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VIRGIL

AENEID XI T. E. PAGE M.A

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AENEIDOS

LIB. XI

EDITED FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS

T. E. PAGE, M.A.

ASSISTANT MASTER AT CHARTERHOUSE

WITII VOCABULARY

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INTRODUCTION

P. Vergilius^ Maro Avas born Oct. 15, 70 b.c, at Andes, a small village near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul, five years before Horace and seven before C. Octavius, who later, under the names of Octavian and Augustus, was destined to become his great patron. His father was a yeoman, and cultivated a small farm of his own. The boy was educated at Cremona and Mediolanum (Milan), and is said to have subsequently studied at Neapolis (Naples) under Parthenius of Bithynia, from Avhom he learnt Greek, and at Eome under Siron, an Epicurean philosopher, and Epidius, a rhetorician. His works afford ample evidence of his wide reading, and he certainly merits the epithet of dodus to which all the poets of his age aspired ; ^ a noble passage in the Georgics (2. 475-492)expresses his deep admiration for scientific and philosophic study, while throughout the Aeneid, and especially in the speeches of the fourth Book, there are marked traces of that rhetorical

^ The spelling Virgilius is wrong, but as an Englisli word it seems pedantic to alter 'Yirgil' establisbed as it is by a long literary tradition. ^ ei];,^ Cat. 35. 16 ii.

vi IXTRODUCTION

training ■\vhich has left such a profound impress on the literature of the succeeding century.

On completing his education he seems to have returned home, and some of the minor poems ascribed to him — Ciris, Copa, Culex, Dirae, Moretum — may be in reaUty youthful attempts of his composed during this period. Our lirst certain knowledge, however, of his poetic career begins in 42 B.C., when, after the defeat of Brutus and Cassius at Phihppi, the Roman world passed into the hands of the triumvirs Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus. They had promised their victorious veterans the lands of eighteen cities in Italy, among which was Cremona, and subsequently it became necessary to include the neighbouring district of Mantua.^ VirgiFs father was threatened with the loss of his farm,- but the youthful poet had secured the favour of C. Asinius Pollio, governor of Cisalpine Gaul, and of L. Alfenus Varus, his successor (41 B.C.), whose assistance he invokes in the sixth Eclogue. Pollio, himself a scholar and poet,^ accepted the dedication of his earliest Eclogues,* and secured for him an introduction to Octavian at Eome,^ as a

1 Ecl. 9. 28 Mantua vae miserae nimium vicina Cremonae.

" The date of this is usually given as 41 b.c, but a year or two later (say 39 B.c.) seems more probable : see Class. Rev. vi. p. 450.

^ Hor. Od. 2. 1. •* Ecl. 8. 11 a te principium.

^ Schol. Dan. on Ecl. 9. 10 carmina quibus sibi Pollionem intercessorcm a^icl Augustum conciliaverat.

INTRODUCTION vil

result of -which he obtained the restoration of the farm. His gratitude to the youthful triumvir finds expression in the Eclogue which he prefixed to the others, and ^vhich now stands at their head.

Froni this time Virgil lived at Eome or Xaples enjoying the bounty and friendship of the Emperor and forming part of the select circle of distinguished men, Avhich his minister Maecenas — the great literary patron of the day — gathered round him in his mansion on the Esquiline. It was at the request of Maecenas^ tiiat he composed the four Books of the Georgics, written between 37 B.C. and 30 B.C., and dedicated to him.- We know little of his life, but it was he who introduced Horace to Maecenas,^ and in Horace's writings we catch an occasional glimpse of him, notably in the description of the famous 'journey to Brundisium,' -vrhen he joined the party of Maecenas at Sinuessa, and, along with Plotius and Yarius, is classed by his brother-poet in a memorable phrase among ' the fairest souls and dearest friends on eartli,' ** while on another occasion Horace makes his starting for a tour in Greece the occasion for an Ode, in which he prays that the ship which bears so dear

^ Georg. 3. 41.

2 Georg. 1. 2.

^ Hor. Sat. 1. 6. 54 optimus olim \ Vergilms, 2)0st hunc Varius dixere quid cssem.

* Sat. 1. 5. 41 aniinue, quales tieque candicliores \ terra tulit neque quis me sit devinctior alter.

vui INTRODUCTION

a trust may restore it safe to the shores of Italy, 'and preserve the half of my life.'^

[n the opening lines of the third Georgic Virgil had already announced his intention of attempting a loftier theme and producing a great national epic, of which Augustus should be the central figure, and the Emperor himself is said to have written to him from Spain (27 B.c.) encouraging him to publish the poem, which he was known to have in hand, and which Propertius a year or two later heralds as ' something greater than the Iliad.' - While he was engaged on its composition in 23 E.c, Marcellus, the nephew and destined heir of Augustus, died, and Virgil intro- duced into the sixth Book the famous passage (860- 887) in which he is described, and of which the story is told that when the poet recited it in the presence of Octavia, the bereaved mother fainted away.^ In 20 B.c. he visited Greece and met Augustus, who was returning from Samos, at Athens, whence he accompanied him homewards, but his health, which had been long weak, broke down, and he died at Brundisium Sept. 22, 19 B.C.

1 Od. 13. 8 f< scrves animac dimiclium vieae. Those who choose can suppose that there were two Tirgils thus dear to Horace.

- Prop. .3. 26. 65 Ccclite Eomani scriptores, cedite Grai, Nescio quid maius nasciiur Iliade.

^ Donatus, § 47 Octavia, cum recitationi interesset, ad illos de filio suo versus, Tu Marcellus eris, defecisse fertur atqiis aegre refocillata dena sestertia j^ro singulo versu Vergilio dari iussit.

IXTRODUCTION ix

He was buried at Xaples on the roaJ whicli leads to Puteoli. The inscription said to have beeu in- scribed on his tomb refers to the places of his birth, deuth, and burial, and to the subjects of his three great works :

Mantua me genuit, Calabri rapuere, tetiet nunc Parthenope: cecini pascua, rura, duces.

Virgil Avas largel}' read in his o-\vn day, and his works, like those of Horace, at once became a standard text-book in schools,^ and were commented on by numerous critics and grammarians, of whom Aukis Gellius in the second century and Macrobius and Servius in the fourth are the most important. The eaily Christians in the belief, still unquestioned in the days of Pope,^ that the fourth Eclogue contained a prophecy of Christ, looked upon him almost with reverence, and it is not merely as the greatest of Italian singers, but also as something of a saint, that Dante claims him as his master and guide in the Inferno. In popular esteem he was long regarded as a wizard (possibly owing to his description of the Sibyl and the under world in the sixth Aeneid), and it was customary to consult his works as oracles by opening them at random and accepting the first lines which were chanced upon as prophetic. The emperor

' Juv. Sat. 7. 226.

- See his ' Messiah, a sacred Eclogue iu iniitation of Virgil's Pollio.'

X INTRODUCTION

Alexander Severus thus consulted the Sortes Vergi- lianae, and opened at the words Aen. 6. 852 tu regere imperio pojmlos, liomane, memenfo, while Charles I. in the Bodleian Library at Oxford came upon tlie famous liues Aen. 4. 615-620 :

at hello audacis po^ndi vexatus et armis, finibus extorris, complexao avulsus luli, auxilium iiqjloret, videatque indigna siiorum funera ; nec, cum se siib leges ^Mcis iniqicae tradiderit, regno aut optata lucefruatur, sed cadat anie dicm mediaque inhumatius htovena.

In considering VirgiFs writings, it must be borue in mind that, Avith the exception of satire, Eoman poetry is entirely modelled on Greek. Terence copies Menander, Lucretius Empedocles, Horace Alcaeus and Sappho, Propertius Callimachus, and so on. Virgil in his Eclogues professedly imitates Theocritus, in his Georgics Hesiod, and in the Aeneid Homer. The cultured circle of readers for whom he MTote would probably have turned aside with contempt from a poem which relied wholly on native vigour, and did not conform, at any rate outwardly, to one of the accepted standards of literary excellence. They relished some happy reproduction of a Greek phrase, which was ' caviare to the general,' much in the same way that English scholars sometimes dwell with peculiar satisfaction on passages of Milton which it needs a knowledge of Latin to appreciate. Horace

IXTRODUCTIOX xi

in his treatise on Poetry (1. 268) lays down the law which was considered universally binding on all poets : vos exemplaria Graeca nocturna versate manu, versate diurna ;

and Seneca (Suas. 3) tells us that Virgil borrowed from the Greeks non suiripiendi causa, sed jpalam imitandi, hoc animo ut vellet adgnosci.

The Bucolics (BorKoAtKct ' songs about herdsmen ') consist of ten short poems commonly called Eclogues (i.e. ' Selections ') and belong to the class of poetry called 'pastoral.' They are largely copied from Theocritus, a Greek poet who flourished during the first half of the third century B.C., and who, though born at Cos and for some time resident in Alexandria, spent the chief portion of his life in Sicily. His poems, called 'Idylls' (ElSvXXia) or 'small sketches,' are descriptive for the most part of country-life and often take the form of dialogue. Their origin is to be traced to that love of music and song which is developed by the ease and happiness of pastoral life in a southern clime (Lucr. 5. 1379 seq.), and to the singing-matches and improvisations commou at -Nalhige feasts, especially among the Dorians Avho formed so large a proportion of the colonists of Sicily. The Idylls, however, differ from the Eclogues in a marked manner. They are true to nature ; the scenery is real ; the shepherds are 'beings of flesh and blood ' ^ ; ^ Fritzsche, Theocr. Introd.

xii I^^TRODUCTION

their broad Doric has the native vigour of the Scotch of Burns. The Eclogues, on the other hand, are highly artificial. They are idealised sketches of rustic life written to suit the taste of polished readers in the metropolis of the world. ' Grace and tenderness ' are, as Horace notes,^ their chief characteristics, and the Lycidas of Milton is au enduring monument of his admiration for them, but true pastoral poetry can scarcely be written under such conditions. The shepherds and shepherdesses of the Eclogues, like those depicted on Sevres porcelain or the canvases of Watteau, are 'graceful and tender,' but they are imaginary and unreal.

The Georgics (rewpytKa) are, as their name implies, a ' Treatise on Husbandry ' consisting of four Books (containing in all 2184 lines), of which the First deals with husbandry proper, the Second with the rearing of stock, the Third with the cultivation of trees, and the Fourth with bee-keeping. They profess to be an imitation ^ of Hesiod, a very ancient poet of Ascra in Boeotia, whose poem entitled ' Works and Days ' ^

1 Sat. 1. 10. 44 moUe atque facetum \ Vergilio annuenint gaudentes rure Camenae.

- G. 2. 1 76 Ascraeumque cano Eomana -per oppida carmen. Virgil, however, borrows largely from other writers, e.g. from the Diosemeia atid Phaenomena of the astronomical poet Aratus, from Eratosthenes of Alexandria, and from the QTjpiaKd of Nicander.

"• "Epya Kal "B./j.epai.

IXTRODUCTIOX xni

consists of a quantity of sbort sententious precepts thrown into a poetic form. Such poetry is called ' didactic ' because its aim is to convey instruction. In early ages, when writing is unknown or little used, proverbs and precepts are naturally cast into a poetic mould for the simple reason that they are thus rendered less liable to alteration and more easy of recollection.^ Even when prose-writing has become common a philosopher or a preacher raay endeavour to render his subject more attractive by clothing it in poetic dress,^ and shortly before Yirgil began to write Lucretius had so embodied the philosophic system of Epicurus in his De Berum Natura. That splendid poem was constantly in VirgiFs mind when he wrote the Georgics, but, though he found in Lucretius a source of inspiration and in Hesiod a model, he differs widely from them both. Hesiod wrote didactic poetry because in his day it was practically useful, Lucretius wrote it in the interests of what he believed to be philosophical truth ; VirgiFs object is on the other hand not primarily to instruct but to please. What he writes is excellent sense, for he thoroughly understood his subject, and his love for agriculture and the ' divine country ' is undoubtedly genuine, but he writes to gratify the artistic and literary tastes of his readers and not

' Tlie use of rhyming rules is known to all boj's.

'^ Cf. Lucr. 1. 934 Musaeo contingens cuncta lcpore.

b

xiv INTRODUCTION

with any practical aim. The characteristic indeed of the Georgics is their consummate art. They are written with slow ^ and elaborate care. Each line has been polished to the utmost perfection, or, to use a phrase attributed to Virgil,- ' licked into shape like a bear's cub.' The Aeneid is conventionally spoken of as VirgiPs greatest work, and, possibly, the dramatic povver of the fourth Book and the imaginative grandeur oi the sixth surpass anything in the Georgics, but as a monuraent of his literary skill they stand un- equalled.^

The Aeneid consists of twelve books, and is an epic poem professedly modelled on Homer.^ The first six books describe the wanderings and the second six the wars of Aeneas, so that the whole work constitutes a Roman Odyssey and Iliad in one.

Book I. relates how Aeneas, a Trojan prince, son of Venus and Anchises, while sailing with his fleet from Sicily, encounters a storm stirred up by Aeolus

1 Allowing seven years for their composition, we get an average of less than a line a day.

- Vita Donati, ' carinen se ursae more parere diccns, et lam- bcndo demum ejfingere. '

^ This statement raay be definitely tested in one point. Let any one take the first Georgic and examine tlie exquisite finish of rhythm exhibited in lines 27, 65, 80, 8.5, 108, 181, 199, 281- 3, 293, 295, 320, 328-334, 341, 356, 378, 388, 389, 406-9, 449, 468, 482. There is nothing like it iu the Aeneid.

"• Large portions are also copied from the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius, an Alexandrine poet (222-181 B. c).

INTRODUCTION XV

at the request of Juno, who, still cherishiug the wrath first aroused in her by the fatal judgment of Paris, desires to destroy the last remnant of the Trojan race, and so prevent their founding in Italy a second and mightier empire. Cast ashore on the African coast Aeneas and his followers are hospitably wel- comed by Dido, the Phoenician queen, who is just completing the building of Carthage. At a banquet given in their honour Dido, Avho through the schemes of Venus has become enamoured of Aeneas, invites him to tell her his history.

In Book II. Aeneas relates ^ the storm and sack of Troy and his own escape, along with his father Anchises and his son Ascanius.-

In Book III. the narrative is continued, and Aeneas describes how, in pursuit of that ' Western Land ' (Hesperia) which had been promised him b}' an oracle, he had wandered to Thrace, Crete, Epirus, and Sicily, where his father had died.

Book IV. resumes the main narrative from the end of Book I. Dido's passion f or Aeneas becomes over-

^ This favourite device of beginiiing a story in the middle and then making some one relate the preceding events in the form of a narrative is borrowed from Homer, who in Books 9-12 of the Odyssey makes Ulysses relate the earlier history of his wanderings to Alcinous. Hence the phrase varepov irpoTepov

'0/JLripLKWS.

'^ Otherwise called lulus, the legendary ancestor of the gens lulia.

XVI INTRODUCTION

mastering, and he accepts her love, lingering in Carthage unmindful of his quest, until Jupiter sends Mercury to bid him depart at once. In spite of Dido's pleading he sets sail, and she stabs herself.

In Book V. Aeneas reaches Sicily on the anni- versary of his father's death, and celebrates elaborate funeral games in his honour. Juno persuades the matrons to set fire to the ships, but Aeneas prays for rain, Avhich stays tlie flames, and then, leaving the less adventurous among his followers behind, he sets sail for Italy.

In Book VI. Aeneas lands at Cumae, and with the help of the Sibyl discovers the ' golden bough,' which is a passport through the under world. Through it he passes, guided by the Sibyl, and finally finds Anchises, who points out to him the souls of those who are destined to become great Eomans and de- scribes their future fortunes, after which Aeneas returns safely to the upper air.

Books VII. and VIII. relate how Aeneas lands in Latium, the king of which was Latinus, whose capital was Laurentum. His daughter, Lavinia, had been betrothed to Turnus, king of the Eutuli, but an oracle of Faunus had declared that she should wed a foreign prince (7. 95). An embassy sent by Aeneas is favour- ably received by Latinus, who promises him the hand of his daughter. Juno, however, intervenes to disturb this peaceful settlement, Latinus shuts himself up in

INTRODUCTION xvii

his palace, and Turnus, supported by Amata, the mother of Lavinia, arms the Latins for war and sends to seek the aid of Diomede (8. 9-17). Aeneas, on the other hand, obtains help from Evander the Arcadian, whose city was Pallanteum, where Eome afterwards stood. Evander offers him the aid of the Etruscans (8. 496), who have risen against their tyrant Mezen- tius and driven him to seek refuge with Turnus and the Eutuli. Aeneas, accompanied by the Arcadian horse and Pallas, the son of Evander, sets out for the Etruscan camp.

Books IX. and X. Meanwhile Turnus takes advan- tage of the absence of Aeneas to attack the Trojan encampment at the mouth of the Tiber, which is brought into great peril. Aeneas, however, having made an alliance with Tarchon, the Etruscan leader, the Etruscans embark on their fleet, and, having landed near the Trojan camp in spite of the opposition of Turnus, a fierce battle ensues, in which Pallas, after performing many feats of valour, is finally slain by Turnus (10. 478 seq.). Aeneas avenges his death by a furious slaughter of many heroes, but Juno manages to save Turnus by inducing him to leave the field in pursuit of a phantom of the Trojan hero. Aeneas slays Mezentius in single combat.

Book XL opens with an account of the burial of the dead, and especially of the funeral of Pallas. ]\Ieantime the embassy of Turnus to Diomede returns

xvui INTRODUCTION

with a refusal, and a council is held in which his rival, Drances, bitterly attacks Turnus, but which is broken up at the news that the Trojans are attacking the city. Turnus hurries to the fray, and is joined by Camilla, with whose story the latter half of the book is occupied.

Book XII., after several minor episodes, relates how Aeneas and Turnus at last meet in single combat, in which the latter is slain.

The Aeneid, it will thus be seen, is a sort of national epic intended to connect the origin of the Romans (and especially of the Julian family) ■wdth the gods and heroes of Homeric song, and incident- ally serving to dignify many Roman customs and ceremonies by identifying them with the customs and ceremonies of the heroic age. At the same time Aeneas and his followers, as through dilficulties and dangers, putting their trust in heavsn, they steadily press forward to success, afford a visible personification of those virtues which had slowly and surely secured for Rome the empire of the world, while Aeneas himself 'as a fatherly ruler over his people, their chief in battle, their law-giver in peace, and their high-priest in all spiritual relations,' ^ is clearly a type of Augustus, the founder of the new monarchy.^

1 Sellar's Virgil, p. 344.

- Nor is it unreasonable to see in Dido a type of those seductive cbarms coupled with unfeminine ambition which the Romans dreaded and detested in Cleopatra.

INTRODUCTION xix

As a story of war and adventiire the Aeneid cannot compete in freshness and life with the Iliad and the Odyssey. It could hardly do so. Between the bard who chants the 'glory of heroes' at the feasts of warrior chiefs in a primitive age and the studious poet who expects the patronage of Augustus and the criticism of Maecenas there is a gulf which nothing can bridge. Indeed the Aeneid and the Homeric poems, though they challenge comparison by their similarity of form, are really so profoundly different in spirit and character that they ought never to be compared. It would be as easy to compare Chevy Chase with the Ichjlls of the King. The one is a natural growth, the other an artistic creation. The one describes men who live and breathe as they appeared to men of like passions in their own day ; the other attempts to give animation to the ghosts of the past, and malce them interesting to men whose thoughts, tastes, and tempers are wholly different. To the Homeric story-teller and his hearers the story is the chief thing and its literary form the second ; to Virgil and his readers literary art is the first thing, and the actual facts of the story are comparatively unimportant.

Moreover, Virgil is unhappy in his hero. Com- pared with Achilles his Aeneas is but the shadow of a man.^ He is an abstraction typifying the ideal

^ The difference is like that between Teiinyson's ' Knights of

XX INTRODUCTION

Eoman, in whom reverence for the gods (jnetas) and manly courage (virtus) combine, and who therefore ultimately achieves what he aims at in spite of ' manifold mischances and all the risks of fortune.' ^ Indeed throughout the Aeneid he is so regulated by ' fate,' visions, and superintending deities that it is hard to take any real interest in his acts and doings. But he is not only unreal and uninteresting ; he is displeasing. Stim pius Aeneas is how he introduces himself,^ and all through he goes about with that painful adjective ostentatiously tied round his neck, doing what he ought to do and saying what he ought to say from first to last. Once only he exhibits human frailty, and then it is to show that as a human being he is contemptible. He accepts the love of Dido and then abandons her to despair and death. There is no need to emphasise his crime ; Virgil himself has done that sufficiently. The splendid passage (4. 305-392) which describes the final inter- view between Aeneas and the queen is a masterpiece. To an appeal which would move a stone Aeneas replies with the cold and formal rhetoric of an attorney.

tlie Round Table' and 'the Doglas and the Persie,' who ' Swapt togetlier till they both swat With swordes that were of fine myllan.' ^ Aen. 1. 20i pcr varios casus, pcr tot discrimina rerum. - ' Oan you bear this ? ' was the observation of Charles James Fox, a warm admirer of Virgil, but who describes Aeneas as 'always eithcr insipid or odious.'

INTRODUCTION xxi

Then Dido bursts into an invective which, for con- centrated scorn, nervous force, and tragic grandeur, is almost unequalled. Finally, sweeping from the room, she sinks swooning into the arms of her attend- ants, while Aeneas is left stammering and ' preparing to say many things ' — a hero who had, one would think, lost his character for ever. But Virgil seems unmoved by his own genius, and begins the next paragraph quite placidly at jnus Aeneas . . . ! How the man who wrote the lines placed iu Dido's mouth could immediately afterwards speak of 'the good Aeneas etc' is one of the puzzles of literature, and even the fact that the Aeneid was never finished does not explain so glaring an inconsistency. The point is inexplicable, but we ought in fairness to remember that the chilling shadow of imperial patronage rested upon Virgil. He was not only a poet but a poet- laureate. It is the poet who pens the speeches of Dido, while the poet-laureate describes the 'good Aeneas ' to gratify a prince who in order to found an empire — dum conderet urbem — would certainly not have let a woman's ruin stand in the way of state policy or his own ambition.

Although, however, as an epic poem the Aeneid is wanting in vitality and human interest, the praise of eighteen centuries is sufficient evidence of its striking merits. What those merits are has been already partly indicated in referring to the Georgics. Virgil

xxii INTRODUCTION

is a master of melodious rhythm, and he is a master of literary expression. The Latin hexameter, which in Ennius, the father of Latin poetry, is cumbrous and uncouth, and in Lucretius, though powerful and imposing, still lacks grace and versatility, has been moulded by Virgil into a perfect instrument capable of infinite varieties and responsive to every phase of emotion ; while as regards his literary power it is impossible to read ten lines anywhere without coming across one of those felicitous phrases the charm of which is beyond question as it is beyond analysis. But these external graces are not all. Virgil is a man of deep though controlled feeling. He is a patriot who loves his country with a love ' far brought from out the storied past,' and his pride in her imperial greatness animates the whole poem and lives in many a majestic line.^ He has pondered long and painfully on the vicissitudes and shortness of human life, but his sadness (which some have censured as ' pessimism '), while it lends pathos to his style, never degenerates into despair, and the lesson which he draws from the certainty of death is the necessity of action.^ He is deeply religious and a firm believer

1 Aen. 3. 157-9 ; 6. 852-4 ; 9. 448, 9.

2 Aen. 10. 467—

stat sua cuique dies ; hreve et inrcparabile omnibus est vitae : sedfamarii extendere factis, hoc virtutis opus.

INTRODUCTION xxiii

in an overruling Power who rewards the good ^ and requites the evil,^ but the riddle of ' all-powerful Chance and inevitable Doom'^ is ever before his inind, and this blending of belief and doubt, of faith and perplexity, congenial as it is to human nature, has a singular attractiveness.

It is unnecessary, after what has been already said about the fourth Book, to point out what a strength of rhetorical force, what a reserve of passionate eniotion, underlies the habitual quiet and reflectiveness of VirgiFs temper. That book indeed reveals an in- tensity of feeling and a dramatic power, of which the rest of his writings afford little sign ; but there is another book of the Aeneid which rises to a still higher level and places Virgil in the foremost ranks of poetry. The sixth Book is beyond praise ; to it Virgil chiefly owes his fame ; it is here that he exhibits, in fullest measure, the highest poetic powers of imagination and invention ; it is here that we find the Virgil who is worthy to walk side by side with Dante, and with whora John Bunyan and John Milton are to be compared. As we pass with him into the under world, by the sole force of genius he makes a dream seem to us a living fact ; he commands our thoughts to follow whithersoever he leads them, and

' Aen. 1. 603. - Aen. 2. 535. ^ Aeu. 8. 334 Fortuna ovinipotcns ct incluctahilc Fatuvi.

xxiv INTRODUCTION

they obey ; under liis guidance we tread with ghostly but unhesitating footsteps that dim and unknown highway which extends beyond the grave.

For an ordinary man, however, to criticise Virgil is almost an impertinence. It needs a poet to appreciate a poet, and the judgment of Alfred Tennyson out- weighs that of a host of critics and commentators. There could be no more just and happy tribute from one master to another than the following Ode ad- dressed by the English to the Roman Virgil.^ ' Printed by permission.

INTRODUCTION

TO VIRGIL

AVRITTEN AT THE EEQUEST OF TIIE MANTUANS FOR THE NINETEENTH CENTENARY OF VIRGIL's DEATH

Roman Virgil, thou that singest

Ilion's lofty temples robed in fire, Ilion falling, Rome arising,

wars, aud filial faith, aud Dido'9 pyre ;

II Landscape-lover, lord of language

more than he that sang the Works aud Days, All the chosen coin of fancy

fiashing out from many a goldeu phrase ;

iii Thou that singest wheat and woodlaud,

tilth aud vineyard, hive and horse and herd ; AU the charm of all the Muses

often flowering iu a lonely word ;

IV

Poet of the happy Tityrus

piping uuderneath his beechen bowers ; Poet of the poet-satyr

whom the laughing shepherd bound with flowers

Chanter of the Pollio, gloryiug

in the blissful years again to be,

Summers of the snakeless meadow,

uulaborious earth and oarless se:

INTRODUCTIOX

Thou that seest Universal

Nature moved by Universal Mind ; Thou majestic in thy sadness

at the doubtful doom of huraau kind ;

VII

Light among the vanish'd ages ;

star that gildest yet this phantom shore ; Golden branch amid the shadows,

kings and realms that pass to rise no more :

VIII

Now thy Forum roars no longer,

falleu every purple Caesar's dome —

Tho' thine ocean-roll of rhythni

sound for ever of Imperial Rome —

IX

Now the Rome of slaves hath perish'd,

and the Rome of freemen holds her place,

I, from out the Northern Island

sunder'd once frora all the human race,

X

I salute thee, Mantovano,

I that loved thee siuce my day began, Wielder of the stateliest measure

ever moulded by the lips of man.

P. VEEGILI MAEOXIS AEXEIDOS LIB. XI

P. VEEGILI MAEONIS

ABNEIDOS

LIBER UNDECIMUS

OCEANUM interea surgens Aurora reliquit : Aeneas, quamquam et sociis dare tempus humandis praecipitant curae turbataque funere mens est, vota deum primo victor solvebat Eoo= ingentem quercum decisis undique ramis s

constituit tumulo, fulgentiaque induit arma, Mezenti ducis exuvias, tibi, magne, tropaeum, Bellipotens ; aptat rorantes sanguine cristas telaque trunca viri et bis sex thoraca petitum perfossumque locis, clipeumque ex aere sinistrae lo subhgat, atque ensem collo suspendit eburnum. tum socios, namque omnis eum stipata tegebat turba ducum, sic incipiens hortatur ovantes : maxima res efFecta, viri ; timor omnis abesto, 14

quod superest ; haec sunt spolia, et de rege superbo primitiae, manibusque meis Mezentius hic est. nunc iter ad regem nobis murosque Latinos. E B

! P. VERGILI MARONIS

arma parate animis, et spe praesumite bellum, ne qua mora ignaros, ubi primum vellere signa adnuerint superi pubemque educere castris, 20

inpediat, segnisve metu sententia tardet. interea socios inhumataque corpora terrae mandemus, qui solus bonos Acheronte sub imo est. ite,' ait, ' egregias aninias, quae sanguine nobis hanc patriam peperere suo, decorate supremis 25 muneribus, maestamque Euandri primus ad urbem mittatur Pallas, quem non virtutis egentem abstulit atra dies et funere mersit acerbo.'

sic ait inlacrimans recipitque ad limina gressum, corpus ubi exanimi positum Pallantis Acoetes 30 servabat senior, qui Parrhasio Euandro armiger ante fuit, sed non felicibus aeque tum comes auspiciis caro datus ibat alumno. circum omnis famuhimque manus Troianaque turba et maestum IHades crinem de more solutae. 35

ut vero Aeneas foribus sese intuht altis, ingentem gemitum tunsis ad sidera tollunt pectoribus, maestoque inmugit regia hictu. ipse, caput nivei fultum Pallantis et ora ut vidit levique patens in pectore vulnus 40

cuspidis Ausoniae, lacrimis ita fatur obortis : tene,' inquit, ' miserande puer, cum laeta veniret, invidit fortuna mihi, ne regna videres nostra, neque ad sedes victor veherere paternas 1 non haec Euandro de te promissa parenti 45

AENEIDOS LIB. XI 3

discedens dederam, cum me complexus euntem

mitteret in magnum imperium, metuensque moneret

acres esse viros, cum dura proelia gente.

et nunc ille quidem spe multum captus inani

fors et vota facit, cumulatque altaria donis ; 50

nos iuvenem exanimum et nil iam caelestibus ullis

debentem vano maesti comitamur honore.

infelix, nati funus crudele videbis.

hi nostri reditus, exspectatique triumphi ? 54

haec mea magna fides ? at non, Euandre, pudendis

vulneribus pulsum aspicies ; nec sospite dirum

optabis nato funus pater. hei mihi, quantum

I")raesidium Ausonia et quantum tu perdis, lule ! '

haec ubi deflevit, tolli miserabile corpus imperat, et toto lectos ex agmine mittit 60

milleviros, qui supremum comitentur honorem, intersintque patris lacrimis, solacia luctus exigua ingentis, misero sed debita patrL haud segnes alii crates et molle feretrum arbuteis texunt virgis et vimine querno, 65

exstructosque toros obtentu frondis inumbrant. hic iuvenem agresti sublimem stramine ponunt : qualem virgineo demessum pollice florem, seu mollis violae seu languentis hyacinthi, cui neque fulgor adhuc nec dum sua forma recessit ; non iam mater alit telhis, viresque ministrat. 71

tunc geminas vestes auroc{ue ostroque rigentes extulit Aeneas, quas illi laeta laborum

[ P. VERGILI MARONIS

ipsa suis quondam manibus Sidonia Dido

fecerat et tenui telas discreverat auro. 7S

harum unam iuveni supremum maestus honorem

induit, arsurasque comas obnubit amictu ;

multaque praeterea Laurentis praemia pugnae

aggerat, et longo praedam iubet ordine duci.

addit equos et tela, quibus spoliaverat hostem. 80

vinxerat et post terga manus, quos mitteret umbris

inferias, caeso sparsurus sanguine flammas ;

indutosque iubet truncos hostilibus armis

ipsos ferre duces, inimicaque nomina figi.

ducitur infelix aevo confectus Acoetes, 85

pectora nunc foedans pugnis, nunc unguibus ora ;

sternitur et toto proiectus corpore terrae :

ducunt et Eutulo perfusos sanguine currus.

post bellator equus, positis insignibus, Aethon

it lacrimans guttisque umectat grandibus ora. 90

hastam alii galeamque ferunt ; nam cetera Turnus

victor habet. tum maesta phalanx Teucrique se-

quuntur Tyrrhenique omnes et versis Arcades armis. postquam omnis longe comitum processerat ordo, substitit Aeneas, gemituque haec addidit alto : 95 nos alias hinc ad lacrimas eadem horrida belli fata vocant : salve aeternum mihi, maxime Palla, aeternumque vale.' nec plura effatus ad altos tendebat muros gressumque in castra ferebat.

iamque oratores aderant ex urbe Latina, 100

AENEIDOS LIB. XI

velati ramis oleae, veniamque rogantes :

corpora, per campos ferro quae fusa iacebant,

redderet, ac tumulo sineret succedere terrae ;

nullum cum victis certamen et aethere cassis ;

parceret hospitibus quondam socerisque vocatis.

quos bonus Aeneas, haud aspernanda precantes,

prosequitur venia, et verbis haec insuper addit :

' quaenam vos tanto fortuna indigna, Latini,

inplicuit bello, qui nos fugiatis amicos 1

pacem me exanimis et Martis sorte peremptis

oratis ? equidem et vivis concedere vellcm.

nec veni, nisi fata locum sedemque dedissent ;

nec bellum cum gente gero : rex nostra reliquit

hospitia, et Turni potius se credidit armis.

aequius huic Turnum fuerat se opponere morti.

si bellum finire manu, si pellere Teucros

* ^apparat, his mecum decuit concurrere telis ;

^^'^''^-'vixet, cui vitam deus aut sua dextra dedisset.

fi^ • • • . . ., .

A''h. nunc ite, et misens supponite civibus ignem.

\ dixerat Aeneas. illi obstipuere silentes,

conversique oculos inter se atque ora tenebant.

tum senior semperque odiis et crimine Drances

infensus iuveni Turno sic ore vicissim

orsa refert : ' o fama ingens, ingentior armis,

vir Troiane, quibus caelo te laudibus aequem ?

iustitiaene prius mirer, belline laborum ?

nos vero haec patriam grati referemus ad urbeni,

et te, si qua viam dederit fortuna, Latino

; P. VERGILI MARONIS

iungemus regi. quaerat sibi foedera Turnus. quin et fatales murorum attollere moles, 130

saxaque subvectare umeris Troiana iuvabit.' dixerat liaec, unoque omnes eadem ore fremebant. bis senos pepigere dies, et pace sequestra per silvas Teucri mixtique inpune Latini erravere iugis. ferro sonat alta bipenni 135

fraxinus ; evertunt actas ad sidera pinus ; \

robora nec cuneis et ol6ntem scindere cedrum, nec plaustris cessant vectare gementibus ornosj et iam Fama volans, tanti praenuntia luctus, Euandrum Euandrique domos et moenia replet, 140 quae modo victorem Latio Pallanta ferebat. Arcades ad portas ruere, et de more vetusto f unereas rapuere faces ; lucet via longo ordine flammarura, et late discriniinat agros. 144

contra turba Phrygum veniens plangentia iungunt agmina. quae postquam matres succedere tectis viderunt, maestam incendunt clamoribus urbem. at non Euandrum potis est vis ulla tenere ; sed venit in medios. feretro Pallanta reposto procubuit super, atque haeret lacrimansque gemens- que, 150

et via vix tandem voci laxata dolore est : ■ non haec, o Palla, dederas promissa parenti, cautius ut saevo velles te credere Marti. haud ignarus eram, quantum nova gloria in armis et praedulce dccus primo certamine posset. 155

AENEIDOS LIB. XI 7

primitiae iuvenis miserae, bellique propinqni dura rudimenta et nulli exaudita deorum vota precesque meae ! tuque, o sanctissima coninnx, felix morte tua, neque in hunc servata dolorem ! contra ego vivendo vici mea fata, superstes i6o

restarem ut genitor. Troum socia arma secutum obruerent Eutuli telis ! animam ipse dedissem, atque haec pompa domum me, non Pallanta, referret ! nec vos arguerim, Teucri, nec foedera, nec quas iunximus liospitio dextras ; sors ista senectae 165

debita erat nostrae. quod si inmatura manebat mors natum, caesis Volscorum milibus ante ducentem in Latium Teucros cecidisse iuvabit. quin ego non alio digner te funere, Palla, quam pius Aeneas, et quam magni Phryges, et quam Tyrrhenique duces, Tyrrhenum exercitus omnis. 171 magna tropaea ferunt, quos dat tua dextera leto ; tu quoque nunc stares inmanis truncus in armis, esset par aetas et idem si robur ab annis, Turne. sed infelix Teucros quid demoror armis 1 175 vadite, et haec memores regi mandata referte : quod vitam moror invisam, Pallante perempto, dextera causa tua est, Turnum natoque patrique quam debere vides. meritis vacat hic tibi sohis fortunaeque locus. non vitae gaudia quaero — 180 nec fas — sed nato Manes perferre sub imos.' Aurora interea miseris mortalibus almam extulerat lucem, referens opera atque hibores.

8 P. VERGILI MARONIS

iam pater Aeneas, iam curvo in litore Tarchon constituere pyras. huc corpora quisque suorum iss more tulere patrum ; subiectisque ignibus atris conditur in tenebras altum caligine caelum. ter circum accensos, cincti fulgentibus armis, decurrere rogos ; .ter maestum funeris ignem lustravere in equis, ululatusque ore dedere. 190

spargitur et tellus lacrimis, sparguntur et arma. it caelo clamorque virum clangorque tubarum. hinc alii spolia occisis derepta Latinis coniciunt igni, galeas, ensesque decoros, frenaque, ferventesque rotas ; pars munera nota, 195 ipsorum clipeos et non felicia tela. multa boum circa mactantur corpora Morti, saetigerosque sues raptasque ex omnibus agris in flammam iugulant pecudes. tum litore toto ardentes spectant socios, semiustaque servant 200

busta, neque avelli possunt, nox umida donec invertit caelum stellis fulgentibus aptum.

nec minus et miseri diversa in parte Latini innumeras struxere pyras ; et corpora partim multa virum terrae infodiunt, avectaque partim 205 finitimos tollunt in agros, urbique remittunt ; cetera, confusaeque ingentem caedis acervum, nec numero nec honore cremant ; tunc undique vasti certatim crebris collucent ignibus agri. tertia lux gelidam caelo diraoverat umbram : 210

maerentes altum cinerem et confusa ruebant

AENEIDOS LIB. XI 9

ossa focis, tepidoque onerabant aggere terrae. iam vero in tectis, praedivitis urbe Latini, praecipuus fragor et longi pars maxima luctus. hic matres miseraeque nurus, hic cara sororum 215 pectora maerentum, puerique parentibus orbi, dirum exsecrautur belhim Turnique hymenaeos ; ipsum armis, ipsumque iubent decernere ferro, qui regnum Italiae et primos sibi poscat honores. ingravat haec saevus Drauces, sokimque vocari 220 testatur, solum posci in certamiua Turnum. ^

multa simul contra variis sententia dictis pro Turno ; et magnum reginae nomen obumbrat ; multa virum meritis sustentat fama tropaeis.

hos inter motus, medio in flagrante tumultu, 225 ecce, super maesti magna Diomedis ab urbe legati responsa ferunt : nihil omnibus actum tantorum impensis operum ; nil dona, neque aurum, nec magnas valuisse preces ; aha arma Latinis quaerenda, aut pacem Troiano ab rege petendum. 230 deficit ingenti luctu rex ipse Latinus. fatalem Aenean manifesto numine ferri admonet ira deum tumulique ante ora recentes. ergo coucilium magnum primosque suorum iuiperio accitos alta intra limina cogit. 235

oUi convenere, fluuntque ad regia plenis tecta viis. sedet in mediis et maximus aevo et primus sceptris, haud laeta fronte, Latinus. atqne hic legatos Aetola ex urbe remissos,

10 P. VERGILI MARONIS

quae referant, fari iubet, et responsa reposcit 240 ordine cuncta suo. tum facta silentia linguis, et Venulus dicto parens ita farier infit :

' vidimus, 0 cives, Diomedem Argivaque castra, atque iter emensi casus superavimus omnes, contigimusque manum qua concidit Ilia tellus. 245 ille urbem Argyripam patriae cognomine gentis victor Gargani condebat lapygis agris. postquam introgressi et coram data copia fandi, munera praeferimus, nomen patriamque docemus ; qui bellum iutulerint, quae causa attraxerit Arpos. auditis ille liaec placido sic reddidit ore ; 251

" o fortunatae gentes, Saturnia regna, antiqui Ausonii, quae vos fortuna quietos sollicitat, suadetque ignota lacessere beila 1 quicumque Iliacos ferro violavimus agros — 255

mitto ea, quae muris bellando exhausta sub altis, quos Simois premat ille viros — infanda per orbem supplicia et scelerum poenas expendimus omnes, r^ vel Priamo miseranda manus ; scit tristc Minervae sidus et Euboicae cautes ultorque Capliereus. 260 militia ex illa diversum ad litus abacti Atrides Protei Menelaus adusque columnas exsulat, Aetnaeos vidit Cyclopas Ulixes. regna Neoptolemi referam, versosque Penates Idomenei 1 Libycone habitantes litore Locros 1 265 ipse Mycenaeus magnorum ductor Achivum coniugis infandae prima intra limiua dextra

AENEIDOS LIB. XI 11

oppetiit ; devictam Asiam subsedit adulter. invidisse deos, patriis ut redditus aris u^ coniugium optatum et pulchram Calydona viderem ! nunc etiam horribili visu portenta sequuntui', 271

et socii amissi petierunt aethera pinnis fiuminiljusque vagantftr aves — heu dira meorum supplicia ! — et scopulos lacrimosis vocibus inplent. haec adeo ex illo mihi iam speranda fueiunt 275

tempore, cum ferro caelestia corpora demeus appetii et Veneris violavi vulnere dextram. ne vero, ne me ad tales inpellite pugnas. nec mihi cum Teucris ullum post eruta bellum Pergama ; nec veterum memini laetorve malorum. 280 munera, quae patriis ad me portatis ab oris, vertite ad Aenean. stetimus tela aspera contra, contulimusque manus : experto credite, quantus in clipeum adsurgat, quo turbine torqueat hastam. si duo pi-aeterea tales Idaea tulisset 285

terra viros, ultro Inachias venisset ad urbes Dardanus, et versis lugeret Graecia fatis. quidquid apud durae cessatura est moenia Troiae, Hectoris Aeneaeque mauu victoria Graium haesit, et in decimum vestigia rettulit annum. 290

ambo animis, ambo insignes praestantibus armis ; hic pietate prior. coeaut in foedera dextrae, qua datur; ast armis concurrant arraa cavete." et responsa simul quae sint, rex optime, regis audisti, et quac sit magno seutcntia bello.' 295

12 P, VERGILI MARONIS

vix ea legati ; variusque per ora cucurrit Ausonidum turbata fremor : ceu saxa morantur cum rapidos amnes, fit clauso gurgite murmur, vicinaeque fremunt ripae crepitantibus undis, ut primum placati animi, et trepida ora quierunt, 300 praefatus divos solio rex infit ab alto :

' ante equidem summa de re statuisse, Latini, et vellem et fuerat melius ; non tempore tali cogere concilium, cum niuros adsidet hostis. bellum inportunum, cives, cum gente deorum 305

invictisque viris gerimus, quos nulla fatigant proelia, nec victi possunt absistere ferro. spem si quam adscitis Aetolum habuistis in armis, ponite. spes sibi quisque ; sed haec quam angusta

videtis. cetera qua rerum iaceant perculsa ruina, 310

ante oculos interque manus sunt omnia vestras. nec quemquam incuso : potuit quae plurima virtus esse, fuit, toto cer-tatum est corpore regni. nunc adeo, quae sit dubiae sententia menti, expediam et paucis — animos adhibete — docebo. 315 est antiquus ager Tusco mihi proximus amni, longus in occasum, fines super usque Sicanos ; Aurunci Eutulique serunt, et vomere duros exercent colles, atque horum asperrima pascunt. haec omnis regio, et celsi plaga pinea montis, 320

cedat amicitiae Teucrorum ; et f oederis acquas dicamus leges, sociosque in regua vocemus ;

AENEIDOS LIB. XI 13

considant, si tantus amor, et moenia condant.

sin alios fines aliamque capessere gentem

est animus, possuntque solo decedere nostro ; 325

bis denas Italo texamus robore naves,

seu plures complere valent ; iacet omnis ad undam

materies ; ipsi numerumque modumque carinis

praecipiant ; nos aera, manus, navalia demus.

praeterea, c|ui dicta ferant et foedera firment, 330

centum oratores prima de gente Latinos

ire placet, pacisque manu praetendere ramos,

munera portantes aurique eborisque talenta

et sellam regni trabeamque insignia nostri.

consulite in medium, et rebus succurrite fessis.' 335

tum Drances, idem infensus, quem gloria Turni obliqua invidia stimulisque agitabat amaris, — largus opum, et lingua melior, sed frigida bello dextera, consiliis habitus non futilis auctor, seditione potens : genus buic materna superbum 340 nobilitas dabat, incertum de patre ferebat — surgit, et his onerat dictis atque aggerat iras : ' rem nulli obscuram, nostrae nec vocis egentem, consulis, o bone rex : cuncti se scire fatentur, quid fortuna ferat populi ; sed dicere mussant. 345 det libertatem fandi, flatusque remittat, cuius ob auspicium infaustum moresque sinistros — dicamequidem,licet arma mihi mortemqueminetur — lumina tot cecidisse ducum totamque videmus consedisse urbem kictu, dum Troia temptat 35C

14 P. VERGILI MARONIS

castra, fugae fidens, et caelum territat armis. unum etiam donis istis, quae plurima mitti Dardanidis dicique iubes, unum, optime regum, adicias ; nec te ullius violentia vincat, quin natara egregio genero dignisque hymenaeis 355 des pater, et pacem hanc aeterno foedere iungas. quod si tantus habet mentes et pectora terror, ipsum obtesteraur, veniamque oremus ab ipso ; cedat, ius proprium regi patriaeque remittat. quid raiseros totiens in aperta pericula cives 360

proicis, o Latio caput horura et causa malorum 1 nulla salus bello ; pacem te poscimus omnes, Turne, simul pacis sohim inviolabile pignus. primus ego, invisum quem tu tibi fingis, et esse nil moror, en supplex venio. miserere tuoruni, 365 pone aniraos, et pulsus abi. sat funera f usi vidimus, ingentes et desolavimus agros. aut, si faraa movet, si tantum pectore robur concipis, et si adeo dotalis regia cordi est, aude, atque adversum fidens f er pectus in hostem. 370 scilicet, ut Turno contingat regia coniunx, nos, animae viles, inhumata infletaque turba, sternamur campis ? etiam tu, si qua tibi vis, si patrii quid Martis habes, illum aspice contra, qui vocat.' 37S

talibus exarsit dictis violentia Turni : dat gemitura, rurapitque has irao pectore voces : ' larga quidera, Drance, seraper tibi copia fandi

AENEIDOS LIB. XI 15

timi, cum bella manus poscunt ; patribusque vocatis primus ades. sed non replenda est curia verbis, 380 quae tuto tibi magna volant, dum distinet hostem agger murorum, nec inundant sanguine fossae. proinde tona eloquio solitum tibi ; meque timoris argue tu, Drance, quando tot stragis acervos Teucrorum tua dextra dedit, passimque tropaeis 385 insignis agros. possit quid vivida virtus, experiare licet ; nec longe scilicet hostes quaerendi nobis ; circumstant undique muros. imus iu adversos 1 — quid cessas 1 an tibi Mavors ventosa in lingua pedibusque fugacibus istis 390

semper erit 1

pulsus ego? aut quisquam merito, foedissime, pulsum arguet, Iliaco tumidum qui crescere Thybrim sanguine, et Euandri totam cum stirpe videbit procubuisse domum, atque exutos Arcadas armis 1 395 haud ita me experti Bitias et Pandarus ingens, et quos mille die victor sub Tartara misi, inchisus muris hostilique aggere saeptus. nulla salus bello." capiti cane talia demens Dardanio rebusque tuis. proinde omnia magno 400 ne cessa turbare metu, atque extollere vires gentis bis victae, contra premere arma Latini. nunc et Myrmidonum proceres Phrygia arma tre-

mescunt, nunc et Tydides, et Larissaeus Achilles ; amnis et Hadriacas retro fugit Aufidus undas. 405

16 P. VERGILI MARONIS

vel cum se pavidum contra mea iurgia fingit artificis scelus, et formidine crimen acerbat : numquam animamtalemdextra hac — absiste moveri — amittes ; habitet tecum et sit pectore in isto. nunc ad te, et tua magna, pater, consulta revertor. 410 si nullam nostris ultra spem ponis in armis, si tam deserti sumus, et semel agmine verso funditus occidimus, neque habet fortuna regressum, oremus pacem, et dextras tendamus inertes. quamquam o, si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset, 415 ille mihi ante ahos fortunatusque laborum, egregiusque animi, qui, ne quid tale videret, procubuit moriens, et humum semel ore momordit. sin et opes nobis, et adhuc intacta iuventus, auxilioque urbes Italae populique supersunt ; 420

sin et Troianis cum multo gloria venit sanguine ; — sunt illis sua funera, parque per omnes tempestas — cur indecores in limine primo deficimus ? cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus ? multa dies variique labor mutabilis aevi 425

rettulit in melius ; multos alterna revisens lusit et in solido rursus fortuna locavit. non erit auxilio nobis Aetolus et Arpi : at Messapus erit felixque Tolumnius et quos tot populi misere duces ; nec parva sequetur 430

gloria delectos Latio et Laurentibus agris. est et Volscorum egregia de gente Camilla, agmen agens equitum et florentes aere catervas.

AENEIDOS LIB. XI 17

quod si me solum Teucri in certamina poscunt,

idque placet, tantumque bonis communibus obsto, 435

non adeo has exosa manus victoria fugit,

ut tanta quicquam pro spe temptare recusem.

ibo animis contra, vel magnum praestet Achillem,

factaque Vulcani manibus paria induat arma

ille licet. vobis animam hanc soceroque Latino 440

Turnus ego, haud ulli veterum virtute secundus,

devovi. " sohim Aeneas vocat " : et vocet oro.

nec Drances potius, sive est haec ira deorum,

morte luat, sive est virtus et gloria, tollat.'

illi haec inter se dubiis de rebus agebant 445

certantes : castra Aeneas aciemque movebat. nuntius ingenti per regia tecta tumultu ecce ruit, magnisque urbem terroribus inplet : instructos acie Tiberino a flumine Teucros Tyrrhenamque manum totis descendere campis. 450 extemplo turbati animi, concussaque vulgi pectora, et arrectae stimuhs haud mollibus irae. arma manu trepidi poscunt ; fremit arma iuventus ; flent maesti mussantque patres. hic undique clamor dissensu vario magnus se tollit in auras : 455

haud secus atcpie alto in luco cum forte catervae consedere avium, piscosove amne Padusae dant sonitum rauci per stagna loquacia cycni. inimo,' ait, ' 0 cives,' arrepto tempore Turnus, cogite concilium, et pacem hxudate sedentes : 460

illi armis in regna ruunt. nec plura locutus C

18 P. VERGILI MARONIS

corripuit sese et tectis citas extulit altis.

' tu, Voluse, armari Volscorum edice maniplis ; duc,' ait, ' et Rutulos. equitem, Messapus, in armis, et cum fratre Coras, latis difFundite campis. 465

pars aditus urbis firmet turresque capessat : cetera, qua iusso, mecum manus inferat arma.' ilicet in muros tota discurritur urbe. concilium ipse pater et magna incepta Latinus deserit ac tristi turbatus tempore diflfert, 470

multaque se incusat, qui non acceperit ultro Dardanium Aenean, generumque adsciverit urbi. praefodiunt alii portas, aut saxa sudesque subvectant. bello dat signum rauca cruentum bucina. tum muros varia cinxere corona 475

matronae puerique ; vocat labor ultimus oranes. nec non ad templum summasque ad Palladis arces subvehitur magna matrum regina caterva, dona ferens, iuxtaque comes Lavinia virgo, causa mali tanti, oculos deiecta decoros. 480

succedunt matres, et templum ture vaporant, et maestas alto fundunt de limine voces :

' armipotens, praeses belli, Tritonia virgo, frange manu telum Phrj^gii praedonis, et ipsum pronum sterne solo, portisque effimde sub altis.' 485 cingitur ipse furens certatim in proelia Turnus. iamque adeo rutilum thoraca indutus aenis horrebat squamis, surasque incluserat auro, tempora nudus adhuc, laterique accinxerat ensem.

AENEIDOS LIB. XI 19

fulgebatque alta decurrens aureus arce, 490

exsultatque animis, et spe iam praecipit hostem : qualis ubi abruptis fugit praesepia vinclis tandem liber equus, campoque potitus aperto aut ille in pastus armentaque tendit equarum, aut adsuetus aquae perfundi flumine noto 495

emicat, arrectisque fremit cervicibus alte luxurians, luduntque iubae per colla, per armos. obvia cui, Yolscorum acie comitante, Camilla occurrit, portisque ab equo regina sub ipsis desiluit, quam tota cohors imitata relictis 500

ad terram defluxit equis ; tum talia fatur : ' Turne, sui merito si qua est fiducia forti, audeo et Aeneadum promitto occurrere turmae, solaque Tyrrhenos equites ire obvia contra. me sine prima manu temptare pericula belli : 505 tu pedes ad muros subsiste, et moenia serva.' Turnus ad haec, oculos horrenda in virgine fixus : ' o decus Italiae virgo, quas dicere grates, quasve referre parem ? sed nunc, est omnia quando - A iste animus supra, mecum partire laborem. 510

iT^ Aeneas, ut fama fidem missique reportant exploratores, equitum levia improbus arma praemisit, quaterent campos ; ipse ardua montis per deserta iugo superans adventat ad urbem. furta paro belli convexo in tramite silvae, 515

ut bivias armato obsidam milite fauces. tu Tyrrhenum equitem collatis excipe signis ;

20 P. YERGILI MARONIS

tecum acer Messapus erit, turmaeque Latinae,

Tiburtique manus ; ducis et tu concipe curam.'

sic ait, et paribus Messapum in proelia dictis 520

hortatur sociosque duces, et pergit in bostem.

est curvo anfractu valles, adcommoda fi'audi

armorumque dolis, quam densis frondibus atrum

urguet utrimque latus ; tenuis quo semita ducit,

angustaeque ferunt fauces aditusque maligni. 525

hanc super in specuhs summoque in vertice montis

planities ignota iacet, tutique receptus,

seu dextra laevaque velis occurrere pugnae,

sive instare iugis, et grandia volvere saxa.

huc iuvenis nota fertur regione viarum, 530

arripuitque locum et silvis insedit iniquis.

velocem interea superis in sedibus Opim, unam ex virginibus sociis sacraque caterva, compellabat et has tristes Latonia voces ore dabat : ' graditur bellum ad crudele Camilla, 535 o virgo, et nostris nequiquam cingitur armis, cara mihi ante alias. neque enim novus iste Dianae venit amor, subitaque animum dulcedine movit. pulsus ob invidiam regno viresque superbas Priverno antiqua Metabus cum excederet urbe, 540 infantem fugiens media inter proelia belli sustulit exsilio comitem, matrisque vocavit nomine Casmillae, mutata parte, Camillam. ipse sinu prae se portans iuga longa petebat solorum nemorum ; tela undique saeva premebant, 545

AENEIDOS LIB. XI 21

et circumfuso volitabant milite Volsci. ecce, fugae medio summis Amasenus abundans spumabat ripis ; tantus se nubibus imber ruperat. ille, innare parans, infantis amore tardatur, caroque oneri timet. omnia secnm 550 versanti subito vix haec senteutia sedit : telum inmane, manu valida quod forte gercbat bellator, solidum nodis et robore cocto, huic natam, libro et silvestri subere clausam, inplicat, atque habilem mediae circumligat hastae,555 quam dextra ingenti librans ita ad aethera fatur : ahna, tibi hanc, nemorum cultrix, Latonia virgo, ipse pater famulam voveo ; tua prima per auras tela tenens supplex hostem fugit. accipe, testor, diva, tuam, quae nunc dubiis committitur auris." 560 dixit, et adducto contortum hastile lacerto inmittit : sonuere undae ; rapidum super amnem infelix fugit in iaculo stridente Camilla. at Metabus, magna propius iam urguente caterva, dat sese fluvio, atque hastam cum virgine victor 565 gramineo donum Triviae de caespite velht. non illum tectis ullae, non moenibus urbes accepere, neque ipse manus feritate dedisset ; pastorum et solis exegit montibus aevum. hic natam in dumis interque horrentia histra 570 armentalis equae mammis et lacte ferino nutribat, teneris inmulgens ubera labris. utque pedum primis infans vestigia plantis

22 P. VERGILI MARONIS

institerat, iaculo palmas armavit acuto, spiculaque ex umero parvae suspendit et arcum. 575 pro crinali auro, pro longae tegmine pallae, tigridis exuviae per dorsum a vertice pendent. tela mauu iam tum tenera puerilia torsit, et fundam tereti circum caput egit habena, Strymoniamque gruem aut album deiecit olorem. 580 multae illam frustra Tyrrhena per oppida matres optavere nurum ; sola contenta Diana, aeternum telorum et virginitatis amorem intemerata colit. vellem haud correpta fuisset militia tali, conata lacessere Teucros ; 585

cara mihi comitumque foret nunc una mearum. verum age, quandoquidem fatis urguetur acerbis, labere, Nympha, polo, finesque invise Latinos, tristis ubi infausto committitur omine pugna. haec cape, et ultricem pharetra deprome sagittam : 590 hac, quicumque sacrum violarit vulnere corpus, Tros Italusve, mihi pariter det sanguine poenas. post ego nube cava miserandae corpus et arma inspoliata feram tumiTlo, patriaeque reponam.' dixit ; at illa leves caeli delapsa per auras 595

insonuit, nigro circumdata turbine corpus.

at manus interea muris Troiana propinquat Etruscique duces equitumque exercitus omnis, compositi numero in turmas. fremit aequore toto insultans sonipes, et pressis pugnat habenis 600

huc obversus et huc ; tum late ferreus hastis

AENEIDOS LIB. XI 23

horret ager, campique armis siiblimibus ardent. nec non Messapus contra celeresque Latini et cum fratre Coras, et virginis ala Camillae, adversi campo apparent hastasque reductis 605

protendunt longe dextris, et spicula vibrant ; adventusc[ue virum fremitusque ardescit equorum. iamque intra iactum teli progressus uterque substiterat : subito erumpunt clamore furentesque exhortantur ec[uos ; fundunt simul undic^ue tela 610 crebra nivis ritu, caelunic|ue obtexitur umbra. continuo adversis Tyrrhenus et acer Aconteus conixi incurrunt hastis, primic^ue ruinam dant sonitu ingenti, perfractaque quadrtipedantum pectora pectoribus rumpunt : excussus Aconteus 615 fulminis in morem, aut tormento ponderis acti, praecipitat longe, et vitam dispergit in auras. ^ extemplo turbatae acies, versic|ue Latini reiciunt parmas et eciuos ad moenia vertunt. Troes agunt ; princeps turmas inducit Asilas. 620

iamque propinciuabant portis, rursusque Latini clamorem tollunt, et mollia colla refiectunt ; hi fugiunt, penitusque datis referuntur habenis. qualis ubi alterno procurrens gurgite pontus nunc ruit ad terras, scopulosc{ue superiacit unda 625 spumeus, extremamque sinu perfundit harenam ; nunc rapidus retro atque aestu revoluta resorbens saxa fugit, lituscjue vado labente relincpiit. bis Tusci Eutulos esfere ad moenia versos :

24 P. VERGILI MARONIS

bis reiecti armis respectant terga tegentes. 630

tertia sed postquam congressi in proelia totas inplicuere inter sc acies, legitque virum vir : tum vero et gemitus morientum et sanguine in alto armaque corporaque et permixti caede virorum semianimes volvuntur equi ; pugna aspera surgit. 635 Orsilochus Rerauli, quando ipsum horrebat adire, hastam intorsit equo, ferrumque sub aure reliquit ; quo sonipes ictu furit arduus, altaque iactat vulneris inpatiens arrecto pectore crura. volvitur ille excussus humi. Catillus lollan 640

ingenteraque anirais ingentem corpore et armis deicit Herminium, nudo cui vertice fulva caesaries nudique umeri ; nec vulnera terrent ; tantus in arma patet. latos huic hasta per armos acta tremit duplicatque virum transfixa dolore. 645 funditur ater ubique cruor ; dant funera ferro certantes pulchramque petunt per vulnera mortem.

at medias inter caedes exsultat Amazon, unum exserta latus pugnae, pharetrata Camilla ; et nunc lenta manu spargens hastilia denset, 650

nunc validam dextra rapit indefessa bipennem ; aureus ex umero sonat arcus et arma Dianae. illa etiam, si quando in tergum pulsa recessit, spicula converso fugientia derigit arcu. at circum lectae comites, Larinaque virgo 655

Tullaque et aeratam quatiens Tarpeia securim, Italides, quas ipsa decus sibi dia Camilla

AENEIDOS LIB. XI 25

delegit, pacisque bonas bellique ministras : quales Threiciae cum flumina Thermodontis pulsant et pictis bellantur Amazones armis, 660

seu circum Hippolyten, seu cum se Martia curru Penthesilea refert, magnoque ululante tumultu feminea exsultant lunatis agmina peltis. quem telo primum, quem postremum, aspera virgo, deicis ? aut quot humi morientia corpora fundis ? 665 Euneum Clytio primum patre ; cuius apertum adversi longa transverberat abiete pectus. sanguinis ille vomens rivos cadit, atque cruentam mandit huraum, moriensque suo se in vulnere versat. tum Lirim, Pagasumque super ; quorum alter

habenas 670

suffosso revolutus equo dum colligit, alter dum subit ac dextram labenti tendit inermem, praecipites pariterque ruunt. his addit Amastrum Hippotaden, sequiturque incumbens eminus hasta Tereaque Harpalycumque et Demophoonta Chro-

mimque ; C75

quotque emissa manu contorsit spicula virgo, tot Phrygii cecidere viri. procul Ornytus armis ignotis et equo venator lapyge fertur, cui pellis latos umeros erepta iuvenco pugnatori operit, caput ingens oris hiatus 680

et raalae texere lupi cum dentibus albis, agrestisque manus armat sparus. ipse catervis vertitur in mediis, et toto vertice supra est.

26 P. VERGILI MARONIS

hunc illa exceptum, neque enim labor agmine verso, traicit, et super haec inimico pectore fatur : 685

' silvis te, Tyrrhene, feras agitare putasti 1 advenit qui vestra dies muliebribus armis verba redarguerit. nomen tamen haud leve patrum Manibus hoc referes, telo cecidisse Camillae.' protinus Orsilochum et Buten, duo maxima Teucrum corpora : sed Buten aversum cuspide fixit 691

loricam galeamque inter, qua colla sedentis hicent et laevo dependet parma lacerto ; Orsilochum, fugiens magnumque agitata per orbem, ehidit gyro interior, sequiturque sequentem ; 695

tum vahdam perque arma viro perque ossa securim, altior exsurgens, oranti et multa precanti congeminat ; vuhius calido rigat ora cerebro. incidit huic subitoque aspectu territus haesit Appenninicolae bellator filius Auni, 700

haud Ligurum extremus, dum fallere fata sinebant. isque, ubi se nullo iam cursu evadere pugnae posse neque instantem reginam avertere cernit, consilio versare dolos ingressus et astu, incipit haec : ' quid tam egregium, si femina forti 705 fidis equo ? dimitte fugam, et te comminus aequo mecum crede solo, pugnaeque accinge pedestri ; iam nosces, ventosa ferat cui gloria fraudem.' dixit ; at illa f urens acrique accensa dolore, tradit equum comiti, paribnsque resistit in armis, 710 ense pedes nudo, puraque interrita parma.

AENEIDOS LIB. XI 27

at iuvenis, vicisse dolo ratus, avolat ipse, haud niora, conversisque fugax aufertur liabenis, quadrupedemque citum ferrata calce fatigat. vane Ligus, frustraque animis elate superbis, 715 nequiquam patrias temptasti lubricns artes ; nec fraus te incolumem fallaci perferet Auno ' : haec fatur virgo et pernicibus ignea plantis transit equum cursu, frenisque adversa prehensis congreditur poenasque inimico ex sanguine sumit : quam facile accipiter saxo sacer ales ab alto 721

consequitur pinnis sublimem in nube columbam, comprensamque tenet, pedibusque eviscerat uncis ; tura cruor et vulsae labuntur ab aethere plumae.

at non haec nullis hominum sator atque deorum observans oculis summo sedet altus Olympo. 726

Tyrrhenum genitor Tarchonem in proelia saeva suscitat, et stimulis haud mollibus inicit iras. ergo inter caedes cedentiaque agmina Tarchon fertur equo, variisque instigat vocibus alas, 730

nomine quemque vocans, reficitque in proelia pulsos. quis metus, o numquam dolituri, o semper inertesv Tyrrheni, quae tanta animis ignavia venit 1 femina palantes agit atque haec agmina vertit ? quo ferrum, quidve haec gerimus tela inrita dex-

tris ? at non in Venerera segnes nocturnaque bella, aut, ubi curva choros indixit tibia Bacchi, exspectare dapes et plenae pocula mensae —

735

28 P. VERGILI MARONIS

hic amor, hoc studium — dum sacra secundus haruspex nuntiet, ac lucos vocet hostia jiinguis in altos.' 740 haec efFatus equum in medios moriturus et ipse concitat, et Venulo adversum se turbidus infert, |

dereptumque ab equo dextra complectitur hostem, \/yr et gremium ante suum multa vi concitug aufert.^- %/-'' tollitur in caelum clamor, cunctique Latini 4is

convertere oculos. volat igneus aequore Tarchon, arma virumque ferens ; tum summa ipsius ab hasta defringit ferrum, et partes rimatur apertas, qua vuhius letale ferat ; contra ille repugnans sustinet a iugulo dextram, et vim viribus exit. 750 utque. volans alte rapturtrcuhi fulva draconem fert aquila, inplicuitque pedes, atque unguibus haesit ; saucius at serpens sinuosa vohmiina versat, arrectisque horret squamis, et sibilat ore, arduus insurgens ; illa haud minus urguet obunco 755 hictantem rostro ; simul aethera verberat alis : haud aliter praedam Tiburtum ex agmine Tarchon portat ovans. ducis exemplum eventumque secuti Maeonidae incurrunt. tum fatis debitus Arruns velocem iaculo et multa prior arte Camillam 760

circuit, et, quae sit fortuna facillima, temptat. qua se cumque furens medio tulit agmine virgo, hac Arruns subit, et tacitus vestigia lustrat ; qua victrix redit illa pedemque ex hoste reportat, hac iuvenis furtim celeres detorquet habenas. 765

hos aditus, iamque hos aditus, omnemque pererrat

AENEIDOS LIB. XI 29

undique circuitum, et certam quatit inprobus hastam. forte sacer Cybelae Chloreus olimque sacerdos insignis longe Phrygiis fulgebat in armis, 769

spumantemque agitabat equum, quem pellis aenis in phmiam squamis auro conserta tegebat.

npse, peregrina ferrugine clarus et ostro, spicula torquebat Lycio Gortynia cornu ; aureus ex umeris erat arcus et aurea vati cassida ; tum croceam chlamydemque sinusque crepantes 775

carbaseos fulvo in nodum collegerat am"o, pictus acu tunicas, et barbara tegmina crmum. hunc virgo, sive ut templis praefigeret arma Troia, captivo sive ut se ferret in auro, venatrix unum ex omni certamine pugnae 780

caeca sequebatur, totumque incauta per agmen femineo praedae et spoliorum ardebat amore : tehim ex insidiis cum tandem tempore capto concitat, et superos Arruns sic voce precatur :

' summe deum, sancti custos Soractis Apollo, 785

quem primi colimus, cui pineus ardor acervo pascitur, et medium freti pietate per ignem cultores multa premimus vestigia pruna, da, pater, hoc nostris aboleri dedecus armis, omnipotens. non exuvias, pulsaeve tropaeum 790 virginis, aut spolia ulla peto ; mihi cetera laudem facta ferent ; haec dira meo dum vuhiere pestis pulsa cadat, patrias remeabo inglorius urbes.'

30 P. YERGILI MARONIS

audiit et voti Phoebus succedere partem mente dedit, partem volucres dispersit in auras : 795 sterneret ut subita turbatam morte Camillam, adnuit oranti ; reducem ut patria alta videret, non dedit, inque Notos vocem vertere procellae. ergo, ut missa manu sonitum dedit hasta per auras, convertere animos acres oculosque tulere 800

cuncti ad reginam Volsci. nihil ipsa neque aurae nec sonitus memor, aut venientis ab aethere teli, hasta sub exsertam donec perlata papillam haesit, virgineumque alte bibit acta cruorem. concurrunt trepidae comites dominamque ruentem 805 -^ succipiunt. fugit ante omnes exterritus Arruns, v

laetitia mixtoque metu, nec iam amphus hastae •; "^ • credere, nec telis occurrere virginis audet. . ■ ■

ac velut ille, prius quam tela inimica sequantuij continuo in montes sese avius abdidit altos ' ' 810 occiso pastore lupus magnove iuvenco, conscius audacis facti, caudamque remulcens subiecit pavitantem utero, silvasque petivit : haud secus ex oculis se turbidus abstuUt Arruns, contentusque fuga mediis se inmiscuit armis. 815

illa manu moriens telum trahit ; ossa sed inter ferreus ad costas alto stat vulnere mucro. labitur exsanguis ; labuntur frigida leto lumina ; purpureus quondam color ora reliquit. tum sic exspirans Accam, ex aequalibus unam, 820 adloquitur, fida ante alias quae sola Camillae,

AENEIDOS LIB. XI 31

quicum paitiri curas ; atque haec ita fatur : ' hactenus, Acca soror, potui ; nunc vuhius acerbum conficit, et tenebris nigrescunt omnia circum. eftuge et haec Turno mandata novissima perfer : 825 succedat pugnae Troianosque arceat urbe. iamque vale.' simul his dictis linquebat habenas, ad terram non sponte fluens. tum frigida toto paulatim exsolvit se corpore, lentaque coUa et captum leto posuit caput, arma relinquens, 830 vitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras. tum vero iumensus surgens ferit aurea clamor sidera ; deiecta crudescit pugna Camilla ; incurrunt densi simul omnis copia Teucrum Tyrrhenique duces Euandrique Arcades alae. 835

at Triviae custos iamdudum in montibus Opis alta sedet summis, spectatque interrita pugnas. utque procul medio iuvenum in clamore furentum prospexit tristi multatam morte Camillam, ingemuitque deditque has imo pectore voces : 840 heu nimium, virgo, nimium crudele hiisti supplicium, Teucros conata lacessere bello ! nec tibi desertae in dumis coluisse Dianam profuit, aut nostras umero gessisse pharetras. non tamen indecorem tua te regina reliquit 845

extrema iam in morte ; neque hoc sine nomine

letum per gentes erit, aut famam patieris inultae. nam quicumque tuum violavit vuhiere corpus.

!2 P. VERGILI MARONIS

inorte luet merita.' fuit ingens monte sub alto regis Dercenni terreno ex aggere bustum 850

antiqui Laurentis opacaque ilice tectum ; hic dea se primum rapido pulcherrima nisu sistit et Arruntem tumulo speculatur ab alto. ut vidit fulgentem armis ac vana tumentem, cur,' inquit, ' diversus abis 1 huc derige gressum, 855 huc periture veni, capias ut digna Camilhie praemia. tune etiam telis moriere Dianae 1 ' dixit, et aurata vohicrem Threissa sagittam deprompsit pharetra, cornuque infensa tetendit, et duxit longe, donec curvata coirent 860

inter se capita, et manibus iam tangeret aequis, laeva aciem ferri, dextra nervoque papillam. extemplo teli stridorem aurasque sonantes audiit una Arruns, haesitque in corpore ferrum. illum exspirantem socii atque extrema gementem 865 obHti ignoto camporum in pulvere hnquunt ; Opis ad aetherium pinnis aufertur Olympum.

prima f ugit, domina amissa, levis ala Camillae ; turbati fugiunt Eutuli, fugit acer Atinas, disiectique duces desolatique manipli 870

tuta petunt, et equis aversi ad moenia tendunt. nec quisquam instantes Teucros letumque ferentes sustentare valet teUs, aut sistere contra ; sed laxos referunt umeris languentibus/ arcus, quadrupedumque putrem cursii quati^ ungula cam- pum'. i\ / ' 875

AEXEIDOS LIB. XI 33

volvitur ad muros caligine turbidus atra pulvis, et e speculis percussae pectora matres femineum clamorem ad caeli sidera tollunt. qiii cursu portas primi inrupere patentes, lios inimica super mixto premit agmine turba ; sso nec miseram efFugiunt mortem, sed limine in ij)S0, moenibus in patriis, atque inter tuta domorum, confixi exspirant animas. pars claudere portas ; nec sociis aperire viam, nec moenibus audent accipere orantes ; oriturque miserrima caedes 885

defendentum armis aditus, inque arma rnentum. exclusi ante oculos lacrimantumque ora parentum pars in praecipites fossas urguente ruina volvitur, inmissis pars caeca et concita frenis arietat in portas et duros obice postes. 890

ipsae de muris summo certamine matres — monstrat amor verus patriae — ut viderevCamillam, tela manu trepidae iaciunt, ac robore duro stipitibus ferrum sudibusque imitantur obustis praecipites, primaeque mori pro moenibus ardent. 895

interea Turnum in silvis saevissimus inplet nuntius, et iuveni ingentem fert Acca tumultum : deletas Volscorum acies, cecidisse Camillam, ingruere infensos hostes, et Marte secundo omnia corripuisse, metum iam ad moenia ferri. 900 ille furens — et saeva lovis sic numina poscunt — deserit obsessos coUes, nemora aspera linquit. vix e conspectu exierat campumque tenebat, D

34 P. VERGILI MAROXIS AEX. LIB. XI

cum yjater Aencas, saltus ingressiis apertos, exsuperatque iuguin, silvaque evadit opaca. sic ambo ad muros rapidi totoque feruntur agmine, nec longis inter se passibus absunt ; ac simul Aeneas fumantes pulvere campos prospexit longe Laurentiaque agmina vidit, et saevum Aenean adgnovit Turnns in armis adventumque pedum flatusque audivit equorum. continuoque ineant pugnas et proelia temptent, ni roseus fessos iam gurgite Phoebus Hibero tinguat equos noctemque die labente reducat. considunt castris ante urbem et moenia vallant.

NOTES

1 — 28. Next morning Aeneas sets up a trophy ivitli the arms of Mezentius, and then exhorts his men to prcpare for marching against Latiicm as soon as they have huried their dead and arranged for escorting honie the corpse of Fallas.

1. interea] 'meantime.' The last thiiig mentioned at the end of Book X. is the slaying of Mezentius ou the previous day, so that interea is not used strictly, but as a vague particle of transition ; cf. 182; 10. 1 pandit^ir interea domus omnipotentis Olyjiipi, in both which cases it introduces tlie events of a fresh day. Virgil is fond of the word at the beginning of a paragraph, cf. 532, 597.

For a summary of the Aeneid, showing at what point in the story this Book opens, see Introd. pp. xiv seq.

2. quamquam...] Aeneas had two duties to perform, (1) to ' bury his comrades ' and (2) to 'pay his vows to the gods' after his victory. But the preseuce of the dead involved ceremonial uncleanness ; hence he might liave been espected ' to give time to their burial ' first, as liis own ' care impelled ' {praccijyitant curae), and then to perform his vows when freed from pollution. Roraan ritual, however, prescribed that in such a dilemma the ofFering to the gods should be performed lirst {si conlingeret, ut uno eodemque tempore ct funestaretur quis et cogeretur opcram dare sacrificiis, elahm-abat ut ante sacra co7npleret quamfunus agnosceret : Servius), and therefore Aeneas so acts in spite of his inclinations. The 'paying his vow' consists in erecting a trophy to Mars as described 5-11. dare : the inf. is dependent on the general sense of praecipitant curae, which expresses 'desire.' et...que: a very rare com- bination for 'both...and.'

36 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

3. praecipitant] intrans. funere, ' death ' ; i.e. probably the death of Pallas.

4. primo Eoo] 'at earliest dawn.' Eous is originally an adjective, but is then used as a subst. = 'the Eastern orb,' i.e. Lucifcr, ' the day-star'; cf. Aen. 3. 688.

5. ingentem...] The oak-trunk clearly represents the body of the defeated warrior ; cf. sinistrae 10, collo 11, also 16, 172.

7. Mezenti] Yirgil and Horace regularly use the contracted form of the gen. of nouns euding in ius and ium. tropaeum : rpoiraLov, a memorial composed of the arms of the vanquished set up originally at the spot where the enemy first ' turned ' (rp^irw) iu flight ; see Dict. Ant.

9. telaque trunca] ' the broken darts ' are those which he had hurled at Aeneas iu the combat described 10. 882 seq. and which had broken on his shield.

10. clipeumque ex aere] ' shield of brass.' Occasionally, though very rarely, Latin allows an adverbial expression like ex aere to be joined to a noun iustead of an adjective ; cf. 4. 457 fuit de marmore templum ; 5. 266 geminos ex aere lebetas ; and below, 15 de rege superho \ primitiae ; 174 rohur ah annis ; 849 fuit...terrem ex aggere bustum.

11. suspendit] i.e. by the halteus or 'sword-belt.' ebur- num : with a scabbard (9. 305 vagina ehurna) or liilt of ivory.

12. tegebat] not 'protected,' for there was no danger, but simply 'encircled.'

14. maxima...] ' we have wrought mighty deeds, my men ; (therefore) away with all fear for what remains (to do).' The past is au earnest of the future : 'look,' he adds, 'at these spoils and first-fruits (won) frora a proud prince,' so that you may judge what tlie full harvest of victory will bring.

15. quod superest] lit. ' as to what remains.' haec : deietic, like hic in the next line.

16. manibusqvie] AbL of instrument. His hands have made Mezentius what they see, the trophy being identified witli the dead warrior, cf. 5 n.

18. arma...] 'prepare your weapons with spirit and with your hopes anticipate the fray.' Their arms and hearts must both be ready, the first lest there be delay {mora 19) when the advance is ordered, the second lest there be ' dull thoughts of fear' {segnis metu scntentia) in tlie hour of combat. animis =

NOTES 37

animose, cf. 491. For spe praesumite beUum cf. 491, and 9. 157 corpora ...procuratc, viri, et pvgnam sperate jmrari (where there is the same contrast as here between bodily and mental preparation). The man who thus prepares aud longs for battle, like ^Yordsworth's ' Happy Warrior,'

' if he be called upon to face Some awful moment to which Heaven hath joined Great issues, good or bad for humau kind, Is happy as a lover, and attired With suddeu brightness, like a man inspired ; And, through the heat of conflict, keeps the law In calmness made and sees what he foresaw.' Many take ammis = ' imagination ' ( ' dans vos esprits ' — Benoit), but this gives a weak taiitology.

19. ignaros] 'unwitting,' 'amazed,' because found unpre- pared. vellere signa : the formal sign of an advance to battle, but the order ' to pluck up the standards ' was only given when the gods had signified their assent {xihi primum adnuerint superi) by the auspices. vellere is inf. after adnuerint in the sense of 'permit.'

22. socios inhumataque corpora] ' the unburied bodies of our comrades ' ; an instance of Hendiadys {iv 5ia bvoiv) or the use of two words or phrases simply put side by side instead of a single complex phrase iu which the words qualify each other. Cf. 64 cratcs et mollcferetrum; 234 n, 539 n, 554 n.

23. mandemus] ' commit ' ; cf. the Burial Service, ' We therefore couuuit his body to the ground.' qui solus...'for that is the only honour in the world below,' the only lionour which we can bestow on those who are in that world ; cf. Hom. H. 16. 457 t6 yap yepas €<jtI davbvTwv. Unburied ghosts wandered a hundred years on the banks of the Styx before they were allnwed to cross it ; cf. 6. 325.

24. ait] This word is usually employed at the commence- ment of a speech reported in orcitio recta ; here it is inserted to mark the commencement of the peroration — ' Go,' he says, ' and lionour with the last rites these glorioiis souls..., and before all let Pallas be escorted. ..."

25 hane patriam] 'this (to be) our country.' 27. non virtutis egentem] 'not lacking valour' ; i.e. most valiant. An instance of the well-known rhetorical figure Litotes, by which a mild and negative forni of expression

38 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

is used instead of a very strong affirmative one. Cf. 45 no7i haec= ' very different' ; 64 hcmd segnes ; 152 ; 238 haud laeta; 452 non mollibus ; 725.

28, abstulit...] 'a blaek day carried off and plunged in bitter death.' Dies atri in the i^oinan caleudar were unlucky days, marked with black, on which no legal biisiness could be transacted. A wlute stone or a white marlc, on tlie other hand, makes a lueky day ; cf. Cat. 68. 148 queni lajndc illa dicm candidiore notat ; Pers. 2. 1. Acerbus is regular of ' premature ' death. The line is repeated from 6. 429.

29 — 58. Acneas returns to his tent, where the mourners are lamenting over Pallas. At the sigh t of the corpse he cries, ' Fortune has grudged thee to me, iinhappy hoy, in thc vcry hour oftriumph. Far different from this ivas the promise I made thy unhappy sire, who even norv, perchance, is offering up to heaven his vows for thy safety. And yet not dishonourahle is thy death and heavy indeed thy loss. '

29. limina] i.c. of his house (cf. B6 foribus altis ; 38 regia), not tent, for the Trojans had erected something more permanent than a camp (cf. 9. 782 viuros, moenia, urhcm, used witli reference to it). The word is used strictly, for it was customary after the corpse had been duly ' laid out ' (positum : cf 2. 644) on the bier to place it in the vestibule with tlie feet pointing to the door (cf. Hom. II. 19. 212 Kelrai. ava TrpbOvpov reTpaiJ.fx.evos- dfKpl 5' eralpoi \ /.wpovTat).

31. servabat] ' watched.' senior : merely'oH'; the word is commonly ' used with a certain positive Ibrce for one who has become old.' — Kennedy. Parrhasio Euandro : notice the hiatus and the spondee in the fifth foot. Yirgil allows himself this license only in connexion with proper names, and only three times, viz. here, 1. 617 Dardanio Anchisae, and 3. 74 Neptuno Aegaeo. These lines are generally said to be imitations of Greeli rhythm, but thougli hiatus in the fiftli foot is common in Homer {e.g. II. 1. 1. llrfK-qLdZeu} 'Ax'X^os) and though spondaic endiugs are also common {e.g. 'ATpeidao, Utj^elwva), yet they rarely consist of a trisyllabic word, and if they do there is no hiatus.

32. sed non...] ' but he went not then with like happy au- spices {i.e. as when lie had gone to war as Evarider's squire), assigned as guardian to his dear ward.' For comes and datus cf. 9. 648 tu7n comitem Ascanio jmter addidit used of Butes, who

NOTES 39

had been armiger to Anchises, and who is selected by Aeneas, as an old and trusty retainer, to take charge of the young Ascunius.

3i. famulum] Contracted gen. plural. Virgil uses this form (sometimes written om when v precedes) with (1) pioper names as Tcucrum, Danaum, Argivom 266, cf. Troum 161, Tyrrhenum 171 ; or (2) names describing a class of persons as divum or clivom, virum, socium, svpcriim, caelicolum.

35. et maestima...] 'and the Ilian woraeu having their hair loosed in mourning according to custom ' ; for tbe construction of crinem solutae cf. 480 n.

37. tunsls pectoribus] ' as they beat their breasts.' The beating of their breasts accompanies their gioans, the past part. not unfrequently losing all past sense ; cf. i)ll ^ycrcussae pectora ' wliile they smite their breasts.'

38. regla] The word does not imply splendour, being used 8. 242 of the cave of Cacus, aud 8. 363 of the lowly dwelling of Evander, a.\i(iforibus altis 36 merclj' marks that ' the dwelling of the priuce ' was somewhat superior in size to those near it. Inmugio is used 3. 674 of tlie deep echo which the roar of the Cyclops wakes in the caverns of Aetna {curvis inmugiit Actna cavernis) ; here it expresses the deep-toned melancholy of the sound which issues frora the palace, whicli ' moan.s with mourn- ful lamentation.' Cf. the tine phrase of Jeiome (Ep. 14) iucUcfi- turo Domino luguhre raundus inmugiet.

39. nivei] A pictures^iue and pathetic adjective, suggesting at once the pallor of death and also the youthful bt-auty of Pallas as he lies on the bier, not bronzed and beardetl, but 'snow-white,' while on his 'sniooth' boyish breast is the 'gap- ing wound.' Observe too the beauty offuUum ' resting,' motion- less, never to move again. Commentators say 'restingon the bier,' which is true, but kills the poetry ; others render ' propped up,' which (loes the sarae.

41. obortis] The regular word for tcnrs 'welling up' (per- haps because they impede, cf. ob, and dim tlie sight).

42. tene...] Emjihatic by position — ' Was it tJiee-, unhappy boy, that Fortune grudged me, in the hour of joy, so that thou shouldest not see...nor... ?' Aeneas could better have borne any other blow ; now liis triumph is turned to mourning, his joy to heaviness.

40 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

44. victor velierere ; 45 promissa parenti ; 46 discedens dederam ; 47 mitteret, magnum, metuens moneret] Alliteration to express stroiig emotioii.

45. non tiaec] ' not these,' i.e. far Llififerent ; Litotes, cf. Hor. 0(1. 1. 15. 32 non hoc pollicitus, 'liaving niade a very differeut promise.'

47. mitteret...] ' sent me forth to win great empire.'

49. ille quidem...51 nos] Keivos p.ev . . .■r^fxeh S4. Latin very rarely inserts ' but ' in the second of two contrasted claiises, but simply sets thern side by side and marks the contrast by the emphatic po§ition of the contrasted words. spe... : ' much deluded by emiity hope.'

50. fors et vota facit] Probably rightly explained by Conington as an archaism, ' there is a chance and he is making vows ' being= ' there is a chance that he is making vows ; ' for et in early language is often used to connect two clauses (Para- taxis) one of wliich in later speech is made subordinate (Hypo- taxis) to the other ; cf. 2. 139 /ors et . . .reposccnt ; Hor. Od. 1. 28. 31 /ors et dchita jura...te timneant. In cases like 5. 232 fors...cepisseHt ('perchance they would liave talven ') all sense of the origin of the idiojn must be sujjposed lost, so that fors becomes a simple adverb= ' perchance,' and here it is quite possible that Virgil means ' perchance lie even makes vows.'

For the sense, Sidgwick well compares Tennyson, In Mem. c. 6 —

' 0 father, \Yhereso'er thou be,

That pledgest uow thy gallant son —

A shot, ere half thy draiight be done,

Hath stilled tlie life that beat from thee. '

51. nil iam...] ' who now owes nauglit to any of the gods above.' Tlie father makes vows which, Irad his son lived, would liave had to be paid, but heaven has now no claim on either of them. caelestibus also suggests that Pallas has now passed into the reahn of the di inferi.

54. nostri] 'our,' not 'my.' Pallas had looked to sharing with Aenea.s liis rcturn and triumpli.

55. haec mea magna fldes ?] ' Is this my sure pledge ? ' i.e. is this the way I havc fuirdled it ? at marks a strong cliangc of tone fronr grief to pride. ' Yet shalt thou not, Evander, behold one routed witli dishonourable wounds, or pray, a father,

NOTES 41

for accursed death because tliy son is safe. ' Piiderula volnera avo wounds in the back inflicted oii a fugitive ; had Pallas re- turned lionie with suoh scars, theu iudeed his father niight have prayed for death, because his son had preferred life to houour.

56. dirum] His death would be rendored accursed by his son's cowardice.

59 — 99. Acncas sclccts a tho\isancl men to cscort the corpse, ichich is placed — beautiful as a neio-^duckcci floicer — on a rudic hier and covered icitli rich rohes. Then comes a long array of spoiJs, captives, and trophics ; Acoetes follotus t»o, and fhe chariot and horse of the dead youth, and finally thc mourning host of Trojans, Etruscans, and Arcadians. Acncas and all the host accompany ihc proccssion as it starts, and thcn having uttei-cd the last ' Farewell ' return to the camp.

59. deflevit] A technical word for 'lamenting the dead ' ; cf. 6. 220 t%tm membra toro defleta rcpommt ; Lucr. 3. 907 cine- factum te j>rope busto \ insatiahilitcr deflcvimiis. Tlie force of de is to express 'weeping to the end,' 'weepiug one's iill ' ; cf. debello, decerto, debacchor, etc.

61. qui comitentur] Subj. berause qui =nt ii — ' to accom- pauy the last lionour ' {i.e. funeral procession). For (^wi with subj. cf 81, 109.

62. solacia...] '.scant solace of vast grief.' Solacia is prob- ably acc. ' iu apposition to the sentence' or ' to the action of the verb' ; they are to 'escort' tlie corpse aud 'take part in lais father's lameutation,' and thoir 'escorting' and ' taking part' coustitute the 'solace.' Cf. 6. 222 ^jars ingenti subiere feretro, \ triste ministerium 'shonldered tlie bier — sad service,' i.e. the sliouldering is a .sad service. The construction is very common iu Greek. Note the antithetical juxtapositiou of exigua ingentis.

64. crates et molle feretrum] ' a soffc bier of wicker- work ' ; Hendiadys, cf. 22 n.

66. exstructos] 'high-piled.' obtentu frondis : ' with a cauopy of foliage.'

67. agresti stramine] 'on his rustic bed' ; cf. Sih It. 10. 561 mollcsque vivcnte \ stramine composucre toros. Stranun here is certainly not ' straw,' but more gcnvvaX^ciuod stratum est.

68 — 71. Perhaps tlie most beautiful similo iu VirgiL The dead youth as he lies ' lifeless yet beautiful ' is compared to ' a

42 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

flower new pluckeJ by maiden fingers...from which neither brightne.ss as yet nor native beauty has departed, (though) no longer its niother earth nurtures it.'

69. moUis vlolae] Cf. Eel. 5. 38 i^ro raolli viola, where inola is generally explaiiied by ' the wall-flower' {\evKoiov) and moUis of the ' soft ' ' smooth delicacy ' of colour. We may render here, however, 'tender violet,' as the nature of the flower is uuimportant. The 'hjacinth' is almost certainly a lily, pos- siblythe Martagon lily. languentis: 'drooping,' 'withdrooping head.' Virgil is fond. of allowing Greek words like hyacinthus, cyparissus, hymeiiacus at the end of a line, and the final syllable of languentis is made long by ietus ; cf. 111 n.

70, cui...] Cf. Byrou, TheGiaour:

' He who hath bent him o'er the dead Ere the fir.st day of death is fled

Before decay's effacing fingers

Have swept the lines where beauty lingers.'

72. auroque...] ' stiff with their gold-embroidered purple.'

73. laeta laborum] ' rejoicing in her toil ' ; because she toiled for her lover. For the gen. with laetus cf. 280 n.

75. fecerat et...] 'had Avrought, dividing the web with threads of gold.' The robes were woven in purple with threads of gold introduced. The et . . .discreverat clause is explanatory oifecerat.

76. supremum honorem] Probably in apposition to unam ; ' one, a last lionour, he drapes around the youth ' ; but the construction may be the same as line 62.

77. arsurasque...] 'and (with tlie other) robe veils those locks the fire [i.c. of the funeral pyre) will claim.' One robe was clearly wrapped round the corpse, the other laid over it.

78. Laurentis praemia pugnae] ' prizes from tlie Lauren- tian battle ' ; i.e. the battle agaiiist Turnus, who leads the Latin host. Lanrentum was the capital of Iving Latinus.

80. addit...] Tlie 'horses and arms ' are, like the captives iu 81, 82, to be consumed on the funeral pyre ; cf. Hom. Ih 23. 171, where Achilles rears a like ghastly pyre for Patroclus. The object undoubtedly was to provide the dead hero with at- tendants, arms, etc, in the under-world. spoliaverat : sc. Pallas.

KOTES 43

81. manus, quos^^maiius corum, quoS — ' the hands of those whom he might dispatch as offerings to the shades.' The nom. to mittcret is Aeneas. He binds the hands of the captives with a view to despatehing them and sprinkling the pyre with their blood, and he is said to do these hist two thiugs himself because he is the cause of their being done. For caeso sanguine — caesorum sangidne cf. 10. 520 ca^Jtiro sanguvne, and below, 84 inimica noinina 'the foemen's names.'

84. ipsos ferre duces] That these trophies of Pallas' prowess should be borne by ' the leaders themselves ' of the escort would be a sjjecial honour.

85. ducitur] 'is lead ' ; because 'in his grief {infcUx) and ' worn out with age ' {acvo confectus) he cau hardly walk aloue.

87. sternitur et...] parallel to ducitur. Yirgil depicts him as at one time lead along lamenting, at another as breaking loose in a paroxj^sm or despair and 'fiinging himself fuU length upon the earth.' terrae = iw tcrrarn, cf. 192 n.

88. currus] Probably Rutulian chariots taken by Pallas (cf. 10. 399), as there is no sign in Book X. of Pallas fighting from a chariot himself.

89. positis insignibus] 'his stately trappings laid aside.' So at the fuueral of Germanicus sine insignihns magistratus (Tac. Ann. 3. 4). Aethon : the name of one of Hector's horses (H. 8. 185) = at'^wj' 'fiery,' or else of colour ' bright chestnut.' The horse 'weeping' is also from Homer H. 17. 427 seq. ; cf. Shak. As You Like It 2. 1. 38, where it is said of a wounded stag that

' the big round tears Coursed one another down his innoceut nose In piteous chase.' 92. tum...] 'Then, a mournful host, the Trojans follow and all the Etruscans and the Arcadians with arms reversed.' The words maesta jjhalanx, omncs, and vcrsis armis ajiply equally to Teucri, Tyrrhcni, a.iid Arcades ; the wTio/e army, mouruing and with arms reversed, escorts the strictly funeral proccssion (the mille viros of 61) at the start, and then when 'the whole ariay ' {omnis ordo 94) had ' advanced far,' Aeneas halts and with the main body of Iiis men returns to the camp. To escort any one a part of the way wlien setting out ou a journey was a regular mark of honour (see proscquor in Dict. ; Acts xx. 38 ; xxi. 5),

44 YERGILI AENEIDOS XI

aiid Aeneas pays itJ;o the dead man setting out on his last jouruey. For versis armis cf. Tac. 3. 2 versifasces.

96. alias ad lacrimas] i.e. to the burial of the remaining dead.

97. salve aeternum mihi...] The words Havc, Vale are commoii in inscriptions, and seem to have been regularly used at a Roman funeral, the mourners thus bidding the dead their ' everlasting greeting and farewell ' as they departed ; cf. Cat. 101. 10 atque in supreimom, frater, liave atque valc. Salve here = the more iisual have. aeternum is the neut. adj. used adverbially, ' farewell an eternal (farewell),' being= ' farewell for ever.' mihi is ethic dative='I pray ' ; cf. Hom. II. 23. 19 Xaip^ fxoL, S) HdrpoKXe.

100 — 138. Ambassadors come from the Latins asJcing for leave to bury their dead. Aeneas replies that he wars not ivith the dead, nor has he any quarrel with themselves, but would gladly end the strife in single combat loith Turnus. Drances, the bitter rival of Turnus, expresses tlieir thanks and desire for alliance. A truce for six days is arranged, and both sidcs p7'epare the funeral pyrcs.

100. oratores] Cf. oratis 111.

101. velati...] Supijliants for peace carried boughs of olive wreathed with woollen tillets {vittae) in their liands (cf. 330 ; 7. 154, 237 ; 8. 116), and these boughs were regularly termed vela7}ie7ita (e.g. Ov. Met. 11. 279 velcc7nc7Ua 7na7iu prae- te7ide7is supplice). 'The olive-tree is the syrabol of peace ; cf. G. 2. 425 placita7n Paci 7iutri.tor olivam. veniam : ' grace ' ; cf. 107.

103. redderet] The subjunctive of oblique petition. In the next line 7mllu7n cei-ta^nen (supply esse) is acc. and infin. of oblique narration : they besought him 'to give back...(pointing out) that there was no quarrel with the defeatcd and dead. ' The indicative in the clause quae . . .iacebant is probably raerely allowed for the sake of variety, but strict grammarians will assert that these are not the words of the ambassadors, but an explanatory parenthesis of the iioet.

105. hospitibus quondam...] i.e. on tlieir first landing when they were hospitably received and Latinus promised to bestow his daughter on Aeneas (see Intr. p. xvi), an example which the speaker hints had been foUowed by other Latins ; lience the plural soceris.

NOTES 45

107. prosequitur venia] Fiom its use='escort a guest' 011 hia dei)arture as a mark of honour (cf. 92 n.), prosequor acquires the geiieral seiise of 'deal courteously to,' 'honour,' aud 2}>'oscqui benevolentia, laudihus, misericordia, etc. are common in prose. So here Aeneas honours them by conceding the favour they songht.

108. indigna] ' unworthy ' of you, and so, as often, = ' unde- served,' 'cruel.'

109. q.U!...fugiatis] qin = utvos, 'so that ye fly.'

110. sorte] Notice the politeness of the word : it is only ' by the chan.ce of war ' that they have fallen.

111. oratis? equidem] The last syllable of orcdis is lengthened by ictus aided by tlie pause. equidem : though this word is only, philologically, a strengthened form of quidcm and may be used with all three persons, yet Virgil always uses it with thc iirst as if it were = fr/o quidcm. So here — ' do ye pray mc for peace for the dead.../ would gladly grant it to the living too.'

112. nec veni, nisi.. dedissent, nec.gero] Strictly the sentence ought to be ' Nt-ither am I come except in obedience to destiny, nor do I wage war with your r.ice,' liut in the first half of it Virgil has bleuded two thoughts, (1) ' I have not come except in obedience to destiny,' and (2) ' I should not have come unless destiny had so ordered.' Tliroughout the Aeneid Aeneas is the servant of ' fate ' (cf. 232) ; it was ' fate ' or ' the decree of heaven ' {falum, cf. fari) that he should found in Italy a second Troy {130 fcdales murorummoles), and obedience to his divine destiny is his one rule of conduct.

113. gente] Strongly opposed to r-ea:'. ' It is not with the pc.ople,' ho says, 'I war ; it is your king who has abandoned our ties of hospitality.' HospUium can be used equally of the relation of a liost to his guest or of a guest to his host ; hence noslra.

115. aequius...fuerat] 'it had been fairer that Turnus should confront this death.' The mdicaitWe fuerat is idiomatic, aequum est being constantly used='it would be right,' and aequum fuit or fuerat 'it would have been riglit' ; so too 303 mclius fucrat ' it wnuld have been better,' poleral, potuit ' it would have been possible,' operae prctium fuit ' it would have been worth while,' clebuit, decuit 117, etc, just as ^XPW

46 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

^dei, etc. are constantly iised in Greek without ctv^^it would have been necessary, ' etc. huic : deictic, poiuting to the dead ; so 117 his, pointing to his weapons.

117. his...] 'with these weapous it had been fitting for him to coutend with me ; (then) he (of us two) had lived, to whoni God or his ow^n good sword had given life.' Conington, how- ever, explains decuit as a strict past ( ' it was his duty yesterday ') and vixet as a past jussive, 'let him have lived.' It is very hard to analyse tlie strict grammar of these higlily rhetorical

118. •vi-KQt'] - vixisset, by Syncope {avyKowi] 'a clashing together ').

121. conversique...] lit. 'and turning their eycs and faces towards oue another licpt them there.' Conversi is not put for conversos, but is really a middle verb (see 480 n.) governing oculos and ora just as mucli as tenebant does ; cf. 2. 1 intentique ora tcnebant 'bending their gaze on him kept it there,' ' kept their gaze bent.' So here ' kept their eyes and faces turned on one another.' They were amazed at his generosity.

122. senior] opposed to iicvcni. Drances was old and cautious ; Turnus young and bold. Hence Drances pursues Turnus ' with hate and calumny.'

124. fama...] 'mighty in fame, mightier in arnis,'. i.e. whose deeds in arins exceed even his reputation.

126. iustitiaene...mirer] sc. ie ; ' ara I to marvel at thee for thy justice ? ' The construction is Greek, davixd^uv Tiva Tr}s 8iKaio(Twr]s.

129. sibi] Emphatic — let him make treaties for himself, we will do so for ourselves.

130. fatales] 'fixed by destiny,' 'fated ' ; cf. 112 n.

133. pace sequestra] Sequester was one who, Avhen any- thing was in dispute between two parties, held it in trust ; cf. our 'stakeholder.' Hence here 'mediator.'

136. actas ad sidera] ' towering to the stars.'

137. robora] probably here, in contrast with cedrum and ornos, ='oaks,' not 'timber' generally.

139 — 181. Rumour carries the sad neivs to Evander, and a troop of mourning womcn hurrics to meet ihe procession. Evander flings himself on the corpse and hreaks out in passionate

NOTES 47

lamcnt: ' JVell did I foresee, Pallas, the cnd of thy youfhful valour ! The sire has outlived thc son, though icould that this Juneral wcre mine ! Yet could I wish for thee no other death ; these trophies speak thy fame and, had thc covibat bcen 7)wre equal, thou too, Turnus, hadst heen among thcm. Away, Trojans, to the war ; I only lirc to hear that Acncas has avtngcd my son's death upon his slaycr.'

140. Euancirum...replet] Cf. 896 u.

141. quae modo...] ' (riimour) tliat biit Lite told of Pallas as victorioiis in Latium,' i.e. over the Latins.

142. ruere] 'ruslied' ; dramatic infinitivo : comraon in vivid historic narration ; hehce often called 'historic infinitive.'

14.3. lucet I via] A rare caesui-a iu the fifth foot ; but cf. 170.

144. late discriminat agros] 'divides tlie fields afar' ; the line of liglit stretclies far away over the dark fields which it seems to part asunder, just as in the day-time the line of a river or road might do so (cf. Ufruriam discrimincd Cassia via Cic. Piiil. 12. 9. 23). Coningtou explains that ' the pi'ocession as it moves in a bright line along the country casts a bright light on each side,' but how can discriminnt iate mean ' move along the country casting a bright light on eacli side ' ?

145. contra veniens] ' moving to ineet it.' iungunt ag- mina: 'join their array (with it).' The phiral verb follows the noun of multitude turba ; but mau}' MSS. have iungit.

149. feretro Pallanta...] ' the bier (having been) set down, on Pallas he llung liimself.' Most MSS. give rallaMtc, but the three ablatives together are very ugly. As well the meaning ' no sooner was tlie bier set down than he flung himself...' seems viviJ, wlieieas in 'hc flung himself ou Pallas resting on the bier ' the last words have little force.

151. via vix...voci] Alliteration, marking the convulsive sobs that choke his utterance. dolore with t-i'x .• ' scarcely by reason of his grief.'

152. non haec] i.c. far different, as line 64

153. cautius ut velles...] This line gives the purport of liis promise, and the curious construction witli vt is influenced by the fact that the words dcdcras promissa imrenti suggest the

thought 'whcn he begged thee that thou wonldest ' The

reading j^cienti for parenti mentioned by Servius is a good

48 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

explanatory gloss. Others place a fiill stop after jiare^Ui and make ut — utinam ' woukl that thou hadst been willing,' cf. 10. 631 quod ut o...ludar ; Hor. S. 2. 1. 43 ; but this seems harsh.

151. haud. ignarus...] i.c. I well knew the power of 'young ambition ' to make a boy reckless iu his first battle.

156. primitiae . . . ] '0 liapless first-fruits of thy youth, and hard schooliug in war uear home.' He had louged to win a harvest of farae, but the first - fruits were deatli : the lesson he had learned was cruel and he liad not to go far to learu it. Sidgwick renders ' cruel essay of inipeuding war,' which is harder tliau the text.

159. felix morte tua] The next words give the explana- tion. The imitation of Tacitus (Agr. 45) felix opportunitate mortis is well kuown.

160. vivendo...] ' by living I have overcome ray destiuy, so that I shoukl be left surviving — thy father.' Notice the pathos of genitor last. mea fata : i.c. my proper terra of life ; he lias outstayed his time ; according to the law of nature he should have died before his son.

162. obruerent...] = (1) obruere dehchant or (2) utinam ohruerent — 'foUowing the Trojan arms ('tis me) the Eutuli should o'erwhelm with darts, myself I should have yielded up the ghost... ' ; or '0 that the Rutuli o'er\vhelmed me... .' Cf. 4. 678 eadxm me adfata vocasscs : \ idem amhasferro dolor, atque eadcm hora tulisset ; 8. 643 ; 10. 854. Tlie e.vplanatiou of this rare subj. is doubtful. The explanation of it (1) as potential is suggested by Livy 45. 37 non triumphum impedirc dehuit, sed 2}ostero die nomen deferret {=deferre dehuit) ; (2) as half- imperative, or past jussive by its use with ne in Cic. Att. 2. 1 ne poposeisscs : see Sidgwick. The imperfect obruerent seems to represent his ' being overwhelmed ' somewhat more graphically than the pluperfect dedissem, but love of variety or mere metrical convenience may be the real explanation.

164. nec vos arguerim] The polite perf. subj. of modest statement ; so ofteu nec reprehenderim ' nor am I disposed to blame, 'j3«cc tua dixerim,affi7-mavcrim, crcdiderim, etc.

165. ista] pointing to the corpse. That lot {i.e. of seeing his son a corpse) was due to his old age ; fate had doomed him to endure that fortune in his grey hairs, and the Trojans are not to blame.

166. quodsi...] 'yet if early death awaited him, that he

NOTES 49

fell after slaying...shall be my joy.' Sorae read iuxaret, 'yet if ..., it woukl have been my joy that he had fallen after .slay- iug... ' ; but this wholly destroys the sense, for Pallas has slain his foes and died gloriously (cf. magna tropaea... 177).

169. quin...] 'Nay I my.self would hold thee worthy of no other death thau pious Aeneas... .' Tlie full construction would be quam quo pius Acncas te dignatv.s cst. Quin introduces a stronger statenient ; after saying that his son's glory ' shall be his joy ' he goes farther and says that he could not wish for him a nobler death than that, the ' worth ' of which Aeneas and all his host have attested.

170. quain...et quam...et quam] Emphatic repetitiou, expre.ssive of the repeated testimouy to his wortli ; so too in the next line.

171. Tyrrhenique..., Tyrrhenum] The repetition of tlie proper name takes the place of a copula, as several times in Virgil ; e.g. 641 ijigentemque animis, ingentem corpore ; 7. 45 regalesqua accensa comas, accensa coronam ; 12. 548 ; Ecl. 4. 6.

172. quos] = n, quos ; 'great the trophies they briug, whom thy hand consigns to death,' i.e. those whom tiiou hast slain show by their trophies how great was thy valour. Others explain 'mighty the trophies they (the Trojans) bring of those {quos = eorum qnos) whom thou hast slain ' ; but this is incon- sistent with what follows. The slain warriors theniselves bring or offer the trophies, which represent them, just as Turnus also would, but for Pallas' youth, himself be standing there 'a monstrous arm-decked trunk.'

174. esset par...] 'had age beeu well-matched and strength from years (10 u.) tlie same.'

175. sed infelix...] i.e. why do I let my grief keep the Trojans from the war ?

177. quod...] 'whereas I still delay life [i.e. refuse to let it depart), tliougli hateful now Pallas is slain, thy right hand is

cause which thou seest owes ' He ouly lives to see Aeneas

avenge hini and his .«^on on Turnus.

179. meritis...] ' that only field is (left) oiien to thee for thy deserts and fortune.' The slaying of Turnus is the one thiug left for thee to do, in order to pay thy debt to me (cf. delerc) and crown thy own glory, Tibi seems to go with vacat, and mcritisfortunacque vrith locus, = ' field for displaying merit ' ; or,

E

50 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

perhaps, ineritis fortunaeque explain tibi, ' to tbee, to thy deserts and fortune.'

180. vitae] Dat. and emphatic — ' 'T is not for my life I seek this joy (of knowing Turnus slain), but (I seek) to carry it to my son. ..." As soon as he hears that Turnus is slain he will hasten to carry the joyful news to Pallas in the under-world. For quaero first followed by an acc. gaudia aud then by an inf. iierferre, cf. the same double construction with 'volo G. 1. 25 urhesne invisere, Caesar, . . .terrarti7nque velis curam.

182—202. The Trojans spend the next da>j in hurning their dcad vjith due rites and sacrificcs.

182. miseris mortalibus] raortalihus aegris 2. 268, G. 1. 237 ; the Homeric beCKot^n ^porolai : for them dawn only ' brings back toils and troubles.'

184. curvo] Pictorial ; the pyres line the whole sweep of shore.

185. huc...] 'hither they carried the bodies, each man of his owu (kin or companion), according to the custora of their sires.' AU editors seem to join suorum with patrum and to explain that the Trojans followed their customs and the Etruscaus and Arcadians theirs, but in what follows down to 202 no variety of custom whatever is iudicated. Omit the words more patrum and the reraaining words would certainly mean that the whole host began carrying the bodies to the pyres, each man, as was natural, seeking for those who were sui ' his own kin ' or ' comrades.' The addition of mo7-e jJatrum does not alter the sense in the least, but merely adds a state- ment, which is exactly in Virgirs manner (cf. 142 de more vetu- sto ; 6. 223 more parentu7n, in each case of a funeral), that in their acts they carefully observed ' the custom of their sires.'

186. atris] 'murky': suggesting both their smoke and their funereal character.

187. conditur in tenebras] 'is folded in (lit. 'into') darkness.'

189. decurrere] The word is technical for troops marching or riding round the pyre in order to pay it ' military honours ' ; cf. Livy 25. 17 armatum exercitum decucurrissc ; Tac. Ann. 2. 7 honori patris ^Jrinceps ipse decucurrit ; and for the custom Hom. II. 23. 13 oi 5e Tph we^i veKpbv iurpLxa.s ij\a<Ta.v 'iinrovs \ ixvp6/J.evo'. : Od. 24. 68. ter : three is a sacred or mystic number.

NOTBS 51

191. spargltur...] From Hom. II. 23. 15 devovro \pd./xa6oi, SevouTo 8e revx^a cpMTuv \ SaKpvai.

192. it caelo...] ' lieavenward rises the cry of heroes and the call of clarions ' ; noticethe assonance in damor Axiiidaiujor. caelo : Virgil is fond of this use of the dat. for m with acc. ; cf. 194 iyni = iii ignKin ; 87. 205 terrac = in terrani ; 206 xcrbi ; 594 n ; 6. 126 desccnsus Averno.

195. ferventes] 'glowing' {i.e. as they revolve) ; cf. Hor. Od. 1. 1. 4 metaquefervidis evitata rotis. The epitliet is out of place here where they are motionless and soou to ' glow ' literally in the fire. nota : probably ' well-known ' as having belonged to the dead, see next line. It may however=: 'regular,' 'customar}'.'

200. semiusta] The e is long (cf. Greek i)ixi-), so that i must be treated as semi-consonantal = 2/. So elsewhere semi- animus, semiesus, but some write semusta, semanimus, semesus. servant : ' watch, ' ' keep ward over. '

202. invertit...] 'o'erturns the heaveu studded with blazing stars.' The heaven is regarded as consisting of two hemispheres, one bright and the other dark but studded with stars, and these hemispheres revolve, bringing day and night. Cf. 2. 250 vertitur interea caelam ; llilton Par. Lost 9. 52 ' nighfs hemi- sphere had veiTd the horizon round.'

203 — 224. The L<dins also hurn or hury their dead, and, in their grief, thcir icrath against Turnus rises ; some, however, defe-nd him, while the favour of the queen and hisfame in war also afford him protection.

205. terrae infodiunt] Burial was as common as buriiiug in early Roim?. Yirgil seems here to say that of the better- known ilead many — who it is presumed canie from a distance and could not be sent to their homes — "svere buried on tho field, others were 'remove'!' (avccta) and borne 'to the neighbouring fields ' {i.c. to their houses in them) or to Laureatum {tirhi) ; the general mass of dead were burnt on the spot.

207. cetera. confusaeque . . . ] que here introduces an explanatory phrase (cf. 75), ' the rest, a mighty heap of undis- tinguishable slaughter, they burn unreckoned and unhonoured.' Kumero and honore are niodal ablatives used ahuost as adverbs. Numero does not so nurch mean tliat they were not ' coutted,' as that they were 'held of no account' ; Conington quotes Caesar B. G. 6. 13 homimim qui aliquo sunt numero aJtque honore.

52 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

210. tertia lux] i.c. the day but one after.

211. ruebant focis] Probably = e/'i<c&a7i</om, Itwasthe usual practice at a funeral, as soon as the flames had died down, to wash the ashes with wine and ' gather together the boues ' {^ossa legere; see 6. 228) for preservation in an urn. Here owing to the number of the dead the huge pyres had to be left uutil ' the third day ' and then the ' deep ashes ' {altum because of the mass of corpses) and ' eonfused bones ' were raked together from the places where tliey had beeu burned {foci = husta 201) and while still warni (cf. tepiclo) covered with a 'mound' or ' barrow. '

213. in tectis] 'within the walls,' i.e., as the next worda show, 'within the city,' as opposed to what had happened outside on the fiekl of battle.

215. cara...] 'dear hearts of mourning sisters.'

218. ipsum...ipsumque] Emphatic repetition. As he wants the king's daughter and the kingdom 'for himself {sibi), let him decide the struggle ' himself,'

219. qui...poscat] The subj. probably becauseg^ju^f^wip^e qid 'since he claims,' though it might be explained as virtually oblique narration.

221. testatur] ' bears witness,' as haviug heard the demand of Aeneas, 115-118.

222. multa simul...] ' many a judgnient too on the other hand with varied utterance pleads (lit. 'is') for Turnus.' Variis dictis possibly means that the supporters of Turnus expre.ss themselves in various ways, but why should this be mentioned, and why shouhl the phrase not describe the strife of tongues (cf. tuinultii, 225) between tliem and his detractors ?

22.3. obumbrat] 'shelters'; not in the least = our 'over- shadows.' In hot countries the ideas of 'shade' and 'shelter' or ' protection ' are continually blended ; cf. Livy 7. 30 umbra vestri auxilii, Romani, tegi possmnus ; 32. 21 svb umbraauxilii vesfri latere. See too Judges ix, 15 ' And the bramble said... If in truth ye anoint ine king over you, then come and put your trust in my shadow,' and ' shadow ' in any Concordance of the Bible.

224. multa...] Parallel to ww^^rt 222, the clause c<...o&ii«i- brat beiug almost parenthetical, Render 'many an exploit....'

NOTES 53

225 — 242. 7%e excitement reaches its height on the return of the amhassadors sent io Diomede announcing that their mission had failed. Latinus summons a meeting of the chiefs and hids Vcnulus give a report of his emhassy.

226. super] 'iii addition,' ' to crown all.' Tlie sending of the embassy to Diomede is described in 8. 9-17. Dioniede was king of Argos and a noted leader of the Greeks at Troy, but, on his return from the war, was driven from Argos ancl .settled in S. Italy, where he founded many towns, .such as Bene- ventum, Brundisium and Argyripa or Arpi ; see 243 seq.

227. nihil...petendum 230] Or atio obliqua givmg i'\\& ght of their report. nihil... : ' that nothing had been accomplished at the cost of such effofts,' i.e. that all had been in vain.

230. pacem...petendum] An archaism for the more usual 2)acem pctcwknn ; cf. Lucr. 1. 112 poenas in mortc timendum, where see Munro, who says that here 'petcndxim is read on the authority of Servius and the other grammarians against the bestMSS.'

231. deficit] ' gives in ' or ' gives up,' as we commonly say.

232. fatalem] Cf. 112 n. The ' wrath of the gods ' as witnessed in the recent disaster 'warns' (Latinus) that Aeneas is ' ruled by destiny ' (fatalcm) and ' guided by the clear will of heaven.' Manifcstus is that which is so clear as to be almost palpable (from manus a.nilfc7ido 'struck by the hand ' ?).

234. concilium...] 'a mighty council of his chiefs'; Hendiadys.

236. olli convenere, fluuntque...] ' they assembled, stream- ing through the thronging streets. ..." The second clause is explanatory of the lirst (cf. the use of quc 207, and et 75), and the common description of this and simiiar phrases as instances of vffTepov irpbrepov or ' putting the cart before the horse ' is absurd.

238. primus sceptris] 'primus inter sceptriferos : namque apud maiores omnes diices cum sccptris ingrcdiehaiitur curiam,' Servius. For the use of such 'staves' or 'sceptres' to mark dignity cf. Livy 5. 41, where the.senator Papirius strikes the Gaul, who stroked his beard, sci^nonc ehurnco. haud laeta : Litotes, cf. 27 n. ^

242. farier] An archaic form of the inf. passive =/«?•?. So elsewhere laudaricr, miscerier.

54 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

243 — 295. Venulus rex>lieg : ' JFe saw the mighty Diomede, who was founding Argyripa, and after hearing us he said, " Wliy give iip peace and plenty to attackthe Trojans? All who hcuoe taken up unholy arins against them pay the penalty of saerilege — Mcnelaiis, Ulysscs, Neoptolemus, and cven Agamem- non. I myself ain driven into exile and my comrades were changed into birds ; no second war with Trojans be mine. Better win the favour of Aeneas with yoiir gifts: well know I his p^rowcss ; had Troy ^^ossessed two more such tva^riors she had carried the war into Grecce itself ; as it was he a'iid Hector for ten years inaintained the strifc. Make peace: beware of war." Such was his reply. '

243. Argivaque castra] Diomede liad been king of Argos ; the city of Argyripa which he ' was still building' (cf. condebat 247) is spoken of as an 'encampment.'

245. contigimusque...] ' and have grasped the hnnd that overthrew Ilium ' ; tlie jihrase marks (1) that his reception was friendly, and (2) that liis advice to make peace was that of a man who was no coward.

246. Argyripam] supposed by a faiiciful derivation to bo 'named after' (cf. cognomine) "Apyos 'iinnov, the plain round Argos (d7r' "Apyeos linro^bTOLo Hom. II. 2. 287) l)eing famous for horses. Tlie later name of the town was Arin (cf. 250).

250. attraxerit] sc. Tios. Arpos : 'toArpi.'

251. auditis] ' after giving audience ' ; lit. ' toushavingbeen heard. ' placido : the adjective emphasises the importance of his words. The advice of those who reply ' calmly ' is worth taking.

252. Saturnia regna] Saturn is not mei\-ly the fatlier of Jupiter ( = Kp6^os father of Zfiis), who when driven from luaven by his son took refuge in Latium {Latlum alatendo ; cf. 8. 322), but also a geniiine Italian ' deity of sowing' (cf. sero, satum), whose reign in Italy represents a golden age of rural peace and plenty ; cf. G. 2. 538 anreus hanc vitam in tcrris Saturnus agebat ; Ecl. 4. 6.

253. quae vos...] ' what chance di.sturbs your repose and persuades you to provoke the unknown hazards of war ? '

255. violavimus] The word (cf. scclerum 258 and violavi 277, 591) marks the Trojans as a people under the special protection of heaven, to injure whom was sacrilege.

NOTES 55

256. mitto ea...] 'I pass by the siifierings endnred in war beneath (those) lofty walls, the heroes whom that Simois covers.' Ej:Iiaurire ' to diink to the end,' 'to the dregs,' is often nsed with words lilvc lohores, pericula= ' go throiigh ' ; and so here absolutely. ille : either 'that famous' or ' that distant.'

259. vel Priamo...] 'a host that even Priam might pity.' Prian)'s own woes {YlpLap.iKal rt-xcO were famous, and he owed them all to the Greeks ; yet evt-n he niight ])ity their plight. scit, ' can bear witnes.?.' Minervae sidus : storms and the weather generally were continually associated with the rising iind setting of certain stars, and so here Virgil bolilly .«peaks of ' Minerva's baleful star,' meaning the storm sent by Minerva ( = Pallas) 011 the Greeks as they were returning from Troy (see 1. 39). Above all many perished at the promontory of Caphareus at the SE. of Euboea, where Nauplius the king hung out false lights (Ov. Met. 14. 472, 481).

261. abacti] Plnral, agrieing with both the nominatives whicli follow — 'driven away Menelaus is an exile...Ulysses saw '

262. Protei columnas : i.e. Egypt and the island of Pharos, over which Proteus was king, see Hom. Od. 4. 354. The phrase is chosen to suggest a contrast with 'the columns of Hercules' at the other end of the world. The famous ad- ventures of Uly.sses with the Cyclops Polyphemus are told in the niuth book of the Odyssey.

264. regna Neoptolemi] The death of Neojitolemus or Pyrrhus, kiiig of lipirus, at the hands of Orestes, son of Agamemnon, is referred to 8. 330. versosque... : Idomeneus, king of Crete, during a storm vowed to saciifice whatever first met him on his return. This proved to be his own son, whom he sacrificed, and was then expelled by his subjects ; cf. 3. 122. The Locrians were followers of Ajax, son of Oileus ; nothing is known of their settlement in Africa.

267. prima intra limina] 'when first he crossed the threshold' : the moment he crossed it.

268. devictam Asiam subsedit adulter] Two diflerent explanations may be givcn of this highly rhetorical phrase —

(1) ' behind (lit. bclow) conquered Asia lurked — the par- amour' ; first the triumph, thcn the assassin's stroke.

56 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

(2) ' for Asia's defeat lay in wait the paramour ' ; the assassin awaits in his lair the completion of the conquest so that he niay strike in the very hour of triuruph. For (1) suhsedit Acestes 5. 498, used of the lot of Acestes re- mainingat the bottom of the helmet, is quoted, and the reading devida Asia mentioned by Servius is in its favour ; but (2) seems better to suit the ordinary use of s^ihsidere (Sil. It. 13. 221 suhsidere leoncm ; Lucan 5. 227 suhsitlere regnum), while suhsessor 'a lier in vvait' is several times used of an adulterer.

Nearly all editors say that dcvidavi Asiam is = vidorcm Asiae, but surely if Virgil wanted to write vidorem Asiae suhscdit aclulter, he couhi have done so, and the line would be perfectly clear and good. liis point, however, is not tlie person (tliough of course the person is implied) but the point of time for which the assassin waits. The very essence of tragedy often consists in the particular moment when the blow falls— ' When haughty power mounts high, The watcher's axe is nigh ' — and Virgii understood this, but his critics will not let him have his way.

The explanation that suhsedit= 'sat as ecpeBpos' {i.e. the tliird combatant who sat waiting to fight the one of two others who should conquer) has no authority, and would certainly require victorem Asicce.

269. invidisse deos...] ' that the gods have begrudged my

seeing ' The construction of invidisse is dubious : it may be

(1) an exclamation, 'to think that...' ; but when the inf. is so used {e.rj. 1. 37) tliere is usually some pavticle marking an ex- clamation to introduce it ; or (2) we must carry on referam from 264, 'shall I say that... ?' or (3) we must move lines 264, 2G5 and place them after 268. The construction invidisse iit viderem is almost witliout parallel and must = iHv. lioc, ut vid. ' have begrudged me this, namely, that I sliould see.'

272. et] explanatory ; cf. 75, 207. There were various stories about these birds which haunted cortain islands — Diomedeac insulae — off the coast of Apulia ; see Conington and Heyne.

275. haec adeo...] 'Such, such indeed was the doom I iiad to cxpect even {iara) from that fatal {iUo) liour. ..." Tlie emphasis is marked ; the momeiit the deed was donc already the punishment was sure. For haec adeo cf. 314 n.

276. cum...] Venus intervened in hattle to save Aeneas, and was wounded in the hand by Diomede, Hom. II. 5. 318 seq.

KOTES 57

280. nec veterum...] 'nor have I joy in tlie recollection of past i!ls.' The gen. rnalorum is mainly dependent on vicmini, but it is also partially dependent on laetor= ' find joy in,' cf. 73 laeta lahorurn, and the Greek evdaiixovii^eiv Tiva tijs tvxv^ ' to hold a man happy in his fortune.'

282. tela aspera] The combat between two champions begins with the hurling of spears {tela), then they advance to close quarters {confcrre manum). The words quantus...hastam refer to these two divisions of the corabat in inverted order (' Chias- mus'). The battle is described Hom. II. 5. 239-317.

283. quantus...adsurg'at] 'howhuge he towers on to his shield.' The phvase is higlily graphic. Aeneas, as he comes to close quarters, draws himself up to the full heiglit of his heroic stature, and at the same time throws his weight 'on to his shield,' which is used not merely as a defensive but as an offen- sive weapon (cf. 12. 712, 724) to overbear the opponent. Cf. 9. 749 consurgit in ensem. turbine torqueat : imitative allitera- tion ; 'whirl,' 'hurls.'

286. ultro...] Cf. 2. 193 ultro Asiam magno Felopea ad mocnia bello \ rcnturam. Ultro, from tdtra, is often nsed of an act which goes bcyond what might reasonably be expected. So here the Trojans would not be content with defeating the Greeks, but would go fartlier and attack tliem in their own country.

287. Dardanus] Dardanus was a king of Troy : then the word is used as an adj. = ' Trojan,' and so here ' the Trojan,' i.e. the Trojans. So Romanus commonly= 'the Romans,' Poeaus ' the Cartliaginians,' etc.

288. quidquid...cessatumest...victoria...haesit] 'What- e'er delays befell...'t was by the valour of Hector...that the

victory of the Greeks was checked and driven back ' qmd-

quid cessatum est= ' as regards the delays ' ; the construction is the same as that of quod siqmrsi 15.

292. pietate prior] and therefore more favoured by the gods, and so more invincible, than Hector.

293. qua datur] 'as is permitted' ; the words imply that it was in their power, by the will of heaven, to make peace, and that they must not neglect the opportnnity. Servius (followed by Conington) explains quacutiqnc ratione permittitur= ' as best ye can,' ' no matter on what terms,' but this cannot be got from the Latin. concurrant : after cavete, ' beware of tlieir meeting.'

58 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

295. magno bello] Piobabl3' abl. of circumstance ; ' what is his opinion since \ve are engaged in this mighty war.'

296 — 335. JFhcn the excitement which followcd hacl subsided, Latinus speals. Re cle^n-ecatcs their conflict ivith a race divine and invinciUe. Thcy have no hope of allics, little in thcmselves, as they can see. Theij have done their utmost and failcd. He wishes, therefore, to laake peace ancl cede the Trojans a portion of his roijal doinain, or, if they will or can depart, to huild a fleet for them. With this ohject he proposes to send an emhassy loith gifts.

296. vix ea legati] sc. dixerant. ' Scarce had they cnded and there ran...' ; we sliould ,say 'when,' but Virgil is very fond {e.g. 2. 692) of this use of quc or et (Parataxis) after a clause with vix. For the sense cf. Milton, Par. Lost 2. 284 :

' He scarce had fini»li'd, when such munnur fiird Tli' assembh^ as wheu hollow rocks retain Tlie sound of blustering winds,' etc.

Notice the repeated ?'-sounds throughout these lines, expressive of terror and trepidation.

299. fremunt] 'roar,' picking xnp frcmor 297 . crepitanti- bus undis : ' with the plashing of the waves.'

300. trepida ora] Not quite the same as txirhataora above, for turhatus marks 'confusion,' trcpidus chiefly 'excitement.' Trepidus does not in any way imply fear, cf. 453 arma...trcpidi poscunt 'excited by clamonr for war,' G. 4. 69 trepidantia hcllo 'eager for war'; so too 805 trepiclac ' with eager haste,' 897 trepidae ; it is the exact opposite of placati. Horace (Od. 2. 13. 12) nses trepidare of a mountain-stream hurrying and tumbling along.

301. praefatus divos] 'after praying to the gods' ; lit. ' having made the gods his first words.' Divos is cognate acc. ; an appeal to the gods was ' the preface ' of his speech. Cf. Dem. de Cor. which begins TrpCoTov /xh...Tois OeoTs evxoiJi.ai Traai Kal Trdcrais : Pliny Paneg. 1 hcne ac sapicntcr maiores nostri insti- tucrunt...dicendi initium a jjrccationihus capere.

302. ante] Emphatic ; ' before ' taking np arms. summa de re : 'about the comnion weal ' ; rcs summa is an old Latin phrase for which rcs ]mblica was afterwards substituted (see Nettleship on 2. 322).

303. et vellem et fuerat melius] ' I could have wislied and

NOTES 59

it had {i.e. would have been) better' ; ^ov fuerat melius cf. 115. A case like this shows how the indicative in certain phrases is purely idiomatic and not to be distinguished in meaning from the subjunctive.

305. inportunum] A very strong word, used strictly, like inportuosus, of a coast which has no liarbours, and then='un- seasonable,' 'utterly out of place,' 'monstrous.' cum gente deorvmi : Aeneas was the son of Anchises and Venus, and Dardanus was the son of Zeus, so that the DardaniJae were 'divine.'

30G, 307. Yirgil puts in tho mouth of Latinus a prophetic description of the Romans. Cf. the words put in the mouth of Hannibal by Livy (27. 14) si vidus csf, instaxtrat cum victoribus certamcn, and by Horace Od. 4. 4. 59 -pcr tchi, per caedes, ab ipso ducit op>cs animumque fcrro. possunt : they cannot so master their natural spirit as to give in.

309. ■£tom.te\ = dcponite 'lay it aside.' The final e is allowed to be short before spes owing to the pause.

310. cetera...] 'the rest of your fortunes how they lie...are all before your eyes and within your giasp' : your ruin is not merely visible but palpable (cf. manifcstus).

312. nec quemquam incuso] hinting at Turnus.

314. nunc adeo] Yirgil is fond of placing adeo after a single word to give it strong emphasis ; cf. 275 haec adeo, 487 iamque adeo, and elsewhere kiiic adco, teque adco, vcr adeo, etc. Here it places nunc in strong opposition to ante 302.

315. paucis] sc. verhis, 'briefly' ; cf. 4. 116.

316. est...ager...mlhi] i.e. the royal domain, refxevos : cf. 9. 274 ; Hom. II. 6. 194. In heroic times ' only those who had some special royal privilege were competent to hold land as private property ' (Leaf).

317. longus in...] 'stretching far towards tbe west, right beyond the bounds of the Sicani.' Sicanians are also mentioned 7. 795 as neighbours of the A^minci and Rutxdi, and 8. 328 as very early settlers in Latium, but how far A^irgil connects them with the Sicani or Siculi of Sicily it is impossible to say.

319. pascunt] 'graze.' Usually men pasc^int oves, grcges, etc, and the animals pascuntur (pascuntur silvas G. 3. 314 ; arbuta G. 4. 181), but here the men themselves are said to

60 YERGILI AENEIDOS XI

'graze' the wildest portion of tlie hills, just as we talk of a farmer 'grazing his land.'

321. cedat...] 'let all this region be granted to the friend- ship of the Trojans,' i.e. to secure their friendship.

323. amor, et] Yirgil often lengthens final -or ( = Greek -wp, or -uv) before a vowel when the ictus is on it, and Ennius does so regularly. See Nettleship, Appendix to Con. voL iii.

324. aliamque...] i.e. the land of some other race.

325. possunt] Though they have the will (animus), yet perha])s it is not in their 'power,' owing to the decrees of fate, to settle elsewhere.

326. texamus] 'weave,' i.e. build. The process of placing the planks horizontally across the ribs of the ship is conniared to the passing of the horizontal threads of the woof across the vertical threads of the warp in weaving. So of the building of the wooden horse 2. 16 intexcre ; 112 contexere ; 186 texere.

327. seu plures complere valent] sc. plures texamus.

330. qui dicta ferant] ' to bear our message ' ; qui = ut ii.

331. prima de gente] 'of noblest race.'

332. pacisque...] See 101 n.

333. aurique eborisque talenta] Gold and ivory are regularly mentioned together in antiquity as objects of the highest vahie, the latter being extensively used iu eveiy form of artistic decoration. The ' navy of Tharshish ' brouglit to Solomon 'gold and silver and ivory, ' 1 Kings x. 22. talenta = 'great weiglit,' the TaXavrov being the largest unit of weight for precious objects.

334. et sellam...] 'and a throne and robe the marks of our royalty,' i.e. the niarks of royalty with us. The seUa curulis (see Dict. Ant.) was a well-known distinction of the highest magistrates at Rome, and they often sent a sella eburnea and a purple robe to foreign princes {e.g. to Scyphax, Livy 27. 4) as a mark of honour. Tlie trabea was a robe ornamented with purple horizontal stripes, and is especially assigned to Roniulus as a mark of royalty.

335. in medium] ' for the public (welfare) ' or, possibly, ' publicly,' ' before all ' = « ro ij.€<tov Xe^ew'.

336—375. Drances speaks vnth bitter hatred and jealousy o/ Turnus. ' All know the truth, but nmie dare utter it,forfear

NOTES 61

of that hraggart who is our hane. Do thmi, 0 Khig, not he daunted, but add one more to the gifts thou art sending to Aeneas, and offer him thtj daughters haiuL Or, if terror prevents this, let us address our chamjnon tcith cntreaty. We all pi-ay to thce, Turnus, and I, thy rival, am thy sujipliant. Jlave pity on o^ir rxdn ; for our sakes lay doivn thy i^ride and quit the field, or, if the dower of a kingdom is so dear to thee, are tce to tcin thee a royal bride tcith our vile lives? Nay, ratlier thyself meet thy chaUenger face toface.'

The speecli of Drances, with its malignant sarcasm and rhetorical devices, is in admirable contrast with the simple dignity of Latinus and the warlike ' violence ' or Turnus.

336. tum Drances] The verb is surgit 342, the sentence being interrupted by the long parenthesis 338-341. idem in- fensus, ' with the okl (cf. 220) hatred.'

337. obliqua...] ' disquieted with the poisoned stiugs of side-glancing envy.' Envy rankles in the heart to wliich it allows no rest, and finds expression in the eye (wlience its name invidia, from in and viclco) which ' looks askance ' on the success of others.

338 — 341. A parenthesis descriptive of the character of Drances. Some only mark gcnus huic.fcrebcd as parenthetical.

338. largns opum] ' lavish of his wealth ' ; adjectives ex- pressing plenty or want regularly take the genitive. ffigida bello : ' sluggish for war ' ; the opposite of vivida hello 5. 754, ' quick for war. '

339. futilis] vasfutilc was a vessel used in the rites of Yesta, which, having nothing to stand on, could not be set down without spilling (fundo) its contents ; lience futilis contemptii- ously of one who has uothing in him.

341. incertum...] ' from his father he derived it (his genus) doubtful ' ; he did not know who his father was. Virgil de- scribes him as illegitimate, half-proud and half-a.shamed of his birth, in order to give a clue to the jealous}' of his character. Some tA^it ferehat 'he bore the burden of doubtful birth.'

343. rem...consulis] ' thou dost ask (us) for counsel on a matter...' ; consulo can take two accusatives, (1) of the person consulted, (2) of the subject about which he is consulted ; cf Plaut. Men. 4. 3. 26 consulam hanc rem amicos ; Cic. Att. 7. 20. 2 nec tc id consulo.

62 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

345. quid fortuna...] 'wliat course the public fortune sug- gests,' lit. 'offers.' So elsewhere res, tempus, causa fert, Lut Virgil specially loves to join/erre witli fortuna (the power tliat 'brings' good anJ ill) for the sake of assonance. sed dicere mussant : ' fear to speak ' ; musso expresses the lialf-audible talking to hiraself of a person afraid or hesitating and in doubt, cf. 454, and so here takes an inf. like a verb of feariug. lu 12. 657 mussat rex ipse Latinus, \ quem vocet it expresses doubt.

346. det...] The nom. is uot expressed, mention of the name of Turnus being avoided with great ' rhetorical effect ' (Sidgwick). flatusque remittat : ' and abate his fuU-blown pride'; Trvew and Trfori are commou iu Greek in coniiexion with pride.

347. auspicium infaustum] ' ill-starrcd leadership.' It was the duty of the imperator to take the ausjncia (lience att- spicium often= 'leadership'), and a general whose 'auspices' were usually unfavourable, if he had in addition a 'baneful temper' {mores sinistros, cf. violentia 354, 376), was not likely to be popular.

348. An effective parenthcsis. The speaker imagines Turnus starting up with his haud on liis sword, and assures him that he will have his say in spite of threats.

349. lumina ducum] 'glorious leaders.' Great men are often called lumina civitatis, gentis, Graeciac, etc, just as we talk of ' lights of science. ' Cf too Disraeli's phrase ' men of light and leading.'

350. dum...armis] Note the contemptuous alliteration. fugae fldens : Juuo, in order to save his life (10. 659 scq.), had lured him from the field in pursuit of a shadowy image of Aeneas. et caelum... : descriptive of a braggart. So a con- ceited boxer (5. 377) vcrherat ictibus atiras ; cf. 1 Cor. ix. 26.

352. unum etiam] 'onemore.' [/■H?t//i. is strongly emphatic by position ; see too its repetition in the next line. ' Very many ' (plurima) are the gifts, but one is wauting.

354. uUius] = T)»?-?», cf 376; but allusion is always more bitter thau direct attack. vincat, quin. . . : ' prevail so that thou shouldest not. ...'

356. des pater] closely connected, ' give as a father has the right to do.' Some destroy tlie point by makiiig it a vocative.

357. mentes et pectora] ' (our) minds and hearts ' ; the plural because here Drances addresses the assembly. Of course

NOTES 63

it was Latinus wlio was really cowed by Turnus, but Drances jiuliciously speaks of the universal terror he inspires, and in- cludes himself (cf. obteslemur 'let us eutreat').

358. ipsum...ab ipso] In bitter irony. fyse is constantly used by servauts = ' the master, ' or by disciples of their teacher (as in ipse dixit), andimplies supreuie and unquestioned authority.

359. ius proprium] Certainly, considering the irony throughout, this should be takeu 'let him give np his oivn due rights in favour of king and country.' Of course they were not his rights : king aud country had the real right to be considered iu the bestowal of Lavinia's hand, but to render ' let him give back to king and country their due rights ' spoils the sarcasni.

362. nulla...] 'no safety (is there) iu war : 'tis peace we all claim...and with it the only inviolable pledge of peace.' bello ; pacem : aiitithetical juxtaposition.

364. invisum] 'thy foe' or 'rival.' et esse nil moror : pareuthetic ; 'aud my being so (or not) I dismiss.' Nil moror is continually nsed with the acc. of something to which the speaker is iuditferent or with which he wishes to have nothiug to do, aud so too sometimes with au infinitive. Here Drances says : ' You iniagine nie your rival ; I have uo wish to be so, and the question of my being so is irrelevaiit in face of the fact that I tlirow myself as a suppliant at your feet.' Some explaiu 'I do not object to be so,' 'I care not if I am ' ; but (1) this prond tone is contrary to the context, and (2) how can nil moror, which describes cai'eless dismissal, also express ready acceptauce ?

366. pulsus abi] 'defeated quit the field ' ; a bitter refer- ence to his sujiposed flight (350 n).

369. dotalis regia] ' the dower of a kingdom ' ; a sneer — it is not for Lavinia but lier dower that he cares. cordi est : 'is dear.'

372. animae viles] ' worthless lives.'

373. etiam tu] ' do thou also ' ; in strong contrast to nos. si qua tibi vis : the rare mono.syllabic ending expresses vehemence.

374. illum...] 'look him in the face, who challenges thee.' For as2)icc contra cf. Honi. 11. 19. 15 dvT-qv eicndeeiv, and Con- ington quotes the Hebrew phrase ' to look each other in tho face,' 2 Kings xiv. 8.

64 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

375. qui vocat] The Aeneid was unfinished and contains many incomplete lines, which Virgil is said to have left until he could revise it, but som.e of tliem would be very difficlilt to complete. So here qui vocat is fliing in the face of Turnus with such dramatic etiect that no addition could improve it.

376 — 444. Turnus answers ivith fury : ^ Thy ivords are valiant, Drances ; the enemy are close at hand, come with me to hattle! IVhat? is thy bravery only in thy tongue, and dost thou mock mc ivhose eleeds speak fur me ? Or is there indeed no hope in war against thesc twice beaten strangers? Nay, Latinus, if in truth one reverse, one refusal of help, cannot be repaircd, then let us pray for peace, though death were happier ; but if 2oe have still strength, still stoiU allies, let us hope for happier fortwie, or, if Aeneas challenges mealone, then, whethcr dcath or glory wait me, I accept.''

377. rumpitque...] 'he makes these words burst...'; we say ' these words burst ' ; ru77ipit suggests the outbreak of repressed passion.

378. Cf. Honi. II. 2. 796 Si yepov, aiei tol fj.vdoi (piXoi aKpiToi elcTLV, I Ihs TTOT iiT^ eipr]V7]S' TToXe/JLOS 5' dXiacTTOi opcopev.

379. patribus] ' the seuators ' ; emphatic — when the nicet- ing is for debate, not deeds.

381. magna] 'big,' ' boastful ' ; so /jLeya Xeyeiv regularly = 'to boast' dum : 'so long as,' emphatic. He can talk ' while ' there is a stout wall between him aud the foe.

382. agger murorum] The agger in a camp was the bank of earth which surrounded it, but here (and 10. 24) the word = 'mass,' 'pile.' The double phrase emphasises tlie sense of security. fossae : the moat or treuch outside the wall.

383. proinde...] ' thunder on then with eloquence after thy wont.' Proinde is coutemptuous, as in line 400, just as we say to a person ' Oh, go ou ! ' solitum is probably cogn. acc. ('thunder thy usual thunder ') = an adverb, cf. 62 n ; or solitum tibi may be taken as a ■^a.i-ent'h.esiB = solitwni esttibi, "tisthy wont.'

384. tu, Drance] Very emphatic — 'Thou, Drances, accuse me, Turnus ! '

386. insignis agros] 'thou adornest the fields.' vivida virtus : assonance. ' 'T is in tby power to make prouf of what living valour can achieve. '

NOTES 65

389. imus in adversos ?] ' Do we ( = are we to ?) advance agaiiist the foe ? ' The iiidicative is ofteii thus put for the deliberative subj. in sliort questious to give greater life ; cf. 2. 322 quccm ^^rendimus arcem? 3. 367 qvxie ^^'vnia pericula vito ? ' ani I to shun ? ' The words here are practically an iuvitation, and then Turnus feigns astonishment that it is not accepted — ' Why hesitate ? or shall thy valour ever be... ?'

392. pulsus ego ?. . .pulsum] Indignantly repeating 2>uhus froni 366. quisquam is used in negative sentences, aud so here because ' will any ' = ' no one will.'

393. tumidum...] He refers to liis exploits in the late battle described in Book X., and exaggerates the death of Pallas as ' the downfall of Evander's house root and branch,' because by his death the last scion of the race {stirps) liad perished.

395. exutos...] i.c. their spoiled corpses, as though they were htill lying ou the flehl for any one to go and see. Cf. the curious future videbit, ' will any one charge me with defeat who shall see...,' as though he invited them to go and see the sight and then taunt him with cowardice.

396. Bitias et Pandarus] Two Trojan brothers, of giant size, whom Turnus slew ; 9. 672 sc(/.

397. mille die] 'a thousand in (one) day.' Usually dic thus used alone='a day,' 'any day,' 'every day' {c.g. Ecl. 2. 42 hina dic 'two a day ' ; Hor. Sat. 2. 1. 4), but here it clearly alludes to the one day when, after slaying Bitias and Pandarus, he forced his way within the Trojan encampment, found himself cut off within it from his foUowers, turned to bay like a lion, and finally leapt from the walls into the Tibcr and escaped ; 9. 778 to end.

399. capiti...] ' Against the Trojan's head, madman, and thy own fortunes chant such strains.' The periplu-asis Dar- danium caput, =Aencas, at once expresscs hate and conterapt (cf. its use by Dido of Aeneas 4. 640, and the Gk. w cTvyvbv Kapa), and also a wish that his pro])hecies of ill may fall on the head of Aeneas and hira.self (cf. P.s. vii. 16, 17 'upon his own pate '). Canere is comraonly used of uttering a prophecy, because oracles and prophecies were always in verse, but it also suggests that the saying nulla, salus hcllo is a stale old saw {cantilena).

F

66 VERGILI AEXEIDOS XI

402. bis victae] Troy had been sacked once by Hercules, wliom Laomedou liad defrauded, and once by the Greeks ; cf. 2. 642 ; 3. 476.

403. nunc et...] ' Now (both) the chiefs of tlie Myrmidons, now both..., tremble at Phrygian arnis.' Turnus exaggerates the possible arguments of those who support peace ; their new version of history now (?im'/ic) describes the Trojaus as inviucible and the bravest Greeks as cowering before them.

405. amnis et...] 'and Aufidus flies back from the Adriatic waves'; i.e. and, if we are to accept your version of thiugs, the natural course of all things is changed. At the sanie time the line may also, as Conington explains, symbolise ' the sup- posed terror in Italy ou the approach of the Trojans,' but this meaning is certainly not the primary one, for rivers running backwards is proverbial for a reversion of the order of nature (cf. Eur. Med. 410 avui woTaixCov iepQv x^^pov^ri wayai, or as a proverb siniply avo3 TroTafiQv).

406. vel cum se ..] 'or again when he feigns him.self (cf. 348, 357) terrified to face a quarrel with me.' His attempt to terrify them [omnia . . .turbare mctu 400) was ludicrous and so is hi.s own feigned terror. With vcl cum ' or wheu ' some verb must be supplied, ' or take the case when...,' 'or hear him again when....'

407. artiflcis scelus] ' the cunning villain ' = aA-tifex scclcstus, and cf. Plaut. Trin. 2. 7. dO scclus viri 'a villain.' Othersmake it acc. in apposition to tlie sentence (cf. 62 n) — 'wlien he feigns ..., a knavish villainy.'

408. animam talem] 'such {i.c. so niean) a life ' ; my liand scorus to touch a coward. absiste moveri : Turnus imitates the rhetorical trick of Drauces, 348, and assumes that Drances is about to run away. The infiu. foUows ahsistc as a verb of 'ceasing.'

410. tua magna consulta] ' the great debate thou hast opened.' pater : 'sire'; i.c. Latiuus.

413. neque habet . . . ] 'nor can Fortune retrace her steps ' ; cf. 426.

414. inertes] i.c. that make no effort to do anything.

415 — 418. These lines interrupt the argument with an out- burst of feeling. ' If there is no hope (411) let us pray for

NOTES 67

peace — and yet, 0 liappy, methiuks, were he who preferred a soldier's death — , but if (419)... .'

415. si solitae...] 'if aught of wonted valour were ■with us still, he (were) methinks held happy iii his struggle (cf. 476) and glorious in his spirit who rather than see (i.e. live to see) suth sight....' milii is the dative. fortunatus laboinim : cf. 73 inela lahorum, and animi is probahly here parallel in construction, though it may be, as ofteu, locative.

418. hurrium...] ' once for all bit the dust'; semel marks that his sutferings would be ended, while those who lived lived ou to sutfer still. Cf. for the phrase Homer's dSaf e\ev ovoas, 65a^ Xa^oiaro yaiav.

420. auxilio...supersunt] lit. 'are left us forahelp,' 'are left as a support.'

421. sinet...] ' but if to the Trqjanstoo (as well as ourselves) glory came not bloodless' ; cum miilto sanguine = oii/c dyai/xuTi Hom. IL 17. 363.

422. parque...] 'and the storm (of war) has swept over all alike.'

423. in limine primo] ' on the first threshold ' of our enterprise.

424. ante tubam] ' before the trumpet sounds the onset. '

425. multa...] 'many things have time and the changeful labour of the varyiug years brought back to happier state, niany, revisiting them in shifting guise, has Fortune (first) inocked and (then) set up again upon a rock.' The first half of the sentence refers to what human eflbrt may do, the second to wliat may be looked for from fortune. varii : because the ditference of conditions etc. which time brings gives human eflbrt an opportunity for making things better. mutabilis : l)robably a.ctive = qiii mutat. alterna : explained in the fol- lowing iine.

431. delectos Latio] 'the chosen troops,' ' the flower of Latium's arniy.'

433. florentes aere] ' in bravery of brass.' This curious phrase is also used 7. 433 of Camilla's troops, and seems clearly chosen to describe the brilliant appearance of these maiden soldiers, decked not with jewels but witli arms.

438. axmms\ = aiiimose, cf. 18 n. vel... : 'even though he play the great Achilles and don likc armour, wrought by

68 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

Vulcan's hands.' At the request of Venus Vulcan had forged a divine shield for Aeneas, 8. 368 seq., as iii II. 18. 368 seq. he had done the same for Achilles at the request of Thetis.

440. socero] By this word Turnus indicates that he main- tains his claini to Lavinia's hand.

442. devovi] 'I have devoted.' A leader 'devotes' his life, when he solenmly dedicates himself and the eneniy's army to destructiou and then,flings himself upon the foe until he is cut down : the two Decii (340 aud 295 b.c. ; see Livy 8. 8 ; 9. 4) are famous instances. Of course Turnus does not mean that he 'devotes' himself in this strict sense, for he clearly hopes for 'fame and victory,' but devoveo to a Roman ear would certainly suggest a reference to the practice.

443. nec...] 'nor let Drances rather (than myself), if herein is heaven's anger, appease it by his death, or if 't is victory and fame, win it,' i.e. whatever the issue of this struggle, death or victory, I claim to be your champion.'

445 — 485. TVhile they are dehating neivs comes that Aeneas is advancing. Amid the gcneral tumult Turnus seornfully quits the council a.)id issues orders to his troops. Latinus laments his rejection of Aeneas, while his qucen and daughter proceed to the temple of Pallas to prayfor success.

449. instructos...] The acc. and infin. gives the purport of the 'message' [nuntius), namely 'that in battle array '

452. et arrectae...] ' and their rage roused with fiercest spur,' i.e. the spur of imminent danger. haud mollibus : Litotes ; cf. 22 n.

453. arnia...arma] The repetition imitates the repeated cries, cf. Hor. Od. 1. 35. 15 ad arma, cessantcs ad arma \ concitet. Of course ' arms ' means not actual arms but the cliance for using them — ' war.' fremit arma, ' cries "war."' manu : pictorial ; their ' excitement ' {trepidi, cf. 300 n) shows itself in their gestures. Virgil is fond of adding mami to the de- scription of an act (1) pictoriallv, and (2) to emphasise the per- sonal effort. For (1) cf. 332 ; for (2) 116, 484, 650, 816, 893.

454. clamor...] 'the din in confused dissonance rises...'; dissensu vario refers to fremit iuventus and flent patresj the ' dissonance ' is between the shouts and the sobs.

457. piscoso] The Homeric «x^foets 'teeming with fish '

NOTES 69

The Padusa -was one of the mouths of the Po ; stagna are broad pieces of still {stagnum from sto) water near the estuary which the swans make 'clamorous' with their hoarse cries.

459. immo] This word (which dictionaries complacently render ' no, indeed ' and ' yes, indeed ') has alwavs a certain negative or corrective force. So here "Turnus says ' nay then, good citizens, sit on debating, while the foe (illi) rush in arms against the realm ' ; immo depreeates any iuterference on his part with their contiuuance of the debate. The meauing is tlie same as if he said '0 yes, go on debating,' but immo 'no' is not therefore 'yes.' cives : pointed.

461. illi] 'those there' — in striking contrast to 'you here.' So armis in strong antithesis to the debating just described.

462. corripmt sese] 'up he sprung.'

464. Messapus, Coras] Nominatives for vocatives. The brother of Coras was Catillus, the founder of Tibur (7. 672).

467. cetera] sc. ^)«rs, ' the rest.' iusso : an archaic future ( = Greek future in -o-a;), ct faxo ; Roby S. G. 291.

468. discurritur] ' they hurry in every direction.' In- transitive verbs, especially verbs of motion, are often used impersonally in the passive, e.g. itur, erratur, ventiim est.

469. magna incepta] 'his great design,' le. ofconcluding peace.

471. qui non acceperit] The subj. because q^d^qmppe qui 'seeing that he.' ultro : i.e. without waiting until cruel necessity compelled.

472. generumque . . . ] lit. 'and not takenhim into his house as his son-in-Iaw for the city ' = ' and not adopted him as his son to rule the state.' Urhi is added because, by taking Aeneas as lus son-in-hiw, Latinus would secure for the city an heir to the throne. Adsdscere is regularly used of formally making some one a member of some bod}', e.g. adsciscerc in senatum, civitatem, fam iliam.

473. praefodiunt] ' protect with trenches ' ; the word only occurs here in this sense. saxa sudesque : probably to be used as weapons of offence, cf. 894.

475. varia] E.^plained by the neit line. The 'ring' or ' circle ' of defenders is made up not only of men but of ' matrons aud boys.'

70 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

476. labor ultimus] 'the last struggle.' omnes : emphatic.

477. arces] The temple is supposed to be on a height. So iii Hom. II. 6. 297 — a passage which Virgil iniitates — the temple of Athene, to which Hecuba carries gifts, praying her to slay Diomede (cf. below 484), is iv irdXei dKpri. Cf. too the temples on the Acropolis at Athens.

478. subvehitur] ' rides up' ; in sacred procession the Roman matrons rode in four-wheeled carriages called pilenta (cf. 8. 665 castae dtocebant sacra per urbem \ pilcntis matres in inoUibus).

480. tanti, oculos] Hiatus helped by the pause. oculos deiecta... : ' her graceful eyes downeast.' In cases lilve this the acc. used to be described as one of respect, ' cast down as to her eyes,' but the participle has really a middle force, 'having her eyes downeast,' and governs the accusative. Cf. 121, 649,

481. ture vaporant] 'fiU with the smoke of incense.'

482. et maestas...] Note the melancholy spondees. alto de limine : the temple would be approached by a flight of steps which the ' matrons ascend,' and then ' from the lofty threshold ' begin to offer incense and prayer. Conington explains limine as the door of the ceUa or inner shrine (and if so succedunt must be taken not='ascend' but 'enter' the temple) ; this, however, is inconsistent with alto.

484. frange manu] 'break with thy liand'; manu emphasises the personal iuterposition of the goddess, cf. 453 n. Cf. Hom. II. 6. 306 d.^ov 5ri ^yxos ALOfirjdeos, ijSi Kal avrbv \ wp7}via bbs ireffieiv 'LKai.iJjv irpoirdpoLde irvKdwv.

486 — 531. Turnus arms ancl is hurrying to the combat, exult- ant as a steed that has broJcen loose from its stall, wlun Camilla meets him and offers to attack the Trojan cavalry while he guards the town. He tells her that the cavalry are only intended to mask the advance of Aeneas with his main force over the mountains ; he therefore bids hcr engage them while he prepares an ambush in the mountain-pass by which Aeneas luill come.

486. cingitur in proelia] 'girds himself for the fray'; elsewhere ferrum cingitur (2. 510), cingi telis (2. 520), and below 536 cingitur armis, but here the addition of in proelia makes the mention of 'arms' uiinecessarj^ certatim : 'with emulous haste ' ; he wished no oue to be before him.

487. iamcfue adeo] 'and now indeed ' ; adco marks iamque as introducing the beginuing of an important narrative ; cf. 314 n.

NOTES 71

aenis...: ' bristled with brazen scales'; tlie ^v or i squmyiis siiggests comparison with a dragon. Horrehat, as constantly, suggests two ideas, (1) the actnal roughness of the coat of niail, (2) "the sense of ' horror ' it inspires.

488. axiro] i.e. in greaves {ocrcae) of gohl.

491. spe iam praecipit hostem] 'and already in hope forestalls the foe ' ; hope niakes him think the battle already begun ; cf. line 18.

492. From Homer Ih 6. 506—

tbs 5' oVe Tts ararbs tTTTros, aKoaTriaas ewl (paTvr],

Seo-yCtoj' OLTropprj^as delrj Tredioio Kpoaivwv,

eiwOuis XoveadaL erppetos Trora/J.olo,

KvdLOcoV vipov Se Kaprj exeL, dfi(pl 5e xtt'7-at

w/xots CLLcrcrovTaL' 6 5' dy\aLr](pL ireiroLddis,

pifj.(pa e -yovva (pepeL jxerd r ijdea Kal vopLov iinro)V

(is vtos Ilptct/xoto Iltipis

'Like as a steed...at last free and having won the open plain, either, look you {Hle), speeds..., or accustomed to bathe in sonie well-remembered stream darts (thither )....'

494. aut ille] This pleonastic use of iUe (the Homeric o ^e, Od. 1. 3) is pictorial and dvaws marked attention to the subject of the sentence ; cf. 1. 3 ; 5. 186, 457 ; 6. 593 ; Hor. Od. 1. 9. 16. in pastus armentaque : i.e. to the pastures where the herds are grazing.

496. emicat] The place to which he ' darts ' is clear ; the remembrance of the stream in which he has often bathed makea him re-seek it.

499. abequoregina...desiluit] As a mark of respect ; the respect is increased by the fact that she was ' a queen.' Servius notes four methods by which the Romans marked deference — eqtio desilire, caput ajjerire, via decedere, adsurciere.

501. deflu.xit] 'glided'; the word denotes ' ease and grace in alighting ' (Conington).

502. sui...] 'if tho brave may feel any confidence in their own worth.'

507. oculos...] ' fixing his eyes upon the drcad maid ' ; horrenda is ' awful ' (awe-inspiring), but the word is so misused in English that it is inadmissible.

508. dicere] ' express' ; referre : 'repay.'

72 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

509. sed nunc...] 'but now, since thy spirit surpa.sses all, sliare thou niy task with me.' nunc : ' now ' = ' as it is. ' Since thy courage surpasses all I can say or do in acknowledgment, accept the liighest compliment I can offer and share my task.

511. fldem] ' tnisty tidings.'

512. inprobus] This adj. describesone who hasnomodesty or moderation ; here an enemy whose attack will be 'remorseless,' * shamele.ss ' ; cf. 767.

513. praemisit, quaterent] 'has sent forward (with orders) to harass ' ; the subj. quaterent is dependent on the idea of ' comraand ' contained in praemisit. For the sense of quaterent cf. 9. 608 quatit oppida bello ; Tac. Hist. 4. 28 alia manv, 3fosam amneni transiri iuhet %d...cxtrema Galliantm quateret. Others compare 11. 875 quatit ungula campum ; Lucr. 2. 330 equites... valido quatientcs impcte cainpum ; but, though cavalry do ' shake the plain,' would they be sent forward to do this ? The popular rendering ' scour ' judiciously avoids all difficulty.

514. iugo superans] ' crossing by the ridge ' ; a prose writer would put iugum superans.

515. furta] 'stratagems.' convexo : 'arched.' silvae : 'through a wood.'

516. ut...] '(so as) to beleaguer the pass at either end with armed troops.' Sidgwick rightly says 'ut is the consecutive ut, weakened, as so often, to i)e merely explanatory ; it explains furtapa.ro.'' Some explain hiviasfauces as simply= ' a pass,' but, if so, bivias has no point. Surely Turnus means to get conunand of tlie pass botli where the road enters and where it emerges, so as to liave Aeneas in a trap ; cf. Hannibars plan at Trasimene.

517. excipe] 'be read}' to receive ' ; the word is specially used of huuters who lie in wait ready to receive game that is driven to them. Gf. 684.

519. et tu] 'thou too,' even as I do.

522. valles] Old form of the nominative ; cf. aedes.

524. urguet] 'confines.' quo : i.e. into the valley or pass.

525. maligni] ' grudging ' ; the entrance will not admit more than a few at a time.

527. ignota] 'indistinguisliable,' r.c. froni below. On the heiglits (in spcculis) on either side (528) was level ground, invisible from below, ou which troops could be placed in ' secure

NOTES 73

retirement,' ready to attack the enemy and able either to charge down upon him {occurrere pitgnae) or to assail him with niissiles (529).

532 — 569. JDiana summons the Nymph Opis and tells hcr the story of Camilla ; how her father Metabus icas driven from Privernumfor his tyranny carrying laith him his daughter, hoio when hard prcssed hy his pursuers his flight was stopped by the sicollen Amasenus, atul how he tied the infant to hisspear, having dcdicated her to Diana, flung it over the strcam and sivam across himself ; thereafter hoiv he led a h^mter's lifc in the wilds aixd brought up his daughter to be a huntress, and hoiv she remained a maiden faithful to the goddess to whom she was voived. Diana lainents her taking part in the war of which she foresees the fatal issue, and scnds Opis to keep ward and avcnge her death.

533. virginibus sociis] 'her comrade raaidens.' Diana (Artemis) is a goddess who remains ever virgin and devote3 herself to the chase ; her attendants are wood-nymphs and like herself ever unwedded.

536. nostris] i.e. the javelin and the how and arrow, the woodland weapons which were to be of no avail to lier in war.

537. cara] 'dear to me beyond her comrades, for....' From neqne cnim to colit 584 follows the story of Camilla, M'hich explains Diana's affection for her. iste : possibly ' that you know .so weil,' or better 'which I liave just expressed to you ' ; cf. Hor. Ep. 1. 6. 67. Dianae : fov mihi ; in tcllingthe story she speaks of herself in the third person, cf. 566, 582.

538. subitaque] The negative in neque is carried on to qice. ' It has not come newly and (not) moved my heart with sudden tenderness.'

539. ob invidiam. . .viresque superbas] ' from hatred of his haughty might' ; Hendiadys, cf. 22 n.

542. matrisque...] ' and called her Camilla after tlie name of her motlier Casmilla, clianging a part.' The line is iiitended to give a sense of etymological and antiquarian lore, but its exact meaning is not clear. Camilli and camiUae were noble chiLiren who attended on the flamines and flamini- cae, and there seems to liave been an older form casmilas (? from Sanscrit root fa«s= 'praise,' and for the double form cf. camena for older Casmena). Probably Virgil means to

74 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

iiidicate that the name of Camilla Tiiarks her as the ' sacrerl attendant ' of Diana (cf. famulann 558).

547. fugae medio] ' in the midst of his flight,' i.e. so as to bar his flight. The poets often use neuter adjectives as substantives ; cf. 335 consulit in medium ; 428 rettulit in melius 'to a better state.' summis ripis : ' along the top of its banks, ' ' brim full.'

550. omnia...] 'as on the sudden he pondered (lit. ' turned over') every plan in his mind, at last {vix) the resolve was fixed.' subito expresses that the emergency was sudden, vix that the resolution was arrived at -with reluctance because of the danger. For sedit of a fixed resolution (something tlint 'is settled') cf. 4. 15 ; 5. 418 idque 'pio sedet Aeneae ' is re- solved by.'

553. robore cocto] ' well-seasoned wood ' ; wood was often hung over the hearth to 'cook' or season it, cf. G. 1. 175 et suspensa focis explorat roborafumus.

554. huic...] Anacohithon (want of sequence in tlie con- struction) ; telum 552 has no verb to govern it, but is picked up by huic and a new construction introduced ' the liuge weapon...to it...he bound.' libro et silvestri subere : ' the bark of wild cork-wood ' ; Hendiadys ; cf. 22 n.

555. habilem] ' handily ' ; so as not to interfere with his handling the spear.

558. ipse pater...] 'I myself, her father, vow her to thy service ; thine are tlie first weapons she holds, as thy suppliant through the air she flies the foe.' ipse : closely with jiater, because, as Servius notes, the father alone had full ' authority ' to dispose of liis child. tua : the spear is regarded as a hunting-spear, and the fact that it is the first weapon the infant ' liolds ' is a symbol of her dedication to the huntress- goddess. Moreover it is itself made 'an ofl"ering to Trivia' (566) along with the child.

561. adducto lacerto] 'drawing back his arm.' contor- tum : ' with a whirl.'

562. inmittit] 'flings it.' The verb standing alone at the beginning of tlie verse, followed by a stop, marks first the mighty eff^ort and then the breathless pause of expectation. Then the words which follow — ' loud roared the waters, over the rushing flood Camilla flies...' — coupled with the strong

NOTES 75

asyndeton and stavtling rhythm {rapidum \ super amnem) heighten the sense of alarni. Sonie take sonuere midae ' echoed to the whir [stridentc) of the spear,' but this is forced ; the worils are added to niake the scene raore vivid.

567. non tectis...non moenibus] ^ non in civitatem, non in jirivatam admissus est domnm,' Servius ; cf. 1. 600 iirhe, dorno soeias.

568. neque...dedisset] ' nor would he hiniself in his wild mood have yielded,' i.e. if they had offered him welcoine. manus dare is commonly= 'give in,' 'surrender.' feritate : lit. 'by reason of his fierceness.'

569. pastorum et solis] ' 'mid shepherds (and) on the lone mountains ; ' j^astorum and soUs both equally qualify montihus ; they are the lone mountains where only shepherds dwell {deserta regna pastorum G. 3. 476). Others give ' a shepherd's life and on the lone mountains lie led,' but acvum pastorum exigere is a strange expression, nor is there in what follows any hint of his turning sliepherd.

570. horrentia lustra] ' rugged lairs (of wild beasts).'

571. armentalis] 'amid the herds.' ferino = cg-tmw.

572. nutribat] nidriehat ; cf. 6. 468 lenihat, 8. 160 vestihat, 436 polihant, and regularly ihat, nequihat.

573. utque...] ' and when the child with earliest feet had planted footprints ' ; jjkmtae are the soles of the feet and these are said insistere vestigia when first tlie child could stand and so make footprints with them : insistere here al-moat = insistendo facere.

576. pro...] i.e. instead of the ornaments and stately dress of a noble maiden.

578. iam tum] Explained by tenera and puerilia, ' already witli infant liands....'

580. Strymoniamque gruem] The adjective is purely 'ornamental.' Cranes of the river Strymon in Thrace would not be found in Italy, but the Roman poets love to connect things witli some locality which is famous for them, e.g. lions are ' African,' slings 'Balearic,' bows 'Cretan,' palm-trees 'Idumaean.' So in restaurants with us oysters are always ' Whitstable,' hams 'jamhons dc York,' etc.

582. optavere] The word is used of that which you ' pray for ' but scarcely hope to obtain.

76 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

584. intemerata] 'inviolate.' colit : 'she keeps sacred.' vellem...: 'I could have wished she liad iiever been carried away by (passion for) such warfare, essaying to arouse the Trojans.' militia tali is contrasted with her proper warfare with the wild beasts. lacessere is specially used of provoJcing either beast or man to tight, and empliasises the wauton rash- ness of Camilla.

590. haec cape] 'take these' ; handing to Opis her own bow and arrows,

593. nube cava] ' in a hoUow cloud ' = ' enfolded in a cloud.' The deities in Homer employ this rnethod of removing a favourite hero out of danger, and a cloud is continually used by them to conceal themselves or others ; cf. 596.

594. tumulo] = ni tumuhim, cf. 192 n ; so too patriae. patriaeque reponam : ' and duly lay her to rest in her native earth.' ]\Iost say reponam — recldam ; but pono and its com- pounds are regularly used of the reverent disposal of the dead, e.g. 6. 220 tum membra toro dcflcta reponunt.

595. delapsa insonuit] ' sped downwards with rushing sound.' nigro turbine : ' a black whirlwind.'

597 — 647. Mcantimc the Trojan cavalry advance, vieet the Latins and Camilla, and join hattle. Acontcus, a champion o/ the Latins, is slain, and they rctreat towards the city, but then turn and drive the enemy bacTc. This happens twice, but the third cncounter is a dcsp^erate one.

599. numero] ' by number ' ; the word marks the even size, as compositi does the orderly appearance, of the ' squadrons.'

600. insultans] 'prancing.' et pressis...: 'and chafes against the tight-held rein, plunging now this way and now that.' Note the imitative rhythm of the Last words. Pressis habcnis is the opposite of inmissis or datis (cf. 623) habenis, and is dat. a.{ttv pugnccbis ; cf. 4. 2,9: pugnahis amori.

601. ferreus...] 'bristles steel-clad with spears.' ardent, 'are ablaze.'

605. reductis protendunt] They draw back their hands in order to make the ' thrust ' more vigorous. They keep thrusting with their lances and brandishing (vibrant) their darts to show their impatience for battle.

607. adventusque...] 'and the marching of men and the snorting of steeds grows furious ' ; Virgil depicta at once the

NOTES 77

movemeut, the noise, and the 'fire' (we should say 'life') of the scene. For ardescit cf. the commou use oifervere to express life aud bustle.

608. uterque] The singular.is curious, for 'each of two bodies of meu ' is utrique. Possibly Virgil means exercitus to be supplied (cf. exercitus 598), but probably uterque = e< T7-os et Hutulus ' the Trojau and tlie Rutulian,' i.e. the army of each : cf. the coiumon use oi Bomanus, Poenus, etc, in tlie siugn]ar = ' tlio Romans,' 'tlie Carthaginians.'

609. furentesque] The line runs over into tlie next to mark the ouward rush. furentes exhortantur : they no longer ' control their rage,' but 'spur it oii.' Tlie plirase is like currentem incitare, aTrevdovTa drpvveiv.

611. nivis ritu] So Hom. II. 12. 156 of stoups flung from the ramparts VKpddes o' ws ttcwtoi' epa^e. Cf. Scott, Lady of the Lake 5. 15 ' Fierce Eoderick felt tlie fatal draiu | And shower'd lus blows like wintry rain.' umbra : 'tlie shade' of the darts whicli darken the air. Cf. Herodotus 7. 226, where Dieneces, one of the three hundred at ThermopyLae, being told that the Persian arrows 'hide the sun,' replied that in that case vtto o-ki^ eaoiTO 7) fj.dxv '^'*' o"^"^ « " ''A'V-

613. primique ruinam dant...] 'and first mako onset (or 'charge') with huge din, as with shattering shock {perfracta) they dash their cliargers breast to breast ' ; lit. ' and break breasts of their chargers with breasts so that there is a sliatter- iug.' All editors explain that botli liorsemen are overthrowu and both liorses kilied, but dant ruinani is merely = rii?«i< (cf. dare sonituin — sonare), and, tliougli it may mean 'cause ovcr- throw,' need not do so. Nor need 'perfractaj rumpunt be = pcrfringunt et rumimnt (Conington), as though the horses' breasts were actually ' burst ' and ' broken ' ; it may equally well mean that the riders dash their horses together witli such violence as naturally to cause this result. The actual result of the charge is only described in the following M-ords, 'dashed from his steed like a thunderboIt...Aconteus is ilung far and scatters his life iiito the air.' If Tyrrheniis is overthrown too and liis horse killed, the special mention of Aconteus is remark- able and the terror of the Latins unaccountable. It is absolutely necessary to picture to ourselves Tyrrlienus as triumphant, and not as lyiug on the ground and possibly just alive.

617. vitam...] 'life' is regularly regarded as 'breath,' aud

78 VERGILI AEN-EIDOS XI

at deatli tliis ' breath ' is scattered and rejoins its kindred ' air.' Cf. 4. 705 in ventos vita recessit ; Shaks. Rich. III. .1. 4. 37— ' The euvious flood Kept in ray soul, anrl would uot let it forth To seek the empty, vast, and wandering air.'

619. reiciunt parmas] The shield is thrown back over tlieir shoulders for protection ; cf. 630.

620. agunt] ' drive them before them,' like sheep ; ' pursue.'

621. iamque propinquabant . . . rursusque . . . toUunt] Notice the change of teuse — 'and now they were nearing tlie gates when (lit. ' and ') suddenly the Latins raise the war- cry....'

622. moUia] 'yieldiug.' coUa : sc. equorum.

623. hi] 'They,' i.e. the Trojans. penitus : viit\\ rcfcrun- tur ; tlie adverb suggests the idea of retreat into shelter or into a hiding-place.

624. qualis ubi...] The alternations of the battle are compared uot to the ebb and flow of the tide — our ' tide of battle' might mislead — biit to tlie alternate advance and retreat of the waves when the sea is breaking on a coast. Each charge of hor.semen is like the advance of a wave in which there are three movements, tirst its downrush (n«Y), then its flinging itself in foam over the rocks which bar its path, and lastly the gradual loss of power as it spreads fan-like {simi) over the sand ; then follows the rapid retreat, excited at first and then settling into a steady sweep.

Notice the s- souuds, as of the surge, in the first two lines, contrasted witli the liquids in the second two, while in these latter the first line marks trepidation, the second smoothness. The four lines (625 — 628) are a marvel of skill.

630. respectant] of the looks of terror which they cast behind them as they fiy.

632. inplicuere] ' intcrlocked ' ; emphatic, there is no separation possible iiow. legitque virum vir : in contrast to totas inplicuere acies, and added to briiig out the grim nature of the struggle ; each man has marked his opponent, they close 'raan to man.' The rhythm is also intended to give force. The plirase recalls Hom. II. 15. 328 hda 8' dvT]p eXev avdpa, where however e\€v= 'slew,' not 'chose' (etXero).

NOTES 79

633, 634. et...et...que...que et] The lieaping up of conjuuctious marks how all sights aud sounds of horror are heaped togetlier.

636. ipsum] 'hisrider.'

63S. furit arduus] 'rears wiklly.'

641. ingentemque animis ingentem] For the omission of the secoud quc cf. 171 u.

644. tantus...] 'such a giant hc stands undefeuded against weapous.' His giant size causes hini to have no fear, and he exhibits this fearlessness by wearing ueither helmet uor breastplate.

647. pulchramque...] 'and seek tlirough wouuds a glorious death'; per vulmra = as they dash through the euemy who cover them with wounds.

648 — 724. Camilla in the thickest of thefray wields hoiv aiul spear and battle-axe, while her companions surround hcr like the Amazons their queen. The list of tlwse whom shc slcw folloivs (664 — 698), ending with the story of the cunning Ligurian who, hy challcnging her to Jight on foot, induces her to dismount, and then himself gallops off, hut is ovcrtaken hy her aiul slain.

648. exsultat Amazon] ' exults (like) an Amazon.' The Amazons ('A^di^oves) were a famous i)eo])le of female warriors dwelling hy the Thermodou, a river of Poutus iu Asia iliuor (see 659), their uame beiug traditionally derived from d 'not' and tia.^6% 'breast,' because they were supposed to destroy the right breast so as uot to interfere with the use of the bow.

649. unum...] 'having oue breast bared for the fray,' i.c. to use the bow. For construction of latus cf. 480 n.

650. lenta] 'tough.'

651. rapit] ' snatches up,' i.c. after usiug thejavelins : others •^xz{(i\ = nipidc iiiovct. \^

653. illa etiam] 's^e too ' ; this use of ille is to draw marked atteution to the person spoken about, cf. 494 n.

654. ' aims arrows as she fiies with back-bent bow. ' spicula fugientia : lit. ' arrows of her fiiglit,' a good instance of Hyiialluge ('transference of epithet'). The description of Camilla is iuteuded to necall the well-known mauoeuvre of tlie 1'arthiau light cavalry, who first attackcd aud theu retreated,

80 YERGILI AENEIDOS XI

shooting their arrows behind them as they did so ; cf. G. 3. 41 fdetUemque faga Partlmm versisque sagittis.

657. dia] The only place in Virgil where this word occurs, and as Varro (L. L. 7. 34) writes ' Casmilus nominatur dius quidam administer Dis Magnis,' it may point to the explanation of the name C'a?;u7Za= 'divine attendant' referred to 542 n. See Conington.

659. Threiciae] probably merely = northern or wintry. Thrace, to the Roman poets, is the typical land of cold (cf. Hor. Od. 1. 25. 11 Thracio vento 'wintry blasts ' ; 3. 25. 11 nive candidam Thraren; Epod. 13. 3 Thrcicio Aquilonc), and as Virgil speaks of the Thermodon as a frozen stream, which the Amazons 'beat' [pulsant) with their horses' hoofs, it is clear that he thinks of it as a northeru river, though in fact it enters the Euxine frora the South.

660. pictis] 'emblazoned.'

661. seu...] 'or wheu martial Penthesilea returns home (victorious) in her car and with loud triumphant tumult. ...' Ululo=:6\o\u'^<j, regularly used of women otfering prayer or thanksgiving, see L. and S.

664. quem...] From Hom. 11. 16. 692 fvda riva ■jrpuTov, Tiva 5' vffTaTov e^evdpt^as, \ IlaTpo/cXeis ;

666. apertum] 'exposed,' not wilfully, as by Herrainius 642, but in the combat. Oamilla niarks the exposed spot and strikes him ; cf. Hor. Sat. 1. 3. 58 hic fugit oinnes \ insidias, nullique vialo laius ohdit cqKrtum. Most explain ' laid open ' by the stroke, but this use of a^jertum needs proof.

667. abiete] ' pine ' = spear of pine ; so in Homer jueXia ' ash ' = ashen spear. The word is a dactyl, i and u being sometimes treated as semicousonantal ; so elsewhere parietibus, genua, tenuia.

669. mandit liumum] = 7m?/Hm moviorclit 478.

670. quorum...] One has his horse 'pierced iinder him,' and as he ' rolls backwards ' tries to save himself by clutching at the reins, while the other apparently drops his weapon and stretches out ' his unarmed right hand ' to support his falling comrade.

674. incumbens] Pietorial : Camilla 'bends forward' to hurl the spear.

XOTES 81

67S. ignotis] 'strange,' 'novel,' as the description of them whicli follows shows. He is 'a hunter ' and the trophies of the chase farnish his armoiir.

680. pugnatori] "With iuvenco, ' a, fightin,£c steer' (cf. 89 beUator equus) ; the hide was the spoil ' stripped ' {erepfa) from a wild bull which he had slain. Some join jmgnatori with cui, ' for whom whcn engaged in battle, but the order is strongly against tLis and the force of erepta is destroyed. As well any one might wear a mere bullock's skin, it is only the mighty hunter who dare face a iuvencus pugnator. caput. . . : ' his head the liuge gaping mouth and jaws of a wolf protected ' ; the wolfs head is made into a helmet, the mouth, which still retains the dazzling teeth, forming the visor.

682. sparus] Perhaps the same word as ' spear.'

683. et toto...] 1 Sam. ix. 2 'from his shoulders and upward he (Saul) was higlier than any of the people.'

684. hunc illa exceptum...] 'hini she caught — for 'twas easy amid tlie rout — and pierced.' His strange armour and his size had attracted Camilla's attention so that she had been on the look-out to catch him (cf. c.ccipe 517 n), but at first slie could not get at him ' as he moved in the niiddle of the throng,' but when the rout began her opportunity carae.

685. super] adverb. She utters the taunt as she stands over the fallen foe.

687. advenit...] 'the day has come for a woman's arms to refute your boasts.' Ornytus hasnot been described as uttering any boasts, but apparently his garb roused Camilla's wrath as ira]>lying tliat he and his Etruscan followers (notice vestra, not fua) had said to one another that it was not for a battle but for a hunt that they were equippiug themselves. qui...red- ar^erit : more ironical than qui reda/rguat 'to refute,' and rather= ' which may be found (before it is over) to have refuted.'

688. nomen...] When he joined his fathers the fact that lie had fallen by Camilla's hand would ensure him 'no niean narae ' or 'glory.' referes: rc in composition is often not ' back again ' but 'duly'; Ornytus could not ' carry hack' anything into the under-world, but referes implies that his fathers were waiting for him and expecting him dulv to present or report himself; cf. 2. 547; 3. 170.

G

82 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

690. Orsilochum et Buten] A verb is readily understood from what precedes— 'iiext Orsilochus...she slays.'

691. aversum] Some explain 'in flight,' but it apparently means that she came upon liini while he was turned iu another direction, striking him from tlie left side where the neck 'shone' between the cuirass and the back of liis helmet. sedentis, 'as he sat (on horseback),' seems hardly consisteut with the idea of rapid flight.

694. Orsilochum...] Editors are very obscure in explaining this device. Apparently Cauiilla lures Orsilochus to pursue her and (1) gallops iu a large circle, theu (2) by checking her speed and bringing her horse round on a sniall inner circle {(jyro interior), while Orsilochus is still carried forward, slie couies behiml him 'pursuing the pursuer,' and (3) strikes him down with her axe. It wouLl be easj' to perform the feat on skates by suddeuly changing a large curve into a loop.

696. perque arma...perque ossa] The emphatic repeti- tion of both preposition aud copula marks the strength of the strokes.

697. oranti et multa precanti] The assonance Imitates the contiuued iteration of his prayer ; cf. 10. 554 orantis nequiquam et multa ^^o-ranfis \ dicere ; 4. 390 multa metu cunctantem et multa jxirantcm \ dicere. Prayer follows prayer, but she only 'redoubles (the blows of) lier axe.'

701. haud...] 'not the meanest of the Ligurians while fate still permitted him to deceive,' i.c. in life he was the craftiest of his race. FaJlere is put rhetorically almost vapa TrpoadoKlav for vivere: the Liguriaus were noted liars (Cic. pro Cluent. 26).

702. evadere pugnae] ' to escape from the combat'; the dat. is the same as that after verbs of ' taking away from,' e.g. adimo, eripio. Usually evado is foUowed by a preposition, or by the acc. or abh

703. avertere] active ; he sees that he cannot ' turn the queeu from her onset ' ; ef. Livy 22. 15 hostem avertere. Some make it intransitive (as vcrto and its compounds sometimes are), ' that the queen does not turn aside.'

704. consilio...] 'essaying to plot guile with counsel and craft ' ; versare dolos (cf 2. 62 ; 4. 563) describes ' turning over' a device in the mind.

705. femina forti fldis] Scornful alliteration.

NOTES 83

703. dimitte...] 'put flight aside and liand to hand ti'ust tlij'sult' with iiie to the equal earth ' {i.e. on whieh neither will have any advaiitage from his hoise). After accinge supply te from the prcceding line.

708. iam nosces...] 'soon shalt thou learn to whom ■\viiidy vanity briugs (hitter) deception.' Benoist well renders 'tii, verra qui une vaine gloirc tronvpc,' for gloria is exsLctXy = cjloire in its twofold nieaning of (1) love of fame, (2) vanity. ventosa describes soujfthing that is puff^ed up but without solid worth ; cf. Job XV. 2 'Should a wise nian utter vain knowledge, and fiU his belly with the east wind ?' Hosea xii. 2. Some explain /r«wfZc?;i= 'loss,' a meaning which it can bear ; but the point nere clearly is the deceptiou which vanity brings.

709. dolore] ' indiguation,' i.e. at his taunts ; cf. dolituri 732.

711. pura] i.e. without any blazon or cognisance {=parma alba 9. 548). Camilla had not been in battle before, so that she bore no 'arms,' but still she was 'unterrified.'

712. vicisse...] ' thinking to have prevailed iii guile'; prose would require se before vicisse.

715. vane] 'foolish,' i.e. whose hope of escape was.empty or vaiu.

718. ignea] ' like lightning ' ; cf. 746.

719. adversa] After passing the horse she turns and faces it.

721. sacer ales] Because the ' hawk ' was sacred to Apollo, cf. Hora. Od. 15. 526 (from which and U. 22. 139 this passage is imitated) KipKos 'AttoWwvos raxi'? 0776X05, and also perhaps witli reference to its other uame in Greek — iepa^, cf. iepos, saccr.

725 — 759. Jupiter obscrving these things urges Tarchon to action, and he accordingly turns back the fugitives, taunting thcm with their coioardice, while he himself charges the enemy, carries off Venulus on his horse, and kills him in spite of his struggles, as an eagle does a snake.

725. non . . . nuUis . . . oculis] i.e. with watchful eyes, by Litotes. Cf. Hom. II. 10. 515 o6d' aXaocTKOin-qv etx' dpyvpdro^os 'AwoWuv.

727. genitor] ' the Sire,' i.c. Jupiter

728. stimulis...] cf. 452.

84 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

731, nomine...] So (Hom. II. 10. 68) Agamemnon urges on his men iraTpodev e/c yeveris 6vo/ji,d^(av &v8pa ^Kaarov : cf. Tlmc. 7. 69.

732. o numq.tiam dolituri] ' 0 ye wliom shame will ncver stir.' Dolor (cf. 709) is the sense of shame or indignation at wrong or disgrace which stirs even the ' sluggard ' {inertes) to action.

735. quo] ' to what purpose ? '

736. at non. . .] ' yet no laggards (are ye) for love and combats of the night, or...to await the feast..., until the seer report with favoLir of the sacrifice....' Exspedare is the epexegetic or explanatory iufin. after segnes, cf. Hor. Od. 3. 21. 22 segnesque nodum solvere Gratiae, 'slow to loose.' Most MSS. have ex- spectate ; if so, the imperative must be derisive (cf. 460), 'nay then, no laggards in love..., (instead of fighting) stay waiting for the feast....' In Hom. Ih 4. 338 seq. Agamemnon similarly taunts ]\lenestheus and Ulysses with being first at the feast and last at the fray. The Etruscans were noted for gkittony ; cf. G. 2. l^^i pinguis Tyrrhenus ; Gat. 39. 11 ohcsus Etruscus.

737. curva tibia] The tihia is usually depicted as straight (see Dict. Ant.), but some seem to have been turned up at the end, cf. Ov. Met. 3. 531 adunco tihia cornu ; Tib. 2. 1. 86 Phrygio tibia curva sono.

739. dum...nuntiet] After exspcctare 'to wait uniil...' ; hence the subjunctive. Sacrifice in ancient times was regularly counected with feasting on the flesh of the victim, but the feast could not begin until the haruspex after inspecting the entrails {cxta) liad prouounced the .sacrifice acceptable to tlie gods. lucos : i.e. the sacred groves where the sacrifice and feast would be held.

741. moriturus et ipse] ' ready himself also to die ' ; i.e. he did not merely bid them face death but himself too set them the example.

742. turbidus] ' like a whirlwind (turbo) ' ; cf. 876. In 814 the word describes mental confusion.

746. aequore] 'over the plain.'

747. ipsius] = rc/u<7 j. Holdiug Venulus, who still retains his spear, in his arms he breahs off" the liead of the weapon and then ' gropes ' or ' searches for ' (rimatur) some spot not pro-

NOTES 85

tected by armour ' that there {qua — ut ca) he may direct a deadly wound.'

750. sustinet...] i.c. tries to hold up the hand of Tarchon, who is endeavouring to thrust the spear-head into his throat. vim viribus exit, 'seeks to evade force with force.' ?'is is usually 'violeuce' and vircs 'sti'ength,' and some consider that the distinction holds here, but the assonaut phrase is meant to empliasise the equal lierceness of the two combatauts. To render viia by one word aud virilus by another is fatah Exire, which is intransitive ' to go out,' is allowed, like mauy other verbs (e.g. cvaclere), to take an acc. in a secondary sense=:'to escape from, ' ' avoid ' ; cf. 2. 438 tela exit.

751. utque...] 'and as a tawny eagle in lofty fiight carries off a snake...but the serpent wounded writhes its sinuous folds ...while she (the eagle) no less (i.e. in spite of its elforts) assails it struggliug... : eveu so (757) Tarchon '

753. Note the alliteratiou.

755. arduus insurgens] i.e. raising its head and seekiug to sting the eagle.

758. eventum] 'success.'

759. Maeonidae] Tlie Etruscans were supposed to have come from Lydia or Maeonia in Asia Minor ; cf. 8. 479, 499 ; Herod. 1. 94.

759 — 835. Arruns dogs thcfootstcps of Camilla, seelcing some cliance of Imrling his spear at her. She, attraxted hy the splcndid arms and raiment of Chloreus, ivas pursuing him with bli^id eagcrness lohcn Ai-runs, seizing the opportunity, after invokivg Apollo's aid, flings tlie spear and strikes hcr ; after which, like somc craven wolf that has slain a shcpherd, he hastens to hide himself among his comrades. Camilla dies after sending Acca to Turnus, bidding him hasten to the field.

759. fatis debitus] 'due to death,' i.e. as we say 'whose hour was come.' For slaying Camilla he was himself to be slaiu by Opis, cf. 590-2, 853 seq.

7G0. prior] This difficult word seems to go closely with the two words multa arte betweeu which it stands. Arruns hovers rouud M-ith liis javelin and mucli craft, beiug superior (cf. pictate priqr 292) to her in this last poiut. Camilla was reckless (cf. 781), Arruns crafty, and this gave him the ad- vautage, though he was no matcli for lier iu iight.

86 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

Othei's explaiii 'at first,' i.e. belbre actually flinging tlie spear he first hovers round craftily 'spying out the easiest chance.' Couington gives ' =<p9da-as, anticipating all her movements.'

762. qua...hac...qua...hac] Notice the balance of these lines, imitating the way in which the moveraents of Camilla and Arruns exactly correspond. Cf. G. 1. 406-9. se tulit : 'dashed.'

766. lios...circuitumJ 'this attack and then that attack (he tries), prowling all around on every side.' He keeps prowling round (pcrerrat circuitum) and every now and then, wlien he tliinks he has a chance, makes a nearer approach (aclitus) to try and get a shot in. Cf. 5. 441 nunc hos, nunc illos culitus, omncmque percrrat \ arte locum of a boxer trying to get a blow home. inprobus : cf. 612 n ; acharne dt sa IJerte, Benoist.

768. olim] i.e. while still at Troy, where Cybele would have a temple and need a priest.

770. pellis aenis in plumam squamis] 'a coat with brazen scales laid featherwise ' ; in phimam because the small brass plates were laid one over the other like feathers. Horses so armed Avere known as cataphracti {KaTd<ppaKToi) or loricati.

771. auro conserta] 'buckled with gold.'

772. ferrugine] Words describing colour are often donbtful in their meaning. Fcrrugo is used G. 1. 467 of the light round the sun during eclipse and Aen. 6. 303 of Charon's bark, the word being said to='iron rust,' 'the colour of iron rust' ; on the other hand Plaut. Mil. Glor. 4. 4. 43 says of it is colos thalassicus 'st 'a sea-colour,' and Munro explains of a deep violet colour ; cf. Homer's 7rop^i'peos or oTj^oi^ applied to the sea. If so, it is ahnost = osiro here. It is also called 'Spanish' 9. 582 ; Cat. 64. 227.

773. Lycio Gortynia] Ornamental epithets, added to sug- gest exceptional excellence. A ' Lycian ' quiver is mentioned 7. 816 and ' Lycian ' armour 8. 166 ; Gortyn is a city in Crete and the Cretans were famous archers.

774. aureus ex umeris erat arcus] There is no difficuUy in a bow being first called Lycium cornu and then aureus arcus, for of course cornu only describes the tips of the bow, and thebowitself might be gilded so as tobe called 'a golden bow.' But a man cannot shoot with a bow and have it on his shoul-

NOTES 87

(lers also ; most therefore here make ara<s = 'quiver,' which is impossible, and Sidgwick suggests that he had t^vo bows. The fact seems to be that Virgil is describing the dress and not the actions of Chloreus ; line 773 does uot describe him as actually shootiug, but only as possessing certain choice weapons ; then tlie aniount of 'gold' about him strikes the eye — 'golden was the bow upon his shoulders, golden his helm, then too his chlamys...he had gathered into a knot with gold' — so that the bow is mentioued a second time in a second aspect. Yirgil dwells so long on his attire because it is thia which attracts Camilla, cf. 782.

775. sinusque...] 'and its rustling folds of linen.'

776. auro] i.e. with ajibida or buckle of gold.

777. pictus...] 'having his tunic embroidered with needle- work and the barbaric covering of his legs.' ^«rtf6ra = 'Oriental,' 'Phrygian,' non-Greek (cf. 2. 504). The Phrygians were regularly represented as wearing those Oriental trowsers which aroused the equal contempt of Greeks and Romaus ; cf. their similar contempt for the ' breeches ' (braccae) of tlie Gauls.

779. se ferret] 'display herself.'

780. venatrix. . .] ' like a huntress alone of all the battle-fray {i.e. of all combatants in the battle) blindly she pursued him.' Venatrix suggests that he roused in her all her eager passion for the chase.

783. tempore capto] 'seizing the chance.' He had been lying in wait {ex insidiis) a long time, but 'at length ' (tandem) linds his opportunity while she is recklessly pursuing Chloreus.

784. concitat] lit. 'lie rouses,' i.e. hastily snatches up.

785. summe...] Soracte was the seat of the worship of an old Italian deity called Soranus (according to some= Feiovis) who was subsequently identified with.j\.pollo. Pliny also refers to the worshippers passing through fire (N. H. 7. 2. 19) Iiaud jrrocul urbe Roma in Faliscorum agrofamiliae sunt paucae, quae vocantur Hirpi ; hae sacrificio annuo, qiiodfit ad montem Sorac- fem Apollini, supcr combustayn ligni struem amhulantes non aduruntur; cf. Sil. It. 5. 178 e.rfa ter innociws lacto pm-tare per ignes. These rites of fire-walkiiig have been and ave widely prevalent ; see A. Laiig, Modern Mythology c. 12.

786. quem...] 'to whom we ofTer our first worship, in whose honour the pine-blaze feeds upon the pile...'

88 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

790. omnipotens] Empliatic at the end ; ' (for thou art) alraighty.' The adj. could not be applied to the ordinary ApoUo, for Jupiter only is ' almighty,' but to Arruns the Apollo of Soracte is the chief deity (cf. above sumine deum and quem primi colimus).

792. haec...] 'so but {chwi with subj.) this cursed plague fall defeated bj' niy weapon, I will (be content to) retarn in- glorious to my coantry's cities.' He is not actually ' inglorious ' (cf. mihi cetera laudem \ facta fercnt) , but he is content not to claim the further glory of this exploit ; he only wishes to acliieve the resuit, and does not care for the fame of it.

794. audiit...] ' Phcebus heard, and iu his purpose granted that part of tlie prayer should prosper, part he scattered on the swift breezes ; that he shoukl slay...he assented, thathiscouutry

shouLl see his return he did uot grant ' Tlie prayer for his

return had not been actaallj' expressed by Arruns, but is im- plied in rcmeaho 793. The idea is from Hom. II. 16. 250 — Tw 8' erepov ixkv §5ojk€ iraTTjp, erepov S' dvevevffe' vr]u)v ftev oi airdiaaadai 7r6\ep.6v re fidxvv re duJKe, ff6ov 5' dvevevae p-ixo^ ^^ diroveeffOai. To ' give to the winds ' is regular in the sense of make vain ; 9. 313 ; Hom. Od. 8. 408 ; Eur. Troad. 419, 453 ; Cat. 64. 142 ; Hor. Od. 1. 26. 2.

797. alta] Probably merely 'noble,' cf. 10. 374; though some find a reference to Mount Soracte = 'his country's heights.'

801. ipsa] 'sheherself emphatic. While all others noted the spear, ' she herself was mindful neither of air nor sound nor shaft.' Aurae is used with reference to ;)cr auras 799, cf. 863 aurasque sonantes ; the weapon causes au audible rush and whirl of air,

804. haesit] Sidgwick rightly notes that tlie spondee and pause 'suggest the thing described.' bibit cruorem : cf. Scott, Lacly of the Lake 5. 15 'And thrice the Saxon blade drank blood.'

807. laetitia...] 'in mingled joy and fear.' Yi^wcQ extcrritus in the preceding liue is ratlier 'dazed,' ' amazed,' than 'terri- fied ' ; the deed when doue astounds liis puny spirit, cf. 812.

809. ac velut ille...] 'and as, look you, before hostile darts cau pursue liim, after slaying soiue shepherd, a wolf Las straiglit- way hidden himself...even so (814) Arruns. ...' ille anticipates

NOTES 89

lupus, and is deictic (cf. 494 n), calling marked attcntion to the wolf, which is thus pointed out as an object of contempt (Con- ington gives 'the caitiff wolf). So too 10. 707 iUe...a2xr, 12. 5 ille...leo, where, however, ille emphasises the awe which the sight of tlie animal inspires. privis quam sequantvir : the subj. because his piirpose is to avoid them. abdidit : either gnomic, ' has been known to hide,' ' is wont to hide,' or possibly the perf. of rapid action.

812. remulcens] i.e. drawing it back so that it strokes his bell}'. Cf. our phi-ase ' with his tail between his legs.'

814. turbidus] ' confused ' ; see 807 n.

815. contentusque fuga] 'and in eager flight,' straining eveiy uerve to fly. Conington strangely gives ' satisfied with escaping.' mediis... : i.e. he tries to hide himself in the general throng.

816. trahit] 'pulls at,' seeks to withdraw.

818. labitur...labuntiir] Pathetic repetition : bloodless she droops, her eyes droop chill with death.' Labi expresses collapse iu contrast with nerve effort, and is common of fainting, swoouing, or dying. She does not actually ' fall ' uutil 827.

819. quondam] vrith purpureiis, 'the once bright hue.'

821. ante alias sola] A strong superlative ; she was ' true alone beyond all others' ; cf. 3. 321 ^ma ante alias.

822. quicum...] 'with whom she would share her cares.' Quiciim is an archaic form of the abl. of all genders ; here = qttacum. Partiri is inf. of custom ; cf. G, 1. 199 sic omnia fatis I in peius niere ; Aen, 4. 421 solam nam perfidus ille \ te colere.

823. hactenus...] ' thus far I have been able, (but now I cau do no more, for) now my cruel wound destroys me.'

826. succedat] Subj. of oblique command, ' bear to Turnus my last message, that he join the combat in my stead.'

827. simul his dictis] Simul may be either (1) adv. *at the same time that she .^aid this,' cf. 10. 856 simul hoc dicens, or (2) prep. governing abl., 'along with these words,' as it is found in Hor., Ov., Tac. Some find in linquebat habenas a contradiction with 710, but surely she may be assumed to have reniouuted.

90 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

828. non sponte fluens] ' gliding all unwilling ' : ioT Jlucns cf. 501 ; heie the word marks her lack of power.

829. paulatim...] The soul or pei'soiiality is conceived as closely intertwined with the body, and at death has to disen- tangle itself ; cf. 4. 697 qiiae ludantevi animam nexosque resol- veret artus ; Lucr. 2. 590 vitales animac nodos a corpore solvit. lenta: 'nerveless'; the opposite of 'rigid,' 'held stiff ' as in life.

830. et captum...] 'aud let her head sink o'ercomc by death.'

831. vitaque...] From Homer s description of the death of Hector (II. 22. 362)—

''pvxh 5' e/f pedeuv irTanivT) 'AtSoade fie^-qKet, 6v TTOT/jLov yooovaa, Xnrova' aSpoTrjTa Kal rj^rjv,

which shows the force of indignata ; the soul ' chafes ' at the idea of dyiug in youtli. Virgil closes the Aeneid with the same line, describing the death of Turnus.

832. ferit aurea clamor sidera] The same phrase occurs 2. 488, where the night ou which Troy was taken is being described, and tlie contrast betweeu the 'goldeu stars' in heaven aud the deatli and dismay on earth is very effective. Here, however, the pictorial aurea seems distinctly out of place in the daytime. •-'..■' - . ■

834. densi] Agreeiflgwifh 'the sense C)f all the nominatives which follow — ' on rush in crowds the forces...and the leaders ...and the squadrons....'

836 — 867. Opis marks Camilla's death and, aftcr lamenting it, promiscs her vengeancc. Accordingly she alights on the mound tvhich marks the grave of Dercennxis ; from it she espies Arruns, taunts and shoots him. His comrades lcave his body imcared for.

836. iamdudum...sedet] 'sits all the while,' i.e. has been sitting ever since the commaud she received from Diana, 587 seq.

839. multatam] Two words, mulco 'to belabour,' 'beat with a cudgel,' aud multo, often spelt miilcto, 'fiue,' 'punish,' are frequently confused, aud some here read mulcatam, but there is no authority for its use='slaiu.' On the other haud that Camilla should be ' punished with death,' that her punishment should be death, is a natural expression.

NOTES 91

842. See 584 ii.

843. nec tibi...] ' nor hatli it availed thee, all lonely mid the woods, to have worshipped Diana ' ; by living a maiden, apart from men, in the woods, she had ' honoured ' Diana, aud niight be assumed to have secured her protection,

845. tua te] Notice the juxtaposition of the pronouns.

846. extrema...] 'even now in death's last hour.' sine nomine : ' without fame ' ; cf. our ' ignominious.'

848. violavit] 'Not violarit here as 591, but violavit ; the act was now done,' Sidgwick.

851. antiqm Laurentis] in apposition with regis Derccnni — ' King Dercenuus, aucient lord of Laurentum.' opacaque. . . : trees were regularly planted over tonibs and regarded as sacred, the spirit of the departed being supposed to pass into the tree ; see rrazer's 'Goldeu Bough' and Grant Allen's 'Attis.'

852. nisu] 'rush,' 'swoop.'

854. vana tumentem] ' in his empty pride ' ; vana is neut. adj. used adverbially, ' swelliug an empty swelling ' = 'emptily ' ; cf. 97 aeternum, and 865 extrcma gementem 'in his last groans.' Tlie splendour of his arms and his pride are marked as exciting the anger of Opis. For fulgcntcm armis some read with poor authority lactantem animis.

856. periture] ' to meet thy doom.' Camillae : with praemia, 'fit reward for (lit. 'of') Camilla,' i.e. for her death, Camillae being a.\most = Caminae occisae.

857. tune etiam...] 'Shalt thon, even thou, die by the darts of Diana ? ' She grudges so mean a wretch the houour of being slain by the arrow of a goddess.

858. Threissa] ' the Thraciau nymph.'

860. duxit longe] ' drew it far,' into a long curve.

861. capita] 'ends.' aequis : pictoriah Her hands as she holds the bow stretched, though far apart, are in a line.

863. extemplo...] 'Straightway Arruns heard at one (/.^. the same) moment the whizzing dart and whirring air, and the

arrow was planted ' audiit una haesitque expresses that his

hearing and being struck by the arrow were simultaneous.

868—895. 0)1 CamiUa's dcnth fhe Butnli aJlfy to the town, whcrc thc ivumeii stand xvaiting on thc wall. With ihe first

92 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

fugitives many of the enemy entcr too, workiny havoc even ivithin the town. Theti, as they seeTc to dose thc gates, there is a miserahle struggle between citizen ccnd citizen, between those struggling to enter and those inside ; the men shut out areforced hy the^^ress into the moat or dash themselves in madfury against the gates. The very matrons join in defending the ramjmrts.

870. disiectique...] 'and leaders torn from their troopsand troops left leaderless. '

871. equis aversi] ' wheeling round tlieir steeds.'

873. sustentare] 'clieck.' So far from being able to 'clieck the deadly onset of the Trojans ' they cannot even ' staud against it ' (sistere conl.ra).

875. A well-known accommodation of sonnd to sense. putrem : 'crumbling.' The ground is hard and dry ; hence the ' whirling dust-cloud ' {turUdus pulvis).

877. percussae pectora] ' beating their breasts'; cf. 35 n, 480 n.

879. cursu] ' at full speed ' ; they have galloped fastest and so arrive ' first. '

880. hos...] ' on their heels presses close a throng of foes miugling with their ranks.' Super—' cIosq after,' the enerny coming 'on the top of them,' as we say ; or, possibl}'', ' in addition,' the enemy pressing in along with them.

881. limine...moenibus...tutadomorimi] Cliraax. They are cut down ' even on the threshold ' of the gates, ' within their native walls,' and finally even when they have reached ' the shelter of their homes.' tuta domorum : a periphrasis = tutas domos, but throwing more emphasis on the adjective ; cf. 2. 332 ancjusla viarum ; 725 ^jcr opaca locorum.

883. claudere] Historic infinitive, often used to describe vividly energetic action — 'some (hasten to) close.'

885. miserrima caedes] The slaughter is ' most pitiable ' because it is of citizens by citizens ; the same phrase is used in exactly the same way 2. 411.

887. exclusi...pars...pars...] The nom. ej3C^i4si is divided up — 'shut out...they some...others....'

888. urguente ruina] ' the rout driving them on ' ; rnina is the ' rush ' of fugitives which drives those iu front forward so that they ' are hurled ' into the moat.

NOTES 93

889. volvitur] Note the dactyl followed by a pause.

890. arietat] 'dasiies' ; cf. our word 'ram.' Tlie word is a dactyl, i being treated as a semi-coiisonai)t = i/ ; so often as dactyls aricte, imriete. duros...: 'tlie strongly-barred doors.'

891. summo certamine] ' with utmost rivalry.'

892. monstrat...patriae] 'true love of country points the way,' or 'is their guide.' Tlie words are a p.irenthesis ex- pLaining their action. ut videre Camillam : i.e. wheu they uiarked her courageous exaniple.

893. trepidae] ' with eager zeaL' robore duro stipitibus : ' with stakes of hard oak.'

895. praecipites] Like trepidae marks their excitement and enthusiasm, which is also eniphasised by the strikiug alliteratiou of tlie liiie. mori pro moenibus : some corapare the welLkno\vn^?-o patria mori aud explain to 'die for {i.e. in defence of) their walls,' but thougli ' to die for country' is a good phrase, ' to die for walls ' is less so, and pro should clearly be taken in a local sense ' to die in foremost place out upou the walls ' [sur les murailles et tourn4es vers Vennemi, Benoist).

896 — 915. Turnus receives the grievous ncivs and hastens from his amhush to the conflict. Aeneas crosses thepass which is thus lcft opcn, and he and Turnus fincl themsclves face toface. Night, howevcr, stops thc combat.

896. Turnum...] The 'cruel message' {nuntius) is, of course, the report of Acca, and it ' fills all the mind of Turnus ' ; for the phrase T\irmim inplet cf. 139 Fama . . . Euandrum Euandriquc dornos ct moenia rcplet, wh.ere, however, the phrase Euandrum replet is made easier by the iutervening words Euandrique domos ct moenia, for rumour is naturally said to ' fiU ' a place.

901. et saeva...] It is uot only 'rage' (cf. /?/m;.s) which leads him to give up his advantageous position in the pass, but ' heaveu's stcrn decrees too so demand ' because he is doorned to perish.

902. Note the chiastic order of this linc — verb, adj., noun ; then notm, adj., verb.

904. apertos] The pass was ' open ' now that Turnus had abaudoued it.

94 YERGILI AEN-EIDOS XI

907. nec longis...] aud are at no long distance from one another.' Inter se denotes reciprocal relation.ship aud so is used in describing the ' nearness ' or ' distance ' of two things to one another ; e.cj. SalL Jug. 98. 3 propinquos inter se colles ; Cic. de Or. L 49. 215 multum inter se distant.

908. ac simul...] 'and at the same moment Aeneas saw... and Turnus recognised. ...'

912. continuoque ineant...] ' and straightway they would enter on the fray...' ; more graphic aud vivid than ' they would liave entered '

913. Cf. Hom. 11. 8. 485—

iv 5' ^Trecr' 'fiKfaj^y Xa/j.Trpbi' (pdos TfeXioio, €\kov vvKra fjiiXaLvav ert ^eidcopov dpovpav. gurgite Hibero : ' the Spanish niain.'

915. considunt...] Most say that both sides ' encamp and fortify ramparts,' but Servius seenis right in supposing that the attacking party ' encamp ' while the inhabitants of the city, as would be natural, retire within the city and 'strengthen' the ramparts.

VOCABULARY

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

a6?.=ablative

acc.= accusative

a/?j.= aJJective

ady. =adveib

«p j)os. =apposition

e. = common

c/.=compare

class. = classical

comp. = compaiative

corej. =conjunction

de/eci. =defective

/. = feminine

/r. =from

/reg. =frequentative

gen..=genitive

imperat. =imperative

incept. = inceptive

ire/. =infinitive

inierj =interjection

in^r. =intransitive I

a, sib, prep. witli abl., from; \ (of ageut) by.

abactus, parf. of abigo.

ab-do, ere, didi, dltum, tr. v., 2nd away, hide.

ab-6o, ire, ivi or ii, itum, intr. V., go aico.y, of ; quit the field, 3()6.

abies, Gtis, /. (abl. abiete trisyll. ), the silver Jir ; spear of lirwood, 667.

ab-igo, ere, egi, actum, tr. v. [ago], drive away.

ab-616o, ere, evi, itum, tr. v., destroy, abolish, remove.

ab-rumpo, ere, riipi, ruptum, tr. V., break off. , ab-sisto, ere, btiti, intr. v..

Zi7. =literally

m. = masculine

/i. =neuter

(Mtm. =numeral

o6soZ. =obsolete

part. = participle

po.tron. = patronymic

pl.=plma.l

prep. = preposition

jjron. =pronoun, or pronominal

j)i-op. = proper name, or properly

rel. = relative

ri. =root

sc =scilicet

s«s.= sometimes

sup. = superlati ve

<r. =transitive

usu. = usually

V. = verb

stand aloof from ; desist from, cease, with iaf.

absttUi, fr. aufero.

ab-Slim, esse, afui, i7itr. r., be away Jrom, ahsent from; be distant ; be banished (irom mind) ; away with ! 14.

abundo, are, A\\,s.i\im,intr.v., overfloiv.

ac, conj., see atque.

Acca, ae, /., comrade of Ca- milla, 820 etc.

ac-cendo, ere, ndi, nsum, tr. V., kindle, light; accensus,/m;.

ac-cingo, ere, uxi, nctum, tr. V., gird to or on.

ac-cio, ire, ivi or ii, Ttum, tr. V., call to one, simmon.

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

ac-cipio, Cre, cepi, ceptum, tr. «. [capio], receice, welcome.

accipiter, tris, ?»., hawk, falcon.

acer, cris, cre, culj. [rt. ac, cf. acuo], sharp, keen ; fierce ; spirited ; hitter.

acerbo, iire, avi, atum, tr. v. [acorbus], emhitter.

acerbus, a, um, adj. [cf. acer], ha.rsh to taste ; hitter, cruel ; of death, 28 n.

acervus, i, ri., heap, pile.

Achferon, outis, m., river in the Lower Workl, heuce sub Acheronte, in theworld helow, 22.

Achilles, is, m., hero of the Iliad, son of Peleus, king of Thessaly and the sea-goddess Thetis, 404 etc.

Achivus, a, um, adj., Achaean, Greek; Achivi, f/en. pl. -um, the Achaeans.

acies, ei, /. [rt. ac, cf. acer], sharp edge or 2^oint of weapoii ; line-of-hattle.

Acoetes, is, m., armour-bearer of Evander, 30 etc.

Aconteus, ei, m., a warrior, 612 etc.

acus, us, /. [cf. acer], ncedlc ; needlework, 177 .

actitus, -a, um, jMrt. of acuo ; as adj., sharp.

ad, ^J7'ep. with acc, to ; at, near.

adactus, part. of adigo.

ad-commodus, a, um, adj., fit ; suited to.

ad-do, ere, didi, ditum, tr. v., add.

ad-dflco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. v., hring to ; draw back, 561.

ad6o, adv., to that point, to such an extent, so; iamque adeo, and now indeed, 487 n ; liaec adeo, such, such indecd, 275 n ; nunc adeo, 314 n.

ad-6o, ire, ivi or ii, itum, intr. V., go to, approach.

ad-gnosco, ere, gnovi, gnitum, tr. V., rccognise.

ad-hib6o, ere, ui, itum, tr. v., ap2'l>J to ; animos, give attention, 315.

ad-hilc, adv., as yet, still.

ad-icio, ere, ieci, iectum, tr. v. [iacio], add to.

ad-igo, ere, tgi, actum, fr. v. [ago], drive to.

aditus, us, m. [adeo], ((p- proach ; pl., attc(ck, 766.

ad-16quor, qui, lociitus, tr. v., spcak to, address.

ad-m6n6o, ere, ui, itum, tr. v., warn.

ad-niio, ere, lii, tr. v., grant ; signify assent, 20.

ad-scisco, ere, Tvi, itum, tr. v. , rcceive or admit to one's society, etc. ; take into one'sfamily, adopt, 472 n ; adscitus, honmved, foreign.

ad-sideo, ere, s5di, sessum, intr. and tr. v. [sedeo], sit hefore, hesicge.

adsuetus, a, um, part. of ad- suesco ; as adj. , acciistomed.

ad-sum, esse, fui, intr. v., be present, be with one, arrive.

0,d-surgo, ere, surrexi, .sur- rectum, intr. v., rise or staiid u}) to ; in clipeum, he toioers on to his shield, 284.

adulter, eri, m., adulterer, pc(ramour.

VOCABULARY

97

ad-usquS {=usqiie arl), prep. with iir.e., all the way to, even to, 262.

ad-v6nio, ire, veni, ventum, intr. r., comc to, arrive.

advento, are, avi, atuni, intr. freq. V., draw near to.

adventus, ias, vi. [advenio], approach ; marching up, 607.

adversus, a, uni, part. of ad- verto ; as adj., towards, facing ; face to face, fronting ; in ad- versos, against thefoe, 389.

adversus (-um), adv., opposite io, facing, against.

Aen6ades, ae, m. patron., descendant of A eneas ; esp. pl. , the men of Aeneas, the Trojans, 503.

Aeneas, ae, m. {acc. an, voc. ii) [AiVeias], Trojau prince, son of Venus and Auchises, aucestor of the Romans, 2 etc.

aenus, a, nm, adj. [aes], of hronze or coppcr.

aequalis, is, m. [aequo], a coDirade.

aeque, adv. [aequus], equally, like.

aequo, are, avi, atum, tr. v., viake equal to ; caelo, extol to heaven, 125.

aequor, oris, w., level surface, 2)1 ain.

aequiis, a, um, adj., level, in a line, 861 ; fair, equal ; comp. aequior.

aeratus, a, um, adj. [aes], covered toith bronze, brazen.

aes. aeris, n., copper, bronze.

aestus, us, m. [aWw, cf. aestas 1, seorching heat ; ebb and Jlow of tide, iide.

! aetas, atis, y. [aevum], age.

aetemus, a, um, udj. [aevnm], eternal, ercrlasting, undying ; adv. arr. aeternum, for ever.

aether, Oris, vi. (acc. era) [aWrjp], ihe upper air, the sky ; aethere cassis, the clcad, 104.

aethgrius, a, um, adj. [aether], etlierial, fieavenly, in the sky. \ Aethon, onis, vi. [aWwv, j Jie^-y], name of Pallas' horse, 89 n.

Aetnaeus, a, nm, adj. [Aetna], of Aetna, a volcanic raountain in Sicily.

Aetolus, a, um, ccdj., A etolian, of Aetolia, a district in Central Greece. Aetolus, i, m., an Aetolian.

aevum, i, n. [aiu^v = alFicv], a period of time, age ; a time of life; the years, 425.

ager, gri, m. [07/36?], field ; land, district, tract of land, 316.

agger, eris, m. [ad, gero], mound, harrow ; rampart ; (of walls) ma^s, ^nle, 382 n.

aggfero, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [agger], pile up ; heap up or on ; aggravate, 342.

agito, are, iivi, atum, tr. freq. V. [ago], drive ; goad, disquiet, 337 ; pursue, hunt wild animals ; urge on horse.

agmen, inis, ». [ago], hody 0/ troops on tlie march, troop, column, army, band, array, host ; agmine verso, amid the rout, 684.

ago, ere, Tgi, actum, tr. v., drive cattle etc. ; drire before one, pursue ; lead ; im})el ; luhirl sling, 579 ; Iturl weapon ; aetas ad sidera pinus, fouxi-ing to the

H

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

stars, 136 ; do, accomplish ; de- bate, discuss ; imperat., age, as interj., cnme !

agrestis, e, adj. [ager], rustic, rural.

aio, defect. v., say, assent, see 23 u.

ala, ae, /. [for axla, rt. of ago], ^oing ; (of army) wing, squadron.

albus, a, um, adj., white.

ales, Ttis, c. [ala], a bird.

aliter, adv. [alius], otherwise.

alius, a, \id,pro)i. adj., another, other; alii . . . alii, some . . . others.

almus, a, um, adj. [alo, lit. nourishing\ kindly, propitious.

alo, ere, ui, altura and alitum, tr. V., nourish.

altaria, Tum, n. pl. [altus], high altar.

alte, adv. [altus], on high, aloft; deephj.

alter, a, um, pron. adj. [cf. alius], the onc or the other of two.

altemus, a, um, adj. [alter], alternate, alternating ; in shift- ing guise, 426.

altus, a, iim, adj. [alo], high, tall, lofty, on high, aloft ; deep ; high-born, noble ; comp. altior, sup. altissimus.

alumnus, i, m. \;a\o\, foster-son, nursling ; ward, 33.

amarus, a, um, adj., bitter to taste ; jjoisoned, 337.

Amasenus, i, m., small river in Latiuin, now Amaseno, .547.

Amaster, tri, vu, a Trojan, 673.

Amazon, onis, f., an Amazon, 648 n, 660.

ambo, ae, o, num. adj. [cf. ^u.<bui\ both.

amlcitia, ae, /. [amicus], friendship.

amictus, us, m. [amicio], raiment, rube.

amlcus, i, m. [amo], friend.

a-mitto, ere, misi, missum, tr. V. [lit. send away\ let go, lose.

amnis, is, m., large river.

amor, oris, ni. [amo], love, affection ; desire.

amplius, comp. adv. [ample, fr. amplus], more, farther.

an, conj., in second half of disjunctive interrogations or sen- tences implying doubt, or, or ivliether ; or elliptically in single question.

anfractus, iis, m. [an- = ambi- ; frag-, cf. frango], wind- ing gorge.

angustus, a, um, adj. [ango], narrow strait ; (of hope) poor, 309.

anima, ae, / [cf. dvefios, animus], breeze ; breath of life, life; soul.

animus, i, m. [cf. anima], the rational soid in man ; mind ; attention, 315 etc. ; feelings ; lieart, spirit, courage ; animis ( = animosi), with spirit, 18 n, 438 ; animus est, with inf., have the mind to, wish, 325.

annus, i, m., a year.

antfi id.vTl'], 1. prep. with acc. , before, in front of, .luperior to, above, more than, bcyond. 2. adv., before, first.

antlquus, a, ura, ailj. [ante], ancient, former.

ap6rio, ire, eriii, ertum, tr. v. [cf. operio], uncorer, open. Part.,

VOCABULARY

apertus, a, um, open, exposed, undefenJed, 666 n.

ApoUo, luis, m., the sun-god, son of Jnpiter aud Latona, twin- brotlier of Diana.

ap-par6o, ore, ui, itum, intr. V., appear.

ap-paro, are, avi, atum, tr. v., jM-epare.

Appenidmcola, ae, c. [Ap- penninus, colo], a dweller among the Ajjemiines, 700.

ap-p6to, ere, ivi or ii, Itum, tr. V., seek to reach, attack.

apto, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [freq. of obsol. apo, cf. aptus], ft to, adapt, place on.

aptus, a, um, part. of obsol. apo, fifted to ; studded with, 202.

apud, prcp. witli acc. [cf. iiri'], ctt, near.

aqua, ae, /., luater.

aquila, ae, /., eagle.

ara, ae, /. , an altar.

arblitSus, a, um, adj. [ar- butus], (/ arhutics wood.

Arcas, adis, m., as a pl. ArcadSs, um, Arcadians ; as adj., Arcadian.

arc6o, ere, ciii, ctiim, tr. v. [dpKeuj, arca, arx], shiit ttp ; keep aivay, keep from one.

arcus, iis, m., how.

ardfio, ere, rsi, intr. v., am on Jire, hurn, be ablaze, glitter ; with inf., be eager to, 895 ; (comas) arsuras which the fire will claim, 77 ; ardens, blazing.

ardesco, ere, arsi, intr. incept. V. [ardeo], kindle, he in/lamed ; groio furious, 607.

ardor, oris, m. [ardeo], Jlame, blaze.

ardilus, a, um, adj., high, lofty, on high ; (of horse) rear- ing ; fuiit arduus, rears wildly, 638 ; n. pl. ardua, heights, 513.

Arglvus, a, um, adj., ofArgos, A rgive ; Greek.

argilo, ere, iii, utum [cf. dpyos], make clear, prove ; hlame, accuse ; charge ivith, acc. of person, gen. of charge, 384.

Arg^ripa, ae, /., ancient name of Arpi, now Arpa, city in Apulia, 246 n

ariSto, are, avi, atum (arietat, dactyl 890 n), intr. v. [aries], hutt like a ram against, dash against.

anna, orum, n. pl. [cf. dpapiffKd}, lit. things jitted to body], defensive armour, esp. shield, arms, weapons ; war, warfare.

armatus, a, yxxa,part. of armo ; as adj., armed, equipped.

armentalis, e, adj. [ar- mentum], o/ a herd of cattle ; aniid the herds, 57 L

armentum, i, n. [aro, lit. cattle foi- plovghing], a herd.

armiger, eri, m. [arma, gero], armour-bearer.

armi-pdtens, ntis, adj., power- ful in arms.

armo, are, avi, atum, tr. v., arm, equip.

armus, i, m. [apfj.6s], shovlder.

Arpi, orum, m. pl., city in Apulia, earlier Argyripa, now Arpa, 246 n.

ar-iigo, ere, rexi, rectum, tr. V. [ad, rego], erect, raise on high, rear; rouse, incite ; part..

100

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

arrectus, a, nm, raised aloft, etc. ; rearing ujo, 639.

ar-ripio, ere, ripiii, reptum, tr. V. [ad, rapioj, lay hold of, seize rqjon.

Arruns, ntis, m., a warrior. 759 etc.

ars, artis, /. [cf. dpapiffKW. arma], art ; craft; trick.

artifex, icis, c. [ars, facio], artificer. artificis scelus, the cunning vilkdn, 407 n.

arttls, uum, vi.pl., joints, limhs.

arx, arcis, /. [arceo], citadel ; hei^ht, eminence.

Asia, ae, /., Asia, 268,

Asllas, ae, m , a Trojan, 620.

aspectus, us, m. [aspicio], sight ; appearance.

asper, era, erum, adj., rough; vnld, fierce ; ccnnp. asperior, suj). asperrimus.

aspemor, ari, atus, tr. dep. v. [ab, sperno], reject, despise, scorn.

aspicio, ere, spexi, spectum, tr. V., look at or upon, behold, see.

ast, co)ij., see at.

astus, Qs, VI., cnnning, craft.

at (ast), conj. [cf. aTdp], but, yet.

ater, tra, trum, adj., hlack, clark, rnurky ; atra dies, 28 n.

Atlnas, atis, m., a Rutulian, 869.

atquS (ac), conj., and also, and ; haud secus atque cum, just as when.

Atrldes, ae, m. patron., son of Atreus, 262.

at-tollo, ere, tr. v., raise up, 130.

at-traho, ere, xi, ctum, tt. v. draio to, attract.

auctor, oris, m. [augeo], adviser.

audax, acis, aclj. [audeo], hold.

aud6o, ere, ausus sum, tr. and intr. v., dare, he hold.

audio, Ire, ivi or ii, itum, tr. v., hear ; give audience to, 251.

auf^ro, ferre, abstuli, ab- latum, tr. v. [ab, fero], hear away, carry off ; aufertur, ndes away, 713 ; se abstulit, loit/idrew, fed, 814.

Aufidus, i, 'm., chief river in Apulia, now tlie Ofanto, 405.

Aunus, i, m., a Ligurian warrior, 700 etc.

aura, ae, /. [aiipa'], hreeze, air ; pl., the breezes, the sky, 455.

auratus, a, um, adj. [aurum], overlaid v:ith gold, goIdeH.

aurgus, a, um, adj. [id.], golden.

auris, is, /. [cf. audio], ear.

Aur5ra, ae, /., the Daum goddess, daughter of Hyperion, wife of Tithonus.

aurum, i, n., goM ; greave of gold, 488.

Aurunci, orum, m. pl., a people of Latium on the Liris.

Ausdnia, ae, /. prop., the country of the Ausonians, primitive inhabitants of Central and Southern Italy ; (poet. ) Italy. AusSnius, a, um, adj., Ausonian. Ausonii, orum, and Ausdnidae, arum or um, m. pL, the Ausonia/ns.

auspicium, ii, n. [auspex], auspices ; leadership, 347 n.

aut, conj. [cf. av], or ; aut . . aut, either . . or.

VOCABULARY

101

auxilium, ii, n. [augeo], helj), snjjporf.

a-v6ho, ure, si, ctum, tr. r., carry away, remove.

a-vello, ere, velli, or vulsi, vulsum, fr, v., tear away.

a-verto, ere, ti, sum, tr. v., turn away, or aside ; part., aversus, a, um, turned away etc. ; equLs aversi, wheeling round their steeds, 871.

avis, is, /., hird.

avius, a, um, adj. [a, via], out of the way, remote, 810.

a-v61o, are, avi, atum, intr. v., flee away.

Bacchus, i, m., god of wine, son of Jupiter and Semele, 737.

barbarus, a, um, adj. [^ap^apos], foreign, strange, ha.rharic ; = oriental, Phrygian, m XX.

bellator, oris, m. [bello], xoarrior ; b. equiis, xoar horse, 89.

Belli-pdtens, ntis, adj.,povxr- fid in wa.r, epitliet bf Mars, 7.

bello, are, avi, atum, intr. v. and bellor, ari, dep. [bellum], wage vja.r, Jight.

bellum, i, n. [for duellum, contest between t^vo], war ; the fray ; quarrel, combat.

bibo, ere, bibi, tr. v. [cf. irivci}], drink.

bipennis, e, adj. [bis, penna = pinna], dovMe-edged, 135 ; bipennis, is,/., double-edged aox.

bis, num. adv. [for duis, fr. duo], ftvice.

Bitias, ae, m., gigantic Trojan slaiu by Tiiruus, 396.

bi-nus, a, um, adj. [bis, via], having tu^o tvays ; h. fauces, the jxiss at either end, 516 n.

bonus, a, um, adj., good; n. pl. bona, good fortune, property, etc. bonis communibus, the common tveal, 435 ; coinj). m61ior, see below ; sup. optimus.

bos, b6%as, c. [^oi^s], bull, ox, coio.

btlcina, ae, /. [^vKdvrj], war- trumpef.

bustum, i, n. [buro = uro, cf. comburo], funeralpyre ; mound, tomb.

Bfltes, is, acc. en, m., a Trojan, 690 etc.

cado, ere, cecidi, casum, intr. v., fall; fall (iu death), be slain.

caeeus, a, um, a.dj., blind, blindly ; blind witli teiTor, 889.

caedes, is, /. [caedo], slaughter.

caedo, ere, cecTdi, caesum, tr. V. [irxtT'»', scindo], cut doivn fell; slay ; caeso sanguine, the blood of the slain, 82 n.

caelestis, e, adj. [caelum], heaveydy ; rn. 1)1., heavenly beings, the gods above, 51.

caelum, i, n. [rt. cav, cf. cavus], heaven, the sky.

caesaries, ei, /., a head oj ha.ir, hair.

caespes, itis, m. [caedo], cut sod, turf.

calidus, a, um, adj. [caleo], ivu.nn, hot.

callgo, inis, /. [cf. clam, KaKvwrui], fog ; dark clmid of smoke, 187 ; darkness, gloom.

102

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

calx, cis, /., m. [\d^], heel.

Calydon, r.nis (acc. ona), /., town in Aetolia, 270.

Camilla, ae, /., Volsciau heroine, 432 etc. ; see 543 n.

campus, i, vi., plain.

cano, ere, cecini, cantiini, tr. aud intr. v. [cf. carnien], sing ; chant, 399 n.

capesso, ere, ivi, ituni, tr. freq. V. [capio], seize ; 7naii the towers, 466.

CS,phareus, ei, m., promoutory on SE. of Euboea, 260.

capio, ere, c?pi, captum, tr. V., take holcl of, seize, talce ; receive reward ; leto captus, overcome hy cleath, 830 ; spe captus, buoyed up by hope, 49.

captlvus, a, um, adj. [capio], takcn in luar, captive, captured.

caput, itis, n. [Kecpakri], heccd, see 399 n ; source; pl., tips, ends of bow, 861.

carbas6us, a, uni, adj. [car- basus], of linen.

carlna, ae, /. [careo], hull or kcd of ship ; ship.

carus, a, \im, adj., dear, 2)recious.

CasmiIla = Camilla, 543 n.

cassida, ae, /. [cf. casa, rt. khad, cover'], helmet.

cassus, a, um, adj., ernpty ; with abl., deprived of ; aethere cassis, the dead, 104.

castra, orum, n. pl. [cf. casa], camp, cncampment.

casus, us, m. [cado], chance, accidcnt, danyei':

caterva, ae, /., crowd, throng, band, troop, squadron ; flock of birds, 456.

Catillus, i, m., founder of Tibur, lirother of Coras, 640 ; see 465 n.

cauda, ae, /., tail.

causa, ae,/., cause, reason.

caute, adv. [cautus, fr. caveo], cautiously ; conip. caatius.

cautes, is, / [cf. cos, cotis], rough, pointed rock, crag ; ^jZ., cliffs, 260.

caveo, ere, cavi, cautum, intr. v. [cf. cura, causa], heware.

c3,vus, a, um, culj. [cf. koiXos], hollow.

cedo, erc, cessi, cessxini, tr. and intr. v., yield ; be giren u}} to, granted to, 321.

cldrus, i, /. [KiSpoi], cedar- tree.

cSler, eris, ere, adj. [cf. celox], s^vift.

celsus, a, um, adj. [cf. ex- cello], loffy.

centum, numi. adj., indccl. [cf. eKarov], a hundrcd.

cfirebrum, i, n. [cf. /cdpa, head]. the hrain.

j cemo, ere, crevi, crftum, tr. v. [cf. Kpivu}], disting%iish ; dis- cern, p^erceive, see.

certamen, inis, n. [certo], cou- tcst, (piarrel, combat, rivalry, battle, struggle ; c. ijugnae, the hattle' s fray, 780.

certatim, adv., in rivalry ; with emulous haste, 486.

certo, are, avi, atum, inir. freq. v. [cerno], contend, strire.

j certus, a, um, adj. [part. of cerno], snre, unerring, 767.

cervix, Tcis, /. [cf. cerebrum], I nape ofneck, neck.

VOCABULARY

103

cesso, are, avi, atuni, intr. freq. r. [cedo], delay, cease, hesitate ; quidqiiid cessatum est, what delays hefell, 288 n.

[cetgrus], a, um, adj., not iu nom. sing. m., usually^J^-, the rest, all others.

ceu, adv. aud conj., like as, as.

chlamys, ydis, /. [xXaMi^s], mantle.

CMoreus, ei, m., former priest of Cybele, 768.

chorus, i, in. [xop"?], choral dancc.

Chrdmis, is {acc. im), m., a Trojau, 675.

cingo, ere, nxi, nctum, tr. i\, surrcnmd, gird ; cingitur, he girds himself, 486.

cmis, eris, m. (rarely /.) [cf. /covis], ashes.

circa, adv., around.

circu-eo, ire, ivi or li, itum, tr. and intr. v. [circum, eo], go around, hover around, 761.

circliitus, us, m. [circum, eo], way round, circuit ; circuitum pererrat, provjls around, 767.

circum, 1. adv., around ; 2. 2)rep. witli acc, round, around.

circum-do, are, dedi, datum, tr. V., put around, surround.

circum - fundo, ere, fudi, fusum, tr. V., pour or spread aroimd.

circum-ligo, are, avi, atum, tr. V., fa-sten round, attach to.

circum-sto, are, steti, tr. v., surround.

citus. a, um, part. of cieo ; as ai/j.. su-i/'/, .sHvftty.

clvis, is, f. [cf. quies, K€?fj.ai], citizen.

clamor, uris, m. [clamo], shout cry ; war-cry, 622 ; din, 454 ; cry of woe, 147.

clangor, oris, m., clang, bray or call of trunipets, 192.

clarus, a, um, adj. [rt. cla, cf. clamo], cleccr, bright.

claudo, ere, si, sum, tr. v. [cf. clavis, KXeis], s/iut, enclose, im- irrison.

clipgus, i, m. [rt. clep, cf. KaXiJTTTO}'], shicld.

Cl^ius, ii, m., a Trojan, 666.

c6-6o, ire, ii, itum, intr. v., come together, be united ; c. inter se, meet, 860.

cognomen, inis, n., sumame, name ; cognomiue, called after, 246.

COgO, ere, coegi, coactum, tr. r. [co-ago], drive togetlier ; collect, summon a council.

cdhors, rtis, /. [cf. chorus], squadron, troop).

coUatus, pcirt. of confero.

col-ligo, ere, legi, lectum, tr. V. [con, lego], gather fogetJier, collect.

coUis, is, m. [cf culmen], hill.

col-lflcSo, frc, intr. v., shine hrig/itly.

coUum, i, «., nec/c.

colo, cre, colui, cultum, tr. r. [cf. incola, colonu.s], culti- vcite ; cherisJi, wors/iip, honour, heep sacred.

cdlor (col5s), oris, m. [cf. /faXi^TTTw], colour, /lue.

cdlumba, ae, /., ruck-dove.

columna, ae, /. [cf. columen], columii ; Protei coluniuae = Egypt and island of l'haros, 262 n.

J04

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

cbim, ae, /. [ko/ut?], hair of head ; pL, locks, tresscs.

cdmgs, itis, c. [cum, eo], aim- panion, comrade ; attendant, guardian, 33.

comitor, ari, atus, tr. dep. v. [comes], eseort, accompany.

com-mmus, adv. [manus], haud to hand.

com-mitto, ere, misi, missum, tr. V., bring together ; (of battle) engage in, begin; 'intrust, com- mit to.

com-munis, e, adj., skared iii bi/ idl, roiiimon.

compello, are, avi, atum, tr. V. [collat. fbrui of compello, ere, fr. cou-pelloj, accost, address.

complector, i, plexus, tr. dep. V. [cf. amplector], embrace, grasp round.

com-plSo, ere, evi, etum, tr. V., fiil up, fill.-

com-pono, ere, posiii, positum, tr. V. , place together, arrange.

CDm-prendo, Cre, ndi, nsum, Ir. V., seize.

con-cedo, C-re, ces.si, cessum, tr. V., grant, concede.

con-cido, ere, cidi, intr. v. [eado], faU down, bc overthimon.

COn-ci6o, ere, clvi, citum, tr. r., stir np, excite ; concitus, ■urged on, 889 ; at full speed, 744.

concilium, ii, n. [rt. cal ; cf. /caXew], assembly, council.

con-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, tr. V. [capio], couceive, eompre- hmd; c. curam, U7idertake chctrge or task, 519.

concito, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. r. [coucieo], roiise, nrge on,

spur 011 liorse ; hastily snatched %ip, telum, 784.

concitus, ■ a, um, paii. of concieo.

con-curro, ere, curri, cursum, intr. V., ruii together, meet ; clash with, 293; mecum, meet me in fight, contend with me, 117.

concursus, part. of concutio.

con-ctitio, ere, cussi, cursum, tr. V. [quatio], strike togefher ; agitate ; disfurb, cdarm, 451.

con-do, ere, didi, dltum, tr. V., found, establish city, etc. ; hide ; conditur in tenebras, is folded in darkness, 187.

con-f6ro, ferre, tuli, collatum, ti: V., bring together ; c. nianum, engage in combat, 283 ; collatis signis, in pitched battle, 517.

con-ficio, ere, feci, fectum, tr. V. [facio], execute, accoinplish ; use up, destroy ; aevo confectus, ivorn aut iinth age, 85.

con-flgo, ere, iixi, fixum, tr. V., pierce, transfix.

con-fundo, ere, fudi, fiisum, tr. V., mingle together ; con- fusus, confused, indistinguish- able.

COn-g6mino, are, avi, atum, tr. V., redouble, repeat ; securini, redoubles the bloios of her axe, 698.

con-gr6dior, gredi, gressus, intr. dep. v. [gradior], meet, en- counter, esp. in figlit.

con-icio, ere, ieci, iectum, tr. V. [iacio], throiv withforce,fling.

c6-nItor, niti, nlsus or nixus, intr. dep. v., strive hard, make

VOCABULARY

105

coni-agiuin, ii, n. [couiuugo], wedlnck; icifc, 270.

coniunx, iugis, c, hushand, ivifc, bride.

conixus, part. of conitor.

conor, ari, atus, intr. and tr. dcp. r., atteinpt, essay.

con-scius, a, um, adj. [scio], ^»•117/ to, airo.re of, witU geti., 812.

consedisse, fr. consido.

con-s6quor, i, secutus (sequu- tus), tr. d.cp. '(-., follow tij), over- toke.

con-sSro, ere, serui, sertum, tr. r., entwine, fasten; auro conserta, huckled tvith gold, 771.

con-sldo, ere, sedi, sessum, intr. V., settle, settle down ; sink down, coUap.se, 350.

consilium, li, n. [cf. consulo], coinisel.

con-sisto, ere, stiti, stitum, intr. r., take vp ones stand.

conspectus, fis, m. [conspicio], ricw.

con-stituo, ere, lii, iitum, tr. V. [statuo], set vp, erect.

constilo.ere, lilui, ultum, tr. v. [cf. consul], consult ; deliberate V 2)071 ; rem, askfor counsel in a raatter, 344 n.

consultum, i, n. [consulo], decision ; pl., dehate, 410.

contentus, a, um, part. of contiueo, as adj., contcnt, satis- Jied.

contentus, a, um, parf. of contendo, as adj., strained, eager, 815 n.

con-tingo, ere, tigi, tactum, V. [tango], 1. tr., touch, grasp band ; 2. intr., happen, fall to ones lot, in good sense.

continilo, adv. [contiuuus], straightway, immediatelij, forth- tvitk.

con-torqu6o, cre, torsi, tor- tum, tr. V., whirl, hurl ; cou- tortum, inth a whirl, 561.

coutortus, part. of contor- queo.

contra, adv. and prep. with acc., facing, against, on the other hand, to meet, to face; illum aspice coutra, look him in the facc, 374 n.

contiili, perf. of confero. con-vSnio, ire, vrni, ^entuin, iiitr. V., assemble.

con-verto, ere, ti, sum, tr. v., turn round, turn, direct ; turn one's attention, eyes, etc. ; niiddle use, conversi oculos, turning thcir eyes, 121 n ; part., conversus, tnrned, hent hack, 654 ; c. habenis, ivith turncd reins.

convexus, a, um, adj. [con- veho], arched, vaulted. I copia, ae, /. [co-ops], ahrn- dance ; ^''^'^('^'''i opportunity ; c. ! fandi, liberty to sjieak, 248 ;

(of troops) /orce, 834. I cOquo, ere, xi, ctum, tr. r. 1 [cf. ireTTTCi}, Trecrcrw], cook ; roborc I cocto, well-seasoncd wood, 553 n. j cor, cordis, n. [cf. Kapdia], I heart ; cordi est, is dear.

coram, adv. [for co-or-am, cf. os, cf. palam], in tlie presence of, jo.ce toface, hefore him.

Cdras, ae, m., brother of Catillus, founder of Tibur, 465 n, etc.

COmft, iis, 71. [K(pas], hurn ; bow.

106

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

corona, ae, /. [cf. KopuvU], (jarland, wreath ; riiig or circle of troops, 475.

corpus, oris, n. [cf. creo], body, corpse ; corpore regni, the lohole strength of the realm, 312.

cor-ripio, ere, ripui, reptum, tr. V. [rapio], seize upon ; carry away, 584 ; sese, sjjring up, 462.

COSta, ae, /., rib.

cratis, is, /., usually pl, loicker-work, of bier, 64.

creber, bra, brum, adj. [cf. cresco], thick, close, frequent.

credo, ere, didi, ditum, tr. aud intr. V,, trust, believe, put con- fidenee in.

cr6mo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [cf. carbo], burn.

crfipo, are, ui, itum, intr. v., rattle, rustle ; plash (of waves), 299.

cresco, ere, crevi, cretum, intr. incept. v. [cf. creo], increase ; (of river) rise, swell, 393.

crlmen, inis, n. [cerno], churge ; crdumny.

crlnalis, e, adj. [crinis], of thehair; on her hair, 576.

crlnis, is, m. [cf. crista, Kopvs], hair.

crista, ae, /. , plume.

crocgus, a, um, adj. [crocus], saffron-colou.red.

crtldelis, c, adj. [cf. crudus, cruor], cruel, pitiless.

crtldesco, ere, dui, intr. in- cept. V. [crudus], grow fiercer, 833.

crtlentus, a, um, adj. [cruor], blood-staincd.

criior, oris, m. [cf. crudus], blood from a wouiid, gore.

crQs, cruris, 7t., leg below knee.

cultor, oris, m. [colo], culti- vator ; inhabitant ; worshipper.

cultrix, leis, f. [cultor], female inhabitant, diveller in.

cum, prep. with abl., together with, with.

cum, conj., lohen, since.

ctlmiilo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [cumulus], heap up.

cunctus, a, um, adj. [co, iunctus], all in a body, one and all, all.

ciln6us, i, m., wedge.

ctlr, a(it'.[quor = quare], why.

cQra, ae, /. [cf. caveo, curo], care.

ciina,, ae, / [cf. Quirites], the senate-house, 380.

curro, ere, cucurri, cursum, intr. V., rim.

currus, us, m. [curro], chariot.

cursus, us, m. [curro], race, course, sjxed, fleetness; cursu, at \ full speed, 879 etc. i curvo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [curvus], bend, curve. ! curvus, a, um, adj. [cf. Kvprbs, bent, circus], bent, curved, winding.

cuspis, idis, /., spear-point, sjiear, javelin.

custos, odis, c, guardian, watcher.

Cybgle, es, /., goddess, orig. Phrygian, subsequently wor- shipped in Rome also as Ops or Magna Mater.

C^clops, opis, ?». [Ki^/cXwi/', Round-Kye^, a Cyclops, one of a

VOCABULARY

107

fabulou.s oiie-eyed race of giants

iii Sicily, Vulcau's workmen, 263.

cf cnus, i, ?». [kijkvos], swan.

[daps], dapis, /. defect. [cf. dairdvrj], sacrijicial fcast ; ba7iquet.

Dardamdae, arum and uin, vi. pl., 2^(itro>i. [Dardauus, ancieut kiug of Troy], descendants o/ l>ardaniis, thc Trojans.

Dardanius aud Dardanus, a, um, adj. , Dardanian, Trojan, see 287 n.

de, pre]). with abl., from, of, ont of, concerning, ahout ; de more, according to custom.

d6a, ae, /., goddess.

debeo, ere, ui, itum, tr. and intr. V. [de, habeo], owe; debitus, ovx'd, due.

de-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, intr. V., go axoay, depart.

de-cemo, ere, crevi, crutum, tr. and intr. v., decide, settle.

d6cet, ere, cuit, tr. and intr. impers. v. [cf. 8ok€w], it is seemly, bccoming, rif/ht.

de-cido, Ctc, cTdi, cisuin, tr. v. [caedo], rut dovm, off.

decimus, a, um, ccdj. [decem], tcnf/i.

dScoro, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [decns], adorn ; honuur, 25.

dgcorus, a, um, adj. [decor], hca uteo iis, gracefid.

de-curro, ere, curri aiid cficurri, cursum, intr. v., run or hasten down ; (of troops) mtcnoeurre ; march round pyre, 189 n.

dScus, oiis, n. [decet], orna- mcui ; glory, splendour.

de-d§cus, oris, n., disgrace.

de-fendo, ere, di, suni, tr. v., icard off, avert ; defend.

de-ficio, ere, feci, fectum, intr. V. [facio],/ai7, give in, lose heart.

de-fl€o, ere, evi, etum, tr. aud intr. V., weep) to the end or one's Jill ; especially lament the dead ; haec deflevit, uttered ihese lamcnts, 59 n.

de-fltio, ere, xi, xum, intr. v., flow down ; glide doivn from horseback, 501 n.

de-fringo, ere, fregi, fractum, tr. V. [frango], break down or off.

de-icio, ere, ieci, iectum, tr. v. [iacio], bring to the ground, strike doum, lay low ; cast down eyes ; deiecta oculos, her eyes downcast, 480 n.

de-labor, i, lapsus, intr. dep. v., glide down.

delectus, ^jar^. of deligo.

del6o, Pre, levi, lectum, tr. v., Uot out, destroy.

de-ligo, ere, legi, lectum, tr. r. [lego], 2Jick out, choose.

de-mens, ntis, adj., out of ones niind, in one^s nuuhicss ; subst. m., a madtaan, 399.

demessus, part. of demeto.

de-m§to, ere, messiii, messum, tr. v., inow down; pluck, gather.

de-mitto, ere, misi, missum, tr. V., scnd down.

Dem6ph6on, ontis, m. (acc. outa), a Trojaii, 675.

de-m6ror, ari, atus, tr. dcp. v., delay.

deni, ae, a, distrib. nuin. udj. [deeem], ten each ; ten.

dens, ntis, m. [oSoyj], Uwth.

densSo, ere, etum, tr. v.

108

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

[deusus], makc thick, throw in quick succession, 650.

densus, a, ura, adj. [cf. ba.atjs, dumus], thick, dense ; in croiuds, 834.

de-promo, Cre, rapsi, raptuni, tr. V., drawforth.

Dercennus, i, m., ancient Laureutian king, 850.

de-rigo, ere, rexi, rectum, tr. V. [rego], direct, aim.

de-ripio, ere, ripiii, reptura, tr. V. [rapio], snatch aiuay, tear, jihU, or stripfrom.

de-scendo, ere, di, sura, intr. V. [scando], go down, desceml.

de-s6ro, ere, rui, rtura, tr. v., forsake, cchandon; part. de- sertus, a, um, forsaken, forlorn, lonely.

de-silio, ire, sllui, sultum, intr. V. [salio], leaj} down.

de-solo, are, avi, atura, tr, v. [solus], leave solitary, forsake, abandon ; desolatus, left leader- less, 870.

de-torqu6o, fre, si, tortum, tr. V. , twist or turn aside.

dgus, i, m. [rt. di or div, shine, cf. divus], god.

de-vinco, ere, vici, victuni, tr. V., conquer completely, sub- due.

de-v6v6o, ere, vovi, votum, tr. V., consecrcde to a deity ; devote oue's self, 442 n.

dexter, tera, terum, adj. (8e^i6s), on tlie right hand ; dex- tera or dextra, as noun (supply manus), right hand ; dextra, as adv., on the right hand.

Diana, ae. /., ancient Italiau deity identilied witli Greek

Artemis, daughter of Jupiter and Latona, sister of Apollo.

dlco, ere, xi, ctura, tr. v. [rt. dic, cf. deLKVVfit.], say, tell, express, speak ; assign, appoint.

dictum, i, n. [dico], wm-d, 'utterance, command ; pl., message, 330.

Dldo, onis and iis, /., queen of Carthage.

dies, ei, c. in sing., m. in pl. [rt. di, cf. Diespiter, divus, deus], a day ; time, 425.

dif-f6ro, ferre, distuli, dilatum, tr. V. , 2)ut of, 2)rorogue meeting, 470.

dif-fundo, ere, fudi, fiisura, tr. V., scatfer, spread abivad.

dignor, ari, atus, tr. dep. v. [dignus], dee/n luorthy ; honour, 169.

dignus, a, um, adj., worthy, deserving.

dl-mitto, ere, mlsi, niissum, tr. V., send di^erent vxiys ; ^nd aside, 706.

dI-m6v6o, ere, movi, motum, tr. V., drive away.

Diomedes, is, m., son of Tydeus, king of Aetolia, famous hero at siege of Troy, 226 etc.

dlrus, a, um, adj. [cf. deivos], dreadfxd, shocking, accursed, dread.

dis-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, intr. V., go different ways; depart.

dis-cemo, ere, crevi, cretum, tr. V.. sejjarcUe, divide.

discrlmino, are, avi, atum, tr. V. [discrimen], divide. .

dis-curro, ere, cucurri and curri, cursum, itdr. v., run differ- ent ways ; impers. discurritur,

VOCABULARY

109

they Imrry in erery diredion, 465.

dis-icio, Cre, ieci, iectum, ir. r. [iacio], scatter, disjjerse ; (lisiecti duces, leaders torn from their troops, 870.

di-spergo, ere, si, sum, tr. v. [spargo], scatter ahout.

dissensus, us, ?«., discord ; dissensu vario, in confxised dis- sonance, 455.

dis-tin6o, ere, ni, tentiim, tr. V. [teneo], hold asunder, keeji at a distance.

dius, a, um, adj. [archaic form of divus], divine,godlike^ Camilla, (557 n.

dlva, ae,/., goddess.

dlversus, a, nm, part. of diverto ; as adj., turned different loays, different, far apart, out of th£ way, aside.

dlvus, i, m. [cf. Slos, dens], god.

do, dare, dedi, datnm, tr. v. [cf. Sidu/Jii], give ; give up ; animam, yield ?«p the ghost, 162 ; manns do, yield, 568 n ; assign to ; entrust ; consign to deatli ; acervos, make heaps ; funera, deal death ; poenas, pay the penalty ; souitum, raise a loud noise, scream, 458 ; sonitum dedit, sounded, tohizzed, 799 ; utter words, groans, etc, grant ; qna datur, as is permitted, 293 n ; datis habeuis, tvith reins slack, 623 ; ruinam dedit, made onset, charge, 613 n.

d6c6o, fre, cui, ctum, tr. v. [cf. 5t5dcr\-w, disco], teach ; tell of, inform.

dfilSo, ere, ui, itnm, intr. v.,

griere ; o nuniqnani dolituri, oh, ye whom sliame viU necer niir, 732.

dolor, iiris, m. [doleo], gricf, indignatini], agony.

dolus, i, m. [56Xos], cmft, guile.

domina, ae, /. [dominns], mistress, queen.

domus, iis, /. [Soyuos], honse, home ; domum, homewards, to home.

d5nSc, conj., until.

donum, i, n. [do], gift.

dorsum, i, n. [cf. deipri], hack.

dotalis, e, adj. [dos], relating to a doiory ; d. regia, the do^eer \ of a kingdom, 369.

draco, unis, m. [dpaKwv], serpent, snake.

; Drances, is (voc. e), a warrior. I 220 etc.

dtlbius, a, um, adj. [cf. duo], I doubting, doubtful, uncertain, hesitating ; critiml, 445. i dilco, ere, xi, ctum, fr. v., lead, bring ; (of bow) stretch, 860.

ductor, oris, m. [duco], leader.

dulcedo, inis, /. [dulcis], sweetness ; charm, tenderness, 538.

dum, conj., whUe, whilst ; so long as ; until ; provided that.

dilmus, i, m. [cf. Sotri/s, densns], thorn - bush ; pl. , thickets, woods.

dti6, ae, o, num. adj. \_5vo\ two.

duplico, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [duplex], douhle ; bend double, duub/e uji, 645.

dflrus, a, um, adj., hard ;

110

VERGILI AEjSTEIDOS XI

stern ; tnilsotne ; hardy ; duros obice postes, thc strongly-barred doors, 890.

dux, diicis, c. [duco], leader, captain, genercd, cliief, chie/tain.

e, prei)., see ex.

6biir, 6ris, m. [cf, e\i(pa.i\, ivory.

gburnus, a, um, adj. [ebur], of ivory.

ecce, interj., lo ! see ! belwld !

e-dico, t're, xi, ctum, tr. v., proclaim ; order.

e-dtlco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. v., leadforth.

effatus, see effor.

ef-f6ro, lerre, exttili, elatum, tr. V., carry forth, bring forth ; lucem, reveal the light, 183 ; se, bear one's self out froni, hasten frmn, 462 ; part. elatus, a, um, elated (of mind), 715.

ef-ficio, ere, feci, feetum, tr. v. [facio], efect, acconqjlish.

[ef-for], fari, fltus, tr. dep. v. defect., spieak ont, utter.

ef-ftlgao, ere, fugi, tr. aiid intr. v.,Jfcefrom, escape.

ef-fundo, ere, fudi, fusum, tr. V., pour forth ; fling on ground, prostrate, 485.

6gSo, ere, ui, intr. v., be in want, need ; part. ggens, ntis, as adj., lacking, needy, needing, with gen.

egi, perf. of ago.

6gO, me, mei, miM, me ; ^;^. nos, etc. ; pers. ^Jron., I.

egrggius, a, um, adj. [ex, grex, chosen out of t/ie herd], distinguished, noble, glorious, wonderful.

elatus, part. of effero.

eloquium, ii, «. [eloquor], eloqHencc.

e-iado, ere, si, suiu, tr. r., bajfle, evade, elude.

emensus, part. of emetior.

e-metior, iri, nieusus, tr. dep. V., measureout; perfonn ^onmey , 244.

e-mico, are, ui, atum, intr. v., dart or leap forth.

e-minus, adv. [manus], at or from a distance, frvm afar.

e-mitto, eie, misi, missum, tr. V., sendforth; hurl.

en, interj., lo ! bchold ! see !

§nim, conj.,for; neque enim_. for indeed...iu)t.

ensis, is, m., sword.

6o, ire, Tvi or ii, itum, intr. v. [cf. etyui], go, walk, advaiice; (of horse) pace along ; depart; (of noi|e) arise, 192.

Eous, i, m., the morning star, Daion, 4 n.

gqua, ae, /. [equus], Tnare.

6ques, itis, m. [equus], horse- man ; pl. and collect. sing., cavcdry.

gqmdem, adv. [quidem], verily, indeed, tridy, usually witli Ist person, 111 n.

fiquus, i, m. [IVttos], horse, steed; in equis, on horseback, 190.

ergo, adv., tJierefore, so.

e-ripio, ere, ripiii, reptum, tr. V. [rapio], snatch axoay ; strlp from, 679.

erro, are, avi, atum, intr. v. [cf. ^p-xo/iot], wander.

e-rumpo, ere, riipi, ruptnm, intr. V., rush forth or for- ward.

rOCABULARY

111

e-rtio, ere, lii, fitmii, tr. r.. root up, Jestiinj.

6t, conj. [cf. tTi], and ; et (que) . . et, both . . and ; but et . . que, 2 Ji ; as adv., also, even, so too, too ; explanatory, 272 n, etc. ; quin et, tnoreover, 130 ; fors et, 50 n.

etiam, mnj. [et-iam], and also, also, even ; unum etiam, one mo^e, 352.

Etruscus, a, um, adj., Etrus- can, of Etruria, a country on the right bank of the Tiber.

Euander (Euandrus), i, m., Evander, au Arcadian, son of Carmenta, said to have migrated to Italy auil founded Pallanteum on the Tiber, 26 etc.

Euboicus, a, um, adj., Evhoean, of Euboea, the largest island in the Aegean Sea, oflF Boeotia, now Negroponte.

EQneus, i, m., a Trqjan, 666.

e-vado, ere, si, sum, tr. and intr. V., (joforth, get dear of, pass through, escape; with dat., 702 n.

eventus, iis, ?». [evenio], oc- airrence ; success, 758.

e-verto, ere, ti, sum, tr. v., overthroio ; i.e. cut dovm, 136.

e-viscero, are, atum, tr. v., discmboivel ; tear open, 723.

ex or e, jyrep. with abl. [e/c, i^], otit of, from, of ; (one) of ; made of ; clipeum ex aere, shidd of Inonze, 10 n, so 850.

ex-animus, a, uin, ad.j. [aiiima], hreathless, llfdess.

ex-ardesco, ("re, arsi, arsum, intr. v.,fameforth, be kindled.

ex-audio, ire, ivi or Ti, itum, tr. V., hear di.^itinctly.

ex-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, intr. V., letiiefrom.

ez-cipio, ere, cCpi, ceptum, tr. V. [capio], capture, catch, 684 ; he ready to receive, 517.

ex-clHdo, ere, si, sum, tr. v. [claudo], shut out, exchule.

ex-cutio, ere, cussi, cussuni, tr. V. [quatio], shake out or off ; dashfrum on horseback, 615.

exemplum, i, n. [eximo, take mit as sanq^le], pattern, eoMmpile.

ex-6o, ire, ii (rarely Tvi), itum, r., 1. intr., go out or ,/' rth ; 2. tr., erade, escape from, 750 n.

ex-erc6o, ere, ciu, citum, tr. v. [arceo], kcej} busy ; (of land) till, 319.

exercitus, iis, m. [exerceo], army, host.

ex haurio, ire, hausi, haus- tum, tr. V., drink to the end, to the dregs ; (of toil etc), go through, endure, 256.

ex-hortor, ari, iitus, tr. dep. v., exhort, urge.

ex-igo, ere, egi, actum, tr. v. [ago]. lead out ; (of time) spend., 569.

emgiius, a, um, odj. [exigo, lit. iceighed, &):act], scanty, sjnall.

ex-osus, a, um, only in pa)i. [odi], hating eyxeedingly, de- testing.

ex-p6dio, ire, i\i or ii, itum, tr. V. [pes], disengage, set free ; put in order, explain, setforth.

ex-pendo, ere, di, sum, tr. v., weigh out ; ^jay in full, 258.

expSrior, iri, pertus, tr. dep. V. [rt. per, cf. peritus, weipa], test, prove find by experience.

112

VERGILI AENEIDOS X!

lem-n ; experto credite, belif.re 0716 who has ti-ied it, 283.

explorator, Oris, ui. [exploro], spy, scouL

ex-sanguis, e, adj., hloodless.

ex-slcror, ari, atus, tr. and iiitr. dep. r., curse, execrate.

ex-s6ro, ere, serui, sertum, tr. V., thrustforth ; uiuim exserta latus, having one breast bare, 649 ; exsertam papillam, thrust o%d, i.e. bare breast, 803.

exsilium, ii, n. [exsul], banish- ment, exile.

ex-solvo, ere, solvi, solutum tr. V., set free, free from.

ex-specto, are, avi, atum, tr. V., look oiitfor, expect, avmit.

ex-spiro, are, avi, atum, tr. and intr. v., breathe out ; breathe one's last, expire.

ex-striio, ere, xi, ctum, tr. v. bnildup ; exstructus, hirjh piled, 66.

exsiilo, are, avi, atum, intr. v. [exsul], be an exile.

exsulto, are, avi, atum, intr. freq. V. [exsilio], lea}), dance ; rejoice, exult.

ex-stipero, are, avi, atum, intr. and tr. v., mount tip ; pass over, cross.

ex-surgo, ere, surrexi, surrec- tum, intr. v., rise up.

extemplo, adv. [tempulum, di7n. of tempus], immediately, straightway.

ex-terrfio, ere, fii, itum, tr. v., frighten greatly ; part., exter- ritus, dazed, 806 n.

ex-toUo, ere, tr. v., lift up ; extol.

extremus, a, um, svp. adj.

[extra], utinost, farthest, last, meanest, 701; extrenia in morte, in deatKs last hour, 846 ; ex- trema gemens, uttering his last groans, 865.

exttlli, perf. of effero.

ex-lio, ere, lii, utum, tr. v., strip off ; strip o/arms, 395.

exttviae, arum, /. pl. [exuo], any covering strijyped off ; spoils stripped from foe ; stripped off skin, hide of auimal.

, f§,cil6, adv. [facilis], easily.

facilis, e, adj. [facio], easy to do, easy ; comp. facilior ; svj>. facillimus.

facio, ere, feci, facttim, tr. v., make, do ; offer vows, 50.

factum, i, n. [facio], deed.

fallax, acis, adj. [fallo], cheat- ing, deceitful.

fallo, ere, fefelli, falsum, tr. v. [cf. (T(j>a.W(j3, dcr^aXTjs], deceive.

fama, ae, /. [fari], 1. report, rumour ; personified, 139; 2. fam,e, reputation, renoicn ; 3. exploit, 224.

famiila, ae, /., handmaid.

famiilus, i, ?«.. (gen. pl. um, 34 n), servant.

fandi, fari, farier, see for.

fas, n. indecl. [faii], 1. divine law ; 2. what is allowed by divine law ; f is (est), it is lawfid, right,

fatalis, e, adj. [fatum], fated, fixed by destiny ; ruled by destiny, 232.

fatgor, eri, fassus, tr. dep. v. [cf. fari], confess, admit.

fatlgo, are, avi, atnm, tr. v. [cf. iatisco], weary ; ply with spur, 714.

VOCABULARY

113

fatum, i, /'. [fari], ^yrophetic utte.ratice ; destiiiy, Jate ; pl., the fates ; mea fata, i. e. my proper tam of life, 160 ; fatis debitus, dne to death, 759.

fatxir, see for.

fauces, iuni, /. ^d., 1. upper part of throat ; 2. narroiu pass, dejlle.

fax, facis, /. [cf. favilla], torch, firebrand.

felix, icis, adj. [rt. fe, cf. femina, fecuudus], 1. Jertile ; 2. lucl-y, jarosperous, happy, Jurtunate.

femina, ae, /., woman.

femingus, a, um, adj. [femina], woman's, of women, feminine, uwnunly.

f6ra, ae, /., u-ild beast.

fSrltrum, i, n. [fero ; cf. cpipe- Tpov], bicr.

fgrinus, a, um, adj. [ferus], of wild animals.

fSrio, ire (perf. and sup. per- cussi, percussum, fr. percutio), strike, smite.

fSritas, atls, /. [ferus], wikl- ness, ferceness; feritate, i?t his wild mood, 568.

f6ro, ferre; tuli, latuni, tr. v. [(pepu ; for tuli cp. toUo], bear, carry, brinij, carry off ; derive ilesceut, 341 ; decd wound, deatli, 749, 872 ; direct steps, 99 ; turu eyes, 800 ; guide, 232 ; (absol. of path, etc), lead, go, 525 ; fer pectus iu liostem, bear your breast to meet . ., 370 ; se f, display ones self, 779, but tear one's self off, dash, 762 ; tell of, 141 ; offer, i.e. suggest, 345 u ; p)ass. as mid., hasten

cdong, ridc, viarch cdong, 530 etc.

ferratus, a, um, adj. [ferrum], iron-shud, 714.

ferrfeus, a, uni, adj. [ferrum], of iron; stcel c-Z«cl.601.

fenHgo, inis, /., iron rust ; dusky hue, 772 n.

ferrum, i, n., iron ; iron I point ; sword, loecqjon.

ferveo, ere, bia, and fervo, ere, vi, intr. v., be boiling hot, glow ; part. fervens, glminng.

fessus, a, um, o.dj. [cf. fatisco], weary ; ajfiicted, 335.

fides, ei, /. [fido], trust, ^ plcdge ; trusty tidings, 511.

fldo, ere, fisus sum, intr. v., I semi-dep. [cf. Tret^w], trust, trust I in, -vvith dat. ; part. fldens, ntis, as adj., bold, boldly, confdently. fidflcia, ae, /. [fido], trust, confidence.

fldus, a, um, adj.,faithful, true.

flgo, ere, xi, xum, fr. v., fx,

«ife, fasten ; transfx : middle

' use, fixus oculos, flxing his eycs,

507.

filius, li, m. [rt. fe, cf. femiua], son.

fingo, ere, finxi, fictuni, tr. v. [cf. Biyydvui], form, Jdshion ; feign, j^retcnd.

I finio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, ti: v. [finis], 1. iimit ; 2. Jinish off. I finis, is, m. (sts. /. iu sing. ) I [cf. findo], 1. limit, boundary ; 2. pl., territories, land, horders. flnitimus, a, um, adj. [finis], j neighbouring.

flo, fieri, factus, v. used as ^ j)ass. of facio, q.v., be made etc. ; : (of souud) arise, 298.

114

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

firmo, are, iivi, atum, tr. v. [firmus], make Jitm, strengtheii ; ratify treaty, 330.

fixus, imrt. of figo.

flagro, are, avi, atuiii, intr. v. [cf. (pX^yw, flamnia], be on fire, hlaze ; flagrans, hlazing, raging.

flamma, ae, /. [flagro], flame.

flatus, us, m. [flo, flare], hreath, blast ; bliister ; pl., his fuU-blown pride, 346 ; snorting of horse, 911.

fl6o, ere, evi, etum, intr. v., weep.

florSo, ere, fii, inir. v. [flos], hloom ; florentcs aere, in braverij of hrass, 433.

flos, fioris, m., blossom, flower.

fiamen, inis, n. [fluo], stream, rircr.

fltio, ere, xi, xum, intr. v. [cf. flumen, fluctus], flou\ stream, glide.

fltivius, ii, m. [fluo], river.

focus, i, m., hearth; = \i\\fii\im, lilace ivhere dead had heen hurned, 212 u.

foedo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [foedus], disfigure.

foedus, a, um, adj. [rt. fu in fumus], foid, filthy.

foedus, cris, n. [cf. fido, fides], alliance, compaet, trecdy.

[for,] fari, ffitus (archaic inf. farier = fari, 242 n), tr. and inir. dep. V. defect. [cf. (prjni], say, speak ; copia fandi, abundance of speech, or words, 378.

foris, is, usually pl., fdres, um, /. [dvpa, cf. foras], gate, door.

forma, ae, /., shape, form; beauty.

formldo, inis, /., fear, dread.

fors, forte, /., only 7iovi. and abl. sing. [cf. fortuna], chance ; adv., fors, ^wchance, perhaps ; fors et, 50 n ; adv., fort6, per- ehance, by chance.

fortis, e, adj., brave, gallant.

fortQna, ae, /. [cf. fors], chance, fortune (good or bad).

fortflnatus, a, um, adj. [for- tuna], fortunate, luchj, happy ; witli gen., laboruni, happy in his struggle, 416.

fossa, ae, /. [fossus, fr. fodio], ditch, trench, mocd.

fragor, oris, m. [frango], crash, clash, din, noise.

frango, ere, fregi, fractum, tr. V. [rt. frag, cf. pTjyvvfjLi], hreak in pieces.

frater, tris, m. [^pdTrjp], hrother.

fraus, dis, /. [cf. frustra], deceit, fraud, treachery ; strata- gem, 522 ; bitter deception, 708 n.

fraxinus, i,/., ash-tree, ash.

fremitus, us, m. [fremo], dull roaring noise; snorting of liorses, 607.

fr6mo, Pre, iii, ituni, fr. and intr. V. [cf. ^pe/uLu], viurmur, roar, growl, neigh ; re-echo, 299 ; shout ; fremit arma, cries warl 453.

fr§mor, oris, ni. [fremo], noise, murmur.

frenum, i, n., pl. freni and frena [rt. fre, holdfast, cf. fretus], hridle, bit, reins.

fretus, a, um, adj., rclying on, trusting to, witli alil.

VOCABULARY

115

frlgidus, a, lun, adj. [frigeo], cold, chilly ; indolent, sluggish.

frons, ndis, /., leafy branch, foliage.

frous, utis, /. [cf. 6<j>p)js'], forehead, Irou'.

frustra, adv. [cf. fraus], in vain.

ftiga, ae^/. [fiigio], flight.

fiigax, acis, adj., flying, in flight, ready toflee.

fiigio, Pre, fugi, fugitum, v. [cf. (pevyo}], 1. intr., take flight, flee ; spicula fugieutia, {ainis) arrows as she flies, 654. 2. tr., flee from, shun, avoid, esca^e from^

fulcio, Tre, fulsi, fultum, tr. V., 2^1'op '"■P' siqjport ; fultus, jjrojjped up, resting on, 39.

fulg§o, ere, intr. v., flash, gleam, glitter, shine.

fulgor, oris, m. [fulgeo], gliltcr, hrightness.

fulmen, inis, n. [fulgeo], thundcr-holt.

fultus, i)art. of fulcio.

fulvus, a, uni, ndj. [cf. fulgeo], deep reddish ycllow, auburn, tatvny yellow.

fiimo, fire, intr. v. [fumus], smoke ; reek with dust, 908.

funda, ae, /. \<j<piv^bvy)], sling.

funditus, adv. [fundus], from the foundations, utterly.

fundo, ere, fudi, fusum, tr. v. [cf. xfw, x^^<'''^]> pour forth, 2}our ; stretch on the ground, lay low ; rout, defeat.

ftln6r6us, a, um, adj. [funus], funcreal.

filnus, eris, n., funeral rites.

hurial ; deoAh, esi). violent death ; dead body, cmpse.

ftlro, ere, intr. v. [ef. dovpos], rage, rave ; furit arduus, rears wildly, 638 ; part. fiirens, utis, raging,frenzied, maddened, %oith 2)assionate haste, impetuous.

furtim, adv. [fur], by stealth, stcidthily.

furtum, i, n., iheft ; pL, stra- tagems, 515.

ftlsus, 2Mrt. of fuudo.

fatilis, e, adj. [fuudo], empty, %vorthless, 339 u.

ae, /., hclmet.

Garganus, i, m., mountain rauge in Apulia, now (Jargano, 247.

gaudium, ii, n. [gaudeo], joy.

gglidus, a, um, adj. [gelu], frosty, cold.

ggminus, a, um, adj., ttoin- born ; douhle, a pair of two.

ggmitus, us, m. [gemo], sigh, groan, groaning.

gSmo, ere, iii, itum, tr. and intr. V. [cf. 7^/aw, he fuU], sigh. s igh for ; groan.

ggner, eri, m. [rt. geu iu gigno], son-in-law.

ggnitor, oris, m., father, 2>arent, sire ; tlie »S'j/-e = Jupiter, 727.

gens, ntis, /, race, clan, people, nation ; the people opposed to rex, 113.

gSnus, eris, n. [^eVos], birth, descent ; lineage ; race.

g6ro, ere, gessi, gestum, ir. v., bear, carry ; vxar ; wage war.

gloria, ae, / [cf. K\ios, in-

116

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

clutus], glory, fame ; ambition, 154 ; tanity, 708 n.

Gorty-nius, a, um, odj., Gor- tynia/a, Cretan, fr. Gortyna, a city in Crete, 773 n.

gradior, gradi, gressus, intr. dep. V., step, waJk, go.

Graecia, ae,/., Greece.

Graii or Grai, orutn or iim, m. _?:»?., the Greeks.

gramingus, a, um, adj. [gramen], grassy.

grandis, e, adj., large, huge, hig.

grates, /. ^j?., usu. only in uom. aud acc. [gratus], thanks.

gratus, a, um, adj. [cf. xatpw, Xapts], 1. beloved, dear ; 2. graMfid.

grgnuum, ii, n., lajJ, bosom, chest.

gressus, iis, ra. [gradior], footstep, step.

grils, gruis, /. [yipavos], crane.

gurges, itis, m. [cf. gula, rt. gar, swallovj], whirlpool, abyss ; eddy, seething waters ; the deep sea., the main, theflood.

gutta, ae, /., drop, tear.

gyrus, i, m. [yvpos], circle, ring, 695.

habena, ae, /. [habeo], tho7ig, rein; pL, reins.

habSo, ere, ui, itum, tr. r., have, hold, possess ; consider, 339 ; non habet regressum, s/i£ cannot retrace her steps, 413.

habilis, e,,adj. {\x3h&6],}iandy ; handily, 555.

habito, are, avi, atum, tr. and intr. freq. v. [habeo], dwell, in- habit.

hac, adv. [hic], in or by this imy, here.

hac-tenus, adv., thus far.

Hadriacus, a, um, adj., Adri- atic, of the Adriaiic Sea,

haerSo, ere, si, sum, intr. v., hold fast, stick, cling to, remain fixed ; stand still, 699 ; (of victory) be checked, 290 ; be l^lanted firmly in, 864.

harena, ae, /., sand.

Harpalycus, i, m., a Trojau.

haruspex, spicis, m. [Sansc. hira, entrails, cf. x^P^V^ sooth- sayer, seer.

hasta, ae, /. [cf. pre-heudo], spear, lance. .

hastile, is, n. [hasta], shaft of spear, spear, javelin.

haud, adv., not ; haud secus atque cum, just as ivhen, 456.

Hector, oris, m., eldest son of Priam and Hecuba, the bravest of the Trojans, slain by Achilles.

hei, interj., ah! woe! often with mihi, oM me!

Herminius, ii, m., a warrior, 642.

heu, interj., alas ! o.h !

hiatus, iis, m. [hio], gaping, a gaping mouth, oris, 680.

Hiberus, a, um, adj., Iberian,

hic, haec, hoc, dem.pron., ihis; deictic here, 15 n ; he, she, it ; non haec, far different, 45 n.

hlc, adv. [hic], here ; hereupon.

hinc, adv. [hic], from here, hence ; after this ; hereupon, then.

HippSlj^te, es, /., wife of Acastus, king of Magnesia, 661.

Hippdtades, ae, m. patron..

VOCABULARY

117

S071 of HipjJoies, i.e. Amaster, a Trojaii, (574.

hdmo, iuis, c. [rt. in humiis, XCL/xai], a human being ; man.

hdndr (h6n5s), oris, m., honour; =funeral inocession, 61 ; pl., position, 219 ; nec honore, tmhonoured, 208 n.

horrSo, ere, ui, tr. and intr. v. , bristle ; tremble ; dreacl ; part. horrens, ntis, as adj., rough, shaggy, rugged ; horrendus, a, um, dread, aice-inspiring.

horribais, e, adj. [horreo], drcadfid, horrible.

horridus, a, um, adj. [id.], drcadful.

hortor, ari, atus, tr. dep. v. [cf. 6pvviJ.L], encourage, c.vhort.

hospes, itis, 'm. [cf. hostis], hdst, gucst.

hospitium, ii, n. [hospes], relation betivee^i host ancl guest, hospitality, alliance, 165 ; pl., ties of hos^ntcdity, 114 n.

hostia, ae, /., victim for sacrifice.

hostilis, e, adj. [hostis], foe- iiKUis, hosfile, enemy's.

hostis, is, c. [cf. hospes ; orig. stranger, foreigner], enemy, foe.

htlc, adv. [hic], to this place, hither.

htlmo, iirc, avi, atiim, tr. v. [humus], bnry.

hiimus, i, ./'. [cf. xa/^<^']i '''^ carth, ground ; mordere humuni, bite the dust, 418 ; locative, humi, on the ground.

h^acinthus, i, m., hyacinth, lily, C9 u.

hj^mfinaeus, i, m., marriage; ph, nuptials, bridals.

iapyx, ygis, adj., lapyginn, i.e. Apulian, fr. lapyx, sou of Daedalus, who ruled iu S. Italy, after whom the S. of Apulia was called lapygia.

ictus, us, m. [ico], hloio ; luound.

ictus, a, um, x^art. of obsol. ico, struck.

Idaeus, a, um, adj., Idaean, of Mt. Ida, near Troy.

Idem, eadem, idcm, dem.pron., the same, thevery ; idem infensus, icith the old hatred, 336.

idOmgneus, ei, ?«., king of Crete, leader of the Cretans against Troy, 265 n.

ignarus, a, um, adj. [in, not, gnarus], not knomng, ignorant ; unwittiyig, amazed, 19 n.

ignavia, ae, /. [ignavus], laziness, cowardice.

ignSus, a, um, adj. [ignis], fiery, like or as s^oift as light- ning, 718, 746.

ignis, is, m.,fire.

ignStus, a, um, adj. [in, not, gnotus = notus], vnkwnvn, strange, novel; indistinguishable, 527 ; ignota belli, the unknown hazards of war, 254.

Ilex, icis,/., holm- or evergreen- oak.

iliacus, a, um, adj., Ilian, of Ilium, poet. name of Troy.

ilias, adis,/., a Trojan woman.

Ilicet, adv. [ire, licet, cf. scilicet], immediately, forthwith.

ilius, a, um, adf, Ilian, of Ilium, poet. name of Troy.

ille, a, ud, dem. pron., that yondcr, that ; he, she, it ; that distant, that famous; to draw

118

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

attention, see ! look you ! 493 n, 653 n.

imber, bris, m. [cf. umbra, &H^pos\ rain.

imitor, ari, atus, tr. dep. v. [rt, im, cf. aemulus], imitate.

immo, adv., on t/ie contrary ; nay tlien, 459 n.

impgrium, ii, n. [impero], command, mandate ; empire.

impgro, fire, avi, atum, tr. and intr. i\ [paro], orde^; bicl.

Imus, a, uni, adj. [svp. of inferus], lowest, deepest ; imo pectore, the depth of her breast, 840 ; so 377.

in, prej}. [«f, dvd, eis = iv-s']: 1. with ab]., in, on, among ; in equis, on horseback ; in solido, set up upon a rock, 427 ; in armis, under arms, but 173, arm decked. 2. with acc, into, to ; against ; on to ; for, to see, 159 ; to, for, to win, 47 ; to- wards ; into = over (tlie flame), 199 ; till, 290 ; in tergum, back- wards, 653 ; in niorem, with gen., like, 616 ; in medium, for tlie public toeJfare or publicly, 335 n ; aeuis in plumam squarais, with brazen scales laid featherwise, 771.

inachius, a, um, adj., Ina- chian, i.e. Argive, Greek, fr. Inachus, first king of Argos, 286.

inanis, e, adj., empty, void ; (of hope) groundless.

in-cautus, a, nm, culj., care- less, carelessly.

incendo, ere, di, sum, tr. v., kindle ; roiise, excile, 147.

inceptum, i, n. [incipio], be- ginning ; design, 469.

in-certus, a, um, c(dj., un- certuin, doubtful.

in-cido, ere, cidi, casum, infr. v. [cado], fall in with.

in-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, tr. V. [capio], take in hand, begin.

in-cito, are, avi, atum, tr. v., urge on ; incite.

in-cltido, ere, si, sum, tr. v. [claudo], sh^it in, inclose ; encase in, 488.

incoliimis, e, adj., unharmed.

in-cumbo, ere, ciibiii, cubitum, intr. V., lean wpon ; bend for- ward.

in-curro, ere, curri (cucurri), cursum, intr. v., run toivards, rush on, cJiarge forward, charge upon.

in-cilso, iire, avi, atum, ^?-. r. [causa], blame.

in-decor and in-d6c6ris, e, adj. [in, decus], dishonoured, shameful.

in-defessus, a, um, adj., un- wearied.

in-dlco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. v., proclaim.

in-dignor, ari, atus, tr. dep. v., resent ; iudignatus, chafng, 831.

in-dignus, a, um, adj., un- worthy; undeserved, cruel, 108 n.

in-dtlco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. v., lecul on.

indiio, ere, \\\, utum, tr. v. [cf. exuo], put on ; don ; drape a.round ; cover, clothe or deck with.

in-6o, ire, ii (rarely Tvi), itum, tr. and intr. v., go into, enter ; pugnas, enter on thefra.y, 912.

inermis, e, adj. [arma], un- armed.

VOCABULARY

119

in-ers, ertis, adj. [nrs], mi- skilfnl ; inilolent, sjnritless, slnggard, making no efforf, 413 11.

in-fandus, a, uni, adj., un- utterable, ■iincked.

infans, ntis, m. [iu, fari], aa infant.

in-faustus, a, um, adj., in- auspicious, ill-starrcd.

in-felix, icis, adj., unha.2)py, griering.

infensus, a, ura, adj. [in, obsol. feudo, cf. defendo], hostile, threatening ; idem infensus, with tlie old hcdred, 336.

infgriae, aium, /. ^j^. [inferi], sacrijices to the gods below in honour of the dead, funeral offerings.

in-f6ro, ferre, tiili, illatum, tr. V., hriiig into ; arma, bears cmns against ; bellum, viake ivar npon; se, dash or charge against ; se foribus, enter the doors, 36.

infit, 3rd sing. of obsolete infio, he hcgins to speak.

in-fletus, a, um, adj., %in- tuept, unlamentcd.

in-fodio, ere, fodi, fossum, tr. V., dig in ; bjirg bodj-.

in-gemo, ere, gemui, tr. and i7itr. V., sigh orer, grooM.

ingens, ntis, adj., huge, stal- UHirt, viighty, great, vast ; ccnnp. ingeutior.

ingloiius, a, ura, adj. [gloria], inglorious, undistinguished.

in-gravo, ilre, fivi, atum, tr, v., render u-orse, aggravate.

in-gr6dior, gredi, gressus, tr. and intr. dep. v., enter ; engage in, cssay.

in-grtio, rre, grtii, intr. v., I rii.sh on, assad.

j in-htimatus, n, um, adj., vn- 1 huricd.

In icio, cre, ieci, iectum, tr. v. . [iacio], Jling into or %(pon ; I insjnre in, 728.

inimlcus, a, um, adj. [amicus], iinfriendly, hostile, foemens, of foes.

inlquus, a, um, adj. [aequus], uneven, rugged, 531.

in-lacrimo, are, avi, atum,

intr. V., and inlacrimor, ari,

atus, intr. dep. v., weep over.

inmanis, e, adj. [in, not ; it.

i ma, rneasurc, cf. metior], enormous,

I monstrous, huge.

in-matiirus, a, uni, adj., I unripe ; (of death) untimely, j early, 166.

I in-mensus, a, um, adj. [lit. not mmsured], vast, mighty.

in-miscSo, ere, misciii,mixtum and raistum, tr. v., mix in, mingle.

in-mitto, ere, niTsi, missum, tr. V., lct go into ; (of spear) fling, 562 ; let loose ; inmissis frenis, with loosened reins, 889.

in-miigio, Tre, Tvi or ii. Ttum, iyitr. V., roar in or af ; inoan, 38 n.

in-mulgeo, ere. fr. v., mi/k into.

in-no, are, fivi, atuni, intr. r., swim in.

in-niim6rus, a, um, udj., countless, in ii uinerahfc.

in-patiens, ntis, adj., im- patient of, with gen.

in-p6dio. Tiv, Tvi or li, Ttum,

120

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

tr. V. [cf. pes, expedio], cntanglc, hinder.

in-pello, ere, puli, pulsum, tr. V., prish on, urge on or to.

inpensa, ae, /. [inpensus, sc. pecunia], outlay, cost.

in-pl6o, ere, evi, etum, tr. v., fll up, fill ; fill the mind qf, 896 n.

in-plico, are, avi or ui, atura or itum, tr. v., enttoine, /asten to or on, involve in; interlock, 632.

inportflnus, a, um, adj. [see 305 n], unsuitable, utterly out. of place, monstrous.

in-pr6bus, a, um, adj., prop. &ut of due pri>portio7i, excessive ; remorseless, shamdess, 512 n, 767 n.

inpQne, adv. [in, poena], «?i- harmed, with impunity.

inquam, is, it, perf. inquii, defect. V., say.

inritus, a, um, adj. [in, ratus], invalid, of no effect ; vain, use- less, idle.

in-rumpo, ere, riipi, raptum, tr. ainl intr. v., burst in or into.

insidiae, arum,/.^Z. [insideo], amhush.

in-sid6o, cre, sedi, sessum, tr. and intr. v. [sedeo], sit in or upon, settle in, occupy.

insigng, is, n. [insignis], hadge of office, etc. ; pl., sta.tdy trap- 2nngs, 89 ; emhlems, marks, 334.

insignio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, tr. v., mark, make conspicu- ous, adorn.

insignis, e, adj. [in, signum], distingvished by a mark, con- sjncuous, renowned.

in-sisto, i"re, sttti, ivtr. v., set foot on ; witli acc, vestigia, plant footprints, 573 n.

in-sdno, are, tii, intr. v., muke a noise in, scytind ; delapsa insonuit, sped dotimtvards ivith rushing sound, 596.

in-sp6Iiatus, a, um, ctc7j., not despoilcJ, not stripjjed off, arma, 594.

instlgo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [cf. stimulus], goad on, incite, encourage, 730.

in-sto, are, stiti, statum, intr. V., stand on ; press on, charge, 872 ; press hard upon, 703 ; talce ones stand on, 529.

in-stitio, ere, xi, ctum, tr. v., construct ; marshal ; instructos aeie, in hattle array, 449.

in-sulto, are, avi, atum, tr. and intr. v. freq. [insilio], leap upon ; prance, 600.

in-stiper, adv., ahove, more- over, in addition.

in-surgo, ere, surrcxi, sur- rectura, intr. v., rise ujwn or up to, raise one's sdf, 755.

in-tactus, a, um, adj., un- touched, unharmed.

in-tgmeratus, a, um, a.dj., undefiled, inviolute.

inter, prejJ. with acc. [cf. in, intra], between, icithin, amid, amidst ; inter manus, within your grasp, 311. inter se, (de- bate) xoith one anotJier, 44."> ; (entwine) with one anothe?; 632 ; (turned) towards one another, 121 ; (clistant)/;wft one another, \ 907 n ; coire inter se, meet, 861. j int6r-6a, adv., meamohile, meantime, see 1 n.

VOCABULARY

121

intgrior, uis, comp. aOj. \^ikis. \ iiiterii.s 11 ot fouiid], iiViWi; iii- terif/r ; svp. intimus.

in-territus, a, um, adj., im- dauitted, uiidismayed.

inter-sum, esse, fiii, intr. v., be between ; be present at ; lacrimis, take part in, 62.

in-torqu6o, ere, torsi, tortum, tr. V., hrandish, hurl at.

intra, ^j?-e;;. wltli acc. [for intera, sc. parte, see interior], within, inside.

intro-gr6dior, gredi, gressus, intr. dep. r., step into, enter.

intiili, 2'^''f- of infero.

in-ultus, a, um, adj., v.n- aceiKjed.

in-umbro, are, avi, atum, tr. '(•., overshadoio, shade.

in-undo, are, avi, atum, tr. and intr. v., inundate, flood ; sauguine, sxcim with blood, 382.

in-verto, ere, verti, ver.sum, tr. V., orertnrn.

in-victus, a, um, adj., un- conquered.

in-vid6o, ere, -vlAi, \\sam, intr. aiid tr. v., look askance at, befjmdr/e, envy.

invidia. ae, /. [invidus, in- videoj, cnvy, halred, 337 n.

in-vi6Iabilis, e, adj., in- viohihle.

in-vlso, ere, si, sum, tr. v., go tii see, visit.

invlsus, a, um, adj. [invideo], hfded, hateful; invisus tibi, thy foe, thy riva.l, 364.

iollas, ae, m., a ■\varrior, 640.

ipse, a, um, gen. ipsius, d.em. pmn. [is, pse = pte], self, very, he himsetf, etc. ; of ma-ster, 358 u.

Ira, ae, /. [cf. epis], anger, wrath, rage.

is, ea, id, gen. eius, dern. pron., he, she, it, tliat, this.

iste, a, ud, gen. istius [cf. is], that (or this) near you, that of yinirs, etc. (see 537 n), thcd ; ofteu contemptuous.

ita, adv. [cf. is], in this vxiy, so,_thus, sv.ch.

Italia, ae, /., Italy.

Italus, a, um, adj., Italian.

italides, um, /. pL, daugh- ters of Itcdy, Italian ^comen, 657.

iter, itineris, n. [eo], journey, loay, rnarch.

itllus, i, m., son of Aeneas, also called Ascanius, 58.

iacSo, ere, ciii, citum, intr. v. [cf. iacio], lie, recline.

iacio, ere, ieci, iactum, tr. v., hurl, thrmc, fling.

iactus, us, m. [iacio], a ihroir- ing, cast.

iactUum, i, oi., dart, javelin.

iam, adv., by this time, nou; already ; non iam, 7io longer ; presently, soon ; even, 275.

iam-dfldum, a.dv., long since, this long v>hHe ; i. sedet, sils aJl the irhile, 836.

I6vis, see luppiter.

ifiba, ae, /., mane.

iilb6o, ere, iussi, inssum (archaic fut. iu.s-so, 467 n), tr. V., bid, order.

itigtilo, are, avi, atiira, tr. v. [iugulum], cut the throat of, mvrder, slay.

iiigtilum, i, /(. [rt. iug, cf. iungo, orig. collar-hone^, throat, neck.

122

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

iiigTim, i, n. [see iungo], yokf ; 'inouiitain-ridge.

iungo, ere, nxi, iictiim, tr. r. [rt. iug, cf. ^1^76;', iugum], join ; vnite ; pacem, ratify peace, 356.

luppiter, lovis, m. [for Djovis- pater, cf. Zei;s, Aijs, rt. div-, shine], .hqnter or Jore, son of Saturn, brxjtlier aud husband of Juuo, the chief god among the Romans, corresponding to Greek Zeyf.

iur^um, li, n., qv.arrel in words.

ius, iuris, n. [rt. iu iungo, lit. thai which is hindinj], rirjht, justice.

iusso, archaic fut. of iuheo,

iustitia, ae,/. Wwaim^justice.

iiivencus, i, m. [cf. iuvenis], yoiing hullock, steer.

iiivdnis, is, c, younr; man or tvoman hetween about 20 and 40 years of age ; youthful warrim:

itiventus, utis, /., the season of youth ; the young men of military age, the youths, the chivalry, toarriors.

iiivo, are, iuvi, iutum, tr. and intr. V., help, aid ; delight ; impers. iuvat, it is of use, prqfits; is a delight, delights.

iuxta, (ulv., near.

labor, i, lap.siis, intr. dep. v., slide, glide away or back, fall, droojj.

labor, oris, m., labotir, toil, effort, 476 ; task, 510 ; fortu- natus labonim, happy in his struggle, 416.

labrum, i, n. [rt. lab. cf. lambo], lip.

lac, lactis, n. [cf. yaXa], milk.

lacertus, i, >«., upper arm from shoulder to elbow.

lacesso, ere, ivi or ii, itum, tr. V., provoke, challenge ; provoke to fight, armise, 585 n ; attack, 842.

lacrima, ae, /. [Sd/cpn], tear ; p)l., lameiitation, 62.

lacrimor, ari, atus, and lacrimo, are, avi, atum, intr. r. [Lacrima], shed tears, weep.

lacrimosus, a, iim, adj. [lacrima], tearful, wailing.

laetitia, ae, /. [Laetus], joy.

laetor, ari, atus, intr. dep.v., rejoice; have Joy in, with gen., 280 n.

laetus, a, nm, adj., Joyful ; haud 1., Joyless, 238 n ; cum laeta venisset, in the hour of Joy, 42 ; laeta laborum, rejoicin^ in her toil, 73.

laevus, a, um, adj. [cf. Xai6s], on the left side, left; laeva, ae, /. [sc. manus], the left hand ; laeva, on the left (side).

Iangu6o, ere, intr. v., befaint, languid ; part. languens, ntis, faint, drooping, ivith droojnng head, sluggish.

largus, a, um, adj., abundant, pienfcoiis, lavish.

Larina, ae, /., companion of Camilla, 655.

Larissaeus, a, ura, adj., of j Larissa, city in Tliessaly on the Peneus, 404.

late, adv. [latus], widely, far and vjide ; far aivcty, afar, 114 n.

VOCABULARY

123

Latlnus, i, m., king of the Laurentians, fatber of Laviuia, 128 etc.

Latlnus, a, nm, adj., Latin, of Latium, country in Italy, S. of the Tiber ; Latlni, orum, w. pl., the Latins.

Latium, ii, n., country of Italy S. of tbe Tiher.

Latonius, a, nm, adj., of Lutiraa, motber of Apollo and Diana. Latonia virgo, or La- tonia = I)iana, 534, 557.

latus, eris, m. [cf. TrXari^s, later], side, flank of animals or nien.

latus, a, um, adj. [for stlatus, cf. sterno], broad, wide.

laudo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [laus], ^//Y(tse, e.xtol.

Laurens, ntis, adj., Laur- entian, of Laurentum, capital of Kiug Latinus in Latium, now Torre di Paterno.

laus. laudis, /. [for elaus, cf. KXeos], praise, renown.

Lavlnia, ae, /., daughter of King Latinus, 479.

laxo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [laxus], expand, loosen, relax, set frec, dea.r.

laxus, a, um, adj. [cf. langueo], loosc, relaxed, slack.

legatus, i, rn. [lego, are], envny, amhassodor.

16go, i"re, gi, ctum, tr. v. [cf. \iy(ii, AeA.-Tos]. coUect ; choose, single out ; part. lectus, chosen, select.

lentus, a, um, adj. [cf. lenis], soft, jjlianl, towjh ; nerveless, 829.

letalis, e, culj. [letum], decully.

letum, \,n. [? cf.de-leo], dcath.

I6vis, e, a.dj. [for lcg-vis, cf. ^Xaxi^s], light iu weight ; slirjht, mean, 688.

levis, e, adj. [cf. Xeros], smooth.

lex, legis, /., a bill, hao ; pl., terms, 322.

llber, era, erum, adj. [cf. libet], free.

liber, bri, m. [cf. \ewHv, i^eeU, inner bark of tree.

llbertas, atis, /. [liber], freedom, liherly.

llbro, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [libra], ^jo/.s/'.

Libycus, a, um, adj., Libyan, African.

licet, ere, cuit and citum e.st, intr. impers. v., it is lavjfid, cdlowed, one rnay ; with sulij. {o\\ovi\Yig = althoiigh, 440 etc.

Ligur (Ligus), uris, adj., Ligurian ; subst., a Ligurian, people of N. Italy uear modern Genoa.

llmen, inis, n., threshoJd ; ahode, palace, 235.

lingua, ae,/., tongue.

linquo, ere, iTqui, tr. v. [Xetirw], leave, abandon, forsake ; drop reius, 827.

Llris, is, m., a Trojan, 670.

litus, orLs, n. [cf. XifjLvri], coast, shcre.

Locri, orum, m. pL, the Locrians, a Greek people, 265.

16co, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [locus], plctce ; set vp, 427.

Idcus, i, VI. (pl. loci and loca), pkice ; ground, vontage-ground, 531 ; fldd for merit, 180.

longe, adv. [longiis], long, in length; duxit longe, drew itfar.

124

VERCxILI AENEIDOS XI

860 ; from (ifar, far off, ut or to a distance, hy fur,far.

lougus, a, um, adj., long ; prolonged ; lougus iu, stretching far to^oards, 317.

Idquax, acis, adj. [loquor], talkatice; noisy,clamorous, 458.

loquor, qui, cutus, tr. and intr. dep. V., sjieak, say.

lorica, ae, /. [lorum], leather cuirass ; cbat of mail.

lilbricus, a, um, adj., slippery.

lHcfio, fre, xi, intr. v. [cf. lux], shine.

luctor, ari, atus, intr. dep. v., struggle.

luctus, us, m. [lugeo], grief, mourning, lamentation.

Itlcus, i, m., vjood, grove.

lHdo, ere, si, sum, tr. and intr. v., play ; mock, ridicule.

Itlggo, ere, xi, ctum, tr. and intr. V., mourn, lament.

Itimen, inis, n. [for lucmen, cf. lux], light ; eye ; distinguished person; tot lumina ducum, so many glorious leaders, 349.

IGno, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [luna], bend like a crescent ; part. Iflnatus, crescent-shajMd, 663.

Itio, ere, Itii, tr. v. [cf. \vui], pay debt, penalty, etc. ; pay for, atonefor; appease.

Itipus, i, m. [Xiy/cos], wolf.

lustro, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [lustrum, jnirificatory sacrifice, fr. luo], purify ; go round, trarerse ; survey, examitie, watch.

lustrum, i, «., haunt, lair of wild beasts.

lux, lucis, /. [cf. luceo, lumen], light ; light of sky, sky.

luxtirio, are, avi, atum, aud

luxiirior, ari, atus. inlr. v., be hixuriant, rank ; wanton, revel, prance.

LJ^cius, a, um, adj., Lycian, of Lycia in SW. of Asia Minor.

macto, are, avi, atum, tr. v., offer, sacrifice ; slaughter.

Maednides, ae, m., a native of Maeonia or Lydia ; Mrurians, 759 n.

maerSo, ere, tr. and intr. v., grieve, mourn, sorroiv.

maestus, a, um, adj. [maereo], sorrouful, sorrowing, in mourn- ing, mournful, sad.

magnus, a, um, adj. [cf. jue^as], great, large, mighty ; (of pledge) sure, 55 ; (of prayer) earnest, 229 ; boastful, 381 n ; comp. miiior, sup. maximus, see below.

mala, ae, /. [for maxla, cf. /j.d<raw, maxillaj, Jaio.

malignus, a, um, adj. [malus], spiiteful, grudging, 525 n.

malus, a, um, culj., bad ; malum, i, n., an evil ; misfor- tune, ill, trouble.

mamma, ae, /. [na.mia], breast, teat.

mando, ere, di, siini, tr. v., bite, chew.

mando, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [mauus do, lit. j^ui in the hand'], commit, cntrust.

mandatum, 1, n. [mando], chargr, bidding, message.

maneo, ere, nsi, nsum, tr. and intr. V. [cf, ixivu], stay, remain, await.

Manes, ium, »n,. pl. [old Lat. ma.nvis = good], deified souls of

VOCABULARY

125

tliedead; hence the Loiver World; I Manes sub imos, i/i Hades, 181. '

manifestus, a, iim, adj. [mauus, fendo, cf. defendo], clear, evident, manifest, 232 n.

manlplus, i, m. [for mani- 1 pulus, fr. manus, pleo], a com- \ pany of soldiers, troop.

manus, us, m. 1. hand ; valour, 289 ; nianu, by force of hand ; inter manus, within your grasp, 311 ; manus dare, yield, 568 n ; manum conferre, enguge in comhat, 283. 2. band, Iroop, force, host.

Mars, Martis, m., god of war ; = %ixir, 153 etc.

Martius, a, um, adj. [Mars], martial.

mater, tris,/. \jJ.y)T-qp\, mother, matron.

matSries, ae, /. [cf. raater], matter, matcrial, buildiny material, timber.

matemus, a, um, adj. [mater], mothers, viatermd.

matrona, ae, /., matron.

Mavors, rtis, poet. name of Ma/rs, god of war ; =warlike \ sjnrit, 389. '

maximus, a, um, sup. of i maguus, vo-y great, grecdest ; giant, 690 ; chicf ; eldest, 237. ;

me, fr. ego, q. v.

mecum, for cum me, ^cith \ mc. :

mgdius, a, um, adj. \jie(Toi\, in the middle or midst, the midst ' of ; in niedios, into the midst of ; them (or of the throng) ; in ^ mediis, in the midst ; in medium consulite, for the piMic welfare or jniblicli/, 335 n ; fugae medio, :

in the midst of his flight, i.e. to barhisflight, 547.

mglior, ius, adj. used as com}). of bonus, better ; in nieliu.s, to happier sta.te, 426.

m§nuni, isse, intr. (rarely tr.) V. defect. [redup. fr. rt. meu, cf. fiifji.vri(TK(i}], remember.

mSmor, oris, adj. [cf. nieniinij, remembering, mindful of, witli gen.

Menfilaus, i, wi.,king of Sparta, son of Atreus, brother of Aga- memnou and husband of Helen, 262.

mens, mentis, /. [rt. meu, cf u\<iw\m\\,mind ; purpose, 795.

mensa. ae, /. [rt. ma, nieasure, cf. nietior], taMe.

mSrfio, ere, tii, itum, tr. and intr. V., deserve ; part. m§ritus, a, um, deserved, due, well earned.

mergo, ere, si, sum, tr. v., dip in,j}lu7ige in.

merito, adv. [meritus], de- servedly.

meritum, i, n., uvrth; pL, deserts.

Messapus, i, vi., an Italiau warrior, 429 etc.

Mgtabus, i, m., Volscian king, father of Camilla, 540 etc.

metilo, ere, ui, litum, tr. and ititr. v. [metus], fear.

metus, us, m., fear, panic.

m§us, a, um, jMss. pron. [me], my, mine ; inflicted by me, 792 ; (quarrel) with me, 406 ; mei, my comrades, 273.

Mezentius, li or i, m., tyrant of Caere or Agylla, 7, 16.

mihl, dai. of ego.

miles, itis, m., a soldier ; siug.

126

VERGILI AEXEIDOS XI

often used collectively, soliUery, trooxis.

mllitia, ae,/. [miles], warfare.

mille, inded. nv.ni. aJj.. a thousand ; in^j?. as subst. , mllia, thousands.

Minerva, ae, /., Eoman goddess, ideutified witli Greek Fallas Athene, 259.

ministra, ae,/, handmaid.

ministro, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [miuister], wait ujoon ; supply, furnish.

minor, ari, atus, tr. and intr. dep. V. [minae], threaten.

minus, adv. comp. [cf. minuo and adj. minor, less^ less.

mlror, ari, atus, tr. and intr. dep. V. [mirus], wonder or marvel at.

miscgo, ere, scui, stum or xtum, tr. V. [jj.lyvvfjii], mix, mingle, confuse.

miser, era, erum, adj. [cf. maereo], vjretched, pitiable, piteous, nnhappy, hapless ; sup. miserrimus.

misSrandus, a, um, gerundive of miseror, as adj., pitiable, unhappy.

mis6r6or, eri, itus, intr. dep. V. [miser], feel pity for, pity, usually with gen.

mitto, ere, mlsi, missum, tr. v., Ict go, send ; hurl ; dispatch ; escort, 27 ; omit, pass over or by, 256.

mixtus, part. of misceo.

mOdo, adv. [modus], but just now, lately.

mddus, i, m. [rt. meA.,measure, cf. modius, fx.idiixvos'], measure, limif ; rnanner, mode, fashion.

moenia, ium, m. ^jZ. [muuio, d/jLvvci}'], defensive ivalls, ra^nparts, walled clty, city.

moles, is,/ [cf. /jLoxOos, molior], hvge mass.

moUis, e, adj. [cf. /j.a\aK6s], soft, tender, gentle, yielding.

mdnSo, ere, ui, itum, tr. v. [rt. meu, cf. mens, memini], advise, ivarn.

mons, ntis, m. , mountain.

monstro, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [moneo], show, point out ; point ihe way, 892.

mdra, ae, /. [cf. fieWa}], delay.

mordgo, ere, mumordi, mor- sum, tr. V., bite ; liumiim, bite thc dust, 418.

morior, mori, raortuus, intr. V. [rt. mar, die, cf. marceo, morbus], die.

mdror, ari, atus, tr. aud intr. V. [mora], delay ; (of life) refuse to let depart, 177 ; esse nil moror, see 365 n.

mors, rtis, /. [cf. morior], death ; personitied, 197.

mortalis, e, adj. [mors], mortal ; pl. as subst., mortals, 182.

mos, moris, m., manner, custom ; pl. mores, manners, morals, temper, 347 ; in morem, with gen., after t/ie fashion of, like, 616 ; more, in the manner of, 186 ; de more, according to I custom, 35, 142. I motus, us, m. [moveo], a mov- t ing motion ; emotion, ^Jossion. I m6v6o, ere, movi, motum, tr. i (rarely intr.) i>., move, stir ; move \forivard, 446 ; move, touch, 538 ; ijMSs., be frightened, 408.

VOCABULARY

127

mQcro. onis, m.,j)oiHt ov cdgc of sword, sicoid.

mulco, are, avi, atum, ir. r., hdabour, shnj, 839.

mtUilbris, e, adj. [mulier], of a v-oiua/i, woman's.

multo, are, avi, atuni, tr. v. [multa], punish, 839 n.

multum, udv. [multus], much, greatbj.

multus, a, um, adj., viuch, ijrcat ; manij a, many ; comj). plus; siiperl. plurimus, see below.

munus, Oris, n. [cf. rauuia], service, duty ; funercd rites, burial ; gift.

murmur, uri.s, n., viurmv.r ; roaring of river.

miirus, i, ?«. [cf. moeuia], vxd/, esp. city-uxdl.

musso, are, avi, atum, tr. and intr. V. [cf. mutus], speak in an vndertone, mutter, 454 ; be m fear, fear, 345 n.

mfltabilis, e, adj. [muto], changeable, changefid, 425 n.

mHto, aie, avi, atum, tr. and intr. V. rcf. moveo], change.

Mycenaeus, a, um, adj., of Mycenae, a city in Argolis, of which Agameiimon was king, 266.

MyrmidSnes, um, m. pL, the MynniJons. a peoplo of Tliessalj-, uuder the sway of Achilles, 403.

nam, conj., for; iu emphatic interrogations, as enditic, quae- nam, u-hcd in the ^corld, %chat 2)ray, 108.

nam-que [strengthened form of ua.ii\'].for indecd , for.

I nata, ae, /. [uatus], daughter.

natus, i, rn. [nascor], son,

navalis, e, a.dj. [uavis], nara.l ; navaie, is, usu. ^>/. navalia, ium, n., dockyard. ! navis, is, /. [yaOs], shij).

ne, adv. and cmij., no, not, iu wishes and prohibitions ; (final) I in order that not, lest. j -n6, interrog. enclitic i)artide , iu direct or iudirect cniestiou ; -ne...-ne, v:hcther...or, 126.

nec, see neque.

nSmus, ori.s, n. [cf. veixu), pasture flocks, veixos], icooded pastvre land, wood.

N6optol6mus, i, m., son of Achilles, 'called also Pyrrhus, 263 u.

ng-qu6 or n6c, conj., and not, nor ; ueque (uec)...ueque (nec), neither...nor ; neque enim, for indeed. . .not ; nec quisquam, and no ane ; nec uon, moreover, further ; uec dum, nor yet, 70.

ne-quiquam, adv. [ne, quis- quam], in rain, to no jmrposc.

nervus, i, m. [cl. vevpov], tendon ; hence hoicstring.

ni, conj., =nisi, if not, unless.

niger, gra, grum, adj., black.

nigresco, ere, grui, intr. in- cept. V. [uiger], groiv dark.

nihil or nil, n. indecL, nothing; as adr. iu acc, in no way.

nTmium, adv. [nimius, nimis], too niuch.

ni-si, conj., ifnot, vnless.

nlsus, us, m. [nitor], striving, effort ; rv.sh, sicoop, 852.

nivgus, a, um, adj. [nix], s)iovy, snow-vhite.

nis. nivis. /. [fn/xxs], snow.

128

YERGILI AENEIDOS XI

nobilitas, atis, /. [uobilis], nohility, high hirth.

nocturnus, a, um, adj. [nox], nocturncd, of the night, at night.

n5dus, i, m., knot.

nomen, Inis, n. [nosco, ^t^j^wcr/cci;], name ; famc, glory.

non, adv., not ; uec uou, nio7-e- over,further; uou iam, no longer.

nos, plur. of ego, we, us.

nosco, ere, uovi, notum, tr. incept. V. [for guosco, cf. yLyvdKTKu], become acquainled with, learn ; perf., knoio ; notus, see below.

noster, tra, trum, poss, pron, [nos], our, ours.

notus, a, um, part. "of nosco ; as adj., well-known, familiar, customary.

Notus, i, m.. [i/^Tos], the south wind.

nSvus, a, um, adj. [cf. veos, nuper], new ; gloria, young amhition, 154 ; sup. nSvissi- mus, a, um, latest, last.

nox, noctis,/. [^vv^], night.

ntlbes, is,/. [cf. vi^os, uebula, etc.], cloud.

ntldus, a, um, adj., bare, naked.

nuUus, a, ura, gen. lus, udj. [ue, ullus], not any, none ; uou uullis oculis, tvith loatchful eyes, 725 u.

ntlmen, iuis, w. [uuo] (lit. a nodding of head\ command ; wiU, decree of deity, 232 etc.

ntimgrus, i, m.. [rt. nem, dis- tribute, cf. j/e/xw], numher ; uec numero, unreckoned., 208 n.

numquam, a(^y.[ue,umquam].

nunc, adv. [yvvl, now ; nunc adeo, 314 u ; nunc.nunc, at one ti.me...at another,

nuntio, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [uuutius], announce, report.

nuntius, ii, m., messenger ; message, tidings, neivs,

nurus, us, /. [«'nos], daughter- in-laio ; young married woman, bride.

niltrio, ire, Tvi aud ii, itum (nutribat = nutriebat, 572 u) tr.v., nourish, rear.

Nympha, ae, /. [yvix(pri'\, a nymph, demi-goddesses vvlio iu- habited tlie sea, rivers, woods, etc., 588.

0, interj., oh ! ah !

6b, prep. witb acc, on account of, owing to.

obex, icis, m. and /. [obicio], holt, bar ; duros obice postes, the strongly-barred doors, 890.

obllquus, a, um, adj., side- long ; side-glancing envy, 337.

obliviscor, sci, litus, tr. dep. V. [cf. liveo, be dark, lividus], be unviindful offorget, with geu. ; part. oblitus, a, \\m, forgetful.

ob-ntlbo, ere, psi, ptum, tr, v., reil, cover.

6b-6rior, iri, ortus, intr. dep. V., rise u}} before, appear ; (of tears) well up, 41 u.

ob-riio, ere, iii, iltum, tr. v., overthroio, overivhelm.

obscHrus, a um, adj. [rt. scu, cover ; cf. scutum], dark ; ob- scure, douhfful.

ob-servo, are, Svi, atuui, tr. V., watch, observc. I ob-sid@0, ere, Gdi, essuiu, tr.

VOCABULARY

129

r. [sedeo], Uockade ; occupy positiou.

ob-sldo, ere, tr. r., beset, hc-

leafjH

ob-stipesco, ere, pxii, intr. \ incept. r. [stupeo], be astonished, stand amazed.

ob-sto, are, stiti, statum, i7itr. V., with dat., stand in the way of, thicart, obstruct.

obtentus, \is, m. [obtendo], cover, reil ; canopy, 66.

ob-testor, firi, atus, tr. dep. V., caJl as a witness ; protest ; entreat.

ob-texo, ere, iii, tr. v., over- spread, cover, hide.

Sb-umbro, are, avi, atum, tr. V., orershadoiu ; screen, shelter, 223 n.

6b-uncus, a, um, adj., hooked, taloned.

6b-ustus, a, um, adj. [oh, uro], hurnt or ha^rdened at the end, 894.

ob-verto, ere, ti, sum, t?: v., turn towards; part. obversus, a, uiu, turned towards.

obvius, a, um, adj. [ob, via], in the iray, so as to meet, to meet, with dat.

occasus, us, m. [occTdo], set- ting of sun ; hence the west.

oc cido, ere, cidi, casum, intr. r. [ob, cado], ^jevis/i, die ; he ruined.

OC-cIdo, ere, cldi, cTsum, tr. v. [ob, caedo], strike down, kill, slay.

OCCiipo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [ob, capio], take possession of, seize.

oc-curro, ere, curri (rarely cficurri), cursum, intr. v., hasten or go to meet, ride to meet ;

pugnae, rush or hasten to the JigM, 528.

Oceanus, i, m. \^UKeavbi\, the Ocean, 1.

dciilus, i, m. [Saae], the eye ; ex oculis, out of sight, 814.

odium, li, n. [odi], hatred, ill-will.

616a, ae,/. [eXata], olire.

616o, ere, ui, tr. aud intr. v. [ofw, otlor], emit a smell, smell of; part. olens, ntis, sweet- smelling, fragrant.

olim, adv. [ollus = ille], formerly.

oUi, archaic nom. pl. masc. and dat. s. of ollus = ille.

61or, oris, m., swan.

Olympus, i, m., mountain- range between Macedonia and Thessaly, the dwelling-place of the gods.

omen, inis, n. [old form osmen = ausmen, fr. audio], sigti, token, omen.

omni-potens, ntis, adj., ■ all- powerfuJ.

omnis, e, adj., all, erery, the whole.

6n6ro, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [onus]. load, burden ; aggravate, increase, 342 ; cover with, 212.

6nus, eris. n., load, burden.

6pacus, a, um, adj., shady, darlc.

6p6rio, ire, lii, ertum, tr. v. [cf._ aperio], cover, cover up.

Opis, is (acc. im), /., nymph of Diana, 532 etc.

op-p6to, ere, Ivi or li, itum, ;■/•. V., go to meet, encounter ; perish, die.

130

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

oppidum, i, n. [oIj, cf. TreSoj/], toion.

op-p5no, ere, posiii, positum, tr. V., place opposite ; se, present one's self face to face ivith, con- front, witli dat., 115.

[ops], opis, /. defect. [cf. opulentus], power, strength ; pl. 6pes, um, property, wealth, means.

optimus, a, um, adj. used as sup. of bonus, hest, most excellent.

opto, iire, avi, atum, tr. v., ivish for, desire, long for, pray for ; of what oue scarcely expects to get, see 582 n.

opus, eris, n., work, lahour ; pL, efforts, 228.

ora, ae, /. [cf. os, oris], horder, j edge.

orator, oris, m. [oro], sjMkes- man ofanembassy; ambassador.

orbis, is, m., circle, ring ; the world.

orbus, a, um, adj. [cf. 6p<i>av6s], bereft of, with abl.

ordior, iri, orsus, intr. and tr. dep. V., hegin.

ordo, inis, m. [cf. orior], regular series; array, line of soldiers, etc. ; order.

orior, Iri, ortus, intr. v. [cf. ^pvvnL], rise, arise.

omus, i, /., mountain-ash.

Orn^tus, i, m., an Etruscan warrior, 677.

6ro, are, a\a, atum, tr. v. [os, oris], pray, heg, pray for.

Orsilochus, i, m., a Trojan warrior.

orsus, part. of ordior.

OS, oris, n., mouth, face, Ups ; uno ore. with one voice, 132.

os, ossis, 11. [6(XT€ov'], a hone.

ostrum, i, n. [6aTpeov'], purple.

6vans, ntis, part. of ovo (only classical iu part.), triumphing, exulting, in triump)h.

Padtlsa, ae, /., one of the mouths of tbe river Po, 457.

Pagasus, i, m., a Trojan warrior, 670.

palla, ae, /., rdbe, mantle.

Pallas, adis, /. [IlaXXds], Greek name for goddess Minerva.

Pallas, autis (voc. Palla, acc. anta), m., son of Evander, 27 etc.

palma, ae, /. [n-aXdya?;], pabn of hand, Imnd.

palor, ari, atus, intr, dep. v., straggle, be scattered.

Pandarus, i, m., gigautic Trojan, 396.

pango, ere, panxi, pepigi or pegi, pactum, tr. v. [cf. Trrj-yvviii], fasten, fix ; agreeupon, stipulate, with acc, 133.

papilla, ae, / dim. [papula], teat, brcast.

par, paris, adj., equal, like, alike, well-matched,

parco, ere, pSperci (rarely parsi), parsum, intr. v., be spar- ing, spiare, with dat.

parens, ntis, m. and/. [pario], pareyit, father, mother.

par6o, ere, ui, itum, intr. v., obeij, with dat.

pario, ere, peperi, paritum (partum), tr. v., bring forth, bear ; gain, obtain, win.

paiiter, adv. [par], in like manner, alike.

parma, ae, /. [Trd/j/i??], small round shield, buckler.

YOCABULARY

131

paro, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [cf. pario], get ready, prepare, try.

Parrhasius, a, um, ad]., of Parrhasia, a towii iii Arcadia, heuce Arcadian.

pars, partis, /., a part, por- tion; some ; pars...pars, so?w€... others.

partim, a.dv. [pars], partly, in ijart.

partior, iri, rtus, tr. dep. v., share, distribute.

parvus, a, um, adj. [cf. paucus, paruni, Traupos, parcus], little, small.

pasco, ere, pavi, pastum, tr. and intr. v. [rt. pa, feed, cf. pabulum, panis], drive topasture, feed; graze, 319 n.

passim, adv. [passus, fr. pando], in different directions, far and wide.

passus, iis, m. [pando], step, jKice ; uec longis inter se passibus absunt, they are at no long dis- tancefrora one another, 907.

pastor, oris, m. [pasco], shepherd.

pastus, iis, rn., ^Msture ; pl., ihe pastures, 494.

pat6o, ere, iii, intr. v. [cf. TTeTdvvviJ.i'], lie open ; p. iu arma, stand undefended against tveapons, 644 ; part. patens, ntis, lying ojjen, open ; exposed ; (wound) gaping open.

pater, tris, m. [TraTrjp, rt. pa, feed, cf. pasco], father, sire ; pl., senators, 379.

patemus, a, um, adj. [pater], of a father, paternal ; of one's native country.

patior, pati, passus, tr. dep. V. [cf. Tra^ffi'], bear, vndergo.

patria, ae,/'. [jiatrius, sc. terra], fatherland, ones country ; her native earth, 594.

patrius, a, um, adj. [pater], ofa father, paternal ; ancestral ; of one's native country, native.

paucus, a, um, adj. [cf. Traiipos, parvus], few ; paucis, sc. verbis, briefiy, 315 n.

paulatim, adv. [paulum], little by little.

pavidus, a, um, odj. [paveo], trembling, terrified.

pavito, are, tr. and intr. freq. V., be greatly ofraid ; pavitans, quivering, 813.

pax, pacis, /. [cf. paciscor], jjcace.

peetus, oris, 7i., the breast, chest ; heart,feelings.

pSciis, lidis, /., a single heo.d of cattle, a beast.

pSdes, itis, rn. [pes], one that goesonfoot; foot-soldier.

pgdester, tris, tre, adj. [pedes], onfoot.

pellis, is,/., hide, skin ; coat, 770.

pello, ere, pepiili, pulsum, tr. v., drive, hurl ; drive atcay or back, expel, rout, defcat, beat.

pelta, ae, /. [TreXTi;], small light shield, usually crescent shaped.

Pgnates, lum, m. pl. [rt. pa, feed, cf. pascor], the Penates, old Latin guardian deities of household and of state ; hence, dioelling, home, 264.

pendSo, ere, pependi, intr. v. [cf. pendo], hang, hang doion.

132

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

pgnitus, adv. [cf. penetro], imvardly, deeply ; utterly ; far back, 623.

Penthgsilea, ae,/., queen of the Amazons, slain by Achilles, 662.

pgpigi, perf. of pango.

p§r, prep. with acc. [cf. Trapa], through, throughout, along, over.

per-cello, ere, cfili, culsum, tr. V. [cf. celei; procella], smite down.

per-ciitio, ere, cussi, cussum, tr. V. [quatio], s)nite ; raiddle use, percussae pectora, beating their breasts, 877 n.

per-do, ere, didi, ditum, tr. v., destroy, ruin, lose.

pgrlgrlnus, a, um, adj. [peregi-e], forcign.

pgremptus, 2^art. of perimo.

per-6o, ire, ii (Ivi), itum, intr. V., pass aivay, be destroyed, perish; periture, to ineet thy doom, 856.

p6r-erro, are, avi, atum, tr. v., wander through ; circuitum pererrat, proids aroiind, 766.

per-f6ro. ferre, tuli, liitum, tr. V., bear through ; bear to or omvards ; carry away, carry.

per-fodio, ere, fodi, fossum, tr. V., pierce throiigh, transfix.

perfractus, part. of perfringo.

per-fringo, ere, fregi, fractum, tr. V. [frango], break in pieces, shatfer, see 614 n.

per-fundo, ere, fudi, fusum, tr.v., pour over, drench ; pass., bathe, 495.

Pergama, orum, n. pL, citadel of Troy, 280.

pei^o, ere, perrexi, perrectum,

tr. and i^itr. v., proceed tvith, proceed.

perlctilum, i, n. [rt. per, cf. experior], lit. trial, experiment ; peril.

p§r-imo, ere, emi, emptum, tr. V. [emo], destroy ; slay.

perlatus, ^mrt. of perfero.

per-misc6o, cre, scui, stum aud xtum, tr. v., mix together, mingle.

pemiz, icis, adj.,nimble, rapid, sivift.

pes, pedis, m. [ttoPs], foot; pedem reportare, retire, 764 ;pl., talons, 723.

pestis, is, /., plague ; bane.

p5to, ere, ivi or ii, itum, t7\ v. [rt. pet, cf. ir^To/j.ai, impetus], rush at, aim a bloio ut ; makefor, seek; site/or peace, 230.

phalanx, ngis, /. [<pd\ay^]. band of soldiers in array, array, host.

pharetra, ae, /. [(paperpa], quivcr.

pharetratus, a, um, adj. [pharetra], girt with a quiver.

Phoebus, i, m. [iol^os, the radiant oyie], name of Apollo, the sun god, hence the sun.

Phr^gius, a, um, adj., Phrygian, hence Trojan because Troy belonged to Phrygia.

Phryges, um, m. pl., the Phrygians, a people of Asia Minor ; hence TrojaMs, see Phryg^us.

pictus, part. of piugo.

pietas, atis, /. [pius], dutiful conduct to gods, parents, country, etc, piety, dutifulness.

pignus, oris and eris, n. [rt.

VOCABULARY

133

pac, cf. paciscor, pango], pledrje.

plngus, a, um, oxlj. [pinus], of piaes, pi/ie- ; pine-clad, 320.

pingo, ere, nxi, pictum, tr. v., paint ; embroider ; part. pictus, emhroidered, emhlazoyied, 660.

pinguis, e, adj. [cf. iraxvs], fat.

pinna, ae, /. [rt. pet, fly, cf. TreroMat], featlier ; pL, xoing.

plnus, iis and i,/. [cf. Trtri/s], pine-tree, pine.

piscosus, a, um, adj. [piscis], teeming withjish, 457 n.

pius, a, iim, adj., dutiful, pious, see pietas.

plac6o, ere, cui and cTtus sum, citum, intr. v. [cf. placo], be pleasing, please ; placet (mihi), is iny opinion, my proposal, 332 ; id placet, that is settled, 435.

placidus, a, um, adj. [placeo], gentle, quiet, calm.

placo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [ef. placeo], quiet, assuage, appease.

plaga, ae, /. [rt. TrXafc, cf. TrXa/coCs. planus, lit. flat traci], region, tract.

plango, ere, nxi, nctum, tr. and intr. v., heat, beat the breast ; wail, 145.

planities, ei,/. [planus], level surface, tahle-land.

planta, ae, /., sole of iooi, foot.

plaustrum, i, n., v;aggon.

plenus, a. um, adj. [rt. ple, cf. pleo, TriiJ.Tr\ri/jLL],full ; laden ; crovxled, thrunging road, 236 n.

plGma, ae, /. , small feather ; aenis in plumam squamis, vrith brazen sccdeslaid/eatherwise,!!!.

pltlrimus, a, um, axlj. used as sup. of multus ; very many, most.

plHs, pliiris, pl. pliires, pliira, adj. used as com}}. of multus, more, in sing. both as subst. and as adv.

pociilum, i, n. [rt. po, cf. ireiruKa., potus], drinking cup.

poena, ae, /. [Trotvi}, cf. poenitet], penalty, punishment.

poUez, icis ,rn., thu.mb ; finger.

pdlus, i, m. [ttoXos], pole (end of an axis) ; tlie sky, heavens, 588.

pompa, ae, /. [iro/jLirri], solemn procession.

pondus, eris, n. [pendo], weight ; heavy missile, 616.

pono, ere, posui, positum, tr. V., place; lay on ; lay aside ; (of head) let sink, 830.

pontus, i, m. [Troi^ros], thesea.

pdpiilus, i, m. [rt. ple, cf. pleo], a.people, thepeople.

porta, ae, /., cily-gate, ga.te. doo-r.

portentum, i, n. [portendo], sign, token, piortent.

porto, are, avi, atuni, tr. v. [cf. ^iropoi'], carry, hear, bring.

posco, ere, poposci, tr. v., call for, demand, daim, require ; summon, challenge.

pos-sideo, ere, sedi, sessum, tr. V. [old prep. por(t), sedeo], oion, possess.

pos-sum, posse, potui, intr. v. [potis, sum], be able, can, have poioer ; quid possit virtus, what valour can achieve, 386 ; bri^ig one'sselfto, 307 ; quantum posset ..., ihe poiver o/"..., 155 ; potuit

134

VERGILI AEXEIDOS XI

quae plurima virtus esse, all that valour cmM do, 212 ; pdtens, see below.

post, 1. prep., with acc, le- hind, afler ; 2. adv., behind, afterwards.

postis, is, m., 2)ost, door-post ; pl., door ; duros obice postes, ihe strongly-harred doors, 890.

post-quam, conj., after that.

postremus, a, um, adj., superl. of poster or posteras (not in nom. sing. masc), last.

potens, ntis, part. of possum, as axlj., mighty, pmoerfid.

potior, Iri, itus, intr. dep. v. ■mfh gen. or abl. [potis], hecome tnaster of, win tlie plain, 493.

potis, pote, adj. (rarely de- clined in positive), ahle, usually with esse ; potis est, is ahle ; comp. potior ; sup. potissimus.

potius, comj}. adv. [potis], rather, hy ^Jr ference.

prae, prep. with abl. [cf. pro], before, infront of

praeceps, cipltis, adj. [prae, caput], head foreniost ; head- long ; in headlong haste ; stecp.

prae-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, tr. V. [capio], seize beforehand ; anticipate; advise, direct.

praecipito, are, avi, atum, tr. and iyitr. v. [praeceps], throw headlong ; hurry heaxllong ; im- pel, 3 n.

praeciptlus, a, um, adj., especial, chief.

praeda, ae, f. [prehendo], booty, prey, spoil.

prae-dlv6s, itis, adj., very rich, wealthy.

\ praedo, onis, m. [praeda], robber, pirate.

prae-dulcis, e, adj., very pleasing, siveet.

praefatus, see praefor.

prae-fSro, ferre, tiili, latum, tr. V., place hefore; offer gifts, 249.

prae-flgo, eve, xi, xum, tr. v., fix or hang up infront.

prae-f6dio, erc, fodi, tr. r., dig in front of ; protect with trenches, 473 n.

[prae-for], fari, fatus, tr. and intr. V. dxfect., say beforehand ; [ divos praefatus, after praying to j the gods, 301 n.

I prae-mitto, ere, misi, missum, I tr. V., send fonuard. ! praemium, ii, n. [prae, emo], [ lit. prufit from booty ; ^j?-i3e ; rev-ard.

prae-nuntia, a.Q,f.,foreteller, ha/rbinger.

praesens, ntis, p)a.rt. of prae- sum, as adj., pjresent.

praesepe, is, n., and prae- sepium, ii, n. [prae, sepio], sta.hle, stall.

praeses, idis, c. [praesideo], pyrotector, guardian ; rulcr.

praesidium, ii, n. [praeses], protection.

prae-sto, are, stiti, statum and stitum, 1. intr., stand out before, he sv.p)erior ; pa.rt. prae- stans, ntis, pre-eminent, excel- lent ; 2. tr., exhibit ; p>rove ones self ; Achillem, play ihe (part of) Achilles, 438.

prae-stbno, ere, mpsi, mptum, tr. V., to.ke beforehand ; antici- pate, 18.

TOCABULAEY

135

prae-tendo, ere, di, tum, tr. V., bear infront of one, 332.

praet6r-6a, adv., heyond this, hcsides, further, mm-eover.

pr6cem, i, e, pl. preces, etc. (nom. and gen. sing. not used), /. [precor], prayer.

prgcor, ari, atus, tr. and intr. V. [cf. posco], pray, pray to, prayfor, beseech.

prghendo, ere, ndi, nsum, tr. V. [prae-hendo, cf. x«»'5"'''^]> lay hold of, seize.

pr6mo, ere, pressi, pressum, tr. V., 2>i'ess, 2>ress harcl upon, close vpon, pursue closely ; over- whebn, cover, 257 ; tighten reins, 600 n ; dispararje, 402.

Priamus, i, m., son of Lao- medon, kiiig of Troy, 259.

prlmitiae, arum, /'. ^j*?. [prinius], firstfruits.

prlmum, adv. [primus], at first, first; ut (ubi) primum, as soon as.

prlmus, a, um, s^ip. adj. [obsol. prep. pri, whence prior], first, fcrremost, before cdl, earliest, in tlie foretmst place, chief 2}rincipcd, noblest ; priiiia intra liraina, vhen first he crossed the threshoid, 267.

princeps, cipis, acfj. [primus, capio], first, foremost, chief.

prior, us, comp. adj. [see primus], former, previ&us ; superior ; see 760 n.

prius, com2\ adv. [prior], bcfore, sooner, first ; priusquam or prius quam, before that ; with sulij. (pnrpose), 809 n.

Prlvemum. i, n., town of Latium, uow Fi^jerno, 540.

pro, ^Jrv^^. with abl. [Tp6, prae, etc.], hefore, in front of ; in fa.vour of, for; instead of ; pro nioenibus, out upon the icalls, 895 n.

pr5-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, intr. v., go foncard, advance.

prScella, ae, /., violent mind, blast.

proceres, um, m. pl. [pro], the chiefs, nobles.

prociU, adv. [pro], at a dis- tance, from afo/r.

pro - cumbo, ere, ciibui, cubitum, intr. v., lean for- wards ; fall to the ground ; fling one's self on, 150.

pro-curro, ere, cucurri (curri), cursum, int.r. v., rushfonoard.

proelium, ii, n., battle, fight, fray.

pro-gr&dior, gredi, gressus, intr. V. [gradior], go fo^nvard, advance.

pro-icio, ere, ieci, iectum, tr. V. [iacio], throio fonvard ; fling atoay or dcrum ; expose to, 361 ; sternitur toto proiectus corpore, flings himself fuU length, 87.

pro-inde (dissylL 383), adv., in the same manner ; hence tlien, therefore ; with imperat., go on and...; proinde tona, thunder on then, 383 ; so, 400.

promissum, i, n. [promitto], proniise.

pro-mitto, ere, mTsi, missum, tr. V., 2Jromisc.

pronus, a, uni, adj. [pro, cf. wpavrjs = Trprr)vr]s\ bending for- icards ; prone, 485. j prdpinquo, fire, avi, atum,

136

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

intr. V. [propinqiuis], dmw near to.

prSpinquus, a, uni, adj. [prope], near, neighbovring ; near hovie, 156.

propius, comj). adr. [prope], nearer.

prQprius, a, um, adj., oncs o)V)i, pecidiar, due.

pro-s6quor, sequi, secutus, tr. dej). V., accompany ; deal cour- teously with; p. venia, honours ^vith the grace, 107 n.

pro-spicio, ere, exi, ectum, tr. and intr. v. [-specio], look for- wards ; sce.

pro-sum, prodesse, profui, intr. V., be useful, of use; avail.

pro-tendo, ere, di, STim and tuni, tr. V., stretch out ; thrust forth, 605.

Proteus, ei, m., a sea god, who had tlie power of assuming various forms ; see 262 n.

pro-tinus, adv. [tenus], forth- with, straightumy.

proximus, a, um, suj). adj. [prope ; co)))}). propior], nearest, very near, )ie.rt.

pruna, ae, /. [cf. irvp], live coal, burni)ig ash.

pQbes, is, /. [rt. pu, leget, cf. puer] (collect.) youth, young me)i.

piidfit, ere, liit or itum est, imjjers. tr. aud intr. v., it shcmies onc ; gerundive pudendus, a, um, sha))ieful, dishonourable, 55.

piler, eri, m. [see pubes], boy, son.

pii6rllis, e, adj. [puer], childish.

pugna, ae, /. [rt. pug, cf.

pugnus, fist, pungo, pugil], fight, fray, battle, combat.

pugnator, oris, m. [pugno], fighter, warrior ; piignatori iu- venco, afighting steer, 680 n.

pugno, are, avi, atum, intr. v. [pugna], fight.

pugnus, i, m. [cf. ■n-v^, see pugna], fist.

pulcher, clira, clirum, adj., beautiful, fair ; glorious ; comp. pulchrior ; sup. pulcherrimus.

pulso, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. V. [pello], push, strike, beat ; beat (with horse's hoofs), i.e. trample over, 660.

pulsus, part. of pello.

pulvis, eris, m., dust.

purptirfius, a, um, adj. [pur- pura], purple, bright.

ptlrus, a, um, adj. [rt. pu, cleanse^, clean, pure ; unem- blazoned shield, 711 n.

piiter, and pdtris, tris, tre, ccdj. [cf. puteo, rt. pu, stink], rotten; (of grouud) crumbling, 875.

piito, are, avi, atum, tr. v., think.

pyra, ae, /. \jvpa.], funeral pile, pyre.

qua, adv. [qui], where ; in what marmer ; qua datur, as is permitted, 293 n; with subj., tJud there, 749.

qua-cumqu6, adv., u-herever ; as two words by tmesis, 762.

quadrtip6dans, ntis, part. fr. obsolete quadrupedo, going on four feet, gcdloping ; as subst.pL m., steeds, coursers, 614.

quadriipes, odis, ccdj. [i[\\a.i-

VOCABULARY

137

tuor, pes], going on four feet, quUojnng ; suhst. m., a steed, 714, 875.

quae-nam, quae interrog. and suffix nam, what pray, 108.

quaero, ere, sivi or sii, situm, ti: V., seek.

qualis, e, pron. adj. [quis] (interrog.), ofwhat sm-t ; (relat. ), of such a sort ; Uke as, as ; qualis ubi (eum), as when.

quam, adv. [qui], in ichat way, hiAV ; as ; with comparatives than ; prius quam, see under priusquam.

quam - quam, conj., though, cdthough ; quamquam o, ancl yet! 415.

quando, adc. aud conj., tohen, sincc ; (iudef. ) at any time ; si quando, if ever.

quand6-quidem, conj., since indced.

quantum, adv. [quantus], as much as ; quantum posset, the pvwer of..., 154.

quantus, a, um, calj. [quam], hoio great, hoio huge.

quatio, ere, quassum, tr. v., shake; hrandish; campos, Aarass, perliaps scour the plain, 513 u.

-qu6, enclitic conj. [cf. -re], and ; -que...-que (et), both... un d ; vix . . . -que, scarcely . . . u-hen, 29C ; so, 621 n.

quercus, us,/., oal.:

quemus, a, um, adj. [quercus], oakcn.

qui, quae, quod, geu. cuius, 1. rel. pron., who, which, whai, ihat ; for that, 23 ; witli subj., (final) 61 n, 109 n, 330 n ; (causal) 219 n, 471 n ; quod su-

perest, for what remains to do, 1 5 n ; 2. interrog. adj., what ? vMch ?

qui, quae (qua), quod, gen. cuius, indef. adj., any.

quicum = quacum, imih wIwQn, 822 n.

qul-cumqug, quaecumquo, quodcumque, rel. pron., wlioever, whosoever, whatever.

quid, see quis.

quidem, o.dv., indeed ; ille quidem, 49 n.

qiuesco, ere, evi, etum, intr. V. [quies], become quiet, rest.

quietus, a, um, part. h: quiesco, as adj., at rest, ccdm, in repose, peaceful.

quln, conj. [qui-ne], that not ; viucet quin, prevail so that thou shouldst not, 355 ; indeed, truly ; introd. stronger statement, 7iay, 169 n ; quiu et, moreover, 130.

quis, quld, interrog. ^vro?;., lulw i ichich 1 ivhat ? quid, tvhy ? how ?

quis, qua, quid, indef. pron., any or some-one or -thing.

quis-quam, quaequam, quic- quam (quidquam), itvdef. pron., any, any one, anything, in neg. and virtual neg. clauses ; nec quisquam, and no one,

quis-qu6, qiiaeque, quodque {subst. quicque or quidquG),indef. l)ron., each, every.

quis-quis, quodquod (subst. quicquid or quidquid), rel. ^Jron., lohoever, ivhatever.

quo, adv. [qui] {rel. and in- terrog.), to iolmt purpose ? wherc- fore ? 735 ; whither.

138

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

quod, conj., tliat ; quod si, but if, yet if.

quondam, adv. [quom = cimi, suffix dam], once, formerly ; at times.

qudquS, co7y., also, too.

qudt, indecl. adj. [qui], how many ; as many as ; correlative to tot.

ramus, i, m. [cf. radix], hongh, hranch.

rapidus, a, uni, adj. [rapio], rapid, swift, rushing.

rapio, ere, rapiii, raptuni, tr. V. [cf. dpTrdfw], snatch, seize, snatch uj), take.

ratus, 2xirt. of reor.

raucus, a, um, adj. [rt. ru, cf. rumor], hoarse, hoarse-voiced.

re-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, intr. V., go hack, retire, depart.

rficens, ntis, adj.,fresh, newly- made.

rgceptus, fis, m. [recipio], re- treat ; place of retreat or retire- ment.

recessus, us, m. [recedo], re- treat ; retircd spot.

r6-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, tr. V. [capio], tali'e back ; gressum, withdrcm, 29.

r6-cilso, are, avi, atum, tr. aud infr. V. [causa], declinc.

r6d-argiio, ere, lii, tr. v., re- fute, prove to befcdsc.

red-do, ere, didi, ditum, tr. r., give back, restore ; (of words) answer.

red-6o, Tre, li, itum, intr. v., go or co7)ie back, return.

rgditus, iis, m. [redeo], « re- turning, return.

r6-d11co, ere, xi, ctum, tr. v., lead or h-ing hack, draio hack.

r6dux, iicis, adj. [reduco], re- turned, returning.

r6-fero, ferre, rettuli (retiili), relatum, tr. v., bear or bring back ; carry behind oue, 874 ; (of message etc. ), bear or carry back, report ; reply ; recall, mention ; carry duly, 689 n ; se referre, return, 662 ; vestigia rettulit, icas driven hack, 290 ; repay, 509.

r6-ficio, ere, feci, fectum, tr. v. [facio], re-make, re-invigorate ; checr troops back to, 731.

r6-flecto, ere, xi, xum, tr. v., hend or tavrn hack.

regia, ae, /. [regius, sc. domus], royal palace or abode, 38 n ; dotalis regia, the doiver of a kingdom, 369.

reglna, ae,/. [rex], queen.

r6gio, onis, /. [rego], direction, 530 ; district.

regius, a, um, adj. [rex], kingly, royal.

regnum, i, n., royal author- ity, royalty ; kingdom, realm.

regressus, lis, m. [regredior], going back, return ; non habet regressum, she cannot retrace her ste2)s, 413.

re-icio, ere, icci, iectum, tr. v. [iacio], throio back; parmas, throio back over shoulders, 619 ; drive back.

r6-linquo, ere, iTqui, iTctum, tr. V., leave hehind, ahandon. I rS-mSo, are, avi, intr. v., ccnne j back, return.

j r6-mitto, ere, misi, missuro, I tr. V., send back ; Hatus, abcde, i 346 ; ius, give up, 359.

VOCABULARY

139

r6-mulc6o, ere, si, sum, tr. r., stroke back ; draw back tail, 812 u.

Remiilus, i, m., a warrior.

r6or, reri, ratus, intr. cle}}. 'c, think.

rg-pleo, ere, cvi, etum, tr. r., refiU, fill vp, fill.

r6-p6no, ere, posui, posTtum (perf.part. repostus, 149), tr. r., jjlace back; set doivn, 149 ; duhj lay to rest, 594.

r6-porto, are, avi, atum, tr. r., carry or hrinij back ; pedeni, retire, 764.

re-posco, ere, tr. v., demand back or as one's due, demand to kear, 240.

rSpostus, poet. form of perf. 2Xirt. of repouo.

re-pugno, are, avi, atum, intr. V., fight against, resisf.

res, rei, /., a thing, object, mcdter, etc. ; ex^iloit, deed ; pl., fortunes, etc. ; cetera rerum, thc rcst of your fortunes, 310 ; summa de re, about the coriimon weal, 302 n.

re-sisto, ere, stiti, intr. v., sto.nd sfill, stand one's grovnd.

re-sorbeo, Pre, tr. v., snckback.

re-specto, are, tr. and intr. freq. r., look back intently or rejieatedly ; regard.

responsum, i, n. [respondeo], rephj, cvnswcr.

re-sto, are, stiti, intr. r., u-iihstand ; heleft, remain.

rltro, adv. [re, suflix -tro, cf. citro, ultro], backwards.

retttili, perf. of refero.

r§-vertor, i, versus, intr. deji. V., turn hack, return.

rfi-vlso, ere, tr. v., revisit.

rS-volvo, ere, volvi, volutum, tr. r.,rollback ; reflexiveinpass., ovcr or hackwards, 671 etc.

rex, regis, m. [rego], king, prince,

rigfio, ere, intr. v. [cf. piyeu, frigeo], be stiff, numh, esp. with cold ; part. rigens, stiff.

rigo, are, avi, fitura, tr. V. [cf. /Spex'^]) '^f^> moisten, drench.

rimor, ari, atus, tr. dep. v. [rima], pry into, grop)e, search for, 748.

rlpa, ae, /., hank of stream.

ritus, us, m., religious custom ; usage ; abl. s., ritu, with gen., after the manner of like.

rlvus, i, m., stream, brook.

robur, oris, n. [cf. pwwv/xi], liard wood, esp. oak, see 137 n ; strength, vigotir.

rogo, are, avi, f.tum, tr. v., ask, question ; ask for, beg, reqnest.

rSgus, i, m.,funercd 2)ile.

roro, are, avi, atum, intr. v. [ros], disiil deio j parl. rorans, detuy, 8.

rfiseus, a, uni, adj. [rosa], rosy.

I rostrum, i, n. [rodo], beak. I r6ta, ae,/., whccl.

rtldimentum, i, n. [rudis], first cdtem^Jt ; ^;/., schooling.

rtlina, ae, / [ruo], a falling doxmi of building ; disaster, I ruin ; rush of fugitives, rout, I 888 n ; ruinam dant = ruunt, make onset, charge, 613 n.

rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, tr. V., break, burst ; rumpit has

140

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

voces, he makes these words burstforth, 377 ; dash, 615 ii.

rflo, ere, fii, fitum, intr. v., rush, speed ; fall; in 212 prob. = eruo, rakeforth.

rursus, adv. [re, versus], again.

rtltilus, a, um, adj. [cf. epv9p6s\ red inclining to golden yellow, ruddy, 487.

Rtitiili, orum, m. pl., Ru- lulians. ancient people in Latium, whose capital was Ardea. Rtitiilus, a, um, adj., Rutulian.

sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj. [rt. sa, cf. sanus, (rws], sacred, holy ; n. pL, sacra, orum, sacred rites, sacrifice.

sacerdos, 5tis, c. [sacer], priest, priestess.

saepio, Ire, psi, ptnm, tr. v. [saepes, fence], feace in, enclose, hem in.

saetiger, Cra, Crum, adj. [saeta, gero], hristly.

saevus, a, um, adj., raging, furious, fierce, cruel, stern ; comp. saevior, sup. saevissimus.

sagitta, ae,/., arroio.

saltus, iis, m., looodland pasture ; defile.

saltls, litis, /. [cf. salvus], sound health ; safety.

salve, imperat. of salveo, cre, as greeting, hail !

salvSo, cre, intr. v. [salvus]. be in good health ; usually only iu inf. and imperat., salve, etc. ; liail ! 97 n.

sanctus, a, um, adj., part. of sancio ; as adj., sa,cred, holy ; comp. sanctior, sup. sanctissimus.

sanguis, inis, m., blood.

s3,t or satis [cf. adrfv], indecl. adj., suhst., and adv., enough, sujjicient, sufficiently.

sator, 5ris, rn. [sero], lit. soiuer ; father.

Satumius, a, um, adj., of Saturn, 252 n.

saucius, a, um, adj., wounded.

saxum, i, n., large stone, rock, crag.

BCSlus, eris, n., crivie, guilt ; artificis scelus, the cunning villain, 407 u.

sceptrum. i, n. [(7/c^7rrpoi'], roycd staff, sceptre ; primus sceptris, first aniong the sceptre- bearing chieftains, 237 n.

scl-licet, culv. [scire-licet], it is evident, clearly ; I ween ; (ironical) doubtless, forsooth.

scindo, ere, scidi, scissum, tr. V. [cf. (Txifw], tear asunder, cleave.

scio, ire, ivi, Ttum, tr. v., knotu ; scit, can bear witness, 259.

sc6piilus, i, m. [o-/c6TeXos], projecting rock, crag.

se, siii, sibi, se or sese, reflexive pron., himself, herself, itself.

se-cum ~ cum se, with himself, etc. ; in his mind, 550.

sficundus, a, um, adj. [se- qviov],folluwing, second; inferior to, 441 ; (of wind and figuratively ) following, hence favourable ; se- cundus nuntiet, report with favour upon, 739.

sectiris, is,/. [seco], axe.

s§CUS, adv. [sequor], otherwise.

s6d, conj., but, yet.

sSdSo, ere, sedi, sessum, intr.

VOCABULARY

141

t\ [cf. ej'0/iai, seiles, etc.], be seated, sit ; sit on horsehoxk, 692 ; haec sententia sedit Ihis resolte ivasfixed, 551 n.

sedes, is, /. [sedeo], seoA ; ahode, home, resting-jilace.

seditio, ouis,/'. \iikn\-\i\o, going apart], eiril diseord, sedition, cabal, 340.

segnis, e, adj., sloiu, tardy, laggard.

sella, ae, /. [for sedla, from sedeo], seat, chair ; throne = sella ciirulis, 334 u.

semSl, adv. [rt. sam, one, to- gether ; cf. similis, simul], once, (ince/or cdl, once and only once.

semi-animis (quadrisyll.), e, adj., half-dead.

semita, ae, /'., narroio u-ay, path.

semi-ustus (trisyll.), a, um, adj., hcdf-burnt.

semper, adv. [rt. sam, see semel], ahcays, ercr.

s6necta, ae, /. [senex], old age.

s6nex, is, adj. [cf. eVos], old, aged ; covqj. senior, elder, old, 31 n.

seni, ae, a, distrib. num. adj. [sex]. six each ; six.

sgnior, comp. of senex.

sententia, ae, /. [sentio], o^nnion, judgment, resolve ; seg- nis metu sententia, dxM thoughts offear, 21.

sgquestra, ae, /. [a /. form of sequester], stake-holder, hence mediafor ; pace sequestra, 133 n.

s6quor, sequi, secutus, tr. and intr. dep. lu [cf. eirofiai], /ollow, pursue, attend.

s6ro, ere, srvi, fatum, tr. r,, I sow, pdant.

I serpens, ntis, c. [serpo], snake, j serpent.

I servo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. I [cf. salvus], save, preserve ; j guard, watch over, watch. I sese, see se.

seu, see sive. i sex, adj. indecl. [et], six. j si, conj. [cf. d], if. I sibi, see se.

1 slbilo, are, avi, atum, intr. v. [sibilus, fr. the sound], hiss. sic, C(dv., thus, so. Sicanus, a, um, adj., Sicanian, \ see 317 n.

j Sldonius, a, um, adj., Sido- ! 7iian, of Sidon, famous Phoe- nician city, now Saida. i sldus, eris, n., constellation, ; star ; = storm, 260 n.

signum, i, n., mark, token ; \ standard, hanner ; coUatis signis, 771 pitched bottle, 517 ; sign, tokcn.

silentium, ii, n. [sileo], still- ness, silence.

sileo, ere, ui, intr. and tr. v., he silent, be silent aho%it ; part. silens, ntis, as adj., sUent, still. silva, ae, /. [cf. vkn], wood. silvestris, e, adj. [silva], of a wood, sylvan ; irild, 554. j Simols, entis, m., small river in Troas, falling into the Sca- ] mander, 257.

I simul, adv. [see semel], at the sanie time ; as p^^ep. with ahl. , at the same tiine with, see 827 n. sln conj. [si-ne], if however, hut if.

sinfi, prej). with al>l., withovt.

142

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

sinister, tra, trum, adj., on the left, left ; (of auspices), ham- ful, 347 (according to tlie Greek custom of facing north in taking auspices, lience the west, or un- lucky side, was on the left).

sinistra, ae, /. [sinister, sc. manus], the left hand or side.

sino, ere, sivi, situm, tr. v., suffer, allow.

sintiosus, a, um, adj. [sinus], windiny, sintious.

sinus, us, 7)1., curve, fold, Iwllow, bosom.

sisto, ere, stiti, statum, ir. and intr. v. [cf. iffTri/ju, sto], cause to stand, place ; he ■placed, stand, pause, halt ; sistere contra, stand up against, 873.

sl-v6 or seu, conj., or if ; sive (seu)...sive (seu), if.-.or if, whelher...or.

s6cer, eri, m. [iKvpos], father- in-law.

socius, a, um, adj. [rt. of sequor], sharing in ; allied, con- federate ; subst. socius, ii, m., a comrade, cdly, companion.

solacium, ii, n. [solor], a soothing, solace.

s616o, ere, solitus sum, intr. v., be accustomed ; part. sdlitus, a, um, adj., woyited, acciistomed ; solitum tibi, ctfter thy wont, 383 n.

solidus, a, um, adj. [cf. oXos, tvhole], firm, solid ; iu solido locavit, set up upon a rock, 427.

sdlium, ii, n. [rt. of sedeo ; cf. solum], seat, esp. throne.

sollicito, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [sollicitus], agitate, disturh.

s6Ium, i, n. [cf. solium], bare,

foundcdion ; the soil, groxmd, earth.

solus, a, um, gen. lus, adj. [cf. o^cs, whole, salvus, etc.], alone, solitary, lonely, only.

solvo, ere, solvi, soliitum, tr. V. [se-luo, zinbind], loosen, un- bind ; pay, discharge vows, etc.

s6ni-pes, edis, adj., with sounding feet ; suhst. m., steed, courser.

I sonitus, iis, m. [sono], noise, I sonnd, din, rattle ; sonitum dedit, it snunded, lohizzed, 799.

sono, are, ui, itum, intr. v., make a noise, sound, whirr, roar.

Soractfi, is, n., mountaiu in Etruria, 785 n.

soror, oris, m., sister.

sors, sortis, /., lot, chance.

sospes, itis, adj. [cf. o-ujs], safe, unhurt, alive.

spargo, ere. rsi, rsum, tr. v. [cf. (XTTiipo}], scatter, sprinkle.

sparus, i, m., small hunting spear, 682 n.

specto, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. v. [cf. a-spicio, ffKiirTOfJiai, etc.], gaze npon or at, zvatch.

spfeciila, ae, /., watch-tower ; height, 526.

spSciilor, ari, atus, tr. dep. v. [specula], spy out, watch.

spero, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [spes], hope, lookfor, expect.

spes, ei, /., hopie.

splctllum, i, n. [rt. spi, sharp, cf. spica, spina], point of missile ; dart, arroio.

sp61io, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [spolium], strip of, rob of,phm- der.

VOCABULARY

143

spolium,

hooty, sjkhL

spontg, /. [abl. of obsol. spous, 1 cf. spondeo], iisu. with mea, sua, I etc, of my [ones, etc.) o^mi free j will ; non sponte, all unwilling, 828. I

spUingus, a, um, adj. [spnma], | foa.ming. \

spQmo, are, avi, atum, intr. j r., foam, froth; jioH. spumaus, I foaming. \

squama, ae, /, scale of fish, etc. : scale-armoltr.

stagnum, i, n. [cf. rfvayos], stancUng jpool, swamp.

statiio, ere, ui, iitum, tr. v. [status, fr. sto], settip; estabiish; tletcrmine.

stella, ae, /. [for sterula, cf. aoTqp, astrum], star.

sterno, ere, stravi, stratum, tr. V. [cf. a-ropevvvfiL, strages, etc.], spread out, strew ; lay low ; (middle use) stemitur, he Jlings himself, 87.

stimiilus, i, /«. [cf. stilus], goad for animals, etc. ; (fig. of passion) sting, spur, 452 etc.

stlpgs, itis, m. [cf. stipo], log, post, stake.

stipo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [cf. (rTei'/3w], crowd together ; perf. part. as middle, stipatus, thronging aro^md, 12.

stirps, stirpis,/. (m. in Virgil), stock, stem ; family, lineage ; offspring, scion.

sto, stare, steti, statum, intr. V. [rt. sta, cf. IVrTjyttt], stand ; remainfi.xed.

strages, is, / [sterno], over-

n. [cf. (TKv\ov\ \ throw ; dcfcat; slaucjhtcr, carn-

age.

stramen, inis, n. [sterno], straic, litter ; hcd, 67 n.

strldSo, ere, aucl strldo, ere, di, intr. v. [cf. Tpi^w], creak, whiz, etc.

strldor, oris, m. [strideo], creaking, whizzing.

strtio, ere, xi, ctum, tr. v. [cf. sterno], 2^^^^ ^P^ arrange ; huild, construct.

Strymonius, a, um, adj., Strymonian, of tlie Strymon, a river in Thrace, uow the Struma, 580 n.

stiidium, Ti, 7i. [studeo], zenl, eagerncss.

SUad6o, ere, si, sum, tr. and intr. V. [cf. suavis, avddvu}], advise, pei-suade.

siib, prep. [cf. viro], 1. ■svith abl. (with verbs of rest), under, beneath, at the foot of, deep in, close under ; 2. with acc, under, beneath ; (with verbs of motion) down to.

stib-fio, ire, ii, itum, tr. and intr. V., come or go luider ; come uj) to the aid of, 672 ; stealthily folioio, 76.3. siibitus, see below.

sliber, eris, n., cork-tree; cork, 554.

sttb-icio, ere, irci, iectum, tr. V. [iacio], throiv or place beneafh.

sCibito, adv. [subitus], sud- denly.

siibitus, a, \\m,part. of subeo, as adj., sudden, unexpccted.

sub-ligo, ilre, a\i, atum, tr. v. bind beloiv or on, fasten to.

subllmis, e, adj., uplifted.

lU

A'ERGILI AENEIDOS XI

raised alnft ; sublimis iii uubem, soaring a.loft to..., 722.

sub-sldo, ere, sedi, sessum, intr. rarely tr. v., crouch down ; lie in wait for, 268 n.

sub-sisto, ere, stlti, intr. v., stancl still, halt.

sub-vecto, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. V. [subveho], carry up.

SUb-v6ho, ere, xi, ctum, tr. v., ca)-ry up ; subvehitur, rides up, 478 n.

suc-cedo, ere, cessi, cessura, iyitr. V., go up from beloxv ; mount ; approach ; enter, i.e. be buried in, tumulo, 103 ; s. pug- nae, joiyi the comhat in my stead, 826 ; prosper, succeed.

SUC-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptuiu, tr. V. [sub, capio], unclcrtake ; catch up, supjMrt dyiog woman, 806.

suc-curro, ere, curri, cursiim, intr. V., come to the aid of.

[sMis], is, /. (nom. sing. not class.), stake, pile.

suf-fodio, ere, fodi, fossum, tr. V., pierce underneath, stab in the belly, 671.

suf-fundo, ere, fudi, fusuni, tr. V., pour under or %ipon, drench.

siii, see under se.

sum, esse, fui, irreg. intr. v. [cf. eifxi = i(rfxi, 0[5w], am, be.

summus, a, um, adj. used as superl. of superus, highest, top- most ; the top of ; very lofty ; the utmost ; the endof; sumnia de re, about the common wecd, 302 n.

sQmo, ere, mpsi, mptum, tr. V. [for sub-imo, fr. emo), take up,

take ; poenas, inflict or exact penalty.

Sllpgr [cf. UTrep], 1. ado., abuve, on the top ; over, over him, 685 ; in addition, to crown cdl, 226 ; 2. prep. with acc. (rarely abl.), over,above; beyond; super usque, right beyond, 317 ; close after, hos super, on their heels, 880.

j stlperbus, a, um, adj. [cf. super], haughty,proud, arrogant; distinguished, high descent, 340. •

siiper-iacio, ere, ieci, iectum, tr. V., throw over ; overtop, over- floio, 625.

sdpgro, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [super], overcome ; pass safely through, 244 ; cross mountain, 514.

siiperstes, itis, adj. [super, sto], surviving after anotlier's death, etc. ; left alone, 160.

siiper-sum, esse, fui, intr. v., be over, be left, remain ; quod superest, for loJiat remains to do, 15 n.

stipgrus, a, um, adj. [super], upper ; of the upper loorld, celestial. siiperi, orum, m. pil., thegods ahove. Comp. superior ; sup. sflpremus, see below ; and summus, see above.

supplex, icis, adj. [sub, plico], S2ippliant; siibst.m., asupjdiant.

supplicium, ii, n. [supplex], ^ninishment, tormcnt, pencdty.

sup-pono, ere, posiii, positum, tr. V., place beneath.

sflpra, adv. and prrp. with acc. [superus], above ; supra est, towers above, 683.

VOCABULARY

145

sQpremus, a, um, adj., siiperl. \ of superus, hiyhest ; last. ■

sQra, ae, /., adf of leg.

surgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum, intr. V. [sub, rego]. ame, rise.

stls, stiis, c. [us], pig, boar.

sus-clpio = succipio.

SUS-cito, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [subs = sub, cito], raise, stir up, rouse.

sus-pendo, ere, di, sum, tr. r., hang iq), hang.

sus-tento, iire, avi, atum, tr. freq. V. [sustineo], hold up, support, sustain, check.

sus-tin6o, ere, tinui, tentum, tr. V. [subs = sub, teneo], hold up; hold back, keep off or in clieck.

sustiili, perf. see toUo.

siius, a, um, reflex. poss. pron. [se], of hitnself, etc, his oivn, their own, etc. ; its native beauty, 70 ; sui, his subjects, 234 ; hi^ oion kin, 1 85 n.

tacSo, ere, ciii, citum, intr. and tr. V., be silent ; be silent about ; piart. tacitus as axlj., umnen- tioned; silent, silenthj.

talentum, i, n. [raXavTov], a talent, Greek weight, varying in different states, but about ^ cwt. ; a great vjeight, 333 n.

talis, e, adj. [cf. tijX^/cos], of such rt kind, such.

tzxa., adv.,so, thus.

tamen, conj., notwithstayiding, yet.

tandem, adv., at length, ai last.

tango, ere, tetigi, tactum, tr. V., touch.

tantum, adv. [tantus], so much, so.

tantus, a, um, adj. [tam], of such « size, so great, such.

Tarchon, onis and ontis, m., an Etrurian warrior, 184 etc.

tardo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [tardus], delay.

Tarpela, ae,/., companion of Camilla, 656.

Tartara, onxm, n. pl., the infernal regions, Tartarus.

tectum, i, n. [tego], roof ; dwelling ; pl., halls etc, 397 ; intectis, u-ithin the ivalls, 213.

te-cum, for cum te, ivith thee.

tggo, ere, xi, ctum, tr. v. [cf. areyd}, reyos], cover ; protect; encircle, 12.

tegmen, inis, n. [tego], cover- ing, cover.

tela, ae, /., web in wea\ing, 75.

tellils, iiris, /. [cf. terra], the earth ; earth, land.

telum, i, 71. [cf. to^ov], inissile, dart ; spear; v:eapon.

tempestas, atis, /. [tempus], storm, tempest ; thestormofwar, 423.

templum, i, n. [rt. tem, cf. Te/j,vu}, lit. space marked ouf], temple.

tempto, are, avi, atum, tr.freq. V. [tendo], lumdXe ; try, venture, attempt, essay ; attack.

tempus, orLs, n. [rt. tem, lit. section of time, cf. templum], a portion of time, time, season, opportunity, chance ; pl., tennples of head (lit. the right or fatal spot), 428.

tendo, ?re, tetendi, tentum and tensum, tr. and intr. v. [rt. ten, cf. retfw, teneo], stretdi,

YERGILI AEXEIDOS XI

stretch forth or out, draiu bow ; h&nd onescourse, makefor, make o)ie's ivay, sjxed to.

ten§, for te-ne, acc. of tu and interrog. -ne.

tgnebrae, arum, /. jjI-, dark- ness.

tSnSo, ere, tenui, tentum, tr. and i7itr. v. [cf. reivco, tendo], hold ; hold hack, 148 ; reach a place, 903.

tfiner, era, erum, adj. [cf. teuuis], soft, tender.

tento = tenipto.

tgntiis, e, adj. [rt. ten, cf. teudo, Telvui], fine, thin ; slender ; tenui auro, xoith threads of- gold, 75 ; narrow path, 524.

tSpidus, a, um, adj. [tepeo], tepid, luarm.

ter, nmn. adv. [tres], thrice.

t6res, etis, adj. [tero], rounded off, smooth.

Tereus, ei {acc. ea), m., a Trojan, 675.

tergTun, i, n., back of uiau or beast.

terra, ae, /. [lit. dry land, cf. torreoj, the earth; land, soil, earth.

terrenus, a, um, adj. [terra], of earth, earthen.

terrfio, ere, ui, Itum, tr. i\ [cf. Tjoew], frighten.

territo, are, tr.freq. v. [terreo], terrify, scare, menace.

terror, oris, m., tcrror, fear,

tertius, a, um, adj. [tres], third.

testor, ari, atus, tr. d,ep. v. [testis], hear icitness, testify ; adjure, 559.

Teucri, orum or um, m. pl., the Trojans (from Teucer, son-in- law of Dardanus, afterwards king of Troy).

texo, ere, xiii, xtum, tr. v., weave ; huild ship, 326.

Thermodon, ontis, ??;., small river of Poutus on which the Amazons dwelt, spoken of by Virgil iu connexiou with Thrace, 659 u.

thorax, acis, acc. -aca, m. [^wpa^], hreastjdate, cuirass.

Threicius, a, um, adj., Thracian ; vaguely northern, 659 n.

Threissa, ae, /., a Thracian tvomaji ; tJie Thracian nymjph, 85S.

Thybris, is or idis, m., the river Tiber, now Tevere.

Tibgrinus, a, um, adj., of the Tiber.

tlbia, ae, /., shin-hone, hence 'pipe.flute, orig. of bone, 737 n.

Tlburs, urtis, usually ^;?., Tiburtes, um, m., the Tiburtines, iuhabitants of Tibur, now Tivoli, iu Latium.

Tlburtus, i, vi., the founder of Tibur, 519.

tigris, is or idis, m. aud /., figer, tigress.

tini6o, ere, tii, tr. and intr. v., feccr; fearforthesafety of, with dat, 550. _

timor, oris, m. [timeo], fear.

tinguo, ere, nxi, nctum, tr. v. [cf. T^yyo}], ivet, moisten, hathe, 914.

toUo, ere, sustidi, suldatiim [cf. tolero, tuli, rXdw], tr. v. , Uft iip,raise; bear ; take, carry off ;

VOCABULARY

147

hear o/fprize, wiw, 444 ; se tollit, he rises, 455.

T61\unnius, ii, ra. , a warrior.

tdno, are, ui, itum, intr. r., thxnuler.

tonnentum, i, n. [torqueo], militart/ engine for hurling missiles.

torqugo, ere, torsi, tortum, tr. V. [cf. Tpiiro}, ffrp^cpo}], turn, tioist ; whirl ; hurl.

torus, i, m. [rt. in ffTopevvvjM, sterno], bed, couch, of bier, 66.

t6t, indecl. num, adj., so many.

tdtiens, adv. [tot], so often.

totus, a, ura, culj., the whole, cdl the, all.

trabfia, ae, /, robe qf state, 334 n.

trado, ere, didi, ditum, tr. v. [trans, do], give np, hancl over.

traho, ere, xi, ctum, tr. v., clraw, clrcuj ; pull at, 816.

tralcio, ere, ieci, iectum, tr. v. [trans-iacio], pierce, transfix.

trames, itis, m. [cf. trans, Tipp.a.\ cross-tcay, path.

trans-6o, ire, ii, itum, tr. and intr. V., go over or across, pass by, 719.

trans-figo. ere, xi, xiim, tr. v., thrust tiirmKjh. transfix.

trans-verbgro, are, avi, atum, tr. V., strilce through, pierce, 667.

trfimesco, ere, tr. and intr. incejjt. V. [tremo], begiti to tremble, trevible at.

trfimo, ere, ui, tr. aud intr. v. [cf. Tpepiw\, tremble, tremble at.

tr^mor, oris, m., trembling.

tr6pidus, a, um, ctdj., agitated, iii hoMe, Kccited, 300 n ; with eager zectl, 893 ; alarmed.

tristis, e, adj., sad ; bcdeful, 259.

Trltonia, ae, /., Tritonian rnaid, epithet of Miuerva or Pallas, who wa^s born near Lake Triton in Africa, 483.

triumphus, i, m. [OpLafi^os, hjTnn to Bacchus], a triumjih.

Trivia, ae, /. [tres, via], Diana, whose temples were often erected at cross roads, 566, 836.

Troia, ae, /., Troy, city in Phrygia.

Troianus, a, um, adj., Trojan ; Troiani, orum, m. pl., the Trojans.

Troius, a, uni, adj., Trojan.

trdpaeum, i, n. \Tp6iraiov'], a trophy, monument of victory, 7n.

Tros, ois, m. (nom. pl. Troes, 620), a Trojan.

truncus, a, um, adj., maimed, midilated ; (of dart) h-oken, 8.

truncus, i, m., stem, trunlc.

tu, tui, tibi, te, ^j£/-s. ^?wi. [oT/], thou.

taba, ae, /., trumpet, clarion ; ante tubam, before the trumpet sounds the onset, 424.

ttlli, 2>c>f. of fero.

TuUa, ae, /., companion of Camilla.

tum, culv., then, on that occa- sion; then too, 775.

ttlmgo, ere, intr. v. [rt. tu, cf. tumulus, tuber, etc.], sweU, be puffecl out ; vana tumentem, in his emjjty pride, 854 n.

tiimidus, a, um, adj. [tumeo]. sicoUen, sxueUing,

tiimultus, us, m., uproar, tumult, disturbancc, din, throng;

148

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

tumult of mind, trouhle, 897 ; magno ululante tumultu, with lovd triumphant tunmlt, 662 n.

tiim-iilus, i, m. [tumeo], mound ; se^mhhral viound, barrow, tomh.

tuuc, adv. [tum-ce], at tliat time, the^i.

tundo, ere, ttitudl, tunsum and tiJsum, ir. v. [rt. tud, Engl. tkump], heat, strike.

tflnica, ae, /., tunic, Roman undergarmeut of botli sexes.

turba, ae,/. [cf. Tvp§7), turma], disorder ; throng, crowd, hand, troop.

turbxdus, a, um, adj. [turba], confused ; thick (of dust), 876 ; like a ivhirlwind, 742.

turbo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [turba], thro2v into confusion, confuse, alarm, confound ; lohirl, 284 ; overwhelm, 796 ; part. turbatus, a, um, confused, in confusion, etc.

turbo, inis, in. [cf. turbare], whirlwind, 596.

turma, ae, /. [cf. turba], troop, squadrvn.

Turnus, i, ?/i., King of tlie Paituli, 91 etc.

turris, is, /. [Tvpais], toiver.

tils, turis, n. [dvos], incense.

Tuscus, a, um, adj., Tuscan, Etruscan, of Etruria, district in Italy, N. of Tiber; Tusci, orum, m. pl., the Tuscans.

ttltus, a, um, part. of tueor, as adj., safe, secure ; n. pl., tuta petunt, seek safety, 871 ; tuta domorum, the shelter of their homes, 882 n.

tlius, a, um, poss. pron. [tu], thy, th ine ; tui, thy countrymen, 365.

Tydldes, ae, m. pairon., son of Tydeus, i.e. Diomedes, 404.

Tjrrrlienus, a, um, adj., Tyr- rhenian, Etruscan, the Tyrrlieni being a Pelasgian people who migrated to Italy aud formed the pareut stock of the Etrurians ; T^rrrheni, orum or um, wi. jj^., Tyrrhenians, Etruscans ; sing., an Etruscan.

Hber, eris, n. [oddap], \idder.

tlbi, adv., where ; when.

ilbl-qu6, adv., on every side, everywhere.

tflixes, is and ei, m., Ulysses, Latin name of Odysseus, King of Ithaca, 263.

uUus, a, um, gen. lus, adj.,any, any one, usu. in neg. or virtually neg. sentences.

ultimus, a, um, adj. [superl. of obsol. ulter, cf. ultra, comp. ulterior], farthest, last.

ultor, oris, m. [ulciscor], avenger.

ultra, adv. and prep. with acc. [cf. ultimus], beyond,furiher.

ultrix, Icis, /. adj. [ulciscor], avenging.

ultro, adv. [cf. ultra, ultimus], heyond ; heyond what could he expected, etc. ; of one's own accord, 286 n, 471 n.

ttltllatus, iis, m. [ululo], wail- ing, 190.

tlltilo, are, avi, atum, intr. v. [cf. 6\o\v^w], howl, ycll, etc. ; shout in triumph, 662 n.

VOCABULARY

umbra, ae, /., shade, shadow; pl., the Shades, the loorld helow.

tlmecto, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [iimeo], moisten, wet.

iimerus, i, v>. [cf. cD^os], shoidder.

tlmidus, a, um, adj. [umeo], moist, damp.

tlna, adv. [unus], at one and the same vioment, 864.

uncus, a, um, adj. [cf. dyKwi', angulus], hooked, curved.

unda, ae, /. [cf. vSuip, udus], ivave, hillow, water.

undiqu§, aclv. [unde-que],/rom or on all sides, on everij side.

unguis, is, m. [cf. Bvv^], nail, talon.

ungiila, ae, /. [unguis], hoof.

tlnus, a, um, gen. lus, card, adj. [cf. eh, olos], one ; alone.

urbs, urbis,/., a walled toivn, city.

urgufio, ere, ursi, tr. v. [cf. eipyvvfii, shut in\ press, press on, press hard, 587 ; assail, 755 ; he7)iinj_jmLf!jie, 524 ; drive on, 888.

usqu6, adv. [us = ubs, fr. ubi-s], all the u-ay to, all the while ; super usque, right heyond 317.

tit, 1. conj. with subj. (consec), that, so that, so as to ; (final) that, in order that, to ; after verbs of granting, etc., that ; after verb of promising, 153 n ; 2. adv., hoiv, ivhen, as ; ut primum, «s soon as.

titer-qu6, utraque, utrumquS, pron., hoth or each of two,

flterus, i, m. [cf. varipa, ivomh'], womh ; helly.

utrimqug, adv. [uterque], from or on both sides.

vaco, are, avi, atum, intr. v., he empty, vacant ; he left open, 179.

vado, ere, intr. v. [rt. ba, cf. jSaivw], go,

vadum, i, n. [vado], ford, sliallofio ; water, stream, etc.

vagor, ari, atus, intr. dep. v. [vagus], %vander dbout, roam.

val6o, ere, iii, itum, intr. v. [cf. vis], be strong, ivell; he powerfnl, avail ; -nlth inf., have strength to, he ahle, can ; as greeting, vale, farewell, 98 n.

validus, a, um, adj, [valeo], strong, mighty.

vallis (archaic valles, 522 n), is, /. [cf. eXoj, lowland], valley, vale.

vallo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [vallum], surround unth a ram- part ; fortify, strengthen walls, 915.

vanus, a, um, adj. [for vacnus, cf. vaco], empty ; foolish, 715 n ; vaua tumentem, m his empty priiJe, 854 n.

vaporo, are, avi, atuni, tr. v, [va.^0T], JiUtvithsteam, etc. ; ture vaporat, fill ivith tJie smoke of incense, 481.

varius, a, um, adj., different, varying, various, varied; con- fused, 455.

vastus, a, um, adj. [cf. vacuus, vanus], empty, waste, devastated, rast.

vates, is, c, seer, priest.

-ve, enclitic conj. [vel], or.

vecto, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. V. [veho], bear, carry.

150

VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

v6ho, ere, xi, ctum, tr. v. [cf. ^Xos]) iear, cairy.

v61, conj. [volo, lit. choose whicli you wisli], or; vel , . vel, either . . or ; as adv. emphasis- ing, even, indeed.

vello, ere, vulsi (velli), vulsum (volsuin), tr. v. [cf. e\Kw], ptdl or tea/r out, rend, pluckforth or tip, of standards, 19 n,

velo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [velum], -urap up, veil ; wreath, 101 n.

velox, ocis, adj. [cf. volo,y?y], svnft.

vfil-tit, adi\, even so, just so.

venator, oris, ni. [venor], hunter.

venatrix, icis, /. [id.], huntress.

vSnia, ae, /. [cf. veneror], grace, favour, jMrdon.

vSnio, ire, veni, ventum, intr. V. [rt. ba, Sanscr. ga, go, cf. /SatVw], come; contra venieus, moving to meet it, 145.

ventosus, a, ura, adj. [veutus], ftdl of loind, icindy, 708 n ; braggart, 390.

V6nillus, i, m., a Latin warrior, 242 etc.

V6nus, eris,/, goddess of love, 277 ; hence love, 736.

verbgro, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [verber], lash, heat.

verbum, i, n. [rt. er, cf. tp(h, prjfia], a vjord ; ijl., boasts, 687.

vero, adv. [verus], in truth, indeed.

verso, are, avi, atum, tr.freq. V. [verto], turn, twist; se,

m-ithe, 669 ; so volumina, 753 ; tiirn over in mind, ponder, 551 ; dolos, pilot, guile, 704 n.

versus, part. of verto.

vertex, icis, vi. [verto], whirl- pool, eddy ; peak, top ; top of head, head.

verto, ere, ti, sum, tr. and intr. V., turn, turn aside ; turn or put to flight, rout, defeat ; over- turn,ruin; change, alter ; middle use, vertor, turn one's self, move ; versis armis, with arms reversed, 93 ; agmine verso, amid the rout, 684,

verum, adv. [verus], but in truth, hut.

verus, a, um, adj., true.

vester, tra, trum, poss. pron. [vos], yaur.

vestlgium, ii, n. [vestigo], footstep, footprint, traxk; soleof foot ; vestigia rettulit, uvls driven back, 290.

vestis, is, / [rt. vas, clothe, cf. i(7dr)s\ clothes, rohe.

vStus, eris, adj. [cf. ^ros, year}, old, aged ; sid)st. v6t6res, um, m. p)l-i the ancients, our fore- fathers.

vfetustus, a, um, adj. [vetus], aged, old, ancient.

via, ae,/ [cf. veho], ^vay,road ; street ; regioue viarum, direc- tion, 530.

vlbro, are, avi, atum, tr. and intr. V., brandish, shake.

vlclnus, a, um, adj. [vicus], ncar, neighbo%i,ring.

vicissim, adv. [vicis], in turn.

victor, ori.s, m. [vinco], con- quervr, victor ; iu appos. as adj., victorious, victorioudy.

VOCABULARY

151

victoria, ae, /. [victor], con- qiiest, victory.

victrix, icis, /. adj., victorious, conquering.

victus, part. of vinco.

vidfio, ere, vidi, visum, tr. v. [cf. iSeiv], see.

•\^lis, e, adj., cheap, worthless.

vlmen, Tuis, n., pliant branch or twig.

vincio, ire, nxi, uctum, tr. v., hind,fctter.

vinclum, i, n. [vincio], bond, fclter, fastening.

vinco, ere, vTci, victum, tr. v., conquer, defeat, prevail ; vincat quiu, prevail so that tJimc shouldst not, 354 ; victi, the, vanqnished.

viola, ae,/., dim. [toj'], violet, 69 n.

vidlentia, ae, /. [violentus], violence ; fury.

vidlo, are, avi, atum, tr. v. [vis], injure, outrage, violate, ottack.

vir, viri, m., a man ; warrior, hero.

virga, ae,/., ticig.

vir^gus, a, uni, adj. [virgo], maiden hj, m aiden's.

virginitas, atis, /. [virgo], maidenhond.

virgo, inis, /., maid, maiden, virgin.

virtlls, iitis,/. {yvcj^manliness, icork, valour.

vis, vim, vi, p)l- vlres, Tum, ibus, /. defect. [i's, X(pL\, strength, force, power, vigour ; pl. usually strcngth, but foire 750 n ; vires superbas, his haughty might, 539.

vlsus, us, m. [video], sight, apipearance.

vlta, ae, /. [cf. vivo, /Stos], life; soul, 831; life = breath, 617 n.

vlvidus, a, um, adj. [vivus], fidl of life, living.

vlvo, ere, xi, ctum, intr. v. (vixet = vixisset, 118) [cf. /Sios], live, be alive.

vivus, a, um, adj. [cf. vivo], alive, living ; vivi, the living.

vix, adv., scarcely, ivith difficulty ; at last, 551.

vixet, for vixisset, see vivo.

v6co, are, avi, atum, tr. aud intr. V. [cf. ^ttos, eiTrelv], ccdl, call on, challenge, summon, in- vite.

v61ito, are, avi, atum, intr. freq. v. [volo, are], fy to and fro, hover about.

vdlo, are, avi, atum, intr. v. [cf. volucer, velox], Jly.

V6l0, velle, volui, tr. and intr. V. [cf. /3oi)\o/aat], ivill, be loilling, wish.

Volsci, orum, m. pl., the Volscians, ancieut people in tlie soutli of Latium.

v61iicer, cris, cre, adj. [volo, a,Te],JIying, ivinged, siclft.

v61flmen, inis, n. [volvo], fold.

V61iisus, i, m., a warrior, 463.

volvo, ere, volvi, volutum, tr. V. [cf. iXvui], roll, roll down ; pass., roU (intr.), etc.

vomer, eris, ?«. , plough-share.

v6mo, ere, iii, ituui, tr. and intr. V. [cf. iix^ui], vomit.

vos, pl. of tu, you, ye.

152 VERGILI AENEIDOS XI

votuin, i, 71. [voveo], rojy, ] fire god, son of Jupiter andJnno, prayer. j 439.

v6v6o, ere, vovi, votum, tr. i vulgus, i, n. (rarely ?». ), the and intr. v. , vow. mass of the iKople, the peojde.

vox, vocis,/. [cf. voco], voice; '• vulnus, eris, n., wound ; per pl., words. vulnera, 647 n.

Vulcanus, i, vi., Vulcan, the I vulsus, part. of vello.

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