairs, soft to the touch, closely applied to the body, and plentifully supplied at the base with soft down. The hairs of the tail are greatly lengthened. The characters which chiefly distinguish the section to which our animal belongs, from that which contains the European and North American species, are a cylindrical tail, and rounded ears. Towards the extremity of the tail, the hairs are loosely disposed in the Bokkol, but they never separate into two rows, as in the common Squirrel. The appearance of the ear is carefully represented in the figure. The interior portion is large and vaked, and the helix is narrow, and closely applied to the head. The feet present nothing peculiar, and the muzzle is short and thick. The height of our animal is three inches and a half. From the root of the tail SCIURUS INSIGNIS. to the tip of the nose, it measures seven inches and a half, and the tail is as long as the body and neck together. The Bokkol is a rare animal in Java. I met with it once only in the forests of Blambangan, in the year 1806, and a drawing of it was then prepared. The - specimen, which was collected at the same period, has been deposited in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company, and has been before me in arranging the preceding description. The Drawing of the figure which illustrates this article, was already in the hands of the engraver when the 34th Number of M. Fréd Cuvier’s Mammiferes Lithographisées reached this country. He has given the name used by the natives of Sumatra; and his specific name, by which it will be introduced into the systems, is placed at the head of this article. It may be presumed to be a rare animal in Sumatra as well as in Java, as it is not contained in the Catalogue of a Zoological Collection of Sir Stamford Raffles, printed in the Thirteenth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society. =. i ae a » = = ” * * & dé 5 ¥ a ! 4 r ; s - - ' * . 7 i] , " é * a. - * L . if # ia * = a a 4 - mn - » aa F . } i r - . - , “ * »= - as ’ | : LJ ‘ a * P| 4 ; » | . eat au i, ae “ : es 7 ~~ :* = my it ¥ ’ 7 4s . i 5 ' n l > ' a id “s j oh * L 7 " i a we Fa a , t ry a "3 = 4 bg =|»! wiry saat: > a ma “ a ie! # ’ eae = e i wet wit en) ee a) i we : “ t . oh, y : a, i ” rT rh aa | Uw Le tet tare’. i oe wy sie a3 ofie! se i “- . a? F ; Het ai aad! er of tt. % Med tye He J + a a i ." ~_—— = oa ee ‘ 2 * Scher = ; eee ays be : 18 1 L “aN mas = eh , | EON GT Rome, ~ Hh, ; Pe ic lies adi Se elke ‘, : 4 Fd = GLP fara Lt Pros YT of Behe | Pf ahate : ‘ as rs - | int f T == - | i ~—F a FA exp Crit, to f he ’ f aN ? Wy. n | My ; ( Wine aN is rey 1 Lil M. ae oi = Rc ae hy t ; 5 ae ttt f = a ey her Ges " a a 'S INSIGNI] SCIURUS hp oe rs ‘esr Leantanhal’ Shrek Cet” de Alten # a OS, oa n Published by A > i? ak Le | I ‘= fe ee . > ] | J : = i H aT i ® , ‘. bo i - A } 7 : th | z ‘ F oh a fo) ae Lata % ia i ¥ =k PT x ml 1 ih ie g* 7 ® . eee Ee he » a A ea oi » sm = x “iat aes -_ ed ae pe} i ae | " sh 4 ; a 1 4, ! oy a A =m & F] e cif p var oy rb ne ih t! L ie ¥ J a : } ‘ ew | oa ] a Ps = ’ = ie! ae che ata ; 4! ' : 4) a ial ae = L ~ | Ch _ r : i \e ~- ie, * a 1 tT : . ‘ = ten = aw -_ ¥ ‘ a bod *. a i) SCIURUS PLANTANI. Orv. IV™ RonceEvrs, Cuvier. 1* Division. Orv. IV. Girres, Linn. Syst. Orv. IV. Prensicutanti4, Iiliger, Fam. 9, Agilia. SCIURUS, Linn. Briss. Erxleb. Bodd. Cuv. Geoff: Illig. &e. Car. GeN.—Dentium formula; Primores =, Molares =. Primores superiores pagina antica leves, inferiores admodum compressi acuti. Pro Laniaris diastema. Molares abrupti obducti tritores, supra antico accessorio. Rostrum acutum. Labrum fissum. Sacculi buccales nulli. Auricule oblonge, penicillate vel rotundate, simplices. Cauda elongata villosa, compressiusculo-disticha vel cylindrica. Mune aperte. tt * Cauda disticha. Sciurus supra fulvo fuscoque varius, subtus circulo oculos cingente strigaque utrinque laterali fulvis, cauda corpore paululum longiore nigro annulata. Bajing, of the Javanese and Malays. Plantane Squirrel, Pennants Hist. of Quadr. Second Edition, 1781, U1. p. 416. n. 281.—Third Ed Il. p. 151. n. 348. Shaw's Zool. II. 148. Sciurus Plantani, Sven Ingemar Ljung. Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. nya, Handl. XXII. 1801. p. 99. Widemann’s Archiv, Ill. 2. p. 249. Sciurus notatus, Boddaert Elen. anim. I. p. 119. Sciurus bilineatus, Geoff: Collect. du Mus. Desmar, nouv. Dict. d Hist. nat. iom. 10, p. 106. Desmar. Encycl. Method. Mammalog. p. 336. THE first notice of the animal which has been selected for this article, was communicated to the Public by Mr. Pennant, in the year 1781, in the second edition of his History of Quadrupeds. He — the name of Plantane Squirrel to it, SCIURUS PLANTANT. and states that it is common in Java and Prince’s Island, and called by the Malays, Ba-djing. It does not appear whence Mr. Pennant’s information was obtained; but the name is spelled according to the orthography used in the Dutch language. His description, although concise, distinctly characterizes our animal. In the year 1784, Captain Joh. Brandes, who visited Batavia, in a Swedish vessel, had an opportunity of examining the Javanese Bajing; and a description of it, illustrated by a plain engraving, was published, from his communications in the XXIId Volume of the Swedish Transactions, by Mr. S. I. Ljung. The name of Scrurus PLANTANI was now applied to it, which, although perhaps objectionable in its formation, has been preserved ; but the publication of a Drawing, from the specimens in the Honourable East India Company’s Museum, in which the colours are accurately exhibited, has not been rendered useless by Captain Brandes’ figure, which in this country can rarely be consulted. Boddaert, about the same period, described the Plantane Squirrel, from Mr. Pennant’s materials, in his Elenchus Animalium, and named it Sciurus notatus. The next notice of our animal is given in the Catalogue of the Museum of Paris, by M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, from specimens collected in Java by M. Leschenault de Latour. It here receives the name of dilineatus; but as the sides are marked with a single line, it conveys an erroneous idea of our animal, when compared with the Se. bivittatus, which has two lines on each side. I have therefore preferred the name of M. Ljung, as the most ancient, and as recording the name first employed by Mr. Pennant. The Sciurus Plantani was one of the first quadrupeds which I observed in Java, and a concise notice of it was contained in a Manuscript Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, which was sent to England in the year 1812. Several other Sciuri from that Island are now arranged in the Museum of the Company, together with the species forwarded from Sumatra by Sir Stamford Raffles. To these the discoveries of Dr. George Finlayson, who accompanied John Crawfurd, Esq. in his mission to Siam, in this genus, have recently been added. These materials afford several new species to the systematic Catalogues ; and the comparisons connected with the examination of them, have led me to a general review of the Indian Sciuri. Several of these are illustrated by the manuscript remarks, and by the drawings of Dr. Francis Hamilton, which are deposited in the East India Company’s Library, the free use of which he has, with the most gentlemanly liberality, afforded to me. The result of my inquiries will appear after the description of the Sciurus SCIURUS PLANTANI. -Plantani, in a general enumeration of Indian Sciuri. The history and characters of several of these still require further observations, and the comparison of good speci- mens, with authentic descriptions made in the native countries. The varieties to which several of them are subject, have, in a few cases, led to an erroneous multipli- cation of species; but while the examination of the numerous animals belonging to this genus is extended, several, as yet doubtful subjects, will probably be shewn to be really distinct species. The entire length of the Sciurus Plantani is seven inches. Many individuals that I examined, measure only six inches and an half. The tail is a little longer than the body and head together. The covering above is delicately variegated; the separate hairs, as in several other Squirrels, are marked with alternate bands of tawny and brown, by which a beautiful mixture is produced. The same colour also covers the head, the extremities exteriorly, and the sides of the body, under the line which characterizes this species; it is more intense on the tip of the nose. The under parts of the head, neck, body, and extremities, are fulvous, with a considerable brilliancy of tint. 'The same tint also marks a circle around the eyes, a line extend- ing from the shoulder to the thigh along the sides of the body, and the cheeks and upper lip ; along the under side of the tail it is gradually blended with the colour of the upper parts. The tail is regularly marked above with narrow transverse bands of a dark brown colour, alternating with the same mixture of tawny and brown that covers the upper parts. It is terminated by long hairs of a tawny hue, in which the bands are indistinctly perceptible. The under parts are, in some cases, of a paler tint: the individual described by M. S, I. Ljung was white underneath. The eyes are vivid and prominent, The front teeth in the lower jaw are comparatively acute and lengthened. Numerous long, stiff bristles, of a black colour, arise from the upper lip and from the sides of the nose; a few shorter bristles are thinly scattered on the cheeks. The ears occupy a considerable space on the sides of the head; the lobes are large and érect, with an inflected margin; they are without the tuft of long hairs which decorates several Sciuri. The hairy covering is thick, and closely applied to the skin; the separate hairs are of moderate length, downy at the base, and, especially under- neath, very delicate and soft to the touch. The anterior extremities have, in place of a thumb, a minute warty protuberance, which is scarcely perceptible; the structure of the feet and toes, in other respects, agrees with that of other Squirrels. In M. Ljung’s account of our animal, the feet are erroneously characterized as four-toed in all the extremities. The name of Sury-Cat which it has at Batavia, and which by the Dutch is also given to the Ryzena or Suricata, found at the Cape of Good Hope, has probably given rise to this mistake. SCIURUS PLANTANI. Of all the quadrupeds found in Java, the Bajing is perhaps the most abundartt. It inhabits both the sea-coast, and those districts of the interior that are but little elevated above the level of the ocean. All these are very productive of the Plantane or Banana, from ‘resorting to which Mr. Pennant has taken his specific name, ‘and he describes it as clattering over the dried leaves with vast noise. It is also found on the Tamarind tree, and on fruit-trees in general; but it is more particularly notorious on account of the injury which it occasions to the Cocoa-nut tree. ‘The pursuit and destruction of the Bajing become a necessary task to the natives, as the preservation of fruits in general, and particularly of the Cocoa-nut, in a great measure depends on it. This tree, in many parts of the Island, affords the principal revenue to the peasants and proprietors of plantations, and, next to rice, is, in this climate, perhaps the most useful production of the vegetable kingdom. The enu- meration of its various uses, both in the diet and in the domestic economy of the natives, would afford matter for an extensive essay. The natives are therefore frequently found engaged in the chace of the Bajing; and the remains of it are sometimes exhibited in numerous skins suspended about their dwellings. The diminution of the numbers of the Gray Squirrel, in America, was in former times thought worthy of the notice of Government, and a small premium was paid for each skin: a similar measure might be recommended in Java, for the protection of the peasant and landholder. The Sciurus Plantani increases perhaps more rapidly than Squirrels in northern climates. Its food, in a temperate and fertile region, is always abundant, and its numbers are never checked by the frosts of a severe winter. The Sciurus Plantani has the manners of Squirrels in general; it lives on trees, and constructs, as in other countries, a simple nest, with various vegetable materials; but the Cocoa-nut tree, which, by its fruit, attracts our animal, rarely affords it a permanent residence, as the constant visits of the natives to the summit, for the collection of the fruit, enable them to dislodge this injurious intruder. The Bajing is capable of the same degree of domestication with most other Squirrels: it is often found perfectly tamed, both at liberty and confined in cages, in the dwellings of native or European residents in Java. In the peculiarities of its organization, the Bajing agrees with other Sciuri. The form of the head, the structure of the teeth, and the number and character of the toes, present nothing peculiar. The tail has the form of a compressed cylinder; but the hairs are shorter, and spread less to the sides, than in the European, and in several American Squirrels. The peculiar structure of the tail, according to which M. Desmarest has divided this genus into two sections, has been exhibited in the description of the Sciurus insignis. The external marks on the body afford SCIURUS PLANTANTI. likewise a character for dividing Squirrels into two groups: according to these, I shall now attempt a general list of Indian Squirrels. I shall first enumerate those in which the body is marked, either laterally or above, with longitudinal lines or streaks ; these form one section :—in the second, the upper and under parts present a considerable contrast in colour; the former are uniformly of a dark, and the latter of a light tint. Between these, a new species, from Siam, may be placed, in which the colour is uniform throughout. I shall commence the Catalogue with the subject described in this article; after which a new species from Java will be placed, which has been named zigrovettatus : several other species follow, which are marked with lateral strie; and then those in which the striz are disposed along the back. The series will be completed by those animals in which the upper and lower parts differ more strikingly in colour. GENERAL ENUMERATION OF INDIAN SCIURI. 1. SCIURUS PLANTANI, Pennant, Ljung, 1781, 1784. Se. supra fulvo fuscoque varius, subtus circulo oculos cingente strigaque utrinque laterali fulvis, cauda corpore paululum longiore nigro annulata. Native place, the Island of Java. Described from specimens in the Honourable East India Company’s Museum. 2. SCIURUS NIGROVITTATUS, Nobis, 1803. Se. supra fulvo griseo fuscoque saturato varius, margine abdominali circuloque oculos cingente pallidioribus, subtus canus, striga laterali nigra, cauda corpore longiore nigro annulata. This species agrees with the former in the distribution of the external marks; but it is somewhat larger in size, and, as far as I have observed, less abundant in Java. It has also, above, a darker tint; and the under side is gray, with a blueish east: the transverse bands of the tail are broader, and more strongly marked. The black line along the sides affords a clear specific distinction. Native place, the Island of Java. Museum of the East India Company. SCIURUS PLANTANI. 3. SCIURUS ALBOVITTATUS, Desmar. Sc. supra testaceo rufescens striga utrinque laterali alba, subtus albus, cauda basi cylindrica apice disticha nigro alboque varia, unguibus longis compressis parum arcuatis. M. Desmarest has given the character, accompanied by a description, from specimens brought from the Cape of Good Hope, by M. Delalande. He considers as a variety, the Squirrel which was found by Sonnerat, in the vicinity of Gingi, near Pondichery ; and which was distinguished, in the systematic Catalogues, by the name of Ecureuil de Gingi, Sonn. Voy. 2. p. 140, pil. 89. Sciurus dschinschicus, Linn. Syst. Hd. Gmel. 1. p 151. Sciurus Ginginianus, Shaw’s Zool. Il. p. 147. Gingi Squirrel, Pennani’s Hist. of Quadr. Il. p. 141. 4. SCIURUS BIVITTATUS, Raffles, Desmar. _ Se. supra nigrescente fulvoque varius, subtus clare rufo nitens, lateribus utrinque strigis duabus contiguis superiore alba inferiore nigra, cauda cylindrica flavo variegata apice rufa. Tupai, of the Malays in Sumatra. Sciurus vittatus, Sir 7. S. Raffles’s Cat. of a Zool. Col. made in Sumatra, Tr. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 259. Sciurus bivittatus, Desmar. Encycl. Method. Mammalog. p. 543. Suppl. Ecureuil toupaye, F’réd. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr. 33° livraison. The first account of this species was given by Sir Stamford Raffles, in his description of a Zoological Collection made in Sumatra. The figure of M. Fréd. Cuvier, in the above cited work, affords a good representation of this animal, from a drawing made on the same Island. Dr. Finlayson found it in Pulo-Penang and in Malacca. It is therefore pretty generally distributed through the Indian Archipelago. Museum of the East India Company. SCIURUS PLANTANI. 5. SCIURUS INSIGNIS, Desmar. Sc. fuscus griseo variegatus, subtus albidus, striis tribus nigris longitudinalibus, hypochondriis femoribusque tenia ferruginea diffusa lateribus colli et abdominis angusta notatis. Bokkol, of the Javanese. Lary, of the Natives of Sumatra. Sciurus insignis, Le Lary, Fréd. Cuv. Mamm. lithogr. 34% Lior. Sciurus insignis, Desmar. Encycl. Method. Mammalog. p. 544. Horsf. Zool. Res. in Java, &e. No. 5. Native place, the Island of Java. Observed in 1806. Museum of the East India Company. 6. SCIURUS PALMARUM, Linn. Sc. supra griseo fuscoque varius striis tribus flavicantibus, subtus albus, cauda supra rufescente subtus albida, pilis nigris varia. Ecureuil Palmiste vulgairement Rat Palmiste, Briss. Regn. anim. p. 156. n. 10. Mustela africana, Clus. erot. p. 112. c. fig. Ionst. Quadr. p. 106. Eus. nieremb. Hist. Nat. lib. TX. cap. 32. p. 172. ¢. fig. Rati syn. quadr. p. 230. Le Palmiste, Buff: Hist. Nat. tom. X. p. 126, t. 26. Palm Squirrel, Penn. Hist. Quadr, Ed. 3. I. 149. Sciurus Palmarum, Linn. Syst. Hd. Gmel. I. p. 149, Shaw's Zool. Il. p. 146. Desmar. Encycl. Mammalog. p. 336. ) Das Palmen Eichhorn, Schreber Sdugth. IV. p. 802. Tab. CCXX. Sciurus penicellatus, Leach. Zool. Mise. 1. p. 6. Tab. 1. Native place, continental India. . Museum of Joseph Sabine, Esq. London. 7. SCIURUS FINLAYSONII, Nobis. Se. lacteus dorso flavescente, oculis vibrissis palmis plantisque nigris, cauda_ pilis nigris raris interspersa. Kcureuil blane de Siam, Buff: Hist. Nat. VII. p. 256. This species is dedicated to the memory of Dr. George Finlayson, (of His Majesty's 59th Regiment,) the naturalist, who accompanied John Crawfurd, Esq. in SCIURUS PLANTANI. his mission to Siam and Cochin-China. An interesting collection of quadrupeds, birds, and other objects of Natural History, the result of his meritorious labours during the visit of the mission to those countries, has been deposited in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company ; and I have introduced the new species discovered by Dr. Finlayson, in this Catalogue of Indian Sciuri. These materials have also afforded the means of comparing several species previously described. __ Dr. Finlayson embarked for Europe, in the ship the General Hewett, soon after his return to Calcutta, in charge of the Collections. His health was in a precarious state, from’ the effects of an Indian climate; and we have to lament that he did not live to return to his native country. | This species has hitherto been mentioned by Buffon alone, from the following concise notice in P. Tachard’s Travels. “ Nous y (at Lonpeen, a village situated in the extensive forests of Siam) vimes aussi des Ecureuils, qui ont le poil parfaitement blanc et la peau tres-noire.”—Second Voyage du P. Tachard, Paris, 1689, p. 249. The following description is extracted from Dr. Finlayson’s manuscripts:—* The head and body yellowish white; the head round; the cheeks full; the nose large ; the ears large, plain, not tufted; the iris dark brown; the whiskers long and black ; the tail bushy, interspersed with black hairs, and tufted; palms of the feet black. This is an elegant, lively, and active species of Squirrel, almost perfectly white. The body is about seven inches in length, and the tail is equal in length to the body. The eyes are black and lively; and the animal, though white, has not the leuceethiopic habit common in the animals of Siam. It frequents large trees, feeds on their bark and fruit, and is generally seen upon a tall species of Aleurites. One of the speci- mens was shot by Lieut. Rutherford, on the Islands called Sichang, in the Gulf of Siam.” Museum of the East India Company. 8. SCIURUS AFFINIS, Raffles. Se. corpore supra cano fuscoque vario, subtus capite caudaque apice canis, tenia laterali fulvescente, cauda fusco fasciata. | Sciurus affinis, Sir 7. S. Raffles’s Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra, Th, Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 259. | , The hairy covering of the upper parts is fulvous brown, with a cast of gray ; it is variegated with delicate transverse bands. The whole of the head, the SCIURUS PLANTANI. under parts throughout, and the extremity of the tail, are gray. This latter organ is cylindrical, somewhat distended in the middle, and then tapering to a point; the transverse bands are irregular. Between the tints of the sides and abdomen, a stripe of reddish brown intervenes, which is continued to the neck. The whiskers consist of black and white hairs intermixed, The ears are rounded above, and without any brush-like appendage. The length of the body and head is nine, and of the tail seven inches. Sir Stamford Raffles discovered this species in 1819, in the woods of Singapore. One specimen, from Pulo Panjang, in the Gulf of Siam, is contained in Dr. Finlayson’s Collection. This specimen is somewhat smaller than the Sciurus bicolor, to which Sir Stamford compares the size of the Sciurus affinis, as it is observed in Singapore. Museum of the East India Company. 9. SCIURUS TENUIS, Nobis. Sc. supra fulvo saturato nigroque tenuissime varius, margine laterali fulvescente, subtus flavicante cinereus, cauda fulva nigro fasciata. The entire length of the body and head is five inches and an half, and of the tail five inches. It differs from the affinis in size, and in having generally a darker tint. The covering above is uniformly and delicately variegated with dark tawny and blackish brown; towards the sides the tint becomes fulvous, with some lustre, but no defined line or streak i8 apparent: The sides of the head and neck have the same colour. The under parts of the neck and abdomen, and the extremi- ties interiorly, are pale yellowish gray, with a slight tint of fulvous. The tail above is gray, with obscure black bands, and irregular tawny specks; it has the same form as in the Sc. affinis, being narrow at the base, broader im the middle, and terminated by a long, attenuated, grayish tuft, which is obscurely banded with black. The separate hairs covering the tail have a band of a fulvous colour at the base, of black in the middle, and of gray at the extremity. Native place, Singapore. Museum of the East India Company, from Dr, Finlayson’s Collection. B SCIURUS PLANTANI. 10. SCIURUS ERYTHRRUS, Pallas. Sc. supra ex flavo et fusco mistus, infra ex sanguineo fulvus, auriculis ciliatis, cauda ex sanguineo fulva. Gmel. Das rothbauchige Eichhorn, Schreb. Sdugth. Ruddy Squirrel, Penn. Quad. II. 143. : This species is only known by the account of Pallas; and as this is concise, I shall give it in his own words. “ Descriptum specimen magnitudine erat Sciuri vulgaris, vel paulo forte majus. Color corporis fere qui in Cavia Aguti observatur, luteo fuscoque mixti pilis; subtus longitudinaliter sanguineo fulvus seu saturatissime rufus. Idem color est caude tereti-villose, et quam fascia superne longitudinalis nigricans legit. Palmz tetradac- tyle, verruca insignis, loco pollicis notate. Plante pentadactyle. Auricule sub- barbate.”— Pallas glir. p. 377. Native place, according to Pallas, East India, 11. SCIURUS BICOLOR, Sparrmann. Se. supra niger, infra fulvus, auriculis acutis imberbibus, palmarum ungue pollicari magno rotundato. _ | : Sciurus bicolor, Andreas Sparrmann, Githeborgska Handlingar, Wetenskap St. I. p. 70. 1778. Linn. Syst. Ed. Gmel. I. p. 148. Desmar. Encycl, Mammalog. p. 336. Javan Squirrel, Penn. Hist. Quadr. Il. 409, Ed. 3. 11. 142. Shaw's Zool, Il. p. 130. Das Javanische Eichhorn, Schreb. Séugth. p.'781. Tab. CCXVI, The description of Sparrmann appears to have been made from a young animal : he gives twelve inches to the length of the body, and as much to the tail. The adult is considerably larger: two specimens in the Honourable Company’s Museum might be considered as belonging to a distinct species, were the subject not illustrated by the following observation of Sir Stamford Raffles. “ A young male,” he says, “ of the S. bicolor, procured from the Straits of Sunda, had the whole of the tail of the same SCIURUS PLANTANI. fulvous colour as the belly, while in adult ones it is entirely black.” A very concise and correct description of this animal, by Dr. Francis Hamilton, is preserved in the Library at the India House. “ Sciurus bicolor : saw a live one lately taken in the woods. The extreme length is about a yard, three-fifths of which are occupied by the tail. The body above, and all the tail, are black, with long, harsh, shaggy hair. On the loins the tips of the hair have a reddish chestnut hue. The throat, breast, belly, inside of the thighs, and fore legs are tawny, with softer hair. The fore feet are black, with very short thumbs. The hind legs and feet are black. The tail is depressed, that is to say, the hair is turned towards the two sides. The ears are short, plain, hairy, rather round at the end, with a sharp edge.” Hamilton’s Manuscripts. —This description agrees exactly with several specimens in the Museum at the India House, from Dr. Finlayson’s Collection. Native place, continental India, Siam, and the Eastern Archipelago. 12. SCIURUS LESCHENAULTII, Desmar. Sc. supra fuscus, capite gula ventre antipedumque parte anteriore et interiore flavi- cantibus, cauda supra fusca subtus flava. Jelarang, of the Javanese. Sciurus albiceps, Geoff: Coll. du Mus. Desmar. nouv. Diction. d Hist. 2 Ed. tom. 10. pag. 105. Length, from the root of the tail to the tip of the nose, fifteen inches; tail of the same length. The external covering of this species is subject to greater variations than that of any other of the Indian Squirrels that I am acquainted with, Of the numerous specimens contained in the Museum at the India House, some are pale yellow, others deep brown. In several the colour is uniform ; in others it is distributed in irregular patches of different shades; but the separate hairs are not variegated or _ banded, as in many of the species above enumerated. The darker specimens have some resemblance to the Sciurus bicolor; but the examination of numerous specimens has convinced me that these two species are decidedly distinct. The tint, in the bicolor, is of the deepest black, and the tail, in the adult specimens, is always uni- form with the body. In the Sciurus Leschenaultii, the tail, in adult specimens, is often gray or yellowish, and it has a different form and termination. Our species is likewise readily distinguished by its figure and habits. It is found abundantly in Java. Museum of the East India Company. — SCIURUS PLANTANI. 18. SCIURUS PREVOSTII, Desmar. Se. supra niger, subtus badius, lateribus flavis, cauda fusca. Sciurus Prevostii, Desmar, E:ncycl. Mammalog, p. 385. Size of the European Squirrel. Described by M. Desmarest, from a specimen in the collection of Natural History of Brest. It differs from the Sciurus bicolor, with which it might be confounded in size, and in a defined streak along the sides. Native place, India. 14. SCIURUS HYPOLEUCOS, Nobis. Se. supra testaceus margine laterali fulvo, subtus fronte lateribusque capitis albis, cauda corpore longiore testaceo fuscescente apice flavicante. General colour of the upper parts, and of the legs exteriorly, testaceous brown, surrounded on the flanks, neck, and along the thighs, with a border of a paler, nearly fulvous tint. On the summit of the head the colour is mixed with gray ; on the tail, above, it becomes darker, inclining to brown; underneath, this organ is marked with a line of a lighter tint, and the tip is yellowish. The throat, the sides of the head, the cheeks, the under parts of the neck, body, and thighs, are pure white, The anterior thighs are fringed with a border of delicate hair. The ears are of moderate length, acute, and without any tuft at the extremity. The nose and forehead are gray; the whiskers very long and black: a few separate bristles arise from the cheeks. This species equals in size the largest Squirrel hitherto discovered. The length of the head.and body is full fifteen inches, and of the tail, about seventeen. It is of a-robust habit; the tail is compressed or two-sided, but less bushy than in the Sc. maximus. It is a native of Sumatra, whence it was forwarded to the Honourable Company’s Museum by Sir Stamford Rafiles. Museum of the East India Company. SCIURUS PLANTANL. 15. SCIURUS MACROURUS, Pennani. Se. ‘capite dorsoque supra nigris, subtus flavus, cauda grisea. Sciurus zeylonicus, pilis in dorso nigricantibus, Rukkaia dictus. Fait syn. Quad. p. 215. Sciurus macrourus, long-tailed Squirrel. Penn. Ind. Zool. tab. 1, Eraleb. mamm. p. 420. Linn. Syst. Ed. Gmel. p. 148. Shaw's Zool. 11. p. 129. Desmar. Eneyel. ~ Mammalog. p. 335. Sciurus Ceilonensis, Bodd. Elen. anim. p. 117. Ceylon Squirrel, Penn. Hist. Quad. 2d Ed. p. 408. Das langschwinzige Eichhorn, Schreb. Séugth. IV. p. 783. t. CCXVIL. Dandoelana or Roekea, of the inhabitants of Ceylon. This species was first defined by Mr. Pennant in his Indian Zoology, from a drawing prepared for John Gideon Loten, Esq. formerly a Governor of one of the Dutch establishments in Ceylon. This drawing exhibits an animal similar, in all points relating to form and proportion, to the Sciurus maximus of Gmelin, the Grand Ecureuil de la eéte du Malabar, of Sonnerat; it differs in colour and in some peculiarities of the external marks; and on the accuracy with which these are represented, depends the final determination, whether the Long-tailed Squirrel of Pennant be a distinct species. _M. Cuvier observes, that it is sufficient to compare the figures of Pennant and Sonnerat, to determine that they represent the same animal; but M. Desmarest, after having adopted this opinion, has determined, in the arrangement of the species, in the article Mammalogie of the Encyclopedia, to separate them again, on the ground of the difference of colour, until further elucida- tions should be obtained on this subject. As I have been favoured with an opportunity of examining the original drawing of the Long-tailed Squirrel, which, with a general series of drawings of subjects of Natural History, prepared under the superintendence of Governor Loten, is now deposited in the Library of thé late Sir Joseph Banks, I am enabled to attest the accuracy of Mr. Pennant’s description; and, in order to afford a comparison with a drawing which will be referred to in the account of Sciurus maximus, I shall concisely detail.the peculiarities which tend to confirm the distinct character of the Sciurus macrourus. The line extending transversely from the ears across the cheeks to the neck, which, judging from the drawings and descriptions, is single in the Sciurus maximus, is represented double in Governor Loten's drawing’ SCIURUS PLANTANTI. the head above, and all the upper parts, the thighs, and the biparted line on the cheeks, are black with a cast of deep blue; the under parts are yellow, of a light tint; the tail is light gray; the nose flesh-coloured, and the feet black ; between the ears a white band stretches across the head. Both species agree in having the ears tufted with long black hairs. From a drawing prepared in Ceylon for J. G. Loten, Esq. preserved in the Banksian Library . 16. SCIURUS MAXIMUS, Gmel. Se. capite colloque supra dorso lateribus fascia transversa genum pedibusque ex rubicundo fuscis, armis femoribus- tergo uropygio caudaque preter apicem nigris, subtus fascia occipitali caudaque apice flavicantibus, genis sordide fulvis. Rasoo, of the people who inhabit the Ratufar hills: Dr. Francis Hamilton’s MS. Le grand Ecureuil de la Céte de Malabar, Sonnerat Voyag. tom. 2. pag. 139. pl. 87. Buffon Hist. Nat. Suppl. VU. p. 254, pl. LXII. Sciurus indicus, Hraleb. mamm. p. 420, (1777.) Linn. Syst. Ed. Gmel. 149. Sciurus purpureus, Zimm. Zool. Geogr. quadr. p. 518, (1777.) Sciurus bombayus, Bodd. Elen. anim. p. 118, (17835.) Sciurus maximus, Linn. Syst. Ed. Gmel. p. 149, excluso charactero specifico, (1788.) Desmar. Encycl, Mammalog. p. 334. Malabar Squirrel, Penn. Hist. Quadr. Ed. 8. 1. p. 141. Bombay Squirrel, Penn. Syn. Quadr. p. 281. Hist. Quadr. II. p. 409. Ed. 3, IT. p- 143. Shaw's Zool. Il. p. 133. Great Squirrel, Shaw's Zool. II. p. 127. Das malabarische Eichhorn, Schreb. Sdugth. p. 784. T. CCXVII. B. Das Eichhorn von Bombay, Schreb. Sdugth. p. 786. This species, which has been named, by way of distinction, the Great Squirrel, is only equalled by the Sciurus hypoleucos. The first description of it is given by M. Sonnerat, in the second Volume of his Travels, with the name of grand Ecureuil de la céte de Malabar: he also communicated to the celebrated Buffon, a prepared skin of an Indian Squirrel, the description of which, by the Count La Cepede, contained in the VIIth Volume of the Supplement to the Natural History, agrees in all points with this animal. Various specific names have been applied to it SCIURUS PLANTANI. by systematic writers, and the character is not defined by them with sufficient. clear- ness. That of Erxleben is too concise to distinguish it from the allied species; Gmelin erroneously defines it “ black underneath.” The Bombay Squirrel of Mr. Pennant, described from a skin in Dr. Hunter’s Cabinet, is, in my opinion, the same with his Malabar Squirrel, which he has named and described according te Sonnerat. The descriptions of the Sciurus maximus, given by Sonnerat and La Cepede, are illustrated and confirmed by an excellent drawing, presented by Dr. Hamilton to the Library of the East India Company; and, as his MS. notes on Indian Qua- drupeds and Birds contain a concise description of this animal, made from a living subject, I shall, with his kind consent, extract it in his own words :—“ The upper parts of the neck, back and sides, and the legs and feet are dark reddish-brown. The shoulders, the rump, and the hinder parts of the back and thighs are black. The nose and lips are of a dirty flesh colour. The cheeks and the circumference of the eyes are dirty brown. The fore part of the face is very dark reddish-brown. The ears are short and round, and are covered with bright reddish-brown hairs, which form a tuft longer than the ear itself. Between the ears is a broad pale-yellow band. From the ears down to the cheeks there runs a vertical reddish-brown line. The throat, the fore and inside of the fore legs, the breast, the belly, and the fore and inside of the hinder thighs are yellow. Between the upper lip, and before and behind each ear, it has very long and strong black whiskers. The irides are dark brown. The tail, on the upper part and sides, is covered with very long close hair, which may be made to stand nearly erect. They are black every where except the tip, which is dirty yellow or white. The under side of the tail is covered with short hair. The hair on the body is long and harsh.” Hamilton’s MS. ™, 3 ¥ ". . t= é ee ; 7 tp « : a #’ i. a 5 AF = he ot é =, eae f \ ate F em i ‘ . 7 a | Mem Che ere ict ki solo hasiotue cai en ct Fivanitl pet ef aaisanankd oily’ Bink, stotiiee | peibega liailin cai crave stele cusses it asdotion cet ik. tipo ‘oa if ihe ee fom pA ivadino’ al'P. ) abasnhia: Tals? i” mane 2 {fae aie Se ny at tome) Wetuoli Sb ak alee a oyiat i . LF. 1a et Raibyoons aes! Frey. Beare ace va ut fined iondupa bed pe acl: ey sree oe ae Jossriceast rite 2 Solio 31 et betusese: acts ‘infin a ie it) cotter E ay wayyies 11. pak ox hae Bas BA) es i | ‘etoygorg nee T™ was Sth Awe tage clesticg” ei oe my : a pa we k = “ft ee aa a ‘— a! ‘* ' "I oe ea 45 r * , > t | a aie ‘on -_ 1 “3 Land — Ms ‘ il < ae See Pig. let ay | ac {dd his ak : Le, | ' ‘ , Z i ; = - ‘ 5 - he jth & ' rut hia ) ao eh i tia, CR RRS Fhe tele ke ' 7 ' cea 6 if = aa M ; om r j ad Pn I * ‘Et ' a > i 7 : - “ : Ll ' ~- | cc] ® 4 ia = kb ; bes ‘INVA! NVLNW Tdi "bolt r an (fF Peay a ( PeAayp 27h Yee i PPE year | Me asl ee ti mop Aarngeaay “Ad fede AIT? re ve Oe? if) Pr Ce Aa PTY er Fe are a ae pes S$ SMT os a | oe P, “é ri oa, ’ | > a : Li ca <= - * » id S a 3 ri 6.4 rT H « i - : i = 4 Ws i ‘ a bul rs *, aa A ot Th. J ‘Ty _ . 5 " ai 4 7 J Th #] Ye 4 3 _ i= > ey H ‘ od + ¥ a . ' al ys > ; 7a F r a ‘in "7 i A = = ——__ — yee ~ i = q ' ; , i 7 Th b . I Lil PA | ; - dl tee a " r , s 48 F 4 P 7 i a i at lj 24 , ae be m i (- " , = ae a it | a . oy : r- srs | \. " hd apt hill fe ine a n ay J Misa: ieee, ; nil 7 ey ri ey a 2 oo a ” | 2 W " a 2 eR eS [ wart | F = es ai ' é s P ‘© » r c i uu 1 Pe re 7 t XX vi i a > ol an ' 1 id Tal 7 We ‘* } hs be! ‘ / | “- ‘ i "ey rf "| : j i 1} r a is ; oh F “it 1 cm | a TUL * | i i ier = at a? | | uf al a i r | ars | R., mn ¥ " j a = Ay i » oe Seas bye i Vi re te. Ae EH ois, ry eo a e Ne) he ‘ w z= at ’ | t II ‘i ad 5 rr ii r=] = Pol A as A f a y =? | ae a | yt * eo ey © he P = [ * | . | Fs “ a pet ~ ’ e "h. lal ine a Rae oi | ay | % Fy | ee seth ll m! - ' : a Tae) ok 7 a oe ee a lg age 4a F y 7 ma ig as. r ’ art y ret iF ga iv t | i. La | = Wie? tad ae nn a ‘J be * ie siete eat i Sie SCIURUS BICOLOR. Orp. IV™ Ronceuns, Cuvier. 1° Division. Orv. IV. Gurres, Linn. Syst. Orv. IV. Prensicutantis, Jiliger, Fam. 9, Agilia. SCIURUS, Linn. Briss. Erxleb. Bodd. Cuv. Geoff. Mig. &e. CHAR. GEN.—Dentium formula; Primores 2, Molares =. Primores superiores pagina antica leves, inferiores admodum compressi acuti. Pro Laniartis diastema. Molares abrupti obducti tritores, supra antico accessorio.. Rostrum acutum. Labrum fissum. Saceuli buccales nulli. i oo Hig eae : Pcie Su : hibieg bp ; t cit igi ue Bear aie. £ th a Us. STAGE Ay ae . py i LPG s a 4 - f i, ti Hie eS feb t py -s a a 4 = i tad :* }* kn - il u a ‘ - ia a 1" » " i “] o a ’ ) - if # é Wal PTEROMYS GENIBARBIS. Orp. IV™ Ronceurs, Cuvier. 1° Division. Orv. IV. Guires, Linn, Syst. Orv. IV. PrensicutantiA, Iiliger. Fam. 9, Agilia. PTEROMYS, Cav. Geoffr. Ilig. Scrurus, Linn. Briss, Schreb. Pallas, &e. Petavurus, Fischer. Cuar. Gen.—Dentium formula; Primores =, Molares =. Primores superiores pagina antica levigati, inferiores compressi. Pro Laniariis diastema. Molares abrupti obducti tritores, supra antico accessorio. Rostrum obtusiusculum. Labrum fissum. Sacculi buccales nulli. Auricule rotundate. Cauda elongata. Mamme aperte, pectorales et ventrales. Pedes dermopteri: patagium lumbare sepius in angulum anteriorem dilatatum osse fultum, interdum patagium collare adest. Antipedes digitis quatuor et verruca hallucari, scelides pentadactyle. Iiliger. ) — bial Pteromys canus, subtus albus, dorso medio fulvescente, cauda oblonga obtusa plana disticha, vibrissis genarum numerosis radiatis adpressis. Kechubu, of the Javanese. IN the systematic catalogues of Mammalia, two species of Pteromys have hitherto been enumerated, as natives of the Island of Java; the most remarkable of these, the Sciurus Petaurista of Gmelin, is found in various collections, and its characters are accurately defined: the Sciurus Sagitta of Linnzus is still imperfectly known. The collections of the Honourable East India Company contain two new species, which have been added from the same Island; one of these, the Pteromys genibarbis, has been selected for the present article. The history of the Sciurus Petaurista was first illustrated by the researches of Vosmaer and Pallas. The Sciurus PTEROMYS GENIBARBIS. Sagitta is mentioned as a native of Java, by Linnzus, in the 12th Edition of the Systema Nature, on the authority of Nordgren; and a detailed description of it is given after the specific character: I was not so fortunate as to procure it. By M. Cuvier it is enumerated as an inhabitant of the Eastern Archipelago, generally. Professor G. Fischer has arranged the Sciurus Sagitta, as a synonym of the Petaurus Petaurista (Sciurus P.): Pennant also has formed the opinion that they were the same animal, but Boddert admits its existence as a distinct species, and Pallas enumerates, with his usual precision, the characters which distinguish it from Sciurus Petaurista. From these various opinions among the most eminent naturalists, it appears that its history and description require further illustration. To distinguish the Sciurus Sagitta, as far as it is yet known, at once, from the Pteromys genibarbis, it is sufficient to state, that it is described as having a ferruginous brown colour, that the flying-membrane extends from the head to the anterior extremities, and that it is only one palm in length. The appearance which is expressed by the specific name of Sagitta, is not observed in the Pteromys genibarbis ; and several other distinctions will appear in the following description. The specific name of our animal is derived from a numerous series of bristles or vibrissee, disposed on the cheeks, in a radiated manner; and which, as far as I have been able to determine, distinguishes it from all other species. The Pteromys genibarbis has very nearly the size of the common European Squirrel: it measures full eight inches from the nose to the root of the tail. Its general appearance is that of the Flying-Squirrels of northern climates. The head is short, ovate, laterally compressed, and attenuated to a short, obtuse muzzle, which projects beyond the lower jaw. The nose is fleshy, thick, elevated, and the nostrils are pierced in part from the extremity, and in part from the sides. The emargination of the upper lip is scarcely perceptible, and the lower lip is short and regularly defined. The rictus, or gape of the mouth, is small; and the head passes gradually, and imper- ceptibly to the body, by a very short neck. A peculiar character is afforded to our animal, by the vibrisse, or beard of long, stiff bristles on the sides of the head, which are disposed successively above the upper lip, on the cheeks, and on the extremity of the lobes of the ears. The vibrisse of the first series are numerous, longer than the head, spreading, and of a dark colour: the second series, from the existence of which the specific name has been derived, covers the cheeks in a radiated manner, from the posterior canthus of the eye, towards the jaws; it consists of above twenty separate bristles, closely applied to the sides of the head, about an inch in length in the middle, and gradually decreasing at the upper and lower margin: the third series arises from the base of the posterior portion of the lobe of the ear; it PTEROMYS GENIBARBIS. constitutes a fascicle of long slender bristles, partially concealed by the second series, spreading far from the head, and exhibiting a character very different from the brush- like appendages which constitute the bearded or pencillike auricles, in several species of the genus Sciurus of Linneus. A less perceptible tuft of long, delicate hair arises likewise from the anterior portion of the lobe of the ear. The eyes have the usual character both of those of the genus Pteromys and of Sciurus; they are large and prominent. The structure of the ear of our animal presents several peculiarities, which distinguish it from the other Javanese species. The interior of this organ is large, naked, and disposed transversely near the extre- mity of the head; it is divided, in the middle, by a continuation of the concha, which separates an extensive meatus auditorius externus from the superior cavity: The lobe is short, linear-oblong, with an inflected margin, and surrounds only the superior portion of the ear; opposite to the continuation of the concha, it descends abruptly ; and from the base of its inflected margin, arises a thick tuft of silky hair of a white colour. The naked interior portion is partially covered by the bristles of the cheeks; and the long hairs which arise from the anterior and posterior portions of the lobe, have already been described as affording a peculiar character to our animal. The teeth agree, in number and disposition, precisely with those of the other species of Pteromys. ‘The first grinder in the upper jaw is very minute, and closely applied to the second: the surfaces are generally uniform; and being calculated for trituration, present a few rounded tubercles. The crown of each, individually, has an oblong form: they are arranged transversely, but in contact with each other, so as to constitute an uniform, longitudinal, triturating ridge. ‘The front teeth in the upper jaw have the character which is given in the generic description of those in the lower jaw; the base only is remaining in our specimen. The proportion of the extremities to the body appears the same in all species of Pteromys; but in the Aying-membrane, a slight peculiarity is observed in this, and in other Javanese species: the length of the cartilage which supports it anteriorly, affords the capacity of forming a more complete expansion than in other species. M. Cuvier observes, that both in the Pteromys Petaurista, and the Pt. Sagitta, the membrane forms a very acute, salient angle behind the wrist: in the former, and in a new species, above mentioned, the degree of expansion which this arrangement affords, appears very evident: the attitude in which the Pteromys genibarbis was placed, in the Museum, and which has been carefully preserved in the figure by the artist, does not exhibit the membrane completely expanded. PTEROMYS GENIBARBIS, Between the anterior extremities and the head, no vestige of a flying-membrane appears; in the Sciurus Sagitta, on the contrary, as described by Linnzus, the membrane is extended from the head to the wrists. In its expansion, between the extremities, the membrane is bordered by a beautiful fringe, consisting of delicate hairs, of a lighter colour than the fur of the animal generally, very closely arranged, and diverging in a horizontal or slightly curved direction. This border is more full and compact along the posterior extremities. At the termination of the cartilaginous support near the wrist, it constitutes a delicate broad brush or penicillus. The feet, as in other species of Pteromys, project beyond the membrane ; the fore-feet consist of four toes, and a very obscure rudiment of a thumb. The toes are slender, com- pressed, and armed with broad, strongly curved, and very sharp claws. The two middle toes are somewhat longer than the exterior, which are nearly of equal length. An elevated, circular, warty protuberance exists on the extremity of the first phalanx, above the articulation. On the posterior extremities, the feet are divided into five toes, which are somewhat lengthened, but in other respects agree in cha- racter with those on the anterior extremities. They admit of free motion; the small toe is nearly as long as the intermediate toes; the thumb is smaller, and somewhat removed from the other toes. The warty protuberance on the extremity of the first phalanx, is most conspicuous on the small toe. The tail equals in length nearly two-thirds of the body of our animal. It is compressed, oblong, somewhat broader in the middle, and truncated at the extremity. The separate hairs which cover it, are arranged loosely, in a distichous manner, or spreading from the middle to the sides; they are long, delicate, silky, slightly undulated, and numerous, affording to this organ a degree of fulness, which is highly ornamental. The general covering of our animal is very beautiful. The fur consists of long hairs, downy at the base, closely arranged on the neck and back, more distant on the flying-membrane. For an animal inhabiting a hot climate, this fur is uncommonly thick ; it possesses indeed the delicacy and fulness of the fur of an animal from the northern regions. Solitary bristly hairs project in many parts from the downy covering. On the under parts the texture of the hair generally is more lax and delicate; it is woolly on the throat, breast, and abdomen; on the hypochondria, and on the flying-membrane, it is loose and straggling. The general colour of the fur of our animal is gray on the upper parts, and white underneath; the head, above, is purely gray; on the neck, the back, and the tail this colour has a brownish tint, inclining to tawny; the anterior and middle PTEROMYS GENIBARBIS. parts of the membrane are sooty-brown, diversified with grayish hairs, scattered singly, or in tufts; on the thick lanuginous covering of the posterior extremities, the colour is lighter; on the extreme border it is gray. The hairs are whitish, closely arranged, and delicate along the cartilage by which the membrane is expanded ; at the extremity they form a close fringe, which is continued along the entire lateral border of the membrane. On the feet and toes, short, delicate, grayish hairs are scattered, not very closely. A greatly enlarged scrotum is a common character of the different species of Pteromys; in our animal, this part is covered with a soft, white down. On the lateral parts of the head, between the ears and the termination of the neck, the hairs are dispersed in small tufts, alternately of darker and lighter shades ; and the separation between the upper and the lower parts is strongly marked along the neck and shoulder. DIMENSIONS. Inches Lines Length of the body and head, from the ey of the nose to the root, of: the tall oss sicccecevsesievtonaes siaecnceucesvoosenses Siw 9 sxeapsuseucepe> PIO: EAgL livin, cenboonsehe wah ip diem tease ptewebave can tivcbssscoiniegeiass LF ite O Se oroen Head, BING TECK sincsibchsuns4 te OE) ." Ly 4 ae sa tt Lied tite tye eae etl eet \ Wu es ha ie atk Me Vile ate - ie ¢ ae Pg "Te ys! . ae | feral miei : 1 2 } ‘o i aa : a 2 ay . ea aler ne Li Hi Lhe oe ioe | ee ba ae? eae a Msagtah®) wh, ‘al pene a ‘S, L 7 ' = ‘dl } % - ae, S re cen am Pi ne, [ mh iy’ Jan ae al os ia | i :7 4 oab \= i =: i ’ — a oh Le ae :" 71 Ee IP EM) ai Caen is iris if x ! al ba an ihe " tia ‘ ae 1 a. ry 4h ¥ P| a. o. , A ol ; Pe sere 5 | fa i eo a Fie a tt 2m il ' no a un hi. nail? Bt ae) ts ae me Ae = : | ae : i Ur ss ® F 1. wT 4 ' . i) a ay - F ie ete, 4 » he Ait on 3 ’ 7 ihe far ah, i ae” Ee i bh i? ¥ ij i ¢ ‘7 j ss] r 3 i hh | en 4 ‘ ; | . ‘4 te ; 7 0 ih P| ' : - : he’ _ | ally < mn : " ay i * e 7 ten - ' h | nee Spa i al tat + = ; - es sti a | a ' = . 4 I j

p! : we 4 ee ic 4 . j rea. WAR ee Phat 0 - ’ 6 " | aie 7 ao ib Fike eat nel ed ' P,. ws -: bie it 7 7 -y i i z tes wir (aera he i. 4" rs ro aaa ik Shey, Ans ev A | ; tae al) fi 745 4 Se Benita ony Twit ar ‘sie Re eetaupen* Leta rie ditaubl a ie 1 : ii is BE edie elisa) 2 atlas aes cet ae ies sz ase tM: oF A | Pale oboe! eslags hes tint daerte thy eH ‘. ae igen ih ie ia 3 Ye Vad = f ait * Al d ue ta eal on | i i) pritee be , ‘ i + a “T, ‘; b > A 0 : a ‘ oth itd my ~F riie Ki nes 1 % 7 ' r L oF as ’ ; , ee aie sy. ike i; - eee ee Li / * Fro 4 ieee | ft “| irks j z ie J a i oa mn lad “= + 7 ' eee. ' C ey le eal " A Dg i id 5 nt 4 ; fi : iF t i ry « ® i i = é 4, rs a t q } “ * | j i uf lea : SLi a> a i | Dy ~ ‘ { sf LA . rf , alt, a i? ~. 1 j al i ; i a . ; 5 oe ‘ | a aa F Vv a) : . ae 3 . = iar | > r ; ‘ » pe 7 * , ra! i i 4 J I ‘= i i| r * " | ‘ 1 ' . ‘ ie j 4 } ian a its - z + ; Fe ; 4 - ii F Co rd . » “| i r | 4 = i= j - j Ps de a ha! he rs I j mA | : s | 4 oy oe f Fl \ eC “ .s "| | I - ' 1s \ i | / a Fy 7 f } " i ah te i : ’ ew ' ' PTEROMYS LEPIDUS. = Orp. IV™ Ronceurs, Cuvier. 1° Division. Orp. IV. Gurres, Linn. Syst. Orv. TV: Prensicunantia, Iliger. Fam. 9, Agilia. PTEROMYS, Cuv. Geoffr. Ilhg. | Scrurus, Linn. Briss. Schreb. Pallas, &c. Petavunistus, G. Fischer, Zoognosia, Vol. II. p. 498. Cuar. Gren.—Dentium formula ;* Primores =, Molares =. Primores superiores ' pagina antica levigati, inferiores compressi. Pro Laniariis diastema, Molares abrupti obducti tritores, supra antico accessorio, Rostrum obtusiusculum. Labrum fissam. Saceuli buccales nulli. Auricule rotun- date, Cauda elongata. Mamme aperte, pectorales et ventrales. Pedes dermopteri: patagium lumbare sepius in angulum anteriorem dilatatum osse fultum, interdum patagium collare adest, Antipedes digitis quatuor et verruca hallucari, scelides pentadactyle, Illiger. Sk ke a Pteromys nigricante-fuseus, subtus albus, capite dorsoque medio canescentibus, eauda corpore longiore oblonga plana disticha, auriculis oblongis simplicibus nudis, vibrissis aggregatis longissimis, ' IN the description of the Pteromys genibarbis, contained in the Fourth Number of these-Researches, the peculiarities of the Sciurus sagitta, as they are given in the 12th Edition of the Systema Nature from Nordgrén, are concisely enumerated., A ferruginous tint mixed with the brown of the upper parts, a membrane extending from the head to the anterior extremities, and a size not exceeding a palm in length, distinguish that animal both from the Pteromys genibarbis and from the, Pteromys lepidus, which is now to be considered. The characters which principally distinguish the Pteromys genibarbis from our animal, are a large series of bristles, which covers the cheeks in a radiated manner ; a PTEROMYS LEPIDUS. tuft of long hairs to the extremity of the ears; a tail slightly extended in breadth in the middle, a ay tint generally diffused over the upper parts, and a greater size. The entire length of the Pteromys genibarbis is thirteen inches and three fjurthe that of the Pteromys lepidus is seven inches and three fourths. The flying membrane is similar‘in. both, and admits of great expansion. The colour of Pteromys lepidus above is.dark brown inclining to black: the head, neck, and back are mixed with gray, which colour shews itself in very delicate tufts. The base of the tail, and the extremity of the body, are more uniformly grayish: towards the end of the tail, the brown colour is less intense, and inclines slightly to tawny. The extremities have above a lighter brownish-gray tint. Underneath, the general colour is white, with a delicate yellowish hue; this passes imperceptibly to brown towards the border of the membrane and towards the thighs. The tail beyond the base has the same tint as the outer parts of the membrane, This is surrounded by a whitish border of ‘delicate fur, and the thighs have exteriorly a beautiful frmge of long hairs. The extremities underneath, the cartilage by which the membrane is expanded, and the teeth are yellowish. The ears are large, oblong, and extend far from the head ; the tip is naked, the covering of the base is extremely minute and delicate. The bristles are longer than the head, very thick at the base, arising near each other from one . point between the lip and the eyes, and have a straight lateral direction. The tail is longer than the body, oblong, and rounded at the extremity; the hairs that compose it are silky, of uniform length, and spread with perfect regularity to each side, forming a well-defined distichous tail: the base is somewhat contracted. The head is thick, and the muzzle proportionally short. The feet and toes agree in character with those of Pteromys genibarbis. The Pteromys lepidus is a nocturnal animal, and in its manners and food resembles the other species of this genus. It is only found in the closest forests of Java, where the height of the trees ‘and the luxuriance of the foliage effectually conceal it. It is with great aay pursued or seized, On the Plate it.is repre- sented of natural size. ‘ i LEPIDUS , PTEROMYS for, ‘ oy WT Ve er Anema. oy ae fe. ae al Cree ? LéadenAa lt! ¥ # Lit fe _ \ J + . r ‘ | < id . = . - j tf ‘ . al (* Tak a iF m1 F \o a a) a | : a) ; (3 Piss ’ & © ~ = il ; - = ry J “ 4 ] \ Wy, - a = c te i a =o ve E ye y! "f 2 \ ae od , * wr? a i€ sod, ¥ - } at ' * a ? « ; - L ~ = i be ‘ a > i “ j -. : x, ».* as ] My » | . te f : J i ie j = | r - } i 4 | ~ ji i i] ~ i. Pa B = 7 -_ y . 1 a : r A s 4 z va ; : 1 > . ‘ i . ' : 4 ia J i i] 7 i a! P Ae . 4 ai F mt! ee ah 7h iy we 4d. aes i “ : ; - a wr 4 Ds LEA aX ; } ‘ "W nie ; Bt i ahha parity © A er eee. ‘od ey 7 ir ian | i aut tr 5 ee. ae} is . ! a eee" Ml 2 a i c a os oe so. a jo a! 2 tages mes oh LNs la 1 le TS eee aa ana Ure le . Pan’, . ria. te & —) i ‘= ‘ii Ke) be ia ft ore sen I a aa 3 se SiR Seu ahge' ee De a oats F haath lend Es ' “rea ge ans ee r-pthiele is ints ae PAR Sree - ee i is at ings yi ari. ‘ = ol | as anf oe ij & 1 4 : "1 t t at . ' ‘ Li ny ~ « ‘ i L . ’ * . Fr ! tay z RHINOCEROS SONDAICUS. Orp. VI Pacnyprermes, Cuvier. 2° Famille. Pachydermes ordinaires, g** Division. Orb. II. Brora, Linz. Syst. Orv. V. Muituneuna, I/liger. Fam. 18, Nasicornia. RHINOCEROS, Linn. Briss. Erxleb. Bodd. Cuv. Geoff. Tig. Cuar. Gen.—Denies primores his nulli, illis supra duo minuti decidui, infra duo minuti conici inter duo majores cylindricos, omnes inclusi. Pro Laniariis diastema. Molares complicati tuberculati, supra infraque utrinsecus septem. Rostrum productum chilomate obtuso; labro in processum mobilem excurrente. Cornu unicum aut duo cornea solida acuta, naso i Auricule oblonge, capite multo breviores, basi infundibuliformes. Corpus setis raris obsitum. Cauda brevis. Mamme apertze due ventrales. Pedes distincti ambulatorii, tridactyli, digitis cute obvolutis. Ungues : ungule tres - insistentes, omnes antice. Illiger. eee. a] Rhinoceros cornu unico, rugis colli obsoletis, scutulis epidermidis margine angulatis medio concavis setis paucis brevibus obsitis, auribus margine caudaque subtus pilosis. Warak of the Javanese. Badak of the Malays, and of the inhabitants of the western parts of Java. Rhinoceros sondaicus, Cuvier, in Encycl. Method. Mammalog. p. 399, par M. A. G. Desmarest, 1822. THE Rhinoceros sondaicus has so great a resemblance in its general phy- siognomy, to the Indian Rhinoceros, hitherto known by the name of One-horned Rhinoceros, that it requires considerable accuracy and care to demonstrate its distinguishing characters. Having had an opportunity, during my residence at Surakarta, the capital of the dominions of the Emperor of Java, to examine an individual, taken during infancy, and kept in confinement, or rather in a state of RHINOCEROS SONDAICUS. domestication, I propose here to detail concisely the peculiarities on which the specific distinction is founded, and to add some general remarks on the manners and distribution of this species through the Island. The separation of this, from the common Indian species, the Rhinoceros uni- cornis of Linné, and the Rhinoceros indicus of the Régne animal, was proposed by the Baron Cuvier, who applied to it the name of Rhinoceros sondaicus. I am acquainted with his account and definition of this species, only by the summary notice published by M. Desmarest in the Encyclopedia; and this has served for my com- parison. But the decision of M. Cuvier on this subject must be considered conclu- sive. ‘To ascertain and establish the characters of a new species, he was prepared, not only by his unparalleled knowledge as a Zoologist, but also by his previous labours and researches concerning the common Indian, or One-horned Rhinoceros. We owe to him the most complete account that has yet been made public of this species; it is contained in the Ménagerie du Mus. d’ Hist. Nat., and illustrated by a beautiful and accurate engraving. The materials I have collected to enable me to contribute to the illustration of this species, consist in some remarks made at Surakarta, in 1817, and in a drawing, prepared under my inspection, by an artist, who, although educated in Java, had acquired considerable proficiency. On the Plate annexed to this article, a careful representation is given of this drawing, which, though deficient in some points that the skilful pencil of Mr. Daniell would have. supplied from the living animal, exhibits, with scrupulous accuracy, the form and proportions of our animal. This individual was, by measurement taken in 1817, — nine feet long, and four feet three inches high at the ramp. The Rhinoceros figured by M. Fred. Cuvier, in the 13th Livraison of the Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes, brought to Europe from the British possessions in India, was higher in proportion to its length, and its form was more unwieldy. The entire length was seven feet, and its height four feet and ten inches. The individual described by M, Georges Cuvier, in the Menag. du Mus. &c. had, according to the dimensions given, a more lengthened form; but the figure exhibits an animal, in comparison with the Rhinoceros sondaicus, of greater bulk, and more gross dimensions. The head of our animal is strongly attenuated to the muzzle, and has a triangular form; the flexible upper lip is considerably lengthened, and the sides of the head are marked with protuberances, or scutula, resembling those on the body, but no great ~ roughhesses or folds are apparent. The characters therefore, given by M. Cuvier, as far as regard the form of the body and of the head, are confirmed by the drawing, and by the measures taken from life. The marks of distinction afforded. by the folds of the external covering, are less evident than those afforded ‘by the form of the body and the attenuated head. The following modifications may, RHINOCEROS SONDAICUS. however, be noticed :—The folds, on the whole, appear less rough or prominent than in the Indian Rhinoceros; those of the neck are comparatively smaller; and the posterior fold, which has an oblique direction towards the spine, is less extended. The thick covering, or coat, of our animal is divided on the surface into small tubercles, or polygonous scutula; and a few short bristly hairs, rising from a slight depression in the centre, constitute a peculiar character. The ears are bordered with a series of long stiff bristles, closely arranged; and a similar series of bristles also extends along the tail, underneath, through its whole length. The distinguishing characters of our animal now detailed, are, a lengthened form of body; legs proportionally elevated; head acuminate; scutula many-sided, with a central depression, giving rise to one or to several short bristles, and a series of long hairs at the extremity of the ears, and under the tail: this is likewise the substance of the description of the Rhinoceros sondaicus, given by M. Desmarest, in the Encyclopedia. | | The individual which is represented in our Plate, and which has afforded the preceding details, was taken, while very young, in the forests of the Province of Keddu, and was conveyed to the Residency at Magellan, in the year 1815 or 1816. By kind treatment it soon became domesticated to such a degree, that it permitted itself to be carried in a large vehicle resembling a cart, to the capital of Surakarta. I saw it during its conveyance, and found it perfectly mild and tractable. At Sura- karta it was confined in the large area or square which bounds the entrance to the royal residence. A deep ditch about three feet wide limited its range, and for several years it never attempted to pass it. It was perfectly reconciled to its confinement, and never exhibited any symptoms of uneasiness or rage, although, on its first arrival, harassed in various ways, by a large proportion of the inhabitants of a populous capital, whose curiosity induced them to inspect the stranger of the forest. Branches of trees, shrubs, and various twining plants were abundantly provided for its food ; of these the species of Cissus, and the small twigs of a native fig-tree were preferred. But plantains were the most favourite food, and the abundant manner in which it was supplied with these, by the numerous visitors, tended greatly to make the animal mild and sociable. It allowed itself-to be handled and examined freely, and the more daring of the visitors sometimes mounted on its back. It required copious supplies of water; and when not taking food, or intentionally roused by the natives, it generally placed itself in the large excavations, which its movements soon caused in the soft earth that covered the allotted space. The animal rapidly increased in size: in the year 1817, having been confined at Surakarta about nine or ten months, the dimensions as RHINOCEROS SONDAICUS. already stated, were nine feet in length, and four feet three inches in height at the rump. In 1821, it had acquired the height of five feet seven inches, This informa- tion I received from my friend Mr. Stavers, who is now in England, on a visit from the interior of Java; and he favoured me further with the following details, which complete the history of the individual, whose figure is annexed to this article. Hav- ing considerably increased in size, the ditch of three feet in breadth was insufficient fer confining it; but leaving the inclosure, it frequently passed to the dwellings of the natives, destroying the plantations of fruit-trees and culinary vegetables, which always surround them. It likewise terrified those natives that accidentally met with it, and who were unacquainted with its appearance and habits. But it shewed no ill-natured disposition, and readily allowed itself to be driven back to the inclo- sure, like a Buffalo. The excessive excavations which it made by continually wal- lowing in the mire, and the accumulation of putrefying vegetable matter, in process of time became offensive at the entrance of the Palace, and its removal was ordered by the Emperor, to a small village near the confines of the capital, where, in the year 1821, it was accidentally drowned in a rivulet. The Rhinoceros lives gregarious in many parts of Java. It is not limited toa particular region or climate, but its range extends from the level of the ocean to the summit of mountains of considerable elevation. I noticed it at Tangung, near the confines of the Southern Ocean, in the districts of the native Princes, and on the summit of the high peaks of the Priangan Regencies; but it prefers high situations. It is not generally distributed, but is tolerably numerous in circumscribed spots, distant from the dwellings of man, and covered with a profuse vegetation. On the whole, it is more abundant in the western than in the eastern districts of the Island. Its retreats are discovered by deeply excavated passages, which it forms along the declivities of mountains and hills, I found these occasionally of great depth and extent. Tn its manners, the Rhinoceros of Java is comparatively mild. It is not unfre- quently met in the wilds by Europeans and by natives. No instance of its shewing a disposition to make an attack has come to my knowledge; being the largest animal ‘in Java, its passions are not roused, as in many parts of India, by contentions with the Elephant. It is rarely seen in a domestic state, but it is occasionally decoyed. into pits, and destroyed. Our animal rambles chiefly at night, and often occcasions serious injury to the plantations of coffee. and pepper; which are laid out in the fertile districts selected for its retreats. The horns and skin are employed for medicinal purposes by the natives. TAPIRUS MALAYANUS. Orp. VI™ PacuyDERMEsS, Cuvier. 2% Famille. Pachydermes ordinaires, 9° Division. Orv. VI. Breiiva, Linn. Syst. Orv. V. Muitruncuna, Iiliger. Fam. 20, Nasuta. TAPIRUS, Cuv. Briss. Schreb. Fischer, Illiger, &e. Hyprocuorerus Eraleb. CHar. Gen. Dentium formula: Primores =, Laniarii =, Molares =. Primores inclusi, utrinque 6, contigui, subobliqui, supra quatuor intermedii incisorii, lateralis utrinque major, laniarium mentiens, infra quatuor intermedii superior- ibus aquales, lateralis utrinque minor. aniarii inclusi, supra a primoribus remoti, minimi; infra illis contigui, mediocres, primoribus superioribus exteri- oribus longitudine equales, Molares supra utrinsecus 7 infra 6, complicati, coronide collinis rectiliniis duobus transversis. Rostrum acutum. Nasus elongatus mobilis. Auricule oblonge. Corpus pilis appressis rariusculis tectum. Cauda brevissima. Mamme............ Pedes antici tetradactyli digito externo breviore et minore, postici tridactyli. Ungues: ungule omnes insistentes antic. Tapirus ejubatus niger, tergo lateribus abdominis uropygio auriumque apicibus albis. Tapirus Malayanus, Sir 7. S. Raffles’s Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra. Trans. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 2. Le Maiba, Fred. Cuv. Mamm. lithogr. DESCRIPTION.—* The Malay Tapir resembles’ in form the American, and “ has a similar flexible proboscis, which is six or eight inches in length. Its general “ appearance is heavy and massive, somewhat resembling the hog. The eyes are * small. ‘The ears roundish, and bordered with white. The skin is thick and firm, “ thinly covered with short hair. There is no mane on the neck as in the American “ species. The tail is very short, and almost destitute of hair. The legs are short, “and stout; the fore feet furnished with four toes, the hind feet with three. In the “ upper jaw there are seven molars on each side, one small canine inserted exactly “on the suture of the incisor bone, and in front six incisors, the two outer of “ which are elongated into tusks. In the under jaw there are but six molars; the “canines are large; and the number of the incisors, the outer of which are the TAPIRUS MALAYANUS. “ smallest, is the same as in the upper jaw.” (From the third in the upper, and the second in the lower jaw, the molars have individually two elevated transverse ridges, which are received into the corresponding grooves of the opposite sides; but the first and second in the upper, and the first in the lower jaw, have a longitu- dinal ridge, which, when the mouth is shut, passes the ridge on the opposite tooth obliquely.) “The general colour is glossy black, with the exception of the back, “rump, and sides of the belly, which are white, and separated by a defined line “ from those parts that are black.” The preceding description is extracted from a Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, made in the Island of Sumatra, by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffies, Lieut.-Governor of Fort Marlborough, and contained in the Thirteenth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, published in May, 1821. This contains the substance of the original description by Major Farquhar, and com- municated by him to the Asiatic Society in 1816. The following account of a very young Tapir which Major Farquhar had alive in his house, forms part of a subse- quent communication to the Asiatic Society. “ It appears that until the age of four “ months it is black, and beautifully marked with spots and stripes of a fawn colour “ above, and white below. After that period it began to change colour, the spots “ disappeared, and, at the age of six months, it had become of the usual colour of “the adult.” Major Farquhar says that he found this animal of a very mild and gentle disposition; that it became as tame and familiar as a dog; fed imdiscrimi- nately on all kinds of vegetables, and was very fond of attending at table, to receive bread, cakes, or the like. “'The living specimen,” Sir Stamford Raffles adds, “ sent from * Bencoolen to Bengal, was young, and became very tractable. It was allowed to roam * occasionally in the Park at Barrackpore, and the man who had charge of it, informed “me, that it frequently entered the ponds, and appeared to walk along the bottom “ under water, and not to make any attempt to swim. The flesh is eaten by the « natives of Sumatra. It is known by different names in different parts of the country. “ By the people of Limun it is called Saladang ; by those of the interior of Manna, «“ Gindol; in the interior of Bencoolen, Babi Alu; and at Malacca, Tennu.” - The following are the exact dimensions of two Malay Tapirs; one a male, de- scribed by Major Farquhar ; the other a female, killed at Bencoolen. MALE. FEMALE. Extreme length from the nose to the tail, measured Feet Inches.) Feet. Inches. slong thie bach ek. i00 ee, eine ietteeesseessnses 6 103) 8 1 Circumference of the body ............secseueessscsnssnssecoeees MO ra eae Height of the shoulder 0.20... 2 NBR $'"g 5” 'S Ditto of the haunch ..........cccceeeeeeeeees Seadatvacesyetwedadios 3B 4 ai TAPIRUS MALAYANUS. To these extracts from the accounts of Major Farquhar and of Sir T. S. Raffles, which comprise all the information that has hitherto been communicated from Sumatra relating to the Malayan Tapir, I have only to add an account of the discovery of this interesting animal. The first intelligence of its existence in Sumatra was given to the Government of Fort Marlborough at Bencoolen, in the year 1772, by Mr. Whalfeldt, who was employed in making a survey of the coast. In the month of April of that year, it is noticed in the records, that Mr. W. laid before the Government his observations on the places southward of Cawoor, where he met with the Tapir at the mouth of one of the rivers. He considered it to be the Hippopotamus, and described it by that name; but the drawing which accompanied the report, identifies his animal with the Tapir. This mistake in the name may readily be explained, when it is recollected that in the Tenth Edition of the Systema Nature of Linnzus, the Tapir is placed as a species of Hippopotamus, while in the Twelfth Edition no mention is made of that animal. The learned Author of the History of Sumatra, William Marsden, Esq. was at this time Secretary to the Government at Bencoolen; and the Public owes to his zeal in collecting every valuable information relating to that Island, the first notice of the existence of this animal, which is by the Malays in many places denomi- nated Kuda-ayer, literally Hippo-potamus, After the first discovery in 1772, the Tapir was not observed for a considerable period. From the same Catalogue of Sir T. S. Raffles, which has furnished the preceding description, it appears that in the year 1805, a living specimen was sent to Sir George Leith, when Lieutenant- Governor of Penang. It was afterwards observed by Major Farquhar in the vicinity of Malacca. A drawing and description of it were communicated by him to the Asiatic Society in 1816, and a living subject was afterwards sent to the Managerie at Barrackpore from Bencoolen. At this place a drawing was made by Mr. Diard in the year 1818, which, accompanied by an extract from the description of Major Farquhar, was communicated to his friends in Paris, where, in March, 1819, M. Fred. Cuvier published it in his large Lithographic Work on the Mammalia of the Menagerie in Paris. In the month of September, 1820, the first specimen of the Malayan Tapir was received in England from Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, with the general Zoolo- gical Collection of Mammalia and Birds, the descriptive catalogue of which being contained in the Thirteenth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, has been already referred to, This specimen of the Tapir was accompanied by a TAPIRUS MALAYANUS. complete skeleton, and the thoracic and abdominal viscera preserved in spirits of wine; and in giving this concise narrative, I am happy to state that Sir Everard Home has been enabled by these materials to illustrate the resemblance between the Sumatran and American species, in a manner highly instructive and interesting both to the Zoologist and the comparative Anatomist, in a paper read before the Royal Society, in the month of April of the present year, and which will appear in the volume of the Society’s Transactions now in the press. The specimen deposited in the Museum of the Honourable East India Com- pany, agrees in length and circumference of the body with the female, of which the dimensions are given by Sir Stamford Raffles; it measures a few inches less in height at the shoulder and at the haunch. It is in a perfect state of preservation. In the Plate which illustrates this article, it is very faithfully represented by the pencil of Mr. William Daniell; and a desire to communicate to the Public, without delay, an accurate figure of this interesting animal, will, I hope, be accepted as an apology for introducing it into the first number of this Work. CERVUS MUNTJAK. Orp. VIT™ Ruminans, Cuvier. Orv. V. Prcora, Linn. Syst. Orv. VII. Bisutca, ZWiger. Fam. 25, Capreoli. CERVUS, Linn. Briss. Eraleb. Schreb. Bodd. Cuv. Illig. Cuan. Gen.—Dentes primores supra nulli, infra octo incisorii. Laniari plerumque nulli, paucis (Tarando, Elapho) superiores parvi solitarii inclusi: (uno hucusque eognito (C. Muntjak) exserti longissimi. Horsf.) -Diastema inter primores et molares. Molares abrupti contigui obversi complicati tritores, utrinque seni. Rostrum productum aut chilomate aut rhinario’ instructum. Simus lacrymales. Cerata frontalia decidua ossea plerumque ramosa, feminis sepius nulla, Auri- cule mediocres acuminate. Cauda brevissima. Mamme aperte quatuor inguinales. Pedes distincti ambulatorii bisulci, digitis duobus insistentibus, duobus sepius amotis parvis. Ungues: ungule due insistentes, et plerumque duz succenturiate. Illiger. ht Cervus cornibus caule elongato insidentibus basi bipartitis ramo altero elongato sub- contorto apice uncinato altero brevi acuto, laniariis exsertis longissimis, sinubus lacrymalibus maximis, facie rugosa sulcata. Muntjak, in the language of the Sunda Javanese, spoken in the western parts of the Island in the mountainous districts from Cheribon to Bantam, Kidang, in the Javanese language properly so called, employed in all the districts east of Cheribon. Kijang, in the Malayan language and in Sumatra. Marsden’s Hist. of Sumatra, 1783, p. 94: and Third Edition, 1811, p.117, with a figure. Rib-faced Deer, Pennants Hist. of Quadr. Second Edition, 1781, p. 107, n. 50. Chevreuil des Indes, Alamand, Edition d’ Hist. Nat. de Buffon. Amsterdam, c.c. 1780. Buff: Supp. tome 6, pl. XXVI. Cuv. Régne anim, p. 257. CERVUS MUNTJAK. Cervus Muntjak, der Muntsax, Zimmerman Geographische Geschichte des Mens- chen und der vierfiissigen Thiere, II. Band, p. 131. Leipzig, 1780. (From the communication of Pennant.) } Cervus Muntjak, Boddaert Elen. anim. I. p. 136, Rotterdam, 1785. Cervus vaginalis, 2d. ed. Cervus Muntjac, Schreb. Sdugthiere. T ab. 254, Syst. Linn. Ed. Gmel. I. p. 180. Fischer Zoognos. III. p. 458. Shaw's Gen. Zool. Vol. II. Part II, p. 301. Cervus Moschatus, Blaine. nouv. Bull. de la Soc. Phil, 1816, p. 77. Cervus subcornutus, 7d. id. Encycl. Method. Mammalog. Par. M. A. G. Desmarest, 1822. p. 442. Cervus Muntjak ? Sir 7. S. Raffles’s Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra, Tr. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 265. Cervus Muntjac, Desm. Encycel. 1. cit. p, 441. Cervus Moschus, id. id. ALTHOUGH avery common animal in the Islands of the Indian Archipelago, the Cervus Muntsak or Kipane has only in very recent periods been distinctly known in Europe. The first clear account of our animal, as it occurs in Java, was communicated to the Public by Mr. Pennant, in the Second Edition of his History of Quadrupeds, which was published in 1781 ; and the learned author of the History of Sumatra, soon after this period, mentioned it with the name of Kisane, by which it is distinguished in that Island. The name of Cervus Muntjak was first employed by Zimmerman, in the German Edition of his Geographical Zoology. Schreber pub- lished a copy of Allamand’s figure of this animal, as it occurs in Bengal, with an incorrect modification of the native name, which had been communicated to Zim- merman by Pennant. Since this period we find this name generally adopted by systematic writers, as appears by the preceding references. Mr. Allamand had an opportunity, in the year 1778, of examining an animal, brought in a living state to Amsterdam from Bengal, which had all the characters of the Cervus Muntjak. He gave a very excellent description of it, with the name of CHRVREUIL DEs INDEs, in the edition of Buffon’s Natural History which he published in Holland; this was afterwards introduced, by the author himself, into the Sixth Volume of the Supple- ment of the Natural History of Quadrupeds and Birds, which appeared in 1782. The animal described by Allamand agrees in general character and in form with the CERVUS MUNTJAK. Javanese Kidang, although it is sufficiently different in colour to constitute a variety. A detailed drawing of the head of the Rib-faced Deer from India, presented to the Honourable Company’s Museum by Dr. Francis Hamilton, exhibits this peculiar cha- racter of the face ; but the black lines which mark the forehead and the pedestals of the horns have a paler tint. Allamand illustrates his description with a good figure of the Indian Roe, which has been copied into several books on Natural History. Boddaert has deseribed the Rib-faced Deer of Pennant as a species distinct from the Chevreuil des Indes of Allamand: the former—Cervus Muntjak, Bodd.—is charac- terized, cornibus trifariis uncinatis corpore crassiore facie sulcata ; the latter, which he names Cervus vaginalis, cornibus uniramosis parvis vaginis duabus convexis pilosis, ad os nasi coeuntibus, implantatis, sinubus lacrymalibus maximis. It will appear from the following details, that the horns, in the young Kidang, are undivided; that in the adult they are commonly bipartite and hooked (uncinate); that they are rarely trifid ; that the ribs of the face appear more distinct in the prepared specimens than in the animal during life; and that the species is always supplied with very large lacrymal sinuses. I have therefore considered Boddaert’s descriptions as applying to the same animal modified by age and circumstances. The specific character of Gmelin, founded on the description of Pennant, does not convey an accurate idea of our animal. I shall detail in the sequel my reasons for uniting in the table of Synonyms, the Cervus moschatus and the Cervus subecornutus of Dr. De Blainville, with the Cervus Muntjak. As several perfect specimens of the Kidang, which were forwarded from Sumatra by Sir Stamford Raffles, are contained in the Museum at the India House, a faithful drawing was prepared by Mr. Daniell, which I shall endeavour to illustrate by the fol- lowing description, adding some details regarding its history and peculiarities inJava. The name of Muntsak, introduced by Zimmerman as the specific name, is applied to our animal, in the Sunda language, which is used in the western portion of the Island. In the Javanese language properly so called, which is employed in the eastern districts and at the Courts, the name is Kinane, which with a slight modifi- cation—Kisanc—is also employed in the Malayan language, and in most parts of Sumatra. | . The distinguishing characters of the Cervus Muntjak consist in elongated pedestals supporting the horns, in canine teeth lengthened so as to constitute tusks, and in several large folds of the skin of the forehead, which in the prepared specimens CERVUS MUNTJAK. shew themselves in three distinct lines. ‘These characters are represented with care and accuracy on the Plate of Illustrations which is added to this Number: one view exhibits, laterally, the naked skull, the other the anterior appearance of the head, covered with the integuments: the general outline of the skull agrees with that of the Cervus Elaphus, its peculiarities shew themselves in the following points. Near the upper extremity of the nasal bones, about three inches from the end of the muzzle, a rising commences on each side, forming a prominent ridge, rounded above, compressed and somewhat irregular at the sides, having nearly the dimensions of a small finger, and being continued on the outer margin of the skull, so as to constitute the base of the pedestal of the horns. A depression of the nasal bones, about three- fourths of an inch in breadth, intervenes between these two ridges at their origin, from’ which they gradually diverge, following the direction of the skull. Thus they continue, gradually increasing in size, until they have passed the orbits of the eye, where they enlarge by a lateral swelling, constituting an outer and inferior margin. Their form here is irregularly angular, being broader above, and having an even outer and inferior margin.. They diverge now more abruptly from each other in a lateral direction, but in their ascent preserve the obliquity of the line bounding the skull above. Having passed the limits of the skull, they assume a cylindrical, some- what compressed form, and constitute, on each side, a pedestal three inches in length, which in its whole extent is covered with integuments and hair, and at the extremity is crowned with a notched margin or burr, supporting the horns. The surface of the skull, between the lateral ridges, is considerably excavated. The depression is deepest about an inch above the nasal bones. The frontal bones are united by a middle suture, extending to the nasal suture, in the direction of which, the skull has a gently rounded rising. This suture corresponds to the middle rib of the forehead, while the depressions on each side are calculated to receive the two lateral folds or ridges. All the sutures appear distinct on the surface, and agree with those of the other species of Cervus. The depressions for the reception of the lacrymal furrows are very extensive, and correspond to the remarkable size of these organs in our animal. The os unguis has a short, compressed process at the anterior margin of the orbit. The entire length of the cranium is nine inches. The length of the pedestal, from its origin at the orbit of the eye to the coronal margin, is five inches and one-fourth. The pedestal and horns together have a length of ten inches. The canine teeth are inserted into the jaw at its junction with the intermaxillary bone, to which’ they are applied for the space of half an inch. From a large and compressed base, which is obliquely fixed into the jaw, they are gradually attenuated, being curved in form of an arch, and tending at the same time obliquely outward. CERVUS MUNTJAK. They are extremely acute, and afford a powerful means of defence to the animal. A considerable space intervenes between the canine teeth and the grinders, along which the jaw is strongly compressed. The front teeth in the lower jaw, and the grinders in both, agree so completely with these teeth in the other species of Cervus; that they require no particular description. The Cervus Muntjak resembles the common Roe in form and general propor- tions; but when in a state of full size and vigour, it exceeds that animal nearly one- fifth in dimensions. Its body is more lengthened, robust, and fleshy, while its limbs are more delicate and slender. Its name in the Sunda language expresses leaping or bounding; and, according to Mr. Marsden, the Kijang, with the Malayan poets, is the emblem of swiftness and wildness. The qualities of agility and spright- liness which characterize the Roe, belong to the Kidang in a more eminent degree. It is perhaps the most elegant and graceful animal of the genus to which it belongs. The drawing represents accurately its form and proportions; but it is not easy by a figure or by description to give an adequate idea of its beauty. The shortness. of the tail is a defect to the appearance of the Roe; while the Kidang is provided with a tail of moderate length, the attitude of which in its rapid motions is highly ornamental. The outline of the head of our animal is similar to that of the Roe; it is, how- ever, somewhat more lengthened; the pedestals supporting’ the horns are more elevated, and the peculiar character of the horns distinguishes it at once from all other species of this genus. A reference to the anterior and lateral views which are given on the Plate, will better illustrate the form of the head, than a detailed description. The horns of the adult Kidang, in a perfect state, consist of one principal branch with a smaller additional antler, rising on the same base from the coronal margin of the pedestal, and projecting forward and inward. The latter.is simple, very short, and from the common base one inch and a half in length. The principal branch, in the adult animal, is four inches and a half, and measured:along | its curve, five inches long. It rises for the space of two inches, nearly erect,. then forms a slight curve outward and forward, and, finally bending suddenly backward and inward, nearly at a right angle, forms a hook with an acute termination, the curve of which varies in different individuals. In its course it has a slight spiral curve, and is marked with deep longitudinal furrows, following in their direction the curve of the horn, tapering above into sharp ridges, having some irregularities in their course, but wanting those tubercles which occur on the horns in most species CERVUS MUNTJAK. of the Deer. The base of the horns, at the union of the two branches, is com- pressed, and somewhat irregular. It is terminated by a burr, meule in French, of an oblong form, surrounded by a margin decorated with numerous tubercles of irregular size and disposition, forming a rude capital. This is in part concealed by the long bristly hairs which terminate the pedestals. After a certain period in the age of our animal, the horns are shed; but it remains for future inquiries to ascer- tain if the exchange, as in other species of Deer, is regular and annual: an anomaly which frequently occurs in the form of the horns, favours the opinion that the exchange is not regular. The most common deviation from the form above described, is an inequality in the horns of the opposite sides of the skull. This occurred in the Indian Roe described by Allamand. It also exists in a specimen of the anterior portion of the head, supporting the horns with the integuments of the face and adjoining parts, contained in a yery perfect state of preservation in the valuable and extensive Museum of Joshua Brookes, Esq., which he opens with great | liberality for scientific consultation. A more singular anomaly exists in one of the specimens preserved in the Museum at the India House. The horn on the right side is perfectly regular; on the left side the principal branch has the usual direc- tion, but it is smaller than that on the opposite side; the anterior antler has the common origin and direction, but it is comparatively short and obtuse; a third antler, rising opposite to this from the same base, is slender, erect, and acute; the coronal base is considerably distorted, and the horn generally has a dwarfish appearance. In the female the place of the horns is marked with a tuft of black hairs. The relative size and direction of the principal branch and the antler, likewise varies occasionally in different individuals. The horns of the first growth of our animal have a character very different from that now described: they are short, simple, somewhat subulate, nearly erect, or slightly bent inward, and covered with small tubercles. The pedestals are greatly compressed, and destitute of any coronal margin or burr to support them. A skull contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, tends to explain the appearances which the horns exhibit in different ages; it belonged to an animal that had recently attained its full size. I have with scrupulous accuracy compared its dimensions in all points, with a perfect skull of an adult animal belonging to the Museum at the India House, and have found them strictly to agree. The peculi- arities of the skull at the College are the following:—The sutures are very distinct in all parts, and in several places the bones are still disunited. The canine teeth are completely formed, very perfect, smooth, and entire, and have none of the CERVUS MUNTJAK. fractures and irregularities which, from long continued use, appear in the other speci- mens. The first grinder in the upper jaw is not yet developed; it appears partially at the margin of the jaw; the other grinders are very perfect, and crowned with elevated sharp points, not in the least degree worn by mastication. In the lower jaw the points only of the three anterior grinders appear at the margin of the jaw. and, judging from their projection, they were, during the life of the animal, almost entirely concealed by the gums. The slenderness of the pedestals gives them the appearance of greater length than in the adult; but being brought into actual com- parison, I found them somewhat shorter. The lateral ridges are comparatively little prominent, and the anterior excavation of the skull is inconsiderable. A drawing of the skull of the Cervus Muntjak, or Kijang, published in the year 1811, by Mr. Marsden, in the Third Edition of the History of Sumatra, exhibits the skull of the animal with horns of the first growth; and the following statements will tend to shew, that no reasonable doubt can be entertained of the fact, that the drawing was made from a specimen which is now deposited in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of London. In the year 1792, Mr. Marsden received from the Resident of Bencoolen a drawing of the Sumatran Kijang, made by Mr, William Bell, well known by the account of the Sumatran Rhinoceros, which is contained in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1793. At the same time Mr. John Hunter also received a collection of osteological preparations from the same gentleman, who had been his pupil: among these was contained the skull of the male Kijang, provided with horns and tusks, having precisely the character of Mr. Marsden’s figure. The only notice which accompanied the drawing was its representing the skull of the Sumatran Kijang, and its having been made by Mr. Bell; and. the result of my inquiries on this subject is confirmed by Mr. Marsden’s opinion, that it is in the highest degree probable that the skull which he sent to John Hunter’s Collection, was the identical specimen which he had thought deserving of being figured. I have accordingly united the Cervus moschatus of Dr. De Blainville, which was founded exclusively on the skull above mentioned, con- tained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, with the Cervus Muntjak. It is also necessary, by a few concise remarks, to state my reasons for giving, in the pre- ceding references, the name of the Cervus subcornutus of Dr.De Blainville,as a synonym of the Cervus Muntjak. The Cervus subcornutus was established, with the Cervus moschatus, from a cranium in the Hunterian Collection; and as Dr. De Blainville has with great caution observed, that both species should be admitted only provi- sionally, I have extracted from the Bulletin des Sciences his original description, CERVUS MUNTJAK. and subjoined it in a note.* A very careful comparison, and a nice application of measures, both to the skull contained in the Museum’ of the College, which served for Dr. De Blainville’s. description, and to the skull of the Cervus Muntjak, has in‘a satisfactory manner convinced me that they belong to individuals of the same species. The imperfect state of the anterior portion of the skull contained in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, renders the characters, drawn from the defect of the canine teeth, liable to serious doubts, which are stated by Dr. De Blainville himself in the provisional definition of the species. The face affords a peculiar character to the Cervus Muntjak; it differs in a small degree in the living animal, and in the prepared specimens found in collections. In the former there exist two rough folds of the skin, which are considerably dis- tended and elevated; they are separated about an inch and a half above; and * Extrait d'une memoire: sur plusiers espéces d'animaux mammiféres de lordre des Ruminans ; par M. H. De Blainville, « Dans la seconde section du g. Cerf’ M. De Blainville, donne les caracteres de deux espéces dont il n’a vu, il est vrai, que le crane plus ou moins complet.” «« Le premiére, qu'il propose de désigner sous le nom de Cervus Moschatus,'a des bois trés-courtes, simples, coniques, un peu courbés en dehors et en arriére, trés tuberculeux, sans meules a leur base, portés sur de trés-longs pédicules comprimés, s’excavant en dedans et dont la racine se prolonge de chaque cété du chanfrein, de maniére 4 former une sorte de gouttiere dans toute la longueur de celuici. La machoire est en outre armée de deux longues canines tout 4 fait semblables a celles du If. Moschiferus. M. De BL. a vu de eee espéce une téte osseuse bien complete, provenant de Sumatra, mais sous aucune autre espéce de renseignement.” “« La seconde qu’il nomme C. subcornutus, ne lui est également connue que par une crane, mais sans os incisifs et sans machoire inférieure. Les bois de cette espéce sont sensiblement plus grands et plus forts que dans la précédente, ils ont une meule bien formée, un petit andouiller simple, conique, un peu recourbé a la partie antérieure de la base du merrain, qui est terminé supérieurement par une pointe conique et fortement recourbée en arriére et en dedans ; le pédoncule qui les porte est beaucoup plus fort, plus épais, mais un peu moins long et plus surbaissé, que dans l’espéce précédente ; sa racine forme de chaque cété du chanfrein une arréte encore plus saillante, mais moins prolongée.—I] n’y a aucune trace des dents canines, et en outre, la comparaison minuteuse des différentes parties de ce crane ne permet aucune espéce de rapproachement avec le précedént.” «¢ M. De Bl. cherche ensuite si ces deux espéces étoient connues’: il lui semble évident que la seconde a au moins beaucoup de rapports avec le Chevreuil des Indes de Buffon, observé et décrit vivant par Allamand, et qu'il parait que Gmelin a désigné sous le nom du Muntjac, sans cependant citer cet auteur, mais qu'elle ne lui est pas parfaitement identique. En effet le Chevreuil des Indes a ses bois, a ce qu’il parait, entitrement conformés comme le C. subcornutus ; mais celui-ci n’a aucune trace de dents canines, dont celui-la est pourvu; ainsi, 4 moins qu'on ne considére la téte décrite par M. De Bl., comme ayant appartenu aun individu femelle du Cerf. Muntjac, et qui alors aurait des bois, on doit la regarder, au moins momentanement, comme une espéce distincte ; quant 4 la premiere, c'est 4 dire C. Moschatus, M. De Bl. n'a trouvé aucun auteur qui en fasse mention.” Bulletin des Sciences, par La Société Philomatique de Paris. Année 1816, p. 77 et 78, CERVUS MUNTJAK. following the direction of the prominent sides of the forehead, they unite below, so as to mark the face with the letter V. Im the dried subject the folds are con- tracted, and three distinct ribs appear, which have suggested to Pennant the name of Rib-faced Deer: they are carefully represented in the drawing. The face is broad above, and gradually contracted towards the muzzle: at the sides it is bounded by two ridges, between which a considerable depression is observed, corresponding in form and outline to the skull. It is pervaded by two grooves, nearly one-fourth of an inch in depth, which arising opposite to the superior angle of the eye, gradually approach each other. In the middle of the face is a less distinct line: it rises on the forehead, and following the direction of the frontal suture, terminates with the lateral grooves at the lower extremity of the lacrymal sinus. The grooves are lined with delicate hair; their surface is glandular, and affords a peculiar secretion. The muzzle is nearly smooth, slightly tapering, and naked from the commencement of the nostrils to the tip, which is obtuse. The nostrils are lateral, narrow above, slightly curved, broad and rounded at the extremity. The eyes are remarkably beautiful and brilliant, and the irides brown. The lacrymal furrows have the same situation as in the stag, and are of great extent; they constitute a cavity, or sac, of a semilunar form, of considerable depth, surrounded at the external aperture with a series of bristly hairs, and lodged in a deep corresponding cavity of the skull: the form of this is distinctly exhibited on the Plate of Illustrations. A few straggling delicate bristles are scattered over the face near the nostrils, and over the lower lip and chin. The ears are of moderate size, erect, oval, and internally bordered with a series of beautiful white hairs. The face is marked with two black lines, following the direction of the lateral ridges, and continued along the pedestals to the coronal margins by which they are terminated. The general colour of our animal is reddish brown, but it varies on different parts in its intensity. The specimens belonging to the Museum at the India House have a reddish brown tint, inclining to fulvous; it is glossy, and more saturated along the highest part of the neck and back; the sides are lighter, inclining to fawn colour, and the under parts of the abdomen and neck have a tawny hue. The inside of the thighs, the region of the pubes, and the under side of the tail, are white: the chin and lower jaw are whitish. The head and upper portion of the face have a darker reddish brown tint than the back ; towards the muzzle the colour becomes black, with a variegation of gray. The lower part of the thighs and the legs are dark brown, slightly variegated with gray, which tint becomes more saturated towards the extremity; but a streak of reddish ‘brown extends along the legs posteriorly towards the tarsus, where it becomes dark and blackish. The hoofs have a blueish horny colour; they are elevated and delicate; the spurious hoofs are minute and distant; the tarsus has a direction obliquely CERVUS MUNTJAK. forward, which, with the delicacy of the legs, increases the sprightly appearance of - ouranimal. The texture of the hairs is firm; they are rigid, bristly, and closely applied to the body, so that the appearance of the Kidang is generally sleek. A naked horny point serves to attach them to the skin, as in the European Roe; this is perfectly white; towards the extremity the tint has different shades and modifi- cations, agreeably to the external colour. The hairs are arranged in close contact, but have no woolly appendage at the base, and thus constitute a covering adapted to the climate; they are lengthened on some parts, and their distribution affords various ornamental tufts to our animal; one of the most conspicuous of these is along the course of the pedestals of the horns, and at their termination. The colour of the Cervus Muntjak varies in different periods of the year, and in different countries. The female also, at least in Java, is darker than the male. The reddish brown tint of the male, in the female is diversified with gray. This is the colour of the Indian Roe described by Allamand; and while our animal agrees with that in the structure of the horns, in the size and disposition of the lacrymal furrows, and in all the essential characters, it cannot be considered as specifically different, in consequence of a slight modification of colour. The drawing already mentioned from the collections of Dr. Hamilton, representing the head of the Rib- faced Deer, agrees in the reddish brown tint with the Javanese animal; but the lines passing along the face and horns are dark brown instead of black. The prepa- ration in the Museum of Mr. Brookes has the same tint; but the form of the horns, and the ribs of the face, agree strikingly with our animal. As far as I have been able to determine from the specimens, figures, and from descriptions, I consider the Chevreuil des Indes of Allamand, the Rib-faced Deer of Pennant and Hamilton, and the Kidang, or Kijang, of the Indian Islands, as belonging to the same species, the Cervus Muntjak of Zimmerman. Although the Cervus Muntjak resembles the Cervus Capreolus, or Roe, in many points, yet in determining its situation in a natural series, it is necessary to take a general view of all the species of Cervus hitherto discovered: it will then appear, that in several essential characters our animal differs from the Roe, and resembles the Cervus Elaphus. Among the characters, from which the species of Cervus have been arranged into groups, the elevation of the horns on pedestals is one; but it does not associate the species in a natural manner. This character occurs in the Cervus Capreolus, in the Cervus Pygargus, in several American species of Deer resembling the Roe, to which the Cervus subulatus of Mr. Brookes belongs, and in the Cervus Muntjak. But this character is of a relative nature; and a pedestal CERVUS MUNTJAK. supporting the horns exists in all species of Cervus, as is rendered evident on exa- mination of the skull. The characters which most obviously distinguish the Cervus Capreolus and the Cervus Muntjak, are the canine teeth and the lacrymal furrows: the latter are entirely wanting in the C. Capreolus, while their amplitude in the Chevreuil des Indes and in the C. Elaphus is pointed out by Allamand in the following terms.—* Au-dessous (les yeux) sont deux larmiers trés remarquables par leur grandeur et leur profondeur, comme ceux du Cerf;” and the canine teeth of the latter, although short, afford another important character of agreement between it and the Cervus Muntjak. DIMENSIONS. Feet Inches Lines. Length of the body and head, from the extremity of the nose tothe root of the: tails.s.c.cécssctssssesceseses diepvansiaaseesit Beavadesbos 4 0 0 (beisincstansees RAG CHAM crete onde d ovine tre bncsatacadevadsipicattvesMedsisivecnicae Ol LF. sipaliguseaes from the extremity of the nose to the pointof the horns 1 3 0 sdophaswenepice SIN NPAC teas a vais aentnicasnagtgvassbe Pea ssianes ieqioncboaatvayesnvess ~O 9 6 Seles walters the staked: Skil: sccisiecedscosssssseursnerrciugcesisdssraiwvieen 0» 6 9. 0 tub narercnsiens the pedestal of the horns, from its origin at the orbit of the eye, to the coronal margin ....ssseseeseeees 0,5. 8 anadinwckaaete the naked pedestal projecting sii the skull...... 0 3. 0- desPpekabl stant the pedestal with the horn .......:..sccscccessessecsseereeeens 0 10. O- shavnbndevlt ys the principal branch of the horns ....c..s0:sescessseeene O 4. YQ aepake ands dna the snort branes. o4) aNtler: vussssscsescsesesavecssarsesesiioces| Or, By G Sibeasavweiices the lengthened canine tooth, or tusk .....0we O LO Distance from the extremity of the muzzle to the commence- ment of the lateral ridges of the skull.......ccsscccssseeseesseees 0-) 3) 46 Height before, at the anterior extremities .......::ccsseccessceseseeees 2.8) © Vaasstselas behind, at the posterior extremities ....ccscreeeeee 2 5 O Circumference of the body before ........ pepe o bse tscadnabacetashste oss 2 6 6 sbedat sietedvessehi» sated WWseesbs s344: 900) DOTA, senscdecsescosecssgeveosnd: sbsiebesd ens g- 9+ 0 The preceding description exhibits the resemblances and differences which exist in form and external characters. between the Cervus Muntjak and the European Roe. From the following details it will appear, that these two animals have similar natural dispositions, manners, and peculiarities; and that the Muntjak holds in the Indian Islands the same place which the Cervus Capreolus occupies in Europe. The Cervus Muntjak selects for its resort certain districts, to which it forms a CERVUS MUNTJAK., peculiar attachment, and which it never voluntarily deserts. Many of these are known as the favourite resort of our animal for several generations. They consist of moderately elevated grounds, diversified by ridges and vallies, tending towards the . acclivities of the more considerable mountains, or approaching the confines of extensive forests. Such districts are by no means uncommon in Java; they are covered with long grass, and shrubs and trees of moderate size, growing in groups or small thickets, and they generally intervene between cultivated tracts and the deep forests. Their vegetation is peculiarly adapted to afford to our animal a very abundant supply of nourishment: their surface is covered with long grass, Saccharum spicatum, well known to persons who have visited the interior of Java by the name of Allang- Allang, and the groves and thickets abound with Phyllanthus Emblica—Linn.; these two plants constitute its principal food. They also produce many species of Hibiscus, Grewia, Urena, and other malvaceous plants, all which are greedily eaten by the Kidang. About the middle of the dry season, in the Javanese winter, just before the foliage is renewed, the shrubs and herbaceous plants covering the plains and small woods are, according to an old and universal custom in Java, set on fire, and thus these tracts are prepared for a new vegetation, which appears shortly before the annual rains, in a period that may be compared with an European spring; after the lapse of a few weeks, the ground and shrubs are covered with fresh verdure, and a most abundant supply of food is ready for the Kidang. ‘These districts, being in most cases sparingly supplied with water, do not invite an extensive popu- lation: the Kidang is not molested by a few solitary hamlets, but the leaves of the Convolvulus Batatas, and of many leguminous and cucurbitaceous plants, which always surround the dwellings of the natives, afford it an occasional repast. Many of these hamlets might be enumerated, which would afford a pleasant recollection to those persons who have visited the native Courts, or the eastern capitals. Jebres, Kayu-urib, and Pring-ombo near Surakarta, and Kali-wungu near Sama- rang, are among the most favourite. The native inhabitants of.the hamlets dispersed through the districts in which the Kidang is found, do not possess means to undertake the chace; but it affords a favourite amusement both to Europeans and to natives of rank, who engage in it in different modes with great ardour. The Cervus Muntjak has a strong scent, and is easily tracked by dogs. When pursued, it does not go off, like the Stag, in any accidental direction; its flight indeed is very swift at first, but it soon relaxes, and, taking a circular course, returns to the spot from which it was started. The natives, acquainted with the character of our animal, describe it as possessing a great portion of craftiness, combined with miuch indolence. After several circular CERVUS MUNTJAK. returns, if the pursuit be continued, the Kidang thrusts its head into a thicket, and in this situation remains fixed and motionless, as in a place of security, and regard- less of the approach of the sportsmen. If it remains unobserved, it is still unwilling to quit its haunts; and experienced hunters, acquainted with its natural disposition, after an unsuccessful pursuit, return the following day, and in many cases find the Kidang near the same spot. The chace of the Kidang, by means of dogs, affords occasionally a favourite * amusement to the natives of rank in Java. Many of these, especially in the more distant provinces, keep large packs for this purpose, which are regularly trained. The dogs, vulgarly denominated pariahs, are the indigenous breed of the Island, in a state of imperfect domestication: there are several varieties; one of these greatly resembles the Sumatran dog, of which a description, accompanied by a figure, is ~ given by General Hardwicke, in the XIIIth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society: the body is lank, and the ears erect; they are ferocious in their disposition, and rarely shew any attachment to their masters. The natives of Java, like other Mahomedans, entertain prejudices unfavourable to dogs; they rarely treat them with kindness, or allow them to approach their persons; and it is only in extra- ordinary instances, or when they contribute to their amusement, that they feed or care for them; generally they are ill treated, and left to provide for themselves, so that their famishing condition is disgusting to Europeans. Many of these dogs are extremely ardent and courageous in the pursuit of the Kidang: when the chace commences, they are led with a line by an attendant to the spot; the peculiar exha- lations soon discover the Kidang ; the dogs are discharged, and commence the pursuit with great ardour, while the sportsman follows more deliberately, and generally when he comes up with them, finds the dogs at bay with the Kidang. The male animal possesses a great share of courage, and with its tusks makes a most vigorous defence; many dogs are wounded in the attack; the sportsmen uniformly are pro- vided with remedies and applications, and by a simple suture attempt to unite those wounds which are not immediately fatal: in this operation they frequently succeed, _ and preserve their most valuable dogs; but in many cases the Kidang makes fatal lacerations in the neck and breast, or lays open the abdomen. But although possessed of great courage, the life of the Kidang is not tenacious, and the sports- man on arriving at the spot, generally dispatches it with small shot. The natives _of the more distant districts are in the habit of bringing their best dogs to the capitals, On occasion of their half-yearly attendance, to perform the feudal services to the Sovereigns, when their sports afford an occasional amusement to the a inhabitants, CERVUS MUNTJAK. Other modes of chace are also employed by the natives of rank. One in particular is common in the western parts of the Island; a district is surrounded by a line of hunters, and the Kidang is driven in towards a central spot; forty or fifty animals are in this manner often obtained at a single pursuit. Many of the hunters are mounted, and the horses are trained to the chace. The sportsman endeavours to overtake the animal, and to kill it by a stroke witha sword. The inhabitants of Pugar and Blambangan, two provinces at the eastern extremity of Java, possessing a small population, but abounding in extensive plains and acclivities, which afford an ample range and abundant pasture to the Kidang, are particularly ~ skilled in this sport. The best horses are trained for it: the sportsman, without a saddle, mounts on the naked back, and carries on the pursuit with a frantic impe- : tuosity, at the risk of his limbs and neck. During my visit to these districts, I was frequently entertained by aged natives with narratives of their favourite sport, and of the dangers and accidents they had encountered on many occasions; but these had not diminished their ardour for this amusement. The native Stag of Java is pursued in the same manner. In Banka a less arduous, but more destructive method is employed to take the Kidang. A long rope of rattan is suspended, at a proper height above the ground, between two trees; numerous nooses, of the same material, hang from this, in a close and continued series, and the Kidang, driven towards it, pursued by dogs, and blinded by fear, does not perceive the slender rattan, and Sr ares his head into a noose, is isnt on the spot. The Kidang has other enemies and pursuers seed man; the tiger and leopard also approach its retreat, and many are annually destroyed by them. But in a mild climate, a constant and regular supply of food abounds, and no great variation or decrease is observed in their number. They are found in pairs, or in small troops, rarely exceeding a single family. The Kidang is impatient of confinement, and is not fitted for the same degree of domestication as the Stag. It is, however, occasionally found in the inclosures of natives and Europeans, but requires a considerable range to live comfortably: it is cleanly in its habits, and delicate in the choice of food. The flesh affords an excellent venison, which is often found on the tables of Europeans. The natives eat the males, and always present them in a conspicuous place in their feasts; but in consequence of some peculiarities in the habits of the females, they have an aversion to them as food. TOI lr Paes Seed er! 2 at Coro (| fenerturcs reper» Rae, Pep ang Frye ere Ee here erry Ag wey erm Ty ° te : oy ey Ay Pee “SAVIN SN OA SILA AO geey eng NG all i ie a oe if fa ae Me | FALCO ICHTHYATUS. Orp. If Les O1seavx DE Prore, Cuvier. 1* Famille. Les Diurnes. 2° Division. Les Faucons. Orv. I* Rapaces, Temminck. Orp. I. Accrrirres, Linn. Syst. Orp. III. Rapratores, Iiger. Fam.18. Accipitrini. FALCO, Linn. Lath. Cuv. Temminck, Iliger. CHAR. GEN.—Rostrum inedioces) crassiusculum, aduncum, compressum, basi ceri- gerum, tomiis maxillaribus szpius dentigeris. Nares \aterales, ad marginem anticum ceromatis site, rotundate, patule, aperte, Lingua cartilaginea, apice acuta seepius fissa. Caput plumis densis tectum. Pedes mediocres, validi, insidentes, seepius hirsuti aut semihirsuti. Tarsus digito medio longior. Acrotarsia aut scutulata, aut clypeata, aut reticulata Acrodac- tyla scutulata. Ungues validi, incurvi, acutissimi. Pe/ma torulosum scabrum (Iliger). Falco fuscus, cera caerulea, pedibus flavescentibus, ventre postice crisso cruribus caudaque preter apicem albis, capite canescente. Jokowuru, of the Javanese. Falco Ichthyztus, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 186. IN the concise description of a collection of birds from Java, which is contained in the XIII" Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, the Falco Ichthyztus is arranged among the BatBusarps of the celebrated Cuvier, which belong to the Aquila of Bechstein and Temminck. As our bird, and the Falco FALCO ICHTHYAZTUS. Haliztus, are very different in physiognomy, it may be proper, in this place, to enumerate the considerations by which I have been guided in this arrangement. The chief of these have been the agreement which exists in the structure of the claws, and in the habits and mode of life, between the Javan and European bird, To shew the former, I refer to the authority of M. Cuvier; and the latter, which I have personally observed, is further supported by the testimony of M. Temminck. The peculiar character of the claws in the Falco Haliztus, is given with great precision by the celebrated writer first mentioned:—* leurs ongles sont ronds en des- sous, tandis que dans les autres oiseaux de proie, ils sont creusés en gouttiére :” and Mr. Temminck,.in his “ Observations sur la Classification méthodique des Oiseaux &e.” in speaking of the Balbusard, (as forming one of the genera of Mr. Vieillot), has the following remark, which, as it applies, in my opinion, to our bird, I shall extract entire :—* chez cet oiseau, les formes des pieds et du bec s’accordent en tous points avec notre balbuzard, hormis l’égalité de longeurs des ongles, qui dans cette espéce sont inégaux. Je sais positivement que cet oiseau de proie de Java, vit comme notre balbuzard, il est modellé comme lui, excepté qu'il a les ailes plus courtes, mais ses tarses et ses doigts, quoique beaucoup plus forts, sont en tout point semblables 4 ces parties dans notre balbuzard ; le plumage est trés-different.” The peculiarities of our bird will appear from the following description. The largest individual of the Falco Ichthysetus which I have examined, (a female, to be mentioned in the sequel, which I obtained at the Lake of Damak), measures two feet ten inches in length: the extent of the expanded wings is six feet, and the bill measures from the gape to the claw two inches. In general form the bill agrees with that of the Balbusard, but it is proportionally longer, and more robust; the upper mandible is abruptly inflected beyond the middle, has a long claw, and strongly curved cutting edges or tomia. The lower mandible is obliquely truncated at the pomt. The nostrils are large, and irregularly angular at the sides. The cere is blueish, rather obscure, naked above, and bordered with hairs laterally. The wings are several inches shorter than the tail. Of the quill-feathers the first is of moderate length; the second is somewhat shorter than the third, fourth, and fifth, which are longest, and nearly equal. The emargination is slight on the external, and deep on the internal vanes of the quill-feathers, from the second to the seventh. The tail exceeds the wings more than two inches in length; it is truncated, having a small rotundity at the sides. A peculiar character of our bird exists in the length and stoutness of the feet and legs. The tarsi are partially covered with plumes at the base. The toes are of great length and strength; the middle toe is longest; the lateral ones on each side are nearly of equal length, and the hind toe is proportion- ally robust. The feet are very rough underneath, being covered with sharp protu: FALCO ICHTHY XTUS. berances. ‘The claws are of uncommon size, strongly curved, regularly cylindrical; and possess in a great degree the peculiarity belonging to the Balbusards of northern climates. From the examination which I have been enabled to make of various specimens, it appears that in Falco Ichthyetus they are truly cylindrical, while in Falco Haliztus they are laterally compressed. They are admirably calculated for a rapid seizure, and a firm hold. The claw of the middle toe has a small groove internally. Regarding their relative size, it is to be noted, that of the anterior toes, the claw of the interior is largest, and they successively decrease to the exterior. The claw of the hind toe is scarcely perceptibly larger than that of the interior toe before. The general colour of the Falco Ichthyetus above is brown, but it has different shades and degrees of intensity. The posterior portion of the abdomen, the vent, the thighs, and the tail, to within two inches of the extremity, are white. The head is brown, with a tint of plumbeous gray, which is darker above, and paler at the sides and underneath. The plumes of the upper part of the head are long, acute, with the vanes on each side irregular, and in some individuals appearing as if corroded. A space, nearly naked, extends from the anterior angle of the eye to the base of the bill. Long decumbent vibrissz are scattered in small numbers on this naked space, and on the forehead, the cheeks, the base of the bill near the gape, and the throat. The cere is blue, and rather obscure. The irides have a bright sulphur yellow colour. On the neck, breast, and the anterior part of the back and abdomen, the brown inclines to ferruginous. On the wings the colour is more intense, and in certain positions regarding the light, has a blueish cast. The wings underneath are hoary. The brown is saturated and pure on the back, and on the extremity of the tail and of the quill-feathers; the shafts of the latter are nearly black. The posterior white portion of the abdomen is separated from the anterior parts by a determinate boundary line, extending almost regularly across the abdomen. The feet are light blue, with a yellowish lustre. The scales are remark- ably prominent and defined. The colour of the claws, which, from their cylindrical form and strong curvature, give a marked character to this bird, is deep blackish blue, and shining. The bill has a leaden hue. The female uniformly exceeds the male in size. The Falco Ichthyztus is found in Java, always near lakes, or on the banks of large rivers. It is by no means generally distributed. I met with it in two situations only: one of these was on the banks of the largest river of the eastern parts of the Island, the River of Kediri. Here it was very numerous, and I obtained most of the specimens which I afterwards brought to England. I fre- FALCO ICHTHY ZTUS. quently surprised it, perched on the extremity of a dead branch, in the attitude in which it is represented in the figure which illustrates this article, watching its prey. But I had previously become acquainted with its appearance and manners. During my residence on the hills of Prowota, situated about twenty miles south-east. of Semarang, I found a single pair of these birds, which had established themselves for several successive years, near a village on the confines of an extensive lake, formed by the annual accumulation of water during the period of rains, and distinguished by the name of Rawa (lake) of Damak. The birds had built their nest on the summit of a very large tree, where their motions were often watched by the natives; and by the assistance of one of these, I obtained both the male and female bird, and examined their nest. The latter was constructed in a rude manner of branches of trees. The branches which were placed on the exterior, were more than an inch in diameter; the inside was lined with small twigs: it was irregularly round, and very slightly excavated. The birds were surprised during the period of incubation. The male was procured living, and kept in confinement several weeks; the female was unfortunately strangled in the snare which was set for it. The nest contained one young bird, recently hatched, and a single additional egg, which being placed under a hen, was hatched in twenty-four hours. The male bird, on being caught in the snare, permitted itself to be seized by the native who ascended the tree, without making any resistance. It was brought to me without delay. The bird at this time lay in the arms of the native, apparently conscious of its situation, and with- out making use of its claws or bill, or exerting any efforts to extricate itself. It suffered itself to be handled and examined very patiently. Being placed in a large cage, I had an opportunity of observing it during several weeks. It made a few efforts in the beginning to set itself at liberty; but finding them ineffectual, it soon, by its calmness and dignity of manners, exhibited a resemblance to the more noble species of Falcon. It stood quiet in its cage, regarding every thing that passed with a steady look: if a person approached very near, it retired gradually, without shewing any alarm. During the first two days of its confinement, our bird refused food altogether, although it was plentifully supplied with fish. After the expiration of this time, it opened its bill when a fish was offered to it; and although very hungry, it seemed to distrust this unaccustomed mode of taking food. A small fish being now carefully placed in the bill, without any resistance on the part of the bird, was permitted to remain a considerable time, and after much hesitation, was finally swallowed with great caution... By mild treatment the bird gradually became accustomed to this mode of taking food, and after several days it had acquired sufficient confidence to take a fish from the hand of any person that offered it, Its usual attitude was with the bill half opened. The bird appeared to have frequent thirst, and took up copious draughts of water with its bill, FALCO ICHTHY £TUS. The pair of birds which I here obtained, had been carefully observed by the natives of the village of Brambatan for several years. Their cry resembled that of the Osprey. They lived exclusively on fishes, which they obtained abundantly out of the lake above mentioned. They never attacked fowls or other animals. They daily resorted to the lake, over which, suspended in the air, or sailing slowly along, they watched their prey: on observing a fish, they darted on it with impetuous velocity. More rarely they pursued a more passive conduct, and watched the lake from the trees in its neighbourhood. The nest of this pair of birds had before my arrival been repeatedly visited by the natives. The female was observed to lay two eggs at a time, and the young birds were driven from the neighbourhood as soon as they were able to provide for themselves. In our Plate the Falco Ichthyetus is represented very nearly one-third of the size of life. meri nner > tp weytcty F way tg * « * = * ‘Prez i Of ae £ we gt Harare fa ROE LPO. or ge mune ASL f onenbta . FALCO CHRULESCENS. Orv. It Les Orseaux DE Prore, Cuvier. 1° Famille. Les Diurnes. 2% Division. ‘Les Faucons. Orp. If Rapaces, Temminck. Orp. I. Acctrrrres, Linn. Syst. Orv. III. Rapratrores, Iliger. Fam. 18. Accipitrini. FALCO, Linn. Lath. Cuv. Temminck, Illiger. Cuar. GEN.—Vide Falco Ichthyztus. Me Te i a ee Falco nigro-cerulescens subtus ferrugineus, hypochondriis tibiis postice plagaque laterali colli atris, remigibus rectricibusque intus albo fasciatis. Allap, or Allap-allap, of the Javanese. Falco cerulescens, Linn. Syst. 1. p. 129. 9.—Gmel. Syst. 1. p. 285.—Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 50.—Gen. Zool. Vol. VII. Part 1, p. 208. Falco Bengalensis, Briss. VI. App. p. 20. Falco parvus indicus, Ger. Orn. 1. p. 66. t. 44. f. 1. Little black and orange Indian Hawk, Edw. ¢. 108. Bengal Falcon, Lath. Syn. 1. p. 112. 97. IN giving in the present Number of these Researches the figure of the Falco cerulescens of Linneus, I have in’ some degree deviated from the plan which I proposed to myself at the commencement; but as I have been enabled to offer to the patrons of the Work four original figures in Ornithology, I concluded it would not be unacceptable te them to meet, at the side of the largest species of Falcon which Java produces, another bird, remarkable on account of its minuteness and beauty. The Public has long been acquainted with the Falco cerulescens, which is considered as the smallest of the genus, and was first described by Edwards in his Natural History of Birds, published in the year 1750, from a specimen forwarded to Dr. Mrap from Bengal. FALCO CH RULESCENS. The Falco cexrulescens, as it occurs in Java, has presented to me the following observations. It has a very robust fabric. The bill has a double notch, which is deeper than in any other species belonging to the “Falcones proprie sic dictt” of Bechstein that I have examined., The entire length is six inches and an half. Upper parts blueish black, and glossy. Throat, breast, axill&, sides of the neck, forehead, and a line continued from the environs of the bill over the eye and along the neck, white, with a ferruginous tint. Lower part of the breast, abdomen, vent, and thighs, ferru- ginous. Hypochondria, thighs posteriorly, and a broad patch extending from the eye along the side of the head, black; the plumes which cover the thighs behind, are terminated by long silky filaments, or radii, which are straggling and pendulous, and by their laxity and irregularity afford a peculiar character to our bird. This is not noticed by Edwards in the description of the specimen which he delineated. From the General Zoology it appears that in one specimen, which was considered a male bird, the under parts agreed with the bird as found in Java, excepting the colour and distribution of the plumes just mentioned. In the bird figured by Edwards, the under parts were bright orange-yellow, and it exceeded our bird nearly one inch in length. I became acquainted with the Falco cerulescens in the year 1806, in the eastern districts of Java: here I obtained a single individual. I had no opportunity of observing its manners personally, but the natives described it as uncommonly bold in the pursuit of small birds. During the latter period of my abode at Surakarta, several individuals were brought to me from the range of southern hills, which are covered with forests. In other parts of the Island I have not observed it. oe ey? 2 Oper oe AINE ROLE MO hE MNT 2 wareatrnge ot ie pia Be wr aee s fs | - 4” Ff 7 ¥ 4 = * = = i ry i + ] : a “ 7 , bea = 1 it of hj L = t. ay 7 a a ha i a ‘ oti « a i “= + r I a] i ti ail to p Pe ean | mS? 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Mv. : Ras Viet How olgoils vias aro b ohh ait | “ sal iM . bs wane tS ET Swnttt tees vweokhal [hci vs te el : stall & secirft: ‘ho a fneatte | = Luieorsy ue . “anand Ry am sgh om bait i Th) at , atto hain ok ad oe , st x ai fit , = ; 5 tee : 3 ee he ’ aap SOT oats ain ; ba ¥ a { Vis are * frotruiion o ae : 4 i le Yo borers git pre Lr = a : is wb A’ : a f i de ry LA = " nial me : ‘ ae - A 7 - “tte . as mbit vith haere apts Oat a as a cate ee EP eh a SYP noes | , | re eae, Ae 7!) gotprehD aah grata pac tgtiietpeurig SE * “ ni, | - r ' ‘ia a J ie | in? “" hy, a + 4 all , 2 wl i ; 1 : ‘Aine thee ~ bed ‘ : 2 : + = 7 ha “— tis . By f " 4 P + ah 7 cay ‘gee r ' a sete , i Ss? mg aa r Ae ra ig wl abigihe < i i ae toe oY Nowicki A Let de ane pulddeaen "a pis. it i Rit hatentc, Mea erie aa late, Fishnet .45, teoce abs imlygy ap peecacialal es 4 te hae re ra) ie ee US Te, Asia ee ea ee | a4 = . ra ; : = A > i - fetes ~~ ¥ =e: een | 7 ( _ *, ‘i - 2 i ae Bite to Z he eakdhy oe pices at Se ements a * / 7) The 1 > i | rs r f Mi as © ke! 1 r 4 § © oie a " ‘ P . ss ze 4 P ‘in - - . 7 . . , 1 yaks aap -_— acy 3 et e Dy. ig hag Rae a baie STRIX BADIA. Lenton, Pub by Aingrbury Lardrery Bo Allen, 7 tcadinhall Se. fine i822. Frits Opt) daar ‘ - : ' , a> ' i ( i . + jay he cia | n pa = iE ‘ 1 a » = i a a > 1 petra? ‘ ' Pa i: *. t e ‘a * HES Mil tid bit 7 | a I : i i ieee ‘ = 4 yi iy iy 4 Sy A? om A ey - _— | r ayy im sane cM i. | a = ee P tne oy 2 Ming Sia = aA 5 tet cs r Ay = in Th = we | aves lige = a tee tee at ; a | al i WAN - hc . i i; ee h si rehk f 1 Por ar ge eay ie ot ve ~ ‘ ai ae rs = } , a Pa et i! P ‘ 7 ib. we i - h - ; 7 7! L* a is ’ ‘s fee ter). : je “4 rahe ek i . 7 J a i " ] a”, - ' ‘2 , Pe i 7 } a ‘4 ‘ * Z ; 5 ! f 4 ’ i . 4 ’ le I rE i! i . PODARGUS JAVANENSIS. Orp. II* Les Passereaux, Cuvier. 2° Famille. Les Fissirostres. Orp. IIT™ Caetipones, Temminck. Orp. VI. Passeres, Linz. Syst. Orv. II. Amsunatrores, Tiger. Fam. 16, Hiantes, PODARGUS, Cuvier. Cuan. Gen.—Rostrum breve, crassissimum, subdepressum, grypaneum, aduncum, basi dilatato-ampliatum, capistro recumbente et vibrissis frontalibus porrectis obsitum. Mazilla postice arcuatim sub oculos protensa lateribus subinflexis ; culmine basi subcarinato apicem versus obsolete rotundato ; dertro, elongato sub- cylindrico, obtuso, infra canaliculato, deflexo. Mandibula basi flexura maxilla leviter exarata, gradatim attenuata, apice suboblique truncata, ad excipiendam maxilla dertrum emarginata, tomiis rectis subdiaphanis. Riefus amplissimus, vibrissze mastacales nulle. Nares submarginales, lineares, horizontales tomiis parallele, capistro recondite, squama depressa obtectz, aut rima obsoletiore vix manifeste. — Ale subelongate. Cauda rotundata. Pedes breves. Tarsi subrobusti. Digiti breves liberi: halluce debiliore. Ungues parvi compressi, rectiusculi, simplices. Podargus rufescente-isabellinus fusco pulverulentus, cauda undulato-fasciato. Chaba-wonno of the Javanese, Podargus Javanensis, Horsf: Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 141. SEVERAL species of this genus have been discovered in New Holland : from their appearance, and the general distribution of colours on their plumage, they have been associated with the Goatsuckers. The Baron Cuvier named them Podarges in the IV" Volume of the Régne Animal, in the Addenda; but the characters are very slightly indicated, and Mr. Bowdich has given them their proper place in the family to which they belong, and has illustrated the genus by an instructive figure of the bill. As the peculiar characters are detailed in the generic description, I shall here PODARGUS JAVANENSIS. only remark, that the bill, from an excessively wide base, tapers gradually to the tip, which is provided with a hooked claw, like that of accipitrine birds; if the bill were more compressed, it would greatly resemble that of the smaller species of owls, the more as it is surrounded at the base by a capistrum of plumes and bristles pointing forward. The sides of the bill rise gradually to a very obsolete back or culmen, and the nostrils are pierced laterally and horizontally, representing a minute fissure covered with a scale. The toes also are completely separate, and the claw of the middle toe is not dentated. The Podargus Javanensis measures nine inches in length. The general colour is ferruginous or rufous, with a tint of isabella; this is variegated by undulated transverse bands of a dark brown colour, which are dotted or confluent, and by several large spots of white or pale yellow, forming a strong contrast with the other parts. On the head above, the back, the wings, and the tail, the general colour of rufous-isabella predominates. On the head and back the transverse bands are very delicate; they are stronger on the upper part of the tail, consisting of narrow undulating lines, including broader bands, the ground of which is dotted, and which alternate with bands of the general rufous tint. At the sides of the head, beyond the ears, are several plumes, terminated by long delicate bristles; and the border of the bill is environed with recurved plumes and bristles which conceal it, and give to the front of the bird an appearance somewhat like that of an owl. A collar of pale whitish isabella, variegated with two very narrow bands of deep brown, passes round the lower part of the neck. Commencing at this collar, several large, irregular, white marks are disposed in an interrupted series from the axilla to the middle of the back. ‘The superior of these marks are formed by plumes of the sides of the neck, and the inferior by several of the wing coverts. They are individually surrounded by a narrow zig-zag border of deep brown inclining to black, forming a strong contrast with the pale colour of the marks. The rest of the coverts are very delicately variegated, and the quill-feathers are dark and brownish towards the extremity. The colour of the bird underneath is somewhat deeper; on the breast and belly several white plumes are scattered, bordered with dotted zig-zag lines of brown and black, which cause a beautiful alternation of colours on these parts. The plumes of the vent are delicate and silky, and the wings and tail are dusky under- neath. The feet are rufous, the claws blackish, and the bill has an obscure yale tint somewhat shining. The difficulty of observing this bird, from its retired and nocturnal habits, has prevented me from acquiring any information regarding its manners. It appears to conceal itself in large forests, and comparatively with the Goatsucker, is extremely rare: our Collection contains but a single specimen. é = ia Po ¥ . = ah . =! i (Of ADL! OP pyar ee FS usa fg Med het SAAMI OR Woe AP PUES wats F “SISNANVAVE SNSPHVAOd F ry i rrp ere y see Pia a eka) OP Pet Pires ‘er = KF i “y ivy f tpt Pa { ; - : ite es See ke Lee eae re" x Nh h "on F iF 59 ain pa, 1 . i. 16 4, od os abi Vi sa? . in A, Tie 4 L i es se ‘2 ay et > in 4/ bai i , Pale ae oe NaS KT ans a vei eat ttt ore ant a8 : 4 ; : ow DA “ti ty > + ys Ss rai ve 1 rs 1 ; sa rae i " : fe: te re | 7" _—) 4 i _” . re “ben i ha eae ie Pe ‘ Fe . , oa Le i * pag ny Lat Ea Ay ee: om - ah a) : + ae a ise ' - = j : ; hig* . + pete oti prin Hwee | Feds alt Las 4 ott te! sre ok, yt ¥ | : | at VE eal ise ay i et or Of | ai on ce eee ae x me a Ae TP Oe dea) mae | arta? ae she, hatnee, Chakh, -pesay ren inant ws Veal rah. Le, Aes pe A iy 25 ee pyet weet ne aie ae St et Ae et ee rhe re ‘i " a q ” aA the 72 a | eee an ORR. Aer met a obs x | aoe AS ee Ty ee ae 20 ie waka BAN Sn NER Say rine A ‘ete : >in hs ‘ r | Dee DR eo es ie ne Pals be pie ang smtgioll OP i | m ss ‘sl ‘tel ae i rib nla 7 * — 4 Lite a mae ASR ag at 0G MM inka 2 Re eal ae i aoe. ive ae Pe ee iis 7 ” # de sk.1 ee oe A i lhe iE F ie ta | rat AP oe Chet Gy Aa ase eeipat cam nO RDM a Y 3% ae i aA MUSCICAPA BANYUMAS. Orp. IIl™ Les Passereaux, Cuvier. 1° Famille, Les Dentirostres. Orv. IIT™ Insectrrvores, Temminck. Orv. VI. Passrres, Linn. Syst. Orp. Il. Amputatores, J/liger. Fam 11, Canori. MUSCICAPA, Linn. Briss. Lath. Cuv. Temm. Illig. &c. Cuar. Gen.— Rostrum mediocre, robustum, grypaneum, depressum, dertro plerum- que aduneo, tomiis pone apicem utrinsecus emarginatis. Vibrisse mastacales patentes elongate. Nares basales, laterales, subrotundz, patula, vibrissis mas- tacalibus partim obtecte. Pedes ambulatorii, mediocres, congrui. Acropodia scutulata. Unguis posticus incurvus, antico medio major. (Iliger.) A ee Rh li tt ali Th Muscicapa supra saturato cyaneo nigricans, subtus badio rufescens, linea frontali alarumque flexura azureis, macula laterali capitis collique aterrima antice orbitas loraque complectente ad rostri basin extensa postice attenuata, remigibus rectri- cibusque nigris. Chiching-goleng, of the Javanese, in the province of Banyumas. Muscicapa Banyumas, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 146. Muscicapa cantatrix, Gobe-mouche Chanteur, Nouv. Rec. de Pl. coloriées @oiseaux, &c. par C. J. Temminck et M. Laugier, &c. &c. &c. 38 Liv. Pl. 226, mile et femelle. Banyumas Fly-catcher, Gen. Hist. of Birds by J. Latham, M.D. Second Edition, 1821, Vol. VI. p. 206, N. 81. I FOUND the Muscicapa Banyumas only in one province of Java, which is designated by the specific name applied to it in the Systematic Arrangement of Birds from that Island. The natives distinguish it by a denomination—CuicHINeG- GOLENG—which is also given to the most melodious of the Javanese Thrushes. MUSCICAPA BANYUMAS. It has a loud and very agreeable note. During my visit to Banyumas, a province on the western confines of the native Prince’s territory, I not unfrequently observed it in the forests which cover the hills in the vicinity of the capital. I was then unacquainted with the locality of its distribution, and from this cause have to regret the imperfection of my materials; for it never occurred to me in the eastern parts of Java, to which my Researches were chiefly confined. Two specimens only remained to be consulted in the following description. Their appearance is represented in our figure with sufficient accuracy ; but it is to be remarked, that on the flexure of the wings, and on the forehead, the light blue tint, inclining to azure, should appear with greater brilliancy. M.'Temminck’s figure of the Muscicapa cantatrix, which has above been cited as a Synonym, represents a defined line along the forehead, extending backward over the eyes, which in our specimens is less distinctly marked. It is also clearly pointed out in his description. The upper parts are dark indigo blue, with a lighter tint inclining to azure, on the flexure of the wings, and on the frontal band above mentioned. The internal vanes of the intermediate tail-feathers, and the quill-feathers at their extremity, and along the internal margin, as well as the tail underneath, are black. The junction of the mandibles, the base of the bill generally above and underneath, and the region between this and the eyes, are surrounded by delicate yelvet-like plumes, of an intense black colour. A mark of the same colour commences at the gape of the bill, stretching first backward to enclose the orbits; and then, descending along the sides of the neck, terminates in a sharp point near the shoulder. Underneath our bird has an orange tint, more saturated and rufous on the throat and breast, inclining to yellow on the plumes of the vent and of the abdomen. The irides are dark coloured, and the feet brown. The bill is black, rather broad at the base, and less elevated and strong than in many other Fly-catchers. It is surrounded by numerous, rigid, decumbent vibrisse. The claws are large, strongly compressed, and acute. The tail is somewhat lengthened, and the extremity of the wings reaches its middle, The entire length of our bird is five inches and eight lines. In the female, agreeably to M. Temminck’s description, the head and the neck above are grayish, the back olive, and the tail and the wings brown, bordered by reddish; the under parts have generally a paler orange tint, and the mark on the sides of the head and neck is whitish. MUSCICAPA HIRUNDINACEA. —a oa M. viridi-chalybeo nigra, subtus uropygioque albis. Muscicapa obscura, Horsf: Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XILI. p. 146. Obscure Fly-catcher, Lath. Gen, Hist. of Birds, 2d Eid. Vol. VI. p. 205, n. 79. Muscicapa hirundinacea, Reinw. in Temm. Pl. coloriées, 20" Lavr. Pl. 119. Gobe mouche véloce, Temm. Pi. coloriées, 20" Livr. Pl. 119, Fig. 1, male; Fig. 2, Jemelle, THE Muscicapa hirundinacea is one of those birds which, like the M. Banyu- mas, is rarely observed in the central parts of Java; and I have therefore equally to regret my want of opportunity for observing its habits, and the imperfection of my materials for description. It was first indicated concisely in the Systematic Arrangement of Birds above cited, with the name of Muscicapa obscura; but this name having previously been applied to a species essentially different, 1 have adopted the appropriate denomination of Professor Reinwardt, as itis given in M. Tem- minck’s Work. Our bird has the true character of the Fly-catchers: the bill, in proportion to the size of the body, is long, elevated, and of great strength, but the vibrisse are not numerous. Our figure gives a faithful representation of the female. In the male the distribution of colours is the same; but the tint above is dark blackish blue, with a greenish cast, as originally stated in our specific character. In the female the upper parts and the wings are brown, with an obscure metallic lustre in certain positions towards the light. Underneath, our bird is white, and this colour also covers the uropygium, and a band on the exterior tail feathers. The separation of colours between the upper and lower parts, along the neck, is formed by a curved line, which, from the middle of the neck, passes obliquely towards the shoulder. In the male, a very faint brownish tint is observed on the breast. In the form of the tail, and the proportional length of the wings, our bird agrees with the Muscicapa Banyumas. ; 4 « ' = 4 al Pl vil}! rs : vw a al * {... an ‘ 1 _ " ; rr i r a Bh a4 fa cull ( t] . + : r, aU Bg i ,* + ; 1 ; ; Cee fe COR Rae eae yf pe ( oe ll | a a tos 5 ie Te at * ph - 1 =" Mik i | Hh a ry : a a 7 +7 7 x" #5 | ’ Py if rod i= = = " =, ee ay ce ‘iggy = a. eae ’ . 3 e s Ss & r — > 4s = = pa ' bi a! . ™ . a = . * T jn ; ut Tee » oy et ber! ; ae a - : es a ~ at ® a, d . | 4 a 4 ; : > . 2 ' adi Le 2 iv . | L im Pia « ? r : i. +¥ i‘ a, "] f] . 4 if r = Oo :; te = . | —_" ~~ Lye . + a 4| thas ‘ > = < 4 ‘ a . a . i, 4 ; Am Se . . oe isi) ' . i Ser , agi ‘ i » . is - = : .s a= ' 4 fj — « eT ‘ ¢ itd ‘* Tig 1 it Pty ® al ie | : i... " r Ls a i , or. vs. ; r < a“ r« , . « r) « 4 i aa etary * tapes BF, iad | . « . _ * , = ' 2. * dm F | ae . ' Yt sa Ag = Pr (Ma =" t 2. 2 ! , a Ww i, i ‘4 | 1 | — 1 Ae is Paap, = 1 ? 5 eee > ee nth ag cies Tre) f eng vA =, i q) oe } 7 ' is = , a P ase jee iSeyi te: ts Seer apes) ede on ? , ' i) j " ws Me - ee ele ae rate a , | Az * : er, ene és Fi in 4 late peal eras rj itz ero mrt AE gure al Het as) 4 “ wig Lirthitos itt al byepealie chetiee #, - mere or ee -f ii igh >a} nixt wast pays rik rie iy Lem a 4 Veta E ‘ ny, OTOL A er Re lth e i | y Adie art? enti acl che fa: aright ariel v4 neta ’ . al ieen nara : nberig firey bat eae i iee. 44 he rein ei Sie ined ne ue ie te A ay ve ais : r ib a Tvutta: ah o Sf a i Tike? 3 hi ae ae SY RPA. | ri * a. " - : ' 7 ja, SP @ iy! - lta rt Sf Os 4 ect aS? ery: ‘tat np ee «, et et rh git git uot di cS) ia 1) CaP a rt i, 2 a ghd rite te. a sy a ioe ‘ é = L. ‘ a y Dy & | a3 rid ine = * i ja FS 1s te ans : ich ssi fs" | 7 As UN , aah: x ve a als fear ‘ as bert a sal Ae 9 shies ae | fy i! vies 4 Cia ope! “ft = ae * ; h ! , rat's cat eT eee IM ser | ce ae Nigh AAW: oe et waters i te ns Ee slls) eo My 4 i \y ij ; a A ‘ ae : J ’ ne a fa oar xg re ¥) gary PSY wr oe 7h us : ute ti iy \S -1% J ? f 7 , ‘ < 7 | i > re + | ; nA -* ont ts, ae val a A a : i i ; j J h hy on) " 7 s ! 1 r ¥ ove a, cd ‘ i rs — : a a. 7 | | m= i a { M “ 4 * * Ca at | ae | C rvs | » = ! l A ' " : i e" a id ; 7 rl . = " J ’ “1 : >i a = a = ue ‘ 7 - > + ~ . : J , * i A} ie Zz - ! 7 J 1 ms . rc : ’ . { i 7 toa - . 7; * - a es i. es <. - ; Tae % i aS » &é , i Ledeen aut Pa Prentadt dy | 1-MUSCICAPA BANYUMAS. ¢. MUS CICAPA HIRUNDINACEA, London). Pub by Kingsbury Parbary and Aten,], Leadenhall Stree, Cet! 1823, " hie tlt. 3 eee. | eh | r — a 7 oS 25 * 4 wy Fr MACH Bid Peg Pe tales Sey eye ) her ited TS wis & i ; os ie | Ae ah a4 Del | pik | bk re k = om 9 ae a ¥ y F J \ a Ly 7 x om as > , ai! ; res SY ae 3) a pees " TGA iT! *1 ! a Lie? i El Paes hy i + Bie ve re = 7 Sa ‘gow |e i i. * bd : a sg ._ = — ee ; a mis "1 , : - ; - A i 7 e A 1 - i , i T ie, 7 ne 7 ; oy NAC nate tS ee ’ ' q , i ie j a ! - LPS fe Bi det plato ee Fei) ghee: hh a ret - ; Pads sees he P ay AcuN ’ * ’ ry 4 * of ® I 7 = 1 * * a” 7 = a oe . TURDUS VARIUS. Orv. II™ Les PassErrEavx, Cuvier. 1° Famille. Les Dentirostres. Orp. III™ Insectrvores, Zemminck. Orv. VI. Passeres, Linn. Syst. Orp. II. Ampuatores, J/liger. Fam. 11, Canori. TURDUS, Linz. Cuar. Gen.—Rostrum mediocre, cultratum, apice compresso, deflexo, mesorhinio compresso. ‘Tomia integerrima, maxillaria utrinsecus pone apicem emarginata. Nares basales, laterales, nuda, superne membrana semiclausz, inferne foramine ovali patentes. Lingua fimbriata, apice emarginata. Pedes ambulatorii, medi- ocres, congrui. Acrofarsia aut scutulata, aut supra caligata, infra scutulata. Acrodactyla scutulata. (Illiger.) Ss Turdus supra castaneo-testaceus pennis apice atro-fuscis, subtus albidus nigro fasciatus, pectore fascia una hypochondriis fasciis pluribus latioribus, remigibus margine rectricibus extimis totis testaceis, vertice obsolete-cristato. Ayam-ayaman of the Javanese. Turdus varius, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans, Vol. XIII. p. 149. THE Turdus varius belongs to the first section which Mr. Temminck has established in this genus with the denomination of St/vains. It inhabits the thick forests which cover the Mountain Prahu, and, as far as my observations extend, it never leaves a region elevated between 6 and 7000 feet above the level of the ocean. On this circumscribed region it is extremely abundant. Its food consists chiefly of insects and worms. It is easily surprised by the natives: during my last visit to this mountain, I obtained in the course of a few days a great number of individuals. I never found it in any other part of Java. The entire length is ten inches and three-fourths. The upper parts are of a testaceous brown colour, either uniform, as on the extremity of the wings and on the tail, or transversely barred with deep blackish-brown, as on the head, neck, coverts of the wings, and back. On the head and neck the transverse bands are narrow, and crowded together; they are broader, and less regularly disposed on the upper part of TURDUS VARIUS. the back and on the wing coverts. On the lower part of the back, and on the uropygium and its sides, the bands succeed each other again, at nearly equal distances, and they are narrower, and arranged more regularly transverse. The quill-feathers are brown, with an exterior margin of the general testaceous colour; they have also a narrow terminal band of the same. The two exterior tail-feathers have the general testaceous colour of the other parts, rather more diluted; the two following are blackish brown, and on the intermediate feathers the colour is less intense. Underneath, both the quill-feathers and the tail-feathers are brown, inclining to gray. Of the under parts, the ground colour of the throat, the lower part of the breast, the abdomen, and the vent, is whitish: the upper part of the breast has a very diluted testaceous tint; all these parts are transversely barred with the most intense brown, inclining to black. On the throat, im the middle, the transverse bands are very obscure ; on the sides are two interrupted lines, between which the bands are more distinct and numerous. On the lower parts of the neck, both in the middle and at the sides, the bands increase in number and breadth. ‘The breast is marked with one principal transverse band; this is followed by several, which are irregular and interrupted, and they increase in number downward on the sides of the breast and abdomen, and on the hypochondriz: all these parts are crowded with intensely black bands, formed by the extremities of the plumes covering them, and which, by being either regularly transverse, circular, or slightly angular, exhibit a very beautiful succession of marks. In the axilla is a large tuft of plumes with silky barbs, white at the base, and black at the extremity. On the thighs and on the vent the bands are more delicate, and slightly blended with the testaceous tint, which is diffused over these parts. The legs, toes, and claws are brown, with a lustre of wax-yellow. The bill is blackish and shining, resembling horn; the lower mandible, near the base, is of a pale hue. ST i | Aad a * * Pa i I* ‘ - ” : oe 3 ae = os te 4 ‘ j 7 ' 5) i ’ _.« " ; : ies, Fs" Fy) s A ; Tr | i ' _ < r Te, = a - Pi ul p culls 1 = ! is CPi te Oe he ; Foah.) a, Toe Brat: eat = cue ail nt pepe bly a Peete iw pe | Bh ey riit avai ose | te) rinhin Ah Ara eee Ma ‘eate pee ‘ il * “TF a ees mone ha Fig i vn a a : i: at A ihe bi cdl acl pial Pree Md 4 “epee ae 4 aah erry ie Vien * 1 ai. ee wr . Bit | oe he ha 7 ret 4 Bs ts } he, Pd be fle. a] : i a Ld ul cl = es dvokoms . i ed dl @ s 7 -_ 7 eDe4 F Ak’ el : ory i veh a Ae fell bye jp (ies e cae / i We La *, A>; wal fee ria oe at ti P ] ee : a ; (we f) . Se 9 , [ le iF J + ] . é - gh é i | ~ le me = rn * ah ry * ~ _ r “ a 5 “ t | | " 7 i | i coe Z ? “f hPL i ; = a af ing “3 f = ‘ r i tat a i = ) 9 i, i " 4 [ * i" ) r r f z i a ti ! 1 bs | U - dj 4 fhe on iF > i i e y Pap a i TURDUS CYANEUS. Orp. II™ Les PassEREAUX, Cuvier. 1% Famille, Les Dentirostres. Orv. IIT™ Insectrvores, Temminck. Orp. III. Passerrs, Linn. Syst. Orv. II. Amputarorss, Tliger. Fam. 11, Canori. ° TURDUS, Linn. &c. Cuar. Gen.—Rostrum mediocre, cultratum, apice compresso deflexo, mosorhinio compresso. Tomia integerrima, maxillaria utrinsecus pone apicem emarginata. ~ . Nares basales, laterales, nude, superne membrana semiclause, inferne foramine — ovali patentes. Lingua fimbriata, apice emarginata. Pedes ambulatorii, medi- ocres, congrui. Aecrofarsia aut scutulata, aut supra caligata, infra scutulata. Acordactyla scutulata. (Iiger.) - Turdus niger, nitore cyaneo saturatissimo. Arreng-arrengan, of the Javanese. Turdus cyaneus, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 149. | THE Turdus cyaneus is nearly allied to the Turdus varius, which was de- scribed in the Second Number of these Researches. Both birds belong ‘to the Sylvains of M. 'Temminck, which constitute the first section of this genus. Like the Turdus varius, our bird never descends into the plains, but conceals itself in the forests which cover the mountains and hills, from an elevation of 4000 to 6000 feet above the level of the ocean. It has a more extensive range than the Turdus varius, but it is very rarely observed, living retired in the closest forests. During my residence in Java, I obtained only three individuals of this species. Its food consists almost exclusively of berries.’ o This bird, the Turdus varius, and several other species of Turdus from the Eastern Islands, have an affinity, which has been pointed out concisely in ‘the TURDUS CYANEUS. Catalogue of Birds from Java. In all of them the bill is comparatively long, straight, Ser and abruptly inflected at the extremity. The culmen, or back, is broad, and con- ‘stitutes a prominent rounded keel. They will probably be found to constitute a natural group among the Silvains. General colour pure raven-black, with a violet blue lustre diffused throughout the upper parts, and underneath, chiefly over the breast and anterior parts of the abdomen. When exposed to a strong light, the blue tint passes to a saturated azure, which shews itself most strongly on the shoulder and anterior margin of the wings. The feet and bill are intensely black. The plumes of the abdomen and vent are lengthened, having loose silky barbs, which are white at the base, and exhibit marks of this colour when slightly deranged from their natural position. The proportions of the parts of this bird are the same as those of Turdus varius, and it measures in length.nine inches and an half. fh ‘ p fritid dy & Jfindimanded: A. Pd adfeBer aod: TURDUS CYANEUS. Landon Pid, by Pingshury Parbury Aller 9 Leidenteale St fame ISLE UJ > 2 a 7 - i : = ' = a a hia eaat 7%) Le 1 ; . fe P ie be it pee-ed atts, 1 pe ree ys ate ve I+ tS } ; ae ai ns iy ee ri r ri a as " — = Pov > ese RS ee: peels th pc Nf a i * a 7 i i : mi ha 9 Tes j a af : a: ? alt | “ & 12 pic Pe DAYS i 1 7 iw ig Pe ; , ey Ji) j hens. LAN gi r ek: —— se % & " i 7 i ents is Abe ae a De ae By ” ie a ie ll i eat t i ' 4 ar i f 7 les ! gel iy fe pl ‘ paeelh are a? i a2 CF : » s > : 7 | | \ vee iin 47 oT . cee, Sa i 2, deity ra, a _ i ‘Tang 5 , “ . dé. ~*~ ; “| 7 il SRL S ; . af a , A t * " “on ay 4 . ars . * y : 4 al a ol * =4 1] j i: * a3 aa a +, rr \ 5 ’ : .- Ty . h i iv" wf, iche ‘ é 7 » < ae | J : 7. ” » _« o . Vi i 4 . i me au an | 7 - TIMALIA PILEATA. Orp. IT™ Les Passereavux, Cuvier. 1" Famille. Les Dentirostres. Orv. IIT™ Insectrvores, Temminck. Orv. VI. PassEres, Linn. Syst. Orp. II. Ampuxatores, Tiger. Fam. 11, Canori. TIMALIA, Nobis. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS.—Rostrum validum, compressum, altum. Mazilla arcu- ata, lateribus planis, culmine amplo rotundato levissime emarginato. Mandibula robusta. Nares subrotunde in fovea site. dle breves rotundate. Cauda elongata gradata. Pedes yalidi. Unguis posticus medio antico duplo major. CHARACTER NATURALIS.—Rostrum mediocre, validum, cultratum, valde com- pressum, altius quam latum, Mazilla lateribus planis, a basi ad apicem zqua- liter arcuata, levissime emarginata; cu/mine amplo rotundato inter nares alte carinato: tomiis sub inflexis. Mandibula gnathidiis validiusculis: tomiis rectis. Vibrisse pauce, breves, patule. Nares subrotundz, in fovea laterali sit, postice membrana tecte. Ale breves rotundate. Remiges: prima subspuria, tertia ad quintam longitudine gradatim incresecentes, externe leviter emarginate, sexta et septima longiores, ceterze sensim breviores. Cauda elongata, gradata; rectrices duodecim, inter- mediis latioribus. Pedes mediocres validi: acrotarsia scutulata. Digiti laterales wquales medio brevi- ores, externus medio ad basin leviter connexus, hallux validior. Ungues acuti; medius anticus mediocris, laterales minores wquales; hallucis medio antico duplo major. AFFINITAS.—Genus nostrum, etsi Turdo valde affine, differt tamen rostro alto lateribus planis, culmine amplo vix emarginato, alis brevibus, halluce maximo aliisque notis. | lt tte th ie ee TIMALIA PILEATA. Timalia subolivaceo-fusca, pileo castaneo, gula juguloque albis nigro lineatis, abdo- mine sordide testaceo. Dawit, or Gogo-stite of the Javanese. Timalia pileata, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 151. IN the generic description above detailed, I have endeavoured to exhibit clearly those characters by which Timalia is distinguished from Turdus. In a genus so extensive as the latter, a considerable diversity may be expected to exist in the species which belong to it; and in examining and defining the character of 'Timalia, I have not depended on recollection, but have actually placed before me as well those species of Turdus which I could obtain, that. in affinity come nearest to it, as those that are more obviously distinguished. Of the various species of Turdus which I have examined, the Turdus analis from Java approaches more nearly to our bird; keeping this species in view, I shall enumerate those characters which are peculiar to Timalia. These are a great validity, vertical height, and compression of the bill in general; a smoothness and uniformity of the sides of the upper mandible, which incline gradually to a broad rounded back or culmen, having a very minute notch; further, short rounded wings, robust tarsi, comparatively sharp and hooked claws, which on the posterior toe are double the size of those on the intermediate anterior toe. Our Timalia pileata and Turdus analis above men- tioned, although they resemble each other in habit, and distribution of marks, yet when they are brought together for comparison, exhibit an obvious diversity ; and I may add, that on the first discovery of our bird in Java, I considered it to belong to a division different from Turdus, and inserted it as such in the notices of my Researches. A bird recently sent from Sumatra by Str StamrorD RaArFFLEs, and belonging to the Museum of the Honourable East India Company, has in some degree confirmed my original conclusions. It strikingly agrees in many cha- racters with our Timalia pileata. Its bill has a similar character. It has the same breadth of back, or culmen, the minute notch, the short rounded wings, and the same character of the feet and claws. The sides of the upper mandible are equally smooth and uniform, but it is less elevated. I have described and figured it with the name of Timalia gularis; and to afford the means of a careful comparison, I have represented, with all possible accuracy, on the Plate of Illustrations, both the bill-of Timalia pileata and of Timalia gularis. TIMALIA PILEATA. A peculiar character is exhibited in both species of Timalia, by the structure of the plumes which cover the back and the upper parts of the neck, as well as the breast, belly, vent, and thighs. The separate filaments (radi, agreeably to Illiger), which constitute the vanes or webs of these plumes, are not in close contact, as is generally the case, but being inserted into the shaft, at a small distance from each other, they diverge with perfect regularity. The parts which they cover are accordingly marked with delicate parallel lines,. and, wherever several plumes lie over each other, they form a beautiful reticulation. On the posterior part of the abdomen, the vent, and the thighs, the plumes have a similar structure; but the filaments are greatly elongated and pendulous, so as to envelope these parts with a lax plumose covering, which on near inspection appears covered with delicate hairs. This appearance is produced by a series of very minute parallel villi, on each of the separate filaments, arranged with great regularity and beauty. Plumes, in which this structure can be discerned with the naked eye, are named decom- pound by Illiger, and described as those whose radii are pinnated with smaller lateral radii; and the effect which the arrangement of these decompound plumes has in the appearance of the bird, is exhibited with accuracy both in the figure of Timalia pileata and of Timalia gularis. These two species further agree in external character in the lines which mark the throat, and in the darkness of the upper parts of the head, modified, however, in such a manner, as to afford a distinguishing character to each, Entire length of the Timalia pileata, six inches and three-fourths. Body, ovate, rather stout. General colour, above brown, with an olivaceous tint; underneath, testaceous, inclining to gray. Head capped with saturated chesnut. Throat and cheeks white. Breast white, inclining to gray, marked with intensely black stripes by the shafts of the plumes. A narrow white band commences at the forehead, near the base of the bill, passes backward, encircles the eye, and unites with the white plumes of the cheeks. Axillw#, white; which colour also shews itself in a narrow border of the wing. Quills and tail feathers of a more pure brown colour than the other parts: very narrow transverse undulations, of a darker colour, may be observed. on the tail feathers by a close examination. Plumes of the hypochondria, thighs, and vent, long, pendulous, decompound, and villose. The lesser wing coverts, as well as the plumes which cover the nape and back, are grayish-blue at the base; which colour shews itself on the separate filaments or radii, if the plumes are acci- dentally deranged. Tail, underneath, brown, with a hoary tint. Bill black and shining. Feet brown. The Timalia pileata is not unfrequent in the groves and small woods which abound in every part of Java. It often approaches the villages and plantations, and TIMALIA PILEATA. constructs its nests in the hedges ; it is one of the social birds which delight to dwell in the neighbourhood of cultivation. In large forests I have not observed it. Its flight is low and interrupted. Wherever it resides, it is a welcome neighbour, in consequence of the peculiarity and pleasantness of its note. This consists of a slow repetition of the five tones of the diatonie scale (C D E F G), which it chants with perfect regularity, several times in succession, and at small intervals of time. The sixth tone is sometimes added; but as this requires apparently an extraordinary effort, it is by no means so agreeable to a musical ear as the simple repetition of five notes, which appears to be the natural compass of the organs of the bird. TIMALIA GULARIS. Orp. II™ Les Passerraux, Cuvier. 1° Famille. Les Dentirostres. Orv. III™ Insectivores, Temminch. Orp. VI. Passeres, Linn. Syst. Orp. II. Ampunatores, Jiliger. Fam.11. Canori. TIMALIA, Nobis. CHARACTER GENERICUS.—Vide Timalia pileata. Timalia supra fusca remigibus rectricibusque saturatioribus, subtus flavescens late- ribus olivaceis, gula pectoreque luteis lineis sagittatis notatis. Motacilla gularis, Sir T. S. Raffles’s MS. Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra. Burung-Puding, of the Inhabitants of Sumatra. THE entire length of the Timalia gularis is five inches. Upper parts brown, with a rufous tint; inclining to olivaceous on the nape and back; deeper, and saturated on the crown of the head, wings, and tail. Underneath, yellowish ; sides of the abdomen bounded by gray, with an olivaceous cast. Throat and breast intensely yellow, marked with black lines, gradually wider at their lower extremity, and having a sagittate form. Eye encircled by a patch of blueish-gray. Bill brown; tip and lower mandible lighter, having a plumbeous hue. Feet brownish-gray. The white colour of the axillz shews itself in a small spot on the margin of the wing. Plumes of the hypochondriz, thighs, and vent, long, pendulous, and decompound. Native of the Island of Sumatra; whence it was sent to the Museum of the Honourable East India Company by Sir T. §. Rarr es. . a ‘ - ~ i ia ae b= Ws r J . . 3 ve ' 7 tan d a oo i ' " . . i pl E Le 4 Fish or a ty RES ee : re Be ve \ al aos are Ne te it 'hs aa Hades a J h - — a >. / ps ry a : 4 , . 4 | 5! i - 1 " of vag > wl | S an Setert nce die ° 1 7 a * ~* St . 7 lied Tg - , Plea Tae 4st pr ik* : j wep ie J > i, ay) UP ALE Ay . a4 i i dorcel’. 4) rie ses iat oo 4 ms =i | eo . Lm ae: oe el AL ey, | near ee iF | purr Die ieni(T wade cual ie eos ert eerot: weeds des aes Aluahs ‘eT roc ite cco Ral maith Here: J wy ‘tal Xi iy A fraty-deliewu'el ee hha! aaheresliztrrtg Rh sh oe.” pit persed ah se aby poly Hist att YR Repetto Ene sects i aah yt i a # “= ON Finrey Bags it Xabati a IG fossiges fi regen’ Laie a La et x4 [| fe tee a “=” -. ee ‘ x atl cof whrrsnn ff iN ay iva eyt, Py si rs i . A . rich \ : ee if A er a apt at ay as ae" .~ ‘ ee BLIE SB ee om ir z * 2 . unk 7 =< A « * al r * = »@ - P ; a - iy i. 7) =” i ? ; ik : ae gt ; - i N a : A 7 | “al "4 - -- ; = 2 i d i. \ i : F + Rita ALAAMET .£ ~ | BE Se RS RES AEE eee pA oe - it A + = er 7 * 2a RA aes : i c . 5 ; = ' +2 Jia i — a pf : . ae ps ' a ah he TP Pe : os . ? : F a a Pe! of . ~~ By "] : of ‘ 2 ; mn a a i! ‘ ' 7s of * | ane aay, Can lias: ole otk eta, el pa. ob GD ay, rae Ud oF eee 4 , # ; x » _ bal fs i J a ¥ a i lite = , — . : P - i / , b ii = _* me r = 5 E a F ~~ ? ” = F " q ~ - -e B i is) * Drawn dy J. Gertiv. Jngraved Gy W: fayler 1. TIMALIA PILEATA. 2. TIMALIA GULARIS. ' a : ry r ~, 7 ¥ " Honadon, Siidlatlad by Sick, Moegrniery Fisrdes ry & Aiden, Leadenhall Sireat, Feb? Ji2) | us ce = = ‘ P " ~ - * / , tg Py _ rf hil} “ a . 5 " | ne. - " . a er | ‘in. oF ae ! ‘ | eee ee > a ’ STL? Ce fae eee ' * \ é ec wr ‘mn - a * i “s * -@ te i» Ss? a ct : eae 2 pas blitzing me igs "4 ici} -_ . Nee , -) ‘a . Ls aoa _ 4p: ae ‘iia pba ai et re. ae me ‘ i"; ee Li / “i 4 - | \ f ¥) \ ae | i é whl ms é d 4 ' f r a | | ’ Fi vf 4 = n ie ; ih by aaa a F | he 4 f, Lia le + ‘ Tw la be » =" ; ‘a, tt . . 3 = Pi) = -? a - 7 i." nr — : ; a " tet 1 et | a 1 ; * ee ae Te ; * ' hi, . 1 . | ] | | | , ‘ : " v p ' i ' ‘f . = os i _ i j i " i * l = 4 7 ' & 1 rj 1 ie } : -" J i ‘ | i! 1 Pe 1 i fp = by a h' : jw 7 ee ie 1 j a = 5 i Vi . i J 1° ih, a] d s F % s he , J Mi ae & iy i] - :". 4 ‘ bee * od rh ra s Pel i i | | } ~ 5 a ai.) fos i i ; . —wEen a a ee J ‘i ul | : F Pt i Jr? iF " . a ie ft. 1 an 1 7 a ey hh ay | 3 é % Th : i rs - peer 7 3] é pita si! Totes Mle ete | | » iL’ = a ‘ F ee ee ne I oo | aoe pra i li i af L . i i in l “ P| ifs ‘| : y ‘ 7 r sé ' vy Diets i i = _ = Jogetet L . . 4 at | + i i ry j he Tie = e = | ' ) ea iS bx he ma: 2 aide © 4h al 1ORA SCAPULARIS. Orp. II® Les Passereaux, Cuvier. 1° Famille, Les Dentirostres, Orp. III™ Insrectrvores, Temminck. Orv. VI. Passeres, Linn. Syst. Orv. II. Amputatores, Illiger. Fam. 11, Canori. IORA, Nobis. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS.—Rostrum mediocre, rectum, validiusculum, zqualiter attenuatum, culmine rotundato. Mandibula robusta. Tomia dilatata, recta, acuta, diaphana, maxillaria emarginata. Ale breves, obtuse. Cauda mediocris, subrotundata, , CHARACTER NATURALIS.—Rostrum longitudine caput equans, rectum, validius- culum, basi latius, equaliter attenuatum, cuneiforme, culmine rotundato, leviter arcuato, post nares €xtenso, apice vix inflexo. Mandibula gnathidiis robusti- oribus, gonyde elongato, attenuato. Tomia dilatata, neta acuta, diaphana, maxillaria ad apicem rostri leviter emarginata. Nares ovate, parve, in fovea elongata antice attenuata site. Ale breves, obtuse, “Remiges: prima spuria, quarta ad septimam externe tenuiter sinuate ; tertia ad octavam longiores, subaquales, secunda abrupte, nona et sequentes gradatim breviores. Cauda mediocris, subrotundata. Pedes mediocres, congrui. Tarsus digito medio dimidio longior. Aeropodia obscura, scutulata. Digiti antici debiles, medio cum externo basi coalito; hallux validi- usculus. Ungues antici debiles, postico valido, fortius curvato: infra laminis sepius ab usu patulis, tenuis fissuris divisis. Arrinitas.—lIéra generi Sylvie pluribus notis affinitatem prebet, attamen rostro longiore, equaliter attenuato, maxilla mandibulaque validis, tomiisque dilatatis, rectis, acutis, diaphanis manifeste discrepat. Iéra_olivaceo-viridi-flava, remigibus nigricantibus externe flavido interne albo marginatis, alis maculis albis confluentibus scapulis parallelis notatis, abdomine pectoreque flavis. IORA SCAPULARIS. Cheetoo, of the Javanese. Iéra scapularis, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 152. Turdus scapularis, Sir 7. 8. Raffles’s Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 311. | | Scapular Wagtail, Gen. Hist. of Birds by John Latham, M. D. Second Edition, 1823, Vol. VI. p. 336, N. 25. THE Iéra scapularis has various points of affinity both to the genus Sylvia and to Motacilla, and it is not easy to determine to which it be most nearly related. According to the views of many Ornithologists, it would be arranged in the former genus. The celebrated Dr. Latham, who first established this genus, has assigned a predominance to those characters which associate it with the Wagtails, and has described it with the name of Scapular Wagtail, in the Sixth Volume of the new Edition of the General History of Birds, which is now in progress of publication. The principles which have guided me in arranging the Systematic Catalogue of Birds from the Island of Java, contained in the XIIIth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, have not permitted me to associate it either with Sylvia or Motacilla: I have therefore defined it as a distinct genus, with the name I6ra. In preparing a more detailed description for the present Number. of these Researches, I have again instituted a careful comparison with the genus Sylvia, to which, according to my views, it is most nearly related, and I shall now detail the result. In the first place, it is necessary to remark, that the individuals composing the extensive genus Sylvia, have been divided by M. Temminck into six distinct sections, and that the second section has more particularly been kept in view in the following comparison. It appears, then, that the general habit of Iéra, both regarding the form of the body and the proportion of parts, is more compact. The body is- short, the neck thick, and the head robust. The bill differs from that of the species of Sylvia with which I have compared it, in length, strength, and form: it is, in Iéra, as long as the head, of great strength, and very gradually attenuated. At the base the upper mandible is nearly angular; thence the sides have a very gentle rotundity, and meet in the culmen or back, which is strongly rounded above, and terminated, at the apex, with a very gradual curve. The rotundity of the sides is not distinctly perceived without a close examination; the bill, seen at a small distance, appears to be bounded by an even surface. The lower mandible, in parti- IORA SCAPULARIS. * cular, is comparatively of great strength, and the sharp, erect, transparent, cutting — edges, or tomia, afford a striking peculiarity: they are bounded by a straight line, and, in the upper mandible, have a notch at the extremity, which, though small, is very distinct. The bill, at the base, is broader than high, and very gradually and uniformly attenuated, so as to resemble a wedge. In Sylvia, on the contrary, the bill is slender, awl-shaped, and the sides are strongly rounded; the edges are bent inward; the lower mandible is small at the base, and the height of the bill exceeds the breadth: it is likewise considerably shorter than the head. : The wings are proportionally shorter in Iéra than in the second section of Sylvia; the quill feathers, from the fourth, in some instances from the third, to the * seventh, are slightly emarginate exteriorly; and the almost equal length of these feathers, from the third to the eighth, renders the wings strictly obtuse. The tail, in proportion to the body, is shorter than in most sections of the genus Sylvia, which, however, considerably differ from each other in this point. The tarsi have the same proportional length as in Sylvia, but the toes are more robust ; the outer toe is united to the middle toe at the base. The claws, although compressed above, present, in the adult specimens, a character which appears to be the consequence of the pecu- liar habits of our bird: the points are much worn, and have the appearance of being used in seraping the bark of trees; the laminew, or plates which compose them, are often forcibly separated, and marked with slight scaly inequalities and fissures, In keeping the Iéra scapularis distinct from the extensive and multifarious genus Sylvia, and in proposing it as the type of a new genus, I gladly avail myself of the recent example of the celebrated M. 'Temminck, in a similar case. In the 29th Number of the Planches coloriées, he has figured two birds from Brazil, exhibiting the type of a new American genus, which he has named Hy.Loput.vs. This genus resembles Iéra in the strength of the bill, in the shortness of the wings, and in the rotundity of the tail; but it has a bill shorter in proportion to the head, more strictly wedge-shaped, tending more suddenly to a sharp point, and, in the figure, no notch is apparent, and the bréad transparent cutting edges, which afford a distinguishing character to Iéra, are not perceptible. I regret that M. Temminck has not given in the Number which contains the figures, a definition of the characters of this genus; but they are sufficiently evident to illustrate the views according to which he has established this genus. The entire length of the Iéra scapularis is five inches and a half; its weight four drams and one fourth. The general colour of the upper parts is olive green, IORA SCAPULARIS. inclining to yellow; it is more saturated on the back and neck, and becomes pale and * yellowish on the coverts of the tail and forehead. The same colour, but more diluted, covers the abdomen and vent. The throat, breast, and cheeks have a bright lemon yellow tint. A narrow border of this colour also marks the outer margin of the quill and secondary feathers, while the latter have interiorly a whitish margin. Each of the greater coverts of the wing is terminated obliquely by a broad white band, and the disposition of these feathers occasions a single, or in some instances two: irregular, nearly parallel, longitudinal lines on the wing. The general colour of the quill and secondary feathers is dark brown, inclining to black. The plumes of the lower part of the back and the abdomen, and hypochondria, are greatly lengthened; and their filaments are soft, silky, and much subdivided, so as to con- stitute a thick coat surrounding these parts like a muff. The under side of the + wing is brown at the extremity; a white discoloration extends obliquely backward, occasioned by the white border of the inner vane of the quill feathers. The tail consists of twelve feathers, which are close at the base, and inserted in a double series, above each other; the exterior feathers, and those that are lowest in their insertion, are somewhat shorter, so as to afford a moderate rotundity to the tail. The intermediate feathers are regular, and have an uniform tint of olive, inclining to brown; on the exterior feathers the inner vane is broader: they are somewhat obliquely inserted, and they have exteriorly, and at the extremity, a yellow border ; the shafts are deep brown, The irides have a white or pale yellow colour, and the bill and feet are blueish. The nostrils are posteriorly covered by a membrane, and a few short slender bristles, arising from the forehead, stretch over them. The Iéra scapularis is a bird of social habits, and resorts to the vicinity of human dwellings: indeed it appears to have retired from the forests, and established itself in the trees and hedges which surround the villages and plantations. The structure of its wings does not enable it to take long continued excursions, but it shews itself by short and frequent flights between the trees and branches. It is most lively in the middle of the day, when, under a burning sun, the inhabitants uniformly retire to rest: early in the morning, and towards the approach of night, it is rarely perceived; but during the silence prevailing at noon, it enlivens the villages with the song of Cheetoo, Cheetoo, which it repeats at short intervals, during its sportive sallies between the branches. It feeds on small insects, and its economy is in some measure illustrated by the comparative length and sharpness of the bill, and by the broken or splintery state in which the claws are frequently found. The lamine, or plates which compose them, are separated, and the sides are marked with small fissures, which appear to be occasioned by incessant use in scraping the bark of trees. SCAPULARIS, Let or Sead Uta Ohi SNe a iting +: Yelle; i: ly nt ou. fp a Arh DAS sla ale” epee 4 : MS palionints ony Mae ipreiinrOk GER belt seid (Rormalldd. /2the many ce ft athe rong Rte nce tet Fa a ati erica a eas i bot ea dats : Sere ara oi Tere ; ea TN, ag ; - os ee aS eats Jie a, Bee a gave’ + Fi i Bayi 5 my “ ada prt we ny hee ay | | Sebaaalee! ‘procera’ eubny rr ie! ce Tees ere? " st SAY nt ee ee have! ph Rng: te eat isadadans Chte mee % tigen Teabet the cet nah resent | ‘ao Tr iGntees Withe | if sich bad cared agily 5 Os, , tes Sear pee ean, ae rie Pe: af ape Ty fel teroedignicas. ey. ant “ s%, i in Poa fe 1 2! . ie ik J ee & J , 1 Pi a i ' ‘ & + y , fiers, i fal ‘ . " | bt ie Se ep Ti. ed “ Pokal “et ote Re bayry 4 es Ge ' we 7 i , ‘ | : ' ay ' " L . r i . ay : ~ : 4 th! is 7 | EI ae, 4 % ‘* as ; oat ORIOLUS XANTHONOTUS. Orp. IT® Les PassErEAux, Cuvier. 1° Famille, Les Dentirostres. Orp. II Omntrvores, Temminck. Orv. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Sect. I. Pedibus ambulatoriis. Orv. II. Ampuratores, Iiiiger, Fam. 14. Coraces. ORIOLUS, Linn. Lath. Temm. &c. CORACIAS, Iliger. CHAR. GEN.—Rostrum mediocre, validiusculum, cultratum, culmine rotundato, maxilla ad apicem subadunca, emarginata, mandibula apice incisa acuminata. Vibrisse rigid patentes, in angulo labiali. Caput dense plumatum. Nares basales, laterales, nude, membrana superne semiclause, rima ovali longitudinali inferne aperte. Lingua cartilaginea, lineari-lancealata, apice fimbriata. Ale longiuscule, acuminate. Remiges: prima spuria, secunda subelongata, tertia longissima. Pedes ambulatorii, mediocres, congrui. Aeropodia scutulata. Oriolus ater, pectore et ventre albidis nigro striatis, dorso uropygio scapulis axillis crisso rectricibusque interne flavis, rostro rubescente, pedibus nigris. Aitat, of the Javanese, in the eastern districts. Oriolus xanthonotus, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans, Vol. XIII. p. 152. 3 Yellow-backed Oriole, Gen. Hist. of Birds, by John Latham, M.D. Second Edition, 1822, Vol. IIT. p. 143. N. 61. Oriolus maculatus, Le Loriot Grivelé, Eincyclopedie, art. Ornithologie, p. 695, addt- tion, &c. 1822. The Female. THE Oriolus Xanthonotus has nothing to distinguish it from the true character of the genus Oriolus in the form of the bill and claws, or of the body. It is somewhat smaller than the Asiatic variety of the Oriolus Galbula of Latham, the Oriolus ORIOLUS XANTHONOTUS. Chinensis of Linné, and the Couliavan of Buffon ; and, while this is common in most parts of India and the Indian Islands, the Oriolus xanthonotus is found solitary in a few circumscribed situations in the Island of Java. The entire length of our bird is seven inches. In the male, the head and part of the neck, the wings and the tail-feathers, excepting’a small portion of the inner vane, are black, with a slight tint of sooty brown. . The posterior part of the neck above, the back, rump, vent, scapulars, and the extremity of the inner vanes of the tail-fea- thers, are bright yellow. Two of the intermediate tail-feathers are also black; on the others the yellow colour constitutes a band, which is narrow on the feathers next the intermediate ones, and gradually i increases in breadth, so as on the outer feathers to occupy more than half the vane. A little yellow also shews itself in a narrow margin along the outer vane of the quill-feathers; and the plumes of the shoulders, the axilla, and the thighs are slightly tinctured with yellow. The lower part of the neck, the breast, and abdomen are white, and marked with longitudinal black lines, which are formed by a regularly defined black streak occupying the middle of each plume, in the direction of the shaft. The bill is red or reddish brown, the irides are yellow, and the feet dark blue inclining to black. — .__ = In the female, those parts which are black in the male, have Lyi inclining to yellow ; the quill and tail feathers are brown, and he I extreme portion of the inner vane yellow, and defined as in the nal only has a bright yellow colour; the back and adjoining p 5 are. r of the grayish-brown tint of the upper parts. The head and n tint of the wings, but not separated from the yellow plumes of the: ba ck b line, as in the male. The throat and the neck underneath are . whitish, Sad varie- gated with gray; the breast and abdomen are likewise marked with regular black lines. In the addition to the Article Ornithology, of the Encyclopedie, which is now’ published in Paris, the female of our bird is described as Le, Loriot Grivelé— Oriolus maculatus—with the following character :—Oriolus dilute flavus: gula pec- toreque maculatis ; rostro fusco, remigibus rectricibusque nigricante fuscis, his apice flavis. The specimen was from the Island of Java, and the author proposes the query, whether it be not the Semele of an unknown species ? I found this bird in Blitar, in a district covered with extensive forests: as far as I have observed, it never quits the closest shades. Two males only, and one female, are contained in the Museum at the India House. "titer ORTOLUS KANTHONOTTS Adnan. fab Ay Aineshariy, farintiy «Aden JSeadentuitle Steet | dprid 7423 fraira & hy C-Hellmar ao : walt ~ = =—— ” TP: ; | ig E 4 i : : ; ees Raiky oo ” rn " J ’ . » ¥. ’ = | - 7 a. - ih ad ; 7 hi a +1 ! = ee = ee ! | | 4 ‘ ms F ' a It ba i? a 4) * ee | ¢ 2 : . | aonhe | Jatt: . | aaa ae cial La | * a = 1 1 * ; ry i, af j vil ‘ | i 44.4 | ; ate Part PN : | ap PO gs al ai ie Re: ‘ cru ote imye LK ." ws ? Selo 5 4 = " ib * a el us | a 7 i “¥ 4 Fie > a lone <4 he ded 4 _ 4 af ys =: ltl Ai otal mys = 7? ; | F pt a r th End f a ‘2? “ 7 . ae Th Le eae Ss) ant ' ay. ee 7 . ‘ ' ae ; } 4 eR LN ee ' : en 2 | 2 oo a Ei-< ; Wate , ae “i hw ayy: ree gs ted a a ‘hana tH wat pac Fear wet ‘see Rr Re he IR cage he gar og Aga Porat ies SEs . eee vers Ti). y teanived grt Zee i ee P41 ; mare G Ay, ie ah, ee Bek aht a et eal EL a Planer Sy a. Bis Bie pith :: 3 ok || he , | Pile: Meise? | | mene a oe of a . Naps had Nat iets "sek! ee iets ~S Pali “J ‘ 4 ms ji oe Tr ¥ si * ae 5 i -- iM ea ; ei slaps: at Eat > “oe tector THE viet i, ei} ee a ad Somer ad ¥ ! i” aur. saute ~ a tat ee ofa e im ona spot or wn Afhiale ge MBL le oY Alaa: ieee) 2. sabres, Uh hy edi ve ety lag y, act ¢ y 7 oy . Ki. [ e bp - ha bia A Leee (Hae 4 Nid at ani od Hiss el i f oe v Uday ive Hush tare ae . ris Bs > ssl mar we » " ~ j a Phat i Ss si ¥, Mil Fale tag :" yi! in ui at ith a . _ : Thing oh ty 1 Fe H i ae “ cite he - rhesols ae .. ren means. |) <8 | + » Ve ft Bee ~ oa f ‘ a “a x 13 if fé vs At noes n rye! ul z / 7 yy M4 i + al ie 7 Te iw, Shy i sara Aa ve 1‘ mits (Situ ; Thay ae ia i ee ) AeotiaonNh cme Rie bared Risks: ii id ; Sey emer fe ‘Fo ae prabai , 1 aa ay in l anit pt Wife thie lar ‘" as ie ae ees. | ve Peachy aii A) Puls a? ‘ih | a ve Per’ Dawa ae wig ? hoe t in bf ie edBE oN Es _ we ul ae tg ae byta ae it toil F tee! 1 died ‘ae a t ~ : P oe. * dee | Pe ee a4 4 La . ra 7 ‘— ' ull al a ae ob ee cet SiR aha iatisibes ay paste ded ae 4) Jk es, aera eak Me oli ta iane MOA oh! Bes at a ae ! a ie erol, sy % essa Gant alee tes ty bi p Paar tacit haabuse Tau Hida ott 7 | cs 6) Si Gate I lk nas leabes KG fits A serteiaD su Sie oe ‘ae rie Bx: : i: z oe nit Pity ee ee cores i pecan): iia swing Srey arta diate LE a Seanciiet Tok irate trend et Fe ok, af Pt lah Metigapeae. 2-2 et ee Ae bisingt AS ak Leslie png Se ees | ae =n Cashelve: wD ae i ign ls nay fo ae eae sty a” i 4 4 Adi , . ss af od ; EB id sgl Pala aS aa a ae Shh, . — ; —— * . " } ‘ J Ci ed a Shi i e roel “ S03 MS eae areas “Pr wa ene saa ie te Fe ah : 4 t LS = ee ie -) Pass f : | aa ., - ge b i ‘ 4 | rie Ly a: Toe +2 ype . Ea, age emey et Pi a ] i ee. | , line : | a =. = 2 ie a S * oo) a 9 ¥ fs ‘ =i 5 r Sa ay! ee ed in ; i ie ba ae em ee Val Ol ed | ky ft 'y a iL’ & Lek | Piles Ah rey tee FC Mee a Re WE eet of 2 (Lf Maer FS "MIVWEA VY VTA ied VN s ' 7 bl ie - Ves] Bet : ie) td am a EI * bra): ds ' we ¢4 wef ' Ped Tn! ee i” Tt heer Oe a 2 ea res “a PLA bigs jhe t eri. oo. Ph q 5 | ee é ‘a * a Mai eas 37) 7 ie | iv. Lo a ‘Vl ja fet * a% pee -? 3 hd a ne : i ’ if a | patted ' 4 : ; rte i LL se AT j 420 Fintee mi ‘i fer ‘eae {site Sel da os dex tiie a bath wl “i 4 mei rae iis pa: naa fr a Feces Eonar saa A UH ra wl Kiekaid. jieiatigy ah J Mik Lens 1 is ed grat | ard yelp ye oi a: i A fae : Be mes. &F - tt WL ee Aap Ni qyith Sad = Bok ‘ (4? po ‘ e +a. a ge 14 pr rie cha a bi ve laterite gE ee ee peduct~ 3 we oestcatbet Sapa Tes of | at eae gs vei pn vee. WAL spect es pa mee : a cat gnsdd aif vat sab ere cr tn come th ify beer! | Salat ‘hei viva nevis: ~ tae te et “ie ‘ * ne aetiad Preah shen Minot ~ ; eae Cae . jf Da a : a / r “i a Fr.’ Le’ >) ee mbes ra H | sncnededigneneri bid wet . he tN i jt Le ‘fs x al ial la Pn yes ee Rulliz -edetas + - : : A et Le eos eit vib abpliese! Ty i er ibaj tk pes | | a 2 ; . mae ay Pi ly a wk atlas nly A ‘ bee i \. 7 a Pm, | ‘J ) | fe sti k rail . ¥ -: - is © ry 4 ‘. MOTACILLA SPECIOSA. Orp. Il” Les PAssereaux, Cuvier. 1™ Famille, Les Dentirostres. Orp. III™ Insecrrvores, Temminck. Orv. VI. Passrres, Linn. Syst. Orv. IT. Amputatores, Illiger. MOTACILLA, Latham, Temminck. Cuar. Gen. Rostrum mediocre, rectum, cylindricum, gracile, subulatum, emargi- natum. Mazilla basi subtrigona, culmine inter nares carinato; mandibula sub- compressa. Nares basales, laterales, ovales, membrana nuda _ semiclause. Cauda elongata xqualis seu forficata. Pedes ambulatorii: tarsi elongati, digito medio duplo fere longiores. Ungues parvi, hallucis medio antice majore. Motacilla atra, pileo cristato ventre uropygio fascia alarum rectricibus extimis totis, ceteris apicibus niveis, cauda longissima forficata. Chenginging or Kingking of the Javanese. | Motacilla speciosa, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 155. THE plumes of black and white which ornament this bird, are so disposed as to form a strong and beautiful contrast. The crest, lower part of the back, the rump, belly, vent, the two exterior tail feathers entirely, and the other tail feathers at their extremity, a broad band extending obliquely across the wings and the axille are white; the head (excepting the crest), the breast, back, and greatest part of the wings and tail are black. The white resembles the purest snow white, but the black has different shades: it is more intense on the head and breast, having a slight reflection of dark blue inclining to purple; on the extremity of the wings it has a tint of brown. A few minute black plumes bound the crest behind and at the sides, extending to the base of the bill. Three or four of the last secondary feathers have a narrow band of white; but the succession is not regular: it sometimes appears on the alternate feathers, or on the fourth after two intermediate feathers of the usual blackish-brown colour. The plumes of the Hypochondriz are elongated, and deli- eately villous. The length of the body and head is 44, and of the tail 6 inches: the bill is black, and measures 10 lines in length; the tarsi have nearly double the length of the middle toe, and are pale flesh-coloured, with a tint of yellow. MOTACILLA SPECIOSA. The Motacilla speciosa resembles in its habits and manners several European species of this genus: It is exclusively found near small rivulets: in the beds of these, particularly where they abound with rocks and gravel, it is seen running along with alacrity, moving its tail incessantly, and picking up worms and insects. It is very locally distributed, and uniformly deserts the neighbourhood of populous vil- lages. It is almost entirely confined to the southern coast of Java, which abounds in small streams, descending rapidly from the southern hills, and shaded by luxuriant shrubs. Here I first discovered this bird, in the district of Pajittan, in the year 1809. I afterwards met with it again, along this coast, in the district of Karang-bollong, and in the provinces south of Kediri. Among more central situations, it frequents the banks of an elevated lake near the declivities of the Mountain Prahu, where I found it more numerous than in any other part of Jaya. In the extensive forests of Pugar and Blambangan I never noticed it, although I devoted a considerable time to their examination. In comparing Motacilla speciosa with Motacilla flava, which is also found in Java, it may be remarked that its bill is proportionally long, broad at the base, then suddenly compressed, or tapering almost equally to a point, which is abruptly curved. It has also a more rounded back, the terminal notch is more obvious, and the point proportionally obtuse. The groove containing the nares is depressed, and the mem- brane covering the superior portion, large and prominent. Thé claw of the posterior toe of Motacilla flava is slender and elongated: in Motacilla speciosa it agrees with the character given of it in the generic description. But the remiges of our species have an arrangement different from those of the European Motacillz: in these the second is longest, and the first scarcely perceptible. In the Motacilla speciosa the first is short; from the second, which is of moderate length, they inerease gradually to the fifth, which is longest: the sixth and seventh are gradually, and the remaining abruptly abbreviated. ~ all ~ ® P eet 7 ae aureh mere cinta ‘ee g ie of py ae Obie tf UIA Aygee 2 agri y pons ae pe yi PS a ‘WSO TODHdS VTTIOVLIOWN LIE FT COLTRI EL, oF i ee wintany a Mey ean (is dais Ny i Bs Tt Ciiat ia ou) erent a Biaerda: ¥s | i pro whe : rRES et abe 1B eas i i, hve rite i- ari} ; ‘ BRACHYPTERYX MONTANA. Orp. II* Les PassrrEAux, Cuvier. 1° Famille, Les Dentirostres. Orp. III™ Insectivores, Zemminck. Orp. VI. PassEres, Linn. Syst. Orv. II. AmpuLatores, Iliger. Fam. 11, Canori. BRACHYPTERYX, Nobis. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS.—Rostrum culmine inter nares carinato lateribus planis apicem versus rotundato lateribus convexis, tomiis subinflexis. 4/¢ brevissime, obtuse. Cauda mediocris, rotundata, Pedes elongati, debiles; tarsi graciles, digiti gracillimi unguibus compressissimis hallucis majore. CHARACTER NATURALIS.—Rosirum mediocre, validiusculum, subcultratum, basi latius quam altum, ultra medium subconicum, attenuatum: culmen inter nares carinatum, angulatum, lateribus planis, deinde subincrassatum, rotundatum, lateribus convexis, apicem versus arcuatum, emarginatum. Mandibula basi depressa, lateribus erectis apicem versus intortis, myxa validiuscula apice sub- inclinata. Tomita maxilla mandibuleque subinflexa. Nares maxime, in fovea subrotunda basali elongata obtusa sit#, supra et postice membrana clause. Ale brevissimx, obtuse. Remiges integre, prima subspuria, secunda ad quintam. gradatim increscentes, quinta ad decimam subzquales longiores, relique gra- datim breviores. Cauda mediocris, rotundata, rectricibus duodecim, Pedes elongati, debiles. Tarsi graciles digito medio duplo longiores. Digiti com- pressi gracillimi, medio longissimo, lateralibus subeequalibus, externo medio basi subcoalito. Ungues compressissimi, acutissimi, hallucis medio duplo majore fortius arcuato. AFFINITAS.—Proximam Saxicole affinitatem genus exhibet, cui rostri forma pedi- busque elongatis convenit, sed alis brevibus obtusis et tarsis gracilioribus plane BRACHYPTERYX MONTANA. Brachypteryx nigricante-czrulea nitore cano, subtus pallidior, abdomine albido, sufpra oculos macula alba, dorso alis supra cauda basi hypochondriis tibiisque (mari) badiis. Ketek, of the Javanese. Brachypteryx montana, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p, 158. Mountaineer. Warbler, Gen. Hist. of Birds by John Latham, M. D. Second Edition, 1823, Vol. VII. p. 124, N. 138. IT was remarked, in discussing the natural situation and affinities of the Iora scapularis, in the last Number of this Work, that in comparing this bird with Dr. Latham’s Sylvie, the second Section, established by M. Temminck in that extensive genus, had more particularly been kept in view. The Brachypteryx montana has again led me to this numerous assemblage of birds; and I have, with equal solicitude, extended my comparisons to all the sections. I shall therefore premise, to the description of our bird, a concise view of the Sylvie. Several of the more ancient Ornithologists have exceeded the moderns, if not im the correct- ness, at least in the number of their subdivisions. Of these M, Brisson deserves the first notice. His XLth genus, Ficzpuxa, comprises almost all the European, and many of the foreign birds which are arranged in the genus Sylvia of Latham, in the following subdivisions: Curruca, Luscinia, Ruticilla, Phenicurus, Cyanecula, Rubecula, Regulus, Rubetra, Vitiflora, Motacilla, Asilus, Sylvia, and Ficedula. Yn the last Section, comprising several foreign birds, the Tora scapularis (of Number VL. of these Researches) is enumerated with the name of Ficedula bengalensis, and a figure in Edwards is referred to. The latter, although it affords a good representation of the colours of our bird, does not exhibit the character of the bill, which constitutes its remarkable peculiarity, with sufficient distinctness. As this was not indi- eated in the description of the Iora scapularis, I here subjoin a note, explaining the omission of the synonyms of several authors.* The different denominations by which it is designated by these, shew clearly that it possesses some peculiarity * Téna scaPuLanis.—Ficedula bengalensis, Briss. Ornith. III. p. 484, N. 47. Motacilla Tiphia, Linn. Syst. Ed. XU. 1, p. 331, N. 18, Green Indian Fly-catcher, Edw. Birds, I. t.79. This bird has many characters in common with the Motacilla singalensis and M. zeyloniea, which are introduced by Gmelin in the XIiIth Edition of the Systema Nature, from the 15th and 32d Plates of Brown’s Illustrations of Zoology. In the most extensive catalogue of birds that has yet appeared in this country, the Motacilla Tiphia, Linn., and the M. zeylonica, Gmel., (the Ceylon Black Cap of Brown), are considered as the same bird ;~the specific character of Dr. Latham, therefore, excluding the Idra scapularis, my attention was not directed to the Synonyms. BRACHYPTERYX MONTANA. which was not rendered apparent in the figure of Edwards, and confirms the views which were given of the character of the genus, although, as a species of Sylvia, it was not noticed. Next to that of Brisson, the arrangement of Bechstein, as far as it regards the genus Sylvia, should be considered. He has established four sections, which he denominates families: vix. I. Curruca, Grasmuecken, comprising many of the Fauvettes-Curruce of Bressiou. II. Asttus, comprising the Pouillot-Asilus of Brisson, the Hippolais, and several other species. III. Ficrpuia, Eigentliche Saenger, comprising several of Brisson’s subdivisions, particularly Phenicurus, Rubecula, and Trochilus; and IV. Saxtcoxa, Steinmaetzer, comprising Moteux— Vitiflora—of Brisson. M. Cuvier, in placing as his Grand.genre, MotTaci.a of Linneus, has, in his subgenera, followed in part the divisions of Bechstein. Saxi- cola, Ficedula, Curruea, and Accentor are cited agreeably to this naturalist; but Regulus, Troglodytes, Motacilla in a limited sense, comprising only the Layen- diéres and Hochequeues, are employed according to his own views. M. Temminck has divided the genus Sylvia of Latham into five sections :—Riverains, Sylvains, Muscivores, Roitelets, and Troglodytes, which however do not include Saxicola; this he introduces as a distinct genus. Here it must be apparent, that both Cuvier and Bechstein have placed Saxicola at the extremity of the subdivisions which they individually establish, affording thus an indication of its deviating from the more regular forms of the genus. Brachypteryx deviates still further than Saxicola from Motacilla or Sylvia, as respectively employed by Cuvier and Bechstein; and a concise comparative view will shew the necessity of separating Brachypteryx and Saxicola, in a natural arrangement. As far as regards the form of the bill, the difference is not considerable: in Saxicola Ginanthe this organ is comparatively slender; in Bra- chypteryx montana it is, upon the whole, larger in its vertical dimensions, more robust, and more strongly notched; the convexity of the sides of the upper man- dible is also more apparent. The tarsi, which are proportionally of great length in Saxicola Ginanthe, are still longer, and considerably more slender in Brachypteryx montana, In the great narrowness of the toes and claws, both genera agree, But the chief distinguishing character of our bird, and that which is strictly peculiar, is the shortness and abrupt termination of the wings; from this its name is properly derived. In Saxicola Ginanthe the wings are acute, and reach to the niiddle of the tail: the remiges increase abruptly to the third and fourth, which are longest. In Brachypteryx a very gradual elongation takes place to the fifth quill feather; and the following, to the tenth, are very nearly of equal length. The wings are thus short and obtuse, scarcely extending beyond the abdomen, and only touching the BRACHYPTERYX MONTANA. base of the tail. This latter organ reaches to the extremity of the tarsi; it consists of twelve feathers; the exterior ones extend to the middle of the tail; the remaining gradually increase to the fifth and sixth, which are of equal length. From these statements it appears, that in the form of the bill, Brachypteryx and Saxicola very nearly agree; that in comparison with other birds of this family, the tarsi are more slender in Brachypteryx; but that the chief distinguishing character of the latter consists in the shortness and obtuseness of the wings. In our Plate the colours of the male and female bird are carefully exhibited. The weight of the former is five, and of the latter six drams. In the length of the two sexes scarcely any difference is perceptible. The measure is five inches and nine lines from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail: to the extremity of the claws the length is six inches. In the male, the head, neck, and breast have a dark indigo blue tint, inclining to black, with a grayish reflection on the surface, variegated with lighter and darker shades; on the throat and the lower part of the neck, this colour passes into gray; on the forehead it is more intense, inclining to black. Above the eyes is an oblong white spot. The back, the wings above, the shoulders, the coverts of the tail, the vent, hypochondriz, and thighs, are deep chestnut brown, with a ferruginous reflection. The wings underneath, and the tail at the extremity and underneath, are pure blackish brown; the shafts of the quill and tail feathers are black and shining. The inner vanes of the quills, and the tail feathers generally, have a very deep brown colour. The exterior vanes of the tail feathers are slightly tinted with the ferruginous lustre of the upper parts. The lower parts of the breast and the abdomen are whitish. The plumes, on the posterior portion of the body of our bird, are very thickly disposed; the vanes consist of long, delicate, silky, pendulous lamine or filaments, forming a lax covering about the lower parts of the abdomen, the hypochondrie, and the root of the tail. The irides have a dark hue. The bill is black, and the tarsi are deep brown. The tint of the claws is somewhat lighter. In the female, the dark blue tint, which in the male covers the head and neck, extends over the body generally, and also marks the exterior vanes of the quills. The interior vanes of the latter, and the tail feathers, are dark brown, inclining to black. The throat and neck underneath have a dark grayish tint. The abdomen is grayish white. Over the eyes it has, like the male, a white spot, and the bill and tarsi also agree with that. The covering of the abdomen, vent, and thighs is like- wise long, delicate, silky, and pendulous. BRACHYPTERYX MONTANA. I met with the Brachypteryx montana in one situation only, at an elevation of about 7000 feet above the level of the ocean. Like other animals already mentioned in this Work, it is probably found on all the mountain peaks of Java, which are covered with thick forests, accommodated to its peculiar habits. The recurrence of several quadrupeds and birds, at a certain elevation, is as regular in this Island as that of many plants and insects. Although local in its residence, our bird is very numerous on Mount Prahu; and in my daily excursions I uniformly observed, and occasionally surprised it in its short sallies among the openings of the forest. It is chiefly found on the lowest branches of trees, or on the earth. The shortness of its wings incapacitates it for elevated or distant flights, and its motions are low, short, and made with great exertion. It lives in the thickest coverts: here it forms its nest on the ground, and feeds on the larve of insects, worms, &c. Our bird is a delightful resident in the forests of Mount Prahu, which, in the luxuriance of its vegetation and gloomy thickets, is probably not surpassed in any portion of the globe. It utters, almost without interruption, a varied song. Its common note is a quickly reiterated babbling, resembling that of the Curruca garrula of Brisson, and other birds of this family; it also has a protracted plaintive note, but it sometimes rises to higher and melodious warblings, which, in the general silence of these elevated regions, afford an inexpressible sensation of delight to the mind of the solitary traveller. _ "+ 7 . : ae wr S 4 r i atte ils bee dus ey sts ine ae . “J ~ ! 2 a ‘ _- 2 7 r “ = -. 7 A -| | ~ 1 . _ a Pat rs pi f FP ' ty i 7 hae 3 [ it ae ge". e 5 ie } : ° a zi 4 BRACHYPTERYX . Male MONTANA } | P| ‘| oH ‘. “ala ft Ro hes vf tari fol) z i a i i | _ b ; i- j A! thw F; We) se me es | ae ja ke ens | . i f hia er i as ee oD ii, a4 we aS a ar ies ened I re fae WF ay : iL J “. ‘i ¥ 4 ' 4 ; . f 1 . - oe = a es i - Fa my - } F ! 7) a y i 4 ‘ it fl ri : Teej ; Py « ‘< a a - 4 i i Sir a a peel 4 >? iY elise ee a ' | J a Tia! ye Ay - art ee * a i a 11 a ae 7 = 1 (iwe awe Be hi eee as hey ‘ Pyle Py i Tk | ait t , Ps oD hgt “a " a m .| . L : : at ce = — ped ! la “ . z vi, J hee J . ' ] f =) ce De ty #7 A ae ae | ! 1 “cis ie he mt 7 f | sites is = ae Ft i Z “LT > i : : é a ¥ Py a ' Cod! Ph | hal < (ail ads sg dR he an fe" 7 hr a ; mel > ve rat ~ on J ‘A - ‘ ar - f wn rt ir : - i . ‘ee is “sé Ps i e r i ' _— ' J i 7 Li | 7 , | ; | Re : = f al e , ¥ i 2 1 an 4 ‘ r j 7 "a ij i ~ | : rtd: P Rd Poe > 4 | hr i Rees pS al = 1 ere eee al ier ‘=. a] " ve da pllls atti ny bo é = F " ; PHRENOTRIX TEMIA. Orp. II* Les PasszrEaux, Cuvier. 3°° Famille. Les Cornirostres, Div. Les Corbeaux. Orv. Il* Omnrvores, Zemminck. Onp. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Orv. I. Amputatorss, Tiger. Fam. 14, Coraces. PHRENOTRIX, Nob. Cuar. Gen.—Fostrum mediocre, validum, altum, cultratum, basi crassiusculum. Mazilla arcuata, lateribus subconvexis, levibus, sensim in culmen conniven- tibus. Capistrum latum, plumulis holosericis densis. Nares capistro recondite, circulares, parve, in medio sulci transversalis ad basin rostri disposite. Ale rotundat#: remigibus integris 3 et 4 longioribus. Cauda corpore longior, cuneata, rectricibus 10 in paribus dispositis. Pedes congrui: digiti mediocres, exteriore medio ad basin levissime coalito. -Acropodia scutulata. Ungues compressi: hallucis medio vix major. AFFINITAS.—Genus nostrum etsi Paradisize et Coryo affine, characteres satis distinctos habet. Phrenotrix fuliginosa nitore viride-olivaceo fuscescente, capistro atro. Chekitut or Benteot of the Javanese. Temia, Le Vaillant Afr. 56. Corvus varians, Lath. Suppl. Phrenotrix Temia, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XII. p. 162. | THIS bird has a long and slender form; the body is proportionally small, and the tail large, and capable of great expansion. The feet are robust, the wings short, and the bill thick and powerful. The claws are comparatively large, strong, sharp, and much curved. The length of the body and head is five, and of the tail seven inches. The bill measures eleven lines from the gape to the point. The tail is cuneate, and consists of ten feathers, disposed in five pairs, gradually increasing in size; the two middle feathers are uncommonly broad, and rounded at the extremity, affording a peculiar appearance to this bird, in which it differs from its affinities. PHRENOTRIX TEMIA. The general colour of the Phrenotrix is sooty black, with a rich and very beautiful lustre of deep olive green, varying according to the degree of light to which it is exposed. The bill and feet are intensely black; the extremity of the wings and the tail underneath, have the general sooty ground colour; the reflection of olive green shews itself but slightly on the outer webs of the upper surface of the tail feathers; it is strongest on the body, scapulars, and back, where in some individuals it approaches to a metallic lustre. It varies likewise according to the age of the bird, and the more perfect condition of its plumage. A peculiar character of this bird is a border consisting of the most delicate and minute plumes, purely and intensely black, without the least reflection, resembling velvet in a certain aspect, which surrounds the upper mandible, and extending to the eyes, encircles them, and passes narrower around the base of the lower mandible. In this border Phrenotrix agrees with Paradisea; but the form of its bill and its other characters shew a nearer relation to Corvus Pica and Corvus senegalensis. The plu- mage of the body is thickly disposed, the webs of the separate plumes are fringed and elongated, terminating in a long, silky, delicate down, extremely soft and plea- sant to the touch. This peculiarity is faithfully noticed by M. Le Vaillant, who deserves the credit of having first described the Phrenotrix from the collection of Mr. Temminck in Amsterdam. It has appeared to me that the subject described by this celebrated ornithologist agrees specifically with our’s, although it is represented, both in the drawing and description, with the four middle tail feathers equal, and less expanded, and with a brownish colour, having a purple reflection. The Phrenotrix, although not a rare bird in Java, is by no means familiar, and never approaches the villages and habitations like many others. It can only be observed near solitary hamlets situated in tracts recently cleared for cultivation, where its food is abundantly supplied by the insects contained in the rich mould, and by the wild fruit trees about the skirts. In consequence of the shortness of the wings, its motions are slow: it is chiefly seen about noon sailing heavily through the air, in a right line towards the trees surrounding the openings in the forest. The strength of the bill and of the claws shews its adaptation to feed both on fruits and insects. It remains for me to give the reasons for separating Phrenotrix from the genus Corvus. Among the species of this genus which I have been able to obtain for com- parison, Phrenotrix is most nearly allied to Corvus senegalensis and to Corvus Pica. The latter M. Cuvier has arranged as a Sous-genre of Corvus, while M. Temminck has placed it in the second section of that genus. I have endeavoured, in order to PHRENOTRIX TEMIA. explain the considerations by which I have been guided, to represent in the Plate of Illustrations, a comparative view of the bill of Phrenotrix in letter N. a. & b.; of Corvus Pica in letter O. a. & b.; and of Corvus senegalensis in letter P. Phrenotrix is distinguished by an elevated, regular, and smooth bill, gradually tapering to a rounded keel, equally arched from the base to the point, and by a thick velvet-like border which surrounds the bill and orbits: the nostrils also have a very peculiar form and disposition. The Senegal crow has a similar diposition of the nostrils; but the bill, although smooth, regular, and arched, is more lengthened, and the culmen comparatively sharp. No traces of the velvet-like border exist, but the base of the bill is entirely without that peculiar character which is observed in Corvus Pica. Here it is covered by numerous, very stiff, decumbent, jagged bristles, pointing directly forward far beyond the nostrils; the latter are perfectly circular in a gradually narrowed depression. The form of the bill is lengthened, the arch less prominent, and it has a distinet terminal notch, which in Phrenotrix and in Corvus senegalensis is very obsolete. *s ae > berg bes ee | | fe i , an i a Fe aed 1 | ii i A P ot. a a i ‘1 Mad _ jar a i pay “= ye ae, ; : ; - ae! : P 7 \ ~* Ft ¥ f ‘ , oh ” sy it z 7 a I ae eT aE 4 tek tbl dit. eee eee ET tates wh ) ia = /“ . Trea. aay i ai a | Ls. ‘ i . . 7 _ © Ratton rely adv? Uy ae hed ' 4 ‘ef F oa) el i! Cig if Weert te: Sti) ia | = i Silicate ty op 105 nay) ; taal mite ty oialinal Ue bovagh rin paves etal ie dd need ii hive pale ly od ry ad wrridtated) aa aha I tietala gs a ae Ie = al . 4a hi" “ i r\7 # Jewel ie ’ af rf u ie ae a A, > ee . eee € « APL « =A a ™ . : * 1 an he i ~~ 7 ms a 1 Te ' & I Li ‘fi i ? \ ee | a ‘ " ‘ ; - fi * prmceren see? 7 AG ee * a + —_ a Sr a hei r ri Ts # ’ Aetipeee J a a a Feed dg Et fd fe marie 7 a ," F Teer. i J "% ¥ : ae 4! aR a ee Fs WEES 2 2 "VINGL XIVLONAUHd fea iac dl - r “1 ei iz | . 5 , J e * f « a ¥ _ a =i Tubes sieas 7. Ae i =? 4 hy rat at % = = J bai ni ; ‘ Re Ba ‘ a ’ yh ¢ n i red f ime ra rl ‘ a ha Fi J '. a =, ‘ ie r ae ! * i - _ a a 1 re ‘ ¥ “ Ba | a ed 5 ‘ a sp fa r. ei te - 5 J ght ae ; f Poses a ‘ae wii 7] Ric, Gen cea on a wai ioe | *\f! fe Ty” ae aan abe F 4 7 rt a i" oe daly evil, ~~ me Set lie dee meee e252 I é Hi he a uit x pita oY) " Bet, LoS al i weigisiea tics we <-#| if z.! By : or ow ee eee / ra Bal vi ) Nake Fa My as ita abr; usin iene ‘ i b De v et + a ** ; q | he yf - 7 wl \ ) ; ‘. A . th wo TI ; cng a Vis 7 ae i ae i i ‘ Le ae nd es ee = ee i, Fl ; J E + wr. { as 7 é = a sh ¥ * * s] \ a a my | POMATORHINUS MONTANUS. Orp. II™ Les Passereavx, Cuvier. 4°° Famille, Les Ténuirostres. Orp. VI AntsopactyLes, Temminck. Orp. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Orv. II: Ampuxatores, Iliger. Fam. 8. Tenuirostres. POMATORHINUS, Nobis. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS. Rostrum validiusculum, integrum, ultra nares abruptius compressum. Wares operculo corneo, convexo tecte. Ale rotundate. Cauda ~ elongata. Unguis hallucis validior. CHARACTER NATURALIS. Rostrum mediocre, gracile, acutum, validiusculum, basi rectum, altius quam latum, ultra nares modice incurvum et abruptius com- pressum. Mazilla culmine elevato, carinato, rotundato; tomiis rectis vertica- libus, mandibulz oppositis, acutis, subdiaphanis. Mandibula gonyde equaliter attenuato, tomiis rectis maxillee oppositis, diaphanis. Nares operculo corneo, oblongo, convexo, obtectea, margine juxta capistrum inflexo, apertura oblique postice spectante. Ale mediocres subrotundate. Remiges: prima et secunda abrupte, tertia et quarta gradatim increscentes, quinta, sexta, et septima longiores, subzquales, reliqui_ gradatim decrescentes, tertia ad septimam tenuiter ay mar Cauda rotun- data elongata. Pedes subelongati. Digitus medius longior, cum exteriore basi levitur connexus ; hallux robustior. . Ungues compressi, arcuati, mediocres, hallucis validior. Acropodia scutulata; acrotarsia obscurior. . Arriniras. Genus nostrum rostro valido ante nares abrupte compresso et operculo corneo nares obtegente, characteres distinctos habet, etsi rostro a arcuato et integerrimo, aliisque notis, Cinnyri valde affine sit. * Pomatorhinus castaneus, capite cinerescente-nigro, striga oculari de rostri basi supra oculos ad nucham extensa gula pectoreque albis. POMATORHINUS MONTANUS. Bokkrek, of the Javanese. Pomatorhinus montanus, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 165. TO the concise remarks on the affinity of Pomatorhinus, which have been annexed to the generic character, it is necessary to add a few details regarding the comparisons which I have instituted, in order to ascertain, as far as possible, the relations of this genus, and its place in the natural system. Although it has been placed among the slender-billed birds, the Tenuirostres of M. Cuvier, it possesses various characters by which it is related to the Dentirostres of the same author. The most obvious of these are, a great validity of the bill and tarsi comparatively with other birds of the family of Tenuirostres. In reviewing the Dentirostres for this comparison, one genus prominently presented itself, which possesses various points of analogy to the slender-billed birds. These shew themselves in the struc- ture of the bill and feet, in the manners, and in the food. Deriving the latter from sweet substances, which it extracts from flowers and other parts of vegetables, it has been named Melliphaga by Lewin, who first observed and described it in its native country, and Philedon by Cuvier. And from the more accurate examination of later ornithologists, it appears that various birds, which have been placed in the genus Certhia of Linnzus, which comprised a large proportion of the slender-billed birds, belong to the genus Melliphaga: for instance—Certhia carunculata, Certhia cardinalis, Certhia atricapilla, and many others. It may be observed, however, that the genus Melliphaga is, even at the present period, not defined with critical accu- racy, and that birds of very different structure and habits are promiscuously arranged in it. The most prominent characters of Melliphaga are an arched bill, moderately compressed at the sides, rising in the middle to an elevated culmen or back, a lower mandible, nearly straight, and a covering to the posterior portion of the nares. In the feet, the two exterior toes are slightly connected at the base, and the claw of the hind toe is comparatively stout. These characters are also observed in Pomatorhinus; a more minute detail of the peculiarities of Melliphaga is therefore required to shew those points in which these two genera are different. In Melliphaga the extremity of the upper mandible is decidedly and uniformly notched; the nares extend, in form of a longitudinal groove, from the base towards the middle of the bill; their covering is partial and membranaceous; they are pervious, or pass into each other from the opposite sides; the edges of the upper mandible are slightly bent -inward, while the apex is laterally rounded and distended. POMATORHINUS MONTANUS. Pomatorhinus has no analogy to any other genus of the family of Dentirostres. Although the bill has a small degree of validity, it possesses the essential character of the Tenuirostres, as defined by M. Cuvier. It is long, slender, arched, and entire. Agreeably to the comparisons which I have been able to institute, it is most nearly related to that division of the genus Cinnyris, as employed by M. Cuvier, the individuals of which have bills of moderate length. In order to afford the means of comparison, the bill of Pomatorhinus has been accurately represented in the Plate of Illustrations, and I proceed to detail the distinguishing characters in refer- ence to this. The bill is abruptly compressed immediately before the nares, and rises to an elevated rounded culmen or back; the sides are even and vertical; both man- dibles are nearly of equal breadth, and the tomia, or cutting edges, are directly opposed to each other: this character is of importance, as, together with the validity of the bill, it affords a clear distinction from Cinnyris, in which the edges of the mandibles are inflected, and the lower mandible is partially received into the upper. The - covering of the nares, although it generally resembles that which exists in Cinnyris, is larger and more developed, constituting an arched operculum of an oval form and horny texture, which projects horizontally, and nearly conceals the anterior portion of the nasal aperture, while its outer margin is slightly inflected, and resembles the border of a very minute shell. The aperture itself is directed obliquely towards the forehead. As far as regards the affinity of Pomatorhinus, much research is still necessary for determining it. The materials which I have been enabled to consult, have exhibited chiefly its relations to Cinnyris; these appear from the preceding details. But its relations to the other genera of this family, and its connexions in a natural series, have not been ascertained satisfactorily. In the systematic catalogue, which contains a concise description of the birds which I collected in Java, the relations of Pomatorhinus to Prinia were pointed out as they exhibit themselves in the validity of the bill, its sudden compression before the nares, and the entireness of the cutting edges. But an interruption in a natural series still remains, between Prinia and Pomatorhinus. In Pomatorhinus montanus, the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, as. well as the posterior portion of the neck, are brown; but this colour differs in its shades and degrees of intensity on different parts. It is chestnut, with a reddish hue, on the neck, back, and scapulars, while it becomes gradually obscure, and assumes an olivaceous tint, on the upper parts of the tail and wings. The colour of these parts underneath, as well as the extremity of the quill-feathers, is dark brown, inclining to black ; but the vivid chestnut tint of the neck and back is diffused over the lateral parts of the breast and abdomen. The head above and at the sides, and POMATORHINUS MONTANUS. ' the anterior parts of the neck, are black, with an obscure tint of gray. The throat, the breast, a narrow streak extending from the base of the bill over the eye to the neck, and the abdomen at the lowest part, are pure white. On the lateral parts of the neck, the black and white portions are separated by a defined line; but on the other parts, the tints pass irregularly into each other. The plumes of the lower parts of the back and of the hypochondrie are lengthened, and the loosely diffused:silky barbs are provided at the base with a down of a plumbeous colour, which also appears on the thighs. ‘The general colour of the bill is yellow, but the upper mandible has a black mark, broad at the base, including the nares, and tending to a point in the middle of the bill. The irides are yellowish white, the feet brown with a plumbeous hue, and the claws have a pale horny colour. The entire length of our bird is eight inches, its weight nine drams. The wings are of moderate length, and the tail projects about two inches beyond them. The tarsi are elongated and rather slender. » The claws are sharp, and strongly compressed. The posterior toe is robust, and its claw proportionally large and strong; in this character our bird is analagous to the Philedons. The attitude and proportions of our bird are accurately given in the figure; and it is presumed that the details will clearly illustrate the characters by which it is distinguished, as well from Cinnyris as from Philedon. The Pomatorhinus montanus belongs to those tribes of birds, which in Java are found exclusively in forests, covering mountains that have an elevation of about 7000 feet above the level of the ocean. It never migrates from these into the lower regions. Although necessarily confined in its range, and limited to the distant coni- cal summits of a series of mountains that extends longitudinally through the Island, it is very abundant in particular places. I met with it at various points; but the cold climate of the Mountain Merbaboo, one of the highest peaks in the central part of Java, and the summit of Mount Prahu, both of which exceed the elevation above mentioned, appeared its favourite places of residence. Here it builds its nest on high trees. Its food is plentifully supplied by the berries of various species of Rubus, as well as by the fruits of numerous vegetables, which cover these elevated districts. About the middle of the day, our bird is seen, through the openings of the forest, in small flocks; it then emits incessantly a loud note, in imitation of which the natives have applied to it the name of BoxKREK. SEO ee ee Pye Wee Loe eee Fre nae amen y iy hp pepe “SONVALNOW SONIHWOLVFA Od * 13 ’ 7h 7 a r j = . oe st ar i: i ee ee ia ? Seam rh, lader wie’ oh et teal " 4 i ; ig na ey , Oe ee mai. tine Sgt a iter ei en ee a FP, ae dich ii J ; - | : | = A 4 - ie: BD cd- oP) | ee cya , ie byt — al ‘ re ere d = rf “ie yee 3 cuey 4 ma re.) hee YE Ree A Ge Ree a =f nen =F . Pa? AGO rereel T = 2 et: ina ibys ‘a ad Tee ee |e ee ‘het ii w met ies irene; prbeny ee = roe) | Ee Saarinen SS al a Lil Bae siden o: Pe z Bioade ue Ear mec | ; 3 si me. } a > S : “Zh a ~ res ee ee . in as ~ Oe aon os ev hie i, ¥ ‘be a, ; joke ee a) ~~ fae z= i i a tc pete ge ba n, Aeatlagt. hebrew are . ; Tale ai ‘ Y ra . i toa | 2. ld i : { te P — ce Wt - in meee weit. hy (Ai tipadapy path (aeet + ; { ey if bir en Ae 7 (je pape oF ey - wt ’ P f F ‘ fa) — , on Me bl ue ; J ah oy Pe rree ah S it. a weeny ’ F ine 7 =4 ra Rs = ? a 7 a _ rh iq t ~om o ’ 7: ~— a wl | “2 . 4 , ; T nh -a ory & : oat : Lie ej i i + "s as ‘an : 7 | L] a . as P “5 } a he ci As E a a : : | al ee er hh . a i 4 ¥ Ph , a H “} " i i a - ia i tire rf q es = ~ pi i = a ; ° = 4 a i = B il Fs 4 i a J | 4.7 ‘ ri - | 4” *-/ & « or: i — - “ J : af 4 — © i= x ie ; T P i F at - Po y | 1 il / A - =: 4 * 3 - 7) | =a Fes i } | ‘ PRINIA FAMILIARIS. Orp. II™ Les PasserEaux, Cuvier. 4° Famille, Les Ténuirostres. Orv’ VI™ AntsopactTyLes, Temminck. Orp. II. Pica, Linn, Syst. Orp. II. Ampunarores, Tiger. Fam. 8, Ténuirostres. PRINIA, Nobis. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS.—Rostrum apice validiusculum. Mazilla basi recta, apice levissime arcuata. Mandibula myxa longiuscula, sursum inclinata. Toma maxille mandibuleque integerrima. dle breves obtuse. Cauda elongata cuneata. Tuarsi graciles longi. CHARACTER NATURALIS.—Rostrum mediocre, rectum, basi paululum latius quam altum, ultra nares sensim compressum, apice validiusculo integerrimo. Mazilla basi recta, apice levissime arcuata: eu/mine inter nares carinato, deinde rotun- dato. Mandibula recta, basi depressa; myaa longiuscula, sursum inclinata. Nares basales, magnz, in fovea oblonga antice angustiore posite, membrana tecte, parte inferiore rima longitudinali aperte. - Ale obtuse, Remiges: prima abrupte, secunda et tertia gradatim evibres relique subequales, tertia ad septimam externe tenuiter emarginate. Cauda elongata cuneata. | | Pedes elongati; tarsi et digiti graciles. Digitus medius longiusculus, cum exteriore basi coalitus. Had/ua medio antico parum validior. Ungues compressi, recti- usculi, hallucis medio antico duplo major. -Acropodia et acrotarsia scutulata. AFFINITAS.—Genus hocce, etsi Sylvie nonnullam affinitatem praebet, tamen rostro integerrimo et compresso habituque toto, Certhiadis magis convenit: inter has juxta Orthotomum (Nostrum) vel Opetiorhynchum Cel. Temminckii, locum exposcere videtur. 2. eS PRINIA FAMILIARIS. Prinia olivaceo-fusca, abdomine flavo, gula pectore fasciisque duabus alarum albis, rectricibus, intermediis subconcoloribus exceptis, fascia lata subterminali per- fusca. . Prinya, of the Javanese. Prinia familiaris, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 165. Familiar Creeper, Gen. Hist. of Birds by John Latham, M. D. Second Edition, 1822, Vol, IV. p. 264. n. 72. IN proposing our Prinia familiaris as the type of a new genus in Ornithology, I foresee the objection that its characters are not sufficiently prominent. They are in some degree of a negative nature. They consist chiefly in the absence of a notch in the bill, in the narrowness of the transverse dimensions of this organ, and in a general external habit, which associates our bird with the Certhiade. If these do not afford it the rank of a distinct genus, our bird may be placed provisionally in the genus Sylvia; but the diversified character of the subjects which are at present arranged in this assemblage of birds, has deterred me from adding to it any bird which does not obviously belong to the true type of Sylvia. Our bird differs as much from this type as Troglodytes and Regulus; and the bill of the former, which is entirely without a terminal notch, shews, with its other characters, the existence of several distinct forms, which have hitherto been arranged under Sylvia, without the necessary discrimination. The genus Prinia was first defined in the Systematic Catalogue of Javanese Birds, which was printed in the XIIIth Volume of the Linnean Society’s Trans- actions. In the detail of its characters, the genus Pomatorhinus was chiefly kept in view, and Prinia was stated to differ in the comparative straightness of the bill, in the more gradual attenuation of this organ, and in its being destitute of the horny covering to the nares. ‘The examinations which I have again instituted, in ’ preparing to give a figure of Prinia in this Work, have confirmed my original con- clusion, that it is more properly arranged among the Certhiade than among the Dentirostres. The affinity of our bird to Orthotomus, which in the Catalogue above mentioned is placed next to it, affords a further illustration of its character, and a guide in its natural arrangement. The straightness of the bill, which charac- terizes our bird, occurs in various other Certhiadew. The genus Opetiorynchos of M. Temminck is an instance of this. In the Analyse du Systeme general d’Orni- PRINIA FAMILIARIS. thologie, it is placed next to Certhia; and M, Temminck is of opinion, that our genus Orthotomus agrees essentially with Opetiorynchos. The bill of the Prinia familiaris agrees with the head in length. It is nearly straight at the base; from the middle of its length the upper mandible is very slightly arched; the lower mandible is comparatively robust ; it is greatly depressed at the base, increases in dimensions to the middle, where the myxa (in Illiger’s language) begins, and thence rises very gradually to the point. Both mandibles are entire, and the cutting edges are somewhat diaphanous. The culmen of the upper mandible is rounded and broad, and the sides are regular, and very slightly convex. The general regularity of its form, the broad culmen, the smallness of the hori- zontal diameter at the base, and the complete absence of ‘the terminal noteh, distinguish our bird from Sylvia, as exhibited in the true type of that genus. The form of the bill is carefully expressed in the illustrations which are added to the Plate in letter (a). In the figure of the bird the bill appears somewhat larger in its vertical diameter than it isin nature. The nostrils are rather large, situated in an oblong depression near the base, covered in the upper portion with a mem- brane, and pierced in the lower part with a longitudinal aperture. Our bird is represented of natural sizeon the Plate. The entire length is five inches. The wings are short and obtuse: the first of the quill-feathers is short; the second and | third increase successively ; from the fourth to the seventh they are of equal length; the others, to the twelfth, are scarcely perceptibly shorter: from the third to the seventh the exterior vane is very slightly emarginate. The tail is wedge-shaped, and as long as the body. The tail-feathers are disposed in pairs ; the first, or exterior pair, is short; the second abruptly longer; the third, fourth, and fifth increase very gradually in length. The tarsi are slender and elevated, and the anterior toes delicate and compressed ; the middle toe exceeds the others in length, and is united to the outer, which is rather longer than the interior toe, at the base; the hind toe is robust, and of moderate length. The claws are compressed, slightly arched, and nearly acute. The claw of the hind toe has double the size of that of the middle toe. The colour of our bird is dark brown above, with a faint tint of orange. The throat and neck anteriorly are white, and the breast and abdomen pale sulphureous yellow. The wings are crossed transversely, in an oblique direction, with two white bands. The tail-feathers, with the exception of the two intermediate ones, are marked near the end with a broad band of blackish brown; the tips are dirty white. The intermediate tail-feathers have throughout a brownish tint underneath, © ees PRINIA FAMILIARIS. and near the extremity an’ almost imperceptible transverse band of a deeper hue. The tarsi are yellowish, and the bill has both above and at the point a brown corneous tint, while its base is pale yellow. The irides are dark coloured. The Prinia familiaris is abundant in many parts of Java, near villages and gardens, In the confines of these it builds its nest on trees and shrubs. Its motions are sprightly. It sports among the branches in short rapid flights, and enlivens the neighbourhood with pleasant notes, from which the'native name is derived. IS, On our Plate the necessary illustrations of the bill and feet of Prinia familiaris are represented, under the letters a, 5, c, andd. A separate view of the tail js also given, to shew the magyemel length and disposition of the tail-feathers. —_ PRINIA FAMILIARIS. = Z, Ceertes dal. of geedp Fonadien, Pudlerted by Mi: regnedeery, Parhery te dilen, FeatenAadl SPreel, April Tiss + | Wit i i Jie Bee tee Oe a ae eae ee ee Mike 128 ~ ARP ee ) RP ae creme cas ats ~~ | F ; pa a 3 . 14 : 3 : a ‘aie ~ Lt a Rel Fa ae Ef, 7 | a. r 1 L 7 i. en) ae mn r 1 hs i a J a . -— .) 7, r a at sal ew Ub. Te, A pris ra) a | , oe Z N 7 + 4 | — ri he a Aw ing Le pie saad rahe hy | i 7 i. | iat att ish iv Ansiees rer : kk, oma | Yk eek ed HEN a nt cae iF Sree ai . “ia | F Re =) Ses Fi _— +78 * ; : eae eens ' PD | ects nit rs a i r; tee. ' Sie) m9 le | WE t Psi | ‘ i l = : d ea © r el | E \ b a \ RB oe a - - : os . ‘. i in =; i 2 ala i I . at id mht | be. i ibe 1 fh : re ‘ : ure ry , i ' se aF . — “a . od - : | Hl ‘a . é - i rai 4 A ean eure ita. iat j ~ ake i 4 a4 i) . r a ig. re yi as _ ae ; y ‘i at) \ aA. Fi : r " “ if ; e 4 aad ©... al 1 oa ml | F ali > ,_* Tilt aAe| So ait SLIP. Slee Libr SI (aa Mla bits ay * 1, pe es l | - | ifs t at 4 . ba el ~~ “= = : = a " a | : ~ vf ‘ * eas y = a and aw a pt ae —— = — CALYPTOMENA VIRIDIS. Orp. II* PasserEaux, Cuvier. Orp. II. Picx, Linn. Syst. Sect. III. Pedibus gressoriis. Orp. IT. Amsutatores, Llliger. CALYPTOMENA, Raffles. Act. Soc. Linn. Lond. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS.— Rostrum mediocre, crassum, arcuatim attenuatum. ~ Masxilla calyptra plumosa velata, unguiculata, emarginata. ictus amplus. Vibrisse nulle. Nares tubulose, horizontales, apertura subrotunda ad margi- nem calyptre. Cauda rotundata brevis. Pedes gressorii. Digiti compressi, medio longitudine tarsi. CHARACTER NATURALIS.—Rostrum mediocre, crassum, validiusculum, sub oculi canthum posteriorem productum, de basi lata ad apicem arcuatim attenuatum. Mazilla ad basin et ultra medium, calyptra plumosa velata, apice nudo, adunco, compresso; culmine carinato; dertro subelongato, unguiculato, emarginato. Tomia recta, acuta, plumulis calyptre lateralibus, multifidis, setaceis, reeum- bentibus, in serie laxa subbifaria dispositis, obtecta. Mandibula depressa, gnathidiis de rictu ad apicem recte protensis, fomiis acutis, apice emarginatis, gonyde brevi, angulo mentali magno plumulis setaceis vestito. Rictus amplus. Vibrisse nulle. Nares tubulose: tubulus horizontalis longus apertura subrotunda simplici, ad mar- ginem anteriorem calyptre sita ejusque plumulis recondita. Lingua brevis. Ale longiuscule acuminate. Remiges: prima mediocris; secunda ad quartam, que longissima, gradatim longiores, tertia et quinta equales, sexta abrupte. brevior. Cauda brevis rotundata. Pedes breviuseuli, gressorii. Tarsi robusti, basi plumosi. Acrotarsia oblique scutulata. Digiti compressi, tenues, medius longitudine tarsi; internus externo brevior, externus medio ad tertium, internus ad seeundam phalangem connexus, hallux medio antico brevior robustior. Ungues compressi acutissimi: medii antici et hallucis mediocres equales, externi et interni minores. CALYPTOMENA YVIRIDIS. AFFINITAS.—Hoe genus pedibus Eurylaimo maxime convenit; necnon aliis cha- racteribus illo similitudinem prebet. Rostri forma tamen Dentirostribus magis simile est. Multa itaque de victu, vite more et precipue de structura _anatomica mox notanda sunt, priusquam in ordinem naturalem sit dispositum an inter Dentirostres an Syndactylos, oe Calyptomena viridis nitens, macula utrinque ad latus nuche fasciis alarum tribus obliquis remigibusque preter marginem exteriorem atris. Burong Tampo Pinang, of the Malays. Calyptomena viridis, Siz 7. S. Raffles’s Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra, Tr. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 295, 1822. “ THIS very singular and beautiful bird is about six inches and a half in length. Its colour is a brilliant green, like that of the Parrots. The head is rather large, and its feathers are directed forwards from each side, in such a manner as nearly to conceal the bill, giving the face a very peculiar appearance. A little above and before the eyes, the feathers are of a deep velvet-black at their base, and only tipped with green; and there is a similar spot of black immediately over the ears. The wings are scarcely longer than the body, green, but crossed on the coverts by three velvet-black bands ; the primary feathers, as well as the whole under- side of the wings, are dusky approaching to black, with the exception of the outer margins of some, which are edged with green. The tail is short, rounded, composed of ten feathers, which are green above, and blueish-black below. The whole of the under parts are green: this colour is lightest on the sides of the neck, and round the eyes. The bill is short, wide, much depressed at the base, deeply cleft, and hooked at the point. Nostrils oval at the base of the bill, and concealed by the . filiform feathers that project over them. The eyes are rather large; the irides blueish. Legs blueish-black: a few feathers come down over the upper part of the tarsi. Feet gressorial; outer toe not much shorter than the middle one, with which it is united as far as the last joint. « The stomach of this bird contained nothing but vegetable substances, chiefly wild grains. It is found in the retired parts of the forests of Singapore, and the interior of Sumatra; and being of the colour of the leaves, and perching on the higher branches of the trees, it is not easily procurable. The female does not differ in appearance from the male. The name of Calyptomena, (a xaivnrw, velo) is pro- posed for this genus.” CALYPTOMENA VIRIDIS. To the preceding description, which is given in the words of Sir Stamford Raffles, I have only to add a few remarks on the illustration of this genus, and on its affinity. Referring therefore to the Plate, in which the characters are given in detail, letter X exhibits the bill as seen from above. It was necessary to give a separate view of this organ, as in the general figure of the bird, every part, except the tip and the margin of the lower mandible, is concealed. The object of this view is more particularly to shew the extent of the bill, its outline, and its gradual atten- uation, by means of a slightly arched margin. In the profile, letter Z, the extent of the tubular portion of the nostrils, and their relation to the plumose covering of — the upper-mandible is indicated, together with the posterior union of both man- dibles, by which the wide-gaping mouth is formed. The structure of the bill in Calyptomena is, however, essentially different from that of the Hiantes of Mliger, comprising the Goat-suckers and Swallows, which have both a small bill, united to an excessively wide mouth and throat. But in Calyptomena the bill is quite as long as the head, although the posterior portion, including the nostrils, is hid from view by the beautiful plumes of the upper-mandible, which give a sin- gular and highly ornamental appearance to this bird. The structure of the feet and of the toes is distinctly shewn in letter Y, Although I have associated Calyptomena with Eurylaimus, which in the Second Number of these Researches has been arranged among the Syndactyles of Cuvier, I have to acknowledge that my ideas regarding its natural affinity are not yet clear. The examination of this genus has again excited the inquiry, whether Eurylaimus, to which it is so nearly related, is with propriety arranged among the Syndactyles of Cuvier. In the structure of the feet these two genera entirely agree: they also both have a wide-gaping mouth, and a bill notched at the extremity ; but in Calyptomena, this: organ is much more nearly allied in structure to the bill of the Dentirostres of Cuvier than in Eurylaimus. It greatly resembles the bill of the genera Rupicola, Pipra, Phibalura, Pardalotus, Platyrhynchus, and Procnias. All these birds have further a natural resemblance in the structure of their feet, which consists in an union of the toes, particularly of the outer and middle toe, existing in different degrees, but perhaps most strongly in Calyptomena. The genera above mentioned are arranged, nearly in succession, by the celebrated Temminck, in his, extensive order of Insectivores: it remains, therefore, still to be determined by future inquiries, whether, when more’ accurately known, they will not be found to constitute a distinct Family among the Passereaux of Cuvier, connecting the Family of Denti- rostres with that of Syndactyles, E “. 4 iy} 4 “* > “¥ z baa x a. ‘ S _ = = ve & , (rs a Le aie. 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Fh ES: fe ‘ F od To ' ’ ae Bla r = « on | “ A bie iis { . oe ap ee ’ ; ys ih ie) Lae rh 4 et re ag ea 4 ri - ee ly ; 7 i ' . ‘F a 7 me Si bony 4rd an ghee whit ees Mar, MS APE |e beri: wt Jt a xt e | ' nd ' La te “e ' - 7 ihe " i via =f J a - ese le Am 4 “tt © i - a - | i 4.4 of tial + F = ee : A 9: te j ‘7 ve - ; ee BIN PIRES Odes Lp AY Hf 4 “nines ae iv To alee EY ica k : SSS” St UL id Cees itt rt is sf Mire z ee > . mAs | ih rr si =a . tM & ~ r 1 hs ; i. i\ Ata ach f a2 tt TF ‘\ H it ia a, ‘ee 7 7 me = ti * af " z ii is i ‘ 1 1 ‘ ae 4 fae : a” * f 7 iy pitta: at ‘ L 4 di 42U, ; a Y 5 . a ee Ci ga f =) - (Oay, ht (* ase pe ae ) 4 Np ‘Ley | tiie ‘ce. J b 1) | apsieh > ‘ays ie riers 23% pee ht pay ah ath. yemeniy aa ay | roaibralG eo mn : ae Li tee at ; i -& 4 | ; : . . pi rT; * ly r Ys - er * ai a= r. i) ws me Ut L % Hap tye " ‘* 2 ; i, i ; < . a 7 = ee “ - a ‘ + , . - | 4 = a Ll 4 4 a 4 : é F . : es F Ps o * ‘: : * - a . * : Cad “We . ' pa h + 7 _ 7 ; *, « a! ig ! 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CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS.—Hostrum capite brevius, validum, depressum, basi postice dilatatum. éetus amplissimus. Mazxilla culmine obsoleto, apice adunco, emargi- nato, tomiis verticalibus. Mares basales, subrotunde, aperte, nuda. Pedes gressorii. Digiti compressi, medius fere longitudine tarsi. Ale cauda breviores. Rectrices 12. CHARACTER NATURALIS.—Rostrum capite brevius, validum, depressum, lateribus ad apicem in cuneum attenuatis, basi latissimum, corneum; postice utrinsecus dilalato-ampliatum, margine intracto, angusto, sub oculos producto. Mazxilla lateribus parum inclinatis basi latioribus; cu/mine obsolete-carinato, rotundato, apice abrupte adunco, spatulato, emarginato; fomiis latis, porrectis, acutis, ver- ticalibus, nigris. Mandibula depressa, tomiis verticalibus, basi rectis, versus apicem maxilla congruenter curvatis, obsolete emarginatis, acumine brevissimo obtuso terminali. Vibrisse paucee mustacales. ictus amplissimus. _ Nares basales, laterales, subrotunda, aperte, omnino nude. Ale cauda breviores. Remiges: prima brevior, secunda et quarta equales, tertia longiuscula, quinta gradatim, sexta et cetere abrupte breviores. Cauda subro- tundata: rectrices 12, externz paulatim breviores. Pedes mediocres, gressorii. Tursi basi plumis tecti. Digiti compressi, tenues, medius longus (longitudine fere tarsi), internus externo brevior, externus medio ad tertiam, internus ad secundam phalangem connexus, hallux medio antico paulo brevior, robustus. Ungues compressi; medii antici et hallucis mediocres, externi et interni minores subsquales. AFFinitras.—Genus hocce pedibus familia Syndactylarum quadrat, rostro generi Platyrhyncho, familiz Dentirostrium affine ;. difficilis tamen dispositio naturalis. Pedes enim gressorii et totus habitus, consociationem Dentirostribus dissuadent. Syndactylis, nullo genere characteribus exterioribus convenit; moribus et victu tamen Alcedini simile. a EURYLAIMUS JAVANICUS. Eurylaimus capite toto corporeque subtus vinaceis, dorso alisque perfuscis flavo variis, cauda atra fascia subterminali alba. Eurylaimus Javanicus, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XXII. p. 170. IN proposing again a new genus in Ornithology, it is necessary to detail with clearness the reasons and comparisons by which I have been guided in this propo- sition. ‘The genus to which Eurylaimus, in a principal character, is nearly allied, is Platyrhynchus, as established by Mr. Desmarest, and which comprises, besides the species to be enumerated in the sequel, the Todus rostratus and Todus nasutus of Latham. I have to remark, in the first place, that, although on a superficial view, there appears a resemblance between these two genera, it is, in my opinion, much less striking than that which exists between Pitta and Myiothera, of which the former constitutes an Asiatic group, which is supplied in America by the latter. As far‘as regards Platyrhynchus, we have the authority of Mr. Temminck for proving that, with probably one or two exceptions, its range is confined to America; while Eurylaimus has only been found in the Indian Archipelago. As types of the genus Platyrhynchus, Mr. Temminck gives Lanius Pitangua of Linneus, and Platyrhyn- chus olivaceus and Platyrhynchus cancromus, two new species, which are figured in the Second Number of PLaAncHEs CoLort&es, a splendid Work, serving as a conti- nuation of the Planches Enluminées, and published jointly by Mr. Temminck and the Baron Laugier. Referring for the characters of Eurylaimus to the detailed description given in the natural character of that genus, I proceed to a comparison of the characters of Lanius Pitangua, and of the two species of Platyrhynchus above mentioned, as far as the figures referred to have enabled me to make it. The bill of Lanius Pitangua is essentially different; it is longer than the head ; the culmen, or back, is proportionally prominent, and presents a defined ridge, from which the sides decline gradually, and constitute an elevated upper mandible; the cutting edges, or tomia, instead of being perpendicular, as in Eurylaimus, are rounded and inflected: the bill in Lanius Pitangua is also less broad at the base; the edges are continued nearly straight to the gape under the eye, and not extended backward under that organ into a narrow incurved margin, which forms an excessively wide throat, from which the generic name of Hurylaimus is derived. The nostrils in Lanius Pitangua, instead of being perfectly naked and open, are covered above by a small membrane, while numerous long decumbent vibrissee EURYLAIMUS JAVANICUS. pass over them. These characters are likewise exhibited in the figures of Platy- rhynchus olivaceus and cancromus. The tip of the bill, in all these species, consti- tutes a hook more long and acute than in Eurylaimus. In the feet the union of the outer and middle toe extends only to the first articulation; while in Eurylaimus these toes are completely united through the whole of the first and second phalanx, and the interior and middle toe adhere closely in the first phalanx, as is accurately represented in the Plate of Illustrations. The tarsi are proportionally short. In taking all these characters into consideration, I have no hesitation to propose Eury- laimus as a distinct genus, to be arranged among the Meropide or Syndactyle., Les Syndactyles, Cuv. In further confirmation of my views, I shall adduce the opinion of Sir Stamford Raffles. In the Catalogue of a Zoological Colleetion, made in the Island of Sumatra under his direction, which has been communicated to the Linnean Society, at the conclusion of the Second Part, containing a description of birds belonging to this Collection, Sir Stamford remarks :—* Besides the birds above mentioned, which are “ referable to known genera, there are three belonging to the division of Picw, with “ gressorial feet, which differ essentially from all hitherto described, and must con- “ stitute two new and distinct genera of that order.” After describing the first, he proceeds :—*'The second genus belonging to the same order, is characterized “ by a very large, thick, strong bill, wide and rounded at the base, hooked and “ slightly notched at the point. The edge of the lower mandible is ineurved under “the upper. Nostrils not covered. Feet gressorial. Of this genus there are two * species; they are both found in the interior of Sumatra; and the second species “ enumerated is also met with at Singapura.”—From these observations we can also, in some measure, determine the range of this genus; it extends from Sumatra eastward to Singapura, and thence South to the eastern extremity of Java, near the Straits of Baly, where I discovered it in the year 1806: since that period I have not met with it again. We are indebted to Sir Stamford Raffles for the following remarks on the first species :—“ It frequents the banks of rivers and lakes, feeding on insects and’ * worms. It builds its nest pendant from the branch of a tree or bush which over- “ hangs the water.”—I found it in Java, in one of the most distant and inaccessible parts, covered with extensive forests, and abounding with rivers and marshes. The entire length of the Eurylaimus javanicus is eight inches. The bill has half the length of the head, and measures nine lines. The head, sides of the neck, and the whole of the neck and body underneath are of a violet, or rather vinous colour, varying with different degrees of intensity. The plumes on the summit of the head are lengthened, and extend to the occiput, where they form a very obscure EURYLAIMUS JAVANICUS. crest. The ground of violet is variegated here with deep brown; in a certain light also it presents a reddish lustre. That part, of the forehead which surrounds ‘the bill is nearly black; behind the nostrils, near the gape, a few vibrisse are pro- truded, and the margin of the lower mandible is surrounded by stiff plumes of a dark colour, extending towards its base. The throat and the neck anteriorly have with the violet a plumbeous lustre, and on the breast and belly this colour’ is considerably diluted. The vent is yellow.. The brown colour of the plumes which cover the upper part of the neck, becomes darker towards the back, and assumes a sooty tint. The wings above are very deep blackish brown, more intense near the shoulder, and lighter towards the extremity. A yellow streak, formed by a series of narrow plumes, between the coverts and secondary quill-feathers, passes longitu- dinally along the wing, and meets, near its lower termination, an interrupted transverse band of the same colour, caused by a very small semilunar mark, on the exterior margin of the secondary quill-feathers, near their lower extremity. The quill-feathers are white from their base to about one-half of their length; but the coverts of the wing are so disposed, that they leave a part of the base open, which appears as an irregular white spot on the exterior margin. The wings underneath, from the axilla towards the shoulder, are covered with yellow plumes, which appear in an exterior border of that colour. Below this, somewhat interiorly, is a brown spot, made up of very minute plumes, closely applied to the surface of the wing. The sides of the back are of an intensely brown colour; in the middle it is variegated with plumes, on which portions of black and yellow are unequally distributed. The coverts of the tail are lengthened, black at the base, and yellow towards the extremity, so that the uropygium appears yellow. From the lower part of the back a broad black spot stretches towards the hypochondrie. The tail consists of twelve feathers :—the two intermediate ones are entirely black; the four next in order on each side are of the same colour, having near the extremity a white transverse band ; on the two exterior feathers this band is near the middle, and rather broader. The bill is reddish brown at the base; towards the extremity both mandibles are irregu- larly variegated, and striped: in the upper mandible the culmen, or back, is uniformly of a yellowish colour. The cutting edges are intensely black, and shining. The tarsi and toes have adusky yellowish hue, and the claws are brown, inclining to black. On the Plate of Illustrations, in letter P. and Q., the bill and foot of Eurylaimus javanicus are represented, as far as is necessary for elucidating the generic description. ALCEDO BIRU. —_—) a ae Orp. II® Les Passereaux, Cuvier. 2° Division. Les Syndactyles. Orv. VII™ Atctonges, Temminck. Orp. II. Pics, Sect. IIT. Pedibus gressoriis, Linn. Syst. Orv. II. AmpuLatores, Iliger. Fam. 6. Angulirostres. ALCEDO, Linn. Lath. Cuv. Temm. Illiger, &e. Cuar. GEN.—Rostrum capite longius, rectum, porrectum, validum, tetragono- compressum, acuminatum, acutum, culmine subdistincto, dorsato, recto, gonyde, ascendente, mandibulis subequalibus. Zomia subtilissime incisulo-fimbriata. Vibrisse nulle. Nares in basi maxille prope culmen site, superne tecte, inferne rima longitudinali patentes. Lingua brevis, carnosa, plana, fere sagittata. Pedes breves, congrui, gressorii, tibia inferius denudata, ‘Tarsus digiti medii dimidium tantum zquans. Digiti antici externi subsequales, coadunati apice discreti, internus dimidio brevior, interdum nullus. Unguis medius acie interna dilatata. -Acrotarsia obsolete, acrodactyla apertius scutulata. (Iliger.) ee * Ftostro gracili, culmine carinato. Alcedo subazurea nitore thalassino, remigibus interne caudaque subtus fuscis, gula jugulo abdomine macula colli laterali alisque subtus albis. Meninting-watu seu Burung-Biru, of the Javanese. Alcedo Biru, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 175. eee eee eee IN the Systematic Catalogue of Birds from Java, which was printed in the XIIIth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, the views of M. Tem- minck regarding Alcedo were adopted. When the Catalogue was prepared, the examination of the various species from that Island, suggested clearly a division of ALCEDO BIRU. the genus into two sections, founded on certain differences which exist in the form of the bill. After continued inquiries, and the examination of subjects from other parts of the world, I can now state with confidence, that the characters of each of these sections are sufficiently marked and permanent to sanction a separation into two distinct genera, the peculiarities of which I shall now enumerate. In the first the bill is very long, slender, gradually attenuated to a sharp point, compressed to such a degree that the height considerably exceeds the breadth, having both mandibles carinated, and marked with longitudinal grooves, and the. cutting edges, or tomia, slightly bent inwards. The Alcedo Ispida furnishes a sample of this genus. In the second the bill is of a light consistence, greatly distended, broad at the base, and gradually tapering towards the extremity, which is moderately compressed. The upper mandible is even, or very slightly grooved from the nostrils to the point; the back, or culmen, is rounded, not prominent or keeled, and the extremity of the upper mandible forms a cavity for the reception of the lower: the latter is depressed at the base, swelled towards the middle, then gradually attenuated to a point, which is acute, and somewhat smaller than the upper. The cutting edges, tomia, are sharp; those of the upper mandible are slightly curved, while those of the lower are straight: near the tip the upper man- dible is slightly bent downwards, while the lower inclines upwards in a small degree. The Alcedo sacra furnishes a sample of this genus. Besides these, a ¢hird natural division of Alcedo, as it was defined by the earlier Ornithologists, is afforded by the Gigantic Kingsfisher of New Holland. For this the name DacrEto was proposed by Dr. Leach, and it has received the sanction of the celebrated Temminck, in the “Analyse du Systeme général d’Ornithologie,” prefixed to the Second Edition of his Manuel. The bill in this genus does not exceed the head in length, and it is stronger and more dilated than the bill of the individuals belonging to the second genus. The cutting edges, towards the extre- mity, take a bold curve upwards, and are deeply cut out; the tip is greatly length- ened, and terminated by a small notch. The lower mandible is considerably swelled; the margin is not straight, but curved upwards, to meet the curve of the upper mandible. A new species, the Dacelo pulchella, described in the Second Number of these Researches, has lately been added to this genus from Java. The propriety of these views, as far as regards the division of Alcedo, of the earlier Ornithologists into two genera, is confirmed by the Author of the Zoolo- gical Illustrations, William Swainson, Esq. In the Fifth Number of this work, the second genus is described with the name of Hatcyon, while ALCEDO is applied to ALCEDO BIRU. the first, and the characters of both genera are clearly defined. In the Museum of Joshua Brookes, Esq. of Blenheim Street, the second genus is distinguished by the name of ENTOMOPHILA, from the Manuscripts of Dr. Leach; and the characteristic name of M. Le Vaillant, which has been applied to the second section of the genus Alcedo, in the Catalogue above mentioned, (p. 173,) has there suggested the name of ENTOMOTHERA. The Alcedo Biru is by no means uncommon in Java. I observed it chiefly in the interior, in low situations; but it is also found in the maritime districts. Its habits and manners are those of the European Kingsfisher. It darts in short, rapid flights along the surface among rivulets and lakes, emitting as it moves shrill sounds in a high key. These sounds are so strong and acute, that when the bird is near, they strike the ear in an unpleasant manner. Our bird is not unfrequently observed perched on trees on the banks of rivulets. Its food, as in the European species, consists of small fishes, and of aquatic insects. The Alcedo Biru has the general proportions of the birds belonging to the first section of Alcedo. The body is slender. The entire length is five inches and one fourth. ‘The bill measures one inch and six lines. 'The feet and the tail are short. The colours are very simple. The whole of the upper parts, with a broad band covering the breast, have a beautiful tint, varying according to the light to which the bird is exposed, from pure azure-blue to sea-green. The throat, the lower part of the neck, the abdomen, the vent, the wings underneath, a line extending from the base of the bill to the anterior angle of the eye, and a rhomboidal mark on the side of the neck, are white. The extremity of the wings, and the tail underneath, have a dark brown colour inclining to black, which is more saturated on the bill and feet. The blue colour of the upper parts is subject to a few slight modifications: on the crown of the head, and on the neck, it is variegated with transverse undulations of a brown tint: this tint agreeing with that of the extremity of the wings, also appears in the base of the silky plumes which cover the back. The coverts of the wings have also transverse bands of a darker tint. The colour of our bird changes with its relative position to the light : it assumes various tints, from pure azure to blueish green, and to saturated verdigris-green. The white mark on the neck behind the ears, is formed by a loose tuft or series of plumes of a white colour, exceeding the other plumes in length, and provided at the extremity with long delicate silky barbs. In the Plate which illustrates this article, our bird appears in its greenish lustre, which is most intense on the lower part of the back, and on the coverts of the tail. . 7 | + a - — ii FV * { Pa . ‘ or J i , " i ay ‘ - ‘ r} | i : 4 a t i .} "} Piha Ti aed ty : Pi ’ « kL cq | ye. 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P - a @ al Pelletier aed ALCEDO BIRD. Jandon,. Plcd # ty Ming rbcry. i lea dileey and Allon pLiadeanhall Se? fee: APPS. Printed by © Mallewansde $5 : tie $43 ai Bere: ei Pusey) ate Ze ey: | aa “ihe jonas le gl 4 ia y) bers Spite hese apeiy. ta Naaiabteaa ta Se: ia Hi a +, = 1.4 1‘ a te - t pe: Ath it ri rt i 5 sie 3 ed re " e hae Pros ee sh iat ui nn ave ‘ batt Cam | ‘paging as. wr fie * ‘a pte ab a eager a paren Pei Lnir VM . ee ee iter a singed ER aE tL lac} mated abel ae vl! aw rt tie. «, Siar aati he * people fil a pie . 14 | } iT — oT agen 5 br Rie ako : ! hr we Sy wl) ie cake | bs tc pe Criiatcl ini iN es 7 ar Pan, ens vise -_* alt DACELO PULCHELLA. Orp. II Les PasserEAux Cuvier. 2" Division. Les Syndactyles. Orv. VIT™ Axcriones, Temminck. Orp. II. Pics, Linn. Syst. Sect. IIT. Pedibus gressoriis. Orv. II. Ampuiatorss, Illiger. Fam. 6. Angulirostres. DACELO, Leach, Temminck. Cuar. Gen.—Rostrum mediocre, porrectum, validum, crassum, tetragono-attenu- atum, subdepressum. Mazilla lateribus planis, dilatatis, versus apicem deflexa utrinque profunde emarginata, ipsa extremitate truncata excisa, culmine rotun- dato obsoleto, tomiis acutis. Mandibula basi magis depressa, attenuata, acumi- nata gonyde subascendente. | Nares basales, laterales, parte dimidia plumis obtecte, rima ovatiuscula patentes. Pedes breves, congrui gressorii. Digiti antici externi coadunati apice discreti internus breyiusculus. eR i a Dacelo supra thalassino atro alboque fasciata, capite badio saturato, vertice occipiteque azureis, gula juguloque albidis, abdomine ferrugineo diluto. Tenghke-watu, Javanis. Dacelo pulchella, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 175. ALTHOUGH this bird has the habit and appearance of a King’s-fisher, its bill presents several strongly marked peculiarities distinct from the King’s-fishers in general, but agreeing with the gigantic species peculiar to New Holland, which is distinguished by the name of “ Laughing Jack-ass.”. The peculiarities of the latter, as far as regards the bill, induced Dr. Leach to separate it from the King’s-fishers into a genus denominated Dacelo, which has been adopted by the celebrated M, Tem- minck, in his “ Analyse du Systeme Général d’Ornithologie,” prefixed to the Second Edition of his Manuel. In comparing our bird with the Gigantic King’s-fisher, I have observed, besides an agreement in the form of the bill, other points of resem- blance regarding the habit and general distribution of colours in both: these have already been stated in the Description of a Collection of Birds from Java, contained in Vol. XIII. of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, in the following remark :— “In both the forehead and crown are regularly circumscribed by the lateral parts of DACELO PULCHELLA. “ the head and a posterior collar. The under-parts are uniform; the wings above “ and the tail are transversely banded.” This bird fully deserves the epithet given to it in the specific denomination ; it exhibits a very beautiful display of colours, which requires little illustration by description. In its residence in Java, as far as I have been able to ascertain, it is extremely local. I found it once only, in a low range of hills, about twenty miles South East of Semarang, known in the central parts of the Island by the name of Hills of Prowoto. Here a single bird was obtained in the forest. The Dacelo pulchella has on the forehead and sides of the head a very saturated chesnut colour, which is continued in a broad band round the lower part of the neck, The crown of the head, the occiput, and the upper part of the neck, are covered with an oblong. mark, with regularly defined sides of a beautiful azure, having a few transverse dots of white and black. The upper part of the wings and the back exhibit a beautiful variety of sea-green, black and white, disposed in trans- verse bands, which are produced by the distribution of colours in the plumes cover- ing these parts. The wing coverts, the scapulars, and the plumes of the back and uropygium, are marked alternately with bands of white and black, and have a ter- minal band of sea-green. The quill-feathers are entirely black, and the secondary feathers have alternately a broad black and a narrow cee band. The tail-feathers are twelve in number; the shafts of all are intensel, la and shining: of the eight intermediate feathers the interior “barb consist 1 ? nds alte: ately black and white ; and the exterior, of bands alternately. black and bine: “ Phcenicophaus cano-viridescente niger, malis gula jugulo crisso cruribusque ferru- gineo-badiis, rectricibus apice albis. | _ Bubut-kembang, of the Javanese. Phoenicophaus javanicus, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIUI. p. 178, EVERY ornithologist is acquainted with the difficulties which not unfrequently occur in the classification of birds. After the most careful examinations and compa- risons, a doubt remains in many cases, as to the propriety of a disposition. This was the case with the bird which was described with the name of Phcenicophaus javanicus, in the Systematic Arrangement of Birds from Java, published in the XIIIth Volume ° of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, and which has been selected for the present article. Our bird has a relation, as well to the genus Cuculus as to that of Pheenicophaus, while in some characters it differs from both; and I have now to state my reasons for associating it with the latter. The peculiarities which require notice, in discriminating these two genera, are the relative compression and length of PHCNICOPHAUS JAVANICUS. the bill, the form and disposition of the nares, and the presence of a naked mamillary space surrounding the eyes. In the general form of the bill, our bird is nearly allied to several oriental species of Cuculus, particularly to Cuculus clamosus; but the latter is not provided with vibrisse. In possessing these, as well as in the peculiar lustre of the bill, our bird agrees with Phcenicophaus melanognathus; but a more accurate and critical examination of the bill of the Phoenicophaus javanicus, would probably suggest the propriety, either of establishing a distinct division in the genus Phcenieophaus, or of considering our bird as the type of a new genus. The nares of Cuculus xanthorhyncus, C. flavus, and C. fugax, possess, in a striking degree, the character which is given to them in the generic description ; they are circular, and surrounded with a‘ naked, tubular, membranaceous eminence. In Phcenicophaus javanicus, on the contrary, they are linear, and partially covered by the vibrissaé at the base of the “bill; while in Phoenicophaus melanognathus they are nearly oval, situated at the base of the bill, and a longitudinal groove extends, parallel to the margin, toward the border. The naked mamillary circle about the eyes is less extensive in our bird than in Phoenicophaus melanognathus, but it exists in a sufficient degree to distinguish it from the Cucyli above mentioned, in which there is no trace of it. The feet of our bird present nothing peculiar, and in the wings it agrees strictly with Phoenicophaus. The general physiognomy of our bird is that of the Phoenicophai. The body and neck are slender, and the tail exceeds them considerably in length. The entire length is eighteen inches, nearly eleven of which are occupied by the tail, which is gradated. The upper parts generally are greenish-gray ; a metallic lustre is diffused over them, shewing itself stronger on ‘the upper parts of the tail, and on the extremity of the wings, on which the tint is saturated, inclining to black. The head is of a lighter tint, inclining to plumbeous, and without any lustre. The base of the bill is surrounded with vibrisse, straggling, and pointing anteriorly and posteriorly. The cheeks, the throat, the neck anteriorly, the vent, and the thighs, have a ferruginous- chestnut tint, which in the latter is darker, inclining to rufous. The lower parts of the breast and the abdomen have the plumbeous colour of the head, more diluted, and slightly variegated with chestnut. The bill is red and shining, the naked space about the eyes yellowish, and the feet are black. About half an inch of the extre- mity of the tail-feathers is tipped with white, and the irides have also a whitish hue. ‘On the Plate our bird is represented two-thirds of the size of life. The Phcenicophaus javanicus is found in the society of various species of Centropus, at the confines of large forests, in plains covered with low shrubs, and solitary trees. It resembles the Phrenotrix Temmia in its habits and manners. The shortness of its wings permits only interrupted flights. It is chiefly observed about noon, and is remarkable by the beauty of its form. It is not found in great abundance. a ptt Pe rhe f MIP pear ee AeTY LT sit i aa Arh sien Ag gis eT 4 SHJCNVAYe’ SAV AODOLA WA a ae ey ," " — fae _ a ey — it = * bei = — —wa 7 _ bd =. _ ve =) ; son oe ay look Y = ah | —_ ™ ~~ al ’ i - { mm. / ‘ne Se ' Ph ae : mi } ; le y Py | re ] ' 1 t ] : 3 - Ti | mei F ‘ o Ae = A i I , F = 1 ¥ 1 ‘, at hy , P i - : i, i | 4 = 7 . " H , a a t c : - ; ml . * 7 I ie. l 7 as . J | f , © ! = L— 7 i es - : — - + i. a . i : i Bm ee fe oy ; fede Lidhy, eu afl. Att LP a LET ten te ee : a : , ' -! i a Ly ; LLY get Woe pa : —t "a ewer ~ 7. in of Lee ry fi it * tx i if Lin ; ; 4 un a La " oe ; a te a ke a Ce te ite > Bei Sele Eee pete nN ~ 7 _ he aed ale Rae ey ha fe Ze Ra. Lafont em, S08 AF Gai MIR eI i, el mee pat Pee f j ; aa ; =o oe 7 Cr + ; : ae ti - i \ 7" 7 . -) 7 ome . ba! ; "4 i i ’ qi i, . F Ve Eg | - bY Pe seit ips fa) ‘7 : or ae! i | a ft Ptr Ls ae ee riser f Ey he 7 i = 4 ay ' : : ee ae : 4) a : = ee . . if =i af ‘av. a ate i Ae el f: He gel - p oer ‘tae Se a ; es ae i 7" Ki fae ey » AD | ae ene ea, ® we an = eae . ail tf ’ a“ 7 " sh 4 iy ‘Pee labs A Fee i, i « ; : ‘ jas el lias bd) vy le ae a : v i a fi i 7 0. pei eel cn pa " is ale ot Tl t oT oot - sia =~ - 5 ee , | Ant my cebu i ~ ren a — t ry edo ee ara i ai hepa) as ie aes : " | | he a sik, a her | < ; iB id Pic: ated Maat 3 a : an ene eh tats HE et CUCULUS LUGUBRIS. Orv. III™ Les Grimpevurs, Cuvier. Onp. V™ ZyGopacTyLes. Temminck. Orp. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Sect. II. Pedibus scansoriis. Orp. I. Scansores, IWiger. Fam. 3. Amphiboli. CUCULUS, Linn. Briss. Lath. Temm. Iliiger, &c. Cuan. GEN.—Rostrum mediocre, compressum, modice curvatum. Tomia integer- rima. ictus amplus. Nares prope rostri basin site, membrana nuda obtecte, aut marginate, apertura ovali. A/e mediocres, remigum tertia longissima. Cauda gradata, elongata, rectricibus decem aut duodecim. Pedes scansorii, congrui. Zarsi basi plumis tecti. Digiti externi internis longiores, antici basi leyiter connexi, posticorum externus versatilis. Acropodia scutulata, Ungues omnes incurvi. ek sh Cuculus ater nitore viridi, remigibus exterioribus pogonio interno albo notatis, rectricibus duabus externis crissoque albo fasciatis, tibiis postice albis. Awon-awon, of the Javanese. Cuculus lugubris, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 179. Mournful Cuckow, Gen. Hist. of Birds by J. Latham, M.D. 2d Edition, 1821. Vol. LIL. p. 286, N. 32. THE Cuculus lugubris is found in districts of secondary elevation, which are diversified with extended ranges of hills, and covered with luxuriant forests. The southern and western parts of Java are generally of this description. In the extensive central plains intervening between abrupt, conical, and elevated mountains, and which are generally in a high state of culture, and covered with flourishing towns and villages, I have rarely observed it. This bird retires into the deepest coverts, and, having a dark plumage, it is with difficulty surprised. Its peculia- rities, both as to voice and general habits, have not, as far as is known to me, been _ CUCULUS LUGUBRIS. observed. Its habits are very different from those of the Cuculus orientalis and the Cuculus flavus, which are both very abundant in Java. The former, although it delights in shady woodland tracts, gladly seeks the confines of villages, and is univer- sally known by the cry of Tuhu-tuhu, from which the native name is derived. The Cuculus flavus descends into the plains and cultivated tracts, where it is heard in the morning from almost every tall tree. It has three distinct notes, which it repeats in great regularity with a loud but not unpleasant voice, although by many natives it is considered as ominous of evil. But although our bird differs from the Cuculus orientalis in its habits, it greatly resembles it in the external covering. It has a slender, somewhat lengthened form ; the tail is of moderate length, and wedge shaped, though in a less degree than in many other Cuckows. It is slightly forked, and the divisions are rounded at the extremity ; this organ consists of ten feathers, of which the two exterior ones reach scarcely to its middle. The others are of equal length, have very broad internal vanes, and are disposed at the sides in two series, capable, to appearance, of being divaricated at the pleasure of the bird. In the form of the bill, the peculiarity of the nares which occurs in this genus, and in the structure of the feet and claws, it agrees with the true Cuckows. The general colour of our bird is deep greenish black; but a strong lustre is spread over the plumage, which varies, according to its position towards the light, from green, with a yellow metallic reflection, to purple and blue. This colour is darkest on the head and back. The wings underneath are brown. The quills are marked on the internal vane with a white spot, and col- lectively exhibit, when the wings are expanded underneath, a large transverse band. The two short exterior tail-feathers are ‘obliquely banded with white, the bands being distinct at the extremity, and gradually evanescent towards the base. The plumes of the vent have likewise delicate white bands: on the thighs the plumage is thick and somewhat lax, and a few white filaments appear among the black feathers. The bill and feet are black: the irides dark coloured. a a ee ae A r f F il i Le ane oy tengeny Agnes hry Ma PRS eu il Sy} al *l S it al | Ti al ii a wee ey = re va : * 5 ie i] eo a! ; ' . gat.* / : ‘ Fb : ee Te . ’ ; E a ; re ’ "i i ' ; “ ! a i : (ae ia \) Bee ko i. eee bial exe i tal 1° sls al ] . ere a ‘ i | ieee gt — 2 tLe Perth bien ad b = ; al [oe i j : io, in? i " a & why i 1" ¥ <5 ] a ee. r : poe Tobe | a 2 f : . ‘a! 1 mo | Si “weer aa co Ln " , 1 ss = as = by nal ial rag it iam tt a 4 + iE ' P — i i 7 * a ee | ee ' Pat cna ro MAREE a own! 9 ee hs * aj i. i+ oe is io | T oe eo OM ae eet Sa ye eee ge ip RE Raonmnier Ayaan Ras thie Meigs. usrhs ees MMS / ; s. ; i - i a : ye 1 [ ae. ' “.. . = lait - ; oa eres. ia ; a - 4 = J a ‘ LO Fores. spyeaet Wes ; : y + i %, . =) ae Lie : Ze i es Ys ‘ " = F me " - ! Li . 7 4 1 ts ’ i: a " = : i ! | tc hie Yo ‘ ig - r ee = oe, :* Fal a A 7's 09 A. okt Ohne of tS r Lal ., be ts o , Ty + i . £ = ¥, ¥ , . — oe = a f y * ; w i ra = a) * = “a a a j a4 = > i | — t FA . 4 : ¥ rad 5 | *J P - , 1 4 ty iM oz =. : rm : C ° ‘ : é a eT | Lig =e - ' ; H is md _— a ike a tower ? re” > os. ia » a ; 1 - = - * ] : 2 - rT - a ig ff wd 4 : ae 4 ah 3 at mk | im | 5 ' . P | ; J ba ‘ = ’ i Pet a - & a - . hb i ae * An | oe. / ia 5 f

= . ‘i , ne J a ee ‘ a ‘és a be os f J . . hes | ae ie : ia ded | Ar i ‘ + 7 ie = i iy if i = ss : ey a ee | he oN es 1 " 1" A i, a J ms = at 1 " S +, = 7 ‘ ‘hy - | ae * J : . \ - ; * oni ze | | it %. pay he } = i “ - - : ’ wet aa 1 : it : % - » mi * ' j 4 - SS . _ 4 ad : : - Au oo . —- rf -_ sh F ia ’ al Pore by = Pp j Si oe ie lal trad, La - 7) alt an jut = K.4 e a . : ont r? adi ae 4 aol to) Se Se Ae, - j = a i he am ‘i fe i * J { a \ ™~ Ph ae - 1 *, o a : . -_ . i = 8) r a” x q ima | = - i? 14 ‘ ial * il . 7 7 i 7 é a 4 F ’ a” “ rs . i i 4 i ' Px ; | ; € Ae he ; | wae Eee comes) © ly we ee ang)? eo? eee a _— be a J YP ee el . a » i ea i eg | wd r al CENTROPUS PHILIPPENSIS. VAR. JAVANICA. = = Orv. IlIl™ Les Grimreurs, Cuvier. Orv. V™ ZycovactyLes, Temminck. Orp. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Sect. II. Pedibus scansoriis. Orp. I. Scansores, IZiger, Fam. 3. Amphiboli. CENTROPUS, Illig. Cuv. Temm. CUCULUS, Gmel. Lath, &c. Cuar. GEN.—Rostrum capite brevius, incurvum, valde compressum, grypaneum, Tomia integerrima. Nares plumis recumbentibus tecte. Cauda gradata, elongata. Pedes scansorii, congrui. Dig?ti externi internis longiores, antici fissi, posticorum externus versatilis? Ungues incurvi, posticus internus reliquis aliquantum longior, rectiusculus, subulatus. I/liger. SSS SS SE ee Centropus cyaneo-nigro nitens, alis badiis, Bubut, of the Javanese. Centropus Philippensis, Cuv. Rég. anim. 426. Coucou des Philippines, Buf. VI. p. 369.—Pl. Eni. 824. Cuculus egyptius, Var. ¢ Linn. Syst. Ed. Gmel. I, p. 420,—Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 213. Egyptian Cuckow, Lath. Syn. II. p. 523. 16. A. Centropus Bubutus, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds ‘eran Java, Linn. rons Vol. XIII. p. 180. Cuculus Bubutus, Sir 7. S. Raffies’s Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra. Trans. Linn. Soe. X IIT. p. 286. CENTROPUS PHILIPPENSIS. — THE Bubut affords a good illustration of the genus Centropus. Among the species which compose it, is a small group, the individuals of which have a general agreement both in their external covering and in their cry, although distributed through very distant countries. They are found not only in New Guinea and in the Philippine and Sunda Islands, but their range extends to Madagascar, and thence through the Continent of Africa to Senegal and Egypt. The species which constitute this small group have as yet not been clearly defined; and by several ornithologists of the first eminence, the adult and the young bird are described with different denominations. Although in the Systematic Description of Javanese Birds. the Bubut has been enumerated as a distinct species, a re-examination of the various specimens in our Collection, and a comparison of the varieties in size and external marks with the figures of Buffon and Levaillant, have induced me, at least for the present, to unite it with the Centropus Philippensis of Cuvier. It tends to confirm the near relation which exists between the species composing the small group above mentioned *; their note has suggested nearly the same name in the most distant countries: it is Bubut with the Javanese; Houhou in Egypt; and Toulou in Mada- gascar. They likewise resemble each other in their manners and their food. In the Islands of the Indian Archipelago, as well as in Egypt, they are seldom seen in forests, but frequent low bushes; they live solitary, or in single pairs, and they feed chiefly on locusts. Their external covering is similar, both regarding the distribu- tion of colours and the particular properties of the plumage. The feathers of the head, neck, back, breast, abdomen, and tail have a very dark blue tint inclining to black, with a strong gloss, which is purple on the summit of the head and neck, yellowish green with a metallic lustre on the tail, and more uniform and dark under- neath. But it varies in different individuals according to their age, and according to the light to which they are exposed. A peculiar property of the plumes covering the head and neck, which belongs to all Centropi, shews itself more strongly in the group which comprises the Bubut. The plumes are very rough and rigid, and the barbs are separated and again subdivided, constituting, according to Illiger, decom- pound plumes with bristly lateral filaments. The tail is gradated, and consists of ten broad feathers, decreasing regularly in size from the intermediate ones to the two exterior feathers, which are abruptly shorter. * I consider this small group to consist of the following species, agreeably to M. Cuvier's arrangement, as given Régne anim. 426, in the note :—1. Cuculus A’gyptius and Senegalensis, which are united by M. Cuvier. 2. Centropus Philippensis, Cuv. 3. Centropus nigrorufus, Cur. 4. Centropus Tolu. CENTROPUS PHILIPPENSIS. The Egyptian Cuckow, which is clearly described by Buffon and Latham, affords a general illustration of the birds of this group. ‘The figure annexed to this article exhibits accurately the dress of the adult Javanese Bubut. The dark parts have a very strong gloss, modified as above described. , Several specimens of the young bird, contained in the collections at the India House, shew the change which gradually oceurs in the plumage of the Bubut. The general dark tint of the upper parts spreads partially over the wings; the colour is obscure and sooty on the tail, and without any metallic lustre. ‘Although the Bubut does not belong, in strict propriety, to the design of the present Work, I have introduced it as exhibiting the Javanese dress of a bird belonging to an extensively distributed group, which preserves its manners and note in the most distant regions; but I take this opportunity of stating, that to com- plete the number of original figures intended for this Work, an additional subject will be given in one of the following Numbers. In the figure which illustrates this article, the Bubut is represented somewhat less than half the natural size. a 4 ® J J “a - C ** ] a : ¢ . « ’ = ® -_ < s ; . ; = a 7 a ? , 7 « ‘ PF - . i ry f = is I { - 4 atte ame et nv = tier fe et Bf : me toeihhet tin ated wil [PM fey Pee sv fygifioe-, ue rf my ce eo |. = = c ae a Ts z a Ae a 1. 7 i rt S - Ai oh Beenie firme wilh SLUG dale La plore Rigi BP ria Lanerahei Te a, ay at Fir . L Aries ATES Eh Ls ; sth het Ament vant, fbf 0h i’ i ie ie Saag Hie _ oF ie. i a : F 7) i * ; “ a Aisha kad 4s sil ate Fri intigtte jet iu ha 9 Dy oe ” | “3 “ ig p - » uc) ee | | | 2a al | | ee): bs et i i" | at ne z piel tie hi OH, Mesa they, eh) “in iii . a : ee Teh a actyy ie pspliftihlay HCO ties + ; oh} ; ‘itive alr tio. ite be ai ow” “A sian piaroak Mie fis Se el ies om i viloaahry i " fRivies Thaig PY tre Stites me z ssfott Hitaurrseriaihis afl awe : ou . a m 23 ea Sag abe ot Walt arrinit lor ai wth Py | : i . oe } oy . " - . ®t sie ; ra Lore . ‘ aie » a eee : . ee, ad " a ; ' < y Pia tT “i iw ws = CENTROFUS BI ACTH fied du Amie J fy ie gd, Affea PLA uf OP ea ited f 4 [os " J - i . ie ‘ , Lis iY i 7 = 7 : { j * - cS * ] & val 2 uw 5 Te (Puts J - - i J . le a, 2 us Ted ie, me? in Pe a3 : oo | Pa aa, FE } we Pasi 2 aa , ia a iy eee ee 1 7 f = rk | 4 - ’ uti: Pe ,4 a as, ‘ iy | : - thea My te i f es, eper, A | et aie . rent June b iti Lt an ah | j “ni cad cw t ‘3 zs il et ge shied : ny " gis ‘@ PERDIX PERSONATA. —— <1 Orv. IV™ Les Gatrrinacts, Cuvier. Orv. XV™ GaLuinaces, Temminek. Orn. V. GALLIna«z, Linn, Syst. Orv. IV. Rasorzs, Illiger. Fam. 20, Gallinacei. PERDIX, Briss. Lath. Cuv. Temm. Illig. &c. Terrao, Linn. | Cuar. Gen.— Rostrum breve, crassiusculum, compressiusculum, basi nudum, maxilla fornicata, convexa, subadunea, mandibule gonyde recta porrecta. ares basales, laterales, squama fornicali superne semiclausee, antice implumes. Lingwa carnosa, integra, apice acuta. Caput plumatum; circa oculos sepius macule implumes verrucose. Ale breves; remigibus tribus exterioribus gradatim brevioribus, quarta et quinta, vel sepius quinta, longioribus, Cauda brevis, deflexa, rectri- cibus densis. Pedes tetradactyli, insidentes, mediocres, congrui, nudi. Tarsus maris calcaratus, rarius tuberosus aut muticus. Tarsotheca clypeato-scutulata. Acrodactyla scutulata. Hallux digito interno plus dimidio brevior. Ungues faleulares, paululum incurvati, acutiuseuli. Illiger, Temminch.. Perdix supra fusea subtus cinereo-fuscescens, gula collo antice et ad latera lineaque superciliari albis, pileo colloque postice et torque collari nigris, alis abdomine crissoque maculis transversis lunulatis nigris et castaneis. * Perdix orientalis, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XII, p. 165. THE Perdix personata, which is represented in our Plate of natural size, agrees with the Perdix javanica in the general contour of the body, in the shortness of the PERDIX PERSONATA. — ae and in the slenderness of the claws; but the naked area about the eyes is com-. - ~~~~-paratively small. The distribution of the white plumes over the face and neck, gives to our bird in some degree the appearance of wearing a mask: the name of personata is therefore now applied to it. In the Systematic Catalogue of Javanese Birds, printed in the Linnean Society’s Transactions, it was named orientalis; but the latter, being a topical name, is not admissible, according to the present views of ornitholo- gists: I therefore make use of the opportunity still afforded me of proposing a name, against which this untoward objection does not lie. On each side of the bill, behind the nostrils, rises a small tuft of half erect plumes, of a white colour, which is con- tinued backayardans a superciliary line, and after several interruptions, gradually dis- appears on the sides of the neck: the throat, the cheeks, and the anterior and lateral parts of the neck a vere a with atumes of the same colour, which are regularly tah nd before, with the dark brown plumage of the ul ie ein Sncalll band, lapis the eyes, and of ¢lumage is yee’ : it is dark brown, with a faint 1 tint 5 underneath it passes ses into blueish-gray. The colour i is uniform on the back, on the superi ) the pings and on the tail ; ‘the sc scapulars and t 1e 1 wer portion of the Ww mea ye bee ed with black and chestnut : the greater coverts have, in many ¢ases,.a broz ; blac ek band near the extremity, which mi arks t ie Vanes | — tally” on tha yane Which is d it is defined by an oblique Ii i i 1ding-towards" beds snciniiig a bl ahesat one ne i in bread cro: ses the plac ce nd the interior of the secondary -feather occupies the extremity, which has a rhombi at the extremity, with several indis pan t dots feathers are also marked with rane breast the brown colour assumes a’ blueish towards the abdomen, the lowest part of w | white. The plumes of the yp achoulsl vent-feathers are transversely _ marked near the end, (which has a brown band), with a broad black band, which in many cases is arched and semilunar. The colour of the feet and of the irides is pale reddish-yellow ; on the claws the tint is yellowish-white. This bird inhabits the elevated woods of the-Province of Blambangan, near the eastern extremity of Java, and was once only observed during my travels. oe - aa ‘| c} a o , ui, fred tte? Trae “ih —_ ee — — 7 ad a hm, Ls ais *, = nn ieee ne en | Nag HS ae ag nee! PIERIDICX PERSOWATA . ' ' oy ¥ Fa r ¥ 7 fa i? : ’ Sf. fae ee ee Aondon Lieb buy he wngSsbuary Larbury © AMben; J hLeadenhal St April /8B4 ss Poe : . | 2 . Bes = 7 . - = “4 } te ; i c 4 rue ‘f . 4 - a: ; r faa 4 os - é' ont P| ® ss j . | i on “¢ al aii Lo ‘4 yi ts OP Pee f 7 a] gl Ke eee i a eh ee oe ee \ i ‘E : : o Tass 7 7h yt ag f J fh a” . / 4 & * a a = ¥ a om] f at eel _ 2 1 7 - 5 ; ~ J “ J “df " i . . « f 1 ai ' 4 , -_ a , Ides * fa. « i= Y reer T “ * i tr a4 pt Oe kat oo Fy 1 as) eee a ; ; wie’ LT nes, en | __ iii a gta lags Py alc Seg Coane Lae ed a) ] a y. A: he _ - £ a + . =, te dh ek ed es a ite pee ed ae ieee TAT “Lae Ae | ke t A ’ ae ae ple 4 ae A, Fy its ter det ARDEA SPECIOSA. London Pab* by Kingsbury. Parbary. & Allen, 7 Leadenhall se? vee TE. hy Tar 62 Printed by oO Atadf para el iL < ~ = iil ay : T " W , J Ball itt ld a“ i - i. ‘id are: J I / Pa z ont 1) 5) Tee “4 Ai ay “fa J "| LC? are J Lie 2 4 : | | ek oan ee tee TLS? ad! pe, bs be ie _1| iy A F| pra + & . \ J PTT ra [| i rE ia Py .- wet hoes s ede ae ef hia ‘a j 1 hy i a , mi! : . : | i), 3 iu faa | ay wf bt; 8 “. = i 7a pris y hs a i ‘ Ferre oa) ‘ae i t : + y Le ms s a] 7: A ram, -_ = es | é | - . Pam ‘L ae bi " wt yee" 4 -, - ‘ alu i "s -, ; ~ a) vo" ai a" ja 4 | Ps a , jee’ 4 45) al i! - eed Te Ot i ae Sac, ae. ae: . : Lay ee ae ' fe ee 2. oe Ae iy it . bh a ul * i i > a al ee Toe hoe H a ’ 7 jar o 7 nie * 4 1 a == =e ‘ , eee en | : : . : [ ; : ne), ‘* ew ~~) “tits, * eee wr? __— sal fi dake ured ut apoio | be ee pkihe ae Neos oe suaigsiathns 2 al | til lw ae ay ona 3 aa ren en | tails Sane seit rae ie in eat st fx | ey | os i fi ey ioe . ij . can aa a —_ = x bal ; Lhd adh ; a stew an nae Mie ath ur. se ‘ ia eel) hy. ; ae Lag cat | * et eee sts Sarda x. Fan Up ah die “pias NL. «I Be rit tiaiatcreey lettin ae peer spi Sciineh , 7 Thi pil . nore “Ky ; Dy hack soeh oa Rane ioe agian Sats ons Le ne al ke aaa fi cali. ae toe eer “nee Seer tae ee iy Ney BATES ena oO Eins MI ecaRLeAe So hen sa ace ays Aner. > b i oe Hy = we Sh ha Mua id ‘Sear age ety oe heeryl fe : yh aa eS ee eee Eigse) Wal gf a SARreaIl bog 7 Cara OAS tetas ae sl eh eel circ an ee) at ee eo © rh a eee — ai gna aire | - i ' aie ’ A es: ant eT A ‘4 ee” on pean uaa ae tear a“ and ee Pe - ih BE, aaitle H) “ nah shee hs biel alher =o) ap A RLM > wero: bys Res ae ete a > Sra trite Pala. anily, Sa) ane =f Reeth it | paiegeabotie a ag aso | isten 4, ; Hee & hoa ae “kali pe ; bits, oi (ez! i coq be . ay . #1] Age ~ te oe a ’ ab + : a ei .f re he : Sati ‘clas ag i Wea: ' “= ti ' : - ar : = — ' ‘ =! rs e ] ¥ Y : : os ee : ; ? +i. ' : A . = ee iin” cay, se é ' << if . 1 in a / F - r Fi — 7 ee ee eT La —_ ‘a es ty 7 oa ston ae he ear al a . i ar pes * aa aid oat ( wed SCOLOPAX SATURATA. Orv. V™ Les EcHassters, Cuvier. 4° Famille, Les Longirostres. Orp. XIIT™ Grauiatores, Temminck. Orv. IV. Gratita, Linn, Syst. Orp. VI. GraLatores, Iiliger. Fam. 32, Limicole. SCOLOPAX, Linz. Briss. Lath. Cuv. Temm. Illiger, &c. ' Cuan. GEN.—Rostrum elongatum, gracile, molliusculum, teretiusculum, rectum, apicibus mandibularum obtusis; mortuis rugoloso-scabris, sulco medio exaratis, . maxille apice prominulo, incrassato. Mandibule sulco, tomia legente, culmen distinguente, versus apicem evanescente exarate. ares basales membrana tect, apertura lineari, longitudinali antrorsum patentes. Lingua mediocris, angusta, acuta. facies attenuata, plumata. Ale tuberculate. Pedes grallarii, mediocres, congrui, tetradactyli, fissi. Hallux phalangem digiti antici equans, ~ tenuis, apice insistens. Ungues falculares. Tarsus digito medio brevior. Acropodia scutulata. (Iiliger.) Se a eh ae Re a ea a Scolopax saturato-fusco castaneoque varia, supra fasciis alternis inzequalibus, collo - antice pectoreque aqualibus, abdomine et crisso saa, octet obseuris. Tekken, of the Javanese. * Scolopax saturata, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds dic Kee ee Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 191. - THE Scolopax saturata belongs to the first section which M. Temminck has - established in this genus. It agrees with the European and American Woodcocks, not only in its manners and place of abode, but also in certain external marks, which readily distinguish the birds of this section from the other species of Scolopax. These exhibit themselves in the tibize being covered with plumes to the knees, in a bill proportionally of great length, in a white extremity to the tail-feathers under- neath, and in three or four transverse bands on the posterior part of the head and SCOLOPAX SATURATA. neck. But our bird is distinguished ‘from the Scolopax rusticola, and from the Scolopax’minor, ‘by the darkness and uniformity of i its colour, and ny, the regularity and simplicity of its transverse bands. The Scolopax saturata is aendate variegated with alternate bands of deep brown and chestnut. On the upper parts the bands are nearly regularly transverse in their disposition, but the brown bands are considerably broader than those of a chestnut colour. On the middle of the back, large patches of brown are irregularly scattered; and the extremity of the tail is dark, and terminated by a narrow band of a sooty colour. The forehead is variegated with small bands of deep brown and chestnut. On the back part of the head, and on the neck above, the tint is very dark inclining to black ; and three transverse chestnut bands exhibit the character of this section, .A black line extends from the base of the bill to the anterior canthus of the eye. At the base of the lower mandible is a whitish spot. The throat,» the anterior part of the neck, and the breast, are marked with alternate bands of brown and chestnut, of equal breadth. On the abdomen, vent, and thig View alternate bands are pale inelining to yellowish-white; and in Pile ae ity er tint to _. the under parts, our bird agrees with the oth sor | ~The t 0 has the same disposition as in the Scolopax rusticola and mainor. The tail- feathers thers ar tapering towards the extremity, and have a vine ide neath, at thetip. Th igs In size, our bird agrees vas late, of natural size. — the bill have a brownish colour, in the American Woodcock. It is fi A single individual only of thé/Scolopéx giturata is éontained gle individual o y of the Scolopax st ta is contained in the Museum of the Honourable East India Compahy- Thi vas obtained near the banks of a mountain-lake, many “miles from 4 re man habitation the forests of Mount Prahu, about 7000 feetrabove the level of th po) san, Thi part of Java, which is rarely visited even by the natives thémselve Gane ins a great variety of rare and interesting animal and vegetable production if, Not on y on account of its locality, but also on account of its nocturnal — a y hich it agrees with the other birds of the section, forms its nest on the earth, and remains con- cealed sari g the greatest part of of the day. Its food is most plentifully supplied by larvee _ of insects, and by worms of every desertion which abound in the vegetable mould covering these elevated districts. | : on YVIVEDLILVYS XVAOTOOS F ‘ . : I; : car as a me ee pea ee ae ; ° hit al eae a tite sees y Say ey... Tek erst ey Z a ih | 3 retezi, eee hey SP cary aE Dame seed ae tS ; . : ty. | § |e es al ae MME, | Fatt (ieee « sebavere: gibai@ia Ja : .. eae = eR y . Gwe I andi ‘ef Lagi ot alee te Ole eee genau ye POG) bo wit OG Sie a ; teeevtalene bet ae tori. | di - ay + dala TAK a ee ee these “r iret: a, a ; 7 her] ci Ee fin a) ee rm Aenean pene: ma ak heres: akan FT i pA Sens ae gk sal ola mie Moet ae 4 a ee Ral ir patie ne Ek Rea TAL Vee Wid ¥, ay egatty a iy oe. ad : gee Sih ieuateond bait ‘ee ta ipa menos . ab is | eee. " oe i aude Ivica yi i ; aera Na ie a a ppg ce: Ts } | ; 7 Be (veapeiae fr: 3 0 iia thy | al a a iv, A ; - I is Ms be hk ite Py ear pie oll real ai La | Pe >. , 4 7 = >. \ _ f - A | , c 4, = “— 8 * ‘ ' . - ae Bib: bh ; | ' ‘| P. ponte i tub a = | teres eee | ha? ciet Leas Vyeeet eens in 4 a ? 1 Ae 5 r eu F, | [ee ore eek hi oe Bi ; ~~ “a ea, : as t # bia mice om Wedastiian Fin etal atickdyt, a Rik Mev aire $s a api, pe hg era : i “ii , Sit Sac1 Fe mee “oe oe th : ro = - = | L 4 oe | BF ee oe ent eee Gee rae , PS EET as Do Red Pes a F ‘ ww ars is oan = may tet ! "er * La us ; , re . =—s a nm hit i ae ek ! 1 ; thy t. : . fi. et ! , | 4 ‘ : 3 | | | Lr : Ke 1 ial + | a a PARRA SUPERCILIOSA. Orv. V™ Les Ecnasstens, Cuvier. 5™ Famille, Les Macrodactyles. Orp. XIII" Gratiatrores, Temminck. Orp. IV. Gratiaz, Linn. Syst. Orp. VI. Gratiatores, Jiiger. Fam..33, Macrodactyli. PARRA, Linn. Lath. Ilig. Temm. &. Cuar. GEN.—Rostrum mediocre, crassiusculum, rectum, compressum, squale, apice conico-acuminatum, acutum, maxilla utrinque sulco lato antrorsum evanescente, basi subcerigera, ceramate basi supra et lateribus in paleam carun- culaceam plerumque exeunte, dertro altiore, in apicem convexo-deflexo, man- dibule gonyde adscendente. ares in sulco maxille site, ceromate tecte, pone medium pertusa apertura elliptica longitudinali pervia. Ale calcarate: remige prima, secunda et tertia vix breviore. Cauda brevissima aut mediocris. Pedes grallarii, elongati, congrui, tetradactyli, fissi. Digiti elongati, graciles, cum unguibus tarsum xquantes, hallux digito medio dimidio brevior, at cum ungue illum fere equans, incumbens. Ungwes elongati, tenues, recti, acumi- nati, compressi, subtus canaliculati; posticus reliquis duplo longior, subre- curvus. Jarsus digitum medium equans. Acropodia scutulata. Parra atro-viridis nitens, lineis superciliaribus albis, dorso alisque viridi-olivaceo nitentibus, remigibus nigris, uropygio caudaque castaneo-rufis nitore violaceo, Pichisan, of the Javanese. Parsa superciliosa, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds fice Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 194. Indian Jacana, Lath. Gen, Hist. of Birds, Second Edition, Vol. LX. p. 394. Var. A. THE Parra superciliosa is found both on the continent of Asia, and in the islands of the Indian Archipelago. Dr. Latham enumerates several. varieties of the Indian Jacana. The description of one of these, from a Javanese specimen, agrees with our bird. In Dr. Hamilton’s drawings of Indian Birds, preserved in the Museum at the India House, it has the name of Parra superciliosa, and is indicated PARRA SUPERCILIOSA. (@>- as a variety, by the epithet of minor. In the Systematic Catalogue of Birds from Java, this name was also applied to it; and this confirms the propriety of its employment, as it was given before any reference had been made to the drawings of Dr. Hamilton, to whom ‘is due this notice of the priority of its application. Our bird agrees with the other Jacanas in the great length of the tarsi and toes. I have therefore to remark, that on our Plate the tarsi are represented in ‘® small degree shoxter than should have been the case; this has arisen from the attitude in which the specimen in the Museum was placed. The Parra superciliosa measures, from the point of the bill to the ‘end of the tail, eleven inches and one half; the entire length of the bird, from the bill to the extended. toes, is nearly eighteen inches: the individuals vary considerably in size. The plumage of the head, neck, breast, and body underneath, is deep black, with a reflection of the most saturated green, which, when exposed to the light, exhibits a gloss of deep emerald green. The greater and lesser coverts of the wings have a tint of deep olive green, with a metallic lustre, inclining to brown. All these feathers are lengthened, and directed across the wing, and are capable of being raised so as to expose the spur. The direction of the secondary quill-feathers appears i Se paca of great breadth, and peculiarly fitted to | is cheney more ee =... on the lower pare of the hak and also slightly -shews itself on the plumes which h cover the back. A*pure white line extends from the anterior angle of the eye along the head towards the neck, affording a strortgly marked character to our bird. The colour of the bill is sulphureous yellow on every part, excepting the upper mandible, from the nostrils to the forehead; here the membranaceous covering of the base of the bill, and the frontal clypeus, is of a dark blue colour inclining to brown; the elypeus itself is large, and almost regularly rounded. The feet have a brownish gray colour, and the irides are dark brown. The spur of the wings is conical, obtuse, of moderate length, and of a yellow colour. In Dr. Hamilton’s drawing of the Parra supentilines, the distribution “Of colours is precisely the same as in the Javanese specimens, but the tints are less brilliant. a> At the base of the upper mandible an attenuated red ‘Tine;-nearly halfjan inch in’ ~ length, is observed, which is montiqges ? in ‘Dr. n’s € escription. In its manners ae near the ebbfifias of lakes, or of artificial reservoirs of wambeet in ‘many Foes es Sah .* s? —- A Pelistiar det PARRA SUPERCILIOSA. London, Peb@ by Mingsbury, lavrbury © Alter.) Leadenhall St * April’ (834 attat oy OC Fiedieusrtad: eT LAE tare : ear * : " har a. * j ah a |e ¥ : Wy de ivy z we iE | la joan a¢ 9 re [nS ow a © fis ag oh; « en oe iy Ele iad Wk ae 1 a a a a w iz ih Pei) tee PR ¥ | = ow x =) ANAS ARCUATA. Orp. VI™ Les Patmrrepes, Cuvier. ef=M Famille, Les Lamellirostres. Orp. XV™ PaumireDeEs; Temminck. Orv. III. Anseres, Linn. Syst. Orv. VII. Nararores, Iliger. Fam. 38, Lamellosodentating ANAS, Linn. Briss. Lath. Cuv. Illig. Temm. &¢. CHAR. GEn.—Rostrum mediocre aut capite longius, crassum, rectum, basi altius quam latum, interdum gibbosum, versus apicem depressum et ibidem paulo latius, epidermide (ceromate) tectum, dertro et myxa distinctis, unguiformibus, suborbiculatis, convexis, dertro apice deflexo obtuso; mandibula angustiore “quam maxilla, hujus lateribus occultata, gnathidiis ad myxam usque distantibus. Tomia lamelloso-dentata, lamellis transversis longioribus, in mandibulis etiam gnathidiorum latera externa occupantibus. Margo externus maxille a basi versus apicem recta porrectus. ares laterales, culmini plerumque propiores, membrana seu ceromate tecta, apertura pone medium aut ante basin sita ovali aut subrotunda, longitudinali, patula, pervia. Lingua margine fimbriata. Ale volatiles, seepius tuberculate. Pedes breves, congrui, aversi, tetradactyli, pal- mati, halluce digiti medii phalangem zquante, nunc simplici, nunc lomate aucto, apice insistente. -Digitus medius lateralibus, externus interno longior. Ungues falculares. Tarsus digito medio paulo brevior. Podotheca reticulata, carina acrotarsali et acrodactylis plerumque scutulatis. Jdliger. ss o5 lied Anas supra nigrescente fusca subtus castanea abdomine saturatiore subvinaceo, alis supra medium badiis, collo lunulis nigris arcuato, plumis dorsalibus arcuatim fascia badia terminatis, capite supta nuchaque fuscis, gula pallidiore. Meliwis, of the Javanese. Anas Javanica, Horsf. Systematic Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 199. ANAS ARCUATA. THE Anas arcuata is found in Java, both near the coast and in the interior ; but its residence is regulated by the changes of the seasons. During the period of the rains, it partially retires from the rivers and lakes, and visits the inundated grounds and marshes. The delicacy of its flesh makes it a favourite object of pursuit with sportsmen; but it is not easily surprised. Several varieties are distinguished by the natives. The common Meliwis is represented on our Plate; in a some- what more diversified dress, it is called Meliwis kembang; and a smaller variety has the name of Meliwis baiu. For the name of Anas javanica, originally applied to it, I have substituted the name by which, according to the information communicated to me by M. Temminck, it is distinguished by M. Cuvier, in the Museum of Paris, in the specimens presented by M. Leschenault. As far as I have ascertained, it has not yet been figured. The name of arcuata corresponds with its external marks, The figure annexed to this article represents the Anas sectxta. wo-thirds of the natural size. The entire length, from the bill to the tail, is eighteen or nineteen inches. It is a bird « very beautiful form and attitude. “The billis of moderate length, and n rked in | the broad sides rise with.an - conve dicular, and of great height, The neck nd it he sides of the head bees a pale chestnut colour, gee to 2 07 sh- gray ; 1 his, 2 oe Bo. inter on 6, and on. snk 28 abdomen. it « $8) mes a cetidiel bay Gut, some- | e summit of the head a’ nd ck is brown. All the quill-feathers, nckenave 8 1 pure brown colour, of a very . the | upper parts of the back, semilunar 1 palsies are trans Sait disposed ; and the plumes of the back are bordered at the petrotnity, in ‘the form of an arch or semicircle, by a narrow ~ chestnut band. The anterior and upper portion of the wings is covered with plumes of a very vivid chestnut tint. The vent-feathers, and several of the plumes of the flanks, which also shew themselves above at the base of the tail, are of a dirty yellow- ish white; on the thighs, plumes of the same colour are irregularly bordered with brown. The bill and the feet are black. ~~ - tf eer ate r ; ry ad ° ay + v y* ae i F F rf, “a7 ar it Aff fee 6¢ Be Ca ately ee ae i ineredd ye tte vide A ra ACPA CN AE if Py fd ffi c i a "he > " 7“ il | ‘pikes ik we 2 : ot oa aN “a2 eal * ria el | a es = La } ian CG I “2 Pre Ag ta 4 yh ee beth ° ‘Matsa rama og : rise’ abies etal a ita : is 4 I , a i Bu te | e | A ao ae a | 1 yee be Vd + = ! | a4 - ii * ' . | mt | r ., * ) : . = - | aA. rl - i ] 1 . c i a Exgraved ly W. Taylor. London. feb t okt oy flack Acngwdury, Jartuacry A Adlon, Fagot ve Aad, ft rest Now" 2997 VSR = vi R. 5. ? Explanation of the Plate of Mlustrations TO THE SECOND NUMBER OF ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN JAVA, &c. fee Profile of the head of Mydaus Meliceps, drawn from a young subject preserved in spirit of wine: in order to shew the structure of the ear, the long hairs which conceal the organ, are turned down. Profile of the head of Mephitis Dimidiata, Fischeri, the Curycur of Buffon; from a specimen sent from North America by Mr. Franklin. Skull of the Mydaus Meliceps, belonging to a very perfect skeleton, prepared at the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons, from a subject sent from Sumatra by Sir Stamford Raffles. Of this in Letter The upper-jaw is separately represented, to afford a distinct view of the teeth, #1, 2, False” grinders ; $, Carnivorous; 4, Tuberculous tooth. Lower-jaw of the same; _f£ 1, 2, 3 False grinders ; 4, Carnivorous; 5, Tuberculous tooth. Front view of the teeth of Mephitis Dimidiata; (a) upper, (4) lower-jaw. Front view of the teeth of Tarsius Bancanus; (a) upper, (4) lower-jaw. In each jaw, #1, front tooth; 2, canine tooth ; 3, 4, 5, first grinders with single points; 6 and 7, large grinders. Rectum and anal-glands of the Mydaus Meliceps, drawn from a preparation preserved in spirit of wine: (a) muscular ring by which the duct leading from the gland to the rectum is closed; (2) one of the glands laid open, to exhibit the internal surface. Exhibits the relative situation of the rectum and anal-glands in a young subject of Mydaus Meliceps preserved in spirit of wine: (a) the rectum laid open; (c) (c) its external termi- nation; (b) (2) on each side, the orifice of the duct by which the fetid matter is conveyed from the gland to the rectum. | Anterior view of a preparation from the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, represent- ing the rectum laid open, and in (a) the orifice of the duct conveying the fetid matter from the anal-gland, in (2) the internal surface of that gland, and in (c) the termination of the rectum. Posterior view of the same preparation, exhibiting the relative situation of the anal-glands and the rectum in one of the species of Mephitis. Sole of the left fore foot of Mydaus Meliceps, shewing the relative disposition of the toes, and the length of the claws. One of the claws of Mydaus Meliceps separately. One of the claws of Mephitis Dimidiata. P. *Bill of Eurylaimus Javanicus ; (a) profile, (6) seen from above. Anterior toes of the same, to shew their relative confection. Bill of Podargus Javanensis; (a) profile, (6) seen from above. Anterior toes of the same. : * : Huth ator ales ipa 84.5 lade ae rh wid | Ti Meal | thbbead ain» afi W: ile sot heirn a = “ - *) = = ni * P be aes uf ri b i al a ee it . : :? Zt |p rie Arne a a AS ad ' ’ hap tine j. vanals peace a phi, see a Bie iit : ag ; Wie - way, or ays pe “id ss a emits? 7 oh : yi rp ritchie nah 4 “tle lltboy ist ier opti ele tibet wt i” ’ eT a! a> et mare ce " 4 ; * if 3 Et Li ry a t -' 7 a » i ' 4 a Liat ss P r 2 f i ¢ toe ee ee aes i rie ie yaad 4 me Pr i Non fal een! h te J | Ae ,,% f! *, yt ? ~~ s' : oo: if vary ry aa 2 at pyle ae a yea > x fl ae mh. i eae es Made > ik » iy rh ‘ Pa. i ne 43 a ape t | iter oh | 7 a he ry ha v/ rt 7 af - 1 > 1 r fieaey i 9 J ra A ae er i, oa, “ Te Gt a ie La Fig ee el he ‘ Kel we) Ct i ; fh py Wr * ae i? ! ae are At? ) * hi rl } 4 4 LAS sa A a al? +4 = p+ od Prix ae ta ¥| eg ee ai % 11 -_ t s y q ag | ae x e c Ve Ly peat) Mel me! - +i pie Si can nw Aig 4 i i. ‘ La!) ae oe i19 : Ti s ‘sal f a - ae | q ig od hee BPR ‘ ite “ah i } , me - * Po | | Fs ee ee 4 ane A Fa 2 Vig mgwes > | ah a ea Fisy Cat Be ual Be hg Pe ah “y J f; | Ks ; (RY ee ee Pe i i ® ye j a > — A i i ee =“ ; ’ i or . oh a eee ay Lae aio i * fae as in i ‘See Sg a si ail, rol aS as y ity maf 4 Sm ea bee Oh ; oy } F ee ee 1 alt - Th ee Dylcgr. fyage ct Sea RSI iat Ree ich Heiss ‘ ;. 4 “i a he pd id a, io a" aw,” ir is ule ah wD) Vig ne Nabe? zit Cig Ae i tes “ in ta | | lg é aon” ee eL. - ok | ee tee sil fet Fe i tard , nile f 4 ei ans oer ret) bet? (end es Ue Padl.t | a fee 7 : ore aie i ee ie eet el a Pek a eee Pod re ee at : | te L = a a" iy af a mA 0 ; ‘ue \* aie | - i Fr +} i f ihe | 5 fe ae” - “! a = - .- ‘ a he Se 5. - i. eg me Dy eal + :, J ee i fea ® a = ay Pde te Lee } | ' 1 L ait ' (al? a . : * ‘. 7} ; am L ‘ s, ‘ jc | ie, a 4, i ain |. 7 a — 4 I win at , it: ‘fs * j 1 1 | j a! im? - i Searle) 7 E _ 4 ih x Le L in a ae sis A Be i a ler etch mL LSE “ { } 5 bakes Engraved Sy Wo Teves Lonéon, Tublished ly Black, Hingthury, ferbury & Alien, Leadenhall Stread, Feb? £023. cs ata “has SSS e by - Sy S SONey © R Explanation of the Plate of ‘Gllustrations T0 THE THIRD NUMBER OF At | j r as {ooroarcat RESEARCHES IN JAVA, &e. . ay P. ofile ’ the head of the Tupaia tana: of natural size. 2 & ame, seen from above. \ * Profile of the head of the Tupaia ferme: of natural size. " x The same, seen from above. ¥ Profile of the head of the Tupaia javanica, somewhat enlarged, to exhibit distinetly i in (a) the structure of the external ear. Feet of the Tupaia tana; (a) the fore, (b) the hind foot. Fore foot of the Tupaia javanica. Hind foot of the same. Lateral view of the teeth of the Tupaia tana: A. upper jaw; (a) front, (b) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, grinders: B. lower jaw; (a) intermediate front tooth, with the rudiments of the two lateral ones; (2) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, grinders. ~ Represents the distance and relative situation of the two front teeth of the Tupaia tana in the upper jaw. _ The intermediate front teeth of the Tupaia tana in the lower jaw. “Teeth of the Tupaia ferruginea i in their natural situation, in the upper jaw, seen from above ; (a) front; (b) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, grinders. Teeth of the Tupaia ferruginea in Ae ea ttal situation, in the lower jaw, seen from above ; (a) front teeth; (4) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, grinders. View of the teeth of the Tupaia javanica: 4. representing them in the upper jaw in profile, seen from within; (a) front, (6) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, grinders: B. repre- senting them in the lower jaw in profile, seen from without; (a) front teeth, (2) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, grinders. Teeth of the Tupaia javanica, in their natural situation, in the upper jaw, seen from above; (a) front, (6) canine tooth; 1, 2, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, grinders. Teeth of the Tupaia javanica, in their natural situation, in the lower jaw, seen from above ; (a) front teeth, (b) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, grinders. Hand of the posterior extremities of the Simia syndactyla. Bill of the Timalia pileata; (a) profile, Y seen from above. | Foot of the same. ‘ i Bill of the Timalia gularis; (a) profile, (3) eh trom above. | Foot of the same. | f i es Pals tp ew " mL ‘ie bale emit rier mt } ) Ga , STA Catt Bile uy } ahh = roe i rm ae ae —— eo ee 4 wala Sf iere | a Hetat Bre “ ete a oe i Tht « a onan f wa ods t uy ais ‘Wes T ont } me ell athe : 4 . ‘‘ at ‘ised am etal - at ria atte ‘at Ms — x rom = ‘ tale res B “ri i} c ‘ con fy HEF r | + | a it ' i 7. og in , re abe cn | a _ ‘ * ve ] ; ) ieee a eet \ Tail my ee: og ail tat! i im 1h, i 7 ni a = nite ur: Ghd J S 2 . _ ‘ i ¥ 4 ‘ af : sf = ' ) ‘@ Me 7 4 * ‘ 4 oy \ a ky B w 4 F- i aa %, r are a 5 subliched by Kingsbury, Farber de Alien, Taste hia}) i) 4 eae Ty Wa I) ARB i he =f Tt. | if —IL * - Oe ee Ue ele Ke faeraved dy > Saylor my ad oe eee eee Shah he Plate ¢ it STlusteations. > w ror NUMBER © OF : Socal st SEA RCH IS IN JAVA, &. A a ae 2 4 a ‘ » a re Skull of the Semnopitheeus Mauras,” a 2 natural pation one-third ; the posterior portion having been removed in the preparation of the subject to which the skull belonged, the contour is indicated by a dotted line, from a skull contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Teeth in the upper jaw of the same, of natural size, seen from’ above. Profile of the same. Canine tooth in the upper jaw of. the » same, with the entire roots; shewing the interior surfaces, and the grooves with which they are marked. Teeth in the lower jaw of the same, seen from above: a principal object of this view is to represent distinctly the jive points of the posterior grinder, by which character the genus Semnopithecus is distinguished from Cereopitheetss, . Profile of the same, exhibiting an exterior view r of the relative situation of the canine tooth, _ and of the first grinder @— First grinder of the same, with its roots entire, shewing its interior surfaces. Teeth of the Simia syndactyla, or Siamang, in the upper jaw, of natural size, seen from above, from a skull contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Profile of the same. i 5 EE, Teeth in the lower jaw of Profile of the same, exhibiting = Teeth in the upper jaw of a y a sy: dact ! vl a, of natural size, seen from above: from the Mus a . Profile of the same. mm nn Teeth in the lower j jaw, from th 2 sam Profile of the same. = Skull of the Pteropus javanicus, of natural size. Teeth of the same, in the upper Jaws seen from above. Profile of the same, Fai Teeth of the same, in the lower ja, seen from above. a Profile of the same. 2 Profile of the head of the Pteromys _genibarbis, somewhat enlarged, to shew the bristles disposed on the upper lip, on the cheeks, and on the lobes of the ears. Bill of Calyptomena viridis, seen from above. Foot of the same. Profile of the bill of the same; in (a) the aperture wrt erik s . met , a Ne 7 ; : : + - i a al ‘es 1 i ‘a. ) 4s | AVY fh Pa0N. a | : aie [ i : = Pi on wig ™ L * « : a - ¥ (rh. vil f * may . " ins , hi “Sais ‘ i - » bs rs olbiy': i) "ye ! E J ee a 7 # te | ~ Sqr ony ah aE} ‘on i «eu we an giiirs ny es 5 “y baer ipa erieaehs 3 is er ae a: rt Usd fended) mis “s n » 1 y a 7 tig : : ptdaly WAS Rien!) Re cs a" 15 jr ry 7 - * = ' @e > ' : | MenlE too nga as " hy reeks”, 3 > pe! me es a . = us hh . ey Mics 0 bi ans - od wat Aceh 9 # lianas SAF. su fins f 3 ee a ne Ss eine. ne ein Malti park ud ali AY Pag y igh hacks 7 eal ani We lees f bale hi | we ele oth Ue pat ol ra a ) ae ak hE #8 bez ipa ee enn ke #, oa 4 a to srerte ove punts tudbi ailpy et at ie Loe Ng i A sath A, arise a0} Sy Soi ve { a ce 4a a. ¢ ralefibt odd To svatiteort |) fina ty Tue ¥ iP : rine Avi Pi since iat | fee iy ‘Ee i bee Cr EC: f ead a “+ a ey = ay ner ¥ mi] Ll, i ? . a! © . zl ad a . ; i P. 2 ae) ‘ é a : = a. oes” a f 1 . na " a | ip? ‘ 7 P i ie a / | a nt " fi fn va i i é 2 7 1 i P| i =" * ‘a 4 7 i} i Z & “ * . ib - - ‘4 Ww 4 * - * at + ae! j : ai ALi i. y f t b aot Sk eek de pe eee FOF we ; i |2 . 4 PUP 4 fire on Ta! . rf 4 | ‘ ae aro bak ie Tara he oe hiss 7 _ ' ae tbe ae ar ” Lonilon. Published by Kingsbury, Parbury Allen, Zeadenhail. Street; 0e8T 1822. Dream & Engraved. dy We Tayler. Saw Bas ky Oo Wh, RERORE S NMS Explanation of the Plate of $llustrations _T0 THE FIFTH NUMBER OF ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN JAVA, &c. “ . Skull of the Nyctinomus tenuis, of natural size. Skull of the same seen from above, magnified in the proportion of three to one. Profile of the same, magnified in the same proportion. Upper jaw of the same, separately represented, to afford a distinct view of the details of the teeth, corresponding to the deScription, magnified in the proportion of more than four to one; * which proportion has also been preserved in the following Ene E. F. G. H. and I. Lower jaw of the same. Profile of the teeth in the upper jaw of the same. Profile*of the same in the lower jaw. Front view of the Incisors and Canine teeth in the upper jaw of the same. Front view of the Incisors and Canine teeth in the lower jaw of the same. . Tongue and superior extremity of the trachea-arteria of the same, of natural size. Skull of the Mangusta javanica, of natural size. (This skull was taken from the largest speciiaen in the Museum gt the India House; as the posterior extremity had been removed, “the contour is added in a dotted line, from the Egyptian Mangusta, in the Collection of Joshua Brookes, Esq.) a 3 Upper jaw and teeth of the same. ‘ Lower jaw and teeth of the same. : Front and Canine teeth of the same in the upper jaw. Front and Canine teeth of the same in the lower jaw. Grinders in the upper jaw of the same, in profile, as they appear interiorly. Exterior Front teeth, Canine tooth, and “ of the same, in profile, as ‘they appear exteriorly. Grinders in the lower jaw of the same, in profile, as they appear interiorly. Exterior Frgnt tooth, Canine tooth, and grindérs of the same, in profile, as they appear exterjorly. ay Ear of the same, with the details illustrative of the description ; (a) Helix ; (2) Antihelix ; (c) and (d) Membtanes passing transversely across the ear to the Antihelix ; (¢) Concha; (f)a and (g) Tragus and Antitragus, indicated very eae Bill of Pomatorhinus montanus, in profile. A small portion of the same, to exhibit the corneous covering of ae: nares. Bill of the same, seen from above. Foot of the same. es del Vins Hata oT 2 i Ludi, Ty = NK: Lf os (Wey b ACS sry Beate ah “be quits ‘tha ie a “hie - i ~ =e) at Pe ay! i al rr . 1 iy Sir ay wT) ‘a dice _ if Ba a | yy fe ee. ae ‘ae A Fad a : a] 7 * aay 1m, 4 é. , hie e ' | i | co * f; > BP ois eo os | tdi a! . oly Nd 3 eid, ae + ay 1 ality £ s ; r, * 4 ue a yy ‘ a4 ae oy ; it A! —t ] Vaal | hd et nu ‘) * ime i an = > la te a xt eam ' Sy , i oa il u ja fhe ay 1eo . 4 ‘es i rr ! if iy P j = | 4 * amt Pt ee* vT ih! ¥ ny 4 i . , oe heel ¢ jivhy e. ae) j , re eis Sail Aegean mal i | rie | sl a vey ; eh . ' i we ved afer ely! ee: ee i ieee al fi VE fy meV pile (hares oa tite eee ale bie, yo Ps ay ebb isd ah cyte tees Pea te ho a ee | | rae butts beet hee Aha em Re iad | reve Pitter eee he ca aaa i) we Yo ean Jt a ae 7s i’ if ai me " T | ' ii) Ae See Pia el Peers i rw a ? a ae {| ' pay : ei. r i: ‘7 | 1 Ty X ie ; ip VAL io: | ! r , ¥ i 4 i " ry a ape ESM mei it. ; ‘ a ae ae sea iT a4 mE iy hy - = 7 4 I a ; 1 fy ! ee a s Nate cae yale = ee ; : - . “ 4a) “4 be 4 sa Va U4 ya a a Hx i ay " ' vs y “ a 4 sly rs 7 , ie 4 m0 _ ‘ 4 n. l i. eh ? ; é va ‘ TLE 4, a hi eS . 1 he 4 iy ( =» ald lie o, Pi . oe f J ae ‘i he = | a an " Ny A ‘ : . © Tt -_ a iy Loe ie ete tae ae Mis ce faa EA TAO ADCO ne. iy ara a. i 7 ls as i L 4 : A | = i , ®, A dl a E gg > pl a . ay 2 ae toe eh aa y - ¥ ; “al ty! fe) rtf ee) Ts gots wir i rata ian | nls Evilrkaee av iy i sn be ou ine An Faty thy preg ae kg a a Fi ray coon 4. 3 eet ae alfudatt 4a w whe Seaeeaaly +4 es abv soideiolg t a i F 2 — “Es 7 . = ¥i if oy rr, naldigepard mune lb Vi = = Ba 7 L 4 oS 4 | wth Pe wt nee eo am" as ee ¥ (iy Deeg eee ae a see aK G z a i an. ns a a Sy hea a » x, ‘ . . —. : aaa Te i! : % oo { 7 avd. ¥ J ~ | es . & r . i ner ‘wl Py 75 ys " Pn Z = -_ _ ues = ‘ S - week * Fihe Ph hh eed . ih ele Ly c my be ae 5 | Z al Oe Ve 7 =m) a ae a h =" { ~ ~ baal i a : ‘ . =— 11, 1 7 . Lal 4 t, le ili fe ey { Ie sal ok ial cy ry rT my de , * f oe . , = J ree 7, Pa Al ri Nad. rr ee aft Pa a ir ¥ ce ad ol de a, if ef ped orig ely ta P= = ae es ree er oa Z re Lg ry Ate A & me rr Ea hall, dads ae if Ay + . . fs Pm’ aft ie, » fa ce fa Fa bl a * 7/ BD iz a mt a EoTC wt dy oy é rs. Jaye Lar * Pr * 4 “th, Explanation of the Plate of Fllustrations TO THE SEVENTH NUMBER OF ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN JAVA, &c. _ A and B. Head of the Rhinolophus affinis. Cand D. Head of the Rhinolophus minor. Eand F. Head of the Rhinolophus vulgaris. Gand H. Head of the Rhinolophus deformis. ZT and K. Head of the Rhinolophus insignis. : — a Head of the Rhinolophus nobilis. M............ Contour ef the Skull of the Rhinolophus unifer. Wyse: Teeth of the Rhinolophus nobilis, in profile, in the upper jaw, as they appear exteriorly, magnified in the proportion of two to one; which proportion has also been preserved in the Figures O. P. and Q. Ls Interior view of the same. Pape Teeth of the Rhinolophus nobilis, in profile, in the lower jaw, as they appear interiorly. Q.....:....... Exterior view of the same. CS eee Bill of the Brachypteryx montana, seen from above. S..s000... Bill of the same in profile. PB ncsatentots Lateral view of the tarsus and foot of the same. Ee issciscates Front view of the same. Bair onan ails o bed 4 but aes lil ods fo hol, yee ta opel 7 , af 7 ira iF PAC as Se eine: ia 4 | ‘ _ a | ‘ — . | ‘ i. = a a 7? . | eee \. - w e 3 = ryt i) | . ob AP gy etek th we tj ': ia r ¥ iris GT ' } ond eels, tyes © a. || le Fae sl 4 I i ; 5 aj: 4 ’ ye dre VpPope 2 r yi B * 4 ‘ » Qydtsdd London, Fudlshed by Black, Mingstary. farbary.& Allien, Leadsnalé Stree. Suaky 2.1082. Sngreved dy ™. Tagylor ce mR S 28 a Explanation of the Plate of Sllustrations TO THE FIRST NUMBER OF ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN JAVA, &c. Head of Felis gracilis: two-thirds of the natural size. Lateral view of the teeth as they appear exteriorly; (a) upper, (b) lower jaw. In this and the following figures, C. D. E. & F., the objects are represented about one-fourth larger than the natural size. Lateral view of the teeth as they appear interiorly ; (a) upper, (b) lower jaw. Front view of the teeth; (a) upper, (6) lower jaw. — Fore foot; to shew the toes covered with fur, concealing the claws. Hind foot; shewing jive toes, and the fur removed, to illustrate the size, insertion, and disposition of the claws. Lateral view of the teeth of Viverra Musanga, of natural size; (a) upper, (b) lower jaw. Front view of the teeth of Viverra Musanga. Hind foot of Viverra Musanga. This is given to afford a comparison with the foot of Felis gracilis: Fig. J, shews the naked claws of the former, as they naturally appear: Fig. Z. the hairy covering of the latter. (See the generic description.) Bill of Irena puella; (a) profile, (b) seen from above. Bill of Oriolus galbula; (a) profile, (6) seen from above. Bill of Coracias garrula; (a) profile, (4) seen from above. Bill of Phrenotrix Temia; (@) profile, (6) the same, to shew the transverse groove at the base of the bill, containing the nostrils. Bill of Corvus Pica; (a) profile, (4) seen from above; the stiff decumbent vibriss covering the nostrils, are removed on one side, to shew their form and disposition. Profile of the bill of Corvus senegalensis. * Pn ge <. Siweerg ot no) -rtiet ear), Lee tind “4 _ =S . : . oh We. _ - 4 ta #! “> ned ) Seige aa Pa rj : A he y is ie i} Pod | Hog x Fang hte ln, % ch — hoe a oem a + fal “ inte 2 + > _ - — ee eS NL Mer. , rerirs #7. RNS Re ate ro a ar ©, fren anit. SIMITIA oh Atmarhncry, cartary ibd Ona Fret SYNDACTYLA. ? Sie ssdeleh fgriiniad © rs . SEMNOPITHECUS MAURUS. Fublished jy Atnorbury. Parbury & Adion. Lecdenhadl Street, Jan h SEMNOPITHECUS PYRRHDUS. rawr. by Wo Dasmels . Sngravéd & W, taylor . sami, Published by Kingsbury, Parbury teAllen, Leadinhad. Street Octl 1343 . tales TARSIUS BANCANTUS uF F a ee LL ma , rn roe F Fw 7 | * r , ; A rf » ‘ Londen, fublimed by Black, Aingtiury, farhiory, & Aten, deadenAad’ Street, Wor, 122 . | CHEIROMELES TOROQUATUS. + Anoneved by Wo Zaylor. Lomion, Published ky Kingsbury, Farhury, soAdlon, Leadenhall Street. Arad 1824 . CHETROMELES TORQUATUS. Sngravent dy W. Lidar London, Pibliched by Kingsbury, Partury ke Allen, Leadenhall Strved, dpril. tag . NYCTINOMUS TENUIS. : Drawn & Engraved. by WF. Tayler. ‘ London. Published. dy Tingstury, Farkury k-Ailen. Leadenhall Street, Ocb? 7522. = — Jan ease RHINOLOPAUS LARVATUS. newn & Engntivd oo Taylor. tide O Joker. RHINOLOPHUS NOBILIS. London dubicched ty Xingsdary, Pardury Alon. LeadenAad’ Stress, O22" 1023, VESPERTILIO TEMMINCKII. Engraved by W, Taylor. London, Publethed by Kingsbury, Parbury.& Allen, Leadenhall Street, April £$2é Sree dy Wo Densadl, PTEROPUS JAVANICUS., London, Zublarhet. by Kengshury Larhacy & Alien, LeadanAadl Strest. Tana £822 . Fagnivead & W. Zayler. oe PTEROPUS ROSTRATUS. Londen, Published by Black, Kongchum, Potery Allen, Leadenhall Stree, rb 1822 , = TUPATA JAVANICA, F ry Ta. a Wilatit 4 i a fra dh * P # Mngnaved. by W. Laylor aS /4y TUPATA TANA. * ean Jv BT OT} ii a 8 Eo ikl dy # La Plbatis i mane an iF, favlor Lod 3 = * Dron #& Engraved dy Wl Danced! URSUS MALAYANUS, hed! dy Tingthery Portury, & Allen, Letdenhadi@dires: ‘ert fae GULO® QORIENTALIS, 2 dv WF, Daneel a MY DAWU S ME] | iW i CEPS. Cy ih Fy aye YIVERRA MUSANGA,({van) JAVANICA. fa CD. mel Pe oI “a. es ae oh nk awe ba en 7 ae tire : sit ® Sk MANGUS TA tedtethnd dy Ait chucey, danrteery Ae ALL ad nt, edenth JAVANICA « a Shak Oct Hugnavied r uy * beth e ate 2 Se al Se ee i | : eS x Sa a2 7 a, oe ba + a. * it oy i +9 ; Pray — —* a eka a co koa De - lorie y= =, 7% Efe s Okay te Sel el , See ene LUTRA LEPTONY:. London, uabi:ched dy Ningrbury. fartery &Aflen, Leadenhall Sirmel, Onc 102s , Drawn dy W- Daniel. FELIS JAVANENSIS. Jeonden, Published ty Black, Xingstury, Partuzy ke-Allen, Leadenhall Sree, Jaky U4021 | Angnaved by Wi: Jiylar FELIS SUMATRANA, J Engraved ty W Javier Prawn dy WW, Dancell lout, Publcoled & Mack, Figs ~y', Parte bAGm, FeodenAall ra Vm ~) v Crea Fin ier Ay Angraed dy GRACIDIS. FELIS es a a * * phony, Larduery, de Aller, Leadembal! 5 es, as je, Pabdiohad ty J fy 2s —_ ele ee ee 2 oe MUS +SETIFER. Zngrevat dy F. Jiplor, . 26 Se ~~ A a he i] Ps, pe) I INSIGN Ss T i rieo denAade Sire, Oa! Hild, A ier S ry des LER NESS rh ar CHE = Fy — = iS MA yh Nel x ) eo oe ep f rw. 4 oP, ary . ca # - = is { rm | yhe (a e* 2 YW rs 3 5 fF 4 : es = ier “ | — . | (a a a lf" ite “) = a aT %, Se ¢ ; re 3 St ee eh al (uleyt Cah, af) ——— a el INEATEC CREE : al . SC TID 1 SCIURUS London, Fublirhid oe a —— -_ ‘e — te ~~. = —_—- TG. PLAN TANT, ingstury, darbury &Adlen, ZeadenAall Street, Oty 1823. GP ae 2G? = _—-~ ES SS * sae ge on a SS ee H ee — a” a) = = aie SS er - r. SCIURUS BICOLOR. ¥ Eneraved by W. Taylor. Drawn dy FW, Danced . iondin, Fublashed iy Aingthery, darbury & Aden, Leadenhadl Streed, Abril 1526. ren Se Wo Daneel! & Jmches. PTEROMYS GENIBARBIS. London. Published dy Xingrbury, Farhery d+ Adios, Deadinhad! Street, Terce f092. Sagravad by Wl Tuytor PTEROMYS LEPIDUS. 4 fs] : rere ore oy W, fayler. Lendim, Fublished by Xingshury, Farkury Allen, Leadenhald Street, Ocb7 182 Poe es fi Ona Foot CERYUS wherhed by AS righ TOLER}, Parte MUNTIAK. fone . "See ee mt Aden tetdenad Sire, 2 ragrio‘ad by W, Taylor FALCO JICHTHYATEUS , a ‘ a hs — , i z = df eerie JS oe fama # i ’ conan fai aed bp Aflac practice. Hardy wept ol Pe : é ; : : ai mm ‘ . oe r oT JP eiioteer ale Py ates dy Cf donande ft, Fee ane ec) Pa Oat Be a ee eae Londen FALCO LIMNAETUS. Lub: by Kingsha ry. ta réury, and. diten, Leadenhall Sireet.. April 189 Ate syd Audimandet a baie STRIX BADIA. Lenton, Pub by Aingrbury Lardrery Bo Allen, 7 tcadinhall Se. fine i822. Frits Opt) daar = of, Re - ff FutGeraiat rented by CF el ana a : PODARGUS JAVANENSIS. r ee ae fore eee a wry & ter. / 2 eadensaly J? Fae" FAA ENTE CE TE OE EE A Ee a ea ee TE, gf Late TAA le fe # Ledeen aut Pa Prentadt dy | 1-MUSCICAPA BANYUMAS. ¢. MUS CICAPA HIRUNDINACEA, London). Pub by Kingsbury Parbary and Aten,], Leadenhall Stree, Cet! 1823, " hie tlt. at Peder aed MUSCICAPA IN DIIGO. Londen. Pub. by Nengsbary Jaréury ke dlen Jeadenhadl WP Oct sl #422 a re ae ST i | Aad fh ‘ p fritid dy & Jfindimanded: A. Pd adfeBer aod: TURDUS CYANEUS. Landon Pid, by Pingshury Parbury Aller 9 Leidenteale St fame ISLE Drawn dy J. Gertiv. Jngraved Gy W: fayler 1. TIMALIA PILEATA. 2. TIMALIA GULARIS. ' a : ry r ~, 7 ¥ " Honadon, Siidlatlad by Sick, Moegrniery Fisrdes ry & Aiden, Leadenhall Sireat, Feb? Ji2) | us SCAPULARIS, Let "titer ORTOLUS KANTHONOTTS Adnan. fab Ay Aineshariy, farintiy «Aden JSeadentuitle Steet | dprid 7423 fraira & hy C-Hellmar ao ae Cathe PTE TE Y ae Ee AF hg Tal ee IRBNA PUBLLA . FEMALE. - a a “ Bt opr = Z z i - a ee CP AACALA DIGI L PL OULE I (eee re Aeterna SE Sipe AOR? =p €f” PED be OF ETE IEE, of OT Ee MOTACILLA SPECIOSA, a ee ee es - : : # _ 7 rere = r oe ame i Arg - hcurton Puidriacd hy Black, Miagitnry Si cb ry PLL «FLAP Sh EME FO Ks KY rd BRACHYPTERYX . Male MONTANA Preaee eet : . # ys a4 a , FOR a Mes Ae Pe - . 3 f PHRENOTRIX TEMIA. Ta i Fis 4 _ ¥ ihe re? * e ‘ et. oe A Lagrdte ry, frrederr & if Teen a F erctenAcdl if ft 2 ra oo oss finanfedy € at ee Pt FPOMATORAINTIS MON TAN LS o Angra. dy Wo Jey PRINIA FAMILIARIS. = Z, Ceertes dal. of geedp Fonadien, Pudlerted by Mi: regnedeery, Parhery te dilen, FeatenAadl SPreel, April Tiss WS Fe 4 PT Oe A YIRIDIS. ee. Sf Pete ae Prades oe A ena al Pelletier aed ALCEDO BIRD. Jandon,. Plcd # ty Ming rbcry. i lea dileey and Allon pLiadeanhall Se? fee: APPS. Printed by © Mallewansde $5 a, Peach ) Blaak Pudliched by Black, Kingsbury, Pirducy do Alten PU LCIAIE LibA . ietien dl PHRFICOPHATS JAVANICHS. dente Jted by Al necdiry, farbary ade od den f headonhiad Jt! Get! 7oa2 reid cvuvcuULvs LUG i F = ee ea F de Pat Fue - fiy Arig Caray in rea rity A diffe ey UBRIS fee een eae « LY es pe hi at Pelletier ded CcUCULUS XANTHORHYNCHUS. Aondon. uiieched by Bison, Aingadury. farbery bt Allen, * LeadenAall Stree, Fréruary 402? fri rite by ¢ eee jfma nae’ TG CENTROFUS BI ACTH fied du Amie J fy ie gd, Affea PLA uf OP ea ited ‘| c} a o , ui, fred tte? Trae “ih —_ ee — — 7 ad a hm, Ls ais *, = nn ieee ne en | Nag HS ae ag nee! PIERIDICX PERSOWATA . ' ' oy ¥ Fa r ¥ 7 fa i? : ’ Sf. fae ee ee Aondon Lieb buy he wngSsbuary Larbury © AMben; J hLeadenhal St April /8B4 A, Fy its ter det ARDEA SPECIOSA. London Pab* by Kingsbury. Parbary. & Allen, 7 Leadenhall se? vee TE. hy Tar 62 Printed by oO Atadf para el BC OLO PAX s.AaTURAT A i. oder ay — w —- A Pelistiar det PARRA SUPERCILIOSA. London, Peb@ by Mingsbury, lavrbury © Alter.) Leadenhall St * April’ (834 attat oy OC Fiedieusrtad: tf eer ate r ; ry ad ° ay + v y* ae i F F rf, “a7 ar it Aff fee 6¢ Be Ca ately ee ae i ineredd ye tte vide A ra ACPA CN AE if Py fd ffi Exgraved ly W. Taylor. London. feb t okt oy flack Acngwdury, Jartuacry A Adlon, Fagot ve Aad, ft rest Now" 2997 “ { } 5 bakes Engraved Sy Wo Teves Lonéon, Tublished ly Black, Hingthury, ferbury & Alien, Leadenhall Stread, Feb? £023. cs ata %, r are a 5 subliched by Kingsbury, Farber de Alien, Taste hia}) i) 4 eae Ty Wa I) ARB i he =f Tt. | if —IL * - Oe ee Ue ele Ke faeraved dy > Saylor Lonilon. Published by Kingsbury, Parbury Allen, Zeadenhail. Street; 0e8T 1822. Dream & Engraved. dy We Tayler. . | —— har Pr a Pa eae Drown. d- Engraved by W, Aprid LPS iFisliidde DETees, Fees fof dtadad - ae ae, Weary, 2 7 ae — ae) TP, VOM Afd OF SLEEP, i : Ie sal ok ial cy ry rT my de , * f oe . , = J ree 7, Pa Al ri Nad. rr ee aft Pa a ir ¥ ce ad ol de a, if ef ped orig ely ta P= = ae es ree er oa Z re Lg ry Ate A & me rr Ea hall, dads ae if Ay + . . fs Pm’ aft ie, » fa ce fa Fa bl a * 7/ BD iz a mt a EoTC wt dy oy é rs. Jaye Lar dre VpPope 2 r yi B * 4 ‘ » Qydtsdd London, Fudlshed by Black, Mingstary. farbary.& Allien, Leadsnalé Stree. Suaky 2.1082. Sngreved dy ™. Tagylor ce