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ADDISONIA

COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS
POPULAR DESCRIPTIONS

OF

PLANTS

VOLUME 16
1931

PUBLISHED BY
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

(ADDISON BROWN FUND)

THE SCIENCE PRESS
PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.

PLATE

513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520

521
522
523
524
525
526
527

529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536

CONTENTS
Part 1
JUNE 9, 1931

PAGE
PeabataEtigE LLOSCCED shecic ton 2h ne ne, orth ee OO a 1
PUL GO GE 1) Sh Se SR ee A SEG ONES Bie MR ne Ate, Ae 3
Posmay PUMOE SEN | oF Lh ee ee ek EL A 5
Bieter SIDITICA ALCOCOCT US. inci eecicnecneeterncanecpenn soeininccoanye €
J MIL LTT NGS ie ces A LEON: OE EO et SMD I 9
Pe UMgeED UR PURIENY SUZTER TOTES V5 aides. oi hoe el I I 11
PG HCOFAHE VORHUIN. CALP Ab UCT ssc encts cect ct onncceoaece 13
eeeIVerAlS (CHASTAY TOMMY oh cee te eee 15

Part 2

Juuy 21, 1931

popo2 Te eet LTE Lge 1 OLE 10 1 1 Sane ne en a1 17
Emp elie ed Ee a Mee A ee 19
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LOTT 13 LS EO, a RO Ms See be Are REL. Ws © 23
TREES 1) eR eee Pe ee Nae RE ees WO PRON 25
AGLI ES M2077) (511 a es i hr ce eR, or ope lear Lat 27
He C71 CPS 7ELS O71 keen ee en eee eee 8 een meee 29

Part 3

OcToBER 14, 1931

3D GVIGUGM TTT ELIG) 111; hh anne ac ene sess eerste 33
Bee PERPECROML SASS FEU CE OJON YL: coca sastcssaceecTeostsCotnesacr asp ettenetteon momen oie 35
LAECTHES 110. C1 7 Coe gS oR Sao ene ee nee OPO ee 37
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SOLES oC TELE 2, en Pn No one 4]
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PBN Bae RASS CUCU FIVER PE OV UTES. occ ciniescccvcstvnecscncsisnsiesntcrrorseceintpecepeeniecrsis’ 45
Lantana Sellowiama ......cccsscsessessesen Se eM Ne Re nice 47

iv ADDISONIA
Part 4
DEcEMBER 30, 1931
PLATE PAGE
Dat MSWIDEKAIA *ILIGUOlia (4 chen dlo dante tlt teen Meee eae ee 49
Oa0 \ Eymenocallis cay MAanensis’ 3.20). Sia tsunglniote Odie eee amen 51
539 Dendrobium fimbriatum ocrlatym occ cccceccssssssesssseessssnsesnsesnneenneen 53
540 Pelargonium zonale clon Happy Thought 0.0... .ccccccccsmssunnen 55
541 Acacia podalyriaelolia) .!s.ccs. J wwtiiit tel. oe 57
BAD, PY TOSCZIA FVCTIUSEA aihctscss sche p-iscddesscacdoseh atten uskdea ee ee 59
543 = Paphiopedilum insigne Sanderae ....ccccccccccsccsssancesvsessenssensessveessnsenaneee 61
B44) Rondeletia: OGOr eta i). 6c.) sathsteatg ror alsa estes See 63

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AND

POPULAR DESCRIPTIONS

OF

PLANTS

s

VOLUME 16 NUMBER 1
MARCH, 1931

aA nee PUBLISHED BY

* THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
(ADDISON BROWN FUND)
JUNE 9, 1831

ae oe made to he New Pink Botanted: Garden: by its late
: "President Judge Addison Brown, established the

ADDISON BROWN FUND.

‘the 3 income and accumulations from which shall be applied to the Baath
founding and publication, as soon as practicable, and to the main-
tenance (aided by subscriptions therefor), of a high-class magazine —
bearing my name, devoted exclusively to the illustration by colored |
plates of the plants of the United States and its territorial posses- | a,
sions, and of other plants flowering in said Garden or its conserva- ==
tories; with suitable deseriptions in popular language, and any
desirable notes and synonymy, and a brief statement of the known
properties and uses of the plants illustrated.’’ Be Rice

The preparation and publication of the work have been referred eat
to Mr. Edward Johnston Alexander, Assistant Curator, and Mr..
Kenneth Rowland Boynton, Head Gardener. ‘

Appisonia is published as a quarterly magazine, in March, June, <a
) September, and December. Each part consists of eight colored Pie
Fe ts . plates with accompanying letterpress. The subscription price is
po $10 annually, four parts constituting a volume. The parts will not
be sold separately.

Address:

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN sit
ISOS BRONX PARK ee
3 Shee te. NEW YORK CITY as

Subseribers are advised to bind each volume of ADDISONIA os
completed, in order to avoid possible loss or misplacement of the
parts; nearly the whole remainder of the edition of Volumes 1 to 15
has been made up into nee gS and but few Gree parts

ean be specie eins

| oar

PLATE 513 ADDISONIA

GALANTHUS FOSTERI

931

4

JUN 19 1

NN i= WwW y ORS
3OF ANICAG |

ApDISONIA ARDER 73.

(Plate 513)
GALANTHUS FOSTERI

Foster’s Giant Snowdrop
Native of the Mountains of Asia Minor

Family AMARYLLIDACEAE AMARYLLIS Family

Galanthus Fosteri Baker, Gard. Chron. III. 5: 458. 1889.

Galanthus nivalis or common snowdrop, the first flower of the
year, is general in central and southern Europe.

With the New Year in many sheltered nooks in garden and copse
the green and white buds begin to push their way up through the
erackling brown leaves which cover the ground, and even a cover-
ing of snow does not hinder them from making an appearance.

NOTICE

The pages of the first.two numbers of Addisonia,
Volume 16, were numbered from 73 to 104. This
was in error, and should have been from I to 32.

wm UD ewe mw we ~ - -SC—“-

tions three kinds of snowdrops, calling them all ‘‘Bulbus Violets.”’
Two of these are now known as Snowflakes.

The Giant Snowdrop, Galanthus Fosteri, here illustrated, is from
Asia Minor. It was introduced to horticulture about 1889 by Sir
Michael Foster, whose name it now bears. It differs mostly from
the common snowdrop in having a larger bulb, broader and in-
eurved leaves, also larger and more globose flowers.

PLATE 513 ADDISONIA

GALANTHUS FOSTERI

JUN 19 1

agate Fe

wew YORE
“OF ANICAG |

ADDISONIA ARDE 73.

(Plate 513)
GALANTHUS FOSTERI

Foster’s Giant Snowdrop
Native of the Mountains of Asia Minor

Family AMARYLLIDACEAE AMARYLLIS Family

Galanthus Fosteri Baker, Gard, Chron. III. 5: 458. 1889.

Galanthus nivalis or common snowdrop, the first flower of the
year, is general in central and southern Europe.

With the New Year in many sheltered nooks in garden and copse
the green and white buds begin to push their way up through the
erackling brown leaves which cover the ground, and even a cover-
ing of snow does not hinder them from making an appearance.
Thus they live up to their French name of ‘‘ Perce-neige’’ and the
English ‘‘Snowdrop”’ and the German ‘‘Schneeglockchen’’ are
also appropriate. An old name in England was ‘‘Fair Maid of
February’’ and was most likely given to the plant by the monks
to whom it was an emblem of feminine purity and by whom it was
probably introduced ; though there are many woods, thickets, lanes
and orchards where it grows without culture, apparently or almost
certainly wild.

The Snowdrop was dedicated to the Virgin and has associations
with Candlemas Day, February 2. There is an old, old legend that
Eve was so grieved at the quick melting of a snowfall, that, to con-
sole her, drifts of snowdrops were sent to replace the snow. An-
other version is that after the fall of Adam a driving snowstorm
swept the Garden of Eden. An angel, who had been sent to com-
fort Eve caught a single flake as it fell, breathed on it and bade it
blossom. Before it reached the ground it had changed to a beauti-
ful flower ; this Eve cherished above all other flowers of the garden.

Bulbous Violet is another very old name. Gerarde in 1597 men-
tions three kinds of snowdrops, calling them all ‘‘Bulbus Violets.’’
Two of these are now known as Snowflakes.

The Giant Snowdrop, Galanthus Fosteri, here illustrated, is from
Asia Minor. It was introduced to horticulture about 1889 by Sir
Michael Foster, whose name it now bears. It differs mostly from
the common snowdrop in having a larger bulb, broader and in-
curved leaves, also larger and more globose flowers.

0,
Th ADDISONIA

This species is now thought to be a natural hybrid between G.
Elwesii and G. latifolius, as it has the wide, bright green leaves of
the latter, and the type of flowers of the former.

Snowdrops are most effective when grown in large clumps and
care should be taken not to disturb the bulbs. In congenial, cool
and shady spots the bulbs increase quickly and form beds from
which hundreds of flowers may be picked. They look particularly
well when in large clumps under shrubs and evergreens or when
starring grassy slopes. Snowdrops will grow almost anywhere but
thrive only in light soil with plenty of leaf mold, and they prefer a
shady and sheltered situation.

Galanthus is from the Greek Gala-anthos—milk-flower, in allu-
sion to the milky whiteness of the flower.

Foster’s giant snowdrop is an acaulescent herb arising from a
tunicate bulb the outer coat of which is a dry brown skin. The
leaves, usually two in number, are lorate with a hardened, bluntly-
incurved tip, bright green, five to six inches long, are enclosed in a
colorless sheath for their lower third. The flower-scape is solid,
somewhat over-topping the leaves, bearing at its summit a solitary
flower at first enclosed in a two-cleft spathe, but finally by the split-
ting of the spathe the bud is exserted on a nodding pedicel. The
flower is about one inch long. The perianth is white, the three outer
segments short-clawed with an orbicular elliptic blade, the tip
rounded; the three inner segments emarginate, half the length of
the outer, connivent below, the tips free, the inner side green, the
outer side with a green blotch on the lower portion and green mark-
ings on either side of the sinus, which become confluent below.
The stamens are six in number, orange-yellow, about one-fourth
inch long. The filaments are white about one-fourth the length of
the anthers. The anthers are two-celled, lanceolate, opening by
terminal pores. The stigma is small and capitate. The style is
slender, longer than the stamens. The ovary is inferior, nearly
globose, with many ovules. The fruit is an obovoid fleshy, three-
valved capsule.

Mary E. Eaton.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Plant in flower. Fig. 2.—An outer perianth
division. Fig. 3.—An inner perianth division. Fig. 4.—Perianth removed to show
stamens and protruding style. Fig. 5—An enlarged stamen. Fig. 6.—The capsule.

PLATE 514 ADDISONIA

CROCUS VERNUS

zB CAs

ADDISONIA
(Plate 514)
CROCUS VERNUS
Spring Crocus
Native of Europe, in the Mountains
Family IrmackAr Iris Family

Orocus vernus All. Fl. Pedem. 1: 84. 1785,

The earliest crocus is a yellow type, C. Susianus, known as
Cloth-of-Gold, appearing from the middle to the end of March.
It is a native of the Crimea, orange with the outside of the petals
coated with brown. There is another yellow crocus, coming later,
known as the Dutch crocus, or the golden yellow and mammoth
golden yellow, derived from C. Moesiacus or C. aureus. The white,
striped and purple crocuses in cultivation belong usually to C.
vernus. Caroline Chisholm, Mont Blane, King of the Whites,
Queen of the Netherlands, are all white forms. Purple forms
grown are Baron von Brunow, David Rizzio, purpurea grandiflora.
White striped with violet is represented by Sir Walter Scott and
La Majesteuse. White striped with lavender is Mme. Mina. These
are the common garden crocuses.

Crocus bulbs should be planted two to three inches apart, or
sixteen to thirty-five to the square foot, when a part of the regular
garden. If for the lawn, place them in a shovel or other receptacle
and seatter them, planting where they drop. This avoids the set-
stiff effect which is apt to follow other methods of planting.

As regards indoor blooming, a crocus has been known to flower
extremely well without being attached to a particle of soil. Occa-
sionally one left outside the soil after planting outdoors has lain
until spring and there flowered without roots. The bulb was well
ripened, stored full of nourishment, and from the bulb the flower
was drawn by the spring warmth and sunshine. Crocus speciosus,
a fall blooming kind, can be brought into bloom indoors in a few
weeks without soil, and with very little more than some medium of
support to hold it up. Crocuses and scillas are best planted in
shallow bowls, about two inches high; they can be grown in sand
or in bulb-fibre or peat moss. Hyacinths, tulips and daffodils need
deeper bowls, and will grow in the above media or in a good garden
loam. |

The crocuses of Plate 514 were illustrated from flowers blooming
in the plantation of small bulbs started in the Pinetum of the New

4
16 ADDISONIA

York Botanical Garden in 1928. Under the patronage and direc-
tion of Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, some 75,000 bulbs were natural-
ized on the grassy slopes around the Japanese black, Japanese Red,
Austrian and Himalayan white pines, and there they make the
first important floral display of spring.

The crocus blooms from a corm three quarters of an inch thick,
rather more broad than tall, larger under cultivation, with a fibrous
brown, reticulated coat. The leaves, three or four, appearing with
the flowers at blooming time and equalling the flower stem, are
smooth, keeled, with a white stripe down the center. They are ten
to twelve inches long, one-third of an inch wide. The flowers are
goblet-shaped, with tubes two to three inches long and bearded
at the throat, white inside. The six perianth segments are one to
two inches long and two-thirds of an inch wide, white to purple and
variously striped; the three outer somewhat different from the
three inner in shape and markings. The anthers are orange, the
filaments white. The stigma is three branched, orange and feath-
ery, exceeding the stamens. The seed pods form at or below the
surface of the soil and are forced up between the leaves after the
flower dies. They then lengthen their stalks and ripen on the sur-
face of the ground, opening and leaving many brown seeds.

Kennetu R. Boynton.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1—Plant and flower of a white variety. Fig. 2.—

lowes of a purple variety. Fig. 3.—Flower of a striped variety. Fig. 4.—Seed
pod.

PLATE 515 ADDISONIA

ERANTHIS TUBERGENII

Buy

ADDISONIA
(Plate 515)
ERANTHIS TUBERGENII
Van Tubergen’s Winter Aconite
Horticultural Origin
Family RANUNCULACEAE Buttercup Family

Eranthis Tubergeni Hort.

Some of the earliest bloomers in rockeries and gardens are the
Amur Adonis, with its double greenish flowers, and the forms of
Christmas rose, Helleborus niger, and Helleborus viridis. The
winter aconite, Hranthis, should bloom before these, or at the same
time. The common form, EF. hyemalis, a low herb, from the moun-
tains of Europe and Asia, is historically a stunted, winter-bloomer,
noted for early yellow flowers surrounded by a whorl of shiny
green leaves.

Planted under deciduous trees on banks in woody places, on
sunny slopes in rockeries—for it needs early season warmth—it
heralds the approach of an early spring. Perhaps it prefers a
limey soil. In the old countries it often bloomed in January; here
it flowers in February or March, depending on site and exposure
to sun. When grown under trees or on rock garden slopes, near
paths, or on banks under shrubbery in protected locations, early
bloom is certain. The bulbs of the winter aconite are very small,
and many can be planted together in a limited space.

A new hybrid variety, Eranthis Tubergeni, has lately come into
cultivation. It was first exhibited before the Royal Horticultural
Society in February, 1924, by Sir William Lawrence, though it
had been grown three or four years before in the gardens of H. A.
Bowles and others.

Eranthis Tubergeniti was raised by the Brothers Hoog, Holland
bulb growers, successors to their uncle, C. G. Van Tubergen, of
Haarlem. It was a sterile hybrid of EZ. hyemalis and E£. cilicica
and proved to be more vigorous, with larger flowers, brighter color
and sweet scent. The green involucre is more reflexed than in the
common EF. hyemalis, but less finely divided than in EF. cilicica.
The flowers often measure two inches across, and when first ex-
hibited received the award of merit of the Royal Horticultural
Society.

The rock garden of the New York Botanical Garden displays in
early spring many rare bulbs and plants which came from the

78 ADDISONIA

garden of Langthwaite, New Rochelle, or were secured from abroad
by Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham. The Van Tubergen’s Winter
Aconite was brought here with these bulbs in 1928 and from the
first season’s bloom the illustration for ADDISONIA was obtained.

The winter aconite is a low herb with perennial tuber-like root-
stocks. The leaves are all basal, orbicular, palmately dissected
nearly to the base into wedge-shaped, linear-lobed segments. The
numerous flower stalks are tinged with red above, and bear near
the summit, the sessile or clasping, dissected involucre, which be-
comes refiexed as flowering is completed. The flowers are sweet-
scented, two inches across, have from five to eight petaloid sepals.
The petals are reduced to small nectaries. The centre of the
flower contains twenty to thirty closely packed carpels which
develop into a head of many-seeded follicles.

KENNETH R. Boynton.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1—Plant. Fig. 2.—Flower. Fig. 3.—Anther. Fig.
4—Stamen. Fig. 5—Carpel. Fig. 6—Seed pod after opening.

PLATE 516 ADDISONIA

SCILLA SIBIRICA ATROCOERULEA

ADDISONIA 79

; (Plate 516)
mn SCILLA SIBIRICA ATROCOERULEA

Siberian Squill
Native of Siberia

Family LiniAcEAr Lity Family

Scilla sibirica atrocoerulea Hort.

Scilla sibirica is an old garden small-bulb, raised first from seeds
imported from Siberia in 1796. It is a beautiful sky-blue arriving
with the Glory-of-the-Snow.

Of all the blue bulbs beginning the spring season the Siberian
squill is the bluest and the brightest. Small bulbs planted in the
lawn bloom early, before the grass needs cutting. We must re-
member to cut the grass short as possible late in the fall. The
bulbs may be planted just under sod lifted by a sharp spade, in
holes dug by trowel or crow-bar, or if used in quantity, a special
bulb-planter comes in handy. The Siberian squill is effectively
massed in the front portions of the herbaceous border, where the
richness of the blue shows intensely against the bare ground where
later much of the garden will appear. One tendency should be
noted in connection with such a planting, that the scillas, together
with the Glory-of-the-Snow and the snowdrop are quite apt to
spread out toward the edges of the border or into adjoining plant-
ings; they do not like to be confined to restricted groupings such
as we associate with the herbaceous border, but prefer to wander
about.

Other interesting squills are the Scilla nutans, or Wood Hya-
cinth, with white, pink and pale blue varieties; and the later-
blooming Spanish Squill, Scilla campanulata, one which naturally
makes thick masses of foliage and bluebell-like flowers suitable
for permanent edgings of shrubbery borders.

Scilla sibirica, and the smaller bulbs, such as Galanthus and
Chionodozxa, should be planted from two to three inches apart, or
from sixteen to thirty-five to the square foot. Muscari should be
six to eight inches apart, or two to three to the square foot; and
Leucojum, Scilla hispanica, and Ornithogalum five to six inches,
or four to six to the square foot.

Among the short and very early irises that can be used with
these small bulbs is the bulbous Iris reticulata. This is scarce here
but can be had from one or two nurseries and is a lovely, violet-

6

30 ADDISONIA

scented thing, attractive when grown with the Scilla sibirica that
is a bright china blue. This is the form cyanea, much lighter in
color than the Siberian squill atrocoerulea. Wowever, the latter is
invaluable and may be combined with the lighter form of Iris
reticulata if you are lucky enough to have it.

In the New York Botanical Garden Scillas are found in the
conservatory flower beds, and in the naturalized plantations in the
Pinetum and the old Lilac collection.

The common Siberian Squills are sibirica blue, and sibirica
white. The dark blue variety, atrocoerulea, is rare. Blubs were
brought from England by Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, and given
to the rock-garden of The New York Botanical Garden, where
flowers were secured for making plate 516.

The most frequent question concerning the scilla is about it’s
relationship to the Glory-of-the-Snow. The Scilla differs from the
Glory-of-the-Snow in that the perianth segments are separated
entirely to the base and not united to form a cup below.

The Siberian Squill is a small bulbous plant represented in the
resting stage by a small, brown-coated bulb, which sends up at
blooming time four linear-lanceolate, partially recurved leaves
and striated flowering stalks which bend back to the ground after
flowering time, carrying the seed pods to the surface of the soil.
The nodding flowers, from three to ten in each raceme, have peri-
anths of six blue, separated, petal-like, lanceolate, obtuse, incurved
segments. There are six stamens, attached at the base of the peri-
anth segments, by six filiform, glabrous filaments, surrounding the
oval three-celled ovary which lies on the surface of the soil; split-
ting at maturity to deposit the numerous seeds, which germinate
there and form new seedlings.

KENNETH R. BoyNtTON.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Plant. Fig. 2.—Open flower. Fig. 3.—Seed pods.

PLATE 517 ADDISONIA

PRIMULA VERIS

Oo)
a

ADDISONIA 81

(Plate 517)
PRIMULA VERIS L.
Cowslip
Native of Europe
Family PRImMULACEAE Primrose Family

Primula veris L. Sp. Pl. 142. 1753.

Cowslip—immediately the thoughts of those of us who know the
gentle springs of England fly to her meadows and pastures dotted
with thousand upon thousand of these fragrant golden flowers—
to wee children making and playing with ‘‘tisty-tosty’’ or cowslip
balls, and perhaps to some farmhouse or cottage where once one
was offered a glass of ‘‘cowslip wine.’’ Some may have experi-
enced the sting that comes to the eye on unexpectedly coming
across a plant in a garden, for the cowslip and primrose are flowers
that are loved.

The word Cowslip is very old and is the Saxon Cuslippe, proba-
bly referring to the soft texture of the corolla, the curve of whose
petals may also be likened to the broad lip of a cow. ~Some think
it named from the resemblance of its scent to the breath of a cow,
or it may be to its growing much in pastures and meeting the cow’s
lips or ‘‘licks,’’? though cattle avoid cowslips and all members of
the primrose family.

Paigle is another old English name for this plant and Herbalists
have called it Palsy-wort. Peter Keys is also used and another
quaint name is Jackanapes-on-horseback. Primula is derived from
the Latin word primus (first), and Primerole and Primevére are
its present names in France, but a very old French name is Herbe
a paralysie. A decoction of the flowers was used of old to cure
tremblings, to steady nerves and strengthen the brain; the leaves
were applied to wounds. The flowers were dried in the sun and
conserved with sugar. Lengthy descriptions for its preparation
have been given by an old writer. Flowers were mixed with tea
and considered both wholesome and refreshing by country people.
The leaves were served as salad. Wine is still made from its
blossoms. The part mostly used in medicine was the rhizome and
roots, and the corolla alone was sometimes collected for the drug
‘*flores primulae.’’

IO
$ ©

82 ADDISONIA

Rare in Ireland and Scotland, the cowslip is common in most
counties of England except that of Devon. It is also common
throughout northern Europe.

It is a compact little plant, with its tuft of crinkled leaves set
well down in the pasture grass. There is a more or less sudden
contraction in the middle of the leaf, so that it frequently becomes
heart-shaped with a winged-fooot. This is not so with the prim-
rose, P. vulgaris. The plant sends up scapes four to eight inches
high, bearing crowns of drooping, inflated, pale green calyces con-
taining the small golden or bright yellow flowers, which are con-
cave or cup-shaped with five orange-colored spots in the throat.

The Oxlip, P. elatior, is larger than the Cowslip, paler in color
and much less abundant. The Primrose, Cowslip and Oxlip are
occasionally seen in American gardens, and the well known Poly-
anthus is derived from plants of this genus. Some members of the
genus cause an irritation of the skin.

The Cowslip is a perennial, scapose herb, arising from a short
rootstock which is usually hidden in a mass of fibrous roots. The
leaves are in a basal rosette, three to six inches long, soft-pubescent,
especially so beneath, bright green; the blade rugose, but rather
thin and hard, ovate, crenate-margined and obtuse, more or less
contracted or narrowed to a winged petiole about the same length
as the blade or shorter. The scape is pubescent, over-topping the
leaves, bearing at its top a many-flowered umbel subtended by
small, linear, acute bracts. The flowers are fragrant, dimorphic,
bright golden or light yellow, about one-half inch across, or more
or less nodding pedicels. The calyx is from one-half to three-
fourths of an inch long, pubescent, campanulate and somewhat
inflated, five-ribbed, usually a faded, yellowish-green, with five
short-ovate, acute lobes. The corolla is salverform, the tube usually
shorter than the calyx, but often slightly exserted, the limb con-
cave, with scale-like folds at the slightly contracted mouth, the
five lobes obtusely emarginate, each with an orange mark near the
throat. The five stamens are inserted on the tube or at the throat
of the corolla opposite the lobes. The filaments are very short.
The anther-sacs are pale yellow, oblong, opening inwardly by slits.
The stigma is capitate. The style is filiform. The ovary is gla-
brous, nearly globose, one-celled with a central free placent rising
from the base, bearing the numerous amphitropous ovules. The
capsule is included in the persistent calyx, and is one-celled, open-
ing by five usually bifid valves. The seeds are small and numerous.

Mary E. Eaton.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE, Fig. 1—A flowering scape. Fig. 2.—A leaf. Fig. 3.—
The pistil. Vig. 4.—The capsule with the calyx cut away.

PLATE 518 ADDISONIA

HYACINTHUS AZUREUM

ADDISONIA 33

(Plate 518)
HYACINTHUS AZUREUS
Azure Hyacinth
Native of the eastern Mediterreanean region
Family LInIAcEAE Lity Family

4

Muscari azureum Fenzl, Del. Sem. Hort. Vindob. 5
Hyacinthus azureus Baker, Journ, Linn. Soc. 11: 47, 1870.

Hyacinthus azureus is a native of Asia Minor and the Mediter-
ranean region and so closely resembles a grape hyacinth that it is
often listed in catalogues and written about in horticulture as such.
It blooms early in spring, late March or early in April in the
vicinity of New York, shortly after Scilla sibirica, and is perfectly
hardy. John Weathers in his Bulb Book, says that, as the plants
bloom very early they are often injured by frost, but the writer
has never noticed that here. The writer has grown them with a
covering of well-rotted stable manure or with one of salt-hay and
with a close growth of young annual larkspur acting as a sort of
protection, and they have been grown also with no winter covering
and have always come through well. Should they have many of
the young larkspurs or other annuals among them these plants
must be thinned in spring when the hyacinths are pushing up as
they are of too small stature to struggle against strong-growing
annuals.

These hyacinths prefer well-drained, gritty soil and indeed, do
not object to quite gravelly ground or that besprinkled with small
stones. An early short-stemmed cream or white daffodil makes a
good background for them. Plants such as these should be grown
in quantity to give a satisfactory effect. They seed freely and
increase from offsets rapidly. No surface cultivation should be
given until the foliage has entirely died away and then as little
as possible. Weeding may be done, the roots of the weeds must
be well shaken and sifted, good loam may be added to not more
than a half inch in depth after such an operation or the removal
of the annual plants which have bloomed there. At this time seeds
of the annuals may be scattered to make autumn growth and be
ready for another year.

There are several forms of Hyacinthus azureus, one of which
comes from Bulgardagh in Cilicia is much larger and taller, attain-
ing a height of one foot. This, perhaps, should be known as H.

84 ADDISONIA

ciliatus and it ought to be hardy also as its home is at an altitude
of over twenty-seven hundred metres. Another form collected by
Mr. Siehe at one thousand metres on Mount Muris in Northern
Cilicia is described as one foot high also and it is possible they are
identical though Mr. Siehe’s plants grew in damp ground and they
may be different forms of the same thing.

The various forms of Hyacinthus azureus force easily and make
satisfactory pot-plants for conservatory decoration.

The genus Hyacinthus differs from related genera by the cam-
panulate or funnel form flowers, the throat not constricted, the
lobes shorter than, or not much exceeding the tube, the stamens
attached to the tube or throat by thread-like filaments, sometimes
dilated at the base.

The azure hyacinth is a scapose herb arising from a tunicated
bulb. The broadly lorate leaves are three to five inches long and
blunt at the tip, somewhat glaucous. The reddish scape is about
six inches tall, bearing the inflorescence at its summit. The flowers
are borne in a very dense, closely-set raceme. The perianth is
bright blue, campanulate, with a darker median stripe on each of
the divisions, all of which are slightly recurved at the tip. The six
blue stamens are borne at or near the base of the perianth-tube.
The blue pistil is compound; the style entire, the ovary three-lobed.
The fruit is a three-lobed capsule, loculicidally dehiscent.

ETHEL ANSON S. PECKHAM.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Plant in flower. Fig. 2.—An individual flower,

x 2. Fig. 3.—Perianth laid open, showing the attachment of the stamens and the
gynoecium.

PLATE 519 ADDISONIA

Ses Ber ‘ j ¢ \ ‘ = ;
MonyE-Eoton a y \ x x

LEUCOJUM VERNUM CARPATICUM

te)

ADDISONIA 8

(Plate 519)
LEUCOJUM VERNUM CARPATHICUM

Carpathian Spring Snowflake
Native of the Carpathian Mountains

Family AMARYLLIDACEAE AMARYLLIS Family

Erinosma carpathicum Eeeebert, Amaryll. 331. big
Leucojum carpathicum Steud. Nom. ed. 2.
Leucojum vernum carpathicum Niven, Garden %: 156. 1875.

There are three forms of the spring snowflake: the type, Leuco-
jum vernum, which has but one flower to a stem; with green spots
on the perianth segments; L. vernum Vagneri with two flowers
with dark green spots, and the one pictured here, L. vernum car-
pathicum—which has one, two or three flowers on a stem, the spots
on the petals being yellow.

The Carpathian snowflake was collected in the Carpathian Moun-
tains and sent to Messrs. Whitley, Brame and Milne, who gave plants
to Kew from whence it was first pictured in color in the ‘‘ Botanical
Magazine’’ in 1818, though the plant was probably known earlier.
Certainly, Leucojum vernum was. We can see a woodcut in
Matthais de Lobel’s ‘‘Kruydtboeck’’ which he entitles ‘‘ Narcisse
met luttel bloemen’’ which closely resembles either L. carpathicum
or L. Vagneri. John Gerade uses the same woodcut and calls them
‘‘bulbous violets,’’ ‘‘faire white floures tipped with a yellowish
green colour, with many small chives or threds in the middest of
the floure.’? He also says that the Dutch named them ‘‘Somer
Sottekens; that is Sommer fooles.’’? They perhaps seemed like
violets because they had a soft perfume which really reminds one
of the warm scent of pansies rather than that of violets.

The spring snowflakes are not usual in gardens in the United
States though they were evidently brought to this country by early
settlers as there are several places where they have escaped from
old gardens and become naturalized. As they have been excluded
from this country for some years by a quarantine, though there is
no evidence of their being subject to disease, it is difficult to obtain
them except with a permit to import.

All of the varieties of Leucojum vernum resent moving and, if
the bulbs have been kept out of the ground for a number of weeks
or months, they will sometimes remain dormant a year before they
show growth above ground. The bulbs of the spring snowflakes
are smaller than those of the summer varieties and seem to flourish
best when they have made themselves into crowded clumps. While
it is essential to plant them deep enough so they are covered by at

1A
Z

86 ADDISONIA

least two inches of soil, it will be noticed that the tops of the necks
of the bulbs in established clumps are very little below the surface.
The neck is long in proportion to the circumference of the bulb,
crowded bulbs being naturally more attenuated than others. The
leaves begin to push up in early spring when the ordinary snow-
drop, Galanthus nivalis, is coming into its prime and, if the weather
stays good, the snowflakes will be in full bloom a little over two
weeks later. They like full sun in early spring, do not resent
semi-shade, and may be placed in a spot that is sunny in spring
but shaded in summer. It does not take long for the foliage of
the Carpathian snowflake to ripen off and die away, whereas the
summer snowflake, Leucojum aestivum, retains its foliage a long
time and in rainy autumns, is apt to begin to show growth before
winter comes on.

Leucojum vernum carpathicum is easy of culture. It should be
planted in ordinary garden loam which is well drained but not too
dry and then left to its own devices. Being so near the surface,
cultivation should be very gingerly attempted, only a handfork
being used. Pansies, forget-me-nots and very shallow rooted
sedums may be used for edgings or between the plants. The flow-
ers will keep well in water and make a very pretty arrangement
with hardy ferns.

The plants from which the picture was taken were purchased
from the famous firm of Messrs. E. H. Krelage & Son of Haarlem,
Holland, some years before the Great War and have proved them-
selves far more hardy and a much better variety than the type and
in need of no winter covering other than a ground cover plant or
half an inch of hay or peat moss.

The Carpathian snowflake is a scapose herb, arising from a tuni-
cate, long-necked bulb. The several leaves are lorate, bright-
ereen, flattish, and blunt-tipped. The scape is from six to ten
inches tall, laterally flattened, bearing at its summit a scarious
two-cleft spathe, from which the two or three flowers emerge on
nodding, slender pedicels. The perianth is white, about an inch
long and broad, the three outer divisions slightly larger than the
three inner, all with an apiculate-hooded tip and a blotch of lemon-
yellow just below. The six bright yellow, basifixed anthers, on
very short and slender filaments are inserted on the hypanthium.
The style is white, strumose, with an acuminate tip, and a bright
green band immediately below the tip. The stigma is minute and
capitate. The ovary is inferior, oblong. The fruit is an obovoid,
tardily loculicidally dehiscent capsule.

ETHEL Anson S. PECKHAM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—A flowering bulb. Fig. 2.—One of Peas outer
perianth divisions. Fig. 8.—One of the inner perianth divisions. Fig. 4.—A s
men. Fig. 5.—The style. Fig. 6.—The perianth removed, showing the stamp
of en stamens to the hypanthium, and of the style to the ovary. Fig. 7.—A
capsule.

PLATE 520 ADDISONIA

IRIS VERNA (COASTAL FORM)

ADDISONIA 87

(Plate 520)
IRIS VERNA

Violet-iris

Native of the Coastal Plain and adjacent Piedmont
of the southeastern United States

Family [RmACEAE Tris Family

Iris verna L. Sp. Pl. 38. 1753.

Compared with the eastern North American tall irises, the dwarf
ones are now known to be in a striking minority.. When Linnaeus
published his ‘‘Species Plantarum’’ in 1753, only two North Ameri-
can species of iris were known. One of these, the common blue-fiag,
which he named Iris versicolor, has already been figured in AppI-
SONIA (Plate 316), and the other is here described. Both had been
collected by John Clayton on the Coastal Plain of Virginia, and
eatalogued in Gronovius’ Flora Virginica in 1737.

Although no fossil irises are known, so that it is not possible to
trace the genus far back into the geologic past, the more recent
history of some of the species can be inferred from their present
day distribution. Prior to the Tertiary epoch, the Coastal Plain
as we now know it was non-existent, and plant species which now
occur upon it must represent descendants from those which at that
time grew in other provinces, especially in the southern Alleghenies
and in the Piedmont plateau. As the newly deposited strata grad-
ually emerged from the sea, seeds of many of the upland plants be-
came dispersed over the fresh land surface, and in cases where the
soil and climatic conditions proved favorable, new colonies were de-
veloped. In some cases the descendants which proved adapted to
the strange surroundings are morphologically indistinguishable
from those which remained behind. In others, the differences in
physiological influences which made survival in the new territory
possible were accompanied by differences in morphology as well.
The violet iris group appears to represent an instance of the latter
type of relationship.

On comparing the plants of violet iris which at present grow in
‘the Piedmont of North Carolina and adjoining states with those
found on the Coastal Plain, it is found that the latter have de-
veloped a more lax habit, with slender, long jointed rootstocks,
and a smaller, usually more fragrant flower which has narrower-
elawed sepals and longer-clawed petals. These features persist
throughout its known range, which extends from central Georgia
to southeastern Pennsylvania, on the Coastal Plain and rarely just
above the Fall Line on the Piedmont.

Iris verna occurs native in sandy or peaty soil which is strongly
acid in reaction, and attempts to cultivate it in ordinary non-acid

- ADDISONIA

garden soil have always failed, although it appears to be hardy
some distance north of its natural range. While sometimes grow-
ing in apparently wet places, its roots are usually well up on dryish
hammocks, and it seems to thrive best in sandy open woods where
the water table is several inches below the surface. Its usual asso-
ciates are the acid loving shrubs of the Heath Family and related
groups, such as Azaleas, Vacciniums, and Desmothamnus.

Although the technical name of this species is not inappropriate,
as it is one of the earliest irises to bloom in the spring—appearing
in March in the southern, and earliest May in the northern, portions
of its range— the name given to it by the layman in many parts of
the south is violet iris (or sometimes just violet). This refers to
the fact that both in color and fragrance it bears a striking simi-
larity to the English sweet violet (Viola odorata).

In the violet-iris the rootstock is very slender throughout, swollen
only where the new growth goes up which is two to six inches
apart. On the long white internodes no roots are borne; at the nodes,
the entire leaf-base is persistent, though dry and brown, for several
years. The leaves are four to eight inches tall, white at and near
the base and reddish along the hyaline edges of the sheathing por-
tion. The blades are less than a quarter of an inch wide, faintly
tinged with purplish-red about three quarters of an inch above the
base. The bases of the spent leaves are persistent on the rootstocks
as yellow-brown sheaths. The involuere is sessile, of usually five
imbricate bracts, the outer one scale-like, the inner ones narrow,
successively longer, accuminate, light-green. The flower is erect,
four to six inches tall, sessile or very short-pedicelled, violet-
scented. The hypanthium surrounding the ovary is obscurely
three-angled, bright-green. The free extended part—flower-tube—
is slender, light-green or yellowish-green, purple-tinged, sometimes
only in lines about the slightly expanded top, equalling the invo-
luere or exceeding it. The sepals are one and a half to one and
three quarters of an inch long, spatulate-cuneate, not sharply dis-
tinguished into claw and blade; within with a minutely papillose
orange and brownish spotted crest extending from the base to
within a third or a quarter of the apex, usually with flecks of
white and lines of violet between the crest and the violet margins
and the tip which is also obscurely lined with deeper violet. The
three petals are about as long as the sepals, spatulate, with a very
slender, channelled, pale-violet claw and an obovate or elliptic-
obovate, deeper violet blade. The three stamens are scarcely three-
quarters of an inch long. The filaments are slender-subulate, pale-
violet tinted. The anthers are linear, shorter than the filaments,
rounded and minutely pointed at the apex, the basal lobes obtuse,
violet. The three style-branches are narrowly cuneate, about an
inch and a quarter long, pale at the base deeper-violet above. The
style-appendages are half-ovate, about a quarter of an inch long,
entire or undulate. The stigma is entire. The capsule is similar to
that of the mountain form, but smaller and with a shorter pedicel.

JoHN K. SMALL.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Part of a plant in flower. Fig. 2.—A sepal.

Tig. 3.—A petal. Fig. 4 and 5.—Sepals from other plants from the same locality.
Fig. 6—A capsule. Fig. 7.—A seed.

‘DEERINGOTHAMNUS RUGELIT
ISCUS DRUMMONDII
RIA RACEMOSA
LIS ELLIOTT
SOLEA CORALLICOLA
WIETENIA MAHAGONI
JUSTICIA RUNYONII
ITHAREXYLUM FRUTICOSUM

2

= PLATE 505.
PLATE 506.
PLATE 507.
"PLATE 508.
eh. PLATE 509.
_- PLATE 510.
PLATE 511.
PLATE 512.

He

RECENT PLATES

PLATE 497.
PLATE 498.
PLATE 499.
PLATE 500.
PLATE 501.
PLATE 502.
PLATE 503.
PLATE 504.

VIOLA *‘APRICOT"’

-CLINTONIA BOREALIS

SABINEA FLORIDA
CORYNELLA PAUCIFOLIA
JACQUEMONTIA SUBSALINA
PROUSTIA. KRUGIANA
CESTRUM. LAURIFOLIUM
ACNISTUS ARBORESCENS
ANODA ACERIFOLIA
MENTZELIA ASPERA

ERYSIMUM LINIFOLIUM
CHEIRANTHUS ALLIONII
PUERARIA THUNBERGIANA
PONCIRUS TRIFOLIATA »

PINGUICULA JACKII
GILIA RUBRA

PLATE 513.
PLATE 514.
PLATE 515.
PLATE 516.
PLATE 517.
PLATE 518.
PLATE 519.

PLATE 520,

CONTENTS

GALANTHUS FOSTERI.

CROCUS VERNUS

ERANTHIS TUBERGENII

SCILLA SIBIRICA ATROCOERULEA
PRIMULA VERIS sos
HYACINTHUS AZUREUS {2s
LEUCOJUM VERNUM CARPATHICU
IRIS VERNA (COASTAL FORM) —

~ VOLUME 16 NUMBER 2
JUNE, 1931
PUBLISHED By

EW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

President, Jndge Addison Brown, cettblioted the . ¥
ADDISON BROWN. FUND

‘the income and accumulations from which shall be eo

plates of the Silents of the United States and its eas posses:
sions, and of other plants flowering in said Garden or its conserya- —
tories; with suitable descriptions in popular language, and any
desirable notes and synonymy, and a brief statement of the known -
properties and uses of the plants illustrated.’’

The preparation and publication of the work have been +e

to Mr. Edward Johnston Alexander, Assistant Curator, and Mrs
a Rowland Boynton, Head Gardener.

AppISoNIA is published as a quarterly magazine, in March, coma:
September, and December. Hach part consists of eight colored —
plates with accompanying letterpress. The subscription price is.
$10 annually, four parts constituting a dase eaies The parts will not
be sold separately. poe

Address :

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN) >
BRONX PARK ea
NEW YORK oe |

can be supplied.

PLATE 521 ADDISONIA

SPARGANIUM ANDROCLADUM

ADDISONIA ah AR Se 89

(Plate 521)
SPARGANIUM ANDROCLADUM

Branching Bur-reed
Native of Eastern North America

Sparganium simplex androcladum Engelm.; A. Gray Man., ed. 5, 481. 1867.
Sparganium androcladum Morong., Bull. Torr. Club. 15: 78, &
Sparganium americanum androcladum Fernald and Eames, Rhodora 9: 87. 1907.

On first seeing bur-reed growing in swamps or along and in slow
moving streams and ponds, if it is not in flower or fruit, it is often
mistaken for some kind of lily, for its somewhat flattened, yellow
green leaves do not look very unlike some members of the lily
family. When in flower however, it will never be mistaken for
anything else, for its spikes of scattered fuzzy-looking heads are
both unmistakable and characteristic, and later, when the round
heads of fruit form, the uninitiate often wonders where the syca-
more tree is that has dropped its fruit before it ripened, until on
closer examination, the ‘‘syecamore’’ balls prove to be attached to
a stem rooted in the ground.

In places where the bur-reed chooses to grow, its dense growth
of lush, green leaves lend a soft and fresh appearance to the land-
seape, for there is no other plant in the same locality with leaves
of such an attractive and soft-appearing shade of green. Swamps,
meadows, slow moving streams and ponds or their banks, from
Newfoundland south to Florida and west to Minnesota and Louisi-
ana are its chosen habitat, and there one may go at any time from
April to September and feast their eyes on its fresh green, or in
May in the latitude of New York to see its straw-colored heads of
flowers.

The name Sparganium is thought to be derived from the Greek
word meaning a band, in allusion to its ribbon-like leaves.

This is a truly desirable plant for water gardens where one has
pool or stream margins to be planted, or for shallow water around
the edges of ponds, but should only be used where plenty of space
is available, as it spreads rather rapidly, but its delightful shade
of green is unrivaled among native plants.

The branching bur-reed is a perennial marsh plant, with creep-
ing rootstocks and fibrous roots. The leaves are alternate, linear,
light green, sheathing at base, one to three and one half feet long,

triangular at the base. The inflorescence usually overtops the
leaves, branching widely, each branch subtended by a bract similar

op)

90 ADDISONIA

to the leaves but smaller, the bases slightly dilated and narrowly
scarious margined. The staminate heads are sessile, and are upper-
most on the inflorescence branches, one fourth to one half inch in
diameter. The pistillate heads are sessile or peduneled, axillary.
The perianth is of a few irregular chaffy scales. The stamens are
commonly five; the filaments distinct. The ovary is sessile, one-
celled. The fruiting heads are one half to three quarters of an
inch in diameter. The mature nutlets are brown, dull, fusiform,
about one fifth of an inch long, terete or obtusely angled, often con-
stricted at the middle.
EpwarpD J. ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Inflorescence. Fig. 2.—Staminate floret x 4.
Fig. 3.—Pistillate floret x 4. Fig. 4.—Parts of the pistillate floret x4. Fig.
5.—Head of fruit.

PLATE 522 ADDISONIA

ROSA RUGOSA

} Q

~

ADDISONIA 94

(Plate 522)

/’ ROSA RUGOSA

4 Ramanas Rose

Native of China, Japan and Korea

Family RosacEar Rose Family

Rosa rugosa Thunb., Fl. Jap. 213. 1788.

One of the most fortunate rose introductions brought to the
attention of the American public was the Ramanas or Rugosa rose,
Rosa rugosa. In the gardens of the Eastern United States one of
the principal rose problems has been one of hardiness. At the
sacrifice of a long summer blooming period, the American Rose
Society has advocated the dissemination of several varieties of
hardy, door-yard, bush roses for June, rose-blooming time, espe-
cially for localities with winters which are rather severe on the
Hybrid Tea and other long-blooming types.

The rugosa roses have brought first of all a foliage which has
helped in the campaign against diseases and insects. Rough,
leathery, and thick, the leaves seem to be immune.

Rosa rugosa first attracted attention in 1845, at the time of its
first introduction from Japan. The hardiness, disease-resistant
qualities of the foliage, and vigor of the growth of this species was
not at first considered by the rose-growers of the period.

Single flowers of pink, purple, and red are considered forms of
the original species from Japan and Kamtchatka. The simple
varieties are rugosa albo-plena, double-white; rugosa rubro-plena,
erimson; rugosa alba, single white.

Perhaps the size and color of the rugosa rose is not appreciated,
because most of the varieties bloom before the usual happy rose
season, and the colors are intense and the flowers rather large for
the queen of flowers.

Conrad Ferdinand Meyer has blooms which are individually
often larger than roses from any other type of bush. Conrad F.
Meyer is considered to be the most beautiful of the rugosa roses in
bloom: it is certainly the producer of the largest flower, and the
possessor of the strongest, tallest, thorniest canes.

The requisite condition is, first of all, plenty of room for this vari-
ety ; it soon covers many square yards of ground; and the constant
attention to pruning out of old and decayed canes. This variety,

i

92 ADDISONIA

Conrad F. Meyer, is the most strikingly colored variety. Mme.
Julien Potin, a French rose of nearly twenty years ago, approxi-
mates but does not quite reach the value of Conrad F. Meyer; it
is also one of the most vigorous of bush roses and requires a great
deal of room. The finest white sort, and there are three or four
excellent white rugosa roses, is Blanc Double de Coubert. This
was introduced in 1892 from France, and has clear white, double
flowers, freely produced, measuring four to six inches across when
fully opened. One of the later rugosa hybrids is the Canadian
variety Agnes, introduced in 1922. This is a supposed hybrid
between Persian Yellow and a Rosa rugosa alba, a white species.
Because of the fact that this rose is yellow and has the usual
rugosa characteristics, it is considered to be very unusual.

Two of the newer varieties, sponsored by the American Rose
Society are Rev. EH. M. Mills, pink and yellow hybrid with Rosa
Hugonis and Sarah Van Fleet. These are fragrant, rose-pink, and
are supposed to take up roles as bush-hardy American door-yard
types of disease-resistant stocks.

A very interesting new type of rugosa rose is the Ff. J. Grooten-
dorst and Pink Grootendost, which combine the vigor and hardi-
ness of the rugosa blood with the flowers and everblooming habit
of the polyantha rose. The blooms are red and pink, clustered
and fringed.

The Rugosa rose has also produced a trailing variety, called Max
Graf, used to cover the ground.

The Ramanas rose is an upright shrub, eight to ten feet tall, with
stems heavily armed with needle-like spines and bristles. The
leaves are compound, the bristly petioles subtended by large, broad
ovate-acuminate stipules. Each leaf has five to nine leaflets, which
are thick, ovate, rugose, dull green and glabrous above, pale and
pubescent beneath. The flowers are solitary or few in a loose
corymb, two to three and one half inches across. The sepals are
narrow, lanceolate, often leafy at the tip, usually upright and per-
sistent. The petals are up to one and one half inches long, nearly
as broad, slightly indented. The fruits are depressed-globose,
orange to deep red, and last well into late autumn on the plants.

KENNETH R. Boynton

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1—TV lowering shoot. Fig. 2.—¥Fruiting shoot.

PLATE 523 ADDISONIA

MALUS PLATYCARPA HOOPESII

|
ADDISONIA 93

(Plate 523)
MALUS PLATYCARPA HOOPESII

Hoopes’ Flowering Crab

Native of eastern North America (?)

-

Family MauacEaE APPLE Family

Malus coronaria yar. Hoopesii, Rehder, Trees and Shrubs 2: 142, 1911,
Malus platycarpa var. Hoopesii, Rehder, Trees and Shrubs 2: 227. 1913.

After the beautiful cultivated Japanese cherries have reached
the peak of their early bloom and the crab apples and pears fall in
line to fill the ranks with new flowers, the blossoms of Hoopes’
flowering crab first begin to attract the eye. The large pink, single,
showy flowers borne in great abundance amid the green foliage of
the trees are indeed a delight to behold.

Our native crabapples are a beautiful and showy lot of trees
when in flower, their great profusion of pink or roseate, exceed-
ingly fragrant flowers making them prominent features of the land-
scape wherever they grow. The majority of the species being per-
fectly hardy, they are much used for ornamental planting.

The fruits are extremely hard and sour, but may be made into
a most delicious jelly.

This variety, only known in cultivation, was originally distrib-
uted by the Hoopes Brothers Nursery in 1876. It was first named
as a variety of Malus coronaria by Rehder in 1911. Two years
later he transferred the variety to his new species, Malus platy-
carpa, native to the Appalachian Mountains from northeastern
Ohio south through West Virginia and Kentucky to North Caro-
lina and Georgia.

This variety differs from the species only by its pubescent pedi-
cels and calyx.

Malus platycarpa is a tree eighteen to twenty feet high with a
trunk four to five inches in diameter. The branches are spreading
and unarmed; the branchlets at first thinly villose-tomentose,
becoming glabrous the first season, and turning brown, ultimately
becoming grayish brown. The winter-buds are glabrous, except
for the villose margins of the scales. The leaf-blades are dark
yellow-green, lustrous on the upper surface, lighter below, two and
one half to three inches long, and one and one half to two and one
half inches wide, doubly serrate, rounded at the base, white-
pubescent when they unfold; the petioles slender, villose, becom-

Lad
94 ADDISONIA

ing nearly glabrous, about an inch and a half long. The pink
flowers, about one inch and a half in diameter are borne three
to six in a cluster on glabrous pedicels about two inches long. The
calyx tube is glabrous. The calyx lobes are lanceolate, acuminate,
longer than the tube, glabrous without, densely tomentose within.
The petals are obovate-orbicular, irregularly incised-dentate, ab-
ruptly contracted at the base into a short claw, sparingly villose near
the base within, one half inch to one inch wide. The stamens are
slightly shorter than the petals, the anthers brownish yellow. The
styles are five in number, shorter than the stamens, villose on the
lower half, and united below for one third their length. The fruit
is depressed globose, with a deep cavity at the base and apex, dull
yellow-green, about an inch and a half high and slightly over two
inches wide. The seeds are about one third inch long. The variety
Hoopesii differs from the above description by having the pedicels,
the calyx-tube, and the outside of the calyx lobes pubescent.
E. H. Fuu.ina.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Flowering cluster. Fig. 2.—Mature fruit. Fig.
38.—A mature leaf,

PLATE 524 ADDISONIA

ZIZIA BEBBII

ADDISONIA 95

(Plate 524)
ZIZIA BEBBII

Bebb’s Golden Alexanders
Native of the Alleghany Mountains

Family AMMIACEAE Carrot Family

Zizia aurea var. Bebbii Coult. & Rose, Bot. Gaz. ret ieee 1887.
Zizia Bebbii Britton, Mem, Torrey Club 2:35. 189

The species of Zizia Koch are known as Alexanders, on account
of a slight resemblance to the Alexanders of Europe, Smyrnium
Olusatrum L., which is cultivated and used in the same way as
celery. The genus consists of but three North American species:
Z. aurea (l.) Koch, the common Golden Alexanders, Z. cordata,
the Heart-leaved Alexanders, and the present species. They were
also sometimes called Meadow Parsnip, but this name really be-
longs to the genus Thaspium Nutt. The general habit of the two
genera is very much alike, as well as the leaves and the yellow color
of the flowers. Not only amateurs have confused them but even
some of our best scientific botanists. Dr. Gray, for example, for
years applied the name Thaspiwm aureum var. apterum to Z. aurea
and T. trifoliatum var. apterum to Z. cordata. The word apterum
means wingless. In Thaspium, the fruit bears well-developed
wings on the ribs, while in Zizia the fruit is wingless. This, how-
ever, is not the only difference between the genera, but the most
conspicuous.

While both Z. aurea and Z. cordata are generally distributed
throughout eastern North America, extending into the Rocky
Mountain region, Z. Bebbii is confined to the Allegheny Mountains,
in Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia and eastern
Tennessee, at an altitude of from two thousand to five thousand
feet. It prefers open woods and mountainsides. The illustration
was drawn from a specimen cultivated in The New York Botanical
Garden, raised from roots collected by the writer on Mount Pisgah,
North Carolina, in the summer of 1925.

Z. Bebbii was collected by some of the earlier botanists, as for
instance Curtiss, Canby, Buckley and Schweinitz, but mistaken for
Thaspium trifoliatum. It was first described as Zizia aurea var.
Bebbii by Coulter and Rose in the Botanical Gazette. The authors
named the plant in honor of Mr. M. S. Bebb, of Rockford, Illinois,

aie |

96 ADDiSONIA

not because he had collected the plant. The reason is implied in
the following sentence: ‘‘In separating the species Zizia from the
Thaspium aureum group we are very much indebted to Mr. M. S.
Bebb, who has placed the careful observations of ten years at our
disposal, and who is convinced that they are abundantly distinct.’’
Dr. N. L. Britton gave the plant specific rank, which it certainly
deserves.

Zizia Bebbi is a slender plant, one to two feet high, from a woody
rootstock. The stems are often several, glabrous, mostly simple

below and branched above. The basal leaves are slender-petioled,
the earliest often simple with an ovate, crenate-dentate, glabrous
blade, the next are ternate, the terminal leaflet long-stalked and
the lateral ones short-stalked or sessile; all with more ovate leaflets.
The lower stem-leaves (not shown in the illustration) are long-
stalked and usually twice ternate and some of the leaflets, espe-
cially the terminal ones, occasionally lobed; the upper stem-leaves
are short-stalked, with narrower, more deeply toothed leaflets. The
umbels are long-pedunecled at the ends of the stem and branches,
compound and without an involucre. The rays are few and one to
two and a half inches long. The involucre consists of a few short
lance-awl-shaped bractlets. The flowers are short-pedicelled; the
sepals triangular; the petals bright yellow, and hooded; the fruit
is rounded-oval, slightly compressed laterally, about one twelfth
of an inch long and nearly as wide; each carpel is somewhat five-
angled in cross-section with one oil-tube in each interval, except on
the commissural side, where they are two.
P. A. RypBera.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Upper part of the plant. Figs. 2 and 3.—Basal
leaves. Fig. 4——Flower X 8 Fig. 5.—Petal X10. Fig. 6.—Ovary X10. Fig.
7.—Bunch of fruits, nat. size. Fig. 8.—¥Fruit x 6.

PEATE 525 ADDISONIA

BILTIA VASEYI

) «A

ADDISONIA 97

(Plate 525)
BILTIA VASEYI

Appalachian Rose
Natwe of the North Carolina Highlands

Family Ericackar Heatu Family

Rhododendron Vaseyi A. Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. 15: 48. 1879,
Azalea Vaseyi Rehder, Moll. Dents.
Biltia Vaseyi Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 884. 1903.

In the highlands as in the lowlands many plants escaped the
sharp eye of the plant collectors of the transition period of the
eighteenth to the nineteenth century as well as collectors and
botanists up to near the close of the latter century.

The subject of this note is one of the conspicuous examples. Ex-
ceedingly showy in flower and evidently different from its associates
in leaf and fruit, it remained hidden in the wonderful highlands
of the southern Alleghenies. Harbored there in ancient times,
unlike some of its relatives which have moved out to the Atlantic
or to the Gulf of Mexico, destroying their trails behind them, this
shrub has refused to be moved from its primeval habitat.

The plant has, in our floristics, superficially at least, presented
a dilemma to botanists, in that it has the foliage of an azalea and
the flowers of a rhododendron. Hence, it has masqueraded, tech-
nically, under both of these genera, and popularly, to the eyes and
to the imagination of some of the highland folk was suggested the
popular name ‘‘rhodazale.’’ Taxonomically considered, those who
fit all plants into ready-made botanical pigeonholes had the choice
of two, Rhododendron and Azalea. It masqueraded under the
former for a score of years and then under the latter for a decade.
After that the name of George W. Vanderbilt, a patron of botany
and the developer of Biltmore Estate, really a vast botanic garden,
within the native haunts of this plant, was used in the form of
Biltia for the generic name.

Geographically Biltia is restricted to the mountains of North
Carolina at altitudes ranging from thirty-five hundred to six thou-
sand feet, although reported erroneously from the mountains of
South Carolina. Its usual floristic associates are, mountain laurel
(Rhododendron maximum), blue-laurel (R. catawbiense), and ivy
(Kalmia latifolia). During its long career Biltia has adopted itself

“2)

98 ADDISONIA

to various habitats. These form a scale from cliffs, ravines, and
mountain slopes, to swamps.

The leaves of Biltia suggest those of the cultivated peach. The
bilabiate, campanulate corollas of the flowers which appear mainly
before the leaves, mostly in May and June, are pure rose-pink
or ‘‘pastelle’’-pink with yellow or dark-crimson fleckings. They,
however, vary to paler and darker shades of pink, and albinos,
with almost pure-white corollas may be occasionally found. This
species made rapid strides when once discovered: first found in
1878, named and described in 1879, and introduced into cultivation
in 1880. The plants are hardy at the north, and naturalized speci-
mens have been found in eastern Massachusetts. Given a partly
shaded location and preferably acid soil, it is one of the most de-
sirable and showy of the native heaths for decorative landscaping,
as it is easy to grow and the great quantity of flowers, which appear
before the leaves in early spring make a splendid display.

Biltia is an irregularly branched, nearly glabrous shrub three to
fifteen feet tall, the branches more or less spreading, light red-
brown at the end of the first season. The leaves are alternate,
deciduous. The winter buds are ovoid, obtuse. The blades are
elliptic or oblong-elliptic, two to six inches long, membranous,
acuminate at both ends, ciliate, with a prominent midrib beneath,
short-petioled. The flowers, appearing before the leaves, are borne
five to eight in clusters. The pedicels are three-eighths to three-
quarters of an inch long, somewhat glandular. The calyx is ob-
lique, with the short lobes erose-glandular. The corolla is rotate-
campanulate, mainly rose-pink or ‘‘pastelle’’-pink. The five lobes
are ovate to obovate, unequal, the two lower divergent, inequilat-
eral, the three upper spreading, with dark-crimson, yellow-orange
or reddish-orange fleckings. The stamens are seven or sometimes
five. The filaments are glabrous. The capsule oblong-ovoid, about

a half-inch long, lobed.
JOHN K. SMALL.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Flowering spray. Fig. 2.—Leafy spray. Fig.
3.—Mature capsule. Fig, 4.—Opened capsule, showing method of dehiscence.

PLATE 526 ADDISONIA

COBAEA SCANDENS

ADDISONIA 99

(Plate 526)
COBAEA SCANDENS

Cup-and-Saucer-Vine

Natwe of Mexico, Costa Rica and Brazil

Family PoLEMONIACEAE Puuox Family

Cobaea scandens Cav., Ic.1:11. 1791.
Rosenbergia scandens House, Muhlenbergia 4: 23, 1908,

Of all the various vines grown from seed the Purple Cup-and-
Saucer-Vine or Cobaea, has the largest, most showy flowers. The
vines which are woody, or perennial, are more permanent but are
not as spectacular. _

The Cup-and-Saucer-Vine is a vigorous climber, an individual
among the annual vines reaching a height of twenty-five feet in
some cases and bearing big bell-shaped blooms, pink to purple in
color.

The name Cobaea was given in honor of Father Cobo, a Spanish
Jesuit naturalist of the seventeenth century. The showy corollas
are green in bud, turning to purple upon opening, borne in pro-
fusion during the summer.

The foliage has many interesting characteristics. The leaves are
compound, each leaf consisting of two or three leaflets, the terminal
leaflet being represented by a twining branched tendril. With
these tendrils, the vine is enabled to climb.

There is a white-flowered variety, Cobaea scandens alba, and
occasionally a form with variegated leaves occurring.

The Cup-and-Saucer-Vine is useful for covering porches and
trellises, climbing to rough surfaces or to wire netting, twining to
mediums by its tendrils.

This annual vine is noted for its quickness of growth, and early
covering of bare surfaces. Formerly it was used for permanent
decoration of conservatory walls. The Cup-and-Saucer-Vine is
raised from seeds which should be sown in April. The large seeds
of this vine have long been held up as an example of special hand-
ling. They should be pressed into the soil edgewise, as they are
large and flat, and germinate poorly when planted broad side down.

Cobaea prefers a warm, sunny, soil, which should be augmented
by greenhouse conditions for starting when possible. If started
in the greenhouse in February or March, the plants should be con-

100 ADDISONIA

stantly shifted, tied up on stakes, and pinched back several times,
so that they will become bushy. Short-jointed, stocky plants are
the most desirable. Seeds may be sown in flower pots in the house,
and set out-doors when the weather becomes warm and settled.

The Cup-and-Saucer is a rapidly growing herbaceous vine, up to
thirty feet high. The leaves are compound, glaucous-green, smooth,
alternate, pinnate, the leaflets are in two or three pairs, ovate, or
the lowest pair often eared, the terminal leaflet represented by a
long tendril which is often branched and curved. The flowers are
bell-shaped solitary, nodding, axillary on long thick, curved pe-
duncles; and are up to one and one half inches across. The style
and stamens are long-exserted, the latter with prominent heart-
shaped anthers attached by long slender filaments to the white
hairy throat of the corolla. The calyx is pentagonal and winged
before opening. The five sepals are ovate, cuspidate, large and
greenish-white, spreading after flowering. The corolla is _bell-
shaped, much larger than the calyx, with a five-lobed limb, the lobes
rounded, revolute, with wavy margins. The fruits are plum-
shaped, oval, pendant, capsules; three-celled and angled.

KENNETH R. BOYNTON.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Flower and leaf. Fig. 2—Stamen. Fig. 3.—
Pistil. Fig. 4—Fruit with persistent calyx.

PEATE) S27, ADDISONIA

ATROPA BELLADONNA

ADDISONIA 101

(Plate 527)
ATROPA BELLADONNA

Belladonna

Native of South Europe and Asia

Family SoLANACEAE NIGHTSHADE Family

Atropa Belladonna L., Sp. Pl. 181. 17538.

Belladonna, a perennial poisonous plant, was first introduced
into general medicine about the year 1860. The first recorded
data on the use of the drug goes back to 1504. It was then used
as a poison and also as a cosmetic. Linnaeus assigned the name
Atropa to the drug after the name of the oldest of the ‘‘Three
Fates,’’ the one which according to mythology made it her business
to sever the thread of life. The function of her office could easily
be performed with this plant. Italian women seem to have used
this substance to dilate the pupils of their eyes for the express pur-
pose of improving their appearance. Hence on account of its
capacity to beautify the female of the species the name ‘‘Bella-
donna,’’ which is the Italian for handsome women, was applied to
this drug.

The activity of the belladonna plant, therapeutically, is depen-
dent upon its containing mydriatic alkaloids. The most important
constituent derived from the plant is atropine. The use of atro-
pine was discovered accidentally when a drop of a freshly prepared
extract of belladonna got into the eye of the compounder. After
a brief irritant action, total blindness resulted, from which recov-
ery took place in a few hours. This observation opened the way
to a new method of using the drug in optometry. While all parts
of the plant yield atropine, the greater quantity is found in the
stoloniferous rootstocks.

The plant inhabits waste places, is found along roadsides and
ruins. It seems to prefer chalky and limestone districts and is cul-
tivated to some extent in Europe. During the war belladonna was
extensively cultivated in this country. The accompanying plate
was made from plants growing in the economic plantation of the
New York Botanical Garden.

Belladonna has a much branched rhizome which yearly sends up

rank stems to the height of three to five feet. The stems are thick,
purplish, longitudinally wrinkled, usually hollow, with younger

702 ADDISONIA

parts flattened and sparingly pubescent. The whole plant has a
heavy unpleasant odor which is more marked when the leaves or
young stems are crushed. The leaves are alternate, broadly ovate,
shortly acuminate or acute at the apex, entire and from three to
eight inches in length. The flowers are greenish or dull purple,
about one inch in length, and arise singly in the axils of the leaves.
The calyx is five-cleft with lobes ovate-acuminate. The corolla-
tube, which is much longer than the calyx, is dull purple, the lobes
slightly unequal, recurved and hooked at the apex. The anthers
are whitish in color with style and stigma green. The fruit is a
subglobular berry containing many seeds. The fruit is subtended
by a dark green calyx, about the size of a cherry, deep violet black
in color, with a sweetish taste and sometime eaten with fatal re-
sults. Most accidents occur with children who mistake the berry

for some other edible fruit.
Wo. J. BONISTEEL.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Flowering branch. Fig. 2.—Opened corolla
tube showing adnate stamens. Fig. 3.—Mature fruit.

PLATE 528 ADDISONIA

a i
3
t
4
;

MIMULUS RINGENS

“~ }

ADDISONIA 103

(Plate 528)
MIMULUS RINGENS

Violet Monkey-Flower

Native of eastern North America

Family ScRoPHULARIACEAE Figwort Family

Mimulus ringens L., Sp. Pl, 634. 1753.

When midsummer holds sway over the Atlantic States and
through the upper Mississippi Valley, those who search marshy
meadows and woodland swamps will be rewarded by seeing the
peering faces of the monkey-flowers. Those also who flee from the
intense heat of our lowlands to the mountains or the northern for-
ests will be equally sure to see the monkey-fiowers along secluded
lakes and winding stream-courses. This interesting plant is as
wide-spread as it is familiar.

The father of modern botany, Linnaeus, knew this plant, not
only from specimens brought from America by early explorers, but
also from living plants grown in his own botanical garden attached
to the University of Upsala, Sweden. The resemblance of the
flowers to monkey faces caught his fancy, and to this we owe the
happy selection for it of the name ‘‘Mimulus’’ or ‘‘little mimic.’’

Botanists later extended this idea to a wide cirele of two-lipped
or bilabiate flowers, calling them collectively the ‘‘Personatae,’’
from the Latin word ‘‘persona,’’ meaning ‘‘mask’’ or ‘‘false face.’’
The resemblance has not always proved to be racial, although most
of these plants have since been placed in the Figwort Family.
Such similarity in flower-form is due to the fact that the plants
are bidding for attention from the same groups of winged insects,
for visits that will mean the transportation of pollen from flower
to flower, thus ensuring cross-fertilization and the setting of seed.
Personate flowers all stand horizontal in position, and the expanded
lower lip, often as in our monkey-flower differently colored and
roughened by short stiff hairs, assures the visitor of foothold.
Such flowers frequently tend to be violet or blue, colors that seem
to be preferred by the most vigilant and industrious of all polli-
nating insects, the bees.

The closeness of the corolla-lips of the monkey-flower would pre-
clude the visits of pollinating insects other than bees. Only a bee
of some size, usually or always a bumblebee, can push her way in,

r
4

L)
04 ADDISONIA

AX

pressing apart the corolla-lips, and so succeed in sucking the nectar
from the base of the flower. In doing this she brings her hairy
back, laden with dusty pollen from other flowers, against one of
the sticky flat stigmas that curve down from the cleft of the upper
lip of the flower. As soon as this sensitive stigma has caught up
the fresh pollen, it quickly closes against its fellow; meanwhile the
insect becomes well dusted anew with pollen from the two pairs of
anthers against the upper side of the corolla-throat, and this new
load remains on her back undisturbed as in withdrawing she passes
beneath the now closed stigmas. By such a mechanism is self-
pollination prevented, and cross-pollination insured!

In eastern North America we have two species of monkey-flower,
closely alike in habit and flower. Ours, the long-stalked violet
monkey-flower, may be recognized by the long peduncles and the
narrow leaf-blades that clasp the merely angled stem; it oc-
curs from northern Georgia and Oklahoma northward to Prince
Edward Island and Manitoba. The other, the short-stalked violet
monkey-flower, Mimulus alatus Solander, has shorter peduncles,
wider leaf-blades that narrow to a petioled base, a wing-angled
stem, and slightly more purple flowers; it is more southerly in
range, occurring from northern Florida and Texas northward to
Connecticut and southern Michigan.

The long-stalked violet monkey-flower is a wholly glabrous plant,
from its system of perennial rootstocks sending up each year much
branched stems from two to four feet tall. The leaves are oppo-
site, serrate, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, tapering to tip and at
base clasping the stem. The peduncles are from one to two inches
long. The five sepals are joined into a strongly ridge-angled tube,
the free lobes being lanceolate-attenuate. The corolla is one inch
long, the throat horizontally flattened and two-ridged and hairy
within anteriorly, the upper lip with erect lobes that are laterally
reflexed, the lower lip widely spreading; the color of the corolla is
pale hortense-violet, except on the raised base of the lower lip (the
palate), which is marked with yellow areas and spotted with
purple-red. The fruit is a two celled loculicidal capsule, nearly
one half inch long, enclosed within the calyx-tube. The seeds are

minute, yellow, and faintly reticulate.
F. W. PENNELL.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Top of a flowering stem. Tig. 2.—Corolla, laid
open. Fig. 3.—Stamens X38. Fig. 4.—Pistil x 3. Fig. 5.—Capsule with the
calyx removed.

cae
RECENT PLATES

‘LORIDA © PLATE 505, VIOLA ‘‘APRICOT”’
-PAUCIFOLIA PLATE 506. CLINTONIA BOREALIS

“SUBSALINA PLATE 507. ERYSIMUM LINIFOLIUM
A KRUGIANA — PLATE 508. CHEIRANTHUS ALLIONI

LAURIFOLIUM PLATE 509. PUERARIA THUNBERGIANA

PLATE 510. PONCIRUS TRIFOLIATA
PLATE 511. PINGUICULA JACKH
ASPERA PLATE 512. GILIA RUBRA

. PLATE 513. GALANTHUS FOSTERI
PLATE 514. CROCUS VERNUS
PLATE 515. ERANTHIS TUBERGENII
PLATE 516. SCILLA SIBIRICA ATROCOERULEA
PLATE 517. PRIMULA VERIS

PLATE 518, HYACINTHUS AZUREUS

PLATE 519. LEUCOJUM VERNUM CARPATHICUM
PLATE 520. IRIS VERNA (COASTAL FORM)

CONTENTS

PLATE 621. SPARGANIUM ANDROCLADUM.
PLATE 522. ROSA RUGOSA onek

PLATE 523.. MALUS PLATYCARPA HOOPES!! —
PLATE 524. ZIZIA BEBBII BR ew
PLATE 625. BILTIAVASEYI

PLATE 626. COBAEA SCANDENS |

PLATE 527. ATROPA BELLADONNA

PLATE 528. MIMULUS RINGENS ~

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ANNOUNCEMENT

A bequest made to the New York Botanical Garden by its late
President, Judge Addison Brown, established the

ADDISON BROWN FUND

“the income and accumulations from which shall be applied to the
founding and publication, as soon as practicable, and to the main-
tenance (aided by subseriptions therefor), of a high-class magazine
bearing my name, devoted exclusively to the illustration by eolored
plates of the plants of the United States and its territorial posses-
sions, and of other plants flowering in said Garden or its conserya-
tories; with suitable descriptions in popular language, and any
desirable notes and synonymy, and a brief statement of the known
properties and uses of the plants illustrated.’’

The preparation and publication of the work have been referred
to Mr. Edward Johnston Alexander, Assistant Curator, and Mr.
Kenneth Rowland Boynton, Head Gardener.

AppIsoni4 is published as a quarterly magazine, in March, June,
September, and December. Hach part consists of eight colored
plates with accompanying letterpress. The subscription price is
$10 annually, four parts constituting a volume. The parts will not
be sold separately.

Address:

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK
NEW YORK CITY

Subscribers are advised to bind each volume of ADDISONIA as
completed, in order to avoid possible loss or misplacement of the —
parts; nearly the whole remainder of the edition of Volumes 1 to a ts

can be supplied.

PLATE 529 ADDISONIA

ANEMONE HUPEHENSIS

ivuvl

Vurt av

Like Age)
NEW Yor!

ADDISONIA GABE 303

/ (Plate 529)
// ANEMONE HUPEHENSIS

Hupeh Anemone
Natwe of Central China

Family RANUNCULACEAE Crowroot Family

Anemone hupehensis Hort.
Anemone japonica Sieb. & Zuce., Fl. Jap. 1:15. 1835.
var. hupehensis Hort.

Anemones of gardens are of four main types: the famous pasque-
flowers of alpine home and rock-garden localities, pulsatillas, with
silky, purple flowers, intense in color, from the Alps and our own
Rocky Mountains: tuberous kinds grown by florists and estate con-
servatory owners, the coronaria and St. Brigid anemones of blue,
pink, white, double, and fringed sorts: the wind-flower beauties of
the United States, pennsylvanica, caroliniana, canadensis, and
others: and the showy late blooming Asiatic flowers related to the
present subject.

The Japanese anemone is one of the flowers considered to be a
late-blooming, standard garden subject; as a matter of fact it is a
summer-bloomer, and also a difficult thing to keep, not strictly
hardy, and not permanent in any one location. The Anemone
hupehensis is earlier than the usual varieties, and so far has proved
hardier and more lasting in some localities.

Plants of the Hupeh variety of Anemone japonica are grown in
exactly the same manner as the Japanese varieties. They appre-
ciate a little shade, but in other respects they are of easy culture.
All Asiatic anemones of this type are apt to spread out and leave
the old crowns behind. The Asiatic anemones are propagated
easily by means of divisions of the crowns, but more rapidly by
means of root cuttings taken in early spring. Take the roots of old
plants; cut them into two inch pieces; place them in boxes of sandy
soul, covering to a depth of about an inch. Keep damp in a cool
cold-frame, and when green shoots reach a length of two to three
inches, pot up and plunge in ashes. When rooted plant out in
nursery or garden.

The Hupeh Anemone is probably only a form of the famous
Japanese Anemone of gardens. It is a perennial herb, with branch-
ing stems, two to three foot high, soft, downy, and bearing ternate
leaves, irregularly lobed and toothed, with many flowers in summer,
of a rose-pink to mauve color. From an involucre of finely divided

34 ADDISONIA

leaves, flowers are borne on long stalks. The flower color is due to
a calyx of about five petal-like, colored sepals, the flowers are two
inches in diameter and appear in summer before the Japanese
anemones are in bloom. There are no true petals, and the fruits
are not as showy as those of the near relative, Clematis.

KENNETH R. Boynton.

a

PLATE 530 ADDISONIA

ir |

AMPELOPSIS HETEROPHYLLA

ADDISONIA 35

(Plate 530)
AMPELOPSIS HETEROPHYLLA

Japanese Woodbine
Native of eastern Asia

Family VITacEAE GRAPE Family

Vitis heterophylla Thunb., Fl. Jap. 103. 1784.
Ampelopsis heterophylla Sieb. & Zuce., Abh, Akad. Muench, 42: 197. 1845.

Blue-berried vines for ornamental purposes whose berries are
conspicuous and showy are not at all common, and one that is per-
fectly hardy and of fairly rapid growth should be a welcome and
useful plant for many purposes. The Japanese woodbine is not,
however, a recent introduction, having been introduced into horti-
culture not long after its discovery by Thunberg in the latter part
of the eighteenth century.

There are now several varieties known in cultivation, of which
the nearly entire-leaved form seems to be the most common in the
neighborhood of New York. Our illustration is probably, accord-
ing to Bailey, the variety Maximowiczii of Rehder, which is the
original species heterophylla of Siebold and Zuccarini, and of
Thunberg, whose specific name we are using. There is also a
variety with variegated leaves, and one with more deeply lobed and
more numerously lobed leaves.

Plants of type variety have been grown on the grounds of The
New York Botanical Garden for years and the plant has escaped
into the woods and river thickets in several places, where, scram-
bling over the tops of tall shrubs and into trees it makes quite an
attractive appearance, resembling a small leaved grape while in
leaf; but when in the fall, the berries which are borne very freely,
turn first reddish lilac, then verdigris, and finally a brilliant green-
ish blue, the resemblance to a grape ceases, but the display of
berries is so different from the usual fall colors that their presence
is a welcome sight.

The plant may be propagated by seed, or by cuttings, which are
best made in September. It deserves to be much better known in
cultivation, as its ease of growth and apparently disease free foli-
age are desirable attributes in a plant so well adapted for covering
stone walls, fences, and unsightly buildings.

The Japanese woodbine is a woody, deciduous-leaved vine. The
stems are pubescent when young; when older, covered with a thin

36 ADDISONIA

brown bark. The leaves vary from an inch and a half to about
three inches long. The petioles are pubescent and about half as
long as the blades. The blades are thin, bright green and dull
above, light green and shining beneath, sparsely pubescent on the
veins beneath when mature; with a truncate or semi-cordate base,
and are orbicular-ovate in outline or variously three-lobed, the
margins coarsely crenate-serrate, each crenation tipped by a mucro;
the apex of the blade or of each of its lobes acuminate. The in-
fiorescence in borne opposite a leaf and is a pedunculate, dichoto-
mous cyme, each of its branches subtended by a minute ciliate bract-
let. The flowers are yellowish green, less than one fourth of an
inch across. The calyx is minute, shallowly five lobed. The corolla
is five lobed, the lobes valvate, incurved at the tip, lance-ovate,
separately caducous. The stamens, as many as the petals, are borne
outside of the prominent five-lobed disk. The stigma is at the apex
of a short, stout style; the ovary adnate to the disk, two-celled. The
fruit is a one to four seeded, somewhat fleshy berry.

EpWARD J. ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Fruiting branch. Fig. 2.—Inflorescence, Fig.
3.—A corolla lobe. Fig. 4.—A stamen.

PLATE 531 ADDISONIA

TAGETES LUCIDA

ADDISONIA 37

(Plate 531)
TAGETES LUCIDA

Sweet-scented Marigold
Native of Mexico

Family CARDUACEAE THISTLE Family

Tagetes lucida Cay., Icon. 3: 33. 1794.

The Tagetes kinds of marigolds are ordinarily of two kinds, and
these kinds have been cultivated for several centuries, or for some
few years before the year 1600. They are the African, and the
French Marigold, both native of Mexico! The French Marigolds
are smaller, spreading, free-flowering, brown and yellow in color,
and lasting all summer. The African are taller, long-stemmed,
large-flowered and used considerably for cut-flower purposes. The
colors are lemon and orange. Varieties of both kinds are visited
by certain birds of the late season, and seem to furnish them with
seeds as food.

Most marigolds are grown from seed sown in the greenhouse in
February or March, and the seedlings transplanted to open ground
from flats or boxes. No kind of annual gets such a uniform start,
or transplants from flats to the open ground so easily.

The French Marigold is represented in gardens by Legion of
Honor and similar varieties of Tagetes patula. All of these mari-
golds are of the strongly-scented kinds. The Annual African
Marigold is not only shown in gardens by such sorts as Lemon
Queen and Orange King, but also in the florists’ summer offering
of long-stemmed sulphur-yellow and orange blooms.

All are best grown from seed sown under glass in March, pinched
back and kept stocky and strong, and planted out in late May, so
that they will be full of bloom during June, July and August.

The Sweet-scented Marigold is grown, in every respect, in a simi-
lar way to that of the ordinary kinds. It differs probably in the
size of the flowers, and principally in the feature of the foliage
fragrance. This little yellow-flowered annual has leaves which
have been occasionally substituted for the well-known vinegar
seasoning, tarragon. For herb-growers and for perfume enthusi-
asts, it is one of the delightful garden annuals which cause one to
stop and break off a leaf or two for a quick scent.

The Sweet-scented Marigold is a tender perennial herb, annual
in cultivation in this part of the country, with a reddish, smooth,

38 ; ADDISONIA

branched stem and opposite, shining, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, ser-
rate, ciliate leaves. The flowers are small, with two or three pis-
tillate or ray flowers and a few disk flowers, perfect, in dense
terminal corymbs; each flower surrounded by an involucre with
parts united to form a tubular cup with toothed rim. The corollas
are yellow, the three or four ray florets with showy, rounded petals,
the disk flowers with tubular, five-lobed florets. The seeds are
linear-oblong, compressed, and surmounted by a pappus of two to
five unequal bristles.
KENNETH R. Boynton.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Flowering stem. Fig. 2.—A ray floret. Fig.
8.—A disk floret.

PEATE 532 ADDISONIA

CEPHALOCEREUS DEERINGII

ADDISONIA 39

(Plate 532)
CEPHALOCEREUS DEERINGII

Deering’s Tree-cactus
Native of the Keys of the Florida Reef

Family CactTackAr Cactus Family

Cephalocereus Deeringii Small, Jour. N. Y. Bot. Garden 18: 201. 1917.

To be confronted with cacti twenty to thirty feet high, growing
in scrubby hammocks where soil is practically wanting, is an
unusual surprise. Such an uncommon vegetable growth may be
met with in walking through the hammocks of some of the islands
of the continental shelf of southern Florida. It was first discoy-
ered on Lower Matecumbe Key in 1916, the same year it was found
on Umbrella Key. The next year it was identified as a member
of the flora of Upper Matecumbe Key first from photographs and
later by personal observation.

It is confined in its geographical distribution to the coral-lime-
stone keys. Many beautiful plants were found at the above cited
localities; but it remained for its more recent discovery on Big
Pine Key to bring to hight really remarkable growth of this one
of the two giants among our eastern cacti. Ancient specimens
that have withstood the terrific winds of hurricanes are growing
in the hammock on Big Pine Key. They often have stout trunks
up to a foot in diameter, which are clothed with bark resembling
that of the mahogany, and hundreds of branches.

That this great succulent can grow and thrive on the plate rock
of the Key Largo limestone with a very limited amount of humus
in place of soil is still more surprising. It can be considered
almost an epiphyte, or more strictly speaking it is epipetrinous.
As a result of its precarious anchorage, frequent storms and occa-
sional hurricanes blow down most of the growth. Were it not for
- this condition, what might be its ultimate size? Were it not for
the truly cactus-like branches one would not suspect that the trunk
was a succulent cactus. A further striking feature is the root-
system which is out of all proportion to the aerial growth. How
such scant and small roots can produce and maintain the great
bulk of the trunk and branches is marvelous. In recent years the
axe and the fire-brand has been added to the foes of the tree-cactus.
The plant is too succulent to burn, but more or less cooked by the
heat and deprived of the mechanical support of the surrounding

40 ADDISONIA

brush or trees of the hammock, the ancient cactus-trees collapse
and topple over.

The plant is destitute of leaves, the bark, and perhaps the spines,
performing their functions. The programme and performances of
the flowers and fruits are interesting. The flowers are borne later-
ally on the younger parts of the stem and the branches. They
open about eleven o’clock in the forenoon and give off the odor of
garlic which, perhaps is intended to attract certain insects for the
transference of pollen from the stamens to the stigma. The fruits,
much depressed apple-like structures, succeed the flowers. They
are dull hued without, but finally the fruit-coat bursts, and turns
wrong side out showing a brighter coloring and exposing the numer-
ous seeds in a spongy pulp for dissemination by gravity, by the
wind, or by birds.

This tree-cactus is characteristic of one geologic formation—the
Key Largo limestone. The other tree-cactus of Florida—Cephalo-
cereus keyensis—is characteristic of the Key West oodlite. The
two geologic formations meet on the front of Big Pine Key, the
former partly overlaying the latter. Here, too, the two tree-cacti
meet, growing on their respective geologic formations, and mingle
with a host of other kinds of cacti—prickly-pears, prickly-apples,
dildos, and semaphores.

Deering’s Tree-Cactus is a shrub or small tree becoming thirty
feet tall, the stem erect, simple or with few erect elongate fastigiate
branches forming a very narrow head, or in old plants with very
numerous branches, the branches deep-green, usually 10-ribbed.
The areolae are very copiously hairy, the hairs rather persistent.
The spines are 25-31 together, the longer ones about a half inch
long or more. The flowers are about 6 em. long, narrowly cam-
panulate. The sepals are obovate, obtuse or emarginate. The
petals are about a half inch long, clawless, oval, obtuse, erose,
scarcely narrowed at the base. The anthers are less than a twelfth
of an inch long. The berry is much depressed, two to two and a

half inches in diameter, dark-red.
JoHN K. SMALL.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Tip of a branch with a flower. Fig. 2.—Ripe
fruit with persistent shrivelled flower attached, partly open showing the seed in the
pulp. Fig. 3.—Seed, X 4

PEATE 533 ADDISONIA

SABBATIA CAMPANULATA

ADDISONIA > fe 41

(Plate 533)
SABBATIA CAMPANULATA

Marsh-pink
Native of the eastern United States

Family GENTIANACEAE GENTIAN Family

Chironia campanulata T.., Sp. Pl. 190. 1753.

Chironia gracilis Michx., Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 146. 1803.
Sabbatia gracilis Salisb., Parad. Lond. Pi. 32. 1806.
Sabbatia campanulata Torr., iM TBE Ri agree alee

The salt-marshes of the Atlantic Coast have an interesting and
more or less distinct flora of their own, the majority of them with
mostly inconspicuous flowers, so that when one thinks of a salt
marsh, it is of a low-lying sea of vegetation of a few varying
shades of green. Several of its inhabitants, however, have fairly
attractive flowers, namely the Mallow, Hibiscus Moscheutos, one
or two species of Coreopsis, and the present subject.

Marsh-pinks usually grow in rather close-set colonies, sometimes
of considerable extent, but always giving the otherwise dull ereen
marsh the appearance of being studded with pink stars.

The individual flower is quite attractive; its brilliant yellow
Star-zone at the center, outlined in red, gives it a bright, wide-
awake appearance, and it has an unforgettable and wonderfully
delicious fragrance.

The beautiful shade of pink these flowers have would make
them a fine subject for gardens, but they are rather difficult by
reason of marked soil preferences, and must be raised from seed
which often fails to germinate. Probably, they had best be enjoyed
as they grow in natural state, and we had better seek elsewhere
for a garden plant.

The species here illustrated grows in salt marshes and along
brackish rivers from Nantucket south to Florida and west to
Louisiana. It has also been found in fresh-water swamps, and
in the mountain regions of the southern Alleghenies and Blue
Ridge, sometimes in rather dry ground.

Sabbatia is said to be named in honor of L. and C. Sabbati,
Italian botanists.

The Marsh-pink is a slender biennial, six inches to two feet tall,
with a much branched stem, the branches alternate. The leaves are
opposite below, sometimes alternate above, linear or linear-lanceo-
late, often ovate near the base, an inch to an inch and a half long,
sessile or the lowest sometimes petioled, all bright, light-green.

42 ADDISONIA

The flowers, an inch to an inch and a half broad, borne singly at
the ends of the branches and peduncles are bright rose-pink with
a yellow eye, the eye outlined with a dark reddish pink zone. The
five lobes of the corolla are elliptic, slightly obovate, the apex
rounded. The five filiform-linear lobes of the calyx vary from
fully as long as the corolla-lobes to somewhat shorter in some
forms. The stamens are alternate with the petals, the anthers
recurving from the tips. The style is two-cleft to the middle, the
inner face of each branch stigmatic. The ovary is elliptic. The
capsule is obovoid, half to two thirds enclosed in the distended
calyx-tube, the calyx-lobes persistent. The seeds are infinitely
numerous and minute, brown.
Epwarp J. ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Flowering plant. Fig. 2.—An unfolded bud.
Fig. 3—A stamen. Fig. 4.—The gynoecium.

PLATE 534 ADDISONIA

IBERIS AMARA

ADDISONIA 43

(Plate 534)
IBERIS AMARA

Common Annual Candytuft
Natwe of Europe

Family Crucirerag MustarpD Family

Iberis amara U., Sp. Pl. 906. 1734.
Iberis coronaria Hort., and varieties,

The most common annual candytufts are of the species amara,
that is, the white ones. The lavender and mauve varieties however
are coming rapidly to the fore as summer-flowering annuals, and
they are mostly derived from Iberis umbellata. The variety
coronaria, the Rocket Candytuft, includes the varieties of the
white candytuft which are best suited to gardens. The larger and
taller sorts are Empress, Spiral White, and Giant Snowflake; the
dwarf kinds are Tom Thumb and Little Prince.

The annual candytufts are grown in two ways. An early start
is obtained by sowing the seed in February or March indoors, and
transplanting the seedlings outdoors in May, when they will bloom
about June 15. The centers of the blooming corymbs should be
cut out immediately after the first show of bloom is through, then
the side branches of the cluster will be allowed to reach their full
development. Candytufts may also be grown from seed sown
directly in the soil late in May or early in June. Extra seedlings
may be thinned out, or may be transplanted with shade and mois-
ture. Home-grown seed may be saved and used the next year, but
new seed is preferable.

All candytufts like a sunny, open location. The more valuable
kinds of candytuft are the perennial, or evergreen species. By
far the best is the common Evergreen Candytuft, Iberis semper-
virens, which is a short shrubby species, for it blooms freely in
early Spring, is absolutely hardy, and keeps the garden green all
winter. Iberis corraefolia, a closely related species, blooms two
weeks later and longer, thus completing a four-weeks, and more,
blooming season, in addition to the early greenery of leaves.

These evergreen candytufts are best raised from cuttings taken
in late September, and rooted in sand in propagating benches, for
next season’s plants.

The Candytuft of gardens is an annual herb from six to eighteen
inches high, weedy in poor soil but robust and floriferous in rich

44 ADDISONIA

garden soil. The leaves are alternate, lanceolate to oblanceolate
and variously toothed at the apex. All green parts of the plants
are bitter and nauseous, though formerly used in medicine. The
flowers are borne in rather dense corymbs, but the clusters in eul-
tivated varieties elongate considerably in fruit and become racemes.
The flowers of this species are ordinarily white, with four petals,
the outer flowers of the corymb usually with the outer two of the
four petals enlarged and more showy, that is, the outer flowers of
the corymb are more irregular. The seed-pods are compressed.
orbicular, emarginate, and contain several ovate pendulous seeds.

KENNETH R. Boynton.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Flowering stem. Fig. 2.—Corolla removed,
showing relation of stamens and pistil.

PLATE 535 ADDISONIA

HELIANTHUS CUCUMERIFOLIUS

ADDISONIA 45

(Plate 535)
HELIANTHUS CUCUMERIFOLIUS

Cucumber-leaved Sunflower
Natwe of Texas and Louisiana

Family CarDUACEAE THISTLE Family

Helianthus cucumerifolius T. & G., Fl. N. Am. 2: 319. 1842,
?Helianthus Lindheimerianus Scheele, Linnaea 22: 159. 1849,
Helianthus debilis var. cucumerifolius (T. & G.) Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am, 12: 273.

4,
Helianthus debilis yar. plumosus Hort.
Helianthus debilis var. purpureus Hort. ;

This handsome little sunflower is a native of Texas and adjacent
Louisiana, although it has likewise been introduced into Missouri,
Florida, Bermuda, and Cuba and is there becoming naturalized.
The species has been very widely confused with H. debilis Nutt.
and is erroneously considered to be conspecific with this species by
many standard authors. It differs conspicuously, however, from
H. debilis in its erect growth and purple-mottled stems and in its
usually much longer peduncles and more conspicuously serrate leaf-
blades. In its native haunts it inhabits sandy fields near the coast
and open woods farther inland, while H. debilis is primarily a
beach- and dune-inhabiting plant of prostrate habit, with only the
tips of the stems and branches slightly ascending, with perfectly
green stems, and with mostly shorter peduncles and less conspicu-
ously serrate leaf-blades. Other differences between the two spe-
cies, such as the comparative length of the ligules and of the tips
of the receptacular bractlets (or chaff), are noted by some authors,
but do not appear to be sufficiently constant characters to be
admitted as of diagnostic value. It has been collected in flower
during almost every month of the year, but is primarily a summer
and early fall bloomer. The species is frequently met with in
cultivation, where forms are to be found with the ray-florets ligu-
late, varying from pale to deep yellow, and with the disk-florets
varying in color from light pink to deep purple.

The cucumber-leaved sunflower is an annual herb with erect,
branching stems 1-2 m. tall. Its stems are conspicuously purple-
mottled and more or less sparsely hispid-pilose or merely scabrous.
Its branches are slender and ascending, issuing mostly from above
the middle of the stem. The leaves are mostly alternate, but the
lowermost are occasionally opposite. The petioles are very slender
and on large leaves are about 1-7 em. long. The dark green blades
are deltoid or deltoid-ovate, 3-8 em. long and 2—5.5 em. wide, acute
or acuminate at the apex, cordate or subtruncate at the base, with

46 ADDISONIA

the margins usually more or less sharply and irregularly serrate,
strumose-setose above, and scabrous-hispid beneath. The peduncles
are usually much elongated, 10-37 em. long, bearing 1 or more
small deltoid leaves near the base and frequently a few small pedun-
cular bracts farther up, and terminated by a single head of flowers.
The peduncular bracts, when present, are lanceolate or ovate, 1-4.5
em. long, and 4-16 mm. wide. The involucral bracts are ovate-
lanceolate, 10-20 mm. long, widened below, abruptly attenuated
into a long lanceolate apex which terminates in an elongated fili-
form or caudate tip, rather lax, scabrous, and faintly short-ciliate,
surpassing the disk. The (normally) yellow ray-florets are about
14-23 in number, the ligules being 17-30 mm. long, 4-10 mm. wide,
and obtuse or subacute at the apex. The disk in expanded heads is
2-2.5 em. wide, its florets with a yellowish and glabrate corolla-tube
and dark red-purple lobes. The receptacular bractlets (or chaff)
are 3-lobed at the apex, the central lobe being linear-lanceolate or
subulate and usually prolonged into an elongate, filiform or caudate
tip. The achenes are oblong and densely clothed with appressed-
villous hairs.
Haroup N. MoLpENKE.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Flowering spray. Fig. 2.—Flower-head with
the rays removed to show involucral bracts. Fig. 3.—A disk floret and its sub-
tending bractlet (chaff). Fig. 4.—An achene.

PLATE 536 ADDISONIA

LANTANA SELLOWIANA

ADDISONIA 47

(Plate 536)
LANTANA SELLOWIANA

Weeping Lantana
Native of South America

Family VERBENACEAE VERVAIN Family

Lantana Sellowiana Link & Otto., Ic. Pl. Sel. Berol. 107. 1828.

Any one having a window-box or a garden to which not much
attention can be given and wishing an easy flowering plant not
easily affected by city air should get acquainted with the various
species of Lantana. Of these, of course the commonest and most
showy is L. camara with flowers opening yellow or cream and turn-
ing pink or red, white forms also occurring, but the subject of this
sketch is fully as free flowering and is a somewhat hardier plant,
though not quite so common.

Lantana Sellowiana is quite commonly cultivated in the south,
where it is used very often for hanging baskets and porch boxes.
In Florida it has escaped into waste places and along roadsides, as
also have several other species, where they form attractive masses
of color to please the eye of the passer-by.

Lantanas are easily raised from either seed or cuttings, though
the seeds germinate somewhat slowly.

As bedding-out plants, they are of course unexcelled, and form
a constant succession of bloom throughout the year in the south
and also in the north, though they must be taken indoors during
cold weather, but will continue to flower there if given sufficient
light.

The species here illustrated is a native of South America, but has
long been in cultivation and has developed several horticultural
forms.

The leaves or stems of many species have a juice which is poison-
ous to the skin of some people; and the somewhat ‘‘fishy’’ odor of
the leaves has put these plants into disfavor in many sections.

This species was named after Dr. Friedrich Sellow, German
traveller in Brazil for fifteen years, who died in 1831.

The weeping Lantana is a perennial shrub in southern climates,
with a weak, reclining or trailing stem, the branches pubescent.
The leaves are about one inch long, dark green, pubescent: the

blades are ovate, abruptly narrowed to a short petiole, rugose and
coarsely toothed. The inflorescence is a long-peduncled head, borne

48 ADDISONIA

just above the leaf-axil. The flower head is one or two inches
across, the flowers each subtended by a conspicuous pubescent
bract, the outer of which are broad ovate, the inner somewhat
narrower. The calyx is very small, completely concealed by the
fioral bracts, ciliate, the lobes little more than undulations. The
corolla is salver-shaped, usually some shade of lilae or reddish-
purple, often with a white eye. The tube is nearly one half inch
long, pubescent without, as is the limb, which is somewhat irregu-
larly lobed, about a fourth of an inch or slightly more across. The
four stamens are adnate to the corolla-tube, and are arranged in
pairs at about the middle. The stigma is oblique on the filamentary
style. The ovary is two-celled, with the ovules solitary in each cell.
The fruit is a fleshy, purplish drupe, containing two one-seeded
nutlets.
Epwarp J. ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Flowering branch. Fig. 2.—Corolla, laid open
to show attachment of stamens.

RECENT PLATES

ae VIOLA APRICOT” PLATE 513. GALANTHUS FOSTERI

_CLINTONIA BOREALIS PLATE 514, CROCUS VERNUS
_ ERYSIMUM LINIFOLIUM PLATE 515. ERANTHIS TUBERGENII
_ CHEIRANTHUS ALLIONII PLATE 516. SCILLA SIBIRICA ATROCOERULEA
—E . PUERARIA THUNBERGIANA PLATE 517. PRIMULA VERIS
E eer PONCIRUS TRIFOLJATA PLATE Si8. HYACINTHUS AZUREUS
PINGUICULA JACKI PLATE 519. LEUCOJUM VERNUM CARPATHICUM
GILIA RUBRA PLATE 520. IRIS VERNA (COASTAL FORM)

PLATE 521. SPARGANIUM ANDROCLADUM

PLATE 522, ROSA RUGOSA

PLATE 523, MALUS PLATYCARPA HOOPESII
PLATE 524, ZIZIA BEBBII

PLATE 525, BILTIA VASEYI

PLATE 526, COBAEA SCANDENS

PLATE 527, ATROPA BELLADONNA

PLATE 528, MIMULUS RINGENS

maine oatl

PLATE 529. ANEMONE ‘HUPEHENSIS
PLATE 530. AMPELOPSIS HETEROPHYLLA
PLATE 531. TAGETES LUCIDA |

PLATE 5382. CEPHALOCEREUS DEERING! ©
PLATE 533. SABBATIA CAMPANULATA Ke
PLATE 534. IBERISAMARA ni
PLATE 535. HELIANTHUS CUCUMERIFOLI J
PLATE 536, LANTANA SELLOWIANA ;

XLORED ILLUSTRATIONS

AND

y

SOPULAR DESCRIPTIONS

Sa
3

OF

: PLANTS

ce w VOLUME 16 NUMBER 4
tae DECEMBER, 1931

PUBLISHED BY
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
(ADDISON BROWN FUND)

Tire 2
¥ “3

/

DECEMBER 1, 193!

a

ANNOUNCEMENT

A bequest made to the New York Botanieal Giinien he its a
President, Judge Addison Brown, established the ‘

ADDISON BROWN FUND

‘‘the income and accumulations from which shall be applied to the
founding and publication, as soon as practicable, and to the main-
tenance (aided by subscriptions therefor), of a high-class magazine ©
bearing my name, devoted exclusively to the illustration by colored
plates of the plants of the United States and its territorial posses-
sions, and of other plants flowering in said Garden or its conserva-
tories; with suitable descriptions in popular language, and any
desirable notes and synonymy, and a brief statement of the known
properties and uses of the plants illustrated.’’

The preparation and publication of the work have been referred
to Mr. Edward Johnston Alexander, Assistant Curator, and Mr.
Kenneth Rowland Boynton, Head Gardener. ‘

AppiIsonia is published as a quarterly magazine, in March, June,
September, and December. Each part consists of eight colored
plates with accompanying letterpress. The subscription price is
$10 annually, four parts constituting a volume. The parts will not
be sold separately.

Address:

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK
NEW YORK CITY

Subscribers are advised to bind each volume of ADDISONIA as |
completed, in order to avoid possible loss or misplacement of th
parts; nearly the whole remainder‘of the edition of Velie 1 to ‘ds

parts can be anhek

PLATE 537 ADDISONIA

‘ \\4
», Nak

\ A
‘ ‘ 4
\

BILLBERGIA IRIDIFOLIA

LIBRAK
NEW YORK
ADDISONIA BOTANICAL 49

GARDEN
(Plate 537)

BILLBERGIA IRIDIFOLIA
Drooping Billbergia
Native of Brazil

Family BROMELIACEAE PINEAPPLE Family

Billbergia iridifolia Lindl. Bot. Reg. pl. 1068. 1827.

Those city dwellers who possess neither gardens nor gardening
space, and yet thirst for floral beauty in their homes, should wel-
come the knowledge of such a family of plants as the Bromeliads.
Nearly all of the family are epiphytic, and unlike orchids adaptable
to the hot, close air of a city home.

The genus Billbergia is one of the most beautiful and easily
grown of the family, many of its species having mottled leaves, and
flower stalks with red bracts and yellowish and blue flowers.

The species here illustrated seems to have been first seen in culti-
vation in 1826 in England where it had been sent from Rio de
Janeiro, having been found as an epiphyte on trees. The following
year it was first figured and described.

For cultivation, these plants prefer to be planted in easily drained
vessels with loose material such as charcoal or fern roots about their
base. <A light sprinkling of water during the winter is about all
they require as food, but they must have plenty of sunlight and a
temperature of not less than 50° at night. In the spring and sum-
mer, with a little water poured into the cupped bases of the leaves
- they can stand any amount of heat. They are propagated from
suckers or sprouts that arise at the base of the old plant which dies
after flowering.

B. iridifolia is said to have tonic, expectorant and slightly cathar-
tie qualities. A tea made from the leaves has been used in pul-
monary and other lung troubles, for which purpose the tea must be
mixed with brandy and sugar. The natives in South America are
said to prepare a delicious drink by distillation of the entire plant,
obtaining a liquid similar in appearance to the juice of sugar maple
(Acer saccharinum), but not conveniently convertible into sugar.

The drooping billbergia is an epiphytic herb, with a short stem
covered by closely set leaves forming a rosette, and with their bases
cupped. The leaves are from one and a half to two or three feet
long, tough and hard, dark-green above, somewhat scurfy beneath,
strap-like, with an acuminate tip and undulate margin, sparsely set
with minute spiny teeth near the base. The inflorescence is a loose,

50 ADDISONIA

drooping raceme, the entire rachis of which is bright rosy red, with
several coralline bracts below the flowers and one subtending each
individual flower. Each flower is from two to two and a half
inches long. The three sepals are coral-pink, tipped apically with
sky blue. The three petals are greenish yellow, becoming sky blue
towards the rounded recurved apex; linear, convolute towards the
base, where each bears two nectar-glands. The six stamens are
exserted on slender white filaments. The stigma is three parted,
convolute; the style filiform; the ovary inferior, three-celled and
many ovuled. The capsule is berry like, the seeds naked.
Epwarp J. ALEXANDER.

HXXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Flower spike. Fig. 2.—A leaf. Figs. 3, 4.—
Petals, showing the attached peaniiat and the nectar-glands at the base. viz 5.—
Three stamens and the gynoecium.

PLATE 538 ADDISONIA

\
— %
Nee

oe (f.

HYMENOCALLIS CAYMANENSIS

ADDISONIA 51

(Plate 538)
HYMENOCALLIS CAYMANENSIS

Cayman Spiderlily
Natwe of the Cayman Islands

Family AMARYLLIDACEAE AMARYLLIS Family

Hymenocallis caymanensis Herb. Amaryllidaceae 214, 1837.

Among the groups of plants which have long been favorite glass-
house subjects in the North and outdoor plantings in the South,
the spiderlilies stand in the front rank. They are, in most cases,
easy to grow, and when established in a plantation, colonies will
not only perpetuate themselves indefinitely, but will multiply to an
extraordinary extent. Such colonies furnish sources of supply for
commercial purposes, either through sale or exchange.

Many of the species are closely related, as far as specific char-
acters are concerned. As memory in such cases may be short,
descriptive ideas may become confused, collections of bulbs being
replanted or exchanged may become mixed or mislabelled, and
herbarium specimens being for the most part nearly or quite worth-
less for classification purposes, confusion results. Much documen-

‘tary evidence on this line may be seen by a casual survey of the
synonymy of the various species of the genus. The histories of
the species of monocotyledonous succulents is similar to this, many
of them showing a much greater degree of confusion. There is one
way, however, by which such confusion among the plants with
ephemeral, even evanescent, flowers may be prevented. Paintings,
of a character similar to the one accompanying this note, made
from type specimens or from specimens collected at type localities
are the only records of value, and constitute the only means of
getting at an understanding of the various species of this genus and
of the species of other genera with flowers of the character Just
referred to. One of the Florida species of Hymenocallis has long
been associated with the binomial Hymenocallis caymanensis.
Being suspicious that the Florida and Cayman plants might rep-
resent different species, we secured bulbs of the Cayman Island
spiderlily through the kind offices of the Honorable Herbert H,
Cousins of the Department of Agriculture of Jamaica, West Indies.
The bulbs reached the Garden in 1924 and flowered for the first time
in the Propagating Houses in 1926 when the painting for the
accompanying illustration was made.

52 ADDISONIA

This species doubtless occurs on other West Indian Islands such
as Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola. In fact, herbarium specimens
have been distributed under the name H. caymanensis, from these
islands, but their identity is doubtful.

The Cayman-spiderlily has an erect bulb with an ovoid or globose-
ovoid body up to four inches in diameter and a cylindric neck often
becoming as long as the body of the bulb and one and a half to two
inches thick. The several leaf-blades arise at the top of the bulb-
neck and are distichously recurved-spreading, strap-shaped, mostly
two to two and a half feet long, deep-green, glabrous, shallowly
channeled above, bluntly ridged beneath along the midrib, mostly
twenty-seven to thirty-seven-ribbed, acute, lunate in cross-section
near the base. The scape is erect, usually one and a half to two
feet tall, much flattened and sharply two-edged, especially above,
elaucescent. The flowers are borne in a terminal cluster of nine to
twelve, subtended by an involucre of two lanceolate bracts three to
four inches long, they are very fragrant and open usually two or
three at a time. The hypanthium is four to five inches long, ob-
securely three-sided, pale-green below, white and somewhat six-
ridged at the top. The perianth is white, the elongate parts re-
curved. The three sepals are very narrowly linear, as long as the
hypanthium or nearly so, with the apical horn-like appendage
greenish-white. The three petals are slightly wider than the sepals
and white at the tip, but otherwise similar. The crown is short-
stalked, the limb about one inch wide, nearly circular in outline,
but with the unevenly toothed or notched lobes between the fila-
ments forming an obscure hexagon. The six filaments are one and
three quarters to two inches long, white at the base, greenish-brown
above the middle. The anthers are dark-yellow, about three-quar-
ters of an inch long. The exserted part of the style is colored like
the filaments. The stigma is minute. The capsules oval or ovoid,
sometimes nearly globose, an inch and a quarter to an inch and a
half long, bright-green. The seeds, two or three in a capsule are
nearly ellipsoid, but flattened on one side, deep-green.

JoHN K. SMALL.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Inflorescence with an open flower. Fig. 2.—
Tip of a leaf. Fig. 3—Ruptured capsule with seeds protruding.

PLATE 539 ADDISONIA

DENDROBIUM FIMBRIATUM OCULATUM

ADDISONIA 53

(Plate 539)
DENDROBIUM FIMBRIATUM OCULATUM

Spotted Fringed Dendrobe
Natwe of Northern India

Family ORCHIDACEAE OrcHD Family

Dendrobium fimbriatum oculatum Hooker, Bot. Mag. pl. 4160. 1845.

The genus Dendrobium contains orchids of the Eastern Tropics,
six hundred species and many hybrids. Dendrobiums are one of
the useful groups of orchids in the conservatory where a mixed
collection of plants is grown. Although many kinds require special
attention, they are usually of easy cultivation. They ordinarily
should be given a high temperature and moist atmosphere in sum-
mer, and a cool and dry one in winter, so that the plants may then
have the rest needed to prepare them for the next season’s bloom.
’ The group of golden-yellow dendrobiums known to orchid-growers
contains many beautiful spring-bloomers. D. fimbriatum oculatum
is a form of the evergreen fringed dendrobe from Nepal in India.
It was discovered in Northern India by a Mr. Gibson. Of all of
these golden-yellow dendrobes it is perhaps the most striking, with
racemes, sometimes eight to ten inches long, of pendulous lasting
flowers, rich golden in color, each with a large blotch of blackish
crimson at the base of the lip, which is deeply fringed. The flower
spikes are produced in March and April.

Dendrobiums are best grown in fern-root and sphagnum, in small
pots or baskets. They require strong heat and much moisture for
flowering, and after blooming should be ripened carefully by remov-
ing to a lower temperature and by decreasing the supply of mois-
ture, allowing plenty of light and air. In spring they should be
returned to more heat and moisture for the blooming season.

Others in the group of golden yellow dendrobes known to orchid-
growers are D. chrysanthum from Burma, which is like D. fimbria-
tum oculatum but paler; D. aureum from the East Indies, noted
for the fragrance of its cream colored blooms; D. densiflorum from
the Himalayas, famous for the size of flower-clusters on plants
grown for display, and D. chrysotoxum from Moulmein.

Propagation is best effected by division of old plants.

Dendrobium fimbriatum oculatum is an evergreen orchid with
tufted, slender pseudobulbs, from three inches to two or three feet
long, light green but covered with straw-colored leaf sheaths. Hach

54 ADDISONIA

pseudo-bulb bears up to twenty-four alternate, oblong-lanceolate,
clasping, acuminate leaves, which are about six inches long. The
racemes are pendulous from the top of the ripened stems, each
bearing from six to twelve blossoms. The flowers are from two to
three inches across. The sepals and petals are broad and spreading,
thick, the petals slightly toothed at the edges, the two lateral sepals
being joined at the base to form a lip or chin. The lip is large and
hooded, of a slightly paler color than the petals and sepals, with a
darker spot in the center and a mossy fringed margin.

KENNETH R. Boynton.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Flowering raceme. Fig. 2._-Leafy stem.

PLATE 540 ADDISONIA

PELARGONIUM ZONALE CLON HAPPY THOUGHT

ADDISONIA 55

(Plate 540)
PELARGONIUM ZONALE CLON HAPPY THOUGHT

Happy Thought Pelargonium
Of Horticultural Origin

Family GERANIACEAE GERANIUM Family

Pelargonium zonale clon Happy Thought Hort.

The Happy Thought Pelargonium was evidently first exhibited at
the Pelargonium Show of the Royal Horticultural Society held in
London July 16-17, 1873. Reports of this show (Journal of Horti-
culture, 50: 43-44, July 17, 1873, and Gardener’s Chronicle 38:
984-985, July 19, 1873) state that three plants of Happy Thought
exhibited by Messrs. Bell and Thorpe received first prize in the
class of ‘‘new Nosegay or hybrid Nosegay’’ Pelargoniums. This
plant was described as having a ‘‘greenish white center with a broad
margin of green.’’ Another reference to the Happy Thought Pelar-
gonium was published in 1875 (The Garden 8: 428) in which it is
stated that ‘‘this is one of the prettiest of all the variegated kinds,
and is quite distinct from all others, the leaf having a distinct
ereamy-yellow center and a green margin.’’ The next year (The
Garden 9: 306) it is recorded that this pelargonium arose, not as a
seedling but as a sport, from the old Pelargonium Magenta, and
that it was obtained by a gardener in Warwick.

Variegated pelargoniums share with other variegated plants in
horticultural uses, and there has also been much investigation and
speculation regarding the nature of such plants and the processes
involved in their origin. The most important of these may be noted
here. In 1909 Dr. E. Baur, a noted German geneticist, reported
and demonstrated (Zeits. f. ind. Abst. u. Vererbungslehre 1 : 330-
351) that certain white-bordered or albomarginate pelargoniums
are composed of definite layers of white cells which surround a core
of green cells. This arrangement exists in the tissues of the grow-
ing points of the stem and as long as this persists the relative posi-
tion of the green and white cells is maintained in the development
of the leaves. The name chimera was applied to a plant which is
composed of two inherently different kinds of cells. At the present
time numerous chimeras are known in plants and there are several
types in respect to the arrangement of the two kinds of tissue. At
first consideration there appears to be some difficulty in recognizing
that the Happy Thought Pelargonium is a chimera composed of
layers of green cells surrounding a core of yellow cells. The central
area of yellow extends from surface to surface in the blade of the

56 ADDISONIA

leaf and does not appear to be covered with a layer of green cells
continuous with those of the margin. But the suggestion has
recently been made by Mr. R. J. Chittenden (Bibliographia Ge-
netica 3 : 355-442) that in this plant the central core of yellow cells
has a bleaching effect on the green contents of the cells directly coy-
ering them. According to this view, the Happy Thought Pelar-
gonium is a periclinal chimera composed of an inner core of yellow
cells which exerts a bleaching influence on the overlying green cells,
especially in the central portion of the leaf. Not infrequently pure
green branches arise on plants of Happy Thought and also pure
yellow branches occasionally arise. This supports the view that
two kinds of ceils are present in the plant and that in the mechani-
cal adjustments in the growing points only one kind of tissue may
occasionally be included in a branch. Also the central area becomes
paler and almost white as a leaf ages.

Plants of the Happy Thought Pelargonium are herbaceous, of a
semi-dwarf habit of growth, and with usually numerous branches
of a somewhat bushy, erect disposition. The leaves are alternate,
entire, reniform, strongly cordate, and sparingly covered with short
hairs as are the peduncle and calyx of the flowers. The leaves show
a band or ‘‘horseshoe’’ of the darker coloring characteristic of the
“‘zonal’’ class of pelargoniums, but this zone is mostly faint or ab-
sent in the area of yellow. The clon thus appears to be definitely
related to the wild species known as Pelargonium zonale. The
flowers are numerous in an umbel-like inflorescence. The individual
fiower is single, the five petals almost bright scarlet; there are five
sepals; five lobes to the pistil; usually seven pollen-bearing stamens
and three that are rudimentary. There is a conspicuous nectar-tube
extending along the pedicel and adherent to it which is a modifica-
tion of the base of a dorsal sepal. The arrangement of the flower
parts is irregular, with the two upper petals erect and somewhat
more narrow than the three lower ones. The flowers are pro-
tandrous to a degree which almost completely prevents self-pollina-
tion, but close-pollination is possible and this will give fruits and
viable seeds. The fruit is dehiscent, the one-seeded carpels splitting
elastically from a beak-like axis. At maturity the five segments coil
in hygroscopic action and expose pappus-like structures which are
adaptations for seed dispersal.

As a horticultural clon the most distinctive feature of the Happy
Thought Pelargonium is the conspicuous variegation in the leaves,
well illustrated in the accompanying plate.

JEAN KERR.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Flower-spray. Fig. 2.—Leaf, showing variega-

tion. Fig. 3.—Stamens X 3. Fig. 4.—Pistil x 3. Fig. 5.—Green fruit, showing
nectar spur. Fig. 6.—Fruit at maturity.

PLATE 541 ADDISONIA

ACACIA PODALYRIAEFOLIA

ADDISONIA ie

(Plate 541)
ACACIA PODALYRIAEFOLIA

Pearl Acacia
Native of Australia

Family MimosacEAkE Mimosa Family

Acacia podalyriaefolia A, Cunn. in Don. Gen. Syst. 2: 405. 1832.

Acacia is a genus of plants variously understood and interpreted,
but considered by the horticulturist generally to refer to the great
Australian group containing nearly four hundred species, of which
a select group is cultivated outdoors in the mild climates of Cali-
fornia and Florida, and in greenhouses in other places. These
Australian Acacias or Wattles are among the showiest of late
winter and early spring flowering plants for conservatories. They
are usually grown in pots or tubs, but where space is available
they do better if planted out directly in the ground. They are not
easily transplanted, but should remain in permanent position,
where, by an annual pruning back immediately after flowering,
they are made to bloom profusely each season. The usual popular
kinds are the feathery-leaved A. dealbata, the Silver Wattle, A.
pubescens, the Hairy Wattle, with silvery foliage and fluffy yellow
flower-clusters, and many kinds without leaves but with phyllodia
may appear in collections, though kinds like A. longifolia flori-
bunda, the Gossamer Wattle, and A. armata, the Kangaroo Thorn,
are commonly grown.

Several acacias have a tendency to send out long, slender shoots
and may be trained on pillars or posts, or to the rafters of con-
servatories. A. podalyriaefolia may be thus treated, and when the
heavy, fragrant clusters cover the pendant ends of the long growths
it approximates the beauty of any vine in greenhouse cultivation.
From such a specimen which filled a corner of the Central Display
House, Conservatory No. 2, New York Botanical Garden with bloom
every season from 1919 to 1925, the illustration for Addisonia was
made. The Garden has received new specimens from the collections
of Wm. H. Webster, Great Barrington, Mass., and Mr. H. Huebner,
Groton, Mass.

Thus it will be seen that this acacia is not one of the best for
compact flowering commercial or exhibition plant work but is per-
haps the most beautiful for permanent conservatory decoration.
If cut to a loose-jointed bushy model, its grey foliage, sulphur-

58 ADDISONIA

yellow flowers, and delightful fragrance are characteristics found
combined in only a few of the better florists’ acacias.

Acacias are bloomed for the winter from Christmas to April.
They thrive in a soil of loam and leaf-mold with a little sand added,
require an abundance of water at all times, and need a cool or
temperate house, from 55° to 60° F., for their best development.

In May after flowering, prune or cut old specimens back. Keep
erowing, watering partially again until October, then feed and
prepare for renewed flowering.

Potted plants may be plunged out during the duration of the
summer season, to be taken indoors in September to a cool house.

The Wattle is easily propagated by sowing fresh seeds, which
may be soaked in warm water for twenty-four hours, and by taking
cuttings from slightly woody shoots about the month of June.
These should be from the shorter side shoots, about two to four
inches long, or somewhat longer from plants grown in vine-like
fashion. Keep in propagating case, or under a bell-jar, in sand,
or in peat and sand half and half.

The pearl Acacia is a tall shrub, covered with glaucous-grey, soft,
felty pubescence, so that the plants are nearly white throughout
when young. The phyllodes are leaf-like, alternate, ovate or oblong,
more than half as broad as long, penni-nerved, with excentrie mid-
rib, apiculate point, and ciliate margin. On the upper edge, less
than half way to the center of each phyllode is a gland. The flow-
ers are in racemes of globular heads in the upper axils of the
phyllodes, and usually a large raceme is terminal. The blooms are
small, with calyx much shorter than the corolla. The petals are
pubescent, yellow, with a prominent midrib. The fruit is a flat, ob-
long pod about two or three inches long, glaucous, felty and split-
ting all around the margin.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1—Flowering branch. Fig. 2.—Flower. Fig. 3.—
Style. Fig. 4.—Fruit.

PLATE 542 ADDISONIA

PYROSTEGIA VENUSTA

ADDISONIA 59

(Plate 542)
PYROSTEGIA VENUSTA

Trumpet-flower
Native of Brazil

Family BIGNONIACEAE TRUMPET-CREEPER Family

Bignonia venusta Ker, Bot. Reg. pl. 249. 1817.
Bignonia ignea Vell. Fl. Flumin. 244. 1825.
Pyrostegia ignea Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 93. 1844.
Pyrostegia venusta Baill. Hist. Pl. 10: 31. 1888.

To many the name trumpet-flower brings back as haunting
memories of tropical countries the glaring heat of the mid-day
sun, seemingly intensified by great masses of flame-color which
hang from high-climbing vines; the never-ceasing drone of insects,
or the whirr of humming-bird’s wings as they hover over and dart
from flower to flower, for these flowers are especially adapted to
their long beaks.

Bignoniads are among the most desirable and valued plants as
greenhouse climbers, or for out-of-doors in the extreme south, as
their easy culture and free flowering habit is unequalled in any
other group of flowers. They are all brilliantly colored and make
splendid displays of bloom, but usually need considerable space to
show their gorgeousness to perfection. When grown in conserva-
tories, trumpet-fiowers should not be subjected to over-hot, moist or
shaded conditions, but kept in a warm, sunny, well-lit house with
only moderate moisture. The plants strike root easily from cut-
tings, and should be grown in a rich loamy soil. When four or
five years of age, if they are well pruned and allowed to grow a
season, they reward us well with great weaths of flame-colored
bloom hanging down from the rafters over which the vines should
be trained.

It is quite a common sight in the American tropics to see high
stone walls, buildings and tall trees completely smothered in the
showers of flame that are the flowers of this glorious plant, over
and around which hover thousands of winged visitors.

Pyrostegia comes from the two Greek words for fire and roof, in
reference to the color of its flowers and the shape of the upper lip.

The species here illustrated is native in Brazil, but is extensively
cultivated in the tropics.

The trumpet-flower is an evergreen, climbing shrub, with reddish
brown bark and numerous branches. The leaves are compound, con-
sisting of two two- to three-inch-long, ovate-acuminate, deep green,

60 ADDISONIA

entire leaflets, with semi-cordate base and slender petiolules. The
third or terminal leafiet is replaced by a filiform, three parted ten-
dril which aids the plant in climbing. The third leaflet is present
on the lower leaves, while the leaves subtending the inflorescence
have neither leaflet nor tendril. The flowers are borne in terminal
panicles of from four to twenty-five flowers each, a well grown
plant having from three thousand upwards of these clusters, which
bloom in mid-winter. The calyx is tubular-campanulate, nearly
truncate or very shallowly lobed, green, and lightly leathery in
texture. The corolla is brilliant orange or flame-color, tubular-
funnel-form, curved, two to three inches long, the inch-long tube
hairy within. The limb is five parted, the lobes valvate in bud,
somewhat two-lipped, the two which form the upper lip upright
and only slightly recurved, the three lower spreading and widely
separated from the upper lip and from each other. The four sta-
mens are exserted, the filaments adnate to the top of the tube, the
anthers didymous. The gynoecium is about as long as the stamens,
the stigma two-parted, the style white, filiform, the ovary linear
with an annular disk. The fruit is a long, linear, flattened pod,
with leathery valves. The seeds are elliptic and winged, arranged
in two rows.
EpwarpD J. ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Flower-spray and leaf. Fig. 2.—Corolla laid
open, showing androecium and gynoecium.

PLATE 543 ADDISONIA

PAPHIOPEDILUM INSIGNE SANDERAE

ADDISONIA 61

(Plate 543)
PAPHIOPEDILUM INSIGNE SANDERAE

Mrs. Sander’s Venus-slipper
Horticultural Origin

Family ORCHIDACEAE OrcHD Family

Cypripedium insigne Sanderae Hort.
Paphiopedilum insigne Sanderae Hort.

The tropical Old World greenhouse orchids of the Lady-slipper
group have been separated in horticultural literature as members
of the genus Paphiopedilum and called Venus-slippers. The late
Geo. V. Nash, a distinguished orchid expert, placed them under this
genus in the Encyclopaedia of American Horticulture, Bailey.
Later authors have retained Rafinesque’s genus Cordula for them.
By growers and gardeners they are still called Cypripedium, along
with native North American (and Chinese and Japanese) Lady’s-
slippers, which more properly belong to this genus. The species
number about fifty, but the varieties are considerable in extent.

The Venus-slipper P. Insigne is one of the oldest and most inter-
esting of all cultivated orchids, and the variety Sanderae has been
admired for the color which is brighter than that of most kinds of
this class of orchids. It is a very floriferous plant, and adapted for
growing in pots, pans, or baskets, and for the amateur fancier to
begin with.

The whole stock of Sanderae probably came from one plant which
was found about 1888 in the insigne collection of the famous
English orchid growers, the Messrs. Sanders. The original plant
was first cut in half, one part going to the Baron Schroder collec-
tion, where it was allowed to increase in size but was not divided;
the other half was again divided into several parts and distributed
to other growers for rapid propagation. The first plants shown in
America were in the collection of Mr. F. L. Ames, of North Easton,
Massachusetts. Another very fine specimen was exhibited from the
famous collection of C. G. Roebling, of Trenton, N. J., in his 1894
importation of the Edwin Lonsdale orchids.

Often plants have from fifteen to twenty flower-stalks each, and
the uniform clear yellow blooms, with nearly all-white dorsal sepals
are not only prized for cut-flowers, but also especially for filling
the benches of small conservatories or entire houses with free-
flowering plants for special shows. The foliage, stalks and flowers

62 ADDISONIA

combine impressively when massed, and no supplementary plants
are needed in such displays.

These are orchids having no pseudobulbs. Through cross-
fertilization seeds are usually obtained, and germination is perhaps
easier than for most other orchids.

All of the Venus-slipper group stand little disturbance at the
roots, but need reasonably large pots in proportion to the size some
others may be confined in. The roots of these orchids do not do
well when exposed to the air; they like to get beneath the compost
they are planted in; therefore they do better if planted in pots or
pans rather than on hanging slabs or in baskets.

They are grown in fern-root, broken charcoal, and sphagnum
moss. The pot should be well-drained to half of its depth, using
pieces of broken pots and large pieces of charcoal, with a layer of
charcoal over the drainage. In potting, the compost should be well
worked in among the roots and around them, made firm, and
watered carefully until the plants are established. When flower-
ing they like a liberal supply of moisture.

Mrs. Sander’s Venus-slipper is a terrestrial orchid with very
short stems. The leaves and scape are pale green. The leaves are
not netted with black lines, are narrow, thickish, three quarters of
an inch broad and about one foot long. The flowers are usually
one to a scape, with two sepals and two petals.

The dorsal sepal is erect, conspicuous, broadly oval in shape, a
primrose-yellow in ground color with scattered small reddish brown
dots and an upper margin of clear white. The petals are yellow,
glossy and spreading, undulate, and oblong-linear, about as long
as the dorsal sepal. The lower sepal is small, greenish yellow and
inconspicuous. The lip is waxy-yellow, inflated, pouch- or slipper-
shaped.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.—Scape with flower. Fig. 2.—Leaf. Fig. 3.—
Leaf showing keeled base.

PLATE 544 ADDISONIA

se be Eolon_

'

RONDELETIA ODORATA

ADDISONIA 63

(Plate 544)
RONDELETIA ODORATA

Sweet-scented Rondeletia
Natwe of Cuba and Panama

Family RUBIACEAE Mapper Family

Rondeletia odorata Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 18. 1760.
Rondeletia speciosa Lodd. Bot. Cab. pl. 1893. 1882.

There are numerous species of Rondeletia known, the majority
of which are white or pink flowered, but the present subject is the
most beautiful and brilliant-flowered of the genus and is a truly
aristocratic plant for conservatory adornment. <A _ well-grown
specimen is unique for splendor and gives character to any exhibi-
tion in which it may be placed. Being of slow growth, it takes
more time and space to reach perfection than many plant culti-
vators care to give it, and is therefore not so well-known in collec-
tions as it deserves to be.

The plants may be propagated by cuttings, taken preferably in
the spring from the half-ripened wood, rooted in a mixture of peat
and sand, and kept in a temperature of from sixty to seventy de-
grees, shaded from the sun and thoroughly watered. When rooted
they should be potted in fern root siftings mixed with some sand,
or fibrous peat may be used instead. Continued repotting with the
addition to the peat of good fibrous loam until the plants have
reached the size of an eight-inch pot, when they may go two seasons
without repotting, if fed with liquid manure. When the flower
buds show color, if the manure is withheld the flowers will last
longer.

The species here illustrated was discovered in Cuba, near Ha-
vana, growing on bush-covered rocks near the sea, and occasionally
on the bare rock itself. While in its native habitat it is extremely
fragrant, it does not seem to develop this fragrance so strongly in
greenhouse cultivation.

The genus Rondeletia was named after William Rondelet, a
French physician and naturalist of the sixteenth century.

The variety major with larger flowers than the type is the usual
cultivated form. A smaller-flowered variety is also known.

The sweet-scented Rondeletia is a rather straggling shrub up to
six feet in height. The leaves are opposite, short petioled, the
blades ovate to oblong, often with revolute margins, scabrous and
lustrous, deep green above, less pubescent and paler beneath, thick-

64 ADDISONIA

coriaceous ; the brown stipules are triangular, persistent. The flow-
ers are borne in ten- to thirty-flowered terminal cymes. The hypan-
thium is densely pilose. The five calyx-lobes are linear, obtuse,
and erect. The corolla is bright orange-red, finely pubescent with-
out, the throat bright yellow; the slender tube is about an inch
long, the limb about a half-inch across, the lobes rounded, usually
five in number. The five stamens are adnate in the throat of, and
included in the corolla-tube. The pistil is nearly as long as the
tube, the stigma two-cleft. The fruit is a two-celled globose capsule,
crowned by the calyx, apically dehiscent into two valves, densely
short-pilose. The seeds are numerous, angulate and yellow.

EpWARD J. ALEXANDER.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1. pees Drang. Fig. 2.—Corolla laid open,
showing stamens. Fig. 3.—Gynoecium and calyx

INDEX
Bold-face type is used for the Latin names of plants illustrated; SMALL
CAPITALS for Latin names of families illustrated and for the names of the
authors of the text; italics for other Latin names, including synonyms.

Acacia, pearl, 57, 58
Acacia, 57
armata, 57
australian, 57
dealbata, 57
longifolia floribunda, 57
podalyriaefolia, 57, 58, pl. 541
pubescens, 57
Acer saccharinum, 50
Adonis, Amur, 5
African marigold, 37
ALEXANDER, EDWARD JOHNSTON: Am-
pelopsis heterophylla, 35; Billbergia
iridifolia, 49; Lantana Sellowiana,
47; Pyrostegia venusta, 59; Ronde-
letia odorata, 63; Sabbatia cam-
panulata, 41; Sparganium andro-
cladum, 17
Alexanders, 23
Bebb’s golden, 23
golden, 23
heart-leaved, 23
AMARYLLIDACEAE: Galanthus Fosteri,
pl. 513; Hymenocallis caymanensis,
pl. 5388; Leucojum vernum carpathi-
cum, pl. 519
Amaryllis family, 1, 13, 51
AMMIACEAE: Zizia Bebbii, pl. 524
Ampelopsis heterophylla, 35, pl. 530
Amur adonis, 5
Anemone, 33
canadensis, 33
caroliniana, 33
coronaria, 33
hupeh, 33
hupehensis, 33, pl. 529
japanese, 33
japonica var. hupehensis, 33
pennsylvanica, 33
pulsatilla, 33
St. Brigid, 33
Anemones, Asiatic, 33
Annual candytuft, common, 43
Appalachian rose, 25
Apple family, 21
Atropa Belladonna, 29, pl. 527
Austrian white pine, 4
Azalea Vaseyi, 25
Azure hyacinth, 11, 12

Bebb’s golden Alexanders, 23
Belladona, 29
Bignonia family, 59
Bignonia

ignea, 59

venusta, 59, pl. 542

gr ae ae Pyrostegia venusta, pl.

Bignoniads, 59

Billbergia

drooping, 49, 50
iridifolia, 49, 50, pl. 537

Biltia Vaseyi, 25, pl. 525

Black pine, Japanese, 4

Blue-flag, 15

BONISTEEL, WILLIAM JOHN: Atropa
Belladonna, 29

Boynton, KENNETH ROWLAND: Acacia
podalyriaefolia, 57; Anemone hupe-
hensis, 33; Cobaea scandens, 27;
Crocus vernus, 3; Dendrobium fim-
briatum oculatum, 53; Hranthis
Tubergenii, 5; Iberis amara, 43;
Paphiopedilum insigne Sanderae,
61; Rosa rugosa, 19; Scilla sibirica
atrocoerulea, 7; Tagetes lucida, 37

Branching bur-reed, 17

BROMELIACEAE: Billbergia iridifolia,
pl. 537

Bromeliads, 49

Bulbous violet, 1, 13

Bur-reed, branching, 17

Bur-reed family, 17

Buttercup family, 5

CacTACEAE: Cephalocereus Deeringii,
pl. 532
Cactus family, 39
Candytuft,
common annual, 43
evergreen, 43
CARDUACEAE: Helianthus cucumerifo-
lius, pl. 535; Tagetes lucida, pl. 531
Carpathian spring snowflake, 13, 14
Carrot family, 23
Cayman spiderlily, 51, 52
Cephalocereus
Deeringii, 39, pl. 532
keyensis, 40
Cherries, Japanese, 21
Chionodozxa, 7
Chironia
campanulata, 41
gracilis, 41
Christmas-rose, 5
Cobaea
scandens, 27, pl. 526
scandens alba, 27
Common annual candytuft, 43
Cordula, 61
Coreopsis, 41
Cowslip, 9, 10

66

Crabapples, 21
Crab, Hoopes’ flowering, 21
Crocus, 4

aureus, 3

Baron von Brunow, 3

Caroline Chisholm, 3

David Rizzio, 3

dutch, 3

King of the whites, 3

La Majestense, 3

Mme. Mina, 3.

moesiacus, 3

Mont Blanc, 3

purpurea grandifiora, 3

Queen of the Netherlands, 3

Sir Walter Scott, 3

speciosus, 3

spring, 3

susianus, 3

vernus 3, pl. 514
Crowfoot family, 33
Cucumber-leaved sunflower, 45
Cup-and-saucer vine, 27, 28
Cypripedium insigne Sanderae, 61

Deering’s tree-cactus, 39, 40
Dendrobe
evergreen fringed, 53
golden yellow, 53
Dendrobium
aureum, 53
chrysanthum, 53
chrysotoxzum, 53
densiflorum, 53
fimbriatum oculatum 53, 54, pl.
539
golden yellow, 53
Dildos, 40
Drooping Billbergia, 49, 60

EATON, Mary Emity: Galanthus Fos-
teri, 1; Primula veris, 9

Eranthis

cilicica, 5

hyemalis, 5

Tubergenii, 5, pl. 515
ERICACEAE: Biltia Vaseyi, pl. 525
Erinosma carpathicum, 13
Evergreen

candytuft, 43

fringed dendrobe, 53

Figwort family, 31

Flowering crab, Hoopes’, 21

Foster’s giant snowdrop, 1, 2

French marigold, 37

FULLING, EDMUND HENRY:
platycarpa Hoopesii, 21

Malus

Galanthus, 7
Elwesii, 2
Fosteri, 1, pl. 513

ADDISONIA

latifolius, 2
nivalis, 1, 14
GENTIANACEAE:
lata, pl. 533
Gentian family, 41
GERANIACEAE: Pelargonium
clon Happy Thought, pl. 540
Golden Alexanders, Bebbs, 23
Golden-yellow dendrobe, 53
Glory-of-the-snow, 7, 8
Grape family, 35

Sabbatia campanu-

zonale

Heart-leaved Alexanders, 23
Heath family, 16, 25
Helianthus
cucumerifolius, 45, pl. 535
debilis, 45
debilis var. cucumerifolius, 45
debilis var. plumosus, 45
debilis var. purpureus, 45
Lindheimerianus, 45
Helleborus
niger, 5
viridis, 5
Hibiscus Moscheutos, 41
Himalayan white pine, 4
Hoopes’ flowering crab, 21
Hupeh anemone, 33
Hyacinth
azure, 11
wood, 7
Hyacinthus azureus, 11, 12, pl. 518
ciliatus, 11, 12
Hymenocallis caymanensis, 51, 52,
pl. 538

Theris
amara, 43, pl. 534
coronaria, 43
corraefolia, 43
sempervirens, 43

IRIDACEAE: Crocus vernus, pl. 514;
Tris verna (coastal form) pl. 520

Tris family, 3, 15

Tris

reticulata, 7, 8
verna, 15
verna (coastal form), 15, pl. 520

Jackanapes-on-horseback, 9
Japanese

anemone, 33

black pine, 4

cherries, 21

red pine, 4

woodbine, 35

Kalmia latifolia, 25
Kerr, JEAN: Pelargonium zonale clon
Happy Thought, 55

Lady’s slippers, 61

ADDISONIA

Lantana
camara, 47
Sellowiana, 47, pl. 536
weeping, 47
Leucojum, 7
aestivum, 14
carpathicum, 13
Vagneri, 13
vernum, 13
eae carpathicum, 13, 14, pl.
519
vernum Vagneri, 13
LILIACEAE: Hyacinthus azureus, pl.
518; Scilla sibirica atrocaerulea pl.
516
Lily family, 7, 11

Madder family, 63
MALacEAE: Malus platycarpa Hoopesit,
pl. 523
Mallow, 41
Malus
coronaria Hoopesii, 21
platycarpa Hoopesii, 21
Maple, sugar, 50
Marigold,
African, 37
French, 37
sweet-scented, 37
Marsh-pink, 41
Meadow-parsnip, 23
MIMOSACEAE: Acacia podalyriaefolia,
pl. 541
Mimosa family, 57
Mimulus
alatus, 32
ringens, 31, pl. 528
MoLpENKE, Harotp Norman: Helian-
thus cucumerifolius, 45
Monkey-flower
long stalked violet, 31, 32
short stalked violet, 32
violet, 31, 32
Mrs. Sander’s Venus-slipper, 61, 62
Muscari, 7
azurewm, 11

Nightshade family, 29

ORCHIDACEAE: Dendrobium fimbriatum
oculatum, pl. 539; Paphiopedilum
insigne Sanderae, pl. 543

Orchid family, 53, 61

Ornithogalum, 7

Oxlip, 10

Paigle, 9
Palsy-wort, 9
Paphiopedilum
imsigne, 61
insigne Sanderae, 61, pl. 543
Pearl acacia, 57, 58

67

PECKHAM, ETHEL ANSON (STEEL):
Hyacinthus azureus, 11; Leucojum
vernum carpathicum, 13

Pelargonium

Happy Thought, 55, 56

magenta, 55

zonale, 56

zonale clon Happy Thought, 55,
pl. 540

PENNELL, FRANCIS WHITTIER: Mimu-
lus ringens, 31

Peter Keys, 9

Phlox family, 27

Pineapple family, 49

Pine

Austrian white, 4
Himalayan white, 4
Japanese black, 4
Japanese red, 4
ae Cobaea scandens, pl.
5

Polyantha rose, 20

Prickly-apples, 40

Prickly-pears, 40

Primrose family, 9

PRIMULACEAE: Primula veris, pl. 517

Primula

elatior, 10

veris, 9, pl. 517

vulgaris, 10
Pyrostegia

ignea, 59

venusta, 59, pl. 542

Ramanas rose, 19
RANUNCULACEAE: Anemone hupehen-
sis, pl. 529; Hranthis Tubergenii,
pl. 515
Red pine, Japanese, 4
Rhododendron
catawbiense, 25
maximum, 25
Vaseyi, 25
Rondeletia
odorata, 63, pl. 544
speciosa, 63
sweet-scented, 63, 64
ROSACEAE: Rosa rugosa, pl. 522
Rosa
Agnes, 20
Blane double de Coubert, 20
Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, 19, 20
F. J. Grootendorst, 20
Hugonis, 20
Mme. Julien Potin, 20
Max Graf, 20
Pink Grootendorst, 20
Rev. E, M. Mills, 20
rugosa, 19, 20, pl. 522
alba, 19, 20
albo-plena, 19
rubro-plena, 19

68

Rose, Appalachian, 25
polyantha, 20
Ramanas, 19, 20
rugosa, 19, 20
Rose family, 19
Rosenbergia scandens, 27
RuBIACEAE: Rondeletia odorata, pl.
544
Rugosa rose, 19, 20
RYDBERG, PER AXEL: Zizia Bebbii, 23

Sabbatia
campanulata, 41, pl. 533
gracilis, 41
Scilla
campanulata, 7
hispanica, 7
nutans, 7
sibirica, 7, 8, 11
sibirica atrocaerulea, 7, pl. 516
SCROPHULARIACEAE: Mimulus ringens,
pl. 528
Semaphores, 40
SMALL, JOHN KUNKEL: Biltia Vaseyi,
25; Cephalocereus Deeringti, 39;
Hymenocallis caymanensis, 51; Iris
werna (coastal form), 15
Smyrnium Olusatrum, 23
Snowdrop, 1, 2, 7
Foster’s giant, 1, 2
Snowflake, Carpathian spring, 13
SoLANACEAE: Atropa Belladonna, pl.
527
SPARGANIACEAE: Sparganium andro-
cladum, pl. 521
Sparganium
americanum androcladum, 17
androcladum, 17, pl. 521
simplex androcladum, 17
Spiderlily, Cayman, 51, 52
Spotted fringed dendrobe, 53
Spring crocus, 3
Spring snowflake, Carpathian, 13
Squill
Siberian, 7, 8,
Spanish, 7

ADDISONIA

St. Brigid anemone, 35
Sugar maple, 50
Sunflower, cucumber-leaved, 45
Sweet-scented

marigold, 37

Rondeletia, 63, 64
Sweet-violet, 16

Tagetes
lucida 37, pl. 531
patula, 37
Thapsium
aureum, 24
aureum var. apterum, 23
trifoliatum, 23
trifoliatum var. apterum, 23
Thistle family, 37, 45
Tree-cactus, Deering’s, 39, 40
Trumpet-creeper family, 59
Trumpet-flower, 59, 60

Van Tubergen’s winter aconite, 5, 6

Venus slipper, Mrs. Sander’s, 61, 62

VERBENACEAE: Lantana Sellowinana,
pl. 536

Vervain family, 47

Viola odorata, 16

Violet, bulbous, 1, 13

Violet-iris, 15, 16

VITACEAE: Ampelopsis heterophylla,
pl. 530

Wattle, 57, 58
Weeping lantana, 47
White pine
Austrian, 4
Himalayan, 4
Winter aconite, Van Tubergen’s, 5
Wood hyacinth, 7

Zizia
aurea, 23
aurea var. Bebbui, 23
Bebbii 23, 24, pl. 524
cordata, 23

RECENT PLATES

PLATE 513. GALANTHUS FOSTERI PLATE 521. SPARGANIUM ANDROCLADUM

PLATE 514. CROCUS VERNUS PLATE 522, ROSA RUGOSA
PLATE 515. ERANTHIS TUBERGENIL PLATE 523, MALUS PLATYCARPA HOOPESII
| ss PLATE «516. SCILLA SIBIRICA ATROCOERULEA PLATE 524, ZIZIA BEBBII
_ PLATE 517. PRIMULA VERIS PLATE 525, BILTIA VASEYI
Es, PLATE 518, HYACINTHUS AZUREUS PLATE 526, COBAEA SCANDENS
“PLATE. 519, LEUCOJUM VERNUM CARPATHICUM PLATE 527, ATROPA BELLADONNA
PLATE 520. IRIS VERNA (COASTAL FORM) PLATE 528, MIMULUS RINGENS

ah tee PLATE. 529, ANEMONE HUPEHENSIS

Rae eae PLATE 530, AMPELOPSIS HETEROPHYLLA
PLATE 531, TAGETES LUCIDA

ipa PLATE 532, CEPHALOCEREUS DEERINGII
oes PLATE 533, SABBATIA CAMPANULATA

ep Be he - PLATE 534, IBERIS AMARA

heh th + PLATE 535, HELIANTHUS CUCUMERIFOLIUS

oa < PLATE 536, LANTANA SELLOWIANA

CONTENTS

PLATE 537. BILLBERGIA IRIDIFOLIA
PLATE 538. HYMENOCALLIS CAYMANENSIS mt
PLATE 539. DENDROBIUM FIMBRIATUM OCULATUM ae:
PLATE 540. PELARGONIUM ZONALE GLON HAPPY THOUGHT
PLATE 541. ACACIA PODALYRIAEFOLIA sas
PLATE 542. PYROSTEGIA VENUSTA i a
PLATE 643. PAPHIOPEDILUM INSIGNE SANDERAE |

PLATE 544. RONDELETIA ODORATA | RU EG ah kf

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