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ADDRES, wITH STAMP, THE AUTHOR AT COLUMBUS, Bsns
DECEMBER, 1873. ~“

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It is the melancholly experience of mankind that when-
ever an opportunity for the practice of fraud is presented,
there are found plenty to step in and occupy the ground. No
ovportunity for such fraudulent practice ever offered better
facilities than in the manufacture and sale of the so-called
Guanos and Super-phosphates.

In the purchase of these the planter has no means what-
ever of ascertaining their constituents and manurial value.
He must depend upon the laudatory statements of an inte-
rested agent, who, in nearly every case, is as ignorant of the
true value of what he sells, as the farmer is of what he buys,
and who, in turn, must depend upon the statements of the
manipulator, who in most cases is a denizen of Yankee-land,
and who believes it his religious privilege to steal from
southern rehels especially, but who cares not much how or
where he gets his greenbacks, so he gets them. It is at the
feet of such creatures as these the hard-fisted Southerner
lays his hard earnings when he buys a guano compound.

How then, is the planter to guard against imposition
whenever it is desirable to purchase his manures. ‘The pro-
per way, and indeed the only proper way, is for each planter
for himself to ascertain what he needs, and then learn where
to obtain and what to pay for the raw materials, and how to
compound them for himself. It is this very information
which we propose to give him in these pages. If in doing
so we shall succeed in saving but five dollars on the produc-
tive cost of each bale of cotton to each reader of this little
pamphlet, we shall have accomplished more for the pros-
perity and independence of our beloved South than at any
time previous, although it was for her, and in the defence of
her rights, we freely spilled our blood and buried a portion
of our body on one of her ever memorable battle-grounds.

I here assert, and shall demonstrate in these pages, that,
besides the risk of being imposed on by spurious compounds,
the planter can purchase ingredients and make his manures
at a cheaper, rate than the manipulator can do it for him,

aL

even if the manipulator is honest in his dealings and sold
his compound at prime cost. Such an assertion, I know,

seems incredible to the uninformed, but we shall prove its
truthfulness.

For instance, the planter may, by proper fermentation,
produce soluble phosphoric acid, which is one of the fonr in-
gredients essential in every complete manure; whereas the
manipulator, for his purposes, can produce it only by the
use of sulphuric acid, which is a more costly ingredient than
the phosphate itself. Besides the manipulator must add two
or three hundred pounds of water to the ground phosphate
to make the sulphuric acid take; on which water the planter,
to say the least, must pay freight, if he buys the manufac-
tured article. Again, the manufacturer must hire his labor
for this particular purpose; whereas the planter may per-
form his manipulations with labor already in his employ-
ment, and at odd times and rainy seasons, at no additional
cost. ‘The advantages here enumerated in favor of the plan-
ter, are more than sufficient to overbalance all the advan-
tages enjoyed by the manipulator, in the way of freights and
the obtaining of the ingredients at a lower rate, because
purchased in larger quantity and with greater cash capital.
Besides, the freights on the manufactured article rate higher
than the freights on the raw materials, so that the planter.
by purchasing the raw materials instead of the manufactured
article, saves in freight in this respect—saves all the freight
on the water, saves all the cost on the sulphuric acid, and
saves the cost of labor necessary to manipulate; and more
than all, saves being imposed upon by dishonest manufactu-
rers, saves himself the uncertainty and doubt which always
attaches to the purchase of an unknown compound; and
finally, saves the cruel disappointments, which too often at-
tends the purchase of spurious and worthless articles.

These statements being true, and I defy successful contra-
diction, it is so manifestly to the interest of planters to
ignore compounds, and deal only in the ingredienty for
making manures, that certainly no intelligent planter will
hesitate longer which policy to adopt.

In addition, it must be remembered that the manipulator
must go to large expense to introduce his article; he must
advertise extensively, and publish great numbers of pam-
phlets and circulars for gratuitous distribution; and must
pay his general agents each ten dollars per. ton, and sub-
agents each five dollars per ton; and then the manipulators
must of course have handsome dividends out of their invest-
ment: all of which charges must be tacked on to the prime

5

éost, and must be paid for by the poor, duped and unfortu-
nate consumer. So that, in ninety-nine cases out of a hun-
dred, a manure that leaves Baltimore at a prime cost of six-
teen dollars-per ton, is consumed by the planter at a cost of
from sixty-five to seventy -five dollars,

Now, if the planter can produce the same manure, on his
own farm, at the same rates that it can be procured in Bal-
timore, where is the good sense in his giving to a Yankee
sharper a bonus of forty dollars per ton on all the manure
he uses? Are they so deserving of our bounty ; or is our
land so productive, that we can thus afford, so lavishly, to
scatter our hard earnings? Nay, planters of the South, it
is because we have not had the inclination to investigate this
subject—it is because, like our mother Eve, who, while being
robbed of her Eden, was charmed into acquiescence, by the
oily tongue of the father of hes—we have allowed our antici-
pations played upon, while the sharpers have quietly rifled
our pockets.

What, if now and then, a planter of sanguine tempera-
ment, and under favorable circumstances, has experienced
some benefit from the use of a certain compound,—which
benefits he magnifies to two or three times its proper pro-
portions, and is, thereby, induced to give the manufacturer
a flaming certificate—is that any reason why we should pay
sixty-five dollars for what we can just as easily obtain for
sixteen? Nonsense! nonsense!

No, planters, we will not do it longer than we can obtain
that light which will enable us to avoid it,—enable us to be
independent of the manipulator. It is the object of these
pages to furnish that light. If the writer fails in this, he
hopes that he shall, at least, succeed in arousing an investi-
gating spirit upon this all important subject. "We say all
important, because the enriching of land, in the most expe-
ditious and economical manner, is the corner stone of suc-
cessful agriculture.

It is the foundation upon which, all permanent prosperi-
ty in an agricultural community must be built, under any
system of government, or with any kind of labor, but more
especially so, where the labor is all hired. It is a well re-
cognized principle, that the more productive the farm, the
cheaper will be the labor, other things being equal. Thus,
a man who makes six bales of cotton to the hand pays not
half so much wages, at the same rates, as the man who
makes only three bales to the hand. Whenever the produc-
tive power of land is cropped down, to where the cost of pro-
duction overbalances the proceeds, as is the case at present

6

with Middle and South Georgia and Alabama, the land has
become utterly worthless for agricultural purposes. It must
then, either be abandoned, or the owner must set himself
vigorously to work to recuperate it.

To use a worthless compound on it in this condition, en-
tails a double loss to the planter. In addition to the amount
invested in the so-called manure, he is induced to cultivate
land at a positive loss, which otherwise, would have been
abandoned to pasture. Such experiments, renewed from
year to year, with the same results, only varying the names
of the compounds used, begets in the planter a mistrust of
everything in the form of a commercial manure ; causes him
to despair of ever being able to bring his land up to a point
of paying fertility ;—-weakens his energies and his efforts,
and thus brings manifold injuries upon the general commu-
nity. It is the duty of the patriot—the statesman and the
philanthropist, to use efforts, to ward off and checkmate these
evils, and he who only partially succeeds, deserves the thanks
of a people, who, for eight long years, have been struggling
against the giant poverty, but who, on account of the evils
above named, have been simply serving as overseers on their
own plantations for their Northern task-masters,

Taking it for granted, that every planter who reads this,
will recognize the truth and force of the above remarks, both
from his own experience and his observation upon, what
others have done and are doing, we will proceed directly, to
the task which lies out before us. ) .

In a brief address like this, we can dono more than sketch
the most important features of Agricultural Chemistry, and
throw out some practical, and as we deem, valuable’ hints,
to assist the planter in procuring the essential ingredients ;
and give some rules for the compounding of them upon his
own premises. The intelligent planter, who has the time
and the inclination, can pursue his investigations, by the
perusal of works which go more fully into the details of Ag-
ricultural Chemistry. ‘the main object of this address,
being, to arouse our planters to an investigation of this sub-
ject, and to convince them that they can educate themselves
in this respect, and that it is, by no means, a heaven or-.
dained principle, that the professors of colleges, or the manu-_
facturers ot fertilizers, should hold in their inflexible. grasp,
all the knowledge bearing upon a subject, so vitally connec-
ted with the march of civilization and the material pros-
perity of the entire race. Gop did not intend that our first
parents, in dressing the garden, should simply perform a
routine of manual labor, but that, in their efforts to improve

v4

their Eden, they should expand their own intellects, as well
as give exercise to their muscles ; and that gradually from
day to day, and from year to year, they should become more
fully acquainted with the wonderful laws of nature and their
own being, and skould thereby, constantly find fresh food
for their wonder and reverence for His goodness, His wis-
dom, and His omnipotence. Ifthe life of the agriculturist
is to be confined to the one point, of furnishing food and
raiment for his household, then indeed, is his, a sorry
calling—a tread-mill work. He is indeed, a hewer of wood
and a drawer of water. When he pursues his avocation as
a science, as well as an art, then he dignifies his calling—he
places himself upon a level with the astronomer, the chemist,
the geologist and the philosopher; indeed he makes all
other sciences, subservient to, and a handmaid of, the science
of agriculture. ‘He makes his the grandest, as well as the
first vocation of man, made in the image of Gop.

It has been determined by scientific experimenters, and
the’ results of the laboratory, that while there are many in-
gredients which enter into the composition of plants, that
there are but fowr which are worthy of the planter’s con-
sideration—but four, the presence or absence of which, con-
stitute the difference between the productiveness, or the
sterility, of cultivated lands. These four are: Ammonia,
Phosphoric Acid, Potash and Lime. The entire absence of
either one of these ingredients, in any virgin or cultivated
soil, renders it completely sterile, for most of the cultivated
plants. In proprortion to the exhaustion of any one, or all
of them, by continuous cropping, or by drenching rains, just
in that proportion does the land become unproductive. All
the other ingredients, which enter into cultivated plants, are
supplied by the earth, the atmosphere and the water, under
any and all circumstances. Out ofthe great number of these,
Providence has ordained that the hand and mind of man,
shall be corcerned, to supply only the four above named.
We shall not, therefore, in this address, as we are not
writing a complete work on chemistry, name or discuss any
others, only as they incidently affect these four.

AMMONIA. |

Ammonia is formed of fourteen parts of nitrogen, with
three parts of hydrogen. Nitrogen is so essential to the
growth of plants, that no matter, if every other element of
plant food was present in excess, without it, they could
never come to maturity. Its various sources of available and

8

economical supply, therefore, is a question of the first impor-
trnce to the enterprising agriculturist. Nitrogen may exist ’
in the atmosphere, in the soil and in organic matter, such as
the horns, hoofs and hair of animals, in®the immediate
presence of plants in great abundance, and yet, furnish no
food ; because it is not in such a state as that it can be ap-
propriated by the plant. Nature furnishes the crude mate-
rials, and by its slow processes, in part, prepares the food
for plants. But it belongs to the intelligent hand of man,
in this, as in many other things, to come to nature’s assis-
tance. In this, man manifests himself the lord of creation,
as, in yhe beginning, it was declared of him he should be.
Plants can no more assimilate and thrive upon food which
has not been properly prepared, either in nature’s great
laboratory, or by the hand of man, than can man himself.
Indeed, man and other animals, in this respect, have the ad-
vantage of the vegetable kingdom ; for nature has supplied
them with teeth, wherewith, to masticate solid food ; whereas
plants must take all their food either in solution or in a
gaseous form.

When, therefore, nitrogen, the appropriate food for plants,
is presented to them in the horns, hoofs or bones of animals,
the plant has no power to assimilate it, until by the hand
of man, or the slow process of decomposition, it is released
from the grasp of other materials and allowed to unite with
hydrogen in the form of ammonia, when it may be appro-
priated and assimilated by the plant. This is the form in
which it is presented to plants in Peruvian Guano, fermented
dung and urine, and in decaying cotton seed, &c., and is
the reason why these substances produce such marked effects
upon the growth of plants. But when this substance, nitro-
gen, is set free, by any process, and is converted into actual
ammonia, itis exceedingly volatile and diffusable in the
surrounding atmosphere, and unless closely guarded, or fixed
by some substance as gypsum, will escape beyond the
power of man to reclaim it. It has a pungent smell, and in
this way may be detected escaping from a pile of fermenting
cotton seed or stable dung. Quick lime has the power of
dissipating, or driving this substance off into the atmosphere,
and is, on this account, a very injurious element to be mixed
withany manure containing ammonia. Yet this same proper-
ty in lime, adds to its value as amanure, when scattered by
itself over the land, as it causes the inorganic matters, which
hold nitrogen in their embrace, to turn it loose, thus allowing
the plants to appropriate it. Like all the other blessings of
nature, when misapplied, it becomes a source of actual mis-

ae ee

9

chief. Fermentation and decomposition is one of nature’s
processes, by which nitrogen as potential ammonia, or in its
latent state, may be converted into actual ammonia, and thus
brought into a state as active plant food. Now, man may
hasten fermentation and decomposition, and place substances
in bulk, which scattered would not ferment at all, but would
decompose very slowly, thus allowing time for the ammonia,
as itis set free, to entirely escape into the atmosphere. It
is quite important, therefore, that the planter should heap
together every substance which contains ammonia, in such a
state, as to bring about rapid decomposition, at the same
time, adding gypsum or land plaster, to prevent the escape
of the free ammonia ; and over the whole throw a layer of
earth. It is a lavish waste of money to bring ammonia, in
the shape of Peruvian Guano, at great cost, from the islands
of the sea, until we have used every available means to pro-
duce it on our own farms, and until we cease to allow it to
escape, unheeded, into the atmosphere ; thus vitiating the
air we breathe and breeding disease and death, instead of
turning it into a life-producing and wealth-creating channel.
‘The substances which contain actual ammonia are the solid
and liquid excrements of man and animals, cotton seed, &c.
The substances containing nitrogen, capable of forming am-
monia, are horns, hoofs, hair and bones of animals. Swamp-
muck contains also, upon average, six dollars and thirty-
four cents worth of ammonia per ton. But this last should
not be applied to land until it has been dried and fermented
with other matters which destroys its ascidity, and prepares
it mechanically for satisfactory application. Dried swamp-
muck may be used with much profit, as an absorbent, about
the stables and cattle pens, and in the hen roost. Itmay be
placed in hoppers, and form a recepticle for soapsuds and
urine ; so used, it will extract their manurial ingredients and
permit the water to pass through pure and clear, If it is
desirable to purchase ammonia, which we do not think will
be the case if the planter uses diligence in saving his home
supplies, it may be bought in Peruvian Guano, or as sul-
phate of ammonia.

A simple mode by which a planter may determine the
quantity of ammonia in any fertilizer, is briefly described as
follows: Into a small and cheaply constructed tin retort
place, say 100 grains of any fertilizer, with a portion of water,
and then add about 100 grains of unslacked lime and close
the retort, and distill with a gentle heat over a spirit lamp,
or in the absence of this, over some coals, keeping the beak

10

of the retort well enveloped in cold cloths, over which cold
water is kept teeming whilst the distillation proceeds.

The ammoniacal value of the manure is at once determined
by the strength of the ammonia (or hartshorn) which you
have collected from this distillation.

Before leaving this subject, we will remark, that when
piles of cotton seed are thrown out to rot, which is the cus-
tom with some, a sufficient amount of gypsum should be
mixed with them, to fix the ammonia as it is set free by fer-
mentation ; and when sufficiently moistened to produce fer-
mentation, should be covered with a temporary shelter or at
least have a layer of earth thrown over them, and brought
up in a conical shape. The value of the heap would be added
to, if transferred to another pen or turned over after once
cooling off. The reason for this is, the oxygen in the pileis
exhausted when fermentation ceases. Turning over will
give to the pile a fresh supply and a new fermentation will
set in. The object of fermentation being to render soluable
the materials, the more thoroughly this takes place, the
more completely will the desired object be accomplished. If,
when tearing down the pile, the ammonia is found by. the
smell to be escaping, more gypsum should be added. The
pea and clover belong to that class of plants which draw
their ammonia from the atmosphere, and hence are consid-
erable sources of supply of that material when plowed into
the land.

Any kind of decaying vegetation, beneath the surface,
evolves ammonia. ‘T'he carcasses of animals, in their decom-
position, evolve considerable ammonia, and should, whenever

practicable, be made a part of the compost heap. Indeed,

no substance containing nitrogen, capable of being converted
into actual ammonia, should be allowed to waste this valua-
ble life-producing element upon the desert air; so to act, is a
useless and criminal waste of one of the leading sources of
wealth and comfort to the agriculturist. Substances. con-
taining nitrogen must enter largely into the food of man and
beast ; for this element is essential to the development of

the muscular and nervous system, and to the generating of
blood.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

We will now proceed to discuss another leading and es-
sential ingredient in every complete manure, viz, Phosphoric ~

Acid.
This article is composed of phosphorus 43.66, and oxygen
56.34, in one hundred parts. The phosphorus, however,

wie
fi

Pi Sow

1A

and not the oxygen, is the active manurial element and
object of prime consideration to the planter. Its union with
the oxygen being only a convenient form for appropriation
and assimilation by the plant.

Phosphorus enters largely into the composition of bones,
and is essential to bone development in the human and ani-
mal system, and like nitrogen, therefore, must enter largely
into the food of man and beast. If children, during their
growth, and while their constitution is being formed, are
nourished upon food wanting in this element, they will be
wanting in proper bone development. To convert it, there-
fore, into bone for the growth and development of our sys-
tems, we must first feed it to the plants, and through the
plants take it as nourishment into our bodies. On the other
hand, the bones of detunct animals, when pulverized and
rendered soluble, furnish this element as food to the plants.
Thus, a reciprocal process is continually going on between
the animal and the vegetable kingdom. The death of theone
is the lite of the other. In thisway, natureis continually re-
producing herself. No particle is ever lost, but, in some
form, serves to sustain life. It is the province of the agri- ‘
culturist so to separate, gather and prepare these particles,
as to produce the maximum results in all his operations.

Until recently, the bones of animals was nearly the only
source of available supply of this material. But of late im-
mense deposits of mineral phosphates have been discovered
and developed, so that the supply of this material is no
longer attended with uncertainty—no longer subject to the
greed gt monopolies. Yet, such is the indifference and igno-
rance of our planters on this subject, that they have quietly
permitted manipulators to purchase these ingredients from
the miners at.small cost, and re-sell them to the farmer un-
der various names and varying compounds, at many times
their original cost. _We learn from the report of Dr. N. A.
Pratt, in regard to the phosphate beds of Carolina, that this
mineral deposit covers an area of forty or fifty square miles,
varying in depth from six inches to twelve feet. He says:
** Near the Ashley river: it paves the public highways for
miles ; it seriously impedes and obstructs the cultivation of
the land, affording scarcely soil enough to hill up the cotton
rows ; and the phosphates have for years past been thrown
into piles on the lawns, and into causeways over ravines, to
get them out ofthe reach of the plows.’’ Now in order to pro-
duce or evolve phosphoric acid from these mineral phos-

phates, or from bones, they must first be submitted to a me-

chanical, and then to a chemical action. They must first be

A

ground, and then made soluable by sulphuric acid or some
other process, such as fermentation in compost, in connection
with gypsum or some other substance containing sulphur.
The manipulator for his purposes—namely, the sale of the
article—can use only the first method.

He is compelled to use sulphuric acid, which is a very
costly ingredient. Indeed, enough acid to properly dissolve
a ton of phosphate, is far more ‘costly than the phosphate
itself. Both methods are open to the planter, and the latter
is far preferable, on account of its simplicity and economy.
To illustrate, the planter may take a ton of mineral phos-
phate, which ground and sacked at the mills, will cost from
fifteen to twenty dollars per ton, and mix with a ton of gyp-
sum, or land plaster, which ought to cost from fifteen to
twenty dollars laid down, and then mix with ten ton of cot-
ton seed, which at twenty cents per bushel are worth $120,
making the whole cost not more than $160 for the twelve
tons. The cotton seed should be dampened before mixing
the phosphate and gypsum, so as to produce fermentation.
If allowed thus to remain a sufficient length of time the fol-
lowing process takes place: The sulphur in the gypsum
having a greater affinity for the lime in the phosphate than
the phosphorus has, unites with the lime and sets the phos-
phoric acid free. This is the identical result which the ma-
nipulator accomplishes by the use of his costly sulphuric acid.
The above process will not take place, except under fermen-
tation. Any manurial substance which will ferment in bulk
as lot manure, will produce the same result as the cotton seed.
Thus, the planter may produce his own phosphoric eh and
is entirely independent, in this respect, of the manipulator.

Thus it will be seen the planter can produce on his own
farm twelve tons of a valuable fertilizer, at a cost of one
hundred and sixty dollars, or at about fourteen dollars per
ton. If he buys from the manipulator he pays sixty-five
dollars per ton, and gets a manure which, pound for pound,
is no better than the home-made article. Now, lest some
may question these statements, I refer them toa recent work
on ‘‘American Manures,’’ by Dr. W. H. Buckner, of Phila-
delphia, which work no planter can read without profit, and
to which I most conscientiously refer all persons desirous of
investigating more fully all these questions. It has been

determined by analysis that cotton seed hullcontains,inone

hundred parts, 19.90 phosphate of lime. But this, like the
mineral phosphate and the bone, though not to so great an
extent, is‘not readily soluble. It will pay the planter to
use every available means to render this phosphate in his

15

cotton seed soluble before manuring with them, if, while do-
ing so, he is careful to prevent the escape of the free ammo-
nia. It is the height of folly in a planter to sell his cotton
seed at fifteen or twenty cents a bushel to an oil mill or for
any other purpose, and then pay a high price for guano,
which, often times, pound for pound, is worth no-more than
the cotton seed which he has disposed of for a mere song.
It is strange indeed that cotton planters have not yet learned
to properly appreciate cotton seed as a manure, and how to
manipulate them to the best advantage. I am satisfied that
if an acre of land is brought up to a proper degree of fertili-
ty, and its soil not allowed to be washed away by the rains,
that it may be cultivated almost indefinitely in cotton, if all
the seed are returned to the land and no cattle are allowed
to tramp the land and eat up its foliage. Cotton exhausts
land less than any other of the cultivated plants, if nothing
is taken off but the lint. But, on account of its clean cul-
ture, it leaves it more lable to be damaged by the rains.
If, however, the seed is taken off with the lint the land parts
with some of the best elements of its fertility. At the close
of this address I will append a report on ‘‘Cotton Seed Oil
and Fertilizers,’’ submitted to the Atlanta Manufacturers’
Association, showing the great value of the cotton seed
hull alone as a fertilizer. The planter may utilize such
bones as accumulate about his premises by pounding them
with a hammer after they have lain for a while in moistened
ashes, and then remixing them with strong ashes moistened
with water, and so continuing the process of pounding, stir-
ring and watering at intervals until all the parts are thor-
oughly dissolved. A slight inducement to the little ne-
groes, with a plug of tobacco occasionally to the large ones,
would cause to be accumulated in one year’s time, on any
plantation, a pile of bones that would astonish the proprie-
tor.

POTASH.

The next ingredient of a complete manure, which claims
our attention, is potash. As every farmer is familiar with
this substance, on account of its soap-making properties, it
is unnecessary to waste space in its description. It enters
largely into the ash of all cultivated plants, thus showing
its indispensable connection with their growth and pérfect
maturity. So largely does it enter into “the composition of
Indian corn that that plant is denominated by writers on
agricultural chemistry as one of the potash plants. It should

14.

be the main ingredient in any manure for the potato. In-
deed neither corn or potatoes can be profitably raised on’
Jand which does not contain plentifully of potash. ‘All po"
rous, sandy soils, which have been cultivated for any length’
of time, are exhausted of this ingredient. Its extreme capa+
bility of entering into solution with water, and passing off

with its flow, or of permeating with it into a porous’subsoil;’ |

is demonstrated by the common ash-hopper. Clayey soils
being more tenacious and less permeable to water, are not
so readily exhausted of their potash. Besides, being of a
granitic formation, they abound more largely in potash from
the outset. May not this be one reason why corn, wheat
and Irish potatoes, all of which contain largely of potash,
grow to greater perfection on clayey than on sandy soils?
On this account, we do not think it so needful that a manure
abounding in potash should be used on a soil composed’ of
clay as on a sandy soil. This hint will serve, in some de-
gree, to guide the planter in the selection of his manures.’
Ifa soil already abounds in potash it is a waste of money to
pay a high price for manure of which it is one of the prime
ingredients. Every farmer has noticed the increased vigor
with which all cultivated plants grow, especially on a sandy’
soil, where a brush pile has been recently burned. This is
due mainly to the potash in the ashes of the heap. With
this knowledge every provident planter will save all the
ashes about his premises, both leached and unleachéd, and
apply them near the surface on his corn or potatoes.’
Whenever vegetable matter is plowed in, it adds to the sup-
ply of potash in the soil. We will here remark, that vegeta-
ble matter, whether green or dry, ought always to be plowed
in very shallow. The reason for this is, the more thorough-
ly organic matter is excluded from the action of the atmos-
phere the more effectually is its décomposition prevented.
This is shown by logs and poles which are found at’ great
depth beneath the surface, and which, when exhumed, are
entirely undecoyed, and yet a few months’ exposure to the
air will entirely decompose them. Another reason for the
shallow turning of vegetable matter is, that potash and other
soluble salts have a tendency to pass, in solution, down to
the subsoil. One of the advantages of clover and pea, as re-
cuperatives of soils, is that they send down a deep tap root
and bring back to the surface the soluble salts. ts

But it should rejoice the agricultural world to know, that
recently vast mines abounding in potash have been discov-
ered in Germany. Dr. Lee says on this subject, in the July
number of that excellent journal, the Plantation, that ‘‘some

15

of, our readers may be interested to learn that the kaiuit, or
salt of potash, so largely imported into this country, is sold
at the mines by the Governments that hold the property at
eighteen cents per one hundred pounds. A German, famil-
iar with the management, says in the Country Gentleman,
that ‘manipulators and speculators are trying to induce the
Governments to sell this, mineral still cheaper. for their
benefit.” We do not blame anyone for trying to make a for-
tune out of any fertilizer in Europe or America, yet, look-
ing to the interests of farmers and planters, it is easy to see
that this potash salt, so desirable on our light, sandy and
gravelly soils, should come to our fields with as little com-
missions, freights, and handling by manipulators, as possi-
ble. * * * * The farmers of Georgia and South Caro-
lina should send a competent man to the Government officers
who control these saline deposits, buy their kaiuit in first
hands, at the mines, and ship it to Savannah and Charles-
ton as cheaply as possible.”’

We'see from the above extract that if the Patrons of Hus-
bandry continue to flourish, as we believe they will, and
carry out the objects of their organization to the fullest ex-
tent, it will not be long before the cultivators of these sandy
soils will be able to obtain this prime article of fertilization
at figures reasonable and every whit compensatory.

LIME.

‘The next ingredient of'a complete manure which we shall
discuss, is lime. ‘This, like potash, is an article of such
common use, that it would seem hardly necessary to describe
it, yet. how little are its beneficial effects and its proper
application in agricultnre, understood. The driving of
carbon out of limestone by the action of fire, produces quick
lime. . This willslake, either by the application of water
direct, or by absorbing moistme from the atmosphere when
exposed for any length of time. In air slaking, lime pos-
sesses the property of re-absorbing carbon from the atmosphere,
and thus, when spread upon Jand before slaking 1s re-conver-
ted into insoluable limestone to a considerable extent. When
used for agricultural purposes therefore, it should always be
slaked in bulk, and better still, with sod thrown over it be-
fore spreading. It should also be spread upon the surface
after turning the land, and before harrowing. The reasons
for this are, that lime always has its, best action in connec-
tion with the atmosphere, . It possesses no volatile properties
which escape by being in contact with the atmosphere, Its

16

yendency is always to percolate downwards, and if turned
under remains too deep beneath the surface to benefit the
growing plants. Lime, if applied in large quantity, will
improve the texture of soils by rendering clay soils more
triable and more permeable to the roots of plants, and gives
more tenacity to soils too vpen and porous, thus rendering
them more retentive of moisture. Lime corrects the acidity
of soils, and is a most wonderful decomposer of organic mat-
ter. Too little attention has been paid to lime as a ma-
nurial ingredient. Asa specific, it may be applied with
profit to the pea and clover. Quick lime should never be
mixed with any ingredient containing ammonia, as it posses-
ses the quality of dissipating it.

Having now suggested all the important thoughts, which
at this time, occur to us in regard to the four ingredients of
a complete manure, we will proceed to give a few tables or
formulas for the compounding of manures from the raw com-
mercial material, and will then add a few miscellaneous sug-
gestions, together with a comparative analysis of some of the
most popular fertilizers of the day, when our work will be
finished for this occasion.

It occurs to us here, however, to remark that planters are
much perplexed on account of the varying opinions of writers
on agriculture and of the practical farmers themselves, to
determine the proper depth at which to apply manures.
Manures abounding in any of the three elements, potash,
lime, or phosphoric acid, should always be placed near the
surface, for the reason they are soluable and because of the
percolating tendency of water, holding them in solution,
they are carried downwards below the roots of plants. It is
true, the earth acts as a filterer and purifier of water, but it
is only after it has passed to considerable depth beneath the
earth’s surface, and not even then, that it becomes entirely
pure. As, witness, in the midst of densely crowded cities
how soon the water in wells and springs become foul and
unwholesome. This is mainly attributable to the fact that
the water, as it permeates the earth, carries with it from the
surface the putrid and saline matters. On the other hand,
manures abounding in actual ammonia, as Peruvian Guano,
and valuable mainly on account of the presence of that in-
gredient, should be placed at a good depth beneath the sur-
face ; because this gas has a tendency to diffuse itself in the
surrounding atmosphere, and tends always, to approach the
surface. ‘These hints will serve to guide the planter in the
proper application of manures.

We learn-from Dr. Buckner’s work on ‘‘ American Ma-

We

nures,”’ that by taking 1,207 lbs. of ground mineral phos-
phate of the Carolina productions, and moistening with
289 lbs. of water, and then applying to the mass 553 lbs. of
sulphuric acid, that aton of super phosphate, of the very
best quality, may be produced. The cost of such a super-
phosphate, including the labor of mixing, would be about-
twenty-seven dollars per ton. Super-phosphates, of much
inferior quality to this, are usually sold to planters at fifty
dollars per ton. ‘To the above may be added two hundred
pounds of Peruvian Guano, mixed with fifty pounds of gyp-
sum, or instead, two hundred pounds of the crude sulphate
of ammonia, with two hundred pounds of the kainit salts ;
and you have manure which will produce good results upon
any crop.

The following receipes have been used with satisfactory
results by some on cotton:

Sulphate Am@moniasscisses cicecbeeseves 60 pounds.
Nadrate) BOG a vinnideny tides sh Odasdis ie. 40) 5%
PAA CEVAREERE. cine odecdWoedecelsvestedeaderteud BOO: sri'6
DOME WSBT. ele. GU Tks, «sales suas POO iet
Salhi: stecke been. We ile. Bak cement La oe 1 bushel,
SES. cs aMblhg Duh cade eae sel cede tulae dallas ee Lilt’

Good earth in sufficient quantity to make a ton.
The above ingredients cost about twenty dollars per ton.

Recipe for making the Chattahoochee Fertilizer.

Sulphate Ammonia...........ecceeee sige 8 60 pounds.
MUIR OUMAIL hu cucdteadpuasndyncarte nsec PAN So oid
THRO: MRR Ee Ls oc uaens wcececeoecens pi alee
Ammoniated Dissolved Bones.......... Ms AV i RO &
PETA EAA caine Ls waaquslc am wane om SOO ee
By « HUMPS Seda ioe ducal stn Cacksc's 5G via
670 (a4

Reduce the above to coarse powder and mix 1,330 Ibs. dry
muck or virgin soil, then pass all through a sieve and put
up in barrels, &c., tight, ready for use.

COMPOST.

Landreth in his Rural Almanac, for 1874, says that com-
post is incomparably the best of all manures for vegetables.
He might have added for field crops also. The only ad-
vantage highly concentrated, mineral and acid fertilizers,
have over the compost, is in the facility of application.
When Southern farmers, however, begin to appreciate the

18

necessity of contracting the area of cultivated crops, they
will learn to attach more importance to compost manure.
Below we give a receipe and some directions for the construc-
tion and management of a compost heap.

Take four two-horse loads, or 4,000 lbs. barn yard, or
stable manure, and the same quantity of dried swamp muck,
or rich earth out of the jams of fences, &c., or woods mold,
and to these add twenty-five bushels, or 750 lbs. cotton seed,
mix well together. Then mix together well 200 lbs. ground
bones and 200 lbs. gypsum, or land plaster, and add to the
heap—shoveling all together and cover with a temporary
shelter. If there is sufficient moisture in any of the ingre-
dients to produce fermentation (and there usually is in sta-
ble manure,) it is not desirable to add any water. Permit
this heap to lie several months at least before using—the
longer the better as it improves by age. If, alter the pile has
fermented and eooled off, it.is shoveled over, 1t will improve
it. If while tearing down for this purpose, ‘or for use, the
free ammonia be found by the smell to be escaping, more
gypsum should be added.... Let all who .deem it too much
trouble or too slow a. process, to. make. compost -heaps after
this style, consider. whether.or not. it is more. troublesome
and vexatious to do this, than it is to give mortgages on cot-
ton not yet planted for bogus Guanos. A compost. after
above manner cost as follows:

Lot; Mange < 2.0. .y68 4,000 prunes a le IE $4 00
Dried ‘Wwe. 2... sees 4, UE) See. GR 0h 4 00
Cotton /Seaas..cucsee ss é 150 el aha aI A Saas 5 See
Ground Bones........ ee 4! DRO ele pe a gael Be 6
Land , Plaster? 300.2. Paste i Mei Maen Meth WR, osu OR
otal: sizthacmen ss eaeker. BESO oR’ Oost... ken ee

Thus four and a half tons. of a valuable manure is ob-
tained at a cost of $4 00 per ton.

The above manure, if tried in the laboratory of the Chem-
ist, will be found to contain as much ammonia and. soluable
phosphoric acid, and lime, per ton, as many Guanos for
which planters pay yearly from $40 to $60 per ton, and of
necessity wiil produce as good results in the field.

The making of compest heaps should be a weekly and
almost daily employment of the farmer. , Little by little,»
the huge piles should be made to grow. Into these should
be mixed not only the stable, hog and cow manure, but the
night soil, the dropping of the henery, ashes, leaves, straw,
soapsuds, brine and old mortar, and to every load twenty
pounds of gypsum,

19

. Nothing connected with the farm—not even the care of

the plow-stock—deserves more constant attention than the
making of manure heaps. | teh

The amount of manure on hand at planting time, should
be regarded as the farmer’s capital stock upon which to base
his‘ year’s operations. The inquiry of merchants in the
Spring, when planters are seeking credit, should not be how
many acres will you have in cotton, but how much home-
made manure will you have to use on your crops? The

- answer to the latter question will serve as a more correct in-

dex to the certain payment of the planter’s dues—if that
payment depends upon crop results—than any other that
could be asked.

Dr. Buckner shows, by his analysis of American manures,
that the Watson & Clark Superphosphate, which sells at
$45 per ton, is intrinsically worth to the planter $16 87 per
ton. The planter pays two anda half times what it is
worth.

Also, that Rhodes’ Superphosphate, which sells at $50 per
ton, is worth to the planter $8 80; or in other words, $50
is four and three-fifth times what it is worth.

Also, that Berger & Butz’s Excelsior Superphosphate of
Lime, which sells at $50 per ton, is worth $17 35.

And that the Magnum Bonum Soluble Phosphate, which
sells at $52 per ton, is worth $17 69.

-And that Whan’s Raw Bone Superphosphate, which sells
at $52:per ton, is worth $13 99.

Also, that the Soluble Pacific Guano, which sells at $50
per ton, is worth $19 98.

Also, that Baugh & Son’s Raw Bone Superphosphate,
which is sold at $50 per ton, is worth $13 73.

And that E. Frank Coe’s Superphosphate of Lime, which is
sold at $52 per ton, is worth $23 52.

And that Moro Phillips’ Superphosphate of Lime, sold at
$50 per ton, is worth $15 39.

Also, that the Excellenza Ammoniated Soluble Phos-
phate, sold at $56, is worth $34 93.

And that Bowers’ Complete Manure, sold at $52 per ton,
is worth only $9 62. |

Also, the Patapsco Guano, sold at $55 per ton, is worth
$31. 25. |

‘And that Needles’ Improved Superphosphate of Lime,
sold at: $47 per ton, is worth $2 96.

Also, the Bromophyte Fertilizer, sold at $40 per ton, is
worth the nominal sum of $3 84. |

It will be seen from the above, that the remarks made in

2

20

the opening of this address in regard to the impositions prac-
ticed upon planters by manipulators, were well founded.
The first edition of the book from which these facts were
gleaned has been exhausted, and the second edition is now
being sold, and yet, so far as the writer of these pages has
any knowledge, the proprietors nor the agents of these com-
pounds have not even attempted to controvert the state-
ments. They have acted upon the principle that the least
said is the easiest mended.

The author of this address finding that on account of the
advertising influence of guano dealers and agents that a
pamphlet form was the only channel through which he
could arrest public attention, determined hence upon its pub-
lication. And he believes that planters especially, and the
public generally, will not be wholly unappreciative of his
efforts for the public good. If, as is said, ‘‘it is sweet to die
for one’s country,’’ it is certainly pleasant to live and labor
in the quiet walks of peace for the advancement of true sci-
ence and the material prosperity of one’s own neighbors and
countrymen, .

VEGETABLE MOLD, —

In the further discussion of this subject it is proper to re-
mark that decaying vegetation on and beneath the surface
performs an important, and almost indispensable part, in
the growth of plants. In its decay it exerts a dissolving in-
fluence upon the surrounding mineral constituents of the
soil, and in the form of mold, absorbs and retains the valua-
ble gases—giving them out to plants.as needed. It serves,
also, to retain moisture and is an excellent antidote against
‘seasons of severe drouths. | It serves to create warmth in the
soil, and thus produces a more generous growth of plants in
the early spring, and checkmates the chilling and unfriendly
influence of cold nights and early frosts upon tender. vegeta-
tion. It is indeed the great conservator, regulator, and mod-
ifier of the mineral elements in the soil, and over the sudden
changes of the atmosphere and overfloods and drouths. | In-
deed, it is not safe or advisable to use a highly concentrated
and high-priced manure upon a. soil (especially if sandy)
which has been quite or nearly exhausted of its vegetable
matter, With such a manure, on such a soil, some one of
the disasters to which crops are liable during a long’ season
and slow maturity, as we have in the South, are almost sure
to befall the crops. This, in part, explains why, for the
last several years, the old lands of Middle and South Geor-

ee ee ee

Q1

gia and Alabama seems to be fated to ill luck from some oné
of the many disasters to which this section isincident. And
this is why the same field, under the stimulating. influence
of a mineral manure, produces good crops one year, when
the seasons are all favorable, and the next year treated in
the same way and with the same manure, but with unfavor-
able seasons, produces scarcely enough to pay for the prepa-
ration of the land.

Now, if land by a long system of clean culture has been
exhausted of vegetable matter, the first step to be taken in
its recuperation is to work this vegetation back into it. This
may be done in many ways. We will make only one or two
suggestions on this point, leaving the planter to his own ex-
perience and the suggestions of his own mind in this simple
process. In the first place, the growth of small grain, with
the straw and chaff returned to the land, followed by a crop
of peas plowed’ in, is in most. cases the readiest method
When practicable, leaves and woods mold may be carted
upon the land. Ifthe land is to be cultivated before resup-
plying the vegetable matter, it should be manured with well
rotted compost, composed largely of litter and swamp muck,
rather than with concentrated fertilizers. If, as is to be be-
lieved, merchants and factors fail in 1874 to furnish planters
with means to run their farms on the old schedule, they will
be compelled to sow a good portion of their lands in grain
or abandon them to a crop of weeds. This panic wind will
then blow some good to the cotton belt. Providence some-
times compels people to do what they ought to do without
being compelled.

It is a waste of time and money to put manure of any sort
upon land subject to water sob. The way to treat such land
is, first, tv drain it if practicable, and then treat it with
lime, If not practicable to drain it at reasonable cost, it
had better be converted into permanent meadow.

Our farmers have allowed their great haste to become
rich, to lead them into many serious and grievous errors.
The principle upon which farming in the South has been
conducted since the close of the war, especially in the negro
belt, is radically wrong. In the general scarcity of money
and despondency, which prevails among the farmers of the
South, they are but reaping the legitimate fruits of their
folly. We have sown to the winds, and we are fast reaping
the whirlwind. Instead of setting out, in the beginning, to
increase our capital, by permanently enriching our lands,
and keeping that object constantly in view, so as to give us
the greatest possible margin between the cost of production

22

and the sale of the products, we have given them, from year
to year, exhaustively clean culture, only dosing them occa-
sionally with a little stimulating compound (not a little but
a great deal) at an exorbitantly high price. We have ‘cul-
tivated all our lands, both good, “bad and indifferent, on
borrowed capital, at a high rate per cent., thus making our-
selves the slaves of the merchants and capitalists, We have
exhausted our lands, so that they are no longer capable of
producing remunerative crops. Our young men, seeing the
situation, are hurrying off to the West. We have created
an unnatural demand for labor, and have thus caused the
laborers to demand exorbitant wages.

The remedy for all these evils is not in a change of legis-
lation, not in making war upon legitimate trade, not in
quarreling with all the balance of mankind, but let each
planter for himself go to work to bring his land up to its
maximum grade of production. Let him make haste slowly.
‘He cannot do this all at once. Let him recognize the fact
that farmers do not loom up into fortune and competency at
a sudden bound. et him consider that farmers do not
grow rich so much by the net proceeds of the farm as by the
gradual enhancement of the value of his lands. Let him
determine that however great the temptation to do other-
wise, he will cultivate only such portions of his land as will
surely remunerate him for the labor; the balance he will
turn out to pasture or to rest, that nature may bring her
forces to’ bear to assist him in its recuperation. ‘The planter
cannot improve all his lands at one time; he must take
small portions, and expend all his energies upon that. He
must study the laws of nature, and learn to direct his efforts
intelligently to this end. Life is too short to expend in
misdirected efforts, however laudable and legitimate the end
sought to be accomplished. We cannot afford to expend
time and money experimenting upon matters which science
and experience have already determined. Let us, therefore,
_ Study the indications of science and acquaint ourselves with
its teachings. If we have not the cash means to conduct our
operations, let us, nevertheless, run as near upon our own
bottom as it is possible for us to do.

Let us keep this cardinal principle ever in view, that what-
ever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. No planter
should be satisfied with mediocrity in his calling. Ambi-
tion, when well directed in an honorable pursuit, is a divine 3
principle.

‘The following amounts of different crops have been, year
after year, raised from an acre of ordinary land, by the

23.

proper application of manures: Wheat, 25 bushels ; rye, 30
bushels; corn, 50 bushels; oats, 50 bushels ; barley, 30
bushels, two tons of hay. What has been done can be done
again. A determination to do and the application of the
proper means are all that is required. Only when such
crops are raised can farming be said to be a successful and.
remmunerative business. How common is the complaint
among our farmers, that after allowing ordinary wages for
their own labor, and paying expenses, they do not realize
legal interest on the money invested in their land and im-
provements. This need not, and should not be the case.
In many parts of England, more is paid yearly as rent than
would purchase land equally as good in this country ; yet
these renters not only live well but frequently become
' wealthy.’’

The above extract is from Dr. Buckner’s work on ‘‘Amer-
ican Manures.’” Our readers will not take offense at our
quoting from and referring to so often such an excellent
author. Indeed, as we have remarked before, they would
all do well to purchase such works, and read and study them
much ottener than many of them do their Bibles. Leave
the business of creation to take care of itself, and cease to
spend your timein hearing and telling news, and reading
sensational newspapers. Wedo not grow wise or learned
by such employment. Our time is too valuable to spend in
such a,way. One such book as the one referred to above,
thoroughly read and diligently studied, will add more to a
farmer’s stock of information about his own business—make
him every way more intelligent than all the newspaper read-
ing of a lifetime. What need we concern ourselves about
the particulars of the Fisk homicide, or any other like cir-
cumstance happening among the high-strung dandies of the
day, Yet it is not uncommon to see a knot of farmers, with
mouths open, in a listening attitude, while some one reads
the minutest particulars of a commonplace incident, which
some newspaper reporter has been paid to work up into a
sensational style on purpose to catch the attention of such
feather-heads. Such practices beget inattention to business,
and eventually almost destroys one’s powers and taste for
investigating properly any subject. It 1s next to impossible
to get an audience of planters together to listen to the dis-
cussion of any matter pertaining to farm improvement. Oh!
they say such discussions are dry! Well, is it any wonder
they are dry, to minds which for years have been fed upon
nothing but sensational spices and condiments, such as many
of the newspapers of the day are want to furnish. Farmers, —

QA.

let us be wise, and as we, when we thresh our grain, sepe-
rate it from the chaff and use only the wheat for the nour-
ishment of our bodies—no more think of filling our minds
with chaff than we would our stomachs.

RENTING.

The one-year renting system, as now practiced in the
South, is a bad one—bad for the country, bad for the owner
of the land, and bad for the renter. It effectually puts a
check upon all efforts at improvement. Wherein is the
owner benefitted, if he secures two hundred dollars in cur-—
rency and sustains that much damage to his land? He is
simply converting the fatness of his land into money ; tak-
ing from his principal and adding to his interest pile; tak-
ing from his right and putting into his left pocket. This
process adds no wealth to the country. It encourages the
renter to shiftless habits, which will eventuate in his life-
long poverty. ;

The better plan, by far, is to lease the land for a term of
five, or better still, ten years, and obligate the lessee to re-
turn the land in, at least as good condition, as at first.
Then all the rent charges will be that much good interest to
the owner, without damage to his capital. The placing of
a written obligation upon the renter to improve the land
will serve as an additional stimulus to the fact, that himself
will reap the benefit of such improvement. Whenever the
one-year rent plan is entered into, the owner of the land
should always secure the cotton seed and the manure pro-
duced on the place, to be returned to the land.

As germain to this suggestion, we will give below some
tables showing the amounts of fertile elements taken off
the land by various crops. ‘Twenty-five bushels of wheat,
with the straw, takes from the land:

AMMO Ia... <5 +04 EN REE eneg ys See ae 51.89 pounds.
PhapphoricyA cig ve. oleae s eehecle shed 26.1070 tf
POU Bhai. vvcias grea vat hbo heehee er sae eh: 35.70%
LiUMe ...2.geede id och oeebpapaces aptenian ss « 13. .36;p13%

These ingredients are worth, at least, one-fourth the value
of the wheat. If, therefore, the farmer rents for one-fourth
the wheat, he pays for what he gets its full value, and gets
no interest on his investment.

25

Fifty bushels of corn takes from the land, with the stalk
and the cob:

AMMONIA. ..cesecenccccever cceseseeesvereee 40.22 pounds.
Phosphoric Acid.....ssseeeseeererereese es SHIBL. ss
BPobasbilas.sucvads eves. ds. -wdaradedtopne cea 14 TB) fae
Gory ay meme Or erry eeler ep bad be ge platy ody 18 67

Fifty bushels of oats, with the straw, takes from the land:
AMMONDIA.......cceeececcceeencuecee serene .45 .25 pounds.
Phosphoric Acid...---...sseeeerereereeees: jt hah
PUT Ie, Beha thc te eae destemneses totces TSLaR
Pedra oe pee eet etdcavctanees es atens doc he

Fifteen hundred pounds seed cotton takes from the land :
Phosphoric Acid........-.sesseeeeterseerees 34.6 pounds.
PIAS ee pete 0 5k-4 Raynor neo tinee este spetet ab A
EMG: skp ss's sense ec cclie tha Ciba tiehe teek at AG. sue

Together with a large percentage of ammonia contained in
the seed. The remarks applied to wheat in this connection,
are applicable.to corn, oats and cotton. |

We see from this the absolute necessity of returning to the
land each year as much of these elements as are taken from
it, if we keep it up to its original grade ‘of fertility. If we
do this out of our own purse and yet receive only one-fourth.
of the proceeds of crops raised on the land, we will soon find
there is not much money in the operation. It may be in
point here to remark, that land is not exhausted of any one
element of fertility so rapidly by varying the kinds of crops
from year to year as when cultivated in the same crop for a
series of years together.

I now cast this little waif upon the great sea of literature
and await with some degree of interest its reception by the
farmers of the South. If this slight effort of the author
should meet with encouragement, he may be indnced to ex-
tend his efforts to add to our agricultural literature. I now
dedicate this little address, which has cost the author not
many hours of labor in its writing, to the hard-fisted farm-
ers of that land which produces the fleecy staple. It is with
them, and their interest, he is identified, and it is for their
prosperity he is willing to labor to the end.

The author of this address, while presenting its objects to
the merchants and business men of Columbus with a view to
offer such as desired an opportunity to put in advertising
cards, was occasionally greeted with such remarks as these}:
‘“‘Do you think the farmers can be taught anything? Why,
they are the greatest set of boobys and asses in the world ;
they don’t want to know anything else but where they can

26

buy guano and bacon and corn on a credit.’’ One said,
‘‘Why, the guano dealers would pay you more not to pub-
lish your pamphlet than you can ever hope to realize out of
it otherwise. The farmers haven’t enterprise, ‘intelligence
and forecast enough to appreciate it.’’ From the manner
of others I was led to infer that the dread of the adverse in-
fluence of dealers and their agents prompted their action
more than the entire planting community. I was led tocon-
clude verily the manipulators, dealers and their myriads of
agents are a power in the land when they can close the
mouths of business men, control transportation, monopolize
the mineral beds, manipulate State officials, throttle the
press, and occupy chairs in our agricultural colleges. I be-
came more fully impressed with the importance of the work
and determined to press it’ to an early publication. I make
these remarks merely to enlighten farmers as to the estima-_
tion in which their conduct, by the all-cotton system, has
caused them to be held by the balante of the community.
Having lost their money by a speculative system of farming
they have lost in influence and public esteem. The only
way to regain that influence and esteem, for planters, and the
_ planting profession, which is their rightful due, (for are they
not lords of the soil?) is to determine to ask as few favors as
possible—mind our own business—keep out of the hands of
the sharpers—stand by and encourage one another, and
above all, leave speculation to the speculators. Our busi-
ness is to make food and raiment. The business of our wives
and our daughters is to become educated in household duty
and domestic economy—not to be making milliners’ show-
cases of themselves, but to make home happy, and a place
to be longed for by their cheerful and angel presence and
personal supervision.

It affords me pleasure to call attention to the business
cards to be found in this address. To advertise in this
style in the present stringency, bespeaks for them a liberality
in business which planters will do well to note. It shows
that though panics may prevail, and war alarms may float
upon the breeze, they at least, are determined ‘not to furl
their sails—determined not to be outstripped in their claims
upon public patronage in any respect.

PROTECTION.

That the laws of Georgia are inadequate to protect the
farmer from base imposition by Guano manipulators, is ap-
parent from the fact that we have had Guano inspectors, in

ae,

high pay, and yet it has been to the people as though no
such officers existed. Ifthe laws are not inefficient, then
those who have had their execution in charge, have been
recreant to a high trust, and should be held to an accounta-:
bility.

I learn that numerous ‘suits for Guano purchased, have
been tried by the Superior Court, now in session in Musco-
gee county, and have invariably resulted in favor of the
plaintiff. For this, the farmer may blame himself. Our
laws will protect the purchaser of an article, whenever it can
be shown to the satisfaction of the court and jury, that there
has been a failure of consideration upon the part of the ven-
dor. But how do farmers undertake to show this? They
go into Court and show that the dealer guaranteed nothing,
but that, by the testimony of their neighbors and employees,
their crop results were not satisfactory. This leaves the
matter in such uncertainty, that the Court charges the jury
to find tor the plaintiff, aud the jury so finds. The farmer
goes away feeling that the decision of all human tribunals
are uncertain—that he has been most wofully swindled—
blaming everybody and everything but himself, when he,
most of all others, is to blame for the unfavorable results.

Now, iffarmers would take the precaution, when they pur- .
chase a Guano compound, to require of the dealer a guaran-
teed analysis, the result would be quite different. It a
dealer will not furuish an analysis of his article, it is prima
facie evidence of an attempt to defraud. Shun him as you
would the pick-pocket. If he will not guarantee his article
to be as good as the analysis indicates, itis as though a man
would sell you a horse and refuse to guarantee his soundness.
Now business is business, and law is law, and when farmers
take things on trust, and trust to chance for things to come
out right, and when it comes out wrong, then call on the
law for protection, they may look to be worsted.

But, says the farmer, the article may be as good as the
analysis indicates ; and yet my knowledge ot chemistry is 0
meager, I could not tell whether I was paying too much for
the article or not.

Just so, but I opine that hardly any chemist in Georgia,
if presented with the published analysis and asked his
opinion of the intrinsic value of the article accordingly, but
would give it freely and candidly, especially if informed that
if an analysis became needful, his services for that purpose
would be engaged. Drugygists would soon, if not already so,
post themselves upon the market value of ingredients, if
asked by farmers to do so. So that no man need be helpless

28

in this, except him who is wilfully so. Now then, what
about the guarantee? As already remarked, the Courts will
protect the purchaser, if failure of consideration is clearly
shown. Then if crop results are not satisfactory, and the
farmer deems himself to have been imposed upon, if he has
the guaranteed analysis, and has preserved a sample of the
Guano, let him join in with a few of his neighbors, similarly
situated, and pay five dollars each to a competent. chemist,
to have the sample analyzed. ‘Then when he goes to Court
he will not need to go on uncertainty—he will not need to
drag his neighbors and employees to town to spend weeks in
idleness, waiting for the day of trial. Turn the matter over
into the hands of your attorneys, and go about your business,
never tearing the result. Indeed, under the status of the
case, the dealer, rather than suffer exposure, and run the
risk of a counter-suit for heavy damages, would rather play
quits, and would never dream of instituting a suit. Your
case would be gained without the test of law... Now it is
easier to do things right than it is to do them wrong. First
avail yourselves of the rights you have under the law, and
then for what is lacking, amend your law. Youare the law-
making power ; for are you not ‘‘ lords of the soil?’’? Talk
about the want of protection to a people who rule themselves ;
nonsense, Are you not men, and are you not free men?
Protect yourselves, and if in this you fail, then like the frogs
in the fable, ask for a ruler wise enough to rule and protect
you.

THE GAIN.

If, through the reading of this pamphlet, the farmer ‘is
enabled to obtain for twenty dollars, what would otherwise
have cost him $60, then by an expenditure of twenty-five
cents he has saved $40. Investments of this kind will soon
bring farmers out of financial despondency, and wreath their
countenances with complacency. If the author could but
secure to himself one-tenth part of what he believes would
be saved to the general community by the reading and prac-
ticing of the knowledge herein setforth, he might say to
himself, as said the man in Scripture, ‘‘now soul take thine
ease, for thou hast much goods in store for many years.’”
But, whether the enterprize serves to put pennies into his
pocket or not, he has already experienced much pleasure in
its preparation, and will rest in the consolation of having ,
put forth an honest effort to benefit his kind.

If he has been harsh in his strictures upon certain classes,

.
j
;

it is because the occasion required plain talk, Now let him
who dissents from the facts and opinions herein stated, hesi-
tate not. to handle them as roughly as he,may,,for»it is by
discussion that truth is made to appear. The author's Pre
of opinion is not so strong, but that he is desirous that truth |
should prevail, even at the sacrifice of his. own theories and
interest. So then, gentlemen, you.that are of a contrary
belief, draw your quills. : !

Now, kind reader, when you have finished perusing this
pamphlet, if you have found merit in it—if. it, has, afforded
you instruction and entertainment, do not lend it around to
your neighbors, but lay it on your shelf for future and con- |

tinual reference, and for the instruction and entertainment

of your farmer boys. Twenty-five cents is a very small ,
pittance, and the author needs it. Tell your nerghbors
about it, tell them to do as you have done, go and buy a
copy ; and I will be ever yours truly. : : TS te

ei
¢

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= #8

A. ML BRANNY

Wholesale & Retail Druggist

COLUMBUS, GEO.

Having had some experience in buying |

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS,

I offer my services to the a for any thing in that |

NEW WAGON YARD!

Conveniently located, near Dis-
brow’s Livery Stable, and East of
Swift, Murphy & Co’s Warehouse.

Good stalls and shelter for stock, and comfortable
quarters for men.
Will pay the highest prices for Dry Hides, Rags, Beeswax,
Dried Fruit, &c., at the Yard,
DANIEL R. BIZE, Prop’.

COLUMBUS, Ga.

BEDELL?W ARE

Wholesale and Retail Dealers in

Boots and Shoes

of all kinds; also

Leather and Shoe Findings.
148 Broad Street, Columbus, Ga.

We make a specialty of the Common Sense Shoe for Farmers,
and of the old reliable , Virginia Stitch Down. All of our stock
was made for our own trade, and we guarantee all goods to give
satisfaction. No welted goods sold.

Mr. L..J. HARVEY is with us and would be pleased to see his
friends and customers.

W. F. TIGNER,

OVER CHAPMAN’S DRUG STORE,
Randolph, between Broad and Oglethorpe Streets.
COLUMBUS, GA.

‘5, Special attention given to the insertion of artificial teeth,
as well as to operative Dentistry.

J HAMILTON,

. Wholesale and Retail Dealer in |
Bagging, Ties, Bacon, Sugars, Salt,
~ Coffee, &c., dc.,

Always on hand a full stock of

Plantation and Family Groceries.
Juuction Franklin, Warren and Oglethorpe Streets.
+ COLUMBUS, Ga.

PIPE. T. MOORE,
PHOTOGRAPHER,

‘At Van Riper’s old stand.
Will-execute in a manner to suit his customers, all kinds of Sun
Pictures, embracing the Photogragh from Carte de Visite to Life
Size, which includes the

PORCELAIN, MEZZOTINTE, REMBRANDT, MEDAL-
LION, VICTORIA, and CABINET CARDS;

“Bach of which is a beautiful and distinct style of Picture, in the highest de-

gree the art/has ever attained. Also the cheap, durable and agreeable ME-

LAINOTYPE, including Ferrotypes, Ambrotypes, Gems and Bon Ton Cards.
All of which will be guranteed to suit purchasers, at rates as low as any. _

T BEACH & C0.

96 Broad St., Columbus, Ga.

Dealer in -

Hardware, Cutlery, Iron, Steel, Agricultural
Implements, Paints, Oils, Glass, Chemical
Paint, Castings, Fairbanks’ Scales, Hoe’s
Saws, Rubber Belting, Wagon Material &c

W. H. ROBARTS & 60.
STOVES,

HAR DWAR E,
Wood, Willow & Glass Ware, Crockery &c.

MANUFACTURERS

Tin, Sheet Iron and Copper Ware.
109 Broad Street, Columbus, Ga.
Sole Agents for Filley’s celebrated Charter Oak elie ees

JOHN W.B
DRUGS AND MEDICINES,

Perfumery, Paints, Oils, Patent Medicines, Glass,

Pure Wines and Liquors, Dye Stuffs, &C.

Also sole proprietor and manufacturer of
BROOKS’ CELEBRATED CHILL & FEVER PILLS,
and Brooks’ Buchu, or '‘ Epping’s Buchu Improved.”
LOV Broad Street, Columbus, Ga.

“4 Wheeler & Wilson

Highest Premium
Lock Stitch

Sewing Machine,

\) The simplest, cheapest, and best
Sewing Machine in the world.

Over 900,000 now in.use.

They are sold fully warranted and
by a responsible Company of known
reputation, and entire satisfaction
guranteed.

SALESROOM 84 BROAD ST.
CotumBus, Ga.

W. B, ORR, Agt,

ae TF I GRIFFIN,

+ O6 Broad Street, Columbus, Sebi

IMPORTER AND DEALER IN

DRUGS, MEDICINES,

ENGLISH CHEMICALS,

‘PRENCH PHREUMERY,
And all Articles usually kept'on hand by Druggists.

Physicians’ Prescriptions Carefully Ni sual

FASHIONABLE MILLINERY,
Mrs. Ll. A. LEE,

75 Broad St., Columbus, Ga.
KEEPS CONSTANTLY ON HAND THE

Latest Novelties of the Season.
HAIR GOODS, JEWELRY,

AND

Children’s Ready-made Clothing.

Orders respectfully solicited,

CIRCULAR LETTER.

IL &M. Pure Soluble Fertilizer A

We are now receiving orders for this Pure Fertilizer for
next season delivery, so as to be able to meet the demand.
Col. F. J. Mort, R. C. Parrerson, LutazeR W. WALKER,
J. 8. Cuarx, J. Kimproven, L. M. Bracers, Gro. H. THomp-
son, and other prominent Planters using it, will kindly an-
swer all inquiries as to its merits.
This Fertilizer, from its analysis, will yield at least eight
per cent. more lint than the best manipulated Guano.
Price for Phosphates and Chemicals sufficient to make one
ton, $25 cash.
ISAAC I. MOSES CO.
At old stand of Hatt, Mosss & Co.
Or at Cotumsus Iron Works.
Capt. W. JOHNSON,
At Office Central Line Boats, Agent.
Cotumesus, GaA., Aug. 1, 1878.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE.

Take articles furnished (Bag of Chemicals excepted.) 600 Ibs. Phosphates and
Alkalies. Add 1,000 lbs. stable scrapings or alluvial soils, and 300 Ibs, Cotton
Seed. The 100 lbs, Chemicals dissolved in 30 gallons of warm water,

Make alternate layers of above articles, and sprinkle each layer with the so-
lution. Pull up in close pile and let stand two weeks; then cut it through from
top to bottom, with hoe, until thoroughly mixed. It is then ready for use.

Quantity, 200 Ibs to the acre, medium lands. 250 lbs. per acre on poor lands.
This will give you the finest Fertilizer now offered in the market, at less money
by half, and guaranteed.

ISAAC |. MOSES CO.

Have now in stock:

SULPHATE AMMONIA,
NITRATE SODA, PHOSPHATES,
LAND PLASTER, GERMAN SALTS.

And will supply all Chemicals for Agricultural uses, of
warranted qualities, and at a small advance on Importation

Prices.

DR. HOOD’S
EUREKA LIVER MEDICINE.

THE BEST IN THE WORLD.

After thirty years’ experience in the practice of medicine, I have discover-
ed the best sprciric for LIVER DISEASE ever offered to the public. I will
guarantee it to give satisfaction in all diseases arising trom a TorPip or diseased
Liver. This preparation is not a patent medicine, put up to eure all diseases,
but only those diseases which always attend a diseased, inaciive Liver—such as
Headache, Loss of Appetite, Nausea, Biliousness, Heartburn, Veriigo, Costiveness,
CHILL AND Fever, &c.,&c.

The EUREKA is entirely vegetable in its composition. No mercury in it
to poison the system; and you will find it will do you more good than Calomel
or Blue Mass. It will not make you sick, or gripe you in the least. Ladies
who are enciente need net apprehend any trouble by using it. Give it to your
children when they have the Colic, or are sick from eating too much, and it
will relieve them in a very few minutes.

Below you will find a few of the many certificates sent me by those that
have experienced its wonderful curative properties.
TRY If AND BE CONVINCED, For Sate By

E. C. HOOD & BRO.,
COLUMBUS, GA.,

AND DRUGGISTS AND MERCHANTS GENERALLY.

TESTIMONIALS.

° CotumBus, Ga., March 7th, 1871.
Dr. E. C. Hoop—Dear Sir:—I have used your ‘‘Eureka Medicine”’ in my own
case, and prescribed it for many others, in every instance reported, with satisfacto-
ry results. In disorder of the Stomach and Liver, I consider it a safe, reliable and
efficient remedy. Very respectfully yours, &c., J. W. Pirrs, M. D.

Lumpkin, GA., June 10th, 1872.
Dr. Hoop :—Up to two months ago I was greatly troubled about every month
with bilious attacks, and found nothing that acted like the Eureka, although I had
taken Simmons’ Regulator, Vinegar Bitters, and others. I now have no trouble
with biliousness, and unhesitatingly say that the Eureka is the best Liver Medicine
in the world. J. R. Cusistian, Ed. Lumpkin Telegraph.
From Rev. T. T. Christian, Presiding Elder Columbus District.

Dr. Hoop:—Having used your Eureka in my family, I cheerfully recommend
it to all who may need a good livertonic. It has given me great relief while suffer-
ing from dyspepsia, and from its use my digestion is wonderfully improved.

Yours truly, THos. T. CHRISTIAN,
CoLumBus, Ga., January 20th, 1872.

Dr. E. C. Hoop—Dear Sir :—It gives me pleasure to favorably recommend
your Eureka preparation for disorders of the Liver, Stomach and Bowels. Itis an
agreeable preparation, and is readily borne by the most delicate stomachs. The
public may be assured itis no patent medicine, as it is prepared by Dr. KE. C. Hood,
who is regular practitioner of medicine.

Respectfully, Wa. W. FLEWELLEN, M. D.

Having tested the virtues of Dr. Hood’s ‘Eureka Liver Medicine” in my prac-
tice, I have no hesitancy in recommending its use in those afilictions arising from a
disordered state of the digestive organs. T. F. Brewster, M.D.

Columbus, Ga., Sept. 4, 1871.
Uporors, Ga.

Dr. Hoop:—I obtained a few bottles of ‘‘Eureka’’ from Mr. Clayton. I con-
sider it the best medicine for children I ever used. Indeed it is a first-class family
medicine, and I never intend to be without it in my family again. Send me one
dozen bottles. Joun D. Odom,

VILLIANS, PEARCE: &: HODO,

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

OP Me
rate Sa
Pe oe
Neus i]

No. 20 BROAD ST., COLUMBUS, GA.

Special Inducements to Grangers.

F J. SPRINGER, —

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN

GROCERIES & PROVISIONS

OF ALL KINDS.

WINES, LIQUORS, CIGARS, &c.

SPRINGER OPERA HOUSE.
Corner Oglethorpe & Crawford streets, Columbus, Ga,

DEALER IN

FANCY AND FAMILY

GROCERIES.

Country Produce Bought and Sold.

Corner of Oglethorpe and St. Clair Streets, near the Market.

A Se Pe ee ee

=
a
Rt SOE mee

Gai

ase

Set... aE Se

SPRING VILLA LIME,

MANUFACTURED BY

THE SPRING VILLA MANUFACT G CO.

Ico County, Ala.

The attention of consumers is invited to a consideration
of the merits of this new Lime, which, from the ‘‘Tests’’
made during the past Season, has proved itself Superior in
“Strength’’ and ‘‘Purity’’ to any Limes in the country, both
for Masonry and Agricultural purposes.

The Top Rock of the Quarry, from which it is taken,
burns a ‘lark color, and for all purposes except whitewash-
ing and inside finish is best, analysis showing it to contain
*88 per cent. Carbonate of Lime. The Lower Rock pro-
duces White Lime and is superior for Whitewashing and
last coat of Plastering, making a smooth and beautiful fin-
ish. ‘It contains 62 per cent. Carbonate of Lime, possessing
Hydranlic Properties.

The Dark Lime is almost equal to Cement and valuable
for use in wet and damp places, and requiring from 50 to
75 per cent. more of sand than any ordinary White Lime.
The attention of Planters is particularly invited to this Lime,
as its great Strength makes it a most valuable Fertilizer
and is as superior for Agricultural purposes as for Masonry.

Orders addressed to the undersigned will secure prompt
attention. Special Rates secured for Car Loads ¢o all prin-
cipal points in Georgia and Alabama.

CLEMONS & JAMES, Gen. Agts.,

Columbus, Ga.
*We give the analysis of our Lime; also, of the Chewacla Lime by Prof,
Mallet, of the University of Virginia:

Spring Villa Lime. [CRewacts Lime.

Dark. White.
Carbonate of Lime... ..-+...see0 seeeee 88.15 62.60 53.09
Carbonate of Magnesia.............. 7,40 32.91 41.91
Sesqui Oxide of Iron and Alumina.., 1.21 2.06 17
- Insoluble (Silicious) Residue...... 2.36 1.86 4.39
Organic Matter and Moisture......... 37 24 | 18

Kk ®

KENT
» & *
102 BROAD STREET,

Manufacturer of

Saddles, Bridies, Harness,
COLLARS, WHIPS,

And all other goods in that line.

My Goods are of my own make, and made by hand—Warranted to give
entire satisfaction. My stock is large and complete and for sale at prices to
swit the times for small profits. I would be glad to give you an evidence oj that
fact. My stock consists in part of

SADDLES, &c. HARNESS, &c. BRIDLES, &c.
McClellan Saddles, Buggy Harness, | Riding Bridles,
Texas ee | Carriage 5 | Halter ag

~ Morgan 5 Trotting “ | Plow ms
R. E. Lee es Rockaway ‘‘ Wagon ae
Beauregard f Double a Buggy -
Stonewall ie Express if Carriage ‘
Kent ; Py | Stage " | Round es
English ‘* | Wagon ws TRUNKS.
Shafton 1§ Lead ff Saratoga Trunks,
Spanish es Team 4 | Ladies’ ‘s
Mexican Ms Plow ‘s | Gentlemen’s ‘
Side "s Cart ne | Zink m
Boys’ a Goat As | Sole Leatuer ‘
Old Man’s fs Wagon Breeching, | Packing *?

LEATHER. Plantation Harness. | Valises,

Harness Leather, OIL CLOTHS. Satchels,
Sole Black Enameled Oil Cloth | Carpet Bags,
Upper th Fancy $e: ee hana 1 Chi Brass
Calf Skins, Imitation Mahogany ‘‘ Plow Hames,
Kip Skins, | Marble “| Wagon“
Sheep Skins, ; Mole Skin Oil ‘ | Buggy ‘
Enameled Leather, Rubber Buggy Aprons, Back Bands,
Dash 4 f Army Blankets, «* Band Hooks,
Patent oN ts Cloth, | Plow Chains,
Wagon Lines, Horse Blankets, Wagon ‘
Buggy ae Lap Robes, | Halter“
Carriage ‘‘ Buggy Umbrellas, Breast *‘
Plow fs Feather Dusters, Plow Collars,
Bridle Reins, Horse Brushes, Wagon a
Shoe Thread, Main and Tail Brushes, Buggy id
Saddlers ‘ Curry Combs, Carriage *‘
Saddlers Silk. Fancy Dog Collars. | Halters.

SADDLERY AND HARNESS HARDWARE 0. ALL KINDS;
CARRIAGE TRIMMINGS. SHOE FINDINGS, &c.,

Saddle, Harness and Shoe-Maker’s Tools. I repair Saddles, Harness, Trunks °
&c., at low rates, and take orders for all kind of new work. I pledge myself to

duplicate any Northern Bill.
W. R. KENT.

ech

ARTA

Doi Na fa

“MANUFACTURED BY

W. G. CLEMONS,

Successor to W. G. Ciemons, Brown & Co.

COLUMBUS, GA.
This Gin has no superior for Speed, Light Draught.
and Good Sample. r

- Orders addressed to the undersigned will meet with

prompt attention.
W. G CLEMONS.

Office on Oglethorpe street,
Next door to the Episcopal Church.

December, 1873.

GHORGIL HOWE SATVEN BUY,

COLUM E US, Ga.,
J. RHODES BROWNE, GEO. W. DILLINGHAM,

President. Treas’r.
Receives Deposits in sums of One Dollar and upwards,
allowing interest at the rate of 7 per cent. per annum, com-
pounded Four Times a Year.
By the terms of the Company’s Charter, the entire Property of the Com-
pany, and the private property of the Stockholders, is pledged for the obliga-
tions of the

SAVING S BAN Fe.

INCORPORATED 1859,

OCORGLA TOME INMRANGE (0,

COLUMBUS, Ga.
Capital and Assets $300,cO0°.
J. RHODES BROWNE, Pres, S, S, MURDOCH, Sec’y,
GEO, W. DILLLINGHAM, Treasurer.

Offers indemnity against loss by fire on all classes of insur-
able risks, at adequate rates.

LOSSES PAID IN 14 YEARS $950,000.

GEORGIA HOME BANK

COLUMBUS. Ga.
J, RHODES BROWNE, Pres. GEO, W. DILLINGHAM, Cash’r,

TRANSACTS A

GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS,

Receives Deposits.
Buys and sells Exchange, Bonds, Stocks ue Coin.
Collections made on all accessible points, and tdcdiat returns made, with-
out charge beyond the eurrent rate of Exchange.

|
:

The Patapsco Guano Cos

ANMONITED SUPER PONPIIATE

In again calling the attention of our friends and patrons
to the above Fertilizer, for which we have been the General
Agents at Columbus during the past six years, we desire to
say that the article offered by us the coming season will, if
anything, be superior to what we have heretofore sold. Dr.
Liebig, the manufacturing chemist of the Company, has
labored each year to make such alterations or additions as
practical tests in different sections of the country have sug-
gested, and we feel safe in asserting that those of our patrons
who have purchased yearly from us will bear out our state-

‘ments. =s

At the commencement of a season, during which’ pur-
chasers will, to a certain extent, be guided in their selec-
tions by the prices of articles offered, we would say that the
Company we represent are influenced more by a determina-
tion to maintain the high reputation of their Super-Phos-
phate, than a desire to place a cheap article upon the mar-
ket; and that while we yield to none in the superiority of
our Fertilizer, we do not propose as dealers to compete, of-
fering the special inducement of low prices.

Owing to the increased demand last season we were com-
pelled to disappoint some of our friends. We expect this
winter to command a sufficient supply to meet the wants of
the trade, and will be prepared to offer the usual discounts
and accommodations to wholesale dealers, as well as to fill
promptly orders for small lots. Since last season we have
removed our office from Gunby’s building to the warehous®
formerly occupied by Mr. Wm. H. Young, on Oglethorpe
Street, next to the Episcopal Church, where we will be
pleased to see our friends.

CLEMONS & JAMES, Agents.
Columbus, Ga., December Ist, 1873.

HOME MADE FERTILIZERS,

Pure Chemicals at Lowest Rates!!!

Sulphate of Ammonia,
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

Ammoniated Dissolved Bones.
Nova Scotia Land Plaster.
Bone Superphosphate of Lime.

And all other ingredients for making Fertilizers.

Purchase early and Manipulate at Leisure.

Materials for making one ton, according to well tested formulas,
from $10 to $25. Mixed with vegetable matter, cotton seed, rich
soil, or stable manure, makes a more reliable fertilizer than can be
bought for three times the amount.

Formulas for mixing supplied to our customers.

.
TERMS CASH,
Address

~ “HOLSTEAD: C0.

Agricultural Depot,
COLUMBUS, GA.

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ati § eehengid ie nt *

I Never Speculate—Steady Receipts suit me best,

If you would Know the Value of =e e go try to Borrow some.

‘No man can become wealthy who puts his money

where it earns nothing.

It is poor economy to make money and then bury it.

A deposit of $5 per week in The Savings Depart-.
ment of the Eagle and Phenix Manufacturing Gants
pany will produce in five years $1,754 10; in ten
years $4,111 60; in fifteen years $7,279 60; in twen-
ty years $11,537 28. Amount deposited in twenty
years $5,200; accumulation of interest $6,337 28.

bis & Piss Manuf ¢ Co.,

Columbus, Ga., has over $1,650,000 assets above and
beyond every debt of any kind it owes. All this is
pledged by Special Act of Legislature, and all the
Private Property of 243 wealthy Stockholders is like-
wise pledged for the protection of Depositors and
and thuse holding Certificates of Deposit.

Deposits can be drawn without notice.

Seven per cent. interest is paid, compounded four

times a year.

TO SAVE IS TO GROW RICH.
Little and Often Fills the Purse,

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

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