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AN ACCOUNT OF

Various Experiments
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NEW AND DESIRABLE

GRAPES,

AND A DESCRIPTION OF

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OBTAINED BY

HYBRIDIZATION.

By

GEORGE HASKELL.

IPSWICH, MASS.:
1877.

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EXPERIMENTS.

In offering these vines for sale, it may be interesting to grape-
growers to know the various methods and labors by which I have
sought to obtain new varieties: it may also be a caution and
great help to others engaged in similar efforts, to know of the
many failures and meagre success of such labors.

The aim of all my efforts has been to obtain vines which would
bear our winters, be free from mildew and other disease in summer,
and bear good fruit which would ripen in this section. These ef-
forts commenced many years ago, under these circumstances :—On
reading the Treatise of Mr. Prince on the Vine, soon after it ap-
peared, in 1830, I got interested in the subject and determined I
would have a vineyard. In the ardor and greenness of youth, I
bought two hundred Isabella vines of J. B. Russell, who then kept
an agricultural store in Boston, and two thousand cuttings of the
same kind of Mr. Samuel Pond, of Cambridge. These were plant-
ed and tended with care and expectation for several years, but I
never obtained a drop of wine or a peck of ripe fruit from the
whole of them.

Finding the Isabella would not sueceed in our climate, I began
the search for a good native, in the swamps and woods of this
region. Whenever I heard of a wild vine bearing fruit called good,
I invariably visited it, and I have travelled many miles, and for
several years, through the swamps, woods, and morasses of this
section, in quest of a grape worth cultivating. Some, of course,
were better than others, and all that were better or earlier than the
general run, were removed to my own grounds; but they did not
improve, or were hardly as good, when grown in the warm, dry
soil of a garden.

I then began to plant the seeds of these best natives, and contin-
ued to do so for three generations of vines, without obtaining, out
of many thousands thus raised, a single fruit that I regarded worth
propagating, and only a few of them have been preserved ; but the
earliest and best of native vines, thus obtained, have been used in
crossing with the forcign.

Simultaneously with these efforts, I raised many hundred vines
from seeds of different foreign grapes. These seeds were planted

4

under glass, and the vines remained in the house two years, when
they were removed to the open air. None of them proved healthy
or would bear our winters. Some of them lived to bear fruit for a
year or two, but they all died in a few years, though well covered
every winter.

I then sought to obtain better fruit by grafting the native upon
the foreign, and planting the seed of the native, thus grown upon
the foreign root; but I could not discover any improvement in the
fruit of the seedlings grown from such seed. I also sought to ob-
tain hardihood of vine, by grafting the foreign upon the native
and planting the seed of the foreign thus grown upon the native
root; but the vines of such seedlings proved no hardier than seed-
lings from a foreign, ungrafted vine. In neither case did the stock
appear to have any influence upon the character or fruit of the
vines grown from seed of the graft, nor were such vines different
from seedlings of the same species, when grown from seed of un-
grafted vines.

I then tried to modify the fruit of seedlings through the agency
of the foliage, and as soon as the fruit was formed on each species
I inarched the new shoot of the other species into the shoot bear-
ing the cluster just above the fruit. When the union of the shoots
was complete, in about two weeks, I cut out the shoot proper to the
fruit at the point of union and took off all the foliage on that shoot
below the cluster: thus leaving the fruit with no foliage but that of
the other species to nourish and mature it. White grapes were
thus grown under the foliage of black grapes, and black under the
foliage of white, and each retained its proper color, though the tex-
ture and quality of the fruit seemed to be changed by the alien fo-
liage. The foliage of the foreign was thus placed over the fruit of
the native, and the foliage of the native over the fruit of the foreign,

The seeds of fruits thus grown, were planted for several years,
but the result was a great disappointment. I did not find such a
decided effect as I expected. The vines from the seed of foreign
fruit, thus grown, were not so hardy or healthy as I desired, nor
was the fruit of native seedlings, thus grown, good enough to be
propagated. Perhaps the latter, had they been tried a few years
longer, might have improved, and farther south the former might
have grown successfully; but, unfortunately, none have been pre-
served for such further trial.

My next method of seeking for the desired fruit was, by inarch-
ing the new shoot of the foreign upon the native, and of the native
upon the foreign, as soon as the fruit was formed, both below and

5

above the section of the cane bearing the cluster; and as soon as the
union was complete, the cane bearing the cluster was severed from
its own root and deprived of all its leaves; thus having the fruit of
each species, with about three inches of its cane, grown and ma-
tured upon the root and under the foliage of the other species. I
hoped some of the seed, thus grown, would produce vines possess-
ing the desired qualities. (A full and more particular account of
this process was published in the Country Gentleman, in Septem-
ber, 1863.) After laboring for years in this method, the vines thus
obtained were abandoned as worthless. I now see the folly of my
impatience in rooting them up after trying their fruit for only one
or two years. Indeed, I should now regard vines, thus obtained,
as of the highest interest, affording, as they would, some evidence
of the influence of an ‘alien root and leaf upon the offspring of seed
thus matured. A few of the vines, thus obtained, were grafted
near the ground, and I am trying to start shoots from the roots, to
restore the original vine to view.

Thus baffled again, in my efforts to obtain the desired fruit, I
began to cross-fertilize the flowers, foreign with the native and the
native with the foreign, using many varieties of each species, of
different sizes, colors and flavors in the fruit, and having differences
in the form and other characteristics of foliage

This method has been pursued for fifteen years, and more than
eighty different crosses have been effected, counting the second
crosses, between the half-bloods, and of the half-blood back upon
the original species. During the last ten years these crosses have
not been made at random, but vines possessing some desired qual-
ities, have been selected for union with other vines possessing other
desired qualities, in the hope of uniting all such qualities in one
fruit and vine. More than a thousand seedlings have been thus
produced; several of them have borne fruit for eight or ten years,
many of them for three to five years, and a few have never fruited,
though not, organically, infertile. A docket has been kept of all
these crosses, and of each vine thus produced, in which is noted its
parentage, and habits of vine and qualities of fruit, during its
whole existence.

The varieties now offered were thus obtained, registered and
tried, and their qualities, as thus ascertained in this unfavorable
part of the country, are correctly stated.

In selecting the fruit that appeared worthy of propagation, I
have not preserved the vine when the fruit retained too much of the
characteristics of the native parent. If it was too sour, too hard in

6

pulp, too small or too foxy, or if the cluster was small, or much
. broken, or irregular in form, or if the fruit shook easily from the
stem when ripe, I have thrown the vine away. Since then, I have
seeryso much improvement in the fruit and cluster, after the vine
had seme fruit for afew years, that I regret my conduct in this re-
spect very much. I think some of those destroyed wauld have out-
grown the defects for which I condemned them, and might have
proved to be some of the best.

In selecting them for hardihood, I have left them for the winter
to kill and weed out those constitutionally too tender to survive it;
as I have never laid them down or covered them, even in this se-
vere climate. In selecting them for healthiness, I have discarded
and thrown out all those generally affected with mildew, and those
occasionally affected with it so much as to prevent the ripening of
the fruit. Some of the best fruits, however, have been retained,
though the vine is occasionally, and to some extent, subject to its
attack, as they may be entirely free from it in a dryer atmosphere,
or farther from the sea-coast. In selecting them for early maturity,
Ihave not condemned them altogether, because they failed occa-
sionally to ripen here, if they possessed other required merits. ‘Sey-
eral such have been ripened under glass in a cold-house, and it then
appeared that, with a summer a few weeks longer, or more steadily
warm than ours, they were surpassed by few of the foreign grapes
in size, beauty or flavor; notably was this true of Three, Three-
Twenty-Five, Three-EHighty-Seven, and Four-Twenty.

T have thus briefly stated the different methods by which I have
tried to obtain the desired grape, and some of the repeated and di-
versified experiments made for that purpose. These experiments
have been carried on more than forty years—not a year having
passed during that long period, in which I have not obtained and
planted the seeds of native and foreign fruit, modified, lately, L had
hoped, by the artificial use of nature’s processes. Thie effort has
not been omitted ever when I was busy with professional cares
and occasionally charged with official duties, nor on account of any
trouble or expense to which I might thereby be subjected. The
result has been very interesting, and partially successful ; but how
far successful, can only be determined by a full and thorough trial
in other sections of the country, better adapted than this to the
cultivation of this valuable fruit.

I am sorry the success has not been more obvious and decided ;
but, thinking it will be a long time before any other individual will
be so unwise as to spend his money, time and thought in such ef-

T

forts, or will do so with a better chance of success, I have conclu-
ded to offer to the public the fruits of these labors, such as they are.
Lhad hoped to obtain a reimbursement of my money-outlay in this
matter, but see no chance for even that. The nurserymen will not
buy the stock of any of them, or even take them to propagate, un-
til there is a call for them—and there will not be a call for them
until they are generally known ; and if distributed so as to be
generally known, the originator is minus the whole undertaking.
Whether I obtain any pecuniary recompense for the products of
these labors, may be a question of justice; but it is not by any
means a matter of necessity with me. I hope the fruits obtained
will be a benefit to the public, and that the future will show them
to be of great value to the country, in both an economic and com-
mercial aspect.

I shall exercise the right of an author in giving them names, and
shall preserve the numerical names now affixed to them. Such
names are perfectly distinctive, are easily remembered, and can be
briefly expressed in figures upon a plan, tag or order.

It may be objected that I am sending out too many varicties,—
that it will confuse and perplex purchasers. But this distribution
of varieties is only tentative; not that it can be desirable to propa-
gate and multiply largely so many varieties in any locality. These
have been selected, after years of trial from more than a thousand
seedlings, of different crosses, and every one was selected because
it possessed, when grown here, more than one desirable quality of
vine or fruit. How they will thrive in other localities can only be
known by trial; and it is to obtain such trial, and the selection of
the best for each section that so many are offered. I also desire to
have so many of these seedlings taken for trialin other sections,
because I do not believe we shall ever obtain a variety that will be
the best and most valuable in all sections. No such single variety
is known in Europe, where the differences in soil and climate are
less than in this country, and there is no reason to expect such
a variety here. Another advantage of this distribution of many
kinds will be, that seedlings of these hybrids will be obtained in
other sections from a greater variety, in parentage, and with a bet-
ter chance of finding among them vines adapted to those sections,
and, quite likely, bearing better fruits than those yielding the seed.

Again :—no one variety will suit all palates best, either as fruit
or for wine. In submitting these fruits to the most experienced
and competent judges of grapes, I have been surprised at their di-
versity of taste and choice. They would all agree, generally, upon

8

the best ten or twenty ; but if asked to designate the best two, or
three, or five, they would differ widely, each having a preference
for the flavor, texture, or comparative sweetness of a particular and
different grape. Of course, to meet these different tastes, it is well
to have a number of varieties of differing qualities propagated and
tried. It might be supposed, from the similarity in many of the
descriptions given, that the fruits were much alike. But it will be
found that those much alike inform, color and other characteristics
which can be stated in language, are yet quite different in flavor,
taste and relish.

Another reason for the trial of so many kinds, is the hope that
some of them, if planted in a soil suited to their native parent, will
be safe from the attack of the Phylloxera. It will be observed, that
most of the vines described, are from crosses with what is popular-
ly called the Fox grape—but accurately it is the Riparia—a species
which is found generally, in a wild state, only in swamps and on
the banks of streams. The Vulpina and Labrusca are only other
names for varieties of the same species, and they do not accurately
describe any species, as the pungency on the lips and the fox odor,
are not uniformly found in the fruit of either of them.

Recent experiments in France have shown that the most effectual
eradication of the Phylloxera was by flooding the ground, and thus
drowning the insects. As the Riparia of this country flourishes,
and really does best in wet bogs and meadows, even when the roots
are immersed in water all winter and the soil is saturated all sum-
mer, may we not expect that this trait will prevail in some of
these hybrids and make them almost proof against the Phylloxera,
especially if planted in such wet soils ? I shall place them in such
soils and localities, and hope others will do so too, that the experi-
ment may be fairly tried.

The belief that these grapes are worthy of distribution and trial,
is strengthened by the judgment of many competent persons to
whom I have sent the fruit. These opinions of others, however,
have been formed and ‘expressed, from an inspection and trial of
the fruit only, and without any knowledge of, or reference to, the
qualities of the vine, except, perhaps, from a general knowledge
such persons may have of the ungenial part of the country in which
the vines have been raised and fruited.

The following are the opinions of some of the gentlemen to
whom the fruit has been sent.

In October, 1869, I sent several varieties to Marshall P. Wilder,
which he, in company with Robert Manning, examined and made
notes of as follows :—

g

295. ‘* Sweet to the skin; pulp rather tender, vinous, sprightly;
color dull.amber reddish; a considerable improvement on the native.”’

300. ‘*Same color, similar constituents, but leaving a rough,
astringent taste at the skin.”

309. ‘* Like 300, but acidity in place of roughness. ”’

825. ‘Smaller bunch and berry, sweeter, rather hard pulp,
sweet and rich.”’ /

387. ‘ Larger bunch; color dark and dingy; hard pulp; sprightly
and good; winy.”’

126. ‘* Dark amber; the ripest ones chestnut color; appears to
have passed its maturity.”

334. ‘¢ Sweet and tolerably rich, but pretty foxy, leaving consid-
erable astringency in the mouth.”’

339. ‘¢ Apparently later, not so well colored, but having a Cataw-
ba smack.’? .

346. ‘ Berry largest and most foxy of all; chestnut color; a
slight remove from the native.’

The next year, at the request of Mr. J. B. Garber, of Columbia,
Pa., I sent eighteen varieties to him, which, in company with three
gentlemen of that neighborhood, he examined, and they sent me
a detailed report of their opinion of them. I suppose they fur-
nished the following account of them, which I find in the ‘ Lan-
caster Farmer,’? November, 1870:—

‘‘ Then we have received a box containing eighteen varieties, all
hybrids, from Mr. G. Haskell, of Massachusetts. These are all
new, none of them yet out of the hands of the originator. Some
of them were somewhat damaged by being delayed on the way.
We, incompany with several other grapists, on testing and tasting
these new grapes, fully agreed that they were very promising.
Should these varieties, or some of them at least, improve by being
grown in our latitude, or still further south, as the Concord is known
to have improved, then these new ones are certainly worth looking
after. Mr. Haskell is a persevering experimenter, having already
in 1869 fruited between six and seven hundred seedlings, of which
he has selected twenty of the best for further trial, and has over
two hundred fruiting for the first time this last season. These
many varieties are the product of more than thirty crosses, and he
is still continuing his experiments. Of course, among so many
there will be a large portion that will probably be no improvement
on older sorts ; yet he can hardly fail of producing some very su-
perior varieties.’’

Three years later, in 1873, I sent nine varieties to the editors of °
the “‘ Country Gentleman,’’ and their opinion of them was stated
in that paper for October 23d, as follows :—

“The grapes came in fair order—a little the worse for time and
transportation, but so that we were able to judge well of their qual-
ity. ‘The collection consists of nine seedlings, but as we are not.

10

told from what varieties they are crossed, we are unable to judge
how successful the experiments have been by way of improvement
on the parents. On comparing the flavor with the Concord, we
find at least two-thirds of better flavor, with a strong tendency to-
wards sweetness. Nos. 36, 74,325,371 and 387 are quite sweet,
and of very fair quality, so far as we can judge from so imperfect a
trial. The others are not so good, and one or two rather poor. Of
the growth, hardiness or productiveness of the vines, we have no
means of knowing. We have thus given our opinion, as these
erapes appear to us—an opinion liable of course to revision on a
better opportunity for judging.”

In 1874, I sent six varieties to the editors of ‘‘ Colman’s Rural
World,’ in St. Louis, and in that publication for November 14,
1874, the following statement is made in regard to them :—

‘‘ The grapes came to hand in good condition, showing that our
correspondent knows how to pack such things. No. 371, bunch
small, berry medium, round, dark red ; thin skin, small seeds, but
plenty of them ; pulp soft, sweet and pleasant.

No. 825, Large bunch, shouldered ; berry oval, a little above me-
dium in size ; thin skin, melting pulp ; very rich and sweet.

No. 387, Bunch medium ; berry do, slightly oval; thin skin, soft
pulp, sweet, spicy and richin flavor ; pale red in color.

No. 36, Bunch and berry medium ; round, dark red ; first-rate.

No. 295, Bunch medium ; berry a little above round; pale green-
ish red ; skin thin; pulp dissolving, sweet and pleasant; very good,
we would call it.

No. 74, Bunch medium ; berry large, oval, black, with a fine
bloom upon it after travelling fifteen hundred miles ; skin thin ;
pulp soft and melting, sweet and aromatic ; most valuable of the
lot, in our opinion. There is a touch of Black Hamburg in this last
that pleased ws very much. If these grapes improve when grown
here, as usual, we look for some valuable additions when they are
set out. Weshould like a few grapes of each to try them, and will
most likely be able to report by the fall of 1876.

All the Rogers’ hybrids are so much improved in size of bunch
and in quality, when grown here, that they would hardly be taken
for the same variety. This we would expect of Mr. Haskell’s grapes
also,”

A number of varieties were sent that same year to the editor of
the ‘‘ Massachusetts Ploughman,’’ and he commented upon them
in that paper as follows :—

_“ We acknowledge with pleasure the receipt of a variety of seed-
ling grapes from George Haskell, Esq., of Ipswich. Some of them
were of excellent quality and worth propagating. No. 74 was espe-
cially fine it seemed to us, though it was perhaps fresher and more
in its best condition as to ripeness. Some of the samples were a
little over ripe.”

The same season they were sent to Mr. Meehan, of the “ Gar-
dener’s Monthly,’’ and he expressed his opinion thus, in Noy., 1874:

‘“‘ GRAPE SEEDLINGS FRoM Mu. GEO. HASKELL, Ipswich, Mass.

11

These are some of the best we have seen, and when the high north-
ern latitude is considered, show how marked has been grape im-
provement of late years. There are among them black, white and
red bunches ; and some of the bunches of considerable size.”

Another parcel was sent to the editors of the ‘‘ Country Gentle-
man,” and in that paper for November 5, 1874, they are described
as follows :—

“Nos. 74 and 118 are black grapes, of very tender skin, little
pulp, and sweet and good flavor. The first named appears to be an
excellent grape. But none are large and showy enough to produce
‘a sensation.’ Nos. 295 and 387 are light brown, quite sweet, and
hardly so good as the black ones.”’

In the same year, 1874, seven varieties were sent to Wm. Saun-
ders, Superintendent of the Government Experimental Grounds,
at Washington, and he sent me the following report upon them,
which he consents to have me publish. In consenting to have me
publish this report, however, he adds:—* I have long ago learned
that no one can tell anything about the geiieral value of a grape
by simply testing a bunch of its fruit; and that opinions formed
upon such slight acquaintance are of little value.’ His report of
the fruits was as follows :—

No. 325. ‘“* A very fine flavored grape, and very large, fine look-
ing bunch.”’

No. 36. ‘‘ Bunch of fair size ; berries spicy in flavor; drops read-
ily from the bunch.”’

No. 74. ‘* As fine looking as a Black Hamburgh, and about as
good in flavor ; really a splendid acquisition.’

No. 387. ‘‘ This is, to my notion, the best, and most delicately
flavored grape of the number ; a superior table fruit.”’

No. 371. ‘‘ The sniallest of the lot, both in bunch and berry, and
not conspicuously good.’?

No. 118. ‘A very pleasant grape, somewhat tart ; perhaps not
quite as ripe as it might be.”

_No. 295. “* Very like 325 in flavor ; bunch not so large, but good
size notwithstanding.”’

“ These six grapes are, perhaps, finer than any six named hardy
grapes that are now in cultivation.”

The next year, 1875, six varieties were sent to Marshall P. Wilder,
and he made the following notes upon them, which I am permitted
to use :—

No. 74. Black ; berries large, oval ; thick bloom; juicy, sweet,
sprightly ; pulp tender; seeds large; one of the best natives we
have ever tasted.”’

No. 420. Black, medium size, slightly oval; skin thick, thick
bloom; pulp firm; rich, vinous, sprightly; holds on well; very good.”

No. 118. ‘ Black, round, thick bloom ; skin not so thick as last
and sceds larger; otherwise much the same.”

12

No 26. ‘Resembles the Catawba in many respects, with thicker
bioom, and holds on well.’’

No. 387.‘ Chestnut color ; thin bloom, round, medium size ;
thin skin; pulp rather tough, very sweet and rich; adheres strongly.”’

No. 325. Color like the last, with dots like the wild type ; me-
dium size ; thin bloom; sweet; juicy; pulp rather tender; seeds
small; sprightly; vinous near the skin with foxy aroma.”’

‘¢ On the whole, this lot impresses us much more favorably than
on former occasions, showing the influence of hybridization in
breeding out the native aroma, while yet more may be done in the
way of producing pulp more tender.”

Mr. Wilder submitted these varieties to the examination of the
Fruit Committee of the American Pomological Society for Massa-
chusetts, and they report thereon (page 119) as follows:—

‘Mr. George Haskell, of Ipswich; has for several years been en-
gaged in hybridizing the grape, and has produced a large number of
varieties, among which are several of excellent quality. Of six va-
rieties presented by him the present season, five were entirely free
from the peculiar foxy flavor of the native grape.”

Ten varieties were also sent to Dr. Robert Hogg, editor of the
London Journal of Horticulture, and the following mention is
made of them in that publication for Nov. 11, 1875 :—’

‘* We have received from Mr. George Haskell, of Ipswich, Mass.,
a collection of ten varieties of SEEDLING GRAPES, raised by cross
ing the native Vitus riparia with European varieties, and vice versa.
These are very curious, and some of them are very excellent va-
rieties. The influence of the cross is very apparent in all of them,
and it is quite possible that in this way varieties may be raised that
will ripen out of doors in this country. Even in this unfavorable
season Admiral! Hornby has ripened one of the American Grapes
at the Cottage, Knowsley, and Mr. E. J. Beale has been equally
successful at Twickenham. One or two varieties which have the
Black Hamburgh and White Chasselas for their male parents are
very good indeed, and have a flavor which is quite peculiar.”’

Similar opinions have been expressed by many grape-growers in
distant parts of the country, to whom the grapes have been sent
during the last eight years, but I have not deemed it worth while
to ask permission to publish their communications to me, and I do
not feel at liberty todo it without their consent. These opinions
are not quoted to prove that these grapes possess every desired qual-
ity of fruit and vine ; but only to confirm the belief that they de-
serve attention and trial.

Notwithstanding these flattering testimonials of the qualities of
these fruits, I have not been able to obtain any terms for the prop-
agation and distribution of the vines, except to give them away to
nurserymen and others. I was not disposed to do this, and I have
propagated some of the best and most promising varieties, in suffi-

cient numbers to supply a few cultivators with an assortment of
thirty kinds, embracing the best of different crosses. I do not in
tend to multiply or propagate them any farther than may be neces-
sary to secure a distribution and trial of them. Several of those
last described, promise well,—a few of them appear very good—but
they have not borne fruit long enough to determine their merits,
and I have not propagated many from them.

Such of them as prove good, or worthy of trial elsewhere, will be
sent, if desired, at the same rate per vine, to all who now purchase
thirty varieties.

If any grape-grower or nurseryman desires to purchase such an
assortment of thirty vines, I shall be glad to supply him with them
at avery low price, considering their cost to me ; if they are not
desired it may excite my regret, but it will do me no harm; nor,
indeed, would it were I to annihilate the whole brood of vines,
as I, at times, have been almost tempted to do.

‘GEORGE HASKELL.
Irswicu, Mass., Jan., 1877.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES,

THREE. Parentage: seed of Amber Fox fertilized with pollen of
Black Hamburg. Fruit: black, round, very large, skin thin, pulp
tender, sweet, flavor excellent, rather late. Cluster: very large,
shouldered, compact. ‘Vine: very vigorous, hardy, very produc-
tive, in some localities and seasons slightly affected with mildew.

THIRTY-SIX. Parentage: seed of Amber Fox fertilized with
pollen of Black Hamburg. Fruit: dark red with lilac-colored
bloom, round, medium, skin thin, pulp firm, sweet, flavor good, free
from foxiness. Cluster: large, shouldered, open, of regular form.
Vine : vigorous, hardy, very healthy and productive.

SEVENTY-FOUR. Parentage: seed of Black Fox fertilized with
pollen of Black Hamburg. Fruit: black with a heavy light-blue
bloom, oval, very large, skin thin, pulp tender, sprightly and vinous,
flavor good, no foxiness, early. Cluster: medium, small shoulders,
compact but not crowded, holds the fruit well and keeps late.
Vine: of medium vigor, short-jointed, hardy, very productive and
healthy.

ONE-EIGHTEEN. Parentage: seed of Black Fox fertilized with
pollen of Black Hamburg. Fruit: black, little bloom, round;
large, skin thin, pulp very tender, flavor pleasant and sprightly, no
foxiness. Cluster: medium, not shouldered, open. Vine: vig-
orous, hardy and very healthy.

TWO-TWENTY-FOUR. Parentage: seed of Black Hamburg
fertilized with pollen of Pigeon. Fruit: black, round, medium,
skin thin, no pulp, rather tart, colors early but improves by hanging
late. Cluster: very large, very large shoulders, close but not
crowded. Vine: very hardy, healthy, vigorous and productive.

TWO-THIRTY. Parentage: seed of Black Hamburg fertilized
with pollen of Pigeon. Fruit: black, round, small, heavy bloom,
skin thin, no pulp, tart, colors early but should hang late. Cluster:
very large and heavy, small shoulders, long and very compact.
Vine: very healthy, hardy, vigorous and productive.

TWO-NINETY-FIVE. Parentage: seed of White Fox fertilized
with pollen of White Chasselas. Fruit: very light amber or white
in the shade, round, large, skin very thin, pulp tender, sweet, flavor
good, alittle musky. Cluster: large, shouldered, compact. Vine:
vigorous, hardy, healthy and enormously productive, producing clus-
ters from the eyes at the base of the shoot.

15

THREE-TWENTY-FIVE. Parentage: seed of Amber Fox fer-
tilized with pollen of White Frontignan. Fruit: deep red or ma-
roon, with little bloom, oval, medium, skin thin, pulp tender, sweet
and rich, flavor good with a very little foxiness. Cluster: large,
regularly shouldered, close but not crowded. Vine: vigorous, very
productive, bears the winter perfectly, but is sometimes attacked
with mildew.

THREE-EIGHTY-SEVEN. Parentage: seed of Amber Fox
fertilized with pollen of White Frontignan. Fruit: dark amber,
round, medium, skin thin, pulp firm and rather tart, flavor excel-
lent, like Frontignac, and free from foxiness, rather late. Cluster:
large, shouldered very eompact. Vine: very vigorous, very
healthy and productive.

FOUR-TWENTY. Parentage: seed of Black Hamburg fertilized
with pollen of Black Fox. Fruit: black with a blue bloom, oval,
very large, skin very thick, pulp rather hard and acid, flavor pecu-
liar, spicy and delicious, no foxiness, rather late. Cluster: large,
irregularly shouldered, broken and open. Vine: very vigorous,
hardy and healthy.

TWELVE. Parentage: seed of Amber Fox fertilized with pollen
of Black Hamburg. Fruit: black with blue bloom, round, good
size, skin thin, pulp tender and sweet, flavor good, no foxiness,
early. Cluster: medium, small shoulders, compact. Vine: of
medium vigor, very hardy and healthy.

ONE-THIRTY-SIX. Parentage: seed of Black Hamburg fer- .
tilized with pollen of Black Fox. Fruit: black, blue bloom,
round, large, skin thick, pulp firm, flavor good, no foxiness, quite
late. Cluster : large, large shoulders, full, excellentform. Vine:
vigorous, hardy, healthy and enormously productive.

ONE-EIGHTY-FOUR. Parentage: seed of the Grizzly Frontig-
nan fertilized with pollen of Pigeon. Fruit: black, round, medi-
um, skin thin, no pulp, quite sweet, Frontignan flavor. Cluster:
long and without shoulders, pretty close. Vine: vigorous, pro-
ductive, hardy and generally healthy.

TWO-SIXTY-SEVEN. Parentage: seed of Pigeon fertilized with
pollen of Black Hamburg. Fruit: black, round, medium, skin
thin, pulp tender, brisk and pretty good. Cluster: medium,
shouldered, well formed, rather open. Vine: healthy, vigorous,
hardy-and productive.

THREE-HUNDRED-NINE. Parentage: seed of Amber Fox
fertilized with pollen of White Chasselas. Fruit: dark amber,
slightly oval, medium, skin thin, pulp tender, excellent flavor, no
foxiness, early. Cluster: good size, small shoulders, open. Vine:
vigorous, hardy, very healthy and productive.

16

THREE-FORTY-THREE. Parentage: seed of Amber Fox fer-
tilized with pollen of White Frontignan. Fruit: black, round,
large, skin thin, pulp tender, flavor good, rather late. Cluster:
very large, shouldered, compact but not crowded. Vine: very
vigorous, hardy and productive, generally healthy. The only black
grape obtained from many crosses of the Frontignan and Fox.

THREE-SIXTY-SIX. Parentage: seed of small Amber Fox fer-
tilized with pollen of White Frontignan. Fruit: purple, heavy
bloom, round, medium, skin thin. pulp tender, flavor strong of the
Frontignan. Cluster: medium, smallshoulders, compact. Vine:
very vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive. Young foliage very
downy.

THREE-SIXTY-NINE. Parentage: seed of small Amber Fox
fertilized with pollen of White Frontignan. Fruit: red, round,
rather small, skin thin, pulp tender, sweet, excellent Frontignan
flavor and very early. Cluster: medium, not shouidered nor
crowded, regular in form. Wine: not very vigorous, hardy, very
healthy, and moderately productive.

THREE-SEVENTY-ONE. Parentage: seed of small Amber
Fox fertilized with pollen of White Frontignan. Fruit: dark
red, round, small, skin thin, pulp firm, with a strong Frontignae
flavor, early. Cluster: medium, not shouldered, very compact.
Vine: vigorous, hardy, very healthy and productive.

FOUR-EIGHTEEN. Parentage: seed of Black Hamburg fertil-
ized with pollen of Black Fox. Fruit: amber, slightly oval, large,
skin rather thick, light bloom, pulp tender, sweet and good, with
foreign flavor. Cluster: large, shouldered, very regular in form,
compact. Vine: very healthy, very hardy, vigorous and produc-
tive.

ONE-TWENTY-TWO. Parentage: seed of early Black Fox fer-
tilized with pollen of Black Hamburg. Fruit: black with a bloom,
round, large, skin thin, pulp tender, red and quite good, very early,
Cluster: medium, small shoulders, rather open. Vine: of mod-
erate vigor, hardy, moderately productive.

THREE-SEVENTEEN. Parentage: seed of large Amber Fox
fertilized with pollen of White Chasselas. Fruit: amber, oval,
large, skin thin, pulp tender. Cluster: large, shouldered, not very
compact, of regular form. Vine: vigorous, hardy, healthy and
very productive. :

THREE-THIRTY-FOUR. Parentage: seed of large Amber
Fox fertilized with pollen of White Frontignan. Fruit: nearly
white, round, large, skin thin, pulp tender, sweet and good flavor.
Cluster: medium, small shoulders, open. Vine: vigorous, hardy,
and productive, foliage downy.

LT

THREE-SIXTY-SEVEN. Parentage: seed of small Amber Fox
fertilized with pollen of White Frontignan. Fruit: nearly white,
round, large, skin thin, pulp tender, high Frontignan flavor. Clus-
ter: long, without shoulders, rather open. Vine: vigorous, hardy,
productive, a little subject to mildew.

THREE-SEVENTY-THREE. Parentage: seed of small Am-
ber Fox fertilized with pollen of White Frontignan Fruit: white
or light amber, round, large, skin thin, pulp tender, excellent Fron-
tingnan flavor. Cluster;: Jarge, large shoulders, not very close.
Vine: of medium vigor, very hardy, healthy and productive.

ONE-SIXTY-NINE. Parentage: seed of Pigeon fertilized with
pollen of Grizzly Frontignan. Fruit: black, round, small, skin
thin, no pulp, rather tart, early, should hang late. Cluster: medi-
um, shouldered, not very compact. Vine: very hardy and healthy.
moderately productive but vigorous.

ONE-EIGHTY-EIGHT. Parentage: seed of Grizzly Frontig-
nan fertilized with pollen of Pigeon. Fruit: black, round, small,
skin thin, blue bloom, no pulp, rather tart, juice red. Cluster:
large, very long, small shoulders, very compact. Vine: very vig-
orous, hardy, healthy and very productive.

TWO-TWENTY-NINE. Parentage: seed of Black Hamburg
fertilized with pollen of Pigeon. Fruit: black, round, large, skin
thin, no pulp, juice red and rather tart, should hang late. Cluster:
very large, broad and long, compact. Vine : very vigorous, healthy
and hardy, very productive.

THREE-TWENTY-FOUR. Parentage: seed of Amber Fox
fertilized with pollen of White Frontignan. Fruit: white, round,
large, skin thin, pulp very tender, flavor good and free from foxiness.
Cluster: very large, shouldered, full but not crowded. Vine:
vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive.

THREE-FORTY. Parentage: seed of large Amber Fox fertilized
with pollen of White Frontignan. Fruit: nearly white, round,
large, skin thin, pulp tender, excellent flavor, no foxiness. Cluster:
very long, without shoulders, close but not crowded. Vine: vigor-
ous, hardy and productive, sometimes and to a small degree affected
with mildew.

NINETEEN. Parentage: seed of small Amber Fox fertilized with
pollen of Black Hamburg. Fruit: black, little bloom, round,
small, skin thin, pulp tender and slightly acid, quite early. Cluster:
medium, shouldered, very compact. Vine: vigorous, hardy, very
productive and healthy.

SIXTY-FOUR. Parentage: seed of small Amber Fox fertilized
with pollen of Black Hamburg. Fruit: red, round, small, skin

18
thin, pulp tender, very good flavor. Cluster: smaif, shouldered,
open. Vine: very vigorous and healthy, hardy, not very preductive.

THREE HUNDRED. Parentage: seed of Amber Fox fertilized
with pollen of White Chasselas. Fruit: white or very light amber-
round, large, skin thin, flavor good, early. Cluster: large, shoul-
dered, compact. Vine: vigorous, hardy, very healthy and productive.

THREE-HUNDRED-SIX. Parentage : seed of large Amber
Fox fertilized with pollen of White Chasselas. Fruit: light am-
ber, round, small, skin thin, pulp tender, very good and very early.
Cluster: siiall, slight shoulders, compact. Vine: medium vig-
or, small firm wood, hardy, moderately productive.

THREE-FORTY-TWO.° Parentage: seed of large Amber Fox
fertilized with pollen of White Frontignan. Fruit: nearly white,
round, large, skin thin, pulp tender, sweet and good, flavor good.
Cluster: medium, shouldered, compact. Vine : vigorous, hardy,
healthy and very productive.

THIRTY-FIVE. Parentage: seed of small Amber Fox fertilized
with pollen of Black Hamburg. Fruit: light amber, round, medi-
um, skin thin, pulp tender and sweet. Cluster: medium, small
shoulders, open. Vine: very vigorous, healthy and productive,
wood rather soft and tender.

FIFTY-EIGHT. Parentage: seed of small Amber Fox fertilized,
with pollen of Black Hamburg. Fruit: red, small, round, skin
thin, little pulp, sweet and very early. Cluster: small, sets irreg-
ularly, open. Vine: vigorous, very healthy and hardy.

SEVENTY-FIVE. Parentage: seed of Black Fox fertilized with
pollen of Black Hamburg. Fruit: black, blue bloom, round, large,
skin thick, pulp tender, sprightly, flavor good, not foxy, early.
Cluster: large, large shoulders, full, holds’ the fruit late. Vine:
very vigorous, very hardy, healthy and productive.

NINETY-FIVE. Parentage: seed of large Amber Fox fertilized’
with pollen of Black Hamburg. Fruit: amber, round, large, pulp
very tender and tart, flavor very good, not foxy, early. Cluster:
medium, without shoulders, open, irregular. Vine: medium vig-
or, very hardy and healthy, moderately productive.

ONE-TWENTY-EIGHT. Parentage : seed of very early Black
Fox fertilized with pollen of Black Hamburg. Fruit: light am-
ber, medium, round, skin thin, pulp tender, sweet, of excellent fla-
vor, early. Cluster: medium, small shoulders. Vine: rather
feeble grower, very hardy and healthy, shy bearer.

wae

I have thought that one hundred dollars would not be an unrea-
sonable price, for thirty varieties as herein mentioned, considering
their quality, and that the purchaser will have and enjoy all the
best products and advantage of my long-continued and expensive
labor, without any restriction or hindrance in the propagation and
sale of the vines.

For that sum I will mark, pack well, and deliver at any express
office in Boston, thirty vines of different kinds. For northern lo-
cations, a few of those of latest maturity had better be omitted
and some of the earlier on the list be taken instead.; and for south-
ern locations some of the later kinds would be better than the
earlier. Thirty of the kinds described, best adapted to the location
of the buyer, will be sent if no request for others is made.

Most of the vines are two or three years old, but a few are only
one year from cuttings. GEORGE HASKELL.

IpswicH, Mass.

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