^mmi mmiii :::iiiii3piiiii iliilfiiiiii?:^:^:::! •:::isiliiiiii':ir:| 1906-01 '70 670 MEMOIRS OK THK BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM POLYNEvSIAN ETHNOLOCxY AND NATURAL HIvSTORY VOLUME 11. HONOLULU, il. 1. BisiKJi' MusKUM Prkss I 906- I 909 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Hawaiian Mat and Basket Weaving: By William T. Brigham. Hawaiian Nets and Netting : By John F. G. Stokes. Issued February ^ igo6, II. Old Hawaiian Carvings: By William T. Brigham. Issued May, igo6. III. The Ancient Hawaiian HoUvSe : By William T. Brigham. Issued J tine, igo8, IV. Kilauea and Mauna Eoa, Volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii: By William T. Brigham, Issued December, igog. ^i'SSt^-tihu- V|^\C.>»^ MEMOIRS OF FHE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY. Vol. II. No. I. %*^ *2 Hawaiian Mat and Basket Weaving, and Nets and Netting. ,v- '^M. HONOIvULU, H. I.: Bishop Museum Press.. 1906. «-.'f',; '.A' 'f..?t" K\ Tj< i*fe '•j.' ^ i«*\i #**•«, 1 ^h BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Sakforb p. Doi^K, LL.D. Henry Hoi^mes - . . . . AwREB W. Carter .... Joseph O. Carter .... Samtjei. M. Damon Wii.i.iam O. Smith President Vice-President Secretary Treasurer E. Faxon Bishop MUSEUM STAFF. WihhiAU T: Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) . . Diredlor WiivivtAM H. Dai.1. . . Honorary Curator of Mollusca WII.WAM A. Bryan .... Curator of Ornithology John F. G. Stokes » . Curator of Polynesian Ethnology I^EOPOtD G. BI.ACKMAN . . Assistant, and Aaing Librarian C. Montague Cooke, Jr., Ph.D. (Yale) . . Assistant John J. Greene . . • . ^ . • • Printer LIST OF PLATES 1. Hawaiian Mat and Basket Weaving. — Hawaiian Nets and Netting. I. Micronesian Baskets. II. Micronesian Baskets. III. Hawaiian Sandals. IV. Hawaiian Fish-baskets or Traps. V. Corner of Pandanus Leaf Mat. VI. Plait in Hinai poepoe. VII. Cover of leie Basket. VIII. Basket Covering of a gourd. IX. Hinai poepoe, X. Beginning of a Makaloa Mat. XI. Portion of Makaloa Mat. XII. Portion of Makaloa Mat. Xni. Portion of Makaloa Mat. XIV. Group of Modern Hawaiian Fans. XV. Native vScraping Olona. XVI. Makaloa Mat in Color. Frontispiece. 2. Old Hawaiian Carvings. XVlI. Aumakua found in Cave. 3. The Ancient Hawaiian House. XVIII. Pago Pago Harbor. J. Martin. XIX. King's House, Mbau. Waitovu, XX. Na Kali ; Fijian House. Lindt. XXI. Maori Carved House. XXII. Maori Carvings. X:?CI1I. New Hebridean Huts. XXIV. Communal House, New Guinea, XXV. High House, New Guinea. XXVI. Hawaiian House Framing, XXVI I. Hawaiian House Thatching. XXVIII. Hawaiian House Completed. XXIX. Hawaiian Cords. Fiji. XXX. Ipu holoi lima. Lindt. XXXI. Ipu aina with Inserted Teeth. XXXII. Ipu kuha or Spittoons. XXXIII. Gourd Bottles for Fishing Lines. XXXIV. Hawaiian Stirrers and Knives. XXXV. Hawaiian Carvings in British Museum, XXXVI. Decorated Gourd Vessels. XXXVII. Carved Coconuts. XXXVIII . Hawaiian Umeke. XXXIX. Hawaiian Umeke. XL. Hawaiian Umeke. 4. KiLAuEA AND Mauna Loa : Volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii. XLI. Lav* Fall, near Hilo. XLII. : Descent into Halemaumau. XLIII. Sentinels and Overflow in Kilauea. XLIV. Pools in Halemaumau. XLV. Cone and Pool, Halemaumau. XLVI. Drawn Lava from B'all, XLVII. Aa, Natural Size. XLVIII. Cave Stalagmite, Slender. XLIX. Cave Stalagmite, vStout. L. Pool in Halemaumau. LI. Pool in Halemaumau from below. LII. Pool i« Halemaumau, from above. LIII. South Lake and Island. LIV. Cone in Halemaumau. LV. Double Cone in Halemaumau. LVI. Cone in Halemaumau. LVII. The Empty Pit. LVIII. On the Brink of the Pit. LIX. Cracked Banks of Lava Pool, LX. Dana Lake. LXI. South Lake. LXII, Floating Islands, LXIII. Flow of Aa. LXIV. Source of Flow 1880-81. I/XV. Crack in Floor of Kilauea. LXVI. Kilauea in 1896. D. Howard Hitchcock. LXVII. Mokuaweoweo in 1896. D. H. Hitchcock, LXVIII, Halemaumau, 1880. Furneaux. Frontispiece, (iii) 415092 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT While each Memoir is paged independeutlj, the pagiiiation of the volume will be found at the bottom of the page. Memoir 1. PAGE 1. Coconut Leaf Basket 3 2. Hawaiian Ki Leaf Basket • 4 3. Coconut Leaf Baskets from Tiituila 5 4. Coconut Leaf Basket. Short land I * 6 5. Palm Basket. Ponape 7 6. Coco Leaf Basket. Caroline Islands 7 7. Closure of Basket Bottom 7 8. Fans from Solomon Islands • 8 9. Hawaiian Coco Leaf Fans 9 10. Hawaiians Fans, British Museum 10 11. Ancient Hawaiian Fan, Bivshop Musetim 11 12. Various Fans 12 13. Samoan Fans 12 14. Structure of Fans 13 15. Fijian Palm Leaf Fans • 14 16. Marshall Islands Fans • • 15 19. Caroline Islands Basket 16 20. Course of Strips 16 21. Solomon Islands Shield 17 22. Solomon Islands Rattan Shields iK 23. Gilbert Islands Coco Fibre Armor 19 24. Ponape Sennit Basket. 20 25. Rolls of Sennit 21 26. Tongan Basket, British Museum 22 27. Tongan Open-work Mats 22 28. Coco Cords from Micronesia 22 29. Palm Leaf Hats. Guam 23 30. Palm Leaf Basket. Solomon Islands 24 31. Bottom of Basket. Solomon Islands 24 32. Inside of Basket. Solomon Islands • 25 33. Basket from New Hebrides 25 34. Basket from Florida, S. I. 26 35. Basket from Santa Cruz 27 36. Baskets from Pelew Islands 27 37. Pandanus Grove, Puna, Hawaii 28 38. Rolls of Pandanus Leaves 29 39. Pandanus Hats, Caroline Islands 30 40. Pandanus Mftt from I5bon 31 41 . Large Ebon Mat 32 42. Caroline Islands Mat Bed 33 43. Structure of Caroline Mat Bed ... • 33 44. Hawaiian Pillows ? 34 45. Hawaiian Pandanus Baskets 35 46. Hawaiian Covered Pandanus Baskets 36 47. Samoan Round Baskets 37 48. Samoan Square Baskets 38 49. Marshall Islands Mat, Folded 43 50. Lap Board and Strip of Mat Sail 46 (iv) 51. 52. 53. 54. 55- 56. 57- 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68, 69. 70. 71. 72. 73- 74- 75- 76. 77- 78. 79- 80. 81. 82. B3. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91- 92. 93- 94. 95- 96. 97- PAGE Pandanus Satchel. Fiji • 48 Marshall Islands Mat 49 Mats. Marshall Islands 50 Mallets for Beating Pandanus Leaves 51 The Begiiniing of a Pandanus Mat 54 Women's Dress from Malekula 56 Fijian Coflin-shaped Basket 57 Freycinetia Leaves 60 Freycinetia Rootlets 60 Basket of leie 6r Edge of Basket 63 Hinai poepoe • 64 Mouth of Hinai poepoe 65 Bottom of Basket 66 Hinai poepoe Sy Hawaiian Flat-topped Baskets 68 Rim of Basket 68 Hawaiian Fish Basket 69 E^nlarged Portion of P^ish Basket 70 Wicker Work Helmet 71 Helmet of leie 71 Hawaiian Fern Stem Hat 72 Japanese P*ern Stem Basket 73 New Zealand Fish Baskets 74 Hawaiian Fern Stem Fish Traps 75 Plan of Sandal . . 76 Niihau Makaloa Mat 78 Keekee Pattern 79 Olowahia and Kaliatm Patterns 80 Puakala, Papaula, Humuniki Patterns 81 Mat Patterns 82 Mat Belonging to Kamehameha 1 83 Mat Designs 83 Grass Mat 84 Solomon Islands Comb 85 Baskets from Northern Australia 86 Coiled Basket, Australian Mtiseum 87 Coiled Basket from Gippsland 88 Australian Baskets 89 Decorated Dilly Basket 90 Plain Dilly Basket 90 Keke of Harakake Fibre Maori Satchels Maori Basket Satchel le Sina, Samoa Loom from Caroline Islands Mats of Banana Fibre, Caroline Islands 99 Frame for Tol W^eaving icmd 9^ 92 93 94 96 Illustrations in the Text. V 99. Tol of Complicated Pattern tot 100. Aprons and Tols 103 loi. Mesh Gauges 106 102. Shuttles 107 103. Net Menders 108 104. Koko with Umeke 113 105. Koko with Umeke 113 106. Huewai 114 107. Olowai 114 108. Koko Piiupuu 115 109. Native with Auamo ii 6 no. Piko A, Hanai C 117 111. Piko A, Hanai C 117 112. Piko B, Hanai B 118 113. Hanai D 119 114. Piko C, Hanai A 119 115. Hanai F 119 116. Piko D 1 20 117. Piko E •••♦ 120 118. Piko Pv, Hanai A 120 119. Piko F 12 r 120. Piko F, Obverse 122 121. Piko F, Reverse 123 122. Piko F 124 123. Piko G 125 124. Piko H 126 125. Piko J 126 126. Piko J ... * I 27 127. Piko K 128 128. PikoL 128 129. Piko M 129 130. Piko N 129 131. Piko N, Hanai G 13^ 132. Piko O 131 PAOK 133. Piko O, Hanai 1) 131 134. Hanai A+B 132 135. Hanai B 132 136. Hanai C, Piko D 133 137. Hanai I) 133 138. Hanai E 134 139. Hanai V 135 140. Hanai G 135 141 . Hanai G 1 35 142. Hanai H 1 36 143. Hanai H 1 36 144. Hanai H-fJ J36 145. Hanai J 137 146. Hanai K 137 147. Hanai L 138 148. Hanai M • 140 149. Foreign Bag 141 150. Technique of Foreign Knot 142 151 . Hanai of Plain Knitting 142 J 52. Samples of Koko 143 153. End of Auamo, Showing Pu no 144 1 54. Detail of Aha hawele 147 155. Huewai pueo with Aha hawele 148 156. Huewai with Aha hawele 149 1 57. Huewai with Aha hawele 149 158. Ipu lei 150 159. Ipu lei 150 160. Poho alio with Cords 151 161. Huewai with Cord Handles • . 151 162. Gourd Umeke with Cords 151 163. Commencement of a Net 1 53 164. Samples of .4 inch Mesh • 159 165. Diagram of Upena nae kuku 161 166. Hano ohua 162 Mp:moir 2. PAGK Aumakua Guardians of Cave Title Page I. Plan and Section of Cave 166 Female Portrait Statuette 167 Portrait Statuette of Girl 168 Statuettes in Profile 169 Side View of Aumakua 17^ Back View of Aumakua 171 Carved Bowl 172 Interior of Carved Bowl 1 73 9. Carved bowl Find View J 73 10. Carved Bowl, other P^nd View I73 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7 8. PAGK 1 1 . Inlaid Ipu aina 1 74 12. Ipu aina in Bishop Museum • 175 13. Papamu or Konane Board 176 14. Bowl with Carved Supports 176 15. Carver with Human Bone Handle 177 16. Carver in Britisii Museum 177 1 7. Compressed Gourd liottle 1 79 18. Net of Feather Cape 180 19. Wooden Funnel 181 20. P^oreign Fan • 181 21. Fragment of Chinese Procelain 182 Mp:moir 3. PAGE Honolulu in 1837 187 Marquesan Village > ^9 Tahitian Queen's House i9<^ Tahitian Village 191 Tahitian Chief's House 192 Tongan Interior ^93 PAGE Tongan Pillow 195 Wooden vStools • 195 Kapa Drinking in Tonga 196 Samoan House 198 vSamoan Interior • 199 Samoan Palace- 200 VI Illustrations in the Text, PAGE 13. Saiiioan Baiiibu Pillows 201 14. Samoan House 202 15. Samoan Temples (Stair) 203 t6. Fijian Interior of Rewa 204 17. Modern Fijian House 205 18. F'ijian Pillows in Bishop Museum 206 19. Sections of F'ijian Houses 207 20. Fijian Sennit Work on Walls 208 21 . Door of Fijian House 209 22. A Mbure in Mbau, Fiji 211 23. Maori House or Hut 215 24. Foupou and Tukutuku. Oliinemutu 216 25. Maori Carved House 217 26. Entrance to a Maofi House . • 218 27. Tekoteko from Maori Gable 219 28. Group of Gable Images • 220 29. Pataka in Auckland Museum • • 221 30. Poupou from Maketu 222 31. Maori Mythical Carving 222 32. Interior of Maori House. Rotorua 223 2^^. Doorway of Pataka 224 34. Central Slab of Pataka 224 35. Maori Carving a Poupou 225 36. Scene on Atafu. Agate 226 37. Coconut Grove and House. Fakaafo 227 38. Mariapu at Uteroa 228 39. Interior of Mariapu 229 40. Model of a Maiana House 230 41. Model of a Kusaian House 231 42. Gable F^nd of a Kusaian House 232 43. Woven Walls of Nine House 234 44. New Guinea Village • • • 235 45. Village Street in New Guinea ' 236 46* Sacred House at Dorei 237 47. Village on Duau 238 48. House in Milne Bay 239 49. New Guinea Pillows 240 50. Long House in New Guinea 241 51. A Tree House in New Guinea 242 52. Tree Houses in New Guinea 243 53. Club House for Young Men 244 54. House Front in Kirivvina 245 55. A Kirivvina Village • 246 56. Aneiteum Hut, Original Type 247 57. Aneiteum Hut with Red Front 247 58. Village in Malekula 248 59. House Thatching in New Hebrides 249 60. New Caledonian House 250 61 . Solomon Islands House 251 62. Pile Dwellings on Fauro 252 63. Australian Hut 255 64. View on Kauai by Weber • 257 65. Houses of Kalaimoku in Honolulu 258 66. House at Kailua, Hawaii 264 67. Hakakau for Calabashes 265 68. Haw^aiian Pump-drill • 269 69. Ball of Braided Grass 270 70. Sennit in Native Rolls 271 PAGE 71. Diagrams of Houses Forms 272 72. Hale Kamani at Lahaina 273 73. The Pou of a HoUvSe 274 74. Pou from Waialua 275 75. Pou from Waialvia 275 76. Diagram of a House Plan 276 77-80. House Timbers 277 81. Junction of Rafters 278 82. Junction of Rafter and Post 278 83. House near Hilo out of Repair 279 84. House near Puna with Lanai 280 85. Grass House with Net over it 282 86. vSacred HoUvSe with Kapu Sign 284 87. Grass House of the Poorer Sort 285 %^. Village on Niihau. Ellis 289 89. House at Kealakeakua 290 90. Ellis' View of Hotises at Kealakeakua 290 91 . Village on Hawaii. Ellis 291 92. Hale kauila in Honolulu 292 93. Street View in Honolulu with Kinau 293 94. Hale lama at Waikiki 294 95. King's House at Kaunakakai 295 96. House at Kaimu, Hawaii in 1888. 296 97. Old Volcano House. Hitchcock 297 98. Maori P^ire-making 299 99. Hawaiian Fire-making Tools 300 100. Poi Making at Halawa, Molokai 308 1 01. Hawaiian Uluna or Pillows 309 ro2. vStone Pillow from Kauai 310 103. Kapa Beaters or le kuku 311 104. Kapa Making Outfit 312 105. Laau lomilomi and Bath Rubbers 313 106. Kukui Nut Candles 315 107. Stone Lamps 316 108. Stone Mortar 317 109. Poi Board and Pounders 318 1 10. Poi Boards of Ancient Make 318 111. Bearing the Poi of an Alii 319 112. Hawaiian Hay Dealer in 1864 320 113. F^nds of Hawaiian Auamo 321 114. Gourd Containers 322 1 15. Bottle Gourd or Huewai 322 1 16. Mended Ipu 323 117. Gourd Box 324 1 1 8. Long Gourd Boxes 324 J 19. Gourd Hula Drums 325 120. Gourd Bottles for Canoes 326 121 . Compressed Gourd Bottle 327 122. Gourd F'unnels 328 123. Gourd Awa Strainer 329 124. Huewai Pawehe 330 125. Various Gourd Implements 331 126. Coconut Cups 332 127. Coconut Spoons and Ladles t^t^2 128. Marquesan Carved Coconut Cup. 333 129. Modern Hawaiian Coconut Cups 334 130. Solomon Islands Coconut Cup 335 131. F'^ijian Cup and Wiper 336 Illustrations in the Text, Vll 132. Micronesian Water Bottles ^^^^7 133- Coconut Bottles. Solomon Islands 338 134- Coconut Tobacco Boxes 33S 135- Coconut Cups of High Chiefs 338 136. Umeke 416 : Very Old 339 137. Umeke 417 : Very Old 340 138. Urneke 410 ; Very Old 341 139. Unieke opaka of Kou Wood 342 140. Blocks Partly Shaped Long ago 343 141. Polyhedral Umeke 344 142. Deep Umeke • • • '^4:5 I43-M5- Umeke 346 146. Umeke ^4- 147. Modern Turned Umeke 347 148. Comparative Size and Shape of Unieke 347 149. Unieke 348 150. TTmeke of Unusual Form 349 15T-152. Umeke 350 153. Umeke with Lugs for Suspension 35 1 154. Umeke with Cover 352 1 55. Hawaiian Pa or Dishes 353 156. Lute-shaped Bowls 354 ■r TT •• PAGE 157. Large Hawaiian Dishes with Legs 355 158. Kanoa awa : Awa Bowls 35^ 159. Umeke of Kamehameha 1 356 t6o. Dislies with Compartments 357 161 . Banded I -meke ^^^7 162. Hawaiian Carved Dishes 358 1 63. Maori Carved Dish ^=^8 164. Carved Dish in Leiden Museum 359 165. Long Phitters. Deverill Coll 360 1 66. Ivong Platters ^5 f 167. Broad Platters 36 1 168. Outlines of Typical Umeke 362 169. Odd vSliaped Finger Bowl 366 170. Ipu holoi lima or Finger Bowls 367 171. P'inger Bowd with Grit Hohier 367 1 72. Ipu aina or Slop Bowls 368 1 73. Hawaiian Mirrors, P'oreigu Glass 372 174. Hawaiian Mirror in British Museum 372 1 75. Uhi kahi olona ; vScrapers 374 i 76. Ipu le'i for F^'ish Hooks and Lines 375 1 77. Bow, Arrow and Broom 376 r 78. Polynesian Stools 377 Map of Hawaii Showing Lava Flows 1. Old Flow West of Kilauea 2. Limu from Kilauea, 1 789 3. Pots on Wailuku near Hilo 4. Mauna Kea from Waiakea, Hilo. Perkins 5. Cinder Cones on Mauna Kea 6. Pool on Mauna Kea, August, 1889 7. Summit of Hualalai from I^ast 8. Pit Crater on Hualalai, 1889 9. Blow-hole on Hualalai, 1889 10. Hualalai from Mauna Loa (9000 ft.) 11. Mauna Loa from Top of Hualalai 12. Breaking Camp, Hualalai, 1889 13. Mauna Loa from Kilauea, 7 a.m 14. Halemaumau in 1888. Furneaux 15. Pele's Hair from Kilauea 16. Form of Less Fusible Lava 17. Rope Lava 18. Driblet under Lava F^all 19. Sectional Impression of Rope Lava 20. Palagonite from Diamond Head 21. Stony Cellular Lava , 22. Lava with Cylindrical Cells • 23. Vase Made from Molten Lava 24. Black Volcanic Sand 25. Basaltic Prisms in Wailuku Gorge 26. Halemaumau Smoking 27. Stalactites from Cave near Hilo 28. Stalagmites from a Cave in Kilauea 29. Blow-hole Specimen 30. Fragmentary Lava 31. On the Old Trail to Kilauea Mp:moir 4 PAGK 381 32. 382 33- 3H3 34- 3<^4 35. iH 36. 3^\S 37- 3<\S 38. 386 39- 3H7 40. 389 41. 390 42. 39' 43. 393 44. 396 45- 39H 46. 399 47- 399 48. 400 49. 400 ^^' 402 51- 403 52. 403 53- 403 54. 404 55- 404 56. 405 57. 406 58. 408 59- 409 60. 410 61, 412 62. 413 63. ^ . PAGK Section on Road North of Kilauea 415 I^wekahuna from Volcano House 416 Cracks at Ponahohoa. Ellis 417 Kilauea as Seen by PUlis 418 Funis' View of Kilauea. Po]}^. Researches . .. 419 Dampier's Kilauea in 1825 422 Maiden's Plan of Kilauea in 1825 423 Kilauea iki, Showing Lava vStreams 425 Kilauea, by Parker & Chase. Dana 426 Wall on North of Kilauea 427 Map of vSource of 1840 P:ruption 429 Lava Around Trees in Puna. Henshaw 431 Kilauea in 1841. Wilkes 433 Kilauea in 184 r . Drayton 434 Diagram in the Coan Letter 436 Lyman's Plan of Kilauea in 1846 437 Lyman's Revised Plan 438 Survey of Mokuaweoweo, 1841. Wilkes 442 The Cathedral from West and Northwest 453 F^ountain, P'eb. 6 and 7, 1859 454 F^'ountains F'eb. 10, 1859 455 North Fjid of Kilauea 458 Northern vSulphur Bank in 1889 459 Fumarole with Sulphur Crystals - . 460 Kilauea in 1864. Perry 461 Floor with Spatters 462 Bottom of Previous Fragment 463 vSurvey of Kihuiea, 1865. Brigham 465 Kilauea iki 467 F^ragment of Flow of 1862 468 Keanakakoi in 1889 469 Craters at Kapoho, Puna 473 Vlll Illustrations in the Text. PAGE 64. Crater Makaopuhi in Puna 474 65. Kapoho Craters ♦ • • • 476 66. Green Pool, Puna 477 67. Warm Spring, Puna ♦ 478 68. Earthquake Ruins, 1868 481 69. Kilauea After Eruption, 1868 485 70. Lydgate's Survey of Kilauea, 1874 498 71. Crater of Kilauea 499 72. Mokuaweoweo. W. W. Hall 500 73. Lydgate's Mokuaweoweo ♦ 501 74. Kilauea in December, 1874 502 75. Kilauea in February, 1875 - 507 76. Crack in Floor of Kilauea, 1877 509 77. Sketch of Halemaumau, Jan. 1880 511 78. An Improved Volcano House. Williams 512 79. Kilauea in 1880. Furneaux 513 80. Northward from Southeast Ivake 515 81. Diagram of Elevation * 516 82. Halemaumau from Kau Bank, 1880 518 83. Lava Spring • 519 84. Bath on Sulphur Bank, 1880. Silva 520 85. Mokuaweoweo Plan • . - 522 86. Halemaumau in 1880. Furneaux 525 87. Diagram, Source of Flow, 1880 526 88. View of the Source. F^urneaux 527 89. I/ava Stream in a forest. Furneaux • • • • 528 90. Waterspout on the flow of 1881, Furneaux . . 530 91. Flow of 1881 near Hilo. Furneaux 531 92. Eruption from Kawaihae Bay. Furneaux... 533 93. Little Beggar in 1889 535 94. Government Survey of Mokuaweoweo 537 95. Halemaumau After Eruption of 1886 541 96. Source of Eruption of 1887. Furneaux. 543 97. Course of Flow of 1887. Furneaux 544 98. End of Flow of 1887. Furneaux 544 99. Survey of Halemaumau, July, 1888 548 TOO. Spatter Cone in Kilauea, 1889 550 loi. Lava Fall North of Halemaumau 550 102. Under East Wall of Kilauea 551 J03. Pile of Crusts North of Halemaumau . ..».*• 551 PAGE 104. Crack in Bed or Kilauea 552 105. Floor of Kilauea, 1890 553 106. About Halemaumau, 1890 • 554 107. Halemaumau After the Downfall 555 108. Cracks on the Brink of the Pit 557 109. New Portion of Volcano House 558 no. Halemaumau in October, 1891 559 111. Dodge's Survey of Halemaumau, 1892 ... 560 112. Dodge's Survey from V. H. Register 561 113. Section of Halemaumau, 1892 562 114. Bishop's Plan of the Lakes 563 115. Comparative Sections ^ 564 116. Section of Halemaumau, July, 1894 565 117. Outline of Island in Lake 567 1 18. Dodge's Survey of Halemaumau, '94 568 119. Dodge's Survey : another copy 569 120. Friedlander's Mokuaweoweo in 1896 571 121. Friedlander's Mokuaweoweo by Night 572 122. Map of Mokuaweoweo, 1896 573 123. Map of Halemaumau 575 124. Hitchcock's View of Eruption 577 125. Eruption of Mokuaweoweo by Day 579 126. Eruption of Mokuaweoweo by Night 579 1 27. Map of Eruption 581 128. Camp on Mauna Loa, 1905. Pope 582 129. Halemaumau in December, 1906 583 130. Western Wall of Mokuaweoweo. Pope. ..... 584 131. Eastern Wall of Mokuaweoweo. Pope 585 132. Moving Mass of Aa in 1907. Perkins 586 T33. Front of Aa Flow, 1907. Perkins 586 134. Thurston's Plan of Fire Pool 587 135. Biart's Plan of Fire Lake 587 136. Halemaumau, August, 1908. Perkins 588 137. Surface of Lava by Night. Perkins 589 138. Surface of Lava by Night. Perkins 589 139. Halemaumau from Northwest. Perkins 591 140. Halemaumau Before the Break. Thrum 592 141. Halemaumau, August, 1909. Reed 593 142. Section of Fire Pit. Baldwin 595 143. Lydgate's Survey of Halemaumau ........... 597 M Mat and Basket Weaving of the old Hazvaiians^ with illustrations oj similar zvork from other parts of the Pacific, By William T. Brigham, DireBor of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Miisetim. IN this essay I shall endeavor to show the Mat and Basket Work of the Hawaiians, carrjang the study of the textile work into the netting, of which the people made great use, not only for fishing, but for carrying timeke or bowls, and as a founda- tion for the feather work already described.' All this is essentially the work of a primitive people. Hand-made mats, baskets, nets are found everywhere among savage races in one form or another, and however perfect the handicraft, however beautiful the form or decoration, we recognize the process as of a lower order of civilization. And yet there is a flavor of humanity in this simple work of untutored man that the mere mechanical products of the loom or knitting machine can never show. In the whirl and rush of the twentieth century there is little time for the natural work of human hands fashioning a basket, plaiting a mat or knotting a net ; the people who can only make these things as their ancestors did long generations ago are passing off the stage, and the inanimate machine, the modern slave of civilized man, is doing this work, — but in how different a way ! Will the baskets of the Amerind, which now sometimes bear a valuation of several hundred dollars, be fairly replaced by any machine-made product ? Will any loom put out such fabrics as the old Niihau mats, each one the work of years ? It is the same with other hand-made fabrics. The Kashmir valley, where the songs of the weavers on the banks of the Jhelum are translated into harmonious design, may still smile at the fabrics of the steam-driven and ingenious looms of Jacquard in sunny France. The individuality is lost in the multitude. Can the most perfect produAions of chromatic printing show to the critic the touch of the master whose work has been copied by many and intricate processes? When mats are produced by the yard, baskets by the thousands, and nets by the mile, artistic interest departs from them and we look only to their utility. Does not the father look with truer pleasure upon the first ungrammatical, misspelled composition of his child than upon the correct and finished writing of his maturer years ? Human nature also delights in rarities, and aboriginal mats and baskets are fast becoming few in number as their makers are **civilized^* from off the earth. We ^Memoirs B. P. Bishop Museum, Vol. I, No, i. Memoirs B. P. B. Museum. Vol. II, No. i.— i. ( i ) 2 Mat and Basket Weaving, have fragments of baskets and mats from tlie Egyptian tombs of early d3masties, and wonderfully woven cloths from the htiaca of ancient Peru ; but where, outside of a few museums, are the mats and baskets of a majority of the tribes of Amerinds ? I do not know of a single specimen of old Hawaiian basket in any of the principal museums of the world, — the only complete specimen that survives is in the Bishop Museum/ The art is wholly lost to the Hawaiians and their choicest mats are now very rare. Basket making of the choice kind ceased on these islands many years ago, and another genera- tion will have forgotten how to make makaloa mats. The subject then of aboriginal basket and mat making is growing in interest and importance, and even the islands of the great ocean can contribute to its history. In Polynesia there was no loom, for the pegs and bars used by the Maori of New Zealand to assist in weaving his mat of '^flax" {Pkormmm tenax) do not deserve the name. Cloth was generally replaced by paper, commonly called tapa or bark cloth, from Rapanui to Kauai and across the ocean westward. All along the northern and western boundaries of Polynesia the islanders had looms, and, as we shall see later, those of the Caroline and Santa Cruz groups were sufficiently developed to turn out admirable products. If the proto-Polynesians came from Asia they saw a fence of looms across every possible path from thence to the Pacific. On all the islands where they settled there are and have been cultivated the paper mulberry {Broussoneiia papy- rifera)^ hibiscus, banana and other fibre-plants used more or less in the textile pro- cesses. The material was at hand, but with the exception of the Maori, whose climate forbade, Polynesians preferred to felt their fibres rather than weave them, although they all understood the process of extraAing these fibres as in the hibiscus mats of the Samoans, the olona cord of the Hawaiians, and the sennit of coconut husk fibre of Polynesians generally. That they made fairly good use of their knowledge, apart from the loom, I shall endeavor to show by the work of the Hawaiians and, so far as material is at my disposal, of other Polynesians and their neighbors with whom they had in ancient times more or less communication. All through Polynesia the immigrants found vegetable produAs very fit for basket or mat making. Whether on some of the groups certain plants were brought with the immigrants or preceded them in colonization need not be discussed here. Everywhere they had, even during the period of their legendary history, the hala {^Pandamis odoratissimus^ et aL sp?) of which the leaves were used for both mats and baskets, and the fibres of the aerial roots for sandals and baskets; (zoqouvX {^Cocos nucifera) whose fibres they twisted or braided, whose leaves they made into baskets, mats and fans, and whose rootlets they used to plait into fish baskets and traps ; waoke ^Several of these baskets have long been in use in Honolulu families, but almost invariably without the cover that properly belongs to them, as we shall see below. One, added to the Museum collection since the above was written, was in use for fifty -five years by the giver. SithsiiiiiiYs Usf'd. 3 {Jh^ii), wIidsc bnsl yields a strenii^^ finre used for mats niid cords; and banana I .ll/isii ;'iij\ >/>.), uf wliicdi tlie iilires are ed ijiany grades, used e]nefl\' fur fine mats and belts. The Hawaiians bad in ad(bli«)n iibduki, a thirlcddaded i4i"a,ss wdiuse lea\-es wvxv braided into sennit to lie Loi>;cther the beams and rafters of the nalixx: honsc, /?,-///• /'///; makabja (ri/>e;7/v /^rrv^o/Z/z^O, a sedire fnnn who^e tiiuU-r steins tbe tine Xiibau mats were woven; ob»n;'i ( 7rv///////v//siiig liini willioiil eldtliinif i in ilie fasliioii of the region), so he eaii neillier use his hat nor his liatnlkereliii^f. He mij^iit have lieeii wreekcti on a desert ish:iiid withont the \-er\' eoiuxaiieiit coiicoitiilajits of the Swiss Inimilv Rohinson, and to gallier liis siniph: food, wlielhei" roois frniii the gnsiiml. nnls from the trees, or fish from the sea^, woiihl a mat or a haskel eunie ])esl lo hand'? 'Xo preserve his liule hoard WDuld he prefer a haskel ur a mat '^. Ihil a basket is a iiaei' eompliealed hit of woidx than a mere flat mat. Perhaps some haskels aie truly iiinri' difficult to make tlnin are scuue mats; hut liere is oue ( hhg. i ),euiiiiiii)ii eiioii.i,;h lht^niii>Jr^- onl the tro|)ieal world, whieh is a,s simpk- as eau well he imagineth autl, wdiile an i-llicirii! basket, also suggests how to ma,ke a mat. The \\-vs\\ lea,f nf tdie eueo pAliii is -aXwwss at hand and llie suitahh- seeiiou of midrib is tait e.h l'r Imld. The ^^^ti^oui* mid-^ rib is the handle, and lo opeu the h:iskel it is caily neeessarv lo split tliis, an easv operation. The |xirtieuhir basket here hgiired I'aiiu- if) me frDin Manila Idled with delieinus Manila mangoes^^^^^^ thanks lo Lieuienaiit^Ta.aumajuler r,c(*rt;e M. St«»iie\- nl llic lb v^. lb-a,nspert Solaee — bnl similar rude Ijaskets an* imide e\^ia-\w\ here, and the iraxxdia^^ buys them at Suva w Apia hlled walh eoral, and in s<>me islands the i/srptaiter nr UKis«)n brings his few tools in a similar kil. Au<.tlier that eaaue ti. this Museum iilb'cl with madrepttres is shown jn Plate l\h the upp(a- k-ibdumd ligiirc 'Hie only simpha^^ earrying maehine of the iwture of a basket known to me is the Ibiwaiiau ki leal I r b;^^^ (ivliue iertniiialis), whieh is siiu|)ly wrapped arraind a single bsli (big. a); i.r, ila nnmljer of artieles are to be earried, a^s oranges or limes, a stem oi lt:a\x'S, eas/h leaJ 6 A/if/ and Fhiskcl a hj77'm> enwrapping a single fruit, makes a substitute for basket.' There are some satebebbike baskets (see I^b II, Gilbert Lsbiiid Baskelri') that seem to be a fokled mat, but on the otb,er band tbc l>asket may suggest a mat wbeo it beeoiiics ragged and bruken^ open. To stud\- tbe evolution^ of a eoeo palm leaf basket we draw tlie material naturally from tlie eeutral Pacifie where the Gfrc It seems i)erfec!^l\- just to point te this t:\-|)e us llic earliest fuiiii oi h.-iskct, nllli()ti«4^li made at the [)reseiit (la_v, iio ancient speeiiiieii existiiiii,^ at least frijiii llu- rfginn we ;ii\' etniside-riti_i4'. 'The peiisliaide na- ture i)f llie iiialeri;il: tlic roui^ii- iiess (A the \vorlr lo illiistrale the life history of tlie iiaii\'es, hut siniplv as 'Nairios'', iraiLti-rs of u(l(lil\^ ta" riire woti;- iee. :,. |.\).M !:\vk!:t i-mrw i-oxu'i-,. iuaushi|i. The series i-aiiiiot hi' wcirked out from exeliisi\'el\- llau^aiiaii material beeaiise the meo palm, here near its tro|)ieal liiiiit, does m>t .yi'ou' irindi- nor de\x'1op Inxnriaiil leaaxss: the paiidaiiiis w^as here the nujre ini])nrt- aiil Inn; for the purposes of Iniskelr}- as well as for mats, and Lhe tasliiun eif the hasket and mat holh pai'took of the peeiiliarities of niateriak We mnst turn then to the central kaeiJie for onr ill iistra,! ions. Lookini^^ ai^-ajn at Fkite 1, next lo the rude eocnniit fi'ail, Xo. 5631, is a far finer l>a^skel, wdiieli at first glaiK;e seems to hax'e little eonnecRion ri^-^-<^ «*^^--^^' r^ hav(> the spin inidiib 1510. lt»ni(, with ele\s;ii leaflets t.in eaidi half, and tJiese ari- neat I \- :ind elosel\' phiited, v\f.. 7. c:.<'siei;h ..I-' n\sKh^T n..TT.r-.L iP^. p_.;j^-es o\i'rrii nninit at the edges aiirl hronodit l)a,ek (o the ndth-iks wiiere the\' are split and a. portion hr^ai^li'd into sk . ;::y/h(W/ . 8 Mai and Basket Wea^itii^, not this clialk out in rough outline the far better finished basket of Ponape ? (Fig. 5.) Here are the midribs 12.5 in. long, bnt instead of one there are eight on each side; that is, one is split into eight distinet pieees, and th,e portion of leaflet adhering to eaeh is halved, each half passing in opposite direction in the weave, whieh is liner and twilled (three-leaf twill), Tlie palm seems also to be of finer texture than the cocos, but is probably a young leaf. The edges or ends are continued in the weave so thai thc}- f(jrui a continnous side, meeting at the level of the midribs, as shown in the |)hite. . ^'"%f . The small rex^aiignlar basket, No. 7S00, also from Ponape, shown in the corner of the same plate (II), measnres only 5X3.7 in. at the mouth and is about 2.2 in. deep. While the material, eoco leaf, is the same as used in the last exam|jle the stnit^aire is different. The twill is three-leaf and arranged so that a triple band passes like a keel througli the length of the basket; similar bands pass from each corner of the rim and turn horizontally at the bottom, wdiile the rest of the weave is at right angles to these bands. At the top the ends of the strips are turned alternately in and out over a rim of sticks which is beautifully and with great reguhrrity sewn over and over with a two- pi}- thread apparently of some fine grass. Handles of similar cord bnt three-p\y are attached to the corners. We ma}' return to the coco leaf midribs to see how they are used in fashioning a complete basket, not only in tlie Carolines, bnt in very closely allied form, as far east cis the (;ilbert u-nnip (\o. 751S, not fignrctl). In tlic Caroline basket, shown in ?\. 11, and also iiiure (listineily in Fig, 6, the same bits (»f midrib that we ha,vL: seen m tlie simplest form of basket appear here agTiin, in a sonicwdiat dei^i-adct! form it is line, bill wlien the eox-ereci rim is stripped ot its eovcring of k-af sowed over with coeo i-ord there are the set^ions of mi(hi1j, four in nnnd)er, as the wikhU- tissue (bjes not stand a shaj-p bond \\atli(»nt l)rea,bini^\ and ori1\- ennnj^ii wuud lia,s born loll loi b«»ld the a,ttaeliod leallets log-ethor and at llie same lime take the pkiee (if tbi- slicks often used in sncli a phiee. The leaf stri|)s are twilk-d into i-aeb ulher Uwodeaf Iwilll, h)rmini»m eonlinii- oiis surface not al)S(dutel\' s\-mmetrical, and the i-nds a,rc braideil into a lidij^e exlcnditie; ovta- more than half ibe leii^tli of the bottom, as shown in l^di^^ 7. This ridge ser\'es to strciiglheii the basket and |jroteet tlie bott»)m from niubie wear. The eorer is formed iu sindhir wa_y bnt with only one strip of midrib, and is attached lu the liaskel «> Mat and fhisket IVcariug. not only on one of tlie long sides !)iit foi- a short distance on both ends, apparently to keep the eover closed when not forcibly held open. The liandlcs arc of stout coco cord. Ill the (/Gilbert Ids. spectnicii, No. 7518, the form is more synimetrieal, and the leaf nsed is lighter in color; otlierwise the eoiistnit^ion is identical. The midril) striit^iire a,ppfars ao-ain in the fans from Sliortland Id., shown in Fig. 8. TwM) strii)s of a split iiddrif), each with six leaflets attached, are nsed in^ the weai-e; im additional portion of midril) stri{)ped of leaflets serves as handle, tlie othcr nddrib being cut off at the base of the lilade. The workmanship is rnde, by no means so neat as the Hawaiian leaf fans, l)iit is effeAivc. The blades arc abon.t 12 in. wide. Tnriiirig to the liawdiian ,:^ ^^ form of coco leaf fans {IVahi ^ ^ iiiii) we find a much finer elal'>oralii.slio|) Mirsenni, shown in h'ig. i r, it is pi-t)bahle that some of them are of pandanns. In this hasi fan, which is verv olil aaid brittle, the form is not so nseful as ornamental: the lilade is closel\" and nt'atl\- wowni : the Sjireaih^' ing handle, whitdi is the reniaad^able part of the f:iii, is ea,ri:fnilv enibroidereil wiih linnnm bair and some Ijrown fibrt'. In many respcels this wnrk siir])a'^^srs in di-siyji anything Hawaiian in the flepaiijncnt of basketr\-. C hily tlu- Si)h'ninn Islandtws, as we shall see later on, have done finer ivoi^k nf Uk' kind in thiir grass i-nibr«>idi-r\\ The nseof linnnrn bair, wdielher of friend or entail)-, vcas eomnion in Sanma and hdji as wxdl as i)\\ Hawa,ii,l>nt on the last gnnt}) the hair was almost al\wa\'S that ol smm- friend. Sf\sa%'il of these fairs are in the ]\Iuseum of the I\;abody .Acadtany of Scienfi" at Salem. Mass., nmsl of them of good fornn These wi-w: in the (dd Marine Masenni carl\- in the hoU eonturw I \\i\\it never seen any of these edd time fans in |>ri\sitc eolleetions mi these Is'amds. In all countries wdiere the coeo |)a,lm alKarnck; consi l.iasket work fan that happens to be in this ^Insenm,' and it is noteworthy for a peculiarity of strnAnre. Se\-eral strips of the e<)eo leaf are haid together on the npper edges to form a rim, and from these the lwo-k;'af twill weave passes to the base where the ends of the strands are eollecl,ed h)r a handle which is 1)nieed b}- l)raids on both, sides of the fan and is wound with sennit. In l)oth fans four strands of dj'cd leaf are introduced for ornament. Marshall Islands Fans. — In F'ig-. 16 are shown bu,t three fans from a group where basketry flourishes and mats are nnule of remarkably good design and worknmn- ship, as will be seen later on when fa.bries of pan,danus have their turn. To this later l.)age jnust be referred the central specimen of the group wdiieh is of thin pan- dan ns mat embroidered with red ami black fibre. The nnrt is double and a stick is inserted for Inindle a,nd covered with firown and bla,ck n.nit work, of the same nuiterial as the body of the fan, ■^Tbcn.^ ari^ knpa and torloiNV slicll faiiN in llic Vitia,n co.llcct,ioii. Miirsfiitli Ishui'Js luius, 1- Wliilc oJl tlie Marshall Islands fans do rml liavc a l)C»ri;kT, lliis is ccrlainh- a \i:\\ coiiiiiioii a|)|)eiula<„^x' and is sli<)\rii on all liiree laiis in ilic illiist ration. I'lic (u^o sjitsd mens on tlie sides arc woven in llie trellis nietJiocl as nnn^ ho disiineth^ scoii in iln lower specimen of Fig-. i,|. The trellis is of the iiiidri1> of llic t^oco jialni leaf and lea strips are \\'o\t'1i intc) this frajiicivork, makini^' a slfon^.^, slilf tan. Thi' K'ordicr is scwa on <}\'er a liljroiis strip with fine coco t^ord, and the hnndle of nndrihs, oiailimioiis w^itl ■■■;'.-■■". ' /JtJ W •;.:'■::.. ■■■■;,-' irr the bhule of the fan, is fo\xn-ed with mat work as in ilic hrst spe.diiuan the i.laok hi-ro being some kind o{ l)asl, prolwldy hil)isciis dved hiaek witli niaii-o)\'e I mil. Not rmlv the waanii teinporaturc hut also the flie-. which area lyrcat [n-sl .ni suinc islands of ihc Pacific, make kins a, iivvv> ol the Pa.ciiic has vvl to be made, and even tJie r)ld nmscnins wdricli liavi- the m.»st of ilu; reli(^s of uld Pol\mcsian hanrh^' i6 Mat and Basket Weaving. craft have few fans. The use of fans as insignia of rank, so common in southeastern Asia, and seen also in the flabelli of papal display at Rome, does not seem to have had much vogue among the scattered islands of the great ocean. The attraction of evolution has led us from baskets to fans, but we must now return to another form of basket made from palm leaf and wholly unconneded with the '4nidrib strudure''. No. 3346, in Plate I, is a coiled basket of palm from the Caroline Ids., looking at first glance like a rattan basket ; but it is from the leaf and not the stem that it is construAed. To show the coils and the meth- ods of binding these together Mr, L. G. Blackman has drawn for me two figures (19-20) and from these the entire strudure of the basket may be seen; — the neatly sewed rim, the knots between each coil, the many sticks that compose this coil, and in the second diagram the curious displacement of what seem to be direct ver- tical lines of strip bind- ing the coils. With these the curious reader can follow the con- an group, caroi^inp: ids. baskkt. i^lG. 20. COURSK 01^ STRIPS. struAion, w h i c h c e r- tainly differs g r e a 1 1 3^ from that of any basket belonging to the Hawaii- and it seems to show traces of a Malay origin, as do so many things and people of the Caroline archipelago. Solomon Islands Shields. — There are several plaited shields in the Bishop Museum, but one, No. 1859 (Fig. 21) is of very remarkable const mention. A framework, 33X10.5 in., of rattan, light colored and rather soft but heavy, pared down flat, is covered with a fine weaving of rattan strips, the edges being bound b}^ a braid of the same. Around the curved portions, top and bottom, is a border of pandanus strips about 0.25 in. wide, dyed red, folded over on the inner edge of the front of the shield, and the corners of the fold trimmed off so as to leave enough of the leaf to hold the two parts of the strip together. As shown in the illustration (Pig. 21), there is a decorative figure woven in black strips of the same ma- terial at top and bottom of the shield. Both sides are woven alike, including the black Shir/iis //>//;/ Soh>,i! Ishiu^h. Iii^iires, bill ilic inside has a co\-eriiig^ of hviYAiX (5.5 ill.) k'a\-es of the pamlaiiiis. The flecnratioiis are \xM*y remarkable, ecuisisliii^ti- of t\veiit\-4:liree shell rings "s ill. ill (liariieter in Iwo Iraiisx-ersc haiids, and 3577 siiiallrr shell rings ot- rieads disjioscd in baaids a,iid [leiidaiils. The iiiaJii Ijarids are wholh- of while shell, wdiile the pendants are white, red {Sp<>in{vii(s s/\ /) and bhiek, the hatter of some \-egetable matter at tirst Lhoiigdit to be eoeoinit shell, hnt later, some marine growth. The bands are sewed witli, aaul the la.ssels of the peiid- aaits strung on line I'ord or eoarse thread made of tw(>^ph- hi hi sens fibre. The tassels of the pendants .are tipped with pcaiorated, elongated, pointed, blaek seeds with a liibim extending a,lmosl the entire length. ?iIosl eon^ spienoiis over all extends a erneib»rni fignre t'um posed of fifteen rosettes of red, bhu'k and \'ello\v featliers. This eross seems ijnrel}' geonietrieal and not an iiitretdncftion of some missionary, b)r at the time this was obtaiiual no mis- sionar)- ha,(l landed on these sluinss sinee Menchifia raised the enjss and took p(»ssession for Spain, and we road thai tlie erosses he ereAed were at onee (lest r(>\i:'d l)y the nali\^es. Wdieii it is eonsidered that thi; se\xnii] thousand shell rings had tf) bi' bori'd with a rnde pump drill, then strung in rinnd(ei\s on a tongli midiab and robed bet\\x;en stones until ronnd, ii ^ull readily be axlmitlcd thai the great \silue the islanders attaeh to sueli a shield is jnslihed. Two othor rattan iS Mai and Baskei IV r in' i up sliiclrls of :i more coniiiioii sort serve well to explain the material and slruftiirc (»f tlie sliicld just (lcscril)e(l. Tlie shape of the shield No. i860 differs eoiisiderably from that of the one first described, and the wcax'tng- heeomes a very seeoiidary paal of its eompo- luHHsiiniiii:; sition. The shield consists, as may be seen in Fig. 22, of seventeen strips of rattan gi-adnated in diameter from the central one, which is the largest. Besides these rattan strips, which gave the eliie to the material of the first shield, where the skeleton is completely concealed by the weaving, are rounded strips of dark colored palm wood which bind the whole together with the help of thirty4wo transverse braids. The length is 33 in., and the greatest width is 9.2 in. This specimen is from Ysabel. .'hi fit) /^ t)/ Sell mi. No, S3 I 5 lias iiKH'c the i^xnieral shape of the firsl shield mul is made 111 xXw same way, hitl the wea\'e is siiiide and not very eh)se, so that ihi- rattan strips wiiicli t-tnii- pose the suhslanee of the taVnde a.re easily seen hctween tht- alrips of ratlaii skin. The eourse of the rattan Unr so far as il appears it is a sini;di- strip) is s|iiral hi-i^iniiini;' at the eeiitre oi the h)\ver and hirger seniieireh:* and tiidini^' <»ii the rig'ht^linaul oiit the hajidle. Tliis shield eaine from Rithiana, wliere its nati\"e name is isiiki), aeeording to our eolle(Ror. No, 1.S61 is a ph:i,in wooden shield of the same slia[)e, and with siniihir designs in hkiek hnt without weaxdiig. It is ligditer tluiti the rattasii shields. In sr lihre of the external i-oat of the eueonnt is nineli used in hasketry. This eoir is a well known ariiele <>t eommeree and is eom- moil ill (hxir mats and earpets, so that no es|)ecda,l deseription is nei-ded here. In r*(dytiesia its use for sennit is nni\x>Tsal. In the olden time the lunises were tird together waih it; laitriggi-rs iiridi' Jeist to the eanoes; stone adzes h-v*^ ' ^ >'-.. ^^,-;l l1u' liiglua- rat'i's take their kiiiltiiig ti) an afteriKMjti i^^atlicriiii;' Jnr ^missip or S(Hd:ildlit\\ liti'i.n- tlie ad- \-eiit of nails to tliv F^iciiie setiuit wiis in iniivorsn,! iim% and its wide iisftiilnos.s can liardlv 1)e a|}|)Teciatfd 1)\^ pt-oj?le v.dio lia\x: a^ wdiok'* arsenal oi nails, scri;\\\s, ImjUs, ekiinps, ete. liiii our in- terest here is in the nse mack' of this hraid in kas- ketrv. licsides ike exam- pk:- from ike Carolines we ka\x' the enri(nis eylindri- ea! eovirred basket from Ikjiiiea, eif wkiek I ka\-e seen one in Uie Ik'riie Mii^ senni aiuj I wo in the Ikdtisk 'Museum ( V'lv,. 26), but I belie\-e tlu-ni to l)e \x:a-_\- si-aree in tke 'J*oii,s4'aii i^a-oiip at present. 'l'lie\^ are i)kiited ill In-owai and l)kiek trian- gles, aaid m kkiek, shell disks. Mariner id\x\s in Ids {leeemnt of iki- Ton.i^^an Lskinders I iSij) tke hdluw-^ ing (k^'seri|;)tion of Toni^^an mats and 1)askets : In re.dc ol strips ol k;avt^s or bark sukrctcck pla!a rd . in ..nloi r,ii.;. ^^ Stroiij^er nsals made ol liio hark o! iko /r:- rliictK t)> pcpk- in or taidil^ ' ol the house. k \. Mat> for saif>. made of the leave- |. or -de/eo, |ok)nai. uorn doo„ not damage tktau; Unc^ a}:.pear a. /.rce./ee. Tlu-e aie doal.ka and are ol t In ^-,i^ : to lie alonj,; the uliole kai|;l!i akuue. k tke\ are vei v stronK ainl ligkt. ;« 1)v leii. to 1m Mat and Basket IVi'at'i'jig. ' ] . — Mats for flooring houses, made of tlie young leaves of the cocoa-nut \n m [Tatau'I- — 1\ sort of iiiattiiig, ph'dted in a very ornamental wa)-, made of j^oit •es : lliey are itsetl to sereeii the sides of the houses from the weather. Ilankets : these are of various coiistriietions : sometimes of a sort of iiiatli of the fa, paoougo, lo aeow [akau==swgar eaue], ete.; at other times of I fihrous root of the cocoaiiut tree interwoven with plait ma,xcs with basket worlv, as we shall see later that tlie Hawaiiaiis did with great / skill. The Toiigans had oblong Ijaskets ill black plaiting with brown decorations; a scjiiare basket of iiiiusiial wea\'ii!g, as ^j.,„._ ^^^ ^^^,y^y^ work ^iat- \v>v.v\\. slunvn in the Musenni at Heme, where sjjeciniens date from the time of Cook, whose artist, Wal)er, was a naliv rnd becjiieatlied all his eolle{5li(ms to that iniinieipality. With these wer of specimens of the eiirioirs open-work mats (of pandaiins) shown in Fig. 27. In New Caledonia tlie gourd calabashes were artisticall}- corded with sennit. The use of sennit on Injian clubs, both iov the grasp an,d f«)r deeoration, ma}' also be noted. Kven tJie Fijian spears were often ornamented with bands of fine black and white sennit. Not only the braided form was used, but also the plain twisted cord. In the Carolines tlie braided slings of ihis fibre were snfficienth' ornamental to serve as headbands when iiot in use for throwing stones. In the Manpiesas a broad. Dfforalt'd Cord. 23 flat braid was used for lioldiiig taut tlie lieads 011 tlie large wnodeii dniiiiH. On Hawaii a smaller braid was used for tlie same purpose; and alst), as will be seen laier oti, f«ii- securing tlic covers to tbe fnie baskets of ifif, Tlie F'ijiaii tem})le lionse wiis sometimes eiilirel)' covered wiib seiiiiil, and small models of these are in maiiv miiseiniis, coiistnufted of tlie same diiral)lc material. The attaeliiiiciit of ilie stone axe or adze to its luiiidle was by eoeomit cord iieatl\- iiilia^^w^onml B\' tlic same means tlie |)arls of a eaiioe were iiidtcd, and tbe cable toi-llu* stone aiiclior was geiierallv of tlie same material, as it did not rol when \\x:\. ..'' .' "A '''d\ \>. BeCOratecl Cord.— A eoeo tdire cord used ill cods lor bidts, and tor other pur- poses of ornamentation, is ct)\^eredAvilli a neat braid of ptuidanns leal, and d>-efl hibiNens bast mingled in nianv tast^v |)attenis. These eordn were, in hirnicr .vears, brou.uht to Honohihi from the Marshall and (;ill>ert Islands, and were ninch used h)r liaipuiiii; piAnres, as the strong fibre was not eaten b\- inseels. This beatililul cord is huaiied in three ccineenlric parts, as shown in I'ig. 2 The rootlets of the coco palm are small and of iiearlv iiiiilorni size, well adapted for Ijiisket work. A fish trap that I once purchased at PagopagX) was made of these white rootlets and measured 20 in. in diameter and 10 In. in depth. As I carried it from the canoe up iht^ ai'coni- niodat ion ladder ^ of the steamer, the Samoans, assem- bled ill their canoes about the ship, set np a slioiit, imagining the foreigner was going a fishing. The native palm, of which there are tw(t species on the Hawaiian group— /^/7"A//^?/y///t gii lid i('h audi and I^. waiiii — is nineh used for hats, bas- kets, mats and fairs. The ka-if 1.^1.;. 3,.. F.sHKHT „r i-Ai.M i.KAP, .m)i.oM<.x iD.s. |_^ paluiatc and sometimes 4 ft. in diameter; the voung 1ea\-es are nsed before llic}- have 1)eeome green, and usuall}' are split into strips not ex.ceeding '/.s in. in width, and for hats these are niueh narrower. Young leaves of tlie date palm are used in the same wav, l)nt they ba\X! less tlexil)iHt\' than the loulu or uatix'c palm, and so are not as well adapt- ed for hats. x\s in ancient times tlie Hawalians wore m> Iials, this industry is modern, and so far as hats are concerned it extends without niucli variation through i\Iicronesia. b*ig. 29 shows two hats of palm leaf, one of fine texture finished, the other coarser, parti v braided. Nati\'es of Hawaii making similar, though not so fine, hats of loulu |Kihii are shown in the figure on tlie title fiage, a view taken in i short set'Rions with the leaflets attached, and these seAions break joints all round the inside of the rim, as shown in the figure, where one is supposed to be looking into the basket. The weave is nsnall}' a three-leaf twdll ehanging ft)nr times in tlie circnniferenee from the vertical to horizontal with five-leaf twill; the upper rim is braided. To make the basket of good substance the leaflets are donl)le, the midrib in centre of fold, so that it shows on the external edge of the strip. The basket is 14 in. in diameter and 9 in. high, and the bot- tom hole is 4.5 in. in diameter, and the ])lug, as ma}' be seen in the figure, is rudely roniided, the ends of the doubled leaves being left very king. Tliere are no handles. The basket in the upper part uf the illustration is also from the Sokinion Ids., but of a x'cry different model and material. It is certainly a common form of food basket, as the Museum possesses three examples, two of them cpiite large. In these the bot- rir.. .^j. BASKETS rRo;\i Ki,nis. ^o-y.\^ tlim, strips ser\-e for frame; over tlicsc the l)()cly is uiriforiiih- woven and the ends turned oil sticks wound ijver and over 1)3' thin strips of l)anil;)ii to form a rim. The bilge of the basket is pro- tected and kept in shape h\ a twining- of two banibii ribbons. These l)askeis art* 8 in. in diameter and 3 in. deep. Tliey aj)proaeh the Chinese work ek>sel3-, Otdier satehel^sha,ped l)askets of palm are in the Museum ecdleAioirs, but the localities are nneertaiii, and it seems better to |iass them bv, for the present at least. In the b^a,st Indies rattan is used to make ex- cellent sleeping mats, and '^^^f^^lJ*|1|f|ffpW and has the same hneness. Tlie\- are less durable llian the paridaiiu> nial 28 Mill ami ihtskri U'tari'uo-, Pandanus Work. — I'seful as the Cocos, King of Palms, utidoiibtcclly in, the paiithiiiiis is more used ill ilu' Pacific region. P'or mats it ranks first ; and for satchels, sacks, or am- const nii'tit.iii wiicrc flexibility iimst be conjoined to tx)iigdi!iess and dura- bility- it gx'iieraJlv displaces the stiff leaf of the coco or the harsh and less pliable coir. ()t the gx'iins Piuuimuis there have l)eeii described half a hinidred species, chiefl\' hnrnd in a region of the Tropics extending from the islands off the liast coast of Africa to the casleiai lindts of Polynesia: a. single species has fjeeii described from the West Indies. There is, however, great nncertaint\' in the differentiation of these species, owing pafth' to tho difficnlt\' ef preserving ft)r herbaria the male flowers and large female fruit resend)ling a large pine i'one, from which the common name "screw pine", Ijot unlike the jjine the paiidanns cone falls to pieces when ripe or dried, the keys clinging bnl looselv to the core. Although the trees of tlic Hawaiian Islands have aJl been referred to P.^odoriiiissiw/is^ there are marked varieties in the fruit (as the line red ////// ///// or liai,! a> thi- native name o-oes, besides scattered speeiiriens, so thcax- was no need of taiitixaitine ihv tjx-t^ like l hi^ brea,d,frnit and eoetnuU about the houses, but the increased cuU,i\atior. of spcaareane lia.s caused the destrnetion of the native trees, and gi"l ihe ho/a natsl lu some oi the aiaii)- streams (vf kiva, aaieienl and recent, tkal heau uuudi of thi- snrinvv of Tunaj biisil\^ cngag-ed in weaving- mats, a work ku- wTich the t-ouiparato, <• coolness and dauipui":-a^. ol the ea\"es wais most suited. A rpiartcr ul the prt-siail iiihabitaiilN wvn: not the (dd natives, and the mat making is only htsv audi tlicrr- ceulimied wlnai t lu/rt^ is a ehaincc to sell to the foreigner. ih 30 Mai and Baskt^i IPV'a7'/fi£\ 111 size llie liala leaves differ "iTaily and some cxeeed 6.5 ft. with a widtli of 7 in. Ill tlic gn)\Ts like the ()iie figured (F'ig.^y) the ground is thickly covered with the (lecidiions leaves. The liase of the leaf which broadU* ekisps the stem, is cut off and the very [irickh' inarji^iii also removed, This was es|)cciany the work of the old wonieii, aaid as late as i.S,S8 T saw [in ancient \\i!. and these conic a,t the edox-s of the leaves in such a position as lu hinc] thtan sviairel\^ tog-ether. Between the rows of stilelies, aiid of eoirrse betwet/ii thi- dnid»h; ]ea\!\'-;. are inserted free single lea\"es to give bi)d\- and ehisticity to the aial. wTieh in iln; spina iiuai illnstrated is 25X45 in. Two of these mats aj-e sewai lugether l«y a stmit seam (rf paiidanns strip, shown on the bottom (4 the figure, vTiU- th.e othrr edgv is iieatl\^ hemmed, as iiuu* he more elearh' seen in Fig. 41. Tlie long 1)iiu1iiig sirip»s are simply 32 Mat and Basket Weaving. -rm2i knotted at the end of the mat. This certainly makes a smooth, elastic and very com- fortable mat. Those who live in cold climates can hardly appreciate the great comfort in sleeping on a hard snrface covered only with a leaf mat. Feather beds, matresses, spi-ing beds are quite superfluous to one accustomed to roll up his bed when he awakes in the morning. Another sleeping mat or sartmg from Shortland Id. of the Solomon group is 6 ft. 5 in. long, and 3 ft. 2 in. wide, made of the same wide pandanus leaves joined at the edges by almost invisible coco cord stitches, and like the preceding in double series so that the outer and inner leaves break joints. The ends of the leaves are not turned but sewed together by a run- ning seam of coco cord, one cord extend- ing along one side while another is put through the leaf from the other side and over the first cord. The leaves are of great width (6-8 in.) and are sewed to- me. 41. EDGK OF KBON MAT. gether and then turned, a single thread extending the length of the leaf and then knotted and a few loose inches allowed to hang as a fringe. This forms a bed both smooth and waterproof. The most elaborate of these unwoven pandanus mats known to me are those from the Caroline Ids. which in former times were frequently brought to these islands b}^ the mission vessels from Micronesia. The leaves, as may be seen in Fig 42, or more distin6lly in the diagrammatic Fig. 43, are arranged like clapboards transversely to the length of the mat, and are attached to each other as in the preceding example. The leaves, instead of being very broad, are in ver^^ narrow strips not over half an inch wide and are placed so closely that only about one-eighth of each leaf shows. As in the first example from Ebon longitudinal leaves serve both to give body to the mat and to bind the whole together. One can see that it would be difficult to roll up such a mat with the ends of these imbricated leaves bound to a stiff rim, and the maker has CdroHuc I sin litis Mai H'ds. ingeiiioiisly .suriiioiitilcd tlie ilifficiilt)- In* triiiiiiiiii,i; I In; fiids of \\\v \va\vv^ iiinleiiic for about oiie-tliird of ;iti iiieli, the reiuaiiiiiig iKirtinti 1>i'iii_L»' Iminul with paiuiamis in several la\'crs sewed on oxx-r and <)\^er with coco i^oiii. 'Tlie iiidix tdiiail le-avcs boinid togx'tlicr by untwisted bibiscus fibrt', audi tb,e wbole stniAure is \v
iiiK '^I;i,l or J.JnK Mat «tr J,.?^.- r'...;; ii),; from I'«.ii.,].^^ Sk^ii.iii.U ^lal or Lock \o. mu2. iK., v'! in.; Ira.uiikiit. Among" Ibe fabries of sewed |)aiiilanus arc llic fine kites (A ibe Gilbert group. Like the l{bon mats already described and iigured aro the mat coverings for sails when furled, eunnuoii wdiere mat, sails arc used, as these sails are tot) lica\;\' to 1)0 easih' removed but, are more eonvenieull)^ eo\^^ ered wdiile in the canoe. 'Models of these a, re in the Bisliop l\Inseiini eolleAiou of eauoe niodtds. Pillows ..^^^Jllina.^ A HimpU; wurk «'f the fiaiidanns weaver wcr(> tlic \c!;\^ rninfort^^^ ;d)le pillows nuuU- iu the iorui nj a paralUdu^^^ pipi'tlon and stuffed usuallx' with llic liar^dcr |)arts nt llu; same haia Ic wade were asuallx' ns(;i foruis, but iu X«). i 14 p slmwii iu Ibg. |S|, a, unudi wider htrip is used T^^ iu. I ;iu.] «»rua-^ iiicutalioii is;uld(^d h\ thie iusiali r'^i^f;^ J_l__- chaddc- vtiips i.:; in. while- are used. In Xt>s. .i.ae. 43. sTKcrTeur. (.1' .oisM.i.i.xr, v \T, --- \i^^^\ \ the lauls of lie bitUw :>.re <.| the u:.uai .Vs ill. Strip and pbiin, while the rest of tbe pillow is cecred villi naronv Cm m.) dark n 1 iSPSl?-^' ^'-i w^. ^ fi 1 M ' ■ 1 i A >t :ai>s .> s ru. the eomtuoii trips twilled to b>rin ornamental zig/ No, 7732. After the pilb w was wo\x> 11 It was eiuhn .34 Mat and Basket Jf^rai'ittp splittiiii^: tli^ alternate l()nt4-iuic]iiial strips into llircc. In size tlicse pillows xnry eoii- sideraVtlv, as ]!i:i\- l}c seen in tlic follc)\viiii>'' table: ^"- ^"■'" A .small cul)ical jiillow made in the simple pandainis ''-I3 •.'nx5--5x,|-.s ivea\'e ser\-ed for a hall in tlie games of nian\' of the Paeitie ,, islanders, and specimens from the Hawaiian, Gilljert and " Caroline Islands are in the J>isliop !\Iusctini. These were too n light to be thrown to any considerable distance. Dcserip- tions of the games {)layed with these enl)ic "l)alls" ninst hQ " reser\'cd for the cliapler on ^iicicui iLosiiiian >]^><^\■>. '' l..,.sX6V, PandailllS Baskets. The method jjnrsned in jnmping from mat to basket rnwv soom a,rbilrary, but, a,s tJiose who take the pains to read through the present ae- coiint ol Polvnesian basketry will see, there is no convenient partition between basket and mat; a liasket is a folded up mat, or a nia,t is a basket opened out, especially in the forms most (-onnnoii in the Pacific. As 1 have grouped the iirodnxas around the material ra,lher tluin around the technical process that has been emploved, I shall de- stwibc mats or Ixiskets as these seem naturally to be in the line of succession. Among the liawaiians hala, baskets were ver\' common, and in most ea,ses very "rI.v, as niav be seen in the illnstrations (Figs, 45-46). That they were found useful their cnntiuued manufadure to the present day testifies, and personal use of them con- \inces nie that Ihgv are light and dnnible. In all cases figured the bottom w^^as a scpiare nmt continued vertical!)' to a, round aperture without change of diameter in those sIkhvii ill l'it{. 45. tlic rim heiiii;- Uiriierl and (iiiislicd in llif siiii[ile>l ni:!iiiH-r. In llie largest, wliicli were used ftir stnrat^e, tin limuUes were prox^ided ; in I he u! Iicrs eords braided er twisted of eeir, elotia or hau fibre erossed the liolioiu either ditie;otially or parallel tt> a side, passing- l>elweeii the \xv/a\q mi the outside teaee 01- twit'e or riif suitald.e lengths for handles. In small baskets <»f this patttaii a. stiff handle of braid was often sewed lo the sides near the rim, a.s hlmwn in the tigiire. The dimensions ol" these l)askets, from the speeimens in hand, siri* as l'olln\\\s: 'g 1II^H^^^K^^^^I^^^»!^HIII^H ^|WiMigiglili ■iII^^bb &;<* liilitA^w i ^^^^^^^^Bg^^^H^ r i"^^"""®^ ^ ^&0^^~ \\)\v s! rio ; nn har 426S. 4.5 in. ! I base; 5 in, high; wmxai wit 11 ^^ s i". st!ips. ,1266. S in. hi ^rdsv\ m in. high; wo\x;n with i in. striph; haii ,|2ss. 16.5X19.5 ill- base; 17 in. high; woven with 1 m. base; 6 in. high; woven with .gs in. -tri]K iwisU/d leimbv. IV ihd.bv and :diaiH-leSN. 11' niudt-rn n-titaiio. Thex^ w^ .1267. The eox'ered ba^-^ketsul tins nialerni I were even were usnally made smalUaa and were re^ed nnndi : nmde in the same form of palm leaf a>. has already becai nwaitionecb and hhie je sla.x three baskets of pandanns ami one of hmb, pabn. In modmi tinn-s this harm is nau cmly to sell to visitors, and is rarely seen in n>e. The haskols sh-mn in the iilnstr tion are fair speeimens, and 1 was told hx old natives in the earl:r sixties that (In- ;/) Mai mid ihiskci IVvanin:. were i4x:'niiii!e iiatix'e pallertis and in>i taiii2,iu h\ llie lureigiiers. It slumld be stated ill pa^ssiiii,;,' tli.'it uiie in*e;il diflieiilty a student of lKiskfif\- meets in onr region wlieix: aiieienl sj)ei'iniens of this perishable ware are net to be found, is the number of braids ami ])a.tl(aais tatii^iit the mitix'es I)}- fondo-jiers with the landable intention of impnndng^ their inaiiiifa('lnre, or in other eases i-opled without insiruelioii Ji-om artieles in |)osses- si(Ui of fori-iiniers. Tlu; lieaiitiftil flowers nuide from the stem of the //;//v/ piimaiifithi, ami the fans ecpialh' tasteful, nnuie h\ tlie Tahitians, \\i:re not uati\-e eus straw braids used \y\ the itiodtaii Lfa.waiiaus aix' another illustration of the foreign grafts. I (/annot belie\X' that the priiiiiti\n- fornrs stiowu iu bb'g. \'^ are other tdian pureU' nati\'e luventicm, and for aJl I know those in Mg. ^|6 are i'(piall\' so. Dimensions and brief cleseri|)tions of the baskets of this ebiss in the hbshojj Museum are as follow: — 4256. Base -S.r in. f J ; 12 iu. high; ea^) 5 in. I ^1; -''■k in. strip doubled on itself to half sizu wdiere the neek riarrow^s. Tliis is the ecnumoo \\^a\' t)f treating the netd<: wea\x' and is found in all these examples exeept one (No. 4263 K The handle is ffuiued h'v a, i'ord aUaiTed to the neek; the basket is scjwecj diagonallv on tlie k»ottom. 4257. k'ase 7.5 iu. \ \\ 12 in. high; eap 5 in. [ j; strips a^n in.; bod\- of double tliiidv- uess of strij)s. /|25S. Base S iu. \\\ k) in. high; eap 5.2 im i i; ^.4 in. strip cui bottom; '- in. above; liau eon! twisted, erossiiig botttun diametrieally inside and up the sides to form .ioi,;i pa,.srtl tlic iisiKil Uv()~l.H)|) liaiiflle wliH-h passes lliiuuirh i lu/ caj). tluis aitnchine, that to tlic l):isket as loiic^- as the chrIn an- iiiihrukei!. 4259. Base 7.5 ill. s 1 ; 7.5 in. liu(h ; i-ap 5 tliroiioh sides near laMiua-s. 4260. Bnse 4.2 ill. \'\\ % in. hi<.1i; cap 3 in. 4261. Base 6.2X5-5 '"•; /--^ ill. kii^^li; t';ip | > a-.'i i"-; strip- Xs in. Siiu^lr l\\.^^]ll\^ cord nj) opposite sidiss and llirnuo4i eao. .:|26;:^. Ikise 13.5 in. i !; i } in. hii^h; i-ap S in. ■ ,; • . in. sirios -diaM-d \^^ half widlii in narrowini^^ fur iieid.. Curd of hraidedi Iniii rnns tlironeji ilii- wea^- cxuaaiail'. strip: (liai»-c»na,llv to tdie corners and up llie sidca; h.osc at 1.-:rsrol iwvV : lie arrai' liaiii (aip at I lie corner l,)asket in V\)l~ 46. 4262. Base 5.5 in. (51 ; 7 in. lnti;li : iioi^ap: ptaailiar as Iroaii- a re. I .aid an^i^de on caeli sid,e, and a hand nf idie saiiu- \\\>\ heii«\\^ the neck. A form of haskel in the etdU-elioii. nsunUv ealk-d a, lishi-.anan's like shape with tdiesc last, hut lias a, stik handle and two snrdl cxdin-h' atiachcd to oppcrsite sides, km Ihekeve that this specimens within rea^di not one ha,s l)eiii lea-d.. d'hr;r do U'M ra.-ian wed -aiili.] ti. jhnr alk'i'X'd nsc. Samoan BasketSe~-AK mav ke KiippH)-a.i niPirr P..I1 m-nanr; niadc^ xv-s- i.} pan^^^ daiiiis in kasket making, and niajpv of ihoM/ that hasre i'onie to ns are iar iimre aaiislie than those made kv the Hawaiians. Al the same time it mast he remendHovd t ha,l ni, aiic! <.i I la 38 Mai aut^ Basket !!'f(i7>iue. the examples of the liaiidienifl of tlie latter are of old time and aiiciciil form, wliile tlie ilhistratioiis tliat I sliall give are almost all of very modem make by the Saiiioaos and Mieroiiesiaiis, whieli elosely reseiidile these. As I have reason to beliex^e thai the ex- aiiipk's from the Caroline Ids., shown in Plate I, Nos, 808 1, 4024, ai-e at least elose copies of baskets iiiack;' In- the aiiecstors of llie makers of the speeiiiiens before lis, it ma)- l»e that the Saiiioans akso enpied more aiieiciit examples; l)nt ni)* kiiow1«1ge of tlie old basketry of the Saiiioaiis is too limited for me to form a just opinion im tliis. I am iiieliiied to ctiosider the round form of the Samcjan basket the older, as it certainly is tlie cruder stage. This is a fair example of the defieiem:\' of inh)i-matioii on the lias- ketr}- of the Pacilic iskinders. With the exception of the Hawaiians no serious at- tempt has beeti maxle so far as 1 am informed, to trace ilie stages in the ba.sketry of the Oceanic groups; indeed there are few specimens of old baskets from the Paeifie in anv of the great colleelions. For that reason I feel justified in, figuring the nian\' non- Hawaiian examples, even if I can add but; little to onr knowledge of them and their place ill liasket ellrollolog\^ Tlie figures of Sanioan baskets gi\-en bv Turner" do not resemble any in this Museum, but the scale and want of detail may aeconnt for that. According to this learned missionary baskets of pandaiins were made I))- the vSainoans before tliey were taiiglit bv foreigners. All tlie round baskets shown in tdie tignre are of coiled work, the pandanus (fala) l)eing knotted instead of twined. The sizes of the baskets in tins Museum are: — 2172. Base elliptical, t 1X6. 7 in.; sin. high; handle flat, elieeker work; there are four bands of dyed pandanus on the bod v. Samoan Baskets, -iq 2174. Base 5.7 in. round; 4.7 in high; three colored bands on the body. 2177* Base 6 in. round; 5.5 in. high; rather coarse work. 8190. Base 6 in. round; 3.5 in. high; a green band. 8191. Base 5.7X4-5 in., elliptical; 2.5 in. high; the ornaments and band of red and brown fan (hibiscus) fibre; for ornament portions of the foundation coil are simply wound with the strip and not bound to adjacent coils; handle twilled with red fan and fala. 8192. 6.2X5.5 in., elliptical; height 3.5 in.; two bands of purple fau on the body. 8193. Base 57X5.2 in., elliptical; height 3.5 in.; two bands of red fau on the body. The last four are quite modern and were given to the Museum by Lieutenant W. E. Safford. The reftangular baskets are of very different strudure from the preceding. The coil is replaced by the plain plaited pandanus, and like the round baskets they bear in Samoa the common name of afo. The illustration shows both the form, the peculiar inturned edge, and the attradive decoration, but it does not show the double walls found in all of them. The strips are % in. on the inner basket and edges, but on the exterior are much smaller. By the use of black strips a great variety of patterns is shown, but the black has a tendency to fade to a dull red. The sizes are as follow: — 2175 2176 3566 3567 6734 6735 7949 3564 Base 10X5.5 11^.; height 4 in.; divided into two unequal compartments. 1 1.2X5.5 ii^.; height 3.5 in.; divided in middle. Base 7.5X4.5 in.; height 3.7 in. Base 7X4 in.; height 3.2 in. Base 5.7 in. Q; height 3.5 in. Base 7X4.2 in.; height 3.5 in. Base 6.2 in. D ; height 3.5 in. A satchel of similar work and with a flap. Before leaving the Samoan basketry we may glance at the testimony of several writers as to the methods used b}^ the old Samoans, for they will not fail to throw some light upon the work in similar lines of their relatives on the other groups. It is also interesting to know that in Samoa the basket obtained a sort of vicarious divinity, for on Hawaii a number of gods {e.g.^ Kukailimoku) were constructed of wickerwork, either plain or covered with feathers. Qnoting the Reverend Dr. Turner^, **Ga'e fefe was a war-god in some of the villages, and seen in a coconut leaf basket. It is said that in a battle between the gods of Samoa and those of Tonga the former crouched about the trunks of the coconut trees ; but Ga'e fefe hid in a coconut leaf basket and escaped while many others were killed. Hence the basket became a sign of the god, ^ Samoa a Hundred Years Ago and Long Before, p. 32. London, 1884. 40 Mat and Basket Weavmg, and no one would step over such a thing, supposing the god might be in it. Hence, also, if, in going to fight, thej^ fell in with a newl}^ plaited coconut leaf basket turned upside down it was a bad omen, and sent them back. If, however, the basket was an old one, and not lying across the road, but to the one side, and 'fore and aft', it was a good sign and encouraged them to proceed." To continue our quotations from the same author (p. 120) in regard to their mats, of which the technic has been recorded more fully, perhaps, than that of any other islanders, he says: *'Their fine mats were, and are still, considered their most valuable clothing. These mats are made of the leaves of a species of pandanus scraped clean and thin as writing paper, and slit into strips about the sixteenth part of an inch wide. They are made by the women ; and, when completed, are from two to three yards square. They are of a straw and cream colour, are fringed, and, in some in- stances, ornamented with small scarlet feathers inserted here and there. These mats are thin, and almost as flexible as a piece of calico. Few of the women can make them, and many montlis— yea, years, are sometimes spent over the making of a single mat. These fine mats are considered their most valuable property, and form a sort of cur- rency which they give and receive in exchange. They value them at from two to forty shillings each. They are preserved with great care; some of them pass through several generations, and as their age and historic interest increase, they are all the more valued." Similar mats used as garments we shall find were made on the Hawaiian group, but of grass rather than pandanus leaf. A portion of one belonging to Kamehameha the Great is shown in Fig. 82, and though more than a centurj^ old is still flexible. Another Sanioan missionary, the Reverend John B. Stein, in speaking of Samoan mats tells us:"^ ^'Of these the most valued were the te tatia^ and they might well be prized, since they often occupied five, six, nine and even twelve months in their making. They were made from the lau ie^ a large plant whose leaves closely resemble those of the pandanus, but are larger. When plucked the prickly edges of the leaves were cut off with a shell, and the leaves then rolled up and baked in a native oven. This prepared them for a second process, which consisted of separating the inner or finer part of the leaf from the outer, the latter being laid aside for a coarser kind of mat .... The finer portions of the leaf were then strung together, fastened to a bam- boo pole and placed in the sea, where they were allowed to remain until bleached, a process usually occupying from five to seven days, when they were rinsed in fresh water and placed in the sun to be further bleached, after which, when thoroughly dry, they were cut into little strips of various lengths and widths, according to the fineness of the plait required. ®01d Samoa, I^ondon, 1897, p. 144. Sa7nomi Mat Makhig. . j ^^Upon the completion of one of these valuable mats . . . .all the women familiar with the manufacture of these mats resident in the neighborhood were summoned on a given day to bathe the mat. On the women assembling they proceeded to wash the mat m fresh water, and after well stretching it out to dry they adjourned to tlie house to partake of a feast provided by the hostess to celebrate the completion of her mat.- How clear the piAure of these children of Nature assembling on the bank of one of the many Samoan streams to wash the mat which, after perhaps a vear\s work, one of their number had finished! They all rejoiced, for was not the work an honor to their village, to their sex, to their friend ? And if the customs of both children and domestic animals (dogs and pigs) were then as now, the washing must have been more than an idle ceremony. I am well aware that a Samoan house had a low fence across the doorways, intended to keep out pigs, for on this I have sat while chatting with the inmates of more than one Samoan grass house, both on Upohi and Tutuila; but I also know that in modern times at least it is customary to take tlie growing mat out under a shady tree where both pigs and hardly less dirty children could scarcely be kept from off it. The washing we may be sure was needed. Our author goes on to say : ''There were also at least thirteen other kinds of clothing, sleeping and house mats made by the Samoans.^^ Various dyes were prepared from vegetables and roots of trees. A beautiful crimson was obtained by mixing the inner bark of the root of the nonnfiafia {Eugenia malaccensis) with sea water and lime. Yellow was prepared from turmeric and oil. It was also obtained from the bark of the nonu {Morinda citrifolia) previously mentioned. A fine purple was obtained from the young shoots of the mountain plantain, soahi {Mnsafehi), and a brown by mixing the inner bark of the pam (?) with sea water. A black colour was imparted to various articles by burying them in the soft mud of a taro patch formed in a swamp.'' Continuing our exploration of the technic of the islanders we find on Fiji, ac- cording to Dr. Berthold Seemann,' ' a most trustworthy authority, that "Mats with which the floors of houses and sleeping places are thickly covered, are made of two kinds of screw pines; the coarsest of the leaves of the Balawa {Pandanus odoraiissivms^ Linn.); the finest, of those of the Voivoi {P, caricosus^^wnx'^Xi,), The Balawa, or Vadoa, as it is termed in some districts, is a tree twent3^"five feet high, indicative of poor soil, growing in exposed positions, and being one of the first plants appearing on newly formed islands. Its singular habit has often been dwelt upon. The smooth white branches, with their dense heads of foliage, not inaptly compared to the arms of a huge candelabrum; the strong aerial roots, covered with minute spines, and serving as so many props ; the curious corkscrew-like arrangement of the leaves, the leathery, ^Some of these mats were lanfaii, lalaga, ie taua, ie 'nla, ie sina and si'aloa. ^°Viti. B. Seemann. Cambridge, 1862, p. 554. 42 Mat and Basket Weaving, sword-shaped leaves tliemselves, and tlieir spiny edges ; the long spikes of male, and the shorter branches of female flowers, their delicious perfume strongly recalling to mind that of the vegetable ivory of South America ; finally, the bright orange-coloured drupes, formed into large heads of fruit, to say nothing of their insipid taste, appre- ciated only by natives, are all so essentially different from what a European traveler is accustomed to in his own country, that his attention is involuntarily arrested, and he hardly ever fails to record it. The Voivoi or Kiekie is a stemless species with leaves ten to twelve feet long, which delights in swampy localities of the forests, and is occasionally cultivated to meet the demand. Fans, baskets, and the finest mats — even those on which newly born babes, naked as they are for more than a twelvemonth, are carried — are made of its bleached leaves. Occasionally neat patterns are worked in by introducing portions of the material dyed black, whilst the borders of highly finished mats are tastefully ornamented with the bright red feathers of the Kula — a parroquet {Calltpttlus solitarius^ Latham) not found in the groups eastward of Fiji, and therefore highly esteemed by the inhabitants of those islands. '^ Turning to the westerly Pacific region, we find in the Solomon Ids., according to Dr. Guppy,'' still another item in the technic of mat-making. I have not been fortunate enough to see any of the Solomon mats, of which there are a number in the Bishop Museum, that I could feel sure had been treated as Dr. Guppy describes; but his statement is interesting as adding to the methods tised in preparing the pandanus leaves. He says : *^ Mat-making is one of the occupations of the women of the Straits, the material employed being the thick leaves of a species oi pandanus which is known by the natives as th^ pota. The leaves are first deprived of their thin polished epidermis by being rubbed over with the leaves of a plant named sansutz] which have a rough surface giving a sensation like that caused by fine emery paper when passed over the skin. The pan- danus leaves are then dried in the sun, when they become whitened and leather}^, and are then sewn together into mats." Evidently the kind of mat already described from the Solomon Ids., p. 32. In the Gilbert Ids. we learn from the narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition under Wilkes,'^ **The mats are made of the leaves of the pandanus, slit into strips about a quarter of an inch wide, and woven by hand : these are of two colours, light yellow and dark brown : the former are made from the young leaves, and the latter from the old, which are prepared by beating them with a mallet to render them pliable. On the yellow mats they bestow a great deal more of their attention : the young leaves "The Solomon Islands and tlieir Natives, London, 1887, p, 61. *^ Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-1842, by Charles Wilkes, U. S. N., Commander of the Expedition. Philadelphia, 1845. Vol. v, p. 94. Marshall Fslmids Mats. , , are laid aside for two or tliree dn,_v.s after tlie\' n,re plucked, till (liey are widui-ed : tlu-v arc tlicii roasted by holding tlieni in the hand over llie fire, and allerveanls laid lii ihe '-^im tor three or four days to insure iheiii being- siiflieieiilly ilried. I )uri!iu^ iIk- laika- pai^t uf ilu^ proeess the}' are broiiu-bt every eveiiiiiir into the lioase iu |)!-oU^cl them In.in iJu^ de\r <.r rain. When the leaves are siiffieientl)- dry, the\- are left all iiiofit tu Idcacli in the \u\w \k:v\\ an important article of eonmieree aineaig tlie islanders, and the low eural islands of thv ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ gToiip are largxd\- dependent on the sale of the for siieli things as their loTi\' a,iid sanch' s<» are found on most of the groups in the I^n:ifHs brong'ht to Hoiioliihi in the niissionar\' \^esse' pose that they were of natix-e Hawaiian nianni similar mats, those of the Marsliall and Ciilbert from most other prodncls of the mat nr'ikers. and measures ii ft. 2 in. b\- 9 ft., with a lineia light leaves mentioned by Wilkes are M'ry jdeld veiy attrae^ivc nnits. The costoni of keeping line mats lor oceasioiis, seems vcr}- ancient, and, if the w- ancient sails, and as- these were i^'enerall}- made of paiidaaiu- mat h\ a method ol weaving d i f f e r i n i; from tlial used in the ccnistrnAion o^ the l)road sleepine mats, we iria\- cpiot; here that p«)riion re- hrtinw to this work: " The saJhs through ■ oiil Micronesia wen- alwa,\-s mack' iii stri|):- varyine- in wddtli from fonr inches to three feet, the Micro ■ nesiaiis l)eing par- tieiikrrlv apt in this form of mat-inaking. Tlie Marsliall Lsl a, riders, \x\\o ajo aiiiorii'" the most ex pert canoe hiiihU/i-;-- ajid saikjrs in thi Paeilie, use a hip^ boa,rd, eiti from breadfruit woo(k on which llie mat is woven (Fig. 50), The board is arched and sets ver\' comfortaljly in the lap of a person vSitting on the ground. The ■t '7 i RIP se of similar sliape from h'iji are eertaJnlv' aneient, some speeinieiis in the (dd !\lai-ine Mdiseiiiii at Salem, Massaehusetts (now reabod\' Aeailemy of vSeienee) datityy frian the (sirly \x*ars tv| the last eentnr\- w^hen the cannibals <»f iha.l i4'ron|) had no books. Wdiile a.11 the satelads in this 'Miiseiini from the Gilbert i^-rmip are made of bi'oad leaves sewed togxiher and not interwoven, the end)roider\- of Ijlaek or red strips »:yi«r .:-^«^-- -S^'^ms ■ ""' ^- '^j^ • . 'T ' 'ir :■■*'■ y-- % %:¥- ....#:.•■.. .^Al being instnied by splitting the leaves as needed and after the basket is {jiit together, those from hdji are genuine ina,t w-ork with broad strij)s, the embroidery being by the same method, in Ixitli eases. In the Fijiaai sateliel, Ko. 8198 (Fig. 51}, the .small strips inserted obliterate the irregnlaarities left l)y the alternate raised and depressed scpiares in the weaA-e of the satehcd and leave a imihirni snrfaee. Tlris is espeeiallv iiolieeablc in the band along Ihe upper edge. In the hbjian saleliel the bottom and edges are eontinnrnis and not sewed as are the liottoms of those from the (dilberi Ids. There is a, hue series of the bdjian satehels in the Salem Museum, better, 1 believe, than ebse^ where. The dimensi(ULs of these satehels in the bhshop Museum vary ecmsiderably ajid aax* as h)l]ows : h'lais for ( 7f}///ijii aim in.icK 8349. K.5X7 ill.; a»:irsc; upper hnrder of finer iiuil work, ('rill)crl Iils. 7094. 6.7X6 ni.; <'i cominuoiis liarid sewed at l)!»ltniii, aiiAi--.m ■ m mi ■ '^ ■ :■■■ :■*" Willis* ^*w:.: 1, ;: ^^;A/,-,:, I. :■■: :vi ; vws&o' c ■:- :::-:.:^ r:,^n ■?::.;■!: :■ :■::■' 2 ■' r ■ ^v- .■.'■■- ^^'■^- ,;.||:j|;- ■ > -^^-^j;!^!,'.--^^:-:--^: ■' ■ ■■■■■: ■ ■■■■ ;■■■■:-■-■■■■ ■;::-.;;..:■■ 7:,-r :;. :. ■; ,,: , ■ ■ ■ ::. .... .;:..n :■■ \ -^ W^-::m:' mm A L.;^0:i\m^-'K- - ■ 7- -.d'^^o J^H. ■;.■■:..■ :i-?;v::^ o-a" 7:.-7:. . .■: ^h:ymr-^Mt^ ;:: Slim '^ ^^ ^mt:-^MKm. ■:::?6.-. :>X^.-M< ' -^v^:-;. ::,;i-^^^^^^^^^^ ii The iMJiaii speeiniens at Sriltari var\^ in IcaiKth tmiu \?^ to i: i deeoraiion Uic\' arc well represented by the speeiiiKai in tins Mieaar 111 H|\a Mats fOt ClotMllg. ^Althnn-li the llawaiians ceilamlv u^vA mat. ha iii,ir, iiotonlyas wraps, but as waist eh)ih (m.-doixdu- prineipal d!e^M^h.lHluali .a ol made of mat work, that is w.>ven of trrass nr hauxa-^ in^^4ead o! anii^ id.ro. was Marshall Islands. The beautiful work uf llwsc i>d;oid.rs w^ hniiisiar m nil uoisrar iiiueh has been written al)out tlieir inauulaetaire nsnl e.so^ 1 tliese mats from the point of the desioiua-, ha^ the variMas i here given have names and o]>))rnpria,le o>ieN. h«a^ ;s]l ihr: rdi'.w n in 1 1' J/.// iUid h'askii l4i',i:'i,io to the iiioHl I'diiiplele nccomu kimwii i<» iiie, tlial of Prof. Dr. Ati^^ustiii Kniim-i tlie tccliiiif ol llie mat iiiak^ ■■. "'''" . ''~'" iii.u: I .^li'ill take lli(^ liben\- (if Iraiislatiiii:^ frniii (his iii- Imt foi ';::jil^f-jj:M#::4n;f:;>::-^ ten/Still,!;^' paper. As the or thoua-afihx^ of the names of the iiuits and their parts j M seems wholly unsettled, | '.^ even Ciermaii T,\a-iters not \ ' 'O' airreeuiij aiuono^ Iheni- ]: ^^l; mr we ina,\- pass over I m^-u'' ^l •-.■:■ ^-^-^ l:fs^.^. ^/.se^-- "•■■■■■::■■ ::■'■■■■"■■■■ ij^ '%■■ ■■■ O :~;-.:;:,;-.,.f^j the nati\-e nanii's and their j et\-niolog\a The illustra,- I liens j^^hx-n here of these I mals are all from the Bisliop ! Mu sen 111 et^Hon, exeept l'%e. Phite \', whieh is made from a large ma. I hnii^ nsed as a table eovi>r by the writer, \\1io lias thus had an oj)|)ot- 1 unity to test the dnrabilit)- ot these admirable mats. Nearly all here figured differ UKu-e or less from those fig-- ured l)y Dr. Kninier. and many of tlicm arc of eon- side rable age. I translate fix-elv from Dr. Ivnimer, omitting nmeli of the philologA-al matter as, howe\^er intiax'Stitig and \-almible, foreign to our presi'ul purpose. "Among the pro(hic» tions of the Marshall islanders doubtless the mats used for clothing take the first P^'^^^^^'"' • " • These were nmde freehand without apparatus or loom, only a long pointed fiyi-ifis ":"■ y;:y."- ..■■■-; weaviiii.^ lle(■dl(^ rnJlr.l ..,^ Ki-iHTallv Iroiii ihc l.-mr wiiiu 1)oiU' o! lih- aiiianvs., s, ^^> ^^^^' f'P <^i<' ^'tniiids wltirli art/ uum/h o„ a hiphnard of lireadfriiil ^^^tH| <>„<■ to nv luin^ :iin1 six tu twch-c iiichrs wuir, i-n!k;d ./-'a;;.//. j A sniiilaf (HU- is ll-imHl ii scclicni oil Mai Sails, p. |(,. j \u,x the ciiil.nai.irry a lu-cdk^ o! Inuiian, do,; nr iiNJ! 1 for IriirniniiiMlie leaves a jiiiiiia shell, //^/h/ier. All these ihiii-s are kiail iii a h; woven from i^ois. leases tailed hu.ijo. Idir ihe mat the leaves oi /^/i/eee//v ,;,.A;. i'!n< are le-i^l. h\»r the iiiu; iiuit< t are phielu-d Ximxwi and roa>tod o' 1 111- sun, A\\i\ 'A\duai tlii- \\ea.\aii_e hoyiie-N Ksno^-^ an- talviai t.air uudu-s wide ,iiid llirs^^ to >e\ssii leel led ofh senipcd and treed tmni the tandiTirn- and diard : ihshast then assnnics :i l>ri)\vri er nsldish-vellew line. Idu/ hhe'k hies-s ,\v\\\ .'ire trtam tlie hast ef llibisens dyed with snoi or nin.l. Asrordni.e dvc is (ihtaiiied Iroiri iJie iiarit of ihe nianin-n\e. Iliesr an yralee! : shells (n- eoeomit^ ^dlel1s awl the hast is staked in the dc-ohlaai u is ol)tained. hd)r a red eelor the saaiie strips are pasNcA. ihr.ait'ls root bark of a eertaiii tree {Moriridr. ,!hiiniio /) viih thr addm-.n After dcseribinia the sleepiiiii mats, eiiehi wax' arraniy^'l the eoarscr wea\x> at the hotloin and the uma^ at lln^ top ot a p' inehes thiek, the hottoni one> heine, soineiniie- o fully the fine elothiiisy mats, ..f whii'h elasN wo ha\ It is iiiineeessarv t(» 14'' "^^*> ^1'^' :i":.:::-^t*iSii'^: ,^j#5;.;:S^*%.. the sneca^rss of the- nnit the wea\'er's iingers iniisl pnt the rigiit tension on eaxdi strand ctr (he mat will be bellied eir warped, ami will not lie ilat or he reAaiigiilar whtai finished. An inexperieneed or cs'ireless rnat maker is alwau'S known hy the irregnhir mat. While (he whole leaved edging" is scnuetimes left on the finished nnit, it is iisimlly tait off wlien the' distal end In'is I teen bpiciu.iis trellis, ever and uiidci- whirli |);iss pt.rtiuiis (.f the ek)se hand cf liyht hrowii j^rass^^like i*;f;^-Av.;tak Hic \aalical tioti repeats the ziit^ag ])aiid ot the ha^kct proper, hut I la- Inp i. cuvorcd with a k tiidinalband of diaper with two /i-zay na,rrower bands un riiln/r Mdc, with paa^l of siibsidiarv bands of a daadc ])rown weave, WhaUner the pnrposc nf tins has" uiavbe sure it was int;;ended to hold sooiethine verv ]>rceiens, and I nmsi doubt, i, view of the litrht esteem in which irikints ucre held in aiivicnl linio thoaiuh.a, the Paeifie, that it was intended lo hold ike decavin.- remain> of any baloa eve, th offspring of tlie highest chietess. ki-i \u' 58 Mat and Basket Weaving. List of Pandanus Mats in thb: Bishop Museum. 2580. 7.2 ft.X4.7 ft- — 16 strands to inch. Very fine and flat weave. Hawaiian. 2581. 34,3 ft. X 10.5 ft. Hawaiian. 2582. 10 ft. X 7.2 ft. Hawaiian. 2583. 25.7 ft.X3 ft. Dining mat. Hawaiian. 2586. 6 ft. X 4.7 ft. With diagonal stripes. Hawaiian. 2591. 18.2 ft.X8 ft. — 16-12 to in. Very flat weave. Hawaiian. 2598. 1 1.5 ft.X7 ft. — 7-8. Hawaiian. 2599. 10.7 ft.X8 ft. — 6. Hawaiian. 2602. 8.3 ft.X8 ft. — 7. Hinano=:yonng leaves, Puna. Hawaiian. 2603. 9 ft. X 7.7 ft. — 3. Hawaiian. 2780. 10ft.X6.5ft. — 4. Checkered. Rotuma. 2781. 10.5 ft.X6.5 ft. — 4. Diagonal brown stripes. Rotuma. 2782. 10.5 ft. X 8.5 ft. Hawaiian. 2783. 10 ft. X 9 ft. — 4. Hawaiian. 2784. 1 1.3 ft.XS ft. Old. Haw^aiian. 2785. ioft.X9ft. — 7. Hawaiian. 2786. 12.2 ft.X7.5 ft.^ — 6-7. Flat weave. Hawaiian. 2787. 6ft.X4ft. — 5. Brown in patterns. Hawaiian. 2788. 5.5 ft.X4.7 ft. — 5"6. Diagonal brown stripes. Hawaiian. 2789. 9 ft. X 6.3 ft. — 12. Hawaiian. 2791. 8.5 ft.Xs ft. — ^15. From Queen Emma colledlion. Hawaiian. 3239. 5.6 ft.X3.8 ft.— 6. Black and white checks and twills. Nine. 3240. 6.2 ft.Xs. I ft. — 4.5. Black and red zigzags. Nine. 3498. 9.5 ft. X 5.2 ft. Leaves of two colors. Gilbert Ids. 3499. 4.8 ft.X4.2 ft. Gilbert Ids. 3500. 6 ft.X4.5 ft. Two colors with long suture, Gilbert Ids. 3501. 1 1.7 ft.X7 in. — 9. Fringed belt, black stripe. Samoan Ids. 3505. 6 ft.Xs. 7 ft. — 13. Fringed. Hawaiian. 3506. 8 ft.Xs ft' Hawaiian. 6310. 14. s ft. X 13*5 ft. — 2. Embroidered with red. Tongareva. 6311. 8.3 ft.X6.s ft. Strips of leaf sharply cut. Tahiti. 6629. 10 ft.XS ft. — 6. Mrs. Bishop's colledion. Hawaiian. 6630. 6 ft.X3-6 ft. — 6. — Mrs. Bishop's colledion. Red border. Nine. 6631. 8 ft.X7 ft. — 10. Mrs. Bishop's collection. Single leaf. Hawaiian. 6632. 6.2 ft. X 5.9 ft. — 10. Mrs. Bishop's colleAion. Embroidered black and brown. Marshall Ids. 66s5. S*8 ft.X4*5 ft* — 16. Irregular serrate edge, fringed leaves on ends. Samoa. 6657. 7.4 ft.X4.6 ft. — 12. Double black transverse stripes. Gilbert Ids. 66s9. 4 ft.Xa ft. — 10. Fringe on all sides, embroidered with wool. Tonga. 6660. S-2 ft.X4 ft. — 6. Nine. 666i 6662 7718 7755 7962 8061 8444 8445 7729 List of Pandanus Mats. rn 4.5 ft. X 2.6 ft.— 5 strands to inch. Fringed on surface also. 5.7 ft.X 1.2 ft.— 14. Twilled belt, open edging on ends. Santa Cruz. 1 1.5 ft. X 9-5 ft- Hawaiian. 2.2 ft.X 1.8 ft.— 4. Samples made in 1834. Hawaiian. 13 ft.X 10 ft. Hawaiian. I I.I ft. X9 ft.— 5. Marshall Ids. 6.5 ft.X 2.5 ft.— 9. Fringed with feathers. Tonga, N. H. 10.5 ft.X 22 in. — 9. Fringed on long edge. Tonga, N. H. 9.8 ft.X7.5 ft. Hawaiian. Pandanus Mats from the Marshall Islands. These are all embroidered around the border with hibiscus fibre, black and red-brown; the smaller sixes are used as aprons. 3215. 2.2 ft.X2.i ft.— II Strands to inch. With hau trimmings. Maloelab, 1839. 3217. 6 ft.X6 ft.— II. 3218. 6 ft.X5.5 ft. Narrow border. 3219. 6 ft.X 6 ft.— II. Remarkably wide border, mostly black. 3220. 5.5 ft.X 5 -5 ft.— II. Wide border, mostly black. 3221. 6 ft.X 5. 5 ft.— II. Narrow border. 3222. 5 ft.X6 ft, — 12. 3223. 6ft.X6ft. 3224. 3 ft.X 3 ft.— II. Wide border, mostly red-brown. 3225. 3 ft.X 3 ft.— 9.5. Wide border. Fig. 53. 3226. 2.7 ft.X 2.7 ft. — 10. Wide border. Majuro. Fig. 53. 3227. 2.7 ft.X 2.7 ft. — II. Narrow border not extending to the edge. Fig. 53. 3228. 2.7 ft.X 2.6 ft. — 9. Wide border. 3229. 2.9 ft.X2.9 ft. 3230. 2.7 ft.X2.7 ft. 3231. 2.7ft.X2.7 ft — 10. Narrow border, mostly black. Fig. 53. 3232. 2.7 ft.X 2.5 ft. — 10. Narrow border. Fig. 53. 3233. 2.5 ft.X2.5 ft. — 10. Narrow border. 3234. 2.7 ft.X2.2 ft. — II. 3235. 2.2 ft.X 2.2 ft. — 10. Fig. 53. Only one with diagonal weave. 3236. 2 ft.X 2 ft. 3237. 2 ft.X2 ft. 3238. 5.3 ft.X5.3 ft. Medinni border, 6656. 6ft.X5.9ft.— 12. 6663. 12.7 in.X7.7 in. — 12. Satchel, embroidered like the mat border. 6664. II in.X8.7 in. — 12. Satchel, embroidered like the mat border, 7563. 3 ft.X 3 ft. — 9. Mat with wide border. 6o Mai and Basket Wfiiving, Baskets of leie. — We are now to consider one of tlie two most disiinAive Hawaiian w^orks in basketrv, and one wliicli, for solidity and durability of workman- ship, 1 belie\'e t.o be nns!ir])assed in this F^aeifie region, nor do m\.'' limited studies in the field of basketrv end»raee any baskets of any region wliieli may justly be aeeorded a liiglier rank than pertains ti) tlie baskets made from ieie l)y the Hawaiians. Unlike 59. fkiu'Cixj-: the pandaniis, its neat rehitive, the Freyeinetia does not offer in its leaves its most useful |);rodnt9:, althongdi these arc similar in shape but smaller in size than tliose of the pandanus. It is a slim, scandent plant, either making" dense jnngde with its parti}' reeinnbeut steuis, or cdiuibing high among the trees where its tufts of green leaves enelosing in tlic flowering season the bright red flowering leaflets, among which the three flower heads rise, alwa\'S attract the eye of an observant traveler. From the slender stems perpend long rootlets of almost uniform diameter wdiieli cling to the HaiiUiiidi! frit' fhfsl'ris. trees or swing freely ii, tlie air. Fig-. 5,). Slight aii.l Himsv as 1 they are the ari-importimt ])roducl of the plaait. IS a eriiiiiiioii sayiiig^ of the old Hawaiiaiis, f, forests, espeeially ilie more elevated oiu-s. all ill til! feil|i.>ie: er . . ■ mifmmK ....■■ ■^^''"^mfts^^iy\>'^^'^T.-:' ■■■■:■ ■■■ ■■> If PI til itraUv- ■;■•■■ '■.:■■■■.■ ■ Pacifie islands, the name ie, or ieie, cxleiidiiiii llirt'iieji Pi»iyjif>ia. 1 or kickie (I'l'fvn'i/dKi hanksii ) is the same word. In tlie tku-s of idol worsliip the ieie was used fnr ilei^n!\-;t in;..; tlic present da\- the word is a].)],)lied 1,(* a })erson diernrali/«! with lei « g'ctieral rnstie (leecn-aLioii it is also xi-rx fit, as it clncs r^fa, Himn fadi- in> Ornamental it will always l)e, but its nsidiiiness si-iaii'^ h, liavr d.-p; Hawaiian Islands, for ntt longer are the hasket>: laarie that aiir;udi^d, Maori iknk. 62 Mat and Basket Weaving, basketry of the Pacific, the wonder of early visitors. There may still be a very few specimens stored in the closets of some old residents, but I know of none in any museum except the two complete with one coverless specimen in this Museum, and I shall therefore both describe and figure these most carefully. There is little to say about the preparation of the rootlets : the^^ were sometimes split in halves and sometimes used whole. The struAtire is rather peculiar and serves to distinguish this material from the many vines of the Convolvulus family that have a somewhat similar appearance. In the centre are five or six tubes which give elas- ticity to the strips ; the ferns having in se6lion a harder tissue of horseshoe shape. In illustrating the finest basket of this material that the Museum possesses we find difficulty in distinguishing the two colors which were once very distinct, since age has so browned the light color of the natural stem, and so faded the deep purplish black of the contrasting portion, that while the eye with difficulty makes the distinc- tion, the photographic plate has failed to do so, except in the middle of the second band from the bottom. Fig. 60 shows the body of the basket, and Plate VII the cover, the basket belonging to what we may for convenience call Class I. The full descrip- tion is rather dull reading to au}^ but an expert in basketry, but is worth giving, there are so few specimens left, and time must destroy these. No. 7651. Diameter 26 in., height 17 in. Specimen in good condition, except that the cover is cracked all along the upper rim, and several of the side cover loops are gone. Starting from the rim, which is of course reversing the order of manufac- ture, this rim is flat, consisting of two rods carefully clothed with flat strip, every fifth and sixth one going down under two horizontal twisted rounds in which the strips pass over two of the upright strips. Then a band of dark and light strips, originally light brown and black, 16 rounds of two-ply over uprights of 3 rods each; 2 rounds twisted, followed by 12 plain brown; 2 twivSt, variegated band of 17 rounds; 2 black twists and I brown, 16 brown and 2 twists; sides then turn in to form bottom with a variegated band of 16 rounds, i brown, i black and i brown twist; 11 variegated rounds, 7 brown rounds, 3 brown twists; 15 brown rounds, 2 twists; 10 brown rounds followed by 7 twists to centre of start. There are 19 braided sennit loops to attach cover. Cover is formed with the same kind of rim, 2 twists, 2 black, 7 brown rounds, i twist; 19 varie- gated, 2 twist, turning edge; 18 brown rounds, 2 twist; 25 variegated rounds, 12 twists; 8 brown and 2 black twists; 12 twists to centre. This basket, supposed to have come from the island of Hawaii, was many years in the cabinet of the A. B. C. F. Missions in Boston. No. 6589. This basket is plain brown without color decoration, 17 in. in diame- ter and 10 in. high. The rim is similar to the last, but has three bars as a foundation instead of two. The succession from the rim is as follows: 2 twists, 10 rounds; Hatuauan Icie Baskets. 6^ 2 twists, 19 rounds; 2 twists, 17 rounds; 2 twists, 17 rounds on the bilge; 2 twists, 18 rounds; 2 twists, 12 rounds; 7 twists to centre. The cover rim has one rod and the binding strip attaches it to the two succeeding twists, bv the sixth and seventh round some go over both twists, others over onlj: one. Then come 12 rounds, 2 twists on the edge of cover; 12 rounds, 2 twists; 14 rounds, 2 twists; 11 rounds, 2 twists; 6 rounds, 4 twists to centre. The 6559 '^^^<^1 IS given by her to Mr. Brigham FIG. 61. Kn(;K 01^ HASKKT NO. 6589. fo^ thc Bishop MuSCUm." No. 6942. Diameter at bilge 18 in., at rim 12 in., height (without cover) 9.5 in. The rim is composed of five small rods bound and attached in a way similar to those in the two preceeding specimens, but with less regularity. The sequence is 2 twists, 10 rounds; 2 twists, 20 rounds; 2 twists, 15 rounds; 2 twists, 15 rounds on the bilge; 2 twists, 13 rounds; 2 twists, 15 rounds; 3 twists, 11 rounds; 8 twists to centre; no cover extant. The outside has been painted all over a lead color, but the inside is fresh and unstained. Specimen from the curious old stone house at Kailua, Hawaii, built by Reverend Asa Thurston (arrived 1820), and was used by the Thurston family there and elsewhere for seventy- five years. These three are the only surviving specimens belonging to this class of ieie baskets that are known to the writer. The length of time these have been in use is remarkable, and shows the great strength and durability of the material. The three are of the same general pattern, and might have been made by the same hand ; the perfedion of the work seems to show that there must have been many made before such skill could have been acquired. The next class comprises the fine baskets woven over wooden umeke or gourd calabashes or bottles, and several very fine specimens are in the Bishop Museum. Exactly how these were made I cannot say, and the technic must be gathered from the specimens, for in the early days of my explorations on this group I never saw any such baskets, and have not been able to learn much about them from the present gen- eration of natives. It seems to have been the only basket figured and noticed by the early explorers, and Freycinet makes a curious mistake in the material used. It seems worth while to quote his account : 64 Mai (Uid Ihiskei IVrdviiw "Oil fiiit avcc la fenille dii ti, (jiielqiics oiivmgcs dans le gout dc cciix dc iios vaiiiiiers, iiiais pciit-etre iiiieiix, finis; les mis soul d'nne sciile leiiite; Ics aiitres, tels que les casques, les eveiilails, Ics panniers, le clissage des eaJebasses ciii \\n\ scrrc les elTets preeienx, i\:e., sent iiiiaiices de cmileitrs diverses. Ces om-rages, eunfit's aaissi ?\ la main delicate des fcninies, offretit iXk^^':^ formes ei dinicnsiotis trcs-variees." What the French Com- ■•''••'" -^>» niander took for the leaves of the ti (ki, (\)nlvlinr ivnitiiiuhs) was aft'eri\'ard named for him P)'crfi- )ifiii}^ and the figures given in iM'cveinet's report leave no d()td)t lliat tlie l:»askel;s \vc are now eon sidcring were the ones referred to in the quotation. As he says, these hinai poepoe were used as receptacles for their greatest trca^s- ""%: nres, and we know that wlieii the -^^s**?-. breaka^ge of tlie interior nrnel-;e or .„:■■: cala,l)ash deprives these l)askets of their waterproof charat9:er and thev fall to liaser uses they will still serve for many _vears as fisli has- v"*^ ^ kcts, or for otiicr purposes. Demi- jons and carboys, hard receptacles cox'cred with basket work b\' iimre ' • ^^ ■ ■ .• ■-. ■ ■, . ■ .. ■; eivili/.ed people, are only fit for lar,. 6:;. mwi cdiu-oi.;. (kvHtni(5lioii wdien the inner |)art is daniaged ! Figs. 62, 65 and Plate kX give faj'r re|)" resentaiions of the best of these hinai poe|-)oc, and the loHowing list of those in the Mnscujii will explain the illiistralif)ns: No. 3890 (Phite IX) nieasnres, as figured, 21,5 in. high with cover; greatest diameter 9.2 in. 'T'lie inside wooden (kon ) nmeke measures 13.2 in. in depth (internal), and '^,^ in. at the month. The cover is of the same material and has 6 in. and 6.7 in. internal measurement. The outer basketry comes to witliin three-cjuartcrs cif an inch of the top of the nmeke, and is finished ofT bv a braid which docs not project beyond the general surface; a net of olon,a is attached IjcIow the fourth, round. The cover has a rim like the l)asket.s of tlie first class, l)ut snmller, and in l)ot1i the weaving is close and varied only l)v reversing. ''I'Ti'sTiUft, Wjyagv aiilour du inunac. 1817-20. IJ. p. 613. Utiivaihni Hiuai PocfM. No. 1405 ( iMg. 65) mea.snres 28 iti. liig^li and 13.5 in. al llic ,i'Tcatesi diaaiieter. Tlie interior is a, gourd 23 111. deeji and 5.2 in. ;it nc(d<. Hie .strands a. re lliree^-|)i\- in c()\'er of wliicli the gonrd is lost. No. 3.S89 (W. IX) hris a wooden unicke as widl >liowu in l^'i^^. 63; iIumx; is no cover; lieiglit 12.5 iii., while tin;! nin^/ive measures inside 00.5 iin, witli a. tliaanrUa^ ui 6.5 ill. at iieek. Tlie beaiilifiil and elosc weavi' al the lus-k is shaiwn in the hi;riri-. Xu. !ju,; (PI. IX) IS nd i() in. in kets ( I'ig-. 64 ). Tlie \^aa-iations m tlie bajids are s Xo. 3S90 I Pk PX) is woven around wmkI- 22 ill., diameter 9 in. Best in eoPeiHion. No. 1409 (Pk VlPl) is one of the (kit i-alahash ka^ktis, diameter. .:\s this is llic only one oi this flal 'orni and has 11 say what that part eoiisisled of, hut it was prokaklv a tlat ha basket was used for the preservation of .s,,iiiv ehoici/ k^aiher (^aj. No. 7705 has a diameter of 16 in. and is 27. s in. i the eovcr is now empty and the wlmle is eontaiiu^d 111 a., k It is w.n^tai oil a y''. No. 3845 is like the last speciiiH'ii. as iii;!\^ in' seni smaller, and in place of llie usual net le fasten the ever ; cord knotted tliroiigli the sides, wldeli serve ah^^n fur haiidli^s. ()S Mai iuul Baskfi Wcavijig. Xo. 3S.S7 has wo cover and was made as an independent basket; tlic rim is neatlv braided and tlie rounds are tliree-ply. The rods, added as the diameter inereases, are not alwa\-s spliced to those already in phice, bnt are intcr])olated like a \', making^ two ruds for each insertion. Height 17 in., diameter 14 in. Has been mended in places with a "darn" of cc>co fd)rt^ cord. No. 3843 is similar to the last, bnt of coarser workman.ship; the ronnds are still three-pl}', and the rims both, of basket and cover arc of a nnnibcr of strips intertwined anmnd the licnt enxls of the rods, as shown in Fig. 67. Height 17 in., diameter 12 in. Not only nmeke and correspond- ing gonrds were co\-ercd with !jaskctr\' by the oki Hawaiiaiis, but also the hncwai or gourd water bottles, prol)- ably ill all cases for additional strength; l)ni with tlie huewai it also helped to ^^ keep the contents cooler. When I first saAv the hdlowing specimen I was in- 5 S 4- 3. clincd to think the natives in mf)dern ^'"•- ^''- ^''^^ "^' h^skkt nu. 3S43- times had copied the wicker-eovcred glass bottles used as perfume bottles or pocket flasks by the foreigners, bnt I am assured by old Hawaiians that their people made snch water bottles in ancient times. ^'<^*- 535'^' i-'^ '^^ hnewai or water bottle of gonrd covered with a closelvwvoven Ilaicaiian Fi.^h Bffsh-As. three-ply spiro,! band, altenia,tel_v brrruii aiid hlriek. 'flierc :irc U\-.» braiilcii v;it> mi opposite sides of tlie spring of llie ni>ck, to wliich are si ill allachcd the riaa:uiis of a scptare braid cord; tlie cap or i-apsule is of [hv saiiu- w^ork. 110 longer fit: for tlieir original purpose, but I lie s]ii, fisb and not for an_vthiiig else. No. 3842 is a iisb basket with a beiglit of of Tc) in. The weave is llirecidy 011 the baskrl, air arc no baiidleH nor fastenings hn- the c<»\'er. Sec big-. 6^ Tliese l)askets were eoiiinioii a,iisities liave introduced immense ones to serve for hall decora- tions or lunbrella holders. The scale on the phite is snftieient guide to the size of tliosc figured. Kos. 7 68 1 and 7 68 2 are of a more common size. It shonld h)e added that these baskets are used-t;o catch the shrimps, and not to store them. Idols and Helmets. — Another extensive use of ieie strips and rods is found in the manufacture of imag'cs of the gods, and lielmets. Of the for- fk;. 69. i-;\lakoi.:j> i-uktium oi* .xo. 3S42, mer, huge simnbiera were eonslrne%ai, none of which are now kin)wn to exist, although in the earl\- (hi}-s of tlie American i\!ission ( 1 820-1835) ."^ont' brrge specimens remained at Kailna, Hawaii, and it is quite possible others were concealed in caves which may Utra'aiitiH U'irkcr Hchu, still preserve tlieiii. The late Kiiii^- Knlakaiia described to tne sueli iiiiatiX's lu- idainied to have seen in a ea,vt' in the eliff aht)\^c Keahikekiia Bay. Tliere are still in irxisliriiee, lus\ve\x>r, :i iiiim- her (if smaller images, imtahl}- those dI' the war i;(k1 Kiikniliiiieku, some of whieh Xvam: hetai ligaireil ami (leserihed in the first vnlnme of ihesc ^hancirN. 'fliese eoiisisted o{ a he;iridg(% Mass. I have not examined all the side siruclinres of the feather helmets fignred (/rv. f7/.), but as all in this I\In.senm aa-e of the same material I infer that it wa,s generally used for these images and hcdmets. Fern SteillS.--ATdiongh ammig the Hawaiians fern stems were not in eoinninri use, thev stu'v '■'Mriiioirs B. r. BislK>i» Miisciim, Vut r No. (. Mat ttiijj Baskfi IVritvimr Ijaskcts, as at tlic present day. Three ferns Ijore the general name /ri v//V<'r/,'" .'Ispltninni .'liii(ini'i{tfi-ni[i>iyffif, Pifvis den'fn'eiis and Adnmhini fapiUits I'l'iiiiis : all of tliese lia\'iiii4^' siiioeth (hirk~c(dore(l stipes var^diig in eeler from dark brown through purple to bhiek. A material nut \'er\' flexible ( ext'ept when soaked), hut gloss}' and durable. In the da 3-8 wdieii Honolulu was a ren- dezvous h)r whalers ill the Paeifie a fash- ion was introduced ajneng the ffawaii- aiis that musL have Ijorrowed froru^ meth- ods used long l)efore, so that ill describing it the mere tuiriositv of the result vields wholly to the sug- gestion of a nianu- fatRure of ferii-stem luiskelr\\ of which 110 other reiuaius are extant, The hats for women, still made in fancy form, do n,ot suggest ail}- ancient origin. Ca|)tains of whalers almost invarial))y had on board their vessels at least one silk hat, not alwa^\-s of the latest block, which they were accustomed to wear ashore on public or important occasions, and these absurd and uncomfortable head-dresses, which fashion imposed upon the white man, roused great admiraticui in the l)reast of his dusky imitator. Wives en- sweetheaals soon fashioned the respeftable imitation (it was in the days of the early missionaries), whieli is shown in k*ig, 72. Fern stems and horse hair are the coui|)onents, and it was certainly l)etter fitted to withstand tropical rains than its silken proiot_ype. The particular speeimen figured, now in tlie llishop .Mitsenm, was ''- ^^u\v^ w> -ivc^ tllf .Uliliitiun ' U It; itlci. ulii «/ like IIR: ki; pukui. iia ulaiia |ni ia iiic ka papulr Iliaun." 1 1 AX ri'IKX-STKM l-'cni Sli'iii fyaski'Ls. given to the Rev. Riitiis Anderson, I). I)., Seeretarv of the American lioardot Cuiiiiiiis^^^ sionors for Foreign Missions at llie time of liis visil to tJiese Islnnds in i.So^,, About the same time 1 saw in the slreet.N of Ilnnolulu a powini'iillv h\\\]\ natixe AM oniv in. sneh a hat and his scanty maJo. T.i the presimi da\- tlie lliiwadians slmw^ a resnecl arc not readil\- rotted in water. baskets in which, to keep lish alive { Uliakantpa). buth sIhavii in hhio ;,|. made of ///r,v/A^vv///7/4>Y' fern {Lveodnim aril) ni^f/iim) a Ixumn- fern uilh sicnis ut .eroa;! length. The genns is f.i^ 74 i'l/r// and Basket Weaving. Uerit, bill llic stipita of this splendid fern are very short, seldom exceeding three iiiehe.^ ill length, and, liowever fit i(n the teeth of eonibs, not suited for weaving' baskets. The illustraiioii shows that as speeiiiiciis of basket rv both the Hiuaki (eoinpare Hawa.iiaii ///)/«/ basket) and Whakarapa are well and stroiigl^v made. The handle of the hitter is of a form miiismil in this region and resend:)les the bail of a pail. In the Hinaki one lung handle extends Tiearl\' tlie length of one side, strengthened in the middle; while two smaller ones are at the lesser end and 90" from the main handle; the eover is hinged and has a loop to fasten it, and the eiitranee for the eels is at the larger end. Ffnt Sfcni I'l'yii Traps. jS N(j. 6954 is a very larg-e TikIi trap iiiarle of the same iiiateriril. iiieaNuriiii,( 4S in. in lengtli, and 24 in. in diameter. It lias three Iciops on each side near the smaller end. When wet it imij be folded flat, although very stiff and hrm when drv. The excjtiisiii/ braid work of the Soh)iiioii Islanders has generally been deseribed as <>r k;rn, and has even been attribnted to a speeies of (.Imlifiiiu^ bm we liave 111 the )iliisee.iii spfeinu;ns of a gra.ss from which this attrax^ive work is made, so we must defer lartlua- imticc ut this to sneeecding pages, where the grass nnin 11 f adheres lake their turn. So far as is known the old Hawaiians iieide ncthing «if fiiii sttaiis i.i seieh great size as the Maori hinaki; indeed they had no h-rn slenis Ijs enin|)are with the / ly^-v////;// of New Zealand, but they made similar imps ni the nuieli slu.rtia^ Ilaunaiaii k-ne-;. Two of the.se are shown in the figure, and I am intoriiu/d, ihai sm-li tra-as \uaa^ nnieh used in ancient times; and while sometimes made of other maiered, a,s :U ilie {iresenl day, the fern was mneh preferred, and cniisidered more diirabU-. Ii ih <,aite jinssdiK- that the dark color of the fern gives some advantage to tlie iishermam Hawaiian Sandals-^Na Kaimaa Maole. Xeeessiiv must, in -.erv priuir^^^ live times, have given birth to the invention of ^aaidals in a emiritrv where wih-aiHH^s often spread lava streams of mo.st extreme naighoes.s acrosh tlie paths \uHU l.,r mye>:i .snrfaee is formed that not even the h<»ofs nt a hor,.e can stand., ^^.w wh- h;ive nut di: scAed the foot of a man acenstomed to go l.arehHa can have any idea of the exs.o-dmg 76 Mat and Basket Weaving, toughness of sucli a man's sole; but as little can one wlio lias not walked over it appre- ciate the sharp roughness of a stream of Hawaiian aa^ the roughest form of lava. The toughest soled native needs some artificial protedion for his feet. In climbing Manna Loa, the largest of the Hawaiian volcanic mountains, in 1864, the author wore out three sets of rawhide sandals used as protedion to stout walking shoes, and only occa- sional beds of aa were encountered. No one could travel around the island of Hawaii, near the coast, without meeting many miles of this rough road. Where a permanent path was needed smooth beach pebbles were laid for footway, but on occasional journeys one often found no such provision for his feet, and he was forced to weave or braid some mat-like struAure for sandals. iVny tough fibre at hand was pressed into service ; pandanus {lauhala), drac^na {Ja'i ki), hau bark {Hi hati), banana {lau maia), poaaha or waoke, all answered sufficiently for the temporary need. Plate III shows examples of all these. In structure there were two general ways of plaiting the hastily construded basketry : one, the simplest, consisted of a stout cord of any suitable material formed into a loop for the toes and over and between the paral- lel sides formed by the cords the leaves were braided or entwined, the tougher stems be- ing left for the under surface, as shown in the first example on Plate III. The loose ends of the looped cord served to bind the ^^^' ^ * ^^'^^ ^^ sandai.. sandals to the ankle. The third specimen shown in the same plate is a little more complicated, there being four instead of two cords about which the weft is twined. Fig. ^6 shows this more clearly, the loops work in opposite direAions and when pulled draw the substance of the sandal together. When waoke or maia was used a very comfortable and serviceable foot support resulted : such are used even now by the white man as well as by the Hawaiian when walking much on the rough coral reefs. Of the sandals in the Bishop Museum at this writing the following list will fairly show the comparative frequency of the material used : 4535. Sandals of lauhala, dry but without special preparation. 4537. Sandals of lauhala. 4538. Sandals of poaaha or partlj^ beaten waoke, redlangular in shape. 4539. Sandals of poaaha, thick and tough. 4540. Sandals of banana leaf stem. These are always reAangular. 4541. Sandals of banana leaf stem with ili hau cords. 4542. Sandals of malina (American aloe). 4543. Sandals of hau bark =: ili hau {Parititim tiliaceum). 4544 4545 4546 4547 4548 4549 5I07 8986 8987 8988 8989 8990 Hawaiian Makaloa Mats. ny Sandals of lai ki {Cor dy line ferniina/is). Sandals of lai ki for a child. Sandals of lai ki, stout and coarse. Sandals of lai ki, well braided. Sandals of lai ki, from the Queen Emma collecT:ion, Sandals of malina or aloe. Sandals of poaaha or partly beaten waoke {Broussonctia papyrifera). Sandals of lai ki. Sandals of lai ki. Sandals of lai ki. Sandals of lai ki. Sandals of hau bark=:ili hau. No other covering for the feet than these sandals were known to the Hawaiians before the advent of foreigners. Although they had tlie pig I do not know^ that they ever used pigskin for making sandals, not even after they had seen the pigskin-soled grass slippers of the Chinese, who w^ere early immigrants, Vancouver finding, only fourteen years after the death of Cook, many of these orientals in the country. Niihau or Makaloa MatS.~In describing the Hawaiian baskets of ieie mention was made of another notable manufacture of these islands, one which is now fast passing to the region of lost arts where the ieie baskets have gone. A few old women still make the mats from the sedge which grows commonly enough along shores and in brackish marshes. It was chiefly on the little island of Niihau that the maka- loa mats w^ere made, although the sedge {Cypcrus Uevigatiis) grows on Oahu and other islands of the group, and it is claimed that those with colored figures {Na moena pazvehe) were not made elsewhere. Exact information is hard to obtain on such mat- ters, but certainly Niihau, populous enough in olden time, was the cliief facflory and gave name to the fabric. This was doubtless the mat noticed with admiration by early voyagers, of which mention has been already made. The preparation of the sedge was simple, but only Avhile the plant was young could the finest mats be woven, so that the time of working on these was limited to a few months each year, and the people had not learned the method of procuring a suc- cession of crops. The weaving of the mat was begun, as shown clearly in Plate X, and the leaves added as needed. In comparing this figure with that of the pandanus mat, Fig. 54, the great difference in the length of the staple will be noted. As with the hala, the leaves dried over a fire were whiter, and in the case of the makaloa these were called olala; it was the favorite kind of leaf used, except perhaps for the large 78 Mai and Basket IVcaviiig, floor coverings. Tlic red figures are formed from tlie lower portion of tlie stem, wliicli is iial orally colored ; but wliilc this color is faitl_y durable, it turns a dirty brown on long exp(isurc to ilie Uglit. Tlie fresli eolor, botb of tlie olala and llie red figures, is well shown oil Plate X\'l. Tlieso figures are an euibroider\' and do not show on the reverse, l^he |)atleriLs used n,re T,'cr\- simple geometric ones that do not present the variety shown in tlie decorated Hawaiian kapa, hut the nature of the texture kept these within narrow bounds. Even o o /■^i&ifc ^^►l^'" l^##> the attempt to rcjiresent natural ohjecls; almost always it was ornamentation com- posed of triangles, rhombs, squares and lines. All these patterns had names, and I luive been at some pains to preserve these which will be found in the illustrations (Kig^^. 77-io;is, Keckee. Bent, y,igzai>^; a favoriu* fnriu, reiiiiiidiiio^ i»iie oi ilie l':K\-i)limi hii-roK^-vpli for water. Ing. 78. Olowaliia. A saw^; lliis is ;ilsi» a iavurile desigii, Mo\ t*^ Kiiliami. lireatli of Ku (llie u-ud oi war). 1mi(. jo. ( Seanid aani iniirili I'.aiui.) liiiiiiiiiiriiki. Sqiiare.s joiiit-d, I'io^. Sd. iCiaitt^iil ha!nlj Papaiila. Red rx)w. Fii.^^ cSd. lSei"i, a nuilo or waist hand worn hv a chief; it is ahont 9 in. wide and 6 ft. long, and of a fineness of 20 to inch. Another ver}- ancient ma- kaloa nuilo. No. 2600, from Queen ISninnds collection, is said to l)e llie identical nialo worn bv the !\Iui Lih:)a when he met Akahikanieainoa, and wliieh after- '''"-79. ui.owmha ani» kaham- PAWiRxs. ward became the Ic/kcu of the paLernily of his son, the famous Unii." It is a e<>ni|)lcte ruin, onlv being kept together in part by cementing to eloth, l)nt the wea/ve is very fine (31^34 grasses to the inch). The finest nmt in this Museum is of grea,t size (20X10.5 ft.), and has 17 grasses to the inch; it is as flexil)lc as elotli, although niuix^ tlum a century old, and it was worn as a cloak or toga by KaniehauMdni the Conqueror, fnun whom it came to bis descendant, Mrs. liishop. I'lifortunatel}' it has been baxlly danuiged bv worms, a reminder that these mats cpiickly perish in this w^ay if not earefiillv giuirded, and perhaps the finest known colleAion of these units was lately destroyed licre by the negligence of the owner. \\y cinuparing this with the fine pandauns unit frf)m Sanuia it will be seen that the choice produAiou of the southern island is finer, l)nt it is woven from narrow ''J. Rfiiiy: CiMaril)Hti(.!i< of :i Vcm^rahlf Sav:i-v l<> llie Aiicinit History «>t t!ic Ilawuiian Islainls. IJoston Makaloa Mats. 8 1 portions of leaf, while llie niakaloa of tlie Ha.\vaiiaii is fr(»Tii tlie entire stem, ll seems wortli wliile to plaee in tabular furiii tlie |iririeipal mats in the Museum enllc(Hi(>n, iliat tlic i^reat ran.t».^e of size, if notliiiig else, may l)e seen at a glanec. ami l1iis coDfclinn is larg"e enoii^rli to furnisli specim^ais of all Iciiown varieties rtf lliis iiearlv ohs«Vlcte mat. First I ])laee the plain or nnfpi^iired mats ( pakca) wliellier of uniform \ve:o;e or varied with twills or other faiiey wea\ing. ^WBiiii ■ "mr-^s^-^- X i^lfe. ^^^' ■^^. '*^* *A'.. -^ %M ^pPf,ff-ppWf- |i.; ■;■> p p f ■ §i^ r- i^r- IG. 8u. ITAKALA Plain' Makaloa ^Iats in thi< Bvmnv Mi-si-rM. 2550. 14.3 ftXg.S ft. Carpel for floor or larire hihiee. 255.1. loft.X/ ft. 2552. 10 ft. X 7-5 ft- 2553, 12.2 .ft. X 6.5 ft. Very i>hh 2S87. c).7ft.X6.5ft. 111. 258S. 2oft.Xio.5ft.^-i7toineh. Belonged to KamelrniKdia 1 uhm, 2589. 7ft.X4.5ft- ^ , „ ^. 2590. 6.5ft.X5ft- From Qncen Kmnia s eollcction. Mat (Uid Basket Wraving. 7650. 8.2 ft.X/ ft.— 9-1 1 to incli. Fiiiel}^ woven in many patterns. 7718. J1.5 ft.X9-5 ft. 2601. 5.9 ft.Xo.5 ft.— 20 to iiicli. Chief's malo or waist covering. MoKXA Makaloa Pawkhk in thk Bishop Musiuj^i. 2SS4. 18.5 ft.X 9.5 ft. vSerratecl longitudinal stripes. Leleioliokii collcAion. Fig. 831,. 2$s^. 7.5 ft.X 7.3 ft. Kcekee, olowahia and other stripes. 2556. w.s n.-- 7.-- -^t. '\;^... .4;.; :>. ■■•■■■';;.,■ ..-ft*.. 2557. 2559. 2560. 2561. 2562. 2563. 2564. 2565. 2s66. 24 ft.X 13 ft.-^io to inch. Broad and narrow long stripes. Given by Kckau- iiolii to Queen Emma's mother. 15 ft.X 10.5 ft. Triangles variously arranged; border around all. 10.6 ft.X 10.6 ft. Triangles in pairs all over. Fig. 83G. 7.7 ft.X 6.5 ft. Comixmiid triangles, rhombs and .squares. Fig. 83B. 26 ft.X 1 5.5 ft^- 7.9 ft.X 6.7 ft, liroad, compound bauds. 13.5 ft.X IT ft. Papa kouane all over. Fig. 83F. 9^f t. X 6 ft. Weave plain and fancy ; former triangles, olowahia, papanla, scpiares. 9.2 ft.X 7.5 ft. Porder of scpiares touching by angles. Fig. S3F. 27.6 ft.X 13.5 ft. Triangles, rhomlis and .scpiares. Makaloa Paivehe Mais. 2567. 15.5 in-Xj./ ft. Kx'ckee and four triangles apposed in pairs h\ point ^^ 2568. 9.5 ft. X 6.2 ft. Keekce, neue, plain donblc stripes and Vx-^^, Njn. 2569. 9.2 ft.X6,7 ft. Broad stripes ititerrnpted bv rlionibs and /,iti'zai;\s. 2570. 7 ft.X6 ft. Lettered all over, but tlic rude letters almost ladud out. 2571. 7 ft.X6 ft. vStripes atid keckee. Wm '•Mm '■*:,]:^. 'Sj'%:-^-'' *'" ■ ■■' If-*.''- ■./ ■\rr:::-'.,.^-.. \ . l*:*?:-.'-:^'.,' iii^i^ ^^m^ ■: ■<•<..> ^■' ■:..■■..:<..,:.::;., -^ -^^J'-.-^:«fW^i|SW*::. 3347 in PI. I. This is said to have been produced in r smaller (( made on a plan similar to the preceding shows si^u; nmnship: it was collet9:ed in 1903. ''' IJiig Roth. Speui-B aJi.l ollicr urticlrs from Wk SoJ-.tiioii I.l>. \i': .r inc. 85. co^ii'. OF d'l 'V\ rleiiiaoranoai lu 86 ATai and Basket lVcavhie\ One of tlic fine spears in tlic Solomons colleAion has twciit3--foiir bands of wox^en red and yellow covering, separated b}^ plain circnmferential bands and exliil)iting per- haps six or seren different designs. An implement eallcd a "eliief's wand or sceptre" lias ten of sneli woven bands. The weaving on the ehibs of lenticular seAion is verv exact and tense or it would soon get loose on the tapering body, unless, as sometimes secnrs to be the ease, it is cemented on. Spears with car^-ed head inlaid with pearl shell often hai'e a narrow l)aiid of this finely w(j\'eii covering. W0&MA Batiibu Work. — We nia}' iiow return to Ha- waiian matters. Modern fans are often made of split baml)u which affords til in la mi me separating nmch as docs the paper birch bark of our north- ern r e g i o n s . T h e s e strips, of var)-ing width and length according to tlic use ioleudcxl, are very beautiful and the fans made from them (which pkj. 86. jsaskj-ts from northicrk m-stralia. are perhaps ninch less beautifnl than the banibii strips of wdiieh the}' are constriiAed) are shown in Phite XV, wdiere Nos. 1:9, 22-24, i^^ the lower part of the plate, are of this material. The l)rilliant white is often contrasted with the outer skin of the black banana. A golden brown fern stem is also used in these fans for color effects. The banana is shown in No. 19, and the fern in No. 7, Sugar Cane. — An uncommon but verj' beautiful material for braids used in hat making is found in the sugar cane. This grass was found on these islands b\' the carl_v voyagers, but so far as 1 am aware its use in basketry is modern. Tlie strips are ver_y glossy and become, by age or exposure to the sun, a golden brown,. Cane leaves have long l)ceu used for tliatcliiiig the native houses, but are less easily worked and much less durable than the common pili grass. Haskcis fn>ni Aitslmiia. iiitfiji*>;iiiic truer of Ijaskets than of mats, b»r the latter have always lieeu deemed of greater value as property', and have alwavH been favorite oljjccis of ba,rler or of plunder. Reference has alread\- been made to the care hv- stowed bv the old Hamoans fUi llieir choice mats and the great length of time during which they ha\x^ been preser\-ed. The baskets seem to have been made under a less faviudng star, and liowe\'ei^ useiul, however «H-namcntal they may luux- been, Fur S7. cou.Ku iiASKKT ,N THE m;htra,..ax .vrsHr.M, ^^^ (.ertainlv have not stood s. of the eoil are knotted b.- tweeu the coils, as shown plainly in Fig. S7, or periiaps better in the specamen ,n this Mu.seumgiven^inFig,S8. In all the f.mndaticm nf the coil is so„u. small Idwe or grass, to which I am unable to give a name, and the eonnvcting thread has much the appearance of rattan, and is perhaps from scmie vitie allied to the C 'aiannu^ I he .est 88 Mai ami Baskei WeaviMg. description of tlicse and otlier Australian baskets is found in R. Broiigli Smith's Abo^ rigiiies of Metoria,''' and in tlie acconiit of certain decorated i}askt'ts by R. litlieridge in tlie Archives interiiationales d'Kthnograpliie.''^ In the specimen in this Museum (Fig. 88) the shape varies a little from tliat shown ill Fig. 87, which is more like that figured by Smith. Here the diameter is 10 in., height 6 in., with a handle of Eucalyptus fibre { Futuuypiits i>Iiii)pia) net- work. The uati\-e name in Gipps- land is Miuni-giutl-ok. This okl form is now scarce, as the native women nuike them wdtli nian_v modifieatioiLS to sell to wdiites. This basket is strong and elastic but not liuely made. A peculiar form of coiled basket is shown in Fig. 89. This w^as formerly common among natives of Soutli Australia bul now rarely seen. Fvre sa^'s that in one part of South Australia this basket is called Pooi-la-da-iioo-Ko,'' Two arc in this Museum; the one figured, No. 1916, is 8 in. in diameter, and is decorated by spiral stitching; the other is of the same diameter but lias a neck of tliree coils, and is also decorated by red stitching. In both the handle is formed by a continuation of the coil. As to the material. Smith says that l)oih 'Poa ail s Ira Us and Xe rotes liajgifolia were used for basket ^""' '"'''• '-■""'''•'^' '^a-^*^^"' ^^•»^"'" '-•i'i-.->i.--". uiaking. In b'ig. 89 is also shown a common form of basket of wliieli twMi are in this ia. Mclhoiinie. 1878, vol. i. |>. 345. ii, p, I. On the Oriialiielitalioii of soiiit; North Australian "JiiUy •ativc Art. by R- KtlitjrJdgf, Jniir.. Curator Anstra]i;i!i Mu:^fniu. lan SI fact lire of baskets in tlie Macleay Miniorial, \«]. I ir.n. So. ..^ ,..;•:,■■ 1* 8j„^i*.,.j,. "■■ '4/.^ 7"i'..:ai *-\'i,_ ,; ? . ^'^'R. Broug 1 Sujillj. T le Aborigni ■^^V^\rcbivi^s uteruatioti lies «rb;th H,.gni| laskt^s." A stu tv in Austt aliati Aboi tginal Svdiiev, Mr. V\\ he ridge h: s .-ihso dest ribed S. .S. Wales, 1893 pp. 2.17 ai d 2,|y. «Aborit.iin .H of Victor a. p. 345. An^iraliau Dillv Biukris. 8u MiiKcinii. Ill tlie one figured, No. 7430, from Ouceiislaiid, ijic weave is (|ii)U' open, and the basket at the mouth measures 8.5 in., is ra in. high, and \,\ m. Innween the pi.inis. Hie handle, attaidied to une Vm. 89. ArSTI<\ side only, is of" wdiite strip long ennugli lu go o\i;r the shoiihkM-. The other speei- iiioii is hirgiT, niea.su ring le^ in. at, t ho nioiilh, i :\ in. hdgh, 16 in. from poiiii lo |)oiiit. In both the liandh; is seenrol\' hastciied to thrive of the regnhir rihs and to an addilionad rih iusiaied Un St riaiglhonnig this at- tachment and extoutling onl\; half aronml ihe basket. .\ list i^a Han ba^skiisaro lhof the imwi'x. Idirei' are ligurod ill Mg. Hi) audi aiioth.or in Ihg. uo. SehAom of largo Ni/A', lhe\- soiiiiiimos a. rr \vv\ small ; in oiio figured i)v Hllu-ridgo kh>'. ^//., p. :^^ iho kaigtli ia oulv 0.7 in., and tho nioiitli oiii\^ t in. in dhametor. I'hi^ lit tic ba--^^^ -oating tla; onlire stirfac^- with Indian rod pigiiien! md then with, lirditor rod,, whiti- and ;eoiio.\\\ tin,- iaaia,,, \)\ Ansiraiian, mentation was eoiupletcd. The Austraban Mns(a,ini po>sesses this gi basketry. Of the three dilly liaskets shown in hig. 86, ilio iirat, \o. S7,ii.^is ,,5 i„ hnig, and 5.5 in. in dianielcr. The strnauro is loose but strong, ol a grassdiko id.rr 90 Mai and Basket Wcainng. and tills jiarticular varict}' is often iiiiicli larger, as sliowii in a specimen in tliis Mnseinn, No. tS74o, tiiifiiiislied, wliicli measures i8 in. long b)- 14 iii. in diameter. Tlie second Hpeeioien, No. 8750, measures 13 in. in leiigtli by 5 in. at tlie neck, and 7 in. tbrongli tlie collar. It is decorated witli wliite lines on a dark red gronnd. No. 8756, tlie third in tlie figure, iiieasnres 12 in. long, with a diameter of 5 in.; tlie original decoration of red zigzags is iiearl)- obliterated. Tliese tliree dilly baskets were collcc9:ed hy Mr. Hnrrv StockfkUe, of Sydne}-, in the Alligator River District near Port Darwin, and are *1 D 1 1 |„|m \ • '''''wH '■^H •i^^^ ■;i ■ #S^I^^^^^B m *'■» w 1 ^^^^^ps^ . % ^^^^^p:l mm^ i « m % 1 .1) 8 ^^^^^B8^H5®^- ' 1 1 ^^^B9i>' ■ '^ 1 iIIsPHk' ^^ 1 ^^tf ■;'•' ''\ 11 WtW- ^^ SwtSf i^»5'' ■ AUSTRALIAN now in this 'j\fuseuni. From the same district, also from Mr. Stockdale's collection, No. S755 comes to this 'j\lnscum, and it is a clioice specimen of the most elaborate decora- tion of the Australian l)asket makers. Unfortunately the method of coloring does not prove lasting, and the pigment rubs off much in the maimer of ordinary whitewash ; still in tlris spcrimcii, as may be seen in the illustration, Fig. 90, enough remains to show that the skill of the decorator was al)ove the ordinary. The decoration does not exteuxl quite around the basket and is divided into five zones, the upper one composed of one horizontal and a number of vertical white lines; Tielow this seven vertical lines, rather shorter than the last, flanked b}- two rosettes and what seems to be a lumting scene. Then comes a corroboree in which the male figures are quite distinct; then a band of confused figures, Di'ivratai Dillv Baskets. and tlie curved base of the basket lias a row of white scjiuires, ilieii a '/.\)Iv:a\^ line bclorl- ant ba^^kcl i< r^s lulu.w s : W^J^mSM^'i&'^:l Nn l.i stout Uvi-lc al caieli end nf tlit^ MTirs; third lia< ; Miiiihir rari|H-,s. tnit shorter, and wiUi re.seltt> a! each end: lourlli has what setaii to hv Iner..^ ulvpliie;-.!^^): fifth has a ou r.iheree with 5 male Ili;urrs ; sixth has runtused marks. iR^e barred umleren.e : gate, triangular Spots witliiii k)wer angles ol Inuei which exicinh, two t.iiu s o, in 5 sciiiare si3ots above tlie bainl and the same uuiid-er hel.ms thi. /one eialini; lu ,,^ ^^ .^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ <, Inside o£ basket uiipaiiited ; carried b>^ five cords attat^hed in two places on oue sa r u A plain dillv basket in tlie Australian Musetiin Is shova, in Fie:. 9'' ^X tbe kind neSB of Mr. Etheridge. It has a rather flatter base than the nthers and the nin e sliglitly detached from tlie filling. 92 hhil (Did Basket IVtaTiitg. New Zealand Kete. — Tlie .so-called "flax" of New Zealand {Phorfuinw ienax P'orst:., native liarakakr) is one of tlie most iinportaiit coniiiiercial fd)res of the Pacific region. This liliaceous plant, of wliicli tlie observant old Maori distinguislied fifty or sixty x'aricties, and ilie botanists note two species, grows wild over a vast extent of niarsbv land in New Zealand, and the traveler tlirongli tlic North Island sees the plant with its tall flower sicnis on ever}- side. Indeed on landing at Anckland one sees bale upon bale of the attrac^Hve looking fibre awaiting s1ii})nient. It is iinneeessarv here to go into the conjniercial preparation of the fibre for several full accounts of this are accessible,'"" and we need only ])reseiit some of the {■jrodiit^s made from this raw material in the line of onr present stud}-. Ivapa or bark cloth made of felted fibre was useless in the cool and wet climate of New Zealand, and tlie I^ijl^niesian immigrants must socm have de- vised a WTyv to utilize a tibrc as beautiful as it is tenacious and durable. It is often stated in books on New Zealand that no implement or machine can, eleaji the filjre witfi the perfection of that very prinii- ti\^e tool a Maori thnnd)nail, and wdiile this is true in a. sei]se it must be acknowledged that modern maeliinery certainly turns ont a ver}' fine product. It would be very interesting to go more fnll_v into an examination of the weaving oi the wonderful cloaks, of wliicli extraordinary exan.iples are in this and otiier mir^^eums, Imt this has been well done b}' Mr. Hajnilton, now DireAor of the Wellington Museum (//¥'. r//., p. 27 y), and his illustrations show the perfeftion to wliicli the nati\"c mannfat^nre attained. There was no loom, but tlie pegs {luntiiiru-parawai) wliich held the welj for the webster during weaving were often grotescpielv car\-ed. I have, however, thought best to gT\-e some examples of the keif, kits or satchels, in this weav- ing as the\' illustrate the work as well perhaps as the more elaborate cloaks, b^ig. 92 slunvs two of these, the up|)cr one, No. 5819, is of bleached fibre mingled with a portion d\'e(l \'ellow ('with a Copi-osiiia f) . The weave is very simple and effeAive, as can readily l)e seen in the illustration. In some remarkabl};- fine and costly ones that I found in the l\iranaki district the weaver had introdiieed tlie beautiful cone of A. Hatniltoii. Maori imissioii. Sirjtimcs UWna SATCHK! riii^ Art of Whan; po ri fla.x wuaviii«-: Trans. X. Z. liislitulc, x' bo the Reports of Ibt: Nuw Zealand I'la,? Mimri Mat ll'urk. Mt. ISgiiiont in, a triangle as easily recognized as llie iniiiniieralile n-j.resvi Fujiyama in Japanese decoration. In the lower example in tlic >;i]ne illiisti 1590, tlie wliitc and glistening fringe admirably sets nff tlu^^ Idaek inidr u throiigli wliieli arc woven patterns of the Maori tribal tatauir.g, ami these i>: not: less interesting for tlieir eoineidenee witli many of ihnse iaiilirnidvrial njakaloa mats by the Hawaiian w«)men as sliowai in Miy Sy Ii ina\^ simple; a triangle is an easy figure for ttie tecdmic of idic nnit, hut the re.-enddaiu' ;:a. •i i^.#%, %|4^ ,rki ^'*^fM **'^ alien, No. ^ the kele, 11 ems are into Uudr niean. thai am;ion1 Ills of llli- Xhiii ticai c»i UK" \^ ill wddeh ll diorniinii Mil; nir.i li:is : »n, but 1 v l,:i1H,b W.OV .'iar -1 !ul:u!:-: i-. Xos. Jlfaf a fid Baskfi Wcm'ing. variety of woods botli useful and ornamental, and I am tempted to give a single example of wliat might be regarded as a refined "splint" basket. P^ig. 94 sliows No. 6563 wliieli is simply woven of tlic bast of auieiardnga {^Pimelea arenatia). It is light and per- haps flimsy, but none the less artistic and attractive even as a mere ornament. Fibre Mats. — Pas.sing again from the Hawaiian gronp, where mats of fibre were n(»t made, to Samoa, a group so closely allied to the Hawaiian ni language, cn,s- toiiis and physical form, we find the fibre of the bast of the fan (Samoan /r///, Hawaiian Iiaff^:=:.iiibiscus) used for fine mats which were greatlj- valned. The Hawaiians knew the hail and used its fibre for many textile purposes, but did not reduce it to its eon- f ■•■.•:--^. . % » r ....... •^■■%. r '- -■ \\ ■■ ■ #f •^J'^K' -n .r-- V-... '-m lllliilii- ^ ■ '^'' „■ J I*, ..>.■..,,## ^^ ■■ ■ 'I ;:\ -!:..;: i/^ ■^^^.ip ^ /■■:■ ■ ■ ..:■■ 1 stituent filn'es, a process well known to their southern brethren. Far to tlie west of these Polynesian groups the people of Micronesia, as we shall see presently, made great use of the hibiscus bast divided into fine strips, although not nnide into threads as in vSa,moa. On the latter gronp the if sina were woven by hand, without implements, and while sometimes made of the unbleached bast strips, as .No. 2193, in this Museum, they were usually of fine thread made by pounding the bast and then bleaching the fibre until it is as white as well cleaned banana fibre. .In No, 2186 the fi.nished mat is dyed ^vith ochre or some other dye producing a red-brown color. Not onlv were these mats of comparatively fine weave, but their substance was nnire tlian doubled bv a nap <')r pile put on after the mat was woven by passing a parcel of the fibres with a full turn about a mesh of the mat at suitable intervals, and these can be pulled out onlv by loosening the loop formed about the mesh; pulling on the ends only tightens the hold on the mat. The length of this nap was variable, but in Loom-woven Mats, or No. 3570 it is seven inches, and the resultant mat looks like a sort of vegetable fur, as may be seen in Fig. 95, and like fur would make fairly warm and comfortable gar- ments. For presents these mats were greatly valued, but their use in the curious ^Tokens of Virginity'' custom adds especial interest to the ethnologist, and it is not uncommon to find them stained with human blood. Of those in this Museum the fol- lowing list shows size and fineness : — 2193 2185 3570 3571 3572 2186 Samoan Ie Sina in the Bishop Museum. 4 ft.X3 ft. — 9 to inch. Unbleached, unheckled bast. 5 ft.X3 ft.— 17 to inch. White, fine fibre. 6.1 ft. X 4.2 ft. — II to inch. White, fine fibre. 5.7 ft. X 3.7 ft. — 9 to inch. White, fine fibre, coarser weave. 6.7 ft. X 3.5 ft. — 13-18 to inch. White, fine fibre, repaired. 4.7 ft.X3 ft. — 10 to inch. Dyed, fine fibre. The weave is so loose that it is easy to increase the width at the expense of the length, so that the measurements are approximate only. I/OOm-WOven Mats. — From the Gilbert Islands on the east to Guam on the west we find a rude but efficient loom for weaving fine mats, while throughout Poly- nesia no looms are used, and deft fingers must plait together the strands of whatever material to form a mat. With leaf strips or grass stems this is not very difficult, but with fine flexible threads the difficulty is increased, and the finer the thread the greater need of some mechanical assistance which the loom bars, however simple, and the shuttle afford. Two types of weaving apparatus are found in this region, one which is a loom in all its features, from which can readily be traced the more complicated forms of the modern textile art, and a specimen from Ruk in the Caroline Islands is shown in Fig. 96; the other, which, so far as I am aware, is confined to the island of Kusaie, is a very different contrivance, and although I have two specimens in the Museum before me, I cannot understand fully its working, nor have I been able to gather from those who have visited Kusaie any intelligible facts regarding its employment, and of this type Fig. 98 presents an example. Under ordinary circumstances one should be able, when he has the tools used and the finished product, as in the present case, to connect the two, but in this I have failed, and the Masters Finsch, Kubary and Parkinson, who have explored that region with ethnological skill, have failed to help me. The latter gives a full and interesting account of the first loom,^' and from his account I shall take the liberty of quoting all that may explain more fully the loom before us and its work. It is interesting to find that on this island of Ontong Java, which was named by Tasman in ^^Nachtrage zur Bthnographie der Ongtong-Java-Inseln, B. Parkinson: Archives Interna. d'Ethnographie, xi, p. 207. In a note on p. 242, a figure is given to show the horizontal position in which this loom is used. 9(1 Mai an if Baskfi Wnrring. 164^, altlioiigli prcvionslv seen by 'MciidafKi, the inhabitants appear tx) i)e of Polynesian origin (and the fii»iirc of the weaver referred to in the note is stroiig'ly Polynesian) , and the men are the websters, while in Polynesia iiropcr the mat \vea\-iiig' is the women's work. Here then is a I\)lviiesian ffimilv wlu) have adopted th,e loom of their neighbors without alteratit)n or i m pro vemeiit, and the (jiiesti(ai not unnaturally arises liow it is that none of the other tribes did the same thing", if they all entered the l^aj^ifie t h rou, gli the western gate? In all these sim- ple looms the warp- bcain, s are two sticks of ecpial and suitable length ealled o. In the simplest form in this Museum these are Icugllis of the light and smooth stem of some barge palm leaf, but in the better one figured thev are of heavy wood cut with some care and knobbed at the ends (Fig. 96, A). The widest of these seldom execed three feet, and those of Santa Cruz are hardly a third of that length. Around these pass the longitudinal fibres or warp; tlicse are eontinnons and slide on the l)eam. The length of tlie warp determines the length of the nurt, and the number of warp threads its width. The beams armed with the warp a, re stretehed in a horizontal position, one being held by eords passed around a post_or OM l^kOM C,\RO Micronesian Loom. gi tree, and the other by a belt or sling (h) which passes behind the back of the weaver, who is seated on the gronnd, so that he can easily regulate the tension on the warp. There was no yarn beam and cloth beam as in American and European looms of higher development ; the whole fabric, warp and completed mat, was free to move over both beams like an endless apron. A similar arrangement is found in the Zufii looni.'^^ The slings are called kii'u. Next the weaver are two banibu sticks, about an inch wide, called api (b), thrust through the warp, so as to separate this into an upper and under layer. This would be sufficient in the simplest loom, but usually a rude heddle or harness, ua^ (the sticks next the upper beam in the figure), consisting of a thin stick with a continuous cord looped along its length, and through these loops every other thread is passed before the loom is set up. In more complicated looms there are often many of these heddles through which varying portions of the warp pass and which are lifted at suitable intervals by machinery. In our present loom this motion is by hand, and it operates to "form a shed'' by raising alternate threads from their neighbors far enough to allow the shuttle, sPia (g), on which the filling or woof, ogo sPia^ is wound, to be thrust between the two layers from right or left. When the shuttle has passed, the third process conies into play,- — the thread left in the shed (lay) is beaten up with a lathe or batten (d). Often the shed is formed, as in the loom from Ontong Java, by a sword-shaped strip of wood, laga^ which the weaver holds in his right hand and there- with separates the layers of the warp so that the shuttle can easily slip through, and also serves to press the last thread of the woof close to the preceding one. This cycle constantly repeated completes the weaving. Of course the threads that were lifted for the first passage of the shuttle with the woof are depressed for the next passage, or, what amounts to the same thing, the others are lifted by being passed through another harness. When the shuttle is emptied of filling another is substituted, and the junction of threads is made by a neat knot precisely as in the more complicated loom of modern fadories. That my readers may have the full benefit of the German description, I give here the important portion of Mr. Parkinson's account: — Die eiiizeiiien Theile des Webeapparats auf Ontongjava folgeii in tiaclistelieiuler Anordiiung. Die Kettenfadeii {Hati) siiid urn zwei runde Holzer geschluiigen, welche etwas langer sind als die Breite der lierzustellenden Matte. Diese beiden Holzer werdeii O geiiaiiiit. Das ein wird mittelst einer Schlinge oder eines Bandes, an beide Enden des O verbunden, an einen Pfosten befestigt ; das andere Holz hat ein ebensolches Band, welches der auf dem Boden sitzende Weber urn die Taille legt wodurch er es in seiner Macht hat die Kettenfiiden straff anzuziehen ; diese Schlingen werden kJu genannt. Dem Weber zunachst sind zwei etwa 2-3 cM. breite Banibusstabchen {Apt) dnxch die Kettenfaden geschoben, so dass sie diese in eine obefe und in eine untere Lage trennen. Dan folRt ein diinner Stock {Ka^o) an dem, durch eine fortlaufende Fadenschlinge {IPa)^ die untere Kettenlage befestigt ist, so dass, wenn das Stockchen gehoben wird, die untere Kettenlage uber die ^^Otis T. Mason. A Primitive Frame for Weaving Narrow Fabrics. U. S. Nat. Mns., 1899, p. 492- Memoirs B. P. B, Museum. Vol. II, No. i.— 7. 98 Mat and Basket Weaving, obere gehoben wird, und man danu das Scliiffcheii {^Si'ia) n\\\ dem Einschlagfaden (^Oao si'ia) von rechts oder links hindurch stecken kann. Hinter dem Ka'o folgt ein ziemlich dicker Holzstab, manclimal auch ein dickes Stiick Bambusrobr {Porogu) welclies die Kette trennt und mit dem Ka'o zusammen dazu dient, die Kettenschichten abwecbselnd zu heben und zu senken. Nach dem Porogu folgen abermals Zwei schmale Api wei zu Anfang. Zu dem Webeapparat gehort ferner noch ein scbwertartigevS Instrument {Laga) welches der Weber in der recliten Hand halt und damit die Ketten- faden trennt so dass er das Schiffchen bequem durchschieben kann, ferner auch um damit durch- geschobenen Einschlagfaden f est an die vorhergehenden anzudriicken. Die Herstellung der Kette erfolgt nun folgendenmavSsen. Die einzelnen Theile des Apparates werden theils in den Fussboden der Hiitte fest eingesteckt, theils von Gehilfen in Position gehalten. Zunachst schlagt man in den Fussboden die zwei O fest ein, etwas weiter aus einander, alsdie Halfte der Lange der herzustellenden Matte betragt ; manchmal nimnit man statt der O auch zwei dickere Stocke und ersetzt sie spater durch die O. Voii unten anfangend legt man nun den Faden um diese Stabe, schiebt aber zugleich die iibrigen Theile des Apparats mit hinein, namlich die vier Api ( je zwei) , den Kao und den Porogu: der Kao wird gewohnlich auch in den Fussboden eingeschlagen, die iibrigen Theile von Gehilfen festgehelten. Der Faden wird nun so umgelegt dass er abwechselnd iiber oder unter den Apt und dem Porogu lauft, wodurch die Kette in zwei Lagen getrennt erhalten bleibt. Hochst sinnreich ist nun die Anordnung wodurch bewirkt wird, das man die untere Ketten- lage abwechselnd iiber die obere heben und darunter senken kann. Dies wird bewirkt durch den dicken Stab Porogu und das Stabchen Ka '0 mit den Schleifen U'a. Alle Kettenfaden laufen unter dem Stab Ka'o fort, jeder Zweite Kettenfaden wird durch eine lose Schlinge an den Ka'o befestigt, so dass der Weber es in seiner Macht hat durch Heben des Ka'o die untere Kettenschicht iiber die obere zu heben. Der Weber setzt sich auf den Fussboden und spannt die Kettenfaden wie oben beschrieben an. Ihm zunachvSt liegen die beiden schmalen Eatten Apt die an beiden Enden durch einen Faden mit einander verbunden sind. Er fasst nun mit der einen Hand, den Stab Ka'o und hebt denselben, wodurch die untere Kettenlage iiber die obere empor gehoben wird, nun steckt er das breite, diinne und sehr glatte Schwert, Laga, eurch die entstandene obere und entere Schicht und dreht dasselbe um, so dass die Kanten nach oben und unten stehen, nun schiebt er das Schiffchen mit dem Einschlagfaden durch, legt das Schwert flach und schlagt den Faden leise, an worauf erdas Schwert herauszieht. Jetzt schiebt er den Porogu etwas von sich ab, ebenso den Ka'o wodurch er bewirkt dass die friihere obere Kettenlage die untere wird ; das Schwert wird wieder durchgesteckt, ebenso das Schiffchen, und der Einschlagfaden angetrieben, Porogu nnd Ka'o sohiebi der Weber nun an sich heran, hebt den Ka'oso dass die Kettenlage wieder nach oben kommt und auf diese Weise geht es nun fort bis die Matte fertig ist. Ein geschickter Weber kann in drei bis vier Arbeitstagen, jeden von Sonnenaufgang bis Mittag gerechnet, eine, Weibermatte fertig stellen. By arranging the w^arp threads of different colors longitudinal bands were formed, and bj^ varying the color of the filling on the shuttle transverse stripes v^ere produced; the former were more common. Twills or other fancy patterns could be introduced by increasing the number of harnesses or by raising, instead of alternate threads, two, three or more adjacent ones. This loom gave opportunity for decorative weaves that were early discovered, and some of the results on the mats of the Carolines used as women's dresses are shown in Fig. 97. Both hibiscus and banana fibre were used in this mat weaving, as may be seen in the list of mats in this Museum given below. There are specimens of the same pattern in hibiscus from Guam and the Gilbert Ids., and if we did not know they were made in both places it would be easy to imagine their transport as merchandise for ,v>/;V,. /,,/..»./. y\,^c. ^:i?iF" MAtS Oi- ll\XAN\ I'lUKlC. CAKOIJM; ISI.XN luo Aldf (if'itf lUiskel Wi'itriiig. bartxT frrnii one grou],) to tlic other. Of tlic tiiier l}an:iiia mats we liavr .Npeciiiieiis from Riik ill the Carolines, Santa Cruz in tlic New liclirides, and Nino. 'Hie Santa Cniz niat.s are remarkabh" well made and taHt.efull}- deenratcd, ;iikI ai\* soiiietiines narrow oaid long, with |)leats and tufts for additional ornament. Idie l)ea,ut\^ and durabilitv of these Inmaiia wcweii mats are so nuirked that it: is surprising tha.t ;i trade to foreign eountries has not been developed. I (k) not know wbal tlie conditifju of the riativt: niauufacidure may be at present: perhaps, like so many good things (d Paeifie aji, ihev ha\x'" passed bv to gi\x^ plaee to the ehea[> ealieo that ei\dlization has bronght upon the islands. Tlie Tol. — Besides the lotjni jnst mentioned, the people of Kusaic in the Caro- line Islands have another ecmtrivanee, l)y no means a,ii orthod(»x loom, but still a 'bvebstiihl," as our Cerman friends might eall it. To be- gin with, the writer must again confess he has ne\'er seen the instrument used, n«»r Inis got an\' intelligible information from a.n\' one who has, and in sa.\'ing this lu- wcudd cHselaim any intent iriii to speak disre- s|)eetfull V of the little machine or of the intelligence of those w1io would have enlightened en-.. yS. eu \mi: it.k toi. xm^avixc;. him, if possible: it is sim|)lv in apology lor not handing on in llicse |)ag'e>s some in- telligible explanation of its working habits. The machine, as will be seen from kd,g. 98, is a biped with a hjug straight bodv, on top of wliieli aa-e inserted loosely eertain pegs, around which are wound threads of l>iinana til)rc eidonal to suit the work in hand. ()ther speeds of this fd,)re are ai, hand, if we can digriifv a mere length of bambu, arcannd which tlie thread is wcmnd, with the njrme of S])oo1. Idien there is a^ frame whit:h nuiy possibly ser\x! as the harness in an ordinary loom; there arc shuttles of good form, aanl battens ed consideral)lc weight to dri\x* home the woof or hlling, and there are clam shells to serve as st-issors. The threads, whether for the warp (U* woof, aa-e c>f well cleaned banana fibre (h'cd in various colors, aaid in leiigtJis of aJiout fi\X' feet. To obtaaii the eontitinons length of thread these ate neatl\- tied together hx a doulfle and almost in\dsible knot, I have given tlie maxdiinca-y, and I am hu-eed to gi\-e the rcsidt wallunit the inter- mediate processes. There are two of thi-se 'dooms" in this Museum, differing in size and r suitable lengths ot the desired eolors, and in this ease the pattern is alike on boili sides nf the weaxn;. An., other way was als(» used, the enmmon nne of sinking the e.ilored, thread beneath others .at iiiteryals, and this was generally used iii the traiisyerse patterns, formed liy the woof, I02 Mat and Basket Weaving, the frame in some way facilitating tlie passage of the shuttle under any desired num- ber of threads of the warp. The terminal fringe which is always found on at least one end, generally on both, if of a different color is tied to the warp threads, thread by thread. Unluckily the black dye used generally for the body of the aprons rots the fibre, and few old specimens are entirely perfect. In Fig. lOO are four specimens of this work, the first on the left being an apron in black; the others are old tols in red. The following list of those in the Museum will show the size, fineness and pattern. List of Caroi^ink Islands Tols and Aprons. 7842. 5.2 ft.X8 in. — 58 to inch. Black apron from Kusaie. Ornamental portion in brown, red, black; 14 in. long at one end; at the other three yellowish stripes, one central of two strands, two lateral of one each. Fig. 100, No. i. 6621. 6.1 ft. X 4.8 in. — 76 to inch. Tol from Ponape. Red, with double border of yel- lowish strands along each edge; ornamental end 16 in. of red, yellow, black; at other end 14 in. of yellow with seven single or double black strands. F'ig. 100, No. 2. 6620. 5.6 ft. X 4.5 in.— 70 to inch. Tol from Ponape. Red, with seven transverse bands of yellow designs woven through, not alike on both sides. Fig. 100, No. 3. 6619. 5.4 ft. X 4.5 in.— 60 to inch. Tol from Ponape. Red, with borders of darker red and yellow and transverse bands woven through ; end design alike on both sides. Fig. 100, No. 4. 6876. 5.5 ft.X4 in. — 82 to inch. Tol from Ruk. Decoration in red, yellow, black. Fig. 99. A portion is rolled up and bound, to pass between thighs. 8799. 4.3 ft. X 2.7 in. — 58 to inch. Tol. Red and yellow, with nine transverse bands, all different. 6626. 5.5 ft.X4 in.— 56 to inch. Tol from Ruk. Red, with yellow; longitudinal and transverse stripes coarsely embroidered with scarlet worsted. Summary of the Basketry. — Before considering the net work of the Hawaii- ans, which has been so thoroughly studied by Mr. John F. G. Stokes, Curator of Poly- sian Ethnology in the Bishop Museum, that I have asked him to prepare the portion of this memoir relating to that handicraft, we may draw together the information we have been able to collect about the Hawaiian mats and baskets, and institute a brief comparison with similar work throughout the Pacific, although the material at our disposal is not sufficient to warrant much theorizing as to origin or relationship. We find that the old Hawaiians made a basket (both Hinai ieie and Hinai ieie poepoe) much superior in workmanship and durability to any others made in the region under consideration ; and these do not closely resemble the basketry of nations or tribes bordering on the Pacific. The Samoans made baskets of very different form, and no Siijiiiihfrv of fhfskt'iy (uiil Mai. mi ., :iliir. known speciiiiciis of tlirir work ore rclntefl to llic Ha\r.'iiia,ii Ivislcets nr roiTld \i:\vv sof\X'c1\' rehilofl oiid sliow^ ail occidental (to tliciii ) on' 1^1 11. Tlic baskets • Aiistrakia, aix' j3ecii]h in fur 111 ra^tkcr lli material, and could r- l}C iiiista.keii bv a stiidi : of baidictrv for tliose ■■ any other count r)-. T i Solomon IslandefvS a:^ New Hc1)rideans m;i' baskets uf niat^like a- sistenc}-, cpiite unlike ! ■ Hawaiian, but alst» nir i- <.ft^nnine l)a,skfi5-; of c^ siderable ]}erfecrtion. 'I'l New Zeakniders nu-i l)a,skels of a, still difl'cn ^ typt', hut llicir kete > satchels remind one the saUdiels made l)y i i k'ijiairs a,ud (lilbert i - andcrs,in shape, althou-, not at all in nuiterial. is (li Hi en It to see {'■■■ Hawaii lias tan ^1 it ot: iflgf, ::^S?:|'iffl groups, or rias iu I he le been influenced h}' tk-. work, hvven where ' same material has l)i, used, a,s in the ease ])anda^nus leaf, the res^-!- ing' baskets are of (puic ditierent forms. }iveii i-'ic i..= <^ \ii^^-'.:'c; \-v;' the baskets used tor tksli tra])S, wlicu urid.c iu Inith coimtri^ in shape iu Hawaii and New Zealamk The Ssuman lish traj is, it is true, not nJ:ilike the llaw^ajh"a,n fern stem iish trap. laus, ilillcr :iuut ronis I04 Mat and Basket Weaving, All tlirougli tills region the baskets, with the exception of the rude coco leaf frails, differ suflficiently from those of other countries besides differing among themselves. Generall}^ speaking there are few forms which could advantageously be adopted by other countries, or be made articles of commerce. Like the peoples who made them, and w^hose wants they doubtless supplied well enough, they seem to be passing off the stage, and most of them have become even now material for museums. With mats the case is somewhat different. Wherever on the Pacific islands the pandanus grows its leaves were used for mats, and were prepared much in the same wa}^, to be woven in the same manner, into mats hardly differing among the groups. We can go beyond the Pacific region and find the same mats wherever w^e find the pandanus, but when w^e rise above the plain coarse mat we find more or less differentia- tion in the finer work. Then the material accessible, as in the case of the basket, in- fluences the form, and we have seen by illustration that it is by no means difficult to distinguish, in most cases, the place of manufadlure. While Hawaii leads in the maiiufa(?ture of baskets (in the olden time), and has produced most durable mats in the makaloa class, Hawaiian mat work cannot rank with the Micronesiaii fibre mats, nor perhaps with the fine mats of the Samoaiis. Maori mats were much more artificially made than those of the southeastern Pacific islanders: Tonga alone held a good place in the mat making industry after Samoa, In the north- west, the Solomon Islanders and the New Hebrideans were more noted for their basket work than for mats ; and in New Guinea, so far as I am aware, neither mats nor baskets were notable. It is probable that the bags of netting, for which New Guinea is to be credited, took the place of baskets. We have seen that the partial use of mats for dress was general throughout the Pacific, although only in New Zealand did the mat become the most important part of one's dress, for there the cool wet climate compelled more covering from the weather than on the tropical islands of the rest of Polynesia, where the more pliant kapa became the most important material for clothing. Note may be made that while the universal form of pandanus mat showed little variation throughout eastern and central Polynesia, on the western islands of the region there are curious adaptations of the material unknown to their eastern neigh- bors. These have mostl}^ been figured, and it will be seen that they are of rather primitive cliara6ler. Mats were articles of exchange or commerce far more than ever baskets were, and hence we find them wherever the adventurous canoes of the early voyagers touched shore; and while this fact has made it more difficult to distinguish the origin of some mats, the material being everywhere the same, it has tended on the other hand to pre- serve mats rather than baskets of former times in our museums, for as common articles Net Work of the Hazvaiians. 105 of barter they were brought everywhere to the early European and American expk)rers of this ocean, and being portable were brought home. No dates can be assigned to any of the methods used or patterns produced in Pacific basketry, nor can it be declared which branch of the Polynesian family origi- nated or taught anj^ especial manufaAure either of basket or mat. Legends are merely indications with little or no historic value. The study of both mats and baskets of the Pacific is far from complete, and if it were possible to make larger and broader colledlions, much that is interesting and also valuable would be brought to light. In all branches of basketry pertaining to our region this Museum is constantl}^ making colleAions, but at present only the Hawaiian division seems fairl}^ complete. Hawaiian Nets and Netting. By John F. G. StokEvS, Curator of Polynesian Ethnology in the Bis/top Museum. AvS WITH most, if not all, primitive races, the Hawaiians had a knowledge of the art of netting which they had brought to a high standard of excellence before the general influx of the foreigners. They had even gone so far as knitting, making a very complicated knot without tools. If mat making evolved the loom, then netting was the forerunner of lace making, but the natives' art had not reached this point. Nature has been bountiful to these people in its supply of raw material for their cord, giving them the fibrous husk of the coconut, the sedge ahuawa ( Cyperus hevigatus^^ and the bast fibres of the hau {Paritiiim tiliaceuni)^ waolce {Broussonetia papyrijera), and, most valuable of all, olond {Touchardia latifolia)^ which is very strong, light and durable. In addition to the foregoing, several grasses were pressed into service for braiding into ropes for house building. And human-like, discontented with much, or perhaps pandering to the kwe of ornamentation, or, it may be — let us allow for higher sentiments — wishing to keep in memory dear friends, human hair was frequently braided or twisted into patterns in many of their ornaments. In more modern times, horsehair has been spun and used with other cord in some of the koko puupuu. The preparation of the coir was simple, merely requiring tlie separation of the fibres of the husk, and, when spun or braided into cord, was highly esteemed for the lashing of canoe outriggers on account of its presumed durability in salt water. For fish nets it was seldom used, not being as strong nor as pliable as the more favored I ob HiVa'aiiau Ncls and Neili "k>'- oIoik'i, but for tlie koko ii was applicable and used extensively as well a,s for the eordiiigs attached In certain gmird vessels. Coir w(nild l}e prepared, twisted and worked into a koko ill tlie same day. This was no doiilit iiecessar}-, as the fdires, when dry, are vcr\' stilT and would be difficult to twist into the close meshes ol" some of the nettiiig'H in wldeh coir is found. Ahuawa, cinunioii on the bauks of tlie taro ponds, was pre- ]i;ired b\' drawing the freshly plucked sieiu l')etween two rounded sticks tightl\- e«.)nipressed for the purpose of rcmovdug the juices, and lieekling, and then spinning" the fresh lilrre into eord for the kc)ko. l^his fibre was also used for t\'ing on the thaU^li to the grass house. The hau, waoke and oloua were jirepared similarly, being parth' macerated in running water and scraped with a piece of pearl shell or turtle rib."'" This would be a process of a few davs. The waoke, used so largely in the nianufaAnre of kapd, was restricted in eord to the making of koko and imianiental rope. The filaments are soft, clinging, and of ''"'^ '^"^ '•'^'^" uArtee^^ (udy moderate length, and while thus well siiite:. i< >i i hikI llie sliiiltle ( Fii»;. \o2 ) , made of wluile ivory and ril), liiiniaii and (jiiadrupcd Ixviu-, lori-tisi' shell, \UH.t(l or baiidjii. The li^ciugc, iialitj, is «a .sliort, thin, ilaJ inipleiiiciil of x^arx-iiij^ wiilths. hi dcscrih^^^ iiig a net, the native put liis liiipjcrs into the niii/cd ur mesh, mitl if the first fiiigcr filled iieetied, I hen ifie iiiesh w^as mako/,{, ele. For .^ises 1h> Uweii, the \vi*rds ()i^tn- (ir cui M-ere aikU^d tti the name of ihi^ smaller mesh. The tollowaiie; wi^'iter h\' a iKilisa- lishi'r^iiuui, Willi the si/es a])prnxiiiialefl : Xae, '4 ill. Xaknimk iiaiila, ■: in. ^hikaln," I ill. ^M aha hi mau;, i ' .. in. Maliia, 2 in. i\Ialiia oa, :» ' 1 in. Makolii, 3 in. .\hikolii oa, 3 ' .. in. Malm, ,} in. Xhihae, ] in. aaul njiwards. MaJewa, 7 in. and nnwards. I hi- shnilie, ///;/, IS lonm ill Iwo disiinct sha|)es. 'llr more hii4kd\" esti-emei,! was ill lurm, world widi- in adojitlion ^;.:;! ■mnposed of a shaft wilh an '•'"'• "•■'^ Hin-T'ri.Es^ ^,^^^^ .^^ ^^^.j^^.p ^.jjjI^ pp^. (aitin-i'(l.i;x' of which was ent away to admit the eord. The shank of this is round in cross seelion and diminislies t.oward the middka making a morv cffedtix'e tool than thai with the llaiti-ned or t>a-ooved shank, iirr the native implement a.llowinim.f a evlindrieal win.ling eorikl pa^ss more eord ihrongli a given mesh. The na lives \\i ways xvYx earefiil when Idling their slmttles, passing the eord straight up and down along the ah.ank. then winding on one side crossing the cord and repeaiJng on the other, to aJtam the evlindrieal hnin. The other form, ki,H\ hetler known as a^ net mender, i^ a mriiHl r^liek of w-ood ahout (me4hird of an inch in diameter and six inelies Ion "CoiUnirtioii lur iiiaka. iiiid llu: iinrnw^^M n^alii. alio. ak-Mii aial aha. die- sla io8 Haivaiian Nets and Netting. / t-yt-t^ , third of its length has been cut down, leaving a shoulder, and tapered to a blunt point (Fig. 103, a). There are two specimens in a loan colleAion in the Museum which are exceptional, having the butt only one-third the total length (Fig. 103, b). To fill this style of needle, two half hitches were passed around the tapered end and a loop made around the fingers of the hand holding the tool, as shown in the same figure. For very fine nets a niao^ piece of the midrib of a coconut leaf, was substituted for this form. In making the large-meshed, coarse nets for sharks or turtle, neither shuttle nor mesh stick was generally resorted to. The cord was wound over the hand and elbow for several turns, the hank thus formed doubled and wound with the rest of the cord until a pear-shaped ball was made. The cord could then be drawn from the in- side through the point of the ball, which retained its shape until expended. The cord in this form took the place of a shuttle, while the spacing was roughly done by the hand. A similar winding, but more spheri- cal, was in vogue for the fishing lines. F'or fastening two nets together temporarily, there was a needle of bone or wood with an eye towards the end. The needle and line were merely run through the op- posing meshes and the nets thus drawn together. A similar needle was also used for sewing the top sheet of kapa to those beneath. Frequently when fishing it was neces- sary to join two nets below the water, for which purpose this needle or the net-mender was requisitioned, but native fishermen have told the writer that the quickest and simplest way was to dive down and tie the ends with split stems of the /&/ leaf {Cordy- line terminalis). In Fig. 102 are showai three specimens, Nos. 176, 5177 and 5178, M^hich certainly do not owe their origin to Hawaiian hands. The native mind is a peculiar one in re- gard to specimens of former arts. Any implement a man in his childhood had seen his father use is looked upon in later years as very ancient indeed, and is honestly believed by him to have belonged in succession to his forbears far down in the misty flights of time. This impression of the waiter was not entirely gathered from observa- tion of the natives bringing specimens for sale to the Museum. When articles were so offered, the natives almost alw^ays claimed that such w^ere used by or in the posses- sion of Kamehanieha the Great, with the mistaken idea of securing a higher price. FIG. 103. NET -MENDERS. Foreign Imp/emenfs. 109 They were right in their contention, though they had perhaps forgotten that their grandfathers admitted that the king owned the heavens and the earth, the sky and the sea and all therein contained. Specimen No. 176 was purchased by an antiquarian colleAor, of good repute, as a Hawaiian shuttle, and with it came the following interesting history : "Made of the shinbone of Kuliakalanaia, an expert fisherinan of Koliala, Hawaii. He was also a man without hair on his limbs. For these reasons his bones were wanted for fish hooks, etc., and he was therefore murdered for his bones. Lualauoho, an aipuupuu of Kamakahelei, secured the inner bone of the right leg as his share of the spoil. From it he made this ka [hia], tatting shuttle, which he very greatly prized on account of the good luck it brought his nets. On his death it passed to his son Kama who was also an aipuupuu of the same chief. Kama died at Hoopuloa, April 10, 1886, over a hundred years old, the wealthiest native in Kona, wdien this ka was left to his grandson G, ly. Walia Kealiikuli, wdio resold it February 12, 1887." That such a value was set on implements of human bone was entirely correct, and there is little doubt in the writer's mind that the last native possessor believed the history submitted; but on finding the material to be ivory and referring a sketch of it to Professor O. T. Mason, that gentleman pronounced it an ^'Eskimo netting needle." A comparison with shuttles figured in Nelson\s work on "The Eskimo About Bering Strait"^' will confirm this. From about 1837 until a few decades ago the Hawaiian Islands were the wintering quarters for the whaling fleet operating off the coast of Alaska and in the Bering Sea, and with it many native seamen shipped for the summer cruise. The other specimens, Nos. 5177 and 5178 were acquired in part of the collec- tion of the late Queen Emma labelled "Ivory tools for netting koko and ieie baskets." They were shown to several of the older natives, and while some did not recognize them, others claimed them to be Hawaiian implements but were not familiar with their uses. Each specimen consists of two pieces: the larger is a slightly curved implement with the outer arc notched at the butt end, smooth, rounded and decreasing in thickness until the sharp point is reached : on the inner side, from the point to the first barb, is a knife edge; from the first to the second barb, and from the second for about one- quarter the lengtli it is curved, smooth and rounded, the remainder being straight and plane. About one-quarter the length from the butt end is a redangular hole. Tliis was identified by Professor Mason from a sketch as the side prong of a Hudson Bay spear point; and, since Nelson reports a similar one from vSt. Lawrence Island, ^^ these specimens no doubt reached Bering Strait through trade and by the same means the native sailors acquired them and brought them here. The smaller implements are somewhat similar to the marlinspikes used in netting and figured in the same paper from Cape Nome,^ * and each implement is provided with the spur-like projection mentioned therein, 32 Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American hHhnoloKy, ph Ixxiii. 3^ Pages 149 and 150, fig. 42 (8), of the same work. ^'^Page 193, pi, Ixxii, ligs. 19 and 20 of the Siime work. no Hatvaiian Nets and Netting. There are four long clumsy shuttles made of pine in the Museum's collections, used by natives, averaging about 13 inches long. The shafts of these are rounded, and the points of the eyes thick and square. In each, 2.5 in. from an end, is inlaid a small piece of lead. They are certainly not Hawaiian, and the locality of their origin is not at present known to the writer. Doubt has also arisen concerning the origin of some of the gauges, for the native mesh stick was very thin, seldom or never thicker than one-tenth of an inch, and No. 39^7 (F^g* ^o^) ^^ ^^^^ -3 ^^- thick. However, the charaAeristics of Hawaiian mesh sticks are not strong enough for fully satisfactory identification. Specimen No. 3915 was at one time 4.8 in. longer, and from the end of it No. 3916 has been sawn or cut off, as certain marks on the two specimens testify, and used separately. Probably No. 3919 came from the same source. The total length of the original specimen, 12 inches, must have made a very awkward gauge for use. The following is a list of Hawaiian netting tools in the Museum : — Gauges.^Haha. 185. Tortoise shell. Length 4.2, width .98 inches. 3915. Whale rib. Length 7.2, width 2.1 in. 3916. Whale rib. Length 4.8, width .8 to i.i in. 3917. Whale rib. Length 6.2, width 1.3 in. Very thick. 3918. Bone, htxman(?). Length 3.6, width .9 in. Rather thick, edges lightly and evenly serrated. 3919. Whale rib. Length 4.5, width .6 in. 3920. Bambu. Length 4.2, width .6 in. 3921. Tortoise shell. Length 3.5, width 1.2 to 1.3 in. 3922. Tortoise shell. Length 6.8, width .85 in. 4519. Tortoise shell. Length 3.8, width 2.9 in. 6795. Naio(?) wood {Myoporum sandvicense) , Length 5.5, width 1,1 to 1.3 in. 9033. Tortoise shell. Length 2.9, width .5 in. 9034. Tortoise shell. Length 4.3, width .88 to .98 in. 9035. Tortoise shell. Length 4.2, width 1.2 in. L 183. Tortoise shell. Length 3.2, width i in. L 184. Tortoise shell. Length 3.4, width 1.25 in. 176 4470 4471 4520 4521 4522 Shuttlb:s.— HiA. Walrus tusk. Length 8.8 in. Originally Eskimo. Whale rib. Length 5.8 in. Whale rib. Length 5.6 in. Very narrow. Kauila wood {Alphitoma excelsa). Length 10 in. Kauila wood. Length 6.3 in. Bambu. Length 8.2 in. List of Tools, III 4523. Naio. Length 6.3 in. 4524. Kanila. Length 7.2 in. 4525. Bone, hnman(?). Length 5.1 in. 4526. Pine. Length 12.8 in. Not originally Hawaiian. 4527. Pine. Length 12.8 in. Not originally Hawaiian. 4528. Pine. Length 12.9 in. Not originally Hawaiian. 4529. Pine. Length 13 in. Not originally Hawaiian. 6793. Naio. Length 6.4 in. One eye broken. 9030. Kanila. Length 5.3 in, 9031. Naio. Length 5.3 in. 9032. Naio. Length 4.9 in. L 179. Kanila. Length 6.7 in. L 180. Kanila. Length 7 in. L 181. Kanila. Length 5.6 in. L 182. Kanila. Length 7.9 in. Net- MENDERS. — KioE. 9036. Wood. Length 5.6 in., of point 1,8 in. 9037. Wood. Length 5.7 in., of point 2 in. 9038. Wood. Length 5.8 in., of point 1.9 in. 9039. Wood. Length 5.9 in., of point 2.1 in. 9040. Wood. Length 6 in., of point 2.2 in. 9041. Wood. Length 6.2 in., of point 2.4 in. 9042. Wood. Length 6.45 in., of point 2.25 in. 9043! Wood. Length 6.55 in., of point 2.2 in. 9044. Wood. Length 6.6 in., of point 2.3 in. 9045. Wood. Length 6.65 in., of point 2.2 in. 9046. Wood. Length 6.6 in., of point 2.15 in. 9047. Wood. Length 6.9 in., of point 2.4 in. 9048. Wood. Length 7.2 in., of point 2.3 in. L 380. Wood. Length 10,2 in., of point 7.3 in. L 381. Wood. Length 6 in., of point 1.8 in. L 382. Wood. Length 6.1 in., of point 4.1 in. (Fig. 103, b.) L 383. Wood. Length 5.6 in., of point 1.7 in. L 178. Wood, (i) Length 5.9 in., of point 1.5 in.; (2) length 5.9 in., of point 1.8 in.; (3) length 5.9 in., of point 1.8 in.; (4) length 5.9 in., of point 1.9 in.; (5) length 6.1 in., of point 1.8 in.; (6) length 6.5 in., of point 1.9 in. Hawaiian nettings can be almost as conveniently classified by their nse as by their appearance, and in this article two main divisions will be considered, the bag or netting snrronnding a ntensil for the purpose of carrying, and the fabric similar to that known as fish net. 112 Haivaiian Nets and Netting, Netted bags include the koko or detachable net used to carry or suspend the umeke^ wooden or gourd bowls containing food or clothing (Figs. 104 and 105), and the cord permanently attached to various gourd utensils as a means of fastening a handle thereto, generally known by the name of the cord, aka (Figs. 106 and 107). KokOi— The koko is a bag, of cord netted or knitted, in the shape, when suspended, of an inverted hemisphere superposed by an elongate cone. In technique it was divided into three parts, Fig. 108, the first, following the order of the work, being //Xv7=navel, beginning, kumu^=-Yoot^ 01 //6?^;;/^/y^(^=starting place. The i^riw poaha has been ap- plied to this part, and many of the piko when completed would be large enough to act as a poaha. The latter was a ring of rope or bound pandanus leaves, placed on the ground, on which the rounded bottom of the umeke would rest. The second or main part was often referred to as koko, but there was a technical word, hanai^ to represent it ;^^ the word opu=h^y^ any swelling surface, was also used for this part. The third, called kakai ox alilii^ was a cord interlooped, Fig. 113, with or knotted, Figs. 114 and 115, to the outer edge of the hanai in two series. The names kakai and alihi seem to have been used as frequently for the suspending cords of the koko, but since the name alihi is also used for the head and foot ropes of the fishing nets, it might be better to retain the name kakai for the koko. Each series was bound in the middle (ultimatel}^ the top) by a single smooth winding, and sometimes by half hitches, to make a/?/ (handle), and into these pu was the end of the atiamo^ bearing stick, thrust to carry the load, Fig. 153. The auanio, or atimaka^ is a stick of hard heavy wood, generally katiila {Alphztonia excelsa)^ about six feet long and borne across the shoulder. Fig. 109; the ends drop a little below the middle and are either notched or neatly carved to hold the kakai, Fig. 153. For proteAion of food against animals, the koko was suspended from a wooden \ioo\.y kilou^^' attached to the ridgepole of the hut, or from a crossbar shaped like a canoe and notched around the edges ; this implement was called oleole^^ or haka^ and was placed on the top of a pole set in the ground. The work of making koko was done by one of the kahti or body servants of the alii. Frequently a kahu well skilled in such arts was in the service of the king, who, to show favor to his friends, would place the skill of the kahu at their disposal. Another source of manufaAure was the common people, who brought great numbers of koko to the alii in payment of taxes, and after the best had been selected by the chief and his friends, the poor ones might return to the commoner. Since this essay is intended to place on record this part of the natives' art now forgotten, and the usefulness of which has entirely ceased, and also to give a catalogue ^^I^orrin Andrews, A Dictionary of tlie Hawaiian Language. Honolulu, 1865. ^^Bdge-Partington and Heape : Eth. Album of Pacific Ids., Vol. Ill, PI. XV, No. i. 3^ Ibid., Nos. 2 and 3. Koko Coiiiiiining ( 'iniixr. . Il.lllrii A. 111. Ilaiini 1). 114 Hawaiian Nets and Netting, of what is now available in this Museum to students of ethnology, greater attention has perhaps been given to detail than a general description would call for. It has been necessary to make a liberal use of the native names, which at the present day are liable to be inaccurately applied. And again it has been found that some- times in different islands of the group one name may be employed for different articles, and dissimilar names for the same thing. Piko, — The piko is a ring of cord at the bot- tom of the koko, attached to which, by loops, knots or half hitches, is a row or circle of loops on which the hanai is begun. The habitual position of natives when doing all such work was sitting on the ground, with one leg over the other and the upper foot pro- jedling slightly. From the big toe of this foot the cord was stretched, and the diagrams of the tech- nique herein have been drawn as if in the same posi- tion, unless specially mentioned. Of piko, there were observed fourteen forms in specimens obtainable, and in the following descrip- ^^^^- 1*^ tions of the modes of operation the arrow^ heads point towards the shuttle or ball of cord. Piko A (Figs, no and III). — A piece of cord is first knotted into a ring with the loose ends closely severed. In the first figure, at the point b the shuttle is passed over and under the ring, over the free end of the cord a, under and over the ring and back through the loop along a. At ' at tlir iniir })uiiits l»V\X'S a vcT\- different effect. The five forcg'oiiig piko were all iriacle witli llic slnittle aiicl att:ielie(l to lu-tled liaiiai. They were, too, more often used in the koko piialii than in the koko [)iuipuii. PiKoi V (Figs. 119 to 122) was found to fie the loost coniiimii in the koko pnii^^ ])nn, and this and the following st\des were made from eord un a f>all, not a shuttle, and wx're attaehed to the knitted hanai. Four methods of forming the ring in tliis piko are illustrated in. kdg". 1 rc). Diagrani i shows the end eurd // looped am;! tied with the liall eord, fonuing b. Then the l)all eord is looped at ,4'', passed umler /; at t and through the loop //' at d ; or, a Indf hileh is formed and slipped over A, following whieh the liall is passed around h at f, the loop / passed through ed and the hall carried round h to the next point. In Diagram 2 the etnil is hcait at /^ and the l>all eord carried round the end eord a at 1: and the l()o|") f nnidc as Ijefore. In the next diagram, a '^'k- "-•■'^ nativk with afamo mi iu-ahim; sti^k^ slip km»t is tied to tlie end ecuxl a at d, whence the loops /, etc., are formed as usual. The loops of the piko in these three dia^granis continue along b until the piko is of ihe ixapiisite size, wlien the end cord a is passed throu.gii the end of the loo|) b, knotted or twisted and concealed, as also in Diagram 4, in the first knot of the hanai. In Dia- giiiin, 4 a. donhle ring is maxle and the ball eord wound once around the end cord // at /^, and the loop./ proceeded with as l:)cfore ; the eord a is left free to enlarge in' decrease the ring during the w'ork. The appeaj-ance of Fiko 1*" is shown, ob\-erse side in J'dg, 120, a,nd reverse side in iMg. 121. In this piko and scnne of those following, llie end e is sometimes wajund around tlie l:)ases of the outer loops J once or twice for (u-namenlal effect. Fig. 122 shows Piko V' with the end cord run twice around the loops. Forms of Ptko, 117 PiKO G (Fig. 123) is shown with a quadrupled cord forming the ring. After doubling the cord twice, the ball cord is tied with a simple knot around c and a at e^ and leaving a loop aty^ two half hitches are run around or slipped over b and d as shown at^, h and/. In the speci- men figured the ring was joined by passing b and d through c and tying a to the latter. Then the loops b and d together were used for the first knot of the hanai. PiKO H (Fig. 124). — After be- ing looped at b and tied at TKO B, HANAI B. Forms oj Hanai. 119 FIG. n;5. HANAI 1). FIG. 114. PIKO C, HANAI A. FIG. 115. HANAI F. lao Hazvaiian Nets and Netting. PiKO M (Fig. 129). — With the end cord a the slip knot ah c\s made. Then a loop d of the balhcord is slipped through c and the ball passed once around the base of ^ at e leaving a loop at /\ Through /" another loop^ is passed, the ball cord return- Fid. ]!<>. PlKO D. FIG. 118. PIKO E, HANAI A. Fia. 117. PIKO R. ing aty, with which h is made similarly to d. The appearance of the piko completed is given from /to k^ and strongly suggests crochet. Piko N (Figs. 130 and 131). — Now, if in Piko M, the cord e were wound around c twice or more, it would represent Piko N. To commence this piko, a slip knot is made, b c d^ and the ball cord /wound round the end cord ^ at ^ from two to ten times as wanted; then a loop^ of the ball cord is pushed through the windings, re- Piko and Hanai. 121 turning at/. This knot can be and probably was made in a simpler way. With the ball cord j looped through g at /«, the loop / is made leaving a large slack at m and n; then this slack is tightly wound around g and / the required number of times, the balance of the' slack being taken in by drawing on /. Reference should be made to the knot in Hanai D in Fig. 137. Piko O (Figs. 132 and 133). — In Diagram i, after doubling the cord at^ make the loops ^, fl^ and /with the ball cord, leaving enough slack. Then lay the ball cord e along the bends of the loops and wind the slack c a few times around the whole. Then loop the cord ag at // and continue winding with c. When the slack of c is FIO. lift. I'IKO F. taken up by e, the knot x, Diag. 2, will serve to begin the piko, and the details of the regular knot are shown in the same diagram. X being completed, with the ball cord e pass the loop U through d leaving slack at //, and over b lay e and the loop d' , leaving another slack at c. Then c is bound around all the cords on a level with d, and as the binding proceeds, the slack // is divided into two loops, // //, Diag. 3, and held in place by c. Sometimes the ball cord / is not laid along d\ but is carried for- ward outside J/. In such cases this piko differs from Piko N only in the additional loops h h' projeding from the side. Fig. 132 was drawn with the details in an upright position. Fig. 133 shows this piko, which in the specimen photographed was small. Hanai.— The hanai begins where the last loop of the piko was made. Hanai A (Figs. 114 and 118).— This is the simple fisherman's knot, known by natives as ka, umii, etc., as shown by g g in the figures. 122 fiita'ainni Nefs and Nt'tlhig. IIaxai I'i U''iK' J ^2) ^^"^ tJic fislieniiairs knot witli oiic or more extra wiiitliiigs aroniid the eiiti^ai^'ed looj), as al^'^ and. 4,-'. Ill suiiic of tlie koko ptiiipuu tlie knots of both Hanai A and \\ are nsed as in k'ig-. ii.|. I'lR. 135 is a specimen of koko |)niiptin with Haiiat B. IIaxai C (I'ig's. iic), r 1 1 a.nd 136). — This is the scpiare or reef knot, wakili\ <^\i:\ V\\\^ I iC). Sometimes in bei^^iiiniiii;* a kai-j^'c hanai, additional h)ops //, F*ig". i 11, were run vn\ to the k)ops of the jiiko for tlR. p„r5,.,s(M,f oibn-u-ing the ♦ "^ ■■* f" s'**;" ^ •»''■; l.<-ri|.l„.-rv o( t:l,e l,a„ai. „ ♦•■^''^ % 3 M S ■€ §% £y> . .,6, .a. n,us.,-ate.,. This .as *., . 3 * ^f l,K^t|l3/p#/vrv^ ^ a puTtieiikirh- xvell made and ... .?^; ^%k:;:V ! *;f V\'V,t-i Ir^ liyp ^ . :, , ." , . ■■■■■*;■■■■:■■. ^. ■:--':^>:*.;^ -v hnished netting nseil as an i-kv. "' ~r-^^- ■^:--\''-- ■ :\ ■.'A,^\1 J I %\^ f^ ff M :'ff:^ .%^^# On euiupletion of the piko the ■-'l^ ^'^ -^ -i''' ^Sj'^^: ^"^X^^^ shuttle I'ord k ^vas looped at // -..-:■>./■ r<-y^CV\S<''-^'''y^^Hi!'f/:^^^^A:^^^ { \v\ t h o 11 i t \d 11 u t o t h e f ixx! end a ) ■- '■'":V>a.:;' -^^S^^i>^^^^^''^mi^- "'-■■ ^^^ J'^^^"' '^^t and knotted to the piko k)op ^ ■"■-'■ '^^'^^^ ^''^'- - -^ -^- ^^^- ' - -'^- and so carried round the eiri'iiit lo /, The cord / was then ktoped and ih'c rows of the hanai eoni- jdeted, the work travel k/ng !)oiis^^ trophcdtni. 'I'o join ik.c ends ol the rows, the shnttk: I'ord w is brought back from th.e outer i-dge of the hatia,i by knotting from side to side until tied with // [ij /:• a,1 r. 'The three foix'going st\des reprcrsent the iiettcxl hanai, which ha\'e the ends of tlie rows joined in tdie manner just (U'sci-ibed, cu" idse by the free end <•■/ netted from side to side towards tlie outer edge. Id.\xAi L) ( I'bgs. 137, 113 and 133 b — The |)riiieiple of this, the k)asal knot of aki the knitii'd boko, has alrcadx^ lieeii pa.rtiall}- ilhistrated in Piko M, X' and (), l)nt since it is sn g(aieradl\' iiserl, fuber details of its teelmitpie in the hanai a,re gi\-en in b'ig, 137. The loops j;r are those of the piko, and_/ is the completed knot of Hanai I), known to the nati\^es as /'////. In kbagram i, the ball cord a is looped /) tlirongh the next piko loop, and. Diagrams 2 and 3, the slatdc c being left, the loop d is bent and nkiced under /a Then f is wonnd nnmd /;, //and the bight of j: and the slack taken lujcms t'f IlitJiaL lip bv r/ ;iii(l r. Ill kintliD|4' tlie siici'cediiijj^ row of the luiiKii, the nearest locips of aclja- cent, pun of llic lirst: row are placed togetlier ajid bound b\' tJie outer knots, Soiiiuiiiiios wbcn the mesh (rf the haiiai is intended to be biri>x% Iwt) loops of the piko are eoml)ined ill one ])iiii. And oeeasionall};, l)iit only wilb the chjseU- kidlied kokri ol eoir, the liaiiai eoiriiiiences with but few pnii near the jjiko, Pdg, 133. and the nnmber is doubled bv usiuir each loop of the puii of the inner row as a l)aHe ftu' that 111 the )nier. In the fu^^urc the 1111 in- ^/ J r ^ I'^'i" <^>f !>"» ill the second, lliird - :'r^ J and sixth rows haxi,' beoi ^^¥'%.^^^^^^wWt^iM'mmWWP^^^*Z J '^^^^^^ sixth rows have hevn sn< breezed cither vi to the ri^i^'hl, or to the r ha,d the aJternatiiii.'; row^s ^ ill (>a(di direcRion; tlierv seems % to haA"e been no set ride, but "Z-ir^^ (me ch-enit was alwax'S coni})leted before the next bei^^an, in whii'h res])eet it differed from that in the iiettint(. The knitted knot can at once be detcAi'd h\ ihe -.^^, ecaxl hajigini;- from and coniuwt^ 'm^^^^ ^^1 ini'- the bases cif eaidi pun I see - ^ "'^ (f ill bbujs. lO.S and pV/ k When i%> one row wa^s hnishvfl. the ball '' '% ' cord /', /'', iMg. loH, was c;irried up with the loop t)f the last kiml fir.. ii'L (>iKo I'. lao^icissK, to bepiii the row abo\xa klANS.i K (kbii--'^. 13b, i(v| f/, and 105 (/)/^^^^^^^^^TIiis is the same as Ilauai D, except tlnit tlie outer loops are inierkieed before the ends are l)inind to:ini ot Ilaiiai I), has from one to three knobs constriieted like the pim, aitachcd to the liase. Fig. 105 c, shows this hatiai in inverted position with one knob attaehed, and Fig. 131 the same style with the three knobs, in whieh rase the name of the koko was k(»kr) punpiiu /////■/////■. Following the completion of the piiii, Fig. 140, the ball cord r is looped ,.f around the eonnecfting eord a and the pun repeated (r.^ Diag. 3) thehwipsx^ and j being dra,wn flnsh witli the woirnd eord. This is ftillowed b\' a .;i— '1110' *■* Z**^ m^ "'^ similar |)un, /> and /; on the bends ""^f | [ ^^ 1^ % -^b^' -^^ of r. Diagram 4 shows the under Rr^i^^M^^S::..:..'' ■"^/.'^ ■^^. JHfa. side of the hiiihiti. In Fig. 141 tlie piiti fi, /) and /- are all made around j^ and a. It has been obser\-ed tbat it the mesh of the koko is small, the 1^ of knot ^: rcnvs of knots alternate with the %:f4^i'\^t$XM^^ ^ st3-les of I Ia,nai 1) and C. , ^^ ^Mimi Mf0/ifM!F'M t ^ ^ ■ ■' Hanai H (Figs. L|,2 to 144). y-./K^;^-^x^^ ir:^.^^' --This hanai has from one to three ^ '' C.S'^'' "^ *' ' J f^K/'^.^ '^^ .. " '■'./"' ' piiii looped around the pnn of Hanai '--C^'*''*:,- ,^-.'.' ' '" o' ^ /" „ , ■■■ '"" ' a--"' I). The method is similar to thai, in ^-"^■"'•"-.r A ''■' ■'.■'!- ■ ' "" "" " ■ Figs, i.p) and 141, Imt the l()o|) / is _ "" . - ' * ^ '' '"'' allowed tt) projeet sliglitly from the „ ■ ■ ■,. „_,.-A -Z^"' ■ ..,_/"" " ' "■/ pni! r^. In Mg. 142, the pun /> is ^ " . . ■"■"■■'"''* ■^ ■-. ' ^^ ' ■ ... attached to the base of o and tlie ' './' g.- loop // allowed to protrude. Tlien // is passed tJiroiigh /, slijiped over /f '""'' '""' ''"'" '"'' and //and drawn lightly aronnd the 'Ijase of /> and // l)y the ball cord ;;/. Mg. 14^ shows a koko with llie piko lialf of the hanai, coir and style 1), and the kakai half, wac.ke and variations of Hanai H. In Fig. 144 is given an illustration of tlie outer rows of a^ koko in suspended position, tlie bod}' of which is of Hanai H as skowii in the lower knots, and the upper e and rf, the latter are each inelnded in a half liiteh in ttirn. Hia- gram 3 sIhhvs the re\-etsc side. When attaehin,g the bight of ,g\ Diag. 2, the ball eord Hanai K^ Z, J/. ^^c is looped aty leaving a slack at/, the loops^-andy bound together by one turn and the binding continued around the whole as with the pun. Hanai K (Figs. 146 and 105 ^).-This follows J as far as the loop h, which does not encircle x and a (Diag. r, Fig. 146). Then two half hitches are slipped over g and drawn tight, a loop left and two more half hitches added. Diagrams i and 2 were drawn from the reverse side, and Diagram 3 from the obverse. As^^ passes be- tween b and d, one of the loops on g is run around d. To complete the knot, // is laid on r, and g and another loopy added, when the whole is bound together in the usual way with the slack /. In this hanai (see Fig. 105 d, with"*^ the koko inverted), the knots in the succeeding row are placed diredlly in front of those of the previous one, while the loops h and d of one pun are not separated as in all the other hanai. Hanai L (Fig. 147). — This hanai shown in the ^iG. 123. piKo c. figure in suspended position was construAed so as to leave four circular spaces reaching from top to bottom. The pillars of the body were made with the pun of Hanai D very closely knitted and the ends of the rows finished with the pun of Hanai G. Each pillar was completed before the next was begun. The rows are fourteen puu wide at the piko, decreasing to three at the middle and increasing to thirteen at the outer edge. As the work proceeded, the ends of the rows were embroidered with two additional puu as in Hanai G on one side and one puu on the other, and a row of such puu was attached to the connedling cords of the last row on the pillar. The cord is then at the outer edge of the hanai and is brought to the piko by intertwining with the puu on the side of the pillar last mentioned, and an additional puu knitted to the end of each row. The last pillar being made, a row of simple puu is run around connecfting the outer edges of the hanai. Hanai M (Fig. 148). — This is really an elaborate form of piko finished with a single undulating row of puu. The koko is shown in Fig. 148 in an inverted position, and 126 Hawaiian Nets and Netting, is unique in the colledion. When suspended, it has the appearance of an arcade with the flooring angularly chan- nelled. The first step in making this koko was the constru(5lion of an arch in the same manner as Piko F, the loops on the pillars being very short and on the arch of vari- ous lengths. Inside the arc, to stiffen it, was placed a piece of coir. The six arches com- plete (probably in separate pieces), the pillars were joined by running fine double cords alternately through the small loops of the opposing sides. Then a row of twelve long pun was attached, one pun to the base of each of the original pillars, and joined together in pairs by a row of six short puu. The basal cords, the arches and pillars having been included in the long and short puu, were incor- porated with other loose ends in a piko roughly made after the style of Piko N. To the outer edge was add- ed a row of Hanai D, which made it ready for the kakai. Kakai. — The strings of the kakai were gathered together at the pu by two methods. In all the better class koko and many of ^i^- 125. pikoj. those used by the common people, the pu w^as evenly and smoothly wound with the end :PIG. 124, PIKO H. CitrioKs Xciird />ii!>\ of tlic ct)r(l, wliicli ^viiidiiig was tcMiued //r', l^'ii!;. 153. W'itli the pu iiu, lliv kakai \\^:l^ as a rule divided into tw(> series of striiiirs. and \\^a,s rai\d\^ gathered logvlhcr ;is mie pii; this latter condition most fna'pieiitlx' oeeam-d ^vith tlie etaiinioiiers' hoko, when the |)ii was e()iii|)osed of lialf hilelies, leriiied ///v.". ft was somewhat: a\\1<\\sird to takt- out the iiiiiekc from a koko with a siii(,de ])ii, the oii]\- i)|Kai!ti;i: Ixdiie; bebA^ei/ii the siriiie/s of the kakai, hut oil the koko of this kind wen; of euir and m.ist itf ihiaii aroinid tho h'lri^T bowhsliaped gDnrds fr>r transporting wsilt/r, ><■■ iiilofded u^ romo-f. ikoir n^^^f-v ! -i i-n-on '.1,... r. = r.. ^nite pr(d);dd|f ihnt it wa^s n<>l ; ainait lipr'il to the hssinii a.iuJ piko eoiiddiied, inclining ii an\aluinc 10 he slie^htlx' sir lei Then^ i^ Mn^--eriiii, Xo. .| (5,}, I 1 .10, the inaicn'al rind \vi . t ■■■ \ '^ '. \ '■■■■' jitc^- -.■■■■ :hUl k % \^-^. 'y/ i-.ni It.: i^.'^.'it:k'% &,».%.. -^ M 4 /ill;.*.: . %r- -■ ■ %a% ^ ^ * I- %. '%:: %gl^?^%gg ret-ogiiixcd as Hawaiian hv an\- nati\x; who has snai it. It \\^a,s ir. the latr I lawaiia.n (hn^eriinicnl Mnseiitn, aoid ean.ie to the Bishop i\Iuseuin as a Hawaiian koko walli the rest ol the colhwdion. l)iit the en rat or of tht; h>r.. mer inslitntion can i:jvv no informal ion, and t^onse- ru-.. 126. I'iKoj. {piirntlx; nonc^ (>! itn hist. a-,- is avaihd:dc. However, an old native claims to Inrxs; :<-i'U simu; snch n<;ts in the tmicnl Kamchaincha V ( 1S63-1S72), when thev were eon^idcrcd hnxagin 'Vhv nniterial lias thi^ appearance of jnte, dyed an indistinct hlni-pretai on tire snrlaeta lail thrrc arc snro signs that the cord was not made hy macdnncry. It (kiht-rr^ foan thr 1 1 a wa da 11 k^.dxo in having been made from a number of et)rds, and tlicse cords diverge innn a |nho idled in witli nmttcd string snggcstive of the plaiting in straw hats 1 .•/. h^ig. i |C! K Another ptnnt of difference is the four separated handles in whiidi t1ie cords of the lian.ad .'ns- incorns.ra... ted, each handle (A) being a scpnire braid ol twehs' strands, ddn; tcchnionc, hi-, was is the same as observed in the simpler portions of naicranid work, and ahiricr. make koko for sale to tonr- caUusou the slMHiiacr, A III ii] nil]' nf K'oku ists, but i\m\ iiiifortiiiiritely did ii(»t aecjiiire tlie art Ijv iiilieriiaiice, merely luiYiiig' pieked it up by unravelling some <,)ld .s|)e(dnieii. It was particiibirly desired to learn llie exact process of the native kiiittiiig' and tlie names of siieli st\des of lia.uai as K, l'\ li-X, and failing nati\-e son txes, a thorongli search among' old voyages \va.s carried out, wiili pooi- results. i)iiiy two works mention tlie existence of the koko. k'reyeinet wrote of the nettings for gonrd bowls:''' "Aprcs le repas, on pose iin dc ees |)]ats srn: I'oin-crtnrc de la calebassc cpii eontienl La |)()e, ct le tout; est siirnionte d'nii eonvcrele, eiiii n'est aiis'Ji qubm menTean de eale- \ CI ^=-i:.::.iZ |,J"dDr-'"'^''' / / '^P/'n C:::3.J*j4:==. m mi 1(1 Ija.sse; le tout est enveloppe et assujeLti dans tin filet a larges mailles, qui sert a le suspend re." ^>?> Wilkes gave several illnstrations of the methods of carrying, and rennirkxal :" ". . . . they [calabashes I arc snj-round- ed b\' a net made of fine twiin: or sennit of the eocoanu-t." It might appea,r that the knitted knot, the pun, was a conception eiitirel_v Hawaiian, (or none of the otlier mendicrs of the Po1ynesia,n race seem to have pos- sessed sneh a knowledge. However, some donl)t has oi-cnrred to the writer as to whether it was even native. The koko iiotii:ed in the narratives just mentioned, a^s a reference to the volnnies will sliow, were koko puaJu and of eo^nrse netted, while some M'. S. KxpL Jvxp. . moii.Ie. Ilistanqm:. . Vol IV. ].. qft. plati; I iii-aHu'iuii Ncls and Nflliiia', of ilie koko pmipiiii, I'igs. 115, 147 and 148, were siirel}- too rciiiarkal)lc to liavc escaped obscrvalioii. AJl ilic older iiatnx-s conversed witli and encjiiircd of claimed tlial tlie j)iui was x'erv ancient — long antedated the ad- vent of Captain Cook. Still, too great reliability cannot be placed on these claims when the histor}- of the Kskimo netting needle mentioned among the tools is eonsidercd. A comparison of the pnn with the knot commonly- known as the hangman's knot will show that the former is bnt a slight niodifieation of the latter. Forei gn sail o r s h ave eloscly associated with the natives since 1778, and the sailor with his knowledge of knots on the one hand and the iiati\'e on the other eager to learn the foreigner's ways wonld make it a simple matter to intro- dncc a new method inlo tlieir wtirk. A koko pnn- pnn of wm. ■ . ^ . :i.Si- ■, < '■■ ■' . . * k ".'■' ■■. " ' Koko a Makalii. 139 In view of the famine that distressed the land, Waia, who was a ktiptm, possessed of superhuman powers, let down from heaven a net whose four corners pointed to the North, South, East and West, and which was filled with all sorts of food, animal and vegetable. This done he shook the net and the food was scattered over the land for the benefit of the starving people." Also:^^ ^^ Apropos of the net of Maoloha, at the time the net was filled with food and shaken, the following responsive service, called ka pule koko, the prayer of the net, was celebrated. The net is lifted and the kahuna opens the service saying: — E uHuli kai, e UH ke akua e ! E iiH kai liakoko ! Koko lani e Uli ! Uli lau ka ai a ke akua. Piho lani koko ; e lu — ! ^'Then the people respond: — 6. E lu ka ai a ke akua ! 7. E lu ka lani ! 8. He kau ai keia. 9. E lu ka honua ! 10. He kau ai keia. 1 1 . Ola ka aina ! 12. Ola ia Kane, 13. Kane ke akua ola. 14. Ola ia Kanaloa ! 15. Ke akua kupueu. 16. Ola na kanaka ! 17. Kane i ka wai ola, e ola ! 18. Ola ke alii Makahiki ! 19. Amama, ua noa. Kahuna: Noa ia wai ? People: Noa ia Kane. Oh deep-blue sea, Oh god Uli ! Oh blue of the wild, tossing sea ! Net of heaven, oh Uli. Green are the leaves of God's harvest fields. The net fills the heavens— Shake it ! Shake down the god's food ! Scatter it oh heaven ! A season of plenty this. Earth yield up thy plenty ! This is a season of food. Eife to the land ! Eife from Kane, Kane the god of life. Eife from Kanaloa ! The wonder-working god. Life to the people ! Hail Kane of the water of life ! Hail ! Eife to the king of the Makahiki ! Amama. It is free. Free through whom ? Free through Kane. ''Then the kahunas stand up holding their hands aloft, and the people exclaim: 'Ua noa. Ua noa. Ua noa.' At the same time holding up the left hand, and at the utterance of each sentence, striking with the right hand under the left arm-pit. "When the kahuna utters the words ^E M — in the 5th line — those who are lift- ing the net shake it and make its contents fall to the ground." A legend called the "Koko a Makalii" was narrated to the writer by a Hawaiian repository for such and is here repeated in brief: "Kane, the highest god in the Hawaiian pantheon, had connection with a woman on earth and became the father of Makalii. During a time of severe drought, the people made prayers and offerings to Kane for rain, which were disregarded by the deity. Then Makalii, grieving for the ^Ibid, p. 204-6. 1 40 Hawaiian. Nets and Netting. starving people, declared that lie would gx) to liis fallier and demand rain. Provided with koko of exceeding fine meslr'^' he approached the Poh-iiesiaii Jove, who welcomed his son and filled the koko with w a 1 c r. W h e n Makalii rclnrned lo earth the water dro|)pcd through the meslies of the koko and fell as rain." It is probable that the two ac- counts refer to the same thing, as the pule koko recorded hy Dr. Knierson would tit the Koko a Makalii, if auv- thing, better tlian tlie Koko a ^Mao- loha. As far as known, no such net as that used in the ccreniouies has ever been pre- servcd. There may have been a service at the end of the makalii ki festivo.1 soruewhat similar to that described by i\Ialo in conimcmoratioH of Makalii's dar- ing and Ijcueficial act, hut Malo's account is so nearly parallel witli that of Peter's vision-"" that the two must have been confused. At the time of Malo's conversion to ■''Maka^v^^^. „,fs1i,ati(l liirr: small. *<'Acis. lo: ii 12 . I l-#? /^ $ ;^* : I List of Koko. J.J the Christian religion he was considered exceptionally well versed in native traditions, but following the change he became an ardent but narrow Christian, unable to distinguish between good or bad in the native lore, and condemning the whole as evil. While his mind over- flowed with biblical accounts, he wrote his '^Moolelo Hawaii,'^ so that it would be quite natural for a bible story to occasionally creep into his relations. In the following lists of koko in the Museum, the measurements are given in inches. The length men- tioned is only that of the hanai and piko combined, the kakai being about as long again. The pu of the kakai is no unless specified otherwise. A comparison of the size of the knot or pun with the mesh will give an idea as to the closeness of some of the netting, and it is quite probable that those koko with the very fine mesh were used as eke, as such are generally accompanied with a piko, the ring of which is very small. Koko Pualu. 4423. Ahuawa; Piko A, Hanai C; length 21, mesh 2.2; kakai, pu lino; heavy cord. ^ 4424. Coir; Piko A, Hanai C; length 19, mesh 3.4; rope. :^iG. 149. 4425- Ahuawa; Piko D (small), Hanai C; length 22, mesh 2.9; kakai, pu lino; heavy cord. Piko E, Hanai A; length 30, mesh 9; kakai, pu lino; rope. Piko A (small, diam. i), Hanai C; length 16, mesh 4.8; heavy cord. 4426. Coir 4427. Coir: 4428. Coir 4429. Coir 443O' 4431- 4432. 4433- 4434- 4435- 4436. 4437- 4438. 4439- 4440. 4441, 4442. Coir; Coir Coir Coir Coir Coir Coir Coir Coir: Hau Coir Coir Coir Piko A, Hanai C Piko E, Hanai A Piko E, Hanai A Piko E, Hanai A Piko E, Hanai A Piko E, Hanai A Piko D, Hanai A Piko D, Hanai A Piko D, Hanai A Piko E, Hanai A Piko E, Hanai A Piko C, Hanai A Piko D, Hanai A Piko D, Hanai A Piko C, Hanai A length 30, mesh 8; heavy cord. length 14, mesh 5; kakai, pu lino. length 17, mesh 5.5; kakai, pu lino. length 18, mesh 5.5; kakai, pu lino. length 14.5, mesh 5.5; kakai, pu lino. length 19, mesh 6.6. length 12, mesh 3.1. length 12.5, mesh 3.3. length 13, mesh 3.2. length 27, mesh 9.5; no kakai; heavy cord. length 18, mesh 5; kakai without pu. length 16, mesh 7.3. length 18.5, mesh 5.7. length 18, mesh 5.2. length 13, mesh 4.3; heavy cord. Fig. 114. 142 Hawaiian Nets and Netting. 4448. Olona; Piko C, Hatiai A; length 20,5, mesh 7.5. 4449. Waoke; Piko A, Hanai A; length 12, mesh 5; kakai, pii lino. 4450. Waoke; Piko C, Hanai A; length 7.5, mesh 1.6. 4452. Cotton cord; Piko D, Hanai A; length 6.5, nievSh 4. 4453. Waoke; Piko D, Hanai C; length 12.5, mesh 3.5. 4463. Coir; Piko B, Hanai A; length 12, mesh 1.2; no kakai. 6859. Coir; Piko C, Hanai A; length 17, mesh 5.6. 9017. Hau; Piko E, Hanai A; length 8, mesh 4.5. 9018. Coir; Piko A, Hanai C; length 15, mesh 4.5. 9019. Coir; Piko C, Hanai C; length 23, mesh 8. 9020. Coir; Piko A, Hanai C; length 29, mesh 7.5; heavy cord. 9021 9022 9023 9024 9025 9026 9027 9028 9029 9049, L 196. L 197- L 198. L394- L395- L396* Coir Coir: Coir; Coir Coir: Coir: Coir Coir: Coir ^IG. 150. Piko D, Hanai C Piko E, Hanai A Piko E, Hanai A Piko D, Hanai A Piko D, Hanai A Piko E, Hanai A Piko D, Hanai A Piko E, Hanai A Piko D, Hanai A ^IG. 151. HANAI O^ PI^AIN KNrrTlNG. length 14, mesh 4.5. length 30, mesh 10.2-11.8; heavy cord. length 22, mesh 9.2. length 17.5, mesh 4.5. length 17, mesh 3.8. length 16.5, mesh 6.5; kakai, pn lino, length 14, mesh 3. length 15.5, mesh 6.2; kakai, pu lino. length 14, mesh 4.3. Coir; Piko E, Hanai A; length 20, mesh 6; heavy cord. Hau; Piko E, Hanai A; length 11, mesh 6. Coir; Piko D, Hanai C; length 23, mesh 12. Coir; Piko E, Hanai A; length 16, mesh 11.5; kakai, pu lino. Coir; Piko E, Hanai A; length 10.5, mesh 6.7. Coir; Piko D, Hanai C; length 13, mesh 13. Coir; Piko E, Hanai A; length 14.5, mesh 9. Ij'si of Koko. ^^^ 3070. Oiiioiiio, coir and liurseliair ; Piko N, Haiiai D; lciii2,lli 16.5, incsli 3.2: piiii _- . ___ 1 inch lollop F/^Uiimy^^y* .r>.„K.h3^pu.. 1\- in:i(k% Ma^^ iiai un J\ 4354. Waoke; T^iko N (large), Haiiai (; with 3 pmi; leippk i 1.3, "H^-^ii '-. pini Jn 144 Hawaiian Nets and Netting, 4355* Waoke; Piko H, Hanai G with i pun; length i6, mesh 2, puu .6. Fig. 105 c; koko inverted. 4356. Olona; Piko N, Hanai H-f-J, Fig. 144; length 15.5, mesh 5.7, pnn .6. 4357. Olona; Piko N, Hanai M; length 14.2. Fig. 148. 4358. Olona; Piko F, Hanai L; length 15, mesh .8, pnn .4. Fig. 147. 4359. Paukn, coir and waoke; Piko C, Hanai B; length 15, mesh .6, knot .4; no kakai. 4360. Paukn, coir and waoke; Piko D (.6 diam.), Hanai B; length 21.5, mesh .4, knot .2. 4361. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko O, Hanai D; length 9, mesh .8, pnn .7; damaged, no kakai. 4362. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko O, Hanai D; length 12, mesh .54-1.5, puti .5+.6. 4363. Olona; Piko N (27 in circnmference) , Hanai K; length 21, mesh 2.8. Fig. 105 d; koko inverted. 4364. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko F, Hanai D + H, Fig. 143; length 14, mesh 2.5, pnn .6; no kakai. 4365. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko A, Hanai A-j-B; length 13, mesh .3-4-1; kakai with i pn no bonnd together at the two ends. Fig. 1 34. 4366. Pankn, coir and waoke; PikoO (i diam., Fig. 133), Hanai D; length 20, mesh .7-2.3, pnn .6-1.8; no kakai. 4367. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko F (18 in circnmference), Hanai D; length 14, mesh 1-1.4, pu^ .6-.8; no kakai. 4368. Panku, coir and waoke; Piko O, Hanai D; length 17, mesh .6-2.4, P^^^^ •5~"^4- 4369. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko K, Hanai D; length 11.5, mesh 2.5, pnn .6. 4370. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 21.5, mesh 3.3, ^VlU .4-8. 4371. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 15.5, mesh 2.5-3.2, pnn .6-8. 4372. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 13.5, mesh 3, pnn .9-14; no kakai. 4373. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 20.5, mesh 2.3, pnn .6. 4374. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 25, mesh 3.4, pnn .7. 4375. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 12.2; mesh 2.4, pnn .7. 4376. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 11, mesh 2.1, pnn .4; no kakai. 4377. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 15, mesh 3.1, pnn .7; no kakai. 4378. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko J, Hanai D; length 15, mesh 2.9, pnn .8; no kakai. ]PIG. 153. KND OI? AUAMO SHOWING PU UO. List of Koko. 145 4379. Paukti, coir and waoke; Piko J (21 in circumference), Hanai D; length 13, mesli 4, pun *8. 4380. Panku, coir and waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 17, mesh 2.4, pun .8; no kakai. 4381. Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 18, mesh 3, pun .7; no kakai. 4382. Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 13, mesh 2.8, pun .7. 4383. Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 12, mesh 2.7, pun .7. 4384. Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 15.5, mcvsli 3.2, pun .8. 4385. Onionio, coir and waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 14, mesh 2.1, pun .8. 4386. Olona; Piko F, Hanai D; length 22, mesh 5-6.5, pun .9-1.1. 4387. Waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 20, mesh 1.8-2.5, P^^^^ *6. 4388. Waoke; Piko M, Hanai D; length 9.6, mesh 1.3, puu .4. 4389. Olona; Piko G, Hanai D; length 11, mesh 2.3, puu .8. 4390. Waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 14.5, mesh 2, puu .5. 4391. Waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 10.5, mesh 2, puu .6. 4392. Waoke; Piko F" (i in diam.), Hanai D; length 15.5, mesh 2, puu .9; no kakai. 4393. Waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 10.5, mesh 1.8, puu .8. 4394. Olona; Piko G, Hanai D; length 17, mesh 1.6, puu 7. 4395. Waoke; Piko K, Hanai D; length 10, mesh 1.7, puu .5. 4397. Olona; Piko F, Hanai D; length 13, mesh 3.1, puu 1.3. 4398. Waoke; Piko F (1.2 diam.), Hanai D; length 10.5, mesh 2.3, puu ,9. 4399. Waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 10, mesh 1.9, puu .9; no kakai. 4400. Waoke; Piko H (.6 in diam.), Hanai D; length 15.5, mesh 3.5, puu .7; no kakai. 4401. Waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 14.5, mesh 4.6, puu .6-.8. 4402. Waoke; Piko A (.8 in diam.), Hanai D; length 14.5, mesh 3, puu .6. 4403. Olona hanai and waoke kakai; Piko F, Hanai D; length 14, mesh 2.8, puu i.i. 4404. Olona; Piko F, Hanai D; length 8.5, mesh 2.7, puu .4. 4405. Olona; Piko G, Hanai D; length 12.5, mesh 2.6, puu .8. 4406. Waoke; Piko K, Hanai D; length 12, mesh 2.1, puu .7. 4407. Waoke; Piko K, Hanai D; length 11, mesh 2.1, puu .7. 4408. Olona; Piko F, Hanai D;* length 23, mesh 8, puu .8. 4409. Waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 17, mesh 3.7-4, P^^^^ I-5-2.2 long and thin; no kakai. 4410. Onionio, coir and waoke; Piko H, Hanai D; length 12, mesh i, puu .7; no kakai. 441 1. Onionio, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 17.5, mesh 3, puu .6-.7; no kakai. 4413. Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 9, mesh 2.8, puu .5. 4414. Onionio, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 13.5, mesh 2.8, puu .7. 4415. Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 14, mesh 3, puu .9. 4416. Onionio, coir, waoke and horsehair; Piko N, Hanai D; length 15.5, mesh 2.7, puu. 8. 4417 Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 15.5, mesh 2.9, pmi .8. 4418. Onionio, coir, waoke and horsehair; Piko F, Hanai D; length 11, mesh 2/1, puu .6; no kakai. 4419. Waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 9.2, mesh 2.3, puu .7. MEMOIRS B. P. B. MUSEUM. VOL. II, No. I.— 10. 146 Hawaiian Nets and Netting. 4420. Oiiionio, coir and waoke; Piko E, Hanai B; length 14,5, mesh 3. 4421. Paiiku, coir and waoke; Piko A, Hanai B; length 10.5, mesh 2.3. 4444. Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko D (?), Hanai B; length 17, mesh 4.3, knot .5; modern looking. 4445. Panku, coir and waoke; Piko A, Hanai A; length 19; mesh 3. 4446. Pankn, coir and waoke; Piko D, Hanai B; length 16.5; mesh 5.5. 4447. Paukn, coir and waoke; Piko B, Hanai B; length 19, mesh 4.7, knot .4. 4456. Waoke; Piko F, Hanai E; length 21, mesh 3.5-5, pun .5. Fig. 105 a, 4457. Panku, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 12, mesh 2.7, pun .8. 4458. PaukUj coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 17, mesh 2.5, pun .7. 4459. Waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 10, mesh 2.4, pun .5. 4460. Panku, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 13, mesh 2.5, pun .7. 4461. Waoke; Piko J (Fig. 126), Hanai D; length 10, mesh 2.4, pun .7. 4462. Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko F", Hanai D; length 9.5, mesh 2, pun .5. 4464. Waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 12, mesh 1.4-2.3, pun .9. Figs. 120, 121. 4465. Waoke; Piko F", Hanai D; length 13.5, mesh 1.7, pun .9. 5324. Coir; Piko O, Hanai D; length 8.4, mesh 1.1-1.3, pun .6™i; fragment, lower two-thirds only. 6857. Waoke; Piko F, Hanai E; length 20, mesh 4.2, pun .4. Fig. '104 a, 6858. Waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 8.8, mesh 2.2, pnii .3. 7703. Waoke; Piko L, Hanai F; length 15, mesh 3, pun .6. Fig. 115. 7706. Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko F (.6 diam.), Hanai B; length 16, mesh .8. 7707. Waoke; Piko F, Hanai D; length 15, mesh 1.7, pun .6; no kakai. 7708. Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko D (.4 diam.), Hanai B; length 21, mesh .8; no kakai. 7748. Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko F (i diam.), Hanai D; length 15, mesh 2.3, pun .6. 7966. Waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 15, mesh 2.5, pun .8. 9013. Waoke; Piko K, Hanai D; length 10.5, mesh 2, pun .8. 9014. Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 15, mesh 2, pun i. 9015. Onionio, coir, waoke and horsehair; Piko N, Hanai D; length 17, mesh 3, pun i. 9016. Waoke; Piko N, Hanai G with 3 puu; length 13, mesh 3, pun .4. 9050. Waoke; Piko F, hanai of plain knitting; length 6.9, mesh .3. L 02. ^ P^^^^^^^^ ^^^^' '^^^ waoke; Piko O, Hanai D; length 10.5, mesh .5-1.5, puu .4-1.1. " I Olona; Piko F (large), hanai of plain knitting (Fig. 151); length 12.5, mesh .4. L 194. Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko D (.3 diam.), Hanai B; length 15, mesh .5, knot .3; kakai in four parts. L 195. Pauku, coir and waoke; Piko N, Hanai D; length 17, mesh 3, puu i. L 397. Coir; Piko F, Hanai D; length 9, mesh 2.5, puu .8; fragment, no kakai. KoKo Eke. 4422. Cotton cord; Piko (?), hanai, foreign knot, probably Chinese; length 20, mesh 4.2. 4451. Waoke; Piko D, Hanai C; length 12.7, mesh 3.5; kakai, a double draw string. Fig. 136. 9051. Waoke; Piko D, Hanai C; length 11.8, mesh 5; kakai, draw string. 4454- 4455- Aha Hazuele. Miscellaneous. Foreign koko; leiigtli 37.5^ inesli 2.2. Figs. 149 and 150. Foreign koko; black woolen braid; knot, Fig. 150; length 20, mesh 2.6. T47 Aha. — Of the alia'*^ or cords snrrounding and permanently fastened to gonrd water bottles (hnewai, olowai, etc.) the most common was that known as hawele — sometimes referred to as koko hawele — and shown in F'ig. 106 enclosing a hnewai. There is in the collection a great nnniber of drinking and other gonrd vessels withont cordings wdiicli wonld liave been carried in koko pnnpnn or pnaln. The hnewai was a drinking gonrd of large body and narrow neck for general nse. The variety of forms of gonrd vessels was very great, and was generally the resnlt of manip- nlation when the frnit was green. The word hawele means a tying or binding on in which the joinings or loops are never knotted, and the koko or aha hawele may be so recognized. Details of technique of the aha hawele in Fig. 106 will be seen in Fig. 154, Avhere, after a loop, /; m c, is made round the neck of the bottle and tied at a^ the cording continues in the direction indicated. There is a slight error, for which the writer is re- sponsible, in the drawing, for the cord /J instead of encircling /; and e^ should pass under and over a and d and under itself. A bail is then made by carrying^ over the top of the bottle, over ;;/, under //, over n and back around a and d. When there are four or five thicknesses of cord in the bail, it is bound at several points with half hitches by the end of .^^ the latter being finally fastened to the wooden or shell stopper. The material used was coir, spun or braided— seldom olona or ban. A similar lashing, but more complex, was noticed on a gourd water bottle, No. 1931, from New Caledonia. A very neat fastening of the aha hawele has been made around a hnewai pueo (Fig. 155) which is a water gourd shaped like an hour glass. In the figure, when the aha hawele, as shown in Figs. 106 and 154, was attached to the lower bulb, to its upper cords another binding was added for the purpose of enclosing the other part. However, in a great number of the pueo with hawele the lower bulb is alone corded ^^ Aha should be applied only to (i) coir cord, (2) cord of hutnan hair, (3) strings made from intestines. (See Andrews' Dictionary. ) Other cords, such as olona, should be termed alio. i^lC. 154. DETAIIv 01? ^.HA HAWKI.K. 148 Hawaiian Nets and Netting, and the bail fastened to the waist. A plain and chaste style of aha hawele was fotind on an old broken huewai in the colleAion Fig. 156, the cord of which was more neatly braided than on any of the other specimens. Another form, rarely nsed, is shown in Fig. 157. A form of water gourd nsed in the canoes was called olowai, Fig. 107. The waiter has not been able to learn any specific name for the aha on this gourd, and since only two (Nos. 3877 and 3880) out of the five specimens in the colleftion have aha exactly similar, the probabilities are that each individual follow^ed his own taste in cording. In the aha figured, Fig. 107, the work was done by making two half hitches on the bottom of the gourd, and on the rings thus made four loops of single cord were formed large enough to reach the middle. The cord was then brought to the neck of the bottle and fastened by two half hitches. A set of four loops was attached to these rings, at the same time passing in turn through the bights of the previous set, thus drawing the lashings ■ tightly around the gourd. The cord was then made to follow the cords of each loop and an eye was formed by tying at each bight. The double ring at the middle was added last. For the bail, suspended over the side of the bottle, a separate cord was used. Another aha, on ^^g. 155. hukwai pueo wrm aha hawelk. specimen No. 3995, is similar to that in Fig. 107, except for the double ring in the middle. Of the other specimens of corded olowai, one, No. 3879, is enclosed in an aha hawele, and the other, No. 3881, in a large-meshed netting. Ipu le'^i^ ipii holoholona^ P^f^^ ^^^^ ^-^d ^P^^ ^^^^ ^^^ among the names used to desig- nate a utensil, consisting of two pieces, for containing fish hooks and lines. There are two general forms of this article: one with the lower and smaller part of wood covered with a larger gourd. Figs. 158 and 159, and the other of gourd with the lower larger than the upper part, Fig. 160. There is some confusion now as to the correct names and uses of the different styles, but the best information seems to be that the former, called ipu le'i or ipu holoholona, was for the purpose of holding bait in addition to hooks and lines, and the latter, polio aho, for the fishing tools alone. Some of the Iptt Lei. i4g poho aho were composed of bowUliaped gourds, and others of long narrow gourds, covered with half a small gourd or coconut. Similar cordings enclosed both styles, and the most finished in appearance is that around the ipn le'i in Fig. 158. This cording, called koko, or koko ipu le4, is a combination of the aha hawele firmly fastened around the wooden part, to the upper cords of which a netting is attached to en- close the cover. The netting is closed around the cover by a draw string, which also serves to carry the utensil. In a few specimens the aha hawele has been dispensed with, the netting being fastened through holes bored in the upper edge of the lower part, Fig, 159. This last method was also used on the hinai poepoe^ which have been treated by Dr. Brigham in the previous portion of this memoir. An- other and sim- pler method of attaching cords to these articles is shown in Fig. 160; here the edge of the lower part has been pierced at two opposite points, from which two cords were led upwards through holes in the cover. Before passing from the gourd cordings, it might be in order to mention the several means of securing handles to gourds in vogue among the natives. The sim- plest form noticed is a coir or hau cord around the neck of the huewai, when the mouth of the gourd bulges, Fig. \6\a\ some of the cords were roughly made and tied, but in others the cord has been braided and then attached by a double half hitch. A few of the huewai pueo have also been treated in this manner, Fig, 161 ^. When the huewai was not pueo or bulged at the mouth, then a handle was sometimes attached by making a hole at the base of the neck and through it drawing and knotting both ends of a loop of coir or hau cord or braid, Fig. 161 <^, or, by boring the edge of the mouth at two 1?IG. T56. HUKWAI WII^H AHA HAWKI.K. FIG. 157. 150 Haivaiian Nets and Netting, points opposite, tlirougli wliicli the ends of a liau or olona line were passed and knotted. Fig. i6i(f. In some of the bowl-shaped gourds, eight holes wei'e pierced in pairs and each end of two cords passed through two of the holes and knotted. Fig. 162. Handles, gen- erally more than two, were so attached to many of the liinai poepoe, and ieie and pandanus baskets. :p^ig. 158. ipu i^Ei. I^IG. 159. IPU LKI. List of Gourd Vessels, with Cordings Attached. 1093. Huewai; aha hawele, coir. III2. Huewai 1094. Huewai; aha hawele, coir. Fig- 155- 1099. Huewai, aha hawele, coir. 1113. Huewai 1 100. Huewai; aha hawele, coir. 1114. Huewai IIOI. Huewai; aha hawele , coir, Fig. 1121. Huewai I 56. 1122. Huewai II02. Huewai; aha haw^ele, cotton cord. 1124, Huewai II04, Huewai; aha hawele. coir. 1128. Huewai 1 107. Huewai; aha hawelcj coir. 1129. Huewai pueo; aha hawele, coir, pueo; aha hawele, coir, pueo; aha haw^ele, coir, aha hawele, coir, aha hawele, coir, aha hawele, coir, aha hawele, coir, aha hawele, coir, Fig. 106. II37. I26l. 3934- List of Corded Ipu. Huewai; .aha hawele, olond. 7667. Huewai; oloiia, Fi^. 161 d, Huewai; alia liawele, coir. 7668. Huewai; coir, Fig: 161. ^, Huewai pueo; alia hawele, coir. 3877. Olowai; coir. Huewai; alialiawele, hau, Fig. 157. 3879. Olowai; aha hawele, coin 151 a 6 c d I^IO. 161. HUKWAI WITH CORD HANDI.l^S. I^IG. 160. POHO A HO WITH CORD. 3935. Huewai; aha hawele, coir. 3938. Huewai; aha hawele, hau. 3940. Huewai; aha hawele, coir. 3996. Huewai pueo; aha hawele, coir. 7750. Huewai; aha hawele, hau. 1097. Huewai; coir, Fig. 161 /^. 1 108. Huewai; coir. Fig. 161 ^/. 1 109. Huewai; hau, Fig. 161 r. nil. Huewai pueo; coir, Fig. 161 <5. 3942. Huewai; hau, Fig. \6\a, 3944. Huewai; coir, Fig, 161^. i^ro. 162. GoiTRD ijMKKK wrrn cord. 3880. Olowai; coir. Fig. 107. 3881. Olowai; coir, netted. 3995. Olowai; coir. 3951. Umeke; oloua, Fig. 162. 3952. Umeke; olona. 152 3850. Olona and coir. 3851. Hail, coir and olona. 3852. Olond, cords of ha- wele doubled. 3853. Olona. 3861. Olond. 3869. Olond. 3870. Olona. 3871. Olona. 3872. Olond. Hawaiian Nets and Netting. Ipu IvE'i. 3854. Coir. 3855. Wooden part only, pierced. 3856. Coir, Fig. 158. 3857. Coir, Fig. 159. PoHo Aho. 3873. Olond. 3874. Olona and coir. 3875. Olona, Fig. 160. 3876. Olond. 3927. Coir. 3858. Olona. 3859. Olond. 3860. Hau. 3994. Coir. 3953. Olona. 5027. Coir. 6373. Coir. Nets, Upena. — As the second division of net work, fisli nets and similar fabrics for different uses come up for consideration. The material most preferred and used, except where noted below, was olona spun into cord varying greatly in thickness. The method of beginning a net is interesting, and has been shown to the writer by fishermen on Oahu and Molokai. The native, having filled his shuttle from the ball of twine without severing the line, takes another cord. Fig. 163 a «, the ends of which he ties together. Sitting on the ground with feet far apart, he inserts the first toes into the ring and stretches it tightly. The ball is passed under and over a a three times towards the right, and the fridion on the cords is sufficient to keep the line e taut while closing the knots. Then the shuttle is passed around the gauge, over a a, under e, and e is drawn down by the shuttle cord to the gauge where the knot at b is made. To begin the second and alternate knots the shuttle would of course pass under a a and over e. Cord for the continuance of the loops is drawn from the ball by loosening the windings around a a. When the knot (called ka, umii, etc.) slips properly into place, as at b and d, the worker ejaculates kakiokohe with satisfaAion, but if it misses the loop, as at c, the word omauokole is uttered with disgusted tone. Sometimes, as the work proceeds, two loops are by mistake enclosed by one knot, the name for which is mauae. In this division come the nae, or netting which constitutes the groundwork of feather garments,^' netted malo, bird net and the regular fish netting. Nae. — Nae is a netting of very fine mesh, varying in the Museum feather garments from .05 to .27 inches. The twine is not as fine as the size of the mesh might suggest, averaging .025 inch in diameter, so that in some of the specimens the *'B. P. B. Museum; Memoirs, vol. i, nos. i and 5. Nae of Feather Garments. 153 netting is as close as loose bnrlap/'' As stated by Dr. Brigliani, in Feather Work^ the bases of the cloaks are composed of several pieces of nae, each being cut to fit. The pieces are not always of the same mesh, that of those in the cloak of Kiwalao, for instance, varying from .1 to .25 inch. However, the mesh of the majorit}^ varies but slightly in each individual. The closeness of the mesh in some cloaks and capes has suggested research for a suitable shuttle to do the work, but beyond the niao, already described, and needle of kauila wood, no implement has been found. In a piece of nae, specimen No. 2840-^", prepared for the addition of feathers, the mesh increases from ,05 at the top to .08 inch at the bottom and is too fine to allow even an ordinary pinhead to pass through readily. The specimen is 37.5 inches wide and 11.5 inches long, the edges of which have been trimmed at the knot without leaving the usual netting selvage. There are from four to ten rows of netting continu- ously in both direAions, while of course in netting the rows usually alternate. This nae was made without a shuttle with lengths of twine drawn through the loops, and for such purposes the natives dipped the ends of the twine into the highly saccharine juice of the hi root, which, drying rapidly, made the fibre stiff enough to be threaded through the holes. It is not the intention of the writer to give the impression that all nae have a number of rows of netting continuously running in the same diredion, for in most of the speci- mens the rows alternate regularly. The nae with a mesh of .25 inch could be and prob- ably was made with a shuttle such as that shown in the middle of Fig. loi, or a niao. In the colledion is a piece of unfinished netting of rather fine mesh, the history of which is unknown. The upper part is 41 inches wide with a mesh of .25 inch in- creasing to .44 inch in the lower, and it has, as far as completed, the shape of a feather cloak. The first half has been made with four shuttles, one following the other, and possibly by four people, and the unfinished half with three shuttles as the three loose strings on the bottom indicate. The specimen is Hawaiian and is probably the result of an incompleted later day attempt to prepare nae for a feather cloak. Sometimes in ^nbid, pi. ix, tipper figure, left side, ^nbid. IflG. 163. COMMliNCEMENT O:^ A NKT. 154 Hawaiian Nets and Netting, making very broad fish nets, or when there was need for rapid manufacture, two or three men would net along the same side, following each other. The cord, of the first man to finish, w^as knotted to the ends of the succeeding row^s when completed and was the first to begin the next series. Netted Malo. — Of netted malo there are tw^o specimens in the Museum, each with a mesh of about .25 inch. One, No. 2842, is a plain piece of netting 15.3 ft. long and 7 in. wide.^' The malo, or loin cloth, of olona netting was always an alii's gar- ment and was worn b}^ him on canoe voyages. The other specimen, ^^ No. 6921, 12.2 ft. long and 5.7 in. wide, came to the Museum from the Provisional Government of Hawaii after the revolution in 1893, as a relic of royalty, with the royal feather robes. It has been the nae of a feather malo, and in sewing on the tufts of feathers, the meshes have been so compressed as to give the fabric the semblance of cloth. The stitches are in good order still, but few shafts and no feathers remain. There are not left enough fragments of feathers to even show the general color, but red, yellow^ and black stumps were found, all on the front end. Near this end are the remains of black feathers on the outline of a diamond, and a little nearer the middle, thread bindings indicating the former presence of a feather cross shaped like St. Andrew's. To the ends of the malo are attached rows of human molars, and to the sides near the cross a single molar. Looped to the sides, every two inches for the entire length, is a cord enclosed in a fine cylindrical netting, by which feathers have been fastened in the form of a lei. Upena Manu. — The Museum possesses but one specimen of bird net," No. 138. This is a diamond-shaped net, mesh 5 inches, made with the same sized twine as in nae. Its total length when stretched is 16.25 f^^^, and in width it increases from 18 meshes at the beginning to 40 meshes at the middle, thence diminishing to 13 meshes at the end. At each end the meshes are bound together. The increase of the number of meshes in a row is accomplished by running on an additional loop (as at^. Fig. iii) at regular intervals, while the decrease is effected by the use of the mauae knot, called makakukai, A cord of about .1 inch in thickness is run along both sides, but there are no sticks attached, nor any place for attachment. The net ^*Ibid, pi. ix, middle of tipper figure. ^^ Two old Hawaiian ladies who had been continually at court during the reigns of several monarchs were shown this malo, and both independently affirmed that it was the malo of Liloa. The story of Liloa and his son Umi has been told too many times to repeat here. Liloa reigned on Hawaii at the latter part of the fifteenth century. It is possible that olona fibre may outlast the intervening period, and, as the malo constituted the most important part of Umi's family credentials, the succeeding ruling chiefs would have preserved it with reverential care. There are several faint stains on the netting, but whether blood stains or not it is impossible to tell. ^^B. P. B. Museum Memoirs, vol. i, no. i, p. 15. Fish Nets. jcr has been tanned and, where broken, mended with tanned and nntanned twine. The method of nse is unknown, bnt judging from the large mesh and fine twine it was used for entangling. Natives have told the writer of two methods of bird-^catching with nets, one of which was to lie concealed on the hills in wait for the birds returning from the sea at nightfall, and as they approached heavy with food and flying low, to sud- denly appear and raise the net : the startled bird darted upward and became enmeshed. The other method was used for plover when resting on rocks inside the coral reef. The hunter chose a dark night and waded at high tide to one of the uncovered rocks. The net was wetted and silently shaken over the sleeping birds, which, waking and ex- peAing rain, crowded closer together and slept again. The shower was repeated several times and the hunter, then sure of his quarry, threw the net over the group and lield down the edges close to the rock with his hands and feet. When the birds were ex- hausted with their struggling, the net was gathered together with the booty inside. Fish Nets.— Upena, or fish nets and methods of using them have been described with considerable detail in Mrs. Beckley's^^ concise and complete article on Hawaiian fisheries, and Mr. Cobb's^^ comprehensive work on the commercial fisheries of these islands, in which is incorporated that of Mrs. Beckley. It will therefore not be neces- sary to do more than mention the nets of only Hawaiian origin, and describe and list such as are in the Museum. The netting tools and the sizes of the mesh have been mentioned above. The material used was olona, with rare exceptions. There is an upena ahuulu in the collec- tion, No. 764, with unusually thick closely spun cord, which on examination proved to be waoke. In this example— a small hand net— it is probable that some cord prepared for koko was substituted duinng a scarcity of olona. The other materials were hau, coir and ahuawa. For the shark net, upena mano, hau bark was stripped from the tree and while fresh was roughly twisted into thick rope. Hau and ahuawa were used for the rough turtle net — upena honu. Coir netting is said to have been used to lie in the water, as a protection against sharks, a few feet outside an olona net in which cap- tured fish were awaiting landing. Fishermen declare that sharks dislike the roughness of an article manufaAured of coir. Another fisherman stated that the Hawaiian nets were not of coir, and that the use of such material was due to the Gilbert Islanders, of whom there w^as a large colony here for a generation up to a few years ago. Taking into consideration the abundance of olona in this place and its flexibility, and the small size and scarcity of coconuts in these islands, it would seem natural that of the two the natives would turn to olona as the staple. A number of the Museum nets have been ^'^Emma Metcalf Beckley. Hawaiian Fisheries and Methods of P^ishing. irQiioliihi, 1883. ^^Joliii N. Cobb. Commercial Fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands, U. vS. Fisli Coniinission Report for J901, Washington, 1902. It might be mentioned that in Mr. Cobb's excellent report are a ninnber of sketclies of fishing implements in this Museum, the acknowledgment of which has undoubtedly been overlooked by that gentleman. 156 Haivaiian Nets and Netting, tanned, the process merely requiring the steeping of the net and fresh bark of the ktikui {Aleurttes triloba) in water for several days. Fish nets are frequentl}^ composed of two or more pieces of netting run togethet with a cord. Five methods of making this joining were noticed, the simplest being with a cord, called aea^ drawn through the meshes of the two edges in turn. The second was by placing the meshes of the two edges exactly opposite and with a single cord tying them together in order, using a single knot. The third was to lay the edges together with the meshes alternating and then running the cord from one side to the other with a single knot at every mesh ; this at first glance has the appearance of continuous net- ting. The fourth method of joining was to net on one edge and run the shuttle in turn through the loops of the other edge. The fifth was by joining the two edges by the usual form of netting. A number of the smaller nets, particularly those of small meshes seem to have been cut down or made of pieces taken from larger nets ; in such cases the netted knot forming the edge seems to have stood the usual wear and tear. When a net has been torn or broken, more generally with the fine meshed nets, the mending was sometimes effeded with an aea, or a piece was cut from an old net, laid over the hole and sewed on by the same method. Large nets are sometimes fastened together by a rope called kukai. The name alihi was applied to the head and foot ropes, the full names being respe(?tively alihi pikoi and alihi pohaku^ or more recently alihi kepau. The pikoi was a float of wood, hau preferably, but failing that, kukui. Wiliwili {ErythHna monosperma)^ the lightest wood in the islands, was not consideied sufficiently durable. In recent times two other woods have become available for the pikoi, and since their introdudion oleander {Nerium oleander) and the castor oil tree {Rieimis conmiunis) have been added to the list. The shape of the pikoi varied. In some, a large branch was cut into sections and the pieces split, and from these the pikoi was made (a block about 4 inches long, 3 inches wide and i inch thick). It was fastened through holes drilled in its side to the alihi. Another form was a seAion of a branch about 4 inches long, and 2.7 inches in diameter, which was pieced on the side and so attached. The heart wood in the kinds used was soft, and could be easily removed to allow the pikoi strung on the alihi, but it is uncertain if this kind of pikoi was of ancient use. Sinkers of pohaku (stone) and kepau (lead) were shaped to suit. Sticks used to support or dis- tend a net were called kiikti^ and when curved or bent were also called kaka. To make the necessary length for the kuku or kaka two or more sticks were fastened together by overlapping and binding the ends. In referring to the nets by their native names, it should be mentioned that one form of fish net is occasionally used for various kinds of fishing and has a different name in each, and that the same name is sometimes applied to different nets in various parts of the islands. Various Nets, j^^ Upena Papai, Crab NKT.-One specimen, No. 762. This is a flat, circular sieve from 20 to 23 inches in diameter. The frame is composed of two kaka securely fastened. Stretched across the hoop is a set of parallel heavy cords one inch apart, at right angles to which is a second set the same distance apart and merely knotted to the first. This sieve of course cannot be called netting. Such an implement was mainly useful in throwing the crabs ashore after they had been enticed within range by a piece of bait. Fishermen report another style of upena papai, illustrated by Mr. Cobb,^' in which the cords of the sieve give place to a conical net. Upkna Paoo, or Upena Iao.— One specimen, No. 761. A small, fine-meshed, tanned dip net suspended from an ovate-acuminate frame, which shape is called/.;.;! The frame is rigid and is composed of kaka bent until the ends meet at the point, where they are bound together and form the handle. A cross piece is tied to the frame seven inches from the handle. The net tapers irregularly to a point, which is directly below the handle. The mesh varies somewhat; adjoining the frame is a band of netting 4.5 inches wide of .75 inch mesh joined at the handle. Then come several redangular pieces of nae averaging .2 inches in mesh. All the connexions are with aea. These pieces have no selvage, and have probably been cut from the remains of a larger net. Length and breadth of frame, 32 and 17 inches. Depth of net 23 inches. Upena Kaee, or Kaee Paoo.— One specimen, No. 765. The name is practically the same as that previously mentioned. The specimen is a small fine-meshed untanned scoop net with a frame similar to but longer and narrower than No. 761 and without cross piece. The kaka are two long pliant w^ands, resembling willow, twisted together. The frame is so pliant that it may be readily elongated by a little pressure at the handle and the opening thereby reduced in size. The net is shaped like a very broad sack, and is gathered very much at the upper margin. In this specimen the netting has been done for the purpose. The mesh of the top row is i inch, and lias been re- duced from .4 inch in the second row to .2 inch at the bottom. As netted, it was long and narrow, and to reach its present form, was doubled and netted together at the bottom and one side. Length and breadth of frame 27 and 9 inches. Length of net at bottom, 47 inches, depth 10 inches. Upena Ahuulu, or Upena Puni. — Two specimens, Nos. 763 and 764. In this style of net the kaka are two parallel sticks about 3.5 feet long. The net, of medium sized mesh, is a single piece of netting folded together and sewed at the bottom and side by the second or third method mentioned above. The top edges of the bag thus formed are attached one to each of the kaka for about three-fourths the length, the balance of the kaka remaining bare for handles. Where the tw^o sides of tlie bag meet ^^Ibid, pi. 23. 158 Hawaiian Nets and Netting, the kakaj the latter are fastened and prevented from spreading by cords abont two inches long. The kaka are of about equal strength, and by holding the points t)f the handles in the palm of the hand and springing the sticks apart with the fingers, the kaka, being tied at the other end, become bowed and so open the mouth of the net wider when necessary. No. 763 is of olona, and No. 764 of waoke, both tanned. The measurements are: — 763. Length of kaka 42 in., width apart 2-2.3 ^^^-S length of net 33 in. or 25 meshes, depth 16 meshes, mesh 1.4 in. 764. Length of kaka 44 in., width apart 2.-2.5 *^^*\ length of net 36 in. or 16 1-2 meshes, depth 8 1-2 meshes, mesh 2 in. Upena H01.OHOLO, OR UpEna Poo. — One specimen, No. 5176. A large tanned dip net with a frame the same shape as No. 761, but three times as long and twice as broad. The cross piece is 16 inches from the point. The net has a mesh of 2 inches, and is composed of a piece of netting folded together and netted along the sides to form a bag. The net is suspended from the frame as far as the cross piece, the balance of the kaka being left uncovered for the handle. Length of frame 8.3 feet, width 2.8 feet. Length of net, 81 meshes, depth 24 meshes. Upena Uhu. — Four specimens, Nos. 766, 767, 768 and 5175. These specimens are each composed of a square piece of netting stretched flat by alihi, which are fast- ened by the corners to the ends of two kaka tied at right angles to each other at the middle. The diagonal of the netting is less than the length of the kaka, so that the latter are somewhat arched when in position. Weights of stone, or lead, are fastened to the ends of each kaka. Specimen No. 766 is labelled upena akiikii^ and has a mesh con- siderably smaller than the other nets of this kind. Upena pakiikiiis probably the same. 766. Upena akiikii, length of kaka 6.5 ft., size of net 21X22 1-2 meshes, mesh 2.3 in. 767. Upena uhu, length of kaka 8.3 ft., size of net 10 1-2 X 18 meshes, mesh 6 in. 768. Upena uhu, length of kaka 8.5 ft., size of net 16X17 1-2 meshes, mesh 5.3 in. 5175. Upena uhu, without kaka, size of net 15X15 meshes, mesh 4.5 in. Mr. Cobb's description" of an upena uhu does not seem to agree with the specimens in the Museum, nor with the evidence of fishermen consulted. The piece of netting is hardl}/ bagged at all, and is almost as flat as a piece of netting can be in hori- zontal suspension. The kaka, which Mr. Cobb states were made ^*to swing around and lie paralleP' and thereby close the mouth of the net to retain the fish, are fixtures when the implement is set up and cannot be moved from their relative position without drawing the net to the surface where the hand can reach and untie them. In drawing the implement rapidly through the water the net would of course act as a drag and bow^ the "Ibid. J\rr/<>/i.^ Xr/s. k:\kn soiiicwhat, :iii(l luii^ the mi, l)iii the siii-ks :\vv Iihi siilT t ill c;itA;liiii!^ tilt; iiliii, :is descrilicu l;\di)L': 1<> ; 11 lulcrn I'- ll, il |):i^;|YvhT;:;: ..• Mr. C.a 111- I'nllolll Abctil Ihc niiddli' of tdie two kukii, the Mdvs ..f \h- the huttoiii of the hag is ;i eord rcachiiiLr tt> ilu liosilioii lies on the k;uku with :i w^id...: moiith on ! kaka, which is heiil aruiiiid in a -ciiiieindi'. I towarcks the hand is the ha,ii\ VrHKA Na!< IvrKi'/^^^^^^^^Three siKHanuais, :^ This is a scoop or hag iH't, of xvrv fnie ni<-di a> ii like a sack, hroader ihaai long, with tiie cial soai edges. Along part of these edges, Ihg. 103, ^^vi. I i6o Haivaiian Nets and Netting, in rings at the corners. In operation these ends are placed on the sea bottom as far apart as the mouth of the net will allow and the sticks elevated at an angle of about 45"". The closed end of the bag drops behind like a pocket. These nets are composed of several pieces joined by aea and growing finer in mesh towards the pocket. In the figure is given a plan of No. 6578 showing the meshes and sizes of the various pieces. This specimen is called upena nae hinana, or upena hinana and is of par- ticularly fine mesh. Fig. 164 shows a sample of .4 inch mesh in No. 757. The twine in these nets is much heavier than might be expe<5led in those of such close mesh. 756. Total length 7.5 ft., depth 4 ft., mesh .25-.4 in., length of kuku 4 ft. 757. Total length 25 ft., depth 7 ft., mesh .3-5 in., length of kuku 17.5 ft. 6578. Total length 13.3 ft., depth 4.6 ft,, mesh .05-.35 in., length of kuku 8.6 ft. It is probable that the nets described as upena nehu^ upena pua^ kapuni nehu and upena iiao by Mrs. Beckley and Mr. Cobb would all come under the above description. Upena Kaili, or UpKna Aai-opb:lu. — One specimen, No. 760. This is a large semiglobular bag net suspended from two kaka. In position the ends of the kaka are overlapped and tied, making a circular opening. The length of the kaka is the same as that of the fishing canoe. Three men handle the net, one to draw the net to the sur- face, and one at each end of the canoe to untie the ends of the kaka and allow the sticks to spring to. The bottom of the net opens into a small bag, to which is fastened the stone sinker. In the specimen the kaka are wanting. This specimen w^as made of manj^ pieces of netting of various meshes. On the top is a narrow band 7 meshes wide of 2.5 inch mesh. Then follows a band of 35 meshes wide and 2 inch mesh. The test of the netting is 1.2 inches mesh, and, with the exception of the bag at the bottom, was made in two vertical se(?tions. Each seftion was made up of strips of netting drooping at the middle, gathered at the upper edge and joined at the ends to the netting of 2 inch mesh. By this means the native secured the oval shape. Where portions of the ends overlapped, the larger sized net was cut and the piece fitted. The strips and seAions were run together by aea. To attach the bag, the two bottom strips were cut in the middle of the lower edge and the bag fastened by the same cord as before. The bag was a broad piece of netting, netted at the sides, with an open bottom which was closed when fishing by tying with cord. It might be men- tioned that the bag is 105 meshes round, while the opening in the bottom of the larger net is onlj^ 76 meshes in circumference. This specimen is 48 feet in circumference at the top; the depth, hanging flat, is 19.5 feet and that of the bag 2.9 feet. Upena kaihi is said to be similar to this net. Upena Eke. — One specimen, No. 5310. This specimen is an old nntanned bag net, of which most of the bottom is missing. When in operation it is a long hori- Upena Eke. i6r zontal bag, tapering but slightly away from the mouth, which is at one end. At the other end in the specimen is an opening less than half the size of the mouth, where probably was fastened a closed bag of smaller size. In seAion, the bag is semicircular, with the arc above. The bottom part of the net called honiia is anchored by stones at the corners of the mouth and at two points along each side about ten and twenty feet from the mouth. Between these points, stretching the honua wide are sticks called piihi. There is another stone at the tail end of the bag. To the upper curved part, called lana, the pikoi are fastened in great numbers in irregular rows. Heavy ropes of hau run the whole length of the bag, one along each edge and one on each slope of the lana ;c- tl /eet -->, about 8 feet from the edge. The total length of the lana is 39 feet, the first 2 1 feet from the mouth being light cord of .08 inch in thickness and of 1.5 inches mesh, and the rest of heavy cord .17 inch thick and i. 2-1.4 inches mesh. The lana is 29 feet in width at the mouth, measuring the ropes, and the lighter portion is made up of five pieces of wide netting averaging 33 meshes long and decreasing from 407 meshes wide in the first piece at the mouth to 238 meshes in the fifth. The pieces are run together by aea, in this net called kvi puhu This method of tapering a net seems to have been preferred by natives to the use of the knot known as makakukai, already mentioned. The heavier part of the lana is in two pieces, 112 and 70 meshes long, and respecftively 170 and 165 meshes wide. Of the honua, there remains but one piece, of the heavier cord, at the rear end. It is about 11 feet or 113 meshes long and 130 meshes wide. Leading away from the sides of the mouth, there should be two long nets called pakii, the same depth as the bag, at a wide angle to each other, as a drive. The net on the right is said to be 15 fathoms long, and that on the left 10 fathoms. Upena kola is said to be a net on the same lines as the preceding, but on a much larger scale. The same is reported of the net used in Lau kapalilL It is probable that the nets c^W^^papahului and au^maUwa and used in conjundion with each other are also similar. MEMOIRS B, P. B. MUSEUM, VOL, II, NO. I — H. NO. 165. /3/C 3^/ru). DIAGRAM Oi^ UPENA NAK KUKU. Ifiiu'diiiUi Ntis and N'dfhip IlAXf) OiirA, (JK [^pi-:ka ()iiu,\.--Oiie spceiiiien, No. 7072. Tliis specimen lias been Tnade of |}ieccs of netting |)urcliased from and netted I13' Chinese fixmi Chinese filirc, aii are re- ported as having this shape, the hitter being a mucli birger nek UpKX.\ KtRT, Ui'KXA PAf,OA, or, general l_v s[)caking, seines or giki nets. Two specimens, Nos. 75'S 'A\\(\ 759, tannecb 75''^- Laigih K2 ft., 4 I meshes, mesh 759- r.englb 66 ft., 4S meshes, mesh 'x^-'h dei)tli 7 ft. 2.2 in. depth 10.5 in. VA-S. .Vo'..: I lie names of some of tJic nets re- portecb'' nn(k;'r tliis beading are (i/cif /){•/// or lutkuikni, itlnnlu^ ka~ sn--- -'■:■ -■, -- :-i