UJ4IV . >w ■;;-.■■■'

1903-No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES.

I. NEW OR N
II. THE AMERICAN

PHILIPPINE PLANTS.
IN THE PHILIPPINE FLORA.

BY ELMER D. MERRILL, BOTANIST.

ISSUED JANUARY 20, 1904.

MANILA:

, BUREAU OF PUBLIC PRINTING.

1904.

8200

1903-No. 6.

Department of the interior.

BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES.

I. SEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS.
II. THE AMERICAN ELEMENT IN THE I'HIIJITINE ELORA.

By ELMER D. MERRILL, BOTANIST.

ISSUK1) JANUARY SO, 11)04.

MANILA:

BUREAU OF PUBLIC PRINTING.
1904.

LETTEK OF TRANSMITTAL.

Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Government Laboratories,
Office of the Superintendent of Laboratories,

Manila, P. /., August SI, 1903.
Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith two papers, the first
entitled "New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants/ 5 and the second
"The American Element in the Philippine Flora/' hy Elmer I).
Merrill, botanist.

I am, very respectfully,

Paul C. Freer,
Superintendent of Government Laboratories.

Hon. Luke E. Wright,

Acting Secretary of the Interior.

3

I. NEW OR NOTEWORTHY PHILIPPINE PLANTS.

By Elmer D. Merrill.

The material upon which the present paper is based has been
collected during the past year and is deposited in the herbarium of
the Bureau of Government Laboratories, Manila. The numbers
cited, unless otherwise stated, are those of the author's distribution.
Duplicates have been distributed to the United States National
Herbarium, Washington; the K. K. Botanische Garten, Berlin;
the Koyal Gardens, Kew ; the New York Botanical Gardens, and
other institutions. As yet there has been little opportunity to
critically study the many interesting species in the collection, and
the present paper records only a few notes on some of the most
characteristic species.

ANACARDIAOEiE.

Semecarpus gigantifolia F. Villar, Nov. App. Fl. Filip. August. Add. et
Corrig. 350. 1883; Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas, XXJI. t. liG. f. A. 1883.
This most distinct and interesting species is not noted in Index Kewensis,
and is represented in our herbarium by No. 2491 , Lamao River, Mount Mari-
veles, Province of Bataan, Luzon, June 11, 1903, also by No. 511 (Aliern),
Tetuan, Province of Zamboanga. Mindanao, 1901. The specimens observed
at Lamao River were trees 10 m. high and about 20 cm. in diameter,
unbranched or with very few (three or four) ascending branches, the leaves,
which exceed 1 m. in length, being crowded at the apices of the branches,
giving the plant a striking, almost palm-like appearance. The fruit is
borne in great abundance on panicles 10 to 20 cm. long, the entire length of
the trunk. The hypocarp is very fleshy, deep purple when ripe, 3 to 4 cm.
long, and edible, although somewhat puckery. Known by the Tngalogs as
Tocud langit and by the Viscayans as Manalu.

BOIUiAGINACEYE.

Ehretia mollis (Blanco). {Mcnais mollis Blanco, Fl. Filip. 139. 1837;
Eh'rctia virgata Naves. Fl. Filip. August, t. 10. 1880, excel, syn. ;
E. onava F. Vill. Nov. App. Fl. Filip. 138. 1883, p. p., non A. DC;
E. navesii Vidal, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. 194. 1886.)

COMPOSITE.

Vernonia vidalii Merrill, sp. now {Vernonia arborca, Ham. var. vcstita
Vidal, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. 160. 1880, non V. vcstita Baker.)
This is evidently a distinct species, being represented in our herbarium
by No. 153, a small tree, 8 to 10 m. high, with pale purple flowers, collected
in the mountains between Bagabag and Quiangan, Province of Nueva Vis-
caya, Luzon, June 7, 1902, also No. 2291, Tanay, Province of Rizal, Luzon,
Ma v , 1 902 . Taga 1 og, Ma lasam bong.

CONIFEREzU.

Pin us insularis Endl., and P. mercusii Jungli. and De Vriese.

Species of the genus Pinus are found in the mountains of northern Luzon,
in the Province of Nueva Ecija, Nueva Viscaya, Zambales, Benguet, and
Lepanto-Bontoc, the most widely distributed species being Pinus insularis
EndL, which is apparently very closely related to J'inua khasya Royle, from
Burma. Specimens from Benguet have been identified as the latter species.
Pinus mercusii Jungh. and De Vriese, has been found only in the Province
of Zambales, and from material recently received, distributed as No. 2116,
it appears doubtful if the Philippine specimens so referred, are really this
species. Pinus mercusii Jungh. and De Vriese, lias only two leaves in a
fascicle, while Pinus insularis EndL, has three leaves in a fascicle. In No.
2110, on the same branch about one-half of the fascicles contain two leaves
and the other half contain three leaves. Other specimens. No. 1158 (Mer-
rill) and No. 829 (Ahern) from Zambales invariably contain two leaves in
a fascicle, while the specimens Nos. 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165 (Merrill),
Nos. 830, 852 (Ahern), and Nos. 121, 122, 123, 124 (Topping), from Ben-
guet, always contain three leaves in a fascicle. It is very difficult to sepa-
rate Pinus insularis Endl. and Pinus mercusii dimgh. and De Vriese on any
characters other than the number of leaves in a fascicle, and it is suggested
that the Philippine material identified as Pinus mercusii Jungh. and De
Vriese, may be only a form of Pinus insularis Endl. The specimens of Pinus
in our herbarium are extremely variable, and may represent one variable
species, or several closely related ones. The Igorrotes in Benguet have
distinctive names for different forms of Pinus insularis Endl., but their
names are, 1 believe, based upon the amount of resin in the tree, rather than
upon any vegetative or floral characters. The native names for Pinus are:
Taga log, Salong or Salcng ; Zambales, Tapulao ; llocano, Parua; Igorrote,
A l-al.

GRAMINE/B.

Erkmoctiloa leersiodes (Munro) Hack, in DC. Prodr. 6: 264. 1889.

(Ischacmum leersiodes Munro, Proc. Amer. Acad. 4: 363. 1864-65.)

This species, previously known only from southern China and California,

introduced in the latter place, was found growing abundantly in open

grass lands near Echague, Province of Tsabcla, Luzon, June 11, 1902, (lis-

tributed as No. 138. No species of this genus has been previously reported
from the Philippines.

Oryza gkanulata Nees et Arn. in Wall. Cat. No. 8634. 1828. {(). fili-
formis Herb.; 0. meyeriana Zoll. et Mor.)
This species was found sparingly along trails in dense damp forests in
the hill country near Quiangan, Province of Nueva Vizcaya, Luzon, June 6,
1902, No. 116. This number differs from Oryza aranularis, as described, in
its somewhat larger spikelets, but is manifestly this species, which is
distributed from the Himalayan region to Malabar, Madura, Java, and
Celebes.

Polytkias praemorsa ( Noes ) Hack, in DC. Monog. Phanerog. 6: 189.
1889. (Pollinia praemorsa Nees.)
This species, previously known only from Java, was found growing
abundantly in dry, open, waste places, Manila, December 0, 1902, distrib-
uted as No. 380. It is quite evident that this species is not a native of
the Philippine Islands, but has been introduced from Java or from Singa-
pore; it is very common at Singapore and may be also a native of that
region or may have been introduced from Java. It is one of the most
common and widely distributed species of the (jramincw in the Island of
Java.

LEGUMINOSEiE.

Pterocarpus blancoi Merrill, sp. nov. {P. santalinus Blanco, FI. Filip.
ed. 1, 561. 1837, non Linn, f.)

This species is very different from Pterocarpus santalinus Linn, f., being
distinguished by its acuminate, not obtuse, leaflets and much larger pods.
The wing of the pod is much broader in this species than in Pterocarpus
indicus Willd., while P. santalinus Linn, f., is described as having a pod
with a narrower wing than that species. It is distinguished from P. indi-
cus by its longer, acuminate leaves and larger pods. According to Hooker
P. santalinus Linn, f., does not extend to the Malayan region.

This species is known to the natives as Narra or Asana, both names also
being applied to Pterocarpus indicus and P. echinatus, but /'. blancoi has
also a distinctive name Apalit, probably on account of its odorous wood.
It is believed that the wood of the other two species noted above is without
this distinctive odor.

This species is represented in the herbarium by No. 2881, Tarlac, Prov-
ince of Tarlac, Luzon, July. 1903.

Mezonei'ri/m hi r.iUM Merrill, sp. nov.

A robust prickly climber 6 to 10 m. long, with large obtuse, glabrous
leaflets and oblong long-pedicel led red pods. Leaf-rachis 5 to 6 dm. long,
glabrous, with stout retrorse prickles on the under side; pinnae 6, 1dm.
long, 6-jugate; leaflets firm ovate or obovate, glabrous, obtuse or emar-
ginate at the apex, the base obtuse, inequalateral, 5 to cm. long, 2.5 to
3 cm. wide, the nerves not prominent, freely anastomosing; petiolules
3 mm. long. Racemes as long as the leaves, pubescent. Flowers unknown.

s

Pods thin, glabrous, 4 to 5 seeded, 15 cm. long, 4 to 5.5 cm. wide including
the wing, which is 1 cm. in width; pedicels 2.5 to 3 cm. long.

Type specimen No. 805, growing in thickets, Point Seperation, Paragua,
February 18, 1903.

This species is probably most closely related to Mczoncurum sumatranum
Miq., but may possibly not belong to the section Tubicalyoc, it being im-
possible to determine this point with the material at hand. It differs
from that species in its smaller number of pinnoe and leaflets, smaller
leaflets, longer pods and long pedicels.

MELIACEiE.

Sandoricum vidalii Merrill, sp. nov. (8. bornccnse Vidal, Cat. PI. Prov.
Manila; F. Vill. Nov. App. 43, non Miquel.)

A tree reaching a height of 20 m., with glabrous ovate, acute or slightly
acuminate leaves, reflexed petals and glabrous ovaries. Branches glabrous,
gray. Leaves 1.5 to 2.5 dm. long, the petioles 5 to 7 cm. long; leaflets ovate,
the base acute, 6 to 14 cm. long. 4 to 9 cm. wide, the nerves 8 to 10 pairs,
petiolules of the lateral leaflets 5 mm. long, those of the terminal leaflet
3 cm. long. Panicles glabrous, many flowered, 5 to 6 cm. long. Flowers
6 to 7 mm. long, their pedicels about the same length. Calyx glabrous,
cup shaped, with 5 obscure, broad, rounded teeth. Petals to 7 mm. long,
2 mm. wide, glabrous, obtuse, recurved in anthesis. Staminal tube cylin-
drical, ridged, not ventricose, 5 to 6 mm. long, with 10 obscure teeth. Ovary
glabrous. Style 3 to 4 mm. long. Stigmas 5, distinct, erect, 1 mm. long.
Fruit (immature), globose, somewhat flattened. 2.5 cm. in diameter, mi-
nutely and densely velvety-pubescent.

Type specimen No. 1824, P>osoboso, Province of Rizal, Luzon, April, 1903
(flower). The following specimens are also referred here. No. 2279,
Tanay, same province, May, 1903 (fruit) ; No. 2060, Guinayangan. Province
of Tayabas, Luzon, April, 1903 (fruit) ; No. 1923, from Pagbilao, Province
of Tayabas (flower), is also doubtfully referred here, differing from the
type in some minor characters.

This species is evidently most closely related to Sandoricum maingayi
Uicrn, from Malacca, but is distinct from that species. It is undoubtedly
the species erroneously identified by Vidal as Sandoricum bornccnse Miq.
This tree grows in dry hill forests, reaching a height of 20 meters, and a
diameter of 00 cm., the sap wood is white or pink and the heart wood is
of a violet color, it being used by the natives in the construction of houses.
The watery sap has a faint odor, similar to that of Sandoricum indicum.
Tagalog Malasaniol, literally "false santol." in distinction from the true
santol, Sandoricum indicum L.

MORACEyE.

Ficus LizoNENSis Merrill, sp. nov. (Eusyce.).

A small tree with firm ovate, somewhat pubescent leaves and long-
peduncled, globose, densely pubescent receptacles. Leaves 7 to 10 cm.

\)

long, 3 to 4 cm. wide, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, apex acute, or obtuse,
base acute, margins entire, rather strongly revolute, glaucous and harsh
above, with few scattered, striate hairs, beneath usually densely brown-
punctate, nerves rather prominent, 4 to (> pairs, which with reticulations
are rather densely pubescent; petioles 2 to 2.5 cm. long, densely pubescent;
stipules lanceolate, acute, densely pubescent, nearly 1 cm. long. "Recepta-
cles, long-peduncled, solitary, or in pairs from the axils of the leaves,
globose, densely tomentose, (> to 7 mm. in diameter, abruptly constricted at
the base into a slender stalk 3 mm. long, at the juncture of this stalk with
the pedicel are three broad, obtuse bracts 1.5 mm. long; peduncle proper
pubescent, 1.5 to 2 cm. long; umbilicus, rather prominent, 3 mm. in diam-
eter. Male ilowers long-pedicellate, mixed with gall flowers all over the
interior of the receptacle, evidently the same as in Ficus macropoda Miq.

'type specimen collected at Baler, Province of Principe, Luzon. No. 1059.
September, 1902. Tagalog, Malananca.

A species of the section Eusyvc, related to Ficus uiacropoda Miq., and /•'.
pcdunculosa Miq., both species being found in the Philippines, the former
endemic, the latter being also known from Beroe and Celebes. It is, how-
ver, more closely related to the former, from which it is distinguished by its
smaller leaves, which are acute, not emarginate at the base, much longer
petioles, punctate under the surface of the leaves, and very much longer
peduncles. See King, Ann. Bot. (Hard. Calcutta. 1: 144, 145. pi. 182, /,S3.

Ficus i»ski;i>oi»alma Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2, 47:'). 1S45, ed. 3, 3: <S4. 1S79.

This species, not listed in "Index Kewensis." is most distinct, and pos-
sibly should represent the type of a new section of the genus Ficus,
although it is placed by F. Villar, 1 in the section Covcllca. Naves, in
identifying the plates for the third edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas,
reduces Ficus pscudopalma Hlanco to F. difformis Bam., but in this error
he is not followed by F. Villar in the Novissime Appendix. The figure of
this species, plate 350, Fl. Filip. Aug. does not well represent the species.

Ficus pscudopalma Blanco is a very characteristic and well-marked
species, especially in its habit of growth, and is evidently widely distributed
in the Philippines. It is probably endemic to the Archipelago, but an
excellent example is in cultivation in the Botanical (Hardens at Singapore,
which was received from Manila. This species has a straight unhranched
stem, from 3 to in. in height, and from 4 to (> cm. in diameter, the leaves
which are from 5 to 8 dm. long, being all crowded at the apex of the stem,
giving the plant a palm-like appearance. The leaf scars are very large
and prominent, as are the lanceolate, acute, stipules, which are from 5 to
7 cm. long. The receptacles are dark green, ovate, usually more or less
angular, 3 to 4 cm. long, usually in pairs, on short peduncles in the axils
of the leaves.

This species is represented in our herbarium by No. 983, Calapan, Min-
doro, April, 1903. and No. 1958, Pagbilao, Province of Tayabas. Luzon,
April, 1903. It is known by the Tagalogs as l\io(/-nio(iatK and by the
Visayans as Sulamuxj.

l Nov. App. Fl. Filip. 201. 18S3.

10

MYRTAOEiE.

Xantiiostemon speciosum Merrill, sp. nov.

A small tree, about 10 m. high, with ovate or obovate leaves and terminal
cymes, bearing from 2 to 4 showy crimson flowers. Bark gray, ultimate
twigs with scattered hairs. Leaves alternate, ovate, or obovate, obtuse or
rounded at the apex, tapering to the cuneate base, to 8 em. long, 3 to
4.5 em. wide, entire, coriaceous, nearly glabrous except for a few scattered
striate hairs on both surfaces, beneath black-punctate, nerves 1) or 10 pairs,
not prominent, anastomosing near the margin; petioles, 1 cm. long or less,
with few appressed hairs. Inflorescence terminal, 4 to 5 cm. long, 2 to 4
flowered; peduncles pubescent; pedicels 2 to 3 mm. long; bracteoles linear,
5 mm. long, pubescent. Calyx tube 0.5 mm. long, 1.5 cm. in diameter,
somewhat pubescent, the lobes five, triangular, spreading, acute, sparingly
pubescent, 3 to 4 mm. long, alternating with the calyx lobes are five
prominent depressions in the calyx tube. Corolla spreading, the petals
crimson, orbicular, 6 mm. long, 8 mm. wide, slightly ciliate on the mar-
gins. Stamens about 20, exserted, crimson, arranged in a single series;
filaments about 2 cm. long; anthers 2.5 mm. long. Ovary 3-eclled. Style
2 cm. long; stigma unknown. Fruit unknown.

Type specimen No. 682, collected in a dry, open, grassy valley near
llalsey Harbor, Island of Culion, February 12, 1903. A tree about 10 m.
high and 3 dm. in diameter, with exceedingly hard, dark-colored wood.

This species is quite distinct from Xantiiostemon verdugonianus Naves,
the only other species of this genus found in the Philippines. Its distin-
guishing characters are its much larger flowers, very short but broad calyx
tube, larger petals, crimson filaments, etc.

Xanthostemon verdugonianus Naves, in F. Yill. Nov. App. Fl. Filip. 82.
1883; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, t. W0; Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas, t. /,!). /'. A'.
1883.

This species is represented in our herbarium by No. 428 (Ahem), Island
of Tinago, 1901 (in fruit), and by No. 34 (Howard Long), ITacer, Province
of Surigao, Mindanao, May 20, 1003 (in flower). This species grows to a
much larger size than Xantiiostemon speciosum, reaching a height of 50 m.
It is known by the Visayans as Magcono and Mancono. Is inuch prized for
its exceedingly hard durable wood, and is said to be abundant in the Prov-
ince of Surigao. It is well represented by the figures of Naves and Vidal
cited above.

So far as is known, with one exception, the two Philippine species here
noted are the only ones of this genus that have been discovered outside of
Australia and New Caledonia, and up on the present time no species of this
germs has been discovered in New Guinea although one species has been
described from Celebes. P>oth of the Philippine species differ from the other
species in the genus by their smaller number of stamens.

OLEAOJ^K

Mayepea cuminciana (Vidal).

Linocicra cumingiana Vidal, Phancrog. Cuming. Philip. 185. 1885.

Mayepea cokiacea (Vidal).

Linocicra coriacca Vidal, Rev. I']. Vase. Filip. 181. ] SS(> : />. purpurea
F. Vill. Nov. App. 128. 1883, non Vahl.

KHA'MNACEiE.

Zizyphus arboPvEA Merrill, sp. no v.

A large tree, reaching the height of 40 m., with a diameter of 00 cm.
above the buttresses, which extend to a height of about 3 m. on the trunk,
with broad, ovate, often subcordate leaves, which are glabrous on both sur-
faces, and globular, minutely rufous-tomenf ose drupes about 2 cm. in diame-
ter. Brandies unarmed, the younger ones more or less rufous-pubescent.
Leaves broadly ovate, acute, the base often somewhat oblique, acute or sub-
cordate, 8 to 12 cm. long, 4 to 7 cm. wide, entirely glabrous, with three
strong unbranched, vertical nerves, the secondary nerves leading from the
lateral vertical nerves, 10 or 12, prominent, margins entire or sub-crenate :
petioles about 1 cm. long, often slightly pubescent. Inflorescence of axillary
peduncled cymes, usually forming a terminal cymose, leafy, panicle; pedun-
cle 3 to 4 cm. long. Flowers unknown. Drupe globose 2 cm. in diameter,
minutely rufous-tomentose, 2-seeded, the pulp scanty, the endocarp bony.

The following specimens represent this species, all from the Province of
Tayabas, Luzon. Pagbilao, No. 1929 (type)., Feb. 11, 1903; No. 1983,
March 14, 1903; Cuinayangan, No. 2017, April 13, 1903. A frequent tree
on the hills and table lands, the timber being used for the construction of
bancas (native canoes) and houses. It is not. however, durable when
exposed to the weather. Tagalog, Ligaa and Danlic

A species distinguished by its large size, well developed buttresses, spine
less branches, and glabrous leaves.

RHIZOPI-IORACE2E.

Bruguiera RiTCiiiEi Merrill, sp. nov.

A shrub or small tree 12 m. high or less, with lanceolate leaves, oblong,
cylindrical striate calyx, and xcry short erect calyx lobes. Trunk 25 cm. in
diameter or less; bark rough. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat, coria-
ceous, 6 to 11 cm. long, 2 to 3.5 cm. wide, acute, tapering to the base, gla-
brous, slightly pale, and densely punctate beneath, nerves about 10 pairs,
not prominent, anastamosing near the margin; petioles 2 cm. long. Inflor-
secence axillary; peduncles solitary, 1.5 to 2 cm. long, bearing several flow-
ers, of which usually only one develops. Flowers unknown: fruiting calyx,
cylindrical, somewhat channeled, 1 to 1.5 cm. long. 5mm. in diameter,
abruptly tapering to the pedicel, which is 1 to 1.5 cm. long; calyx lobes, 8
very short, acute, erect, 3 mm. long. Fruit in the fundus of the calyx, with
the growing radicle protruding 10 cm. or more.

12

This interesting and well-marked species anus first collected at Pol a, Min-
doro, in mangrove swamps, by Mr. J. W. Bitchie, while making some inves-
tigations on tan barks and dye woods for the Forestry Bureau, in May,
1903, distributed as number 2403 (type), No. 2487, from Guinayangan,
Province of Tayabas, Luzon, May, 1903, also represents this species. It is
known by the Tagalogs in Mindoro as flangaraij and Hagalay, while the
Tagalogs in Tayabas call it Pot of an.

A species at once distinguished from others in the genus by its elongated,
cylindrical calyx, and very short calyx lobes.

RUTAOE.E.

Ae(;i,e (jlutinosa (Blanco). (Liuionia yhilinosa Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 1,
358. 1837; Fcronia lernaia Blanco. 1. c. ed. 2, 252. 1845; 1. c,
ed. 3, 2: 104. 1878; Acglc drcandra Naves in Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed.
3, t. /;?/,; F. Vill. Nov. App. 38. 1880.)

SAIMNDACEJI

Tristika pi kescens Merrill, sp. nov.

A small or medium sized tree, 10 to 12 m. high with densely rusty
pubescent leaves, inflorescence, and young branches. Leaves pinnate, the
densely rusty pubescent raclris 10 to 12 cm. long; leaflets 4 to 5 pairs,
lanceolate-ovate, to 8 cm. long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. wide, densely rusty
pubescent beneath, and sparingly so above, the apex blunt or obscurely
acute, the margins entire, nerves about 15 pairs, petiolules 2 to 3 mm. long.
Fruiting panicles about 15 cm. long, the rachis and branches densely rusty
pubescent. Calyx lobes five, pubescent". Fruit triangular, ovate. 2 to 3 cm.
long, rusty pubescent, woody, the wings narrow near the base of the fruit,
about 5 mm. wide above, the three joining and terminating in a short point
at the apex of the fruit, the three cells lined with a dense, white woolly
tomentum.

Type specimen No. 2842. Bosoboso, Province of Bizal, Luzon, July 19,
1903. Tagalog Am pay.

A very distinct species, at once distinguished from the other two species
in the genus by its dense rusty pubescence. Tristara tripicra Radlk.. the
only other species of the genus from the Philippines, is almost glabrous,
with much larger leaves and larger fruits than in Tristira pubeseens. The
flowers of no species of this genus are known at present.

SAPOTACE.E.

Although the genus Palaqnium was based on Philippine material, very
little definite information has been available regarding the several species
found in the Archipelago. Blanco in establishing the genus described three
species, all of which are known to us today. Fernandez- Villar credits
seven species to the Archipelago, of which one is described as new and two
of which were erroneously credited to the Archipelago. Vidal notes but

three species, while in the present (.numeration 11 species are considered.
All the material on which the present enumeration is based has been col-
lected since the American occupation, and as more thorough collections are
made we may expect that this list will he considerably extended.

Key to the species of Pahiquium at present known from the Philippine

Islands.

Leaves rusty-tomentose or pubescent beneath.
Leaves obovate, obtuse.

Leaves 15 cm. long or loss; nerves, 12 to 13 pairs /». barnesii

Leaves 20 to 30 cm. long; nerves, about 10 pairs /'. tali folium

Leaves acute or acuminate.

Leaves acute, 15 to 18 cm. long..... /». ahemianum

Leaves acuminate, 20 to 30 cm. long /> Jcifcrum

Leaves glabrous beneath.

Leaves 40 to 50 cm. long />. (/iya-ntifolium

Leaves 20 cm. long or less.

Nerves, 8 or <) pairs /». taneeolatum

Nerves, 12 to 17 pairs.

Leaves acute or acuminate.

Nerves, 12 pairs /». celebieum

Nerves, 14 pairs.. />. niindananse

Nerves, 17 pairs j\ S]K i m [rt.

Leaves obtuse.

Nerves distinct; leaves 12 cm. long or more;

petioles 3 to 4 cm. long p. luzoniensc

Nerves obscure; leaves to 8 cm. long;

petioles 1 to 1.5 cm. long p. riinealum

Palaquium barnesii Merrill, sp. nov.

A tree 35 to 40 m. high, with obovate pubescent leaves, numerous flowers
and long pedimcled fruits. Ultimate branches densely fulvous-pubescent.
Leaves membranaceous, 8 to 10 cm. long, to 8 cm. wide, obtuse or rounded
at the apex, gradually tapering to the cuneate or abruptly acute base, both
surfaces beset with numerous brownish hairs, the upper surface becoming
nearly smooth with age, nerves about 12 pairs, rather prominent beneath,
and densely brown-tomentose; petioles 1 to 1.5 cm. long, densely brown-
tomentose. Flowers with brown-tomentose pedicels and sepals, the sepals
triangular, acute, 3 to 4 nun. long. Petals unknown. Fruit ovate or ovate-
oblong, glabrous, 3.5 cm. long, the calyx persistent. Peduncles 4 cm. long,
brown-tomentose.

Type specimen No. 2757, Marintoc River, Island of Masbate, dune 27,
1903, growing on the river bank, at an elevation of about 20 m. above the
level of the sea. The trunk reaches a diameter of 70 cm. and the buttresses
are not well developed. This species yields but a small amount of latex,
which is not utilized by the. natives. It is named in honor of Mr. P. T.
Barnes, collector for the Forestry Bureau, who first secured specimens.
Visavan, Nato.

14

Palaquium latifolium Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 1, 404. 1837; Bassia blan-
coi A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 8: 199. 1844; Dichopsis laUfolia F. Vill.
Nov. App. 124. 1883.
This characteristic species is represented in the herbarium by No. 1G75,
Antipolo, Province of Rizal, Luzon, and Nos. 1941 and 1919, Pagbilao, Prov-
ince of Tayabas, Luzon. It is readily distinguished by its obovate, obtuse
leaves, which are 2 or 3 dm. long and densely rusty-tomentose and shining
beneath. Tagalog Alacap; Palac palac.

Palaquium qleiferum Blanco, 1. c, 405. {Bassia old [era A. DC, 1. c, 198;
Dichopsis oleifcra V. Vill., 1. c, 125.)
This species is apparently closely related to the preceding, but is distin-
guished by its narrower leaves, which are acute, not obtuse, and which are
oblanceolate in form. The seeds of this species yield an oil which is utilized
by the natives. It is represented in the herbarium by the following speci-
mens, all without fruit or flowers: No. 1402, Arayat, Province of Pam-
panga, Luzon, and a specimen from the same province without locality, col-
lected by M. Martines. A specimen from Mindanao, No. 21 (Sherman),
appears to belong here. When more complete material is secured we shall
be better able to judge the validity of this species. Tagalog, Palac palac,
Alacap; Pampangan, Malasaputi ; llocano, Daracan.

Palaquium aiierntanum Merrill, Forest. Bu. Bull. 1: 4G. 1903.

A species related to Palaquium lobbianum Burck, but quite distinct.
Mindanao, Province of Zamboanga, 608, 842 (Ahem), Moro, Galapia.

Palaquium gigantifolium Merrill, sp. nov.

A tree 18 m. high, with very large, glabrous, obovate-lanceolate leaves 5
dm. long. Ultimate branches 1 to 1.5 cm. in diameter. Leaves glabrous on
both surfaces 4.5 to 5.5 dm. long, 20 to 22 cm. wide, the apex obtuse or
acute, gradually narrowing to the abruptly rounded base, nerves prominent,
22 pairs ; petioles 4 cm. long, 1 cm. in diameter. Flowers very numerous
5 to 8 in fascicles on the branches below the leaves; pedicels thick, 1 cm.
long, rusty-tomentose. Calyx 8 to 10 mm. long, the lobes obtuse, the outer
ones firm, rusty-tomentose, the inner ones membranaceous. Corolla 3 cm.
in diameter, the lobes lanceolate acute 1.5 cm. long, 5 cm. wide. Stamens,
18; filaments, 7-8 mm. long. Anthers 4 mm. long. Fruit unknown.

Type specimen No. 2845, Pagbilao, Province of Tayabas, Luzon, March,
1903. Growing in forests on hillsides about 50 m. above the sea level. A
tree reaching a diameter of 25 cm. with very small or no buttresses and a
nearly smooth dark gray bark that yields a small amount of latex, not
utilized by the natives.

This very distinct species differs from all others in the genus in its very
large leaves and flowers.

Palaquium cuneatum Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas, t. 62. [. K. 1883, non Bassia

cuneata Blume, Bijdr. 675; Dichopsis cuneata F. Vill. Nov. App.

124, excl. syn.

This species was confused with Bassia cuneata Blume by both Fernandez -

Villar and Vidal, that species, however, being a true Bassia, and moreover

15

is confined to the Island of Java. Palaquium cinwalum, is well figured by
Vidal. It is represented in the herbarium by No. 291).'}, Botolan, Province
of Zambales, Luzon, June, 1908. Zambales, Mai ionic.

Palaquium celebicum Burck, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 5: 32. 188(5.

Sterile specimens of what is undoubtedly this species have been found in
Mindanao — No. 839 (Ahern) and No. 19 (Sherman). This species yields
much of the gutta-percha produced in Mindanao, and is known to the Moros
as Calapia.

Palaquium sp. indet.

This species, which is certainly undeseribed, is represented in the herba-
rium by a single sterile specimen, collected at lligan, District of Misamis,
Mindanao by A. Alga. The leaves are glabrous, narrowly lanceolate and
long-acuminate, 15 to 20 cm. long and 4 to G cm. wide, the nerves 1(5 to 18
pairs. Moro, Buruan.

Palaquium mindanaense Merrill, sp. now

A tree with ovate, acute, entirely glabrous leaves. Branches glabrous.
Leaves 11 to 13 cm. long, 5 to 6 cm, wide, acute at both ends, shining above,
pale beneath, nerves not prominent above, 13 to 14 pairs; petioles 3 to 3.5
cm. long. Flowers numerous, three or four in a fascicle, on the blanches
below the leaves. Peduncles 1 cm. long. Calyx lobes triangular, acute,
brown-tomentose. Petals unknown. Fruit (immature) small, ovoid, (5 mm.
in diameter.

Type specimen, No. 837 (Ahern), district of Cottabato, Mindanao, 1901.

A species is probably most closely related to Palaquium celebicum Burck,
being distinguished by its smaller leaves, longer petioles, and other charac-
ters. Moro, Calapia.

Palaquium luzoniense (F. Vill.) Vidal, Rev. IT. Vase. Filip. 17(5. 188(5.
(Dichopsis luzoniensis ¥. ViU. Nov. App. 125. 188:5; Palaquium
lalifoUum Naves in Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed 3, t. i?'J, non Blanco.)

This distinct species is represented in the herbarium by No. 17(51, Suing,
Province of Zambales, Luzon, and Nos. 1927, 1944, and 1982, Pagbilao,
Province of Tayabas, Luzon. Tagalog, Dolitan, Tagatoy and Bagalangil.

Palaquium lanceolatum Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 1, 403. 1837. (liassia lan-
ceolata A. DC. 1. c, 199; Dichopsis lanceolata F. Vill. 1. c. 124.)
This species, which must be considered as the type of the genus, has been
imperfectly known, and previously no specimens have been collected repre-
senting the species since it was described by Blanco. It is represented in
the herbarium by the following specimens: No. 42 Ahern. Dalupaon, Prov-
ince of Camarines, Luzon, February, 1901. Dulitan; No. 213(5. Pitoga,
Province of Tayabas, Luzon, April, 1903. Dolitan; No. 2042, Guinayangan,
Province of Tayabas, Luzon, April. 1903. No. 109(5, Baler, Province of
Principe, September, 1902. B alibis; No. 1991, Pagbilao, Tayabas, locally
known as Bctis, is also referred here, but the petioles of this specimen are
much longer than in the other numbers referred to this species. The name
Bctis is usually applied to Illipc bctis. The only native name Blanco gives
for Palaquium lanceolatum is Bagalangit.

10

Palaquium gutta Burck. and Palaquium polyantjium (Benth. et Hook).
These species reported from Luzon by F. Villar, 1 are manifestly based on
misinterpretation of species and should be excluded from the Philippine
flora, as neither species extends to this region. Just what species F. Vil-
lar had in mind it will be impossible to determine, as no herbarium
material has been preserved and no descriptions are given.

STEMONACE,K

Stkmona philippinensis Merrill, sp. nov.

A slender glabrous twining vine 1 to 2 m. high, or more, with alternate,
deeply cordate, 9 to II nerved leaves, and small purplish-red axillary
flowers. Leaves ovate-cordate, tapering to the slender acuminate apex, 7
to 10 cm. long, 3.5 to 5 cm. wide, shining, the sinus at the base nearly 1 cm.
deep; petioles 1.5 to 2 cm. long. Peduncles 2 to G cm. long, solitary; bracts
small, lanceolate, (lowers purplish-red, 1 cm. long, the segments of the
perianth lanceolate, acuminate, 7 to 9 nerved. Stamens erect, 9 to 10 mm.
long.

Typo specimen No. 3001, Island of Masbate, August, 1903. Visayan,
Sigid.

A species perhaps most closely related to Stcmona minor Hook, f., a
species of Ceylon and Malabar, but differing from that species in its larger
leaves, which have more numerous nerves, smaller flowers and other char-
acters.

Stemona tuberosa Lour.

This species was found at Point Separation, Paragua, February 18, 1903,
distributed as No. 792. No species of this family has previously been
reported from the Philippines.

TILIACEiM

(Jolona LONdiPETiOLATA Merrill, sp. nov.

A small tree with nearly glabrous, long-petioled leaves and glabrous
fruits. Young branches pubescent, becoming glabrous. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, 10 to 15 cm. long, 5 to 7 cm. wide, rounded or somewhat acute
at the equilateral base, abruptly tapering to the long-acuminate apex,
the upper surface scabrous and with few hairs on the midnerve and veins,
•glabrous beneath, the nerves prominent, 5 pairs; petioles 2 to 3 cm. long,
beset with brown, stellate hairs; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, about 12
mm. long. Panicles terminal, 18 cm. long, the lower branches 8 to 10 cm.
long. Flowers unknown. Fruit obovate, 2 cm. long. 1.5 to 2 cm. broad,
the wings about 0.5 cm. broad; pedicels about 1 cm. long.

Type specimen No. 479 G. P. Ahern. Mariveles, Province of Bataan,
Luzon, January 4, 1902.

A very distinct species, perhaps most closely related to Colona blaneoi,
but with smaller fruit which has much narrower wings than in that

1 Nov. A pp. 124. 1SK3.

17

species. It is distinguished from all described species in the genus by its
long petioles. Tagalog, Anilao lalaqui.

Colona blancoi (Rolfe). (Columbia blancoi Rolfe, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot,

21: 308. 1884; 0. floribundus Naves in Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 3,

t. 312; F. Vill. Nov. App. 30. 1880; Colona scrraii folia Cav. var.

blancoi 0. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 1: 82. 185)1.)

This form is in all respects worthy of specific rank, di tiering from

Colona scrratifolia in its much larger, broader leaves, longer petioles and

larger fruits. It is represented in the herbarium by No. 1703, Antipolo.

Province of Rizal, Luzon, March, 1903, and is known to the Tagalogs as

Manned.

Colona serratifolia Cav. Ic. 4: 47. t. 310. 1797. {Columbia amcricana
Pers. Syn. PL 2: 66. 1807; C. serratifolia DC. Prodr. 1: 512. 1824;
C. incqualerata Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 31: 233. 1858: C. anilao
Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 1, 054, 1837.)
This variable species is at present represented in the herbarium by no
less than sixteen specimens, representing a distribution from northern
Luzon to Zamboanga and Davao in Mindanao. The vegetative characters
of this species are exceedingly variable and it is probable that some authors
would consider that the material here referred to Colona serratifolia, rep-
resents several species; however, no valid characters can be found by which
to separate the several forms. Columbia anilao, considered as a distinct
species by F. Villar, is undoubtedly identical with Colona serratifolia.
Columbia serratifolia Blanco, non DC, is a species of Oreuia. Colona
scrratifolia is known to the natives of the Philippines as Anilao.

TllIUIUFETTA TROCUMIiENS Foist.

This species is found along the sea coast from Madagascar to Australia
and Polynesia, but previously has not been found in the Philippines. It is
at present represented in the herbarium by No. 2387, Pola. Mindoro, May,
1903, and No. 3373, Pasacao, Province of Camarines, Luzon. If is appar-
ently a rather common constituent of the strand vegetation in the Phil-
ippines.

VERBENACE^K.

Vjtex ovata Thunb. Fl. Japon. 257. 1784. (V. rcpcns .Blanco, Fl. Filip.

ed. 1, 513, 1837: V. frifoliala Linn. f. var. uuifoiiala Schauer in DC.

Prodr. 11: 083. 1847.)
This widely distributed species is apparently distinct from V. frifoliata
L. f., to which it has been reduced by various authors. It is represented
in our herbarium by No. 323, Aparri, Province of Cagayan, Luzon, June
22, 1902, and No. 898, Calapan, Mindoro, 1903. At both of these localities
the trailing form only was found. On Lubang Island, however, in April,
1903, this form was found associated with Yilcx frifoliala L. f., and no
intergrading forms were observed. V. trifoliata L. f.. was always an erect
shrub, 2 to 3 m. high, with trifoliate leaves; while 1". orata Thunb.. was

<S200 2

18

always trailing, and with simple ovate or obovate leaves. Vitex ovata
Thunb., is found on sandy sea beaches, where it is a valuable sand-binder,
trailing 3 to 4 m., the stem rarely exceeding 1 cm. in diameter, and sending
up numerous erect branches 1 to 6 dm. in length. No one seeing the two
forms growing together would confuse them, as they appear very distinct.
Tagalog, Lagunding gapang.

Vitex aiierniana Merrill, sp. nov.

A tree with coriaceous, glabrous, 3 to 5 digitate leaves, and few flowered
axillary panicles. Leaves mostly 5-digitate; pedicels 3 to 4 cm. long,
glabrous, or with few scattered hairs, and (in young leaves) with num-
erous fulvous-tomentose hairs at the apex; petiolules 4 to 10 mm. long,
channeled above; leaflets glabrous and shining, coriaceous, ovate or lance-
olate-ovate, acute at both ends, 5 to 7 cm. long, 2 to 2.5 em. wide, nerves, 8
to 10 pairs, very obscure. Panicles axillary, few flow r ered, 12 cm. long,
about equaling the leaves, more or less pubescent with usually appressed,
fulvous hairs, branches few, the longer ones 3 to 5 cm. long; pedicles
densely fulvous-pubescent, 2 to 4 mm. long. Calyx 4 mm. long, densely ful-
vous-pubescent, campanulate, 5-toothed, the teeth triangular, very short.
Corolla purple, appressed fulvous-tomentose, deeply cleft, the tube about
4 mm. long, the lobes 6 to 8 mm. long. Drupe unknown.

This apparently very distinct species was collected by one of the em-
ployees of the Forestry Bureau, at Baler, Province of Principe, Luzon,
August, 1902, and has been distributed as No. 1007. It has been dedicated
to Capt. G. P. Ahern, Chief of the Forestry Bureau. This species is said
to be abundant in the vicinity of Baler, and its timber is very valuable,
being exceedingly hard and taking an excellent finish. Tagalog, I gang.

II. THE AMERICAN ELEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINE FLORA.

By Elmer D. Merrill.

INTRODUCTION.

For a period of nearly three hundred years, from the establish-
ment of Spanish authority in the Philippines up to the year 1815,
the Archipelago was ruled as a dependency of Mexico, and through-
out this period direct communication at first between Manila and
Navidad, but later Aeapulco, on the Pacific coast of Mexico, was
maintained by means of the state galleons. With this long con-
tinued civil and commercial intercourse between the Philippines and
Mexico it is not surprising that we find to-day many plants of
American origin in the Philippines, most of them spontaneous,
so widely distributed and so thoroughly naturalized as to appear
truly indigenous.

The plants of American origin now found in the Philippines can
be classified in two groups — those of economic or ornamental value
purposely introduced and those the seeds of which have been acci-
dentally introduced in packing material or by other methods.

Among the prominent species of the first group may be mentioned
Tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum, and other species), Corn (Zea mays),
Maguey (Agave americaiNh), Achuete (Him oreliana), Guava (ra-
dium guayava), Tomatoes (Lycopcrsinun esculcntuui) , Potatoes
(Solanum tuberosum). Papaya (Carica papaya), Cashew nuts
(Anacardiu)n occideniale). Cassava (Mamhot utilissima). Cacao
(Theobroma cacao), Pineapple (Ananassa saliva), and other spe-
cies. Among those species introduced for ornamental purposes may
be mentioned Oestrum nocturnum, Bougainvillia speciabilis, Pithe-
colobium sauum, Euphorbia pulcherrinia, Quamoclil vulgaris, Vci-
raea volubilis, Cosmos sul pleurals, and other species.

Of the second group, or those species, the seeds of which may
have been accidentally introduced in packing material and which
are now for the most part generally distributed as weeds in culti-

19

20

vated fields, may be mentioned Asclepias curassavica, Argcmone
mcxicana. Mimosa pudica, Dalea nigricans, Prosopis jirtijiora, Lan-
lana cainara, Ageratum comjzoides, and Synedrella nodiflora.

The date of the introduction of many of the American species is
obscure, but for the larger per cent of those of economic importance
it was in very early times. The first recorded notices of Philippine
plants arc 1 found in the works of Mcreado and Camell. The former
author wrote some time during the last third of the sixteenth cen-
tury, and after many vicissitudes his manuscript, entitled "Libro
de medicinas de esta tierra y dcclaraciones do las vertudes de los
arboles y plantas que estan en estas islas filipinas/' was edited and
published by Padre Celestino Fernandez-Villar, in the fourth vol-
ume of the third edition of "Blanco's Flora de Filipinas, in the year
1880. Morcado classified his species under their native names, and
prepared water color drawings of the greater part of them, and
accordingly F. Villar was enabled to determine the scientific names
of a large number. MercadoV work contains references of many
plants of American origin. At about the same date Padre (Aunell
wrote his treatise, on Philippine plants entitled. "Herbarium alia-
ruinque Stirpium in Insula Luxone Philippinarum primaiia nas-
eenfium, v etc., which was published in 1704, as an appendix to
the third volume of Pay's I listeria Plantarum. This work also
enumerates many species 6*f American origin. In the year 18!)2
there was published in Manila a work entitled '"Ilistoria general
saero-profano, politiea y natural de las islas poniente llamadas
filipinas, " written in the years 1751 to 1754 by a Jesuit ])riest,
Juan J. Delgado. Over 400 pages of this work are occupied with a
discussion of the plants of the Archipelago, and many species of
American origin are noted. Blanco in his Flora de Filipinas, the
first edition of which was published in 1837, the second in 1845,
notes many American species, and frequently gives the exact or
approximate date of the introduction of American species of eco-
nomic value. In some cases he erroneously considered species of
American origin as endemic and described them as new ones,
while on the other hand he identified some truly endemic forms with
American species. Fornandox-Villar, in his Novissima Appendix
to the third edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas (1883), also
notes many species of American origin, especially those which
were introduced between the years 1845 and 1883.

21

All of the species which have been accidentally introduced, and
which were adapted to the climatic conditions here existing, are now
found generally distributed throughout the Archipelago, or at least
extending over very large areas while a very large number of those
which were introduced for economic or ornamental purposes have
become spontaneous and some species such as Psidium guayava.
PithecoloUum dulec, and Cosmos sulphurous, are among the most
common and widely distributed plants found in the Archipelago
to-day, the former according to Delgado having become widely dis-
tributed in the Philippines as early as 1T5L

It is not the object of the present paper to go into the details of
the discussion regarding the country of origin of such widely culti-
vated species as the sweet potato (Ipomoea balaias), (inhi (Colo-
casia antiquorum), and the Coeoanut palm (Cocas nucifera). It
is believed, however, that to-day those species are generally con-
ceded to be of American origin. However, they were introduced
into the East and in general cultivation throughout the tropical
regions centuries before the advent of the Khiropeans in the Phil-
ippines.

Nearly all of the American species of economic importance and
a vory large percentage of those accidentally introduced and now
found in the Philippines have been generally distributed through-
out the tropics of the East by the same agencies by which they
were introduced into this Archipelago, and at the present time one
finds in other countries in the East comparatively few of the trop-
ical American species which are not also found in the Philippines.
The Philippines must be considered as the early distributing point
of the American species in the Orient.

It is very probable that other species of American origin not
noted in this paper will be found in the Philippines when thorough
collections are made. Such species as C/come acuJcal uiu , Trido.r
procumbent^, Eri()cron ainadensr, and others already noted from
British India and the Malayan peninsula are almost certain to
he found sooner or later in the Philippines. Already since the
American occupation at least four species of economic importance
have 1 been introduced into the Philippines from tropical America.
Those are the Mexican forage grass, "teosinte," Kucli laenu luxu-
rious, and the india rubber trees, /Irrcu bnisiliensis, Mcniihof
(/JaziorLi. and (UisiiUoa rlosticu. It is possible that all these species

22

may have been introduced previous to the American occupation, but
if such is the case we have no record of it and no specimens
have been seen in cultivation other than those of very recent
introduction.

ENUMERATION OF THE SPECIES.
ACANTHACEjE.

Beech um brownei Nees.

This herbaceous plant was evidently introduced long previous to the year
1837, as it is considered by Blanco in the first edition of his Flora de Fili-
pinas. It is known to the natives as Calaboa, Dyang, and Sapinsapin. B.
haenkei Nees is also enumerated by F. Villar.

AMARANTAOEJE.

GOMPIIRENA GLOBOSA Linil.

This species was originally introduced for ornamental purposes, but is
now spontaneous and widely distributed in the Archipelago, and is still
much cultivated for ornament. The first reference to this species as a
Philippine plant is in the first edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas in
1837.

ANACARDIACE^l

Spondias purpurea Linn., and S. lutea Linn.

Both natives of tropical America are commonly cultivated in the Philip-
pines for their edible fruits, having been introduced in the eighteenth cen-
tury, according to F. Villar. Both species are known to the natives as
Siriuelas, a corruption of the Spanish name Ciruclas.

AN AC ARM UM OCCIDENTALS L.

The "cashew nut" was probably one of the earlier of the American plants
of economic importance introduced into the Philippines, and is now found
widely distributed, not only in this Archipelago, but throughout the tropics
of the East. It is universally known to the natives of the Philippines as
(Jasoy or Casiry, and by them it is prized for its fruits, which are not
only edible but also the source of a valuable oil.

APOCINACEiK.

Plum i era acutifolia Poir.

A tree with very fragrant white or yellowish flowers extensively planted
in the Philippines for ornamental purposes. It was introduced from Mexico
at a very early date and is now generally found throughout the tropics of
the Fast. It is known to the natives of the Philippines as Calachuehe.

Allamanda catiiartica Linn.

This species is first recorded from the Philippines by Blanco in 1845. It
is a native of South America, and is cultivated for ornament in the Philip-

23

pines. It has not as yet been found growing here spontaneously. It is
known by the Spanish name Campanero.

AMARYLLIDACEiti.

Agave Americana L.

This species was introduced from Mexico at an early date, and is now
extensively cultivated for its valuable fiber ; large plantations being found
in certain provinces. The identification of this species as Agave americana
by Philippine authors is probably erroneous, the plant commonly cultivated
being perhaps some other species. Several other species of this genus are
reported by Naves, but little dependence can be placed on his identifications.
The commonly cultivated species of Agave are known to the natives as
Maguey.

ANONACEJE.

Anona muricata L., A. squamosa L., and A. reticulata L.

These three species were introduced into the Philippines at an early date
and are all natives of tropical America. They are at present time found
throughout the Archipelago in cultivation and spontaneous. The first is
generally known to the natives as Guanabanos, the second as Ales, and the
third as Anonas, being known to English-speaking people as "custard
apples/' "sweet sop," "sour sop," etc. The last two species at least are
generally distributed in tropics of the East.

ASCLEPIACE.K

ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA Linn.

An erect perennial herb with milky sap and terminal umbels of orange-
red flowers. This species is very abundant and widely distributed in the
Philippines, but the date of its introduction is unknown, although it was
described by Blanco in 1837; however, neither iMercado nor Camel 1 con-
sider it, It is a native of the West Indies, but is now widely distributed
throughout the tropics of the world. It is used somewhat by the natives of
the Philippines in the practice of medicine and is known by them as linbu-
yan, Bulac damo, Calalanan, Bulac eastila, and other names.

BIGNONIAOE2E.

Crescentia alata H. B. K.

This species must have been introduced from America many years ante-
rior to the year 1837, as Blanco 1 states that he saw specimens in Manila and
vicinity and described the plant as a new species, Crescentia trifolia. Later,
in 1845, Blanco- states that the species was spontaneous in the central part of
the Archipelago. This species is known to the natives by the name of Iloyn
cruz, from the peculiar shape of its leaves.

1 Fl. Filip. ed. 1, 490. 2 1. c. ed. 2. 343.

24
BIXACE2E.

BlXA ORELLANA L.

A shrub or small tree with white or purple flowers and prickly capsules
containing many rather small red seeds. This plant was introduced from
tropical America at a very early date and is now universally distributed
throughout the Philippines, being generally found in and about towns.
The seeds yield a red dye, used by the natives for coloring certain kinds of
food. The bark also yields a yellow dye. Jt is universally known to tin 4
natives as Achucte, a word of Spanish-American origin.

RROMELIAOE2E.

AN AN ASS A SATIVA Lindl.

The "pine-apple" is found in general cultivation throughout the Philip-
pines and in the tropics of the East, having been introduced from America
at an early date. In southern Paragua it was found in abundance appar-
ently growing spontaneously in the forests of the foothills, several miles
from the nearest native settlement. This species is prized not only for its
fruit but also for the valuable fiber which is secured from the leaves and
which is extensively used in the Philippines in the manufacture of the so-
called pifia cloth. This plant is universally known to the natives as Piiia.

CACTACEiE.

Nopalea cocci neixifera Salm-Dyck., Melocactus communis Link, Cere us

TETKAGONUS Mill.

These and other species are reported by F. Villar as being cultivated
in Manila and other localities in the Archipelago. None of the cacti are
spontaneous here and can not be considered as elements of the Philippine
flora.

OAPPARIDACE^.

Gynandropsis speciosa DC.

This American species, according to ¥. Villar, is cultivated in Manila,
but no specimens have been seen.

OHENOPODIACEirC.

Anredera spicata Pers.

This American species was evidently introduced long before the middle of
the last century, as in 1837 it was so well established that Blanco con-
sidered it a native of the Archipelago and described it as a new species
{(tomphrora volubilis) . It is, however, not especially common, nor is it
widely distribubted in the Archipelago.

Bjussinuaultia hasseixoides H. B. K

This tropical American species is commonly cultivated in Manila and is
spontaneous in waste places in the suburbs of the city. It was introduced
at a recent date, being first mentioned as a constituent of the Philippine
flora by F. Villar in 1883. So far as known this species has no native n\me.

ClIEiVOPODI VM AMP.ROSIOJDES I J 1111.

This common and widely distributed species was introduced from Amer-
ica at a very early date and is now abundant in the Philippines. It is first
recorded from the Philippines by Mercado. This plant is somewhat util-
ized by the natives in the practice of medicine, and is known by (he names
Aposotis, Paso lis, Alposotis, etc., of Spanish origin.

COMPOSITE.

Ageratim conyzoides L.

An annual herbaceous plant, 1 to 2 feet high, with numerous small heads
of white or pale blue flowers in dense terminal corymbs. This species is
undoubtedly of American origin, but is at the present time found throughout
the tropics of the world. It is very abundant in the Philippines, not only
in waste places in the vicinity of towns, but also in the mountains, being
especially abundant along shaded trails in regions where there is abundant
rainfall. So far as known this plant has no uses and the natives have no
names for it.

Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.

F. Villar 1 states sub "Coreopsis elegans L.," that he saw this species in
cultivation in Manila. It is a native of North America, and if cultivated
in the Philippines at the present time it is certainly not common.

Cosmos caudatus H. P. K., and Cosmos sulimiurki's Cav.

Herbaceous plants with pinnatifid leaves, the former with pink and the
latter with yellow flowers. These two species were introduced from Mexico,
probably some time in the iirst half of the nineteenth century, for orna-
mental purposes, as Blanco mentions neither in the first edition of his
Flora de Filipinas 1837, but describes the latter under the name of Coreop-
sis gracilis in the second edition of the same work in 1845. At this time,
however, according to Blanco, the plant in question was only cultivated
in Manila. At present both species are found not only in cultivation but
also spontaneous in most parts of the Archipelago, especially in the vicinity
of towns. The former species is also found in India, Mauritius, and other
places in the East.

Elephantopus spicatus Juss., and K. scaiser Linn.

These two species, now cosmopolitan in the tropics of the world, are
doubtless both of American origin, having been distributed as weeds at
an early date. Both species are very common in the Philippines, and were
found here previous to the year 1837 as they are both mentioned by Blanco.
The natives know these species under such names as ])ilan(/-aso } Tabnfa-
bacahan, Diladila, etc.

Synedreela nodiflora Gaertn.

An annual, erect herb with sessile heads of yellow flowers. This species
is a native of Mexico and was probably introduced into the Philippines
in packing material, at present time being very common about Manila

1 Nov. App. Fl. Filip. 118, 1883.

26

and also about other towns in the Archipelago. It has been generally
distributed throughout the tropics of the East.

CON VOLVULACE^.

IPOMOEA 1JLANC01 Choisy.

This species is described by Blanco under the name of Convolvulus denta-
tus, and is the species figured in the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas
as Ipomoca commutata. Dr. H. Hallier is of the opinion that this species
is not a native of the Philippines, but has been introduced from America.
At the present time the species is very common about towns in the Philip-
pines, and if introduced, the introduction must have been at a comparatively
early date.

Ipomoea uona-nox Linn.

This species is spontaneous and widely distributed in the Philippines at
the present time, although it was undoubtedly introduced primarily for
ornamental purposes. It is first noted from the Philippines by Blanco in
1837. It is known to the natives as Malacamote and Calacamote, literally
"false sweet potato."

fPOMOEA IIEDERACEA Jacq.

A twining, herbaceous vine, 6 to 10 feet long, with very hirsute sepals
and a showy funnel-shaped corolla, at first pale blue but gradually changing
to rose color. This species is spontaneous and common in waste places
about Manila and other portions of the Archipelago. It is undoubtedly a
native of tropical America, but is now cultivated for ornament and nat-
uralized throughout the Tropics. It was introduced in early times, as it
is considered by Mercado. it is known by the Tagalogs as Bulacan, a
name applied generally to species of the Convolvulacece.

Ipomoea purpurea Both.

This species is somewhat cultivated in Manila for ornamental purposes,
but has not been observed growing spontaneously. Rived corymbosa Hal-
lier (Ipomoea sidacfolia Choisy) is also frequently found in cultivation.
Neither species is common, and so far as known have no distinctive native
names.

Quamoclit vulgaris Choisy, and Quamoclit coccinea Linn.

Slender, glabrous, herbaceous vines with crimson or sometimes white
or yellow flowers, the former species with pinnate leaves and the latter
with entire leaves. Both species are natives of tropical America, and are
now commonly found in cultivation and occassionally spontaneous in the
Philippines and also throughout British India and other tropical countries
in the East. Quamoclit vulgaris was introduced at an early date, but
Q. coccinea was probably not brought here before the middle of the
nineteenth century as it is not considered by Blanco. The former is known
to the natives as Acjoho and Malabohoc, but the latter has no native name
as far as is known.

EUPHOKBIACEiE.

Euphorbia pulciierrima Willd. and K. splendens Bojer.

These are reported by F. Villar as being cultivated for ornamental pur-
poses; however, neither species is spontaneous. The former is common in
Manila and is known as Pascvas.

Manihot utilissima Pohl.

"Cassava" or "tapioca," a tall, herbaceous plant with tuberous roots,
introduced from tropical America at an early date and now found in
general cultivation throughout the Archipelago. A valuable food plant,
known to the natives as Camoting-cahoy.

EUPATORIUM AYAPANA Vent.

This aromatic herbaceous plant, a native of Brazil, was introduced into
the Philippines previous to the year 1837, probably for the reason that it
possesses medicinal qualities. It is known to the natives as Ayapana or
Apana, names of American origin, and is much used by them in the practice
of medicine. Eupatorium odoratum Linn., a West Indian species, now
found in British India, has not as yet been reported from the Philippines.

Jatropha curcas Linn.

This American species was introduced into the Philippines previous to
the year 1750, as it is mentioned by Delgado; however, Mercado writing over
half a century previous to this date does not mention it. This species is
now one of the most widely distributed plants of American origin in
the Philippines, but is usually found in and near towns. It is now gener-
ally cultivated throughout the tropics of the world. In the Philippines it
is most commonly found in cultivation as a hedge plant, its easy propaga-
tion and its rapid growth making it especially adaptable to this purpose.
The milky sap of the stem and leaves, and the seeds are drastic purgatives,
and the seeds yield an oil considerably used in the Philippines for illumi-
nating purposes. It is known to the natives as Casta, Tuba and Tawitawi.

Jatropha multifida Linn.

This species was probably introduced at a much later date than the pre-
ceding, the first reference to it as a constituent of the Philippine flora being
by Blanco in the year 1837. It possesses the same qualities as the preceding
species, but is by no means as common in the Archipelago. It is known to
the natives as Mana. Jatropha goasypifolia Linn., another American spe-
cies, found in Burma and Singapore, has not as yet been reported from the
Philippines.

FILICES.

AWANTUM TENERUM Sw.

This species is somewhat cultivated in Manila for ornamental purposes,
but is not spontaneous. It is a native of South America.

2S

GEUANIACE.E.

Avkkuhoa imljmbi Linn., and A. carambola Linn.

These two species are found in cultivation throughout the tropics of the
world, but are undoubtedly of American origin, although this point is not
clear. Hooker 1 is of the opinion that both species were introduced into
India by the Portuguese. Both species were recorded from the Philippines
by Mercado. Averroha bilmibi has pubescent leaves and its fruit has
rounded lobes, and is known to the natives as Balimbing , Bilimbines, etc.
Averrhoa caramhola has glabrous leaves and its fruit has acute lobes, being
known to the natives as Gamias, Bias, Iba, and other names.

GRAMINEJG.

Paspalum conjugatum P>erg.

This very common grass is said by Hooker- to have been introduced into
Ceylon from America. It is possible that this was originally an American
plant, but at the present time it is found throughout the tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the world. It is now one of the most common and most
widely distributed species in the Philippines, but is usually found only in
the vicinity of towns. From its habitat and distribution it is evident that
it is not a native of the Philippines, but it is impossible to determine the
original home of the species at this time.

Zea mays L.

Indian corn is too well known to need much discussion, but was probably
one of the earliest of the American plants introduced into the Philippines,
it is now generally cultivated throughout the tropical and temperate
regions of the world. It is extensively cultivated in the Philippines and is
universally known to the natives as Maiz.

labiate^;.

Hyptis spp.

Six species of Hyptis, all presumably of American origin, are enumerated
by F. Villar as being found in the Philippines, and at least four of these
species are common and widely distributed in the Archipelago. Hyptis
spicigcra Lam., //. capitata Jacq., H. brcvipcs Poir., II. suaveolens Poir.,
11. spicata Poir., and 11. pcctinata Poir., are the species credited to the
Archipelago by F. Villar. The first four of these species are common and
widely distributed in the Philippines, //. spicigcra and //. suaveolens being
usually found in waste places in the vicinity of towns, while II. brcvipcs
and //. capitata are found not only in the vicinity of towns, but also
distributed along trails in the mountains and in open lands generally.
The last two species are unknown to me at present. Probably all these
species were introduced into the Philippines accidentally in packing mate-
rial or by other methods. One species is noted by Mercado, //. capitata, in

2 F1. Brit. 2nd. 5: 439.

2 Trimen & Hooker, Fl. Cevlon 5: 12*2. 1900.

29

the last third of the sixteenth century, while Blanco in 1837 notes four
species. The various species are known to the natives by such names as
Com barcombaran, Linga Ungahan . Palapasagm, Locoloeo, Pansipansihan,
etc.

MALPHIGIACE.E.

GaLPIIIMIA GLAICA Cav.

This ornamental shrub is somewhat cultivated in Manila, but is not
spontaneous. This species has not previously been recorded from the Phil-
ippines, and is probably of very recent introduction.

MALVACEAE.

Malaciira ijracteata Cav.

F. Villar credits this species to the Philippines, but the plant he identi-
fies as this species is Malachra linear ihba Turcz.. a species described from
Philippine material. We have at present no available description of Mala-
chra bracteata, and it is possible that F. Villar was correct in his identifi-
cation of the Philippine plant with this American species. The plant in
question is common and widely distributed in the Philippines.

MARANTACE.E.

Maranta arundinacea Linn.

The well-known arrowroot plant is at the present time rather common
in the Philippines, where it is cultivated both for ornamental purposes and
for its edible roots. It is frequently subspontaneous about towns. This
species is noted by Blanco in the second edition of his Mora de Filipinas,
but when the plant was introduced is unknown. It is known to the natives
as Aroro, Aroni, and Array -rou, evidently corrupt rt>ns of the common
English name of this plant.

LEGUMINOSEJE.

Araciiis hypog.-ea Linn.

The "peanut" is frequently found in cultivation in the Philippines and
generally throughout the East. It is. however, undoubtedly of American
origin, having been introduced into the East at an early date. So far as is
observed this species is nowhere spontaneous in the Philippines. It is known
to the natives by the Mexican name Cacuatc, but more 1 commonly bv the
name Mani.

Ctesalpinia ruLCHERRiMA Swartz.

A small shrub, with showy racemes of red flowers, widely distributed in
the Archipelago, but usually found in the vicinity of towns. The natives
have no name for this species other than the Spanish word cal>all<r<> from
which it is very evident that this species has been introduced into the Phil-
ippines since the Spanish occupation. The native country of this plant is
not clearly known, but is probably tropical America. At the present time
it is found in cultivation throughout India and Cevlon and elsewhere in the

30

tropics. The other species of this genus most closely related to dwsalpinia
pulcherrima are, it is believed, all natives of tropical America. According
to F. Villar 1 this plant was figured but not described by Mercado in his
Libro de Medicinas, written in the last third of the seventeenth century,
evidence that it was introduced early in the Spanish occupation.

Cassia alata L.

A small shrub with yellow flowers and winged pods, common about towns
throughout the Archipelago, but certainly not a native of the Philippines.
This species is said to be cosmopolitan in the tropics, but the Mexican name
Acapulco, commonly used by the natives in designating this plant, would
indicate an American origin, at least for the plant as found in the Philip-
pines. It is extensively used by the natives in the practice of medicine.

Cassia oirrrsiFOUA Linn., C. uirsuta Linn., C. occidentalis Linn., and
C. soph era Linn.
All these species are of American origin, but are now generally dis-
tributed throughout the tropics of the Last. They are all herbaceous plants
or undershrubs, and are usually found in waste places in the vicinity of
towns. Like the preceding species they all belong to the section Senna, and
several of the species are utilized by the natives in the practice of medicine.

Da lea nigra Mart, et Call.

An erect herbaceous plant 1 to 2 feet in height, with pinnate leaves and
capitate heads of purple flowers, common and widely distributed in the
Archipelago, growing in open grass lands and in cultivated places. It is
not known when or how this Mexican species was introduced, but its intro-
duction was probably accidental and at an early date. Jt is now spon-
taneous and thoroughly naturalized in the Philippines. Blanco described
this plant in 1837 as Amorpha alopccuroidcs Willd. It is known by the
natives under several names, such as Dururn/ parany, Afjoyo, tfampaloc-
sampalocan, damani/i, etc.

Mimosa runic a L.

A low prostrate herbaceous plant with numerous globose heads of pink
flowers and sensitive leaflets. The native country of this species is not
clearly known, but it is probably tropical America. It is now spontaneous
throughout the tropics of the East and is one of the most pernicious weeds
with which the tropical agriculturist has to deal. In the last third of the
seventeenth century it was evidently known in the Philippines only by the
Spanish name Hicrba mimosa, as it is classified under this name by Mercado.
To-day it is known by the Tagalogs as Damohia and Macahiya, and by the
Visayans as lluya luiya. It is to-day one of the most common and widely
distributed species in the Philippines.

Cliricidia maculata H. B. K.

A small tree with pinnate leaves and white or pinkish flowers, introduced
from tropical America, according to F. Villar'- in the eighteenth century.
It was described by Blanco in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas as

>Nov. App. Fl. Filip. 09, 1883. 2 L. c, 59, 1883.

a new species Galedupa pungam. This tree is one of very rapid growth and
was introduced for the purpose of furnishing shade for cacao trees, for
which purpose it is still used. It is universally known by the natives by
the Spanish name of Madre cacao. This species is at present cultivated in
many cacao plantations and is also spontaneous in many localities. It is
generally distributed throughout the Archipelago.

Indigofera anil Linn.

This species, known locally as Anil, was introduced from America, and
with Indigofera Unctoria is somewhat cultivated for indigo, and spon-
taneous. It is frequently known by the name Taguni. which is also applied
to other species of the genus.

Leucvena glauca Benth.

A shrub with dense globose heads of white flowers, common in waste
places about Manila and other towns in the Philippines. This species is
undoubtedly of American origin, but is now generally distributed through-
out the tropics. It is evidently of comparatively recent introduction in the
Philippines, as it is not considered by Blanco as late as the year 184"). Some
Tagalogs know this plant by the name of Agho. but most natives have no
name for the species.

PlTKECOLOUIUM saman Benth.

This species is very abundant in Manila, being extensively planted for
shade purposes and is apparently entirely adapted to the climatic condi-
tions existing here. It was introduced from the West Indies by Don Zoilo
Espejo, the first director of the Botanical Garden in Manila, in about the
year 18(H). Without exception it is the most valuable shade tree we have
today in the city, and is being more extensively used for this purpose every
year. A large portion of the Botanical Garden is occupied almost exclu-
sively by this species, which is one of the very few trees that seems to
thrive under the conditions there existing. It does not fruit freely in
Manila, although it produces an abundance of (lowers. So far as is known
the natives have no name for it. In the West Indies it is known as the
'•rain tree" from the fact that at the approach of a storm the sensitive
leaves droop, the leaflets becoming closed and remaining in this position
throughout the duration of the storm. The lea (lets also close at night.

PlTlIECOLOBIUM DU-LCE Benth.

A medium-sized tree now very common throughout the Philippines, intro-
duced from tropical America in early times by the Spaniards. It is con-
sidered by both Mercado and Camel 1. and known by the natives, as Cam.an-
chilcs. It is much prized by the natives for its white or pink, pulpy, fleshy,
edible aril, which half surrounds the seeds. Prom the Philippines it has
been generally distributed throughout the tropics of the East, and is com-
monly cultivated. In India it is known as the "Manila tamarind," prob-
ably from the similarity of its fleshy aril to the fleshy mesocarp of the true
tamarind (Tamarindus indica). The natives of the Philippines use the
bark of this species extensively for the purpose of tanning leather.

82

PilASKOI/US L UN AT US Linn.

r rhis universally cultivated bean is probably of American origin, but is
now found throughout the tropics of the world. It is common in the Phil-
ippines in cultivation, and is known to the natives as flaba, Zabacltc, and
Pafinu the two former words being of Spanish origin, evidence that the
plant was introduced into the Philippines by the Spaniards.

Pkosopis juli flora DC.

A shrub with spiny branches and cylindrical spikes of yellowish flowers,
common about Manila and widely distributed along the shores of Manila
Bay, in many places exclusively occupying large areas. This species is a
native of tropical America and has evidently been introduced into the Phil-
ippines at a comparatively recent date, as it is not considered by Blanco or
the earlier authors. It is entirely adapted to conditions here and grows as
though it were a native rather than an introduced plant. Naves considered
it as a native plant and described it as a new species Prosopis nidaliana,
first in a periodical published in Manila and later during the same year
(1877) in a pamphlet entitled "Prosopis vidaliana," giving a very full
description with two plates. It is known by the Tagalogs as Aroma, a
name also applied to Acacia farncsiana Willd.

LILTACEiE.

Yucca aloifotja Linn.

This and two other species of this genus of American origin are noted by
F. Villar as being cultivated in Manila. None of the species are spon-
taneous.

MYliTACEiK.

PSIWUM (JUAYAVA L.

A shrub or small tree with white flowers and edible fruits, introduced
from tropical America at a very early date and now one of the most com-
mon and widely distributed species in the Archipelago, being found not
only in and about towns and villages, where it is cultivated for its edible
fruit, but also in the wilder and more inaccessible portions of the Archipel-
ago, its wide distribution being due to the fact that the numerous small seeds
have been disseminated by birds and monkeys. This species is found
generally throughout the tropics of the East. \n the Philippines it is
known by the natives as (luayabas and Bayabas, names of Spanish origin.
Several varieties of this species are also found in the Philippines.

NYCTAGINACE.E.

BoUUAI NVILLKA SPECTAI51IJS Willd.

This striking ornamental plant, now found in general cultivation in trop-
ical and subtropical regions was introduced from tropical America, some
time between the years 1845 and 1880, as it is considered by F. Villar, but
not by Blanco. It is commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes in
Manila, but is not spontaneous.

OLACAVEAZ.

XlMEMA AMERICANA Willd.

It is not. known whether this plant is strictly of American origin. At
the present time it is found universally throughout the Tropics. It is
reported from the Island, of Panay. by P. Villar, hut no authentic speci-
mens are available at present.

PAPAYERAnE.R

A H( J K M ON K M K X I C A N A L .

This is the only species of the J'aparcrncciv found in the Philippines, the
time of introduction being uncertain, as it is not considered by Mercado
nor Camell, although it is described by Blanco in the year 1S:J7. Tins
plant is spontaneous in waste places and cultivated grounds throughout the
Archipelago. It is extensively used by the natives in the practice of medi-
cine and is known by the Uocanos as Vavhumbu. By the Tagalogs it is
often called Diluario, but both these names are also applied to various other
species.

PAKKIELORArE.E.

(.■A RICA PAPAYA L.

The papaya was introduced from America in the seventeenth cent in y,
according to ¥. Villar, and is now found in cultivation in all parts of the
Archipelago, being much prized for its fruit. It is now generally cultivated
throughout the tropics of the. world. In the Philippines it is known to the
natives as Papai/a or Cui/upas.

PAvSSIfloua serrulata dacij.

This and three other species of this genus of American origin are enum-
erated by F. Villar, but all are cultivated, none being spontaneous in the
Archipelago.

POLYOOXArE.E.

Antigonon cordatim Mart, et Oal.

This highly ornamental vine is commonly cultivated in Manila, but is
nowhere spontaneous. It is of comparatively recent introduction, and the
common name /'/ores' da ftinipipur would indicate that the plaid, was intro-
duced into the Philippines from Singapore, and not directly from America.

SAP()TACE^E.

ACIIRAS SAPOTA L.

This tree is generally cultivated in the Philippines for its fruit and was
introduced from America at an early date. In tropical America it is culti-
vated extensively, not only for its edible fruit, but for the gum known as
"gum chicle," which is secured by slashing the bark and collecting the gum
as it is deposited in the wounds. It is in constant demand, as it is the
basis of most of the chewing gum so extensively used in the United States.

8200 3

34

Little or no use is made of it in the Philippines. This species is generally
cultivated in the tropics of the Hast. It is known to the natives of the
Philippines as Chicos and Sico.

LrcuMA mammosa (Jaertn.

This tree, like Achras sap)ta, is generally cultivated in the Philippines
for its fruit, and was probably introduced at about the same time as the
latter species. Blanco, in 1837, stated that it appeared to be indigenous,
from which it is evident that it was very common in the Archipelago at
that time, and consequently must have been introduced at a very early date.
Lucuma mammosa is evidently not generally distributed in the East, as
Hooker does not mention it in his Flora of British India. It is known to
the natives of the Philippines as Mamcy or Ohico-mamcy.

SIMARUBACEiK.

QlJASSA AMARA LillTl.

This American species is of comparatively recent introduction, but
cultivated specimens only have been observed.

SOLANACEjTC.

Cestrum nocturnum Murray.

This species was introduced from America in the year 1850, according to
F. Villar, and is now found in general cultivation for ornamental purposes
in Manila and in other large towns in the Archipelago. Its flowers are
exceedingly fragrant at night, and it is commonly known as Dama de noche.

Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.

The tomato is too well known to need much discussion. It was intro-
duced from America at a very early date and is now extensively cultivated,
and also spontaneous, throughout the Archipelago. The spontaneous form
lias evidently reverted to the original form of the species, as the fruits are
of a very small size. It is universally known to the natives by the Spanish
name To mates.

Nicotiana tabacum Linn.

This and several other species of this genus are extensively cultivated
throughout the Archipelago, tobacco being one of the most important crops
produced in the Philippines, the value of tobacco and cigars exported being
exceeded only by hemp, sugar, and copra. The best grades of tobacco are
raised in the valley of the Cagayan River, in Northern Luzon. Tobacco
was introduced at an early date, and its cultivation here has been attend-
ant with many abuses, especially during the period of the Government
monopoly. It is universally known to the natives as Tobaco.

Piiysalis peruviana Linn.

This species is somewhat cultivated for its edible fruit, but is apparently
not common in the Archipelago. Several other species of Physalis are
found as weeds in the Philippine Islands; some of these may prove to have
been of American origin.

Solan i tm tuberosum Linn.

The jwtato was probably introduced at an early period, and is now gener-
ally cultivated, especially in the mountainous regions of the Archipelago.
The tubers are, however, usually very small and of an inferior quality.

TIL I ACE.*].

MUNTINCIA OALAHUKA L.

A small tree of rapid growth with white dowers and small purplish
edible fruit, common in and about Manila and the larger towns in the
Archipelago, known by the natives as Datilvs or Ra files. This species is
evidently of comparatively recent introduction, as Blanco does not con-
sider it in his Flora de Filipinas. either in the first or second edition.
It is a native of the West Indies and is now spontaneous here in manv
regions, especially in Luzon.

TlIKOHROMA CACAO L.

Cacao, known also to the natives of the Philippines by this name, is
now found in general cultivation as one of the staple crops throughout the
Archipelago. According to Blanco.' it was first introduced from Mexico
in the year 1070 by a pilot named Pedro Bravo de Laguna. The quality
of cacao produced in the Archipelago is very good, but the cultivation of
the tree is carried on in a most primitive manner, little or no attention
being paid to insect pests or fungus diseases, to the attacks of both of
which the trees are very susceptible.

urticacej:.

Piuka muscosa Li mil.

This small species, a native of South America, is one of the most common
plants about Manila at the present time, being especially abundant on and
about damp walls. When it was introduced we have no record, as it has
not previously been recorded from the Philippines. This species is also
found in Java and British India. No native name is recorded for this
species, which, judging from its abundance and wide distribution, must
have been introduced into the Philippines many years ago.

VEKBENACE.E.

Dukanta plumiehi Jacq.

This shrub, like J'elraca rohibilis, is somewhat cultivated in Manila
for ornamental purposes, and was probably introduced at about the same
time as the latter. According to Hooker it is also commonly cultivated in
British India.

Lam tan a camara Linn.

This species is abundant and spontaneous in waste places about Manila
and other towns in the Archipelago. It is a shrub 5 to feet high with

X F1. Filip. ed. 1. 001. 1837.

86

mi morons heads of pink, yellow, or red flowers, and aromatic leaves. The
date of its introduction is unknown, although it is considered by Blanco in
1845 but not in 1837. Lantana camara is now widely distributed in the
East, and is known in the Philippines as Coronitas. Two other species of
Lantana reported from the Philippines by F. Villar, are probably but forms
of the above.

Petraea volttbitjs Linn.

This American plant is occasionally found in cultivation for ornamental
purposes in Manila. It is a vine with terminal racemes of sm 11 blue
flowers, and must have been introduced sometime between 1845 a* 1 1880.

O

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

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