'.;te r*:*:::.f J: **■' ! "^i; ^ i^. 1 ■■ ■■- -.^ j:* 1 ■!;?■ ill I'SBHiiSTOSlBi^^ 1 1 '■ ' ^S?jy^!^^MBjBr>i^^ I4; • '0 W^' g H ' ,,'^-waKMa^aR^'^rr' ■4 * m THE OIFT OF lolO .B5Z V. 1 . MEMOIRS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY NATURAL HISTORY. VOLUMK I, HONOLULU, H. L; 5.ISHOP Museum Press, I 899-1 903. MEMOIRS OP THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY. Voi« I. — No. 1. HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK. BY WILLIAM T. BBIOHAM, AM. HONOI^ULU, H. I.: Bishop Musbuh Prbss. 1899. ^ BOARD OF TRUSTEES- Sanforb B. Doi,e, I/I^.D President. W11.1.IAM O. Smith , . . . . Vice-President, C. M. Hyde, D,D. Secretary. Hbnry Holmes , Treasurer. William F. Allen. Joseph O. Carter. Samuel M. Damon. MUSEUM STAFF. William T. Brigham, A.M. . . . . , Dire<5lor. William H. Dall . . Honorary Curator of MoUusca. John F. G. Stokes , . . . . . Assistant. Allen M. Walcott Assistant. William A, Bryan Taxidermist. John J. Greene Printer. ^ TTABI^K OF CONXKNTS. I. Hawaiian Feather Work: By William T. Brigham. Issued September, 1899. II. Index to the Islands of the Pacific : By William T. Brigham. Issued December, 1900. III. Key to the Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: By William Alanson Bryan. Issued 1901. IV. Ancient Hawaiian Stone Implements: By William T. Brigham. Issued April, 1902. V. Supplementary Notes to Hawaiian Feather Work: By William T. Brigham. Issued January, 1903. 415091 LIST OF PLATES IN THIS VOLUME. I. HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK. FACING PAGE I Helmet of Kaumualii, Kin^ of Kauai Colored frontispiece II Tahitian Gorget 2 III Hawaiian with Cloak and Helmet. . . 6 IV Small Kahili 7 V Tropic Bird and young 10 VI Feather Mats in British Museum • . . 36 VII Helmets in the Museum at Madrid 44 VIII Hawaiian Chiefs Boki and Liliha- . . 48 FACING PAGE IX Network used in Feather Cloaks 50 X Cloak of Kiwala6 58 XI Network of the Cloak of Kiwala6. • . 54 XII Ahuula in the Boston Art Museum. . 72 XIII Her Majesty Victoria's Feather Cloaks in Windsor Castle 64 XIV Feather Capes in Windsor Castle.. . 78 XV Colored plate of Cape in Bishop Museum End of Memoir 11. INDEX TO THK LSLANDS OF THE PACIFIC. Outline Maps, FACING PACiK 1 Hawaiian Islands (Main) 71tle 2 Hawaiian Islands (Western) 89 3 Caroline IvSlands (Western) 92 4 Caroline Islands (Middle) 100 5 Caroline Islands (Eastern) 108 6 Marshall Islands '. 116 7 Gilbert Islands 1 24 8 New Guinea Coast Islands 132 9 Louisiade Archipelago 139 10 Bismarck Archipelago 147 1 1 Solomon Islands 156 12 New Hebrides 164 I'AC1N<^. PA(iK 13 New Caledonia and Eoyalty Grou])S. . 172 14 Viti or Fiji Archipelago 180 15 Samoan Islands and Nine 188 16 Ellice Group iq6 17 Phoenix and Union Islands 204 1 8 Tongan Islands 212 19 Ivine Islands and Tonga re va 220 20 Society Islands 228 21 Paumotu Archipelago (West) 236 22 Paumotu Archipelago (Ivast) 244 22i Marquesas and Hervey Islands 248 24 Index Chart 256 XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX III. KEY TO THE BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS Plates at the end of Memoir, XXI XXII XXIII Sterna fuliginosa, Anous stolidus. Microanous hawaiiensis, Gygis alba kittlitzi, Anous stolidus. Diomedea nigripes, Diomedea immu- tabilis. Priofinus cuneatus, Bulweria bulweri, ^strelata hypoleuca, Pufhnus new- elli, Puffinus nativitatis. Phaethon lepturus, Phaethon rubri- cauda. Sula piscator, Sulacyanops, Sula sula. Anas wyvilliana, Anas laysanensis. Nycticorax nycticorax ncevius. XXIV Gallinula sandvicensis, Porzanula palmeri, P'ulica alai. XXV Heteractitis incanus, Arenaria inter- pres, Plimantopus knudseni, Cha- radrius doniinicus fulvus, Nume- nius tahitiensis. (V) VI List of Plates, XXVI Buteo solitarius, Corvus hawaiiensis, Asio accipitrinus sandvicensis. XXVII Chasiempis gayi, C. sclateri, C. sand- vicensis, Phaeornis myadestina, P. obscura, P. lanaiensis, P. palmed, Drepanorhaniplius funerea, Acro- cephalus familiaris. XXVIII Vestiaria coccinea, Himatione san- guinea, Oreomyza flammea, Lox- ops ocliracea, L, coccinea, Palmeria dolei. XXIX Rhodacanthis palmeri, Hemignathus procerus, Psittacirostris psittacea, Telespiza cantans, Hemignathus obscurus, lyoxops cseruleirostris, Oreomyza mana, O. newtoni, O. bairdi, Heterorhynchus wilsoni, H. hanapepe, H. affinis, Pseudonestor xanthrophrys, Chlorodrepanis par- va, C. Stejnegeri, Moho nobilis, M. braccatus. XXX Chaetoptila angUvStipluma. IV. ANCIENT HAWAIIAN Plates at the end XXXI Hawaiian Slingstones. XXXII-V Polishing Stones. XXXVI-IX Squid Hook Sinkers. Xly Hawaiian Stone Clubs. XIvI Hawaiian Stone PCvStles. XLII Hawaiian Stone Pestles. XIvIII Hawaiian Mortars. XI^IV Stirrup Poi Pounders. XLV Rills' Pc)i Pounders. XL VI Ring Poi Pounders. XLVII. Stone Cups. STONE IMPLEMENTS. of Memoir. XEVIII-LII Hawaiian Stone Lamps. LIII-VII Hawaiian Adzes. LVIII Fragments from a Workshop. LIX Maori Adzes. LX Hawaiian Adzes mounted. LXI Ceremonial Adzes from Duau. LXII Necker Island Images. LXIII Moriori Clubs. LXIV Hawaiian Idol. LXV Phallic Emblems. LXVI LXVII V. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK. Plates at the e?id of Memoir. Helmets, Norwich Castle. i LXVIII Clark Cape. Norwich CavStle Cape, etc. I LXIX Santa Cruz P'eather Money. ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. MEMOIR I. 6 7 8 9 lO II 12 13 14 15 i6 17 i8 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Cook's Feather Cape : now in Austral- ian Museum Helmet taken to England by Vancou- ver : now in the Bishop Museum . . . Bone Handles of Kahili in the Bishop Museum • liwi, On and Apapane : from mounted specimens in the Bishop Museum. . . Oo and Mamo : from mounted speci- mens in the Bishop Museum '• . Pueo, Hawaiian Owl Feathers as brought in by the Hunter. . Kahili Stem of Ki {Cordyline tcrminaHs) Princess Nahienaena in 1825 Kahili handles left unfinished by Paki Branches of a Kahili • Hulumanu of a Kahili Portion of the funeral procession of Kamehameha III in 1855 Kahili made of sugarcane in place of feathers Small hand Kahili The growing end of a feather Lei Hawaiian Feather Lei •. Hawaiian Feather Lei Feather Model of an Anuu : Cook col- lection in Vienna Kukailimoku engraved from a photo- graph taken by the author in 1864. . Kukailimoku, war god of Kameha- meha : now in Bishop Museum Kukailimoku : now in British Museum Kukailimoku: now in British Museum Kukailimoku : now in British Museum Kukailimoku : now in British Museum Butaritari, Palmyra and Matuku, to show forms of Islands • • • 9^ Diagram of Isochrymes between which coral reef^ occur ^^^ PAGE Kukailimoku : now in British Museum ^^^ Kukailimoku : now in British Museum 36 Diagram to show method of attaching eyes to Kukailimoku 36 Kukailimoku figured in Cook's Voyage 38 Mask and Head-dress from New Guinea 40 Portrait of Hawaiian Warrior: given by Cook 41 Mahiole or Helmet: from Cook's col- lection in Vienna 42 Mahiole or Helmet: from Cook's col- lection in Vienna 42 Mahiole or Helmet: from Cook's col- lection iuiiienna 42 Outlines of Mahiole in Berlin Museum 43 Helmet of wickerwork with projections: in Berlin Museum .......*. 44 Helmet without feathers, Cook collec- tion : in Australian Museum 44 Helmet of wickerwork with five pro- jections : from PVeycinet 44 I Helmets in the British Museum 46-7 Small feather cape 49 Haw^aiian scraj)ing Olon/i : fro]]i a pho- tograph taken oti Molokai 5^> Haw^aiian spinning Olona on his thigh 51 Diagram to show the method of attach- ing the feathers to tlie network 51 Knotting of feathers on a cat)e 52 Cape in Bishop Museum 53 Back of tlie cloak o\ Kiwalao, to sbo\v patchwork 54 Diagram of colors used in the figures of Ahuula 5^ 115 Figures to indicate the patterns and colors of Ahuula 59"^ ^ MEMOIR IL Butaritari of the Gili>ert Group 132 Fanning Island • H<^ Malekula of the New Hebrides : from British Admiralty Chart ^ 79 (VJi) 13 15 16 i7 18 19 19 24 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 33 33 34 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 3^^ 37 3^ 39 40- 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 49- 3 4 5 Vlll 6 7 List of Illustrations. Marianas or Ladrone Islands 183 Matuku in Fiji : from Challenger re- port 186 New Zealand : from Government map 201 Palmyra : from U.S. chart 211 PAGE 10 Peru: from U. S. chart 214 1 1 Rapanui or Easter Island : Map by Thompson, U. S. N. 220 12 Washington : from U. S. chart 251 MEMOIR III, Chasiempis sandvicensis 292 Drepanorhamphus funerea- 298 Vestiaria coccinea 296 Palmeria dolei 299 Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri, Plimatione sanguinea, Chlorodrepanis parva and Oreomyza bairdi 299 Loxops coccinea 304 Hemigiiatlius obscnrns 306 Heterorhynchus afFinis 307 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 Heterorhynchus wilsoni 307 Pseudonestor xanthophrys 309 Psittacirostra psittacea 309 Telespiza cantans 310 Rhodacanthis palnieri 311 Chloridops kona 312 Moho nobilis 312 Acrocephalus familiaris . . 314 Phceornis obscura 315 MEMOIR IV 1 Hawaiian vStone Hannners 338 2 Australian and Maori Stone Plammers 339 3 Plawaiian Canoe-breakers 340 j 29 4 Canoe-breaker in Munich Museum. .. . 341 30 5 Obsidian Dagger and Dagger-heads. . . 342 31 6 Slingstones from New Caledonia and 32 Guam 343 2^:s 7 Hawaiian Sling and vSIingstones 344 34 8 Stone Anchor of a Kamehamelui canoe 346 35 9 Hawaiian Grindstones 347 10 Stone Balls used in games 348 36 r I J^ath Rubbers of cellular lava 349 12 Stone Files for uuiking and sharpening 37 fishhooks 350 38 13 Hawaiian Door Stone 351 39 14 Sc^uid hook used by Hawaiiaus 352 40 15 Stone Knife 353 41 16 Moriori Stone Flensing Knives 354 42 17 Compound Hawaiian Clul) : from Read 355 43 18 Hawaiian CluV) heads of basalt 356 44 19 Hawaiian Stone weapons 357 45 20 Clubs of New Guinea and the Bis- marck Archipelago 358 46 21 Ancient Maori Clubs 359 47 22 Maori Paoi and Club 360 23 Hawaiian vStone Pestles 361 48 24 Hawaiian Pestles 362 | 49 25 Hawaiian Pestles 363 | 50 26 Hawaiian Stone MuUers 364 I 51 27 View of Kaulananaho?^ on Molokai... 365 j 52 Hawaiian vStone Mortars of cylindrical form 366 Mortar broken in the making 367 Stone Cups used for grinding 368 Hawaiian Poi Board and Pounders. . . 369 Tahitian Poi Pounders 370 Marquesan Poi Pounders 371 Ancient Marquesan Poi Pounder 371 Coral rock Pounders : from Ruk, Caro- line Islands 372 Wood and Stone Pounders : from the Caroline Islands 373 Hawaiian Muller : of coral rock 374 Ancient Haw^aiian Poi Pounder 375 Hawaiiaus nmking Poi Pounders 375 Unfinished Poi Pounders 376 Ancient form of Haw^aiian Poi Pounders 377 Group of Hawaiian Poi Pounders 378 Group of Hawaiian Poi Pounders 379 Group of Haw^aiian Poi Pounders 380 Position of holding Ring Pounders for pounding (a), or grinding (b) 381 vStone Pounders of uncertain use 381 Hawaiian stone implement of ancient but unknown use 382 Kapa Pressers 383 Rude Hawaiian Stone Dish 384 Hawaiian Dish of coral sandstone. ... 385 Hawaiian Stone Dish 386 Stone Offertorium : from Molokai 386 List of Illustraliois. IX 53 Stone Bowl from Necker Island 387 54 Stone Bowl from Nihoa Island 387 55 Hawaiian Stone Dish 388 56 Hawaiian Stone Cnps 389 57 Kapuahi kuni anaana : Cups for burn- ing souls 390 58 Stone vSalt Pans from Kailua, Hawaii. 391 59 Lamp from a lava bubble 392 60 Lamps made from broken pounders. . . 393 61 Rude forms of Hawaiian Lamps 394 62 Large Stone Lamps from MolokaL... 394 63 Cylindrical Hawaiian vStone Lamps. • • 395 64 Fishing Lamp 396 65 Tahitian Sorcery Lamp 397 66 Haw^aiian vStone Mirrors 399 67 Hawaiian Maika Stones, of good form 400 68 Hawaiian Maika Stones, of good form 401 69 Pile of Maika Stones to show varying thicknCvSS 403 70 Rings of limestone and shell from the western Pacific 404 71 Method of boring Shell Rings 405 72 Hawaiian Fishing Stones. 406 73 Hawaiian vStone Axe 407 74 Cutting edges of Hawaiian Adzes 408 /5 76 77 1^ 79 80- 82 84 86 '^7 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 9S I'Ac.i: H awaiian Adzes . 3122, 3 1 40 and 3 1 50 • . 409 Hawaiian Adzes, 3137, 3152 and 3121.. 410 Hawaiian Adze with oblique blade. ... 41 1 Hawaiian vStone Adzes 412 Hawaiian Stone Adzes 413 I Solomon Island Adzes of greenstone.. 416 vSouthern Pacific Adzes 417 Moriori Adzes from Chatham Islands- . 419 Moriori Adzes from Chatham Islands. . 420 Handles of Adzes from New Guinea and Micronesia 420 Various Adze handles from tlie Pacific 421 Gilbert Islands Adzes with handles. . . 422 Maori Adzes with ornamented handles 422 Ceremonial Adzes from Mangaia 423 Maori car\'ed Adze handle. 424 Fine Stone Chisel 425 Stone Gouge 425 vStone images of I'ish gods 426 Image from Manoa Valley, Oahu. .... 427 Necker Island Image in profde 428 Miscellaneous vStone objects 429 ']\'etotum vStones. 430 Pile of Hawaiian vStone Adzes. 433 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MliMOIR V. Under side of Feather Mat 438 i i Kukailimoku, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.. 439 12 Kukailimoku, Oxford Museum 440 13 Eye of shell and feathers 441 14 Wicker Helmet from Maui 443 ^ ^ 5 Helmet, Newcastle-upon-Tyne 444 16 Helmet, Newcastle-upon-Tyne 445 17 Helmet in Oxford Museum 446 18 Helmet at Berne • • 447 '9 Helmets in Peabody Museum 447 20 Marcpiesan headl)and 448 Color Diagram Berne Cloak 449 Caml)ridge Cape 449 Cape, Newcastle-upon-Tyne 450 lulge- Partington Ca])e • 450 Ihirned Cloak, Honolulu 45 1 Dover Cloak 45 1 Cape 451 Norwich Cape . • 45 i Coil of Feather Money 452 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. I. Helmet of Kaumualii, King of Kauai. Printed in colors by Lowv, of Vienna, from a negative by the author. II. Tahitian gorget or portion of a dress of ceremony. From a photograph sent from Sydney by R. Etheridge, Jr., Esq. III. Hawaiian with cloak (No. 5) and helmet (No. 2). Photographed by the Direcflor. IV. Small kahili in the Bishop Museum. Photographed by the author. V. Tropic bird (No. 7463) and young (No, 7464). Photographed by the Direcflor from mounted specimens in the Bishop Museum. VI. Feather mats in the British Museum. Photographed by Mr. Henry Oldland for this use. VII. Helmets in the Spanish National Museum at Madrid. F^rom a lithographed plate kindly furnished by Stewart Culin, Esq., of Philadelphia. VIII. Boki and Eiliha. From the colored lithograph of a painting by John Hayter, published in September, 1824, The copy in the Pi(5lure Gallery of the Bishop Museum was given to Queen Emma in 1885 by the Bishop of Rochester. I do not know where the original painting is. Boki, who was Governor of Oahu, wears a feather cloak and helmet. Liliha wears a lei of feathers, a niho palaoa of human hair about her neck, and \X\(t pa'u or usual female dress of kapa. IX. Network used in feather cloaks. The upper figure shows three grades of olond net, the middle one a long malo; the lower figure shows the back of a cloak where, from the looseness of the netting, the feathers have worked through. X. Cloak of Kiwalao (No. 2); in modern times styled the "Queen's cloak." XI. Network of the cloak of Kiwalao to show the piecing. XII. Ahuula in the Boston Art Museum (Nos. 58 and 59). XIII. Cloaks in the Museum of Her Majesty Victoria at Windsor Castle (Nos. 19 and 20). Photographed by Russell & Co. XIV. Capes in Her Majesty's collection at Windsor Castle (Nos. a^2\ , ^=87, r=86, f/=85). Photographed by Russell & Co. XV. Cape in the Bishop Museum (No. 7). Printed in colors by lyOwy, of Vienna, from a negative by the Direcflor. The central crescent should be black instead of red. ■M ■&'^-'f4:i^>¥ h'-'i: . "-"-I.- '.j-Ai' 'AM W^ '^^ j^^fc V ; ^^'- HAWAIIAN V- WORK W I M.I AM T. HRir.lIAM. ;\.M Jllarv. ), A. A. S.I i«^^''7^ > fiir Aiilhri>f^itl([i:i'(\ I'Jluioli'^i^ic mid l'i\i^rsfhiihlr ; ih,' Pliilaiiriplni! .'luul- cmx i>j Nafttrai Sf/rf/ffs; the Cdli- fi nil ill Afaiii'uiy of Sn'mtrs. Mrii/hcr oj (hf Miissdihiisrfis liorliniL litral Sihi,'iY: a mi' oj thr I'lfiiiin Anthf ifiUoo IS, hi 11 (u \u /Av //////. il>^l H >!♦ \l HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK. An Essay on ancient Haivaiiaii Feather decoration^ n'itli a List of the more important remains. By Willieini X. Brighcim, A.M., DireFlor of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Thb: love of personal decoration appears very early in the history of the human race. When the fierce struggle for existence and the pursuit of food and shel- ter allowed time for the consideration of family, the keen hunters must have learned many a lesson from the beasts of the field and forest,— not less from the birds of the air, of the processes of Nature which Mr. Darwin has called sexual se/eflion. That any savage ever reasons out these processes cannot be believed, but the sharp eye trained in daily hunts could not be blind to the patent fact that so many birds have plumage evidently intended for attractive decoration, and that it answers this purpose. Savage man at first put on the adornments in which he saw the male of so many birds and beasts was resplendent, and not until many ages after was the woman allowed to appropriate to her own use what in early tribal life was the exclusive property of the male. The lion's mane, the tiger's skin, the eagle's feather were man's earliest adorn- ment, and it is not improbable that woman in humble emulation of her lord made for herself clusters and bands of flowers or fruits, while the dwellers on the ocean shores soon took the sea-shells cast on the sandy beach. The warrior of the far North has the eagle and hawk from which to borrow, and the ancient war dress of a Mandan chief was decorated with spoil of these and other birds; but in the warmer regions of the earth, where Nature puts forth all her powers, and birds and inseds vie in coloring with the most brilliant flowers, uncivilized man has wantoned in the prodigality and fashioned for himself a gorgeous decoration taken from the captives of his bow, net, or blow-gun. India still, through all the years of her changing civilization, has preserved the traces of early work in bird feathers in the superb punkas where the showy feathers of the peacock and pheasant have replaced the smaller and more beautiful feathers of earlier days. The rock-cut temples record on the effigies of gods and heroes that line the walls or cluster about the columns the use of feather decoration both in civil and martial guise; a tale of very remote times. Eastward through the Siamese penin- sula, northward through China, the use of feather decoration extended, and in the latter MEMOIRS OF THE BERNICE PaIAHI BlSHOP MUSKCM. VOL. 1. 2 BRIG HAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK. empire, where are seen in the glimpses we obtain of their remote histoi-y, so many germs of what we fondly consider our own inventions, feather mosaics are even at the present day made in abundance. I have seen in China the simple process of cement- ing the bright-colored feathers to metal surfaces in a form of jewelry most popular with the middle classes. It w^as in the midst of the American continent that feather work in ancient times reached its best estate. In Brazil along the banks of the Amazon, in Venezuela on the Orinoco, where it is difficult to decide whether birds outnumber the flowers or the flowers are brighter in color than the birds that fly among them, the strings and plumes of bright feathers were not merely decorations: they were, and are, often symbols of chieftainship, and feather sceptres are found in most large museums of Ethnology, especially in Rome, Vienna and Berliti. In Central America the wonderful monoliths buried in the forests of Guatemala and Honduras bear the feather plumes of Quetzalcoatl, and at Quirigua I have seen these plumes sculptured with rare fidelity. The Maya picture writings that escaped the destroying hand of the bigoted Spanish priests, show feather standards, head- dresses and other ornaments, but when we follow the Conquistadores northward through many a league of unbroken forest, we come in Mexico to the royal domain of the ^^Ars p/umariay Here feather work was most admirable at the time of the Conquest and w^e have still preserved the grand tiara of Montezuma and a superb fan of the same, period in the royal Museum at Vienna. These although differing from the class of work we are at present to consider, deserve a passing notice for their wonderful beauty not only of material but of artistic arrangement as welL Baron Ferdinand von Hoch- stetter has well described the first', and Dr. Franz Heger' the second. The plumes of the Quetzal {Phanmiacnis mocinno) and the vivid turquoise blue of the Xiuhtototl {Cotinga chiBa or avrulea) are prominent among charming spoils of less known birds. The Ara {Psittacus rjiacao) furnished brilliant plumage as do scores of other parrots, and the Mexican of today continues the pretty art bequeathed him by remote ancestors. Whichever way then the ancient inhabitants of the Polynesian groups entered the Pacific Ocean they must have brought some knowledge of feather decoration. Central Asia has now little enough of this work, but the southern and eastern shores of Asia furnished and still furnish abundant illustration. New Guinea, the halting place for the east-bound, has among others the feathers of the Birds of Paradise and the hehnets and diadems are no mean objeds among the manufadlures of a remarkably decorative people. If the immigrants came from the American shore and journeyed with the *'Trades'^ they had no inferior preceptor in the people of Greater Mexico. On the comparatively barren islands the new comers found few birds of brilliant plumage. Two shades of yellow, two of red, a green, black and white exhausted the ^rehn- tnrxiaxHisihe Rt^Uquien au& dn Zcit MoniezumxVs in dn- ^.'U/mcv/ran/sc/if Reliquien aus dcm Schlosse Ambtas in Tirol, k. k. Ambrascr Sammlnnii in d<'n Dcnkschriflen der philosophiuh- A nnalcn des k. k, natitrhistorischen Hof museums,, Wien, 1895. hidorischfu Classr dcr kaisevlich Akadrmie dry Wisscnschaften in (Fii'n, Bd, XXXV. [1SH4.] wiiitiaa iUth'A.f: B RICH AM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK, 3 palette, for the forests were not extensive, nor fruits abundant as in the East Indies or in Mexico. In Viti the red feathers of the Lorins solitarius and in Samoa those of the Coryphibis fringillaceus were used to decorate choice mats, and feathers of the former were much sought in Tonga. In the Society Islands stiff gorgets were made of feathers and shark teeth (PI. II.) and ceremonial dresses or masks of pearl shell and feathers one of which is still preserved in the British Museum and another, less per- fect, in Florence. All these uses of feathers in a permanent form are crude and primitive: all yield to the beautiful and far more durable work of the Hawaiians which it is the object of this essay to illustrate. Hawaiian feather work seen in its remains which have come down to us consists, first, in Lets or strings of feathers worn in the hair, or, in later times, about the neck; Kahilis or plumes of feathers used as royal insignia; Ahunla cloaks or capes worn on state occasions by chiefs and nobility ; Mahiole or helmets designed for protedlion as well as ornament; images of the god Kiikai/imokii the chosen war-god of Kamehameha I.; and finally a few other things, as a model of a temple oracle given to Captain Cook, and certain mat-like ob]e(5ls now in the British Museum, of which the probable use will be discussed in order. The birds which supplied the feathers, at least the choicer yellow, red and green, were inhabitants of the mountain regions into which as the abode of evil spirits the Hawaiian did not like to go. His home was on the shore where the fish were at hand, or in the well-watered valleys w^iere he could grow his kalo {Caladiuni esculcntuni) , Hence a caste arose of hardy venturesome men, the bird-hunters, — poe haliai manii^ — who endured cold and privations in their hunt for the precious feathers which were indeed the gold currency in which tribute might be paid or by which coveted goods might be obtained. The old Hawaiian was a close observer of nature. Having neither books nor the modern curse of newspapers, his memory was strengthened and his eye sharpened. He had a name for every tree and plant and not less for every bird. It is true that he did not always conjoin the two sexes when they, as is not infrequently the case, differ greatly in coloration; but ornithologists of education have failed in the same way. The hunters knew well enough the haunts of the birds they sought and the seasons when the plumage was at its best. They knew the habits of the birds, their food and other matters that might facilitate their quest. For example, they recog- nized the curiosity of the birds and planted strange trees in the open places in the forests, and in these new trees placed the sticks smeared with bird-lime which would entangle the prying birds. Bows and arrows would have been of no avail, if they had possessed them, for the rarer birds were seldom killed but captured alive and when the few feathers desired were plucked, released to renew their plumage at the next moult- ing. When bird-lime made of the viscid juice of the **papala'' {Pisonia umbellifera) 4 RK!GffAM OX fiAlVAl/AN FEAJYfFR lVOJx*k\ could be obtained it was jjrefcrred, altliotigb other kinds were known and snares and throwing nets were freqiientlv used. The common sorts were often kiHed and eaten, and the oo conki hardl_v have snrvived the k)ss of nearly its entire plnmage. It will be well to k)ok at the description lh,e early voyagers give of this feather wm-k at a time when it was in |)erfeAion, hearing in mind that in fiftv years from the earb'est account the making of feather cloaks had pra(5lically ceased, although the con- strnAion of kahilis and the plaiting of Icis continues to the present day. These latter works, however, require no especial skill and draw upon very miscellaneous material. When Cook anchored off Wainiea, Kauai, in 1778, on his first discover^y of the Hawaiian (in)up, lie and bis officers at once noticed the feather robes and lielmets, and the artist Wabcr | not \\'eli}ier| in the capital drawing made of the scene on shore delineates a chief wearing the niabiolc and ahnnla. The account is as h)llows: " Ainoiig'st the arliclfs which they brought to barter tliis day [Jan. 21, 1778] we could not help taking !U)tict; of a particular sort of cloak and cap, which, even in countries where dress is more partietdarl}^ allentlcd to, might be reckoned elegant. Tlie first are nearly of the size and shape of the short cloaks worn by the women in lifigland, and by the men of Spain, reaching tvA on the occasion of snviu- I'arlicular ccriamm diversion, for tlie people who lunl Ihcni ahvaws nrade siH whiiJi we had seen i 1)0 fore by those who suni^a '"The cap is made almctsl exactlv like a hehnel. with the midilk* pari, or crcsi. stam-tuiies hand's I)readtli ; and it fits very close upon tlie liead having notches lo a. It is a If of twigs anarl heing red '/ with some hhick. yellow or .green stripes on the sides foHowiiig the curve direct ion <»f the crest. These proliably ctanplete the dress with the ckiaks, h)r the !iati\x;s sometimes appetiretl in both together. "We were at a U>ss to tpiess froni whence lhe\' could get smdt a tfuanlit\' of the.--e beatdifnl feathers; but were sex ai tidi^rmed as tt) (aie sori for they afterward lirtaight great uimdiia-s of skitis of small red birds [irh'i\ Uw sak% whi(>h were ufleii tied up in bmiclu's «.f Iweiite ()V nioTv, or haad border ol the saiall red aud }^ ii.a,:\ir:'r icxkicx I*.!.' : X« IW IN I'll r>l emr i^kind wa^ \Nh in w\x^ ^d l.v Mr. An r. wdh a blae 6 BRIGHAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK. feathers, and a collar of the same. Others again are made of feathers entirely white with variegated borders. The helmet has a strong lining of wicker-work, capable of breaking the blow of any war- like instrument and seems evidently designed for that purpose. Fig. 2. ** These feathered dresses seemed to be exceedingly scarce, appropriated to persons of the highest rank and worn by the men only. During the whole time we lay in Karakakooa Bay [Keala- keakua], w^e never saw them used but on three occasions : in the curious ceremony of Terreeoboo's [Kalaniopuu] first visit to the ships ; by some chiefs w^ho were seen among the crowd on shore when Captain Cook was killed ; and afterward, when Eappo [?] brought his bones to us. ''The exact resemblance between this habit and the cloak and helmet formerly worn by the Spaniards was too striking not to excite our curiosity to inqviire whether there were any probable grounds for supposing it to have been borrowed from them. After exerting every means in our power of obtaining information on the subject, we found they had no immediate knowledge of any other nation whatever ; nor any tradition remaining among them of these islands having been ever visited before by such vShips as ours. But notwithstanding the result of these inquiries, the uncommon form of this habit appears to me a sufficient proof of its European origin, especially when added to another circumstance, that it is a singular deviation from the general resemblance in dress which prevails amongst all the branches of this tribe dispersed through the South Sea. We were driven indeed by this conclusion to a supposition of the shipwreck of some Buccaneer, or Spanish ship, in the neigh- borhood of thCvSe islands. But when it is recollec5led that the course of the Spanish trade from Aca- pulco to the Manilas is but a few degrees to the South w^ard of the Sandwich Islands in their passage out, and to the North w^ard on their return, this supposition will not appear in the least improbable. "^ To Captain King's account ninst be added that of the surgeon of the fleet, William Ellis, who was both a ready writer and a good draughtsman. His relation of the last voyage of Cook, now a rare book, adds much to the information given in the official account. "The principal ornaments of the men are the feather caps and cloaks ; some of the latter reach down to their heels, and have a most magnificent appearance. They are made for the mOvSt part of red and yellow feathers, which are tied upon fine net work ; the caps are composed of the same kind of feathers which are sometimes intermixed with black ; they are secured upon a kind of basket work made \\\ the form of a helmet. Both caps and cloaks are made of various patterns and sizes. The cloaks are not all composed of the same kind of feathers, but are sometimes varied with the long tail feathers of the cock, with a border of yellow or red, and vSometimes with thOvSe of the tropick bird. Both caps and cloaks, how^ever, are only to be seen in the possession of the principal people. They have also a kind of fiy-flap, made of a bunch of feathers fixed to the end of a thin piece of smooth and polished wood : they are generally made of the tail feathers of the cock, but the better sort of people have them of the tropick bird's feathers, or those belonging to a black and yellow bird called mo-ho [Oo]. The handle is very frequently made of one of the bones of the arm or leg of those whom they have killed in battle, curiously inlaid with tortoise shell : these they deem very valuable, and will not part with them under a great price. This ornament is common to the superiors of both sexes. "The women too have their share in the ornamental w^ay : that which they value most is the erai \j€i\. This is a kind of ruff or necklace made of red, green, black, and yellow feathers, curi- ously put together, and in most elegant patterns, which really do honor to the fancy of the ladies, whose business it is to make them. They never think themselves dressed without one or tw^o of these round their necks, and those who can afford it wear many. "5 ^Journal of Captain King; Cook's i'tiyaj^rs. III., p. 138. The sup- Kealiiokaloa. In 1555 Juan Gaetano discovered these islands when position that the Spaniards had preceded them was indeed cor- sailing from New Spain to the Moluccas. rect. Cook had doubtless read Anson's Voj^a^e, which was pub- ^An authentic nairative of a 7m>a^e performed by Captain Cook lished the year he sailed from England, and in which was a copy and Captain Clerke, in his majesty's ships Resolution and Discovery of the Spanish chart captured on the galleon June 20, 1743. on the during the years lyp, ijjy, 177H, ijjg and 17S0 ,- in search of a north- voyage from Acapulco to Manila. On this chart are laid down a ivest passage bettveen the continents of Asia and America, Including group ''I^as Mesas'" in nearly the latitude of the Hawaiian Islands, a faithful account of all their discoveries, and the unfortunate death though some fifteen degrees out of the correct longitude, not an of Captain Cook. By W. KHis. assistant su rgeon to both vessels unusual error at that time. In November, 1527. shipwrecked Span- I^ondon, 1782. Vol. II., p. 155. lards arrived at Keei, near Kealakeakua, Hawaii, in the reign of Ml'^MuiKS lilsKol- Mr>rr ^^^^^'. m ■S:.#n IIA\V>. IIAN Wl'l :l \i I'l^ I :'. I . 4 MA I.I, i.:,\im.i. I'I:AriII{R irORK fX /{,tR/.}' !'( )}:,!(. h'S. Ill llic voyrigx's of Captains Porlloclx ami Dixon in 17S6 wv read: "Ihit the most beutitiUil (trnanieiit wore 'by llic women is a iircklacc iiiack- Inmi ilw variei-ati-d leatliiTS uf the hiimiiiiiig bird which arc fi\i-d 011 striii.u^s so n-,uailar ami wt-n as i«» lia\x^ a surlaoi' i-<|i!all\^ siiioolh as velvet : and the ri(^li (-olonrs of Hie feallicrs .^i^^e it an appearanec e(Hiall\^ rieli and i^k-eant. "The eaps and cloaks w«»rc 1)\^ the men arc still sniu-rior in ln-antv and i-lfganct^ 'Idie chiaks are in general ahonl the size ol tlu>se won- l)\^ tlu^ Spaniards: the L'.r<»i"i network and the fcaUicrs arc Ncwed on in ahernatc sfpiarcs or trian.^nhir forms oi red and \h-11ow. \vhi(di have a niosi l.riliiani appearance, ddic enmiid ol tlic raps i-^ wicker work, in the lorni ,)f a hehnct : tlic elcvalctl part Irrnn the Inn- head to the hind part ol the neck, t-, about a hand's breadth and u^ar^ erallv covered with veHow leallier-. the sides of the cap with red ^ Thi,-. cap. togxiher with the chiak. has an appearance c»piallv splemlid. il not .snperier t.» an\^ scarlet and ihM whattwx-r. by Chiefs of the biglicst rank, who wear them on ex! rac»rdimir\^ .Kx-e sions. There are i-loaks ot an inferior knid, wldtdi have onlv a narrow border of red and yellow fiadhcrs. tlie rest being eovered with h/atliers nl the trepie and nran^.f^^war Idrd."" \'n,iicoii\x;r retiiriiiiig to Kealakeakiia, li'i)' in 17M.3 met Kaiiieliaiiielia I. and he (leserihes the (h'cs.s of the y was his Hawaiian majesty, dressd in a printci linen e.nwn, that Captain Cook had given to Kahmiopuii ; and tin- most eli-gant leather cloak 1 had vet secae composc.l principdly of hcantilul bright \adh,w leathers and rcaidiine fi.ini hi-, shoulders t Mnseiinp No. 3.22 ); and kiUa", when enming to see liis goamc time dt^liviax-d inP. mv <'haree the Mip.crb eh.ak that he had worn on hi-, lormal visit on our arrivak This cloak wa- ver>^ ncallv ma.le (.1 .elhnv feath.cr. ; after he had di-p.laved d,^-^bean!v and had ^hewn me llie two holt^s nrulc m ailU-rcnl parts oi it hv the cneinvV >i.cars il,c hrst day lie wore h. in l.i> l,,^t P;^tl]e |..r the snvcreigntv of this island, he verv ./arelnllv hildcd it r.p, ,,',,(1 de it had never been worn Iw anv pei.on but himseli he strictlv taijoined. lue not to pcrnnt anv pernai whatever to werlhcir.hoiddca^s saving il was the most vrdnable in the i.land o, Hawaie and tor that p,,| ,ent it to so great a^n.mareh. a,nd ^o geK.d a Irieiuh as he eoiiMdcred the King ol !■ ngland. ;. 3. BOX1-: HAXOLI-.S KAnii.is : B. IS n. m. 8 RRf(;HAM ON HAU\-UIAN Fl-.A'rjlliR WORK. y his own grateful liearl, witliout liaviii7A7),V. ,^ yellow feathers lias but two of llic in-evUms (lea>rali,ms,^^^mir iact hcino^ thai llir ( h. has ill eaeh axil a tuft of fn»iii fifteen to twenty feathers, and the Mama has <,uitr as iiiaiiv ill the (lorso-eaiidal region. But it is linie lost to reprai the many wamleriiios frmn the truth that these inysterions birds have caused, and wi- may turn at ntire to a coiu sidcratioii of the birds thai fiirnislied the feathers for the nld I lawaiiaiis." lilRDS FlRNlSHINf; FEATHERS. Iiwi.^--First the liwi ( I f.s//a/7if uhrinrii, Reieluaibach ), Vvs. 4, r.a the Im^^hi red bird, found all o\-er the gronf), !oda,y as in former limes the niosi aliiindajit native birch although, like all other natives disappearing. I have seen it in ni\^ gankui in X'nitanii I'U;. 5, <)'> Axo M:\Mi>: siau;mi.:\s ix lasnne .\irsr;rM. Valle}- about 120 feet alK)\'f the sea, in fair we;itlier, and it is efien dri\^eii down to the sliore from the nininilaiu ridges, which an- its usual hannl, h\^ se\a;re slotaus. I( is a lioiiey-sueker and frecfiients the arbnreseetit I.obeliaAX-a' .so nntiecabh' a featun- of the Hawaiian flora. The adult feuuik- is o{ a darker vermiiiun than I lie male, and lua- feathers are taisil\* nristjiken for those of the fadecl apapane. I'otal length, 5.7^ inches. The breast furnishes the main sup]d\- of feathers. Tliat tliere iru,iv be something more (jefiiiile than the mere teians i-ed. \i/i]ow, orange applied tcj these feathers, I ha\'e compared nnf:u1ecl spc'cimens watli the eolnr illustrations gi\a:u in M. Leon Lefe\i*e's //v///'/' 7ev M,j!ih(\^ iiil(>r!ri{!(\^ tuiilu iiilii ^, Paris, itSgt), and the fresli feathers of the bwi eorix'spond to the roiure d*ali/ariue ,SX lo BRIG HAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK, siir soie 25% pate a 20% given on page 1402 of that great work. When the feather fades it assumes a yellow tone, and the color of these as of the 00 and mamo fades quickly in alcohol. Kept in the dark, as the ahuula were most of the time, the tint seems verj^ durable, some old leis and capes showing as bright as the freshly plucked feathers. Oo. — Next to this the Oo {Acrulocercits rwbilis^ Wilson), Fig. 5, ^/ ? , /; c? , is abundant, but confined to the island of Hawaii. Other species are found on Kauai, Maui and Molokai, but none of them have the bright axillary tufts. Like the iiwi it is a honey-sucker, but I have fed them successfully in captivity on the juice of sugar cane. The general color is a brilliant black which brings the yellow tufts into fine contrast. All the black figures and lines in the feather work are of this plumage, and it was largel)^ used in the grand kahilis. As the bird was a favorite article of food, and as the larder of the hunters in the mountains was poorly stocked, it seldom survived capture, and yet this bird has remained in comparative abundance while the mamo, whose orange feathers alone were taken, has become extinct. The name is onomatopoeic, the note closely resembling 0-0. Total length of adult male, 12.5 inches; adult female, 9.5 inches. The curled tail which gives the bird its generic name is confined to the male of the nobilis. The yellow of the axillary tufts is nearly repre- sented by the citronine sur soie shown on p. 449 of Lefevre, In mounting these feathers, which are rather thin at the top and black at the base, iiwi short feathers are often added to the base to give a warm tint to the pale yellow and to approximate it to the mamo. This addition is called /es im canoe \-o\^^ ages. vSnreh' the pixjlonged saturation uf a shipwa-eck wouh:l account for any h)ss (tf coh)r. 1 liave, howex'ia:, soaked both nianu} and iiwi feathers in a saturated sobi- tion of eotnniou saH^ h>r six months witli bnt bttle h»ss of coh>r. The storv, ahJiough probabh" apocT\^|)ha,], ha^s served its purpose. It is mo. 7. r^i- A'|■III^ks r'Ri'M Tiir, honio'.k. unnecessaj-v' to more ihaai mention the kds and capch made in rc<-cnl tinier o| ilic k-athcr:-. .il the pcai;oek and pheasant, nianv of which were in ihc pn>,^^(-;Kion o| Kalakaua and kis sister; ihcy were poor snbstitutcs f(n- the gi'uniiic lIa\\^aiian H^a.lhcrs. Besides the incthod ot capturing uiili hinkliuiis ncK ol ligkl thread and wick' mesh were skilfully thrown mvr the ll:cing bird, and ^4u1cs and stonrs were also re- sorted t(» with the larger birds. Pckcapuen ^vas a. snare ust'd cs|)rcia]lv ku- oxils. C )nc of the ancient nets k)r kirdwalching is in ikis Museum ( Nke !3.S),and I liavr suc^ ceeded witk net i< of considerable .izc and ike nicsh stick woiild be five inches wide. In wkatcx^cr way the birds were caiiglil llie knlkers when plucked were tied to a thin luil strong fibre and nnuk- up into small parcels as skanvn in Fig. 7. The Iniutcrs often i,Kid«!c. i^~ ^;i^:,>:.;-r ,,■■■ than the nobilitw ihns losiipi^^ mm-li of tlieir meaiiinp. 'kke laJe n.i'al tamilw liowm-er, retained them to the end of the naniarehv, ami n>yu\ pia-sonapes had llu'in at their side at feasts or pithlie retxp)lions. Of lliese small kaldlis tdie k)i>hop Museum ha;^ kmr score, :ind examples arc found ill mcKst tiin,seiiiiis. The kirpe kahilin ns.-d i.nlv oil solemn oeea^sious are now hhiiited in iiinidier, all ike importanl historic ^aies ;iro in ihis Mnsiaim and no more will ever 1e.pitiinalel\- be mack-. I know ..f man- m s.nv kireipii imiMaim. The pole, at first n mere snjiport or ^-tcan. kc-eame from the k.rei- of eirenin^^ stances the impersonation of the wlakie kahili in the. wa\v a kaliib was made k.r a chief, was nann-T and, when liie occasion k.r its nsi^ ha.l ]);i,NM.(k its feathers were la,k(ai off and stored awa\-: tdie hami was ilissoived s.ml "niv the iiaaia/ remaim^d to the pole wbieli niigliL when the next nccl aro^c be apaiii clothed with the sanu^ or oUaa" feathers, and in similar or rpiite different kean. C)llen tke prde was s sjiear ( >--/W// XV////7,/), or a stiek of well rounded koa { , //./e/i/ ,6>,/, k;rav b and in later times cabincl^ 1 6 HR/(;ii.4M OX HAiVAI/AX FEATlfKR IVORK. makers formed tlie stems of alternating native woods. Man}' of these last, both hirge and small, are in this Mnsciim hnt were unknown to the aneieiit Hawaiian. The old, native had, however, a very elaborate form of handle made b\' strio,g"ing- disks of tor- ttdse-shell on a tough bnt slender core of kanila wood {Alphitania rxcflsu, Reissek), or in the small ones of whalebone. The tortoise-shell was cither used alone or alter- nating with bone or ivorv. Making these handles was amnsement as well as work for chiefs, and two that the high chief Paki, father of Mrs. IMsliop, left unfinished at his death in June, 1S55, are in the Bishop Museum and show well the method of eonstrue- tioii : Fig. II. On the whale!)one core were strung tweiitv or more disks of '^ ; fl^i?' the onler shell of the sea turtle, scjiiare or a,ppro.ximatelv rounded, then a ring of bone was pressed tiglii- h' down oil the parcel of disks and the whole filed into shape aJid p(,)lished. This is precisel}' the proeess used in tlie man niacin re of shell mono}- once the eommcni enrreuev of the people of the western Pacific, though not generallv amcuig I?olvnesians. In the large kahilis the l)one is often omitted and the whole series pressed closeh' together apparcutly without cement. Snch handles are of great weiifht but alwa\'S of ele^'ant form :«' and perfect finish. How earh' this 1 inatinfaAure Ijcgan we liax'c no means ^ , ^ ? of knowing: the same work is shown, ' ' ^_ ill a, fan handle once Ijclonging to * Kalaniopuu the King of Hawaii at , '^ ' ' the time of Cook's visit | B. M,. No. ^^j^. ^^ STIOI 01^ KJ 501 1 |, and from the finish it can hardl)' have l)een a new proeess. Ih-otiablv, as the turtle were abundant and the shell easily worked, the mannfaclure is of ctmsiderable antiquity. The l)one alternating with tlic tortoise-shell is often human, as described 1)\' the early voyagers, and a good example is shown in Phg. 3, p. 7 | B, M. No. 24]. The kunm iW principal bone is the right sliin Ixme of Kane\vn in the same illustration, was given b}* Paki nearly half a century ago to (lorhani D. (ribnan to whom he ttdd all the names of the bones in (nder; l)nt when !^Ir. Ciibnan gave tlie handle to the Museum he had long since forgotten the interesting list. The feathers {hitlnniaim) were of every variety known to the Hawaiians, includ- ing sueli foreign ones as ostrich ami })eaeock ; l)ut the old ones were of the tro|)icd)ird, 00 (both yellow and bhiek ), frigatcd)ird, pueo, iiwi and the barnyard fcnvh In laii'r degenerate times dyed duck feathers were used. The method of the modern florist ._, ;. wdio fastens his short-stenrmed flowers to ".. i wires that they may have due proniiiieuce ill his boncpiet was practised h\ the isl- ander of (dden time, but as he had no wire he pressed into service the tongli, slim midrib of the coconut leaf. Several of these, or of other stiff fibres, he bound together witli the thread of olona, attach- ing by the same thread the feathers to the separated ends of the main stem in a way show-n more clca,rly in h'ig. i2, p. 19. These feathered branches are tied togel her in small bundles and kept in (piantii}' for use. How they were finally histcned to the kahili pole is shown in Fig. 13, p. 19. I believe tliat anciently, before ^^ V\i\. 10. XAIin-AAl'.N \, IN I.S2^-,. white influence was felt, no thought was given to fitness of crdreat. The American Mission had l)ecn on the Islands but two "XI-IXISIII-:!) KAHIIJ IIANIUJCS, A^: -■/ ////. /. V fN PR ( ) ( 7:SS/( ),\ 'S. years and native customs had not Ijeen great 1\' moditied, at least hv the iiiissii.iiarirs. It was on the last day of a hmir revel : *' Taiiiehinnaru [KainriinaJii. llie laA'orite (jtieiii of Liliolitu* ] uii llii> ti-.w was. as iisu;i!, a, anv^ spiciious o!)iect. Tlie /w/w/5//r/«" in which slit; joined the ].nH-fssioii,-, ikksiho' i„ aiiletviit dirccliuiis consisted of an eIet>iintlY niodrlled wlialtrlnial fasttaiiHl fmnlv^ in a plaliorm ul wicker worl^ thirl \^ tcel long I))' tweh'e wide, and benic oti the heatls of se\'enty men. Tlie boat was lined, and the wliole platform covered, first with iiapcnled broad-^ cloth, and llicn with Ijcantiful imlterns ol tupa, or native clotli oi a \airiel\" of figures naul rich colours. The men .supfMnling the whole were formed into a solid horlv sn thai Ilie ..nlcr r.nvs % fir Mk^ \ I S I I \-\\\. I '\. lirLFMS inc. 12. BRANCH KS Ot" A KAHILI. '"•" ^iip. ailk^^r// or native petlieoat, and a coronet .af feath and .screened fY(rin the snn hx an utniiense Cliini- richly ornamented with gilditig. fruige and tassels. a scarlet malo or uardle and tcallier lielmet. < )ri one na-J^c i P, NL X:e to thr Pacific Ocean and Residence at times have been much longer on the march than in the early days the SandTi'ich /stands, in the yearn 1&22, 1823, 1S24 and 1823. By C. S. when streets wide enough for such displays were non existent, the Stewart. New York, 1828: p. 109. town was small, and the passage from the palage tothe royal mau- 17 It is but fair to slate that the funeral processions of modern soleum but a few rods long, LIST OF LARGE KAHfUS. ^i combinadon of qualities useful, if rare, in the office of Prin.e Minister which he held during the regency of Kaahumanu. He died February 8, 1827. Naihe, called the naional orator, was husband of Kapiolani, the enlightened alii who braved the goddess Pele m her very den Kilauea. He died in 1831. The grand old chiefs have passed away and not one descendant remains. With them have passed the gigantic kahilis of which the much smaller successors remain, no longer useful except as relics of the past Of the large kahilis in the Bishop Museum the following list will show the variety. The group of most of these, Fig. 8, p. 15, well exhibits the variation in form. UST OF LARGE KAHILIS IN THE BISHOP MUSEUM. 1. Ash pole II feet high. Hulumanu 50 inches high, 24 inches in diameter- of black 00 feathers; branches bound with black but attached to the pole with while cord. Used at the funerals of H. R. H. Keelikolani and of Mrs. Bishop. Black and white silk trimmings. 2. Kauila spear 12 feet long. Hulumanu of blue peacock featliers arranged in globular form, 22 inches in diameter, with feather base. It belonged to Queen Emma. The name Noel .... is partly obliterated. Orange trimmings. 3. Koa pole 10 feet high. Hulumanu of peculiar form, only 4 inches high and 34 inches in diameter; of peacock feathers. The conical silk base is 2 feet long. Pink and orange trimmings. A striking form, especially when alternating with the jnore common kind. 4. Kauila spear 12 feet long, with carved end. Hulumanu of green peacock feathers arranged in globular form, 22 inches in diameter; base of featliers. Kamaka- mao was the name of this kahili. Trimmings orange. 5. Koa pole 10 feet long. Hulumanu 4 inches high, 22 inclies in diameter; of small black and white feathers. Princess Pauahi. Purple and lavender trimmings. 6. Painted pole (to imitate tortoise-shell and ivory) 14 feet liigh. Hulumanu 34 inches high, 26 inches in diameter; of black and white feathers. It was in the pos- session of Queen Emma and was named Laielohelohe. Purple and white trimmings. 7. Painted pole 13 feet high. Hulumanu globular, 13 inches in diameter; of duck feathers dyed red. Blue, white and cherry trimmings. 8. Painted pole 14 feet high. Hulumanu globular, 15 inches in diameter; of soft grey and white feathers. It belonged to Queen F^mma and bears the label, — ' Kalelehoano he inoa no ia no ka Moiwahine P^nia, o keia na kahili opuu i ukali i ko ka Moiwahine hoolewaia ana." Cherry and terra cotta trimmings. 9. Kanlahoanalani, a metal-sheathed pole 9^ feet high ; tlie alternate se(5lions to represent gold and silver. Hulumanu 40 inches high, 15 inches in diameter; of soft 22 BRIGHAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK. grey and white feathers in a close cylinder with red feather base. Given by the half- castes to the Prince of Hawaii, son of Kaniehameha IV. Cherry and white trimmings. 10. Painted pole 14^ feet high. Hulnnianu 15 inches high and 30 inches in diameter; of loose grey feathers mixed with the red tail feathers of the tropic-bird. The name was Kamakaalaneo. Cherry and lavender trimmings. 11. Kaiiila spear 10 feet long. Hnlumann 42 inches high and 18 inches in diameter; of peacock feathers. Bine and orange trimmings. 12. Painted pole 14^^ feet high. Hulnnianu 24 inches high, 30 inches in diameter; of dark fluffy ostrich (?) feathers. The inscription is, — ** Kaleoaloha, he makana wale ia mai ka hulu; he inoa keia mawaena o ke alii a me kona haku kahili.'' Figured purple and plain orange base, purple and orange trimmings. 13. Ash pole II feet high. Hulumanu 30 inches high, 18 inches in diameter; of black 00 feathers. ^' Kumaka he inoa ia o kona kupunawahine oia ka makuahine o Kamalalawalu moi o Maui." Buff and black trimmings. 14. Painted pole 14 feet high. Hulumanu 24 inches high, 18 inches in diam- eter; of black 00 feathers. 15. Pole wound spirally with blue and white, 10 feet high. Hulumanu 30 inches high, 10 inches in diameter; of white feathers. Made by H. R. H. Liliuokalani for the Princess Pauahi's funeral. Pale blue trimmings. 16. Heavy kauila pole 14 feet high. Hulumanu 30 inches high, and 24 inches in diameter; of large feathers dyed red. *' Leleoili he inoa keia no Kekelaokalani ko ka Moiwahine makuahine; he elua laua nei ma keia inoa." Orange and cherry trimmings. 17. Ash pole 10 feet high (cut down). Hulumanu 30 inches high, 26 inches in diameter; of iwa (Frigate-bird) feathers from the guano islands. H. R. H. Ruta Keelikolani. Cherry and orange trimmings. 18. Pole of inlaid native woods 13 feet high. Hulumanu 36 inches high, 34 inches in diameter; of tail feathers of the Phaethon rubrtcaiida. As there are but two feathers in the tail many hundred birds must have contributed to this kahili. Princess Pauahi. Cherry and white trimmings. 19. Tortoise-shell and ivory pole, slender and only 8 feet high. Hulumanu 24 inches high, 24 inches diameter; of yellow 00 feathers; with its mate, No. 22, perhaps the most brilliant in the colle6lion. H. R. H. Princess ViAoria Kamamalu. Blue and yellow trimmings to a black feather base. 20. Kauila spear, turned, 12 feet long. Hulumanu 38 inches high, 36 inches in diameter; yellow 00 feathers and red tail feathers of the tropic-bird; black feather base. As the tail feathers project 6-8 inches beyond the cylinder of 00 feathers they are often neatly spliced to eke out the length. Black and orange trimmings. 21. Ash pole 12 feet high. Hulumanu 30 inches high, 26 inches in diameter; of large white feathers. Made for Mrs. Bishop's funeral. Light blue and white trim- mings. LIST OF LARGE KAFIHJS, 23 22. Tortoise-shell and ivory pole 12 feet high. Hulumaiui 38 inches high and 36 inches in diameter; of yellow 00 and the red tail feathers of tlie tropic hird; bhick feather base. Named Malulani. Mate to No. 20. Bhack and orange trimmings. 23. Pole of native inlaid woods 13 feet high. Hnlumann 36 inches high, 34 inches in diameter; of the red tail feathers of the tropic-bird. Mate to No. 18. Cherry and white trimmings. 24. Tortoise-shell and linman bone pole 7 feet liigh. There are 12 pieces of bone representing that nnmber of chiefs of renown, and tlie humn or principal bone is the left shin bone of Kaneoneo, chief of Kanai. Hnlumann 24 inclies high and 12 inches in diameter; grey, white-tipped feathers of the koae; bhick feather l)ase. Black and white trimmings. See Fig. 3, p. 7. 25. Stained wood pole 14 feet high. Hulnmanu 30 inches high and 24 inches in diameter; of large feathers dyed red. Mate to No. 16. 26. Tortoise-shell pole 9^ feet high. Hnlumann very old, 24 inches high, 12 inches in diameter; of red and yellow feathers (00 and iiwi), and l)lack base. Black and orange trimmings. 27. Painted pole 14 feet high. Hnlumann 36 inches liigh, 22 inclies in diameter; of black 00 feathers. ^^ Keknaipoiwa he inoa keia o ke kupunawahinc oia ka makua- hine o Kamehameha a me Keliimaikai.'' 28. Ash pole II feet high. Hnlumann 36 inches high, 30 inches in diameter; of peacock feathers. Princess Pauahi. Pink and yellow trimmings. 29. Painted pole 14^^ feet high. Hnlumann 15 inches high and 30 inches in diameter; of loose grey feathers with red tail feathers of the tropic-bird. Mate to No. 10. 30. Tortoise-shell and ivory pole 9>2 feet high. Hulnmanu 50 inches high, 22 inches in diameter; of black ostrich feathers, grey and white tropic -l)ird base. Black and white trimmings. 31. Painted pole 14 feet high. Hnlumann 12 inches high, 24 inches in diam- eter; of flnffy ostrich feathers. Mate to No. 12. 32. Tortoise-shell and ivory pole 10 feet high. Hulnmanu 27 inches high, 12 inches in diameter; of red apapane feathers with base of grey and white tropic-bird feathers. Cherry and white trimmings. 33. Painted pole 14 feet high. Hnlumann ro inclies high, 12 inches in diam- eter; grey and white feathers in globular form. Mate to No. 8. 34. Koa pole 11 feet high. Hnlumann in globular form 18 inclies in diameter; of dnck feathers dyed red. Light blue and white trimmings. 35. Painted pole 14 feet high. Hulnmanu 28 inches high, 24 inches in diam- eter; of grey tropic-bird and green-black iwa feathers. '' Keaka he inoa keia no kcma knpnna a o ka hooholo loa ana o Keakamaha, a ua hea ia i keia kahili.'^ l>urple and white trimmings: 36. Koa pole, turned, 10 feet high. Hnlumann 6 inches high, 24 mches m 24 BRIG HAM ON HAWAIIAN FEAITIER irORK. diameter; of snial] stiff black and wliite featliers. Princess Panalii. Pale bine, pnr- plc and while trimmings. 37. Painted pole 14 feet bigh, witb tbe imposing name Kalaiiikanmakamaiia. Hnhimanii 15 inches high and 30 Inches in diameter; of bine peacock feathers. Purple and yellow trimmings. 38. Koa pole, turned, 10 feet liigb. liiilnmann 8 inches high, 33 inches in diameter; of peacock feathers. Pink silk liase, cherry and 3'ellow trimmings. 39. Painted pole 13 feet high. Hulnniaiin 36 inches high, 24 inches in diameter; of black iwa feathers. ''Kawao he inoa ia o kekahi kupima ona ; oia ke alii i aiia maia i na makaaiiiaiia kona knpapaii a pimi na niokn o Mani; he alii aloba oia i na niakaainana, a he aloha na makaainana iaia." Orange and black trimmings, 40-43. Kanila poles, gV^^feet liigli. Hnlnmann 24 inches high and wide ; of dnek feathers dyed red. These fonr kahilis are inscribed as follows: "Pilialoba o na kahili pili eha keia nia ka aoao o ka pabu o Kckelaokalani i kona boolewa ia ana, a oia no na pili o ka palm o ko ka ]\Ioi- wahiiie boolewa ia ana." Cherr}.'- ribbons are attached. P*roni the inscription it is seen that these fonr kahilis of dyed red feathers wliich were imported in cpiantity for hat orna- ments, stood at the fonr corners of the stand on^ which reposed the remains of the mother of Queen P^nma, Fanny Young. And when P^ninia, the grand-danghtcr of John Yonng", an Binglisli seaman and friend of Kameha- nieha I., adopted dangbter of Dr. T. C. B. Rooke an English physician, wife of Alexander Libolibo (Kamehamcha 1\'.), in turn w-as gathered to her ancestors, these fonr end:)lems of royalty, — and also of the foreigh element so interwoven in her life, were held l)y bearers over her mortal remains as they reposed in state in the old Kawaiabao cburcb. That kahilis were not always made with feathers is shown by tbe interesting pair in the liishop Musenm which were presented to Qneen Emma Jannary 2, 1883, as a birtbda}' offering from the women of Wailukn, Alaui. P^ig. 15. 44-45. Poles of plain wood 12 feet high. The body of irregular form, made fnmi tbe tips of sngar cane. See the one on the extreme right in tbe gronp of kahilis. Fig. 8, p. 15. Tbe tops of tliese interesting kabilis are shown more clearly in Fig. 15, where they remind one of the resnlts of topiarian art seen formerly in old linglisb gardens. The •. 15. KAHILI OF Sl'GAR CAXK. SM'AfJ. KAHILIS. 25 iiieasiireiiiciits o-iveti are Jipproximale, as the kahilis are eiiclosec! in scaled cases, but they are nearly correct. Notice is taken of the nnornanietilal trimmings, Imt these are not the same the kahilis wore at their last pnblic appearance, for they were recleconiled b)- native women, immediately before tlie\- were bronglil to their present eases and the Diree^or is not responsible for the stnini^'e effeAs prescntetl A kahili handle | K. M. 1 17 | is shown in Fig. 3. It is made of torloise-sliell and human bone (those of Kanconeo, Kalaniknpiile, Kaiana and otlier chiefs who perished in the battle of Kiinanii in 1795), was given by Paki to (bndiam I h (Hlniaii many years ago, and by him to the Bishop Mnsenm. ,M:iny other handles of tortctise^shell ami ivory are in the Mnsenm C(dlet^ion and s(nne of them are dotditless handk^'S of tbose kahilis described by the Rev. C. S. Stewart in the account of Kanianialn's pageant jnsl c| noted. No attempt is made to describe the many small kaliilis in tin's Mnsenm; speci- mens are found in most mnseuuis; and here, while tluw arc in great number and \-arict\', and often of considerable beauty, they are generally cpiite modern and made i»f f«>ri-ign featliers. vSuffieient illustration is given in I'igs. S and r6, and IMate I\". V\i\, 16. S.MAl.L KAHIIJS. FEATHER LEIS. A /r/ was a ver\' primitive form of personal decoration. Aiiioiig tlie Hawaiiaiis the favorite form was a necklace of the fragrant fruits of the screw pine,— the Inliala *'he leihahi oe ma ka ai o ka poe naaiiao — thou art a hahi necklace about the neck of the wise," well expressed tlie native estimation of this ornament. When made of feathers the name could hardly l)e translated necklace, for the lei of feathers was as often worn in the hair and about the head as about the neck: or the longer ones were thrown over the shoulder precisely as the long strings of flowers caMcd lei at the present da}' are usnall}' worn. It is best then to adopt the ' ^ ' Hawaiian word without "doing it into English." No feather work recpiircd less labor or skill than tying feathers around a core (usually of several strings of olona or, in modern times, of cotton or woolen cord), but unless the work was thoroughly done there was danger of disso- lution, and in case the lei came apart in windy w^-eather tlie constituent featliers might be harder to retrieve than were the gold beads t)f our greal- grandniothcrs when the retaining string acci- dentally parted. The illnstration, Fig. 17, will show how the feathers were tied {hakn), and while the resuJt was rather stiff, there was ample opportunity for display of taste in the ar- rangement of feathers both in colors and size. The long feathers, such as were used in cloaks and capes were sometimes used, but generally the smaller feathers were re- ser\'ed for this purpose. Large feathers made a very liot ornament ; several strands of a smaller diameter were cooler. When not in use the joint of a bambu made a con- venient and safe receptacle. Leis of mamo and 00 are highly valued at the present day. k superb one of mamo, an heirloom of the Kamehamehas | B. M. No, 2cSoo | is valued at $1000, and another of 00 (piite as large | B. M. No. 28(31 ] is believed to be worth fSoo. Suuill ones of 00 not UKU'e thati tliree-(|uarters of an inch in diameter and long enough to go around the neck ( 18 to 20 inches long) are now valued at more than $200. Of these smaller ones the leis of nialvaceous flowers {Sida Jallax) strung and sold in the streets of Ilonolnln are, so far as color goes, a very good imitation. The flat l)ands of peacock or pheasant, or even of dyed feathers, arc of course modern, often poorly nuidc by sewing the feathers to a strip of cottoti cloth, and used 1)V natives and others for liat bands. TilK C.ROWTNl A LKI. FEATHER LEfS, 2; The true fenllier leis are gx-iicra11y of iiuifcni, c^-liiidiiral sc^ioii and eiilier monochromatic I especially in the case of the mere cnstlv fealhers) or iiiade up of uUam- iiatino- bands or spirals of mixed cuhirs. In some cases leis havi^ Imiovr knulicrs inserted at regiihir intervals giviiig^ a pleasing variety ef form, hd^H. iS and it, will show some of the leis in this Museum. yi^liiLjife^^^ mW^^^:' fm-g^f-M il^*.. % LIST OF hl^t^\THI{R LhUS IN Till' lUHMop MTSI^rM. 2«Soo. Mamo feathers of the choicest cpiality; made from thret- aiioienl k-is lu. longing to the Kaniehaineha family: 3 inches in diameter, 24 imdics lonir. 2501. Go feathers, large a,nd of hrilliant vclluw. Wdiilr 1I10 proi)erl\" of il- Govenmieut it was sent lo an exposition in Paris and thirrc ruined ti_v the npsetiitii; o a bottle of ink; the stains eaunot l)c removed hy any ordina,ry wa.shiniy This k.i i with the preceding the largest 1 liave .seen eillicr in mnsiainis or private ha,n(ls 24 inches h.jng. 2502. Manio under feathers, medinni size, .lewnv; 22 inches long. 2803. .i^Ianio of even size: 24 inches long. 28 BRIG HAM ON HAWAIIAN FEATHER WORK. 2804. Maiiio, small; three-quarters of an inch by 20 inches long. 2805. Mamo, mediitm size with long narrow inserts; 22 inches long. 2806. Manio, similar to the last; 25 inches long. 2807. Manio, of medium size; 21 inches long. 2808. Apparently dyed to imitate mamo; 18 inches long. 2809. Mamo, close and stiff, few long exserts; 19 inches long. 2810. Mamo, with three short spirals of black 00 and apapane; very elegant; 21 inches long. 281 1. Mamo and iiwi, narrow spiral; 26 inches long. 2812. Oo and apapane in narrow spirals; 23 inches long. 2813. Mamo and iiwi, three se6lions of each, medium size; 19 inches long. 2814. Oo and apapane, four sedlions each; 21 inches long. 2815. Mamo and ou, six sections each, orange and dark green; 17 inches long. 2816. Mamo and black 00, five sections each, with long exserts, elegant; 24 inches long. 2817. j Oo, long feathers; 20 inches long. 2818. 1 Oo, mate to the last; 19 inches long. 2819. j Oo and trimmed green feathers (?), three sections of each ; 25 inches long. 2820. \ Like the last; 23 inches long. 2821. Yellow, dyed, with long crimson exserts, medium size; 24 inches long. 2822. Mamo and ou, three seAions of each; 23 inches long. 2823. Mamo and 00, three se(?tions each; 24 inches long. 2824. j Oo and ou (pauku), three se6lions of each; 25 inches long. 2825. \ Mate to the last, bvit 23 inches long. 2826. In sections arranged mamo, ou, mamo, apapane, mamo, ou ; 24 inches long. 2827. Oo and apapane, three seAions each; 19 inches long. 2828. j Oo and iiwi, three se6lions each; 17 inches long. 2829. 1 Mate to the last, but 20 inches long. 2830. Oo and iiwi; 23 inches long. 2831. Mamo and iiwi, fifteen sec^lions each; 24 inches long. 2832. Mamo and iiwi, sixteen se(5lions each; 23 inches long. 2833. Oo and iiwi, sixteen seAions each; 24 inches long. 2834. f Oo and apapane, four sections each, very small and stiff; 21 inches long. 2835. I Mate to the last, but 23 inches long. 2836. (Three crimson and three green (dyed?) seftions, long open feathers; 23 inches long. 2837.1 Three green, two crimson sections (unfinished), mate to the last; 15 inches long. 6727. Oo and iiwi, three sections; 24 inches long. MODEL OF ANUC, 29 6728. Mamc), long open feathers with a few titigecl witli l)lack ; 23 iiiclies long. 6729. Mamo and apapaiie, four seAions eacli with long exserts ; 2 1 inches k.ng. It will be noticed in this list that leis are often made in pairs, Inil nger one being twisted around the other when worn in the hair. HAWAIIAN FI{A'riII«:K ij<:is. TEMI'LE ORACLE: ANll-. A MOST interesting relic of Captain Cook's visit to Keahikehiia and his (leilira- tioii there is preserved with other objects from thai \-oyeparaUM! Inms us hv the peel ul water However there being another of the .^anie kind within our reach about half a mile off, upon n ihv ships, we nUher oht-h'sks of ihi-f whi >riiig station, diieUil to ,o IIR/CIIAM ON IfAlVAHAN FEAlllER IVOJx'K. our side uf the vallev. we Bel out to visit that. The luoineiit wc got to it we saw that it stoocl in a hiir\-iiii< groiiml or monii ; the reseiii!>hiiiee of which in many respecfts to those we were so well ae^ i|naintc(l witli at other ishnids in this ocean, and particularly Oiaheite [Tahiti], eoitkl not l)nt strike us. and we also soon found th.at the several parts that compose it were called by the same names. It was an ohkuig space, of considerable extent, surrounded by a wall of .stone about four feet liigli. The space euehiscd was l?)i)sel\- paved with smaller stones: and at one end of it stood what I called the pyrauiid, but in. t!ie language of the island, is named //rt//r?;/rt//r lla.ranau story see Ricits cf'un l.eu.r Sauva^e ponr sennr a Nnsfonr a>uie.ne .ic i.lan.s; I^o.fon, .M. ,- Uy the prescnl a.thor. Hau;au.parJuI,.R.>^n',- or a tra«slation of the same work entitled -/Wv.o.." A.vvv.,r/,o, I„ 2,6. BRIG HAM ON fiAli\4I/AX F^liATHRR IVORK. site sliore and tiiicicr tlie shadow of Haleakala, the "House of the Snti," that vast vol- cano tliat foniis East Maui. To the invader Kahekili seut his younger brother Alapai with this remarkable message: " Saj- to him 'wait until th,e black kapa i shroud j cover ni<- ;nHl mv fuiit r;M r:U-- -diall be performed then ecmie and reeeive your kingdom with- out the peril of war' — for indeed he is my son and from me he received his name after that of uiy elder brother." " Even Hawaii was not to becouic one king- dom without many a struggle. Kcawenianhili, uncle of Kiwakw), had been the chief adviser in the course which led to the disaffec- tion and death of his nephew, and after that event he held court in the dis- trict of Hilo, w h i 1 e K e o u a- kuahuula, half- brother of Kiwa- lao, ruled Kan, ■■ ' '■"■ : ,-^ "■''■;■■ :V' .■'■: ; ■'-oji)'.:;-': bot h di spu ting fthe authority of K a m e li a m e li a . \-M\. .'.■!, A long and l)]oodv war resulted in the submission of the king of Hilo who assisted Kanudiameha in his attack on Ka- hekili, a proceeding which roused the ire of Keoua wdio immediatelv marched agaiirst his former ally and killed hiui in the battle of Abie. In the year 1790 Kamehamclia io\'aded Maui and defeated Kakinikn- pnle, son of Kaliekili witli great slaughter in the battle of lao. While tliis was going on in Maui, Keiuui, hot wdth the viAory over Keawenianhili, marched into the district of Hamakuj'i, Kaniehameha's territory. This hastened the return of Kamchameha and alter several battles, in which gunpowder was used on both sides, Keoua retreated to Hilo. While marching thence to renew the contest his army passing b_y the vo1can(» of Kilauea was parti v destro\-ed bv the last explosive eruption recorded from that crater. "" K'lJKAfJJMOixJ'. Ill the meantime Kameliamelia was residing- at Kawailiae and a pricslly ciracle liad declared that a temple bnilt on the hill Pmiokohala in that place would a veil llie perils of war and iiisnre the final eonqnest of the gToiip. The king Imih^ the liciaii eallcd from the name of the hill, and as each part was fiiiislied hathed it with the hlood of main^ hnman saeriliccs offered to Ivnkailinudcit."* From the dedication of this heian his star wjis in th<- ascendant. :■:.■■:.■■.. :., Kahekili and his brother Keawe from Kaai;;.- fongdit the naval battle of Kepnwaliaulaiila off tl:^- coast of Hama'kiia, near Waimanu, and were dcei- ivelv routed h\- Kii- niehameha, Th = - ag-ed Kahekili re- treated to (')all': where he died in July, 1794, leavin:: the rcnniins of hr- kingdom to his s«i!^ Kalanikitpiilc. I^-- fore the end of 170 ^ Keona^ KiialmuL. was treacherously slain at Kawaihn- bv Kecanmnkiip:: ^ paiaahealieand hi- body offered on tli' altar of Pnukoliala to Knkailimoku. Aftei^ more than nitii- \x-ars v>\ almost constant w^arfare Kiinieliamcdm w^-is at last in fact king of lla,waii. In the spring of ^]^\ K;nuchanielia invaded Oaho and in the battle of X una 11 11 defcak-d Kalaiii^- kupnle and his allies: the king tied in the mountains bnt was eaptnred and his body offered U^ Kukailimoku. Kaiana, w ho hail v^\U^\m d s* mo prominence by a voyage to China with Captain MeajTS, and wla. Imd dc-scrtrd Kamc-lar^^. meha while on this expedition to ()ahu. was also slain, and the Ikuic.s of tlK-wtw<.warri..rs are f)elieved to he among those decorating the kahili handles uow in the Hi^dH.p M nseuui. I'jg. 3i P- 7- ^I" ^^'^^'^ Kanmnalii, king of Kauai, came to KauKdiamcha at W^^aikiki and fk;. 24. BR fan AM ON HAlVAlfA.N FEAJIIER JVORK. arranged for tlie postliiimoiis cession of liis kingdom, and tints tlie sovereignty of the wliolc group came to the foster son of Kalanioputi, After snpprcssing an insurreAion on Hawaii peace came at last to the chief, and he devoted his energies to promoting the comfort of his people: he was also friendly to foreigners and protected their commerce. Among his orders was one to the bird-catchers: "When j'oii take a bird do not strangle it, bnt having plucked the few feathers ior wliich it was sought, set it free that others may grow in their place.'' They inquired, "Who will possess the bird set free? Yon are an old man." He added, "My sons will possess the birds hereafter.""'' As death drew near an