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PROFESSIONAL PAPERS OF THE ENGINEER DEPARTMENT, U. S. ARMY.

No. 18.

REPORT

OF THE

tf J6 GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE FORTIETH PARALLEL,

MADE

BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR ACCORDING TO ACTS OF
CONGRESS OF MARCH 2, 1867, AND MARCH 3, 1869,

UNDER THE DIRKCTION OF

BRIG. AND BVT. MAJOR GENERAL A. A. HUMPHREYS,

CHIEF OF ENGINEERS

CLARENCE KING,

U. S. GEOLOGIST.

l-II

Q/^'

VOLUME IV.

III-IV

x r

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE FORTIETH PARALLEL.
CliAEENCB KING, GEOLCGIST-IN-CHARGE.

PART I.

PALEONTOLOGY.

BV

F. B. MEEK.

PART II.

P^L ^K ONTOLOGY Y

BY

JAMES HALI^ AND R. P. WHITFIELD.

PART II r.

ORNITHOLOGY.

BY

KOBERT RIDGWAY.

SUBMITTED TO TUE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS AND PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF
WAR UNDER AUTHORITY OF CONGRESS.

ILLUSTRATED BY XXIV PLATES.

WASHINGTON:
GOVEBNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,

18 7 7. v-vi

/J^ / J K

"\

\

TABLE OF CONTENTS-

Page.

Intboduotoby letter XI

Part I. Paleontology, by F. B. Meek 1

inteodtjctory remarks 3

Descriptions of fossils— Silurian species 17

Devonian species 25

Carboniferous species 50

Triassic species 99

Jurassic species . 130

Cretaceous species 140

Fresh and Brackish- water species . 163

Tertiary species 182

Part II. Paleontology, by James Hall and E. P. Whitfield 198

General remarks 199

Fossils of the Potsdam 205

Lower Silurian 232

Devonian 246

Waverly. — 251

Lower Carboniferous 265

Coal-Measures and Permo-Carboniferous 273

Triassic 280

Jurassic 284

Part IIL Ornithology, by Egbert Eidgway 303

Table of contents 305

Letter op transmission 307

Description of the route 309

Physical features of the Great Basin 313

Local Avifauna , 316

Description of camps 328

General remarks on the Basin Avifaunje 377

Catalogue of species 386

Biographical section 391

Index to Part I 645

Index to Part II 649

Index to Part III 652

VII-VIII

LIST OF PLATES.

The plates accompanying this volume were engraved and printed by Julius
BiEN, of New York. The original drawings for Part I were executed by JJ. W,
Elliott, of Washington ; those of Part II, by H. M. Martin, of Albany.

FA.TIT I.

Plate I Silue'ian and Devonian species.

II. .".-... Devonian species.

Ill Devonian and Carboniferous (?) species.

IV Carboniferous species.

y Carboniferous species.

VI Carboniferous species.

VII Carboniferous species.

VIII Carboniferous species.

IX Carboniferous species.

X Triassic species.

XI Triassic species.

XII Jurassic and Carboniferous species.

XIII 4 Cretaceous species.

XIV Cretaceous species.

XV Cretaceous species.

XVI Cretaceous and Tertiary species.

XVII Cretaceous and Tertiary species.

I Primordial and Silurian species.

II Primordial and Silurian species*

III Devonian species.

IV Waverly species.

V Lower Carboniferous species.

VI Upper Carboniferous and Triassic.

VII , Jurassic species.

IX-X

Office of the U. S. Geological Exploration

OF THE Fortieth Parallel,

New York, April, 1877.

General: Herewith I have the honor to transmit Volume IV of the
Reports of this Exploration, composed of Memoirs on Palaeontology, by
Messrs. F. B. Meek, James Hall and R. P. Whitfield; also on Ornithology,
by Robert Ridgway.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

CLARENCE KING,

Geologist-in-charffe.

Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys,

Chief of Engineers U. 8, Army,

Washington, D. C.

XI-XII

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE FORTIETH PARALLEL.

CLARENCE KING, Geologist-in-chakge.

PART I.

PALEONTOLOGY.

BY

p. B. MEEK.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

This being a strictly palseontological report, any extended remarks on
the geological formations from which the fossils described were obtained
are not expected, and would be out of place here. A few words, however,
respecting some points on which the specimens investigated throw more or
less light, seem to be necessary to a clear understanding of the palaeontology
itself.

Before proceeding further, however, it is proper to state here, that, in
order to give as full and complete an account of the palaeontology as possible
of the district explored, some collections brought from the same region more
than ten years since, by Col. J. H. Simpson, of the United States Topograph-
ical Engineers, while conducting a Government expedition through the same
country, have also been included. In 1860, the writer published, in the Pro-
ceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, brief preliminary
descriptions of the new species of fossils contained in Colonel Simpson^s
collection, iind soon after prepared, for that gentleman's report, more
extended descriptions and figures of the same. Unfortunately, however,
Congress failed to make the necessary appropriation to publish Colonel
Simpson's report. Consequently, the large amount of important information
contained in the same remains unpublished; and, as it is now extremely
improbable that his report will ever be printed,* at any rate with the
accompanying illustrations, it has been thought desirable that we should give
here descriptions and figures of the new fossils of his collection, now in the

♦Since this was written and revised. Colonel Simpson's report has been pub-
lished.

3

4 PALEONTOLOGY.

museum of the Smithsonian Institution. In doing this, however, he has
been duly credited as the discoverer of each species, and the original types
have generally been figured, even where specimens of the same forms are
contained in Mr. King's collections ; though figures of the latter have also
been given, where better specimens than those first found have been obtained.

The fossils here reported on, evidently came from the following geolog-
ical formations, viz., Lower Silurian* Devonian, Carboniferous, Triassic,
Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. The small number of Lower Silurian
forms are represented on the upper part of plate 1. Two of the Trilobites,
from Antelope Springs, House Mountains, belong, one to the genus Cono-
coryphe, and the other to the genus Paradoxides^ or some allied group. They
are decidedly Primordial types, and show that rocks belonging to this ancient
period occur at that locality.*

The other Silurian forms merely consist of small univalve shells that
came from a gray, granular limestone on the summit of tjte Peak, Wa-
satch Range, Utah. One of these is a small Ophileta^ scarcely distinguisha-
ble from 0. complanata of Vanuxera, first described from the Calciferous sand-
rock of New York. The other two are lenticular, or much depressed forms,
with an angular periphery and a large umbilicus, and evidently belong to
the same formation, being nearly allied to forms found in beds of the age of
the Calciferous period, in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Texas. From the
affinities of these fossils, we can therefore scarcely entertain any doubts that
the rock from which they were obtained belongs to the Calciferous epoch.

The Devonian forms in these collections are more numerous than the
Silurian. They are illustrated on the lower part of plate 1, and on plate 2,
and the upper part of plate 3. Those on plate 1, with the exception of a
small ProetuSj to be mentioned further on, came from a light-colored argil-
laceous limestone about three miles south of Piiion Pass, Piiion Range, Ne-
vada, and consist of a small subglobose, undetermined species of Favosites,
Atrypa reticularis^ a new Spirifer, a bivalve of doubtful genus, and fragments
of a DaJmanites. It is possible that the last-mentioned fossil may be an
Upper Silurian species, as Mr. King found it in the lowest bed exposed at
the locality, and it seems to be quite as nearly allied (so far as its charac-
• Sec Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Ap. 1870, p. 56. "

INTRODUOTORY REMARKS. 5

ters can be made out from the imperfect specimens) to Upper Silurian as
to Devonian types. The Spirifer, however, is very closely allied to forms
found in the Upper Helderberg (Devonian) limestones, at the Falls of the
Ohio; while the specimens of Atrypa reticularis belong to a variety very
common in rocks of that age in the vicinity of Louisville, Kyw, and in the
neighboring portions of Indiana. It is also worthy of note, that these fossils
were found quite abundant, weathered out of the matrix, and that they are
silicified and in all respects similar, in their state of preservation, to the
Upper Helderberg fossils, so common in the Western States mentioned
above. From these facts, it is highly probable that these Pinon Range fos-
sils came from a rock belonging to about that horizon.

The other Devonian fossils, figured on plates 2 and 3, came from an
entirely distinct rock from those mentioned above, and are more than usually
interesting, because they were found, with a few exceptions, in the formation
containing the rich silver-mines of the White Pine Mining District, Nevada.
They were all found in a dark-colored or grayish matrix, entirely different
from that containing the Pinon Station fossils mentioned above. Those from
the White Pine District consist of several species of Corals, Brachiopods, and
two species of Orthoceras. Among the Corals, there are species that seem to
be undistinguishable from the European Devonian forms Acervularia penta-
gona and Smithia Hennahii The other Corals are an apparently new Alve-
olites and a DipJiyphyllum* The Brachiopods consist of a small Productus,
at least allied to the Devonian species P. siibaculeatus, Atrypa reticularis ^ a
small Hemipronites^ apparently undistinguishable from a New York Hamil-
ton Group species, and several small Spirifers, some of which resemble Ham-
ilton Group forms.

The presence of the genera Productus and Smithia would alone be a
strong argument, in the present state of palaeontological science, against the
supposition that these silver-bearing beds might belong to the Silurian, to
say nothing of the specific affinities of these and the associated fossils; while
the occurrence in the same beds of Atrypa reticularis^ and the Acervularia^
Smithia^ and Ptycliophylluniy with the specific affinities of the other fossils,

* The little Favosites and Gyathophyllum^ represented by figures 2 and 3 of plato
2, are from a different horizon in Arizona.

6 PALEONTOLOGY.

furnish even a stronger argument against the conclusion that this formation
might belong to the Carboniferous. Hence we cannot doubt that these beds
belong to the Devonian, and probably to about the horizon of the Hamilton
Group of the New York series* Indeed, in 1860, on nearly the same evi-
dence, this formation, at localities a little farther north, was referred by the
writer to the Devonian, from the examination of specimens brought from
there by Colonel Simpson; though at that time this rock was not known to
contain silver-mines, f

The little Proetm, illustrated by fig. 10 on plate 1, probably also came
from near the same horizon as the Devonian fossils mentioned above, as it
is contained in a similar matrix quite unlike that containing the Pifion Range
fossils.

On the lower part of plate 3, a few fossils are figured together in a sepa-
rate division, because they are of a somewhat doubtful nature. They are
also from the White Pine District, and came from beds known to hold a
position between well-marked Carboniferous and Devonian rocks. All of
them, excepting the Spirifer^ came from a black bituminous shale, asso-
ciated with some more or less arenaceous beds, beneath well-marked Car-
boniferous limestones. The Aviculopecten (fig. 10) is very closely allied to
some western Carboniferous forms; and the little shell represented by fig. 8
also resembles Carboniferous species believed to be at least nearly related
to Posidonomya. The Brachiopod represented by fig. 9, however, is remark-
ably like Devonian species of Leiorhynchus, and hence would favor the
opinion that this shale is Devonian. The Spirifer represented by fig. 11
seems to belong to the common and w^idely-distributed Carboniferous species
S. cmpidatus^ and came from a gray, subcrystalline, cherty limestone, above
th6 above-mentioned black slate, and was associated with some largd Crinoid
columns, casts of an OrthiSj like 0/resupinata or 0. Micheliniy and imperfect
specimens of a smaller Spirifer^ apparently like the Devonian species 8.

♦ These remarks on the Devonian age of the White Pine silver-bearing rocks
were quoted by Mr. Arnold Hague, in the Mining Eeport of Mr. King's Survey, 41G,
(issued in 1870.) It is to be regretted, however, that, owing to the fact that Mr. Hague
did not see the proof, several annoying typographical errors, in the names of the
fossils mentioned, were not corrected.— F. B. M., Sept. 29, 1874.

f See Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1860, XII.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 7

gregarius. The evidence to be drawn from these few fossils would therefore
seem to be somewhat conflicting in regard to the exact age of these black
shales and cherty limestones; but the first more probably belongs. to the
Devonian and the latter to the Carboniferous.

Of all the collections that have yet been brought from this region, the
decidedly Carboniferous types are far more numerous than those from
any of the other formations. This will be more readily understood when it
is remembered that we have illustrated on the accompanying seventeen
plates, all of the known species of every age of which there are specimens
accessible, while the Carboniferous forms alone occupy plates 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
and 9, with the exception of one Goniatite, of apparently the same age, from
New Mexico, These fossils consist almost exclusively of Corals and Brachio-
pods, and seem to have been obtained from two distinct rocks; that is, the
Corals, with a few exceptions, together with an Orthis^ a HemiproniteSy* and
Productus semistriatuSj figured on plate 7, as well as a distorted specimen of
Prodmtus punctatm^ and others of Fusulina, not in a condition to be figured,
came from a dark-gray and deep bluish-gray limestone, while the other
specimens came from a light yellowish-gi-ay limestone. So far as has yet
been ascertained from all of the explorers of Utah and Nevada, these two
rocks have nowhere been observed to occur together at the same localities.
That they belong to different horizons in the Carboniferous series of this
region, however, seems to be evident, not only from their different lithologi-
cal characters, but also from the fact that they contain mainly distinct
groups of fossils. The specimens from the dark-colored beds came from
Pinon and Diamond Mountains, Nevada, Long's and Boxelder Peaks,
Strong's Knob, etc., Utah; while those from the light-colored beds are
marked, north of Moleen Peak, Egan and Mahogany Ranges, Ruby Group,
south of Railroad Cafion, White Pine Mountains, and various localities in
the White Pine District

From the fact that almost none of the peculiarly characteristic Coal-
Measure species of the Mississippi Valley have been identified among the
species from the dark-colored limestones mentioned above, while there are,

* Imperfect specimeus of this species were also brought from the light-colored
beds at Fossil Hill, White Pine.

8 PALAEONTOLOGY,

among the specimens from that rock, fragments of an Archimedes^ together
with imperfect specimens of Spiriferina spinosa^* (both Lower Carboniferous
types), it is very probable that this rock belongs to the Lower Carboniferous
series. This view also receives some support from the presence, in these
dark beds, of a species of LitJiostrotion^ a genus very abundantly represented
by one or two species in the Lower Carboniferous, but unknown in the Coal-
Measures of the Mississippi Valley.

When we turn our attention to the fossils from the hght-yello wish Car-
boniferous limestones of Nevada, however, at the localities mentioned, we
find among them forms undistinguishable from Athyris stcbtilitaj SjpiHfer
cameratus, Productus Prattenianus, and Spiriferina Eentuckemisf none of
which are certainly known from any horizon below the Coal-Measures of
the Mississippi Valley. Hence it is more probable that these lighter-colored
Carboniferouslimestones belong to the horizon of the Coal-Measures; though
I believe no beds of coal have yet been found associated with them.

Perhaps of all the collections of fossils that have yet come to us from the
Far West, there are none more interesting than those from the Upper Trias of
West Humboldt Eange. The speciniens from this formation in the collec-
tions under consideration are illustrated on plates 10 and 11, and will be
seen to consist of a few bivalves and some ten or twelve species of Cephalo-
poda. The occurrence of this formation in that region was first made known
by Prof J. D. Whitney and Mi\ Gabb, of the California Geological Survey,
in the reports of which several of the species here figured were illustrated
and described along with others.

It is a remarkable fact that there should be at these distant western locali-
ties an immense series of deposits, containing so exact a representation of
the very peculiar fauna of the Upper Trias of Europe, as exhibited in th(j
St. Cassian, Aussee, and Hallstadt deposits. For instance, there are, among
the collections that have been by different parties found in these beds, the
following peculiar genera, especially characteristic of the rocks of this age
in Europe, viz., Halohia^ Monotis^ Cassianella^\ Trachyceras, Archestes, Clido-

* The speciineBS of these species in the collection, althongh recognizable, are not
in a condition to be figured.

t Mn Gabb has described a species of this genus in the American Journal of
Conchology from this formation in Nevada.

INTEODDCTORY REMARKS. 9

niteSj etc., directly associated with the more ancient genus Orthoeeras.
There have also been found in these beds the following species, closely allied
to, or possibly in some cases identical with, Halobia Lommelei, Monotis 8ali-
nariiis, Ceratites Haidingerii, Archestes Ausseearms^ etc. There are likewise
known from this formation various other types of the AmmonitidcBj which,
like those found at the same horizon in Europe, are not true Ammonites, nor
Ceratites, nor yet Goniatites, as these genera have been restricted by late
authors, but new generic types, sometimes intermediate in their characters
between the typical forms of the above-mentioned genera.

It is evident, from the collections that have been ah^eady obtained
from this formation, that a rich harvest of new and interesting fomis awaits
the collector who can visit this region under circumstances favorable to its
thorough exploration.

The species in the collection believed to be of Jurassic age are-
illustrated on plate 12. The specimens of Belemnites came from the West
Humboldt Range, Nevada ; while all of the others were collected four or
live hundred miles further eastward, at Weber Canon, Wasatch Range,
Utah, from apparently about the same horizon. It is barely possible that
a few of the West Humboldt species that have been supposed to be of
Triassic age may belong more properly to the Jurassic (Lias), as there
seems to be a great development of these rocks there, without a strongly-
marked division, so far as lithological characters are concerned, if we can
judge by the matrix of the specimens. At any rate, the specimens of
Belemnites from there are contained in an apparently undistinguishablo
matrix from that of the Orthoeeras and other Triassic fonns; while Mr.
Gabb has described from that region an Ammonite (specimens of which I
have seen in a similar matrix) that seems scarcely distinguishable from the
European low Liassic species A, bisulcatus.

The species figured on the lower half of plate 12, from Weber Canon,

have been placed together in a separate division, because some doubts at

one time existed in regard to the stratigraphical position of the bed from

which they were obtained. ^

♦ Since this was written and the plates arranged, Mr. King informs me that he
has found this rock to be, as I had from the first believed, of Carboniferous age.— F.
B. M., i^ov. 29, 1874.

10 PALEONTOLOGY.

The Cretaceous fossils of the collection, as will be seen by plates 13,
14, and 15, are all merely casts of bivalves, excepting two species of Gas-
teropoda. Exclusive of the two species of large tnoceramus, represented
by fig. 3 of plate 13, and fig. 4 of plate 14, which came from a different
horizon near the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, they are all from a
light-yellowish sandstone, containing beds and seams of brown coal, at
various localities in the region of Coalville and** Bear River, Utah. The
specimens yet obtained are in a bad state of preservation ; but, as far as
can be determined, they appear to be very nearly if not quite all distinct
from the Cretaceous species yet known from the Upper Missouri country.

Taken collectively, this group of fossils presents much the general
facies of the fauna of the series in California, referred by Professor Whit-
ney to the upper part of the Cretaceous of that State, under the name
-Tejon Group. Yet, after careful comparisons with the figures and descrip-
tions in the California reports, I am not fully satisfied that any of the
species are positively the same ; though in some instances they may at least
safely be regarded as closely-allied representative forms. With the excep-
tion of the two or three species of Inoceramm, the genus Gyrodes^ and per-
haps Anchura, they present, so far as their characters can be made out from
the specimens yet brought in, just such a group of forms as might be, with
almost equal propriety, referred either to the Cretaceous or to the Tertiary.*
The presence of the genera mentioned, however, would, in the present state
of palsBontological science, exclude them from the Tertiary and place them
in the Cretaceous. The fact, too, that they are all marine types, while all
of those yet collected in this great internal region of the continent, from
well-defined Tertiary beds, are terrestrial, or fresh- and brackish-water
types, would confirm the other evidence that these light-colored coal-
bearing sandstones of the region of Coalville and Bear River really belong
to the Cretaceous. Indeed, I arrived at this conclusion in 1860, while
investigating Colonel Simpson's collections from this formation.f The fact,
however, that all the collections yet brought in from this formation contain

♦ Since ibis was written, Dr. Hayden's party have also brought in, from these
Coalville beds, other decidedly Cretaceous types of fossils.
t See Proceed, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philud., Ap. 1860, p. 126.

INTRODOCTOKY REMARKS. 1 1

no Ammonites, Scaphites, BaculiteSj Hamites, Turrilites, HelicoceraSy or any
of the numerous other types generally believed to have died out at the
close of the Cretaceous period (excepting the very few forms already
. mentioned), would appear to indicate that this formation was deposited at
near the close of the physical conditions most favorable to the existence of
t3^pes of life peculiar to the Ci*etaceous epoch; and hence that it belongs to
some of the latest, if not to the latest, deposits of that period.*

The fossils from the Bear River fresh- or brackish-water strata, and
those from later and undoubted Tertiary beds, have been illustrated
together on plates 16 and 17. The species from these different horizons
might more appropriately have been separated on distinct plates ; but this
could not well be done without arranging the figures on three plates; while
there are not quite enough of them to be so distributed. Those from the
oldest upheaved brackish- water beds associated with the light-colored
marine Cretaceous sandstone already mentioned, at the Bear River locality,
are Unio priscus, U. helliplicatuSy and Corbicula Durkeei of plate 16; and Cor-
hula Engelmannij C. pyriformis, Limnma nitida, Bhytiphoms priscus, Campe-
loma (Melantho) occidentalisf, C. macrospira, Viviparus Conradi, and Pyrgu-
lifera humerosa of plate 1 7.

This formation seems, at Bear River, to be associated with the Creta-
ceous sandstone of that region in such a manner as to give the impression
that it probably immediately succeeded the latter in point of time. It is
evident, however, from the striking contrast in the fossils characterizing the-
two formations, that marked physical changes had taken place here between
the deposition of the last of the undoubted Cretaceous sandstones and the
commencement of what appears to be the oldest Tertiary, since nearly or
quite all the fossils found in the former are marine types, while those of the
latter are fresh- and brackish- water, or, in some few instances, perhaps teiTes-
trial forms. This strongly-marked change in the fossils in passing from
the Cretaceous sandstone below into the fresh- and brackish-water beds
apparently above, and the close affinities of most of the species in the latter

♦ Later persoual exaiuiDattons ot these beds at Coalville, aud the equivalent
marine Cretaceous strata at Bear River, as stated in Dr. Hayden's Report of 1872,
have satisfied me that this formation, at the former locality, represents probably nearly
the whole of the Upper Missouri Cretaceous series. — P. B. M., Nov., 1874.

12 PALAEONTOLOGY.

either to foreign Lower Tertiary species or to living forms, are the grounds
upon which Dr. Engelmann and the writer, in 1860, referred these estuary-
beds to the Lower Tertiary.

One of the species found in the Cretaceous sandstones at Coalville,
Utah, certainly agrees very closely with Corbida pyriformis from the later
estuary beds at Bear River, as may be seen by comparing fig, 2, plate 14,
with fig. 2 a, plate 17. As the specimen from the sandstone, however, is a
mere cast, it is not possible to make a very satisfactory comparison. It is
also worthy of note here that there certainly is a species in the latest Cre-
taceous beds of California {Corhula alceformis of Gabb) that agrees very
nearly with our C. pyriformis from the Bear River estuary beds. Indeed, I
find very little in the figure or description of the California species to distin-
guish it from some specimens of C, pyriformis var. concentrica. Most of the
specimens of C. pyriformis are more coarsely and more irregularly ribbed
and furrowed than is shown in Mr. GabVs figure; but the specimens vary
much in this character, some of them being nearly smooth, as in fig. 2 a,
plate 17, while others are regularly ribbed, as in fig. 2, or irregularly so, as
in fig. 2 a^ and there are all conceivable intermediate gradations. As Mr.
Gabb, however, only figures one specimen, it is not possible to make an
entirely satisfactory comparison; though his species is most probably dis-
tinct from ours.

This similarity of a few of the forms in the upper coal-bearing Creta-
ceous beds in Utah, Wyoming, and California, with species in the estuary-
beds in the Bear River country, and the general conform ability of
these formations, together with their association at the same localities,
and the non-conformability of the estuary-beds with the later Tertiary,
might suggest the inquiry, whether we ought not to carry up the line between
the Tertiary and Cretaceous here, so as to include the estuary-deposits in
the latter.

This suggestion would certainly appear to receive some support, froni
the fiict that some of the vertebrate fossils collected by Dr. Hay den, appar-
ently from equivalent estuary -beds at the mouth of Judith River, on the
Upper Missouri, were regarded by Dr. Leidy as belonging to Cretaceous
types. Supposing that the change from marine to fresh- and brackish- water

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 13

conditions in this region had taken place a little before, instead of exactly at,
the close of the Cretaceous period, this change alone would be amply suffi-
cient to account for the destruction of the marine Cretaceous forms. Still,
this would not account for the paucity of strictly Cretaceous types here
through a considerable thickness of marine sandstones below, nor for the
striking Tertiary and more modern affinities of several of the forms ih the
estuary-beds above.*

While willing to admit that facts may yet be discovered showing that
some of the brackish-water beds so widely distributed in this internal region
of the continent belong more properly to the Cretaceous than to the Ter-
tiary, I still think, from all the light we now have on the subject, that the
Bear. and Judith River fresh- and brackish- water deposits represent the oldest
Eocene Lignites of the Paris basin. At least, if they are Cretaceous, there
is little or nothing in the moUuscan remains yet obtained from them to sup-
port such a conclusion, f

The probability is, as I have elsewhere remarked, that, as the continent
was rising, toward the close of the Cretaceous epoch, the Rocky Mountains,
in part at least, existed as islands in the Cretaceous Sea. Still later, as the
process of elevation continued, considerable areas that had been occupied
by the sea became at first partly isolated, so as to form bodies of brackish
water, that gradually became fresh-water lakes, as further elevation com-
pletely isolated them from the influx of the sea. In the deposits formed in
these waters, we might naturally expect to find, at the base, brackish-water
types, and, further up, wholly fresh- water forms, just as is the case in the
beds referred to the Tertiary in that region.

Whether this change from marine to fresh- water conditions was exactly
contemporaneous with the close of the Cretaceous, and the introduction of
the Tertiary epochs elsewhere, perhaps we shall never know; but that it

* For iustance, compare Corhiciila BurJceei (fig. 6 a-g, plate 16) with (7. antiquaj
Ferrussac, and G. Forbesii, Deshayes, from the Lower Lignites of the Paris basin, as
well 'ds Fyrguli/era humerosa (digs. 19 and 19 a, platQ 17) with the so CdWeA Melania
armata of Matheron, from the same horizon at the mouth of the Rhone.

t These remarks were written in 1870; since that time, however, additional facts
have come to light, as already suggested, rather favoring the conclusion that these
Bear River estuary- beds may belong to the latest Cretaceous. — F. B. M., Nov., 1874.

14 PAD^ONTOLOGY.

corresponded in the sequence of geological changes here to that event
seems probable.

In the vicinity of Fort Bridger, Tertiary* deposits exist, apparently of
later date than the Bear River beds that have furnished the fossils men-
tioned above. So far as yet known, these Fort Bridger beds contain only
fresh-water and perhaps terrestrial fossils. From this formation, the fol-
lowing species, figured on plate 17, were collected, mainly by Colonel Simp-
son's party, viz., lAmncea similiSy L. vettcsta, Goniobasis Simpsoniy Planorbis
spedabilis, and P. spectabiUsy var. Utahensis; also Unto Haydeni^ figured on
plate 1 6. So far as known, all the species from this formation are distinct
from those found in the Bear River deposits; and only one species, Planorbis
spectabilis, is very nearly related to any species found on the upper branches
of the Missouri.

A few fossils in the collection, from the region of Fossil Hill, Kawsoh
Mountains, Nevada, show that there is there an exceedingly interesting
Tertiary formation. These fossils are in a beautiful state of preservation,
and contained in a white, soft limestone, or indurated marl. Not a single
one of the species yet known from this formation is identical with any of
those hitherto discovered in any of the other Far- Western Tertiary deposits.*
They are all fresh-water forms, and consist of the following species, viz.,
SphcBrium Idahoense and S, rugosum, figured on plate 16, and Carinifex
Tryonij C. JBinneyij Goniobasis sculptilis, G. subsculptilis, and Ancylus undu-
latusy figured on plate 17. The species all being new, and the rock not
having been seen connected with any of the other Tertiary formations of
that region, we have no means of determining its exact position in the
Tertiary series ; though it is probably more recent than either of the other
formations from which fossils are figured and described in this report. It
will probably yield a large number of new and interesting fossils to who-
ever may be able to explore it thoroughly.

As it has been thought desirable to give as full and complete an

♦ At the time of writiDg the above, I had overlooked the possible identity of the
species I have described under the name Ooniohasis sculptllia with Melania Taylori^
Gabb, described in vol. II, p. 13, Pateont. California, from apparently the same forma-
tion in Idaho.— F. B. M., Nov., 1874.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 15

account as possible of the palaeontology of the country explored, in a
number of instances species have been figured and described even where
the specimens are not in a condition to give any clew to their generic
characters. This has been done, because, notwithstanding the imperfection
of the specimens, they can readily be identified as characteristic forms of
the several respective rocks. Hence, as future explorers, under more
favorable circumstances, obtain more extensive collections, it will certainly
be found necessary in perhaps not a few instances, to modify the nomen-
clature here provisionally adopted. In all these doubtful cases, however,
the doubts in regard to their generic or specific affinities have been fully
indicated, either by the use of a query-mark or in words. In some
other cases, fossils have been figured, and, as far as possible, described,
where the species could not be certainly identified with known forms,
nor yet satisfactorily determined to be new. In such instances, they
are merely given as undetermined forms, without having any specific name
appended.

In closing these remarks, I take pleasure in acknowledging my obliga-
tions to Professor Henry for the use of rooms, books, and specimens, as
well as for other facilities at the Smithsonian Institution, while preparing
this report.

Smithsonian Institution,

Washington Citi/y D. C, August 2, 1870.

xDEsoi^ii^Tioisrs o:f ipossils.

SILURIAN SPECIES.

MOLLUSCA.

GASTEROPODA^

SOLARIIDJE-
? Genus OPHILETA, Vanuxem.
Ophileta complanata, var. nana.

Plate 1, figs. 1, la, 1&.

OpUleta complanata, VaDuxem (1842), Eeport Third Geol. Dist. N. Y., 36, fig. 2.—
Hall (1847), Palseont. N. Y., I, pi. ii, fig. 2, and pi. iii, fig. 6.

Ophileta complanata var. nana^ Meek (1870), Hayden's Prelim. Report of the U. S. Geol.
Survey of the Territories, 295.

Shell compressed-planorbicular, both sides slightly concave ; volutions
about six, very narrow, and increasing very gradually in size, flattened and
slightly oblique on the outer side, and presenting a quadrangular transverse
section, with upper and lower surfaces somewhat converging inward from
the angle on each side of the periphery.

Greatest diameter, 0.30 inch; 'thickness or height, 0.06 inch; diameter
of last volution, measuring in the direction of the plane of the shell,
0.05 inch.

As Vanuxem's species was not fully described or well figured, it is
scarcely possible to be positively sure that our shell might not be only a
closely-allied species, without direct comparison with authentic examples

17
2PR

18 PALAEONTOLOGY.

of the New York form. Our specimens are scarcely one-half as large as
Vanuxem's figure ; but we are not sure that they are entire. The shell, how-
ever, certainly agrees very closely with 0. complanata in proportions and
the exceedingly narrow character of its volutions. Still, as it seems to
have nearly the same number of whorls in less than half the diameter of
0. complanata^ it may be a distinct smaller species. If so, it may be called
0. nana.

Locality and position, — Ute Peak, south of Muddy Creek, a tributary of
Bear River, Utah ; from a gray, granular limestone of Lower Silurian age,
and probably belonging to the epoch of the Calciferous Group of the New
York series.

Genus RAPHISTOMA, Hall

EAPHISTOMA 1 ROTULIFORMIS, Meek.
Plate 1, figs. 2, 2 a, 2 &.

Euomphalus {Baplmtoma f) rotuliformis^ Meek (1870), Proceed. Acad. Nat. 9ci. Philad.,
61; and (1872) Haydeu's Ann. Eep. Geol. Survey of the Territories, 464.

Shell small, sublenticular, or more than twice and a half as wide as
high, with the periphery sharply angular, and the much-depressed spire a
little more prominent than the convexity of the last turn below the angular
periphery ; umbilicus very wide, deep, and depressed-conical ; volutions
six or seven, exceedingly narrow, and increasing very gradually in size, all
obliquely flattened, or sometimes slightly concave on the upper slope,
which is nearly coincident with that of the spire, and with the under side
sloping downward and inward (being nearly one-third wider than the upper
surface) to the umbilicus, around which they are rather distinctly angular ;
aperture obliquely-rhombic. Surface unknown.

Breadth, 0.32 inch; height, 0.12 inch; breadth of last turn on the
upper slope, 0.15 inch; on the under slope, 0.18 inch ; breadth of aperture,
0.09 inch ; height of aperture, 0.07 inch.

This species is evidently nearly allied to Euomphalus polygyratuSj
Roemer, from the Lower Silurian rocks of San Saba, Texas (see Kreid.
von Texas, tab. xi, figs. 4 a, 6). It differs, however, in being much smaller,
its greatest diameter being less than one-fourth that of Roemer^B species,

SILURIAN SPECIES. 19

although it shows nearly the same number of volutions. Its volutions are
also proportionally more convex below, and slope more abruptly into the
umbilicus.

Locality and position. — Same as last.

Kaphistoma! trochiscus, Meek.

Plate 1, figs. '^J 3 a, aud 3 5.

Euomplialus (RapMsfoma f) trochiscus. Meek (1870), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,
61 J and (1872) in Hayden's Ann. Eep, Geol. Survey of the Territories, 4G4.

Shell sublenticular, about twice and a half as wide as high; spire much
depressed, or but little higher (measuring from the horizon of the sharply
angular periphery) than the convexity of the last turn below the same; um-
bilicus wide, deep, and depressed-conical; volutions four and a half to five,
increasing gradually in size, all obliquely flattened (or sometimes slightly
concave) above, nearly on a line with the slope of the spire, and sloping
downward and inward below to the umbilicus, into which the curve is so
abrupt as to form an obtuse angle around its margin ; aperture wider than
high, and rhombic-subtrigonal in outline. Surface unknown.

Breadth, 0.40 inch ; height, 0.15 inch ; breadth of last turn, 0.12 inch;
breadth of umbilicus, about 0.25 inch.

This is similar in general appearance to the last species, but may be
readily distinguished by its less numerous whorls, which increase more
rapidly in size. It is much more nearly allied to a form now before me in
masses of chert, from the west side of Lake Pepin, in Minnesota, found in
beds of about the age of the Calciferous sand-rock of the New York series.
The latter, however, attains a much larger size; some of the specimens
being an inch in diameter, with about six volutions. The Minnesota form
is also more sharply angular on the periphery, and has the upper side of the
volutions distinctly more concave, and the spire more depressed.*

Locality and position. — Same as last.

* In the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy for 1870, cited above (p. 62), I
have proposed the name E, Pepinensis for this Minnesota species.

20 PALEONTOLOGY.

ARTICULATA.

CRUSTACEA.

PARADOXID^.

Genus CONOCORYPHE, Corda.
CoNOCORYPHE (Ptychoparia) Kingii, Meek.

Plate 1, fig. 4.

Conocoryphe (Gonocephalites) Kingii, Meek (1870), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 63.
Conocoryphe {Ptychoparia) Kingii^ Meek (1872), Haydeu^s Ann. Report U. S. Geol.

Survey of the Territories, 487.— White (1876), Palaeont. of Lieut. Wheeler's

Survey, 40, pi. ii, figs. 2 ah^c.

Entire form ovate and much depressed, with breadth equahng about
two-thirds the whole length. Ceplialic shield semicircular, or a little wider
than long, with the anterior and antero-lateral borders regularly rounded in
outline, and provided with a narrow, slightly-defined, marginal rim; posterior
margin nearly straight, with the lateral angles terminating in abruptly-pointed
extremities, so short as scarcely to project as far backward as the posterior
margin of the second thoracic segment. Grlabella depressed nearly even
with the cheeks, about two-thirds as long as the entire head, and between
one-third and one-fourth the breadth of the same behind, but narrowing for-
ward to its subtruncated anterior end, and separated from the cheeks on each
side and in front by a shallow furrow ; occipital furrow moderately well
defined, and continued as rather deep broad furrows along the posterior mar-
gins of the cheeks out nearly to the points where the facial sutures cut
the margin ; lateral furrows not clearly defined in the specimens, but appar-
ently consisting of four pairs. Facial sutures directed at first, for a short
distance, forward from the inner anterior end of each eye, then curving
gracefully outward as they extend forward, until near the anterior margin
of the head, where they are a little wider apart than the distance between
the eyes, but again curving rathei* abruptly inward, so as to reach the ante-
rior margin nearly on a line with each eye; posteriorly these sutures extend
at first outward nearly at right angles to the longitudinal axis, from the pos-
terior end of each eye, and then curve gracefully backward, so as to intersect

SILURIAN SPECIES. 21

the posterior margin between one-fourth and one-third the distance from tlie
lateral angles inward toward the glabella. Eyes rather depressed, slightly
arched outward, separated from each other by a space somewhat less than
half the entire breadth of the head, and placed less than their own length in
advance of the posterior margin, and about once and a half their length be-
hind the front margin of the head; visual surfaces narrow, and not showing
any lenses under a good magnifier.

Thorax with its length bearing the proportions to that of the head of
79 to 52, and to its own breadth of 79 to 107, being very shghtly wider
near the middle than in front, and narrowing posteriorly, with gently convex
lateral margins, from behind the middle to the pygidium. Axial lobe de-
pressed, narrow, or only about two-thirds the breadth of each lateral lobe
at its anterior end, and narrowing regularly with straight sides posteriorly;
segments thirteen, nearly or quite straight, and each with some appearance
of a small node or prominence at each end.^ Lateral lobes depressed or
nearly flat ; pleurae almost transverse, or arching slightly backward to near
the extremities, which are abruptly pointed ; each with a well-defined fur-
row, which commences small near the anterior inner end, and widens and
deepens for about half-way out, and then narrows and becomes more shal-
low, so as to die out before reaching the lateral extremities.

. Pygidium subsemicircular, being rounded posteriorly, with a narrow,
slightly -flattened border, and somewhat rounded anterior lateral extremities;
length bearing to that of the thorax the proportions of 30 to 79, and to that
of the head of 30 to 52, with a breadth of not quite two-thirds that of the
head; axial lobe equaling more than two-thirds the length, narrow, depressed,
and showing more or less distinctly about five segments; lateral lobes much
depressed, nearly twice as wide at the anterior end as the middle one, each
with about three segments, which curve a little backward, and become
obsolete before passing upon tlie narrow, smooth border; segments each
provided with a comparatively large longitudinal furrow, corresponding to
those on the pleurae.

* lu the specimens, these little prominences seem to be so very obscare as to
leave doubts of their real existence as nodes. They are imich too distinctly defined in
our figure.

22 PALJEONTOLOGT.

Entire surface apparently smooth, excepting fine radiating striae on the
anterior and lateral portions of the cephalic shield, that are scarcely visible
without the aid of a magnifier.

Whole length, 1.60 inches; breadth of thorax, 1.07 inches; of cephalic
shield (somewhat flattened by pressure), about 1.12 inches; length of thorax,
0.70 inch; length of pygidium, 0.30 inch; breadth of same, 0.60 inch.

Of this fine Trilobite, three entire specimens and a part of another were
obtained. They are, however, all merely sharply-defined natural casts,
formed by the deposition of a crust of arragonite in the original moulds left
by the fossil in some kind of a matrix. The specimens were evidently some-
what flattened by pressure before or at the time they left their impressions
in the rock. This compression has obscured the lateral furrows of the gla-
bella; but most of the other characters of the upper side of the fossil are
clearly seen, even to the facial sutures, and the faintly-marked radiating
strise around the front and lateral margins of the cheeks.

The genus Conocephalites (or more properly Conocoryphej for a strict
application of the rules of priority would, I should think, require that the
latter name should be adopted for the genus to which they were both
applied) is so nearly allied to Olenus that it may not be always easy to dis-
tinguish the two types without seeing the hypostoma, and hence it is possi-
ble that the fomi under consideration may be more properly an Olenus. As
it has more the regular oval outhne of the former, and less pointed and pro-
duced pleurae than the latter, while it shows clearly the fine radiating striae
around the anterior and lateral margins of the head, so often seen in Cono-
corT/pJie, it more probably belongs to that genus. It is worthy of note, how-
ever, that all of the specimens seem to be much more depressed or flattened
than any of the species yet described of that genus, while only one of them
shows any traces of the slender ridge usually seen passing from the ante-
rior end of each eye to the front extremity of the glabella; and in this one,
the ridge is so faintly marked as to leave doubts whether or not it is
natural.

The slight differences between some of the details of the type speci-
men illustrated on our plate, and those figured by Dr. White, are either
sexual, or due to accidental causes. The most obvious of these differences

SILURIAN SPECIES. 23

is the greater length of the posterior lateral spines of the cephalic shield in
Dr. White's specimens, which difference is probably sexual; while the others
seem to be mainly due to the accidental flattening of our specimen.

Locality and position. — Antelope Springs, House Range, Utah ; Lower
Silurian, and probably, judging from the known position of the genus Com-
cephalites in the rocks of this country and Europe, from the Primordial
Zone.

Genus PARADOXIDES, Brongniart.

Paradoxides If Nevadensis, Meek.

Plate I, fig, 5.

Faradoxldes f Nevadensis, Meek (1870), Proceed. Acad. ]S"at. Sci. Philad., 62.

The only specimen of this Trilobite obtained consists of a natural cast,
formed by a moderately thick crust of arragonite, deposited in a natural
mould, or impression, of a part of the thorax and the pygidium, with the free
borders of the latter broken away. Its rather large size, much depressed
form, spiniferous pleurse, and general physiognomy, as far as seen, at once
recall to the mind the well-known genus Paradoxides, A closer inspection,
however, shows its pygidium to be proportionally larger than we see in the
known species of that genus, with possibly tlie exception of P. Forsckham-
meri of Angelin,

Of the thorax, eight of the posterior segments are preserved. These show
the axial lobe to be much depressed, and about as wide as the lateral ones,
exclusive of the free recurved points of the pleurse. The segments of the
axial lobe are defined by a broad, rounded furrow, or depression, across the
anterior side of each, and have much the general appearance of those of
some species of Paradoxides, being a little thickened, squarely truncated,
and slightly curved forward at the ends. But they differ in showing dis-
tinct remains of a mesial spine, or tubercle, on each, and in having an obscure,
oblique furrow, or depression, on each side, passing outward and backward
from the broad, anterior, transverse furrow to the posterior lateral angles, so
as partly to isolate the slightly-thickened and truncated extremities of each.
The lateral lobes are nearly flat, and composed of pleurae that extend straight
outward at right angles to the axis, to their free extremities, which are

24 ' PALAEONTOLOGY.

abruptly contracted (almost entirely on the posterior side) into slender,
rounded, very sharp spines, which curve backward and outward. Each of
the pleurae is also provided with a broad, rather deep, flattened furrow,
which commences near the inner end, and extends straight outward for
some distance, with parallel sides, but gradually tapers, mainly on the ante-
rior side, to a lanceolate point, before reaching tlie free extremities. These
furrows have not the obliquity usually seen in those of Paradoxides, but run
parallel to the direction of the pleurae, so as to leave a slender straight ridge
of equal size along the anterior and posterior margin of each rib.

The pygidium, exclusive of the portions of the free border broken away,
has a nearly semicircular outline, being about twice as wide as long, while
it is as much flattened as the thorax. The part remaining equals in length
the five thoracic segments next in advance of it Its mesial lobe is much
depressed, and about three-fourths as wide anteriorly as the breadth of
that of the thorax at its widest part seen. Posteriorly it tapers moderately,
and extends nearly the entire length of the pygidium, as seen with the free
border broken away. It is evident, however, that the flattened border pro-
jected more or less behind its termination. It shows distinctly five seg-
ments, with indications of about two others at the posterior end. The
lateral lobes have each three segments, the anterior one being extended out
nearly parallel to those of the thorax, while the others are directed more
obliquely backward, and rapidl)^ widen outward. Like the pleurae, they
have each a broad, flattened furrow; that of the anterior one being nearly
parallel to those of the pleurae, while those of the other two are directed
more obhquely backward, particularly the posterior one, which is almost
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body. These furrows are so deep
and broad as to give the three segments of each lateral lobe the appearance
of &ix iiTCgular ndges; the irregularity being produced by the posterior two
furrows, instead of passing along the middle of each segment, being curved
backward so as to divide it very unequally, leaving the anterior part much
the broader. No fine surface-markings are preserved on the specimen.

Entire length of the imperfect specimen, nearly 3 inches, of which the
remaining 8 thoracic segments form 1.70 inches; breadth of the thorax, exclu-
sive of the free spiniferous ends of the pleurae, 2.05 inches, and, including

DEVONIAN SPECIES. 25

the projecting ends of the pleuroe, 2.40 inches; length of what remains
of the pygidium, 1.03 inches; breadth of the same, about 1.80 inches.

Supposing it to be a true Paradoxides, with not less than sixteen thoracic
segments, the entire specimen, when complete, could not have been far from
six inches in length. It can hardly be a true ParadoxideSj however.

It is possible I should call this species Olenus or Paraholina Nevadensis;
but its large size seems to be an objection to placing it in any section of
either of these groups. In the possession of a node, or spine, on each of the
thoracic segments, as well as in the direction of the posterior segments of
the lateral lobes of the pygidium, it agrees with the type of Paraholina; but,
unfortunately, the specimen is not in a condition to show whether or not
these segments of the pygidium terminated in produced marginal spines,
while the furrows of its pleurae have not the obliquity of those seen in that
type, but agree more nearly with those of some species of Conocorypke, The
comparatively large size of its pygidium, and the nodes, or spines, on its
thoracic segments, as well as the nature of the furrows of the pleurae, are
rather against its reference to Paradoxides, and lead me to think that it may
belong to an undescribed genus; if so, it might be called Olenoides.

Locality and position, — Same as last.

DEVONIAN SPECIES.

EADIATA.
POLYPI.

FAVOSITIDJl.

Genus ALVEOLITES, Lamarck.
Alveolites multilamella, Meek.

Plate 2, figs. 7, 7 o, and 7 &.

Corallum massive, apparently hemispherical, or subglobose. Calices
very small, or uniformly only about three-hundredth s of an inch in their
greater diameter, and about half as much in their smaller diameter ; as

26 PALAEONTOLOGY.

seen in transverse sections, subtrigonal or subrhombic, and separated by
walls equaling their smaller diameter in thickness; apparently not very
oblique at their terminations to the general surface, and showing (at least
in sections) a small tooth-like projection at the middle of the outer wall.
Longitudinal sections showing the tabulae to be numerous, extremely thin,
and not always exactly transverse or parallel to each other, but nearly so,
and arranged somewhat regularly at intervals of only one-hundredth of
an inch apart. Mural pores comparatively rather large, and regularly
arranged, so that six of them may be counted in a space of one-tenth of
an inch.

In the size and form of its calicos, as well as in its massive growth,
this species is nearly allied to a coral described by the writer (under the
name J., valloriim), found by Mr. Kennicott at *Hhe Ramparts" on Macken-
zie River, near Fort Good Hope, Arctic America (see Trans. Chicago
Acad. Sci., I, 86, pi. xi, fig. 9). It differs, however, in having its calices
slightly larger, and not ranging near so obliquely to the general surface ;
the tubes formed by their continuous growth being much straighter, and
more nearly parallel with each other, or only slightly radiating, instead of
being very oblique and curving about in all directions. Whether or not it
agrees with the Arctic species in the arrangement of its numerous transverse
septa or diaphragms and its mural pores, I have been unable to determine ;
these parts not having been seen in that coral.

Compared with European species, it seems to be in some respects
allied to A. spborhicularis, Lamarck, from the Devonian rocks of France,
and A. reticulatuSj Steininger, from rocks of the same age in France and
Germany. From the first, it differs in its massive instead of encrusting
mode of growth, as well as in its thicker walls between the calices, which
latter are also smaller; while its tabulae are much more numerous and more
crowded. Its calices are a size larger than those of A. reticulatus, and sepa-
rated by thinner walls, they also seem to be less oblique.

Locality and position. — Argyle Hill, White Pine District, Nevada;

Devonian.

Alveolites (undt. sp.)

From near the same locality, there is, in the collection, from the Devo-

DEVONIAN SPE€IES. 27

nian of the White Pine District, an imperfect specimen of an Alveolites,
that grew in an irregular, rather thin, foHated form, with exceedingly-
oblique calices, of somewhat larger size and narrower form than the fore-
going. This, I think, belongs to another species ; but the specimen is
scarcely in a condition to admit of its being figured and described,

Genns FAVOSITES, Lamarck.
Favosites (undt. sp.).

Plate 1, fig. 6.

Corallum small, siibglobose or ovoid, often growing attached to shells.
Corallites rather small, and very unequal in size and form, in consequence
of the rapid growth of young ones between the corners of the old, so as to
give the latter a polygonal or nearly circular outline, while the mucli
smaller young often appear at the surface with a trigonal or quadrangular
form, all rapidly radiating in all directions. Tabulse passing straight
across at intervals nearly equaling the diameter of the larger corallites.
(Septa and mural pores unknown.)

Diameter of corallum, about 1.50 inches; of the largest corallites,
about 0.08 inch.

The specimens of this little coral have all the cavities solidly filled
with silicious matter, so that it is scarcely possible to make out very clearly
its more important specific characters. It may be a new species ; but, in a
genus like this, the species of which are often so diflicult to distinguish,
even from the very best preserved specimens, it would be folly to attempt
to identify our coral with any of the known species, or to name and
describe it as new, without better specimens for comparison.

Loeality and position. — Three miles south of Piiion Pass, Pinon Range,

Nevada; Lower Devonian or Upper Silurian. Found associated with

Spirifer Pinonensis, Atrypa reticularis, FAmondiaf Pifionensis, and fragments

of a JDahnanites,

Favosites polymorpha, Goldf. ?, var.

Plate 2, fig. 3.
Calamopora polymorpha, Goldf. (1826), Petrif. Germ., T, 79, tab. 27.*

Of this coral, I have seen but the single fragment figured, and this is
* For synonymy, see Edwards and Ilaime's Monograph of Fossil Corals.

28 palj5o:ntology.

not ill a very good condition for examination. As nearly as its characters
can be made out, it seems to belong to one of the varieties or species
usually referred to F. polymorpha of Goldfuss, Without more and better
specimens, however, it would scarcely be possible to determine its specific
relations with exactness.

Locality and position. — Rio Verde, Arizona; found by Dr. Palmer
associated with CyatJiophyUum Palmeri.

Genus SYRINGOPORA, Goldfuss.
Sykingopora (iiudt. fp.).

Corallites very slender or only about 0.06 inch in diameter; generally
separated by spaces from one to three or four times their own diameter ;
usually nearly straight, but sometimes more or less flexuous ; surface with
small transverse wrinkles; connecting tubes distantly separated; (interior
unknown).

In its general appearance, this coral rather closely resembles S, perele-
gans^ Billings (Canadian Journal, March, 1859, fig. 19), and it may possibly
belong to that species. As I only know it, however, from imperfect speci-
mens, and there are doubtless many closely-allied species of this genus in
the rocks of this country, I do not feel warranted in identifying it with
that described by Mr. Billings, or in naming it as a new species. Its coral-
lites are certainly more widely separated than in Mr. Billings's typical
specimens, and, although this is to a considerable extent a variable charac-
ter, I am rather inclined to regard it as a distinct species.

Locality and position. — Babylon Ilill, White Pine Mining District;
Devonian.

CYATHOPHYLLID^.

Genus PTYCHOPHYLLUM, E. & H.
Ptyohophyllum ? iNFUNDiBULUM, Meek.

Plate 2, figs. 1, 1 a, I 6.

Corallum subturbinate, or possibly becoming more or less cylindrical
with age ; central fossula moderately deep, truncato-obconic, about one-
third the breadth of the entire corallum ; rays stout, about fifty, generally

DEVONIAN SPECIES. 29

rather arcuate, or sometimes nearly straight along most of their length,
every alternate one (or sometimes more) extending in nearly or quite to
the middle, where they become tortuous, and apparently form a small, false
columella ; transverse plates stout, sometimes dividing, sloping a little from
near the fossula to their free margins, which are subcrenate, while within
they curve abruptly downward around the fossula. Transverse sections
showing what appear to be a few dissepiments, arching strongly outward
between the septa ; but these may be oblique sections of the divisions of
the infundebuliform plates. Vertical section showing a small prominence
at the bottom of the central fossula, and under the fossula a few thin dis-
sepiments passing transversely or curving a little upward as they approach
what appears like a slender central columella.

Breadth, nearly two inches ; height, somewhat less than one inch.

The specimens of this coral in the collection are very imperfect, and
leave some doubts in regard to its true relations. Possibly I should call it
Chonophyllum infundibulum, to which genus I was at first inclined to refer it.
On making vertical sections of one of the specimens, however, I have found
some appearances of a small, false columella. If these appearances are not
deceptive, it would fall into the genus Ptycliophyllum ; but, if there was no
columella, it would have to be referred to the genus Chonophjllum. Its
septa, however, are much less numerous than those of any of the described
species of the former genus ; while it has also a smaller number than in
any of the latter known to me, and likewise has a differently-formed
calice.

Locality and position. — Treasure Hill, White Pine Mining District,
Nevada ; from the silver-bearing Devonian rocks of that region.

Genus DIPHYPHYLLUM, Lonsdale.

DiPHYPHYLLUM FASCICXJLUM, Meek.
Plate 2, figs. 4,4 a, 4 6.

Corallum growing in tufts ; corallites slender, elongated, cylindrical,
moderately flexuous, and often adhering or growing together where brought
into contact by the flexures, or sometimes by short, irregular, transverse
processes; gemmation lateral; epitheca thin, and easily removed by weath-

30 PAL/EONTOLOGY.

ering, so as to expose the edges of the septa, thus presenting a distinctly
striated appearance; surface more or less wrinkled transversely, but not very
sti'ongly so; septa from about thirty-six to forty, every alternate one of which
is shghtly thinner than the others, and generally terminates at, or a little
within, the thin wall of the outer vesicular zone, while the others continue
straight inward, and terminate abruptly a little before reaching the middle.
Vertical section showing the narrow central space not occupied by the
septa to be crossed by transverse plates, which seem to curve downward,
and sometimes to divide all around the central transversely septate space,
so as to form a kind of narrow, undefined inner vesicular area. Out-
side of this, there is a well-defined, very narrow, outer, vesicular zone, sepa-
rated from the inner by a distinct, very thin wall, and occupied by only a
single series of vesicles, the dissepiments between which range obliquely
outward and upward, (Calices unknown.)

Entire size of corallum unknown; diameters of corallites, from 0.16 to
0.^0 inch; spaces between the corallites rarely greater than the diameter of
the latter, and generally less.

This coral seems to present essentially the structure of the genus Dipliy-
phyllmn of Lonsdale, particularly as illustrated by Professor McCoy in his fig-
ures of his D. latiseptum (Brit. Pal. Foss., pi. 3 c, fig. 10.) Specifically,
however, it differs materially from that form in having more slender coral-
lites, and a much narrower, outer, vesicular zone, as well as a proportionally
wider middle area occupied by the broad tabulae.

1 am aware that Edwards and Haime have expressed the opinion, in
their valuable Monograph of the Fossil Corals (p, 446), that the specimens
on which Lonsdale's genus Diphyphyllum was founded, and those of another
species described by McCoy, are probably only examples of Lithostrotion,
in which the columella had accidentally been dissolved out during the
process of fossilization. If this is so, the name of the species here under
consideration would probably become Diplophyllum fasciculum^ as it seems
to present very nearly the structure of that genus as proposed by Professor
Hall, who, however, has since expressed doubts whether or not his genus is
distinct from Diphyphyllum of Lonsdale,

Whatever may be the real structure of Lonsdale^s typical specimens of

DEVONIAN SPECIES. 31

DiphyphyUum, it seems to me that there can be no reasonable doubt in regard
to the coral under consideration having no trances of a columella. It is true
that fossil corals, in different states of preservation, sometimes do present
quite deceptive appearances in their internal structure; but, from the exami-
nation of ground sections in various directions through the corallites, as well
as from broken specimens, showing the interior more or less distinctly, I
think I cannot be mistaken in the conclusion that this coral has not the
characters of Litliostrotion^ and agrees with Lonsdale's genus.

Locality and position. — Argyle and Treasure Hills, White Pine Mining
District, Nevada; Devonian.

Genus ACERVULARIA, Schweigger.

ACERVULARIA PENTAGONA, GoldfuSS (sp.).
Plate 2, ^g9. 5, 5 a.

Gyathophyllum pentago7ium, Goldf. (182C), Petref. Germ., I, 60, tab. 19, fig. 3.— Morveu

(1832), Descr. Corall. Belg., 56.
Favastrea pentagona, de Blainville (1830), Diet. Sci. Nat., LX, 340; Mann. d'Actin., 375.
Astrea pentagonay Lonsdale (1840), Geol. Trans., 2d ser., V, pi. 57, fig. 1.— Phillips

(1841), Palaeozoic Fossils, II, pi. 6, fig. 15.
Acervularia pentagona, Micbelin (1845), Icon., 180, pi. 49, fig. 1. — McCoy (1851), Brit.

Palaeozoic Foss., 19. — Edwards and Haime (1851), Polyp. Terr. Pal^oz., 418;

and Brit. Foss. Corals, 238, pi. 53, figs. 5, 5 a, 5 &.— Pictet, Traits de Pal^ont.,

pi. 108, fig. 3.—Milne Edwards, Hist, des Corall., Ill, 410.
Acervularia ananas, Micbelin (1845), Icon., pi. 47, fig. 1.
Lithostrotion pentagonum, d'Orbigny (1850), Prodr. de Paleout., I, 106.

Corallum astreiform. Corallites comparatively small, and of rather uni-
form size, generally hexagonal or pentagonal; septa eighteen to twenty -fom-,
rather strong, nearly straight, half of them teraiinating at the inner wall,
while the others continue in nearly to the center; outer walls very thin,
minutely zigzag; inner walls moderately defined around the calices, which
are of medium depth, and generally rather more than one-third as wide as
the corallites. Dissepiments, as seen between the walls in vertical sections,
very thin, rather closely arranged, and at some points slightly waved.

Entire breadth of corallum unknown ; breadth of an imperfect mass of
same, 2.80 inches; breadth of coralHtes, about 0.18 inch; breadth of calices,
about 0.07 inch.

32 ^AL.EO^TOLOG Y.

The specimen referred to the above species seems to agree well with
the published figures and descriptions of that form. Its outer walls, as
seen in transverse sections, are perhaps a little thinner, and its septa slightly
more rigid or less curved, than represented in Edwards and Haime's enlarged
figure of Goldfuss' species ; but, unless better specimens than that I have
seen might reveal some other characters than those observed, I cannot see how
it can be separated from the European form.

It has much smaller corallites than any other species of the genus
known to me from American rocks.

Locality and position. — Treasure Hill, Nevada; silver-bearing Devonian
beds.

Genus SMITHIA, E. & H.

Smithia Hennahii, Lonsdale (sp.).

Plate 2, fig. 6, 6 a

Afftrwa Hennahii (pRYH), Lousd. (1840), in Sedgwick and Murcbison, Geol. Trans., 3d
sen, V, G97, pi. 58, JBg. 3.— Phillips (1841), Palaeozoic Foss., 12, pL 6, fig. 16.

Cyathophyllum Hennahii, Bronn (1848), Index Palaeont., I, 368.

Lithostrotion Hennahii and Actinocyaihus Eennahiij d'Orbigny(1850), Prodr.de Pal6ont.,
I, 1(16 and 107.

PhilUpsastrea Hennahii (pars), d'Orbigny (1850), ib., 107.

Smithia Hennahii^ Edwards and Ilairae (1851), Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Pal^oz., 421;
Brit. Foss., Corals, 240, pi. 54, ^g, 4.— Edwards (1860), Hist. CoralL, III, 413.

Arachnophyllum Hennahii, MrQoy (1851), Brit. Palaeoz. Foss., 72.

Acervularia seriaca^ Quenstedt (1852), Handb. der Petret'., 664, pi. 60, fig. 3.

Corallum apparently subhemi spherical in general form. Mural circles
from twice to about four times their own diameter apart, but iiTegularly
an-anged ; as seen in a transverse section, moderately well defined. Septa
twenty-three to twenty-six, very thin excepting near the mural circles, where
they are somewhat thickened, and every alternate one terminates, while the
others continue straight inward nearly to the center ; all more extended,
straighter, and more directly confluent in one direction (usually outward
toward the periphery of the corallum) than transversely to the same; in
which latter direction they are variously curved, or more or less abruptly
geniculated. Vertical section showing the vesicular dissepiments between
the septa to be very thin, nearly horizontal, and rather closely arranged.

DEVONIAN SPECIES. 33

Greatest transverse diameter of corallum, 4 inches or more; diameter
of mural circles, about 0.10 inch ; number of vesicular dissepiments seen
between two of the septa, in a space of 0.10 inch of vertical section, 8.

It is possible that a very critical comparison of good specimens might
show some differences in the details of structure by which this coral could
be separated from the European Smithia Hennahii; but I have failed to de-
tect any characters, either mentioned in the descriptions or illustrated in the
most reliable published figures of that species, by which our specimens can
be distinguished. Every word in Edwards and Haime^s description of S.
Hennahiiy as they restrict the species, would apply equally well to the spec-
imens under consideration, so far as their structure can be made out.

. Locality and position, — Babylon Hill, White Pine Mining District, from
the silver-bearing rock ; Devonian.

Genus CYATHOPHYLLUM, Goldfuss.
Oyathophylltjm Palmeri, Meek.

Plate 2, fig. 2.

Corallum composite, astreiform, growing in irregular masses three to
four or more inches in diameter, with the corallites radiating in all direc-
tions from near the base of attachment. Corallites very unequal in size, and
usually pentagonal or hexagonal in form, with rather deep calicos in the
middle; separated by nearly straight, moderately-projecting walls, excepting
where a young corallite protrudes a little beyond the others, when it is
sometimes surrounded by a nearly circular wall. Gemmation both calicu-
lar and interstitial; in the former case, the young corallites often growing up
directly in the middle of the calicos of the old, and soon expanding so as to take
the place of the latter. Septa twenty-eight to thirty-four, well developed,
slightly denticulated, thicker, and most prominent for about half-way inward,
where every alternate one thins off to nothing, while the others continue on very
thin to the center, where they form, without twisting, a small projection in
the bottom of each calice. Vesicular dissepiments very thin, rather closely
aiTanged, and not continued in farther than the ends of the shorter septa.

Breadth of the whole corallum, 4 or more inches; height, about 2.50

3PE

34 PALEONTOLOGY.

inches; breadth of the largest corallites, about 0.40 inch; but the average size
not more than one-half to two-thirds as much.

At a first glance, this coral recalls such forms as Cyathophyllum quadri-
gemmatuMf Goldfuss, as represented by figs. 6 b and 6 c, plate xviii, of
his Petref. Germ. A moment's comparison, however, shows that it is very dis-
tinct. In the first place, its corallites are more compactly crowded together,
and more strongly radiating, in consequence of the more rapid growth of inter-
mediate young corallites, thus leaving no space for any of them to grow
out free from the others. In a few instances, where a young corallite grew
more rapidly than the others, it became free, and assumed a round or oval
outline ; but this form seems never to have been continued for more than
very short distance before the rapid expansion of the young brought them
into contact laterally, when they assumed angular outlines like the old ones,
thus covered and hidden from view. The form of the calicos in the species
under consideration is also quite difierent, being very shallow or nearly
flat for about half-way in from the walls, and then dropping in almost ver-
tically ; while, in C. quadriffemmatum, they slope abruptly inward from tlie
walls. The latter likewise has about forty-six nearly equal septa to each
corallite.

It is probably more nearly allied to C, Sedgwicki, Edwards and Haime
(see British Foss. Corals, pi. lii, figs. 3, 3 a), but it differs in having con-
stantly a smaller number of septa, which are all thicker at their outer ends,
and taper inward, instead of being all thinner there, with the longer series
becoming thickened about half-way in, and then tJbinning inward.

The young corallites growing up within the old often give the coral the
appearance of an Acervularia ; but a moment's examination shows that these
inner circles are young corallites, and not inner walls.

The specific name is given in honor of Dr. E. Palmer, who discovered
and brought in the only specimens I have ever seen. They are all silicified,
so as to prevent the possibility of ascertaining the internal structure by sec-
tions of the corallites.

Locality and position, — Rio Verde, Arizona; from its affinities, it is
believed to be of Devonian age.

DEVONIAN SPECIES. 35

MOLLUSOA.

BRACHIOPODA.

STEOPHOMENIDiE.

Genus HEMIPRONITES, Pander.

Hemipronites CHEMUNaENSis var. ARCTOSTRIATA, CoDrad (sp.).

Plate 3, fig. 2.

Strophomena Ghemungensis^ Conrad (1843), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., VIII, 257, pi.

14, fig. 12.
Orthisina arctostriata, Hall (1861), Thirteenth Eeport Regents Univ. N. Y. on State

Cab. N. EL, 80 5 and (1862) Fifteenth do., 185 and 186, figs. 1 and 2.
Streptorhynchus arctostriatusj Hall (1863), Sixteenth Report Regents Univ. K. Y. on

State Cab. N. H., 62.
Sireptorhynehus Chemiaigensis var. arctostriata. Hall (1867), Palseont. N. Y., IV, 71.*

Shell small, nearly semicircular, rather depressed ; hinge very nearly
or quite equaling the greatest breadth; lateral extremities about rectangular;
anterior and lateral margins forming together a semicircular curve. Ven-
tral valve most convex at the beak, which is only moderately prominent,
and a little distorted, but not arched,, and seems in the figured specimen to
have been broken at the apex in becoming detached from some body to
v^hich it had grown ; area comparatively low, nearly flat, and very slightly
inclined forward, or ranging nearly at right angles to the plane of the valves;
pseudo-deltidium triangular and a little convex ; surface marked by small
radiating striae. Dorsal valve unknown.

Length, 0.31 inch; breadth, 0.45 inch; convexity of ventral valve, 0.12
inch.

So far as can be determined from a single specimen of a ventral valve,

* Professor Hall's latest conclusion on this point is, that Conrad's Strophomena
GJiemungensis, puhliBhed in 1843, includes, either as varieties or individual modifica-
tions of form, etc., all of the following proposed species, viz., Strophomena hifurcata^
Hall, 1843; 8. arctostriatay Hall, 1843; 8, pectinacea^ Hall, 1843; Orthis perversa, Hall,
1847; Orthisina arctostriata^ Hall, 1860; 0. alternata. Hall, 1860; and OrtMs inequalis
and 0. parvis, Hall, 1858; as well as 8treptorhynchus pandora, Billings, 1860. The
names 8» pandora, 8, arctostriata, 8, perversa, and 8, peotinacea, he retains for varie-
ties of Mr. Conrad's species (see Palaeont. N. Y., IV, 67-73).

36 PALEONTOLOGY.

with the shell mostly exfoliated, this form seems to agree well with the
above-cited New York species, as may be seen by comparing our figure with
fig. 2, pi. 9, of the 4th vol. N. Y. Palaeontology. It is quite possible, how-
ever, that a direct comparison with New York specimens might show it to
be distinct. I do not feel justifiable, however, without a good series of
specimens from the two distantly-separated localities for comparison, in run-
ning the risk of further complicating the synonymy of a species that has
already received so many names, and consequently prefer to refer it to the
New York species, instead of attempting to name it as new.

Locality and position, — Colonel Simpson's collection, latitude 39^ 30'
N., longitude 115^ 36' W.; from dark Devonian limestone.

PRODUOTID^.

Genus PRODUCTUS, Sowerby.
Produotus subaouleatus, Murchison ? .

Plate 3, figs. 7, 7 a, 7 6.

Productus snbaeuleatm, Murchison (1840), Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., XI, 255j pi. ii, &g, 9.

De Verneuir(m part) (1845), Geol. Euss. and the Ural Mts., 11,282, pi. xvi,
fig. 9.— De Koninck (1847), M^m. Soc. Roy. Li^ge, IV, 249, pi. xiv, fig. 4; and
Monogr. Prod, and Chon., 142, pi. xvi, fig. 4.— De Vern. (1847), Bull.— Soc.
G6ol. Fr., 2d ser., IV, 705, pi. Ix.— Schnurr (1853), in Dunker and von
Meyer's Palaeont., II, 228, pL xliii, fig. 4 a. — Davidson (1853), Quart. Jour.
Geol. Soc, 336, pi. xv, fig. 12.— Sandberger (1855), Die Brach. Reiniscb.
Schicht. Nassau, 75, pi. xxxiv, fig. 17.— Davidson (1865), Monogr. Brit. Devon.
Foss., 99, pi. XX, parts 1-2. — Meek (1876), Col. Simpson's Report Expl. across
the Great Basin of Utah, 345, pi. i, figs. 3 a, 6, c.

Lept<ma fragaria, Sowerby (1840), Trans. Geol. Soc. Lond., 2 ser., V, 704, pi. ivi. fig.
5.— Phillips (1841), Pal. Foss., 59, pi. xxv, fig. 100.

Lepicena (Strophalosia) subaculeata, McCoy (1852), Brit. Pal. Foss., 388.

Comp, P. Shumardianus var. pyxidatus^ Hall (1858), Iowa Report, I, part 2, 498 and
499.

Shell small, thin, truncato-subhemispherical; hinge equaling or less
than the greatest breadth; ears small, nearly rectangular^ or somewhat
rounded; lateral margins rounding to the front, which is regularly rounded
in outline. Ventral valve moderately convex, the greatest convexity being
near the middle, without any traces of a mesial sinus; beak not very prom-
inent, incurved, though without distinctly passing within the hinge-margin ;

DEVONIAN SPECIES. 37

surface with small, obscure, concentric wrinkles and strise of growth (strongest
on the ears and sides of the umbonal region), and scattering spine-bases,
apparently most numerous on the ears. Dorsal valve somewhat more than
semicircular in outHne, rather distinctly concave, the greatest concavity be-
ing in the central and anterior regions, marked with small, rather regular,
concentric wrinkles and striae of growth, with scattering pits corresponding to
the positions of the spines of the other valve.

Length, 0.50 inch; breadth, 0.57 inch; convexity, 0.25 inch.

In regard to this little shell, I can only say that it seems to be so nearly
like European forms referred by good authorities to P, subaculeatus that I
have not been able, from the imperfect specimens yet brought in, to be quite
sure that it is distinct. It is certainly nearly allied to that species, if not the
same. As near as can be determined, however, from mere internal casts, it
would seem not to have had such distinct tubercles at the bases of the
spines as we see represented in most of the published figures of Murchison's
species ; though in this respect it appears not to differ from the Russian spec-
imens referred by De Verneuil to P. subaculeatus. Still it differs from these
and the specimens figured by others, in having more distinct concentric
wrinkles, particularly on the dorsal valve. I expect it is probably only a
representative species, but have not the necessary specimens to determine
the question at present.

In general appearance, and the absence of any traces of longitudinal
striae, it resembles P. pyxidatus of Hall, but differs in being more convex,
more symmetrical, and in having smaller ears and stronger concentric
wrinkles, particularly on the dorsal valve.^

Locality and position. — From the dark, silver-bearing limestone, contain-
ing Devonian fossils, in White Pine District, Nevada. Colonel Simpson also
brought specimens of it from the same rock at latitude 39^ 30' N., longi-
tude 115^ 36' W., in 1860.

♦ Nothing short of a direct comparison of a good series of authentic European
and American specimens can decidedly settle the exact relations of this shell to P,
8vbaculeatU8^ as well as to several forms described by Professor Hall under the names
P. pyxidatus^ P. Shumardianm, P. spinulocostatus, P. concentricus, etc. Professor Hall
seems now to think these probably all varieties of the one species P. Shumardianus ;
while European authorities most generally refer all such shells to P. subactileatua.

38 PALAEONTOLOGY.

RHYNCHONELLID^.

? Genus ATRYPA, Dalman.

Atrypa reticularis, Linnseas (sp.).

Plate 1, figs. 7 and 7 a ; and Plate 3, figs. 6 ? and 6 a.

Anomites reticularis^ Linnaeus (1767), Syst. Nat, XII, ed., 1152. — Wahlenb. (1821),

Nov. Act. Soc. Upsal., YIII, 65.
Terebratula pectinata, Brugui^re (1789), Hist. Nat. Vers. Test. Eacyc. M^th., 242, fig. 4.
TerebratuUtes priscus^ Schlot. (1820), Petref., 262 ; Nacht., pi. xvii, fig. 2, and pi. xx,

fig. 4.
TerebratuUtes explanatus, Schlot. (1820), Nacht., pi. xviii, fig. 2.
Terebratula affinis, Sowerby (1822), Min. Conch., IV, 324, fig. 2.
Atrypa reticularis^ Dalman (1827), Vet. Akad. Verhandl., 127, pi. iv, fig.*

Of this widely-distributed form, there are numerous specimens in the
collection from several localities, presenting all the characters of the species,
with the limits usually assigned it. As it is too well known to require a
detailed description, I would merely remark that the specimens from Pinon
Station are larger and more robust than any of the others from the other
localities, and closely resemble, not only in form and surface-markings, but in
their state of preservation (being silicified), the numerous examples found
in the Upper Helderberg limestones near Louisville, Kentucky. They were
also found associated with a Spirifer, very closely allied to one of the Louis-
ville species of that horizo«.

The other specimens, from the silver-bearing, dark- colored limestone at
Treasure Hill, White Pine District, and other localities, are all of smaller
size, and not silicified. Some of these are finely striated, as represented by
our fig. 6 a of plate 3, while others have the surface more coarsely striated
or costated, as represented by fig. 6 of the same plate, and thus more nearly
approach A. aspera, Schlotheim (sp.), to which possibly they might with
more propriety be referred.f As there are, however, among the specimens

♦ For the long list of additional synonyms of this species, as most generally
understood, see Mr. Davidson^s Monograph British Silurian Brachiopoda, 130.

+ Some reliable authorities believe that, even after separating A, aspera and some
other forms often included as varieties, this name is made to include several dis-
tinct species. Never having made an especial study of the group, however, I have
here included provisionally a few forms that a strict classification might possibly
require should be separated under some of the published names.

DEVONIAN SPECIES. 39

intermediate gradations in this character, I have preferred to regard those
showing this diflference as naore probably mere varieties of the variable
species reticularis. The question in regard to the specific identity or differ-
ence of such shells is one respecting which authors may well differ without
quarreling.

Locality and position, — Pinon Station, Treasure Hill, White Pine Dis-
trict; Roberts's Creek ; and near Warm Springs, Upper Humboldt Range,
Nevada. Colonel Simpson also brought specimens, including both the finely
and more coarsely costated varieties, from latitude 39^ 30' N., longitude

115^ 26' W

SPIRIFERIDiE.

Genus SPIRIFER, Sowerby.
Spirif-EH Utahensis, Meek.

Plate 3, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 5, 1 c, 1 d, 1 e.

Spirifera Norwood^ Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., XII, 308 (not &

Norwood^ Hall).
Spirifera Utahensis, Meek (1860), note appended to extra copies of above-cited paper.
Spirifera Utahensis, Meek (1876) in Col. Simpson's Report Expl. across the Great Basin

of Utah, 345, pi. 1, figs. 4 a, h, c.

Shell rather -small, very inequi valve, distinctly convex, or sometimes
sabpyramidal, with (as seen from above or below) its general outline form-
ing rather more than a semicircle ; length about one-half to two-thirds the
greatest breadth ; lateral extremities somewhat obtusely angular ; anterior
and antero-lateral margins forming together about a semicircular outline.
Ventral valve elevated at the umbo, and sloping off abruptly to the front
and lateral margins, with usually a slightly convex outline, especially on the
anterior slope, sometimes with one of the lateral slopes concave in outline
posteriorly; mesial sinus shallow, rather narrow, rounded within, and
extended to the apex of the beak ; beak elevated, abruptly pointed, and
slightly arched ; area high, or with height equaling about half its breadth,
triangular, and continued to the extremities of the hinge, with well-defined
or angular, lateral slopes, ranging at about right angles to the plane of the
shell, and usually a little arched; foramen proportionally very narrow,
or sometimes twice as high as wide. Dorsal valve much depressed, or but

4:0 PAL^ONTOLOQY^

moderately and evenly convex ; beak very small, or little distinct from the
cardinal margin, and somewhat incurved ; area merely linear ; mesial fold
much depressed, being scarcely so defined as to correspond to the sinus of
the other valve in size, and becoming nearly or quite obsolete before reach-
ing the beak. Surface of each valve marked by about thirty to forty small,
generally simple, radiating costae, or striae, about eight to ten of which
occupy the mesial sinus, and about as many the mesial fold, where they
sometimes bifurcate.

Length of a medium-sized specimen, measuring from the umbo of the
ventral valve to the front, 0.57 inch ; from the umbo of dorsal valve to
the front, 0.49 inch; convexity of the two valves, 0.40 inch; breadth of
a large specimen, 0.90 inch ; length of ventral valve from beak to front,
0.77 inch; height of area, 0.38 inch.

This species is related to S. Archiaci of Murchison, from the Upper
Devonian rocks of Russia, but diflfers in having the dorsal valve less convex
and its mesial fold more depressed, while the foramen of its ventral valve
is proportionally much narrower in all of our specimens. I have likewise
been unable to see any traces of the fine surface-granulations observed on
that species, though the specimens are scarcely in a condition to have pre-
served such fine surface-markings, if they ever existed. In general form,
as well as in its high, large area, it has more the aspect of a Gyrtia or
Gyrtina than of a Trigonotreta ; but as none of the specimens show any
indications of the foramen being closed by a false deltidium, or of a punctate
structure, I have preferred to refer it provisionally to the typical section
of the genus Spirifer,

Professor Hall and Mr. Whitfield have described, in the Twenty-third
Report of the Regents on the New York State Cabinet, Natural History,
238, pi. 11, figs. 21-24, a species very similar to this, from the Hamilton
Group of Iowa. Their figures represent their shell as having a somewhat
higher and slightly less arch area, as well as a proportionally wider foramen;
but, in nearly every other character, it certainly agi'ees very closely with the
species here described.

Locality and i^o^i^^m— Longitude 115^ 26' W. ; latitude 39^ 30' N.,
from a dark limestone of Devonian age; Colonel Simpson's collection.

DEVONIAN SPECIES. 41

Mr. Hague also found it with other Devonian fossils, at Fossil Hill, White
Pine District, Nevada, in the silver-bearing Devonian beds; the formation
being the same at these two localities.

Spieifer Bngelmanni, Meek.

Plate 3, figs. 3, 3 a, 3 6, 3 c (and 3 e?, 3 e, 3/f ).

SpiHfera Engelmanni, Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., XII, 308.
8pirifer Engelmann% Meek (1876), Col. Simpson's Eeport Expl. across the Great Basin
of Utah, 346, pi. 1, figs. 1 a, &, c (not 8. Ungelmanni, Meek and Worthen).

Shell rather small, somewhat gibbous, subsemicircular, or approach-
ing subtrigonal in general form, with- the greatest breadth on the hinge-line ;
lateral extremities rather acutely angular; anterior lateral margins with
outline usually straightened and converging rapidly from the lateral extrem-
ities to the middle of the front. Ventral valve more convex than the other,
its greatest prominence being at or near the beak, which is abruptly pointed
and more or less incurved; area generally rather high, well defined, and
standing nearly at right angles to the plane of the valves, but always arcja-
ing backward with the beak; foramen higher than wide; mesial sinus nar-
row and shallow, but extending to the apex of the beak, smoothly rounded
within, and bounded on each side by a. plication that is a little more px-om-
inent than any of the others ; lateral slopes each occupied by about seven
to ten simple costae. Dorsal valve moderately convex, the greatest con-
vexity being near the middle ; mesial fold narrow, flattened, or more or less
rounded, and, like the sinus of the other valve, without costse or plications ;
lateral slopes with costse as in the other valve; beak scarcely distinct from
the cardinal margin. Fine surface-markings and internal characters
unknown. Figs. 3, 3 a, 3 &, and 3c represent the type, while the others are
only referred doubtfully to this species.

Length, 0.57 inch; breadth, about 0.82 inch; convexity, about 0.50 inch.

Specimens of this species with an elevated beak and area have much
the general appearance of the last, and, when not well preserved, might be
confounded with it by a careless observer. The two species, however, are
very distinct, and may be readily separated by the larger eostse of the form
under consideration, which also differs in never having any costse occupy-
ing the mesial fold and sinus.

42 PALEONTOLOGY.

In naming a Spirifer after my friend Henry Engelmann, esq., in the
Illinois Greological Report (vol. 3, p. 398), I had forgotten that the
above-named species had been previously dedicated to the same gentleman.
This renders it necessary to find another name for the Illinois species. I
would therefore propose to designate it as Spirifer Wortheni,

Locality and position, — Same as last.

Spirifer (Trigonotreta) argentarius, Meek.

Plate 3y figs. 4, 4 a, and 4 6.

Shell rather small, moderately convex, wider than long, and having a
general subsemicircular or subtrigonal outline, with the greatest breadth on
the hinge-line; lateral extremities acutely angular; valves nearly equally
convex. Ventral valve with the greatest convexity between the middle
and the umbo; beak strongly incurved; area rather low, with nearly par-
allel sides near the break, but somewhat abruptly narrowed at the lateral
extremities, though continued the entire length of the hinge; foramen wider
than high; mesial sinus shallow and narrow, but well defined by the mar-
ginal rib on each side extending quite to the beak, and without costse;
lateral slopes each occupied by from twelve to fourteen simple radiating
costse, which diminish very gradually in size toward the lateral extremities.
Dorsal valve most convex near the middle; beak rather distinctly incvirved;
mesial fold corresponding in size to the sinus of the other valve, being
rather low, and flattened on top along its whole length, with a more or less
defined furrow along its middle ; lateral slopes costate, as in the other valve.
Surface of both valves marked with very fine, regular, undulating lines of
growth, most distinct between the costse.

Length, 0.65 inch; breadth, 0.80 inch; convexity, 0.44 inch.

It is hardly possible that this can be a variety of the last; at least, with
the means of comparison now available, it certainly seems to be quite dis-
tinct. It is true I have only two specimens of this form, but of the other
we have a suflSicient number of individuals, all agreeing with each other,
and differing from this to such an extent as to render it very improbable
that there may be connecting forms. On comparison, this species will be
seen to differ very decidedly in having a mtich narrower (lower) and more

DEVONIAN SPECIES, 43

arcuate area, with nearly parallel margins. The beak of its ventral valve

is also distinctly more incurved, as is that of its dorsal valve. It is likewise

more nearly equivalve, has rather smaller and more numerous costae, while

its mesial fold differs in being depressed and furrowed along its top, instead

of rounded.

Locality and position. — Treasure Hill, White Pine District, Nevada;

from the dark Devonian limestone in which the White Pine Silver Mines

occur.

Spibifer (Trigonotreta.) strigosus, Meek.

Plate3, figs. 5, 5 a, 5 5.

Spirt/era macra, Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., XII, 309 (not Hall, 1856).
Spirifera strigosa, Meek (1860), to extra copies of the above cited paper.
Spirifer strigosus^ Meek (1876), in Col. Simpson's Report Expl. across the Great Basin
of Utah, 347., pi. 1, figs. 5, a, 6, o, d^.*

Shell rather under medium size, moderately convex, subtrigonal, or
approaching subsemicircular, with the greatest breadth on the hinge-line;
lateral extremities generally more or less acutely angular; lateral margins
converging to the prominent, subangular middle of the front, with a some-
what straightened or convex outline. Dorsal valve convex in the middle,
and compressed toward the lateral extremities; mesial fold narrow, rather
prominent, and sometimes subangular near the front, continued to the beak.
• Ventral valve scarcely more convex than the dorsal, most gibbous in the
umbonal region, with convex lateral slopes; beak moderately prominent,
and distinctly incurved; area rather narrow, well defined, and narrow-
ing ofi" laterally, so as not quite to reach the extremities of the hinge,
arched, and directed obliquely backward with the beak, rather distinctly
striated vertically; mesial sinus corresponding in size to the fold of the other
valve, the margins of both being usually a little produced in front, so as to
impart an angularity to the outline of the middle of the anterior margin.
Surface of each valve ornamented with from twenty to about twenty-six
radiating costse (counting at the free margins), some of which are simple,
while others bifurcate. Of these costae, about six or seven usually occupy
the mesial fold and sinus. Two or three of those within each margin of

* I add references to Oapt. Simpson's report here, in reading the proofs, that report
having been published since the revision of this.

44 PALJSONTOLOGY.

the sinus usually coalesce with the two marginal ones, which also generally
each give oflF a lateral rib on the outer side; costee of the mesial fold more
or less bifurcating, while those of the lateral slopes of both valves are more
frequently simple, but jsometimes divided. (Finer surface-markings un-
known.)

Length, 0.63 inch; breadth, 1.18 inch; convexity, 0.57 inch.

The type-specimens of this species were brought by Colonel Simpson's
party, along with well-marked Devonian fossils, from near White Pine, Ne-
vada. They evidently came from a dark, argillaceous limestone, exactly like
that from which the Devonian types were obtained; yet the species so nearly
resembles a form from a similar rock of the Carboniferous series farther
eastward, that I have sometimes feared that possibly these specimens might
have been found in the latter, and accidentally packed up along with the
Devonian specimens. This suggestion receives at least some support from
the fact that no such shell occurs among Mr. King's or any other collec-
tions I have yet seen from any of the Devonian rocks of the Far West.
The Carboniferous shell alluded to above, resembling this species, I have
been inclined to identify with S. Rocky-montana, of Marcou; but still it seems
to shade off into forms even more nearly like S, opimuSy such as that repre-
sented by fig. 6 on our plate 9.

On the other hand, however, there certainly are Devonian species very
closely resembling that here under consideration; such, for instance, as
8. Orestes of Hall and Whitfield, described from Devonian rocks in Iowa,
regarded by those authors as most probably of the age of the Chemung
Group of the New York series.* This Iowa shell so nearly resembles ours,
especially when ventral views are compared, that I was at first inclined to
believe them identical; but, on comparing the opposite view and profile, it will
be seen that 8. Orestes has its ventral beak more prominent and less incurved,
and the cardinal area higher, with a broader fissure. Still shells much more
unlike are regarded by high European authorities as being mere varieties of
one species in some cases.

Locality and position. — Brought in along with Devonian fossils from a

♦ For figure and description of S. Oreatesi, see 23d Eeport of the Eegents of the
Univ. K. Y. on the State Oab. N. H., 237, pL 11, figs. 16-20.

DEVONIAN SPECIES. 45

locality in Nevada, at latitude 39^ 32' N., longitude 115^ 36' W.; Colonel
Simpson's collection.

Spirifer (Trigonotreta) PiNONENSis, Meek.

Plate 1, fig8. 9, 9 a, 9 6.

Spirifer (Trigoiiotrela) Pinonensis^ Meek (1870), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 60.

Shell attaining about a medium size, somewhat wider than long, vary-
ing from trans versely-suboval to a nearly semicircular general outline,
rather gibbous in adult examples ; cardinal margin nearly or quite equaling
the greatest breadth, and terminating in rectangular or rather more obtuse
extremities; lateral margins rounding to the front, which is sometimes
rounded, sometimes slightly sinuous, or in other examples more prominent
and subangular in the middle. Ventral valve generally rather more gib-
bous than the other, its greatest convexity being in the umbonal region,
from which it rounds off evenly toward the front and lateral margins as
well as to the beak, which projects beyond that of the other valve, and is
rather distinctly incurved; cardinal area of moderate height, narrowed to
the lateral extremities, more or less inclined backward, and strongly arched
with the beak; foramen having nearly the form of an equilateral triangle, and
provided with slightly-raised, sharp, lateral margins; mesial sinus shallow,
rounded, smooth, and of moderate breadth, narrowed regularly, and well
defined to the apex of the beak. Dorsal valve generally more than semi-
circular, most convex in the central and anterior regions ; beak projecting
httle beyond the cardinal margin, and with the narrow area incurved; mesial
ridge depressed, smooth, and faintly furrowed along the middle, correspond-
ing in outhne to the form of the sinus in the other valve. Surface of each
valve ornamented by from eleven to about fourteen simple, regular,
rounded, radiating plications on each side of the mesial fold and sinus, and
also showing, under a magnifier, minute, regular, crowded, radiating striae,
crossed near the front by stronger undiilating lines of growth.

Length of a medium-sized specimen, 0.92 inch; breadth of the same,
1.20 inches; convexity, 0.72 inch.

This species seems to be more nearly related to S. Owen% Hall, from the
Upper Helderberg rocks at the Falls of the Ohio, than to any other known

46 PALAEONTOLOGY.

to me. On comparison, however, with good specimens of that shell, from
the original locality, it is found to differ in having a narrower area, which,
with the beak of its ventral valve, is constantly more arched. Its plications
are also larger and proportionally less numerous. There are in the collec-
tion large numbers of this shell in a good state of preservation, showing the
characters mentioned to be quite constant.

Locality and position,— ThxoQ miles south of Pinon Pass, Pinon Range,
Nevada; Devonian, probably of the age of the Upper Helderberg limestones
of New York.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

ANATINID^.

Genus EDMONDIA, De Koninck. .

Bdmondia! Pif^ONENSis, Meek.
Plate 1, figs. 8, 8 a.

Shell transversely-ovate, wider anteriorly than behind, rather gibbous
in adult examples, most convex in the central and anterior central regions ;
anterior margin rounded from below the beaks into the base ; posterior end
narrow, most projecting near the base, where it seems to be very narrowly
rounded in outline ; dorsal border slightly highest a little behind the beaks,
from near which point it slopes off more or less rapidly, with a convex out-
line, to the posterior basal extremity ; beaks rather depressed, moderately
convex, and placed about one-fourth the entire length of the valves behind
the anterior margin ; anterior muscular impressions shallow, elongate-sub-
ovate, and placed near the margin, with its longer axis ranging nearly
vertically ; posterior so faintly marked as not to be apparent on internal
casts. Surface of casts smooth, or only showing obscure traces of con-
centric marks of growth, with a shallow, narrow furrow, and some appear-
ances of an obscure ridge, extending for a short distance obliquely upward
and forward from near the posterior basal margin toward the umbones.
Hinge unknown.

Length, 1.33 inches ; height, 0.95 inch ; convexity, about 0.60 inch.

At the same time that this species is here referred provisionally to the

DBVOKIAN SPECIES. 47

genus Edmondia, I am by no means s\ire that I would not be nearer correct
to call it Palceoneilq Pinonensis^ since it has much the general appearance,
and some indications of the oblique posterior basal sulcus, or slight con-
cavity, of some species of the latter genus. Still, as it shows no traces
of hinge-crenulations in any of the casts contained in the collection, while
some of them seem to show some appearance of an impression near the
hinge such as might have been made by a thin cartilage-process like that
seen in each valve of Edmondia, I have concluded to place it, for the present,
doubtfully in that genus. It may be found, however, when its generic
characters can be made out from better specimens, to belong to an unde-
scribed genus.

Locality and position. — Three miles south of Piiion Pass, Pinon Range,
Central Nevada; from a limestone Q>oniw[i\w^ Atry pa reticularis ^ Spirifer
Finonensis, a small Favosites, and an Avicula or Fterinea^ and believed to
belong to the Lower Devonian.

CEPHALOPODA.

ORTHOOERATITID^.

Genus ORTHOCERAS, Auct.
Orthoceras Kingii, Meek.

Plate 2, fig. 8.

Shell attaining a rather large size, conical in general form, rather
rapidly tapering; section circular or a little oval; septa numerous and
closely arranged, the distance between being uniform, or very nearly so,
without regard to the increase in the size of the shell from the smaller to
the larger end ; all deeply concave. (Surface and siphuncle unknown.)

Entire length unknown ; length of a specimen imperfect at both ends
and septate throughout, 5.25 inches ; greatest diameter of same at the larger
end, about 3.20 inches; of smaller end, 2 inches; distance between the
septa throughout, 0.23 inch.

The specimen of this species is quite imperfect ; but it seems desirable
to call attention to it as one of the fossils characterizing the silver-bearing
rocks of the White Pine District. It may be compared with such forms as

48 PALEONTOLOGY

0. prosperum and 0. discors of Bairande, though it tapers more gradually
than either of these.

The specific name is given in honor of Clarence King, esq., the geolo-
gist in charge of the United States Geological Survey, by which the fossils
here described were discovered.

Orthoceras (undt. sp.).

Plate 2, fig. 9.

This is a mere fragment, consisting of a cast of most of the non-
septate part of the shell. It shows scarcely any taper from the anterior to
the posterior end, and presents a slightly oval section ; while its rounded
posterior end shows that the septa were rather deeply concave, and the
siphuncle nearly or quite central. If new, it may be called 0, parallelum.

Locality and position, — Babylon Hill, White Pine Mining District,
Nevada; Devonian.

ARTICULATA.

CRUSTACEA.

PHAOOPSID^.

Genus DALMANITES, Auct.

Dalmahites (undt. sp.).

Plate 1, figs. 11 and 11 a.

Of this Trilobite, there are, in the collection, only a few imperfect
moulds and casts of the pygidium. These show this part to have been
subtrigonal in general form, with the posterior extremity rather acutely
pointed, and extended, in some cases, even farther back than * indicated by
the dotted lines in fig. 11a. It seems to be rather depressed, with the
mesial lobe narrower than the lateral, and provided with about fifteen seg-
ments, with space enough at the posterior end for two or three more. The
lateral lobes have each about thirteen segments, which extend out nearly
at right angles from the mesial lobe anteriorly (excepting at their curved
outer ends), and become gradually more oblique posteriorly. They extend
nearly to the border, and only show the faintest traces of a mesial linear

DEVONIAN SPECIES. 49

furrow along some of the anterior ones. The surface is nearly smooth, or
only has a few very small granules near the lateral margins.

I place this species along with the Devonian fossils only because it
came from the same locality (and the specimens are in the same kind of
matrix) as that from which the other forms, apparently of Devonian age,
figured on the same plate, were obtained. In some of its characters, so far
as known, it resembles Upper Silurian forms quite as much as, or even more
than, Devonian ; and, as Mr. King infomis me that it came from the lowest
bed at the locality, it may possibly belong to the Upper Silurian.

Locality, — Three miles south of Pinon Pass, Pition Range, Nevada.

PROETID^.

Genus PROETUS, Steininger.
Peoetus (Photon) DENTicirLATUS, Meek.

Plate 1, figs. 10, 10 fl, and 10 6.

I have only seen fragments of this species, consisting of the pygidium,
the glabella, and detached thoracic segments. As these parts have not been
seen united, of course it is possible that they may belong to more than one
type; and, to prevent confusion, if this should be found to be the case,
the pygidium, represented by fig. 10 a, is regarded as belonging to the
typical form of the species. From the manner in which these different
parts occur associated together, however, it is quite probable that they all
belong to the same species.

The pygidium is transversely subeUiptic, and is nearly twice as wide
as long, with a moderate convexity. Its mesial lobe is about as wide ante-
riorly as each lateral lobe (exclusive of their lateral spine-like projec-
tions), and more prominent than the latter, with three or four segments.
The lateral lobes are rather depressed, and show about four segments each ;
these segments are not well defined, but have each a distinct mesial furrow,
extisnding out to the margin, where each segment terminates in a short
spine, directed backward; while there are two other smaller spine-like
projections just behind the posterior end of the mesial lobe ; thus making
ten of these projecting points to the whole of the free posterior and lateral
4p R

50 PALEONTOLOGY.

margins. The surface shows a finely granular appearance under a mag-
nifier.

The thoracic segments seen lying in the same fragment of rock indi-
cate a rather distinct convexity for the thorax, with a rounded, moderately
prominent, mesial lobe, about two-thirds as wide as lie lateral lobes (see
fig. 10 6 of plate 1).

The glabella (fig. 10) found with the other specimens has a some-
what oblong outline, being longer than wide, with nearly parallel sides,
and a more or less rounded anterior end ; it shows two very faint lateral
furrows on each side, and a strong neck-furrow passing entirely across
behind. It retains the palpebral lobes on each side, and these indicate
rather large eyes, of lunate form, and rather more than half as long as the
glabella, exclusive of the neck-segment. They seem to have been located
rather near the glabella on each side, and less than their own length in
advance of the posterior margin of the cheeks. The surface appears to be
rather more coarsely granular than that of the pygidium.

I know of no very closely allied species.

Locality and position. — The typical and only known specimens of this
species were brought by Colonel Simpson from the west side of Steptoe
Valley, Nevada ; and, although not found associated with other fossils, they
are believed to belong to the Devonian epoch.

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES.

RADIATA.

POLYPL

FAVOSITIDiE.

Genus SYRINGOPORA, Goldfuss.
Syringopoba (undt. sp.).

Plate 6, figs. 2, 2 a.

Corallites nearly parallel or moderately radiating, regularly arranged
at distances of about once to nearly twice their own diameter apart, gener-

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES. 51

ally nearly straight or somewhat flexuous; connecting tubes of about half
the diameter of the corallites, arranged in vertical rows, but usually alter-
nating on opposite sides, separated by spaces varying from about once to
twice the diameter of the corallites; epitheca thick and showing small
wrinkles of growth ; septa unknown ; infundibuliform tabulae, as seen in
vertical sections, closely and regularly arranged.

Length of corallites unknown ; diameter of same, 0.08 inch, separated
from each other by spaces varying from 0.08 to 0.15 inch.

This species is related to S. geniculata^ Phillips, and S. ramulosa and
reticulata of Goldfuss, and may be a variety of one of these forms. After
repeated very careful comparisons, however, with the published figures and
descriptions of those species, I am left in doubt in regard to the propriety of
referring it to either of them. Its corallites are slightly more slender than
in S. geniculataj as represented by fig. 2, plate 46, of Edwards and Haime's
Monograph of the British Fossil Corals, and decidedly less closely crowded
together than represented by their fig. 2 a of the same plate. They agree
almost exactly in size, however, with their fig. 4 of the plate cited, which
they think probably represents a variety of S, geniculata. Still the connect-
ing tubes are rather more closely arranged than in either of these figures,
and the corallites are rather more widely separated. In the distances be-
tween its corallites, it agrees more nearly with 8. ramtdosa ; but its corallites
are a size smaller, and generally less flexuous. In the arrangement and
general appearance of its tabulae, as seen in vertical sections, it closely
resembles Goldfuss' figure, but much less nearly that published by Edwards
and Haime.

Compared with S. reticulata, its corallites are found to be a size larger,
less closely arranged, and a little more flexuous, with more closely approx-
imated connecting tubes. I suspect that it will be found to be a new spe-
cies, or a marked variety of one of the above-mentioned forms, in either of
which cases it might be called S. occidentali^

Locality and position. — Southwest of Bald Mountain, Uinta Range, and
at Morgan Peak, Wasatch Range, Utah; in a dark Carboniferous limestone.

52 PALyEONTOLOG Y.

CYATHOPHYLLIDJE.

Genus ZAPHRENTIS, Rafinesque and Clifford.
Zapheentis excentrica, Meek.

Plate 4, figs. l,la,lh,lc,ld.

Corallum obliquely subturbinate, moderately curved, very rapidly ex-
panding. Calico apparently shallow, nearly circular, and (at least in the
type-specimen) remarkably eccentric on the dorsal or convex side.
Septa thin, straight or somewhat curved, about 160 in a specimen 2.50
inches in diameter ; every alternate one continued some distance inward, but
not reaching the middle, there being a rather broad, smooth, flat space left in
the bottom of the calice ; while those on each side of the fossula converge so
as to intersect it before reaching the margin of the smootli central area ;
secondary series of septa extending but a short distance inward between the
others ; all of both series on the dorsal or convex side, as seen in weathered
specimens, divaricating upward from a line along the middle on the exterior
surface. Fossula well developed, and situated on the dorsal side, but ex-
tending inward to the margin of the flattened bottom of the calice. Outer
vesicular area, as seen in a vertical section from the outer to the inner side
of the curve through the fossula, comparatively narrow on the dorsal side,
but very wide on the inner side, where it is occupied by numerous unequal,
rather small, vesicles, ranging obliquely outward and upward within, but
curving out horizontally, or even declining a little toward the exterior;
tabulae, as seen in the vertical section mentioned above, very thin, closely
arranged, numerous, and passing horizontally across from the wide vesicular
area, on the inner or concave side of the curve, nearly to the dorsal side, thus
occupying more than half the entire breadth of the corallum; somewhat di-
vided above, but becoming more simple, straighter, and much more crowded
farther down.

Length of entire corallum, measuring along the outer side of the curve,
about 5 inches ; greatest diameter, 2.50 to 3 inches.

The only specimens of this species in the collection are so much weath-
ered that the epitheca, and at places a portion of the outer vesicles, as well as
the margins of the calice, have been removed Sections of it, however,

GABBOIJ^IFEROUS SPECIES. 53

both horizontal and vertical, show its internal structure very clearly. In
its short, rapidly-elpanding form, as well as in the divaricating arrangement
of its septa along the middle of its dorsal side, and in the position of its fos-
sula, it nearly resembles the form I have referred to Z, multilamella. From
that species, however, it is readily distinguished by having its septa much
more closely crowded, and particularly by having a very wide space within
occupied by nearly^ straight, crowded tabulse.

I know of no described species, either American or foreign, with which
it is liable to be confounded.

Locality and position, — Boxelder Peak, Wasatcli Range, Utah ; Carbon-
iferous limestone.

ZAPHBENTlSrMULTlLAMELLA, Ilall !.
Plato f>, figs. 4, 4 a, 4 6.
Zuphrentisf multilamellar Hall (1852), StaD8l)ury's Ke[>oit Explorations of Gieat Salt
Lake Valley, 408, pi. i, fi^. 2.

Corallum subturbinate, slightly curved, rapidly expanding; cahce cir-
cular, of moderate depth; septa thin, about 150 to 160 in specimens meas-
uring one and three-fourths to two inches in diameter, alternately longer
and shorter, the latter extending one-third to one-half way inward, and the
longer apparently reaching the middle of the caUce; fossula narrow, deep,
and extending inward from the convex side of the corallum nearly to the
middle; outer vesicular zone apparently less than half the semi-diameter;
vesicles somewhat elongated, and arranged obKquely outwaid and upward;
those of the inner area foraied by the complex nature of the tabulre,
arranged more or less obliquely upward and inward. Epitheca thin, and
usually destroyed on weathered specimens, showing obscure septal costse,
with small wrinkles and low undulations of growth; costal, and, in
weathered specimens, the edges of the septa, divaricating upward at acute
angles along an imaginary line up the middle of the convex side coincident

with the fossula.

Length, measuring along the outer side of the curve, about 3 inches;

breadth, 2 inches.

Professor HalFs figure of his Z. multilamella shows little more than its
general form, and that it has a moderately deep calice; while his description

54 PALEONTOLOGY.

is so brief as to give but a very limited idea of the characters of the coral.
It is therefore with considerable doubt that I refer the form under consider-
ation to his species. The fact, however, that it came from the same forma-
tion and the same region of country, and possesses all of the few characters
mentioned in his description, leads me to think that it may be the same. Still,
in order to give those who may not have access to Stansbury's report the
means of making the comparison for themselves, I quote below Professor
Hall's description:

*^ Coral free, turbinate, somewhat rapidly expanding; cells deep;
lamellse numerous, thin; outer portion cellular."

He does not mention the number of septa (lamellae); but from his state-
ment that they are ^^numerous", and the fact that they are indicated at one
point of the margin of the calice, in his figure, as being very closely
arranged and thin, they may be as numerous as in our specimens. That
from which his figure was drawn was split longitudinally very nearly
through the middle, and apparently exactly coincident with one of the septa
on each side, so as to show little or nothing of the structure within. It
evidently had the margins of the calice less worn away than our specimens,
which makes the cavity in ours look more shallow.

From 'the appearance of a false columella, or portuberance, in the
bottom of the calice, I am not sure that this coral would not be more cor-
rectly called CUsiophyllum multilamella. If I am not mistaken, however, in
its apparent possession of a septal fossula, it could hardly be properly
placed in the genus CUsiophyllum.

Locality and position, — The typical specimens of Z, multilamella came
from Cloth Cap and Flat Rock, Great Salt Lake. Those here referred to
that species came from Strong's Knob, on an island in the Great Salt Lake,
from a dark-colored Carboniferous limestone.

Zaphrentis? Stansbubii, Halli

Plate 6, figs. 3, 3 a, 3 &, 3 c.

Zaphrentis Stansburii^ Hall (1852), Stansbury's Eeport of Explorations Great Salt
Lake Valley, 408, pi. i, figs. 3 a, & (not Marcou, N. Am. Geol., vii, fig. 7).

Corallum conical, slightly curved ; epitheca thin, with moderately dis-
tinct septal costse, and small, irregular wrinkles of growth ; calice circular

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES. 55

or nearly so, rather deep, with steeply-sloping sides, and a somewhat irreg-
ularly-flattened bottom, showing some appearances, as seen in sections, of a
low mesial prominence and other inequalities; septa very thin, about 150
in a specimen measuring one inch and a half in diameter, generally nearly
straight, every alternate one terminating about half-way in, while most the
others continue to the middle, where they are sometimes slightly bent.
Outer vesicular zone occupying from one-third to one-half the space
between the wall and the middle below the bottom of the caliee, occupied
by numerous vesicles, which, as seen in vertical sections, are generally very
narrow, and more or less elongated, with their longer axes ranging obliquely
upward and outward. Inner area occupied by numerous, somewhat larger,
vesicles, which, as seen in vertical sections, have a general transverse
arrangement, but arch upward all around a little within the lateral mar-
gins of the area, and then bend downward, and again upward as they
approach the middle. Septal fossula, as seen in transverse sections below
the bottom of the caliee, narrow, and extending about one-half to three-
fourths of the way inward from the side of the greater curve, as seen in
fig. 3 k

Length of the largest specimen seen, about 4 inches ; greatest diame-
ter of the caliee, 1.80 inches; number of septa in one-tenth of an inch, at
their outer ends, about 3 to 3^.

It is only provisionally that I have referred this coral to the species
described by Professor Hall. It certainly presents no characters inconsist-
ent with his description, as far as that goes,^ and agrees with his figure,
excepting in having, in a larger specimen, nearly double the number of
septa. This latter character, however, would separate it specifically, if the
figure of Z. Stansburii is correct in that particular. It is certainly very dis-
tinct from the species referred, by Professor Marcou, to Z, Stansburii, in
his North American Geology; the specimen there represented having only
about sixty thick septa, not alternately shorter and longer. It will also be
observed that Professor Marcou's figure likewise differs in this respect

♦"Turbinate, free, or attached only by a pedicel, nearly straifjht, or but slightly
curved; cup rather deep; margin (when entire) thin; lamellie numerous, thin; inter-
mediate ones extending from the margin one-third to one-half the semi-diameter;
fossett distinct." — (Hall, Stansbury's Report.)

B6 PALAEONTOLOGY.

(though less decidedly so) from Professor Hall's, which certainly has the
septa more crowded, thinner, and (as also stated in the description) alter-
nately longer and shorter.

It will be seen from the description that this coral agrees rather closely
in many of its characters with the last ; so closely, indeed, that I have been
much inclined to think it might be only a more slender variety of the same.
Still, its longer, more attenuated form, and very nearly equally numerous
septa, in rather decidedly smaller specimens, as well as the apparently dif-
ferent form of the bottom of its calice (see fig. 3 c,) and the direction of
the vesicles formed by the complex tabulae, if not deceptive, and constant,
would certainly be of at least specific importance.

It is worthy of note, as already suggested with regard to the last,
that longtitudinal sections of both of these forms (but more particularly
that of the last) show that the tabulae curve upward so as to form a kind
of false columella seen projecting upward in the middle of the bottom of
the calice (see fig. 4 6), more nearly as in Clisiophyllum and Lonsdalia than
I have ever yet observed in Zaphrentis. Still, they seem to differ from
those types in the possession of a septal fossula, very clearly seen, at least
in the species here under consideration ; while neither of them presents a
fasiculate, composite, or astreiform mode of growth, or shows any traces of
well-defined inner walls, as in Lonsdalia.

I greatly regret having no opportunity to compare these and other far-
western fossils with the original types of species briefly described, and not
fully illustrated, man)^ years back, in Fremont's, Stansbury's, and other
Government reports, and can therefore only say that I have earnestly
endeavored, to the best of my ability, to identify the described forms from
the published figures and descriptions.

Locality and position. — Box elder and Logan's Peaks, Wasatch Eange,
Utah, in a dark bluish-gray . Carboniferous limestone. Professor Hall's
specimens of Z. Stansburii came from the same horizon, on Stansbury's
Island, Cloth Cap, and Flat Rock Point, Great Salt Lake. Dr. Hayden's
party have also found this fossil quite abundant in the same kind of dark
limestone on the divide between Eoss Fork and Lincoln Valley, and at
other localities in Idaho,

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES. 57

Genus CAMPOPHYLLUM, E. & H.

OAMrOPHYLLUM (undt. Sp.)-
Plate5, figs. 2, 2 a, 2&.

Corallum cylindrical, more or less elongated, nearly straight or some-
what curved, with ridges or irregularities of growth. Calice unknown ;
septa about eighty, very thin, every alternate one extending in about half-
way to the middle, while the intermediate ones are much shorter ; outer
vesicular zone narrow, or only extending in about half as far as the longer
costse, occupied by numerous vesicles, which, as seen in vertical sections,
range obliquely outward and upward ; tabulae thin, occupying a very wide
space, passing horizontally across, but curving a little downward at their
outer margins, and sometimes dividing and intersecting each other as they
pass across. Epitheca thin, and, at least in weathered examples, marked
by distinct septal costse.

Length unknown ; diameter, 1.60 inches.

The only specimen of this species I have seen is a fragment about five
inches in length, and imperfect at both ends. It is much weathered, the
epitheca being entirely removed, excepting on a few spots, and the calice
broken away. I am somewhat inclined to believe that it may be the same
species figured by Dr. Owen, from the Upper Coal-Measures on the Mis-
souri River, under the name Cyathophyllum vermiculare^ Goldfuss? (see plate
iv, fig. 2, of his report of his Geological Survey of Iowa, Wisconsin, and
Minnesota). The specimen is straighter than the Missouri River form usu-
ally is, and seems not to have had such strong wrinkles of growth ; but it
is so much weathered that the wrinkles might have been obliterated in that
way. As nearly as can be determined by broken sections, both longitud-
inal and transverse, it seems to agree quite closely, in its internal structure,
with specimens of the form figured by Dr. Owen, now before me from the
original locality. In making the comparison, however, it should be under-
stood that Dr. Owen's figures give no idea of the true appearance and
number of the septa, or of the costse.

The coral figured by Dr. Owen is a true Campophyllumj and, as he pro-
posed to call it Cyathophyllum torquium in case it should be found to be dis-
tinct from Goldfuss' species, its name becomes Campophyllum torquium.

58 PAL^ONTOLOG Y .

Fig. 1 of plate 5 represents another coral from the Carboniferous
limestone of Piiion Mountains, with rather more closely arranged septa.
It may be a ZapJirentis or a Campophyllum, Only undeterminable fragments
of it have been seen.

Locality and position, — Diamond Range, near Newark ; Carboniferous.

Genus LITHOSTROTION, Fleming.
LiTHOSTROTiON Whitneyi, Meek.

Plate 6, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6, 1 c.

Lithostrotion Whitneyi, Meek. (M. S.), White (1875), Palfieont. of Lieut. Wheeler's
Beport, 103, pi. VI, figs. 1 a, 6, c.

Corallum dendroid or growing in irregular, loosely-aggregated tufts.
Corallites cylindrical, of unequal size, and separated by very unequal
spaces, often widely divergent, and generally a little flexuous, sometimes
slightly adherent where in contact; young branches rather strongly diverg-
ing from the larger at their origin, but soon curving so as to become more
nearly parallel; epitheca well developed, and only showing faintly-marked
septal costse, and moderately distinct wrinkles of growth. Calicos rather
deep, nearly or quite circular, with a prominent, strongly-compressed colu-
mella rising in the middle; principal series of septa twenty-four to about
thirty-three, extending inward, sometimes nearly to the columella, but often
only as raised lines on the upper sides of the tabulae along the inner half,
though in other examples apparently becoming obsolete within, so as to
leave a comparatively large space of the tabulae smooth around the colu-
mella; secondary series of septa alternating with the others (with which
they agree in number), and very short, or not extending inward beyond the
very narrow outer vesicular zone. Outer zone well defined, and so narrow
as to be occupied by scarcely more than a single series of small vesicles
that range very obliquely outward and upward. Tabulae of inner area
very thin, rather closely arranged, and curving strongly upward around the
columella, then extending at first nearly horizontally outward, and occa-
sionally dividing as they slope or curve a little downward in approaching
the outer zone.

Diameter of the largest corallites, 0.30 to 0.40 inch; of the smallest,

OABBONIFEROUS SPECIES. 59

about 0.20 inch ; number of costse at the outer wall of one of the larger
corallites, about six in 0.10 inch.

On first examining this coral, I was rather inclined to think it might be
the same as a form described by me in the first volume of the California
Report (plate 1, fig. 4) doubtfully as a variety of iy. mammillare. On compari-
son, however, its corallites are found not only to be more irregular in size
and more divergent, but to present important internal difi'erences. In the
first place, they have a more solid and well-defined columella, with the
tabulae of the inner area differently arranged. The most important differ-
ence, however, is to be observed in the comparative breadth of the outer
vesicular zone, which is very much narrower in the species under considera-
tion, and only occupied by one or two ranges of vesicles, instead of three
or four ; and these vesicles, as seen in longitudinal sections, are directed
more obliquely upward (fig. 1 c, pi. 6).

Among the described European species, it seems to be most nearly rep-
resented by L, Martini^ Edwards and Haime (see Brit. Mountain Limestone
Corals, xl, figs. 2 a-g)j smA L. Phillipsij E. & H. (ib., xxxix, figs. 3,3 a).
From the first of these, however, it differs not only in having the corallites
less uniform in size, and often more divergent, but in having the tabulse of
its inner area, as seen in vertical sections, frequently divided instead of sim-
ple, and its outer vesicular zone proportionally narrower, while its secondary
septa, as seen in transverse sections, and particularly in the calicos, are pro-
portionally shorter. It also differs from L. Phillipsi in the inequality and
more irregular arrangement and greater divergence of its corallites, which
are likewise less flexuous, and want the peculiar coalescent character so
characteristic of that species. The L. PhiUipsi probably also shows corre-
sponding internal differences ; but, as I have seen no figures or descriptions
of its internal characters, I have no means of making farther comparisons.

The specific name of this coral is given in honor of Prof J. D. Whitney,
State geologist of California.

Locality and position. — From the dark bluish-gray Carboniferous lime-
stone at Boxelder Peak, Wasatch Range, Utah.

60 PALEONTOLOGY.

Genus CYATHOPHYLLUM, Goldfuss.
Cyathophyllum (Campophyllum !) Nevadense, Meek.

Plate 5, figB. 3, 3 a, 3 ft.

Corallum attaining a rather large size, elongate-conical, and more or
less curved; calice apparently circular, and very deep, with nearly vertical
sides, and a flat bottom; septa about 100, every alternate one of which
extends inward more than half-way to the middle, while those of the inter-
mediate series extend in only one-third to one-half as far as the others ;
tabular very wide, somewhat irregular, and generally curving downward
around their outer margins; outer vesicular zone, as seen in vertical sec-
tions, occupied by comparatively large vesicles, that range nearly vertically,
or with only a slight outward inclination. (Surface unknown )

Length of a weathered specimen not quite entire at either end (measur-
ing around the outer side of the curve), 5.70 inches; diameter at larger end,
about 2.30 inches.

The only specimen of this species in the collection is so much weathered
that it retains none of the epitheca, while the margins of its calice are quite
imperfect. Without seeing better specimens, it is difficult to determine
whether it is a Cyathophyllum^ a Campophyllum^ or a Zaphrentis. The trans-
verse section (fig. 3 b) seems to show some indications of a fossula in the
arrangement of the septa, as represented in the upper part of the figure.
If this is really a fossula, the species may have to be called Zaphrentis
Nevadensis.

Locality and position. — Boxelder Peak, Wasatch Eange, Utah; Car-
boniferous.

Cyathophyllum subc^spitosum, Meek.

Plate 5, figs. 4, 4 a, 4 6.

Corallum subfasciculate, with gemmation lateral; corallites few, the
young starting by slender stems rather low on the sides of the old, and
growing up more or less nearly parallel with the latter, but apparently
without again uniting or branching above, where they soon nearly or quite
equal the size of the old; all subcylindrical above their tapering bases,
and more or less flexuous, with a few swellings and smaller wrinkles of
growth ; epitheca of moderate thickness, and scarcely showing septal costae.

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES. Gl

Septa from about fifty-six to seventy, all very tliin in the outer vesicular
zone, but (as seen in transverse sections) with the principal series thicker
within, and continued nearly (or apparently in part) quite to the middle,
while those of the intermediate shorter ones do not extend inward beyond
the narrow vesicular zone ; vertical sections showing the vesicular zone to
extend only from one-fourth to one-third of the way to the middle, and to
be occupied by a few rows of unequal vesicles, ranging outward and upward.
Tabulae, as seen in the section last above mentioned, numerous, occupying
a very wide space, equaling more than two-thirds of the entire breadth of
the corallum, passing nearly straight across, or merely curving downward
a little at their lateral margins, somewhat irregularly arranged, and, in paii,
more or less divided.

Entire length of corallites unknown; diameter of largest seen, 0.62
inch.

One of the most marked features of this coral is the great breadth
of the tabulae compared with the narrow, outer, vesicular zone. This
character, and the fact that in some transversely-broken sections the septa
do not reach the middle, at first caused me to suspect that it might be a
branching Campophyllum, It is true, the species of that genus hitherto
known are simple ; but, as suggested by Edwards and Haime, there may be
branching species yet unknown. On grinding a transverse section, how-
ever, I find that the larger septa all extend farther inward than is usual in
Campophyllum^ while some of them seem to extend quite inward to the
center (see fig. 4 a). I am therefore led to refer it to the genus Cyatho-
phyllum.

Specifically, it does not appear, wheti all its characters are taken into
consideration, to be nearly allied to any of the described species with which
I am acquainted. In the size of its corallites, and apparently in their mode
of growth, as well as in the great breadth of its tabulae, it is very similar
to C. pseudO'Vermiculare of McCoy (Brit. PaL Foss., pi. 3 c, fig. 8) ; but it
has a much larger number of septa, which pass farther inward, while its
outer vesicular zone is decidedly more complex.

Locality and position. — ^Near Swansea, White Pine District ; Carbon-
iferous.

62 PALiEONTOLOGY.

MOLLUSCA.

BRACHIOPODA.

STROPHOMENIDiE.

Genus HEMIPRONITES, Pander,
Hemipronites crenisteia, Phillips (sp.)»

Plater, fig. 2.

Spirifer crenistriay Phillips (1836), Geol. Yorks., II, 216, pi. ix, fig. 6.

Spirifer senilis, Phillips (1836), ib.. fig. 5.

Leptcena anovnala, Sowerby (1840), Min. Conch., VII, 9, pi. 615, fig. 1 h (not 1 a, d, c).

Orthis umbraculum^ Portlock (1843), Geol. Lond., 456, pi. 37, fig. 5. — De Koninck (1843),

An. Foss. Garb. Belg., 222, pi. xiii, figs. 4-7 (not von Buch).
Orihis Becheij McCoy (1844), Synop. Garb. Foss. Ireland, pi. xxii, fig. 3.
Orthis comataj McCoy (1844), ib., fig. 5.
Orthis caducaj McCoy (1844), ib., fig. 6.

Orthotetes radians, Fischer (1850), Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc, XXIII, pi. 9, fig. 3.*
Leptcena crenistria, McCoy (1855), Brit. Pal. Foss., 450.
Leptcena senilis, McCoy (1855), ib., 452.

f Orthis Keolcuk, Hall (1858), Iowa Report, I, part ii, 640, pi. xix, figs. 5 a, &.
f Orthis robusta, Hall (1858), ib., 713, pi. xxviii, figs. 5, a, b, c.
Streptorhynchtis crenistria, Davidson (1860), Mon. Scottish Garb. Brach., 32, pi. i,

figs. 16-22; and in Mon. Brit. Carb. Brach. (1861), 124, pi. xxvi, fig. 1, pi.

xxvi, figs. 1-5, and pi. xxx, figs. 14-16.
f Streptorhynchus Hallianus and 8. Tapajotensis, Derby (1874), Bull. Cornell Univ., I,

35 and 37, pi. v.

The specimens that I have here referred to the above-named widely-dis-
tributed and vrell-known species, seem to agree in all their external charac-
ters with the published figures and descriptions of that form as given by
the most reliable European authorities. None of them, however, show the
intmor, and they are all in a bad state of preservation.

Locality and position. — Light-colored limestone, Fossil Hill, White Pine

District; White Pine County, twenty-five miles northeast of Hamilton;

and Railroad Canon, Diamond Mountains. The specimen figured was

brought by Colonel Simpson from a dark limestone near Camp Floyd. All

Carboniferous.

* The name Orthotetes was first proposed by Fischer iu 1829 j but as he neither
then, nor at any subsequent time, named, described, figured, or cited any type (until
1850), his genus cannot be regarded as antedating Hemipronites, Pander, 1830.

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES. 63

Genus ORTHIS, Dalman.
Oethis Micheltni, L'Eveille, var.

Plate 7, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6, 1 c.

Terehratula Michelinij L'Eveill6 (1835), M^m. Soc. G^ol. France, II, 39, pi. ii, figs. 14-17.

Orthis Miehelini, De Koninck (1843), An. Foss. Carb. Belg., 228, pi. xiii, figs. 8 and
10 c, d. — De Verneuil and De Keyserling (1845), G^ol. Rass., II, 185, pi. xii,
fig. 7.— Semenow (1854), Foss. Schles. Kolenk., tab. iii, fig. 11.— McCoy (1854),
Brit. Pal. Foss., 448, tab. iii, fig. ll.-^Davidson (18G0), Scottish Carb. Brach.,
30, pi. i, figs. 7-10 ; and again (1861), Brit. Carb. Brach., 132, pi. xxx, figs. 6-12.

Terehratula fiUaria^ Phillips (1836), Geol. Yorks., II, 220, pi. xi, fig. 3.

Orthis divaricata, McCoy (1854), Synop. Carb. Foss. Ireland, pi. xx, fig. 17.

Orthis circularise McCoy (1854), ib., fig. 17.

Orthis Michelini var. BurlingtonensiSj Hall (1858), Iowa Report, I, part ii, 596, pi. xii,
fig. 4.

Compare Orthis Pennianay Derby (1874), BuUetin Cornell University, I, l^To. 2. 26.

Shell rather gibbous, both valves being convex, but the ventral less
so than the dorsal, longitudinally oblong or subquadrate in outline, with
breadth nearly as great posteriorly as in front; lateral margins nearly straight
and parallel, anterior lateral rounding more or less abruptly into the front,
v^hich is rounded, somewhat straightened, or very faintly sinuous near
the middle ; hinge-line very short, or less than one-third the breadth of
the valves. Dorsal valve distinctly and generally evenly convex; beak
slightly prominent, and only a little incurved ; area small, very moderately
arched. Ventral valve moderately convex all over, excepting near the front,
where it is depressed so as to form a broad, shallow, undefined, mesial
sinus ; beak projecting little beyond that of the other valve, and arched but
not strongly incurved ; area very small, well defined, inclined, and arching
more or less backward ; foramen moderate, but nearly or quite closed by the
cardinal process of the other valve. Surface of both valves ornamented by
numerous, crowded, even, more or less dichotomous, radiating stride, that arch
outward on the posterior lateral regions, and are crossed toward the front
and lateral margins by rather distinct marks of growth. (Internal charac-
ters unknown.)

Length of largest specimen seen, 1.54 inches; breadth, 1.32 inches;
convexity, 0.95 inch.

I have long been much perplexed in regard to the proper disposition

64 PALAEONTOLOGY.

of this* shell. It has much the general aspect of 0. MicJielini, but differs
rather decidedly from any authentic variety of that species figured in
foreign works in its longitudinally oblong outline, straight and parallel
lateral margins, and greater convexity, especially that of its ventral valve,
which in 0. Michelini is most generally flat, or even a little concave, around
the anterior region. Its area is also proportionally smaller than in 0. Mich-
elini In some respects, it agrees more nearly with a South American form
described by Professor Derby under the name 0. Pennianaj already cited.
Still, it differs quite strongly in its oblong or quadrate form (produced by
the straightness and parallel outline of its lateral margins, which cause the
breadth of its valveis to be almost exactly as great posteriorly as toward the
front); while 0. Penniana is decidedly wider anteriorly than behind, almost
exactly as in the typical form of Michelini If 0. Penniana of Derby is
really specifically distinct from 0, Michelini^ which I am rather inclined to
doubt, then our shell might with more propriety be arranged as a variety
of the same than of 0. Michelini^ unless it may present some internal differ-
ences. If distinct from the above-mentioned forms, either specifically or as
a variety, it may be designated by the name Nevadensis.

Locality and position, — From the Carboniferous limestones of White
Pine County, Nevada, twenty-five miles east of Hamilton, on the Egan
Road ; also, at Railroad Cation, Diamond Mountains. Colonel Simpson
also brought it from the pass between Desert and Pleasant Valleys.

PRODUOTID^.

Genus PRODUCTUS, Sowerby.

Productus Nevadensis, Meek.

Plate 8, figs. 2, 2 a, 2 6, 2 c, 2 (!, 2 c.

Shell of medium size, with a general elongate-subovate forai, as seen In
adult examples, which are much produced anteriorly; hinge less than the
greatest breadth. Ventral valve very gibbous, strongly arched, the curve
regularly increasing from the prodticed front to the beak, provided with a
rather deep mesial sinus, which extends from near the beak to the front; gib-
bous central region comparatively narrow, and, on each side of the sinus,
rounded and falling off laterally very abruptly, especially to the ears; beak

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES. 65

rather narrow, distinctly incurved, so as to pass within the hinge-line; ears
small, nearly rectangular; lateral margins sometimes faintly sinuous near the
ears, and rounded to the front, which is rounded or a little sinuous in outline
at the middle, as seen from above; surface ornamented by rather broad,
regularly-arranged, concentric undulations, which become obsolete on the
umbonal region, and more strongly defined and wider anteriorly, while
on the umbonal portion there are numerous minute, slightly-elongated
prominences, arranged in quincunx, which probably bore minute spines;
farther forward the little spine-bases are arranged in - concentric bands,
mainly in the furrows between the concentric undulations; spines appar-
ently all small, short, and inclined forward, or more or less depressed; interior
with the scars of the cardinal muscles narrow, nearly parallel, deeply
striated, and very profoundly impressed, so as to form on internal casts two
very prominent, parallel ridges, between which are seen the distinctly-
corrugated scars of the adductor muscles. Dorsal valve flattened, concave
over the whole visceral region, excepting a slight mesial ridge corresponding
to the sinus of the other valve, and marked by numerous small, regular,
concentric wrinkles, with many little projecting points that seem to have
borne small spines, especially toward the anterior and lateral margins.
Interior unknown.

Length of one of the largest specimens, measuring over the curve of
the ventral valve from the beak to the front, 4.30 inches; breadth, 1.7G
inches; convexity, 1.30 inches.

For about ten years past I have, at different times, had under consid-
eration specimens of this Prodachis, without being able to identify it with
any of the described species. I havejiad no difficulty in separating it from
all of other known forms from the Far- West, and have always found it to be
quite constant in its characters. In young examples, it is much like F,
Nehrascenbis of Owen;^ though in adult specimens, it is found not only to
attain a much larger size, but to be proportionally greatly more produced
in front, as well as much more gibbous; while it evidently did not possess

♦ ]Not as represented by Dr. Oweu's hgnre giveu under that name, on plate v of
his Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota Report, however, which figure certainly does not
represent the species described under that name by Dr. Owen, as may be seen by reading
his description, and as I know from examining his type-specimens.
5 r R

66 PALAEONTOLOGY.

two sets of spines as in the P. Nebrascensis, on which the larger spines were
long, strong, and erect. On Dr. Owen's species, the little tubercles, or
prominences supporting the spines, are also so much elongated as often
almost to present the appearance of little costse (especially on internal casts
broken from a limestone matrix), which is not the case with the species
under consideration. I have now before me many specimens of P.
Nchrascensis, some of which were collected from the original locality, in
Nebraska, while others came from the same horizon in Kansas, Iowa, and
Illinois, and none of these attain more than Imlf the size of the species here
described, nor are any of them but slightly more than hemispherical;
while they are all proportionally broader across the umbonal region of tlfe
ventral valve. In no instance have I ever seen a specimen of that species
so greatly produced in front as we see in this. The most marked differences,
however, are to be observed in the internal casts of these two shells, that
of P. Nebrascensis scarcely showing any traces of the muscular scars.

Among foreign species, our shell is perhaps most nearly represented
by some of the narrow, elongated varieties of P. scabrictduSy P. pustulosus^
or P. pimdatus; but it seems to me to differ too decidedly and constantly
from these to render any detailed comparison necessary. Nevertheless, I
expect to see it (as is too often hastily done in similar cases) arranged by
some authorities as a synonym of one, or alternately of each, -of the
above-mentioned species. I am aware that our fig. 2 6, for instance,
presents much the appearance of some varieties of P. punctatuSy because it
is not placed in a posture to show the greatly-produced anterior, as sliow^n
in fig. 2 Cy nor the strong distant concentric ridges as seen in fig. 2.
These, however, are not the only differences; ior our shell is constmitly much
narrower than the usual form of P. punctatuSy while its umbonal region has
a much more squarish appearance, if I may so term it, owing to the sudden
and vertical descent of its sides to the ears. Again, it will be seen to pre-
sent strongly-marked differences in the form and relative siz^s of the
muscular scars in the ventral valve, by comparing our fig. 2 c with fig,
17 of plate xliv of Mr. Davidson's Monograph of the British Carboniferous
Brachiopoda. Equally good distinguishing characters can be pointed out
between it and the other species mentioned.

CAEBONIFEBOUS SPECIES. 67

Locality and position, — West side of Buell Valley; Summit Spring Pass;
Ruby Valley; White Pine Mountains and other localities in Nevada:
from a light-colored limestone beUeved to belong to the upper part of the
Carboniferous series of that region.

Productus (undt. sp.)

Plate 7, figs. 6, G a, 6 b.

Compare Productus Ivesii, Newberry (1861), Ives' Report on the Colorado, 122, pi. ii,
figs. 1-8; also Prodmius Galhounianus, Swallow (1858), Trans. Acad. Sci.
8t. Louis, I, 180.

Shell attaining a large size, longer (measuring over the curve of the
ventral valve) than wide; hinge apparently not quite equaling the greatest
breadth. Ventral valve very gibbous, much produced anteriorly,
very strongly arched, and provided with a deep, wide mesial sinus that
extends from the unbonal region to the produced front, to which it gives an
emarginated appearance as seen from above ; most gibbous portion on each
side of the sinus, comparatively narrow, with abruptly descending lateral
slopes, which converge rather gradually to the. beak; ears apparently nearly
rectangular, arched, and wrinkled ; surface ornamented by medium-sized,
well-defined, occasionally bifurcating costse, that bear numerous, more or
less alternately-arranged little nodes, each of which was the base of a slen-
der spine sometimes apparently attaining a length of nearly three-quarters
of an inch ; beak comparatively small at the apex, incurved so as to pass
within the hinge-line, and, together with the adjacent umbonal region,
crossed by small concentric wrinkles, which become stronger on the ears;
lines of growth very fine and regular. Dorsal valve somewhat flattened or
a little concave in the visceral region, and abruptly curved parallel to the
other in front, provided with a mesial ridge corresponding to the sinus of
the other valve; surface ornamented with costa3 similar to those of the other
valve, and crossed on the visceral region by small, regular concentric
wrinkles; cardinal edge strengthened within by a strong marginal ridge on
each side of the short, recurved cardinal process, from the base of which
there extends forward a small mesial ridge, which is bifid at its connection
with the process.

Length of one of the largest specimens, measuring over the curve of the

68 PALEONTOLOGY.

ventral valve, about 4.90 inches; breadth of the gibbous part of umbonal
region, exclusive of the ears, about 2,50 inches.

Of this Productus^ there are six or eight specimens in the collection
from various localities, but unfortunately they are all more or less mutilated
or distorted. After numerous careful comparisons, I liave been unable to
arrive at any very satisfactory conclusions in regard to its specific relations.
At a first glance, it reminds one of some of the larger coarsely- costated va-
rieties of P. semireticulatus. It evidently differs, however, in several respects
from that species; being not only more coarsely costated, and more deeply
sulcated, but it likewise difiers in having numerous little spines scattered
over the whole of the ventral valve; while the mesial internal ridge of its
dorsal valve (see fig. 6 h) differs in being bifid as in P. scabriculus. Inmost
of its external characters at least, excepting its narrower form, it seems to
agree pretty well with the description of a form described by Professor Swal-
low, from the Upper Coal-Measures of Kansas, under the name P. Calhoun-
ianus var. Kansasensis; and yet it appears to be specifically distinct from
the Kansas specimens that I have always identified with the form described
by Professor Swallow, as well as from all of the others I have ever seen
from the same localities as those named by him. It appears also to be re-
lated to P. Ivesii of Dr. Newberry, from Arizona, but is more produced
anteriorly ; and, so far as I have been able to see from examinations of the
interior of the dorsal valve of that form, its mesial ridge is not divided as
in this shell, which is also narrower in the umbonal region.

I suspect that it will be found to be an unnamed species ; but, w^ithout
better specimens for comparison, I hardly feel justifiable in naming it as a
new species. If distinct from all the allied forms, it might be called P.

loPffUS,

Locality and position. — Fossil Hill, White Pine Mountains ; Railroad
Canon, Diamond Mountains ; West of San Francisco Mountain, etc.

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES. 69

Productus semireticulatus, M<artin,

Plate 7, fig. 5.

Anotnites semireticiilatnsj Martin (1709), Petref. Derb., 7, tab. xxxii, figs. 1 and 2, and

tab. xxxiii, fig. 4.
Anomites productus^ ib., 9, tab. xxii, figs. 1, 2, and 3.
Productm Scoticus, Sovverby (1814), Min. Conch., I, 158, tab. Ixix, fig. 3.
Frodmtus Martini, Sowerby (1821), ib., IV, 15, pi 317, figs. 2-4.—De Koninck (1843),

An. Foss. Carb. Belg., 160, pi. vii, fig. 2.— Phillips (in part, 1830), GeoK Yorks.,

II, 213, pi. vii, ^g. 2.— McCoy (in part, 1844).— Brit. Pal. Foss., 467 and 471.
Productus antiquatus, Sowerby (1821), Min. Conch., II, 15, pi. 317, figs. 1, 5, and 6. —

Phillips (part, 1836), II, 213, pi. vi, fig. 2.

Productus concinnus, Sowerby (1821), Min. Conch., IV, 16, pi. 318, fig. 1.

Productus pugilis, Phillips (1836), Geol. Yorks., II, viii, fig. 6.

Leptcena antiquata^ Fischer (1837), Oryc. du Goav. de Mosc, 142, pi. 26, figs. 4 and 5.

Leptccna tuhuUfera, Fischer, ib., pi. xxvi, fig. 1 (not Deshayes).

Productus Inca^ d'Orbigny (1844), Paleont. Am. Merid.,51, pi. iv, figs. 1, 2, and 3.

Productus flexistriata, McCoy (1844), Synop. Carb. Foss. Ireland, pi. xvii, fig. 1.

Productus seMireticulatuSj De Koninck (1847), Monogr. Chouotes et Prod., pi. viii, fig.
1, pi. ix, fig. 1, pi. X, fig. 1.— Davidson (1860), Monogr. Scottish Carb. Bnich.,
pi. iv, figs. 1-5, 7, and 12 ; and of numerous other authors.

The collection contains, from several localities, specimens that seem to
me to belong to the above-mentioned well-known and widely-distributed
species. At least so far as their characters can be made out from the collec-
tions yet obtained for study, no reliable distinctions have been observed.

Locality and position, — Railroad Canon, Diamond Mountains; Fossil
Hill, White Pine Mountains, Nevada,

Pkoductus costatus, Sowerby ? % var.

Plate 7, fi^8. 4 and 4 a, b.

Productus cost^tnsy Sowerby (1827), Mineral Conch., VI, 115, pi. 560, fig. 1.— De Ver-
neuil (1845), Pala^ont. Russia and the Ural Mts., 268, pi. xv, figs. 13 a, h. —
De Koninck (1847), Mon. Prod., 92, x)l. viii, tig. 3,* pi. x, fig. 3, and pi. xviii,
figs. 3 a, ^.—Davidson (1860), Mon. Scottish Brach., 44, pi. ii, figs. 22-24;
and of various other authors.

Productus sulcatus, Sowerby (1822), Mineral Conch., IV, 17, pi. 310, fig. 2.

Producta costata {et sulcata), Phillips (1836), Geol. Yorks., 213, pi. vii, fig. 2.

Productus costelfatu^j McCoy (1844), Synopsis Carb. Foss. Ireland, pi. xx, fig. 15.

Productus Portlockianus, Norwood and Pratten (1854), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,

III, 15, pi. 1, figs. 9c^, h, c.

* Tins figure of De Koninck's was drawn from an American specimen found at
Saint Louis, Missouri,

70 PALEONTOLOGY.

Producta costata, McCoy (1855), Brit. Pal. Foss., 400.
Producta Flemingi var. sulcata, McCoy, ib., 461.

Productus costatus, Meek (1872), Palaeont. E. Nebraska, in Haydeii's Eeport U. S. GeoL
Survey Nebraska, 159, pi. vi, figs. 6 a, b.

Shell rather under medium size, about as long as wide, measuring direct
from the beak to the front, but longer than wide, measuring over the curve
of the ventral valve; very gibbous, and strongly incurved, the curvature
increasing little from the front to the beak, and sometimes desciibing nearly
two-thirds of an entire volution on the ventral surface ; hinge-line about
equaling the greatest breadth of the valves. Ventral valve very gibbous,
with a well-defined mesial sinus extending from the umbonal region to the
front; ears small, nearly rectangular, and rather distinctly arched; lateral
slopes rounding off nearly vertically to the ears; beak gibbous, and strongly
incurved, but scarcely passing within the hinge-margin; surface ornamented
with moderate-sized longitudinal costse, which sometimes become a little
irregular in size on the anterior and anterior lateral slopes by some of them
bifurcating, or, in other cas6s, by two of them coalescing to form a larger
and slightly more prominent one, generally at the origin of a spine. Small
concentric wrinkles also give the visceral region a more or less reticulated
appearance, while the bases of rather stout spines are seen scattered over
the anterior and lateral slopes (generally on the larger costse) as well as
on the ears, or sometimes in a row along the sulcus or concavity between
each ear and the very abrupt swell of the umbo. Dorsal valve flattened-
concave in the visceral region, where it is marked by obscure costoe and
small concentric wrinkles; interior with a slender mesial ridge, most sharply
elevated near the middle, and having the muscular scars prominent and near
the beak; reniform scars obscure, directed outward and a little forward from
the anterior side of the muscular scars.

Length of a medium-sized specimen, measuring direct from the beak to
the front, 1.21 inches; measuring over the curve of the ventral valve,
about 2.20 inches; breadth, 1.25 inches.

It is with considerable doubt that I have ventured to refer this shell lo
the variable species P. costatus, though it seems to be the form that has gen-
erally been identified with that species in our Coal-Measures and the Lower
Carboniferous rocks of the Mississippi Valley. Although these- American

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES. 71

specimens agree pretty closely with certain forms usually regarded in Europe
as being only varieties of P. costatus^ they never possess the very large
costse and the strong oblique lateral ridge near each ear, seen in the typical
•variety of that species. Indeed, I have never seen any American shell pre-
senting the characters of the typical P. costatus^ or nearly approaching it.
It is therefore only because the best European authorities include in that
species shells with very much smaller costse, and the lateral ridges nearly or
quite obsolete (such as that represented by figs. 6 and 6 a on plate 4 of Mr.
Davidson^s Monograph of the Carboniferous Brachiopoda of Scotland, first
referred by Jlr, Davidson to P. semireticulatus, but afLervvard considei-ed by
him to be a variety of P. costatus), that we have in this country referred
such forms as that under consideration, even provisionally, to P, costatus.
Generally, our specimens resemble quite closely P. sulcalits of Sowerby;
and if it were not for the fact that nearly all European authorities who have
investigated the Carboniferous Brachiopoda agree in viewing the form on
which Sowel'by proposed to found that name as only a variety of P. costatiis,
I should scarcely hesitate to retain the name P. sulcatus for our shell. Our
specimens, however, are generally more gibbous and more strongly arched
than the European varieties of P costatiis with equally small costse. In
most cases, they look much like small examples of P. semiretkulatus ; and,
indeed, Mr. Davidson thought that specimens apparently of this sliell sent
by me to him from the Coal-Measures of Nebraska more probably belonged
to that species than to P. costatus; yet the fact that we find these shells
throughout wide areas of country here ranging through a considerable
thickness of strata, and often directly associated in the same beds with well-
marked examples of P. semireticulaius of the usual size and form, and still
never attaining more than half the adult size of that species, while they are
always proportionally narrower across the umbonal region, and more gib-
bous and more produced, seems to be an objection to the conclusion that
they belong to the same species; especially as these smaller shells are evi-
dently, as may be seen by their much-produced, strongly-arched form, adult
specimens. On the other hand, the fact that they vary comparatively little
in their characters, wherever we find them, and never nearly approach the
typical forms of P. costatus^ would seem to be an equally good reason for

7 2 PALEONTOLOGY.

regarding them as belonging to a distinct species from that form also. Until
we can have an opportunity to arrive at a more satisfactory conclusion on
these points from the study of more extensive collections, I would therefore
refer this form provisionally to P. costatus, but at the same time express the
belief that it does not belong to the same species as the typical P. costatus
of the Old World.

Locality and ^position. — Railroad Canon, Diamond Mountains ; Fossil
Hill, White Pine Mountain; and Moleen Peak, Nevada.

Productus Prattenianus, Norwood.

Plate 7, fig. 7.

Froductus cora, Owen (1852), Geol. Report Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minn., 103 and 136,

pi. V, fig. 1. — Marcou (1858), Geol. N. Am., 45, pi. vii, figs. 4, 4 a.
Productus semiretiGxdatus, Hall (1852), Stansbury's Report Bait Luke Exp., 411, pi.

iii, figs. 3, 5, and 5(i, ^ (not Martin, sp.).
Productus Prattenianus^ Norwood (1854), Jour. Acad. Kat. Sci. Pbilad. (2d ser.), Ill,

p. 17, pi. 1, figs. 10 a, &, c, d.
Productus FlemingHy Geinitz (1860), Carbonf. uud Dyas in Nebraska, 52, taf. iv, figs.

1, 2, 3 (not Sowerby).
Compare P. cora^ d'Orbigny (1843), Pal^ont. Voy. Am. M^rid., Ill, 55, pi. v, figs. 8, D.

This is a common shell in the Coal-Measures of the Mississippi Valley,
through the whole thickness of which it ranges, if not into the Lower Car-
boniferous. It is generally about as wide as long, by direct measurement
from beak to front ; though in some examples the anterior margin is more
produced. The hinge-line usually equals the greatest breadth ; while the
ears are large, rectangular, and marked with a few large wrinkles.that extend
a little upon the sides of the umbo, but never cross over it, the visceral
region of the ventral valve being nearly always without traces of these
wrinkles. It is very gibbous, strongly-arched in the umbonal region, and
without any indications of a mesial sinus, though ij; is sometimes a little flat-
tened in the middle, with the lateral slopes rounding down abruptly on each
side. The beak is often narrowed and distinctly incurved. The surface is
ornamented by fine, regular, longitudinal striae, which increase by intercala-
tion, or sometimes by division; while over the whole of the ventral valve
are distantly, but regularly scattered, a few large spine-bases, at each of
which the striae are often interrupted, sometimes three or four of them termi-

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES. 73

nating at a spine-base, or three or four originating on the lower side, where
only one is continued above the same. The spines are large, erect, and
apparently long, and occur on the ears as well as over the other parts of tlie
valve, there being sometimes a row of them along the hinge-margin of each
ear. The dorsal valve is flattened, and generally provided with concentric
wrinkles on the visceral portion.

Although this species is quite common, it is rarely found with the ears
and free margins unbroken. In most cases, only the umbonal and most gib-
bous parts of the ventral valve are preserved when the specimens are broken
from a limestone matrix; while, owing to the thinness of the shell, specimens
in shale are usually crushed or much distorted. It seems to be much like
forms identified in Europe with P. cora^ d'Orbigny, to which it has been
by some referred in this country. It certainly differs from d'Orbigny^s
figures of that species, however, in having its ventral valve more gibbous,
with more nearly rectangular and larger ears, with large strong wrinkles;
while its spines were certainly much larger and longer than repre-
sented by d'Orbigny. If his figure represents a specimen w^itli the free
margins and the edges of the ears broken away, and the shorty pointed spines
shown along the hinge are wrongly drawn, then his species may be identi-
cal with our shell ; but otherwise it seems to me to be quite distinct. Prof
De Koninck, however, who has seen d'Orbigny's original specimens, thinks
they are certainly not distinct from the European forms referred to P. com,
some of which are much more like our shell than the South American
typical form would appear to be from d'Orbigny's figure.

As in other species of the genus, the strise of this shell vary somewhat
in size, though much less than is usual in most other species. On measure-
ment, I find that from three to five of them may be counted in a space of
one-tenth of an inch in the specimens under consideration.

Locality and 'position.— Yo^^A Hill, White Pine District; Eailroad
Canon, Diamond Mountains, Nevada: Carboniferous.

74 PALEONTOLOGY.

Productus semistbiatus, Meek.

Plate 7, figs. 8, 8 a.

Productus semistriatus, Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., XII, 309 ; and (1876) in
Col. Simpson's Report BxpL across the Great Basin of Utah, 347, pi. I, figs. 7 a, b.

Compare Productus Chandlessii, Derby (1874), Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 51, pi. iv, figs.
1-16, and pi. vi, fig. 1.

Shell rather under medium size, very gibbous, greatest breadth on the
hinge-line, which is nearly twice the length, measuring from the beak direct
to the anterior slope, but only a little more than half as great as the length
of the ventral valve, measuring over its curve. Ventral valve extremely
convex, strongly arched, and much produced in front, sometimes provided
with a very shallow mesial sinus ; beak gibbous and distinctly incurved, so
as to pass within the cardinal margin ; ears triangular, strongly vaulted,
and abruptly separated from the vertical sides of the gibbous umbonal
region by a rounded, undefined sulcus, which is continued from the beak
to the lateral margins, to tlie outline of which it imparts a more or less
sinuous character in front of each ear ; surface of the visceral region marked
by small concentric wrinkles extending upon the ears, and crossed by
numerous rather fine longitudinal striae, or costs;, that become suddenly
obsolete on all of the anterior and lateral slopes from above (behind) the
middle : these parts of the surface being merely marked with obscure lines
of growth and strong, regularly-scattered spine-bases, from each of which
there is sometimes a very obscure, undefined ridge extending downward to
or toward the free margin. Similar spine-bases are also seen over other parts
of the surface, including the ears ; though they nowhere arise from tuber-
cles. Dorsal valve unknown.

. Length, measuring direct from the umbo to the anterior slope, 0.83
inch ; measuring over the curve of the ventral valve from the beak to
the anterior margin, 2.25 inches ; breadth to the extremities of the ears,
about 1.34 inches; breadth of most gibbous part of umbonal region, 0.90
inch ; number of longtitudinal striae on the posterior half of the ventral
valve, in the spape of 0.10 inch, 3.

This seems to be a well-marked species, which is peculiar in having
well-defined longitudinal striae and moderately distinct transverse wrinkles

OARBONIFEliOUS SPECIES. 75

on the gibbous visceral region of the ventral valve, and no traces whatever
of either on the anterior and lateral slopes, composing more than half of
the entire surface. The ventral valve is very gibbous, distinctly arched,
and much produced; the elevated umbonal region being comparatively nar-
row, with vertical sides, and but a faint indication of a mesial sinus. The
spines seem to have been stout, erect, and to have arisen very abruptly
from the surface, without being connected with tubercles.

In several respects, the South American shell described by Professor
Derby, under the name Productus Chandlessii, in the Bulletin of Cornell
University, already cited, would seem, as nearly as can be determined from
his figures and description, to be closely allied to the species here under
consideration ; but, without specimens for comparison, I am not prepared
to express a decided opinion respecting the relations of the two shells.

Locality and position. — The type-specimens of this species were brought
by Colonel Simpson from a locality southeast of the Great Salt Lake, Utah
(latitude 40^ 22' N., longitude 111'' 38' W.), where they were found in a
black bituminous limestone of Carboniferous age.

Productus subhobeidus, Meek.

Plate7, figs. 3, 3 a, 3 5.

Shell small, or of moderate size, generally much produced, longitudinally
oblong-suboval, the length being distinctly greater than its breadth ; hinge-
line about equaling the greatest breadth. Ventral valve very gibbous, espe-
cially in the umbonal region, with a deep mesial sinus extending from near
the umbo to the front, very strongly arched, the curve increasing from the
front to the beak, which is distinctly incurved, but scarcely passes the hinge-
margin ; ears small, nearly rectangular, arched, and standing out nearly at
right angles to the abrupt sides of the umbo; surface smooth, excepting
sometimes broad, obscure, obsolescent longitudinal ridges on the anterior
and lateral slopes, and strong spine-bases, rather thickly scattered over the
whole, including the ears ; spines strong, erect, and long. Dorsal valve and
interior unknown.

Breadth of a medium-sized specimen, 0.85 inch ; length of the same,
measuring direct, 1.03 inches; measuring over the curve of the ventral
valve, 2.06 inches.

76 PALEONTOLOGY.

In its smooth surface, deep mesial sinus, and strong spines, this species
resembles the narrowest varieties of Produdus Jiorridus of Sowerby. Its
imiform adult size, however, from widely-separated localities, and through
a great thickness of strata, is less than half that of the average size of P.
horridus; while it is greatly more produced and elongated in proportion to
breadth, and has a proportionally shorter hinge and smaller ears. All its
associate fossils in the same beds are also decidedly Carboniferous forms,
while I\ horridus is a Permian species.

In some respects, this shell resembles a form described by Professor
Swallow, from the Coal-Measures of Kansas, under the name P. costatoides.
It attains a larger size, however, and is more produced anteriorly ; while it
wants the well-defined costae of that shell, being almost entirely smooth,
excepting the spine-bases, and the faintest possible traces of a few broad,
undefined ridges, sometimes seen descending the anterior slope. It never
shows the faintest indications of concentric ridges, or furrows, on the visceral
region, or any other part of the surface.

Locality and position. — Light-colored Carboniferous limestone of Wa-
satch Mountains; Hamilton Butte, Ruby Group; Mahogany Peak, Egan
Mountains, and north slope of Moleen Peak, Elko Range, west side of Long
Valley, Ruby Group.

Probuctus multistuiatus, Meek.

Plate 8, figs. 3; 3 a, 3 &, 3 c, 3 c?, 3 e,

Produdus multistriaim^ Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. !N'at. Sci. Philad., July, 309 ;
and (1876) in Col, Simpson's Report Expl. across the Great Basin of Utah, 350,
pi. 1, figs. 8 a, 6.

Shell of about medium size, much produced ; length of entire speci-
mens greater than the breadth, even by direct measurement from the umbo
to the produced front, and proportionally still longer, measuring over the
curve of the ventral valve ; ears of moderate, or rather large size, some-
what triangular, strongly vaulted, and defined by a sinuosity of each lateral
margin, which generally makes them less than rectangular at the extremi-
ties ; lateral margins rounding anteriorly from the sinuosity in advance of
each ear, to the front, which is distinctly sinuous in outline at the middle.
Ventral valve extremely gibbous, very strongly arched, and provided with
a profound mesial sinus, which extends from near the umbo to the front ;

CAEBONIFEROUS SPECIES. 77

iimbonal region, behind the most gibbous part, depressed-convex, and with-
out traces of transverse wrinkles ; beak incurved, but not passing far within
the hinge-Hne ; most convex portion on each side of the mesial sinus prom-
inently rounded, with very abrupt lateral slopes. Ventral valve deeply
concave, but more or less flattened in the visceral region, where there com-
mences a broad mesial ridge, corresponding to the sinus of the other valve,
while a low prominence extends out from near the umbo to the sinuous part
of each lateral margin in front of each ear, internally showing a sudden gen-
iculation around the front and lateral margins, nearly at right angles to the
more or less flattened visceral region ; muscular and reniform scars unknown.
Surface of both valves ornamented by numerous fine, regular, rather ob-
scure, longitudinal costse, or striae, apparently generally destitute of spines,
though sometimes a few very scattering large spine-bases are seen on the
anterior slope of the dorsal valve, as well as on the ears of the same, where
they, on some specimens, form a row along the hinge-margin. ,

Greatest length, measuring from the most gibbous part of the umbonal
region to the front, about 1.90 inches; from the strongly-incurved beak
to the front, 1.15 inches; breadth, to the extremities of the ears, l.f;4 inches;
convexity of the ventral valve, 1 inch ; number of surface strise in 0.10 of an
inch, 3 or 4.

Of this species, there are some fifteen or twenty specimens before me,
in various states of preservation, all of which are remarkably uniform in
nearly all their characters. Its most marked features are its very gibbous
form, deep mesial sinus, dividing the ventral valve into two prominently-
rounded lobes, its somewhat depressed umbonal region without any traces
of transverse wrinkles, and its fine, even striae, with only a very few scat-
tering, large spine-bases, sometimes seen on the anterior slope, and near the
hinge-margin of the ears. The sudden geniculation of the dorsal valve
around the anterior and lateral margins of the flattened visceral region, is
also so strongly marked as to give the internal view of this valve much the
form of StropJiomena rhomhoidalis (see fig, 3 e), excepting that it wants the
concentric wrinkles of that shell. Although there are specimens in the col-
lection showing this character very satisfactorily, unfortunately none of them

78 PALEONTOLOGY.

are in a condition to show the musculai* or reniform impressions, nor very
clearly the form of the cardinal process.

Generally, on somewhat worn specimens, the fine striae are so nearly
obsolete that the surface presents the appearance, at a first glance, of being
entirely smooth ; but even these specimens nearly always show remains of
the striae on the more protected parts, while, where the surface is well pre-
served, they are always seen distinctly defined on all parts.

I am not acquainted with any other species nearly enough allied to
this to render a comparison necessary.

Locality and position. — The original type-specimens of this species were
brought by Colonel Simpson's party from latitude 39^ 51' N., longitude
115^ 10' W., near the center of the eastern margin of Nevada. Those in
Mr. King's collection came from further west, in the Ruby Group, and Ma-
hogany Peak, Egan Range ; the matrix being, in all cases, a light-colored
limestone. I have never seen it from any other localities, and know of no
nearly allied form in the rocks of the Mississippi Valley, Its associates are
always well-marked Carboniferous types.

rROBucTus LONGispiNUs, Sowerbj.

Plato 8, fi;?8*^, 4 a,
Productus lo7igispmu8, Sowerby (1814), Min. Concb., I, 154, pi. Ixviii, fig. l.—Do

Koninck (1847), Descrip. An. Foss. Carb. Belg., 187, pi. xii, figs. 11 a, b^

aud pi. xii bis^ fig. 2.— Davidson (1853), Introd. Brit. Foss. Brach., pi, ix, h^.

221 ; also (1860), Monogr. Scottish Carb. Brach., pi. ii, figs. IO-I95 and (18GI)

Brit. Carb. Bracb., 154, pi. xxxv, figs. 5-17.
Productus Flemingil, Sowerby (1814), Min. Conch., 1, 154, pi. 6S^ fig. 2. — De Koninck

(1847), Monogr. Prod., pi x, fig. 2.— McCoy (1855), Biit. Pal. Foss., 461.
Productus spinosus, Sowerby (1814), Min. Couch., I, 157, pi. 69, fig. 2.
Productus lobatus, Sowerby (1821), ib., IV, 16, pi. 318, figs. 2-6.— Yon Bach (1841),

Ver. Konigl. Akad. Wiss., Theil I, 32, pi. ii, fig. 17.— De Verneuil (1845),

Geol. liuss. and Ural Mts., IF, 266, pi. xvi, fig. 3, and pi. xviii, fig. 8.
Productus elegans^ Davereux (1833), Const. Geol. de la Prov. de Li^ge, 272.
Producta setosa, Phillips (1836), Geol. Yorks., If, 214, pi. viii, figs. 9 and 17.
Productus Gapacii, d'Orbigny (1843), Pal6ont.Voy. Ana. M6rid., 50, pi. iii, figs. 24-26.
Productus tuberosus, De Keyserling (1S46), Petschora Land, 208, pi. iv, fig. 6.
Productus Wabashensls^ Norwood and Pratteu (1854), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Ill,

pi. 1, tig. 6.
f Productus splendens^ ib., pi. i, tig. 5.

Tlie specimens of the little shell that I have, with doubt, referred to the

above species, are not in a very good state of preservation ; but, as far as

their characters can be made out, they seem to agree at least with forms

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES. 79

regarded by reliable authorities as being varieties of Sowerby's species.
The best specimen in the collection is represented by the figs. 4, 4 a, on
plate 8. This is more gibbous in the umbonal region, and has larger cos-
toe than the most characteristic examples of P. longispinuSj while it shows no
traces of the mesial sinus usually seen in the same. In these respects,
however, it agrees more nearly with a form illustrated as a variety of that
species by Mr. Davidson's figs. 19, 19 a, plate xxxv, of his Monogr. Brit.
Garb. Brach. It is true that it does not show the angular projection of the
anterior margin seen in Mr. Davidson's figure, but its anterior margin is
broken. Some of the other more imperfect specimens, however, show the
usual mesial sinus, and the smaller costse, exactly as in characteristic exam-
ples of P. longispinus. Generally, the surface is exfoliated, and the spines
broken away; but, in a few instances, some remaining traces of their bases
can be seen, while fragments of comparatively stout spines, like those of
Sowerby's species, occur closely associated in the same matrix.

Locality and position, — Fossil Hill, White Pine District, Nevada; in light-
colored Carboniferous limestone.

RHYNCHONELLID^.

Genus LEIORHYNCHUS, Hall.
Leiorhynchus QUADRicosTATXJS, Vauuxem ? (sp.).

riate3, figs. 9, 9 a, 9 6.
Ortlm quadricostatus^ Yanux. (1842), Geol. Rep. Third Dist. N. Y., 186.
Leiorhynchus quadricostatusj Hall (1843), Eegent'S Thirteenth Kep., 865 and Pal. N. Y.
iv, 357.

Shell trigonal-subovate, or subcircular, very thin, and apparently com-
pressed; posterior lateral margins somewhat straightened, and diverging
from the beaks at about a right angle; anterior lateral margins rounding to
the front, which is generally a little protuberant in the middle, but some-
times rounded, or even faintly sinuous in outline. Dorsal valve apparently
more convex than the other, and provided with a depressed mesial fold, which
extends little farther than the middle, and bears four, or rarely five, low,
rounded costse, which do not reach the umbonal region; lateral surfaces
smooth, or only showing very faint traces of a few undefined radiating
oostae. Ventral valve with a shallow mesial sinus, corresponding to the fold
of the other valve, and bearing three, or rarely four, obscure costse, while

80 PALEONTOLOGY.

very faint traces of a few similar costae are sometimes seen on each side of
the sinus. Surface of both valves marked by fine lines, and more or less
stronger sulcations of growth, which undulate gracefully in crossing the
costa3.

Length, 1 inch; breadth, 0.93 inch; convexity unknown. One pro-
portionally broader specimen measures 0.93 inch in length and 1.06 inches
in breadth.

The specimens of this shell in the collections studied by me are merely
distorted casts with portions of the shell attached. These so nearly resem-
ble Leiorliynchus muUicostatuSj Hall (supposed by Professor Hall to be prob-
ably only a variety of L, quadricostatuSy Vanuxem, sp., from the Hamilton
Grroup, N. Y.), that I had called attention to the close similarity. On com-
parison, however, with the figures and descriptions of the N. Y. shell, I
thought them most probably distinct, and had proposed, in manuscript, a
new name for them. Since then Professor Hall and Mr. Whitfield, who
have investigated Mr. King's later collections, have referred this shell to L.
quadricostatuSj Vanuxem (see Am. Jour. Sci., XI, 476, June, 1875). As
they have had the advantage of making direct comparisons with authentic
New York specimens of Vanuxem's species, which I had no opportunity to
do, it is presumable that they are more apt to be con-ect. Consequently, as
these pages are passing through the press, I have withdrawn my proposed
name; and, as it has never been published with a description, it need not be
cited in synonymy.

The group Leiorhynclms seems to be, so far as yet known, distinguished
from the older types of Rhynclionella more by the obscurity and obsolescent
character of its plications, and other superficial characters, than by any
observed fundamental differences of the muscular or other internal peculiar-
ities. The known New York species are found only in the Hamilton and
Chemung Groups of the Devonian.

Locality and position. — White Pine Mountains, Nevada; where it occurs
in a dark shale. If a true Leiorhynchus^ and especially if identical specifically
with the New York shell referred to, the black shale from which it was
obtained, would be almost certainly, as I had suspected, Devonian, and not
Carboniferous.

OABBONIFERODS SPECIES. 81

SPIRIFERIDJE.
Genus ATHYRIS, McCoy.
Athyris? persinuata, Meek.

Plate 9, figs. 4, 4 a, 4 6.

Shell subtrigonal, very gibbous, somewhat longer than wide ; lateral
margins rounded in outline; front prominent in the middle; connecting
margins of the valves, on each side of the beaks, broadly and deeply
sinuous (see fig. 4 6.) Dorsal valve much nK)re convex than the other, its
greatest convexity being at the middle of the front, where it is elevated in the
form of a very prominent, rounded, mesial fold, which projects somewhat
forward, and scarcely extends back to the middle ; lateral slopes rounding
abruptly downward, and considerably produced, so as to meet the margins
of the other valve nearly at right angles ; beak strongly incurved. Ventral
valve moderately convex in the umbonal region, and depressed in front into
a broad, rounded, or somewhat flattened and profound mesial sinus, which
causes the anterior margin to project obliquely forward and upward as a
linguiform extension filling a corresponding sinus in the margin of the
other valve, which it intersects at less than a right angle ; beak unknown.
Surface of both valves apparently nearly smooth, excepting rather distinct,
subimbricating marks of growth near the anterior and lateral margins.

Length, about 1.28 inches; breadth, 1.16 inches; convexity, 0.98 inch;

Although I have seen no entire specimens of this shell, those I have
had an opportunity to examine seem to differ so widely, not only from all
the other fonns in the collection, but from any described species of which
I have seen figures or specimens, that there appears to be little, if any,
reason to doubt that it is a new species. At a first glance, its extremely
elevated fold and deep sinus remind one of Bhynchonella acuminata; but,
on closer inspection, this fold is seen to be merely rounded, instead of angu-
lar, or divided into several smaller ridges, as we see in that shell. I am in
some little doubt, however, whether or not it is really a true Athyris^ since
none of the specimens show the beak of the ventral valve, or, very clearly,
any of the internal characters. One internal cast of the dorsal valve shows
that it has a mesial ridge, or low septum, in the umbo, much as we often

6 P R

82 PALEONTOLOGY.

$ee in Mhynchonella; but some scars of the adductor muscles seen near the
middle of the valve seem to be more like those of Athyrw. If a Mhyncho-
nella, it would, of course, belong to the section of the genus including
J2. acuminata.

Locality and position, — Light-colored Carboniferous limestone of White
Pine Mountains, JsTevada.

AiHYBis RoiSSYi, l'Eveill6 (sp.).

Plate 9, figs. 3, 3 «, 3 &.

Spirifer de Roissyiy l'Eveill6 (1835), M^m. Soc. G6ol. France, 11, 39, pi. ii, figs. 18-20.

Spirifer glabristriatus, Phillips (183G), Geol. Yorks., II, 220, pi. x, fig. 19.

Spirifer fimbriatus^ Phillips, ib., 220.

Terebratula Boissyij De Verneuil (1840), Bull. Soc. G6ol.^ Prance, XI, 259, pi. iii, figs.

1 &, c, ^ (not 1 a aud e).— De Koninck (1843), An. Poss. Garb. Belg., 300, pi.

xxi, fig. 1 (not pi. XX, fig. 1).*
Athyris depressa^ McCoy (1844), Synop. Oarb. Poss. Ireland, 147, pi. xviii, fig. 7.
Athyrls de Boissyi, McCoy (1855), Brit. Pal. Poss., 433.
Athyris glahristriata, McCoy, ib., 434.
Athyris Boyssi, Dsbvidmn (1860), Monogr. Carb. Bracb. Scotland, 16, pi. i, fig. 12;

and (1861) Brit. Carb. Brach., 84, pi. xviii, figs. 1-11.
? Athyris siiblamellosa^ Hall (1858), Iowa Report, II, part 2, 702, pi. xxvii, figs.l a, &, c.

There are among* the collections before me a number of specimens,
some of which agree very closely with A. Boissyi in form, size, and general
appearance ; but, as none of them show the fringed lamellae of growth so
characteristic of I'Eveille's species, it is with considerable doubt that I have
identified them with that widely-distributed Carboniferous form. Still, as
the peculiar surface-markings are said not to be always preserved in speci-
mens of A, Boissyij it is quite possible that they may have originally existed
in our specimens, which came from a limestone matrix. They all show
rather distinct, subimbricating marks of growth, but without traces of
projecting fimbriated lamellae. Some of the larger specimens have exactly
the transversely-oval form and well-defined mesial sinus seen in mature,
wide individuals of A. Boissyi; while other smaller individuals are propor-
tionally narrower, with a much more prominent beak, and more rapidly-
sloping posterior lateral margins, thus passing by easy gradations into forms
that it is difficult to separate from A. subtilita, Hall, especially in specimens
that have the surface-markings not well preserved. The adult specimens
all show the sinus of the ventral valve terminating in a rounded marginal

OARBONIFEBOUS SPECIES. 83

projection, fitting into a con-esponding sinuosity in the front of the other

val^e, just as we see in A. Roissyi; but the sinus in all of them becomes a

narrow, very shallow sulcus, at a short distance from the front, instead of

being broadly rounded or somewhat flattened, as we usually see in large

examples of TEveill^'s species.

Locality and position. — From the light-colored Carboniferous limestones

of Ruby Group ; also, from same in Wachoe Mountains ; Mahogany Peak ;

Egan Range, Nevada,

Athyrts subtilita, Hall.

Plato 8, figs, 6, 6 a.

tSpirifer Roissyi^ d'Orbi^ny (1843), Voy. dans Ara^r. M^rid., 46, pi. iii, figs. 17 and 19,

(by error marked Terebratula Peruviana on the plate; not Athyris Boissyij

rEveill6, sp.).
Terebratula subtilita, Hall (1852), Stansbury's Report Salt Lake Exp., 409, pi. 4, figs. 1

and 2 ; and again (1858) in Iowa Geol. Report, I, part ii, 714. — Marcou (1858),

Geol. N. Am., 52, pi. vi, figs. 9 a, b, o, d, e,/.
Athyris differentis, McChesney (1860), Descriptions New Palaeozoic Fossils, 47.
Athyris subtilita, Davidson (1861), Brit. Carb. Brach., 86, pi. i, figs. 21-22, and pi.

xvii, figs. 8-10.— Salter (1861), Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, XVII, pi. iv, figs. 4a, ft.—

Meek (1876), in Col. Simpson's Report Expl. across the Great Basin of Utah,

350, pi. 2, figs. 4 <i, 6.
Compare Terebratula argentea^ Shephard (1838), Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, XXXIV, 152,

fig. 8; also, Athyris subquadrata. Hall (1858), Iowa Re{)ort, I, part ii, 703,

pi. 27, figs. 2 «, b, c, d.

Of this very conimon species, there are in the collection from several
localities in Nevada well-marked and characteristic examples, agreeing in
all respects with those found in the Coal- Measures of the Mississippi Valley,
from Kansas and Nebraska to Texas, as well as westward to New Mexico,
and eastward to Ohio. If Athyris subquadrata, Hall, is really identical with
this species, which it certainly very closely resembles, then it must be com-
mon both to the Upper and Lower Carboniferous in the West ; but if that
is a distinct species, A. subtilita would seem to be confined, so far as known,
to the Coal-Measures in the Mississippi Valley ; though the English speci-
mens referred to A. subtilita by Mr. Davidson came from the Lower Car-
boniferous.

Mr. Salter identified with this species a South American shell from the
Andes, and also a form described from there by d'Orbigny, and referred by
him to Athyris Boissyi: and, from the figures given by these authors, as well

84 PALAEONTOLOGY.

as from the other fossils found in the same beds, I can scarcely doubt that
this South American shell is really identical with A. subtilita.^

Although the figure given in the Journal of Science by Shephard, of
the shell described by him in 1838 under the name Terehratula argentea,
does not resemble adult forms of A. subtilita, I have long suspected that it
represents an immature example of this species, as no other similar form is
known among all the numerous specimens from our western Coal- Measures.
If it should be found to be the same, Shephard's specific name would have
to stand, as it has priority of date.

Locality and position.— Rxxhy Gvoiip'j Moleen Peak; near Humboldt
River, and other Nevada localities, in a light-colored limestone.

Genus SPIRIFERINA, d'Orbigny.
Spieifebina (luidfc. sp.).

Plate 8, figs. 5, 5 a, 5 h.

Compare Spirifer octoplicatnsj Sowerby (1827), Min, Conch., V, 120, pi. 562, figs. 2, 3,
and 4 (= Spiriferina cristata var. octoplicata of Davidson and others).

Shell rather small, very gibbous, about equivalve, subtrigonal or
rhombic-subquadrangular in general outline; hinge-line apparently equal-
ing the greatest breadth. Ventral valve most convex in the umbonal region;
beak incurved and projecting backward; mesial sinus nan-ow, well defined,
somewhat flattened, and, without costse w^ithin, continued to the point of
the beak, and having its anterior margin produced forward in the form of a
somewhat angular projection fitting into a corresponding sinus in the margin
of the other valve; lateral slopes with each five to six elevated, simple,
narrowly -romided, or subangular costse of the same size as the deep depres-
sions between; cardinal area of moderate height, with well-defined margins
that slope from the beak apparently to the lateral extremities of the hinge,
rather strongly arched, and inclined obliquely backw^ard. Dorsal valve with
a narrow, very prominent, subangular, simple mesial fold, most elevated at
or near the front, but continued to the beak, and projecting forward *so as
to give a rather acutely angular character to the outline of anterior margin;

♦Since this was written. Professor Derby, of Cornell University, has identified A.
mhtilita from Brazil (see Bull. Cornell University, I, No. 2, 7.)

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES. g5

beak rather distinctly incurved and but very little projecting; lateral slopes
costate as in the other valve. Surface of both valves with a few rather
strong zigzag marks of growth, most distinct near the deeply interlocking,
angular serratures of the anterior lateral margins, showing very clearly,
under a common single lens, the rather large punctures regularly arranged
in quincunx.

Length, measuring from the most prominent part of the ventral umbo
to the front of the mesial fold of the dorsal valve, 0.82 inch; breadth, about
0.93 inch; convexity, 0.68 inch.

This shell seems to be related to a common form in our western Coal-
Measures, generally known in this country by Dr. Shumard's name 8. Ken-
tuckensis (but supposed by Mr. Davidson not to differ from S. octoplicata of
Sowerby), though it is probably distinct from Dr. Shumard's species. With-
out more and better specimens for comparison, however, I scarcely feel war-
ranted in regarding it as new. The only individual of it in the collection
has the lateral extremities broken away, but it is evidently a larger and more
robust and more gibbous shell than any specimens of the form described by
Dr. Shumard that I have seen, and differs both from that and the European
typical 8, octoplicata in having its mesial fold much more elevated, and pro-
jecting forward so as to impart a very distinctly angular outline to the middle
of the anterior margin. Should other specimens show these characters to
be constant, I should think it entitled to a distinct name, either as a species
or as a variety, and would in that case propose to call it 8, gonionota, in
allusion to its high angular mesial fold.

Locality and position. — Light-colored limestone of Carboniferous age at
Railroad Canon, Diamond Mountains, Nevada.

Spieiferina pulohra, Meek.

Plate 8, ags. 1 1 a, 6, c, d, c; and pi. 12, figs. 12, 12 a, ft, c, d ?,
Spirifera pulchraj Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. IlJat. Sci. Philad., XII, 310; and (1876)

in Col. Simpson's Report of Expl. across the Great Basin of Utah, 352, pi. 2,

figs. 1 a and 1 h.
Spiriferina pulckra^ Meek (1865), Palseont. Upper Missouri, 10.

Shell of about medium size, transverse, rather compressed, or some-
times gibbous ; breadth from twice to about three times the length ; lateral

86 PALiBONTOLCGY.

extremities more or less acutely angular; valves nearly equally convex, the
dorsal being generally most convex in front, and the ventral in the umbonal
region. Dorsal valve with its beak not very prominent or strongly incurved
in the type-specimens, in which the area is rather narrow, well defined, nar-
rowed to the lateral extremities, and a little arched and inclined backward
over the hinge ; foramen triangular, slightly higher than wide, and provided
with a distinct marginal furrow on each side; mesial sinus rather narrow,
well defined, smoothly rounded within, and commencing at the apex of the
beak, from which it widens and deepens gradually to the front; lateral
slopes on each side of the sinus ornamented by from nine to twelve or thir-
teen simple, prominent, rather acutely-rounded costse. Ventral valve with
a narrow, well-developed cardinal area, which generally tapers to the hinge-
line before reaching the lateral extremities, and, with the short beak, arches
rather strongly inward ; mesial elevation simple, narrow, rounded, and con-
tinued to the beak ; lateral slopes with their simple costse corresponding in
number and arrangement to those of the other valve. Surface of both
valves with small, somewhat obscure, subimbricating lines of growth, which
are rather distinctly arched in crossing the costae, fold and sinus, show-
ing the punctate structure very clearly under a common single pocket-
magnifier.

Length (of one of the more compressed specimens), 0.95 inch ; breadth
of the same, about 1.76 inches; convexity, 0.52 inch.

Most of the typical specimens of this species are rather compressed,
and have the lateral extremities extended and acutely pointed. Other
specimens, however, from the same rock at localities a little farther north,
found associated with the same group of fossils, are more gibbous, and have
slightly smaller and a little more crowded costse, with a somewhat higher
and more arched area and beak. As the latter, however, vary somewhat
in these respects, and agree exactly in all other known characters with the
more compressed typical examples, I have not been willing to separate
them.

Although not unlike some of the .described species of Spirifer {Tri-
gonotretd)j I am not acquainted with any described species of Spiriferina so
near this as to render a comparison necessary. It certainly belongs to

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES. 87

the latter group, being beautifully punctate, as can be readily seen with a
common single lens, the punctures being so large as even to give the whole
surface of internal casts a beautiful granular appearance; while casts of
the rostral cavity of the ventral valve show a deep mesial slit, left by a
well-defined mesial septum, as seen in fig. 1 c of plate 8.

Locality and position, — The typical specimens were brought by Colonel
Simpson from a locality in Nevada, at latitude 40^ N., longitude 115^ 20' W. ;
the other more gibbous specimens in the collections under consideration came
from White Pine County, twenty-five miles northeast of Hamilton, Ruby
Group, Nevada: all from light-colored Carboniferous limestone.

A number of other specimens in the collection, from a light-grayish
limestone at the mouth of Weber Canon (see pi. 12, figs. 12, 12 a, 12
6, 12 c, 12 d\ agree, so far as can be seen, in all respects with this species.
Some of them are compressed like the typical specimens, while others are
more gibbous, and agree exactly with those from the Ruby Group.

Genus SPIRIFER, Sowerby.
Spirifbr cuspid ATUS, Martin! (sp.).

Plate 3, figs. 11, 11 a.

Anomites cuspidatus^ Martin (1796), Trans. Linn. Soc, IV, 44, pi. iii, figs. 1-6.
Conchyliolithus (Anomites) cuspidatusy Martin (1809), Petref. Derb., I, 10, pi. 46, fig. 34,

and pi. 47, fig. 5.
ISpirifer cuspidatus^ Sowerby (1816), Min. Oonch., II, tab. 120, figs. 1-3 5 and of numer-

ous later authors.
Delthyris cuspidatuSj Keiferst. (1824), Naturges. des Brdk., II, 611.
Cyrtia simplex^ McCoy (1844), Synop. Garb. Foas. Ireland (not of Phillips).
, Cyrtia cuspidata, McCoy (1855), Brit. Pal. Foss., 466.

Of the form I have referred with doubt to the above-mentioned species,
there is but one distorted specimen and a part of another in the collection.
It seems to have had, before distortion, exactly the form, size, and surface-
characters of a medium-sized individual of S. cuspidatus, excepting that its
high area is arched a little backward, instead of being merely vertical or
slightly arched forward, as seems to be generally the case with S, cuspidatus.
As this, however, is doubtless a more or less variable character, unless
known to be constant in a large number of specimens, and to be accom-

88 PALEONTOLOGY.

panied by some other differences, it would be unsafe to view our shell as
belonging to a distinct species; though it is barely possible that it naay
prove to be such. One of the specimens shows that it has the transverse
septum and the split tube between the dental laminse, now known to exist
in S. cuspidatus, I have not been able yet to see evidences of the shell
being punctate, though I have not given it a thorougli examination, and
believe that it will be found to possess that character also.

Locality and position. — White Pine Moui^tains, Treasure Hill, Nevada ;
exact position not known, but it is believed to have come from a gi'ay semi-
crystalline limestone holding a position between well-marked Carboniferous
and Devonian rocks, and probably belanging to the former epoch.

Spiuifer (Trigonotreta) opimus, Hain.

Plate 9, fig. 6.

Spirifer opimus, Hall (1858), Geol. Eeportof Iowa, L part ii, 711, pi. xxviii, figs. 1 «, b.

Splrifer subventricosiis, McObesney (1860), Descriptions Kew Palaeozoic Fossils, etc., 44;
and Trans. Chicago Acad., I, pi. i, fig, 4.

Compare SpiriferbisulcatuSj Sowerby (1825), Min. Conch., V, 152, pi. 494, figs. 1 and 2;
also 8» Rocky montana, Marcou (1858), N. Am. Geol., 50, pi. vii, hg^^, 4, 4 a-e ;
j8, Keolculc^ Hall, var. (1858), Iowa Keport, I, pi. xx, and pi. xxv, and 8. incre-
hescensj Hall, ib., pi. xxvii, figs. 6 a-i ; also S, Keokuk^ var. SkelbyensiSj Swal-
low (18G7), Trans. St. Louis Acad., 11.

Shell attaining nearly a medium size, moderately gibbous, subequi-
valve ; hinge about equaling the greatest breadth ; lateral extremities sub-
rectangular, slightly rounded, or more or less than rectangular; front having
a general subsemicircular outline, sometimes a little projecting in the middle.
Ventral valve most convex in the umbonal region ; beak rather pointed and
distinctly incurved; area of moderate height, strongly striated vertically,
and arched with the beak ; mesial sinus narrow, rather shallow, and nar-
rowing gradually to the apex of the beak, occupied by generally four
costsB, a little smaller than those on each side, with which the lateral ones
usually coalesce before reaching the umbo ; lateral slopes each occupied by
from eleven to thirteen, most generally simple, but sometimes in part bifur-
cating costae, crossed on well-preserved specimens by moderately distinct,
undulating marks of growth. Dorsal valve most convex near the middle ;
beak strongly incurved ; mesial fold corresponding in size and form with

CARBONIFEROUS SPBGIES. gg

the sinus of the other valve, and, as well as the lateral margins, costated in
the same way.

Length, 1 inch; breadth, about 1.30 inches.

I am not entirely satisfied that this shell is identical with S. opimus,
Hall ; though, so far as the specimens afford the mean^ of comparison, it
seems to present no constant essential differences. Professor HalFs figure
in the Iowa report represents a short gibbous form of the shell with a
rather high area; but collections from the Coal-Measures of the Western
States show the shell to vary much in these characters. In fact, it is very
questionable whether there are any reliable specific differences between S,
opimus and S. Keokuk (including both Professor HalFs varieties of the latter)
and S, subventricosusj McChesney. Again, some varieties of these shells very
nearly resemble certain forms of S. increiescens^ Hall ; while several of the
most distinguished European authorities consider the last-mentioned form
itself identical with S, bisulcatus, Sowerby, an opinion in which I am much
inclined to concur. It will also be noticed that our figure represents a shell
almost exactly agreeing with some varieties of 8. bisulcatus, as may be seen
by comparing it with the variety of that species illustrated by fig. 8,
plate vii, of Mr. Davidson's Monograph of British Carboniferous Brachio-
poda. S. bisulcatus J seems to be, from the published illustrations, a variable
form; and, according -to the limits assigned it by European authors,
might, so far as can be determined from comparison of external characters,
take in all of the proposed species and varieties mentioned above. Dr.
White considers 8. opimuSy Hall, and 8, Eocky-montana, Marcou, identical,
which may or may not be so; but however this may be, there is about as
good reason for viewing all of the shells here mentioned as varieties of 8.
bisulcatus^ Sowerby.

As I have not the necessary specimens at hand to attempt the solution
of the question in regard to the relations of these American forms to each
other and to 8. bisulcatus, I have merely referred our shell to 8. opimus,
Hall, provisionally, for the present.

Locality and position. — Six miles south of Promontory Station, Promon-
tory Mountains, Railroad Canon, Moleen Peak; Mount Nebo, in Utah,
and at longitude 111^ 38' W., latitude 40^ 22' N.; generally found in a

90 PALiBONTOLOGY.

dark-colored limestone. There are specimens in the collection, however,
from Fossil Hill, White Pine District, apparently belonging to this species,
in a lighter-colored matrix. Everywhere in Carboniferous beds; and either
the same or a closely-allied species occurs in the Coal-Measures of Illinois.

Spirifer (Trigonotreta) scoBiNA, Meek.

Plate 9, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6, 1 c, 1 d.

Spirifera scohina. Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., XIF, 310.
iSpirifer (Spiriferinaf) scohina^ Meek (1876), in Col. Simpson's Report Expl. across the
Great Basin of Utah, 351, pL ii, figs. 5 a, &, o.

Shell attaining a moderately large size, truncato-subcircular, or
approaching subpentagonal, rather gibbous, and more or less nearly equi-
valve, with length and breadth scarcely differing; hinge-line about equal-
ing, or a little less than the greatest breadth, and generally intersecting the
lateral margins at rather obtuse angles; outline of front rounded, a little
straightened, or probably sometimes slightly sinuous at the middle ; lateral
margins rounding to the front. Ventral valve generally a little more con-
vex than the other; beak not very prominent, but strongly incurved; area
well defined, of moderate breadth (height), and continued to the extremities
of the hinge, more or less arched and directed a little obliquely backward;
foramen wider than high; mesial sinus narrow and very shallow, but usually
continued nearly to the beak, occupied at the front by about five smaller
plications than those on the lateral slopes, the outer ones usually coalescing
with the larger marginal one on each side before reaching the beak; lateral
slopes each occupied by about eight rather depressed costse, which are wider
than the furrows between them, and sometimes, though rarely, bifurcate.
Dorsal valve \Vith beak strongly incurved; mesial fold scarcely defined,
excepting at the front, where it is flat, and ornamented by about six much
depressed costse, which coalesce so as to reduce the number to three before
reaching the beak; lateral slopes each occupied by about eight to ten rather
broader, depressed, and sometimes bifurcating costse, as in the other valve.
Surface of both valves, when well preserved, showing very fine, obscure,
crowded, and undulating striae of growth, and everywhere covered with
closely and very regularly arranged granules, not generally readily seen
without the aid of a magnifier.

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES 91

Length, 1.90 inches; breadth, 2 inches; convexity, 1.30 inches.

This fine species may be compared with S. bisulcatus of Sowerby, some
varieties of which (especially those with broad depressed costae) it more or
less nearly resembles. It seems, however, to be always longer in propor-
tion to breadth, and is much less variable in form. The most reliable dif-
ference observable, however, is the beautifully -granulated surface of our
species. I know of no nearly similar American shell with which it is neces-
sary to compare it.

Locality and position. — Light-colored Carboniferous limestone, at lati-
tude 40'' N., longitude 115^ 20' W.; Colonel Simpson's collections.

Spirifer (Trigonotreta) cameratus, Morton.

Plate 9, figs. 2, 2 a.

Spirifer eameratus, Morton (1836), Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, XXIX, 150, pi. 2, fig. 3. —
Hall (1856), Pacific R. K. Report, III, 102, pi. 2, figs. 9, 12, and 13; and (1858)
in Iowa Geological Report, I, part ii, 709, pi. xxviii, fig. 2. — Meek (1876), in
Col. Simpson's lleport Bxpl. across the Great Basin of Utah, 353, pi. ii, figs.
3a,b.

Spirifer MeusebachanuSj Roemer (1852), Kreid. von Texas, 88, pi. 11, figs. 7 fi, &, c.

Spirifer triplieatus^ Hall (1852), Stansbury's Report of Salt Lake Bxpl. Expedition, 410,
pi. 2, tig. 5 (by error pi. 4).

? Spirifer fasciger^O^ ^n (1852), Report Wisconsin Iowa and Minnesota, pi. 5, fig. 4
(Keyserlingf (1846.)

Spirifer striatm var. triplicatm^ Marcou (1858), Geol. N. Am., 49, pi, vii, fig. 3.

Spirifer cameratus var. KansasensiSy Swallow (1867), Trans. Saint Louis Acad. Sci., II.

f Spirifera camerata, Derby (1874), Bull. Cornell Univ., I, No. ii, 13, pi. i, tigs. 1-9, and 14.

The specimens that I have referred to this common species are all more
or less broken or distorted ; but, so far as their characters can be made out,
they seem to agree so nearly with characteristic examples of Morton's species
from the Coal-Measures of the Mississippi Valley, that I have scarcely any
doubts of their identity. They all have the peculiar fasciculated character
of the costae, so characteristic of S. cameratus^ more or less marked, while in
some of them it is well defined. They seem to have the mesial fold some-
what less prominent, and the lateral slopes less compressed than we usually
see in S. cameratus; but these are more or less variable characters in that
species.

Locality and position. — Light-colored Carboniferous limestone, at Fos-

92 PALEONTOLOGY.

sil Hill, White Pine District; also from same in the Ruby Group, Nevada.
Colonel Simpson likewise brought specimens of it from latitude 39^ 33' N ,
longitude 115^ 12' W., where it seems to be quite abundant in the same
limestone.

LAMELIJBRANCHIATA,

PTERIID^.
? Genus POSIDONOMYA, Bronn.

PoSIDONOMYAf FRAGOSA, Meek.
Plate3, fig3. 8,8 a.

Shell subovate, compressed, more or less oblique, very thin and fragile ;
hinge short and apparently varying much in its obliquity to the longer axis
of the valves; beaks apparently nearly terminal; posterior basal margin
rounded. Surface with irregular concentric undulations and striae, usually
most distinct on the central region, where they are often crossed by faintly-
defined radiating costse, which sometimes extend nearly to the posterior
basal margin.

Length of one of the largest specimens seen, measuring obliquely in
the direction of the longer axis of the valves, l.lO inches; breadth at right
angles to the same, abOut 0.80 inch.

As the specimens of this shell in the collection (or at least all that
remains of the shell) are extremely thin and fragile, and flattened between
the laminae of the shale, as well as otherwise distorted, it is quite probable
that it may be found necessary to modify some of the characters given in
the above diagnosis of the species. Until better specimens can be obtained
for examination, its generic affinities must also remain doubtful, though I
am inclined to think it belongs to some genus at least allied to Posidonomya
of Bronn, and including a species I have described from the Coal-Measures
of Ohio under the name Posidonomya frada ; which latter also occurs in
the Coal-Measures of Illinois.

[As these pages are going through the press, I observe that Professor
Hall and Mr. Whitfield, who have prepared a supplementary report on
Mr. King's later collections, have referred this shell to Lunulicardium of
Miinster (see Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. XI, p. 479, where the name is,

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES. 93

^y ^ typographical en-or, printed Lmulicardia). As stated in the foi-egoing
remarks, the specimens examined by me are flattened between the laminse
of shale, and therefore in a very unfavorable condition for satisfactory
generic determination. I have not seen them since writing the foregoing
description, six years back ; and the old work in which Miinster described
the genus LunuUcardium is one of the very few publications of the kind
that I have never yet been able to consult. If I am correctly informed,
the hinge of LunuUcardium is unknown, and it is very improbable that any
specimens of the shell here under consideration showing the hinge have yet
been found. From the impressions of its general physiognomy, however,
left on my mind, it would seem to differ much from the general external
characters of LunuUcardium excrescenSj Miinster, which is the species gen-
erally figured as an illustrative example of the genus. That it is certainly
a Posidonomya, however, I have never asserted.]

Locality and position. — White Pine Mountains near Hamilton, Nevada;
from a black laminated shale of Devonian or Carboniferous age.

Genus AVICULOPECTEN, McCoy.

AVICULOPEGTEN CATACTUS, Meek.
Plate 3, figs. 10, 10 a (and 10 b ?).

Shell rather under medium size, much compressed, very thin and hav-
ing scarcely any degree of obliquity — exclusive of the ears, subovate in
outline ; hinge-margin less than the greatest breadth ; posterior and anterior
margins rounding into the regularly-rounded base. Left valve compressed-
convex ; ears nearly flat ; the posterior one not distinctly separated from
the swell of the umbo, about as long as the margin below, from which it is
separated by a broad, more or less rounded, moderately deep sinus, which
imparts a rather acute angularity to its posterior extremity ; anterior ear a
little declining, with its anterior margin slightly convex in outline, but ter-
minating nearly in a right angle above, and defined below by a rather shal-
low, obtusely angular sinus ; beak slightly nearer the anterior side, project-
ing a little above the hinge, and incurved, but not oblique. Right valve
nearly flat, and having the same general outline as the other, excepting
that its beak is much less distinct from the hinge-margin, and the sinus

94 PALEONTOLOGY.

under the anterior ear is very deep, sharply defined, narrow, and directed
obliquely backward toward the beak. Surface of left valve ornamented by
small, generally simple, depressed, radiating costsa, between each two of
which there is one, or on* some parts two or three, smaller linear ribs, that
usually die out before reaching the beaks ; while small concentric wrinkles
are also usually more or less defined on the body-portion of the valve, so
as to impart a faintly tubercular appearance to the costse at the points
where they cross ; radiating costae on the ears, merely small raised lines,
rather distantly separated, and crossed at regular intervals by little sharply-
elevated lines, parallel to the free borders, so as to produce a more or less
cancellated style of ornamentation. Surface of right valve (fig. 10 &) with
radiating costse (excepting one separating the posterior ear from the body of
the valve, and those on the anterior ear, which are larger than the others) all
small, and of nearly uniform size. Lines of growth very minute and ob-
scure on both valves ; though the right valve has some strong concentric
furrows.

Height of one of the largest specimens, 0.88 inch ; breadth of the same,
0.89 inch; length of hinge-line, 0.64 inch.

This species is evidently allied to Aviculopeden occidentalis (= Peden
occidentalism Shumard, zz: P. Cleavelandicus, Swallow), a very common and
widely-distributed species in the Coal-Measures of the Mississippi Valley.
It is a much thinner and more compressed shell, however, and always
without any traces of the subimbricating concentric lamellai of growth,
generally seen on well-preserved left valves of that species, and some-
times even rising as little vaulted scales on the costse, especially on those
of the anterior ear and near it. From A, Lyelli of Dawson, described
from the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Nova Scotia (which I am much in-
clined to think not distinct from A. occidentalism Shumard), it differs in the
same characters distinguishing it from the latter. Compared with A. recti-
laterarius of Cox (sp.), it will be seen to differ not only in its deeply sinu-
ous posterior margin, and the consequent acutely angular character of its
posterior ear, but in having two sets of costae ; that is, a larger and a
smaller set, generally alternating. It is probably most nearly allied to A.
Goxanus, Meek and Worthen, from the Coal-Measures of Illinois; with which

OAEBONIFEROC7S SPECIES. 95

it agrees ia its extreme thinness as well as in general appearance. It, how-
ever, attains a larger size, and has proportionally larger costae ; while its
surface does not show, under a magnifier, the fine, regular, and distinct
striae of growth seen on that species. •

Among foreign species, it seems to be most nearly represented hy Avi-
culopecten papyraceus, Sowerby (sp.); which, however, is a much larger,
more oblique shell, with very differently formed ears, as illustrated by Sow-
erby. In the form of its posterior ear, as well as in some other characters,
it agrees more nearly with a shell from the Coal-Measures of Belgium, fig-
ured by Professor De* Koninck (An. Fos. Belg., plate v, figs. 6 a, 6), and
by him referred to A. papyraceus, Sowerby ; though it differs materially in
other respects. If the figures published by Sowerby and De Koninck, of
the forms illustrated by them under the name Avicula papyracea, are exactly
correct, I should think they represent two distinct species. At least, none
of our analogous species in this country present, among hundreds of individ-
uals, such marked differences as are seen between their published figures.

Locality and position, — From a black bituminous shale at Hamilton,
White Pine Mountains, Nevada ; of Devonian or Carboniferous age.

AvicuLOPECTEN Utahensis, Meek.

Plate 9, figs. 7, 7 a, 7 6 (and 7 c, d ?).
Peeten Utakensis, Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., XII, 310.
Aviculopecten DtahensiSj Meek (1876), in Col. Simpson's Report Expl. across the Great
Basin of Utah, 354, pi. i, figs. 9 a, 9 b.

Shell of about medium size, suborbicular, compressed, thin, not oblique;
hinge-line straight, equaling about one-half to two-thirds the antero-poste-
rior diameter of the valves ; pallial margin regularly rounded. Left valve
compressed, or moderately convex; ears rather small, flattened so as to be
more or less distinct from the slight convexity of the umbo, each separated
from the margin by a shallow, olTtusely angular notch, of which the one
under the anterior ear is rather more distinctly defined ; anterior ear nearly
rectangular at the extremity, with a slightly convex anterior margin;
posterior ear generally more obliquely truncated ; beak small, rather com-
pressed, not projecting above the hinge, and placed at or slightly in advance
of the middle of the cardinal margin, with its lateral slopes diverging at an

96 PALEONTOLOGY.

angle of about 95^; surface ornamented by rather obscure, unequal, radi-
ating costae, and numerous, very regular, extremely fine, concentric striae,
scarcely visible without the aid of a magnifier ; costse not defined on the
ears, or usually on the adjacent lateral margins, and most frequently
arranged with from one to thn^e smaller ones between each two of the
largest, the middle one of the three smaller being sometimes a little larger
than the smallest one on each side. Eight valve as convex as the other, or
sometinaes more compressed, but without traces of radiating costae or striae ;
ears of the same size, and nearly of the same form as in the other valve,
excepting that the anterior one is defined by a deeper marginal notch.

Length, or antero-posterior diameter of a large specimen, 1.70 inches;
height of the same, 1.73 inches; convexity of left valve, 0.25 inch.

I am not positively sure that the two valves described above belong to
the same species, not having seen them in any instance united. The fact,
however, that they occur together in the same matrix, and have the same
form, and do not differ very greatly in size, while the smooth specimens are
all right valves, and the costated ones left valves, leaves little room for
doubting that they are the opposite valves of the same species. The most
obvious characters of this shell are its nearly circular form, subequal ears,
and the very fine, regular, concentric striae, and unequal radiating costae
of its left valve. I know of no other species nearly enough allied to render
a comparison necessary.

The form to which the costate valves belong may be considered the
type of the species, in case the smooth valves should prove to belong to a
diffierent shell.

Locality and position, — In light-colored Carboniferous limestone, at
latitude 39° 33' N., longitude 115° 12' W.; Colonel Simpson's collection.

AVICULOPECTEN OCCIDANETJS, Meek.
Plate 12, figs. 13, 13 a, 13 5.

Shell small, usually very little oblique, broad ovate-suborbicular in out-
line exclusive of the ears ; hinge shorter than the antero-posterior diameter;
pallial margin more or less regularly rounded,* but generally a little more
prominent behind the middle than before. Left valve moderately convex;

CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES. 97

beak pointed, convex, nearly central, projecting slightly beyond the hinge-
margin, and somewhat incurved; ears nearly equal, compressed; the anterior
one, which is nearly rectangular at the extremity, generally separated from
the swell of the umbo by a broad, rather deeper concavity, which is continued
to the margin, to which it imparts a slight sinuosity under the ear ; posterior
ear a little larger than the other, but not extending back as far as the margin
of the valve below, in some examples apparently less than rectangular at the
extremity, and in others more, in consequence of the more or less sinuous
character of the margin. Surface ornamented by small, raised, simple, radi-
ating costse, or striae, about every fourth to every seventh one of which
(especially on the body-part) is a little larger and more prominent than the
others; whilethose on the ears, particularly on the anterior one, are all smaller^
though they are generally well defined on both ears; a few very small, irregu-
lar, concentric marks of growth may also sometimes be seen crossing the
surface of the body-part of the valve. Right valve not certainly known.

Height of one of the medium-sized specimens of a left valve, 0.44 inch;
breadth, 0.37 inch; convexity, 0.10 inch.

I am not sure that I have seen any right valves of this species. There
are among the specimens some imperfect examples that would seem, from
the direction of the very slight obliquity, to be right valves. But owing to
the fact that they are generally quite as convex as others that are certainly
left valves, and have exactly the same surface-markings, while the ears, as
nearly as their form can be made out, would also indicate that they are
left valves somewhat distorted so as to change their slight obliquity, I
am led to regard them as such. The most characteristic features of the
species are its rather small size, nearly equal ears, and small radiating
costae, always increasing by intercalation, with every fourth, fifth, sixth, or
seventh one on the body of the valves (at least the left one) a little larger
and more prominent than the others.

The reason why this and some other Carboniferous and possibly some
Jurassic forms are figured together on the lower half of plate 12 is else-
where explained. (See note on explanations of plate 12.)

Locality and position, — Weber Caiion, Wasatch Range; Upper Coal-
Measure limestone.
7 p n

98 PALEONTOLOGY.

CEPHALOPODA.

GONIATITID^.

Genus GONIATITES, De Haan.
GoNiATiTES aoNiOLOBUS, Meek.

Plate 9, figs. 5, 5 a, 5 6.

Shell distinctly discoid, with (in internal casts) a narrowly-rounded
periphery; volutions compressed laterally, with slightly convex sides, the
greatest convexity being a little within the middle; about twice as wide in
the dorso-ventral diameter as at right angles to the same; each turn em-
bracing all the others, so as to leave only a very small umbilicus, showing
none of the inner volutions. Septa closely and very regularly arranged,
but nowhere in contact or lapping upon each other; siphonal lobe (gener-
ally called the dorsal lobe) very large, and profoundly divided into two
large, elongated, acutely-pointed terminal branches, v/hich lap so far over
each side of the volutions as to appear each like a large lateral lobe;
while between these there is a third minute central projection; first lateral
sinus very deep, elongate-conical, very acutely angular at the extremity,
and arched or obliquely curved toward the umbilical side; second lateral
lobe of much the same form as the divisions of the siphonal lobe, but a little
shorter; second lateral sinus wider than the lateral lobe, but more shallow,
and merely forming a broad forward arch to the umbilicus. Surface of
internal oast without nodes, costae, or angles.

Greatest diameter of a specimen, with the body-chamber broken away,
3.07 inches; convexity, 0.87 inch; breadth of outer volution, measuring in
the direction of the plane of the shell, 1.72 inches.

Excepting in being more compressed, with a more narrowly rounded
periphery, this species has much the general appearance externally of G,
rotatoriuSj De Koninck. Its septa are more closely approximated, however,
and differ remarkably in having* the siphonal lobe so enormously developed,
and so wide and deeply divided as to lap over on the sides far enough to
cause its large, acutely-pointed terminal branch on each side, to appear, in a
side-view, like a first lateral lobe; while the first lateral lobe is thus, as it
were, crowded much farther inward, and appears like a second lateral lobe.

UPPER TRIASSIO SPECIES. 99

From this structure, each side of the fossil looks very much as if there were
two large, sharply-angular lateral lobes, where there is really only one.*

The only specimen of this species I have seen belongs to the Museum
of the General Land-Office at Washington. It is an internal cast, com-
posed of a deep brownish-red oxyd of iron, but shows all the characters of
the species, excepting the surface-markings (if there were any), very clearly.

Locality and position. — It is only known that the specimen came from
New Mexico. From its affinities, it would seem to be of Carboniferous age.

UPPER TRIASSIO SPEOIES.

MOLLUSCA.

BRACHIOPODA.

DISOINID^.

Genus DISCINA, Lamarck.

DisciNA, sp. undetermined.

Plate 10, figs. 3, 3 a,

I only know this shell from two specimens of the under valve, and
these show only the inner side. They have a subcircular or broad subovate
outline, being slightly narrower posteriorly than in front. The anterior

* The contrast in the structure of the septa of the typical Goniatites, such as
G. spJiccricus^ De Elaan, and the species here described, with their deep, acutely
angular lateral lobes, and those older species, such as 0. expansm or Marsellensis^
Vanuxem, with the septa making merely a broad backward curve across each side,
without any lateral lobes, is very striking. It may therefore be convenient to separate
these more simple types (the H^autilini of authors) as a distinct subgenus on this
structure of the septa and other characters. I would therefore propose for this group
the subgeneric name Agoniatites^ with Goniatites [Agoniatites] expansus^ or Marselleiisis^
of Vanuxem, as the type. It is probable, however, that there are, among the known
species with this simple structure of the septa, forms that might be properly separated
from the group including G. expansus on other characters, as that species presents
some striking peculiarities in its development, the young having its periphery rounded
with a double groove and a ridge between, and the sides marked with arching undula-
tions, while in the adult, the undulations become obsolete, and the periphery flattened,
with distinct angles. G. Bokemicus of Barrande belongs to this group.

100 PALEONTOLOGY.

central region is concave on the inside, and the posterior convex and pierced
by the fissure, which is rather short, with its inner end about equidistant
from the posterior margin and from the middle of the valve; though its inner
end terminates at the center of growth, as may be seen by the concentric
arrangement of the fine obscure striae of growth observable on the interior.

Antero-posterior diameter, 0.62 inch; breadth, 0.58 inch.

The species of this genus are so difficult to distinguish without a good
series of specimens, that I have been unable to satisfy myself that this is
new, or to identify it with any known species, and therefore merely give a
figure of it, as one of the forms found in the rocks at the locality men-
tioned below. If new, however, it may be called D. Utahensis.

Locality and position, — Weber Canon, Wasatch Range; Triassic.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

PTEEIID^.

Genus HALOBIA, Bronn.
Halobia (Daonella) Lommelt,' Wissmanu.

Plate 10, fig 5.

Halobia Lommelt, Wissmaiin (1841), Beitr. Petref., IV. Heft, 22, tab. 16, fig. 11.—
Horness (1855), Densk. Kais. Akad. Wissensch., IX, 52, taf. ii, fig. 17.—
Zittel, Fossile Moll, und Echinoderraen aus Neii-Seeland, 27, taf. vi, figs.
1 a, &, c— Stoliczka (1866), Mem. Geol. Survey India, Y, 44.

Avicula pectiniformis^GatuWo (1847), Prodr. Pal. Alpi Veu., 73, pi. i, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Posidonomya Lommelij d'Orbiguy (1840), Prodr. de Pal^ont. Stratigr. Univ., I, 201.

f Halobia f duhiaj Gabb (1864), Geol. Survey California, I (Palteont.), 30, pi. 5, ^gs.
28 «, b.

Baonella duUa^ Mojsisovics (1874), Ueber die Trascb. Pelicyp.-Gatt. Paouella und
Halobia^ 22.

Shell truncato-subcircular, very much compressed, and very slightly
oblique, nearly or quite equivalve, and but slightly inequilateral, the ante-
rior side being a little shorter than the other; hinge somewhat shorter than
the valves ; anterior and posterior margins intersecting the hinge at obtuse
angles, the latter more obliquely than the other, both rounding into the
more or less regularly rounded base; posterior basal margin more promi-
nent than the anterior ; beaks very small and inconspicuous, with their

UPPER TRIASSIC SPECIES. 101

small abruptly-pointed apices scarcely projecting above the hinge and turned
slightly forward. Surface marked off, as it were, into more or less wide,
irregular, flat radiating costse, by much narrower or merely linear furrows,
the ribs themselves being sometimes also more or less subdivided by much
finer furrows; ribs often obsolete near the hinge, both before and behind the
beaks, but sometimes one or both of these spaces are occupied by fine irregu-
lar costse; a few very faint concentric marks of growth also usually occur
near the beaks.

Length of large specimens, apparently about 2.30 inches; height, about
1.60 inches.

Although this shell seems to have been quite abundant, none of the
specimens contained in the collection show the entire outline, though its
general form can be pretty nearly inferred from the faint undulations of
growth. It is possible that a comparison of specimens might show this shell
to be distinct, but I have been unable to find any greater difi*erences, even
in the most unimportant details, between these specimens and the figures of
the European form, than I observe among the specimens themselves, and
between the figures of H. Lommelij published by different authors.

I see Professor Mojsisovics refers Halobia Lommeli of Wissmann, and
//. dKhiUj Gabb, to his newly-proposed genus Baonella, I am not very well
acquainted with the type-species of Bronn's genus Halobia; his figured speci-
men, as well as those illustrated by Professor Mojsisovics, being quite im-
perfect. If I can be permitted to judge, however, from the figures of sev-
eral other species referred to Halobia and Daonella by Professor Mojsisovics,
there would seem to be such a series of intermediate gradations between
these two groups as to leave the impression that they are hardly more than
subgenerically distinct, if even that. The only difference seems to be that in
the typical species oi Daonella (D, Moussoni) the lateral margins round into the
straight dorsal border, while in the species referred by Professor Mojsisovics
to Halobia^ they meet the straight dorsal edge at more or less obtuse angles;
and on the anterior side the cardinal margin is compressed, or has an oblique
furrow, indicating a slight tendency to form an obscure anterior auricle,
defined by the faintest possible indication of a marginal sinus. With these
exceptions, the diagnoses of the two groups are precisely the same.

102 PALAEONTOLOGY,

Locality and position. — West of New Pass Mines, Desatoya Mountains,
Cottonwood Canon, West Humboldt Eange, Nevada.

LUCmiD^,

Genus SPHiERA, Sowerby.

SpHuERA Whitneyi, Meek.

Plato 10, figs. 4, 4 a, 4 &, 4 c.

Shell subcircular, almost exactly equilateral, rather convex, basal, ante-
rior, and posterior margins forming together a regular semicircular curve ;
dorsal margin somewhat straightened and nearly horizontal, or apparently
sometimes sloping slightly from the beaks, rounding rather abruptly into
the anterior and less distinctly so into the posterior margins; beaks rather
depressed, or moderately prominent, obtuse, nearly central, and without
visible general obliquity, but with the incurved immediate points directed a
little obliquely forward; surface only showing obscure lines of growth.

Length of largest specimen seen, 1.65 inches; height, 1,54 inches; con-
vexity, 0.86 inch.

None of the specimens of this shell give any clew to the nature of its
hinge or interior; but, from its general external characters, I am led to refer
it to Sphcera^ though I am aware that it might, so far as can be seen, with
almost equal propriety be referred to Unicardium, or any one of several other
genera. Some varieties of it resemble Idicina anceps of Laube (see Fauna
der Sch. von St Cassian, taf. xv, figs. 4, 4 a); but it is evidently not a Lu-
cina. It also differs in attaining a much larger size, and in wanting the
peculiar sinuous character of the anterior ventral margin, so distinctly marked
in Laube's shell.

It is possible that our largest specimen represented by fig. 4 c may be
a distinct species from the smaller typical forms represented by figs. 4 and 4 a.

Locality and position, — Buena Vista Cafion, West Humboldt Range, Ne-
vada; Upper Trias.

UPPER TRIASSIO SPECIES. 103

MYT1LIDJ5.
! Genus MODIOMORPHA, H. & W.

MODIOMOUPHA ? OVATA, Meek.
Plate 10, figs. 1 and 1 a.

Shell obliquely ovate, much compressed; posterior side wider than the
anterior, and broadly rounded in outline; anterior margin narrowly rounded
above and sloping backward below; base prominently rounded behind the
middle, rounding regularly into the posterior outline, and sloping up ante-
riorly from behind the middle, with some appearance of being slightly
gaping in advance of the middle; cardinal border shorter than the valves,
and passing, by more or less gradual curves, into the anterior and posterior
margins, ranging obliquely to the longer axis of the shell; beaks depressed
nearly upon a line with the hinge-margin before and behind them, com-
pressed and located about one-third the length of the valves from the ante-
rior extremity. Surface showing only moderately distinct concentric lines,
with sometimes very obscure undulations of growth. (Hinge and interior
unknown.)

The specimens of this shell in the collection are all right valves, and have
the anterior ventral margin bent inward a little, so that if the other valve
presented the same character the lower margin, somewhat in front of the
middle, must have been more or less gaping. Without seeing its hinge and
interior, we can only guess at its affinities. In general appearance, it
reminds one of some of the broad compressed species of Modiolopsis from
the Silurian; but it is apparently as nearly like some of the species included
in the new Devonian and Carboniferous genus Modiomorpha. That it really
belongs to either of these genera, however, is at least improbable, and the
chances are in favor of the conclusion that it will be found to belong to an
undescribed genus. If so, I would propose for it the name Modiolina,

Locality and position. — ^North fork of Bueua Vista Canon, West Hum-
boldt Eange; Upper Trias.

MoDiOMOEPHA ! LATA, Meek.

Plate 10, fig. 2.

Shell transversely ovate, moderately convex in the central and um-
bonal regions, and compressed behind ; posterior side distinctly wider than the

1 04 PALEONTOLOGY.

anterior, rather broadly and regularly rounded in outline; base semi-ovate,
being more prominent behind, where it rounds up regularly into the poste-
rior margin, while it is somewhat straightened and sloping up gradually for-
ward; anterior end short, and truncated a little obliquely forward above
from the beaks to the anterior basal extremity, which is abruptly rounded
or subangular in outline ; hinge-margin straight, about half as long as the
shell, and rounding into the posterior margin behind, but not extending for-
ward beyond the beaks, which are slightly tumid, obtuse, depressed, and
located only about one-fifth the length of the shell from tlie anterior
extremity. Surface showing obscure lines- of growth. (Hinge and anterior
unknown.)

Length, 1.30 inches; height, 0.95 inch; convexity (of left valve only),
0.20 inch.

Judging from external appearances only, this shell seems to be con-
generic with the last; but, as nothing is known of the nature of its hinge and
internal characters, I am equally in the dark in regard to its affinities. As
it resembles some of the forms included in the genera Modiomorpha,
I have referred it provisionally to that group, until its generic charac-
ters can be determined. It is a more convex shell than the last, and also
differs in having its anterior end obliquely truncated above, instead of be-
ing extended, rounded, and compressed in front of the beaks.

Locality and position, — Same as last.

CEPHALOPODA.

OETHOCEEATITID^.

Genus ORTHOCERAS, Auct.

Orthooeras Blakei, Gabb?.

Plate 10, fig. 11.
Orihoceras Blakei, Gabb (1864), Geol. Survey of California. I (Palseont.), 19, fig. 1.

The specimens here referred doubtfully to the above species consist
merely of two fragments, one of which seems to have belonged toward the
posterior part of the shell, though not showing the septa, and the other is a
part of the body-chamber. The first is gradually tapering, with a circular

UPPER TRIASSIC SPECIES. 105

section, and the other seems to have been almost exactly cylindrical, and
is somewhat compressed, though evidently by accidental pressure. It also
shows some appearances of a slight constriction at the aperture, arid has, in
the cast, a raised line along the ventral side, as w^e often see in palaeozoic
species. As there are no appearances of septa, I have sometimes suspected
that it may possibly be the cast of a Belemnite ; but it seems not to be.

Not having had an opportunity to compare good specimens of 0.
Blakei with European species from the same horizon, I have formed no
opinion in regard to its relations to the latter, and merely refer the form
under consideration doubtfully to Mr. Grabb's species, because it came from
the same region and the same geological position; while the specimens
present no characters inconsistent with the conclusion that they belong to
the species described by Mr. Gabb.

Locality and position, — Ridge above Cottonwood Canon, West Hum-
boldt Range; Upper Trias.

AMMONITOID FORMS OF THE UPPER TRIAS OF NEVADA.

In examining the shells of the above-mentioned types, in Mr. King's
collection from the Upper Trias, or possibly in part from the Lower Lias
of Nevada, it soon became evident that none of them would fall properly
into the genus Ammonites as the latest methods of classification will require
that group to be restricted. It was also equally manifest that the same
principles of generic Hmitation would require the estabhshment of new
genera for the reception of some of the species. Having neither the neces-
sary material at hand, nor the time nor inclination, merely for the classifica-
tion of a few species, to enter upon the study and revision of the whole
group of Triassic and Liassic Ammonitoid types, I proposed, after separat-
ing and writing out full descriptions of the species, to send the specimens to
Professor Hyatt (who has long made an especial study of these older forms
of this great group of extinct Molluscs), with the view of having them com-
pared with the splendid series of European forms in the Cambridge Museum
of Comparative Zoology ; the understanding being that he should name and
describe the new genera, and that I should describe the species and refer

106 PALEONTOLOGY.

them to the same. To this Professor Hyatt kindly assented, and I now give
his descriptions of the new genera, and remarks on some of the species;
placing his initials (A. H.), wherever quotations are made from his manu-
script

I should remark, however, that I had already identified among the
specimens, the following genera, viz., Trachyceras^ Clydonites, and ArcesteSj
and referred the species to forms figured and described by Mr. Gabb in the
Palaeontology of California, ranging them under the above-mentioned
genera.

It would be superfluous for me to attempt the expression here of any
opinion of my own in regard to the propriety of the subdivision of the old
genus Ammonites into such a great number of genera, and even families, as
is done in the new classifications, since I have never made an especial study
of this extensive group of shells with the view of forming an opinion on this
point. I can therefore only say that Professor Hyatt's conclusions have not
been lightly adopted; but that he has, on the contrary, devoted much time
and patient research to the study of one of the most extensive and complete
collections of this group of shells in the world.

It may be proper for me to explain here some differences of terminology
that will be observed in Professor Hyatt's and my own descriptions and
remarks. For instance, he very properly describes the external margin, or
outer side of the volutions in the Ammonitoid types, as the abdomen, and the
inner as the dorsum; while I have used the term periphery for the former,
and mnbilical or inner side for the latter. His method has the advantage of
properly expressing the true. relations of the animal and its shell; though I
have rather preferred the terms I have used, because they avoid the per-
plexing confusion of ideas liable to arise in the minds of those who have
become familiar with the (until recently) prevalent method of describing the
outer side as the dorsal, and the inner as the ventral, as w^e see in nearly all
the published works on such shells. Again, in the same way, he terms the
outer lobe of each septum the abdominal lobe; while I have for the same used
the term siphonal lobe, already in use by some European authors. The lateral
lobes and intervening sinuses of the septa I have merely numbered consecu-
tively J?rs^, second^ third, and so on, from the outer one inward, instead of using

UPPER TRIASSIG SPECIES. 107

von Buch's terms superior-lateral, lateral, inferior-lateral, and auxiliary hies
and saddles. The former method seems to me more simple, and enables one
to refer very precisely and directly to any particular lobe or sinus, whether
there be few or many. For the ridges crossing the volutions, Professor
Hyatt uses the iQvm pilce; while I have used for the same the old term ccwfcs.
I am not, however, objecting to Professor Hyatt's terminology, which
is very good, but merely explaining the different terms we have here and
elsewere used for the same parts of the shell.

-CLYDONITID^.*

^' Genus COROCERAS, Hyatt.

** (K<5pi)f , a helmet ; Kepaq, a horn.)

''^Ammonites, Ooniatltes, Aganides, &c. (sp.)? of several authors, but not as those genera

are now restricted*
^'Clydonites (pars), Hauer (I860), SitzuDgcsb. der Kais. Akad. Wiss., XLI, 122.— Laube

(1869), Fanna St. Cass., 14.

** This genus comprises the following species, viz., Clydonites delphino-
cephalus, G. ellipticus, Hauer, and C.nautilinus and C.monilis, Laube; the lat-
ter being viewed as the type. These species all have numerous lobes and
cells, with smooth sutures, and a large abdominal lobe; the latter being very
broad and prominent. They are pileately ribbed and very involute ; the
umbilicus nearly covered. The mouth is more or less hooded or constricted.
These are the only members of the group that can be satisfactorily charac-
terized. The remaining species originally included in Clydonites are very dis-
tinct from the typical forms and from each other, and may be arranged into
the following groups:

^^ 1. — Clydonites genueulatus, C glaucus, and C Eryx, Hauer, with C.
Wissmannij of the same author.

" These have a similarly short clumpy abdominal lobe, with a minute
siphonal cell; but otherwise they are entirely different. The whorls of the
first, however, are short, with gibbous sides, subangular at the edge of the
abdomen; the second, high and crowded Those of C glacialis, on the

♦ Professor Hyatt proposes this new family for the reception of his above described
genus Coreceras and Clydonites, Hauer, with probably other genera not contained iu
the Kevada collections. In the same way he proposes other new families farther on.

108 PALEONTOLOGY.

Other hand, are very flat and compressed. The lateral lobes and cells would
pass for those of a typical Clydonites; but the .latter are larger and more
numerous. In both, however, tlie superior lateral lobes are the deepest.

'^ 2. — Clydonites quadrangularis and C, costaiuSj Hauer.

^^ These have septa quite similar, but there is no agreement of form,
the former having involuted, squarely-shaped, rapidly-increasing whorls,
and the latter abdominally-depressed, non-involute, gibbous-sided, keeled
whorls.

^^ ^.—Clydonites spinescens and C armatus, Hauer.

''These are very distinct species, the septa differing considerably, and
the forms and pilse more.

'' 4. — Clydonites decoratiis, Hauer, the first species mentioned by him,
and here viewed as the type of that genus, is decidedly unique in the group;
the rows of tubercles on the abdomen are exceptional, although the septa,
if correctly drawn, are similar to those of C. spinescens,

"5. — Clydonites Fresei, Laube, has very singular septa, quite similar to
those of Ammonites Klipteinianus. The smoothness, stoutness, and involu-
tion of the whorls, however, in the latter are ver}^ different from the pileated
non-involute whorls of the former.

'* The want of proper classification and arrangement which is thus
shown to exist in this natural series was very plainly perceived by its
describer, who asserts that it contains diflferent types, and is capable of
division into different families.

^' The confusion introduced into nomenclature of the Ammonites by
von Buclv who, as a geologist, did not recognize the necessity of giving a
fixed value to the names of groups, is here repeated; and the families are
considered less comprehensive than the genera.

''So little is known of the septa of the American specimens that their
place among the Clydonitidce appears to be doubtful, though the few lateral
lobes figured in the California Geological Report seem to show that they
belong to this division.'' — (A. H.)

UPPER TRIASSIO SPECIES. 109

Genus CLYDONITES, Ilauer.
Clydonites l^vidorsatus, Hauer (sp.).

Plate 10, fig. 7.

Ammonites Iccvidorsatus, Hauer (1860), Sitzungsb. K. Akad. Wien, ph 3, figs. 9 and 10 b,
Qoniaiites Icevidorsatus^ G'<xhh (1864), Geol. Survey of California (Palseont.), I, 21, pi. 3,
figs. 6, 7.

Shell compressed-discoidal, with a very wide, exceedingly shallow um-
bilicus; periphery more or less narrowly rounded; volutions numerous, very
slender, increasing very gradually in size, and each one enveloping about
one-third to one-half of the next within; aperture as determined by sections
of the volutions, emarginate-subelliptic, being more or less emarginated on
the inner side for the reception of the outer side of the next turn within.
Surface nearly smooth, or only obscurely ribbed in some specimens, but
more generally ornamented with rather strong, regular costae on each side,
that usually curve rather strongly forward as they approach the periphery,
upon which they become obsolete.

Greatest diameter of one of the largest specimens, 2.70 inches; con-
vexity, about 0.60 inch.

I have seen no specimens of this species showing either the siphuncle
or the septa, and it seems that none of those seen by Professor Hauer were
in a condition to show the nature of the septa. Mr. Gabb, however,
describes them as being each ^^ composed of a dorsal and two lateral lobes,
which, with the saddles, are all nearly rounded undulations ". From this
character of the septa and the general form of the shell, taken in connection
with the age of the formation in which it occurs, it is far more probable
that the ^^ gullet" of its siphuncle will be found to agree with that of Professor
Hauer's genus Clydonites than with that of Goniatites,

As remarked by Mr. Gabb, this shell varies considerably in its surface-
characters, some individuals being nearly smooth, while others have the
costse of the sides well developed. There are also some diflferences in the
size and the arrangement of the costae, which are sometimes proportionally
wider and more widely separated than in other examples, while the periphery
is more narrowly rounded in some individuals than in others.

I have had no opportunity to compare this shell with typical foreign

110 PALEONTOLOGY.

examples of the species (7. IcevidorsatuSy but merely follow Mr. Gabb in refer-
ring it to that form from the general resemblance to Professor Hauer's figures.
After I had written the above, and referred this species to C. Icevidorsatus,
Hauer, Professor Hyatt sent me the following remarks in regard to this
species, which are worthy of quotation here, because they were drawn up
by him after making direct comparison with authentic European specimens
of Dr. Hauer's species:

**GabVs figures and descriptions agree well with the Nevada speci-
mens in the collection, and his figure of the septa shows that the species
probably belongs to Clydonites. The agreement with Hauer's figure is not
so exact on account of the want of due exactness by which the pilse are
made to cross the abdomen in his figure, whereas in the specimens it is a
characteristic of late production.

"Gabb especially states that in none of the specimens examined by
him did the pilse cross the abdomen. Hauer alludes to the need of a strong
side-light, in order to detect them in his specimens. This is by no means
the case with the two full-grown Nevada specimens under consideration,
the abdominal pilsB being very prominent in both. The young correspond
to the description alluded to in the California Report, which seems to have
been taken from a young specimen. The first of the adult stage of develop-
ment corresponds to Hauer's description, and a further development of the
abdominal pilae introduces the full-grown adult. All of these stages are
easily traceable; and the one very large specimen mentioned in the Cali-
fornia Report belonging to this species which did not have the abdominal
pilse must have been an old specimen. In that case, it would have lost these
characteristics in the regular course of senile degeneration." — (A. H.)

Locality and position, — Buena Vista Canon, North Fork, Humboldt
Range, Nevada; Upper Trias (St. Cassian beds).

"TRACHYCERATIDiE.

"Genus GYMNOTOCERAS, Hyatt.

^^{yvfivdg^ uaked; v(i>)Togy back; Kepag^ a horn.)

"The development of Ammonites BlaJcei, Gabb, and the characters of
its abdomen, separate it at once most decidedly from any species of Tra-

UPPER TRIASSIO SPECIES. lU

chyceras. The development generally of a keel, or, in some varieties, of a
raised abdomen, over which the pilse do not pass, shows that this is a differ-
ent genus, characterized by a different mode of development. The septa
are quite similar to those of TracJiyceras ; but it is very evident that in the
TrachyceroiidcB the septa cannot be looked to for generic differences. Great
differences also occur in the amount of involution of the different species,
and in the development of their external characters. This is shown by con-
trasting the species Blakeij Trachyceras hrevidorsatunij or T, BrotJieus, with the
type of the genus T. aon.

"The forms and characteristics of the young in these three species could
hardly be more different, and yet their septa are very similar. Possibly a
closer study of the lobes will bring out corresponding differences; but at
present it is safer to rely upon the development of external features in this
family."— (A. H.)

Gymnotoceeas rotellifoeme, Meek.

Plate 10, figs. 9 and 9 a.

Shell discoid-lenticular, with periphery subangular, or very naiTOwly
rounded; convexity only about one-fourth the greatest breadth; umbilicus
very small, or scarcely more than two-fifths the breadth of the outer volu-
tion, with its nearly vertical walls meeting the lateral surface of the volution
so as to form a subangular margin; whorls laterally compressed, with greatest
convexity within the middle of the sides, thence converging outward with
gentle convexity toward the periphery, all increasing gradually in convexity
and more rapidly in breadth; each inner turn almost completely embraced
in a profound sinus or concavity of the inner side of the succeeding larger
one. Surface in the young ornamented with small, slightly flexuous costae
scarcely distinct from the lines of growth, but becoming apparently most
defined in young shells about one inch in diameter, after which further in-
crease in size rendered them very obscure, broader, and more distant, until
they gradually died out, leaving the sides smooth, or nearly so, in a speci-
men two inches broad; costse and lines of growth curving strongly forward
as they approach the periphery, which the former do not cross or reach.
Septa with four lateral lobes on each side, decreasing rapidly in size from
the largest or first one (which is oblong, and, like the second and third,

112 PALEONTOLOGY.

merely digitate), to the fourth, which is very small, and nearly or quite
simple; first sinus between the siphonal and first lateral lobe smaller, but
of the same form as the latter, and merely obtusely serrated, while the suc-
ceeding sinuses decrease rapidly in size inward, and become more nearly
simple; siphonal lobe shorter than the first lateral, but of about the same
breadth, with a short, spreading, digitate, terminal, lateral branch on each
side, and a few small lateral serratures along the lateral margins.

Greatest breadth of a specimen apparently, retaining most of the outer
volution, 2.34 inches; convexity of same, about 0.55 inch.

In form, this shell agrees pretty nearly with some varieties of G. Blakei,
Gabb (sp.); but it differs in being more compressed, particularly toward the
periphery, which is thus made narrower, and in its more deeply enibracing
volutions, and consequent narrower umbilicus. Its costae are also, appar-
ently at all ages, excepting, perhaps, in the very young specimens, much
more obscurely defined. So far as the details of the lobes and intermediate
sinuses of its septa can be made out from the specimens, they seem to agree
exactly with those of G, Blakei I had selected for it the name rotelliformis^
and written out a full description, with remarks on its points of difference
from, and agreement with, G. Blakei^ but was not fully satisfied whether it
should be included provisionally as a marked variety of that species, or sep-
arated entirely as a distinct species. As Professor Hyatt confirms the latter
conclusion, I have decided to place it apart as a different species. Professor
Hyatt sent the following note respecting its relations to G. Blakei:

"This seems a distinct species from G, Blakei. The latter develops
from the young, in which the pilse are distinct, and the abdomen invariably
keeled at one' stage; whereas similar pilse and a keel are only occasionally
and faintly shown in the shell under consideration. The young are more
distinctly pileated than the adults, and are somewhat like the young of G.
Blakei at certain stages of growth. A close comparison, however, shows
them to be flatter, and nearly the whole of each whorl is concealed by the
involution of the shell, whereas G, Blakei has a more open umbilicus at the
same age. The same remarks apply equally well to the figure of (?. Blakei
in the Palseontology of California.

"The general development and characteristics of the septa of this species.

UPPER TRIASSIC SPECIES. 113

however, resemble those of G. BlakeL The abdomen of the latter, however,

is at first rounded, then more acute, or with a raised keel-line, and finally

this disappears in a flattened abdomen." — (A. H.)

Locality and position. — Buena Vista Canon, West Humboldt Range,

Nevada; Trias.

Gymnotoceras Blakei, Gabb (sp.).

Plato 10, figs. 10, 10 a, Wb, 10 c; ai.d pi. 11, figs. 6, 6«.

Ammonites Blakei^ Gabb (1864), Geol. Survey of California (Pal(»oiit.), I, 24, pi. 4, figs.
14-15.

Shell more or less compressed-discoidal, with periphery rather nar-
rowly rounded, or subangular, in consequence of a narrow, obscure, smooth,
welt-like ridge, usually seen along its middle, being sometimes more prom-
inent in the more compressed specimens; umbilicus moderately deep, and
equaling generally a little more than one-fifth the breadth; volutions six
or more, more or less compressed laterally, particularly in adult specimens,
but usually more rounded in the young; each enveloping one-half to three-
fourths of the next within, rounding to the penphery, and truncated, or, in
adult specimens, even a little overhanging around the umbilicus; aperture,
as determined by sections of the volutions, subcordate, or, in compressed
specimens, subhastate, wdth the sinus on the inner side rather deeply defined.
Surface ornamented by generally distinctly-defined costse, which, in most
cases, increase by bifurcating (usually at a slightly pinched-up prominence
on the larger specimens) between the umbihcus and the middle, or in part
by the intercalation of others between; all curving strongly forward as they
approach the periphery, where they become obsolete before reaching the
faintly -marked central ridge.

Septa with siphonal lobe rather short, or about as wide as long, and
divided at the extremity into two short, digitate, terminal branches, above
which there are two or three very small lateral serratures. First lateral
lobe, longer than the siphonal, and provided with two short, digitate
terminal divisions^ with some very small lateral notches above. Second
lateral lobe considerably smaller than the first, but not difterlng very mate-
rially in other respects. Third lateral lobe still smaller than the second,
and merely provided with two or three minute notches at the end; between

8 P B

114 ' PALAEONTOLOGY.

the latter and the suture, in the vertical wall of the umbilicus, there are two
other minute, apparently simple lobes. First lateral sinus (saddle) a little
wider than the siphonal, which it exceeds in length on its inner side, rounded
at the end, and slightly serrated on the margins; second lateral sinus much
like the first, excepting that its outer side is the longer. The other sinuses
are very small, and apparently nearly simple.

Greatest diameter of the largest specimen seen, 2.20 inches; convexity,
0.70 inch. Some of the specimens are proportionally more compressed.

This is one of the most common species found in the Nevada St. Cas-
sian beds. It seems to vary considerably in form, as well as in surface-
marking; the majority of the specimens before me, however, are less com-
pressed, and more obtuse on the periphery, than the typical specimen figured
by Mr. Gabb. A few of the others, however, seem to agree more nearly
with his figure, while there are so many gradations between these and the
less compressed form that I am inclined to regard the whole as belonging
to one species.

Mr. Gabb mentions seeing a specimen from near Star City, which he
supposed belonged to this species, that was nearly six inches in diameter,
and had a row of large nodes around the middle of the whorls. Adopting the
conclusion that this really belongs to the species under consideration, the
numerous specimens before me would seem to be all young shells, or the
inner volutions of large ones, as none of them are more than two and a half
inches in diameter, or show the large lateral nodes mentioned by Mr. Gabb.
It is true none of them are entirely complete; but if the shell had ever
attained so large a size as six inches in diameter at the locality where our
specimens were obtained, there would probably have been some fragments
of these large individuals brought in with the others.

As remarked by Mr. Gabb, this shell (that is the variety figured by
him) resembles Ammonites^ or more properly, I should think, Ceratites sea-
phitiformis of Hauer ; but it has the peripheral ridge decidedly less prominent,
and shows differences in the nature of the costse, and particularly in the
septa; which latter, in Professor Hauer's species, seem to me to present more
nearly the characters of Ceratites.

The foregoing description and remarks were written out by me entirely

UPPER TRIASSIC SPECIES 115

from such specimens as those represented by our figs. 10, 10 a, and 10 b on
pUte 10; my impression at that time being that the peculiar forms, such as
that illustrated by figs. 5 and 5 a of plate 11, belong to an allied but dis-
tinct species, differing in the development of lateral nodes, the flattening of
the periphery, and the singular elliptic or scaphitoid general outline in the
adult. For this form I had proposed the specific name scaphitoides {Gymnot
scaphitoideSj as the nomenclature here adopted would require). I had noticed,
however, the similarity of its inner volutions to those of G, Blakei, and had
considered the question of its possible identity with that species. But the
fact that there are some ten or eleven specimens in the collection, all
showing the form and flattened periphery seen in fig. 5, plate 11, while
none of those that I referred to G, Blakei, even of equal size (as that from
which were drawn figs. 10 and 10 a on plate 10), show any traces of the
lateral nodes, flattening of the periphery, or elliptic general outline, I was
led to think the former could hardly belong to G. Blakei.

Professor Hyatt, however, after studying the specimens carefully,
arrived at the conclusion that these scaphitoid specimens with lateral nodes
and flattened periphery only represent a more advanced stage in the deveV/p-
ment of G, Blakei. Consequently, I now yield my opinion to his greater
experience and advantages in tracing the different phases of development in
this order of shells, and adopt his conclusion. I prefer, however, to allow
my description of G. Blakei to stand as originally written, and to quote
below Professor Hyatf s remarks rather than rewrite my own.

The following are Professor Hyatt's notes on G. Blakei^ and its varia-
tions and development:

*' This species is smooth for the first three or four volutions. Then the
pilse begin to appear as lateral folds. During the next volution, the abdo-
naen is smooth and broad; the whole form and mode of involution resembling
Lytoceras fimbriatum. After this, a low, broad keel arises [see fig. 10 a, pi. 10],
and the increase in bulk is exceedingly rapid. Intermediate pilse [costal]
are added by folds of the shell near the abdomen on the sixth or seventh
volution [see fig. 10, pi. 10]. These soon coalesce with the longer pilse, and
form more or less prominent and subsequently a tubercular junction. On
the eighth or ninth whorl, the broad keel disappears, and the pilae are wholly

116 - PALEONTOLOGY.

forked instead of single, the tubercles at the junction very large, and the
abdomen gibbous, but smooth [see figs. 6 a, pi. 11]. The terminations
of the pilsD are at the edge of the abdomen at this stage, and show obtuse
tubercles, whereas in the young they are continued over the edge of the
abdomen to the base of the keel. This is the normal succession of these
characters, but variations are remarkable. Besides the earlier attainment
of the tubercule-shaped pilse, there are those which never have them at
all, and one specimen which becomes wholly smooth on the eighth or ninth
whorl.

*' Some specimens are also much flatter than others, and often the lines
of growth are so decided where they cross the siphon that at first sight they
may be mistaken for the pilae themselves, but a closer examination shows
that they subdivide the pilae. These more decided striae evidently indicate
arrests of growth, and are outlines of the transient mouth. If so, there
was a periodical pause in the building-up of the shell, as each pair of pilse
were about half completed.

'* Another variation occurs either through compression or subsequent
elliptical growth, such as is described by Ban-ande in Goniatites fecundus.
By one of these means, probably the former, in eleven specimens, a ScapMtes-
like shell is produced [fig. 6, pi. 11], with broad flattened abdomen [fig. 6 a,
same plate] and exceedingly prominent tubercles. So similar is this mal-
formation, that I at first considered it a true Scaphitoid, bearing to Scaphites
a relation similar to that of Bactrites to BacuUtes.

*' There is, however, not one specimen of the eleven examined which
is not more or less twisted laterally by compression." — (A. H.)

Locality and position. — Cottonwood Canon, West Humboldt Eange,
Nevada ; Upper Trias.

Genus TRACHYCERAS, Laube.
Trachyc^eras Whitneyi, Gabb (sp.).

Plate 11, figs. 3, 3 a.

Ammonites Whitneyi^ Gabb (1864), Geol. Survey of California (PalsDont.), I, 23, pi. 4,
figs. 11 and 12.

Shell attaining a rather large size for a species of this group^ discoid

UPPER TillASSIG SPECIES. 117

in form, with tlie peripheral channel of somewhat variable depth, but usually
well-defined; volutions about five, more or less flattened on the sides, round-
ing off a little to the periphery, and abruptly truncated, or even overhang-
ing on the umbiHcal side, each enveloping about half of the next one
within; umbilicus rather shallow, or of moderate depth, and less than one-
third the diameter of the shell. Surface ornamented by a variable number
of costse, which curve forward as they approach the periphery, often bifur-
cating once or twice in crossing the sides, and also increasing by the inter-
calation of shorter ones between, while they usually bear on each side about
four or five rows of small nodes, the most prominent of which are generally
those along the margins of the peripheral furrow, and around the edge of
the umbilicus; the outer rows being sHghtly compressed, and more or less
oblique, while those on the sides of the volutions are apparently sometimes
obsolescent (Septa not observed.)

Greatest diameter of the largest specimen seen (which is imperfect),
about 4 inches; convexity, 1.20 inches; diameter of umbilicus, about 1.15
inches.

The specimen from which the foregoing description and our figures
were prepared, agrees much better with Mr. Gabb's fig. 12 than with his
fig. 11. He was probably right, however, in including both of his figured
specimens as varieties of one species, though I have not seen a series con-
necting the two forms. Taking the specimen represented by his fig. 12 as
the typical example of the species, our shell may safely be called T. Whitneyi

Among foreign species, this may be compared with T. Archelaiis, Laube
(Fauna der Sch. von St. Cassian, 5. Abth., pi. xl, fig. 1); but it differs in
having its costse more frequently bifurcating, with fewer nodes, none of
which seem to be developed into spines, as in I.aube's species.

After I had written the foregoing, Professor Hyatt sent me the follow-
ing note respecting it:

^^ This species is very distinct* on account of its coarse prominent
nodes and pilse, the number of the latter, and the young, which are not
unlike the young of Gymnotoceras Blakei. The pilse of the young shell in

♦He meaus distinct from T. Judicaricum ; he concurred in the opinion that it is
the T. Whitneyi, Gabb (sp.).

118 PALiEONTOLOGY.

T. Judicaricum are finer, and the abdominal channel appears at a much

earlier period of the shell's growth. The abdominal channel in this species,

and others of the same genus, is preceded by a stage in which the abdomen

is flat, more nearly as in the adult G. Blakei" — (A. H.)

Locality and position, — Cottonwood Canon, West Humboldt Range,

Nevada; Trias.

Tbachyceras Judicaricum, Mojsisovics,

Plate 11, figs. 1, la.
TracJiyceras Judicaricum, Mojsisov. (1869), Jabrb. Geol. Reicb., Wien, 133, pi. 3, fig. 4.

The specimens ranged under the above name agree so nearly with the
smaller examples of T. Whitneyi, Gabb, that I had only separated them as
a variety of that species. Professor Hyatt^ however, whose facilities for
making critical comparisons of this group of fossils with European forms
are far superior to my own, thinks it identical with the above-mentioned
foreign species. As may be seen by our figure, it seems to differ from T,
Whitneyi chiefly in its proportionally smaller and more crowded costas and
nodes. Mr. Hyatt sent me the following note in regard to its relations to
Mojsisovics'* species :

^* The only difference noticeable in Mojsisovics' description is that the
pilse are continuous across the abdomen, whereas in this specimen the
abdominal channel is smooth. Tliis, however, if of any more than indi-
vidual value, is probably a local variation." — (A. H.)

Locality and position. — Same as last.

Trachyceeas Judicaricum, var. subasperum.

Plate 11, figs. 2, 2 a, and 2 &.

This shell agrees with the last in form, proportions, and the smallness
of its costae, but differs rather decidedly, both from that shell and T. Whit-
neyi, in having its costae almost entirely obsolete around the middle of each
side, and only a single row of rather distant prominent nodes there. It shows,
however, a tendency tx) develop a small row around the umbilicus on each
side, as in those forms, and has the usual row of oblique nodes on each side
of the mesial furrow of the periphery, with another row a little farther in.
At least this is the character of the single specimen of this kind in the col-
lection, as may be seen by our figures of it on plate 11.

UPPER TRIASSIC SPECIES. 1 19

The specimen does not give a very clear idea of the details of the
septa ; but, as nearly as they can be made out, they seem to present the fol-
lowing characters: siphonal lobe narrow, oblong, and apparently merely
provided with two small, short, simple, terminal divisions, as in T, Whitneyi,
The sinus on each side of this is smoothly rounded, and about as wide as
long, while the first lateral lobe is smaller, and also shorter than the siphonal
lobe, and armed with a few digitations at the end. Between the latter and
the umbilicus, there are two shallow, smoothly-rounded sinuses, and two
small lobes, the first of which seems to be digitate at the end and the other
smooth.

Locality and position. — Same as last.

^^AROESTIDJ],

^^ Genus ARCESTES, Suess.

^^ Ammonites (sp,), Munster, Kiipsteiu, Hauer, Giebel, Quenstedt, and others; notBrug,

as restricted.
*'^Arce8ies^ Suess (1865), Akad. d. Wissensch., LII, 76.

'^The genus Arcestes of Suess, like Phylloceras and Lytoceras of the same
author, is a well-defined generic group. I have been justly criticised by
Dr. Laube for unintentionally omitting, in my preliminary essay on the
* Fossil Cephalopods of the Museum of Comparative Zoology' at Cam-
bridge, to give credit to Prof Edward Suess for having been the first to
suggest, in any published communication, that the Ammonites were suscep-
tible of generic subdivision. I was, however, unacquainted at that time
with Professor Suess's results, and therefore must still continue to attribute,
so far as I am concerned, the credit of the idea to Professor Agassiz, who
gave me the information long before Professor Suess had published his
paper.*

'^Other criticisms with which I have been favored will be best answered
by the memoirs now in course of publication at the Museum of Comparative

♦ It is well known to the writer, and many others in this country, that Professor
Hyatt had long been at work on his subdivisions of the Ammonites before the publi-
cation of Professor Suess' paper; though no one will pretend to question the fact that
Professor Suess^ conclusions were independently formed, and have priority of publica-
tion.—F. B. M.

120 PALEONTOLOGY.

Zoology. I will take this opportunity, however, to say that there were
pecuharities in my attempt to frame a new classification for the Ammonites
which have passed unnoticed. The species were arranged in series whose affin-
ities and genetic connections were successively traced, just as any zoologist
would trace the same relations among any disorderly mass of animals. The
usual pala&ontological style of making genera, as if families and larger groups
had no 'raison d'etre', and the genera themselves no interdependent affin-
ities, was carefully avoided. Another peculiarity was that two of my much
abused genera precisely agreed with two of those so well described in the
justly-admired work of Professor Suess; and as the thirty others described
independently by me were founded upon precisely the same set of differ-
ences, I find myself unable to appreciate criticisms which *blow hot and
cold' upon the same subject, according to the man, and not the man's

work."— (A. H.)

Arcestes! perplanus, Meek.

Plate 11, figs. 7 and 7 a.

Shell strongly compressed, or nearly flattened-subdiscoidal, the lateral
compression making the periphery so narrow as to appear almost subangu-
lar; umbilicus very shallow, and equaling about one-fourth the greatest
diameter of the shell; volutions five or more, nearly flat on each side, increas-
ing gradually in size, and each enveloping about two-thirds of the next
within; aperture, as determined from a section of the whorls, very narrow
at right angles to the plane of the shell, and profoundly sinuous on the inner
side for the reception of the next turn within. Surface without nodes,
costse, or (on casts) visible remains of striae. (Septa unknown.)

Greatest diameter of the largest specimen seen, 2 inches; convexity of
same, 0.30 inch.

This species is chiefly distinguished by its remarkably compressed form.
The only two specimens of it seen are also very slightly elliptical in outline.
This latter character, however, may be due to accidental distortion ; but as
a similar irregularity of form exists in a number of specimens of another
associated shell, and the same want of symmetry has been noticed by Pro-
fessor Hauer in species from rocks of the same age in the Alps, and by Dr.
Stoliczka in the Himalaya Mountains, under circumstances leading to the

UPPER TRIA8S1C SPECIES. ]21

conclusion that it was not due to accidental distortion, it may be natural in
the form under consideration.

It is quite similar, even in its elliptic form, to a compressed variety of
A. Batteni, Stoliczka (Mem. Geol. Survey of India, V, plate vi, figs. 1 and
1 a), figured by Dr. Stoliczka, from rocks of the same age in India. It is
even more strongly compressed, however, and has a proportionally smaller
umbiHcus. Although it may possibly belong to the same species, it is far
more probable that it does not. Until its septa can be seen, of course its
generic relations must remain doubtful. It is not a true Ammonite, how-
ever, as the genus is restricted by the latest investigators of the fossil
Cephalopoda, but may be placed provisionally in the genus Arcestes until
its true relations can be determined from specimens showing the septa.

Some months after writing the above, I received the following note in
regard to it from Professor Hyatt:

'^This species seems to be very closely alHed to Arcestes Daonicus, Mojs.
(Jahrb. Geol. Reichsan., Wien, XIX, 136, 1869). It is smooth and has no
keel, but is simply subangular on the abdomen, and has no knots on the
sides, as described in A. Baonicus, There are certain resemblances to Am-
monites glaucus which need comparison, and, when the septa are known, they
may prove more important than would appear to be the case." — (A. H.)*

Locality and position. — Buena Vista Canon, South Fork, West Humboldt
Range; Upper Trias (St. Cassian beds).

Aecestes Gabbi, Meek.

Plate 10, figs. 6, 6 a, and 6 b.

Arcesies Amseeanus, Gabb (1864), Palaeont. Cal., I, 25, pi. 3, figs. 16 and 17 (not of
Hauer.)

Shell compressed-subglobose, being rounded on the periphery and

convex enough on the sides to present an elliptic profile view; volutions

increasing gradually in size, each so profoundly enveloping all of those

within as to leave only a very contracted, deep, almost cylindrical umbil-

♦ Oa comparison with Laube's figures of Am7n. glaucus, Mauster, our sbell is seen
to be very similar in form, but its volutions are more embracing and more rapidly ex-
pand, while its umbilicus is consequently proportionally smaller. Of course the septa
as figured by Dr. Laube, unless made out from a very young shell, would show Amm.
glaucus to be very distinct from Ammonites proper.

1 22 PALEONTOLOGY.

icus ; aperture, as determined from transverse sections of the volutions, com-
pressed, crescent-shaped, being very profoundly sinuous on the inner side
for the reception of the involuted turns; internal cast generally showing four
subequidistant, transverse furrows to each turn, left by a thickening of
the lip within at four regular periods of cessation in the growth of the shell
to each volution; each of these furrows, or constrictions, bends a little back-
ward in starting from the umbilicus, and then passes nearly straight, or with
a slight backward or forward curve over the periphery. Surface generally
appearing almost smooth, or only showing obscure lines of growth, with
apparently sometimes the faintest possible traces of longitudinal strife on
the rounded periphery.

Septa, as made out by Mr. Gabb in the California Report (none of
those I have seen show the septa), with siphonal lobe narrow-oblong, being
about twice as long as wide, deeply divided into two slender, nearly par-
allel, bifid, and digitate terminal branches, with two or three smaller
lateral branchlets on each side; first lateral lobe a little shorter than
the siphonal lobe, and trifid at the extremity, with two or three lateral
branchlets on each side; second lateral lobe slightly shorter than the first
lateral, and similar, excepting that it is bipartite at the extremity, with the
terminal divisions bifid; third lateral lobe projecting a little beyond the
second, and divided more nearly like the first lateral, but otherwise some-
what smaller. Between this and the umbilicus there are two much smaller
lobes, the first of which is two or three times as large as the second, and
more distinctly tridigitate at the extremity. First lateral sinus smaller
than the siphonal lobe, longer than wide, and tripartite at the extremity,
with short lateral branchlets; second lateral sinus of much the same size
and form as the first, while the three succeeding sinuses diminish rather
rapidly in size toward the umbilicus, and show a more or less distinct tend-
ency to develop similar divisions to those of the others.

Greatest diameter, 2.25 inches; convexity, 1.35 inches.

Although I thought, from sketches of this shell sent to me some years back
for comparison by Mr. Gabb, that it probably could not be properly separated
from A, Ausseeanus of Hauer, a careful examination of a series of specimens
reveals some differences that lead me to conclude that it is more probably only

UPPER TRIASSIG SPECIES. 123

a closely-allied representative species."^ In the first place, as was noticed
by Mr. Gabb, it is distinctly more compressed laterally than Professor
Hauer's figures of A. Ausseeanus, and also differs in having the greatest
convexity of the sides of its volutions much nearer the umbilicus. I am
aware that these are characters in which the Ammonitoid types vary con-
siderably, but the fact that the Nevada specimens are very constant in
these characters, while there are also differences in the details of the lobes
and sinuses of the septa, as made out by Professor Hauer and Mr. Gabb,
leads me to suspect that still other differences would be observed if we
had the means of comparing perfect specimens from the two widely-sepa-
rated localities. The differences in the septa alluded to consist in the more
conical form of all the lateral lobes and sinuses of the Hallstadt specimens;
which also have, according to Professor Hauer^s figure, the second lateral
lobe distinctly tripartite, instead of bifid at the end, as represented by Mr.
Gabb. There are likewise other differences in the details of the lobes and
saddles, but these might be merely individual peculiarities. I lay no stress
on the appearances of very faint traces of longitudinal striae seen on some
of our specimens, because others show no indications of them.

In form, and some of the characters of its septa, our shell is decidedly
nearer like Arcestes Barrandei of Laube (Fauna der Schicbt. von St. Cassian,
pi. xliii, fig. 2) than it is like the typical A. Ausseeanm, though it differs
in having the periphery more broadly rounded, and its sides less convex in
the umbilical region, while in the form and proportions of the lobes and
sinuses there are differences of perhaps more importance.

Some time after the foregoing description and remarks were written,
Professor Hyatt sent me the following note in regard to this species :

^'It is very distinct in form from A. Ausseeanus, Hauer; witness its
greater lateral compression, the scaphitoid or elliptical mode of growth, which
is habitual; and the fact that while the adults are so different, the young
are similar in their forms to the adults of ^. Amseeanus. I think it to be
new."— (A. H.)

Locality and position, — ^West Humboldt Range, near Cottonwood Canon,
Nevada (St Cassian formation).

♦ I had at first only separated this form here as a variety of A. Ausseeanusj but,
with the concurreuce of Professor Hyatt, I now view it as a distinct species.

124 rAL^ONTOLOGY.

"PHYSAN0IDJ3].
"Genus ACROCHORDICERAS, Hyatt.

*^(aKpoxopd<^Vy a wart ; KepaCy a horn.)

^^This genus is closely allied to Lytoceras and PhylloceraSy Suess, and
Haploceras of Zittel, combining characteristics which are found in all of
these, besides having peculiar characters of its own, and a different develop-
ment The extent of involution is comparable with that of Haploceras^ but
the whorl itself is about intermediate between the extreme roundness of
LytoceraSj and the more flattened sides of Phylloceras.

'^Its peculiar characteristics consist in having large lateral tubercles and
abdominal pilse, which are united as they near the tubercles. The smooth
zone along the center of the abdomen in the young is also probably of gen-
eric value." — (A. H.)

AcROCHOEDiCBRAs Hyatti, Meek.

Plate 11, figs. 5 and 5 a.

Shell discoid, with the periphery rounded; volutions rounded or very
nearly so, and increasing gradually in size, with each of the inner ones
about three-fourths embraced by the succeeding larger — all, so far as
known, rounded on the outer side; umbilicus more than half as wide as the
dorso-ventral diameter of the outer volution, rather deep, and exposing
about one-fourth the breadth of each inner whorl. Surface at first in the
young shell nearly or quite smooth, then ornamented with small, regular,
straight, moderately distinct costae, that seem not to cross the periphery,
and die out before reaching the umbilical side, while at a later stage of growth
they become quite strongly developed, especially in crossing the periphery,
on which are intercalated occasional intermediate ones of equal size. These
coalesce with the others on the sides of the volutions, and give origin at the
points of junction to prominent nodes arranged at regularly-increasing inter-
vals, so as to form a single row near or within the middle of each side.
Protected parts also show rather distinct lines of growth, running parallel
to the costse, which latter are slightly sigmoid on the sides of the larger
volutions, but pass straight across the periphery.

UPPER TRTASSIC SPECIES. 125

Greatest breadth of an imperfect entirely septate specimen, 2.82 inches;
convexity of same, exclusive of the nodes, 1.15 inches

No entire specimens of this shell have yet been found; consequently
we cannot be quite sure whether or not the periphery continues to be
rounded and costate on the outer volution of large mature specimens,
though it probably is at least rounded and less strongly costate. One dis-
torted specimen shows that near the broken larger end of the outer volution,
the costa? become less prominent and more distant, with an intermediate one
between each two of the larger, the intercalated ones extending inward but
a short distance from the periphery, and dying out without coalescing with
the others. This part of the outer turn seems also to be nearly without
lateral nodes, which, however, are well developed on the inner turns of the
same specimen, where they are seen on the inner volutions just within
the inner margin of the umbilicus. None of the specimens are in a condi-
tion to exhibit very clearly the details of the septa; but the one represented
by our fig. 5 a, plate 1 1 , shows that there are three lateral lobes on each side,
the first or outer one being about one-third longer and wider than the sec-
ond, with, like the latter, a few short branches or mere digitations at the
end. The third or inner lobe is much smaller than the second, placed close
in at the inner margin of the whorls, and apparently provided with a few
short digitations.

The position of the lateral nodes, it will be observed, varies somewhat
in different individuals; those on the specimen represented by fig. 4 being
placed nearly out at the middle of the volutions, while on that shown by
fig. 4 a they seem to be located farther inward. This, however, is probablj^,
at least in part, due to the oblique distortion of this specimen.

In relation to this species. Professor Hyatt sent the following note:

*^ The development of this species is altogether anomalous. The whorls
were evidently cylindrical and smooth for a considerable time; the increase in
size being at first very slow. Large tubercles appear while the sides are still
comparatively smooth in one specimen, though in another they have becorne
completely pileated. These tubercles are from the first very prominent.
Soon after the introduction of these and the pilse, the increase in size becomes
much more rapid. The resemblance of the young to Lytoceras is very close

1 26 PAL^ONTOLOG Y.

at firs^t, and the general form always remains similar. The septa are, how-
ever, very distinct; the lobes and cells, so far as they could be traced, hav-
ing much more simple outhnes. The pilse do not extend across the abdomen
at first, but leave a smooth band in the center. This is broken up on what
is supposed to be the fifth volution by the extension of the pilae across the
abdomen." — (A. H.)

Locality and position, — New Pass, Desatoya Mountains, Nevada; Trias.

The following two types Professor Hyatt views as representing two
undescribed genera, in regard to the family relations of which he has
expressed no opinion. His attention was called to them after he had sent
on his paper on the others ; and in returning the specimens, he also sent the
notes quoted below respecting them. These notes he seemed rather to
regard as suggestions than as full descriptions, as he stated that I might as
well go on and name and describe them myself It seemed more proper,
however, as he had investigated the whole, that these also should stand in
his name. Consequently, I have selected the names, and take the liberty
to insert them here on his authority, quoting his notes in regard to them.

Genus EUTOMOCERAS, Hyatt.

/^(augm. part.) ; T0}x6qj sharp ; /cepac, a horn.

'* This is a well-marked type, characterized by its lenticular form, nar-
row umbilicus, apparently at all ages very sharp abdominal keel, without
furrows or lateral ridges, and small regular arched pilse on middle-sized
specimens, growing wider, more irregular, less distinct, and developing
small lateral nodes on the adult, with both nodes and pilse becoming obso-
lete on the larger part of the body- volution." — (A. H.)

EuTOMOCEBAS Laubei, Meek.

Plate 10, figs. 8 and 8 a.

Shell compressed-Wnticular, with the periphery very acutely carinated;
umbilicus small, or scarcely more than one-sixth the greatest diameter of
the shell. Volutions much compressed laterally, with the sides gradually

UPrER TRIASSIC SPECIES. 127

converging, and sliglitly convex in outline, to the acutely angular periphery,
on each side of which there is a very shallow undefined concavity
that can hardly be called a channel, while on the inner side they are
abruptly truncated or inflected, and gathered into little subnodose wrinkles
at the umbilicus; each turn enveloping about four-fifths of the next
one within. Aperture, as determined by transverse sections of the volu-
tions, compressed-subhastate, being acutely angular at the outer end, and
profoundly notched on the inner side, for the reception of the next turn
within. Surface ornamented, in young shells of one and a half inches in
diameter, by small regular costse, that bifurcate at or near the little promi-
nences or wrinkles at the margin of the umbilicus, after which they cross
the sides and curve very strongly forward as they approach the periphery,
where they become merely obsolescent lines, that are continued some dis-
tance forward almost parallel to the carina ; thus indicating the probable
presence of a narrow prolongation of the outer side of the lip at the aper-
ture. A few very small, pimple-like nodes are also scattered over the inner
half of the volutions at this stage of the shell's growth, while, as it increased
in size, the costse become less strongly defined and the little nodes more
numerous ; but farther around toward the aperture both nodes and costa?
gradually fade away, until it is probable that in large shells, a part, or possi-
bly the whole, of the surface becomes nearly or quite smooth. (Septa
unknown,)

Greatest diameter of a specimen incomplete at the aperture, 1.40 inches;
convexity, about 0.65 inch.

This shell has an unusually acute, unserrated, peripheral keel, which,
so far as the specimen shows, seems to retain its sharpness both in the young
and in the adult. The concavity on each side of this keel is very shallow, and
merely so directed as to contribute to the thinness of the knife-like carina,
rather than to impart any tendency to divide off another keel or even obtuse
ridge on either side. The little pimple-like prominences on the sides of the
volutions are almost entirely on the inner half, maialy on the little costse,
and are irregularly scattered, so as to show little or no tendency to arrange
themselves in spiral rows. The obscure wrinkles or little prominences
around the small umbilicus give it a somewhat puckered appearance.

1 28 TAL^^ONTOLOG Y.

This shell differs from all of the compressed, sharply-keeled ammonitoid
forms known to me, with a small umbilicus and curved costae, in the pres-
ence of the numerous little irregularly-arranged pimple-like nodes. As the
specimen shows no traces of the septa, it is not possible to determine which
of the numerous proposed groups it most nearly approaches in its internal
characters.

The specific name is given in honor of Dr. Gustav C. Laube, of Vienna,
the author of the beautiful Monogi-aph of the St. Cassian Fosfils.

Locality and position, — Same as last.

laenus EUDISCOCERAS, Hyatt.

ev (augm. part.) ; dlaKogy a quoit ; nipa^y a horn.

^^ This type is distinguished by its discoid form, open umbilicus, and
an abdominal keel, bordered by furrows and ridges, the latter being inter-
rupted or tubercular; the young with comparatively large pilae, growing
smaller and more flexuous in the adult, and finally fading away in the
larger half of the body-volution." — (A. H.)

EUDISCOCERAS Gabbi, Meek.

Plate 11, figs. 3 and 3 rt.

Shell compressed-discoidal, with the periphery narrowly truncated, and
having a narrow, very obscure, smooth ridge along the middle ; umbilicus
shallow, equaling about two-thirds the breadth of the outer turn; volutions
flattened on the sides, and abruptly truncated around the umbilicus on the
inner side, each embra<?ing apparently about two-thirds of the next within.
Surface with moderate-sized, rather distinct, bifurcating costse on the sides
of the volutions in young shells. As the shell advanced in growth, the
costse became smaller and more crowded, being merely coarsely linear on
the outer turns, where they curve first a little backward at the umbilicus,
then arch gently forward as they cross the middle of the sides, beyond
which they usually curve a little backward, and then very shghtly forward,
as they abruptly terminate, so as to leave a narrow, smooth space between
their outer ends and the naiTow periphery. Around each margin of the
latter there is also a row of compressed nodes arranged with their longer

UPPER TRIASSIC SPECIES. 129

axes nearly parallel to the keel of the periphery, or with but a slight
obliquity, those on the opposite sides often alternating. (Septa unknown.)

Greatest diameter, 1.96 inches; breadth of umbilicus, 0.60 inch; con-
vexity, 0.47 inch.

This form is quite unlike any of its associates, being rather peculiar in
the nature of its small flexuous costse, and the presence of a row of elon-
gated nodes around each margin of its very narrowly truncated and keeled
periphery, the nodes being arranged with their longer diameters nearly par-
allel to the curve of the truncated margin itself, and so disposed that those
on opposite sides alternate. The ridge along the middle of its periphery is
narrow, smooth, and not so defined as to be separated from the row of com-
pressed nodes on each side by a very deep furrow.

This shell seems to be related to the St. Cassian species Ammonites Cor-
varensis, Laube, as represented by a side-view on plate xl, fig. 3, of Professor
Laube's Monograph of the St. Cassian Fossils, especially in form and the
nature of compressed nodes around each side of its periphery. It differs,
however, in having a proportionally wider umbilicus and well-defined costae
on the sides of its volutions.

Whether Professor Laube's species has a central peripheral ridge or
carina, such as is seen in our shell, cannot be determined from his figure,
giving a side-view only, and he says nothing in his description on this point,
doubtless because his specimen does not show the outer margin of the volu-
tions : nor have we yet the means of making comparisons of the septa of
our species with that described by Professor Laube.

The specific name of this shell is given in honor of WiUiam M. Gabb,
esq., late of the California Geological Survey, and now in charge of a geo-
logical survey of Santo Domingo.

Locality and position. — Cottonwood Canon, West Humboldt Range,
Nevada; Upper Trias.

9 PE

130 PALAEONTOLOGY.

JURASSIC SPECIES.

MOLLUSOA.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

LIMID^.

Genus LIMA, Bruguifere.

Lima (Limatula) erecta, Meek.

Plate 12, ^g, 2.

Shell, exclusive of the small ears, vertically narrow-elliptic, or about
once and a half as high as the antero-posterior diameter, moderately con-
vex, and not in the slightest degree oblique; hinge shorter than the breadth
of the shell, and ranging at right angles to the vertical diameter of the
valves; ears small, compressed, almost exactly equal, and obtusely angular;
beaks small, nearly exactly central, and slightly incurved without any appar-
ent obliquity. Surface marked with fine radiating lines, which seem to
show some tendency to gather into a few distant larger costae, near the nar-
rowly-rounded basal margin; a few obscure undulations of growth are also
seen crossing the striae.

Greatest vertical diameter, 0.72 inch; breadth, or anterior-posterior
diameter, 0.50 inch; convexity of one valve, about 0.10 inch.

I only know this species from a single specimen, showing none of its
internal characters; and, owing to the fact that it is not in the slightest
degree oblique, it is impossible to determine whether it is a right or a left
valve. It is remarkable for its narrow form, equal ears, and want of
obliquity. Owing to the fineness of its striae, and the fact that they are
obsolete from a little below the middle to the beak, I have been unable to
see whether or not they are divaricating along the middle, as in some spe-
cies of LimatulUj though they seem not to be so from their direction below.

Locality and position, — New Pass, Desatoya Mountains, Nevada; appar-
ently from the horizon of the Lower Lias.

JURASSIC SPECIES. 131

PINNID^.

Genus PINNA, Linnaeus.

Pinna Kingii, Meek.

Platel2, figs. 9, 9 a.

Shell attaining about a medium size, very thin, elongate-subtrigonal in
general outline, apparently slightly arcuate, rather convex, with a more or
less defined angle extending along the middle of each valve, so as to give the
transverse section, especially at almost any point between the middle and the
beaks, a rhombic subquadrangiilar outline, becoming more compressed pos-
teriorly; upper and lower margins converging rather rapidly to the beaks,
the first being very nearly straight, and the latter slightly convex; posterior
extremity a little obliquely truncated, but rounding into the base below ;
valves flattened from the mesial angle to the upper and lower margins. Sur-
face marked by fine lines of growth running parallel to the posterior and lower
margins, and showing a tendency to gather into little wrinkles, particularly
near the latter; while above the lateral angle they are crossed b}^ about ten
to twelve obscure radiating costse, most distinctly defined near the beaks, and
gradually becoming obsolete near the middle.

Apparently attaining a length of about 4 inches, with a height at the
posterior end of about 1.90 inches; convexity, 0.85 inch.

The only specimen of this species contained in the collection is in an
imperfect condition, though sufficiently well preserved to show its form and
surface-markings, as well as its remarkable thinness. In form and size, it
seems to have been much like P. cancellata of Bean (Moiris and Lycett's
Monogr. Moll. Great Oolite, tab. xiii, fig. 20 a b), from which it differs in
having a mesial angle along each valve, and in having its radiafing costse
obsolete on the posterior part of the valves. These costa3 likewise differ
in being merely obscure ridges on our shell, about as wide as the furrows
between, instead of mere '' knotted lines ^^ It is, however, about as nearly
allied to some imperfectly-known Carboniferous species of the Mississippi
Valley.

Locality and position. — Weber Canon, Wasatch Range; possibly Ju-
rassic ; though it may be Carboniferous, as it was found loose, and rocks be-

1 32 PALEONTOLOGY.

longing to both of these ages occur there. As elsewhere explained, the
fossils on the lower half of this plate were figured together, because some
doubts at first existed in regard to the exact horizons of the beds from which
they came. Some of them are certainly Carboniferous; while others are
more like Jurassic forms.

MYTILID^.

Genus VOLSELLA, Scopoli.

VOLSELLA SCALPEXJM, var. ISONEMA.

Plate 12, figs. 4, 4 a.

Moviola scalprum^ Sowerby (1821), Miiu Conch,, III, 87, pi. 248, fig. 2.
Mytllus scalprum, Goldf. (1833), Petref. Germ., II, 174, tab. 130, fig. 9.

Shell attaining a moderate size, extremely thin, transversely elongated,
or about twice and a half as long as high, gibbous along the umbonal slopes,
and rather distinctly arcuated; hinge-line apparently nearly half the length
of the valves, passing gradually into the slope of the posterior dorsal curve;
posterior margin curving obliquely backward and downward to the rather
narrowly-rounded posterior basal extremity; pallial margin broadly sinuous
or arched, so as to be nearly parallel to the dorsal and posterior dorsal out-
line; anterior margin rounding up to the beaks, which are much depressed,
extremely oblique, very slightly projecting, somewhat compressed, and
placed nearly over the anterior end; umbonal slopes very prominently
rounded, so as to form an oblique ridge, extending from near the beaks to
the posterior basal extremity; above and behind this ridge, the surface is
slightly convex, while the flanks below it are more or less concave. Sur-
face ornamented with very fine and perfectly regular concentric lines.

Length, 1.95 inches; height, 0.77 inch; convexity, about 0.60 inch.

This shell agrees so very nearly in form and general appearance with
Modiola scalpmm of Sowerby, and especially with a form referred by Gold-
fuss and others to that species (see Petref Germ., plate 130, fig. 9), that I
am left in doubt whether it is not a mere variety of the same. It agrees
less nearly with Sowerby^s original figure, but his illustrations are not usually
so accurate as those published by Goldfuss; while the figure referred to
in the work of the latter author is, I believe, generally regarded as repre*

JURASSIC SPECIES. 133

t

senting Sowerby's species. In one important character, however, our shell
certainly differs, at least from the figures published by both of the above-
mentioned authors; that is, in the great regularity of its concentric striae. If
I knew their figures to be exactly correct in this respect, I should not hes-
itate to regard our shell as belonging to a distinct species; but, until this
question can be settled by a comparison of specimens, I prefer to view it as
a variety of Sowerby's species. In the fineness and regularity of its striae,
as well as in its remarkable thinness, it agrees with F, pertenuis, M. & H.,
from the Jurassic beds near the Black Hills; but, in addition to being much
larger, it is more arcuate, and has more prominent umbonal ridges; while
its anterior ventral region below and in front of the umbonal ridge is pro-
portionally larger. It is barely possible, however, that these may not be
constant characters.

Locality and position, — Weber Canon, Wasatch Range, Utah; Jurassic.

TEIGONIID^.

Genus MYOPHORIA, Bronn.

Myophoria LiNEATA, Munsterl.

Plate 12, figs. 3, 3 a.

Trigonia Hneata, Miinster (1834), Leonhard uud Bronn's Jahrb., I, 5 and 9.
Lyrodon lineaturrij Goldf. (1838), Petref. Germ., II, 199, tab. 136, figs. 4, a, 6, c, <!.
Myophoria lineata^ Munster (1841), Beitrage, IV, 88, tab. 7, fig. 29; and (1864) in

Alberti's, Trias, 111.— Laube (1865), Fauna St. Oass., 59, tab. 18, fig. 7.
Trigonia lineata^ Giebel (1852), Dentschl. Petref., 392.
Opis lineata, Laube (1864), Bemerk. im Jabrb. d. Geol. Eeichsaust., 489; Fauna der

Scbicht. von St. Cass., 59, pi. xviii, fig. 7.

Shell small, trigonal, rather compressed; anterior end shorter than the
other, rounding from below the beaks into the base; posterior side com-
pressed, truncated, with a slight forward slope above, and angular at the
base; ventral margin semiovate, rounding up anteriorly, most convex in out-
line slightly in advance of the middle, and straight or very slightly sinuous
near where it connects with the posterior basal angle; beaks apparently
elevated, and placed a little in advance of the middle; posterior umbonal
slope forming a well-defined angular ridge extending from the back part of

134 PALEONTOLOGY.

»

the beaks to the posterior basal angle. Surface ornamented with small,
very regular, concentric costse, which terminate abruptly on the posterior
umbonal ridge of each valve, or are only continued on the compressed pos-
terior dorsal region above the angle as fine lines of growth.

Length, 0.44 inch; height, about 0.36 inch; convexity, about 0.15 inch.

This shell seems to agree very closely in outline and surface-markings
with the published figures of Miinster's species, and I am inclined to believe
it the same; though it is quite as probable that a good series of specimens
would show specific differences separating it from that shell. As I have
only seen a single imperfect specimen, however, and that presents no relia-
ble characters by which it can be distinguished, I refer it with doubt to M,
lineata. I should remark here that its costse are much more strongly marked
than on Miinster's species, as illustrated by Dr. Laube, in his work on the
St. Cassian Fossils, but in this respect our specimens agree exactly with
Goldfuss' figures of that species.

Locality and position, — Weber Canon, Wasatch Eange, Utah; from above
'^quarry rock". In Europe, M, lineata occurs in the St. Cassian beds; but
the shell here described appears to occupy a higher position (in the Jurassic
seriesj if its exact position in the section was accurately determined.

ARCIDJl.

Genus CUCULL^A, Lamarck.
CucuLL^A Haguei, Meek.

Platel2, figs. 1, la, IJ.
Compare Cucullcea concinna, Phillips (1835), Geol. Yorks., 160, pi. v, fig. 9.

Shell small, oblong-subrhomboidal in outline, about once and a half as
long as high, and rather gibbous in the central region ; posteriorly a little
obliquely truncated above, and obtusely-subangular and most prominent at
its connection with the base below ; base nearly straight and parallel to the
cardinal margin along the middle, and rounding up rather more gradually
in front than behind ; anterior margin compressed, convex in outline, and
connecting with the hinge above at an angle of about 98^ ; hinge-line less
than the greatest length of the valves ; beaks rather prominent, gibbous,

JURASSIC SPECIES. 135

incurved, and very nearly central ; posterior umbonal slopes more or less
angular, while the posterior dorsal region above these oblique umbonal
ridges is compressed. Surface neatly ornamented with small, regular,
radiating lines, or raised striae, which are rather widely separated and larger
on the anterior part of the valves, where they curve gracefully forward, and
alternate with a smaller intermediate series, none of which are continued to
the beaks ; posteriorly they all become much smaller, and closely crowded ;
crossing all of these, there are, on all parts of the valves, numerous very
small regular and crowded concentric lines.

Length, 0.67 inch ; height, 0.35 inch ; convexity, 0.30 inch.

This species seems to be closely allied to, and may even be identical with,
some of the forms that have been referred to CucullcBa concinnaj Phillips, by
different authors. It certainly differs, however, very materially from the
type of C. concinna, as originally illustrated by Phillips, in being much less
depressed, proportionally shorter, decidedly less angular along the poste-
rior umbonal slopes and" at the posterior basal extremity. Phillips' figure
also shows obscure, coarse, radiating costae, on the posterior surface of the
valves above the umbonal angle, not seen on our shell, which likewise
differs in having more prominent and more gibbous umbones, with a more
rounded basal outline. It is more nearly like the form figured under Phillips'
name by Goldfuss (Petref Germ., plate cxxiii, fig. 6 a, ft), and by Quenstedt
(Der Jura, tab. 67, fig. 16); but it is less angular at the extremities, and has
more gibbous umbones. It may also be compared with a shell figured from
the Jura by Richard Andree, in the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen
Gesellschaft, XII, plate xiv, fig. 7, under d'Orbigny's name Area subconcinnay
which, however, is less depressed, much more rounded in outline, and has
smaller and lower umbones than our shell.

Locality and position, — ^Weber Cafion, Wasatch Range, Utah ; from a
limestone apparently of Jurassic age.

136 PAL^EOISTOLOGY.

ANATINIl)^.

Genus MYACITES, Auct.

Myacites (Plexjbomya) subcompressa, Meek.

Plate 12, figs. 6, 6 a.

Myacites [Pleuromya) nubcOmpressa^ Meek (1873), Hayden's Ann. Rep. U, S. Geol. Survey
of the Territories, 472.

Shell of medium size, oblong-subovate, moderately convex, the gi'eatest
convexity being nearest and above the middle of the anterior end ; valves
nearly closed, or but slightly gaping behind ; posterior margin somewhat
abruptly cuneate, rounded in outline, though slightly more prominent below
the middle ; basal margin with a moderately convex outline, rounding up
more gradually behind than in front; anterior end short, subtruncated ;
dorsal margin rather short, rounding off gradually into the posterior margin ;
beaks gibbous, but somewhat flattened on the outer side, rather prominent,
and located about half-way between the middle and the anterior end ; anterior
umbonal slopes prominently rounded, or forming a rounded undefined ridge,
which descends nearly vertically from the anterior side of each beak to the
anterior basal margin ; the sides behind this ridge being a little flattened, or
possibly sometimes slightly concave below. Surface marked by small,
rather regular, but not strongly-defined, concentric ridges that become
nearly obsolete on the posterior dorsal region and near the front.

Length, 1.27 inches; height, 0.92 inch; convexity, 0.66 inch.

This shell closely resembles some varieties of Pleuromya ferruginea and
P. impressa, Agassiz, but has the anterior end shorter and more truncated,
the concentric ridges of less regularity, and the concavity extending from the
beaks to the anterior basal margins of the valves either entirely wanting or
very feebly marked. In first pi-eparing this report, I had written the above
diagnosis of this species, and prepared the figure on plate 12 ; but being in
doubt r.specting its affinities, 1 did not then propose a name for it Subse-
quently numerous specimens of this shell were brought in by Dr. Hayden's
party from the Canon of Yellowstone River; Spring Cation; near Fort Hall,
Montana ; and other localities. These show that it varies considerably in

JURASSIC SPECIES. 137

form and the distinctness of its costae, though our figure on plate 12 gives a
good idea of the most usual appearance of this shell.

Locality and position. — Webor Canon, Wasatch Range, Utah; Jurassic.

Myacites iKCOKSPicuus, Meek.

Plate 12, fig. 10.

Shell very small, depressed, elongate*subelliptic, moderately convex;
posterior margin narrowly rounded; anterior very short, truncated obliquely
forward from the beaks above, and rounded below; basal margin, subpar-
allel to the dorsal, most convex in outline at or slightly behind the middle,
and a faintly sinuous anteriorly; dorsal outline nearly straight, and horizontal
behind the beaks, but rounding off very gradually posteriorly; beaks some-
what tumid, rising slightly above the cardinal margin just behind them, and
placed near the anterior end; posterior umbonal slopes prominently rounded;
while a broad shallow compression, or slight concavity, extends from the
beaks to the anterior ventral margin of each valve. Surface only showing
obscure concentric marks of growth.

Length, about 0.45 inch; height, 0.20 inch.

Although there is nothing particularly notable in the form or general
appearance of this little shell, I have been unable to identify it with any of
the described species. Perhaps its most marked features are its small size,
depressed form, and narrowly- rounded extremities. It may be a young
shell, and in larger individuals, more nearly approaching some of the described
species; but my present impression is that it is new.

Locality and position,— W eher Oaiion, Wasatch Range, Utah. The

specimen Avas supposed to have come from the rock in which the Spiriferina

RTid Aviculopecten of the same plate were obtained; but it probably belonged

to some Jurassic bed at that locality. (See note on the explanations of

plate 12.)

Myacites (Pleuromya) TVeberensis, Meek.

Plate 12, figs. 11, 11 a.

Shell of about medium size, moderately gibbous, subovate; anterior
side very short and subtruncated, but rounding into the base; basal margin
forming a semiovate curve, more prominent anteriorly, and curving up more

138 PALEONTOLOGY.

gradually behind; posterior side apparently narrowly rounded, and most
prominent above the middle; beaks nearly over the anterior margin, rather
pointed, depressed, and strongly incurved. Surface ornamented by numer-
ous, rather small, but well defined and very regular, concentric costse, about
equaling in breadth the furrows by which they are separated.

Length, about 1.40 inches; height, 0.81 inch; convexity, 0.72 inch.

The only specimen of this species in the collection has had about one-
third of the posterior dorsal region broken away. The general outline, how-
ever, can be pretty accurately inferred from the curve of the costse. It has
somewhat the appearance of the anterior portion of an AUorisma; and I am
not quite sure that it may not more properly belong to that genus, especially
as it seems to have the cardinal margins of the valves inflected, as we see
in AUorisma, Still the curves of its costse show that it was a proportionally
shorter shell than is usual in that genus, and its beaks are more nearly
terminal than is often seen in AUorisma,

Locality and position, — Weber Canon^ Wasatch Range, Utah. Originally
supposed to have come from the same horizon as the Spiriferina and Avicu-
lopecten figured on the lower half of the same plate ; but as those shells are
certainly of Carboniferous age, this one, unless it may be an AUorisma,
probably belonged to a higher horizon, although found loose with the other
forms mentioned.

CEPHALOPODA.

BELEMNITID^.
Genus BELEMNITES, Auct.
BELEMNriES Nevadensis, Meek,

Plate 12, figs. 7, 7 a, 7 & (and 8 a, 8 ft f).

Guard attaining a medium or larger size, gradually tapering, appar-
ently not perfectly straight; section circular at the anterior end, but com-
pressed-elliptic near the posterior end; alveolus elongate-conical, and extend-
ing back nearly half the length of the guard ; surface smooth.

Length, about 3.25 inches; diameter at the anterior end, 0.60 inch;
larger diameter, at 2.60 inches behind the anterior end, 0.46 inch; smaller
diameter, at the same point, 0.30 inch.

JURASSIC SPECIES. 139

From another locality in the same region in which the guard described
above was obtained, several fragments were bought in, of an elongate-conical
chambered shell, that may be the phragmacone of the same or of another
Belemnite. It is represented by figs. 8 and 8 a of plate 12, and will be seen
to taper regularly from the larger to the smaller end. Its section at all
points is very nearly circular, while its septa are deeply concave, and sepa-
rated by spaces equaling about one-fifth the greater diameter of the shell at
the point of measurement. The siphuncle is very slender, and exactly
marginal; surface smooth, or only showing under a magnifier, traces of
obscure lines of growth that arch forward on the side opposite the siphuncle.
The whole shell must have been, when entire, nearly six inches in length,
and, if really the phragmacone of the above Belemnite, it must be evident
that that species attained a much larger size than the guards figured would
indicate.

Whether the last-mentioned shell is the phragmacone of a Belemnite,
or the shell of an Orthoceras, may perhaps admit of some doubt until better
specimens can be obtained; but that the guard described above is that of a
true Belemnite, there can be no doubt whatever.

Locality and position. — The specimens of the guard are labeled ^'Cotton-
wood Canon, West Humboldt Range", and came, I am informed by Mr.
King, from the upper beds of the series, above those containing the Triassic
fossils, and are therefore probably of Jurassic (Liassic) age. The larger
chambered shell (figs. 8, 8 a) is labeled '* American District, West Humboldt
Range," Nevada; and probably came from the same horizon.

140 PALEONTOLOGY.

CEETACEOUS FOSSILS.

MOLLUSOA.

OSTREID^.

Genus OSTREA, Linn.

OsTREA (undt. sp.).
Plate 15, figs. 10, and 10 o, 6,c.

Shell of about medium size and thickness, more or less elongate-sub-
ovate, tapering to the beak, which is usually abruptly pointed, and often
bent a little to the left or to the right, generally compressed and subequi-
valve. Lower valve rather shallow ; ligament- area triangular, with its mesial
furrow usually deep; surface merely showing appressed imbricating laminae
of growth, without any traces of radiating ridges, plications, or stiise. Upper
valve a little more flattened, or sometimes nearly as convex as the other,
but rather less concave within ; beak usually more obtuse, and the ligament-
area often proportionally a little shorter, with its mesial ridge well defined;
lateral margins often thickeDed and crenated near the beaks; surface much
as in the other valve.

Length of a medium-sized specimen, about 2.80 inches; breadth, 1.90
inches; convexity of the two valves, about 1 inch.

In first preparing this report, I merely gave figures of this Oyster with-
out a specific name. Subsequently, in revising portions of the report, with-
out having the type-specimens at hand for comparison, I was impressed with
the similarity of this shell, as figured on our plate, to a species that I had
in the mean time described in one of Dr. Hayden's reports from Wyoming,
under the name 0. Wyomingensis, and placed that name with a mark of
doubt opposite its number on the explanations of the plate, while I also in
the same way mentioned it in a hst of Coalville species. Having since
made a direct comparison of the specimens from the two localities, I am led to
doubt their specific identity, though they are certainly very much alike. The
Coalville specimens have the beak of the under valve less curved upward,
and the lateral margins of the only upper valve I have seen from that

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 141

locality more strongly crenate or transversely striated than I have yet seen
in any example of the Wyoming shell. As I have only two lower valves
and one upper from Coalville, it is not possible to say to what extent this
shell may vary. If distinct from 0. Wyomingensis, it might be called 0,
Coalvillensis.

Locality and position. — Coalville, Utah; Cretaceous.

ANOMIIDiE.

Anomia b^tifoemis, Meek.

Shell of well-developed specimens tran&versely subovate, generally more
p. J broadly rounded on the left side (as seen from above),

and rather narrowly rounded on the right margin, with
the pallial margin between semiovate in outline; upper
valve moderately convex, the greatest convexity being
toward the left margin, while the narrowly-rounded
right margin is more compressed and produced; beak
marginal, nearly central, with generally a slight curva-

Anomia rwtiformis. ji«i n i» nn

Cast of upper valve, nat- turc towarcl the right; surtacc showmg small, obscure
^i»inkles and strise of growth, with sometimes traces of
a few indistinct radiating markings on the most convex part of the umbo;
lower valve unknown.

Greatest (transverse) diameter, 1.26 inches; diameter from beak topallial
margin, 1.12 inches; convexity of upper valve, about 0.30 inch.

This species presents, in the well-developed adult, a singular Bceta-
like form, being narrowed and subrostrate, or more or less produced on the
right (posterior) margin. The younger specimens are generally more nearly
circular in form.

I know of no other Cretaceous species of the genus very nearly allied
to this.

Locality and position.— TRidge southeast of Laporte, Colorado Territory;
Cretaceous. Horizon of the Fox Hills Grroup of the Upper Missouri section.

142 PALuffiONTOLOGY.

PTERIIDJE.

Genus INOCERAMUS, Sowerby.
Inoceramtts Simpsoni, Meek.

Plate 13, fig. 3.

Inoceramus Simpsoni, Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbilad., XII, 312 ; and
(1876) in Col. Simpson's Beport Expl. across the Great Basin of Utah, 360, pi.
iv, fig. 4.

„ Shell (right valve) attaining a rather large size, transversely oval-subob-
long, gibbous, the greatest convexity being in the antero-central region,
cuneate posteriorly; length nearly twice the height; anterior end very short
and rounded from the beaks; base forming a long, semi-elliptic curve, most
prominent near the middle, and somewhat straightened, or even slightly
sinuous, posteriorly; hinge-line long, straight, and ranging parallel to the
longer axis of the shell; posterior margin subtruncated, with a slight backward
slope above, and forming an abrupt curve into the oblique posterior basal
margin; beaks depressed so as to project little above the hinge-line,
incurved, and placed nearly over the anterior margin. Surface ornamented
with moderately distinct, regular, concentric undulations and lines of growth.

Length, 8.10 inches; height, about 4.30 inches; convexity of right
valve, nearly 2 inches.

The only specimen I have seen of this shell is a cast of the interior of
the right valve, with some portions of the moderately thick fibrous shell
attached. It belongs to the group Catillus, as most generally understood,
excepting in wanting the peculiar flexure near the cardinal margin; that is,
to the group composed of nearly equivalve (or, at any rate, not very strongly
inequivalve) shells, with a more or less elongated hinge, ranging nearly or
quite parallel to the longer axis of the valves, instead of having a shorter
hinge standing nearly at right angles to the longer axis, as in the typical
forms of Inoceramus^ which latter are often decidedly inequivalve. Although
I have seen but the right valve of this shell, it is evident, from its moder-
ately gibbous, as well as transversely elongated form, that it does not belong
to the more inequivalve section of the genus. Its most remarkable charac-
ters are its transversely elongated, vary inequilateral form; being proportion-

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 143

ally longer and more depressed than any otherwise nearly allied species with
which I am acquainted.

Locality and position. — North Platte River, above Platte Bridge, in Da-
kota Territory; from the Cretaceous formation No. 2 or 3 of the Upper Mis-
souri section. Discovered by Colonel Simpson. Museum of the Smith-
sonian Institution.

INOCERAMUS PROBLEMATICUS, Schlot.l

Plate 13, figs. 2 and 2 a.

Mytilites prohlematictis^ Schlotb. (1820), Petref., 312.

Inoceramus myUloides^ Sowerby (1823), Min. Conch., V, 61, pi. 442 ; Goldf. (1836),

Petref., II, 118, tab. cxiii, fig. 4.
Catillus Schlotheimii, Neilssoo (1827), Petref. Suecaua, 19.
Catillus mytiloideSj Deshayes (1830), Eucyc. M6th., II, pi. 211.
Inoceramus prohlemaUcus, d'Orbigny (1843), Pi)l^.ont. Fr., Ill, 510. — Meek (1873),

Hayden's Sixth Report, 476; and (1876) in Col. Simpson's Report Expl. across

Great Basin of Utah, 358, pi. 4, fig. 1 a.
Compare J. mytiloides^ Roemer (1852), Kreid. von Texas, 60, pi. vii, fig. 5 (^ L myti-

^ojpsis, Conrad (1857), U. S. and Mex. Bound. Report, 1, 152, pi. 5, figs. 6a, and Gh{

also \^ith L pscudo-mytiloidesy Schiel (1855), Pacific Railroad Reports, II, pi. 3,

fig. 8.

Shell obliquely subovate, extremely inequilateral, rather compressed,
and apparently nearly equi valve ; anterior margin truncated or sloping very
obliquely backward from the beaks to near the middle, where it passes im-
perceptibly into the base; basal margin sloping obliquely backward and
rounding into the posterior basal extremity, which is generally narrowly
rounded; hinge-line rather short and very oblique to the longer axis of the
valves; posterior dorsal margin sloping obliquely with a more or less convex
outline from the posterior extremity of the hinge to the posterior basal mar-
gin; beaks very oblique, acutely pointed, incurved, and terminal. Surface
ornamenied with small, more or less regular, concentric undulations and
striae.

At the time I wrote the above description, I had seen only the figured
specimens, which are much broken and distorted. Since that time, I have
had an opportunity to collect and examine a large series at the same locality
in Wyoming from which those figured on plate 13 were collected. These
additional specimens show that this shell varies greatly in form; there being
apparently an unbroken series from specimens like those figured on our

144 PALAEONTOLOGY.

plate to forms much broader posteriorly, and less oblique. They all
agree, however, in having the beaks much more attenuated and curved for-
ward than in any figures of Schlotheim's /. problematicus^l have seen. Some
of the broader forms agree more nearly with some of those cited above, and
figured by Koemer and others from western localities; but still they have
more pointed and oblique beaks. I suspect that this shell belongs to a dis-
tinct species from /: problematicus ; but, if so, it will probably have to be
designated by Dr. Schiel's name /. pseudo-mytiloides.

Locality and position. — The figured specimens were brought by Colonel
Simpson's party from a bed of yellow Cretaceous Sandstone over a bed of
coal, at the mouth of Sulphur Creek on Bear River, Wyoming. (See bed
number 12 of sec, on page 451, Dr. Hayden's Sixth Ann. Rep., 1873.)

Inooeeamus (sp. undt.).

Plate 13, figs. 4, 4 a.

Compare L dimidiusj White (1876), Palaeont. Wheeler's Surv., 179, [)1, XVI, figs. 2 a-d.

This is a neat, symmetrical, Kttle shell, of obliquely-ovate or mytiloid
form, with rather pointed, oblique, terminal beaks, and very regular, dis-
tinct, concentric surface-undulations. It may be a young of the last, or an
entirely distinct species. In some respects, it resembles one of the forms
figured by Mr. Conrad in the United States and Mexican Boundary Report
(I, plate 5, fig. 6 b) ; but it has much more regular surface-undulations, and
apparently more produced beaks. I was long inclined to believe it the
young of the last described form; but it may be distinct.

[Long since the above was written, Dr. White described from Lieu-
tenant Wheeler's collections, a form under the name /. dimidiuSj from near
Pueblo, Colorado, that agrees very nearly with this, and I am rather inclined
to believe it to be the same. He had so many specimens all of the same
small size, as to lead to the conclusion that it is most probably distinct from
L problematicus.^

Locality and position. — Cretaceous sandstone, on Sulphur Creek, near
Bear River, Wyoming. (Benton or Niobrara group of Upp. Mo. Sec.)

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 145

INOCEBA.MUS ERECTUS, Meek.

Plate 13^ figs. 1 and 1 a ; and pL 14, fig. 3.

Compare Tnoceramus ElUottii, Gabb (1868), Palaeont. of California, II, 193, pi. 31,
fig. 90.

Shell attaining a medium size, vertically ovate-oblong, being higher
than wide, not obhque, very gibbous, and nearly or quite equivalve; hinge
shorter than the antero-posterior diameter of the valves, and ranging at right
angles to their longer (vertical) axes; basal margin regularly rounded;
anterior margin tmncated nearly vertically from the front of the beaks more
than half-way down, but rounding into the base below, inflected in both
valves along the rather gibbous anterior umbonal slopes, so as to form a long,
undefined, lunule-like excavation, that extends more than half-way down from
the beaks; beaks not very prominent, abruptly pointed, very nearly equal,
incurved with rather slight obliquity, and placed nearly directly over the
vertical anterior margin. Surface of both valves ornamented by regular,
medium-sized, concentric undulations, which are usually obsolete on the
posterior dorsal region and the inflected anterior margins.

Height, about 2.50 inches; length, 2 inches; convexity, 2.30 inches.

As I have only seen imperfect specimens (mainly casts in sandstone)
of this shell, and Mr. Gabb merely gives a single side-view of one speci-
men of the California species L JElliottii, without measurements, I have
doubts in regard to the relations of these shells. In outline, as seen in a
side-view, it agrees well with Mr. Grabb's figure cited above, excepting that
it appears to be more convex than his shading would indicate, and has
more obtuse undulations.

[Since writing the above, I have, through the politeness of Mr. Gabb,
had an opportunity to compare our shell with the type of his L EUiottii, and
I am led to regard the two as belonging to distinct species. The California
form is, as I had inferred from Mr. Gabb's figures, much more compressed;
while its surface undulations difier decidedly in being very acutely angular.
As I have not been able to identify our shell with any other described
species, I add the name /. erectus for it here as this report is passing through
the press.]

Locality and position, — Chalk Creek, near Uptown, Utah; Cretaceous.

10 TB

146 PALiEONTOLOGY.

INOCEBAMUS DBFOBMIS, Meek.

Platel4, figs. 4, 4 a.

Inoceramus ?, Hall (1845), in Gen. Fremont's Eeport ExpK Eocky Mts., 309, pi.

iv, fig. 2.
Inoceramus deformis (lS7!i), Hayden's Secoud Anii. Eeport U. S. Geol. Survey of the

Territories, 29C.— White (187G), Palseout. Wheeler's Survey, 179, pi. xv, figs.

la^b.
Compare Raploscapha eapax, Conrad (1874), in Hayden's Ann. Geol. Eeport for 1873,

456; also H, grandis^ Conrad (1875), in Cope's Eeport on the Vertebrates of

Hayden's Survey, 23, pi. Ivi.

Shell attaining a rather large size, obliquely ovate, and rather com-
pressed in young examples, but more rounded, gibbous, and irregular, as
well as much less oblique, in adult specimens; more or less inequivalve, but
never very decidedly so; posterior and basal margins rounded; the latter
curving up more gradually and obHquely to the short anterior margin ; hinge
short and usually not very oblique; beaks moderately prominent and placed
betvreen the middle and the anterior margin ; neither greatly more elevated
than the other. Surface ornamented vrith large, strong, concentric undula-
tions, w^hich are sometimes moderately regular, but often very irregular,
and generally becoming rather abruptly smaller on the umbones, where
their curves indicate the greater obliquity of the young shell.

Height of a medium-sized specimen, about 4.50 inches; length of same,
4.30 inches; convexity of right valve, about 2.50 inches.

I have frequently had under examination, during the last twelve years,
specimens of this shell, without being able to identify them with any described
species. Nearly all of the explorers who have visited the eastern slope of
the Rocky Mountains between the south branch of Platte River and New
Mexico have brought in specimens of it, but almost always in a distorted
or broken condition. Its distortion, however, is evidently not always due
to accident, since it often resulted from one of the depressions between two
of the undulations being so much larger and deeper than the others, as to
give the valves a remarkably constricted appearance. In other cases, it
resulted, in part at least, from the great irregularity in the size of the undu-
lations themselves. Although it is often found distorted in general form by
accidental pressure, it was evidently also naturally quite variable in out-
line, particularly in convexity.

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 147

Our figured specimen is merely an imperfect internal cast of a right
valve with the umbonal and anterior portions broken away.

Professor Hall seems, from his remarks in Fremont's report, to have
regarded this shell as being related to L involutus of Sowerby. It is,
however, very distinct from that species, and even belongs to a different
section of the genus, as it certainly did not have one valve very greatly
larger than the other, as I know from the examination of numerous
specimens of both valves. The specimen figured by Professor Hall, and
described by him as being *^flat", is, as may be readily seen by the curve
of the undulations, a left valve; while the corresponding valve in A, invo-
lutus is extremely gibbous, elevated, and involute, being almost like a spiral
univalve. His figure well illustrates a peculiar flattening of the umbonal
region, and the greater obliquity of the undulations often seen on that part
of both valves.

I believe the shell here described to be also the same as that on which Mr.
Conrad has proposed to found a new genus, Ilaploscapha, Since the pub-
lication of his descriptions, already quoted, he has informed me that he had
arrived at the conclusion that his proposed new genus is identical with
CatiUus, Brongniart; bvit that he still retains his name, on the ground that
the name Catillus had been previously used for Navicelhy Lamarck, by
Humphrey, in 1797.^ I have not had an opportunity to examine Mr. Con-
rad's specimens, but I had always supposed this shell to be an Inoceramtis,
and, like nearly all others, had believed Catillus, Brongniart, not to be more
than subgenerically distinct from Inoceramits proper. If Mr. Conrad's name
Haploscapha should be retained, the name of the species here described
would probably become Inoceramus (Haploscapha) deformis. If not, it will
probably be Inoceramus {Catillus) deformis.f

^Catillus, of Humphrey, however, was published merely in a list, without auy
diagnosis, figure, or the citation of any known type, and therefore, I should think,
ought not to stand.

t The principal characters that have led Mr. Conrad to separate such shells from
Inoceramus are, if I have correctly understood him, a kind of rolling or flexure of the
hinge-margin (none of our specimens are in a condition to show whether they possess
this character of the hinge-margin or not), the entire absence of hinge-teeth, the very
thin substance of the shell near the iinibones, and its greater thickness at the free
margins. There are various types of Inoceramus^ however, without hinge-teeth ) the

148 PALEONTOLOGY.

Locality and position. — Common in Kansas, and near Pueblo and Col-
orado City, as well as at other places in Colorado along eastern base of Rocky
Mountains, and farther west; everywhere in the Benton and Niobrara Groups.

ARCID-^.

Genus CUCULL^A, Lamarck.

OucuLL^A (Trigonarca?) obliqxja, Meek.

Plate 14, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 1,

Shell attaining about a medium size, rhombic-subovate, moderately
convex, the greatest convexity being along the posterior umbonal slope,

presence of one or more obscure anterior teeth being an exceptional, and not by any
means a general, character in this grgup. i. striatvsj Mantell, for instance, has one
obscure anterior hinge-tooth in one valve, while the nearly allied L snhstriatm is figured
by Goldfuss without any traces whatever of such tooth. Again, Goldfuss figures
another shell that he refers to I, Brongniartij with indications of three small anterior
hinge-teeth. On the other hand, I. Guvleriij Sowerby, from which the original figures
and description of the genus were prepared, has no hinge-teeth;* and, according to
the best authorities, this is the case with nearly all the other known species the hinges
of which have been seen.

In regard to the greater thinness of the shell at the umbones than at the free
margins, it should be remembered that it is the outer prismatic layer, and not the
inner pearly layer, that Mr. Conrad refers to. So far as 1 have been able to see, how-
ever, this outer layer is not unfrequehtly thinnest near the umbones, excepting under
the beaks along the hinge, in different types of the genus* In our shell, this outer
fibrous layer, like that of other species in the lower divisions of the Upper Missouri
Cretaceous, is nearly always found with the inner pearly layer dissolved away, in
which condition the fibrous part appears to have been flexible, as I have often seen it
abruptly folded upon itself in various ways. The rolling-over of the hinge-margin in
Mr. Conrad's type I should think not of generic importance. Mr. Conrad thinks
J. involutus of Sowerby has the hinge-characters of his Haploscapha; but Dr. Stoliczka
had previously proposed for that type the name Volviceramus as a subgenus under
InoceramuSj in which genus all authorities have plased it.

Since writing the above, Mr. Conrad has informed me that he adopts the name
Volviceramus^ and ranges Haploscapha as a subgenus under it.

* Sowerby ^8 original diagnosis of tbis genus, read before tbe Linn. Soc. in 1814, and published in
the Trans, of same, XIII (dated 1821, but usually cited 1822-3), was drawn up from I. Cuvierii; and
Parkinson, who fijrst adopted the genus in Trans. Geol. Soc., 1821 (often cited 1819), mentioned firsfc
(p. 53)1. CMuimi; while Mantell, whoadoptedit with a generic diagnosis in Geol. Suss., 1822 described
under it first a species referred by him to J. Cuvierii, Hence this species has been cited as the type
of the genus; but, owing to the fact that Sowerby, in publishing the genus in his Min. Con., Ill (title
p 1821, index 1822), described under it first /. concentricttSf Park., some regard that as the type.

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 140

while the anterior ventral region is abruptly cuneate; anterior .margin
rounded in outline; base with a shallow semiovate outline, being usuall)^
slightly more prominent in advance of tlie middle; posterior margin long,
and very obliquely truncated, with a slightly convex outline, from the hinge
to the posterior basal extremity, which is prominent and subangular; hinge-
margin very short, or little more than equaling one-third the length of the
valves; posterior umbonal slopes prominent, and more or less angular from
the beaks to the posterior basal angle; cardinal area short and rather nar-
row; beaks moderately prominent, incurved, and placed one-fourth to one-
third the length of the valves from the anterior margin. Surface ornamented
by moderately distinct lines of growth, crossed by obscure radiating cost«
that are wider than tlie mere linear furrows between.

Length, 1.50 inches; height, 1 inch; convexity, about 0.70 incli.

I only know this shell from casts that do not show the hinge. They
bear impressions, however, in some instances, of a ridge or projection along
the margin of the posterior muscular scar, as in CucuUcea. From the gen-
eral form of the shell, and its very short hinge-margin, I can scarcely doubt
that it belongs to Mr, Conrad's group Trigonarca; but, until the hinge can
be seen, its relations to that genus cannot be satisfactorily determined. . I
know of no very nearly allied species.

Locality and position. — East Canon Creek, Wasatch Range, Utah; in a
whitish sandstone of Cretaceous age.

Genus AXINJEA, Poli.

AxiN^A Wyomingensis, Meek

Shell attaining a medium size, subcircular or very slightly longer than
high, gibbous, thick, and strong; beaks rather prominent; basal margin
semicircular, and rounding regularly upward in front into the anterior border,
which rounds to the cardinal edge, so as scarcely to produce more than a
very slight angularity at the connection of the two above; posterior margin
making a slightly broader and similar curve, excepting that it is faintly
sinuous above the middle; hinge plate thick, moderately arched, with denti-
cles rather strong, nearly straight, or a little curved, numbering about eight
or ten well-developed ones in front, and sev^n or eight behind, with per-

150

PALAEONTOLOGY.

Axiticea Wyomingensis.
Fig. 2. Exterior or left valve, with surface somewhat

eroded.
Fig. 3. Interior, and hinge of eamo.

Imps a few other smaller ones towoxd .the central region ; cardinal margin

short; hinge-area small, with apparently only a few coarse cartilage-fur-

Fig. 2. Fig. 3. rows; pallial margin strongly cre-

nate within; surface ornamented
by fine concentric strise, and a
few stronger marks of growth,
crossed by about thirty-five to
forty very obscure radiating, flat-
tened, or much depressed costse,
only separated by scarcely per-
ceptible narrow or linear fur-
rows.

Height, 1.30 inches; breadth, 1.33 inches; convexity, 1.04 inches.
This species is perhaps as nearly allied to A, suhimhricata, M. & H.,
as to any other Cretaceous form. It is a much thicker and more gibbous
shell, however, with proportionally less transverse valves, and much less
distinctly defined costse. It also differs in having a broader hinge-plate
and straighter hinge-denticles. If Poll's name AxincBa should not be
retained for this genus, the name of this species here described will become
Pectunculus Wyomingensis.

Locality and position, — East side of Cooper Creek, near Old Stage Sta-
tion; Laramie Plains, Wyoming Territory ; Cretaceous.

CORBULIDJ].
Genus CORBULA, Bruguifere.

CORBULA (imdt. sp.).
Plato 14, fig. 5^.

Shell transversely ovate-pyriform, being gibbous in the anterior and
umbonal'^ regions, and distinctly contracted, compressed, and subrostrate
behind; ventral margin semiovate, with the most prominent part a little in
advance of the middle; anterior margin truncated obliquely forward from
the beaks above, and somewhat abruptly rounded from near the middle
into the base; beak (of left valve) prominent, rather gibbous, incurved, and

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 1 5 1

placed in advance of the middle; dorsal outline somewhat concave behind
the beaks. Surface apparently smooth Hinge and interior unknown.

Length, 0.96 inch; height (of left valve). 0.66 inch.

I have seen but a single cast of the left valve of this shell (apparently
of its exterioi*), and consequently know nothing of its hinge, muscular, and
palUal impressions, nor of the relative convexity of its right valve. It will
be seen, however, to agree very closely in form, so far as we have the
means of making a comparison, with the large species G. pyriformis^ from
the fresh- or brackish- water deposits at the Sulphur Creek locality near Bear
Hiver, Wyoming, figured on plate 17. The resemblance is so close to cer-
tain forms of that variable species, such as fig. 2 a of plate 17, that I should
have suspected that the label, indicating a different locality and position,
had been accidentally associated with it, were it not for the fact that it is
composed of a different material (a light-colored sandstone) from the matrix
of the Sulphur Creek fossils. If the label really refers to its proper locality,
it will probably prove to be a distinct species from that found at Sulphur
Creek, as there seems, so far as yet known, to be no species common to the
two localities, unless this one may be so. If a new species, G. pirum would
be a good name for it.

Locality and position, — Coalville, Utah ; Cretaceous sandstone.

CAKDlIDiE.

Genus CARDIUM, Linnaeus.
Cardtum curtum, M. & E.l

Plate 15, fig. 3 (not 3 a).

Cardtum (R&inicardimn f) cv,rtum^ Meek and Hayden (1861), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad., Xni, 442.

Shell truncate-suborbicular, with height and length generally about
equal, and the greatest convexity along or near the angular posterior umbo-
nal slopes; anterior margin rounding into the rounded or semi-ovate base,
which is often most prominent slightly behind the middle; posterior margin
obliquely truncated above, and very abruptly rounded or subangular below;
beaks elevated, rather pointed, and strongly incurved at right angles to the
hinge, placed slightly in advance of the middle; hinge-margin short; posterior

152 PALEONTOLOGY.

umbonal slopes and back part of beaks angular, the angularity being con-
tinued obliquely to the posterior basal margin, while the surface behind
these angular slopes is flattened, and rather abruptly inflected to the trun-
cated hinder margin. Surface ornamented by distinct radiating non-spinif-
erous costse, about equal to the intermediate furrows; cost^ largest and
sometimes bifurcating on the flattened surface behind the umbonal angles,
and simple and very regular in front of the same, where they gradually
diminish in size anteriorly; lines of growth moderately distinct

Length, about 0.80 inch; height, 0.75 inch; convexity, about 0.60 inch.

The specimens of this shell in the collection seem to agree pretty closely
with (7. curtum^ but are proportionally slightly longer, with rather more
depressed beaks, and less sloping anterior and posterior dorsal margins.
Hence, I am not quite sure of their exact specific identity. At the time this
report was originally prepared, I supposed the smaller shell, represented by
fig. 3 a of the same plate, might possibly be the young of that here under
consideration; but, on subsequently collecting and examining a number of
specimens at the same district and horizon, I was led to believe these forms
much more probably distinct, and consequently proposed the name C. sub-
curtum for that represented by our fig. 3 a, in one of Dr. Hayden's reports.

These shells belong to the genus Cardiuniy but not to the typical sec-
tion, I originally referred the typical C. curium very doubtfully to the
section Hemicardium; but it cannot be properly included in that section,
being much nearer the subgenus Fragrum^ but still not agreeing with that
group either.

Locality and position, — The type-specimens of C. curtum were brought
by Captain Raynolds from Gros Ventres River, Wyoming, from a gray
sandstone of Cretaceous age. The specimens liere under consideration came
from Chalk Creek, two miles west of Uptown, Utah, where they occur in a
whitish Cretaceous sandstone.

Carmum subcubtum. Meek,

Plate 15, fig. 3 a (not fig. 3).
Gardmm stcbcurtunij Meek (1873), see foot note in Dr. Hayden's Sixth Ann* Eeport Geol.
Survey of the Territories, 476.

Shell under medium size, truncato-sub,orbicular, about as high as wide.

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 153

rather convex, and but very slightly oblique; beaks nearly central, rather
prominent, distinctly incurved almost at right angles to the hinge; posterior
margin truncated with a slight forward obliquity, so as to connect with the
dorsal margin at an obtuse angle; anterior margin rounding regularly into
the base, which describes a slightly oblique semi-ovate curve, being more
prominent behind, wjiere it rounds up very abruptly to the posterior mar-
gin, so as to give a subangular outline to the posterior basal extremity;
umbonal slopes rather prominent, but not angular; hinge-margin shorter
than the length of the valves. Surface ornamented by small, regular, sim-
ple radiating costae, and moderately distinct lines of growth.

I have seen specimens nearly twice the linear dimensions of that figured
on plate 15; and, as these have the posterior umbonal slopes rounded instead
of angular, there seems to be very little reason for doubting that it is a dis-
tinct species from the last. As already stated, I at first thought it the young
of (7. curkim; but the specimens I have since had an opportunity to examine
have led to a different conclusion.

Locality and position, — Chalk Hill, near Coalville, Utah, where it occurs
in a whitish sandstone of the coal-bearing Cretaceous series of that region.
I also collected specimens of it between Coalville and Weber Cafion, at
apparently higher horizons than the Chalk Hill beds.

MAOTEIDJ].

Genus MACTRA, Linnaeus.
Maotra? .Emmonsi, Meek.

Plate 15, fig. 8.

Shell small, oval-subtrigonal, rather compressed, longer than high,
nearly or quite equilateral, or with anterior side slightly longer than the
other; basal margin forming a semi-elliptic curve; anterior margin narrowly
rounded below the middle; posterior margin somewhat broader, most promi-
nent and abruptly rounded or obtusely subangular below, and very faintly
subtruncated obliquely above; dorsal margin sloping before and behind the
beaks, the anterior slope being greater, with a concave outline; beaks nearly
central, or sometimes placed a little behind the middle, rather depressed, and
incurved with very slight obliquity; posterior umbonal slope very obscurely

154 PALAEONTOLOGY.

angular from the beaks to the posterior basal extremity. Surface only
marked by fine obscure lines of growth. (Hinge and other internal char-
acters unknown.)

Length, 0.45 inch; height, 0.30 inch; convexity, 0.17 inch. Some^
specimens of apparently the same species are nearly double the size of that
from which the above measurements were taken, and some of the smaller
ones are proportionally a little shorter.

As I am unacquainted with the hinge and other internal characters of
this little shell, it is only provisionally referred to the genus Mactra, In addi-
tion to this, until conchologists can agree in regard to which one of the several
generic types included by Linnaeus in that genus is to be regarded as the
typical form, it is impossible to know what we ought to call a shell of this
type, even where the specimens are in a condition to show clearly all the
generic characters.

It is a smaller and more depressed shell than any of the known Upper
Missouri Cretaceous Mactras, and more closely resembles a species described
by Dr. Hayden and myself, from the southwestern base of the Black Hills,
under the name Tancredia Warrenana, from beds believed, from their strati-
graphical position, to belong to the Jurassic series. The typical specimens
of the T, Warrenana are merely casts, showing none of the internal char-
acters, but have almost exactly the form and general appearance of the
genus Tancredia; though they may belong to some other genus. On critical
comparison with the species under consideration, the latter is found to difier
in having its beaks slightly more obtuse, its posterior umbonal slopes less
angular, and its posterior margin more rounded in outline.

The specific name is given in honor of S. F. Emmons, Esq., of the United
States Geological Survey of the Fortieth Parallel.

Locality and position. — East Canon Creek, Wasatch Range, Utah, in an
ash-colored sandstone, believed to belong to the upper bed of the Cretaceous
of that region.

Mactea (Trigonella) ! AEENARiA, Meek.

Plate 14, fig. 5.

Shell attaining a medium size, trigonal-subovate, rather compressed ;
posterior margin rounded, or sometimes faintly subtruncated ; anterior more

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 155

narrowly rounded, most prominent a little below the middle; base forming
a nearly semi-elliptic curve, being most prominent along the central region,
and rounding rather more abruptly into the posterior margin ; dorsal mar-
gin sloping from the beaks toward the extremities ; beaks moderately promi-
nent, but very slightly oblique, and very nearly central, or placed slightly
behind the middle ; posterior umbonal slopes with each a shallow but dis-
tinct sulcus extending obliquely from the beak toward the posterior basal
margin. Surface ornamented by very regular, distinctly-defined, concentric
lines and furrows. (Hinge and interior unknown.)

Length, 1.48 inches; height, 1.10 inches; convexity, about 0.60 inch.

As the specimens of this shell yet obtained show neither its hinge nor
internal characters, it is not possible to determine from them whether it is a
true Mactra {Trigonella)^ or a Spisula, or whether it belongs to some of the other
allied groups. It has the form and general external appearance of Mactra
(Trigonella), but differs from all of the otherwise similar described species
of that genus known to me, in the distinctness and regularity of its concen-
tric lines and furrows, as well as in the possession of the oblique posterior
umbonal sulcus. In the later character, it seems to agree very nearly
with Mactra? tenuistria, Gabb (California Palaeontology, vol. II, plate 29,
fig. 68). It differs, however, in being proportionally longer and more
abruptly or narowly rounded in front, much more coarsely striated, and
in having the posterior umbonal sulcus of each valve directed so as to reach
the posterior margin farther up. This sulcus seems not to impart any dis-
tinct sinuosity to the posterior margin, but perhaps gives it a very slightly
truncated appearance in some specimens.

Compared with the last, this species will be seen to differ, not only in
its larger, more gibbous, and less depressed form, but in the possession of
proportionally stronger concentric ridges and furrows.

Locality and position, — Whitish Cretaceous sandstone, including coal,
on Red Creek, Uinta Mountains; and in the same rock on Chalk Creek,
Utah.

Mactra (Cymbophora) ? Utahensis, Meek.

Plate 15, figs. 9, 9 a, and 9 6.

Shell subovate, moderately convex; anterior margin rounded; posterior

156 TALJiiONTOLOGY.

margin narrower, and rather abruptly rounded, or sometimes apparently
slightly truncated, being most prominent below ; basal margin forming a semi-
elliptic or semi-ovate curve, being sometimes more prominent anteriorly ; dor-
sal outline sloping from the beaks toward the extremities; beaks moderately ^
prominent, very nearly central, and incurved with little obliquity; umbonal
slopes merely roundod, and not terminating in a flexure of the posterior basal
margin. Surface apparently merely marked with fine, obscure, irregular
lines of growth. Hinge merely known to possess linear anterior and posterior
lateral teeth. Ligament and internal characters unknown.

Length, 1.35 inches; height, 0.90 inch; convexity, about 0.50 inch.

The specimens of this shell in the collection agree so nearly with a form
described by the writer in connection with Dr. Hayden, from the Upper
Cretaceous beds on Deer Creek near the North Platte, under the name Tel-
Una nitidula, that I was at one time inclined to think they might belong to a
variety of that species. Still, as they are merely internal casts, giving but a
limited knowledge of the hinge, and showing nothing of the internal char-
acters, it is much more probable that they are really very distinct. So far
as regards their form and general appearance, they seem only to differ in
having the anterior side rather more produced and sometimes wider.

From this general resemblance, however, I have, in the absence of any
knowledge of the nature of its cardinal teeth or pallial line, ventured to
refer it provisionally to the same section of the Mactra group to which
Tellina nitidula is now believed to belong ; that is, to Cymbophora^ Gabb.
I should have been inclined to refer it to Macoma or Gastrana, were it not
for the impressions of lateral teeth seen before and behind the beaks in the
casts.

Locality and position, — Whitish Cretaceous sandstone. East Canon Creek,
Wasatch Range, and near Coalville, Utah.

TELLINID^.

Genus TELLINA, Linnaeus.
Tellina !?isoNEMA, Meek.

Plate 15, fig. 6.

Shell transverse, elliptic-subtrigonal in outline, compressed, and nearly

CHETACEOUS FOSSILS. 157

or quite equilateral; anterior margin narrowly rounded; base forming a
semi-elliptic curve; posterior end narrowly rounded or subangular at the
termination of a slight, oblique flexure of the valves; dorsal margin sloping
from the beaks to the extremities, with a moderately convex outline; beaks
almost central, rather small, and projecting little above the cardinal margin,
incurved with scarcely any visible obliquity; hinge and interior unknown,
Surface ornamented by fine, perfectly regular, concentric, thread-like lines,
gradually becoming smaller and more crowded toward the umbones, on
which they are nearly or quite obsolete.

Length, 0.90 inch; height, 0.60 inch; convexity, about 0.20 inch.

The fact that this is one of the characteristic shells of the formation in
which it occurs seems to render it desirable that some notice should be
taken of it, although we have not the means of arriving at satisfactory con-
clusions in regard to its affinities. At the same time that I place it pro-
visionally in the above genus, I really have very little faith in its belonging
properly to that group. It seems to be a very thin shell, as the spec-
imens (which in some instances appear to be internal casts) show the
exceedingly regular thread-like concentric lines quite distinctly. In some
of these casts there are appearances of the impression of a thin lamina, or
very slender ridge, nearly parallel to the hinge-margin both behind and in
front of the beaks. These may have been left by elongated lateral teeth ;
though thej^ appear not to be exactly marginal, but a little removed from it,
as if they had been made by a thin projecting lamina, somewhat similar
to the cartilage-support in the genus JEdmondia, 1 do not think the shell at
all related to that group, however.

After numerous comparisons, I have been unable to identify this shell
with any described species.

Locality and position, — In whitish and buff-colored sandstone, at Chalk
Creek, above Coalville, Utah; also in a similar matrix from East Canon
Creek, Wasatch Range; Cretaceous.

Tellina modesta, Meek.

s

Plate 15, figs. 4 and 5. ^

Shell rather small, transversely elongate-subelliptic, being twice as long
as high, rather distinctly compressed; anterior margin narrowly rounded;

1 58 PAL^.OKTOLOG Y.

base forming a long, semi-elliptic curve; posterior extremity more narroTvly
and less regularly rounded than the other, apparently slightly bent to the
left; dorsal margin declining very slightly, with convex slopes, both in front
and behind the beaks; beaks very nearly central and inconspicuous, being
depressed and compressed. Surface of casts smooth, but probably on well-
preserved shells marked with fine concentric striae. Hinge and interior
unknown, with the exception of some appearances of lateral teeth seen in
casts.

Length, 0.86 ibch; height, 0,44 inch; convexity, 0.10 inch.

This little shell has the general form of Tellina, or Abra, but without
seeing the hinge and interior it is impossible to determine whether it may
not belong to some allied, but distinct, group. It is a more depressed shell
than T. scitula, M. & H., or any of the other species from the Cretaceous
rocks of the Upper Missouri, and I have been unable to identify it with any
of the known American or foreign species. Perhaps the most nearly allied
American fossil species yet known is Mr. Gabb's T, Ashburnerii (from
division A of the California Cretaceous series), which, however, is a pro-
portionally higher (wider) shell, with much less depressed and more angular
beaks.

Locality and position, — Whitish sandstone of East Canon Creek, Wasatch
Range, upper part of series; Cretaceous.

VENERIDJ].

Genus CYPRIMERIA, Conrad.

Cyprimebia? subalata, Meek.

Plate 15, fig. 7.

Cyprhnei*ia subalata^ Meek (1873), Hayden's Sixth Eeport U. S. Geol. Survey of the
Territories, 476.

Shell transversely broad-subovate or subelliptic, strongly compressed;
extremities rather narrowly, and nearly equally rounded; basal margin
forming a regular semi-elliptic curve, being most prominent along the mid-
dle, and rounding up gradually and equally intx) the anterior and posterior
lateral margins; dorsal margin sloping from the beaks, the posterior slope
being more convex in outline than the anterior; beaks small, scarcely pro-

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. I59

jecting above tliQ hinge-margin, very nearly or exactly central, and almost
entirely without obliquity. Surface apparently smooth, or only showing
very fine, obscure, concentric striae. (Hinge and interior unknown.)

Length, 1.22 inches; height, 0.90 inch^ convexity of left valve, only
about 0.12 inch.

Although I have seen only casts of this species, giving no satisfactory
knowledge of its hinge and internal characters, from its very close similarity to
Cyprimeria depressa of Conrad, described from the North Carohna and Missis-
sippi Cretaceous rocks, I can scarcely doubt its generic identity with that
shell. It is quite unlike Mr. Conrad's type-species of Cyprimeria (C. excavata)^
so much so, indeed, that I should not have suspected it to belong to the
same genus. Its very close specific relations, however, as stated above, to
(7. depressa^ which has the characteristic hinge of Cyprimeria^ leaves little
reason for doubts on this point. On comparison with good specimens of
C, depressa, sent to me by Mr. Conrad, I find our shell only differs (in
external characters at least) in having its beaks a little less flattened and
placed slightly farther forward, while its posterior dorsal outline is some-
what less straightened, and its anterior outline a little less narrowly rounded.
These, however, are not greater differences than we often see between dif-
ferent individuals of the same species among such shells.

Locality and position. — Whitish Cretaceous sandstone, at East Canon,
Wasatch Range, Utah.

GASTEROPODA.

NATICIDJE.

Genus GYEODES, Conrad.
Gykodes depressa, Meek.

Plato 15, figs. 1, 1 a.

Shell depressed so as to be about twice as wide as high; volutions three
to three and a half, increasing rapidly in size ; last one widest below the
middle, narrowly rounded, but not angular on the under side, at least in
casts; spire much depressed; suture channeled in such a manner as to be
flattened within, owing to the presence of a revolving furrow just above it;
umbilicus wide and depressed-conical in form, without showing any revolv-

160 PALiEONTOLOGY.

ing ridges within; aperture obliquely suboval, witli its longer axis ranging
downward and outward. (Surface unknown.)

Height, 0.55 inch; breadth, 1.05 inches.

The specimens of this shell in the collection are merely casts in a very
fine arenaceous material. It certainly differs, however, in its much depressed
form, from any otherwise similar described species "with which I am
acquainted. Its umbilicus is quite wide, but diminishes rapidly in breadth
within, in consequence of the depressed form of the shell. The under side
of the body- volution is prominently and naiTowly rounded around the um-
bihcus, but not properly angular; at any rate not so in casts. Owing to
the form of the body- volution, the aperture has an oblique outward slope.
The whorls seem not to be truncated around the upper edge, as is often the
case in this genus; but a revolving furrow, just above the suture, gives the
latter a duplicated or banded appearance, the band forming a flattened bot-
tom to the channeled suture. Only faint traces of very oblique lines of
growth are seen on the cast.

Locality and position. — Chalk Creek, at the mouth of the cafion, above
Coalville, in the whitish Cretaceous sandstone series, Utah.

APOREHAID^.
Genus ANCHURA, Conrad.

ANCHUEAI FUSIFORMIS, Met'k.
Plate 15, figs. 2, 2 a.

Shell subfusiform; spire conical, rather short; volutions about five,
moderately convex, those of the spire smooth and separated by a com-
paratively distinct suture; last one subovate, obscurely angular around the
middle in young examples, but with angle entirely obsolete in the adult,
gradually tapering below into a long, straight, rather stout canal, which has
some appearance of being obliquely truncated at the extremity; outer lip,
with extension apparently short, simple, and slightly recurved; surface with
only obscure lines of gi'owth, excepting near the lip on the body- volution
in adult shells, where there are usually a few small, slightly oblique, longi-
tudinal costae, that become obsolete before reaching the suture above and a
little below the niiddle of the volution. (Aperture and columella unknown.)

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 161

Length of the largest specimen seen, including canal, about 1.28
inches; breadth of body- volution, including the lip as far as preserved,
about 0.70 inch.

The specimens of this shell are unfortunately not in a condition to show
the entire lip, though they leave no room for doubting that it is more or less
extended. The fact that the commencement of a single mesial angle can
also be seen on the outside of the dilated part indicates that the lip proba-
bly has but one spur; and, from a slight upward curve of this angle, it is
probable the extended part is more or less recurved. None of the specimens
show the inner lip or the exact form of the aperture.

Owing to the stoutness and straightness of the canal, and the presence
of flexuous costae on the outer side of the body-volution in this species, it
presents some general resemblance to Pugnellus manubriatuSj Gabb, from the
Cretaceous rocks of California. Unfortunately, no specimens have been
found in a condition to show whether or not it has the outer margin of its
lip thickened as in that genus; but it seems not to present that character.
It at least differs specifically from G. manubrialm in having its canal more
slender and elongated, and its spire more elevated.*

Locality and position. — The type-specimens were found at the water-tank
two miles from Coalville, Utah, and on Chalk Creek above Coalville, in a
whitish Cretaceous sandstone. I also found several specimens of it at Coal-
ville, in bed No. 11, of section given on page 439 of Dr. Hay den's Sixth
Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories,
1873.

* Since the foregoing description and remarks were written (in 1870) Dr. White has
figured and described, in his report on Lieutenant Wheeler's collections (page 190, pi.
xvii, fig. 4), a shell from New Mexico supposed to belong to this species. Although
when he showed me his specimens with others when I was lying sick at Oakland, Md.,
in 1874, 1 was inclined to believe it not distinct from this species, a later comparison
has led me to regard the New Mexican shell as belonging fo another species with a
more elevated and more slender spire. Better specimens of the two forms would
doubtless show other differences.
11 PR

162 PALEONTOLOGY.

SIPHONARIIDiB.

menus ANISOMYO^, M. & H.
Anisomyon sexsulcatus, M. & H.f

Helcion sexsulcatns^ Meek and Hayden (1856), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., YIII, G8.
Anisomyon aexsuleatus, Meek and Hayden (1860), Am. Jour. Sci., XXXYIII (2d ser.),
35.— Meek (1876), Palaeont. Upper Missouri, 293, pi. 18, figs. 8 a, h.

FigM. Fig. 5. rjy^Q Specimen I have here referred doubtfully

to the above species is smaller than the original
type of the same, being but little more than half
the linear dimensions of that species. It also has
its apex proportionally a little higher, and the ante-
Anisomymi sexsuicaius, j^qj. gJope slightly convex near the apex, instead of

Fig. 4. An internal cast as seen t_»i -i^ i xt_ • i i

from above-(nat. size). coucave ; whilo it shows ou the internal cast an
Fig. 5. A side-view of same. obscurc mcsial Carina dowu the posterior slope,
not seen on the cast of the type of A. sexsulcatus. It shows the six radiating
furrows, however, exactly as in that species, and agrees so very nearly
in all other known characters that I have concluded to refer it provisionally
to the same.

The original type-specimen of A. sexsulcatus is an imperfect cast of the
interior, retaining only thin films of the inner layer of the shell. That now
before me is also an internal cast, but retains some fragments of the shell
near the margin, and one of these shows that there is, as I had long since
conjectured, a narrow furrow on the outer surface of the shell over each of
those seen on the internal cast. These fragments of the shell, although
apparently not worn, show only obscure marks of growth.

I suspect that a good series of specimens may show this shell to be a
distinct species from A. sexsulcatus, of smaller size. If so, it may be called
A. Wyomingensis.

Locality and position. — Outer sandstone ridge southeast of La Porte,
Colorado ; Fox Hills Grroup of the Upper Missouri Cretaceous series.

OEETACEOUS FOSSILS. 1 63

FOSSILS OF THE BEAR RIVER FRESH- OR BRACKISH-

WATER BEDS.

As it is still a matter of some doubt whether the above-mentioned
highly-inclined strata seen on Sulphur Creek near Bear River, Wyoming,
very nearly conformable to well-marked marine Cretaceous beds at the
same locality, belong to the latest member of the Cretaceous or to the earliest
Eocene Tertiary, I prefer to describe the fossils from them here separately
under a distinct heading. I have from the first inclined to the opinion that
these brackish-water beds belong to the horizon of the oldest Eocene, though
I have several times mentioned certain reasons for suspecting that they may
prove rather to belong to the closing period of the Cretaceous. One diffi-
culty in deciding in regard to their precise horizon is, that all of the fossils
yet known from them are new and entirely distinct from those found else-
where in very well-determined horizons. None of them belong to any of
the characteristic Cretaceous genera, while several of the species are nearly
allied to Lower Eocene forms of the Old World, though clearly distinct
specifically.

The fact, however, that at least one species occurring here seems to be
identical with a form ( Vivipara Conradi) found in a similar brackish-water
group of strata, associated with Cretaceous types of Vertebrate remains at
the mouth of Judith River on the Upper Missouri, when taken in connec-
tion with the recent discovery of a Cretaceous type of Saurian remains in
Wyoming, apparently at a higher horizon, and of a decidedly brackish-
water group of MoUuscan remains beneath a considerable thickness of Cre-
taceous strata at Coalville, Utah, certainly seems to indicate that these beds
belong rather below than above the line of division between the latest Cre-
taceous and the oldest Eocene. Unfortunately, however, as I have often
remarked, fresh-water and estuary shells do not generally present the same
well-defined distinguishing features, if I may so speak, in each of the vari-
ous geological horizons, usually observable among marine types, being
often very similar from rocks of quite different ages, and again quite distinct
in equivalent beds at different localities.

164 PALEONTOLOGY.

MOLLUSOA.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

UNIONIDJ].

Genus UNIO, Retzius.

Unio vetustus, Meek.

Plate 16, figs. 5, 5 a, 5 6, and 5 c.

Unto vetu8tu8j Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., VIII, 117 ; and (1876) in
Col. Simpson's Eeport Expl. across the Great Basin of Utah, 359, pi. v, figs.
12 a, &.— White (1875), Eep. on Wheeler's collections 206, pi. xxi, figs. 12 a—d.

Compare IT. prisctts, Meek and Hayden (1856), Proceed. Acad. Sci. Philad., 117. — Meek
(1876), Pal. Upp. Mo., 516, pi. 43, figs. 8 a, 6, c.

Shell of about medium size, transversely-subovate or subelliptic, the
widest part being anteriorly, though young examples are narrower, with
dorsal and ventral margins more nearly parallel, rather thin and moder-
ately convex, about twice as long as high; base forming a long semi-elliptic
or semi-ovate curve in adult shells, but usually straighter in the young;
posterior margin rather narrowly rounded below in large specimens, and
obliquely truncated in small examples; dorsal margin nearly straight, except-
ing in large shells, where it is more arched; anterior margin short and
rounded; beaks depressed, not eroded, placed near the anterior, very neatly
ornamented with small, perfectly regular, concentric ridges and furrows,
that generally end abruptly behind at a small, oblique, linear, posterior
umbonal ridge extending backward and downward, while midway between
this and the cardinal margin there is a second similar ridge; other portions
of the surface merely marked with lines of growth, which sometimes assume
a subimbricating appearance near the free margins. Hinge of moderate
length, with two cardinal teeth in the left valve, the posterior one being
larger than the other; lateral teeth long and nearly straight (cardinal teeth
of right valve unknown) ; scars of anterior muscles deep and irregularly
pitted.

Length of a large specimen, about 4 inches; height, 2.23 inches; con-
vexity, about 1.10 inches.

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 1 65

Young specimens of this species seem to be generally proportionally nar-
rower, and have the posterior margin more distinctly truncated, while thecostse
or concentric ridges of the beats cover proportionally more of the umbonal
region. In large examples, these markings become obsolete, excepting on
the immediate umbones, and the posterior margin is more round or less dis-
tinctly truncated, while the valves become proportionally less depressed in
general outhne. I have long suspected that this shell may possibly be
identical with U, prisms^ M. & H., as the specimens seem to be very much
alike. Still, as we only know the latter from very imperfect specimens,
while the Bear River beds from which the form here under consideration
was obtained, seem to be very local, and, so far as yet known, to contain a
peculiar fauna, ahnost without exception unknown in the Upper Missouri
country where the type of U, priscus was discovered, it is perhaps better
to keep these two proposed species separate until we can have an oppor-
tunity to compare better series of specimens from the two distantly sepa-
rated localities.

Locality and position. — Fresh-water beds on Bear River, near the mouth
of Sulphur Creek, Wyoming.

Unio BELLiPLicATUS, Meek.

Plate 16, figs. 4, 4 a.

Unio beUiplicatus, Meek (1870), Proceed. Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, XL
Unio {Loxoplmrus) belliplicattts^ Meek (1873), Hayden's Second Keport Geol. Survey
of the Territories, 294.

Shell attaining a medium size, transversely subovate, the widest part
being a little in advance of the middle, moderately convex, generally less
than twice as long as high ; anterior margin short, rather regularly rounded;
posterior margin obliquely- subtruncated, with a more or less convex out-
line, most prominent below, where it is obtusely subangular or abruptly
rounded into the base; dorsal outline nearly straight, or more or less
arched; base broad-semiovate, being most prominent in advance of the
middle, in large specimens generally a little sinuous posteriorly; beaks
much depressed, or scarcely rising above the cardinal margin, oblique, and
placed near the anterior end, not eroded ; hinge moderately long, with car-

1 66 P AL.EONTOLOGT.

dinal and lateral teeth, yo far as known, mucli as in the last-described species.
Surface ornamented by a series of very regular, distinctly-defined, and gener-
ally simple plications, which commence very small, and closely approxi-
mated along the dorsal margin just before the beaks, and after slight curves,
radiate and descend obliquely toward the posterior basal margin, increasing
in breadth and becoming more obtuse as they descend and diverge, and at
last in large specimens becoming obsolete before reaching the margins;
while another more or less similar series of plications sometimes originates
along the cardinal margins behind the beaks, and descends obliquely back-
ward and downward, so as to connect with those of the first-mentioned series
along the posterior umbonal slopes at very acute angles, somewhat like we
see on species of Goniomya. Marks of growth moderately distinct, becom-
ing sometimes stronger or subimbricating near the margins.

Length of a large specimen, 2.75 inches; height, 1.50 inches; convex-
ity, about 0.85 inch.

This beautiful species may be distinguished at a glance from the last
by its peculiar plications, the principal series of which, although originating,
as in that species, just before the beaks, always radiate obliquely backward
and downward across the lines of growth, instead of running horizontally
backward parallel to those lines. The fact that these plications do not con-
verge to the beaks will serve to distinguish this shell from another associated
species, of which there are fragments in the collection, with a series of
very prominent plications converging more nearly to the apex of each
beak. In the latter, the beaks are also much more gibbous.

In its style of ornamentation, this species seems to approach South
American types, such as U, hylea and TJ, Gilhraniana^ more nearly than any
of the numerous North Ameri-can forms. Its radiating plications remind
one of the genus Castalia; but its form and hinge are entirely dififerent, the
latter being that of true Unio.

In Dr. Hayden's Second Annual Report of the Geological Survey of the
Territories, page 294, published in 1872, 1 proposed a subgenus io.wpfewrw,
for the reception of this species, which it can retain, if it shall be considered
desirable to separate it subgenerically or otherwise from the typical and
other established sections of the genus Unio^ on account of its very peculiar

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 167

surface-markings or other characters. My present opinion, however, is, that
it may find a place in some of the previously-proposed sections of Unio.

Locality and position.— The typical specimens of this species were
brought by Dr. Hayden from Limestone Hill, on Bear Eiver, Utah. Mr.
King also found it on the same river, beneath indications of lignite. Speci-
mens were also sent by Mr. H. R. Durkee to the Smithsonian Institution,
from the same horizon at Gilmer, Wyoming.

OYRENID^.

Genus CORBICULA, Benson.

CoRBicuLA (Yeloritina) DuRKEEt, Meek.

Plate 16, figs. 6, a, ft, c, d, e, f, g,

Cyrena {Corbieulaf) Burlceei, Meek (1870), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., XI, 431.
Corhicula {V^loritina) DurJceei, Meek (1872), Hayden's Second Ann. Report U. S. Geol.

Survey of the Territories, 294.
Cyrena ( Veloritina) Durkeei, White (1876), Eeport on Lieut. Wheeler's collections, 207,

pi. xxi, fig. 13.

Shell attaining a large size, thick, trigonoid-subcordate, gibbous, oblique,
with length exceeding somewhat the height, most convex a little in advance
of and above the middle, andcuneate postero-ventrally; posterior dorsal
slope long, straight, or slightly convex in outline from the umbones to the
angular or subangular posterior basal extremity; basal margin semi-ovate in
outline, being most prominent anteriorly; anterior margin short, descending
very abruptly from the beaks, with a slightly concave outline above, and
rounding regularly into the base below; beaks elevated, gibbous, obliquely
incurved, contiguous, and placed about half-way between the middle and
the anterior end, or sometimes nearly over the latter; .posterior umbonal
slopes prominently rounded, with posterior dorsal margins inflected or
incurved so as to form a profound, broad concavity, or sulcus, along their
entire length, as the two valves are seen united; lunule in most cases deep,
but generally without well-defined margins; ligament short, narrow, and so
deeply seated in the broad dorsal concavity as not to be visible in a side-
view when the valves are united; surface only showing moderately distinct
lines of growth; hinge strong; cardinal teeth oblique, excepting the anterior

1 68 PALEONTOLOGY.

one, which ranges nearly vertically; lateral teeth elong'ated, and only very
minutely striated, or very nearly smooth, the posterior one of the left valve
being sometimes mainly formed by the beveling of the inflected edge of the
valve, instead of standing out at right angles from an erect margin; pallial
line with a short, very shallow sinus, immediately under the ovate, shallow,
and oblique scar of the posterior adductor muscle (see fig. Q g)] anterior
muscular impression deeper, slightly smaller than the other, and ranging
nearly vertically.

Length of a large specimen, 1.78 inches; height, 1,56 inches; convex-
ity, 1.12 inches.

As may be seen by our figures, this shell varies greatly in fonn, some
specimens being more depressed, with the posterior basal extremity more
produced than in others (see fig. 6 b); while others have the umbones more
Novated, and the whole shell proportionally shorter, as seen in our fig.
6 c. Still other specimens, that seem to be younger examples of this species,
are proportionally both more compressed and more depressed, with a more
nearly ovate outline, as represented by fig. 6 / It is possible that the
latter may belong to a distinct species; but my present impression is that it
can hardly be separated from the others, as there seem to be all intermediate
gradations of form and size.

Some varieties of this species look almost exactly like a Lower Lignite
Paris Basin species, described by Deshayes under the name Cyrena Forbesi
(see plate xxxvii, figs. 24 to 26, Descr. des An. sans Vert., Bassin, Paris, 1),
particularly as seen in a side-view of the exterior. Deshayes' species,
however, is a thinner shell, with a weaker hinge, and has its lateral teeth
more strongly striated, and the posterior dorsal margins of the valves not
near so strongly inflected; while its umbonal slopes are less prominently
rounded, and it wants the small sinus of the pallial line seen in our spe-
cies. In its greater thickness, more trigonal form, and prominent umbonal
slopes, our shell agrees more nearly with another species described by
Ferussac under the name Cyrena antiqua, and figured by Deshayes (from
the Lignite beds of the Paris Basin) on plate xviii of his **Coquilles Fos-
siles des Environs de Paris". The latter species, however, is proportion-
ally shorter, with still more elevated beaks, a broader hinge-plate, less

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 169

diverging cardinal teeth, and more strongly striated laterals. Its surface is
also rougher, being more strongly furrowed and ridged than that of our shell,
and its lunule is much larger.

Deshayes has noticed, in his later work on the Paris Basin fossils, the
points of resemblance between the latter of the above-mentioned species
and the existing genus Velorita, and yet points out some differences that
indicate a transition from the typical forms of Corbicula toward Velorita,
through such species as (7. antiqua. The species here under consideration
seems to me also to occupy a somewhat intermediate position between the
two genera mentioned, having more nearly the trigonal form, oblique car-
dinal teeth, and thick solid shell of Velorita, while its anterior lateral teeth
are as elongated and slender as in Corbicula. It, however, differs from both,
in the peculiar incurved character of the posterior dorsal edges of its valves,
so as to form a very deep concavity or furrow along their entire length, as seen
when the valves are united. This inflection of the borders and the depressed
nature of the ligament, bring the latter so far below the elevated umbonal
slopes that it is entirely hidden from view in looking at the shell from either
side, instead of projecting above the umbonal slopes, as in the two types
above mentioned. Again, the posterior lateral tooth of its left valve is some-
times mainly formed by beveling of the inflected edge of the valve, instead
of projecting out at right angles to an erect margin. In consequence of
these peculiarities of our shell, I have already proposed to make it the type
of a new section, under the name Veloritina, in Dr. Hayden^s Report of
1872. Whether or not this section can properly include Cyrena antiqua, I
am not well enough acquainted with that shell to decide; but, although it
seems to depart from our type in some of its distinguishing characters, I am
inclined to believe that it may find a place in the same group.

Locality and position. — The first specimens of this species that I have seen,
were brought from the brackish- or fresh- water beds on Sulphur Creek, near
Bear River, Wyoming. Soon after, Mr King's party brought in additional
specimens from the same locality and beds; and, at a later date, Mr. Durkee,
an engineer on the Union Pacific Railroad, sent numerous specimens of it
and the associated fossils to the Smithsonian Institution, for the use of which

1 70 PALEONTOLOGY.

specimens I am indebted to Professor Henry. Dr. White has also identi-
fied it among Lieutenant Wheeler's collections from the north fork of Virgin
River, Utah.

CORBULID^.

Genus CORBULA, Brug.
CoBBULA (Anisoehynchus) pyriformis, Meek.

Plate 17, figs. 2, and 2 a, &, c, d.

Corbula {Potamomya f) pyriformis^ Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 312.

Corhula {Potamomya f) concentrica, Meek (1860), ib., 313.

Corbula {AnisorJiynchus) pyriformis^ Meek (1871), Extract from Dr. Hayden's Second
Anu. Report Geol. Survey of the Territories ; and (1872) in the last-mentioned
Report, 292; and (1876) in Col. Simpson's Report Expl. across the Great
Basin of Utah, 359.

Corhula pyriformig^ Dall (1872), Am. Jour. Conch., VII, 90.

Shell attaining a large size, rather thick, oval-subpyriform, nearly
equivalve, very gibbous in the central and anterior regions, and much more
compressed, narrowed, and produced posteriorly; beaks elevated, nearly
equaj, incurved, and placed more or less in advance of the middle; ante-
rior side generally truncated obliquely forward above, from the beaks to
near the middle, thence rounding abruptly to the base; posterior side much
attenuated, and usually slightly truncated at the immediate extremity;
dorsal margin generally very concave in outline behind the beaks, and pro-
vided with a well-defined marginal carina, extending in each valve from
the beaks nearly to the posterior extremity, and between these carinse with a
deeply-excavated lanceolate escutcheon; basal' margin deeply rounded in
the central and anterior region, and more or less sinuous in outline behind
the middle; lunule deeply and rather largely impressed, without being
always distinctly defined, though it is sometimes margined by a subangular
ridge on each side. Surface ornamented with concentric ridges and furrows,
most regularly and strongly defined on the umbonal region, and gradually
becoming more irregular and less distinct toward the basal margin, or in
some cases entirely fading away, so as to leave only the lines of growth
over the whole exterior. Hinge with the tooth of the right valve rather thick,
prominent, subtrigonal, striated, and a little curved upward; cartilage-pit
deep and trigonal; hinge of left valve, with pit and cartilage-process, pre-
senting the usual characters; pallial line with apparently a small shallow

CKETACEOUS FOSSILS. 171

sinus; posterior muscular impressions very faintly marked; anterior muscu-
lar impressions generally well defined, subovate, attenuated, and curving
backward above where they connect with the small scars of the pedal
muscles.

Length of a medium-sized specimen, 1.33 inches; height of the same,
0.87 inch; convexity, 0.78 inch.

This species varies considerably in form, as well as in surface-markings.
In some specimens, the whole surface is nearly smooth or only marked with
obscure lines of growth (fig. 2a) ; while, in others, the most gibbous part of the
valves and the umbones are marked with very regular, distinct, concentric
ridges and furrows (fig. 2). In still others, the ridges and furrows are exceed-
ingly irregular and very strongly marked (fig. 2c). There are also more or
less marked differences in the elevation of the beaks, the convexity of the
anterior region, and the proportional length of the attenuated posterior
extremity. Yet all of these varieties blend together by such slight shades of
difference that it seems impossible to find constant characters by which they
can be separated specifically.

In first describing this species, from the few imperfect specimens orig-
inally brought from the Far- West, I was led to believe that there were two
distinct species represented among them; one nearly smooth, which I called
Corhula pyriformis, and another with regular, concentric ridges, for which I
proposed the name C. concentrica. The extensive series of specimens, how-
ever, brought in by various explorers from the same locality, soon led to
the conclusion that the two types really belong to one variable species.

None of the specimens originally studied were in a condition to give
any clew to the nature of the hinge; but, from the fact that they were found
associated with some fresh- water shells, it seemed quite probable that they
belonged to the brackish- water group Potamomya^ or more properly Amra^
and for that reason I placed the name Potamomya, with a mark of doubt,
parenthetically between the generic and specific names. Some years later,
however, when large numbers of fine specimens of this shell were at hand
for study, I succeeded in working out the hinge, and found that it does not

172 PALEONTOLOGY.

present the characters of Amra at all, but seems to agree almost exactly
with that of Corhula proper. From this fact, and its apparent fresh-
or brackish- water habits, I at first thought it might possibly find a place in
a newly proposed South American group for which Mr. Gabb used the
name Pachydon (but afterward named Anisothyris by Mr. Conrad, because
Pachydon had been previously used by Sowerby for another genus ), some
species of which closely resemble the shell under consideration; while the
South Amencan type differs little from Corbula in its hinge-characters.*
Soon after, on informing my friend Mr. Conrad that I had found our shell
to differ in its hinge from Amra^ and to agree almost exactly with Corbulaj he
wrote to me that he had been studying specimens of the same, sent to
the Academy of Sciences from the original locality, and that he had pro-
posed, in manuscript, to make it the type of a new genus Anisorhynchus,
founded mainly on its brackish- or fresh- water habits, -^^e^ra-like form, and
supposed gaping posterior; and I adopted his name in a subgeneric sense,
in an extract from Dr. Hayden's Second Annual Report, then just ready to
go to press, as well as in the report itself, printed a month or two later.

After examining hundreds of specimens of this shell, however, I have
failed to detect any evidence that its valves were in the least gaping; and,
as regards its Netjera-like form, there is an objection to giving very much
weight to it as a distinguishing character, that is the fact that Corbula alee-
formis Gabb, from marine beds, has exactly the same general form ; so that,
so far as yet known, the group Anisorhynchus seems to rest entirely upon
the apparent brackish- water habits of our shell. There are not known at
present any well-determined fresh- water living species of Corbula; but Dr.
Stoliczka says (Palaeont. Indica, III, p. 35) that there certainly are Indian
brackish-water species which cannot be distinguished from true Corbula,
excepting that they are thinner and Necera-like in form.

From all that is therefore yet known in regard to the characters of this

♦Originally, J.wi«ot/iym, Conrad, or Pachydon, Gsbbb, was supposed by both of
those authors to have an external ligament; but, on exanjining a series of the type-
species, 1 found that it really has an internal cartilage like Corbtda, with only a more
oblique cartilage-process. Hence Mr. Conrad now rests the group mainly on its brack-
ish-water habits, the subspiral character of the beaks, and the presence, in some of tite
spedes, of an obscure rudimentary posterior lateral tooth.

GUETACBOUS FOSSILS. 173

shell, T am of the opinion that it is most probably not more than subgener-
ically distinct from Corhula proper. As I have elsewhere stated, we have
(at present) reason to believe that in this internal region of the continent,
the changes from marine conditions, first to comparatively large areas of
brackish-water, then to more restricted bodies of fresh-water, were so
gradual, as the continent was slowly rising at about the close of the Creta-
ceous, and the beginning of the Tertiary periods, that probably a few types
of MoUusca, originally exclusively marine in their habits, may have grad-
ually adapted themselves to a brackish-water habitat.

The most characteristic specific features of this shell are its large size,
very nearly equal valves, gibbous anterior, attenuated or subrostrate poste-
rior extremity, and incurved, equal, and rather oblique beaks. In most
specimens, the valves seem to be almost exactly equal, though usually a
close examination reveals the fact that the right valve is a little larger than
the other ; although the immediate apex of its beak curves in under that
of tliQ left valve, and seems to be placed very slightly farther forward.

I have been inclined to think that the species described from the Califor-
nia Cretaceous by Mr. Gabb, in vol. ii of the California Palaeontology, under
the name Corhula alceformiSj may be somewhat nearly related to this species.
At any rate, certain varieties of our shell seem to agree very closely with
Mr. Gabb's figure and description of his species. Most of our specimens
are more coarsely furrowed and ridged ; but, as already stated, they vary
greatly in this respect, so much indeed, that it is difficult to know how
far we can rely on this character in distinguishing Mr. Gabb^s species from
our type, especially as he has figured only a single specimen. The fact,
however, that our shell is apparently only found associated with fresh-, or
perhaps in part, brackish-water types, while Mr. Gabb's came, if I am not
mistaken, from a marine deposit, would favor the conclusion that there
were developed sufficiently marked dififerences to constitute specific, if not
more important, distinctions.

Locality and position, — The original type-specimens of this species were
brought by Colonel Simpson's party from Sulphur Creek, near Bear River,
Wyoming. The Union Pacific Railroad there cuts directly through a small
ridge composed of the upturned strata of the estuary beds containing this

174 PALEONTOLOGY.

and various fresh- and some brackisli-water shells, which occur there by
millions. Dr. Hayden's and Mr. King's parties have brought large collec-
tions of these shells from this locality; and Mr. Durkee, an intelligent
civil engineer, sent great quantities of them to the Smithsonian Institution.
I have, as elsewhere stated, referred these beds to the Lower Eocene ; but
they may yet prove rather to belong to the latest Cretaceous, as suggested
by me in Dr. Hayden's Reports, and in the Upper Missouri Palaeontology.

CoRBULA (Anisoehynohus ?) ENaELMANNi, Meek.

Plate 17, figs. 1 and 1 a.

Corhula {Anisorhynchus f) Engelmannij Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,
XII, 312.

Shell subovate, moderately gibbous, nearly equivalve; anterior margin
rather narrowly rounded; base forming a semi-ovate curve, with the most
prominent part in advance of the middle; posterior more or less narrowed
and compressed, with the immediate extremity slightly truncated; beaks
rather depressed, nearly or quite equal, and placed a little in advance of the
middle; dorsal outline sloping gradually before and behind the beaks
toward the extremities, with a shallow marginal furrow extending from the
beaks posteriorly ; lunule excavated, but not sharply defined. Surface with
small, more or less regular, concentric furrows and strise.

Length of the typical specimen, 0.50 inch; height, 0.20 inch; convexity,
0.20 inch.

Since seeing how greatly the preceding species varies in form and
other characters, I am led to suspect that this may be only a young or
more depressed form of the same shell. Its greatest differences, aside from
its generally smaller size, are its less gibbous form, more depressed beaks,
placed a little farther backward, and its proportionally less attenuated pos-
terior, with its dorsal margin merely sloping backward from the beaks with-
out being concave in outline. ' Although with my present impressions of
the variable character of C. pyriformis, I should hesitate to separate the
form under consideration from that species, if I were now for the first time
investigating these shells, as it has already been described under another
name, it may be better to keep them separated until we can have an oppor-

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 175

tunity to study the development of the young of C. pyriformis through its
various stages of growth.

This form resembles Mr. Grabb's C. Eornii, though not so closely as
the last resembles his C. alceformis.

Locality and position, — Bear River, mouth of Sulphur Creek, Wyoming,
from the same horizon as the last.

GASTEROPODA.

Genus RHYTIPHORUS, Meek.

(pvTc^^ a wrinkle ; (popd^y to bear.)

Bhytiphorusj Meek (1873), Hayden's Sixth Ann. Kep. U. S. Geol. Survey of tbe Terri-
tories, 478.

The type of this group has the general aspect of Melampus^ excepting
that it has a series of small, oblique, short folds around the top of the some-
what shouldered whorls; while a sHght curve in these little folds or costse
indicates the presence of a faint sinus in the lip near the suture, somewhat
as in Schi^ostoma, I^ea, but much less deeply defined. It has two folds on
the columella, while the outer lip is thin, and apparently entirely smooth
within.

Type Melampus priscus, Meek, which is the only species known.
Rhytiphobtjs PBisous, Meek.

Plate 17, figs. 6 and 6 a,

Melampus priscus^ Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philad., XII, 315.
Ehytiphorus priseus, Meek (1876), Col. Simpson's Report Expl. across the Great Basm
of Utah, 364, pi. v, figs. 4 a, ft.*

Shell obovate, about once and a half as long as wide; spire depressed-
conical; whorls about five, convex, or faintly subangular; last one large,
somewhat shouldered above, and tapering below the middle; suture well
defined; surface marked by rather obscure/ lines of growth, and the small,
regular, vertical, or slightly oblique folds, which are distinct on the volutions
of the spire, and around the upper edge of the body-whorl, but obsolete on
all the surface below this; aperture narrow, angular above, and apparently
very narrowly rounded below; outer lip sharp and apparently smooth
* These are better figures than those here given.

176 PAL.350NTOLOGY.

within; columella provided with one rather strong oblique fold below, and
a much smaller less oblique one about half-way up the aperture.

Length, about 0.77 inch; breadth, 0.50 inch; apical angle nearly regu-
lar, divergence about 80°.

I know of no other shell so nearly allied to this as to render a com-
parison necessary. Its most striking character is the presence of the little
folds around the upper part of its body-volution and on those of the spire.
These will at once distinguish it from any type of the Melampince known to
me, even in specimens not in a condition to show any of the other char-
acters.

Locality and position. — The only three specimens of this species I have
seen were found by Colonel Simpson's party in the brackish- water carbon-
aceous beds at the mouth of Sulphur Creek, on Bear River, Utah.

OEllIPHASIIDR^.

PYRauLiFERA HITMEEOSA, Meek.*

Plate 17, figs. 19, 19 a, and wood-cut fig. 6.

Melania humerosa^ Meek (I860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., XII, 313.

Tiara humerosa^ Meek (1806), in Conrad's Smithsonian Check-List of Eocene and Oligo-

cene Fossils, 12.
PyrguUfera hnmerosa, Meek (1872), in Dr. Hayden's Second Ann. Beport Geol. Survey

of the Territories, 294 and 299; and (1870) in Col. Simpson's lieport Expl.

across the Great Basin of Utah, 303, pi. v, fig. 6 a, Z>, c.

Shell attaining arather large size, modei'ately solid, ovate-subfusiform;
spire prominent, distinctly turreted; volutions five and half to about seven,

♦This genus is related to Lithasia^ as originally deflnied by Professor Halderaan,
and presents the following characters :

Shell subovate, thick, imperforate 5 spire produced, turreted ; volutions angular,
shouldered, and nodular above ; surface typically with vertical ridges and revolving
markings; aperture subovate, faintly sinuous, but not notched or distinctly angular
below ; outer lip prominent in outline below the middle, retreating at the base, and
subsinuous at the termination of the shoulder of the body-volution above; peristome
continuous; inner lip a little callous below, and thickened all the way up, but without
a protuberant callus above, sometimes with a shallow umbilical furrow along its outer
margin .below.

Differs from Lithasiaj Haldemau, in not having its aperture distinctly angular
and notched, or subcanaliculate below, in wanting a protuberance at the top of the
inner lip, and in having a more produced, distinctly turreted spire, as well as very
different .surface markings.

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 177

angular and strongly shouldered, the upper surface being flattened or a little
^^s- ^' concave, with usually a slight outward slope from the suture

to the angle or shoulder, where it meets the vertical outer sur-
face nearly at right angles ; last or body-volution large, or
generally composing about two-thirds the entire bulk and
length of the shell; suture well defined by the prominence
and angularity of the volutions, but not channeled. Sur-
face of each turn ornamented by about ten to fifteen rathei
strong, vertical, or slightly oblique folds, or costal, each

„ ,.- , of which terminates in a small nodular projection at the

Pyrguhferahumerosa. a j

Showing the aper- shouldcr abovc, SO as somctimcs to impart a subcoronate
ture much better appearance to the same, while they all become nearly or

than the specimen ^ ^ ' */ j

figured on the plate, quite obsolete below the middle of the body- volution; ver-
tical costae crossed by smaller, but quite distinct revolving, raised lines, or
small ridges, some four to six of which may be counted on the outer surface
of each turn of the spire, and about ten on the body-volution, where they
increase in size downward;* upper flattened surface of the volution generally
only marked by the moderately distinct lines of growth seen below; aperture
obliquely rhombic -subovate, being higher than wide, rounded-subrectangular
above, and narrowed and more or less angular, with a slight sinus or notch,
at the connection of the outer and inner lips near the middle below; colu-
mella arcuate; inner lip, in mature specimens, rather thick all the way up,
but more so below, where it is somewhat reflected and margined by a slight,
revolving umbilical furrow, with usually an angular outer margin; outer lip
sharp, prominent near the middle, and retreating below and at the angle of
the whorls above.

Length of the largest specimen seen among hundreds, 1.6 J inches;
breadth, 0.90 inch; height of aperture, 0.81 inch; breadth of same, 0.50
inch.

All of the specimens of this shell first studied, as well as all those for

some years after brought in, had the outer lip and lower part of th^ coki-

mella broken away, so that no very clear idea of the nature of its aperture

and the connection of its outer and inner lips below could be formed from

them ; while, in all its characters that could then be determined, it so closely

* These revolving ridges are represented too coarse in the above figure.
12 p R

178 PAL.«:ONfOLOGY.

resembled the typical forms of the foreign genus Melania (zr Tiara) that I was
led to refer it to that group. At last, however, a fine, large, nearly perfect
specimen was brought from the original locality, and this at once showed
that the outline of the lower part of its aperture is more angular, and its
inner lip more thickened below than in the Tiara group ; the whole com-
bination of characters being more nearly as in Lithasiaj but still evidently
different from that genus. Consequently, in Dr. Hayden's Second Annual
Report, I proposed to found a new genus Pyrgulifera, for its reception ;
which name I now retain for it.

Among the Old World fossil species, this shell seems to be most nearly
represented by Melania armata of Matheron, from the Lower Eocene lignite
beds at the mouth of the Rhone, in the southeast of France (see Cat Mdth.
Corps Org. Foss. du Depart, des Bouches-du-Rh6ne, pi. 37, figs. 11, 12,
and 13). It differs, however, in the form of its aperture, as well as in hav-
ing the vertical folds, or costse, on all of the volutions of the spire and the
upper flattened part of its whorls nearly or entirely without revolving lines;
while those below the angle of M, armata are finer and more numerous than
on our shell, which also has its inner lip generally thicker below.

Locality and position, — Sulphur Creek, near Bear River, Wyoming,
directly on the Union Pacific Railroad, where it occurs in the upheaved
beds in great numbers, along with numerous fresh-water and perhaps some
brackish-water shells, belonging to the horizon of the latest Cretaceous or
oldest Tertiary.

VIVIPARID^.

Genus VIVIPARUS, Montfort.

YiviPARUS CoNRADi, Meek aud Hayden.
Plate 17, figs. 18 and 18 a.

Paludina Conradi^ Meek and Hayden(18o6), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., VlII, 112.
Viviparus Conradi^ Meek (1866), in Conrad^s Smithsonian CheckList, 12,

Shell subtrochiform ; spire conical, moderately prominent, abruptly
pointed at the apex; volutions five or six, flattened nearly to the slope of
the spire ; last one rather distinctly angular around the middle in young
shells, but more obtuse in the adult ; suture generally merely linear. Sur-

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. 179

face marked with fine oblique lines of growth, which, in well-preserved
specimens, are sometimes seen to be crossed on the upper volutions b\
traces of minute revolving* strise, scarcely visible without the aid of a mag-
nifier. Aperture rhombic-subcircular ; columalla rather deeply sinuous in
the umbilical region ; axis imperforate.

Length of an adult shell, about 1 inch; breadth, 0.70 inch; length of
aperture, 0.44 inch; apical angle nearly regular, or with slightly convex
slopes, divergence 54^.

The above description was made out from the typical specimens from
the Upper Missouri country near the mouth of the Judith River. The
example we have figured from Wyoming is quite imperfect, though agree-
ing well with those from the Upper Missouri in all respects, so far as its
condition affbrds the means of comparison. Being so far as yet known
apparently common to these two distantly separated localities, I have
thought it desirable to give a figure of it, notwithstanding the imperfect
condition of the specimen. The identity of- the Bear River specimen with
the true F. Conradi cannot be regarded as positively demonstrated.

Locality and position, — Mouth of Sulphur Creek, on Bear River, Wyom-
ing, at the same horizon as the last ; Museum of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion^ Colonel Simpson's collection.

Genus CAMPELOMA, Raf.
Campeloma macrospira. Meek ?.

Plate 17, figs. 17 a, h.

Melantho (Campeloma) macrospira, Meek (1872), Haydeu's Second Ann. Eeport U. S.

Geol. Survey of the Territories, 299.
Compare Turho paludinwformis^ Hall (1845), Fr6inont's lieport Expl. Rocky Mts., 309,

pi. iii, fi^s. 13 and 13 a.

Shell ovate, of medium size; volutions about five or six, convex, increas-
ing rather gradually in size, and without revolving ridges or angularities;
spire moderately prominent, conical, and not eroded at the apex ; suture
distinct in consequence of the convexity of the volutions ; surface with fine,
obscure, slightly sigmoid lines of growth ; aperture ovate ; inner lip some-
what thickened below.

180 PALAEONTOLOGY.

Length, about 0.95 inch; breadth, O.f^O inch; length of aperture, 0.45
inch ; breadth of aperture, 0.30 inch.

I have been incUned to refer this shell to C paludinceformis {-zzTurho
paludinreformis, Hall), figured in Fremont's Report; but the fact that that spe-
cies is said to be associated with Goniobasis nodulosa (= Cerithium nodulosum,
Hall), in a light-colored '^ Oolitic limestone", seems to be a very strong-
objection to the conclusion that it can be the species here under considera-
tion ; the latter being from dark, carbonaceous, shaly and arenaceous beds,
probably belonging to a very different horizon. I have seen specimens
believed to belong to (?. nodulosa j in a light- colored matrix from this region,
densely packed with Cypris, presenting much the appearance of oolitic par-
ticles; but these came from an entirely different formation, containing a
different group of fossils from those found in the strata from which the
shell under consideration was obtained. In size and general appearance,
our shell is not very unlike Professor Hall's figures of C, paludinceformis;
but still it has a less oblique suture and more convex volutions.

The form here described agrees well with many specimens now before
me from the same locality and beds, which specimens I think most proba-
bly medium-si^ied examples of C, macrospira, founded on a much larger,
more elongated shell ; but, as they may possibly be distinct, I have merely
referred them provisionally to that species. In order to facilitate com-
parison, I give below a description of C, macrospira, from the original
typical specimens :

Campeloma {Melantho) macrospira, Meek, — Shell attaining a rather large
size,conoid-subovate; spire elongate-conical; volutions five or six, moderately
convex ; suture deep, rather oblique ; body-volution larger in proportion
to the others than would be formed by the regular rate of increase of those
above, and obliquely produced below ; aperture comparatively large, ovate;
inner lip rather thick, arcuate, a little reflexed, but not covering the deep
umbilical indentation, in old shells rather distinct from the body-volution
all the way up ; surface only showing the usual slightly sigmoid lines of
growth. Length, about 1.80 inches ; breadth, 1.14 inches.

The form here referred to C macrospira seems to agree pretty well in
size and proportions with the upper three or four volutions of that shell;

CKETACEOUS FOSSILS. Ig]

though it still has- a rather less oblique suture. The body-volution of the
adult C, macrospira, however, is suddenly, and dispropoitionally enlarged,
and so oblique as to give a rather different aspect to the whole shell.
Locality and position. — Same as foregoing.

CAMPELOMA (UDdt. sp.).'
Plate 17, figs. 15 fl, 6, and 16 a, 6, c.

Shell ovate, attaining a medium size; volutions about five or six, con-
vex, rounded, increasing moderately in size, all without revolving angles;
spire moderately prominent; suture well defined, in consequence of the
convexity of the volutions; surface showing fine, slightly oblique, some-
what sigmoid lines of growth; aperture ovate; inner lip apparently a little
thickened, and in adult shells somewhat reflexed below, but leaving a small
umbilical pit uncovered.

Length of one of the larger specimens, about 1.45 inches; breadth,
about 0.95 inch.

Our fig. 15 a does not give a correct idea of the form of the aperture,
which, in the specimen figured, is filled with rocky material that laps upon
the columella, so as to give an unnatural apparent breadth to the mouth
of the shell. The engraving also makes the marks of growth much too
coarse and too straight on fig. 15; and the specimen is compressed accident-
ally, so as to appear broader than natural. It may, therefore, be only a
distorted specimen of the last; and the smaller specimens represented by
figs. 16 and 16 a, 6, c are probably young shells.

Locality and position, — Same as foregoing.

LIMN^ID^.
Genus LIMN^A, Lamarck.

LlMN-^A (LiMNOPHYSA) NITIDULA, Meek.

Plate 17, tigs. 5, 5 a.*

Melania fniiidula^ Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbilad., XII, 314,
Limncea nitidulay Meek (1866), in Conrad's Eocene Smithsonian Check-List, 9.

Shell small, ovate-subfusiform; spire conical, moderately elevated; vo-
lutions about six and a half, convex, last one forming two-thirds of the

* Fig. 5 a does not give a very correct representation of the aperture of this shell.

V

1 82 PALEONTOLOGY.

entire length; suture well defined; aperture subovate, narrowly rounded
below and angular above, scarcely equalingone-half the length of the shell;
columella apparently with only a very small fold, and showing by the side
of the inner lip below, appearances of a small umbilical indentation. Stu*-
face marked by fine, rather obscure lines of growth, with (on some speci-
mens) exceedingly faint traces of microscopical revolving striae.

Length, 0.40 inch; breadth, 0.20 inch; apical angle convex, divergence
40^:

Among recent species, this may be compared with L. humilis, and
the several forms regarded by Mr. Binney as varieties of that species. It
is a decidedly more slender shell, with a less expanded aperture and less
developed inner lip than Mr. Binney's figure (p. 63, fig. 99, Land and
Fresh Water Shells) of an authentic specimen of that species. It agrees,
however, more nearly in fonn with some of those figured by Mr. Binney
as varieties of L. humiliSj but still differs from them all in other details.

Locality and position. — Same as last. By some oversight, in first describ-
ing this species, the locality was wrongly given as Ham's Fork, latitude 41^
40' north, longitude 110^ 10' west.

SPECIES OF UNDOUBTED TERTIAllY AGE.

M0LLU8CA.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

CYRENID^.

Genus SPHJ^RIUM, Scopoh.
Sph^uiitm rugosum. Meek.

Plate 16, figs. 2, 2 a, and 2 b.
Sphcerium rtigosum, Meek (1870), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Ap., 56. •

Shell above medium size, rather gibbous, thick, quadrato-suborbicular
in outline, the length being a little greater than the height; greatest con-
vexity slightly above the middle; anterior margin more or less regularly
rounded; base semi-elliptic or sub-semicircular in outline; posterior margin

• UNDOUBTED TERTIARY SPECIES. 183

generally a little wider than the anterior, and faintly subtruncated, with an
anterior slope: dorsal outline rounding into the anterior and posterior mar-
gins, but more regularly into the former. Beaks not eroded, nearly cen-
tral, rather prominent, and incurved, but not oblique. Surface ornamented
by sharply-defined, often elevated, concentric striae, separated by rounded
furrows, in which very minute lines of growth may be seen under a magni-
fier; the elevated concentric strise becoming more regular, coarser, more
distantly separated, and more prominent on the umbones. Cardinal margin
and lateral teeth comparatively stout.

Length of largest specimen, 0.34 inch; height, 0.30 inch; convexity, 0.28
inch.

Tlie most marked characteristics of this species are its quadrato-
Buborbicular, rather gibbous form, very nearly central beaks, and particu-
larly its sharply elevated, concentric strise, growing stronger, more
prominent, and more distantly separated on the umbones, until near the
points of the same they often assume the character of sharp, raised plica-
tions. In some of the smaller specimens, these raised, rather distantly
separated, stronger strise extend over nearly the whole surface; while in
others they pass gradually into mere irregular lines of growth on most of
the surface, occasionally separated by wider furrows.

In form, this species is very similar to the existing S, Vermontamim of
Prime, with which it also agrees nearly in size. It is more regularly
rounded in front, however, and has stouter lateral teeth; while its concen-
tric, raised striae and impressed sulcations are generally larger and grow
more distinct on the umbones than below, instead of the reverse. In this
latter character of marking, it agrees more nearly with S. aureum^ Prime,
from which, however, it differs entirely in form.

Locality and position, — Fossil Hill, Kaw-soh Mountains, Nevada; in a
white calcareous matrix of Tertiary age.

Sph^rium? Idahoense, Meek.

Plate 1(), Ug. 1 and 1 a.
Sphceriumf Idahoensey Meek (1870), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad., Ap., 57.

Shell attaining a large size, moderately convex, rather thick in propor-
tion to size, orbicular-subovate in outline, being wider in front than pos-

184 PALEONTOLOGY.

teriorly; anterior margin regularly rounded; l^ase semi-ovate in outline; pos-
terior margin somewhat narrowly rounded below and sloping forward above;
dorsal margin short ; beaks placed in advance of the middle, a little com-
pressed, and directed obliquely forward and inward ; surface marked by
concentric strise and fuiTOws ; lateral teeth stout.

Length, 0.98 inch; height, about 0.92 inch; convexity, about 0.54 inch.

The specimens of this shell are not in a very good state of preserva-
tion, being, with one exception, internal casts, and this one only retains a
part of the shell. They certainly differ, however, from the last not only in
their much larger size, but in being less nearly equilateral, more produced,
and rather more narrowly rounded posteriorly, as well as proportionally less
convex. The internal casts have the umbonal region from a little above
the middle of the valves compressed. Some of these casts show a few
rather distinct, broad, irregular, concentric undulations that were doubtless
more strongly defined on the exterior of the valves.

None of the specimens of this shell show the hinge very clearly; but,
from its large size and thickness, I was at first inclined to believe it a Cyrena
or a Corbicula. Impressions in the matrix, however, show that its lateral
teeth are not striated, nor of the form seen in the latter genus. Possibly I
should call it Cyrena Idahoensis; as its pallial line is certainly simple, how-
ever, and not sinuous, as in most of the American living species, and, so
far as known, in nearly all the fossil Cyrenas and Corbiculas of this con-
tinent, I have concluded to place it provisionally in the genus Sphcerium
until better specimens can be obtained for study.

Locality and position, — Same as last, and from same formation at Castle

Creek, Idaho.

UNIONID^.

Genus UNIO, Retzius.
Unio Haydeni, Meek.

Plate 16, figs. 3, 3 a, and 3 6.
(Tndo Haydeni^ Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Xlf, 312,- and (1876) in
Col. Simpson's Report Expl. across the Great Basin of Utab, 364, pi. v, figs.
11 a, b.

Shell rather small, or of nearly medium size, elliptic-subovate, rather

UNDOUBTED TERTIARY SPECIES. 185

more than once and a half as long as high, moderately convex, the greatest
convexity being usually slightly above and in advance of the middle; ante-
rior end rounded; posterior end more or less regularly rounded, being
usually most prominent a little below the middle; basal margin forming a
semi-elliptic curve; dorsal outline somewhat straightened, or slightly convex,
along the central region, and rounding into the anterior and posterior mar-
gins; but more abruptly to the former; beaks much depressed and incon-
spicuous, located about half-way between the middle and the anterior
margin; hinge equaling about two-thirds the length of the valves; lateral
teeth rather long and nearly straight; cardinal teeth unknown. Surface
smooth, excepting small stride of growth.

Length, 1.60 inches; height, 1 inch; convexity, 0.64 inch.

This species is mainly characterized by its regular, nearly elliptic out-
line, inconspicuous beaks, and smooth surface. Its shorter and more elliptic
form, and especially its smooth umbones, will at once distinguish it from
both of the Bear River species. I have sometimes suspected that this shell
might possibly be the same figured and described by Professor Hall, in
Fremont's Report, page 307, plate iii, fig. 1 (not fig, 2), under the name Mija
tellinoides. Still, that figure seems to represent a shell with a more atten-
uated posterior and more prominent beaks. At any rate, it may be regarded
as extremely improbable that the figure cited, if correctly drawn, repre-
sents a shell even nearly related to My a; and, although not agreeing exactly
with any of the known Uniones from that region, it very probably represents
a species of that genus. I greatly regret not having an opportunity to com-
pare our western fresh-water shells with those figured in Fremont's Report,
the types of which are in Albany, N. Y. I saw them all many years back;
but, not being at that time interested in the study of such forms, I retained
no very distinct recollection of tlieir specific characters, while the published
description is too brief to aid one' much in identifying them.

Locality and position, — The typical specimens of this species were
brought by Colonel Simpson from a whitish limestone, containing great
numbers of Goniobasis Simpson% at Ham's Fork, near Fort Bridger, Wyom-
ing Ten-itory. Dr. Hayden has also obtained specimens of it from near the
same locality. It belongs to the Bridger Group of the Tertiary series.

186 • PALEONTOLOGY.

GASTEROPODA.

LIMNMIDM.

Genus ANCYLUS, Geoffroy.
Ancylus undulatus, Meek.

Plate 17, figs. 18 a and 12 6.
Ancylus nndulatus, Meek (1870), Proceed. Acad. IvTat. Sci. Philad., 57.

Shell thin, attaining a very large size, elliptic-oval in outline, being
sometimes slightly widest a little in advance of the middle; apex much ele-
vated, pointed, curved backward, and placed about half-way between the
middle and the posterior margin; posterior slope concave; lateral slopes
nearly straight; anterior slope distinctly convex. Surface marked with fine,
rather obscure lines of growth, and strong, comparatively large, concentric
undulations, most distinct and regular on the anterior slope, where there are
sometimes very obscure traces of about three radiating ridges.

Length of the largest specimen seen, 0.67 inch; breadth of the same,
0.54 inch; height, 0.35 inch.

The specimens show some variation in their proportions, as well as in
the regularity and distinctness of the undulations; the largest individual
from which the above measurements were taken being proportionally a
little wider and more elevated than some of the smaller ones, while its
undulations are less distinctly and regularly defined. As there are various
gradations, however, in these characters, I am at present inclined to regard
them as mere individual modifications of one species.

Owing to the thinness of the shell, the undulations are often quite well-
defined on internal casts, particularly along the anterior slope.

The only North American recent species with which I am acquainted
that approaches this in size is the A. Newberryij described by Dr. Lea, from
California. From this, the species under consideration differs in having its
apex nearer the posterior, and much more pointed and curved backward.
The undulations of its anterior slope also give the shell quite a different
appearance.

Locality and position, — Fossil Hill, Kaw-soh Mountains, Nevada.

UNDOUBTED TERTIARY SPECIES. 187

Genus CARINIFEX, Binney.

Subgenus VORTIGIFEX,* Meek.

(Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Ap., 1870, .C9.)

This type differs from Carinifex proper in having no traces of the

revolving caringe seen on the typical species of that genus, and in having

very strongly defined costas of growth on young examples. It is also a

thicker shell, with a smaller umbilicus. The first of the following species

is regarded as the type of the subgenus. The group seems to be related to

Choanomphahis, Gerstfeldt; but, as that genus was founded on minute or very

small shells, quite similar to Valvata^ it is riot very probable that our type

is congeneric.

Carinifex (Vobticifex) Binneyi, Meek.

Plate 17, figs. 11, 11a.
Carinifex Binneyi^ Meek (1870), Proceed. Acad. IJ^at. Sci. Philad., 59.

Shell attaining a large size, depressed-subglobose in form ; spire scarcely
rising above the body- whorl; umbilicus large, but rapidly contracting
within; volutions about three and a half, increasing very rapidly in size;
those of the spire a little convex ; last one forming more than nine-tenths
the entire bulk of the shell, widest above, and produced below so as to form a
prominent ridge, or subangular margin around the widely-excavated umbili-
cal region ; all without revolving carinse ; aperture large, obovate, being
widest above and narrowed abruptly to a subangular termination below ;
lip remarkably oblique, apparently very slightly reflexed, and strongly
produced forward above. Surface marked with extremely oblique lines of
growth, which apparently sometimes form little regular costse.

Height, 0.59 inch; breadth, 1 inch; height of aperture, about 0.50 inch;
breadth of aperture, 0.54 inch.

This species differs too widely in nearly all of its characters to require
comparison with (7. Newherryi, the typical and only known living species
of true Carinifex, which it also exceeds in size.

All of the specimens of this species in the collection are incrusted by a
laminated, smooth, calcareous deposit that has to be removed before the sur-

* This name was wrongly priuted Vortifex in the Proceedings of the Academy.

188 PAL^O:STOLCGY.

face-marking can be seen. This is continuous over the suture, and covers
all the volutions of the spire. At first, I was inclined to think that it might
have been secreted by the mantle of the animal enveloping the whole shell;
but further examinations have led to the conclusion that it is more probably
merely an inorganic incrustation precipitated over the surface after the death
of the animal, as some of the other types from the same beds are similarly
covered.

This shell approaches the aspect of the typical form of the genus
CarinifeXj but still wants the characteristic carinse of that type.

Locality and position. — Same as last

Oarinifex (VoRTioiFEX) Tryoni, Meok.

Plate 17, fig8. 10, 10 a, 10 &, 10 c.

Carinifex ( Vordcifex) Tryoni^ Meek ( Ap., 1870), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci* Philad., 59.
Carinifex ( Vorticifex) Tryorii var. concava, Meek, ib.

Shell depressed-subglobose, approaching subdiscoidal, the spire being
much depressed. Volutions four and a half to five, increasing rather rap-
idly in size; those of the spire slightly convex; last one sometimes becoming
a little concave on the upper slope near the aperture, and more or less ven-
tricose below, the most prominent part being near the rather small, deep
umbilicus, into which its inner side rounds abruptly; all the whorls rounded
on the outer side, and without any traces of carinse or revolving markings;
suture well defined; aperture rather large, subcircular, its height being to its
breadth about as 29 to 34; lip sharp, oblique, and produced forward above,
faintly sinuous at the middle of the outer side, as well as at the inner side
of the base, where •it is a little thicker. Surface ornamented with small,
distinct, regular ridges, and much finer lines of growth, running parallel
to the very oblique outline of the lip.

Height, 0.35 inch; breadth, 0.64 inch; height of aperture, 0.29 inch;
breadth of aperture, 0.34 inch.

This shell differs from the foregoing species in its smaller size, more
rounded, less rapidly enlarging whorls,more prominent spire, and less exca-
vated umbilical region. It evidently varies considerably in form and sur-
face-markings, some of the specimens being proportionally more ventricose,
or, in other Words, have the body- volution, and consequently the aperture,

UNDOUBTED TERTIARY SPECIES. 189

higher in proportion to breadth than the others, while more or less difference
in the elevation or depression of the spire is observable. The most marked
differences, however, are to be observed in the character of the surface-
markings. Yet, since proposing for it a dictinct name, more critical com-
parisons lead me to suspect that it may be only the young form, or the
inner volutions of the last.

Another form, which I described as C, Tryoni var. concava, in the Pro -
ceedings of the Academy, cited above, has the spire depressed below the
top of the body-whorl, so as to be a little concave. This may possibly be
a distinct species, but it agrees so nearly with the typical C. Tryoni in
nearly all other respects that I am inclined to regard it as a mere variety
of this shell. It is represented by fig. 10 c of plate 17.

Locality and position. — Fossil Hill, Kaw-soh Mountains, Nevada; Tertiary.

Genus PLANORBIS, Guttard.
Planorbis sPECTABiLis, Meek.

Plate 17, figP. 13, and 13 a, &, c,d, €,f.
Planorbis spectabilis^ Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., XII, 312 j and
(1876) in Col. Simpson^s Report Expl. across the Great Basin of Utah, 366, pi.
V, figs. 7 a-d*

Shell rather large, discoidal, concave above and below, but more deeply
below than above; volutions about six, increasing gradually in size, gen-
erally a little higher than wide, rounded on the periphery, more narrowly
rounded below, and convex but more depressed above ; each about half
enveloped below, and near one-fourth above, by the succeeding turn. Sur-
face and aperture unknown.

Greatest breadth, 0.80 inch ; height, 0.26 inch ; section of outer volu-
tion, 0.23 inch wide by 0.26 inch in hight.

Since describing this shell under the above name, I have suspected that
it may possibly be only a large variety, or more fully developed P. con-
volutus, M. & II. It has much the same form ; but, as the types were found
at widely different localities, and apparently at different horizons, I do not
feel sure that they can be properly united under one specific name.

Locality and position,— The specimen figured was found by Colonel
Simpson on Ham's Fork, Wyoming.

♦These figures were drawq from better specimens than those here illustrated.

190 PALEONTOLOGY.

Planorbis spectabilis var. Utahensis, Meek.

Plate 17, figs. 14, 14 a, 14 6, and 14 c.

Flanorbis Utahensis^ Meek (I860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Xlf, 314; and
(187G) in Col. Simpsou^s Eeport Expl. across the Great Basiu of Utah, 305, pi. v,
figs. 8 a, bj c.

Shell large, discoidal; upper side nearly flat, or sometimes slightly
concave in the middle; periphery rather narrowly rounded or subangular;
umbihcus moderately large, rather deep; volutions five and a half to six,
increasing gradually in size, wider than high, and moderately convex both
above and below, each about one-half enveloped on the under side, and less
than one-fourth on the upper, by the next succeeding turn. Surface and
aperture unknown.

Greatest breadth of a large specimen, about 1.19 inches; height, 0.35
inch.

This form is much like the last, but differs in having a deeper umbil-
icus, and proportionally wider volutions, which are generally distinctly
wider than high, instead of the reverse. It seems to be quite similar to P.
rotimdatus of Brongniart, from the Paris Basin; but none of the specimens
show any traces of the angle around the under side of the volutions, gener-
ally seen in that shell, as illustrated by Deshayes in the supplement to his
great work on the fossils of the Paris Basin. Among our known recent
American species, it is perhaps most nearly represented by P. subcrenatus
of Carpenter, from Oregon; but it evidently shows a greater number of
volutions on the upper side, and certainly seems not to have had as strong
marks of growth as that shell. It is true the specimens are all casts; but it
seems scarcely probable that if it had ever possessed these lines there would
have been no traces of them left.

The type-specimens of this form certainly have much more depressed and
proportionally wider volutions than the last; and if we could be quite sure
that this is not, at least in part, due to accidental pressure, there would be
scarcely any reason for doubting that it is specifically distinct.

The form referred to this species by Dr. White, in his report on Lieu-
tenant Wheeler's collections, plate xxi, fig. 8, seems to me to agree more
nearly with the last.

UNDOUBTED TBUTIAEY SPECIES. 191

Locality and position,— \l?Lxn'^ lork, near Fort Bridger, Bridger beds
of the Wyoming Territory ; collections of Colonel Simpson's expedition, in
Museum of the Smithsonian Institution ; Tertiary. Dr. Hayden's party
have also brought this shell from the same region.

Genus LIMN^A, Lamarck.

LlMN^A (LiMNOPHYSA) VETUSTA, Meek,
Plate 17, figs. 4, 4 a, and 4 b,

Limnoea vetu8ta,Ue^\i (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., XIII, 314; and (1876)
in Col. Simpson's Report ExpU across the Great Basin of Utah, 365, pi. v,
figs. 3 a, &.

Shell small, elongate-subovate, or subfusiform; spire moderately prom-
inent, conical, scarcely as long as the aperture; volutions five and a half to
six, compressed-convex; last one not very ventricose, sometimes almost sub-
cylindrical; suture well defined, with comparatively little obliquity ; surface
showing only obscure lines of growth; aperture very narrow, subovate;
columella with a moderately distinct fold.

Length, 0.56 inch; breadth, 0.26 inch.

Among existing species this may be compared with i. decidiosa of Sa}^
some varieties of which it quite nearly resembles. Its body- volution, how-
ever, is less ventricose, and its aperture less expanded, than we see in any
of the several forms that have been supposed to be varieties of that species.
It is perhaps more nearly allied to some of the real or supposed varieties
of L, humiliSj Say; though not exactly agreeing with any of them. It varies
much in form.

Locality and position. — Ham's Fork, near Fort Bridger ; Colonel Simp-
son's collection, in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution; Tertiary.

LiMN^A siMiLis, Meek.

Plate 17, figs. .3 aod 3 a.

Limncea similiSj Meek (1860), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Set. Philad., XII, 314; and (1876) in
Ool. Simpson^s Eeport Expl. across tbe^reat Basia of Utah, 365, pi. v,
figs. 2 a, b.

Shell small, narrow-subovate, approaching subfusiform; spire rather
prominent, nearly as long as the aperture ; volutions five and a half to six,
convex; suture rather deep and oblique; surface showing only fine, obscure

192 PALEONTOLOGY.

lines of growth, scarcely visible without the aid of a lens; aperture subovate,
rather narrowly rounded below, and acutely angular above ; columella
twisted. into a moderately prominent fold.

Length, 0.39 inch; breadth, 0.19 inch; apical angle slightly convex^
divergence about 38^.

This variable form is so closely allied to the last that I am nearly satisfied
that it is only a variety of the same. Its chief difference consists in having the
volutions of its spire a little more convex, and more drawn out, as it were,
so as to give decidedly greater obliquity to the suture. It seems to be even
more nearly allied to some of the more slender forms regarded by Mr. Binney
as varieties of L, humilis of Say; though it is a decidedly more attenuated,
less compact shell than that represented by Mr. Binney's figure of L, humiliSj
given on p. 63 of his *^Land and Fresh- Water Shells", published by the
Smithsonian Institution. There is scarcely any probabiHty, however, that
our shell is identical with any of the existing species.

Locality and position. — Same as last, Colonel Simpson's collection, in the
Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.

LiMN^A (PoLYRHYTis) KiNaii, Meek.

Shell ovate; spire short; volutions about four, convex, rapidly increas-
ing in size, last one very large and ventricose; suture
well defined; aperture large, subovate; columella appar-
ently with a moderately well-developed fold; surface
ornamented by regular, distinct, vertical costae, that are
strongly defined on the body- volution, but more obscure
or nearly obsolete on the spire.

Limn(Ba Kinffii. Length, 0.73 inch; breadth, about 0.43 inch.

Fig G. A side-view, with rpj^j^ .^^ j^ remarkable for having its surface

. outer lip restored. ^ ^

Fig. 7. A slightly 4ifft^rent ornamented by very regular, vertical costse, quite
8ame(na .size), g^j.Qjjg|y Refined on its body-volution. This character

will readily distinguish it from any other species, either recent or fossil,
known to me, and, with its other characters, forbid its reference to any of
the established. subgenera. In the possession of ribs^ it agrees with Pleu-

UNDOUBTED TERTIARY SPECIES. 193

rolimncea, but it diflFers extremely in form from that type. I have therefore
proposed for its reception a new subgenus under the name Polyrhytis*

I have seen but a single specimen of this shell, consisting of a well-defined
mould, from which a gutta-percha cast has been taken, and from this the
figures and description were prepared. The specific name is given in honor
of Clarence King, esq., the Geologist-in-charge of the Survey of the Fortieth
Parallel.

Locality and position. — Cache Valley, Utah; Tertiary, probably of
Miocene age.

CEEIPHASIID^.

Genus GONIOBASIS, Lea.
GoNiOBASis SiMPSONi, Meek.

Plate 17, figs. 7, 7 a, 7 5, 7 c, and 7 df.

Melania Simpsonij Meek (1860)^ Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., XII, 313.
Ooniobasis f ISimpsoni^ Meek (1866), in Conrad's Smithsonian Gbeck-List, 12 ; and (1876)

in Col. Simpson's Keport Expl. across the Great Basin of Utah, 365, pi. v, figs.

1 a to 1 e.

Shell attaining nearly a medium size, elongate-conical ; spire gradually
tapering apparently to an acute apex, which is not eroded ; volutions eight
or nine, flattened or more or less convex, increasing gradually and regu-
larly in size ; last one rounded below ; suture generally linear, and some-
times presenting a very slightly banded appearance, or becoming deeper as
the volutions assume a more convex outline. Surface ornamented with
more or less distinct, regular little vertical, or slightly arched costse, which
are crossed by small, often obscure, revolving, raised lines, usually largest
and most widely separated on the lower half of the body- volution ; costse
sometimes assuming a very faintly nodose appearance around the middle
of the volutions. Aperture rhombic-subovate, and a little oblique, slightly
sinuous at the base of the columella ; outer lip somewhat sinuous above,
and moderately prominent below.

Length of a mature specimen, 0.78 inch; breadth, about 0.30 inch;

* This subgenus be«ars the same relations to Limncua proper, that Costella, Dull,
bears to the typical forms of Physa. It was first proposed by the writer in the Palseont.
Upper Mo., 532, 1876.
13 PR

194 PAL^OI^TOLOGY.

angle of spire nearly or quite regular, divergence somewhat variable, but
usually about 26^.

This species seems to be very variable, particular^ in its ornamenta-
tion. On some specimens, both the costae and the revolving lines are quite
distinct, while, in others, one or the other, or both, become more obscure, or
nearly obsolete. Sometimes the costae are rather closely arranged, and in
other specimens they are proportionally a little larger and more widely
separated. Occasionally they are somewhat more prominent, or even assume
a minutely nodular appearance, around the middle of the volutions of the
spire and above the middle of the last turn (see fig. T*d), Where the costae
fade away, they sometimes, especially on the body- volution, merely pass
into coarse, irregular lines of growth. The volutiolis also vary in their
convexity, being sometimes flattened on a line with the slope of the spire,
so as to show a merely linear suture (see fig. 7 a), and, in other examples,
they are more convex. In one specimen in the collection, the volutions are
decidedly convex. This specimen also has the revolving lines and the
costae very nearly obsolete, though small, obscure, closely -arranged costae
are seen near the upper part of the sjiire, and the rather strong lines of
growth on the body- volution show a tendency to gather into a few irregular
folds, or costae. (See fig. 7 t\)

There are also in the various Tertiary beds of Wyoming forms more
or less nearly like this, ranging through a great thickness of strata, and
varying so much as to be with great difficulty separated from each other.
In regard to their exact relations to the shell here figured, and to each
other, as well as to two species figured by Professor Hall in Fremont's
report, and one by Mr. Conrad in the Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., from
this region, I have not been able to arrive at any very satisfactory con-
clusion. Oar specimens, however, certainly look very unlike Professor
Hall's figures of the species described by him.

This species resembles more or less nearly several of the existing
western fonns; but, after careful comparisons, I have been unable to
identify it with any of them. Its specific name was given in honor of
CoL J. H. Simpson, of the United States Topographical Corps, who brought
the typical specimens from the Far West.

UNDOUBTED TERTIARY SPECIES. 195

Locality and position. — Ham^s Fork, near Fort Bridger, Wyoming Ter-
ritory, from the Bridger group Tertiary ; Colonel Simpson's collections, in
the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.

MELANIID^.
Genus MELANIA, Auct.
Melania! sculptelis, Meek.

Plate 17, fig. 8.

Melania (Ooniobasis f) sculptilisj Meek (1870), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 58.
Compare Melania Taylori, Gabb (1869), Palaeont. Calif or Dia, II, 13, pi. 2, fig. 21.

Shell of medium size, conoid-subovate ; spire more or less elongate-
conical, with convex slopes, the apical angle being greater in the young
than in the adult, not eroded at the apex ; volutions six to seven, rather dis-
tinctly convex ; suture strongly channeled ; aperture ovate, a little oblique,
rather narrowly rounded below; lip sharp, most prominent below the
middle, and slightly sinuous at the lower inner side. Surface elegantly
ornamented by numerous, very regularly disposed, slightly flexuous or sig-
moid, vertical costse,* which are crossed by equally distinct and regular
spiral ridges, about four of which may be counted on each volution of the
spire (excepting those near the apex, which are smooth), and eight to ten
on the last turn, on the under half of which they are most strongly defined ;
minute lines of growth may also be seen by the aid of a magnifier; costse
slightly nodulous at the points where they are crossed by the little revolv-
ing ridges.

Length, 0.62 inch; breadth, 0.27 inch.

This is a neat species, remarkable for its sharply-defined and very regular
cancellated style of sculpturing. The vertical costae are equally well defined
on all the volutions, excepting those near the apex, and on the under side
of the last one ; while the revolving lines, or ridges, become a little more
distinct on the lower part of the body-turn. Although there are nearly
always four of these revolving ridges on the volutions above the last one,
in a few examples as many as six may be counted on these turns ; but this
is due to the intercalation of a smaller one between two of the others, and

* These are represented too straight on the figure.

196 PALEONTOLOGY.

the exposure of another above the suture that is usually hidden beneath it
by each succeeding turn.

Among the existing American species, this seems to be most nearly
represented by G. Alhanyensis^ Lea. Mr. Tryon, to whom I sent a specimen
of it, thinks it resembles some Asiatic species of Melania^ and that it may
possibly belong to that genus, and not to Goniohasis. •

Since publishing a description of this shell under the name Melania
(Goniobasis?) sculptilis, I have been led to suspect that it may not be distinct
from Melania Taylori of Gabb, described in the California Report from the
same region. Mr. Gabb's type seems to be much more slender and
elongated, however, especially if his restored outhne of the wanting part of
its spire is nearly correctly drawn. Still, our types may be only young
specimens of the same, as they are much smaller. I remember that there
were with them a few larger casts and imperfect specimens from the same
locality, so coated over with a calcareous deposit that their characters could
not be made out. These agree more nearly in size and form with Mr.
Gabb's type.

Locality and position, — Kaw-soh Mountains, Nevada ; Tertiary.

Melania f subsculptilis, Meek.

Plate 17, fig. 9.
Melania [Qoniobasis f) subsoulptUiSy Meek (1870), Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad>, 68.

Shell apparently less than a medium size ; spire conical, with convex
slopes ; apex pointed, not eroded ; volutions about seven and a half, flat-
tened-convex ; suture channeled ; aperture ovate, slightly oblique, rather
abruptly rounded below ; margin of lip most prominent below the middle,
and faintly sinuous on the lower inner side. Surface ornamented by small,
regular, slightly sigmoid, vertical costae, with an obscure revolving ridge
just below, and a slight angle above the suture, to which prominences the
costse impart a somewhat crenated appearance ; last turn marked with a few
distinct, revolving, raised lines, strongest on the lower half.

Length, 0.43 inch; breadth, 0.19 inch; length of aperture, 0.14 inch;
breadth of same, 0.10 inch.

This form differs from the last by its smaller and more crowded costse,

UNDOUBTED TERTIARY SPECIES. tdl

less convex whorls, and the absence of revolvmg ridges, or lines, excepting
on the body-volution, arid the one just below and above the suture. As
in that foiin, its apical whorls are smooth. The only good specimen of it
in the collection is smaller than the average size of those of the last, and
probably a young shell. I am now of the opinion that it is most probably
only a variety of that- shell ; but it may be distinct.
Locality and position.'- Same as last.

PL^TE I.

Page.
Fig, 1. Ophileta complanata, rar. nana : * 17

1. Au upper view of a specimen, natural size, as seen lying iu the matrix.
1 a. The same, enlarged.

1 h. Profile view, enlarged.

Fig. 2. Raphirtoma! kotcliformis 18

2. View of upper side, natural size.

2 a. Profile view of same.

2 6. Under side of same, magnified. [In the specimen, the umbilicus is filled with rock,

though its subangular margins are exposed.]

Fig. 3, Kaphistoma? trochiscus , jg

3. Upper side, natural size.

3 a. Profile.

3 6. Under side, enlarged. [The uuibilicus is filled with rock iu the specimen, but its
margin is clearly seen.]

Fig. 4. CONOCORYPHE KiNGii. Upper view, natural size 20

[The specimen is accidentally compressed so as to spread cut the posterior extremities of
the cephalic shield more than is natural. Broken edges of the crust are also in
the figure wrongly made to look like small nodes at the ends of the segments of
the mesial lobe.]

Fig. 5. Paradoxides T Nevadensis. Shows upper side of a part of thorax and pygidium 23

Fig. 6. Favosites (undt. sp.) 27

Fig. 7. Atrypa reticularis 38

7. Dorsal view.

7 a. Side view.

Fig. 8. Edmondia? Pinonensis 46

8. Side view of a large specimen, natural size.

8 a. Opposite view of a smaller specimen.

Fig. 9. Spirifer Pinonensis 45

9. Dorsal view, natural size.

9 a. Profile view of same.

9 h. Ventral view of same.

Fig. 10. ProetijS denticulatus 49

10. The glabella embedded in the matrix (enlarged two diameters).

10 tt. Pygidium, enlarged two diameters.

10 i». One of the thoracic segments seen iu profile (enlarged two diameters).

Fig. 11, DALMANITE.S (uudt. Sp.) 48

11. A mouldof the pygidiuuj.

11 a. Another specimen of same.

Yxi'i. 40Pai-nl]eI

Silurian and Devonian

1 a..

2 a.

2. h.

.r<^i^iMe0^^es^^

fliriiiiiiiia.;.'; , aJJ^jPII' '-fe

[\ :x

P»L^TE II.

Page.
Fig. 1. PTYCHOPII YLLUM INFUNDIBUIXM *. 23

1. A loDgitudinal section, showing the depth of the calice, with the unfundihuliform

plates, and appareuces of a columella.
1 a. Ad upper view of another specimen.
1 5, A side view of a third specimen.

Fig. 2. Cyathopiiyixum Palmeri 33

View of upper side, showing the young corallites at jjlaces growing in the middle of the
calices of the old.

Fig. 3. FaVOSITES POLYMOliPHA ! ? 27

Fig. 4. DlPHYPHYLLUM FASCICHLUM 29

4. A side view of a bundle of the corallites, imperfect at both ends, and showing them

to coalesce at intervals.
4 a. A longitudinal section of one of same, enlarged, showing the wide inner area occupied
by broad, slightly arching tabulsB (without any traces of a columella), and the
. very narrow, outer vesicular area.

4 b. A transverse section of same, enlarged.

Fig. 5. ACERVULARIA PENTAGONA 31

5. View of upper side, showing corallites, natural size.

5 fli. A transverse section of a few of the corallites, enlarged.

Fig. 6. .Smithia Hennahii 32

6. View of surface, showing corallites, natural size.
G a. Transverse section of same, enlarged.

Fig. T. Alveolites MULTiLAMEixA .. 25

7. View of a flat, vertical, weathered section.

7 a. A portion of same, polished and magnified, so as to show the num< roue, thin, crowded
tabula), and the mural pores; the latter being seen through the transparent
calcareous matter filling the interior.

7h. A transverse section of the same, showing the forms of the corallites, magnified.

Fig. 8. Orthoceras KiNGii 47

Fig. 9. Orthoceras (undt. sp.) 48

IT. ':x 'o-(^LExDl.40PaT-all^^l

Devonian

Plate II

/ :^r^^-,

-:-^*«l.i.,.>fe

1 a.

MW J'^llioU. aei

J , iiieri \'K\\ .

PLA.TEIII.

Fi^. 1. Spirifeu Utahensis 39

1. All an tero- ventral view, natural size.
1 a. Dorsal view of same specimen.

1 h, A side view of a smaller specimen.

1 c. A cardinal view of another specimen, showing area and foramen.

1 d. Cardinal view of tbo ventral valve of the largest specimen seen.

I €. An antero-ventral view of same.

Fig. 2. Hemipkonites Chemung ensis, var. arctostriata 35

2. View of ventral valve, with an oblique view of area.

Fig. 3. Spiriper Engelmanni ^^

3. A cardinal view, showing area and foramen.
3 a. A side view of same.

3 6. Dorsal view of same.

3 0. An antero-ventral view. ,

3 rf. A ventral view of another specimen apparently of this species.

3 e. Dorsal view of last.

Fig. 4. Spirifer ARGENTARIU8 42

4. A ventral view.

4 a. Cardinal view of same specimen, showing its low, strongly incnrvtd area, foramen,

etc.

4 5. A dorsal view of same.

Fig. 5. Spirifer strigosus 43

5. View of ventral valve.

5 a. View of dorsal valve.
5 b. Profile view of same.

Fig. G. Atrypa reticularis ^ 33

G. Ventral view.

Ga. Dorsal view of another specimen with finer strife.

Fig. 7. PRODUCTUS subaculeatus ? _ 3r,

7. Ventral view.

7 a. Ventral view of another more elongated specimen.

7 6. A cast of the exterior of a dorsal valve of same.

Fig. 8. POSIDONOMYA ? FilAGOSA , 92

8. A left valve, flattened by pressure between the laminae of shale, with the edges

abont tlie beak incomplete.

8 a. A smaller right valve flattened in the same way, and showing indications of a small

anterior ear-like projeotion.

Fig. 9. Leiorhynchus ? quadricostatus 79

9. An internal cast of a ventral valve, flattened by pressure.

9 a-b. Internal casts of two dorsal valves, somewhat compressed.

Fig. 10. AVICULOPECTEN CATACTU8 93

10. A left valve, somewhat enlarged.

10 a. Another left valve, natural size.

10 fe. Aright valve, apparently of this species, enlarged about two diameters ; much of
its palUal margin being broken away.

Fig. 11. Bpirifer (Syringothyris) cuspidatus 87

11. A cardinal view, showing the high area and foramen, and, within the latter, the

transverse septum and internal tube.

II a. An anterior view of same.

■I.'FIxjjI. 4D?a:'allel

Devonian

111,

j.Biari hth.

Page.

B^ig. 1. Zaphrentis excbntkica **'^

1. An oblique upper view, showing the excentric calice, with its margins broken away.

1 a. A longitudinal section of same, mainly as exposed by fracture, showing the very
broad tabulae (<) ; and at (v) the large vesicular space on the ventral side. The
points marked («, «, a) show the lateral surfaces of the septa, which are marked
with curved stria ; while the points {g, g, g, g) show the surfaces of the septa
ground smooth ; (0 is the fossula.

1 6. A dorsal view of the coral as seen with the epitheca worn or weathered oflf, so as to
show the edges ot the septa divaricating along the middle of the dorsal side.

1 c. A side view of same specimen,

1 d. A transverse section of same, nearly at the middle.

..,.T Fv-T,! 40

X\iL 4' ) rar?;!..-:^;!

Carboniferous

Plate K

J.hien hui.

PLATE V.

Page.
Fig, 1. Zaphrentis ? (uudt. sp. ) 58

1. A side view of a portion of tlio corallnm, natural size.

Fig. 2. Campophyllum (nndt. sp.) 57

2. A side view of a \Teatbered specimeu, showing the edges of tlio septa (slightly too

wide apart), and the crowded, complex vesicnhir structure between Iheni.
2 rt. A longitudinal section of tho same, i-howing the very broad tabulsB, surrounded by a
narrow vesicular zone.

2 J). A transverse section of same, showirg the dissepiments to bo (at some places) much

nioro crowded between the septa in the vesicular zone than would be indicated by
the longitudinal section.

Fig. 3. C YA rHOPUYLLUM (Campophyllum ?) Nevadense CO

3. A much-weatheri d specimen (side view) showing tho edges of the septa and dissepi-

ments, with an oblique view of the calice filled with hard calcareous matter.

3 a. A vertical section of a part of the same specimen, showing the tabuljB and vesicular

dissepiments represented by dark^ines, as far as they can be made out. The dark
space above shows the very deep calice (with a nearly flat bottom) tilled with
dark calcareous matter.

3 &. Is a transverse section at near the middle of the crralUun.

Fig. 4. Cyathophyllum subc^spitqsum CO

4. A specimen consisting of several corallites lying together in the matrix, with the

epithcca mainly removed by weathering.

4 ci. A transverse section of one of the same.
4 6. A longitudinal section of a part of same.

U. ;■:. G-cl/Exi)l 40?Grail^^l

'.arboiufercDUS

ridt.,; v:

iM^^''iii

ii.'vrKi]:

V

PL^TE VI.

Page.

58

V\S' 1- LlTHOSTUOTIO?^ WlIITNKYI

1. A view of a ninss of limestone iiiclnding several of the corallites, natural size.

1 a. Another view of same, allowing tlio encls and calices of the corallites.

1 &. A transverse section of one of the same, somewhat eulurged.

1 c. A long tudinal section of same.

Fig 2. Syuingopora (nndt. sp.) ^^

'2. A side view of a fragment of the corallnm.

2 a. Another view of same specimen, showing the ends cf the corallites.

Fig. 3, Zapiihentis Stansblryi -• ^'^

:]. A side view of an imperfect specin^cn, with the edges of th€ calico and the lower
extremity broken away.

3 a. An upper view of same, showing the septa, "with the n mnining portion of the calice

iilled with rock.
3 ft. A transverse section of the corallum below the middle.

3 c. A longitudinal section of the upper part of the same, showing the complex tabnlse

and outer vesicular zone, the form of the broad bottom of tbo calice, etc.

Fig. 4. Z APHKEKTIS ? (CLISIOPH YLLUM ?) MULTILAMELLOSA 53

4. A dorsal view of a specimen denuded of its epitheca, and showing the divaricating
arrangement of the septa.

4 a. A view of the calice of same, with its margins broken* away and its bottom filled

with rock.
4 h, A longitudinal broken section of same, showing imperfectly t-ho internal structure,
with the fossula on the right.

G-^^-i.ExiJ. ^'^■""iParall^V:

Carboiufercus

■H^^/. Elliott del

FLi^TE VII.

Page.
Fig. 1. Orthis Michelini var. Nevadensis ^^

1. A 8i(le view of a larj^e specimen. [Beak of ventral valve not quite arched enough,

and the height of the area of the dorsal valve not well shown, in this figure.]
1 a. A dorsal view of same. [Figure makes the cardinal area look too wide.]
1 &. A side view of a smaller specimen.
1 c. A ventral view of same, [Posterior lateral striae too straight in this figure and 1 a.]

Fig. 2. Hemipronites crenistria "-*

2. A ventral view of an accidentally distorted specimen.

Fig. 3. PnODUCTUS SUBHORRIDU8 '^^

3. A side view.

3a. A front view of another specimen.

3 ft. A ventro-anterior view of another example.

Fig. 4. Pkoductus costatus??

4 An anterior view ; the shell heing turned so as to show the irregularity of the costse

on the anterior slope.
4 a. A side view.
4 6. A ventral view.

Fig. 5. Pkoductus semireticulatus

5. View of ventral valve.

Fig. 6. Pkoductus Ivesi!

6. An oblique side view of a large specimen distorted by pressure.

(Ja. A ventral view of another specimen, with its ears and margins broken away.

G b. An external cast of the dorsal valve, with some portions of the shell remaining near
the cardinal margin, showing the thick marginal ridge, and a part of the cardinal
process, with the small mesial ridge, which latter is divided near the cardinal pro-
cess, as in P. 8cdbrtculu8.

7*2

Fig. 7. Pkoductus Prattenianus

7. A ventral view of an imperfect specimen, with the ears and free margins broken

away.

7 a. A side view of another imperfect specimen.

Fig. 8. PrODUCTUS SEMISTRIATUS '^

8. An an tero- ventral view.

8 a. A side view of same.

Geo], '5x1.1. 40 1'arall-l

narboiufeTH}us

j.i:5ieii iim.

vV

.-V^>

Pngo.
Fig. 1. Spirifehina pulciira 85

1. Dorsal view of the original typictil speciraen.
la. Veutrul view of same.

1 h. An ontlino profile of same.

1 c. An internal cast of the ventral valve, showing the slit left hy the rostral septum.

Id. A dorsal view of another very gibhous specimen.

1 c. An ontline profile of same. ""

Fig. 2. Productus Nevadrnsis C4

2. Ventral view of a specimen, with the ears broken away.

2 a. Cast of the exterior of a ventral valve of same species,

2 b. Ventral aspect of another specimen, turned so as t o give a more direct view than

fig. 2.
2 c. Internal cast of ventral valve.

2 (f. A side view of same.

2f. A longitudinal section of a specimen with the valves united.

Fig. 3. PJJODI'CTUS MULTISTRIATU8 76

3. Ventral view of a rather large specimen, with the free margins broken away.

3 a. Side view of same.

3&. Ventral view of a smaller specimen, with one ear and much of the margins broken

away.
3 c. Dorsal view of last.
3d. Side view of same.

3 6". Internal view of a dorsal valve, too much worn to show internal markings, but

showing the very abrupt geuiculation of the anterior and lateral margins around
the flattened visceral region.

Fig. 4. Productus longispinus 78

4. A side view.

4 a. Ventral view, with ears partly broken away.

Fig. 5. Spiriferixa (undt. sp.) 84

5. Dorsal view of a specimen, with lateral extremities imperfect.
^)a. Antero- ventral aspect of same.

f) b, A side view of same.

Fig. 6, AniYUis subtilita 83

(). Dorsal view.

(J a. An outline profile of same.

n. S. GRnl.bq)].40rarallhl

CarlDomferous

piute "vm.

H.Y^ Elllou del

J.Bieri htli.

I>LA.TE IX.

Page.
Fig. 1. Spirifbr scobina , 90

1. Dorsal yiew of a mature specimeu, with the granules of the surface worn off.
1 a. Side view of same.

1 h. Ventral view of same.

1 c. A portion of the granular surface magnified.

Idf. A cardinal view of a ventral valve, showing area and foramen.

Fig. 2. SpmiPEE CAMERATU8? 91

2. Ventral view of an imperfect specimen.

2 a, Side view of same.

Fig. 3. Athymis Roissyi 82

3. A side view of a large specimen accidentally compressed.

3 a. Ventral view of same.

3 6. Dorsal view of same.

Fig. 4. ATHYKIS? PERSmUATA ^ 81

4. An antero- ventral view, showing the profound sinus of the front.

4 a. A dorsal view of same ; a part of the shell being removed so as to show the

mnsoular scars.

4 h. Side view of same, with heak and contiguous parts broken away.

Fig. 5. GOKIATITKS aONIOLOBUS-. - 98

5. A profile view of an internal cast, with the body-chamber broken away.

5 a. Side view of same.

5 h. Diagram of lobes and sinuses of one of the septa, natural size.

Fig.6. Spirifbr OPiMus?. A ventral view 88

Fig. 7. Ayiculopectbn Utahensis 95

7. A left f valve, natural size.

7 «, A portion of the surface of same, magnified to show the minute, crowded, concentric

strisB.
7 d. A mould of a larger individual in the rock.
7 0. A mould of a small right valve of apparently the same.
7 ^. A cast of another specimen of same, differing a little in form.

Page.
Fig. 1. MODIOMORFHA? OVATA 103

1. Right valve ; the specimen being a cast of the outside.
la. A profile to show the convexity of same.

Fig. 2. MoDiOMOKPHA f J.ATA. A^ external cast of a left valve 10.3

Fig.3. DisciNA (undt. sp.) ....- , 98

3. Uuder yalye.

3 a. Same, enlarged two diameters, anxl showing more nearly the proper proportions.

Fig. 4. SPiiiERA WpiT^Eyf ...^. J02

4. \ left valve of a sjiiaU specimen.

4 a. An outline to show the convjexity of saaws.
4 6. A right valve of a larger specimen,

4 c. A largo individual apparently of the same species.

Fig. 5. Halohia LoMAf ei,!. A slab of rock, with several imperfect valves, all being casts of th^

exterior.., 10(0

Fig. 6. Arcestes Gabbi ^ 121

0. A cast of the interior, side view.

6 a. Profile view of same.

() &. An outline showing the lobes and sinuses of one of the septa from the umbilicus to
the siphonal lobe; taken from Mr. Gabb^s figure in the Cafifornia Geological
Report.

Fig. 7. Clidonites i^^vidorsatus ,.... 109

7. A side view of the largest specimen in the collection.

7 a. Profile of a smaller specimen of same.

Fig. 8, EuTOMOCEKAS Laubei ,^ ....^ , 126

8. A side view of an imperfect specimen,
6 a. Profile of the same.

Fig. 9. Gymnotockjras rotelliformb .---rr 111

9. Side view of an incomplete specimen.

9 a. Profile of same.

Fig. 10. Gymnotoceras Blakei .^ •-.,, ^ 113

10 Side view of an incomplete specimen,
10 a. Profile of same.

10 &. A smaller specimen.

10 c. An outline of the lobes and sinuses, taken mainly from Mr. Gabb^s figure in the
California Geological Report.

Fig. 11. Orthogeras Blakei t Merely fragments of a cast, showing none of the septa — , 104

^1 ' r^vu Yx^ 1 ioPc^j.HpI

TriHSc L

Plre X.

. JLiilOtt, dt-5

Bien .jitii.

FLA.TE XI.

\ Page.

Pig. 1. TrACHYCEBAS JUDICARICUM 118

1* A peripheral or ventral view of an imperfect specimen.

1 a. A side view of same.

Fig. 2. TrACHYCERAS JUDICARICUM, Var, SUBASFKRUM .; 118

2. A side view of an imperfect specimen.

2 a. A peripheral or abdominal view of same.

3 &. A view of the lobes and sinuses of the septa.

Fig. 3. Trachyceras Whitneyi 116

3. A peripheral or abdominal view of an imperfect specimen.

3 a. Side view of same.

Fig. 4. Eudiscoceras Gabbi 128

4. Side view of an imperfect specimen.

4 a. A peripheral or abdominal view of same.

Fig. 5. ACROCHORDISCERAS HYATTI 124

5. Side view of a broken and somewhat distorted specimen.

5 a. A side view of a larger imperfect specimen.

Fig. 6. Gymnotoceras Blakei . - , 113

6. Side view of a nearly complete ad alt specimen apparently of this species.

6 a. A peripheral or abdominal view of same> showing the remarkable flattening of

the periphery.

Fig. 7. ABCESTEst pbrplanus • : 120

7. Side view of a cast, showing no surface-markings.

7 a. A profile view, showing the strongly-compressed form of the shell.

U.S. GeoIExpI, 40 Parallel

Triasc:iC

Kc^e XI.

K^l Elliott d^:

J.Bien kth.

I'LA.TE XII.

Pago.
^ Fig, 1. CucuLL^A Haguei.-.. ;_ 134

1. Side view, magnified.

1 a. A line showing the natural size of same.

I &. An outline anterior view» to show the convexity of the shell, natural size.

Fig. 5>. Lima (Limatula) euecta. A single valve, natural size 130

Fig. 3. MyophorialineataI.. 133

3. A specimen with the heak broken away, natural size.

3 a. The same, magnified.

Fig. 4. VOI^ELLA SCALPRUM, VUT. ISONEMA •.* ,.. , 132

4. Side view, natural size.

4 a. An outline to show convexity.

Fig. .5. An undetermined bivalve (internal cast).

Fig. 6. Myacites (Pleuromya) subcomprbssa - J.. 130

6. Side view.

6 a. An outline to show convexity.

Fig. 7, Beliiimnitks Nevadensis ^ 138

7. An imperfect specimen, with the lower extremity broken away. It also has a part

of one side broken out, so as to show^ the cast of the internal cavity for the recep-
tion of the phragmocone.

7 a. Is a section across Ihe upper end, showing the form of the upper part of the internal

cavity..

7 &. An outline to show the compressed form of the guard near it6 lower end.

Fig. 8. Phragmocone of apparently a large Belemuite 131)

8 a. Another view of same, with a part of one .side removed, so as to show the deeply

arcuate septa.

8 &. Another fr^igment, showing the marginal siphuncle.

Fig, 9. Pinna Kingii 131

9. A side view of an imperfect cast, retaining portions of the shell.

9 a. Dorsal view of same.

Fig. 10. Myacites inconspicuus. a side view, magnified two diameters 137

Fig. 11. Myacites (Pleuromya) Weberensis 137

11. Side view of a specimen with the posterior end broken away.

II a. Anterior view of same.

Fig, 12. Spiripbrina pulchra..^ .' ,.,. . 85

12. A side view of a specimen, with the extremities and beak broken away.
12 a. A cardinal view of same, showing area and foramen.

12 ^. An anterior view of saime.

12 e. A dorsal view of another specimen, with imperfect extremities.

12 d, A nearly complete ventral valve, as seen embedded in the matrix.

Fig, 13. AVICOLOPKCTEN OCCIDANEUS 96

13. A specimen of left valve, with the anterior ear broken away, natural size.

13 a. Another specimen of left valve, figure enlarged two diameters.

136. Another specimen, apparently of left valve, with posterior ear more acute.

U. S. Geol.Eziil.40Paranel

Jurassic and Carboiiiferoiis

Plate m.

J-iarass

,ai'boTuJ '

11 Vv\r,:iiiru •!«:.

PLA.TE XIII.

Page.
145

Fig 1. INOCBRAMUS BRECTUS - ■

1. A side view of an internal cast of both valves, somewhat distorted.

1 a. Another small cast of a left valve.

Fig. 2. INOCERAMUSPROBLKMATICUS? 1^^

2 a. Cast of a light valve.

2 6. A part of an internal cast of a form with a more pointed beak (partly due to distor-
tion), possibly belonging to another species.

Fig. 3. INOCERAMUS SiMPSONi. An internal cast of a right valve, with some remaining portions
of the shell. Portions of the basal and posterior dorsal margins being broken

142

away •

Fig. 4. INOCBRAMUS (itndt. sp,), side view ^^^

4 a. A profile outline of same.

PL^TE XIV.

Page.
148

Fig. 1. CUCULLJSA(TKIGOXARCA?)OIiLIQUA .---,

1. Internal cast of a left valve.
1 a. Another larger one of same.
1 &. A cast of right valve of same.

Fig. 2. CoRBULA (cast in sandstone) • ^^^

Fig. 3. INOCERAMUS KRECTUS. An anterior view of an internal cast of the two valves partly 145
opened. Their lower margins are distorted, and probably were originally as
broad as indicated by the outlines below.

Fig. 4. Inocbramus deformis ^^^

4. Cast of a right valve, with a part of the anterior margin and beak broken away,
4 a. Another view of same.

Fig. 5. Mactra (Trigonella! ) arenaria 1^

A view of the exterior of the left valve.

IT. S. Geol.,Ex-pl.4C)?araI],^:;l

u^etaceous

Pl'ate JTl

ir,w;:F,iuou ^m...

J.Bien Ml.

Page.
Fig. 1. Gybodes depressa 159

1. Upper view of an internal cast.

1 a. Side view of same.

Fig. 2. AnCHUKA? FUSIPORMIS 160

2. External cast of a specimen with the apex of the spire broken away, and the outline

of the lip not clearly seen.

2 a. A smaller specimen, with the lip and the extremity of the canal broken away.

Fig. 3. Cardium curtum 151

Left view of one of the largest specimens, which is an internal cast.

Fig. 3 a.* Cardium subcortum -• 152

A small specimen, right side view.

Fig. 4. Tellina modesta. Cast of left valve 157

Fig. 5. Tellina f modesta. Cast of a larger left valve, possibly of this species 157

Fig. 6. Tellina! isonema. Left view of a cast of exterior 156

Fig. 7. Cyprimerl/iT subalata. Internal oast of left valve 158

Fig. 8. Mactra 1 Emmonsi. Cast of outside of left valve, two diameters 153

Fig. 9. Tellina (Arcopagia) ? Utahensis — 155

9. Cast of right valve-

9 a^h. Two other casts of right valves, differing somewhat in form, but probably belong-

ing to the same species.

Fig. 10. OSTREA 140

10. Interior of an upper valve.

10 a. Outer or upper side of same.
10 K Interior of an under valve.
lOo. Oatside of same.

\

TJ, S. Geel.ErDl. 40 Parallel

CretaceoLis

Plate ffl

HW, Elliott d_el.

Page.
Fig. 1. SpH^RiUMf Idahobnsb 183

1. A specimen consisting mainly of an internal cast^ with some portions of the shell

remaining.
1 «. An outline to show the convexity of the same.

Fig. 2. Sph^rium rugosum 182

2. A rather small specimen, enlarged two diameters.
2 a. A larger specimen, enlarged two diameters.

2 6. An outline to show convexity, enlarged two diameters.

Fig. 3. Unio Haydeni ., 184

3. View of left valve.

3 a. Same view of a larger specimen.

3 &. Internal cast, showing an impression of the hinge.

Fig. 4. Unio belliplicatus 166

4. Left side of one of the larger specimens.

4 a. Right view of a smaller individual of same.

Fig. 5. Unio VETUSTUS 16

5. A young shell flattened by pressure, with a part of the posterior broken away.

(Original type of the species.)

5 a, A large specimen, somewhat twisted over by oblique pressure, so as to hide the beaks.
5 &. A dorsal view of same.

5 c. A smaller specimen of same.

Fig. 6. Cyrena (Veloritina) Durkeei 167

6. A medium-sized specimen.

6 a. An anterior view of same, showing its unusually deep and well-defined Innule.
6 ^. A larger individual.

6 0. A very gibbous, short variety.

6df. A dorsal view of same, showing the deep posterior dorsal concavity.

6 e. A separate left valve, showing hinge.

6/. A small, depressed variety, or possibly a distinct species.

6g, An internal cast, showing muscular impression, and the slightly sinuous pallial line.

U. S, Geol.ExpI 40 Parallel

Cretaceous and Tertiary

Plate XVL

FLA^TE XVII.

Paf<e.
Fig. 1. CORBUJ.A Engelm\nm 174

1. A large specimen, with a part of posterior extremity broken off.
la. The original typical specimen, enlarged two diameters.

Fig. 2. CORBULA PYRIFORMIS 170

2. A side view of a ruther distinctly ribbed specimen^ with a portion of its posterior

extremity broken away, natural size.
2 a, The original typical specimen, smooth variety.
2 b. An anterior view of same, showing its very nearly equivalve character.

2 c, A very large, irregularly ribbed specimen, with the posterior extremity slightly

broken.
2d. A dorsal view of another specimen, slightly distorted by compression. It shows the
posterior dorsal furrow and the angle along the margin of each valve.

Fig. 3. LlMN^A SIMILIS 191

13. A dorsal view, shon iug aperture, enlarged two diameters.

3 a. An opposite view of same.

Fig. 4. LiMNiEA VKTUSTA ' 191

4. A dorsal view, natural size.

4 a. The same, somewhat enlarged.

4 5. An opposite view of same, enlarged.

Fig. 5. LiMNJEA NITIDULA ". Igl

5. Dorsal view, enlarged two diameters. [Inner lip not well shown.]

5 a. An opposite view of same.

Fig. 6. Rhytiphorus pkiscus 175

6. View of dorsal side (type-specimen).

6 a. An opposite view of same, showing the narrow aperture, with a part of the lip

broken away.

Fig. 7. GONIOBASIS SiMPSONI 193

7. One of the typical specimens, natural size, with apex broken away.

7 a. A specimen without regular costa.
7 h. An opposite view of same.

7 c. A nearly smooth specimen.

7d. A Gostate and slightly nodose specimen, enlarged about two diameters.

Fig. 8. Melania? sculptilis 195

Side and aperture view, enlarged about two diameters.
Fig. 9. Melania ¥ subsculptilis ; perhaps only a variety of last , 1 96

Side and aperture view, about two diameters.
Fig. 10. Carinifex (Vorticifex) Tbyoni 188

10. Side and aperture view, natural size.
10 a. View of upper side of same.

10 h. Under view of same.

10 c. A young, strongly costate specimen, with the apex much deprt^ssed, being the type

■ of the var. concava.

Fig. 11. Carinifex (Vorticifex) Binneyi 187

11. Side and aperture view, natural size.

11 a. View of upper side of same.

Fig. 12. Ancylus undulatus 186

12. A medium-sized specimen, natural size, dorsal view,
12a. An outline lateral view of same.

12 &. An outline lateral view of a larger specimen, natural size.

2

Fiif. 13. Planorbis spectahilis 169

13. A small specimen (under side view).
13 a. A profile view of same.

13 6. An upper view of same

13 c. A profile view of a larger specimen.

13 d. An upper view of a large distorted specimen.

13 e. View of under side of same.

13/. An under view of a smaller specimen.

Fig. 14. Planorbis spbctabilis, var. Utahjsnsis 190

14. Upper side, natural size.

14 a. Under side, same.

14 &. Upper aide view of another specimen.

14 c. Profile view of same specimen represented by fig. 14.

Fig. 15. Campeloma (undt. sp.) 181

15. A large, imperfect specimen, somewhat distorted (widened) by compression (lines

of growth too strong and too straight), so as to appear rather wider than natural.

15 a. An opposite view of same specimen.

Fig. 16. Probably the young of the above species ,

16 «. Another view of another specimen.

16 h. Another specimen, with the spire broken away.

Fig. 17. Campeloma macrospira? (young specimen) 179

17. A dorsal view.

17 a. An opposite view of same.

Fig. 18. ViVIPARUS CONRADlf 178

18. An imperfect specimen from Bear River, Utah.

18 a. A specimen from the original locality on the Upper Missouri, figured here for com-

parison.

Fig. 19. Pyrqulifera humerosa 176

19. A large specimen, with the lip broken, so as to give an unnatural angularity to the

basal outline.

19 a. Another specimen, with the apex of the spire broken off, but showing the form of

the aperture.

U.S. GeolEzpI 40 Parallel

Cretaceous and Tertiary

Plate :XM.

li-^.£Uiottctel

J.Biai Utiu

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE FORTIETH PARALLEL.

CLARENCE KING, Geologist-dj-Chabgk.

PART II.

PALEONTOLOGY.

JAMES HALIj and R. P. WHITFIELD.

GENERAL REMARKS.

In studying the fossils placed in our hands, from the several Palaeozoic
formations occurring in the regions examined by the *^ Geological Exploration
of the Fortieth Parallel", there are several groups of special interest noticed;
but perhaps none more deserving of close attention than those from the lime-
stones and silico-calcareous shales representing the Potsdam Period, from the
White Pine and Eureka mining-districts and from Schell Creek. The peculiar
interest attached to these specimens arises chiefly from the great number
and variety of the Trilobitic remains, represented in the few blocks present
in the collection, and their great resemblance to forms previously described
from the soft, friable sandstones of the same period in the Mississippi Valley,
within the States of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. Although there is
not a single species common to the two regions, yet there is such a close
generic resemblance as to leave no doubt whatever of the positive identity
of the formations. As yet, there have been fewer genera recognized from
these far western localities than from the more eastern ones; but if the
smaller number of distinct locations and the restricted space or territory
over which collections have been made, as well as the small amount of
material examined, be taken into consideration, it will at once be seen that
the probability of the existence of as varied and equally abundant fauna is
very great, especially as there are at present several undescribed, but quite
distinct, forms recognized among the material in hand, but in fragments too
poor for description or figures.

The species here described also present a striking resemblance to forms
recognized in beds of corresponding age in the San Saba Valley, Texas, by
Dr. F. Roemer, in his work on the Cretaceous formations of Texas (Kreid. von

199

200 PALEONTOLOGY.

Texas, &c.). The remarkable form there described and figured, under the
name Pterocephalia SanctisdbcBj finds a close representative in the one here
given as Pterocephalm laticeps^ and shows the propriety of the generic separa-
tion, while the form characterized by the '^slipper- shaped" glabella of Dr.
Owen shows not only the wide geographical distribution of this peculiar
type, which is common in the Wisconsin beds, and largely prevails in the
White Pine, Eureka, and Schell Creek localities, and also occurs in the San
Saba district, but also its value as a generic type, for which Dr. Owen pro-
posed the name CrepicephaluSy which may with propriety, we think, be
retained for this widely-distributed group. The extensive geographical
range of these peculiar and marked generic forms, through the western
countries, is a point of great interest, and a feature that will undoubtedly be
of much service in the future study of the formations over these as yet
imperfectly-explored regions, as, from their strongly-marked character, they
will be readily recognized, and serve as reliable guides in tracing out and
locating, stratigraphically, the formations wherever they may be met with.

Besides the above, the genera Bikellocephalus^ Ptychaspis^ Chariocephalm,
and Agnostus have been recognized in one or more species each. The Brachi-
opodous fauna of these localities is quite meager, both as regards species
and individuals, and affords but imperfect means for comparison with that
of other localities. The genus Lingulepis has been fully recognized, and a
species, apparently referable to the genus Obolella, also occurs at Eureka,
together with a minute species of Kutorgina. No other forms of life have
as yet been noticed among the collections from rocks of this age within the
region covered by the Survey.

A few very interesting species of Trilobites and other forms have been
given from the collections from the base of Ute Peak, Wahsatch Range,
Utah, which, from the evidence furnished by the Brachiopodous and
MoUuscan fauna, have been referred to the age of the Quebec group,
together with other beds at White Pine, Nevada, and East Cailon, Oquirrh
Mountains, Utah.

The Devonian formations are represented in a few localities; among
the most interesting of which may be mentioned that of Treasure Hill, and
the black slates near Eberhardt Mill, White Pine Mountains, Nevada. The

GENERAL REMARKS. 201

fossils of this last locality have a peculiar interest, from the occurrence of
Leiorhynchus quadricostatus, Hall, a form which characterizes the black slates
(Genesee Slates) at the top of the Hamilton group of New York, and also a
species of Lunulicardium (L. fragosa =z Posidonomi/a fragosa Meek). The
occurrence of these two species, together with an Aviculopecten, scarcely dis-
tinguishable from A. equilatera (-zzAvicula equilatera H., Geol. Rept., 4th
Dist. N. Y., p. 180, fig. 7), would appear to be sufficient reason for consid-
ering these shales of an earlier date than the Carboniferous, and much more
nearly related to the Devonian Black Slates of New York. It is true there
are black slaty layers, bearing Carboniferous fossils, immediately above
them, or separated from them by only a thin bed of sandy calcareous shales,
as at Eberhardt Mill; but these upper layers are lithologically quite dis-
tinct from those below, being, in fact, a bituminous limestone; and the
fossils are so entirely distinct and strongly Carboniferous in character,
one of them (Cardiomorpha Missouriemis S.) being positively identical with
a well-known Coal-Measure species, that it appears to us there can be no
doubt of their Carboniferous age and entire distinction from those below.
The specimen of sandy calcareous shale in the collection, marked as occur-
ring in the black slates at Eberhardt Mill, contains fragments and imperfect
individuals of a Spirifer, resembling 8. Keokuk H., but too imperfect for
positive identification. If this specimen is authentic in its location, it
undoubtedly marks a line of separation between -the two beds of black
slates.

Another group of fossils of considerable interest will be found figured
on plate IV. These were obtained from limestones at Dry Caiion, Oquirrh
Mountains; and from Ogden, Little Cottonwood, and Logan Cafions, in
the Wahsatch Range, Utah, from their character we should consider them as
of about the age of the Waverly group of Ohio and the yellow sandstones
of Burlington, Iowa; which have been referred to the same age. Some
of the species are identical with forms described from these localities,
while others are very closely representative species; and all have more
of a Devonian than a Carboniferous aspect. The occurrence of so many
Devonian types at several localities within a limited district, and in
considerable numbers, showing that it is not an accidental feature of an

202 PAL^O]!^TOLOGY.

isolated spot, would appear to be a matter of some importance in a strati-
graphical point of view. The genus Proetus seldom occurs in rocks above
the Devonian, but is here represented by two distinct species; one of which,
P. peroccidenSj has been recognized at three different localities. Besides
the species illustrated on the plate, there are represented, in the collection
from near Dry Canon, a species of Syripffopora, and a small-celled, closely-
aggregated Cyathophyllum, an undetermined ProduduSj and a Platyceras;
also what appears to be a Goniatite, but too imperfect for determination.

Above the limestone beds bearing Waverly fossils, at Dry Cafion, and
separated from it by about twelve hundred feet of limestone, occurs a band
of somewhat sandy calcareous shale, filled with Bryozoans, among which
can be recognized a Fenestella, a Polypora, and a Glauconome, together with a
species of Spirifera too indistinct for deteimination; above this sandy
shale there is nearly or quite another thousand feet of limestone, near the
top of which occur the fossils figured on plate V. These latter are all of
Lower Carboniferous forms, and mostly of known species, and interesting,
as occuiTing in limestones without any intermingling of Coal-Measure types,
a feature rarely met with in the Carboniferous localities of the Far West.
The species represented are known in the more eastern localities as charac-
teristic of several of the Lower Carboniferous divisions; but none of them
occur in the true Coal-Measures, except Productus semireiiculatus^ which is a
well-known cosmopolitan.

The age of the shales containing the Bryozoans is somewhat doubtful,
as there are no known species by which to identify them with other local-
ities ; but the layers holding the fossils in question, and which occur just
beneath the Weber quartzite, would appear to represent nearly all the
divisions of tlie Lower Carboniferous as recognized in the Mississippi Valley.
At one time, it was hoped, by Mr. Clarence King and his associates, that
the Weber quartzite might prove a line of separation between the Lower
Carboniferous and the true Coal-Measures; but all the localities except this
one have yielded fossils of both formations, or of Coal-Measure forms only,
showing a mingling of the two faunae, as usually recognized in the Missis-
sippi Valley and eastward, but in this locality, only the lower forms occur.

GENEKAL REMARKS. 203

On that account, it will prove to be of very great interest in a stratigraphical
point of view.

The section of the formations in the Western Oquirrh Mountains, in
which Dry Canon and Snowstorm Hill are situated, is likely to prove one
of the most instructive of the Western Palaeozoic localities, as in it will
probably be found the most complete representation of the Palaeozoic for-
mations, extending from the quartzites of Ophir City (which are likely to
prove as old as Huronian, being overlaid by shales bearing Trilobites of
Primordial age) to these Weber quartzites, lying above the beds contain-
ing the Lower Carboniferous fossils. The layers of limestones between the
Trilobitic shales and the limestones furnishing Waverly group fossils, two
thousand feet in thickness, undoubtedly represent the Silurian and Devonian
formations, and will probably, when thoroughly examined, yield fossils of
these formations in some of their outcrops.

The rocks at this locality are said to change gradually, in passing
upward, from a limestone to a quartzite, and above, having limestone bands
interstratified. If such be the case, some of these limestones will most prob-
ably yield fossils on thorough examination, and show a gradual change
from a Lower Carboniferous to a Coal-Measure fauna.

A few additional species furnished by the later collections from the
Upper Coal or Permo-Carboniferous beds of the Weber River section, will
be found figured on plate VI.

On plates VI and VII are given a few forms each of Triassic and Juras-
sic species. The later collections from these formations are rather unsatis-
factory in their character, and not very abundant. There is one group, how-
ever, of special interest, labeled as coming from Shoshone Springs, Augusta
Mountains. Of the age of these beds we are not at all satisfied. Mr. King
and his associates are inclined to place them as low as Jurassic or even Tri-
assic. Tliis view may be correct. The species are all of undescribed forms,
and therefore of but little stratigraphical value. The generic value of the
Aviculopecten-like shell would indicate an age at least as great as this, if the
generic reference is correct, about which there may possibly be some doubt ;
but the features of some others would incline one to believe them of much
more recent date, especially the two described under the new generic name

204 PALiEOKTOLOGY.

of Septocardta. These shells have the general aspect externally of the
genus CarditUj and resemble very cosely the forms of that genus peculiar to
the Eocene formations. Since, however, they prove to be a. new generic
type, they cannot be said to possess the same stratigraphical importance as
one already known to be peculiar to any definite horizon, and they may
be only the first appearance of what afterward becomes a common feature
of a group, characterizing a later period. Several fragments of additional
species, all apparently new to science, occur in the collections from this
locality, but all in too imperfect a condition to be serviceable.

Among the collections are many small groups of species from various
localities, which would have been of great interest, and highly advantageous
to science, could they have been illustrated, but the limited time and means
at our disposal would not permit.

FOSSILS OF THE POTSDAM GROUP.

BRACHIOPODA.

Genus OBOLELLA FJl.
Obolella discoid a n. sp.

Plate I, figs. 1-2.

Shell very small, discoid, and scale-like; valves depressed convex; the
larger one a little longer than wide, giving a very short, ovate form, only
perceptibly narrowing toward the beak, rounded on the sides and a little
straightened on the front margin; surface slightly convex, more convex on
the umbo and flattened toward the front. Smaller valve circular, sometimes
almost truncate at the beak, slightly convex on the umbo, and flattened in
front, having a less degree of convexity throughout than the other valve.

Surface-structure not observed. The shells are all more or less exfo-
liated by separation from the rock. The substance of the shell is calcareous,
and the surface of the cast smooth and shining, with very fine concentric
lines.

The shells seldom measure more than an eighth of an inch in their
greatest diameter, and are usually smaller; while the largest examples seen
do not exceed one-sixth of an inch. It is remarable only for its small size
and flattened form, possessing no salient features by which it can be com-
pared with other species.

Formation and locality. — Quite common in some hard, sandy limestones
of the Potsdam formation, in the Eureka District, Nevada, associated with
Kutorgina^ AgnostuSy and several species of Trilobiks. Collected by Arnold
Hague, esq.

205

206 PALJSONTOLOQY.

Genus LINGULEPIS Hall.

LiNGULEPIS M^EA B. Sp.
Plate I, figs. 5-7.

Shell small, short-ovate, a little longer than wide, point of greatest
width a little below the middle of the length; base regularly rounded; beak
small, pointed, and slightly incurved; cardinal slopes long, diverging from the
beak to below the middle of the shell, and inclosing an angle of about ninety
degrees. Valves convex, a little the most ventricose above the middle of the
valve; the beak of the longer valve appearing quite full and round.

Surface of the shell apparently smooth. Internal cast distinctly
radiated.

The surfaces of the shells are all mo^e or less exfoliated in separating
from the matrix, and in this condition are more or less lamellose in their
structure, while the layers are bright and polished. The shell in many of
its features resembles L, pinnaformis Owen, from the Potsdam sandstones
of the St. Croix River, but has not the extended beak of that species, the
valves being more nearly of equal length, that of the ventral exceeding the
dorsal only by the beak being pointed instead of rounded.

Formation and locality, — In hard, somewhat ferruginous, sandy limestone
of the Potsdam group in the Eureka District, Nevada. Collected by Arnold
Hague, esq.

LiNGULEPIS ? MINUTA D. sp.
Plate I, figs. 3-4.

Shell minute, seldom exceeding a line in its greatest diameter; in fox-m
very short-ovate, the greatest width considerably below the middle of the
length and narrowing to the beak, especially on the larger valve, which is
apparently slightly truncate at the extremity; base broadly rounded.
Valves moderately convex, but not rotund. Smaller valve nearly circular.
Substance of the shell nacreous and apparently phosphatic, not presenting
any appearance of having been calcareous; the exterior concentrically
lamellose.

Casts of the interior of the larger valve show a sharp, longitudinal
depression along the middle, extending in some cases to near the front

FOSSILS OF THE POTSDAM GROUP. 207

margin; also two shorter, widely-diverging impressions near the beak. The
same features are seen in the smaller valve, except that the shorter impres-
sions are less divergent.

There may be some doubt as to the true generic relations of this shell.
Its entire phosphatic structure places it at once among the true Linguloid
species, but the muscular scars are not quite like those of Lingulepis, We
know of no species very closely resembling it with which it may be com-
pared.

Formation and locality, — In thinly laminated siliceous and somewhat
ferruginous shales of the Potsdam formation, in the Eureka District,
Nevada. Collected by J. E. Clayton, esq.

Genus KUTORGINA, Billings.

KUTORGINA MINUTISSIMA n. Sp.
Plate I, figs. 11-12.

Shell minute, quadrangular in outline, and a little wider than long,
with a straight hinge-line nearly or quite equaling the greatest w^idth of the
shell; sides straight or slightly rounded; antero-lateral angles rounded;
front margin broadly rounded or very slightly emarginate in the middle by
the very faint mesial sinus of the dorsal valve. Ventral valve somewhat
pyramidal, with the side formed by the cardinal area vertical; apex of the
valve obtusely pointed; cardinal area triangular, about half as high as wide.
Features of the area and foramen not observed. Dorsal valve convex, but
much less elevated than the ventral, and having the beak obtusely rounded
and rather tumid, a very little projecting beyond the cardinal line; middle of
the valve marked by a very broad, shallow, and faintly-defined mesial sinus,
which does not extend quite to the apex of the valve.

Surface of the shell marked by fine, elevated, concentric lines, which
are sharp on the top and often interrupted in their course, coalescing or bifur-
cating, and appearing as if broken, giving a peculiar roughened but not
lamellose surface-structure. There are also a few very faint, scarcely
defined, and somewhat irregular, distant radii. This latter feature has only
been observed on the dorsal valve.

208 PALEONTOLOGY.

The shells have all the generic features of the specimens upon which
the genus Kutorginaj as given by Mr. BiUings (Pal. Foss. Canada, vol. 1, p.
8, figs. 8 and 10; the specimen fig. 9 probably belongs to some other genus),
was founded, but differs specially in the minute size of the shell. Our
specimens figured measure scarcely a line in width, and are less in length;
while the original of his species, which we had the pleasure of examining
some years ago, considerably exceed half an inch in length. The peculiar
surface-character is one that cannot be easily mistaken, and one which we
do not remember to have seen on any other Brachiopodous shell.

Formation and locality. — In limestone of the Potsdam group, at Eureka,
Nevada. There are also remains of shells of the same genus, but of a
species two or three times the size of this one, in come green shales from
East Gallon, Oquirrh Mountahis, Utah. Collected by J. E. Clayton, esq.

Genus LEPT^NA Dalman.
Lept-^ena Melita n. sp.

Plate I, figs. 13-14.

Shell of medium size, transversely semi-oval in form, the length equal to
about two-thirds of the width; hinge-line straight, as long as the width of the
shell below; sides nearly straight for a short distance below the cardinal
extremities and rectangular to the hinge-line; lower lateral margins rounded;
basal line regularly convex; ventral valve depressed-convex, regularly
arching from beak to base, but sometimes slightly marked by a broad,
shallow, not distinctly defined, mesial depression; beak low and inconspicu-
ous; dorsal valve concave, nearly conforming to the curvature of the oppo-
site valve, leaving but a limited space between the two. Area not definitely
ascertained, but apparently quite narrow and linear.

Surface of the shell marked by distinct, strong, somewhat arching,
radiating striae, with an indefinite number of very fine intermediate ones
occupying the concave spaces between the stronger, and with them forming
fascicles. This feature varies very greatly in strength and number of the
finer strise in different individuals, and also in the number of stronger radii;
in some cases there being only nine or ten of the strong radii on the entire

FOSSILS OF THE POTSDAM GEOnP. 209

shell, while in others there may be fifteen or twenty. Concentric lines of
varying strength cross the radiating lines at irregular distances.

The shell is a very pretty and strongly-marked form, and not easily
confounded with any previously-known species.^

Formation and locality, — In sandy ghales of Lower Silurian age, proba-
bly of the horizon of the Potsdam or Calciferous, at Eureka, Nevada.
Collected by J. E. Clayton, esq.

CEUSTACEA.

Genus CONOCEPHALITES Zenker, iziCONOCOEYPHE Corda.

Subgenus CREPICEPHALUS Owen, % = LOGANELLUS Devine.

The following species of Trilobites possess some peculiar features,
which, being common to the whole, mark them at once as a distinct generic
type or group. In many of these features, they closely resemble some of
the forms described under the name ConocejjJialites, from the same horizon
in Wisconsin; while at the same time these peculiar characters distinguish
them from the greater number of those species. They all possess more or
less distinctly the ^'sUpper-shaped^^ glabella referred to by Dr. D. I). Owen,
in his generic description of Crepicephalus, and all appear to have been more
or less distinctly marked by three pairs of glabellar furrows, although some
of them so faintly as to be seen only by the reflection of light across their
surfaces. Another marked peculiarity is the great breadth of the frontal
limb between the facial sutures along the anterior border, most of them
widening perceptibly in front of the eyes to the anterior margin of the
head, where the rim is intersected, almost at right angles with the border,
by the suture-line. The great width of the fixed cheeks opposite the eye
is another peculiar character of the entire group, in several cases exceeding
one-half the width of the anterior end of the glabella; while in only one
example, C. (C,)unisulcatus, is this feature reversed, and that to only a limited
degree.

Among the Wisconsin species, the frontal limb is usually not wider

♦ Orthis Barahouensis Winchell, from the Potsdam sandstone near Spirit Lake,
Wisconsin, specimens of which we have lately examined, is closely related to this
shell, but less strongly plicated and more deeply sulcated. — E. P. W.
14 p R

210 PALAEONTOLOGY.

tlian the breadth across the eyes, but generally a little naiTower, and the
antero-lateral angles are rounded by the extreme point of the movable
cheeks, which extend in front on the upper side of the carapace, while the
fixed cheeks are as a general thing reduced to their minimum breadth.

Another feature which prevails throughout the entire group is the well-
marked, and often strong, ocular ridges, a feature rarely noticed among the
specimens from Wisconsin. The absence of this feature in thes6 latter may,
however, be in great part owing to the unfavorable material and condition
of preservation, they being all casts in a loose, friable, and often coarse sand,
not fitted for retaining the more faintly marked characters of the organisms;*
while the matrix from these western localities is a hard and very solid lime-
stone, containing a considerable a mount of sand in some parts, and extremely
difficult to separate from the organic remains.

The features above noticed are mostly those pertaining to Dr. D. D.

Owen's genus Crepicephalus as shown in the figures, cited by him as generic

(Geol. Iowa, Wis, and Minn., plate lA, figs. 10 and 18); and we see no

sufficient reason why they should not be considered as of generic importance.

But whether the name Crepicephalus shall be retained is not so readily

determined. The genus Loganellus Devine, 1863, is a very closely allied,

if not identical, form ; but as no entire individuals have been obtained, either

from the Wisconsin or these more western localities, except of C. (i.) Hagueiy

herein described, it is impossible to satisfactorily determine their true generic

relations. There would seem, however, to be no doubt in regard to the

generic identity of the latter, or. of C. (i.) quadranSy with Loganellus Logani

Devine, and from the great similarity of these to the dismembered parts of

the other species, we are inclined to consider them as all pertaining to one

genus.

Crepicephalus (Loganellus) Haguei n. sp^

Plate II, figs, 14-15.

Body broadly ovate in form, widest across the base of the head,

broadly rounded in front and rapidly tapering behind to the small pygi-

dium, strongly trilobed and moderately convex.

♦Since this matter has beeu in the printers' hands, I have examined many freshly
collected specimens from several localities of this formation in Wisconsin, and find, on
most of them, the ocular ridges strongly marked. — R. P* W.

FOSSILS OF THE POTSDAM GKOUR 211

Cephalic shield semicircular forward of the occipital line, the posterior
extremities extending in rather broad spines, which reach to the fifth or
sixth thoracic segment, and when in their normal condition are nearly
parallel to the axial lobe, but are usually spread out laterally by the flat-
tening of the head.

Glabella rather small, rounded-conical, narrowing gently from the
occipital furrow forward; front regularly rounded; surface depressed-con-
vex, marked by three pairs of transverse furrows, which extend rather more
than one-third of the distiance across the glabella, and are strongly curved
backward at their inner ends; occipital furrow broad and shallow; occi-
pital ring narrow. Fixed cheeks narrow at the eye, separated from the
glabella by rather distinct furrows. Frontal limb long, about half as long
as the glabella, strongly and nearly equally concavo-convex; posterior
limb narrowly triangular, reaching about two-thirds of the width of the
movable cheeks.

Movable cheeks of moderate size, irregularly triangular, distinctly
notched at the inner angle for the reception of the eye-lobe; surface con-
vex, irregularly striated by very fine lines, which radiate from the base of
the eye-tubercle; marginal rim of moderate width, flattened, the flattening
extending upon the spine ; occipital furrow well pronounced and reaching
to the inner margin of the posterior spine.

Suture-lines distant, cutting the anterior margin of the head with a
slightly inward curvature, leaving the frontal limb nearly half as wide as
the entire width of the base of the head ; thence directed gently inward,
with a slight curvature to the anterior angle of the eye, and, after passing
around the eye-tubercle is directed in a straight line to the posterior mar-
gin of the head, which it reaches at about two-thirds of the distance between
the glabella and outer margin of the cheek.

Eye distinct, slightly elevated, distinctly reniform, and about one-third
as long as the glabella and occipital ring.

Thorax considerably wider than long, distinctly trilobed, rather rapidly
tapering from the third or fourth segment posteriorly, and composed of
twelve segments. Axial lobe rather narrow and gradually tapering through-
out, scarcely equaling at its widest part one-fourth of the entire width of

212 PALiEONTOLOGY.

tlie thorax ; segmente distinct, moderately elevated, elightly flattened, and,
oa the older specimens, having obscure flattened tubercles at the outer
extremities ; hiteral lobes convex, flattened on the inner half, and gradually
rotmdnig on the outer portion, becoming flattened and slightly concave
•oAvard the free ends of the pleura. Pleura straight for nearly one-half
iheir length, beyond which they are directed backward with an increasing
curvature to the free ends ; fun-ows broad and deep, occupying nearly the
entire breadth of the pleura on the straight portion, beyond which they are
liaiTowed, and become obsolete on the flattened part of the extremities.

Pygidium small, elliptical, the anterior and posterior margins nearly
equally rounded ; outer angles obtuse ; surface convex, strongly trilobed ;
axis not quite one-third of the entire width, prominently convex, and reach-
ing nearly to the posterior margin, marked by three rings exclusive of the
terminal ones ; lateral lobes depressed-convex, marked by three pairs of
furrows, which are curved backward, and become obsolete before reaching
the margin.

This species differs from ConocepJialites (ConocorypJie) Kingii Meek in
it s broader form, proportionally wider axis, and smaller pygidium ; in hav-
ing one less thoracic ring, a broader and less conical glabella ; and in the
broader furrows of the pleura, as well as in several points of minor import-
ance. It also bears considerable resemblance to Loganellus Logani Devine
(Pal. Foss. Canada, vol. 1, pp. 200 and 201), but differs conspicuously in the
proportionally larger cephalic shield, larger cheek-spines, and in wanting
the extended extremities of the pleura, as in that species.

Formation and locality, — In dark-colored limestone of the Potsdam
group, on the west side of Pogonip Mountain, and near French Mine,
White Pine District, Nevada. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

Crepicephalus (Loganellus) nitidus d. sp.

Plate II, figs. B-IO.

Glabella pyramidal, squarely truncate in front; lateral margins nearly
straight; height above the occipital furrow less than the width at the base,
and the anterior end equal in width to the. entire height, including the
occipital ring, separated from the fixed cheeks by well-defined, rather deep,

FOSSILS OF THE POTSDAM GROUR 213

dorsal furrows. Surface regularly convex, with a scarcely perceptible
angularity along the median line, which is seen only by the reflection of
light from the surface; glabellar furrows nearly obsolete, or the posterior
pair visible only on the most critical examination. Occipital furrow nar-
row, and the ring distinct and rounded.

Fixed cheeks rather narrow, prominent at the eye, and rapidly declin-
ing in front, and more especially to the antero-lateral angles of the frontal
limb; ocular ridges distinct Frontal limb, including the narrow, elevated,
and rounded border, as long as the width of the anterior end of the glabella,
and strongly convex between the rim and glabella, from which point it
rapidly descends to the margin; very wide in front between the suture-
lines, and rapidly contracting to the eyes. Posterior lateral limbs triangu-
lar, their lateral extension greater than the width from the eye to the basal
border of the head. Eye-lobes small.

Facial sutures cutting the front margin considerably outside of the line
of the eye, the angles of the limb slightly rounded; from this point the line
is directed strongly inward to the eye, behind which it again passes outward
and downward to the posterior margin, making an angle of about thirty-five
degrees with the base of the head. Surface of the crust of the head smooth.

The pygidium associated with the glabellas in the same fragments of
rock is suborbicular or obscurely pentangular, slightly transverse; the
posterior margin regularly curved; junction of the anterior and posterior
lines forming obtuse angles; the anterior margin is also angular on the
shoulders. Axis small, convex, about two-thirds the length of the sliield,
and marked by four annulations exclusive of the terminal ones; lateral lobes
flattened, broad, slightly convex on the inner half; anterior margin bordered
by a strong flattened rib, extending to the lateral angles; three other obscure
ribs mark the convex portion; border broad and flattened.

The species diff'ers from any other herein described in the short, trun-
cate glabella, associated with the laterally-expanded frontal limb, and want
of glabellar furrows. There are none of the Wisconsin species which
approach it in the combination of these features. C lowensis is perhaps as
closely related as any, but the eyes are much larger, and the lateral limbs
very much longer and narrower. The pygidium has much the appearance

214 PiVL^ONTOLOG Y.

of a BiTcellocephalus ; but, as there is no other form of pygidium in the rock
containing the heads, it would seem to belong with them.

Formation and locality, — In limestone of the Potsdam group, at Eureka,
Nevada, Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

Crepicephalus (Loganellus) granulosus n. sp.

Plate II, figs. 3-3.

Glabella and fixed cheeks when united having a quadrangular form,
with projecting posterior lateral limbs, giving to the whole a somewhat
pyramidal form, with a broadly-truncated summit.

Glabella short-conical, somewhat rapidly tapering in front of the
occipital furrow, and squarely truncate at the summit; height equal to the
width at the occipital furrow; surface depressed-convex, and marked by
three pairs of very oblique furrows, the posterior pair extending nearly
across and almost uniting in the middle with the occipital furrow; anterior
pair very short and faint, situated near the anterior angles of the glabella;
second pair intermediate in size and position.

Fixed cheeks about half as wide as the center of the glabella, verj^
prominent in the region of the eye, and rapidly declining anteriorly and
posteriorly from this point; palpebral lobes long and narrow, rather distinct
and prominent. Frontal limb nearly half as long as the glabella anterior
to the occipital furrow, rapidly declining forward, and bordered by a
thickened rounded rim, which is equal to one third of the entire length of
the limb; the space between the glabella and the marginal rim is strongly
convex. Posterior lateral limbs triangular, once and a half as long as high;
ocular ridges existing in the form of an abrupt elevation, passing from the
front of the eye to the anterior furrow of the glabella; occipital furrow
strongly marked on the lateral limb.

Facial suture passing in a direct line from the eye to the anterior
margin, and from behind the eye obliquely backward to the posterior
margin of the head, forming an angle of about thirty degrees to the
occipital line.

Surface of the crust densely covered by rather coarse granules or pus-
tules.

FOSSILS OF THE POTSDAM GROUP. 215

This species approaches more nearly to Conocephalites Shumardi Hall
(16th Rept. State Cab., p, 154, pi. 1, fig. 7, and pi. 8, fig. 2) than to any-
other described species, but differs very conspicuously in the greater breadth
of the front of the head between the facial sutures. No other parts of the
organism have been detected. Although the fragments of rock containing
the lieads are filled with Trilobitic remains, there are none showing the
granulose surface corresponding to this one ; and, where the entire crust of
the head is so thickly covered with granules, it would seem natural to sup-
pose the other parts of the animal would be similarly marked.

Formation and locality, — In compact limestone of the Potsdam group at
Eureka, Nevada. Collected by J, E, Clayton, esq,

Crepicephalus (Loganellus) maculosus n, sp.

Plate II, figs. 24, 25, and 261.

Glabella and fixed cheeks quadrangular; glabella rounded, conical, a little
higher than wide, and highly convex, prominent and gibbous along the
median line, marked by very oblique furrows, only two pairs of which show
upon the cast, except on critical examination, the anterior pair being very
obscure, and situated very near the anterior end of the glabella ; middle
pair more distinct, and situated at about the anterior third of the length ;
posterior pair commencing a little behind the middle of the length, at the
margin, and directed backward so as to unite with the occipital fuiTow just
before reaching the center of the glabella, separating the posterior glabel-
lar lobes, which form triangular areas of large size; occipital furrow wide,
and ring distinct

Fixed cheeks nearly half as wide as the central diameter of the glabella,
moderately prominent in the middle near the eye-lobe, and gently declining
in front and posteriorly; ocular ridges strongly marked. Frontal limb
longer than the width of the fixed cheeks, strongly convex in front of the
glabella, and rapidly declining to the front margin, which has been bordered
by a narrow rim, the form and extent of which has not been determined.
Lateral limbs unknown. Surface of the cast, except the glabella, which is
smooth, marked by distant elevated pustules of moderate size.

A movable cheek, associated in the same blocks, and possessing a simi-

216 PALEONTOLOGY.

lar surface, is distinctly convex between the eye and the outer border, and
the latter rather broad and flattened, separated from the inner convex area
by an abrupt sinus, and terminating behind in a short, sharp, rounded
spine, and anteriorly the under surface is continued in. a spiniform exten-
sion. The facial suture starting from the front margin on a line with the
eye passes in a nearly direct line to the eye, behind which it passes obliquely
with a sigmoid curve to the posterior line of the head, a little outside of the
center of the movable cheek, as seen on the latter.

Associated with the above specimens are several forms of pygidia, two
of which have the form and character of Dikelhcephalus, while other two are
similar to forms associated with, and referred to heads of this kind in the
sandstones of Wisconsin. One of these is transversely elliptical, nearly
twice as wide as long, acutely pointed at the lateral angles ; the anterior
and posterior margins nearly equally curved, the posterior being a little
the most regularly arcuate. Axis narrow, and not more than two-thirds
the length of the shield, roundly pointed at the extremity, and marked by
five annulations, exclusive of the terminal ones; lateral lobes broad and
flattened, very slightly convex on the inner half; anterior border marked
by a comparatively strong and distinct nb, with two fainter, almost obsolete
ribs farther back ; margin wide and plain ; surface smooth.

This species differs from any other in the collection, and also from all
those from the Wisconsin localities, in the general form and pustulose sur-
face. Mr. Billings describes a species under the name of Bathyurus coniciis,
from the calciferous formation at &t, Timothy, on the Beauharnois Canal,
Canada, having a similarly-formed glabella and pustulose surface, but show-
ing no furrows on the glabella.

Formation and locality, — In limestone of the Potsdam group, at Eureka,
Nevada. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

Crepicephalus (Loganellus) unisulcatus n. sp.

Plate II, iigs. 22-23.

Glabella and fixed cheeks united, elongate-quadrangular in form, the
entire length nearly one-third greater than the width between the suture-
lines on the anterior margin; sides very gently increasing in width to the
base of the posterior limbs.

FOSSILS OF TDE FOTSDAM GllOUP. 217

Glabella moderately tapering from the base anteriorly, and squarely
truncate in front, the width of the anterior end equal to half of the entire
height; marked by a single pair of transverse furrows near the base, which
are united and deepest on the middle of the glabella, the outer extremities
having a slightly forward curvature. The second pair of farrows are very
faintly marked, and sometimes obsolete or only seen in the reflection of
light across the surface, oblique, and situated anterior to the middle of the
length of the glabella; anterior furrows obsolete.

Fixed cheeks rather narrow, pi^ominent at the eye-lobes, and rapidly
sloping anteriorly and posteriorly; separated from the glabella by very
sharp and distinct dorsal furrows. Frontal limb short, abruptly convex
between the anterior margin and the glabella, strongly arched upward in
the middle, and bordered by a narrow, thickened, rounded rim; ocular
ridges not observable; occipital furrows and ring distinct. Lateral limbs
not observed.

A pygidium associated in the same block is transversely broad, semi-
circular, or short paraboloid; nearly twice as wide as long, and margined
on the under side of the posterior border by a wide, considerably thickened,
recurved selvage. Axial lobe narrow, depressed-convex, and marked by
six annulations exclusive of the terminal ones; lateral lobes depressed-con-
vex; their anterior margin bordered by an elevated ridge, which extends
with increasing strength to near the outer angle; two other faint ribs can
be detected on each lobe.

The species somewhat closely resembles ConocepJialites Shumardi Hall
(IGth Rept. State Cab., p. 154, pi. 7, figs. 1 and 2, and pi. 8, fig. 32). It is,
however, proportionally wider in front between the suture-lines, the palpe-
bral lobes are smaller, and the furrows of the glabella less distinct. The
pygidium is also very similar, but proportionally longer, the axis stronger,
and the ribs of the lateral lobes much more distinct.

Formation and locality, — In limestone of the Potsdam group, at Eureka,
Nevada. Collected by J. -E. Clayton, esq.

218 PALEONTOLOGY.

Ceepicephalus (Loganellus) simulator n. sp,

Plate II, figs. 16-18.

Head within the facial sutures quadrangular in form, exclusive of the
postero-lateral limbs, slightly contracted in width in the region of the eyes.

Glabella narrowly conical, vjery gradually tapering from the base ante-
riorly, the sides nearly straight, and rather squarely truncate in front;
bordered by distinct, impressed, dorsal furrows; surface evenly convex
throughout, and marked by three pairs of faint, moderately oblique, trans-
verse furrows; the two anterior pairs not extending quite one-third of the
width of the glabella; third or posterior pair longer, but faintly marked,
their inner ends strongly recurved, almost separating the posterior glabellar
lobes; occipital furrow distinct; ring prominent and rounded.

Fixed cheeks of moderate width, prominent at the eye-lobes, and
rapidly declining in front and behind; ocular ridges faintly marked.
Frontal limb longer than the width of the fixed cheeks, bordered by a nar-
row, elevated rim, between which and the front of the glabella it is distinctly
convex, and the part immediately in front of the glabella more strongly
convex. Eye-lobes small. Posterior lateral limbs not known. Surface of
crust smooth.

Specimens of movable cheeks associated with the above, and corre-
sponding in character, are somewhat triangular in form ; margined by a
slightly-flattened, elevated border of moderate width, which is continued
in a long, rather slender spine at the posterior angle; inner area of the
cheek convex and distinctly marked with radiating strise; inner angle
strongly notched for the proportionally large eye-lobe. Pygidium un-
known.

The species very closely resembles in form and characters the corre-
sponding parts of C, (i.) maculosus, but is somewhat shorter in proportion
to the wddth; the glabella is not rounded at the summit as in that species,
and the furrows are more distinctly marked and not so oblique, while the
surface does not possess the pustules characteristic of that one.

Formation and locality.— In limestone of the Potsdam group, at Eureka,
Nevada Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

FOSSILS OF THE POTSDAM GKOUP. 219

CEEPICEPHALXTS (LoaANELLUS) ANYTUS D. sp.
Plate II, figs. 19-21.

Glabella and fixed cheeks, when united, irregularly quadrangular in
form, contracted at the eyes, and broadly spreading below by the projecting
postero-lateral limbs.

Glabella conical, moderately tapering anteriorly; the height and width
about equal, measuring from the occipital furrow, and the width of the
anterior end equaling two-thirds of the height; marked by three pairs of
transverse furrows, the posterior and middle ones distinct and strongly
recurved, situated at the first and second third of the length of the glabella;
anterior furrows small and faintly marked, rising from the antero-lateral
angles of the glabella and directed obliquely backward; occipital furrows
broad and well defined; ring distinct and moderately elevated.

Fixed cheeks about half as wide at the eyes as the width of the ante-
rior end of the glabella, widening in front and rapidly expanding l^ehind,
moderately elevated but not prominent; ocular ridges very strong, promi-
nent, and rounded; frontal limb as long as the width of the front of the
glabella, and rather rapidly sloping from the glabella to the anterior mar-
ginal rim, which is of moderate width, and rounded in the smaller specimens,
but becomes thin and somewhat projecting and angular in the center in
older individuals. A distinct angularity along the median line of the entire
head is a noticeable feature. Postero-lateral limbs triangular, their length
from the dorsal furrows about once and a half as great as their breadth at
base, the lower edge distinctly grooved by the occipital furrows. Facial
sutures distant on the anterior margin of the head, and rapidly converging
to the eye, behind which they are directed obliquely backward to the
posterior border of the head, at an angle of about thirty -five degrees to the
occipital border, forming a slightly sigmoidal line.

Movable cheeks irregularly triangular, elongated in a postero-lateral
direction, and produced behind in form of a sharp, rather slender spine, one-
half as long as the cheek; central area convex, and strongly marked with
radiating striae; border wide and flattened, or slightly rounded; ocular
sinus small.

Pygidium transversely elliptical, obtusely angular at the lateral extrem-

220 PALEONTOLOGY.

ities; anterior and posterior margins subequal; the anterior margin having
the flattest cm^ve. Axis naiTOw, two-thirds as long as the shield, and marked
by three annulations exclusive of the terminal ones; lateral lobes large,
concavo-convex, the margin being slightly recurved; border thin and entire;
four faintly-marked ribs may be counted on each side.

This species closely resembles C (L,) simulator in the form of the
middle portions of the head, but is proportionally longer in front of the
eye, and this latter organ smaller than would be indicated by the sinus in
the cheek referred to that species, while the cheeks are more oblique and
longer in a postero-lateral direction. The parts here associated are the only
ones occurring in the specimens from the locality, and there can therefore
be no doubt of their correct reference to the one species.

Formation and locality, — In limestone of the Potsdam group, at Schell
Creek, Nevada. Collected by J. E. Clayton, esq.

CrEPIGEPHALUS (BATHYURUS ?) AKGIJLATUS IK Sp.
Plate II, fi^'. 28.

Entire form unknown, the specimen consisting only of an imperfect
glabella and fixed cheeks united. The form of the fragment is somewhat
quadrangular, strongly angular in front, and constricted at the anterior
angle of the eye-lobe.

Glabella rounded-conical, narrowly rounded at the summit, strongly
and regularly convex on the surface, the height and width subequal, meas-
ured from the occipital furrow, entirely destitute of transverse furrows;
occipital ring narrow, moderately prominent, and having the appearance
of an obscure tubercle in the center. This feature may be deceptive.

Fixed cheeks narrow at the eyes; palpebral lobes small, obliquely
situated; postero-lateral limbs short, equilaterally triangular; continuation
of the occipital furrow faintly marked; frontal limb short in front of the
glabella, wide and extended at the sides and antero-lateral angles; the width
between the fticial sutures equaling the entire length of the head; anterior
margin thickened, distinctly angular in the middle, the sides sloping rapidly
to the suture-lines. Facial suture cutting* the anterior margin a little outside
of a line with the outer angle of the eye, and directed with a gently convex

FOSSILS OF THE POTSDAM GROUP. 221

cnrvature to the anterior angle of the ocular sinus; behind the eye, it is
directed obliquely outward to the posterior margin of the head at an angle
of about forty-five degrees. No indication of ocular ridges can be detected.

There is considerable doubt as to what genus this species should bo
referred. It lacks many of the characters of Crepicepliakis and Conocepkalites,
and possesses neither glabellar furrows nor ocular ridges. The form of the
glabella corresponds with many of those referred to the genus Batliyurm
by its author, but it differs in the direction of the facial sutures; in this
latter feature, it corresponds with Loganellus Devine, but differs in the
absence of glabellar furrows. The projecting angular frontal margin is a
marked and distinguishing feature.

Formation and locality, — In the lowest beds of limestone, Potsdam
group, on the west side of Pogonip Mountain, White Pine, Nevada; asso-
ciated with Pterocephalus laticeps. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

Genus PTEROCEPHALUS Roemer.

CONOCEPHALITES (PTEROCEPHALUS) LATICEPS D. Sp.
Plate II, figs. 4-7.

Entire form unknown; the remains consisting of dismembered and frag-
mentary parts imbedded in the rock together.

Glabella and fixed cheeks, when united, having a somewhat elongate-
quadrangular form, exclusive of the postero-lateral limbs; widest at the
front margin, and contracted in the region of the eyes; the greatest width
being one-fifth less than the entire length of the head. Glabella compara-
tively small, highly convex and subangular along the median line, regu-
larly tapering from the base, including the occipital ring, to the summit,
which is rather abruptly truncate; width at the occipital lobe more than
equaling three-fourths of the entire hsight, and the wadth across the anterior
lobe of the glabella equal to a little more than one-third of the height. The
glabella is divided by three pairs of strongly-marked transverse furrows,
which extend about one-third of the width of the glabella at their respective
points, and are slightly inclined backward at their inner ends, separating
the glabella into four pairs of distinct lobes^ which decrease regularly in

222 TALiEOISITOLOaY.

Size from below upward. Occipital furrow narrow, not extending entirely
across the lobe; occipital ring narrow, flattened on the outer ends, and
marked by a node-like tubercle in the center.

Fixed cheeks broad in proportion to the size of the glabella; palpebral
lobes large, rapidly rising from the margin of the glabella to the border of
the eye; lateral limbs of moderate size, and, judging from the direction of
the sutural margin of the movable cheek, have been short, and rapidly slop-
ing, with an almost direct line, from the posterior angle of the eye to the
posterior border of the head. Frontal limb excessively expanded, and form-
ing about three-fifths of the entire length of the head, including the occipital
ring. From the front of the glabella, the surface rises gently for a distance
equal to the width of the anterior end of the glabella, and beyond is grace-
fully and gently concave to the anterior margin, where it has been bordered
by a double rim. The rising surface in front of the glabella is distinctly
marked by fine, irregular lines, or striae, radiating from the edge of the gla-
bella. Ocular ridges well pronounced, rising from the sides of the anterior
lobe of the glabella, and passing with a slight upward curvature to the ante-
rior angle of the eye-lobes. Eyes not observed.

Movable cheeks very large and wide, irregularly triangular in outline,
the posterior angle projecting backward in the form of a broad, short, flat-
tened spine; outer margin gently arcuate; anterior margin, forming the
facial suture, slightly concave to near the eye, where it becomes slightly
recurved. Ocular sinus large. Surface of the cheek gently concave from
the eye to the outer border, and marked by a low, rounded ridge parallel
to the margin at a little more than one-third of the entire width from the
eye. Continuation of the occipital furrow very faintly marked. Upper sur-
face of the cheek marked by fine, closely-arranged, irregular striae, nearly
parallel with the margin. Under surface more strongly and distantly striated.

Thorax known only by a part of a single articulation, associated with
the other parts in the same fragment of rock. The fragment consists of a
right pleura, and is of moderate width, with parallel margins slightly recurved
throughout its length, and more abruptly near the free extremity. The
surface is characterized by a very broad, shallow furrow, occupying nearly
the entire width, and becoming obsolete near the end of the rib. The ante-

FOSSILS OF TDE TOTSDAM GEOUR 22S

rior margin is elevated, forming a narrow, sharply-rounded ridge, gi'adually
widening toward the outer end. The upper surface bears no markings
whatever, while the under side is marked by strong obHquely vertical striae.

The pygidium associated with the other parts is transversely elliptical,
almost one-third wider than long; the anterior and posterior margins nearly
equally rounded, and the lateral extremities, or sides, somewhat subangular
at the junction of the two lines; the posterior margin deeply and angularly
notched in the middle. Axial lobe small, about one-half as long as the shield,
elevated and subangular along the median line, and obscurely pointed behind;
marked by seven low, rounded rings, exclusive of the terminal ones. Lateral
lobes large, concavo-convex, rather rapidly declining on the inner half, and
slightly recurving to the margin ; marked by five broad, rather indistinct
ribs, exclusive of the anterior articulating projection, which become obsolete
near the middle of the lobe.

The species is peculiar in its broad, expanded cephalic shield and rapidly-
tapering conical glabella; in these respects differing from all other forms
with which it is associated, as well as all of those from the Wisconsin beds
of this age, to so great an extent that there is not the least danger of mis-
taking it. In the broadly-expanded cheek and frontal limb, it resembles
some forms of Dikellocephahis, as well as in the form of the pygidium; but
tlie glabella is so very different that it at once distinguishes it, although so
closely allied to that genus in other respects.

It closely resembles Pterocephalus Sancti-sabce Roemer, from the same
position in Texas (see Kreid. von Texas, plate xi, fig. 1, p. '93), but differs
specifically in many and important features.

Formation and locality. — In the lowest limestones seen on the west side
of Pogonip Mountain, White Pine, Nevada; age of the Potsdam group. Col-
lected by Arnold Hague, esq.

Genus PTYCHASPIS Hall.
Ptychaspis pusulosa n. sp.

Plate ir, fig. 27.

Entire form unknown. Glabella and fixed cheeks united, irregularly
quadrangular in form, slightly angular in front, the margin declining on

224 TALJllONTOLOGY,

each side of the middle. Glabella strongly convex, subangular along the
central line ; broadly conical in outline, and rounded-truncate in front ; the
length from the occipital furrow a very little exceeding the greatest width
at base ; marked by two pairs of transverse furrows, which divide it into
three nearly equal parts on the margin, and are directed very obliquely
backward for their entire length, reaching two-thirds of the distance between
the margin and the median line. Occipital furrows broad, well defined ;
occipital ring rather strong.

Fixed cheek wide, separated from the glabella by an indistinctly
defined fun^ow; ocular ridge strong, rising from the upper lateral angles
of the glabella, and passing with but little curvature to the anterior angle of
the eye. Front border of the head of moderate width ; marginal rim thick-
ened and cord-like, separated from the inner portion by a deeply-marked
furrow, within which the surface rises abruptly to the ed^-e of the narrow
anterior fun-ow bordering the glabella. Posterior lateral limbs unknown.

Surface of the fixed cheeks and frontal limb marked with strong, scat-
tered granules or pustules. The surface of the glabella may have been
marked with similar pustules, but has been somewhat injured by weather-
ing, so that none show in its present condition.

The species somewhat closely resembles Ptychaspis Miniscaensis Owen's
sp., from the Mississippi Valley, in the form of the glabella and the furrows
marking the same, but differs in the wider fixed cheeks and the form of the
anterior border, so far as that one is known, as well as in the pustulose
surface. No other parts of the organism have been detected than those
here described.

Formation and locality. — In the lowest layers of limestone seen, on the
west side of Pogonip Mountain, White Pine District, Nevada; of the age
of the Potsdam sandstone. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

Genus CHARIOCEPHALUS Hall.
Chariocephalus tumifrons n. sp.

Plate II, figs. 38-39.

Glabella large, prominent, and cylindrical, nearly as wide as long,
strongly rounded and protuberant in front, projecting beyond the rim of the

FOSSILS OP THE POTSDAM GEOUP* 225

head fully one-fourtli of its entire length, including the occipital ring, in a
rounded, tumid boss; marked by two transverse furrows anterior to the
occipital ring, the anterior one rudimentary and dii^ected forward, visible
only on the sides of the glabella ; posterior furrows strong and deep, but nar-
row, extending entirely across the glabella in equal strength and nearly in
a direct line, situated a Kttle in front of the middle of the entire length of
the head; occipital furrow a little stronger than the posterior glabellar
furrow, directed slightly forward in the middle. Occipital ring wide and
flattened, about of the same dimensions as the space between the occipital
furrow and the posterior glabellar furrow.

Fixed cheeks trapezoidal, strong, and broad, inflated and tumid between
the eye and the glabella, so as to overhang the eye and the suture-line.
Frontal limb very short, and abruptly bent downward. Posterior lateral
limbs short-triangular, nearly vertical outside of the line of the eye;
occipital furrow deep, and the ring narrow; ocular sinus very small, situ-
ated on a line with the occipital furrow of the glabella.

Facial suture cutting the anterior margin of the head a little outside
of the line of the glabella, and almost immediately deflected outward with
a strong convex curvature to the ocular sinus, behind which it is directed
to the posterior border at an angle of about forty-five degrees to the axis.

Surface of the crust smooth, so far as can be determined from the
specimens.

The species will be easily recognized by the highly convex and cylin-
drical glabella, which projects far in advance of the frontal border of the
head.

Formation and locality, — In the lowest limestone beds on the west side
of Pogonip Mountain, White Pine District, Nevada, of the age of the Pots-
dam group ; associated with Conocephalites {JDikellocephalus) laticepSy Bathy-
urus f angulatmy &c. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

Genus DIKELLOCEPHALUS Owen,

Associated with the preceding species from the Eureka beds of the
Potsdam group are two forms of pygidia, so unlike anything positively
known to belong to species with conical or slipper-shaped glabellas, that it
15 P E

226 PALEONTOLOGY.

seems unnatural to thus refer them. On the other hand, they so closely
resemble the corresponding parts of the genus Dikellocephalus from the sand-
stone of the Mississippi Valley, that it has been deemed safer to refer them
to that genus, although no other parts recognized as belonging to the genus
have been observed. It is even more than probable, however, that, on
examining a larger collection of material from this locality, other parts of
the organisms will be found justifying this reference, as there are many
fragmentary portions of undetermined species in the few blocks now before us.

DiKELLOOEPHALUS BILOBATUS D. sp.

Plate U;#g. 36.

Pygidium transverse, irregularly oval, rather straight on the anterior
border, rounded and deeply bilobed on the posterior margin by a sharply
angular constriction of the posterior border on the median line, extending
to the extremity of the axial lobe; marginal lobes rounded on their pos-
terior extremities. Axis comparatively small, moderately convex, marked
by six or seven transverse rings, exclusive of the terminal ones. Lateral
lobes broad, rounded behind, and wing-like, shghtly convex on the under
surface, and recurved toward the border; marked by four ribs on each side,
which appear to have been obscurely divided, and do not extend to the
margin of the shield. On the under surface, the posterior border is inflected^
forming a very wide inner rim, or lining, occupying nearly one-half the area
of the lateral lobes. Surface apparently smooth.

The deeply bilobed character of the posterior border is a marked and
distinguishing feature.

Formation and locality. — In limestone of the Potsdam group, in the Eureka
District, Nevada. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

DiKELLOCBPHALUS MITLTIOINOTUS D. Sp.
Plate II, fig. .37.

Pygidium somewhat triangular in general form, or, considering the
anterior border as consisting of two sides, would be somewhat trapezoidal ;
front margin arcuate, a little angular on the shoulders, and more rapidly
declining toward the outer extremities ; the entire front nearly semicircular;
posterior margin extended in the direction of the median line, and present-
ing the 9-ppearance of having been digitate on the lateral borders. This

FOSSILS OF THE POTSDAM GROUP. 227

feature may have been wrongly interpreted, as the specimen is mutilated
and somewhat obscure. Axial lobe narrow and moderately elevated ; less
than two-thirds of the entire length of the shield; marked by ten very short
annulations, exclusive of the terminal ones. Lateral lobes moderately con-
vex in the middle and becoming flattened toward the margin ; marked by
five simple, faint ribs on each side, exclusive of the anterior one, which is
also the most prominent and angular. The posterior border has the appear-
ance of having been produced at the extremity into a broad, flattened, tri-
angular process, or spine ; and judging from another individual, apparently
of the same species, has had two other points or digitations on each side,
one at the lateral angle and the other just below, leaving a deep, broad
sinus between it and the central point.

The specimen has some resemblance to small convex examples of D.
Minnesotensis Owen, but differs in the more arcuate anterior border, extended
posterior extremity, and greater number of rings on the axis. From D.
Pepinensis Owen, it differs in the stronger axis, more numerous rings, sim-
ple ribs of the lateral lobes, and in the form of the posterior lateral margins.

Formation and locality, — In limestone of the Potsdam group, in the
Eureka District, Nevada. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

DiKBLLOCEPHALUS FLABELrLlFER n. Sp.
Plate II, figs. 29-30.

A small pygidium occurring in a fragment of dark-colored limestone,
associated with those containing Conocephaliteslaticeps^Bathyurus fangulatuSy
and Chariocephalus tumifrons^ but probably from a different layer, judging
from the lithological characters of the specimens, has a character so marked
and peculiar that it has been deemed worthy of notice. The specimen pos-
sesses the following characters :

Pygidium transversely semicircular, the length and width being as
three to seven ; front margin slightly arcuate to near the outer extremities,
where it curves somewhat abruptly backward to the point of the first digi-
tation. Posterior margin digitate, having three points on each side, and a
central one ; digitations broad and obtuse, the middle one on each side the
largest. Axial lobe of moderate strength, highly convex, faintly subangular

228 PALJESONTOLOGY.

along the median line, reaching two-thirds of the entire length of the shield;
obtusely pointed at the extremity, and marked by five transverse rings,
exclusive of the terminal ones, which gradually decrease in size poste-
riorly. Lateral lobes moderately elevated and convex on the inner half,
becoming concave or flattened toward the edge ; marked by four elevated,
angular ribs on each side, including the one submarginal to the anterior
border, with broad, shallow, depressed areas between them. The ribs rise
from the margin of the axial lobe, and reach the border of the shield at the
angles of the marginal sinuosities, most strongly marked near the axis, and
becoming nearly obsolete toward the outer border. Surface of the crust
apparently smooth.

The specimen is remarkable for the simple ribs of the lateral lobes,
and for the digitation of the margin. In these respects, it differs very
materially from any Trilobite hitherto described from the Potsdam group;
and it is possible that it may have come from a somewhat higher position
at the same locality than the other specimens with which it is placed.

Formation and locality. — In dark crystalline limestone of the Potsdam
group, on the west side of Pogonip Mountain, White Pine District, and in
the Eureka District, Nevada. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq-

Genus AGNOSTUS Brongniart.

AaNOSTUS COMMUNIS n. sp.
Plate I, figs. 28-29.

Cephalic shield subparaboloid, wid-er than long, the respective diameters
being as six and seven. Surface strongly convex and distinctly trilobed.
Glabella nearly equaling one-third of the width of the shield, more promi-
nent than the lateral lobes, and separated from them by distinct dorsal fur-
rowS) three-fourths as long as the entire length of the head, broadest at base
and gradually narrowing for two-thirds of the length, beyond which point
it is more abruptly narrowed or obtusely pointed; anterior third separated
from the part behind by a faint, scarcely perceptibly impressed, transverse
line. Central portion of the glabella marked by a distinct elongated and
angular tubercle. Right and left lateral lobes, or sides of the head, sepa-
rated in front of the glabella by a narrow furrow, which is a continuation

FOSSILS OF THE POTSDAM GROUP. 229

of the dorsal furrows, and reaches to the anterior border. Small triangular
occipital nodes are situated one on each side at the base of the glabella.
Entire shield margined by a flattened border of moderate width. Thoracic
segments unknown.

The caudal shield associated with the above in the same fragments of
rock, and in equal numbers, is shorter in proportion to its width, being more
regularly rounded, and is margined by a similar flattened border, which is
projected in form of a short, spine-like process on each side, about two-
thirds of the length from the anterior border. Surface strongly convex and
trilobate in the anterior half, the dorsal furrows being directed gently inward
for half their length, and then suddenly deflected outward with a slight
curvature, becoming obsolete a little b(^hind the middle of the length. An
elongated, angular node marks the axial lobe near its anterior margin. Sur-
face of both shields smooth under an ordinary magnifying power. Length
of the larger specimens about one-seventh of an inch.

Formation and locality, — In blackish limestone of the Potsdam group,
White Pine. Collected by A. J. Brown, esq.

AaNOSTus Keon u. sp.

Plate I, figs. 26-27.

Cephalic shield short, subparaboloid, three-fourths as long as wide,
highly convex; sides nearly straight for half its length from the base, and
gradually rounding in front; anterior margin broadly rounded, being almost
straight in the middle. Glabella rather more than two-thirds the length of
the shield, and less than one-third as wide at its base, conical throughout,
more rapidly tapering near the anterior end; anterior third distinctly sepa-
rated by a transverse furrow. Dorsal furrows well marked, scarcely con-
tinued in front of the glabella; occipital nodes large, rounded-triangular.
Lateral lobes of the head convex, margined in front and on the sides to just
behind the middle of the length by a narrow, flattened border, which
gradually becomes obsolete before reaching the posterior line of the head.
Thoracic segments unknown.

Caudal shield of similar form to the cephalic shield, but entirely mar-
gined by a flattened border of nearly twice the width of that of the head,

230 PALEONTOLOGY.

and much wider posteriorly than on the sides, produced into spine-like
projections at the lateral angles. Axial lobe distinct, strongly marked, more
than one-third as wide as the entire shield; posterior division, or lobe, broader,
rounded; anterior division short; annulation well marked; a longitudinally
angular node marks the middle of the axis, extending from the anterior to
the posterior division, across the furrow which marks their limits.

This species differs from the A, communis in the shorter form of the
cephalic shield, and proportionally longer caudal shield, both being equal in
this species, while in that one the cephalic shield is much the longest. It
also differs in the wider border of the caudal shield and in the absence of a
node on the glabella. The caudal shield is precisely similar to that of A.
Josepha of the Wisconsin sandstone of similar age, except in the spine-like
processes of the lateral angles. The cephalic shield, however, is entirely
different.

Formation and locality. — In limestone of the Potsdam group, at Eureka,
Nevada. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

AONOSTUS PBOLONGUS D. Sp.
Pkite I, figs. 30-31.

Cephalic shield elongate, or very high dome-shaped in outline; sides
straight, or nearly straight, for more than one-half the length, above which
the margin, including the anterior border, is regularly and beautifully
rounded. Surface low or depressed-convex in front and gradually rising to
near the occipital border, where it becomes low-tumid ; glabella not visible
except under a strong magnifying power, and by the reflection of light
across the surface, when the outline of a conical form, with triangular occi-
pital nodes, may with difficulty be detected. The shield is margined by a
narrow, somewhat rounded rim, which gradually fades out toward the
postero-lateral angles. Thoracic segments unknown.

The caudal shield associated with the head is much shorter in propor-
tion to the width. The form is much like that of a cephaKc shield, and it
is with some hesitation that we have associated it with the above. Its
shortness, however, and the want of occipital nodes, together with the

FOSSILS OF THE POTSDAM GEOUP. 231

absence of all other forms in the same block, has determined us in so doing.
The axial lobe forms more than one-third the width of the shield, is short
and rounded obconical; marked by a node at its upper end, and divided
across by a doubly-curved transverse furrow near the lower end. Dorsal
furrows distinct, and continued as a median furrow from the end of the axial
lobe to the posterior margin. Posterior border emarginate and surrounded
by a flattened rim

Formation and locality. — In limestones of the Potsdam group, at Eureka,
Nevada. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

AaNOSTUs TUMmosus n. sp.

Plate I, fig. 32.

Cephalic shield highly dome-shaped iii outline, very slightly contracted
. near the occipital border, very convex, and margined by a narrow, flattened
border. Dorsal furrows very distinct, not continued in front beyond the
glabella. Glabella proportionally small, less than two-thirds as long as the
head, distinctly conical in form and very highly convex, especially tumid
in the lower part; the central tubercle marked near its edge by a very slight,
depressed line, which presents the appearance of a border surrounding it.
Anterior lobe forming- a little more than one-fourth of the length of the
glabella; the furrow separating it from the principal lobe very distinct
Occipital nodes very small, triangular, and distinctly modifying the base of
the glabella on each side. Thoracic segments and caudal shield unknown.

The specimen above described is so entirely distinct and well marked
that we have no hesitation in giving it as a species, although it is as yet
the only individual specimen noticed. The highly dome-shaped outline,
literally horseshoe-shaped, is peculiar, which, together with the form and
markings of the glabella, cannot fail to distinguish it from all others.

Formation and locality. — In limestones of the Potsdam group, at Eureka,
Nevada. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq-

232 PAIiiBONTOLOGY.

FOSSILS OF THE LOWER SILURIAN.
BRAOHIOPODA,

Genus LINGULEPIS Hall.
LiNGULEPis Ella n. sp.

Plate I, fig. 8.

Shell below the medium size. Dorsal valve subcircular or oblate, the
width slightly exceeding the length; the beak perceptibly projecting beyond
the general contour of the shell, but very obtuse and slightly truncate;
sides and base rounded, the latter more broadly curved. Surface of the
valve depressed-convex, a little the most prominent on the umbone ; marked
by fine irregular concentric lines of growth on the upper part, becoming
more strongly marked and finally quite lamellose toward the margin of the
valve. A few very indistinct, radiating lines may be seen near the beak
by the aid of a strong magnifier. Ventral valve unknown. Shell-sub-
stance phosphatic.

There may be some doubt as to the true relations of this shell. The
broadly oblate form would be an objection to considering it as a true
Lingular while the truncation of the beak of the dorsal valve would accord
more nearly with what is known of some forms of Lingulepis. It is possible
it may prove to be a Lingulella^ but, in the absence of the ventral valve, it
cannot be satisfactorily determined. It diflPers from most known species
very perceptibly in the oblate form of the valve.

Formation and locality. — In greenish argillaceous shales of the age of
the Quebec group, in the caiion above Call's Fort, north of Box Elder
Cafion, Wahsatch Range, Utah. Collected by S. F. Emmons, esq.

Genus ORTHIS Dalman.
ORTms PoaoNiPENSis n. sp.

Plate I, figs. 9-10.

Shell quite small, seldom exceeding a third of an inch in width, and
usually much less; paraboloid in form below the hinge-line, but somewhat

FOSSILS OF THE LOWER SILURIAN. 233

variable in proportion; beak obtuse, and rather prominent; the cardinal
margins sloping rapidly to the extremities of the hinge. Area not observed,
but, judging from the prominent beak, it must be rather high and but slightly
arcuate; hinge-extremities angular, or slightly rounded. Surface of the
valves strongly convex and marked by extremely fine strise, which become
a little coarser toward the margins of the shell Interior unknown.

The species has much the general form of 0, costalis Hall of the New
York Chazy limestone, but the striae differ greatly in their extreme fineness.
It also somewhat resembles 0. Electra Billings (Pal. Foss. Canada, vol. 1,
p. 79, fig. 72), but is not so broad, and the valves are more convex, and
beak more prominent. The shells occur in a coarsely granular and highly
crystalline limestone, and become more or less exfoliated in separating from
the matrix, so that the external features are not perfectly recognized. The
examples used are all separated valves, partially imbedded in the rock, so
that the hinge-features are not fully revealed. Those figured would seem
to be dorsal and ventral, and, if so, the dorsal is much less convex than the
ventral.

Formation and locality — In limestone of the age of the Chazy of New
York, Pogonip Mountain, White Pine District, Nevada. Collected by A.
J. Brown, esq.

Genus STROPHOMENA Rafinesque.

Strophombna Nemea n. sp.

Plate I, fig. 15.

Among the specimens received from the gray granular Kmestones of
the Pogonip Mountain, there is a small Strophomenoid shell, which is some-
what semi-oval in outline, about two-thirds as high as wide; the hinge-line
nearly straight and not quite as long as the width of the shell below; the
cardinal angles are slightly rounded; and the lateral margins and basal line
almost regularly curved, forming a little .more than half of a circle. The
surface of the ventral (?) valve is regularly and evenly convex longitudi-
nally and laterally, but not highly rounded, and marked by rather fine,
even, and somewhat sharp radiating striae. The dorsal valve and interior of
the shell have not been seen.

234 PALEONTOLOGY.

The species presents much the appearance of a Chonetes in its regularly
rounded valve, even striae, and general characters, but shows no appearance
of spines on the hinge-Hne. We know of no species of this or any allied
genus from rocks of a similar age having a very close resemblance to this one.

Formation and hcality, — In the granular Hmestones of the age of the
Quebec group, Pogonip Mountain, west side. White Pine District Col-
lected by A. J. Brown, esq.

Genus PORAMBONITES Pander.

PORAMBONITBS OBSCURUS n. sp.

Plate I, fig. 16.

Shell of moderate size; irregularly transversely oval in form; a little
angular toward the beak, and broadly emarginate in front. Ventral valve
flattened-convex on the middle of the shell; more sharply rounded near the
lateral margins, and strongly bent upward in front in the form of a broad
linguiform extension, which is rounded on the end, two-thirds as long as
wide, and distinctly concave on the exterior, forming an emargination in
the front of tJie valve; beak very obtuse, short, and but little curved.
Dorsal valve unknown, but, judging from the elevation of the front exten-
sion of the ventral valve, it must have been quite rotund.

The surface of the shell is mostly exfoliated; but near the front a por-
tion is partially preserved, and shows what appears to have been punctate
lines, or striae, though they are obscure and unsatisfactory. A number of
concentric lines of growth are clearly distinguishable. The beak of the
specimen, where the shell has been removed, shows the two diverging
lamellae which characterize the genus Porambonites. The specimen is quite
imperfect, but interesting as representing a genus so seldom recognized in
this country.

Formation and locality. ~hi dark grayish crystalHne limestone of the
age of the Quebec group, Pogonip Mountain. Collected by A. J.
Brown, esq.

FOSSILS OF THE LOWEE SILURIAN. 235

GASTEROPODA.

Genus RAPHISTOMA Hall.
Rhaphistoma acuta n. s\}.

Plate I, ti^s- 20-22.

Shell small to medium size, lenticular in form, and sharply acute on
the periphery; volutions three to three and a half, moderately increasing in
size with the growth of the shell; suture close. Upper surface of the volu-
tions less convex than the lower, very slightly rounded below the suture-
line, and a little concave just within the margin, giving an acutely angular
edge. Lower surface of the volution once and a half as deep as the upper
part, measuring from the angle ; subangular or sharply rounded at the edge
of the umbilicus, which is nearly one-third as wide as the entire diameter
of the shell, showing all of the inner whorls when free from rock Aperture
triangular, wider than high, acute on the outer edge, the widest part being
above the middle. Surface of the shell not observed, the specimens being
either internal casts or having partially-exfoliated surfaces.

The species bears considerable resemblance to B, lenticularis Sow.
from the Trenton limestone, but is more depressed, and the volutions are
more angular on the lower side. In this latter feature, it corresponds more
nearly with the forms of the gonus occurring in the Chazy and Calciferous
formations than with those from the Trenton group, and bears a striking
resemblance to some forms of B. staminea Hall, but has probably not had
the strong surface-markings of that species. It differs from Euomphalus f
rotuliformis and JE7. ? trochiscus Meek in having a smaller number and more
rapidly-increasing volutions.

Formation and locality, — In limestone of Lower Silurian age, probably

Chazy, at Ute Peak, Wahsatch Range, Utah. Collected by Arnold Hague,

esq.

Genus MACLUREA Lesueur.

Maclurba minima n. sp.

Plate I, figs. 17-19.

Shell quite small, subdiscoidal, the largest individuals not measuring
more than four-tenths of an inch in their greatest diameter. Spire depressed,

236 PALAEONTOLOGY.

as in the typical species of the genus, and appearing as an umbilicus on a
sinistral shell, the depression rather narrow and abrupt; under side flattened,
without any depression or umbilicus. Volutions about two in number,
somewhat rapidly increasing in size with the increased grow^th of the shell;
flattened on the lower surface for more than one-half their diameter, but
very evenly and regularly rounded above; periphery rounded, a little less
so below than above the middle; aperture semi-ovate, or having the form
of a circle, with the lower third truncated. Surface of the shell not
observed.

The specimens of this species which have been observed are all internal
casts, and occur in a coarsely crystalline and quite friable limestone. The sub-
stance of the shell has been quite thick, and, being also coarsely crystalline,
crumbles at once on attempting to remove the specimens from the surround-
ing rock, so that the surface-characters of the shell cannot be obtained.
The generic features of the specimens are so obvious that there can be no
doubt whatever of their right reference to Maclurea; and their small size,
together with the rounded upper surface of the volutions, which do not
show the least tendency to become angular at the edge of the spiral
depression or cavity, but is evenly and regularly rounded on the inner as
well as on the outer side, will serve, we think, to distinguish it from all
other described species of the genus.

Formation and locality. — In limestone, probably of the age of the Chazy
limestone of New York, at Ute Peak, Wahsatch Range, Utah. Collected by
Arnold Hague.

Genus FUSISPIRA Hall,

FUSISPIEA COMPAOTA U. sp.
Plate I, ^g, 25.

Shell elongate, turreted; spire elevated, forming considerably more
than half, probably two-thirds, of the entire length of the shell; composed
of six or more short, compact, rather rapidly-increasing volutions, which
are strongly rounded on the surface, and less than half as high as their
diameter. Aperture not definitely determined, but apparently elongated,
and probably attenuate below, judging from what can be seen of the lower

FOSSILS OF THE LOWER SILURIAK 237

part of the last volution on the specimen examined. No surface-markingg
can be detected.

The specimen is quite imperfect, and is only given on account of its
low geological horizon; the most of the species hitherto recognized being
from the Trenton or Hudson River groups. The species differs from all
others of the genus yet described in the short compact volutions.

Formation and locality, — In the granular limestones, Pogonip Mountain,
west side, White Pine District, Nevada; of the age of the Quebec group.
Collected by A. J. Brown, esq.

Genus CYRTOLITES Conrad.
Cyrtolites sinuatus n. sp.

Plate I, figs. 23-24.

Shell small, laterally compressed; composed of about one and a half
to two volutions, which are closely coiled, but not embracing. Volutions
acutely triangular; the dorso-ventral diameter about one-half greater than
the lateral diameter; sides of the outer one marked by a broad, shallow
depression or sinus a little within the margin, between which and the
umbilicus the surface is rounded. Umbilicus broad, exposing the inner
volutions; the sides abrupt or nearly vertical except on the edge, which is
slightly rounded. Surface of the shell unknown.

The species is characterized by the vertical margins of the umbilicus,
and the broad, shallow, depressed sinus of the outer half of the volution,
giving a somewhat concavo-convex curvature to the surface between the
umbilicus and the outer edge, or keel. In this respect, it differs from all
other species with which we are acquainted.

Formation and locality. — In the granular limestone, on the west side of
Pogonip Mountain, White Pine District, Nevada. Collected by A. J.
Brown, esq.

CRUSTACEA.

Genus CONOCEPHALITES Zenker.

CONOOEPHALITES SUBCORONATUS D. Sp.
Plate II, fig. I.

Glabella short, conical, with straight lateral margins, regularly con-

238 PAI*«QKTQEOQT.

verging from the base upward to the rather squarely truncated summit;
height above the occipital furrow scarcely exceeding the breadth of the base,
and the width at the sununit equal to about two-thirds of the height; marked
by three pairs of very oblique, subequally distant, and moderately distinct
transverse furrows. Occipital furrow narrow and well marked; ring distinct,
widest and somewhat pointed on the center of th€> posterior margin.

Fixed cheeks wide, separated from the glabella by distinct dorsal fur-
rows, prominent and rounded between the glabella and eye-lobe, almost
equaHng the convexity of the glabella; ocular ridges slender and curved.
Frontal limb wide and concave, destitute of a thickened marginal rim, as
long as the glabella, and obscurely trilobed from an extension of the dorsal
furrows, forming a convex, boss-like area in front of the glabella, which is
divided transversely by a double depressed* line, or narrow fillet, midway of
the limb and parallel with the anterior margin of the head. Eye-lobes
about half as long as the glabella, obliquely situated, and separated from
the fixed cheek by a deeply-depressed ocular sinus.

Facial suture cutting the anterior border on a line with the front angle
of the eye, which it reaches by a broad, convex curvature, giving rounded
lateral margins to the frontal limb; posterior to the eye, it is directed out-
ward; the actual course not determined. Posterior lateral limbs not seen.
Surface of the crust in front of the glabella strongly striated.

The species is only known by the glabella and fixed cheeks. The
specimens are all minute, but readily recognized by the peculiar formed
boss in fi:ont of the glabella.

Formation and locality. — In limestone of the age of the Quebec group,
at the base of Ute Peak, Wahsatch Range, Utah. Collected by Arnold
Hague, esq.

Genus CREPICEPHALUS Owen ? = LOGANELLUS Devine.

CBEPIOEPHALUS t (LoaANELLUS) QUADBANS U. Sp.
Plate II, figs. 11-13.

Form of entire body unknown. Glabella and fixed cheeks together
broadly quadrangular, about four-fifths as high as wide, and quite uniform

FOSSILS OF THE LOWER SILURIAN. 239

in many individuals, very depressed-convex, or quite flattened, as occurring
on the surface of the shale in which they are imbedded; glabella distinctly
conical, moderately tapering above the occipital furrow, and broadly
rounded in front; marked by three pairs of distinct transverse fuiTows, which
are directed obliquely backward from their outer ends; the posterior pair
almost or quite meeting in the middle, the others shorter, and situated at
almost equal distances from each other. Occipital furrow well marked,
proportionally wide and shallow; occipital ring narrow, not well defined.

Fixed cheeks very broad, nearly two-thirds as wide as the glabella,
depressed-convex; frontal limb short, the border and inner part of nearly
the same width; sides of the limb in front, wide, and slightly rounded at the
antero-lateral angles; posterior limb wide at its junction with the glabella,
and rapidly narrowing outward, being about once and a half as long as its
greatest width; ocular ridges slender, but very distinct; rising from the
anterior angle of the eye and uniting with the glabella near the anterior
furrow, forming a slightly curved line parallel with the marginal furrow of
the head.

Facial sutures directed inward from the anterior margin of the head to
the eye-lobe, behind which they are directed outward and backward to the
posterior margin of the head, at an angle of about forty degrees to the
occipital line.

A form of movable cheek found associated in considerable numbers
with the glabellas, and corresponding in size and character, is narrowly
ti'iangular, the posterior, extremity terminating in a short, blunt spine,
slightly curved; inner angle strongly notched for the reception of the eye-
lobe, and the outer margin bordered by a thickened, rounded rim, which
gradually increases in width to the base of the spine. The facial suture
corresponds to the margin of the fixed cheek above described, and, on the
under side, the anterior border is prolonged in the form of an acute process,
to extend along the anterior border of the frontal Hmb.

The pygidium associated with the above specimens is minute, trans-
versely subelliptical in form, most strongly rounded on the front border,
with a wide axis terminating obtusely a little within the posterior margin.
The axis is marked by five rings, exclusive of the terminal ones. Lateral

240 PALJSONTOLOGY.

lobes convex, marked by three or four divided ribs, exclusive of the anterior
single one.

Surface of the head and cheeks marked by fine anastomosing lines,
radiating from the eye and front of the glabella.

Formation and locality. — In dark greenish, thinly-laminated shales of
the Quebec group, in canon above Call's Fort, Wahsatch Range, Utah. Col-
lected by S. F. Emmons, esq.

Genus DIKELLOCEPHALUS Owen.

DiKELLOOEPHALUS QUADRICEPS U. Sp.
Plate I, fi«8. 37-40.

Glabella and fixed cheeks united, quadrangular in form, with a regu-
larly and symmetrically arcuate front margin. Glabella elongate quad-
rangular, a little expanded and rounded in front, three-fourths as wide across
the middle as the length above the occipital furrow, very gibbous or some-
what inflated; marked by three pairs of transverse furrows, which extend
about three-fourths of the distance to the center, not in the least oblique, and
so faint as to be detected only on the closest examination, or by the reflec-
tion of light along the surface; occipital furrow very distinct; ring strong
and robust, supporting a strong, thickened spine of undetermined length on
the posterior margin. The base of the spine is broad, and the spine directed
backward and upward.

Fixed cheeks of moderate size, strongly convex, a little more than one-
third as wide at the eye as the width of the glabella, and rapidly declining
to the antero-lateral angles. Eye-lobes small, situated rather behind the
middle of the length of the head; ocular ridges distinct, strongly directed
forward in their passage from the eye to the glabella. Frontal limb very
short, not extending beyond the frontal margin of the glabella, and strongly
curving backward to the point of intersection with the facial sutures.

Facial sutures commencing at the anterior margin on a line with the
inner angle of the eye-lobe, and running directly back to the eye in a
straight line; behind the eye, the direction is outward, but its exact course
has not been ascertained. Lateral limb not observed.

A pygidium associated with the glabella is paraboloid in form, and

FOSSILS OF THE LOWER SILURIAN. 241

surrounded on the margins by twelve short, rather strong spines, the four
on the posterior margin being shorter than the others. Axis narrow, highly
convex, two-thirds as long as the shield, and marked by four rings, exclu-
sive of the tei^minal ones. Lateral lobes broad, convex, and marked by four
low, rounded ribs, the anterior one much narrower than the others; each of
the four ribs terminating in one of the lateral spines.

There can be no doubt that the above-described pygidium belongs
to the same species with the associated glabella, as they are both equally
abundant, and are the only trilobitic remains brought from the locality,
except those of Conocephalites suhcoronatus. The glabella is enlarged to
three diameters in the figure, while the pygidium is given natural size, but
is one of the largest individuals seen; while there are fragments of glabellas
in the rock fully twice the size of the specimen figured. The species bears
a very close resemblance to D. gothicuSy herein described, but differs princi-
pally in the simple ribs; while in that species they are divided, a feature
that will very readily distinguish the two forms.

Formation and locality. — In limestone of the age of the Quebec group,
from the base of Ute Peak, Wahsatch Range, Utah. Collected by Arnold
Hague, esq.

DiKELLOCEPHALUS WAHSATCHENSIS D. Sp.
Plate I, fig 35.

Glabella elongate-quadrangular, with parallel lateral margins and
slightly-rounded front; height and width about as four to three; very
depressed-convex, and marked by two pairs of transverse furrows, which
do not quite meet in the center, dividing the glabella into three nearly
equal portions. Occipital furrow naiTow, not strongly defined ; ring nar-
row, distinct, and bearing a slender spine on the center; dorsal furrows
narrow and poorly defined.

Fixed cheeks wide and flattened ; ocular ridges faintly marked, rising
opposite the anterior fun-ow of the glabella, and directed shghtly backward
to the eye-lobe. Frontal limb very short and wide, the marginal rim regu-
larly arcuate, narrow, and prominent, closely cutting the front of the
glabella. Facial sutures not fully determined, but are distinct on the
anterior margin, cutting the rim with a strong outward curvature, and again
16 P R

242 PALJilONTOLOGT.

recurving to the eye, leaving the limb nearly two-thirds as wide at its
widest point as the glabella.

This species differs from any other described in the length of the
glabella and the position of the furrows, in the short frontal limb, and great
lateral extension of the same. No other parts of the species have been
recognized. There are, however, several specimens of a pygidium associ-
ated in the same slates, and, as they are the only remains of Trilobites
occurring in the slates, except C, (L.) quadrans^ which cannot well be con-
founded with either, it would be natural to suppose they were parts of the
same species. But the characters of the pygidium are so unlike anything
heretofore recognized or known to belong to the genus DikellocephaluSy that
we have great doubt of their generic identity, and for that reason have
placed them under different specific names with a doubt as to the generic
reference.

Formation and locality. — In green argillaceous slates of the Quebec
group, in the canon above Call's Fort, Wahsatch Range, Utah. Collected
by S. F. Emmons, esq.

DiKELLOOEPHALUS! GOTHICUS n. Sp.
Plate I, fig. 36.

Pygidium semi-ovate, or short paraboloid, with a very strong central
axis, and spinose margin ; anterior margin straightened for about two-thirds
the width of the lateral lobes, where it curves abruptly backward to the
lateral angles. Axial lobe strong, cylindrical, and prominent, forming one-
third of the entire width exclusive of the spines, and reaching almost to the
posterior margin of the shield ; obtusely rounded at the extremity, and
marked by six annulations exclusive of the terminal ones. Lateral lobes
very moderately convex, and marked by four divided ribs on each side,
each terminating in a strong and proportionally long marginal spine ; central
area of each rib depressed, forming a flattened groove, extending to the base
of the marginal spine. Borders of the ribs elevated, the anterior one
strongest and prominent, gi-adually widening from its origin to the margin
of the shield ; posterior border narrow and rounded, separated from the next
succeeding rib by^ sharply-depressed, narrow groove. This peculiar form

FOSSILS OF THE LOWER SILURIAN. 243

of rib gives to the shield an appearance similar to the groining of a Gothic
arch. Margin of the shield surrounded by twelve long, rather strong
spines, four of which, on each side, are about equal in size and strength,
while the four occupying the posterior border are shorter and unequal, those
in the middle being the shortest.

The peculiar feature of the specimen consists in the divided ribs of the
lateral lobes and spinose margin. In these features, it differs from all others
known, and may possibly, when better material shall be examined, showing
other parts of the organism, require a distinct generic name.

Formation and locality, — In greenish argillaceous slates of the Quebec
group, in the canon above Call's Fort, north of Box Elder Canon, Wahsatch
Mountains, Utah. Collected by S. F. Emmons, esq.

Genus BATHYURUS Billings.

BATHYURUS POGONIPENSIS n. sp.
Plate I, figs. 33-34.

The species is recognized only by the pygidium, which is rather small,
measuring a little less than three-fourths of an inch in the greatest trans-
verse width, by a length of a little less than half an inch. Form transversely
elliptical, the posterior margin nearly twice as convex as the anterior border;
lateral extremities angular ; axis narrow, forming only about one-fourth of
the entire width, highly convex, and about three-fourths as long as the
entire shield, extremity obtusely rounded and terminating abruptly; marked
by four transverse annulations exclusive of the terminal ones, the posterior
one being as long as the two next preceding it ; rings highly convex and
rounded, with interspaces of nearly equal dimensions. Lateral lobes broad
and somewhat triangular; the inner third of the width horizontal, beyond
which the surface slopes rapidly to the outer margin ; marked by three
broad, slightly flattened, but strong and very distinct ribs, which terminate
about one-third of the width within the margin, leaving a plain border sur-
rounding the shield. The two anterior ribs are broad, and show a faint
depression along the middle in the upper part. Surface of the crust, under
an ordinary magnifying power, apparently smooth, except on the crest of
the axial rings, where there are a few node-like granules

244 PALEONTOLOGY.

The pygidium is associated with a granulose glabella of corresponding
dimensions, which is too imperfect for illustration or description, but prob-
ably of the same species. The sides are parallel or slightly widening ante-
riorly, and the front rounded. The entire surface is covered with small,
closely-set pustules. The glabella bears considerable resemblance to that
of J?, strenuus Bill. (Pal. Foss. Canada, vol. 1, p. 204), but shows indica-
tions of a faint glabellar farrow behind the middle of the length.

Formation and locality. — In coarse, crystalline limestones, on the west
side of Pogonip Mountain, White Pine, Nevada. Collected by A. J.
Brown, esq.

Genus OGYGIA Brongn.

Ogygia producta n, sp.

Plate II, figs. 31-34.

Glabella very much elongated, twice as long as wide, measuring from
the occipital furrow; slightly expanded in front, and rounded on the ante-
rior extremity; convex and subangular along the median line; marked by
two pairs of faint, very oblique furrows, which do not quite meet in the
middle. Occipital furrow broad and distinct; ring strongly marked and
thickened in the middle.

Fixed cheeks of moderate width; eye-lobes large, two-thirds as long
as the glabella, extending from the occipital furrow to the middle of the
anterior lobe of the glabella; distinctly marked by a narrow, depressed
furrow just within and parallel to their margins. Lateral limbs narrow.
Frontal limb unknown.

Movable cheeks obliquely triangular, the outer face being much the
longest, and regularly arcuate; posterior extremity rounded, showing no
evidence of a spine in the impression of the under surface, though the
upper portion may have borne a spine, as seems to be indicated by other
impressions of the exterior. Ocular sinus very large, but shallow, regu-
larly arcuate; surface of the cheek depressed-convex, with a faint, shallow
groove just within the margin and a scarcely thickened rim beyond.

Thorax depressed-convex, distinctly trilobed. Axis narrower than the
lateral lobes, and gradually tapering from the occipital region posteriorly, and

FOSSILS OF THE LOWER SILURIAK 245

slightly convex; annulations indistinctly marked. Pleura curving backward
near the outer ends and pointed at the extremity; marked along the middle
by a broad, shallow furrow, which occupies one-half of the width for a dis-
tance of nearly two-thirds the length of the rib, becoming obsolete near
the free flattened extremity.

Pj'gidium broadly elhptical, scarcely twice as wide as long, anterior
face much less convex than the posterior, which sometimes becomes irregu-
larly paraboloid in the slate from distortion. Axial lobe less than one-third
of the entire width, and rapidly tapering posteriorly ; about four-fifths as
long as the shield, and terminating just within the rather broad, recurved
marginal lining of the under surface in an obtusely-rounded point ; axis
marked by six strong, rounded rings, exclusive of the terminal one ; lateral
lobes depressed-convex, marked by three or four obscure ribs, which, when
compressed in the slates, become very faint and obscure.

The material from which the above description is taken is in a very
unsatisfactory condition, being fragmentary and much distorted by the
slipping and contortions of the shale in which they are imbedded, so that
the features of form as here given may be somewhat modified on finding
other and more perfect material. The great length of the glabella will serve
as a distinguishing feature in the identification of the species.

Formation and locality. — In greenish and reddish shales of the age of the
Quebec group, at East Canon, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Collected by J.
E. Clayton and S, F. Emmons,

OaVGIA PARABOLA D. Sp.
Plate II, fig. 35.

Pygidium long-paraboloid, posterior to the antero-lateral angles, with
a slight emargination at the posterior border ; front margin somewhat irreg-
ularly arcuate ; surface flattened, or very gently convex, and in the cast
showing a very wide marginal lining on the under surface, which extends
to nearly one-half the width of the lateral lobes on the anterior margin, and
very gently widening posteriorly. Axis convex, wide and bulbous in front,
nan-owed and cylindrical below for about four-fifths of its length; the
anterior bulbous portion forming a single strong annulation, once and a

246 PALEONTOLOGY.

half as wide as the cylindrical portion below, which appears to be smooth
and destitute of rings. Lateral lobes also marked by a single, wide, flat-
tened rib, corresponding to the annulation of the axis, and a nan'ow,
sharply-elevated, anterior ridge, corresponding to the articulating projection
of the axis.

The pygidium is all that has yet been recognized of this peculiar spe-
cies, but it is so marked in its characters that we have no hesitation in pro-
nouncing it distinct from any hitherto described. The absence of rings
on so great a length of the axial lobe is a marked and distinguishing feature.

Formation and locality. — In greenish shales of the age of the Quebec
group, at East Canon, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Collected by S. F. Emmons
and J. E. Clayton.

FOSSILS OF THE DEVONIAN.

BRACHIOPODA.

Genus STROPHODONTA Hall.
Strophodonta Canace.

Plate III, figs. 1-3.

Strophodonta Canace H. & W., 23d Kept. St. Cab., p. 23G, pi. 11, figs. 8-11.

Shell of medium size, subquadrangular in outline, wider than long;
hinge-line a little shorter than the greatest width of the shell, the external
border very gently sloping from the middle to the extremities; lateral mar-
gins and basal border of the shell somewhat straightened, and the angles
rounded. Ventral valve convex, slightly geniculated near the middle of its
length, and flattened on the umbonal disk; cardinal area narrow, sublinear
or moderately decreasing in width from the middle outward, vertically
striated or crenulate and divided in the center by a nan-owly triangular
fissure. Dorsal valve concave, a little more than half as deep as the con-
vexity of the ventral; area very narrow. Surface of the ventral valve
marked by strong, sharp, distant, radiating striae, with concave interspaces,
which are occupied by three or more finer, even striae. Surface of the

FOSSILS OF THE DEVONIAN, 247

dorsal valve marked by fine, even striae. The specimen measures about
seven-eighths of an inch in length by a little more than an inch in width;
convexity of the vdntral valve about five-sixteenths of an inch.

The specimen possesses all the essential specific characters of the Iowa
shells, but difiers slightly in the more decidedly quadrangular outline. This
feature alone, however, cannot be considered of specific importance, since,
among the typical specimens, the variation in this respect is considerable.

Formation and locality/, — In limestone of Devonian age, at Treasure Hill,
south of Aurora Mine, While Pine, Nevada. Collected by Arnold Hague,
esq.

Genus EHYNCHONELLA Fischer.

Ehynchonella Emmonsi n. sp.

Plate III, figs. 4-8,

Shell rather above the medium size, globosely subcuboidal, very ven-
tricose, highly gibbous on the dorsal side, shallow and somewhat flattened
on the ventral and squarely truncate in front; cardinal margin broadly
rounded, the small, pointed, ventral beak projecting beyond the general con-
tour, and having the appearance of a small cardinal area from the projection
of the margin of the foramen, into which the beak of the dorsal valve passes;
sides of the shell more sharply rounded than the cardinal border. Front of
the ventral valve abruptly bent upward in a broad, linguiform extension,
nearly or quite equal to the entire height of the shell, and almost two-thirds
as wide as the entire width; the sides of the extension are straight and
parallel for most of the height, the top being broadly and evenly rounded.
Dorsal valve emarginate in front, corresponding with the extension of the
ventral valve.

Surface maited by from twenty-three to twenty-five low, rounded,
simple plications on each side of the elevation and sinus, and about fourteen
on the elevation of the dorsal valve, with a corresponding number on the
extension of the ventral valve.

The species is of the type of JR. cuboides of Europe and R. venusta Hall,
of the TuUy limestone of New York. It difiers from the former in its much
less cuboidal form and broader and shorter proportions, and from the latter

248 PALJUONTOLOGY.

in the same particulars, as well as the finer and more numerous plications,
and in the want- of the flattening of these latter on the front of the shell.

Formation and locality, — In limestones of Devonian age, south of Aurora
Mine, White Pine, Nevada. Collected by Ai-nold Hague, esq.

LAMELLIBRANOHIATA.
Genus PARACYCLAS Hall

rAEACYOLAS PEROCCIDENS D. sp.
Plate III, figs. 14-17.

Shell comparatively large, circular in outline, with scarcely projecting,
but well-marked beaks; valves ventricose, somewhat inflated along the
strongly-curved or convex umbonal ridge; cardinal line strongly arcuate,
but becoming slightly alate toward the posterior end, especially perceptible
on the internal casts; anterior side of the shell marked by a slight constrict-
ing sulcus, or depression, extending from the front of the beaks to the margin
of the shell just below the middle of the anterior side, strongly reminding
one of the similar constriction on many of the recent Lucinas; beaks pointed
and strongly curving forward, situated well anteriorly. On the internal
casts, the muscular impressions are large and strongly marked, the posterior
one is irregularly quadrangular, and the anterior one reniform, widening
below, and not more than half as large as the posterior; pallial line consist-
ing of strong longitudinal pustules, arranged side by side.

Surface of the shell somewhat roughened by strong, irregular, but not
lamellose, concentric undulations formed by aggregating lines of growth.

The shell diffors from any form previously described in this country in
the presence of the anterior constriction, but, in many other respects
resembles P. elliptica var. occidentalis H. & W., from the Upper Helderberg
limestones of Southern Indiana.

Formation and locality, — In dark limestone of Devonian age, at Treasure
Hill, south of Aurora Mine, White Pine. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

Genus NUCULITES Conrad.

NUCULITES TEIANGULUS D. sp,
Plate III, figs. 12-13,

Shell comparatively large for the genus, subtriangular in outline, about

FOSSILS OF THE DEVONIAN. 249

four-fifths as high as long; valves depressed-convex, perhaps partly due to
compression; beaks large, broad, and prominent, situated about one-tWrd
of the length from the anterior end; posterior cardinal margin rapidly slop-
ing to below the middle of the valve, from which point the posterior end
rounds forward to the straight basal line; anterior end rounded, its greatest
length being much below the middle of the valve, above which the margin
is concave to just below the beak. Teeth and hinge unknown. On remov-
ing the shell from a portion of the valve, a slight impression was seen on the
cast anterior to the beak, resembling that left by the removal of a muscular
clavicle, or ridge, but not quite satisfactory in its character.

Surface of the shell marked only by moderately strong, irregular, con-
centric undulations.

The general form of the shell is much like that of N. trtquetra Con.
from the Hamilton group of New York, but with a straighter basal line, much
larger and tumid beaks, and of very much greater size than is known in that
species.

Formation and locality. — In the lower black slates of the White Pine
District, near Eberhardt Mill. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

Genus LUNULICARDIUM Munster.

LUNULICARDIUM FRAGOSUM.
Plate II, figs. 9-li.

Posidonomyaf fragosa, Meek. (Part I, page 92 aud Plate.)

The specimens figured and described by Mr. Meek, under the name
Posidonomyaf fragosa, prove, on carefully uncovering the cardinal portions
of the specimens, to belong to the genus Lunulicardium, a genus, so far as
we are aware, that has only been recognized in rocks of Devonian age,
unless the genus Ch(Bnocardia M. & W. should prove to be identical, about
which we have some doubt. In the rocks of this age in New York, it has
been recognized in several species, ranging from the Marcellus shales to the
Chemung group inclusive, one or more species being known in each forma-
tion. The shells are readily recognized by the broadly gaping anterior (?)
end, bordered by a more or less reflected margin or flange-like projecting
border, extending from the beak to the basal margin, which we presume is
analogous to the byssal opening in other forms of shell. The species

250 PALEONTOLOGY.

under consideration shows this feature on several specimens in the collection
in a somewhat remarkable degree. The flange widens and is somewhat
roundly pointed in some cases near the beak, and gradually narrows
below. The general form of the shell is obliquely ovate, widest below,
varying much, however, in different examples. The substance of the shell
has been thin, and marked by comparatively strong concentric undulations,
but without other surface-characters.

Mr. Meek's figures are true in all respects, except in wanting the
flange-like border ; and the figures given on plate 3 are for the purpose of
illustrating this feature. The species has considerable resemblance to L,
fragilis = Avicula fragilis Hall (Geol. 4th Dis. N. Y., 1843, p. 222, figs. 1-2)
(fig. 2, lac. city falsely represents a posterior wing), from the Genesee slate
and Portage group of New York, but differs materially in the greater elonga-
tion of the valves. Examples could, however, be selected from among the
New York collections that would exceed in length the shorter form from
the black slates of the White Pine District, while the peculiarity of having
the flange widening near the beak is a feature noticed only in that species
among all of those recognized in the New York formations, and is one that
shows the close relations of the two species. The greater proportional
length of the shells of this one will serve to distinguish them.

GASTEROPODA.

Genus BELLEROPHON Montf.
Belleeophon Keleus n. sp.

Plate III, figs, ld-20.

Shell rather above the medium size, nearly globular in form, a little
wider than high. Volutions rounded and very slightly carinate on the
back, the keel showing only as a low, rounded, scarcel)^ elevated band on
the internal cast Lip somewhat expanded laterally, the outer axial margin
forming a strong auriculation on each side of the shell ; margin of the lip
bilobed, deeply and broadly notched in the middle; the sides of the notch
moderately expanding at first, but more rapidly above ; lobes of the lip
rounded. Umbilicus closed, but on the internal cast showing as of consid-

FOSSILS OF THE WAYERLY GROUP. 251

arable width from the great thickness of the shell. The inner lip, as seen
on a specimen preserving this part of the shell, is much thickened and
forms a callus, slightly trilobate and strongly modifying the form of the
aperture. Aperture semilunate or reniform, about twice as wide as long.
A fragment of the exterior surface preserved is covered with oblique rows
of closely crowded, rounded granules, or small tubercles, outside of the
median band ; the obliquity of the rows beiiig caused by the quincunx
arrangement of the tubercles. The form and ornamentation of the revolv-
ing median band has not been fully determined, but is apparently broad
and flattened, with retrally curved stride.

The species very closely resembles, and is probably identical with, an
undescribed form from the Chemung group of New York; being similar
in size, form, and surface-markings, as well as in the solid axis and form of
the callus of the inner lip. It differs in the surface-markings from any
described form with which we are acquainted.

Formation and locality, — In limestone of Devonian age, at Treasure
Hill, south of Aurora Mine, White Pine District, Nevada. Associated
with Strophodonta Canace, Rhynchonella Emmonsi, Paracyclas peroccidenSy
and other Devonian forms. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

FOSSILS OF THE WAVERLY GEOUP.

RADIATA.

Genus MICHELINA D'Kon.

MiCHELINA sp. ?.

Plate IV, fig. 19.

Among the fossils received from Dry Canon there occurs a worn speci-
men of this genus, composed of tubes which vary from an eighth of an
inch in diameter to nearly or quite twice that size. The corallum seems to
have been highly convex, but not hemispherical in form, with few but
rapidly diverging tubes of moderate size. The specimen is imbedded in the
rock so as to expose the lower part of the tubes cut transversely. The
walls have been quite thick at this point, but become much more attenuate

252 PALJBONTOLOGY.

or even quite sharp on their upper edges. The specimen is in such a state
of preservation that it is impossible to detect the specific characters, and is
chiefly interesting on account of the association in which it is found. The
genus MicJielina is not common in this country in rocks above the Devonian,
although very abundant in many of the formations of that series, and has
been recognized in several species in the Carboniferous rocks of Europe.
This species, therefore, furnishes another instance of the mingling of
Devonian and Carboniferous forms in the rocks of the age to which we
suppose these to belong (viz, Waverly group), showing intimate relations,
if not absolute transition Avithout break, from the Devonian to the Lower
Carboniferous in several widely distant parts of the country.

BRACHIOPODA.
Genus STREPTORHYNCHUS King.

' STREPTORHYNCHUS EQUIVALVIS.
riate IV, figs, 1-2.
Orthis equivalvis Hall, Geol. Eept. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 490, pi. 2, fig. 6.

Specimens of a species of StreptorhynchuSj having characters very
similar to many of those occuringin the Burlington sandstones, occur in the
rocks of this formation at Ogden and Logan Canons, Wahsatch Range,
Utah. The shell is at all times a very variable one, and not easily deter-
mined with satisfaction. The specimen representedby fig. 1, plate IV, is
rather wider than most of those above referred to, but resembles them in
form except in this particular, and in want of the sinus which often marks
them. The alternations of coarser and finer strisB is a common character.
The specimen represented by fig. 2 of the same plate is also a not unusual
form, although shorter than the generality of individuals. The specimen
fig. 1 is from Ogden Cafion, and fig. 2 from Logan Canon. Collected by
S. F. Emmons, esq.

STREPTORHYNCHUS INFLATtTS.
Plate IV, fig. 3.

Streptorhynchus inflatus White & Whitfield, Troc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist , vol. viii, 1862,
p. 293.
The specimen fig. 3, plate IV, possesses the character of the above-cited
species in all particulars as far as can be ascertained from the specimen, except

FOSSILS OF THE WAVBRLY GROUP. 253

lliat it is a little wider, but not sufficiently so to be considered beyond the
limits of specific variation. The shell is very gibbous, in fact quite inflated
in form, and evenly striate. Other individuals show the large cardinal
process known to exist in the original, and, considering the extreme varia-
tions to which species of this genus are subject, we see no reason why this
should be considered as distinct from the typical forms.

Formation and locality, — In limestones of the age of the Waverly group,
at Dry Canon, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Collected by S. F, Emmons^ esq.

Genus STROPHOMENA Eafinesque.
Strophomena khomboidalis Wilckens.

Plate IV, fig. 4.

Forsynonyma see Palseont. N. Y., vol. iv, p. 76.

The examples of this species observed present a broad flattened surface
with but a shght geniculation, the flattened portion being covered by close,
rather small, or narrow, concentric wrinkles, which are crossed by fine radiat-
ing strise. The form is similar to those found in the yellow sandstones of
Burlington, Iowa. The straight hinge-line is about as long as the width oi
the shell below, or a little shorter, and the length of the shell about two-
thirds as great as the width. The geniculation is near the margin ; the
flattened disk occupying almost the entire extent of the shell. Only the
ventral valve has been observed.

Formation and locality, — In limestone of the age of the Waverly
group, Dry Cation, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Collected by J. E.
Clayton, esq.

Genus CHONETES Fischer.
Chonetes Loganensis n. sp.

Plate IV, fig. 9.

Shell of moderate size, semicircular; hinge-line straight, longer than
the width of the shell below; the extremities acutely angular. Ventral
valve convex, with a slight flattening, scarcely a depression, along the median
line, widening gradually toward the front; sides of the valve rounded,

254 PALJBONTOLOGT.

becoming flattened, or very faintly concave, near the ninge-extremities;
hinge-line marked by three or four very short, appressed spines on each
side of the beak. Dorsal valve and area of the ventral unknown. Surface
marked by very fine, closely crowded, radiating striae; the number not
determined, owing to the exfoliated condition of the shell.

The species resembles somewhat C, lUinoisensis Worthen, from the
Burlington limestone, in the size and convexity of the valve, and also in the
striae, but diflfers in the greater proportional length of the hinge-line and
in the flattening of the mesial portion.

Formation and locality. — In limestone of the age of the Waverly group,
at Logan Cafion, Wahsatch Range, Utah. Collected by S. F. Emmons, esq.

Genus SPIRIFERA Sow.
Spieifeea centronata.

Plate IV, figs. 5-6.
Spirifera centronata Wiuchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1865, p. 118.

Shell rather below the medium size, transversely elongate, with mncro-
nate extensions, exclusive of which the front margin of the shell forms nearly
a semicircle, the length from beak to front being sometimes greater and
sometimes less than half the length along the hinge. Valves convex, the
ventral most ventricose, with a moderately sized, rather pointed beak, which
is slightly incurved and projecting beyond the hinge-line. Area narrow;
mesial sinus distinct, narrow, angularly defined at the margins, and extend-
ing to the beak; occupied by from three to five plications near the front,
formed by the bifurcation of two, which originate at the beak. Sides of the
shell marked by from twelve to eighteen or twenty plications, mostly simple,
but sometimes bifurcating. The plicatiojis are slender and rounded, not
very angular. Dorsal valve depressed- con vex; the narrow fold well defined,
but not highly elevated. Minute surface-characters not observed, as the
^specimens are all in a state of exfoliation.

This species seems to be a common form in the rocks near the base of
the Wahsatch limestone. It is subject to some variation in external form
and number of plications, but is readily recognized and identified.

Formation and locality. — ^Near'the base of the Wahsatch limestone (Wav-

FOSSILS OP THE WAVERLT GROUP. 255

erly?), at Dry Cafion, Oquirrh Mountains, Logan and Ogden Caiions,
Wahsatch Range, Utah, collected by S. F. Emmons, esq. We have also
seen several specimens of it in collections from a white limestone brought
from the Black Hills by Mr. Gr. Bird Grinnell, in 1874.

Spirifera Alba-pinensis n. 8p.

Plate IV, Aprs. 7-8.
Compare Spirifera biplicatus Hall, Geol. Kept. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. ii, pi. 7, fig. 5, p. 519.

Shell rather below a medium size, transversely elongate, greatly
extended on the hinge-line, with submucronate extremities; the width or
length along the hinge equal to about twice the length from beak to front.
Ventral valve ventricose, regularly arcuate from beak to front, the margin
of the valve forming nearly a semicircle exclusive of the hinge-extremities;
beak of moderate size, incurved and pointed; area moderate; a narrow,
rather shallow, and not distinctly defined mesial sinus marks the center of
the valve, and is bordered on each side by a broad, rounded plication, much
stronger and more elevated than the others, and which is divided along the
middle on the lower half of the shell by a slightly impressed hne, giving it
the appearance of a bifurcated rib. The middle of the sinus is sometimes
smooth, and in some cases marked by two or three faint plications, which
do not extend beyond the anterior half of the shell. Besides the strong
plications bordering the sinus, there are from fourteen to eighteen low,
rounded, simple plications on each side, six or eight of which on the outer
end of the valve are often very obscure and sometimes obsolete. Dorsal
valve unknown.

This species is very closely related to, and may possibly prove to be
identical with, S. Uplicatus Hall (loc. cit)y from the Burlington sandstones of
Iowa, but it appears to dijffer in not possessing the central depressed line on
the mesial fold, if it is safe to rely upon the evidence furnished by the
absence of a corresponding fold in the sinus of the ventral valve and the
presence of two or more obscure plications in its place. As the dorsal valve
has not been observed, although several ventrals have been examined, these
differences cannot be positively affirmed.

Formation and locality, — In limestones near the base of the Wah-

256 PALEONTOLOGY.

satch limestone, at Dry Caiion, Oquirrh Mountains, Logan and Ogden
Canons, Wahsatch Range, Utah, and from a band of chert beneath the upper
black slates of the White Pine District. Collected by J. E. Clayton, S. F.
Emmons, and Arnold Hague.

Genus ATHYRIS McCoy.
Athyris Claytoni n. sp.

Plate IV, figs. 15-17.

Shell of moderate size, oval or very slightly ovate in general outline
when viewed from the dorsal side, the entire length being one-sixth greater
than the greatest width, and the rostral half of the shell being slightly more
attenuated than the forward part. Valves moderately and nearly equally
convex. Dorsal valve nearly circular in outline, convex, most ventricose in
the upper part, and somewhat angular along the middle throughout, but not
forming any distinct mesial elevation; beak small, incurved, and rather
pointed, the apex passing within the fissure of the opposite valve. Ventral
valve much longer than the dorsal, the rostral half very ventricose, but
becoming somewhat flattened on the antcro-median portion, without forming
a distinct sinus; beak large and tumid, abruptly curved upward, and
rather strongly truncated at the apex on a line with the plane of the valves;
cardinal margins strongly inflected or enrolled, almost presenting the appear-
ance of a cardinal area, but without any defined limits; fissure large,
broadly triangular, and partly filled by the dorsal beak. Surface of the
valves smooth, except a few strong concentric lines marking stages of
growth.

The species is peculiar in shape, the cardinal portion presenting so
much the appearance of a species of Spirifer of the type of S. Maia Bill.,
as figured in Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, pi. 63, fig. 8, as to be readily mistaken for
one of that group; but the entire absence of a defined cardinal area,
together with the perforated beak, readily distinguishes it on a closer
inspection. The absence of any defined mesial fold and sinus is also a
good specific character.

Formation and locality. — In limestones of the Lower Carboniferous
(Waverly?) age, Little Cottonwood, 800 feet east of Reed and Benson's

FOSSILS OF THE WAVERLY GROUP. 257

mine, Wahsatcli Eange, Utah. Named in honor of Prof. J. E. Clayton, of
Salt Lake City, Utah, to whom we are indebted for the use of the speci-
mens.

Athyris planosulcata?.

Plate IV, figs. 10-11.
Compare Athyris planosulcata Phil., Geol. Yorksbire, vol. ii, p. 220, fig. 15.

A small species of Athyris not readily identified with any known
species, and yet so closely resembling several described forms, that it is
difficult to cite differences which would distinguish it from them, occurs
associated with the fossils described from the Cottonwood divide It is of
medium size, nearly circular in outline, with ventricose valves and destitute
of mesial fold or sinus; beaks small, that of the ventral valve incurved and
but slightly truncated by the small foramen. The surface of the shell is
smooth except from concentric lines marking stages of growth, and entirely
destitute of any marked or distinguishing feature. The specimens are of
the size and general appearance of those usually referred to A. planosulcata
Phil., and from its lack of distinguishing features we hesitate to refer it with
certainty to any known species.

Formation and locality, — In limestone of the Lower Carboniferous
(Waverly?) age, Cottonwood divide, 800 feet east of Reed and Benson's
mine, Wahsatch Eange, Utah. Collected by J. E. Clayton.

Genus RHYNCHONELLA, Fischer.
Rhynchonella pustulosa White?.

Plate IV, figs. 12-14.

Rhynchonella pustulosa White, Jour. Bost. Soc. Kat. Hist, vol. viii, p. 226.

Shell small, transversely subtrigonal, with a broadly rounded front and
straightened cardinal slopes; sides of the shell sharply rounded; beak
pointed and projecting; valves ventricose, the dorsal the most gibbous.

Surface marked by from sixteen to twenty-two simple rounded plica-
tions, five of which are elevated in the middle, to form the proportionally
broad mesial elevation, and a coiTesponding number depressed on the
ventral forming the sinus.
17 P R

258 PALEONTOLOGY.

The specimens of this species seen are mostly poor ; one, however, pre-
serves the form and features, with but little or no distortion, giving the
characters as above. The shell varies considerable from the description of
Dr. C. A. White ; but, on comparison with a group of several individuals
from the typical locaUty, sent by Dr. White as of that species, we find the
variations great enough to include specimens departing still further than
these here referred. The minute surface-structure having pustules has not
been observed among those in this collection, as they are all more or less
exfoliated, and it does not appear to be commonly preserved on those from
the typical locality. The greater number of plications would seem to be
a distinguishing feature, but eight of the twenty-two counted occur on the
cardinal slopes, where, in very many cases, they might not be distinguish-
able.

Formation and locality. — In limestone of the Waverly group, at Logan
Canon, Wahsatch Range, Utah. Collected by S. F. Emmons, esq.

Genus TEREBRATULA (Llhwyd.) Brug. ^
Terebratula Utah n. sp.

Plate IV, iig. 18.

Shell of medium size, elongate-ovate, the greatest width opposite the
middle of the dorsal valve, forward of which point the sides are somewhat
rapidly contracted to the rather squarely truncated front margin. Valves
ventricose, the ventral more gibbous than the opposite. Dorsal valve most
ventricose within the upper third of the valve ; beak small and sharply
pointed for a dorsal beak, scarcely if at all incurved. Surface of the shell
smooth, with the exception of several rather strong concentric lines marking
stages of growth. Beak of ventral valve not observed.

The shell is described from a separate dorsal valve and a partially con-
cealed ventral valve, but the form of the shell is somewhat different, and
the proportions unlike any other known from rocks of a corresponding age.

Formation and locality, — From a dark limestone of Lower Carboniferous
age (Waverly?), on the Cottonwood divide, 800 feet east of Reed and Ben-
son's mine, Wahsatch Range, Utah. Collected by J. E. Clayton.

FOSSILS OF THE WAVEELY GROUP. 259

GASTEROPODA.

Genus EUOMPHALUS Sow.
EUOMPHALUS (Straparollus) Utahensis d. sp.

PlatelV, figs. 20-23.

Shell of medium size, discoidal, composed of about four volutions,
which are coiled nearly or quite in the same plane, and in close contact with
each other, but not embracing or overlapping, and but moderately increas-
ing in diameter with increased growth. On the upper surface, the volutions
are marked, near the middle of their diameter, by a narrow, sharply elevated
band, or carina ; within which the surface slopes rapidly and evenly to its
contact with the preceding whorl; outside of the carina, the volution is
evenly and regularly rounded across the dorsum and to the edge of the
broad, open umbilicus, where there is a nearly obsolete angularity, situated
considerably within the middle of the volution ; within the umbilicus the
surface is somewhat evenly rounded. The surface of contact of each volu-
tion with the preceding one is very narrow and slight, leaving the inner
ones projecting on the sides of the shell, exposing the greater part of each
volution.

Surface of the shell marked by rather distinct transverse lines of
growth, which are sometimes grouped so as to form slight transverse undu-
lations on the larger part of the shell. These lines have a slight outward
convexity on that portion within the carina of the upper side, and on the
outer portion a somewhat retral curvature as they cross the body of the
volution.

The species is of the type of Euomphahis pentangularis Sow., and
somewhat closely resembles S. similis var. planus M. & W. (Geol. Rept. Ills.,
vol. ii, pi. 19, fig. 5), but differs in the sharp carina of the upper side, and in
having the volutions coiled more decidedly in the same plane. This shell
also attains a much greater size than that one is known to do ; the largest
specimen observed having a diameter of nearly an inch and two-thirds.
It is also related to S. planodorsatus of the same authors (loc, cit, pi. 24,
fig. 2), but is readily distinguished by the form of the upper surface of the
volution.

2(50 PALEONTOLOGY.

Formation and locality, — In limestone near the base of the Wahsatch
limestone, of the age of the Waverly group, at Dry Canon, Oquirrh Mount-
ains, Ogden and Logan Canons, Wahsatch Range, Utah. Collected by J.
E. Clayton and S. F. Emmons.

EUOMPHALUS LAXUS.
Plate IV, figs. 24-25.

Euomphalus laxm White, MSS. Lieut. Wheeler's Eept^ of Geograph. and Geol. Surv,
and Expl. W, of 100th Meridian.

Shell subdiscoidal; the height of the spire above the body of the last
volution equal to from one-third to about one-half its diameter, the inner
volutions being scarcely elevated above the general plane. Umbilicus
broad and proportionally deep, exposing all the inner whorls. Volutions
three or more, seldom, however, exceeding four; rather slender in their
proportions; the last one more rapidly increasing in size than the others;
obscurely pentangular in transverse section ; the periphery being obtusely
angulated just below the middle, slightly flattened above the angle, and dis-
tinctly so on the upper surface. The lower side of the volution is gently
rounded on the outer part, but more sharply curved at the edge of the
broad open umbilicus.

Surface of the shell marked by distinct, somewhat irregular, lines of
growth, parallel to the margin of the aperture, their direction being nearly
at right angles to the axis of the shell, with a very slight sinuosity as they
cross the upper flattened surface of the volution.

The species is a well-marked one, and appears to be quite characteristic
of beds near the lower part of the Wahsatch limestone, Wahsatch Range,
Utah. It bears a strong resemblance to specimens of E, laxus H. from the
Burlington limestones, but the volutions increase much more rapidly, and
the flattened space on the upper side is narrower in proportion to the diam-
eter of the volution than in those specimens, and it is also a much smaller
form. It also bears considerable resemblance to an angulated form in the
Burlington sandstones, usually referred to jEJ. cyclostomus H., but probably
distinct. There is also a species in the Chemung group of New York very
closely resembling this one, but which does not show the angularity of the

FOSSILS OF THE VVAVERLY GROUP. 261

periphery, although flattened on the top of the volution. The individual
figured is somewhat smaller than the specimen used and figured by Dr. C.
A. White in Lieutenant Wheeler's Report above cited, but possesses all the
characters of those specimens.

Formation and locality, — In limestones near the base of the Wahsatch
limestone, of the age of the Waverly group of Ohio, at Dry Canon, Oquirrh
Mountains, and Logan Cafion, Wahsatch Range, Utah. Collected by S.
F. Emmons and J. E. Clayton.

EuoMPHALus (Strap ABOLLus) Ophiubnsis n. sp.

Plato IV, figs. 26-27,

Shell of medium size, broadly conical or subtrochiform ; height equal
to two-thirds the greatest transverse diameter of the base; composed of
four and a half to five volutions, which are closely coiled, so as to rest nearly
upon the surface of the succeeding ones; four of the volutions obliquely
compressed on the outer upper portion, and sharply rounded on the periphery
and below, giving a^ somewhat convex trochiform aspect to the coils.
Umbilicus broad and deep, exposing more than one-half of each of the
preceding whorls, which are strongly rounded and full. Transverse section
of the volution obliquely and irregularly ovate, narrow, and somewhat
pointed at the upper end at the junction of the volutions, rounded on the
inner, and obliquely flattened or depressed-convex on the outer surface.

Surface of the shell marked only by very fine transverse lines of
growth, which have a slightly backward curvature as they cross the volu-
tion.

This species has something of the form and general appearance of S.
umbilicus M. & W., from the Coal-Measures (see Geol. Rept. Ills., vol. ii, pi.
27, fig. 1), but is more depressed and. proportionally broader, without the
horizontal flattening on the upper surface of the volutions, which are instead
obliquely compressed nearly in the direction of the slope of the spire.

Formation and locality. — In limestones of the age of the Waverly group,
at Dry Canon, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Collected by J. E. Clayton.

262 PALEONTOLOGY.

CRUSTACEA.

Genus PROETUS Stein.
Proetus peroccidens n. sp.

Plate IV, figs. 28-32.

One of the most persistent and characteristic fossils of this formation
at the several locaHties where it has been recognized, and one that will
probably serve to identify it at other localities, owing to its marked features,
is a small species of Trilobite of the genus Proetus. Although specimens
of the pygidium have been obtained at all the localities yet recognized, no
other parts of the animal have been noticed except from one locality.
These were collected, and sent, among other species, by J. E. Clayton, esq.,
of Salt Lake City, from Dry Canon, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. They
consist of some detached and imperfect examples of the glabella and cheeks;
and as there are no other forms of Trilobites yet known from the locality,
and these occurring in the same blocks with the pygidia, it is reasonable to
infer that they belong to the same species.

The glabella is conico-cylindrical in form, once and a half as long as
wide, very gently narrowing from the base forward, and rounded-truncate
in front; very depressed-convex throughout, and marked by four pairs of
transverse furrows; the posterior ones strongest, curving backward at their
inner ends, nearly surrounding the posterior lobes, forming rounded convex
tubercles, each of which is equal in width to one-third that of the entire
glabella. The other three pairs are faintly marked, and reach nearly one-
third across the glabella; the anterior one transverse and very obscure,
distant from the anterior end of the glabella, equal to its width at the furrow;
second and third pairs distinct, slightly curving backward at their ends.
Occipital ring narrow, depressed-convex, and not strongly marked. Fixed
cheeks narrow; palpebral lobe small, situated a little more than one-third
of the distance from the posterior border of the head, angular in outline.
Frontal border thickened and rounded, well defined, but not distinctly
separated from the glabella in front. Posterior lateral limbs not preserved,
but narrow at their junction with the fixed cheeks. Suture-line cutting the
frontal margin, with a slight curvature at a point distant from the sides of

FOSSILS OF THE WAVEKLY GROUP. 2(53

the glabella equal to one-half its width at the anterior end, and rounding
inward with a gentle curvature to the anterior side of the palpebral lobe,
the cheek being very narrow at this point, thence passing along the top
of the eye to the junction of the posterior lateral limb. Surface of the
glabella and cheeks smootli, except a few granules near the base of the
glabella.

Movable cheeks of medium size in proportion to the glabella, flattened
convex from the base of the eye to the narrow, thickened, and chamfered
marginal rim; occipital furrow narrow, not strongly marked, and reaching
nearly to the depression within the marginal rim ; posterior angles of the
cheeks extending backward in the form of short angular spines.

Thoracic segments unknown.

Pygidium paraboloid in outline, highly convex, abruptly so at the
sides and posteriorly. Axial lobe forming a little less than one- third of the
entire width, and reaching nearly to the posterior margin, rounded and
strongly elevated throughout; gradually tapering posteriorly and narrowly
rounded at the extremity; marked by from fifteen to seventeen annulations
in different individuals exclusive of the anterior articulating ring. Lateral
lobes well marked, very convex, slightly flattened near the axis, but very
abrupt at the sides and behind ; marked by from fourteen to sixteen very
sharply elevated angular ribs, which occupy the entire border, extending
beyond the end of the axial lobe, and reaching almost to the margin, leaving
only a narrow plain space at the edge.. The surface of the annulations is
marked by a series of small nodes, or pustules, along their crests, arranged
in four longitudinal rows on the axial rings, and an indefinite number,
closely arranged, occur on those of the lateral lobes.

The species in some of its features resembles P. macrocephalus Hall of
the shales of the Hamilton group of New York,. especially in the markings of
the pygidium ; but it differs in the more elongate form and number of ribs
of this part, while the glabella is proportionally narrower and the sides
more nearly parallel ; the fixed cheeks and anterior border are narrower,
and the movable cheeks terminate in spines, which is not the case with that
one. The surface of the glabella and head is also destitute of the strong
pustules which characterize that species.

264 PALAEONTOLOGY.

Formation and locality. — In limestones of the age of the Waverly group
of the Mississippi Valley, at Ogden and Logan Canons, Wahsatch Range,
and Dry Canon, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Collected by S. F. Emmons
and J. E. Clayton.

Proetus LoaANBNSis n. sp.

Plate IV, fig. 33.

The pygidium of a small species differing very materially from the
preceding occurs at Logan Canon, associated with that one. The form is
more nearly semicircular, being but very slightly paraboloid. The axial
lobe is highly convex, rapidly tapering below and terminating abruptly a
little within the posterior margin ; anterior end forming fully one-third of
the entire width of the shield. Lateral lobes moderately convex, with a
slightly thickened, scarcely elevated border of moderate width, on which
the ribs become nearly obsolete. Axial lobe marked by nine rounded and
distinct annulations, exclusive of the terminal ones ; strong in front and
rapidly decreasing in size posteriorly. The ribs of the lateral lobes are ten
in- number on each side; simple, highly rounded, and continuing entirely
around the posterior margin of the shield, the most posterior ones being
very faintly marked.

This species differs conspicuously from the corresponding parts of
P. peroccidens in its shorter form, small number of ribs, and in being desti-
tute of the surface ornamentation which characterizes that one.

Formation and locality. — In limestones of the age of the Waverly group,
at Logan Canon, Wahsatch Range, Utah. Collected by S. F. Emmons, esq.

FOSSILS OF THE LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. 265

FOSSILS OF THE LOWEE CAEBONIFEEOUS.

BRACHIOPODA.

Genus ORTHIS Dalman.
Orthis kesopinata ?.

Plate 5, figs. 1-2.

Orfhis resupinata Martin sp.

Shell of moderate size, transversely elliptical or quadrate-elliptical;
valves ventricose, the dorsal quite rounded and almost evenly ventricose^,
sometimes a little fuller on the umbone; middle of the valve slightly-
impressed with a broad, shallow, mesial sinus, extending* from near the beak
to the front of the valve ; beak proportionally large and full, somewhat
incurved, and projecting beyond the line of the hinge ; area moderately
large, extending about half the length of the valve, the plane of its surface
nearly in the direction of the plane of the valve. Muscular impression
large, extending to about two-fifths of the length of the shell, distinctly
flabellate and lobed. Ventral valve unknown. Surface marked by moder-
ately strong, rounded, radiating striae and concentric lines of growth.

The species is represented in the collection only by dorsal valves, but
the specific characters are unmistakable and easily recognized. !

Formation and locality. — In Lower Carboniferous limestone, near the
base of the formation, at Dry Caiion, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Collected
by J. E. Clayton.

Genus PRODUCTUS Sowerby.
Productus Flemingi var. Burlingtonensis Hall

Plate 5, figs, 9-12.

Productus Flemingi var. Burlingtonemis Hall, Geol. Eept. Iowa, vol. i, part ii, p. 698,
pL 12, fig. 3.

Shell of medium size, wider than long; height and length subequal, or
a little longer than high, except in old individuals, where the front is much
produced, giving additional height; hinge-line as wide, or a little less than
the width of the shell below. Ventral valve strongly arcuate, more abruptly
curving just posterior to the middle of the valve; auriculations distinct when

26(5 PALJEONTOLGGY.

well preserved, and in some cases strongly separated from the body of the
valve; sides of the valve a little straightened; front rounded on the lateral
portions, but strongly emarginate in the center by the rather strong, some-
times abruptly depressed, mesial sinus, which extends from near the beak to '
the front of the shell; beak moderately strong, extending beyond the hinge-
line and incurved. Dorsal valve nearly flat over the central area, with a
slight concavity in the region of the beak, the margins abruptly geniculated
to conform to the curvature of the opposite valve. The mesial constriction
is as strongly marked, but a little wider than that of the ventral valve, and
extends nearly to the beak.

Surface of the shell marked by rather even, rounded striae of moderate
strength, except near the front of the shell, where they become indistinctly
fasciculate or blended; also, on the rostfal half of the shell by numerous,
distinct, closely arranged, concentric, undulating wrinkles, but which seldom
extend beyond the point of greatest geniculation. A few scattered spines
mark the front and sides of the shell, while several stronger ones are observ-
able on the cardinal auriculations. On the dorsal valve, the concentric
wrinkles are more distinct, and occupy the entire flattened area of the valve,
while the radiating strise are found to be more strongly bifurcating.

The specimens bear a very close resemblance to those from Burlington,
Iowa, in their general form and characters. There are a few unimportant
differences noticed, but not such as can be considered of specific importance.
There is also considerable resemblance to Prod, mesialis Hall (Greol. Iowa,
p. 636, plate 19, fig. 2); but that shell is much wider in proportion to the
length than any of those from the more western locality.

Formation and locality, — In dark-blue limestone of Lowei: Carboniferous
age, north of Snowstorm Hill, Dry Cailon, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Col-
lected by J. E. Clayton.

PrODUCTUS L^VICOSTUSi
Plate 5, figs. 7-8.

Produotus Icevicostus White?, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 230.

Shell bdow the medium size, subtriangular in general outline, rapidly
increasing in width from the small, narrow, and rather pointed beak to near

FOSSILS OF THE LOWEE CARBONIFEROUS. 267

the front of the shell, which is broadly rounded and destitute of any mesial
depression; hinge-line short, scarcely more than half as wide as the body of
the shell. Ventral valve strongly arcuate in the upper part. Dorsal valve
unknown.

Surface of the ventral valve covered by very fine, even, rounded,
thread-like strise, seven to eight of which may be counted in the space of
an eighth of an inch on the front of the shell, but are much finer near the
beak. The striae have been marked by numerous fine, slender spines, the
bases of which can be seen protruding through a portion of shale adhering
to the surface of one of the specimens; but they are so fine as to make
scarcely any perceptible scar on the surface of the striae when denuded.

The species is of the general form of many of those usually referred to
P. Prattenanus Norwood, but differs materially from the original specimen
used and figured by Dr. Norwood in the finer striae and short hinge-line.
It does not appear to be positively identical with any of the forms figured
by De Koninck as P. Cora, but is a very closely representative species.*

Formation and locality, — In limestone in the higher parts of the Lower
Carboniferous, north of Snowstorm Hill, Dry Canon, Oquirrh Mountains,
Utah. Collected by J. E. Clayton.

PiioDuci'US SEMiRETicuLATUS Martm.

Plato 5, fi^s. 5-6.

The specimens of this species in the collection have very much the
form and characters of those of the species which occur in the Burlington
and Keokuk beds in Iowa and Illinois, represented by the specimen figured
in the Geological Report of Iowa (vol. i, part 2, plate 19, fig. 4), except that
they are only about two-thirds as large as that individual. The shell is
rather narrow and strongly arcuate; the beak narrow and rather pointed,
and distinctly separated from the body of the shell; the hinge-line appears
to have been about equal in length to the width of the shell below; the
sides of the shell abrupt, flattened, and squarish, while the middle of the

* The original specimen of P. Iwvicostus is from the base of the Lower Carbon-
iferous, and from the beds at Burlington, Iowa, referred to the Waverly group; but
there uie forms of very similar character in other beds of the formations at other places
that cannot be readily distinguished from those above referred to.

268 PALEONTOLOGY.

valve is marked by a rather distinct depression, extending from near the
beak to the front of the shell, but most marked on the middle of the valve.
The striae are rather coarse, somewhat irregular, and present a rugose,
knotty appearance; while the upper half of the shell is very distinctly
marked by strong, irregular, concentric wrinkles, a little less marked in the
central depression. A few of the transverse wrinkles are seen marking the
front half of the shell in one specimen, and are broad and less deep than
those above.

The specimens are proportionally longer and narrower than the typical
forms of P. semireticulatm ; but the form is such a variable one that it is
somewhat diiSficult to define the limits of its characters.

Formation and locality, — In the limestone of Lower Carboniferous age,
north of Snowstorm Hill, Dry Canon, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Collected
by J. E. Clayton.

Peoduotus elegans.

Plate 5, figs. 3-4.

Compare Prodnctus elegans N. & P., Jour. Acad. Fat. Sci. Phila., iii, p. 11, fig. 7.

There are two specimens of a Productus associated with the preceding,
having so much the form and characters of P. elegans N. & P., that, unless
from a larger number of individuals other and different features shall be
obtained, cannot well be considered as distinct from that one. The form is
narrow in the upper part, the hinge-line shorter than the width of the shell
below; beak rather small and appressed; auric ulations not very marked ;
ventral valve sharply arcuate above and gently curving throughout, with a
slight, scarcely defined depression extending from beak to base. Surface
of the valve marked by moderately fine but distinctly radiating striae, which,
on the better preserved specimen, have an irregular, knotty appearance,
caused by the thickening of the stria3 at the spine-bases. The radiating
striae are marked by very fine transverse lines of growth on the forward
part of the shell, and on the upper part of the beak and sides of the
shell a few obscure transverse wrinkles may be detected.

There are some slight differences between the specimens, one of them
being a little more compressed, giving it a broader form, while the striae are

FOSSILS OF THE LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. 269

a little finer and more even than on the other ; but the diiFerences are even
less than occur among specimens of P, elegans from the typical locality.

Formation and locality. — In limestone of Lower Carboniferous age, north
of Snowstorm Hill, near Dry Canon, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Collected
by J. E. Clayton.

Genus SPIRIFERA Sowerby.
Spieifeea striata.

Plate V, figs. 13-15,
Anomites striatus Martin ,• Spirifer striatus Sowerby and others.

Shell rather above the medium size, transversely oval or semi-elliptical,
the hinge-extremities either rounded or slightly extended beyond the width
of the shell below. Valves moderately convex, or in some cases rather
strongly rounded; the ventral valve most rotund and marked by a broad
mesial depression, the margins of which are not strongly defined ; front of
the valve in the depression somewhat extended and bent upward; beak
small, pointed, and closely incurved ; area small, poorly defined, the mar-
gins rounding to the body of the shell. Dorsal valve most ventricose in
the upper part ; the sides gradually sloping to the margins, and the center
strongly elevated, forming a distinct, sharply rounded mesial fold, which is
narrow in the upper part but expands very rapidly as it approaches the
front of the shell.

Surface of the valves marked by moderately strong, radiating plica-
tions, which are distinct and subangular on the upper part of the shell, but
frequently bifurcate and become flattened toward the margin, often forming
fascicles of three, four, or more on the extension of the valves, while those
near the middle are usually in pairs, but not uncommonly simple.

The species is extremely variable in form and surface-markings as it
occurs in the collections examined, representing two quite distinct types,
which appear to characterize two diflferent horizons of the geological section
of the district in which they were found. Although these differences are
easily detected on close examination, still they are not sufficiently strong
and marked to be considered as of specific or even varietal importance,
and, in their extremes, are not nearly so great as those ascribed to the species

270 PALEONTOLOGY.

by European authors. The specimens from the lowest horizon are gen-
erally more extended on the hinge-line, and sometimes quite elongated;
while those from the lower beds are seldom much longer than the width of
the shell below, and in some stages of gi'owth appear to have been short
and rounded at the cardinal extremities. There is also a perceptible
difference in tlie character of the striae; those from the higher beds being
more finely marked, more angular, and more distinctly fasciculate than the
others.

Formation and locality. — In limestone of the Lower Carboniferous age,
near the base of the section, at Dry Canon, and in the higher beds at Snow-
storm Hill, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Collected by J. E. Clayton.

Spirifera setigera.

Plate 5, tigs. 17-ie.
Spirifer seiigeras Hall, Geol. Eept. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 705, pi. 27, fig. 4.

Shell rather below the medium size, transversely oval or elliptical,
with ventricose valves, and a short, scarcely defined hinge-line and rounded
extremities. Ventral valve more ventricose than the dorsal, most strongly
arcuate in the upper part; beak small, somewhat pointed and strongly or
closely incurved; area small, the margins not distinctly defined, but rounded
almost imperceptibly into the general curvature of the valve. Center of
the valve marked by a moderately distinct, but narrow mesial depression,
traceable from beak to base. Dorsal valve rather gently and evenly convex,
the center elevated in a narrow, not distinctly defined, rounded elevation
corresponding to the depression of the opposite valve.

Surface of the shell marked by numerous, rather closely-arranged
concentric varices, marking stages of growth at irregular distances, and also
by fine, closely-arranged, setose, radiating lines, most distinct just below
each concentric line, but becoming indistinct before reaching the next one
below. These lines on the natural surface have been elevated and rounded,
forming spines at the concentric ridges, but on the exfoliated surface have
the appearance of interrupted radiating lines, scarcely raised on the surface
of the shell.

The specimen figured is somewhat imperfect and much distorted by

FCSSILS OP THE LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. 271

compression, but the features of the species are so well and distinctly
represented on it that it is impossible to doubt its identity.

Formation and locality, — In limestone of Lower Carboniferous age,
north of Snowstorm Hi'J, Dry Canon, Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Collected
by J. E. Clayton.

Spirifeea 8p. ?.

Plate 5, fig. 16.
Compare Spirifera imbrex Udll, Geol. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. ii, p. 601, pi. 13, fig, 2.

The figure is of a fragment of a cast of the ventral valve in chert, from
a fragment of the Weber quartzite, a rock usually destitute of all organic
remains, and it is for this reason only that the specimen has been figured.
It is of a species possessing numerous sharply-elevated, angular plications,
simple on the sides of the shell, and apparently bifurcating in the mesial
sinus; although the example does not furnish positive evidence of such
bifurcations, still the direction and number would indicate such to be the
case. The plications have been crossed by closely-arranged, strong, zigzag,
concentric lines; which give a strongly roughened surface to the cast. The
only species having strong affinities with it is S, imbrex Hall from the Bur-
lington limestone of the I^ower Carboniferous formations, at Burlington,
Iowa (Iowa Geol. Rept., vol. 1, pt ii, p. GOl, pi. 13, fig. 2), and it is even
probable that it may be identical; but, as the ventral valve of that species
is unknown to us, we are unable to determine positively. The plications
of that species often bifurcate on the upper part of the shell, while these
are simple; but this feature may not hold good on all specimens of the same
species where the bifurcations are but few.

Formation and locality, — In the Weber quartzite, Bear River, Uinta
Range, Utah. Collected by Clarence King, esq.

Genus ATHYRIS McCoy.
Athybis subquadbata 1

Plate 5, figs. 19-20.

Athyris subquadrata Hall, Geol. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. ii, p. 703, pi. 27, fig. 2.

Shell of medium size, varying from irregularly circular to distinctly
quadrate in outline, with more or less ventricose valves; length usually

272 PALAEONTOLOGY,

somewhat exceeding the width, though often less; point of greatest width a
little below the middle of the shell, the margins nearly straight from this
point to the beak above and to the * front below, giving the quadrangular
outline. Dorsal valve ventricose, more distinctly elevated along the middle,
forming the proportionally narrow mesial fold, which is often more sharply
elevated and sometimes prolonged in front. Ventral valve marked along
the center with a narrow depression, corresponding to the fold on the dorsal
valve, but narrower, abruptly marked, and extending nearly to the beak;
body of the valve ventricose, especially in the upper half; beak strong,
sharply incurved, and slightly truncate.

Surface of the valves marked by strong concentric lines of growth at
unequal distances, most numerous and crowded near the margin of the shell.

The specimens examined are all more or less imperfect from exfoliation;
consequently, the true surface-features caAnot be ascertained. The species,
however, closely resembles specimens of ^. siibquadrata from the Chester
limestones of Illinois and Kentucky, differing mostly in the less distinctly
marked and narrower mesial depression of the ventral and corresponding
fold of the dorsal valve. The front is also sometimes much produced, but
not more so than is often the case with those. The species as found at
Chester, Illinois, and elsewhere, is quite variable, and among twenty or
thirty individuals from the typical localities specimens could be selected
that would correspond in form to any of those presented in this collection.

Formation and locality. — In dark-colored limestone of Lower Carbonif-
erous age; the Wahsatch limestone, at Snowstorm Hill, near Dry Canon,
Oquirrh Mountains, Utah. Collected by J. E. Clayton, of Salt Lake City.

COAL MBASUBE AND PERMOCARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS. 273

FOSSILS OF THE COAL-MEASURES AND PERMO-

CARBONIFEROUS.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Genus AVICULOPECTEN McCoy.

AVIOULOPECTEN WEBERENSIS D. sp.
Plate VI, fig. 5.

Shell of medium size or smaller, suborbicular in outline, the length
and height being subequal, anterior side of the shell larger than the posterior,
giving a slight obliquity to the valves; hinge-line straight, nearly two- thirds
as long as the greatest length of the shell, anterior portion forming rather
more than one-third of the length. Left valvo very convex, the depth equal
to about one-third the height when not compressed. Auriculations not dis-
tinctly limited, anterior one small, with a shallow rounded sinus below,
extremity rounded; posterior side of moderate size, the sinus faintly marked;
extremity obtusely angular.

Surface marked by somewhat irregular radiating costse, which vary
much in size, some of them being moderately strong and distant, with from
one to four smaller ones between, most prominent and distinct on the
median portion of the valve, becoming gradually smaller on the sides and
wings. There are also fine concentric striae crossing the radii, giving a
slightly roughened surface. Right valve unknown.

The species resembles in some of its characters many of those referred
to Eumicrotis Hawni M: & H., but diflFers in the size and form of the wings
and in the finer radii of the surface. The character of the auriculations
would prevent it from being classed as Eumicrotis,

Formation and locality. — ^In limestones of the Upper Coal-Measures
(Permo-Carboniferous), foot-hills southeast of Salt Lake City, Wahsatch
Range, Utah. Collected by S. F. Emmons, esq.

AVICULOPECTEN CURTOCAEDINALIS n. Sp.
Plate VI, fig. 4.

Shell of small size, broadly ovate in outUne, and nearly equilateral,
widest just below the middle of the height; hinge-line short, not exceeding

18 PR

274 PALEONTOLOGY.

half the width of the shell below, and sloping somewhat rapidly from the
center to the extremities on each side of the beak. Left valve highly con-
vex, becoming almost subangular on the umbone; auriculations subequal,
quite small and indistinctly separated from the body of the shell by very
slight, rounded depressions, extending from the beak to the margin on each
side, in which they cause slight sinuosities, the anterior one most distinct
Beak small, somewhat pointed, and slightly projecting beyond the cardinal
line. Surface of the valve marked by fine, even, rounded, thread-like radi-
ating strise, scarcely visible without the aid of a lens; also by finer concen-
tric lines. Right valve not observed.

The species presents much the appearance of many forms of Lima, and
it is possible it should be so referred ; but there is no other evidence of a
cardinal area on the left valve than the sloping of the hinge-line, while the
wings and sinuosities are more like those of Aviculopecten.

We know of no species so closely related to this one as to be readily
mistaken.

Formation and locality. — In limestone of the Upper Coal-Measures
(Permo-Carboniferous), foot-hills southeast of Salt Lake City, Wahsatch
Range, Utah. S. F. Emmons, collector.

AVICULOPECTEN PARVULUS n. sp.
Plate VI, fig. 6.

Shell quite small, equilateral, broadly ovate in outline, a little higher
than wide; sides and base rounded, slightly prolonged on the postero-basal
side, and obscurely angular near the middle of the anterior margin. Hinge-
line two-thirds as long as the greatest width of the shell, longest on the
anterior side, and very moderately sloping from the beak. Left valve
highly convex; wings moderate, not distinctly separated from the body of
the shell; anterior one largest, the margins nearly rectangular to each other,
the sinus scarcely perceptible, forming only a broadly- curved indentation
below the angle; posterior wing small, the .margins forming an obtuse
angle. Surface of the valve highly convex; beak small and obtusely
pointed, barely projecting beyond the cardinal line. Body of the valve
marked by alternating larger and smaller radii, the stronger ones extending

COAL MEASURE AND PEiRMO CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS. 275

to the beak, while th^ smaller are added at irregular distances; wings
marked by finer radii of nearly equal strength. A few irregular concentric
undulations cross the radii at unequal distances. Right valve unknown.

This species differs from the preceding {A. curtocardinalis) in the stronger
radii, in being higher in proportion to the width, and in the longer hinge-
line. It differs from A. occidaricns Meek, plate 12, fig. 13, of his report,
with which it is associated, in being a smaller shell, more highly convex,
and in having a greater number of strong radii, with a smaller number of
intermediate ones; this having usually but one instead of from two to four,
as in that species.

Formation and locality. — In limestone of the Upper Coal-Measures
(Permo-Carboniferous), foot-hills southeast of Salt Lake City, Wahsatch
Range, Utah. Collected by S. F. Emmons, esq.

Genus MYALINA De Koninck.
Myalina aviouloides.

Plate VI, fig. 8..

Myalina aviculoides M. & H., Proc. Acad. N. Sci. Phil., May, I860, p. 184; Pal. Up.
Mo., p. 51, pi. 2, fig. 8.

Shell of rather more than average size, mytiliform, ovate or triangularly
ovate in outline, half as high again as long; beak prolonged, narrow, and
somewhat curved; body of the shell nearly erect, highly convex, and
obtusely angular along the umbonal ridge, which is placed near the anterior
border and parallel to it; anterior face of thfe shell nearly vertical; posterior
surface rapidly and regularly sloping from the crest of the ridge to the pos-
terior margin; hinge-line nearjy as long as the shell below the prolongation
of the beak; anterior border sinuous above and nearly rectangular to the
hinge-line below ; base naiTowly rounded ; posterior margin broadly rounded.
Surface marked by rather strong, concentric lines, indicating stages of growtL

The shell is somewhat peculiar for the form of the beak, which is slender
and greatly prolonged anteriorly beyond the body of the shell, with a slightly
upward curvature near the point. It is also remarkable for the great con-
vexity of the valves along the umbonal ridge, which gives an almost vertical
anterior face. These features readily distinguish this from all other species.

276 PALiBOKTOliOGY.

Formation and locality, — In limestones of Permo-Carboniferous age, foot-
hills southeast of Salt Lake City, Wahsatch Range, Utah. Collected by

S. F. Emmons, esq.

Myat.ina Pebmiana.

Plate VI,- fig. 7.
Mytilus {Myalina) Permianus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, 1858, p. 17.
Mytilus (Myalina) concavtis (Swal.) Meek, ib., p. 18.
Myalina Permianus (Swal.) Meek, Pal. Missouri, p. 52, pi. ii, fig. 7.

Shell of medium size, elongate triangularly-ovate, much higher than
long, suberect; hinge-line shorter than the width of the shell below; ante-
rior margin concave; base sharply and narrowly rounded; posterior margin
broadly rounded, sloping abruptly forward in the upper part to meet the
hinge-line, considerably contracting the length of the shell at this point.
Surface of the valves highly convex near the front border, and somewhat
gradually sloping toward the posterior margin; umbonal ridge rounded;
beaks obtuse, nearly or quite terminal. Surface of the shell marked by
concentric lines of growth, obscurely preserved on the casts.

This species differs from the last (Jf. aviculoides)^ with which it is asso-
ciated, in the less convexity of the valves and more rounded umbonal ridge,
as well as in wanting the narrow and prolonged beak of that species. The
example used and figured differs from those figured by Mr. Meek {loc. cit.)
only in having the hinge-line a little shorter. This feature, however, varies
much among the specimens in the collection.

Formation and locality, — Occurs with the preceding.

Genus SEDGEWICKIA McCoy.

SEtoaEWIOKIA ! CON02LV A.
Plate VI, flg. 3.
Sedgewickiaf <^mcava Meek & Hayden, Pal. Up. Missouri, p. 41, pi. 1, fig. 8, 1864.
Lyorma conoam M. & H., Trans. Albany Inst, vol. iv, March, 1858.

Among specimens on a yellowish-brown sandy shale from the Wahsatch
Mountains, near Salt Lake City, is one so nearly resembling the figure cited
above that we cannot hesitate in considering it as specifically identical.
The specimen is about one-third longer than the figure cited, being about
nine-tenths of an inch long. The form is transversely elongate-elliptical,

COAL MEASURE AND PEBMO OARrBO^IFEEODS FOSSILS. 277

a little more than twice as long as high, with the posterior extremity rounded
and recurved; beak large, prominent, and situated at about the anterior
third of the length; anterior end rounded, and longest below the middle;
basal line slightly convex, more abruptly directed upward for the posterior
third of its length; cardinal line concave; valve convex, becoming slightly
more compressed posteriorly; marked by slight concentric undulations of
growth parallel with the margins.

Formation and locality. — Upper Coal-Measures (Permo-Carboniferous),
foot-hills, southeast of Salt Lake City, Wah^atch Range, Utah. Collected
by S. F. Emmons.

Genus CARDIOMORPHA De Koninck.
Oabdiomorpha Missoubh;nsis.

Plate VI, figB. 1-2,
Cardiomorpha Missouriensis Swallow, Trans. Acad. Sei. St. Louis, vol. 1, p. 207, 1858.

Shell rather below the medium size, transversely elongate and sub-
quadrangular in general outline ; valves ventricose, or even gibbous, pre-
senting an almost cylindrical form, Hinge-line more than half the length of
the shell, very slightly arcuate and abruptly rounding into the posterior
extremity, which is obliquely rounded, and longest below ; basal margin
nearly straight in the middle, curving more abruptly at each extremity;
anterior end short, rounded; beaks tumid and enrolled, situated rather
within the anterior third of the length ; umbonal prominence faintly sub-
angular; cardinal slope narrow and abrupt. Surface of the shell marked
with fine concentric strise of growth and stronger undulations. Substance
of the shell very thin.

The specimens described differ so litttle from examples of the species
received from the Coal-Measuresof Canton, Illinois, that- they are not readily
distinguished when placed together; the most marked difference being the
slightly greater length of the anterior end, and somewhat more prominent
beaks. The shell is also a little more excavated in front of the beaks ; but
these differences are not strong enough to be deemed of specific importance.

Formation and locality. — In black shale of Coal- Measure age, near
Eberhardt Mills, White Pine. Collection of Arnold Hague, esq.

278 PALiBOlfTOLOGT.

CEPHALOPODA.

Genus CYRTOCERAS Goldf.
Cybtocbras cbssatob n. sp.

Plate VI, fig. 15.

Shell of rather small size, moderately curving throughout its length,
and rapidly expanding from below upward; the specimen measured showr
ing an increase of diameter from less than half an inch to about eight-tenths
of an inch in a length of only about nine-tenths of one inch ; section circu-
lar. Surface marked by strong, rather distant, rounded annulations, which
are separated by concave interspaces. The annulations are directed slightly
upward or forward in crossing the back of the shell, and become gradually
more distant with the increased growth of the individual ; four of these
annulations occupy a length of the shell equal to its diameter at the upper-
most of those counted. Septa equal in number to the annulations, their
extreme outer margins reaching nearly to the crest of the ridges in some
cases ; others are more distant. Siphuncle small, submarginal, situated a
little to the right of the dorsal line (perhaps only an accidental feature).

Surface of the shell marked by fine, crowded, thread-like, encircling
striae on both ridges and interspaces.

The species closely resembles in many of its characters that figured
by Meek and Worthen (GeoL Ills., vol. ii, plate 24, fig. 3), under the name
of Orthoceras annulato-costatum^ but differs in its circular section, more rapidly
expanding tube, and longitudinal curvature. The latter feature, together
with the dorsally-situated siphuncle, would place the species under the
genus CyrtoceraSy and we strongly suspect the Illinois shell will also prove
to belong to the same genus when its true characters are ascertained. The
0. Chester ensis of Swallow (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. ii, p. 98)
is still further removed from this one by its closely-arranged annulations,
though it is not stated if it be curved or straight.

Formation and locality. — ^In black shales of probably Coal-Measure age,
near Eberhardt Mill, White Pine, Nevada; associated with Goniatites Kingii
and Cardiomorpha Missouriensis. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

COALMBASUEE AND PBRMO OAEBONIPEROUS FOSSILS. 279
Genus GONIATITES De Haan.

GONIATITES KiNail 11. sp.
Plate VI, figs. 9-14.

Shell rather below the medium size, subglobose, the length and breadth
being about as three to two; composed of from four to six volutions, which
are broadly rounded over the dorsum and subangular at the margin of the
broad open umbilicus, into which the sides slope abruptly, forming an angle
of about forty-five degrees to the axis of tlie shell. Each volution em-
braces the preceding one to near the lateral angle, leaving a very narrow
surface exposed within the umbilicus. Extreme width of the volution equal
to three times the length, measured from the ventral to the dorsal surface,
at the center of the volution.

Surface of the shell and umbilicus marked by fine, subequal, trans-
verse lines of growth, often becoming crowded, and forming incipient un-
dulations on the back of the shell. Surface of the internal casts sometimes
marked by transverse constrictions, caused by the thickening of the inner
surface of the lip at stated periods of growth, as if for the purpose of strength-
ening its substance. Two of these constrictions occur in the space of one
volution, bringing them on opposite sides of the cast. Septa rather closely
arranged and deeply lobed. The dorsal lobe is longer than wide, and deeply
divided, forming two long, slender, lanceolate branches, with a shorter, trun-
cated, central projection; dorsal saddle broadly conical, rounded above, and
slightly inclined toward the dorsal lobe; lateral lobes as long as the dorsal
saddle, obconical, pointed at the lower extremity; lateral saddles broader
and shorter than the dorsal saddles..

The shell is somewhat remarkable for the great extent of the outer
chamber, appearing from fractured individuals to consist of two complete
volutions, and in some cases even more. It does not appear to attain a very
large size; the largest fragment observed indicating a specimen of not more
than two inches in diameter.

The species is of the type of G, spherictis Sow., but is less globose and
the umbilicus much larger. There are several American species of the type
known, as 6r. NoUnemis Cox and (?. globulus and G. lowensis M. & W. from

280 PALJBOKTOLOGY.

the Coal-Measvires, but our shell differs from all of them in the proportionate
size of the whorls, in the form of the umbilicus, and in the form and dispo-
sition of the septa to such an extent as to be not readily mistaken.

Formation and locality. — In black shale of the Coal-Measures, near
Eberhardt Mill, White Pine, associated with Cyrtoceras cessator and Cardio-
morpha Missouriemis. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

FOSSILS OF THE TRIASSIO FORMATION.

RADIATA.

ECHINODERMATA.
Genus PENTACRINITES Miller.

PeNTACEINITES ASTEBISCUSf.
Plate VI, fig. 16.

t Pentacrinites asteriscus M. & H., Proc. Acad. N. Sci. Phil, 1858, p. 49; 1860, p. 419}
Pal. Up. Missouri, p. 67, pi. 3, fig. 2.

Several specimens of the separated disks of a Pentacrinites very simi-
lar in character to P. asteriscus M. & H., but diflfering somewhat in form,
but more particularly in their larger size, have been noticed among the col-
lections from Dun Glen Pass, Pah-Ute Range. When compared with speci-
mens of that species from localities of Jurassic age, they differ slightly in
the more obtuse points of the star, and .the filling up of the angles between
the points, and also in the broader form of the elliptical figures on the ar-
ticulating surfaces of the disks. As these features, however, are not constant
among any considerable number of specimens of that species, even when
found together on the same block, we hesitate to consider them of specific
importance. The large size is the most noticeable feature of these speci-
mens, some of which exceed one-fourth of an inch in diameter, while those
of that species seldom reach one-fifth of an inch, and are usually much
smaller. It is possible that this may prove to be a very distinct form wherr

FOSSILS OP THE TBIASSIO FORMATION. 281

more and better material shall have been examined, but at present we hesi-
tate to so consider it.

Formation and locality. — In limestone of supposed Triassic age, asso-
ciated with Spiriferina Horn fray i and Terehratula Humboldtensis Gabb., near
Dim Glen Pass, Pah-Ute Range, Nevada. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

BRACHIOPODA.

Genus SPIRIFERINA D'Orb.

Spibifebina Homfrayi ?.

Plate VI, fig. 18.

t Spirifer Homfrayi Gabb, Geol. Sur. Gal., Pal., vol. 1, p. 35, pi. 6, fig. 38.

It is with considerable hesitation that we refer to the above species
some very imperfect fragments in the Dun Glen collections. They con-
sist of two imperfect dorsal valves, and some still more fragmentary ventrals;
the lat|;er altogether too imperfect for iUustration. The dorsal valves are
depressed-convex, with slightly rounded cardinal extremities; the mesial
fold is simple, broad, and rounded, the front forming a little more than one-
fourth of the entire width of the valve, measured along the hinge-line. The
sides of the shell are each marked by seven or eight simple, scarcely angu-
lar plications, rapidly decreasing in size from the middle outward; front
margin nearly semicircular in outline. The ventral valve has been erect
and pointed at the beak; the plications appear more angular than those of
the dorsal, and the area of considerable height.

The specimens are badly exfoliated, thus rendering the surface-charac-
ters obscure. The texture of the shell cannot be distinctly made out, but
appears to have been punctate, and for this reason we have classed it
under the genus Spiriferina^ although it may possibly not be properly
referred.

Formation and locality, — In dark-colored limestone of Triassic age, one
and a half miles south of Dun Glen Pass, Pah-Ute Range, Nevada. Col-
lected by Arnold Hague, esq.

Spibifeba (Spibifebina !) Alia n. sp.

Plate VI, fig. 17.

Shell of medium size, transversely broad-ovate ; the width about one-

282 PALAEONTOLOGY.

sixth greater than the length, measuring on the ventral valve. Valves
rotund, with rounded hinge-extremities. Beak of the ventral valve obtuse,
incurved, and rounded; area of only moderate height; middle of the valve
marked by a well-defined mesial depression, the front of which is equal to
more than, one-thii-d of the entire width of the valve. Dorsal valve not
observed. Surface marked by numerous, rather fine, slightly angular, radi-
ating costsB, which do not appear to bifurcate except on the mesial fold.
There are eight plications marking the mesial sinus, near the front margin,
on the specimen figured, and about twenty may be counted on each side of
the valve. Interior unknown.

We know of no species of Spirifera or Spiriferina in rock of this age
resembling the one under consideration or with which it can be confounded.
The substance of the shell, like all those from the same locality, is badly
exfoliated, and has apparently undergone some change, which has to some
extent obliterated the natural features, so that we are not able to say defi-
nitely if it be punctate or not, consequently are in some doubt in regard to
its generic relations.

Formation and locality. — ^In dark-colored limestone of Triassic age, one
and a half miles south of Dun Glen Pass, Pah-Ute Range, Nevada. Col-
lected by Arnold Hague, esq.

Genus TEREBRATULA (Llhwyd.) Brug.
Tebebbatula. Hxjmboldtensis.

Plate VI, figs. 22-24.
Terebratula HumboldtenRis Gabb, Geol. Survey Oal., Pal., vol. 1, p* 34, plate 6, flg. 35,

Shell of medium size, elongate-oval or ovate, widest above or below
the middle in different specimens; front of the shell truncate, marked by a
simple fold and sinus on the front margin, or by a double fold on the dorsal,
with a sinus between, and corresponding elevation and depression on the ven-
tral side- Ventral valve usually slightly flattened across the middle; beak
strong and broad, scarcely incurved, truncated by a rather large perfora-
tion; cardinal borders broad, strongly inflected and flattened, so as to form
an angularity along the edge of the bea£

Surface of the shell marked by strong, irregular, concentric varices of

FOSSILS OF THE TRIASSIC FOBMATION, 2^

growth, but without other visible markings. The substance of the shell
appears to have been finely punctate; but, owing to some chemical change,
the structure is usually obliterated.

The species is a very variable one, both in general form and in the
features of the front margin; sometimes being entirely plain, or having a
simple elevation and sinus, or being biplicate on the dorsal side, and appar-
ently triplicate on the ventral. These features seldom mark the young or
half-grown shells, and on the older specimens are usually confined to the
anterior third of the valves.

Formation and locality, — In limestone of Triassic age, near Dun Glen
Pass, Pah-Ute Range, Nievada. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Genus EDMONDIA De Koninck.
Edmonbia Myrina n. sp.

Plate VI, fig. 19.

Shell rather below the medium size, transversely ovate, the length
nearly one-third greater than the height exclusive of the beaks. Valves
very convex, becoming almost inflated near the anterior end and on the
umbones; beaks proportionally large and tumid, situated near the anterior
end, and projecting largely above the hinge-line; anterior extremity short
and rounded; basal line gently convex; posterior extremity more broadly
rounded than the anterior; cardinal line nearly two-thirds the length of
the shell and gently curved throughout. Surface marked by obscure lines
of growth; interior features not determined.

The specimens consist of internal casts, preserving but fragments of
the shell in a highly crystalline condition, and do not reveal the true sur-
face of tl>e shell, nor the exact generic relations of the species.

Formation and hcdlity. — In limestone of Triassic age, at Dun Glen, Pah-
Ute Range. Collected by Arnold Hague, esq.

284 PALEONTOLOGY.

FOSSILS OF THE JURASSIC PERIOD.

BRACHIOPODA.
Genus RHYNCHONELLA Fischer.

RHYNCHONBLLA MyBINA II. sp.
Plate Vir, figs. 1-5.

Shell of medium size, very broadly ovate, being wider than long; the
greatest diameter below the middle, valves depressed-convex, the dorsal
much the deepest and nearly evenly convex from beak to base, and also
transversely. Ventral valve somewhat unevenly convex, slightly flattened
toward the sides, and moderately depressed in front to form the proportion-
ally broad mesial extension ; beak rather large, pointed, strongly curved
upward, and projecting considerably beyond the dorsal valve.

Surface marked by from thirty-two to thirty-four low, rounded plica-
tions, eight to ten of which are elevated on the dorsal valve forward of the
middle of the shell, forming the rather wide but only moderately elevated
mesial fold and a corresponding number impressed on the ventral valve.
Minute surface-structure of the shell finely but evenly marked with con-
centric lines of growth.

This is a very pretty species, and is characterized by the moderately
fine plications of the surface, which are of nearly equal strength on all
parts of the shell, those of the mesial elevation being hardly perceptibly
larger than those on the sides. The species bears considerable resemblance
to Rhynchonella variam Schl. of the Inferior Oolite from Whitby, England,
but differs in the more evenly convex valves and in the rounded plications,
those of that species being slightly angular in the specimens examined.

Formation and locality. — In light-colored limestones of Jurassic age, at
Flaming Gorge, Uinta Range, Utah.

EHYNOHONELLA aNATaOPHOBA !.
Plate VII^ fig. 6.
Rhynchonella gnatlwphora Meek f , GeoL Sarv. Gal., Pal., vol. 1, p. 39, pi. 8, fig. 1.

A few individuals referred with doubt to this species occur in the
collections from Flaming Gorge. The reference, however, is very unsatis-

FOSSILS OF THE JURASSIC PERIOD. 285

factory, and, on examining specimens of that species, appears even more
uncertain; still, the differences are not so great as to positively preclude
the possibility of specific identification. The individual represented on
plate 7, fig. 6, is perhaps as closely related to Meek's species as any one
seen, but differs very materially in the strength of the plications on the
lateral parts of the shell, there being from two to four on each side more
than oil the most finely marked individuals referred to that species by its
author ; the shell is also less rotund and more slender and delicate in habit.

Genus TEREBRATULA (Llhwyd.) Brug.
Tebebratula AuausTA n. sp.

Plate VII, figs. 7-10.

Shell small, broadly ovate, the widest part being a little below the
middle of the length; width of the shell less than the length; valves
depressed-convex, the dorsal sometimes nearly flat, but usually two-thirds
as convex as the ventral ; beak small, minutely perforate, and strongly
incurved; cardinal slopes angular; margins of the shell acute. Surface
marked by lines of growth without perceptible structure except the very
fine punctae of the shell.

The species of this genus, when of the same general type, are so
similar that it is extremely difficult to point out specific differences or insti-
tute satisfactory comparisons, and the shells now under consideration belong
to a form which is so often repeated, both in this and several other genera,
that it would be useless to enter into any discussion of Specific characters ;
therefore we shall rely upon the figures to tell their own story.

Formation and locality. — In limestones referred to the Jurassic, at
Shoshone Springs, Augusta Mountains, Nevada.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Genus OSTREA Linn.

OSTEEA Sp.l.

Plate VII, fig. 12.

Compare 0. Ungelmanni Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Phila., 1860, p. 311; Pal. Upper
Missoari, p. 73, figs. A and B.

A single example, an impression of an upper valve, found associated

with the following species, appears to be entirely distinct. It is a much

286 PALiaiQNTOLOGY.

larger shell, and possesses all the features of a true Ostrea, The form is
irregularly ovate in outline, moderately convex, and slightly curving poste-
riorly ; length and breadth about as four to three, the expansion of the
valve being most rapid on the posterior side below the middle; posterior
border concave in the u|^r pai^ and idiarjdy rounded below ; anterior
border r^fulariy and broadly rounded ; adductor muscular scar small, sub-
marginal, situated above the middle of the length; the area embraced
above the pallial line being not moFe than one-fourth as great as that
below.

The specimen under consideration was at first supposed to be the young,
or a small individual, of 0. Engelmanni Meek, but there is not the slightest
evidence of plications, the shell is proportionally longer, and the muscular
imprint proportionally smaller and more nearly submarginal; yet the
resemblance to that species is quite strong, and it is possible that in such
variable shells such changes may take place in the same species.

Formation and locality. — In rocks of Jurassic age, northwest of Raw-
lings Station, Wyoming.

Genus GRYPH^A Lam.

GEYPHJEA CAtOEOLA var. Nebeascensis.
Plate VII, fig. 11.

Oryphasa calceola var. Nebrascensis M. & H., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18dl, p. 437;
Pal. Upper Missouri, pp. 74-75, pi. 3, fig, 1.

Among the Jurassic fossils of the collection are numbers of a small

Oyster-like shell, which we suppose to be identical with many of those

referred to the above-named variety of Quenstedt's species G. calceola. The

specimens are mostly small and of variable form, the prevailing feature

being broadly and irregularly reniform, or curved-ovate; more or less

truncate at the posterior end ; the smaller valve being extremely shallow

and scarcely convex, while the attached valves are very irregular and

variable in depth and convexity, most of them being flattened and attached

over the greater part of their extent, with the edges abruptly curved

upward, to give the requisite depth, others scarcely showing any mark of

attachment, and still others are squarely and vertically truncate at thb

upper extremity, similar to those represented in the Pal. Upper Missouri,

FOSSILS OF THE JDRASSIO PERIOD. 287

pi. 3, figs. 1 6 and c. The most general feature seems to be their small
size, although they difier in this respect, for while the majority of the speci-
mens range from half to three-fourths of an inch in length, other examples
are found attaining a length of an inch and a half.

It will be seen, by reference to the remarks of Messrs. Meek & Hayden
on this species, that they have met with all these various phases and varia-
tions among their specimens, although they speak of examples of much
larger size, where the attached valves are deep and strongly arcuate, with
large, strongly incurved beaks. These they term *' normal forms" of the
variety, although it would seem that from some of their localities these
forms are nearly or quite absent, and that the flattened forms prevaiL
Among the examples examined by us there are none of these '* normal
forms", but all are of the megularly convex, the squarely truncate, or the
flattened forms above referred to ; and it seems to us that these forms are
much more likely to prove an entirely distinct species from the so-called
"normal forms" than that they are merely individual differences. In fact,
from the specimens before us, and from the figures above referred to, it
appears that there is but little reason for considering the forms under con-
sideration as belonging to any other genus than Ostrea ; while those
referred to as '^normal forms" are unquestionably txMQ Gryphcda.^

In the flattened and almost wholly attached examples, the form and
characters are so exactly similar to Ostrea congesta Conrad, from the Creta-
ceotis formations, that it is nearly or quite impossible to say wherein they
differ, except, perhaps, that they are not so gregarious or so densely packed
together as that species often is.

Formation and locality, ^Au shaly limestone of Jurassic age, at Sheep
Creek, Uinta Range, Utah, associated with Camptonectes bellistriatus, Penta-
crinites asteriscuSj <fec.; and on Ashley Creek, Uinta Range, associated with
Camptonectes? extenuatuSy Bellemnites densaj &c. Collected by S, F. Em-
mons, esq.

♦ Since the above paragraph was written, Dr. 0. A. White has described these
small shallow forms under the name Ostrea strigilecula (see Pal. Bep. Geograph. and
Geol. Surv. and Expl. West of 100th Merid., Lieut. Wheeler in charge, by 0. A .White,
p. 163, pi. xiii, fig. 3).

28a PALEONTOLOGY.

Genus AVICULOPECTEN McCoy.

AVICULOPECTEN (EUMICKOTIS ?) AUOUSTENSIS n. Sp.
Plate vil, figs, 14-16,

Shdl small, broadly ovate, higher than wide ; length of the hinge equal
to about half the height of the shell, the anterior side straight and forming
two-thirds of the entire length, posterior side slightly declining from the
beak; left valve moderately convex, most prominent on the umbone; beak
small, obtusely pointed and but slightly projecting beyond the' hinge-line;
auriculations depressed, but not distinctly separated from the body of the
shell, the anterior one of moderate size, posterior one quite small. Surface of
the valve marked by simple rounded ribs of equal strength, except pn the.
left auriculation, where they are finer, somewhat corrugated, and strongly
curved upward to the margin. Right valve flat or very slightly convex;
beak depressed and not extending beyond the hinge-line; ears much more
distinctly marked than on the left valve, the lines separating them from the
body of the shell, strong, nearly straight, and rapidly diverging from the
beak, inclosing an angle of about ninety degrees; anterior auriculation.
large, rounding inward from the extremity. Bj^ssal notch more than a third
as deep as the length of the ear, broad and rounded at the bottom. Surface-
markings similar to those of the opposite valve.

The specimens from which the description is taken are slightly exfoliated
and do not present the natural surface-markings; but another fragment
j)resenting a weathered surface shows concentric strise, which are strongly
vaulted in crossing the radii, but not distinctly marked in the depressions.

The species has much resemblance, especially the left valve, to many
of those referred by Mr. Meek to his genus JEumicrotis, in general form and
surface-markings, but differs strongly in the large anterior auriculation and
byssal notch of the right valve, con'esponding in this respect more nearly
with Aviculopecteny and we -are undecided as to which genus they ought
properly to be referred.

Formation and hcality.-r-ln limestone referred to the Jurassic, Shoshone
Springs, Augusta Mountains. Collected by S. F. Emmons, esq.

FOSSILS OF THE JURASSIC PERIOD. 289

Genus EUMICROTIS Meek.

EUMICEOTIS CURTA.
Plate VII, ^g. 24.

Avicula curia Hall, Stans. Rept. Salt Lake, p. 412, ph 2, fig. L

Avicula {Monotis) tenuicostattis M. & H., Proc. A. N. Sci. Phil., 1858, p. 60.

Monotis curta M. & H., Proc. A. N. Sci. Phil., 1860, p. 418.

Eumicrotis curta M. & H., Smithsonian Check-List N. Am. Invert. Foss., 18G4.

Uumicrotis curta M. & H., Pal. Upper Missouri, p. 81, pi. 3, fig. 10.

Shell small, suborbicular or obliquely ovate, a little higher than long,
or height and length subequal; valves convex, the left one the most rotund.
Hinge-line short, compressed behind and forming a small, obtusely-angular
wing; anterior side very short, scarcely forming a wing, the anterior margin
rounding nearly to the beak; posterior margin gradually sloping backward
from the extremity of the hinge to a point below the middle of the valve,
whence it is rather sharply rounded to the junction with the basal line. Base
slightly prolonged on the posterior side of the median line, giving a little
obliquity to the shell. Right valve apparently less convex than the left.
Surface marked by distinct radiating lines or ribs, which are narrower
than the spaces between, and usually become obscure or obsolete before
reaching the beaks. On the right valve, the radii are much less strongly
marked, while the concentric stride become more distinct.

Among a large number of specimens there are no right valves in a con-
dition to show the hinge-features or byssal notch, and we are therefore left
somewhat in doubt concerning these features. The shells appear to possess
all the essential characters of E, curta, but vary so much among themselves
as to give rise to some doubt.

Formation and locality/. — In calcareous beds of Jurassic age, above the
gypsum beds at Ashley Creek, Uinta Range, Utah. Collected by S. F.
Emmons, esq.

Genus CAMPTONECTES Agassiz.
Camptonectes bellisteiatus Meek,

Plate VII, fig. 13.

Camptonectes bellistriatus Meek, Pal. Upper Missouri (Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge), p. 77, figs. A~D.

** Shell very thin, compressed-lenticular, suborbicular in outline; valves
19 P R

290 PALAEONTOLOGY.

nearly equally convex; liinge-line equaling two-fifths to one-half the trans-
verse diameter of the valves; posterior ear very short, or nearly obsolete,
flat, and obliquely truncated; anterior ear larger, flattened, and marked by
rather distinct lines of growth in the right valve, separated from the adjacent
margin by a more or less angular sinus, one-third to one-half as deep as the
length of the ear, measuring from the beak. Surface striae very fine, regu-
lar, sharply impressed, and increasing in number by the intercalation of
others between as they diverge in extending from the umbonal region, so
strongly arched as to run out on the hinge-line near the beaks; concentric
striae fine, regular, closely an-anged, and often nearly or quite obsolete on
the impressed spaces between the impressed radiating striae, to which latter
they impart a subpunctate appearance."

The above is a transcript of Mr, Meek's description of this species.
Although there are quite a number of specimens in the collection which are
referable to it, there are none which give the entire characters of the shell;
nor are there any from which a figure could be made without some resto-
ration. Still the characters of the species are, nevertheless, shown so dis-
tinctly as to leave no doubt as to the correct reference. The specimens
are generally smaller than the figures given by Mr. Meek, and some of
them are a little more oblique in outline, while the characters of the sur-
face vary from being nearly smooth to those strongly cancellated; while
on some the concentric striae are strongest, and on others nearly obsolete.

, Formation and locality. — Jurassic; specimens have been recognized from
northwest of Rawlings Station, Wyoming, and from Sheep Creek, and
Flaming Gorge, Uinta Range, Utah. Collected by S. F. Emmons, esq.

Camptonectes extenuatus Meek.

Plate VII, fig. 18.

Ca7nptonecte8 f ecctennaim Meek. Pal. Upper Missouri (Smitbsoniau Contributions to

Knowledge), p. 78.
Camptonectes f perienuis M,^ ib., pi. iii, explanations of fig. 6,

Shell small, erect, bi^oadly ovate, a little higher than wide, the point of
greatest width being near the middle of the shell; hinge-line short, about
half as long as the width of the valve; ears small, the anterior one slightly

FOSSILS OF THE JURASSIC PERIOD. 291

obtuse at the outer angle, the posterior margin sloping gently backward
toward the body of the shell, the posterior wing not fully determined. Body
of the (right ?) valve convex, most prominent, and almost subangular toward
the \imbo; beak small, pointed, scarcely projecting beyond the hinge-line;
margin of the shell broadly rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, and some-
what acutely rounded at the base.

Surface of the valve in the specimen seen marked by fine, concentric,
impressed lines, and by stronger radiating lines. These latter seem to be
composed of rows of fine dots, or punctures, and are strongly divergent, so
as to curve abruptly upward toward the margin on the sides of the valve,
the increase being entirely by interstitial addition.

The shell diflfers from C bellistriata Meek in its smaller size, convex
valves, more erect form, and in the proportional height and width of the
valve, this being higher than wide, while the reverse is true of the other.

There can be no doubt that this is the shell to which Mr. Meek gave
the above names, although he had not seen the radiating strise of the
surface so plainly as to feel sure of their existence. On the specimen used
in the above description, the striae are very distinct, and have exactly the
character of that of C, bellistriata; consequently, there can be no doubt of
its correct reference to the genus CamptonedeSj although in our specimens
the anterior wing and sinus have not been satisfactorily determined, that
part in the figure having to be made from analogy.

Formation and locality. — In light-colored shales of Jurassic age, north-
west of Rawlings Station, Wyoming.

Camptonectes pertenuisteiatus n. sp.

Plate VII, fig. 17.

Shell small, very broadly ovate, the point of greatest width being about
the middle of the length, width equal to about four-fifths of the height;
base and sides of the shell regularly rounded. Right valve very depressed-
convex or almost flattened; hinge-line short, the anterior side equal to a
little more than one-third of the width of the valve below; posterior side
unknown, the specimen being mutilated in this part. Beak small, pointed,
not rising above the line of the hinge; cardinal slopes nearly straight from

292 PALJilONTOLOGY.

the beak to a little above the middle of the length, and embracing an angle
of about ninety degrees; anterior wing nan^ow, separated from the body of
the shell by a deep, sharply rounded notch, which extends about half-way
to the center of the valve; a strongly-depressed sinus passes from the base
of the notch to the beak, separating the upper part of the wing from the
body of the shell.

Surface of the shell marked by rather distinct, concentric lines of
growth, which are crossed by exceedingly fine, radiating strise, imperceptible
except by the aid of a lens. The striae diverge rapidly from the median
line, and curve upward rather more strongly toward the sides of the shell

The shell differs from C, ? extenuatus Meek and Hay den (Pal. Upper
Missouri, p. 78, plate iii, fig. 6) in its more attenuated beak, flattened valve,
finer strict, and more elongate form.

Formation and locality. — In limestone of Jurassic age, northwest of
Rawlings Station, Wyoming.

Genus LIMA Brug.
Lima (Plagiostoma) occidentalis n. sp.

Plate VII, fig. 23.

Shell of medium size or smaller, very broadly ovate, the height slightly
exceeding the greatest width; widest point about one-third of the height
from the basal extremity, below which the margin is regularly and evenly
rounded, and above the posterior border is more rapidly rounded and con-
tracted to the extremity of the short hinge-line, with which it blends with-
out perceptible angle. Valves strongly convex, most ventricose near the
middle of the anterior border, from which point the surface declines to the
postero-cardinal and postero-basal margins; beaks apparently small, incon-
spicuous, and somewhat appressed (?). Anterior wing minute, posterior
wing small, but alated, not distinctly separated from the body of the shell;
ligamental area not observed. Anterior border of the shell strongly con-
cave, the concavity extending more than half the height of the shell.

Surface of the shell marked by simple, strong, rounded radii, about
sixty in number, posterior to the junction of the anterior and basal borders,
with a few incipient radii observable on the anterior slope. The radii are

FOSSILS OF THE JURASSIC PERIOD. 203

strongest near the middle of the basal border, and decrease very slightly in
size anterior to this point; but posteriorly they decrease more rapidly, and
on and near the posterior alation are quite fine- Interspaces narrow and
concave.

This species is closely allied to Lima lineata Gold. (= Plagiosfoma lineata
of authors,) but differs in being more regularly rounded on the basal and pos-
tero-basal borders, as well as in being more erect, that species having con-
siderable obliquity, the longest point of the base being much nearer the
anterior side. The beak is also shorter, and not nearly so prominent, and
the greatest convexity of the shell nearer the anterior margin, while that
one is most prominent near the middle of the valve, and nearly evenly
rounded in both directions from this point. The posterior wing of this
species is more alate than in that one, and more finely ribbed, giving about
fifteen additional ribs over and above the number counted on that species.
This character is perhaps the most distinctly marked feature of the species,
and one that will serve to readily distinguish them, although the general
resemblance of the shells is very great.

Formation and locality. — In cherty limestones of Jurassic age, at Flam-
ing Gorge, Uinta Range, Utah. Collected by S. F. Emmons, esq.

Genus TRIGONIA Brug.
Trigonia quadrangulaeis n. sp.

Plate VII, fig. 22.

Shell small, subquadrangular in outline, with depressed convex valves
and flattened inconspicuous beaks; length of the shell a little greater than
the height; anterior end broad and rather squarely truncate: the margin
but slightly rounded; basal line somewhat straightened or but slightly con-
vex, more strongly rounded behind; posterior end obliquely truncate, long-
est below; cardinal border short, not more than two-thirds the length of
the valve, very little concave, and subparallel with the basal margin.

Surface of the valve marked by a flattened, distinctly elevated ridge,
which rises from behind the beaks, and passes along the umbonal slope,
extending beyond the posterior margin of the valve in a squarish projec-
tion, equal in extent to the elevation of the ridge. Above the ridge, the

294 PALEONTOLOGY.

cardinal slope is narrow and depressed, marked only by transverse lines of
growth. The surface of the ridge is marked by irregular transverse lines
of nodes. The body of the shell is marked by a series of low, rounded
ridges or undulations, which originate in a point at the edge of the flattened
umbonal ridge, and extend in the direction of the postero-basal angle of the
shell, where they are again bent forward, forming a series of acute angles
marking the umbonal line of the shell, and are directed with a sKghtly
downward tendency to the anterior margin. Along the umbonal ridge of
the valv^e the undulations are broad and rounded, becoming narrow again
in their anterior extension.

The strong undulations of the body of the shell of this species is a
distingxiishing feature, and one by which it will be readily recognized. It
differs greatly in this feature from T. Conradi M. and H. (Pal. Upper Missouri,
p. 83, pi. 3, fig. 11) from the Jurassic of the Black Hills, as well as in the
subquadrangular form of the shell, that species being of a subtriangular
form.

Formation and locality, — In light-colored, somewhat shaly, limestones of
Jurassic age, near Como, Laramie Plains, Wyoming, associated with Penta-
crinites asteriscus M. and H. and other Jurassic species. Collected by
Arnold Hague, esq.

Genus SEPTOCARDIA n. gen.

Shell bivalve, equivalve, inequilateral, cardiform. Hinge strong; right
valve with a strong, recurving, hooked tooth under the beak, and a deep
cavity below and exterior to it, which is profoundly excavated in the
thickened substance of the shell. In the left valve, a large, deep cavity
corresponds to the tooth of the right valve. Lateral teeth obsolete. Liga-
ment external, situated in a groove fonned by a thickened, overlapping
portion of the shell posterior to the tooth and corresponding cavity. Ante-
rior adductor muscular scar very large and deep, separated from the general
cavity of the shell by a calcareous plate, or septum, extending across the
anterior end of the valve on the inner side of the scar, thereby forming a
distinct chamber in each valve. Posterior adductor scar much smaller,
situated within the posterior cardinal margin. Pedal scars not observed.

FOSSILS OF THE JURASSIC PERIOD. 295

Surface of the shell marked, in the typical species, by strong, elevated,
radiating' ribs, with ornamented surfaces similar to many of the recent
species of Cardium. Type S, fypica.

The shells for which the above generic name is proposed are small,
few specimens of the typical species exceeding three-eighths of an inch in
their greatest diameter. Externally they closely resemble the Eocene forms
of Carditay but the hinge-structure separates them at once from all other
known forms. The cardinal border of the right valve appears almost as if
composed of two distinct lamella? of shell; an inner and an outer one, the
inner one originating on the inside of the umbonal cavity, and rising to the
level of the valve margin, coalescing with the outer portion posteriorly, and
diverging considerably anteriorly, so as to leave a gradually- widening space
between the two, the anterior end of which is partitioned off, forming the
anterior muscular scar, or pit, and leaving a smaller, somewhat triangular,
cavity posterior to it. From the inner lamella bounding this cavity, the
recurved, hooked tooth rises, overarching the cavity beneath. In the left
valve, the two lamellse are less distinct; the whole cardinal border being
thickened, and the cavity into which the tooth of the right valve fits is
excavated in its substance, immediately in front or against the beak of the
valve. There are no lateral teeth in either valve. The septum bounding
the inner margin of the anterior muscular scar is similar to that of CucuUcea
or Idonearca, except that it borders the anterior instead of the posterior
muscle as in those genera, and in the species S, typica reaches almost to the
basal margin of the valve,

The type-species occurs in rocks referred with some doubt to the
Jurassic, although the general appearance of the shells would indicate a
much more recent date.

Septocabdia typioa n. sp.

Plate VII, figs. 26-29.

Shell small, subrhomboidal in outline, the united valves angularly cor-
difomi and very gibbous. Valves longer than high, oblique, and widening
posteriorly; beaks strong, angularly tumid and enrolled, situated near the
anterior end of the shell ; cardinal line arcuate, slightly elevated posteri-

296 PALEONTOLOGY.

orly; anterior end short and obtusely pointed; basal line gently rounded;
posterior end broadly truncate and slightly rounded. Body of the valves
very ventricose, subangular along tlie umbonal ridge, marked by strong
radiating costae, separated by equally wide, flattened interspaces ; six or
eight of these costae occupy the postero- cardinal slope, and from twelve to
sixteen may be counted on the body and anterior portion of the ghell. The
costae are flattened on the summit, and marked by closely-arranged, recurved,
transverse ridges, or nodes, which become more crowded and stronger with
the increased age of the shell Interior margin of the valves strongly den-
ticulate from the squarely-depressed grooves, corresponding to the external
ribs, and which extend to nearly one-third of the width of the shell.

Formation and locality. — In limestones referred to the Jurassic, at Sho-
shone Springs, Augusta Mountains, Nevada. Collected by S. F. Emmons,

esq.

Septocardia Carditoidea n. sp.

Plate VII, fig. 25.

Shell of medium size, subrhomboidal in outline, longer than high, nar-
row anteriorly, and widening behind. Valves ventricose, very angular
along the umbonal bridge, rapidly sloping to the postero-cardinal margin,
and more gently toward the anterior end of the shell ; beaks large, promi-
nent, and strong ; placed well toward the anterior end, which is narrowly
rounded ; basal line broadly rounded ; posterior extremity obliquely trun-
cate, longest at the postero-basal angle. Internal features unknown. Sur-
face marked by numerous, strong, sharply-elevated, angular, radiating
costas, with sharply V-shaped interspaces, the exact number not deter-
mined; those on the postero-cardinal slope near the basal angle count-
ing about five in the space of half an inch, giving about a tenth of an inch
from crest ta crest ; toward the cardinal line they become gradually finer.
Those on the body of the shell appear to have been of nearly equal strength
with those on the posterior part, becoming finer toward the anterior
extremity. The costae are crossed transversely by fitie, closely-aiTanged,
zigzag lines, strongly arched upward in crossing the ribs. Greatest length
of the specimen, 1| inches; height, IJ inches.

This species differs from S, typica not only in its greater size, but in

FOSSILS OF THE JUBA8S1C PERIOD. 297

being proportionally longer, but most notably in the angular form of the
ribs and interspaces, as well as in the diiBFerent style of transverse orna-
mentation. The specimen presents much the appearance of an Eocene
Cardita, and closely resembles C, alticostata Conrad ((7. transversa Lea) of
the Claiborne beds in Alabama, except that it is narrower anteriorly.

Formation and locality, — In limestone referred to the Jurassic, Shoshone
Springs, Augusta Mountains, Nevada. Collected by S. F. Emmons, esq.

Genus ASTARTE Sowerby.

ASTARTE ? ARENOSA n. Sp.

Plate VII, figs. 20-21.

Compare Tancredia Warrenana Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, p. 96, pL 3,
fig. 7.

Shell small, the largest specimens not exceeding half an inch in length,
by a height about two-thirds as great; form transversely suboval, or
quadrangularly oval; cardinal line arcuate, but little more than half as long
as the body of the shell, gradually and moderately declining posteriorly ;
anterior end constricted in front of the beaks, and rather sharply rounded
below; basal line broadly convex; posterior end narrow and obliquely
truncate, being longest below at the junction with the basal border ; beaks
small, incurved, moderately ventricose, and situated at about one-fourth of
the length from the anterior end. Valves ventricose throughout, with a per-
ceptible fullness along the umbonal slope, above which the shell declines
more rapidly to the cardinal border. Features of the hinge and muscular
system unknown. Surface of the shell smooth, so far as can be determined
from the specimens examined.

At first, we were inclined to consider this shell as identical with Tan-
credia Warrenana M. (Joe. cit), but on closer comparison with figures and
description it would seem to be distinct. At least, it is not a Tancredia^ and
may be equally distant from Astarte; but, in the absence of all generic
features in the specimens beyond the external form, it is impossible to say
definitely to what genus it does belong. It is an abundant species in some
localities, the rock being literally filled with the impressions. It diff'ers
specifically from the above-named shell in being less distinctly triangular

298 PALEONTOLOGY.

and in the more anterior position of its beaks, as well as in the want of
convexity in the curvature of the antero-cardinal border, as would be
required were it a species of Tancredia.

Formation and locality, — In red sandstones of Triassic or Jurassic? age,
North head of Clialk Creek, Utah. Picked up in the debris^ and of no
stratigraphical importance.

GASTEROPODA.

Genus NATICA Lam.
Natica? Lelia n. sp.

Plato VII, figs. 19-21.

Shell small, globose; height and width about equal, and seldom exceed-
ing a fifth of an inch in measurement. Volutions two and a half to three,
the last one very rapidly expanding and ventricose, constituting almost the
entire bulk of the shell; inner volutions minute, moderately elevated above
the surface of the body- whorl, and somewhat regularly rounded, forming a
very low spire; suture distinct but not channeled; aperture subpatulose or
pear-shaped, higher than wide, largest below the middle, pointed at the
upper extremity and rounded below, except near the junction with the col-
umella, where it is almost subrimate; outer lip thin and sharp. Columella
arcuate, rounded, without any appearance of a callus or thickening of any
kind as far as can be determined from any of the examples in hand. (This
portion of the shell is more or less concealed by adhering rock in all the
individuals, so that this feature cannot be satisfactorily determined.) The
strise, however, appear to pass from the body of the shell directly upon and
over the solid, sl:ghtly-twisted, and non-umbilicated columella.

Surface of the shell smooth, appearing almost polished, except for the
very fine striss of growth which are directed backward across the body of
the volution.

The species has nearly the size and general appearance of Naticopsis
nana Meek and Worthen, from the Coal-Measures of Illinois and the West,
but differs in the columella being less straightened and prolonged below,
not giving so great a basal extension to the aperture. The difterences of
the character of the columella are too distinct to require comparison. The

FOSSILS OP THE JURASSIC PERIOD. 299

shell is most probably not a true Natica, and may possibly not belong to
the same family; but as the real features of this portion cannot be satis-
factorily determined, it remains a matter of doubt. It closely resembles, in
general form, shells of the genus Neritopsis except for the smooth surface.
It differs also from Neritoma Morris in wanting the peculiar callus of that
genus and from Narica Reel, in the smooth surface and want of umbilicus.
Formation andlocality, — In a greenish white hmestone supposed to be of
Triassic age,* northwest of Rawlings Station, Wyoming, and on the East
Fork of the Duchesne River, Uinta Range, Utah. Collected by S. F.
Emmons, esq.

*I do not myself believe this to be Triassic, but it has been so referred by
others.— R. P. W.

CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE FOSSILS DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT.

Class.

Order.

Family.

Genus and species.

Formation.

Actinozoa Zoantharia .

Echinodermata ... 1 Crinoidea .

Brachiopoda .

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do.......

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do.......

Do

Do

Do ,

Do ,

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do ,

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do ,

Do

Do ,

Do ,

CCELENTERATA.
iFavositid® | Michelinasp. undet.... | Waverly group.

ANNULOIDA.
iTPentacrinidae 1 Pentacrinites asteriscus? M. & H | Triassic.

Lyopomata

...do

...do

...do

-.-{?)

Arthropomata .

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do ,

do

Lyopomata . . .

do

do ,

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

Lamcllibranchiata ,

Do

Do

Do ,

Do

Do

Do

Monomyaria .

— . do

do

do

do

do

do

MOLLUSCOIDA (ARTICULATA?).

Lingulidae

....do

...do

Obolidse

..-.(?)

Orthidae

....do

Strophomenidae.
....do

.do.?.

...do.?

...do

...do

ProcTuctidae

....do

..-.do

....do

....do

Spiriferidae

....do

....do

...do

....do

....do

....do

....do

LingulidsB

....do

....do

Rhyachonellidae

....do

....do

....do

....(?) .

Terebratulidae . .

....do

.-..do

Lingulepis MaBran. sp

Lingulepis minuta n . sp ■

Lingulepis Elian, sp

Obolella discoida n. sp

Kutorgina minutissima n. sp

Orthis Pogonipensis n. sp

Orthis resupinata? Martin

Strophomena Nemia n.sp

Strophomena rhomboidalis Wilckins

Streptorhynchus equivalvis Hall

Streptorhynchus inflata W.&W

Strophodonta Canace H. & W

Leptaena Melita n.sp ..

Chonetes Loganensis n. sp

Productus Flemingi var. Burlingtonensis Hall

Productus laevicostus ? White

Productus semireticulatus Martin

Productus elegans ? N. & P

Spirifera Alba^pinensis n. sp

Spirifera? (Spiriferina) Allan, sp

Spirifera centronata Winchell

Spirifera imbrex? Hall

Spirifera setigera Hall

Spirifera striata Martin

Spiriferina? Allan, sp.

Spiriferina Homfrayi Gabb

Athyris Claytoni n.sp

A thyris planosulcata ? Phillips

Athyris subquadrata ? Hall

Rhynchonella Emmonsi n . sp

Rhynchonella gnathopbora Meek

Rhynchonella Myrinan. sp

Rhynchonella pustulosa ? White

Porambonites obscurus n. sp

Terebratula Augustensis n . sp

Terebratula Humboldtensis Gabb

Potsdam group.
....do.
Quebec.
Potsdam group,
....do.

Quebec group.
Lower Carbon if.
Quebec group.
Waverly.
....do.
....do.
Devonian.
Quebec group.
Waverly.
Lower Carbonif.
....do.
...do.
...do.
Waverly.
Triassic.
Waverly.
Lower Carbonif.
....do.
...do.
Triassic.
....do.

Lower Carbonif.
....do.
....do.
Devonian.
Jurassic.
....do.
Waverly.
Quebec.
Jurassic ? .
Triassic.

Terebratula Utah n.sp , Waverly

MOLLUSCA.

Ostreidae . .

....do

Pectinidae .

...do

....do

...do

....do

Ostrea sp. ? ? = O. Engelmanni Meek

Gryphaeacalceolavar. Nebrascensis M. & H.
Aviculopecten (Eumicr. ?) Angustensis n. sp.

Aviculopecten curtocardinalis n . sp

Aviculopecten parvulusn. sp

Aviculopecten Weberensis n. sp

Eumicrotis curta Hall

Jurassic.

....do.

... do.

Permo-Carbonlf.

...do.

...do.

Jurassic.

302

CLASSIFIED LIST OF FOSSILS.

Class.

Order.

Family.

Genus and species.

Formation.

MOLLUSC A.

Lamellibranchlata .
Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Gasteropoda . .

Do ,

Do..'.

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Cephalopoda.,

Do

Crustacea.

Do

Do,...,
Do....
Do...
Do....
Do....
Do....
Do....

Do

Do.....
Do.....

Do

Do

Do

Do ....

Do

Do ....
Do ....
Do.....

Do

Do ....
Do.....

Do

Do

Do

Dq....,
Do

Monomyaria

do

do

do

do

do ,

Dimyaria

do

do

do

do ,

do

do

do

do

do

Pectinobranchiata
do

do...

do

do

do

Rhiphidoglossa

do

do

Tetrabranchiata . .
do

Trilobita .

do..

do,.

do..

do..

do .

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do-.

do..

do,.

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

Pectinidae

...do ^

...do

....do

PteriidaB

....do

Nuculanidae

Trigoniidae

Cardiomorphidae.

...do

Cardiidse

....do

...do

LucinidaR

Astartidae

Anatinidae?

FasciolariidaD ...

Naticidae ....

Solariidee

....do ,

....do

.-..do

Macluraeidse

Bellerophontidae

....do

Cyrtoceratidae . .
Goniatitidae

Camptonectcs bellistriatus Meek

Camptonectes extenuatus M. & H

Camptonectes pertenuistriatus n. sp ...
Lima (Plagiostoma) occidentalis n. sp . . ,

MyalinaaviculoidcsM, & H

Myalina Permiana Swallow

Nuculites triangulatus ^ . sp ,

Trigonia quadrangularis n . sp

Cardiomorpha Missouhensis Swallow. . .

Edmondia? Myrina n. sp ,

Lunulicardium fragosum Meek

Septocardia Carditoidea n . sp ,

Septocardia typica n. sp

Paracyclas peroccidens n.sp

Astarte? arenosan. sp ,

Sedge wickia ? concava Meek

F-usispira compactan.sp

Nadca? Lelia n. sp ,

Raphistoma acuta n . sp

Euomphalus laxus White

Euomphalus Utahensis n . sp

Euomphalus (Strap.) Ophirensisn. sp.

Maclurea minima n . sp

Bellerophon Neleusn. sp

Cyrtolitessinuatan. sp ,

Cyrtoceras cessator n, sp

Gpniatites Kingii n. sp

ARTICULATA.

Calymenidae

Calymenidae ? . . .

Paradojtidae ?

...do

....do......

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

Paradoxidse .
....do .

...do

...do

....do

....do

....do

....do

Asaphidae . . .

....do

....do

Prcetidae

...do

Agnostidae ..

...do

....do

....do

Conocephalites subcoronatus n. sp

Conoceph. (Pterocephalus) laliceps n. sp .

Crepicephalus (L . ) Anytus n . sp

Crepicephalus (L.) granulosus n. sp

Crepicephalus (L.)Haguein, sp

Crepicephalus maculosus n. sp.

Crepicephalus nitidus n, sp

Crepicephalus (L.) quadrans n. sp

Crepicephalus (L.) simulator n. sp

Crepicephalus (L . ) unisulcatus n . sp

Crepic. (Bathyurus?) angulatus n. sp .....

Ptychaspis f^ustulosa n.sp

Chariocephalus tumifrons n.sp

Dikellocephalus bilobatus n . sp ,

Dikellocephalus flabellifer n . sp

Dikellocephalus gothicus n. sp

Dikellocephalus multicinctus n. sp

Dikellocephalus quadriceps n. sp

Dikellocephalus Wahsatchensis n. sp

Ogygia parabola n. sp

Ogygia producta n. sp

Bathyurus Pogonipensis n . sp

Proetus Loganensisn. sp

Proetus peroccidens n. sp

Agnostus communis n. sp

AgnostusNeon n. sp

Agnostus prolongusn. sp

Agnostus tumidosus n. sp

Jurassic.
....do.
....do.
... do.

Permo-Carbonif.
....do.
Devonian.
Jurassic.
Coal-Measurcs.
Triassic.
Devonian .
Jurassic?.
....do.
Devonian .
Triassic?; loose.
Permo-Carbonif.
Quebec.
Triassic ? .
Quebec.
Waverly.
....do.
.-..do.
Quebec;
Devonian.
Quebec.
Coal-Measures.
... do.

Quebec.

Potsdam group.

....do.

....do.

....do.

....do.

....do.

Quebec.

Potsdam group.

....do.

... do.

....do,

....do.

....do.

....do.

Quebec.

Potsdam group .

Quebec.

....do.

Potsdam group.

....do.

Quebec.

Waverly.

...do.

Potsdam group.

....do.

....do.

....do.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE L*

Page.
Obolella discoidea. , 205

Fig. 1. View of a dorsal valve, enlargetl, showing the orbicular form,

2. View of a ventral valve, showing the truncated heak. Enlarged.

LiXGULEPISt MINUTA 206

Fig. 3. View of a cast of the shorter valve, enlarged, showing muscular scars.

4. View of the cast of a long valve enlarged, showing the muscular scars more spreading
than in the other valve.

LlNGULEPIS M^RA 206

Fig. 5. View of a supposed ventral valve showing the extended heak.

6. A larger valve having a shorter beak. This may be a dorsal valve.

7. Outline showing the relative gibbosity and length of the two valves,

LiNGTJLEPis Ella .* -. 232

Fig. 8, View of a dorsal (?) valve showing the truncation of the beak. Eularged to two
diameters.

OlJTIlIS POGONIPENSIS 232

Fig. 9. View of a dorsal valve of rather more than the ordinary size. Enlarged.'

10. A ventral valve of the ordinary size, and of an elongate form, showing the elevation
of the beak.

KUTOUGINA MINUTI8SIMA ^ 207

Fig. 11. View of a dorsal valve, greatly enlarged, showing the peculiar strise and the faint
radiations on the surface.
12. A ventral valve having a more elongate form.

Leptjena Melita. 208

Figs. 13-14. Views of two different individuals, showing variation in the surface-characters.

Stropiiomena Nemea 233

Fig. 15. View of the specimen described, showing the general form and surface-striie.

PORAMBONITES OBSCURUS 234

Fig. 16, View of the exterior of a ventral valve, showing the lamellae projecting inward from
the beak.

Maclurea minima 235

Fig. 17. View of the spire of an internal cast of a specimen. Enlarged.

18. View of the flat side of the same individual.

19. Profile view of the specimen, showing the depth of the shell.

* The line drawn by the side of figures indicates the natural aiie.

2

Pago.

Raphistoma acuta 235

Fig. 20. Profile of a specimen, showiDg the elevation of the spire.
21 and 22. Upper and lower surfaces of the same individual.

Cyijtolites sinuatus 237

Figs. 23-24. Lateral and profile views of a specimen, showing the features of the shell. Enlarged.

FUSISPIRA COMPACTA 236

Fig. 25. View of the specimen described, which is imperfect at both ends; the outline shows
the probable form of the anterior end.

Agnostus Neon * ^ 229

Figs. 26-27. View of the cephalic and caudal shields, greatly enlarged, showing the features
as seen on the specimens.

Agnostus communis 228

Fig. 28. View of the cephalic shield, greatly enlarged, showing the peculiar form of the glabella
and the spine on its centtr.
29. Caudal shield. Enlarged.

Agnostus prolongus 230

Fig. 30. The cephalic shield, greatly enlarged, showing the great length jiud obscurely-marked
glabella.
31. View of the caudal shield associated with the above cephalic shield.

Agnostus tumii»osus , 231

Fig. 32. View of the cephalic shield, with its peculiar and tumid glabella. Greatly enlarged.

Bathyurus Pogonipensis 243

Fig, 33. View of the pygidium described, showing the form and character of ribs, and the orna-
menting granules on the axial rings.
34, Profile of the same, showing the elevation of the specimen.

DiKELLOCEPHALUS WaHSATCHENSIS 241

Fig. 35, View of the glabella and one fixed cheek. The wider depressions on the glabella are
accidental depressions on the glabellar lobes.

DiKELLOCEPHALUS? GOTHICUS 242

Fig. 36. View of a pygidium, showing the peculiar character of the ribs of the lateral lobes.

DiKELLOCEPHALUS QUADRICEPS 240

Fig. 37. Enlarged view of the glabella and fixed cheeks, showing the peculiar form of the
glabella and short frontal limb.

38. Profile of the same, showing the elevation of parts.

39. View of the pygidium, natural size.

40. Profile of the same, showing the great elevation.

U. S,^Geol.Exj)l. 40 Parallel

Pnmordial and Silurian

Plate I.

[.M. Martin Del.

J.Bien La.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Page.
CONOCEPHALITES SUBCORONATU8 237

Fig. 1. View of a glabella and fixed cheeks, showiDg the general characters of the species.
Enlarged.

Crepicepiialus (Loganellus) granulosus 214

Figs. 2-3. Vertical and profile views of a glabella and fixed cheeks, showing the form and
surface-markings. Enlarged.

CONOCEPHALITES (PtEROCEPHALUS) LATICEPS 221

Fig. 4. View of the central parts of the head, showing the pecnliar form of glabella and
ext/ended frontal limb.

5. A movable cheek, with a portion of the under surface of the front of the head.

6. A part of a thoracic segment, associated with the other parts.

7. View of an imperfect pygidium, found in the same rock.

Crepicephalus (Loganellus) nitidus 212

Fig. 8. View of the central portion of a head of the species, showing the character of these
parts.
9-10. Two pygidia, showing some variations in the details.

Crepicephalus (Loganellus) quadrans 238

Fig. 11. A glabella and fixed cheeks, enlarged.

12. View of a cheek, enlarged to twice the natural size.

13. View of a pygidium, enlarged to three times the natural size*

Crepicephalus (Loganellus) Haguei 210

Fig. 14. View of an entire individual, enlarged to twice the natural size, showing the form and
characters of the animal.
15. A single thoracic segment (third), enlarged to show more distinctly its structure.

Crepicephalus (Loganellus) simulator 218

Fig. 16. View of the central part of a head, showing the characters of the species. The lateral
limbs have been broken off.

17. View of a movable cheek, enlarged to two diameters, showing the broad, flattened,

marginal border.

18. View of a much lai^er cheek, natural size (upper right-hand corner of plate).

Crepicephalus (Loganellus) Anytus 219

Fig. 19. View of the central parts of the head of a small individual, showing the angular
glabella and strong ocular ridges.

20. View of a movable cheek, natural size, showing the striated surface.

21. A pygidinm from the same block as the other specimens.

Page.
CPKPlCEPHALrS (LOGANELLU8) UNISULCATUS JilG

Fig. 22. View of the central part of the head, deprived of the postero-lateral limbs.
23. View of the pygidium, associated with the above

Chepicephalus (Loganellus) MACUL0SU8 215

Fig. 24. View of the central parts of the head, showing the rounded glabella, with faintly-
marked furrows, and the postuloso surface of fixed cheek, and frontal limb.

25. A movable cheek of the same species, presenting the same surface-markings.

26. ? View of a pygidium found associated with the above i)art8, but not showing pustuloso

markings.

Ptychaspis pustulosa 223

Fig. 27. View of the glabella and fixed cheeks, the postero-lateral limbs having been removed.

ChFPICEPHALUS (BATHYURUSf) AKGULATU8 220

Fig. 28. View of the specimen described, as it appears on a gutta-percha cast, from the im-
j)re8sion in the stone.

DiKELLOCEPlIALUS FLABELLIFER 227

Figs. 29-30. Vertical and profile views of the pygidium, showing the broad, undulating, lateral
lobes and digitate external border.

OGVGIA PROpUCTA 244

Fig. 31. View of the central parts of the head, the anterior limb broken away. The largo
palpebral lobes are shown, extending almost to the top of the glabella.

32. View of a fixed cheek, associated with the glabella.

33. View of an impression, showing the pygidium, which has probably been shortened by

the contortion of the shale, and part of the thorax, while the one attached to the
thorax has been obliquely lengthened.

34. View of a separated pygidium.

Ogygia parabola 245

Fig. 35. Viow of the pygidium, showing the elongate form and the straight cylindrical axis,
with the single bulbous anterior ring.

DiKELLOCEPlIALUS (PtEROCEPHALUS) BILOBATCS 220

Fig. 36. View of the under side of the pygidium described, showing the form and broad recurv-
ing selvage.

Dikellocephalus MULTICINCTU8 , 226

Fig. 37. View of the specimen described, showing the general form, with the margins restored
in outline, partly from another specimen.

ChARIOCEPHALUS TtJMIFRONS 224

Fig. 38. View of the glabella and fixed cheeks, showing the glabella projecting in front of the
anterior limb, and the two deep glabellar furrows.
30. Profile view of the same individual, showing the short frontal limb, with the glabella
projecting beyond it.

U. S. GeoIExpl. 40 Parallel

Primordial and Silurian

Plate IP

11.

21

..^^ 35

H.M. Martin Del,

J.Biai litii

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IIL

Pftge.

STRoniODONTA Canace 246

Fig. 1. View of a very young individual.

2-3. Dorsal and ventral views of an older individual, presenting the features of the
species.

KlIYNCHONELLA EmMONSI - 247

Figs. 4-8. Dorsal, ventral, profile, front, and cardinal views of a full-grown and well-formed
specimen.

LUNLLICARDIUM FRAGOSUM 249

Fig. 9. View of a short form, enlarged, showing strong undulations, and retaining the ante-
rior flange, of large size.

10. An elongated form, enlarged, showing a narrower anterior projection.

11. A right valve of medium proportions, showing a strong anterior flange.

NUCULITES TRIANGULUS 248

Fig. 12. View of a left valve, showing the surface-characters.

13. View of the same individual after having the shell removed from all but the hinge-
margin, and showing the imiiression of the clavicle very faintly.

Paracyclas peroccidens - -.. 248

Fig. 14. View of a specimen, preserving a part of the external shell,

15-17. Right, left, and profile views of a cast, showing the muscular imprints and pallial
line.

Bellerophon Neleus 250

Fig. 18. View of a fragment, showing the callus of the inner lip and a small part preserving
the external ornamentation.

19. Front view of an internal cast, showing the form of the lip and dorsal slit.

20. Profile view of the same individual, showing the axial cavity filled with the thick-

ened shell-substance.

U.S. GeoI.Ezi)1.40Paranel

Devonian

Plate ILL

1.

IV^

H.M, Martin Del.

J.Bien lith.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

rago.
STREPTOKIIYNCnUS INEQUALI8 252

Fig. 1. View of a dorsal valve, showiug an unusual breadth, from Ogden Canon.

2. View of a narrower ventral valve, showing liner and more even striai, from Logan
Caiion.

StREPTOKH YNCHUS INFLATU8 253

Fig. 3. View of a very rotund, dorsal valve, with fine, even. striae, from Dry Canon.

StROPIIOMENA miOMBOtDALlS 253

Fig. 4. View of a specimen from Dry CaSon, showing fine, even wrinkles.

Spirifera centronata 254

Fig. 5. View of a large dorsal valve, showing the usual features of the species, Dry Cuuun.
6. A smaller ventral valve, from the same locality.

Spirifera Alba-pinensis 255

Fig. 7. View of a ventral valve, from a siliceous layer at White Pine, Nevada, as obtained
by gutta-percha cast from the matrix.
8. Another ventral valve, from Logan Canon, Utah.

CnONETES LOGANENSIS 253

Fig. 9. View of tlie specimen described.

Athyris planosulcata ? 257

Fig. 10. View of a small ventral valve from Logan Cafion.

11. A partial cast of another ventral valve from Cottonwood Cafion, Utah,

Rhyxciionella pustulosa?.- 257

Figs. 12-13. Dorsal and front views of a specimen from Dry Cafion, Utah. Enlarged.
14. Dorsal view of the specimen, natural size.

ATHYRife Claytoni 256

Figs. 15-17. Dorsal profile anct ventral views of a specimen of the species, showiug the form of
shell and the perforation of the beak.

Terebratula Utah 258

Fig. 18. View of a ventral valve, natural size.

MiCllELINA sp.? 251

Fig 19. View of the specimen referred to under the description.

2

Pajre.

EuoMPHALUS (Strapakollus) Utahensis a59

Fig. 20. View of the upper snrface of a large individual f . om Ogden CaHoD, showing the obso-
lescence of the carina on the outer volution.

21. View of a smaller individual from Dry Ca&on, as obtained by gutta-percha impression

from the matrix.

22. A similar small specimen from Logan Cafion. The figure is an enlarged view.

2*3. A view of the under side of a large specimen from near Read and Benton's mine, Utah.

EueMPIIALUS LAXU8 260

Figs. 24-25. Profile and vertical views of a specimen from Dry Canon, Utah.

EuoMPHALUs (Sthaparollus) Ophirbnsis 261

Fig. 2(>. Lateral view of the specimen, restored partly from the shell and partly from gutta-
percha impression in the matrix.
27. View of the umbilicus. From Dry Oa&on, Ophir, Utah.

PROETUS PBROCCIDENS 262

Fig. 28. View of a glabella of the species, from Dry Canon.

29. View of the left movable cheek.

30. View of a pygidium of large size, from the same locality.

31-32. View of a smaller specimen, natural size and enlarged, showing the ornamentar
tion of the snrface, from Ogden Cafion, Utah.

pROETUs Loganensis 264

Fig. 33. View of the pygidium, enlarged to two diameters, showing the specific features of this
part.

TT. S: G^K^IEx:i)1.40ParaUfil

Waverly Group

Plate IV:'

ii.M.Maxtm Bel.

J.Bien litk.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Page.
Ortiiis resupinata? 265

Fig. 1. View of a dorsal valve, slightly exfoliated, but retaining the shell in great part.
2. A cast of a dorsal valve, showing the muscular imprint.

Pkoductus elegans 2(58

• Figs. 3-4. Profile and front views of a specimen referred to this species.

Pkoductus semiketiculatus 267

Figs. 5-6. Vertical and cardinal views of a specimen referred to this species, showing the
form and surface character.

Producius l^vicostus? 2GG

Figs. 7-8. Vertical and front views of specimens having the form and character of the species.

Pkoductus Flemingi var. Burlingtonensis 265

Fig. 9. View of a dorsal valve, showing the cardinal process. *

10. View of a ventral valve.
11-12. Front and profile views of a similar individual, presenting the features of those from
Burlington, Iowa.

Spirifera striata 269

Fig. 13* Dorsal view of a specimen somewhat crushed, but showing the specific characters
of the shell.

14. Ventral view of the same specimen.

15. Ventral valve of another individual, showing fewer bifurcations in the plications.

Spiiufera sp. t 271

Fig. 16, View of the fragment referred to on page — .

Spirifera setigera 270

Fig. 17. View of a small specimen somewhat compressed, but preserving the surface char-
acters and somewhat the general form.
18. View of a larger dorsal valve, showing the form.

Atiiyris subquadrata f 271

Fig. 19. View of the dorsal side of a specimen referred to this species.

20. Ventral valve of the same, showing the sinus as well as the general form of the shell.

IJ, S, GeoIEx]:il.40Faraild

Lower Garb oTiifer OTIS

Plate Y

B-M}4a.n.m Dd,.

J. BienlitK,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Pagfl.
Cardiomorpha Missouribnsis 277

Fig. 1. View of the right valve of a speciiueD of the usual size and form.
2. Cardinal view of the same individual.

SeDGEWICKIA ? CONCAVA , 27G

. Fig. 3. View of a right valve, as obtained by a gutta-percha impression in the natural mold.

AVICULOPECTEN CUIITO-CARDINALI8 273

Fig. 4. View of the specimen described, enlarged to twice the natural size.
AVICULOPECTEN Webejrensis 273

Fig. 5. View of a left valve, showing the strongly alternating coarser and finer striae.

AVICULOPECTEN PARVULUS , 274

Fig. 6. View of a left valve, enlarged to three times the natural size, showing the strong
elevated primary rays, with finer ones between.

Myalina Permiana : 276

Fig. 7. View of a cast of a right valve, showing the usual form. The outline at the beak
shows the extreme of other specimens.

Myalina aviculoides ' 275

Fig. 8. View of an internal cast of a left valve, with the impression of the extended beak
showing in the matrix.

GONIATITES KiNGII 271)

Fig. 9. Lateral view of a specimen of medium size, showing the deep umbilicus.

10. View of the opposite side of a similar individual, showing more distinctly the surface-

markings.

11. Profile view of the specimen fig. 9, showing the great width of the shell.

12. Sectional view, showing the proportional size of the volutions and depth of the um-

bilicus.

13. Profile view of a smaller individual, the outer volutions broken away to reveal the

lines of septa.

14. Profile of a septum from the latter, enlarged.

Cyrtoceras cessator 278

Fig. 15. Lateral view of the specimen described, showing the curvature of the tube and the
strong annulations.

Pentacrinus asteriscus? 280

Fig. 16. Enlarged view of a disk referred with doubt to this species. The figure is enlarged
two diameters.

Spirifera (Spiriferina?) Alia 281

Fig. 17. View of a ventral valve, showing the characters described.
Spiriferina Homprayi? 281

Fig. 18. View of an imperfect dorsal valve referred to this species.
Edmondla Myrina 283

Fig. 19. View of an imperfect left valve.

ASTARTB AREN08A — . 297

Fig. 20. View of a specimen of a left valve, enlarged.

21. View of a fragment of rock containing several individuals, InclndiDg the above. The
species is placed with some doubt on this plate among the Triasslc forms.

Terebratula Humboldtensis 282

Figs. 22-23. Dorsal and profile views of a specimen, showing strong plications on the front
of the valve.
24. Dorsal valve of another individual -nearly destitute of the plications.

U S. GeoIEzpl 40ParaUel

Upper Cartonifercus and Triassic

Plate 71.

1.

16.

10.

H.M.Martm Del.

J Biexi Kth. ..

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Page.
Rhynciionblla MyjsiNA • •. 284

Figs. 1-4. Dorsal, ventral, proj&le, and front views of a characteristic specimen.
5. Ventral valve, showing a variation of form in the sinas.

RayXCHONELLA GNATHOPUORAf 284

Fig. 6. View of the ventral valve referred with doubt to this species.

Tbrebratula Augusta 285

Fig. 7. View of a ventral valve of the usual form and size.

8-10. Dorsal, ventral, and profile views of a specimen, enlarged to two diameters.

GuYPiiJEA? Calceola var. Nkbrascensis ? 286

Fig. 11. Interior of the larger valve, showing the prevailing form which occurs in the
localities mentioned under the description.

OSTREA Engelmanni? ^ 285

Fig. 12. View of an impression of the interior of the attached valve.

Camptonectes bellistriatus 289

Fig. 13. View of an imperfect right valve of the siaie most common among those in the collec-
tion.

AVICULOPECTEN T (EUMICROTIS) AUGUSTENSIS ^ 288

Fig. 14. View of a right or flat valve.

15. A ieffc valve from the same specimen of rock.

16. Enlargement of stri;» from another individual, preserving the surface.

Camptonectes pertenuistriatUs 291

Fig. 17. View of a right valve of the species, enlarged to twice the natural si^e } the posterior
wing restored in outline.

Camptonectes extbnuatus ^^ ..i. 290

Fig. 18. A right valve, natural sii^e.
Natica! LelIa 298

Figs. 19-21. Three views of an individual of the ordinary size enlarged. 'Jthe Hlie near tig. 20
shows the natural height.

Trigonia quadrangularis , .*..-. 293

Fig. 22. View of an imperfect right valve, enlarged to twice the natural size. The outline
would seem to have been considerably extended posteriorly.

Lima (Plagiostoma) occidentalis 292

Fig. 23. View of a left valve, slightly restored at the beak and hinge, as also on the nmbone.
EUMICROTIS curtaI - 289

Fig. 24. View of a left valve, enlarged, showing the alternate size of the radii.
Septocardia Carditoidea 296

Fig. 25. View of the posterior end of the specimen described.
Septocardia typica 295

Fig. 26, Enlarged view of the exterior of a right valve, showing the general form and the
ornamentations on the ribs.

27. View of the interior of the same valves, showing the hinge-character? as described.

28. Enlarged hinge-line of the left valve.

29. Cast of a large right valve, enlarged to twice the natural size, to show the posterior

muscular scar.

H.M.Manm I' el

J.Bieii h^..

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE FORTIETH PARALLEL.
CLAEENCE KING, Geologist-in-chargk.

PART III.

OKNITHOLOGY.

BY

KOBERT RID G WAY.

303

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO PART III.

Page.

Inteoduotoey Lettee ^ 307

Geneeal Repoet:—

Desceiption op the Route 309

Physical Featuees of the Geeat Basin 313

Local Avifauna of the Geeat Basin 316

Desceiptions of Localities wheee Collections oe Obseeva-

tions weee made 328

GeNEEAL REMAEKS on THE AVIFAUNA OF THE GEEAT BaSIN 377

Catalogue of the Species Collected oe Obseeved 386

Repoet Peopee:—

Tuedid^— Theushes • 39i

Saxicolid-^— Stone-Chats 402

Cinolid^— Watee-Ouzels 406

Sylvhd^— Teue Waeblees 408

Paeid^— Titmice, oe Chickadees 410

SiTTiDJs— Nuthatches 415

Ceethiidje— Ceeepees 418

Teoglodytidjs— Weens 418

MoTACiLLiD^— Wagtails and Tit laeks, oe Pipits 426

/ Mniotiltid^— Ameeican Waeblees 427

oL ^^ HiEUNDiNiD^— Swallows : , 439

*^. ' Ampelid^— Wax-wings 446

' VlEEONID^— GEEBNLETS, OE ViEEOS. 448

Laniid^— Sheikes, oe Butchee-bieds 452

TANAGEIDiE— TANAGEES 454

FEINGILLID-2E— Finches, Spaeeows, and Buntings 455

AlAudid^— Laeks 498

IcTEEiD^— Hang-nests, oe Amebic an Oeioles 500

OoEviD^— -Ceows and Jays , 512

Tyeannid^— Tyeant Flycatchees 528

ALCEDINID^— KiNGFISHEES 545

PlCID^— WOODPEOKEES 545

CucuLiDJs — Cuckoos 558

Teoohilidje— Humming-bieds . ..^.... 558

Cypselid^— Swifts ... 564

OAPEIMULGIDiE— GoATSUOKEES . 567

Steigidje— Owls 669

Falconidje— Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, and Eites 575

20 PE

30G TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Report Pboper — Continued. Page.

Oathartid^— American Vultures 593

CoLUMBlD^—PiaEONS, OR DoVES . . 695

Tetraonid^ — Grouse 598

Perdicidje— Partridges and Quails 601

Charadriidje— Plovers , . . . . 603

Phalaropodid^ — Phalaropes 604

EECURVIROSTRID^— AVOOETS AND StILTS 605

ScoLOPAciDja— Snipe, Sandpipers, etc . , 606

GruiDwE— Cranes ^ 611

Rallid^— Rails, Gallinules, and Coots 612

Tantalid^— Ibises - , . , . 615

Ardeid-^— -Herons 616

Anatid^— Swans, Geese, and Bucks 610

Pelecanidje— Pelicans ,.•. 627

Graculid^— Cormorants . 635

Laridje— Gulls and Terns 636

PoDioiPiD^— Grebes 641

Index to Soientifio Names. 652

Index to Popular Names 663

Index to Indian Names 668

Index to Localities Described or Specially Referred to 669

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

Washington, D. C, November 18, 1876.

Sir: I transmit herewith a report on the ornithology of the route
explored by the United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth
Parallel, based upon field-work from June, 1867, to August, 1869, inclusive,
the time during which I had the honor to serve in the capacity of zoologist
to the expedition; the region investigated being that directly between
Sacramento City, CaUfornia, and Salt Lake City, Utah, including a few
points directly to the eastward of the last-mentioned locality.

The ornithological specimens preserved, and deposited in the National
Museum, at. Washington, number 1,522, of which 769 are skins, and 753
nests and eggs. This may seem a small collection proportioned to the time
employed in its formation, but the making of protracted field-observations
and the elaboration of notes therefrom were deemed of greater importance
than the amassing of a large duplicate collection. Moreover,. almost equal
attention was given to other branches of zoology, particularly to reptiles
and fishes, large series of which, representing very completely the fauna
of the country, w^ere placed, according to instructions, in the hands of
specialists for identification.^

The unusual facilities most generously afforded by you, and your kind
encouragement at all times, aided very materially the successful operations
of the zoologist; so that whatever is creditable in the results attained by
his labors, the merit is mainly due to yourself Another friend deserves
special mention in this connection for his valued assistance — Mr. H. G.
Parker, of Carson City, Nevada (at the time of the writer's connection with
the expedition Superintendent of Indian Affairs for that State), whose
frequent and gratuitous services contributed greatly to the completeness of
the natural history collections.

'The reports on these collections have not been received.

307

308 ORNITHOLOGY,

In the preparation of this report, the vahied facilities aflfbrded by the
Smithsonian Institution were availed of, through the courtesy and kindness
of Professor Joseph Henry, the Secretary of the Institution ; among the
many advantages thus secured being frequent access to a splendid working
library and an unrivaled collection of North American birds; The author
wishes also to express himself as particularly indebted to Professor Spencer
F. Baird, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and Curator of
the National Museum, for invaluable assistance kindly rendered throughout
the progress of the work.
I have the honor to be,

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

ROBERT RIDGWAY.
Ol^ence King, Esq.,

United States Geologist^

In charge of U. S. Geological Explorations^ 4tOth Parallel

GENERAL REPORT.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE.

The investigations on which the following report is based, were made
almost wholly within the limits of that vast interior region of continental
drainage known as the Great Basin, between the parallels of 39° and 42°
north latitude, collections having been made at but one outlying locality,
the vicinity of Sacramento City, California. As observations were extended
along the entire course of travel, however, from San Francisco to points in
Utah eastward of Salt Lake City, we shall not confine our treatise to the
limited region noted, but shall describe each of the main points where
observations were made and notes taken, in regular sequence.^

All the way from Panama to San Francisco several species of pelagic
birds followed our vessel, the Black-footed Albatross {Diomedia nigripes) and
White-headed Gull (Blasipus heermanni) being daily companions until we
entered the ^* Golden Gate." No land-birds made their appearance, how-
ever, until, when off the coast of Mexico, between Acapulco and Cape St.
Lucas, a solitary Mourning Dove (Zencedura carolinensis) made its appear-
ance one day about noon, and, although flying around the vessel for nearly
an hour, did not alight, but finally disappeared to the eastward, where no
land was in sight.

^ We reluctautly omit, as too far beyond the geographical province of our subject,
some notes on the Isthmus of Panama, where,. however, no North American birds were
seen, excepting some waiters, observed in the pools along the railroad, among which
were the Purple Gallinule {Oallinnla martinica) and the Little White Egret, or Snowy
Heron {Oarzetta candidis8ima). In the Bay of Aspinwall several Man-o-war Hawks
( Tachypetes aquila) were observed sailing in circles overhead, much in the manner of
Swallow-tailed Kites (Elanoides forficatus)) and in the Bay of Panama, on the opposite
(Pacific) side, Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus fmom) were particularly numerous, and
noticeable from their occupation of plunging from the air into the water after their
prey.

309

310 ORNITHOLOGY.

Arrived in California, no peculiarly western bird was observed until we
reached Sacramento City; since, after landing at San Francisco, only Purple
Martins {Progne suhis) and Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon lunifrons), which
swarmed about old buildings on certain streets, were seen, while the only
notes of other species heard were the familiar songs of caged Canary Birds.
The journey up the Sacramento River was equally disappointing in this
respect, since, though we kept a vigilant look-out from our post of observa-
tion on the hurricane deck of the steamer, none but familiar eastern species,
most of which were water-birds (Coots, Florida Gallinules, and various
species of ducks), were seen, the only land- birds being an occasional Belted
Kingfisher {Ceryle alcyon) perehed on an overhanging willow. During the
first day at Sacramento, however, we became familiarized with several of
the species peculiar to the western portion of the continent, but as this
locality brings us to the commencement of our observations in the field, we
shall begin a resume of the subject in another chapter.

1867. — The first camp of the survey was established at Sacramento
City, California, on the 6th of June, from which date collections were made
until July 4th, when the plains to the eastward and the Sierra Nevada were
crossed into Nevada. It is much to be regretted that no opportunity was
afforded for making collections along this route, especially in the western
foot-hills and in the pine-region of the western slope, since a number of
additional species and many valuable observations were thus lost to the
collection and archives of the exploration. After entering Nevada, the Big
Bend of the Truckee was selected for the first working-camp, and there we
remained from July 24th until August 18th; a portion of the time being
devoted to an excursion to Pyramid Lake, which was reached by descending
the river in a batteaUj the party returning on horseback, after about a week's
absence. During this trip the main island in the lake was visited. Our
investigations from the main camp also included several visits to the dry
caiions of the Virginia Mountains, about eight miles to the westward, across a
very sandy mesa. This camp was abandoned on the 25th of August, when we
started across the desert for Humboldt Lake; but upon reaching the latter
place the writer became a victim of malarial fever, wliich for weeks inter-
fered very materially with the prosecution of his duties. We next proceeded

DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE. 311

up the Humboldt River to Oreana, where a camp was fixed near the town,
but our stay was short on account of the spread of the fever in a very malig-
nant form, compelling the entire par|y to seek healthier water and purer air
in the high mountains to the eastward. A camp was accordingly made in
Wright's Caflon, on the western slope of the West Humboldt Mountains, a
locality which proved to be well adapted for a collecting-ground. This camp
was deserted, however, about the middle of September, for one on the eastern
slope of the same range, for which the town of Union ville, in Buena Vista
Canon, was selected. This proved to be the best locality, for birds, yet
visited. We left this place about the last of October, and moved westward
again, along the same route, toward winter-quarters. At the Humboldt
Marshes, on the 31st of October, several new species were added to the
collection during the single evening of our stay, but no further collections
were made until again at the Truckee Meadows, where we remained from
November 7th until the 21st of the same month; and from which place an
excursion to the Pea-vine Mountains, near the Sierra Nevada, was made
on the 20th inst, in company with Mr. H. G. Parker. From this camp we
repaired to Carson City, and remained there until the 5th of December,
when, after first spending one day in the pine forests of the Sierra near
Genoa, we revisited the Truckee Reservation near Pyramid Lake, through
facilitiesextended by Mr. Parker, who accompanied the writer and assisted
him in making his collections. This trip was made via the Carson River to
below Fort Churchill, whence the desert was crossed to the Big Bend of the
Truckee; but in returning the river was followed to the Meadows (at Glen-
dale), thence to Hunter's Station, and across the valley to the Steamboat
Springs, and over the Virginia Mountains, to Virginia City and Carson.

1868. — Winter-quarters at Carson City were left early in May, for the
Truckee Reservation, which was reached on the 14th inst. Large collections
were made here, the most important being from the island and '^pyramid"
in the lake, which we were enabled to visit through the kindness of Mr.
Parker, who placed his handsome j^acht ^* Nettie" at our service, and assisted
us to secure large numbers of the previously very rare eggs of several species
of water-fowl breeding on these islands. Early in June we repaired to
Virginia City, and thence to Austin, in the Toy abe Mountains, which were

312 ORNITHOLOGY.

reached on the first of July. Collections and valuable notes were made by
the way, especially at the Carson River, seven miles above Fort Churchill
(June 23d), Fort Churchill (June 24th)^ Nevada Statiop (June 25th), Soda
Lake, on the Carson Desert, (June 27th), Sand Springs, (June 29th),
Fairview Valley, (June 29th), and Edward's Creek (June 30th). At Austin
we remained only a few days, when, departing for Ruby Valley, we arrived
there July 13th, and camped at the base of the mountains, some four miles
northward of Fort Ruby. Toward the last of August we left this place
and proceeded northward along the foot of the East Humboldt Mountains,
pitching camps of a few days' duration at intervals of the journey. Crossing
the range through the pass known as Secret Valley, near Fort Halleck, we
approached the upper portion of the Humboldt River, and in continuing
northward camped on several of the streams flowing from the lofty Clover
Mountains into the Humboldt. The month of September was principally
spent in traveling northward to the Humboldt '* Wells,'* thence thi'ough
Thousand Spring Valley to the Goose Creek Mountains, crossing which
we entered the southern portion of Idaho at the **City of Rocks," the
most northern locality reached; from whence our course directed eastward
toward Salt Lake City, where we arrived early in October. At intervals
during the pursuance of the route traced, small collections were made, when
opportunity permitted; the principal stations being — "Overland Ranche,"
Ruby Valley, (August 26-29), "Camp 22," Ruby Valley, (September 4-5),
Secret Valley (September 6-8), Bearing's Ranche, Upper Humboldt Valley
(September 10-12), Trout Creek, Upper Humboldt Valley, (September 16-
20), Thousand Spring Valley (September 21-24), "City of Rocks," southern
'Idaho (October 3), and Deep Creek, northwestern Utah (October 5).

1869. — On the 20th of May of this year, collecting was begun at Salt
Lake City, and continued until June 21st, when we proceeded to Parley's
Park, about twenty-five miles to the eastward, in the Wahsatch Mountains.
In the meantime, Antelope, Stansbury, and Carrington Islands, in the Great
Salt Lake, were visited. On the 2d of July an excursion was made, in
company with the botanists of the expedition, eastward to the western
spurs of the Uintah Mountains; there we remained from the 3d until the 8th
instant, when we returned to the main camp in Parley's Park via the Provo

PHYSICAL FEATUIIES OF THE GEE AT BASIN. 313

Canon, Utah Lake, and Salt Lake City. Work was continued at main
camp until August 1 Gth, when collections and notes were packed and oui-
field-work ended.

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE ^REAT BASIN. -

While the region traversed by the survey after its equipment embraces
the entire distance from Sacramento City, California, to points in Utah
eastward of the Salt Lake Valley, the actual field-work began only at the
eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, and was thus entirely confined to the
interior area of continental drainage known to geographers as the Great
Basin, and which we shall frequently refer to in the following pages by this
name, as well as by that of the *' Interior," a convenient synonymous term.
This vast area corresponds almost strictly in its geographical boundaries
with the ^'Middle Province" of zoologists. The route of the expedition
was mainly across the middle portion of tlie Great Basin proper, so that
the fauna encountered was that typical of the Middle Province.

In few regions is the influence directed on the distribution of birds by
that of the plants so manifest to the observer as in the one under consid-
eration; and as vegetation is influenced so materially by configuration of
the surface, conditions of the soil, elevation, etc., a brief description of the
physical features of the country embraced within the limits of our trip is
necessary to the intelligent understanding of the nature of the Middle
Province avifauna, and the manner in which it is divided into bands of
restricted range, according to conditions of environment. Such an excellent
description of the field of our investigations has been given by Mr. Watson,
the botanist of the expedition, that we cannot do the subject greater justice
than to quote the following from *^ Geographical Notes," on pages xiii-xvii
of the Botanical Report:^ —

^ ProfessioDal Papers of the Eugineer Department, U. S. Army, No. 18. Report
of the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, made by order of the Secretary
of War according to acts of Congress of March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869, under the
direction of Brig, and B'vt Major-General A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, by
Clarence King, U. S. Geologist. Volume V, Botany. By Sereuo Watson, aided by
Prof. Daniel 0. Eaton and others. Submitted to the Chief of Engineers, and published
by order of the Secretary of War under authority of Congress. Illustrated by a Map
and Forty Plates. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1871.

314 ORNITHOLOGY.

This region constitutes the northern portion of what was at first designated as
the "Great Basin," the high plateau, without outlet for its waters, separated on the
north by low divides from the valley of the Snake River and continuing southward
until it merges into the desert of the Lower Colorado. Geologically considered^ how-
ever, as well as botanically, the term is now properly made to include the whole similar
arid stretch of country northward to the plains of the Oolumbia, in latitude 48<^.

The lofty and unbroken range of the Sierras bounds this section of the Basin
on the one side by its steep eastern slope, entering Nevada at only a single point,
where it throws over the border a high flanking-spur, the Washoe Mountains. On the
opposite side lies the broad and nearly equally elevated system of the Wahsatch,
broken through by the Bear, Weber, and Frovo Rivers, which head among the peaks
of the adjoining Uintahs. The intervening space, 460 miles broad in latitude 42*^, but
narrowed by the convergence of the opposing mountains to about 200 miles in latitude
370, is for the most part occupied by numerous short and somewhat isolated minor
ranges, having a general north and south trend, and at average distances of about
twenty miles. The bases of these ranges are usually very narrow, even in the most
elevated, rarely exceeding eight or ten miles in breadth, the slopes abrupt and the lines
of foot-hills contracted, the mesas grading at a low and nearly uniform angle into the
broad uninterrupted valleys. Over the larger portion of the territory, and especially
in Nevada, the combined areas of the valleys and the area occupied by the mountains
and accompanying foothills are very nearly equal. The main depressions within this
region are two^ one at the base of the Sierras at a level of aboat 3,850 feet above the
sea, into which flows all of drainage there is from the whole northern half of Nevada
and from the eastern slope of the Sierras, the other the "Great Salt Lake Basiiiy" at an
altitude 400 feet greater, close upon the base of the Wahsatch and receiving the waters
from that range above latitude 40<> and from the northeastern ix)rtion of the Uintahs.
Into the first flow the Truckee, Carson, Quinn's, and Humboldt Rivers. The Truckee
is a cle^r, cold stream, which issues from Lake Tahoe in the Sierras, and after a rapid
descent breaks through the Virginia Mountains and turning north soon empties into
Pyramid and Winnemucca Lakes. These are much the deepest of all the lakes of the
Basin, being hemmed in by mountains, and are moderately saline. The Carson River
also rises in the Sierras farther to the south, but after leaving the base of the moun-
tains is a less rapid stream and gradually becomes somewhat alkaline. Inclining more
to the eastward it forms a small shallow lake on the border of Carson Desert, and
thence issues hi a number of devious channels, and is finally spent in an extensive
*^sink^or alkaline mud-plain of some twenty or thirty miles in diameter. Of a like
character are the "Mud Lakes,'^ lying north of Pyramid Lake and fed by Quinn's
River, which has its source in southeastern Oregon. Beyond the limits of the survey
to the south are Walker's and some other smaller lakes, supplied by streams from the
Sierras, but all strongly saline*

From this western depression the general level af the country rises gradually to
the eastward very nearly to the border of Nevada, where the' valleys have an altitude
of about 6,000 feet. Here in the northeastern part of the State the Humboldt River
takes its rise, by far the most important river of the Basin, not only as the longest but
as opening a passage for three hundred miles to the Central Pacific Railroad through
the mountain ranges, that would otherwise have proved a serious obstruction. It is
nowhere a large stream, receives few affluents, and in some parts of its course is very

PHYSICAL FEATDEES OF THE GREAT BASIN. 315

tortuous. It at length spreads out into Humboldt Lake, shallow and subalkaline, and
from this the little remaining surplus water finds its way in a manner similar to the
Carson River into the same sink.

The descent of 2,000 feet from eastern Nevada into the Great Salt Lake Basin is
almost immediate, nearly the whole northwestern portion of Utah being an alkaline
desert, broken by fewer mountain or hill ranges, and but little above the level of the)
lake. The lake itself is for the most part very shallow, in no place over 60 feet in
depth, the waters a concentrated solution of salt. As with all these sheets of water
the shore line and consequent area vary greatly in different years.

The intermediate ranges of the Basin are very similar to each other in character.
They vary in altitude from one to G,000 feet above the valleys, culminating in occa-
sional peaks scarcely ever so rugged that they cannot be ascended from some direction
upon mules. They are cut up by numerous ravines or *'cailons," which are narrow,
very rarely with an acre of interval or surface approaching to a level, the sides some-
times rocky or precipitous, more frequently sloping to the summits of the lateral ridges.
In geological structure these ranges are more or less complicated, showing rocks of all
ages from the azoic to the glacial period, here metamorphic rocks, quartzites, slate, and
limestones, there an outburst of granite or syenite, volcanic rocks of often the most
diverse and picturesque colors, or broad table-lauds of lava overflow. The erosion and
decouiposition of these various rocks have filled the valleys to a monotonous level with
a detritus of gravel, sand or silt, and given to them that accumulation of alkaline salts
which is so marked a peculiarity of the country.

With few exceptions, also, these mountains are for most of the year wholly desti-
tute of water, with but small rivulets in the principal canons, frequently with only
scanty springs here and there at their bases, irrigating a few square yards of ground.
Even where the mountain supply is sufficient to send a stream into the valleys it is
usually either soon entirely evaporated, sinks into the porous soil, or becomes demor-
alized with alkali and is ^'losb" in the mud of the plain. The lowest portion of nearly
every valley is occupied by some extent of alkali flat, where in the winter season, the
water collects and the softened clay-like mud is bottomless and impassable. As
the moisture evaporates under the heat of coming summer the level naked surface
becomes hard and pavement-like, or covered with a snowy incrustation or deposit of
salt or carbonates. The springs and wells even are often more or less' saline, and
thermal springs are not rare.

The chief exceptional ranges in northern Nevada, which from their greater altitude
receive heavier snowfalls in winter, retained through the year in greater or less quantity
in the more sheltered depressions of the higher peaks, and which in summer are subject
to more abundant rains, are the West Humboldt Mountains, 100 miles east of the
California State line, the East Humboldt Mountains, 75 miles from the Utah line, and
the Toyabes, nearly intermediate between the two. Star Peak is the highest point of
the first range, with an altitude of nearly 10,000 feet, but with little deposit of snow
and the vegetation of the summit scarcely sub alpine. Several constant streams here
flow from the principal eastern canons and reach the middle of the valley, where they
supply irrigation for as many small ranches. The Toyabe Range, especially injts
southern portion, is higher, several of its peaks having an altitude of from 10,000 to
12,000 feet, with more snow and fuller streams. The waters of the eastern slope are spent
in Smoky Valley. On the western side lies Reese River, flowing northward toward the

316 ORNITHOLOGY.

Humboldt, of which it is a reputed tributary. lu the upper portion of its course of 350
miles it is reenforced to some extent by the drainage of the Shoshone Mountains, a
rather high range west of the Toyabes, but as it nears Humboldt Valley it diverges
into side-channels and seldom has volume sui&cient to reach the main river itself.

The East Humboldt Mountains are by far the most stern and alpine of all these
ranges, the main peaks between 11,000 and 13,000 feet in height, precipitous and
ragged, the deeper canons evidently scooped out by glaciers, gemmed with snow fed
lakes beneath the peaks and carrying full streams into the valleys. The southern
portion, however, below Fr^inont^s Pass, is less rugged and of different geological
structure, mainly of nearly horizontal strata of limestone. The canons here, often
mere gorges, with close precipitous walls, are perfectly dry on the eastern slope, the
melting snows sinking almost immediately, but reappearing at the base in bold ice-cold
springs. The water from these springs and streams reunites to form Ruby and Frank-
lin Lakes, bodies of nearly fresh water, very shallow, and largely occupied by a dense
growth of "Tule'' {Scirpvs validm). As usual in these ranges the western slope is much
the more gentle, with a broader line of foot-hills. The streams upon this side form the
South Fork of the Humboldt. The * Clover Mountains^ of the Catalogue form the
northern extremity of this range, isolated by a depression known as Secret Valley,
but of equal height and similar character.

Such is a general description of the country as far east of the foot of the
Wahsatch in Utah. These mountains, upon a broad base of nearly fifty miles in
width, and with an irregular crest-line 10-12,000 feet high, have a system of long,
deep, well-watered canons, often exceedingly rocky, and sometimes cleft like a gateway
to the valley level, with perpendicular mountain-walls on each side, but usually opeuing
out at some part of their course into meadow-like basins or "parks.^ The prevalent
western winds deposit their moisture, which they have gathered in the traverse of the
Basin, in abundant snows in winter and at other seasons in frequent and occasionally
heavy rains. The upper canons and mountain slopes are to some extent timbered,
much more generally so than in any of the ranges westward, and the naked peaks
above have a truly alpine vegetation. The Uintahs, which connect immediately with
the Wahsatch and extend eastward on the line of the 4l8t parallel for a distance of
one hundred and fifty miles to Green River, where they meet the outspurs of the
Rocky Mountains of Colorado, have more of the character of those mountains, with
broad open cafions and extended lines of foot-hills, the peaks overtopping those of the
Wahsatch, glacier-scored and polished at the northern base, but the declivity upou
the opposite side stretching southward beyond the limits of vision in a high plateau
broken only by the deeply-worn channels of numerous rapid streams, tributaries of
the Uintah and Green Rivers.

LOCAL AVIFAUNuE OP THE GREAT BASIN.

We have gone thus into detail with regard to the more prominent
characteristic features of the Great Basin for the reason that the distribu-
tion of the birds depends so much upon that of the vegetation; and as we
know that the latter is separated into several quite distinct groups, whose
distribution depends upon altitude, humidity, proportionate amount of

LOCAL AVIFAUNA OF THE GREAT BASIN. 317

alkaline salts in the soil, aiid other causes, we may easily correlate the bird-
fauna into corresponding sections.

The boundaries between local floras of entirely different character are
usually so abrupt in tlie Great Basin that often a single step will lead from
one to the other; thus, the upper limit of Ae *'pine belt" on the mountains
marks a given line where the trees disappear almost immediately, and these
begin almost as suddenly at the lower edge of the zone; narrow belts of
mountain mahogany, western cedar, or cedar and piilon together, may fol-
low in the order given, but there is usually no marked straggling of these
trees where they meet the sage-brush, as if disputing possession of the
ground. The sage-brush reigns supreme from the base of the foot-hills to the
brink of the mesa, or over the elevated plain extending from the foot of the
mountains to the narrow valleys of the streams, where only the steep, nearly
naked bluffs separate the squalid growth of the higher level from the more
thrifty growth of the same plants, first with grease-wood intermingled,
which occupies the outer portion of the valley-floor; then follows the green-
sward of salt-grass in the moister portion of the valley, while nearer the river
are thickets of low willows, or in exceptionally rich valleys buffalo-Jberry
and other shrubs, with cotton-wood trees interspersed. In a like manner
the luxuriant shrubbery of the mountains is usually restricted to the margin
of the brooks in the bottom of the callons or ravines, where often the slopes
so nearly meet that scarcely room is left for a trail. Such are the main
features of the distribution of vegetation in this region, subject, of course,
to numerous and sometimes, but not often, complicated local modifications.

The strict correlation between the birds and plants in this matter of
distribution was a fact immediately noticed, and the more firmly impressed
toward the close of our long period of observations in the field ; each local-
ity of particular vegetation being inhabited by its own peculiar set of birds
with almost unvarying certainty. In order to familiarize the reader with
the local causes which govern the distribution of the birds within the Great
Basin the acC/Ompanying arrangement of the more distinct types of locali-
ties is given, followed by lists of the species of birds characteristic of each.
It is of course to be understood that by characteristic we do not mean that
a bird is found in the sort of locality to which it is assigned, and nowhere

318 ORNITHOLOGY.

else, but simply that such a place is where it is most abundant, or most
likely to be found ; and also, that the arrangement presented is based upon
the distribution of the species during the breeding-season.

There are, however, certain species whose distribution seems to be in
nowise connected with vegetation, the considerations which influence their
range being the presence of water, of rocks, or of earth-banks ; but these
form a small proportion of the summer residents, most of them being the
water-fowl, and of these many might be assigned to the meadow series,
since they nearly all resort to the meadows to breed.

The main natural subdivisions of the avifauna of the Interior, as above
determined, are the following ; —

J. Arboreal Avifauna.

1. Birds of the pine-region, or higher coniferous forests. (18 species.)

2. Birds of the cedar or nut-pine groves. (9 species.)

3. Birds of the aspen groves or copses. (7 species.)

4. Birds of the canon shrubbery. (7 species.)

5. Birds of the wooded river-valleys. (25 species.)

IL Terrestrial Avifauna.

6. Birds of the sage-brush. (10 species.)

7. Birds of the mountain meadows, or parks. (9 species.)

8. Birds of the lowland meadows. (8 species.)

TIL Mural Avifauna.

9. Species strictly saxicoline. (2 species.)

10. Species saxicoline only in nesting habits. (5 species.)

11. Species nesting in earth-banks. (3 species.)

IV. Aquatic Avifauna.

12. Water birds. (41 species.)

1. Birds of the pine-region^ or higher coniferous woods. — Compared with
the general extent of the Interior; the wooded portions are exceedingly
limited, the only approach to a continuous forest encountered being that
clothing the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, and the more scant and
interrupted forests of the Wahsatch and Uintahs, on the opposite side of the
Basin. Between these two distant forest-clad mountain systems no true
forests exist, only a few of the loftier ranges supporting an extensive tree-
growth on their higher summits, forming islands, as it were, in a sea of desert.

LOCAL AVIFAUNA OF THE GREAT BASIN.

319

Woods of ConifersB form by far the greater part of the sylva of the Great
Basin, and though diflFering somewhat in their character have much the
same bird-fauna wherever they exist, the only decided difference with
locality being the replacing of species of one side by representative forms
on the opposite side. On the Sierra Nevada these forests are much more
extensive than anywhere to the eastward, and the growth far larger and
more dense, consisting chiefly of Pinus ponderosa^ but with which are mixed
Abies grandis^ A. menziesii^ A. douglasii, Libocedrus decurrenSj and perhaps
some other trees. Of these species, only the latter did not occur to the
eastward, where, on the higher ranges," as the East Humboldt, Wahsatch,
and Uintahs, Pinus halfourianUj P. flexilis, Abies englemanni^ A. amabilis (?),
and Jimiperics virginianus occurred as additional species.

The birds peculiar to these dark woods are far less numerous than those
found only in the more open and sunny groves of the river valleys, but eigh-
teen species being noted as peculiar to them, exclusive of those restricted to
one side of the Basin. The strictly pinicoline species are the following: —

l^ot arboreal.

1. Cinclus mexicanus.

2. Kegalus calendula.

3. Parus montanus.

4. Sitta aculeata.

5. Sitta canadensis.

6. Sitta pygmaea.

7. Certhia amerieana.

8. DendroBca audaboni.

9. Pyranga ludoviciana.

10. Loxia leucoptera.

11. CarpodaCQS cassini.

12. Ohrysomitris pinus.

13. Picicorvus columbiunas.

14. Contopus borealis.

15. Empidonax difficilis.

16. Sphyrapicus thyroideus.

17. Oanace obscura.

18. Bonasa umbelloides.

The representative and peculiar species of the opposite mountain sys-
tems are as follows : —

Eepresentative species.

Wahsatch and Uintahs.

Sierra Nevada.

X. Junco oregonus.
2. Oyanura frontalis.

1. Turdus ustulatus.

2. Sphyrapicus ruber.

3. Picas albolarvatus.

1. Junco caniceps.

2, Oyanura macrolopha.

Peculiar species.^

[None.J

^ Of these species the two in italics are represented in the eastern ranges by closely
allied forms, T. swainsoni and 8. nuchalis^ but they are not inhabitants of the pines,
the former being confined to the cafion shrubbery and the latter to the aspen groves.

320 ORNITOOLOGY.

2. Birds of the cedar or nut-pine groves,— Th^m groves are generally
found on the lower slopes and foot-hills of the desert ranges, between
elevations of about 5,000 and 7,000 feet, and occur even in the most barren
and arid districts. In general, two species, the western cedar (Juniperus
occidentalis) and the nut-pine, or pifion (Pinus monophyllm)^ are mixed
together, but often only one species, the former, is the sole constituent of
these groves, this being usually the case on the more barren mountains in
the absolutely waterless districts; the latter, on the other hand, prevailing
on those ranges which have copious streams in the canons. These trees are
of low, compact habit and unshapely form, their height rarely exceeding
15 feet, while the branches are characteristically crooked and the trunks
short, rugged, and twisted.^ Along the upper edge of this belt occur, more
or less plentifully, trees of the ^^ mountain mahogany" {Cercocarpus ledifoUus),
equally stunted and scraggy, but with scant, deciduous foliage. These
monotonous groves are seldom inhabited by many birds, but, on the other
hand, are often so nearly devoid of animal life that an entire day may be
spent among the gnarled and stunted trees without a single living thing
being seen, or a sound heard except the far-away croak of a solitary raven
from some distant hills. Sometimes, however, the profound silence is
broken for a moment by the chattering of a Gray Titmouse {Lophophanes
inornatus) or the twittering of a straggling troop of the diminutive *' Fairy
Titmice" {Psaltriparus plumbeus)j while the intruder may be suddenly
startled by the piercing whistle of a little Chipmunk {Tamias quadrivittatus).
Occasionally, a solitary Myiadestes townsendi flies silently by, and more
frequently a flock of querulous Piilon Jays {GymnoMtta cyanocephald)
sweeps overhead, when all is again silent. In case these woods occur on

^ On the foot-bills or lower slopes of the Wahsatch these woods are represented
by the dwarf-oak ** scrub'' — the western cedar having disappeared far to the westward.
This scrub consists of a dense growth of oak bashes about 5-15, rarely 20, feet high,
the species being considered by botanists a dwarf form of Quercus alba. The birds
inhabiting these ojaks are much the same as those found in the eedar and nut-pine
groves, with the exception of GymnoMtta cyanocephala and Myiadestes townsendij the
first of which appears to be peculiar to the cedars, while thd other occurs elsewhere
only in the high coniferous woods. In addition to these species, Helminthophaga vir-
ginios^ Pipilo megalonyx^ and Cyanocitta tcoodhousii may be regarded among the most
characteristic species of the pak thickets.

LOCAL AVIFAUNA OF THE GREAT BASIK 321

the foot-hills and lower slopes of the higher and more fertile ranges, they
may be occa-sionally visited by several species from the pine-region higher
up, or from the adjacent cafion shrubbery. The following, however, are
particularly characteristic of the cedar and nut-pine groves: —

1. Myiadestes townsendi.

2. Sialia arctica,

3. Lophophanes inornatus.

4. Lanivireo plambeus.

5. Collurio excubitoroides.

6. Spizella arizonsB.

7. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus.

8. Gyranokitta cyanocephala.^

9. Empidonax obscarus.

3. Birds of the aspen groves and copses. — The aspens {Populus trem-
uloides) occur only on the higher, well-watered ranges, commonly in the
upper canons, in moist and sheltered situations just below the fields or
patches of perpetual snow. The slender trees composing these groves or
copses are seldom large, never, except perhaps on certain of the more
eastern ranges, exceeding 30 or 40 feet in height, and usually not more than
half so tall. They are of straight, clean habit, however, with a smooth
whitish-green bark, and are carpeted underneath by a varied herbaceous
growth, among which beautiful ferns are sometimes conspicuous. The
characteristic birds of the aspens are not numerous, the following being all
, that were noted: —

1. Tardus inigratorius.

2. Progne subis.

3. Helminthophaga celata.

4. Empidonax obscurus.

5. Empidonax hammondi.

6. Picas gairdneri.

7. Sphyrapicus nuchalis.

Several of the above, or all with the exception of the last three, and
Helminthophaga celata, are rather to be considered as species of general and
variable range, since they may sometimes be found in very considerable
abundance in other wooded localities.

4. Birds of the canon shrubbery. — Several of the higher ranges of the
Interior receive sufficient precipitation, or retain throughout the summer
snow enough near their summits, to supply the main ravines and caiions
with constant streams of water; and these nourish a thrifty or often luxu-
riant shrubby growth along their banks, where many species of birds resort,

^ This species we believe to be entirely pecaliar to these woods, its food appar-
ently consisting exclasively of the seeds and berries of the nat-pine and cedar.
21 PE

322 ORNITHOLOGY,

as their favorite haunt. These shrubs are of various species, different ones
of which predominate in different localities, the more common kinds being
Cornus pubescens^ upon the berries of which many birds feed almost exclu-
sively in the fall, Sambucm glauca^ Prunus demissay Bibes irriguum^ Alnus
incanUf and, more rarely, Cratmgus rivularis^ while in many localities species
of Salix are also a common component of the thickets along the cafion
streams.^ The birds particularly characteristic of this section are: —

1. Psaltriparos plurabeus.

2. Geothlypis macgillivrayi.

3. Hedymeles melanocephalus.

4. Cyanospiza amoeaa.

5. Melospiza fallax.

6. Cyanocitta woodhousii.

7. Empidonax pusillus.

In addition to these, Turdm swainsonij^ Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Seto-
phaga ruticillay^ and Passerella schistacea were found in the Wahsatch region.

5. The Birds of the wooded river-valleys, — As a rule, the valleys of the
rivers in the Great Basin are destitute of trees, like the adjacent mesas ; but
in the '* western depression" are two notable exceptions in the Truckee and
Carson Rivers, both of which are bordered along the lower portion of their
course by inviting groves or scattered clumps of large and beautiful cotton-
wood trees {Populus monilifera) and dense copses of a smaller species,
P. trichocarpa. The buffalo-berry (Shepherdia argentea) and willows {Salix,
species) foim the greater part of the shrubbery, but they are associated
with numerous other woody plants. In the possession of these features
the lower portions of the valleys of both the above-named streams share
in common, but the timber along the latter is less regularly distributed,
although in places equally extensive.

Localities so inviting as these being extremely rare and distant from
each other, it follows as a natural consequence that the birds are found
greatly multiplied both in species and individuals in these restricted oases.

Un the East Humboldt MouDtaios, but more especially in the Wahsatch, other
species, belonging to the Boeky Mountiiin region, are added, the number being small
in the first-named range, but in the latter very considerable, and embracing several
eastern species. In the canons of the Wahsatch, for instance, are found Betula oeci-
dentalisj Rhus aromaticay R. glabra, Acer grandidentatum^ Negiindo aceroides, and 8am»
hucus racemosa. [See Watson, Botanical Eeport, p. xxxvii.]

^ Found also as far west as the East Humboldt Mountains, in September.

^Noticed only in the lower portion of the canons, and more commonly in the
valleys, as was also the case with Oaleoscoptes carolitiifnsis.

LOCAL AVIFAUNA OP THE GREAT BASIN. 323

Indeed, to realize how attractive the river-valleys must be to the feathered
tribe, one has but to cross the almost limitless desert on either side, with a
scorching sun overhead and little else than glaring, heated sand beneath
his feet, and after thus suffering all day come suddenly to the verge of
one of these lovely valleys, with the fields and groves of verdure close
by, while the refreshing breeze brings to the ear the rippling of cooling
waters and the glad voices of the birds ! The merry Uttle Wood- Wrens
{Troglodytes parJcmanni) gabble and chatter among the trunks and massive
branches of the old cotton- wood trees; black-and-orange orioles (Icterus
bullocki) and crimson-headed linnets (Carpodacus frontalis) whistle plaint-
ively or chant a cheerful ditty as they sport among the leafy branches,
while from the willows or the more open thickets is heard the mellow flute-
like song of the Black-headed Grosbeak (Hedymeles melanocephalus).

The birds most characteristic of the wooded river-valleys are the
following: —

1. Sialia mexicana.

2. Troglodytes parkmanni.

3. Dendrceca SBStiva.

4. Geothlypis trichas.

5. Icteria longicauda.

6. Myiodioctes pusillus,

7. Tachycineta bicolor.

8. Vireosylvia swaiasoni.

9. Carpodacus frontalis.

10. Chrysomitris tristis.

11. Oyanospiza amcena.

12. Pipilo oregonus.

13. Icterus DuUocki.

14. Pica hudsonica.

15. Tyrannus carolinensis.

16. Tyrannus verticalis.

17. Myiarchus cinerascens*

18. Contopus richardsoni.

19. Empidouax pusillus.

20. Coccyzus americanus.

21. !^reph(Bcetes borealis.

22. Ohaetura vauxi.

23. Otus wilsonlanus.

24. Falco sparverius.

25. ZensBdura carolinensis.

6. Birds of the sage-brush. — The term "sage-brush" is the western
vernacular for that shrubby growth which prevails over the valleys, mesas,
and desert mountain- slopes of the Great Basin to the utter exclusion of all
other vegetation, except in isolated and extremely restricted places. One
species, the "everlasting sage-brush" (Artemisia tridentata)^ composes by
far the larger part of that growth, "covering valleys and foot-hills in broad
stretches farther than the eye can reach, the growth never so dense as to
seriously obstruct the way, but very uniform over large surfaces, very
rarely reaching to the saddle-height of a mule, and ordinarily but half that

324 ORNITHOLOGY.

altitude." The species just mentioned is not the exclusive component of
the "sage-brush'' however, for quite a number of other shrubs, belonging
to many genera and several widely-different orders, are mingled with it in
varying abundance, according to the nature of the soil, some prevailing on
the most arid or sandy places, and others thriving best where the soil is
strongly alkaline. Those additional to the species given above, a're mainly
the following, named in the order of their abundance: Ohione con ferti folia
("grease-wood"), 0. canescem^ Sarcobatus vermiculatuSy Linosyris viscidiflora,
Qrayia polygaloides, Halostachys occidentalism Linosyris graveolens ("broom-
sage"), Artemisia trifida, A. spinescens, JEurotia lanata, Purshia tridentata^
Ephedra anHsyphilitica^ and Tetradymia canescens. [See Botanical Report, p.
xxvi.] Tlie genera named above belong to the following orders: Artemisia,
Linosyris J and Tetradymia to the Compositse; Ohione^ Sarcobatus , Grayia,
and Eurotia to the Chenopodiacese; Purshia to the Rosacae, and Ephedra
to the Gnetacese. The general aspect of these plants is quite the same,
however, in the different species, all having a similar scraggy, stunted
appearance, with dull-grayish foliage in which there is but the slightest
suspicion of green, and a characteristic, disagreeable, pungent odor; and
in the utter absence of other shrubs over areas hundreds of square miles
in extent, they constitute a most miserable apology for vegetation.

The most numerous animals of these arid wastes are the various species
of lizards, which are startled at every step as one walks along, and run
nimbly to one side — some kinds disappearing like a flash, so swift are they,
while the larger species in their flight scatter the fine gravel and sand so as
to make it fairly rattle. These reptiles were most numerous in the western
depression, and it was found that they abounded most on the burning
deserts, farthest from water.

The birds characteristic of the sage-brush are not numerous, either as
to species or individuals, but several of them are peculiar to these districts;
the characteristic or peculiar species are these: —

1. Oreoscoptes montanus.

2. Amphispiza nevadensis,

3. Amphispiza bilineata.

4. SpizeDa breweri.

5. Chondestes grammaca.

G. Ereinopliila alpestris.

7. Antrostomus nottalli.

8. Chordeiles henryi.

9. S^>eotyto hypogaea.

10* Centroeercus urophasianus.

LOCAL AVIFAtJN^ OP THE GREAT BASIN. 325

7. Birds of the mountain-meadows or ^^parhsP — On the higher ranges
of the Interior, the gentle slopes of the upper canons support the richest
or most varied vegetation of the entire region ; especially is this the case
when they incline so gently as to form broad and nearly level meadows on
either side of the main stream, with pine forests and snow-fields on the
higher ridges and a copious volume of water in all the brooks and rivulets.
Here the streams are bordered for their whole length with a luxuriant
shrubbery, the bushes consisting of numerous species, and overtopped here*
and there by occasional trees of the narrow-leafed cotton-wood (Fopulus
angiistifoUa)j sometimes of 50 or 60 feet in height The higher slopes are
densely matted with low but vigorous bushes of ^^laurel" {Ceanothus
velutinus, C, sorediatus, and, in some ranges, Arctostaphylos glaitca)^ with
coriaceous, shining, deep- or dark-green foliage. The greater portion of
these upper slopes, however, are mainly covered with a rank herbaceous
growth, composed of very numerous species, and in season brilliant with a
variety of flowers of beautiful or showy appearance, among which the blue
spikes or panicles of Ltipinus and Pentsiemon, the orange-red bracts of
Castilleia, and the lovely scarlet blossoms of Gilia aggregata are among the
most conspicuous. Species of Geranium are also very prevalent in places,
while, in many localities, low bushes of SympJioricarpus montanus are scat-
tered through the herbage.

The birds most characteristic of these flowery slopes are not numerous,
but among them are several fine singers, whose clear and musical voices are
among the pleasant memories of these salubrious spots^ The following are
the most characteristic species : —

1. Zonotriohia intermedia. ( Western ranges,)

2. Zonotriohia leucopbrys. {Eastern ranges.)

3. Passerella schistacea.

4. Pooecetes confinis.

5. Melospiza lincolni.

6. Pipilo chlorurus,

7. Stellula calliope.

8. Selasphorus platycercus.

9. Trochilus alexaudri.

8. Birds of the lowland -meadows, — The lowland meadows include the
bright sward of ''salt- grass" {Brizopyrum spicatumj van strictum) oi the low
river- valleys, the ''bunch grass" {Poa tenuifolia and Eriocoma cuspidata^y
scattered over the foot-hills, the patches of "rye-grass" [Elymus condensatus?)

326 ORKITHOLOGY.

near the entrance to the cations, and also the sedge and tule marshes, in
the neighborhood of the lakes and rivers. The birds most characteristic of
the meadows are all mostly pecuHar to them, being seldom if ever found in
other locaHties. Besides the land-birds here enumerated, a multitude of the
water-fowl resort to the meadows during the breeding-season, but these are
best given in a separate list. The most characteristic birds of the meadows
are the following: —

1. Telmatodytes paludicola Marslies.

2. Coturniculus perpallidus Dry meadows.

3. Passerculas alaudinus Wet meadows.

4. Agelseus phcBniceus Marshes.

6, Xanthoceplialus icterocephalu8..Jlf ar«i^e«.

6. Starnella neglecta Everywhere except in marshes.

7. Pedicecetes columbianus Dry meadows.

8. Grus canadensis - Wet meadows.

9-11. Mural Avifauna. — This group is a rather heterogeneous one,
part of the species being saxicoline, while others nest in vertical banks of
earth; and of the former only two species keep altogether among the rocks,
the others merely breeding there, the greater part of their time being spent
in obtaining their food in other localities.

They may be grouped as follows: —

a. Species strictly samcoline.

^ rA R. ' > Modifying their habits in neighborhood of settlements.

2. Catherpes conspersus. \^ ^^ ^ ^ j

b. Species saxicoline only in nesting habits.

3. Tacliycineta thalassina. — {In other districts said to be arboreal.)

4. Petrochelidon lunifrona. ^

6. Hirando horreorum, > Habits modified in settled districts.

6. Sayornis sayus. J

7. Panyptila saxatilis.

c. Nesting in earth-banhs,

8. Ootyle riparia.

9. Stelgidopteryx serripennis.
10. Ceryle alcyon.

To group **6" of this list might be added such species as Aquila cana-
densis and Falco polyagrus, since these species usually build their eyries on

LOCAL AVIFAUNA OF THE GREAT BASIN.

327

the narrow ledges or in niches on the face of cliffs, but their nesting-habits
are too variable. The same objection might be urged in regard to Tachy-^
cineta thalassina^ since in some localities this species nests in hollow trees,
but along our route we found it to be everywhere strictly saxicoline.

12. Aquatic birds. — This group includes the vast multitude of water-
fowl, both waders and swimmers; these inhabit chiefly the valleys, the
following being the species which breed in the interior: —

1. -^Egialitis vociferus.

22. Branta canadensis.

2. JSgialitis nivosus.

23. Anas boschas.

3. Steganopus wilsoni.

24. Ohaulelasmus streperus.

4. Recurvirostra americana.

25. Daflla acuta.

5. Himantopus mexicanus.

26. Spatula clypeata.

6. Numenius longirostris.

27. Querquedula discors.

7. Tringoides macularius.

28. Querquedula cyanoptera.

8. Rhyacophilus solitarius.

29. Nettion carolinensis.

9. Tringa bairdi.

30. Mareca americana.

10. Triaga minntilia.

31. Aix sponsa.

11. Ereunetes pusillus.

32. Erisniatttra rubida.

12. Falcinellus guarauna.

33. Larus californicus.

13. Falcinellus thalassinus.

34. Sterna regia.

14. Ardea herodias.

35. Sterna fosteri.

15. Herodias egretta.

36. Hydrochelidou lariformls*

16. Nyctiardea nsevia.

37. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus

17. Botaurus minor.

38. Graculus floridanus.

18. Ardetta exilis.

39. Podiceps occidentalis.

19. Eallus yirgiuianus.

40. Podiceps cristatus.

20.-Porzaiia Carolina.

41. Podiceps califomicas.

21. Porzana jamaicensis. f

In the preceding lists of the species characterizing special faunal sub-
districts of the Great Basin, we have included mainly those which are
common to the entire breadth of the Province. Other species, which might
properly be assigned to these lists with respect to their habitats, are
excluded, from the fact that they belong to only one side or the other of the
Basin. The western series was lost almost immediately after our departure
from the Sierra Nevada, very few being found even so far to the eastward of
that range as the West Humboldt Mountains. The eastern series, however,
presented itself much more giradually, additional species being met with in
each successive high range to the eastward, the first of them appearing on

328 ORNITHOLOGY.

the lofty Toyabe Mountains, while a more decided accession of Rocky
Mountain and Eastern forms was noticed on the Ruby and East Humboldt
ranges, where, however, the numbe? was far less than that encountered on
the Wahsatch and in the. Salt Lake Valley.

DESCRIPTION OP LOCALITIES WHERE COLLECTIONS OR OBSERVATIONS WERE MADE.

1. Vicinity of Sacramento City, California (June 6-29, 1867.) — The
period of our stay at Sacramento being the midst of the dry season, when
the valleys of California are parched by the excessive and protracted
drought, the bird-life was found to be comparatively scant, and, as in the
Interior, though not to so great an extent, confined within the very restricted
limits where the vegetation was nourished by the presence of water —
either that of natural streams or that derived from artificial irrigation. But
even there the abundance of the birds was due to the number of individ-
uals of each kind, rather than of the species themselves. Away from the
vicinity of the city, the country at the time of our sojourn presented a
scorched appearance, the rolling plains being destitute of rivulets or pools,
all the surface-moisture having been long since extracted by the excessive
and prolonged heat; the ground itself was baked to a tile-like hardness
except where ground to dust, and what remained of the grass and herbage
was burnt to a dingy yellow, while the scant foliage of the scattered oaks
was desiccated to a russet-brownness. In the moister locations, near the
river, the aspect of the landscape was more inviting, however, for green
meadow-lands prevailed, with woods of good-sized trees along the river
bank (among which the western plane tree, Platanus racemosa, was con-
spicuous from its white branches), with a pleasing variety of oak, willow,
and cotton-wood copses, interspersed with cultivated farms, with here and
there isolated large cotton-wood trees left in the fields for shade. Exten-
sive marshes, connected with the river, were filled with tall rushes, or tule
(Scirpus validly) J Bxid other aquatics, many of them being hemmed in by
skirting jungles of willows and other shrubs, having a dense, often impen-
etrable, undergi*owth. Waste places were overspread by a rank growth
of wild chamomile, or dog-fennel {Maruta cotula), and large thistles, the
latter standing chiefly in the fence-comers, where they presented to the

DESCRIPTION OP OAMPS. 329

intruder a repellent front of frightful thorny spines. Upon the whole, but
for the blue mass of Monte Diablo looming in the south, the long dim range
of the Sierra Nevada bounding the eastern horizon, its crown of snow-
fields glittering in the sunlight, and the brown Coast Range visible to the
westward, one might readily imagine a familiar scene in the Mississippi
Valley, so similar is the general aspect of the vegetation, in all its charac-
teristic features, to that of a semi-prairie district, during the corresponding
season. Not less striking was the likeness between the bird-fauna of the
vicinity of Sacramento and that of a locality in the same latitude in the
Mississippi Valley, although, as regards the number of species, the latter
is by far the richer, since in Illinois, Missouri, or Iowa, an area having
a relative proportion of prairie and woodland corresponding to the locality
under consideration, will be found to possess at least one hundred species
of birds during the breeding-season, many more having been found in
certain districts.^

Our camp was estabhshed in a very favorable locality, the outskirts of
the city, where the surroundings were a pleasing variety of meadow and
thicket, with the best collecting spots at convenient distance. The charac-
teristic birds were the Red-head Linnet {Carpodacus frontalis), Gold-Finch
(Chrysomitris tristis), Yellow Warbler (Dendrceca (estiva), Chipping Sparrow
(Spizella ari^once), £inA Wood Pe wee [Contopus richardsoni), among the oaks;
the Black-headed Grosbeak (Hedymeles melanocephalus), Traill's Flycatcher
{Empidonax pusillm , and Least Vireo {Vireo pmillm), in the willow and
cotton-wood copses; the Blue Grosbeak (Guiraca coerulea), Lazuli Bunting
{Cyanospiza amcena). Brewer's Sparrow {Spizella breweri), and Lark Bunting
{Chondestes grammaca)j in the fields; Western King Bird (Tyrannus verticalis)
and Bullock's Oriole {Icterus buUocki), in the large isolated cotton-wood
trees; the Long-tailed House Wren {Thryomanes spilurm), and, if near
water, the Black Pewee {Sayornis nigricans), about dwellings, with a great
variety of water-fowl, identical in species with those inhabiting similar
places in the Eastern States, found in the tule sloughs.

^ In the lower Wabash VaUey, of Indiana or Illinois, more than one huudred and
fifty species are known to breed. [See Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1874.]

330 ORNITHOLOGY.

The following is a complete list of the birds found breeding at Sacra-
mento between June 6th and July 4th : —

1. Thryomanes spilurus Common, f

2. DendroBca sestiva Abundant

3. Geothlypis trichas * Abundant

4. Icteria lobgicauda Abundant

5. Hirutido horreorum Abundant

6. Progue subis Abundant

7. Petrochelidon luuifrons Abundant

8. Cotyle riparia Common*

9. Stelgidopteryx serripennis Common.

10. Vireosylvia swaiosoai Common.

11. Vireo pusillus Common.

12. CoUurio excubitoroides Comm^tn.

13. Carpodacus frontalis .Abundant

14. Chrysomitris tristis Abundant

15. Coturniculus perpallidus Common.

16. Chondestes grammaca Abundant

17. Melospiza Heermanni * Common.

18. Spizella breweri Common.

19. Spizella arizonsB Common.

20. Hedymeles melanocephalus Common.

21. Guiraca cserulea Common.

22. Cyanospiza amoBna Common.

23. Pipilo oregonus - Common.

24. Agelaeus gabernator Abundant

25. AgelaBus tricolor Abundant

26. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus Abundant

27. Bturnella ueglecta Common.

28. Icterus buUocki Abundant

29. Tyrannus verticalis .Abundant

IW« Sayornis nigricans Rare.

31. Oontopus richardsoni Abundant

32. Empidonax pusillos Abundant

33. Coccyzus americanus Bare.

34. Oalypte annaa ^ Common.

35. Trocbilus alexandri Common,

36. Golaptes mexicanus Bare.

37. Otus wilsonianas Common.

38. Speotyto hypogsea .; ....Abundant

39. Falco sparverius Abundant

40. Zensedara carolinensis # Abundant

41. -ZEgialitis vociferus Abundant

42. Ardea berodias Common.

43. Herodias egretta Bare.

DESCRIPTION OP CAMPS. 331

44. Batorides virescens Abundant

45. Nyctiardea nsevia Canmm*

46. Gallinula galeata Abundant

47. Fulica americana Abundant

48. Anas boschas Abundant

49. Chaulelasmus streperus Abundant

50. Querquedula cyanoptera Abundant

6L Aythya sp.? Abundant

52. Larus sp.f Abundant

53. Sterna forsteri ? Abundant

54. Hydrochelidon lariformis .Abundant

Having alluded to the close similarity between the bird-fauna of tne
vicinity of Sacramento City and that of a locality of corresponding latitude
in the Mississippi Valley, we select from the above list the species not
belonging to the latter locality, they being as follows : —

1. Vireo pusillus.

2. CarpodacQS frontalis.

3. Spizella brewed.

4. Cyanospiza amoena.

5. Hedymeles melanocephalus.

6. Pipilo oregonas.

7. AgelsBUS tricolor.

8. Icterus buUocki.

9. Tyrannus verticalis.

10. Sayornis nigricans.

11. Contopus richardsoni.

12. Calypte annsB.

13. Trocbilas alexandri.

14. Colaptes mexicanus.

15. Speotyto hypogSBa.

16. Qaergnedala cyanoptera.

Twelve of the above species are repesented east of the Rocky Mount-
ains by species so similar in appearance or habits that, to the common
observer, they might readily pass for the same birds. These represent-
ative species are the following: —

Western representatives. Eastern represenUUwet,

Vireo pusillus, representing Vireo belli.

Spizella bre weri, representing Spizella pallida.

Hedymeles melanocephalus, representing .Hedymeles ludovicianus.

Cyanospiza amcena, representing Cyanospiza cyanea.

Pipilo oregonus, representing Pipilo erythrophthalmus.

Icterus bullocki, representing Icterus baltimore.

Tyrannus verticalis, representing ... Tyrannus carolinensis.

Sayornis nigricans, representing Sayornis fuscus.

Contopus richardsoni, representing.. Contopus virens.

Trochilus alexandri, representing Trochilus colubris.

Colaptes mexicanus, representing Colaptes auratus.

Querquedula cyanoptera, representing Querquedula discors.

332 ORNITHOLOGY.

It will thus be observed that the general fades of the avian-fauna of
the two remote regions is so similar that out of a total of 54 species noted
at Sacramento, only 4 are unrepresented in the eastern locality !^

2. From the Sacramento River to the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada (July
4-5). — This route lay across a rolling plain, of a character similar to
that described before, except that the monotony of the dusty landscape
was more frequently relieved by groves of low, spreading oaks, while occa-
sional spots near springs or along running streams were quite refreshing
from the cool shade they afforded. Such places were usually the site of a
ranche, and called to mind a country-place in one of the iess-thickly wooded
portions of the Eastern States, the oak trees which, almost exclusively,
composed the groves being exceedingly similar in size and general appear-
ance to the white oak (Quercus alba). Among these trees sported the
California and Nuttall's Woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus and Pious
nuttalU)j whole troops of chattering Yellow-billed Magpies (Pica nuttalli),
and an occasional screeching Valley Jay {Gyanocitta calif ornica). The other
species seen in these groves were the Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus
cinerascens)^ Lewis's Woodpecker {Melanerpes torquatus\ Black-capped
Chickadee {Parus occidentalis), House Wren (Troglodytes parkmanni), Com-
mon Crow (Corvus americamts). Bam Owl (Strix pratincola), Mottled Owl -
(Scops asio), and Red-breasted Hawk (Buteo elegans)\ while on the plains, the
Homed Lark (Eremophila chrysolcet^ia)^ Burrowing Owl (Speotyto hypogcea),
and Turkey Buzzard (Bhinogryphus aura) were observed. Nearly all these

^ The jvinter fauna would, of course, be considerably diflPerent from that observed
by us, on account of accessions from the ranks of species which spend the snminer in
the mountains or farther northward, as well as by the absence of some of the summer
visitors. An esteemed correspondent, Mr. Gilbert R. Lansing, of San Francisco, has
furnished a list of birds collected by him at Sacramento in March, 1873, which includes
the following species not in our enumeration of summer birds: —

1. Chamsea fasciata. March 23. 5. Cyanocitta californica.

2. Hesperiphona vespertina. March 16. 6. Zonotrichia intermedia.

3. Junco oregonus. ?• Zonotrichia coronata. March 23.

4. Corvus carnivorus. 8. Melospiza guttata. March 16.

Of the above, specimens were ^nt of Nos. 1, 2, 6, 7, and 8.

DESOEIPTION OF CAMPS. 333

species were noticed from the very beginning' of the open country, on the
outskirts of the city, to the first foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada.

3. The Sierra Nevada (July 6-12). — The rolling plains became so
gradually modified into more pronounced undulations, and these so imper-
ceptibly into decided hills, that there was no abrupt change noticeable in
either the fauna or the flora. With the first pine trees, however, were
observed the Robin {Turdus migratorius), the California Bluebird (Sialia
mexicana)j and Brown Creeper (Certhia americana); while among the thick
chaparral of the ravines and hill-sides the following species were seen for
the first time: —

a. Western foot-hills (July 6-7).

1. Psaltriparus minimus.

2. Polioptila (cserulea?)

3. Chrysomitris lawrencii.

4. Pipilo crissalis.

6. Lophortyx califomicus.

These species were not seen near the summit, but were gradually left
behind as we ascended the now steeper slopes and entered a denser forest,
where large and lofty cgniferse became exclusive. The three species pre-
viously mentioned, however, continued with us during the journey. As was
the change from the plains to the foot-hills a very gradual one, so did the
mixed woods and chaparral of the latter, in which deciduous trees and
shrubs abounded, become as imperceptibly transformed into denser and
loftier forests, where coniferse first greatly prevailed and then constituted
the entire sylva. The change was indeed so gradual that we could detect
no well-defined point where there was a marked difiference in the birds
observed; one species after another being left behind, while one hj one new
ones made their appearance, so that it was found impossible to fix a bound-
ary-line between two regions. The ^^ Mountain Jay" {Cyanura frontalis)
was met with long before we lost sight of the ^* Valley Jay" {Gyanocitta
californica), and the *' Valley Quail" (Lophortyx californicus) was common,
and leading its young, in ravines, beside which the pines resounded with
the screams of the Mountain Jay and Nutcracker (Picicorvus columUanus)
and the tapping of pinicoline Woodpeckers (Sphyrapicus ruber and Picus
albolarvatus).

334 ORNITHOLOGY.

6. Tlw western slope.
At an altitude of about 5,000 feet, all the species characteristic of the
foot-hills were lost sight of, the Louisiana Tanager (Pyranga ludoviciana)
and Audubon's Warbler {Dendrxca auduboni) made their first appearance,
the Mountain Jay and Nutcracker and the Woodpeckers above mentioned
became more numerous, while the dark ravines below the road echoed with
the carols of Townsend's Solitaire {Myiadestes townsendi) and the Oregon
Thrush fTurdus ustidatus\ and the chattering of the Dippers {Cinclus mex-
icanus),

c. The summit (July 9).

At an altitude of about 7,000 feet snow lay, even at this season of the
year, in situations protected from the sun. The pine forests continued, but
were more interrupted, with occasional park-like openings, in one of which,
known as the ^* Summit Meadows," we established our camp. Snow-capped
peaks were in sight on every hand, while around the borders of the broad
meadow snow-banks lay, protected by the shade of the majestic pines; and
a strange sight it was tO see, almost touching the snow, beds of flowers
which, in variety of form and splendor of coloring, might vie with the
choicest to be seen in our gardens or conservatories; while the park itself
was so overspread by a plant bearing bright-yellow blossoms, that this was
the prevailing color of the surface. Scattered over this meadow were clumps
of low spreading dwarf- willow bushes, from the tops of which numerous
White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia intermedia) were singing beau-
tifully during the evening, and now and then throughout the night. The
other more conspicuous birds of this charming spot were the Common
Robin {Turdus migratorius), the California Bluebird {Sialia mexicana), and
the Oregon Snow-bird (Junco oregonus)}

^Owiug to the UDsatisfactory nature of oar opportunities for studying the
avifauna of this interesting and exceedingly rich district, our notes are necessarily
meager. It is therefore with great pleasure that we avail ourself of the experience of
Mr. B. W. Nelson, of Ghieago, who made collections on the western slope of the Sierra
Nevada, chiefly in the vicinity of Nevada City, We quote from Mr. Nelson what is of
direct interest in this connection : [See Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVII, Jan. 20,
1875, pp. 365-365. *^ Notes on Birds observed in portions of Utah, Nevada, and Cali-
fornia.'^ " IV. Notes on Birds observed in the vicinity of Nevada City, Cal., between

DESCRIPTION OP CAMPS 835

d. The eastern slope (July 10-12).

The descent from the summit down the eastern slope was much more
rapid than had been our ascent of the other side. The forest, however,
continued much the same, but the trees were appreciably smaller, becoming
more so as we descended. The only new bird detected during our hurried

August 15 and December 15, 1872."J "This locality Las an intermediate situation
Ijetween the lofty peaks and the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevadas, and is in the midst of
the gold-mining region. My visit being in the last of the dry season, when the vegeta-
tion is dried up by the hot sun, probably many of the spring and early summer residents
had gone farther down, where the farms are more numerous and less parched than
the uncultivated hills surrounding Nevada.

In !N"ovember, while collecting twenty miles farther down, we found many species
abundant which were rare at Nevada; among which may be mentioned, Sturnella ne-
glectaj Zonotrichia coronata^ and Glaucidium californicum^ which assembled in numbers
around our camp-fires every night and serenaded us with their curious notes; [iVbte.—
Mr. Henshaw suggests that this owl may have been Scops flammeolaj which has this
habit, while the Glaucidium is diurnal and crepuscular.] also, Lophortyx californicuSy
Oreortyx pictus^ and many others, were observed on the cultivated flats, which were
rare at Nevada." We give below a full list of the species found by Mr. Nelson at
Nevada City, those which we did not see in ascending the western slope in July being
distinguished by an asterisk : —

1. Turdus migratorius. Aug.-Oet

2. Turdus ustulatus. Common; Aug.-Kov.
♦3- Oreoscoptes montanus. Oct; two pairs, ,

4. Sialia mexicana. . Last of 8ept,-la^t of Nov,

5. Eegulus calendula. Last Sept-first Dec,
*6. Chamsea fasciata. Nov.; one pair.

•7. Lophophanes inornatus. First Oet-Nov.

*8. Parus occidentalis. Nov.; high mountains.

♦9. Psaltriparus minimus. Oct-Bee.; very abundant

10. Certhia americana. Aug.-Dec.
♦li. Thryomanes spilurus. Aug.-Nov,
*12. Troglodytes parkmanni. Oct; one spec,
*13. Helminthophaga ruflcapilla. Last Sept; one spec.

14. Dendroeca aestiva.
♦15. Dendro&ca nigrescens. Sept-lst Nov.; common.

16. Dendroeca auduboni. Abundant after Oct 1st
•17. Geothlypis macgillivrayi. Sept; two specs.
♦18. Myiodioctes pusillus. Last Sept; one spec.

19. Pyranga ludoviciana. Oct; rare.

20. Hirundo horreorum. Aug,-8ept

♦21. Oarpodacus californicus. First two weeks in October; common.
22. Ohrysomitris pinus. La^st Sept-first Nov.
•23. Ohrysomitris psaltria. Aug,-Sept; very abundant.

336 ORNITHOLOGY.

trip was a solitary Rock Wren{Salpinetes obsoletus) perched upon a boulder,
in a rather open region, soon after passing the summit of the Pass.

4. Glendakj or Truckee Meadows (July 16-20; November 7-21. Alti-
tude 4,372 feet]. — The Truckee Meadows, so called from the fact that hay

24. Passerculus alaudinus. Oet Ut
^25. Melospiza heermauni. N^ot common.

26, Junco oregonus. Aug.-last Nov,

27. Spizella arizondB. Abundant

♦28. Spizella breweri. SepL-Oct; abundant^
*29. Zoootrichia coronata. Last of October; common.
♦30. Chondestes graminaca. Aug^-Oct; very abundant.
*31. Passerella townsendi. Aug.-last Oct; abundant.

32. Hedymeles inelaoocephalus. Aug.-laat Sept

33. Pipilo oregonus. Aug,-middle Nov.

34. Pipilo crissalis. Oct 1st; one spec.
•35. Pipilo chlorurus. Common.

36. Sturnella neglecta. Common.

37. Icterus bullocki. Oct; one spec. ( 9 ).

38. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. First November.

39. Corvus ameiicanus [given om C. caurinuSj but probably not). Last Nov.; IJlocJc.

40. Cyanura frontalis. Very abundant.

41. Cyanocitta californica. Very abundant

♦42. Sayornis nigricans. Aug.-last Nov.; common in Sept

43. Contopus richardsoni. Sept; rare.

44. Empidonax pusilhis. Last Sept; one spec.

45. Antrostomus nuttalli. Last Oct; one spec.
♦46. Calypte annsB. Aug,-middle Oct; common.
♦47. Geococcyx californianus. Rare; not seen.
♦48. Hylatomus pileatus. Not common.

49. Picas albolarvatus. Common until last Nov.
♦50. Picus nuttalli. Common.

51. Pious harrisi. Rare.
♦52. Picus gairdneri. Common until last Nov.

53. Sphyrapicus ruber. Oot-Dec; common.
♦54. Melanerpes formicivorus. Very common.
♦55. Melanerpes torquatus. Middle Oct.-Dec.

56. Colaptes mexicauus. Abundant.
♦57. 1 Scops asio. Not seen.
. ♦SB. Glaucidium gnonaa. Rare.
♦59. Nisus fuscus. Common from Aug.-Dec. Ut

GO. "Buteo, sp.'' [Probably B. borealis calurus or B. swainsoni].
♦61. Haliaetus leucocephalus. Nov.; one spec.

62. " Oatbartes, sp.'' [Probably Rhinogryphus aura Oct].
♦63. Columba fasciata. Oct; one flock.

64. Zenasdura carolinensis. Common until middle Nov.

DESCRIPTION OF CxVMPS.

337

for the Virginia City market is the chief production of the settlement, lie
on the eastern side of the valley, between the Sierra Nevada and the
Comstock, or Virginia Mountains, the first of the desert ranges. Through
the middle portion of these extensive meadows the Truckee River courses,
its banks being fringed with dense thickets of rather tall Avillows, growing
about fifteen feet high. During the summer these luxuriant meadows were
the abode of numerous water-fowl, while in the thickets Magpies (Pica
hudsonica) and smaller birds were abundant The species found in this
locality were the following: —

1. Telinatodytes paludicola.

2. Dendrceca aestiva.

3. Geothlypis tricbas.

4. Icteria lougicauda.

5. Pyranga ludoviciaua.
6* Hirundo horreormn.

7. Petrochelidon lunifrons.

8. Stelgidopteryx serripennis.

9. Cotyle riparia.

10. Yireosylvia swainsoni.

11. Collurio excubitoroides.

12. Passerculus alaudinus.

13. Pooecetes confinis.

14. Melospiza lieermanni.

15. Ghondestes grammaca.

16. Hedymeles melanocephalus.

17. Cyanospiza amcena.

18. Pipilo oregonus.

19. Xanthocepbalus icterocepbalus.

20. Agelaeus pbceniceus.

21. Sturnella neglecta.

22. Icterus bullocki.

23. Pica budsonica.

24. Empidonax pasillus. .

25. Gbordeiles benryi.

26. Geryle alcyon.

27. Colaptes mexicanus.

28. Circus budsonius.

29. Zenaedura caroliaensis,

30. ^gialitis vociferus.

31. Recurvirostra americatia.

32. Himantopus mexicanus.

33. Rbyacopbilus solitarius.

34. Tringoides macularius.

35. Botaurus mioor.

36. Porzana Carolina.

37. Auas boscbas.

38. Cbaulelasmus streperus.

39. Mareca americana.

40. Dafila acuta,

41. Spatula clypeata.

42. Querquedula cyanoptera.

43. Nettion carolinenais.

*65. ? Canace obscura. [" Canaee canadensis^ var. franklinV Probably C.
obscuraj whicb is abundant on the Sierra Nevada.]
Oreortyx j^ictus. Abundant after Oct. 1st
Lopbortyx californicus. Abundant
^gialitis vociferus. Oct.
Gallinago wilsoni. Nov,; two specs.
Branta canadensis. Nov.
•71. Anas boscbas. Not seen.

♦72. Pelecanus erythrorbyncbus. Oct; one flock passing over.
Tbe more notewortby of tbe above species are Cltamceafasciata^ Sayornis nigricans^
and Galypte annce^ wbicb would hardly bave been supposed to occur so high up among
these mountains.
22 PR.

*Q6.

67.

68.
•69.
•70.

338 ORMTHOLOGY.

In November, the following additional species were found, while many
of the above were wanting: —

Anthus ludovicianus.
Turd as migratorius.
Oiuclus mexicanus.
Spizella monticola.
Eremophila alpestris.
Agelseus gubernator.
Corvus caruivorus.
Oorvus americanus.

Colaptes (!) [a yellow-shafted species,

probably 0. auratus.]
Falco columbarius.
Arcbibuteo sancti-johannis.
Gallinago wilsoni.
Oolumba fasciata.! ^
Branta hutchiusi.
Podilymbus podiceps.

The most abundant of these were Anthus ludovicianicSj Agelceus plice-
niceus, A. gubernator, Archibuteo sancti-johannis ^ and Branta htdchinsi

5. Big-Bend of the TnicJcee (altitude, 3,^95 feet; July 24- August 18,) —
After emerging from its deep,narrow gorge through the Virginia Mountains,
the Truckee River bends abruptly to the left, and flows toward the north-
west into Pyramid Lake, about thirty miles distant. The vicinity of our
camp at this place proved a rich locality for birds, for the nan'ow valley
of the river was very fertile, supporting a rich and varied vegetation, while
the arid sage-brush plain stretched oflf on one side to the Humboldt Desert,
and in the opposite direction to the Virginia Mountains. Only the very
few birds characteristic of the desert could exist upon the surrounding
sandy wastes, and, as a consequence, the fertile valley was rich in the
number of species and individuals crowded within the narrow limits
embraced between the steep earth-walls. Along the bank of the river, and
surrounding the sloughs connected with the stream, were exceedingly
dense willow -jungles, the sloughs themselves being filled with rushes,
flags, and other aquatic plants; but most of the valley consisted of
meadow-land, interspersed with velvety swards of *' salt-grass" and acres
of beautiful sun-flowers {Helianthm giganteus), studded with tine large
cotton- wood trees [Populus monUifera and P. trichocarpa), which were here
and there grouped into delightful groves, sometimes unincumbered, but
generally with a shrubby undergrowth, amongst which the '^buffalo-berry"
{Shepherdia argentea) was conspicuous. No birds, excepting Mourning Doves

^ A single specimen of what was probably this species was observed, flying over,
on the 19th of November. '

DESCRIPTION OF CAMPS. 339

(Zencedura carolinensis)^ were breeding at the time of our sojourn; nor was
the fauna particularly interesting, except from the occurrence of swarms
of the Rufous Hummer (SelaspJiorus rtifus) among the sun-flowers, and of
several pairs of the Eastern Kingbird {Tyr annus caroUnensis)^ which appeared
to have bred in the cotton-wood trees, a few individuals of Coccyzus ameri-
canus and Myiodiodes pusiUus, and several families of Sialia mexicana^ being
the only other birds of note which came under our observation,

6. Truckee Reservationy near Pyramid Lake (August 10-16, 1867 ; Decem-
ber 9-19, 1867; May 15-June 6, 1868). — Investigations along the lower
portion of the Truckee Valley extended from the shore of Pyramid
Lake several miles up the river, and embraced several trips across the
desert mesa to the northern end of the Virginia range, fronting on the
southern shore of the lake, besides occasional visits to the islands within
the lake. The fertile valley of the river received the principal attention,
however, on account of the abundance of its birds; and, as respects the
character of the locality where our observations were mostly made, there
was no material difference from the surroundings of our former camp at
the Big-Bend, twenty-five miles above, except that the valley was consider-
ably broader and the cotton-wood groves proportionately more extensive.
During our sojourn here, from May 15th to June 6th, one hundred and
two species were observed in the valley of the river, most, if not all, of
them breeding in the locality. The following are the species observed: —

1. Tardus ustiilatus One specimen.

2. Oreoscoptes montauus Common,

3. Troglodytes parkmauni Abundant

4. Telmatody tes paludicola Abundant

5. DendrcBca SBStiva Abundant,

6. Geothlypis trichas Common.

7. Icteria longicauda Common.

8. Pyraoga ludoviciana Common.

9. Hirundo horreorum Common.

10. Tacbycineta bicolor .Abundant

11. Tacbycineta thalassina Common.

12. Progne subis Rare.

13. Stelgidopteryx serripennis Abundant

14. Cotyle riparia Abundant

15. Petrochelidon lunifrons Abundant

16. Vireoayl via swainsoni Abundant

340 ORNITHOLOGY.

17. Collorio excubitoroidea Common.

18. Oarpodacus frontalis Common.

19. Chrj'somitris tristis. Bare.

20. Passerculus alandinus Common.

21. Pooecetes gramioeus Bare.

22. Melospiza heermaani Abundant.

23. Amphispiza bilineata Common.

24. Amphispiza revadensis Abundant.

25. Spizella arizonge Abundant

26. Spizella breweri Abundant.

27. Chondestes grammaca Abundant.

28. Hedymeles melanocephalus Common.

29. Cyanospiza amoena . , . Rare.

30. Pipilo oregonus Common.

31. Pipilo cblorurus Rare.

32. Molotbrus ater Rare,

33. Agelseus phoeniceus 1 Abundant.

34. Xanthocephalus icterocephalas ...... Abundant.

35. Sturuella* neglecta Abundant

36. Icterus bullocki Abundant

37. Pica budsonica Abundant

38. Tyrannus verticalis Abundant

39. Myiarchus cinerascens Rare.

40. Sayornis sayus - Rare.

41. Oontopas richardsoni Abundant

42. Empidonax pusillus Abundant.

43. Chordeiles henryi • Common.

44. NephcBcetes borealis Rare.

45. Chsetura vauxi Common.

46. Trochilus alexandri Abundant

47. Oeryle alcyon Common.

48. Picas barrisi Common.

49. Colaptes mexicanus Abundant

60. Bubo subarcticus. , Common.

51. Otus wilsonianus Common.

52. Circus hudsouius Abundant.

53. Falco sparverius . Abundant.

54. Falco nsBvius One pair.

56. Buteo calurus Common.

66. Buteo swainsonl Common.

67. Haliaetus lencocephalus Rare.

58. Pandion carolinensis Rare.

59. Ehinogryphus aura Abundant

60. Zenaedura carolinensis Extremely abundant

61. -^gialitis vociferus Common.

62. Recurvirostra americana Common.

63. Himantopus mexicanus Common.

DESCRIPTION OP CAMPS, 341

64. Steganopus wilsoni , , Rare.

65. Trioga americana Rare.

66. Tringa bairdi Bare.

67. Tringa miuutilla Abundant

68. Ereuoetes pusillus Abuvdant.

69. Rhjacophilus solitarius Rare.

70. Tringoides macularias Common.

71. Numeniua longirostris Common.

72. Symphetnia semipalmata .Bare.

^ 73. Ardea herodias Abundant.

74. Herodias egretta Bare.

75. Nyctiardea naevia - Bare.

76. Botaurus minor Common.

77. Ardetta exilis Bare.

78. Falciuellus thalassinus Bare.

79. Grus canadensis Bare.

80. Rallus Virginian us Bare.

81. Porzana Carolina Common.

82. Fulica americana Very abundant

83. Branta canadensis Common.

84. Anas boschas Abundant.

85. Chaalelasmus streperus Abundant.

^Q. Mareca americana Abundant.

87. Querquedula discors Bare. !

88. Querquedula cyanoptera Common.

89. Dafila acuta Bare.

90. Spatula clypeata . Common.

91. Aythya vallisneria Bare.

92. Aix sponsa Bare.

93. Lopbodytes cucuUatus Bare,

94. Erismatura rubida Bare.

95. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Yery abundant.

^Q. Graculus floridanus Abundant.

97. Larus californicus Very abundant.

98. Sterna regia Bare.

99. Sterna forsteri Bare.

100. Podiceps occidentalis Abundant.

101. Podiceps californicus Common.

102. Podilymbus podiceps Common.

In the above list are the following species which were not observed
during the preceding July and August at the Big Bend: —

1. Turdus ustulatus.

2. Carpodacus frontalis.

3. Molotbrus pecoris.

4. Nepboecetes borealis.

5. Cbsetura vauxi.

6. Trocbilus alexandri.

342 ORNITHOLOGY.

All of these were undoubtedly breeding, except the first, a mountain
bird, of which only a single individual was seen, probably the last lingering
one from the spring migration. It is also a noteworthy fact that Tyrannus
carolinensiSy Myiodiodes pusillus, and Selasphorus rufas, found at the Big
Bend in July and August, were not observed in the lower portion of the
valley in May and the early part of June.

As the above list embraces only those species found within the valley
proper of the river, including the marshes at its mouth, other localities
produced additional species; thus, on the mesa stretching from the valley to
the Virginia Mountains, Eremophila alpestris, Antrostomus nuttalli, Speotyto
hypogcea, and Centrocerctts urophasianus were found.

This locality was visited the previous winter, when the fauna was
quite different, the following species, not in the summer-list, having been
observed: —

1. Regulus calendula Abundant

2. Anthus ludovicianus Very abundant.

3. Dendroeca auduboni Abundant,

4. Sialia arctica Rare,

5. Troglodytes pacificus Rare.

6. Certhia amerieana Rare.

7. Zonotrichia intermedia Abundant.

8. Junco oregonus Abundant.

9. Spizella monticola Common.

10. Falco columbarius • Rare.

11. Archibuteo sancti-johannis Rare.

12. Cygnus (buccinator?) . . , Abundant.

13. Anser albatus Abundant.

14. Branta hutcbinsi. • • • - Abundant.

15. Branta nigricans Rare.1

16. Ay thya amerieana Common.

17. Ay tbya vallisneria Common.

18. Fulix marila Abundant.

19. Fulix afflnis Abundant.

20. Fulix collaris Abundant.

21. Bucephala albeola Abundant.

22. Bucephala amerieana Abundant.

23. Mergus americanus Common.

24. Mergus serrator ^ . Common.

25. Erismatura rubida Common.

26. Larus delawarensis , Common.

DESCRIPTION OF CAMPS. 343

Besides the land-birds marked as abundant in the above list, the other
more characteristic winter residents were Amphispim nevadensis, Melospiza
Jieermanni, and Fipilo oregonus. Turdus migratorius, Troglodytes parkmannij
Ceryle alcgon, Nettion carolinensis, and Mareca americana were also among
the winter residents.

7. Islands of Pyramid Lake (August, 1867, and May, 1868). — The two
islands investigated ornithologically are the main island and the one known
as "The Pyramid,'' from the latter of which the lake receives its name.
The former is about ten miles distant from the mouth of the Truckee River
and about two miles from the nearest point on the eastern shore. Its shores
are, for the most part, abrupt and precipitous, though not high, there being
but two convenient landing-places, each a pointed beach of sand extending
far out into the water. The island is about three miles in circuit, while in the
middle it rises into two bold peaks, each about five hundred feet in height.
In May, 1868, we found the limited shore near the southern beach thickly
covered with remarkably large grease-wood bushes, on the top of each of
which, at the height of about five feet from the ground, was the immense,
elaborate nest of a pair of Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias). Not a
hundred yards distant, in an oven-like recess in the face of the precipitous
rock forming the shore, and inaccessible, was the deserted eyrie of a Bald
Eagle {Haliaetus leucocephalus); on the elevated portion of the northern
beach several hundreds of Pelicans (P. erythrorhynchus) were breeding;
on a rocky plateau between the northern peak and the shore an immense
colony of Gulls {Larus californicus) had their nests, while swarms of
Violet-green Swallows (Tackycineta thalassina) were passing into and out
of the crevices of the high cliffs near by. ^'The Pyramid" is close to the
eastern shore, and appears as a huge rock of very regular pyramidal shape,
rising about three hundred feet above the surface of the lake. Its base
is a nearly perfect triangle, each side being a sheer precipice from the
water to the height of a hundred and fifty feet, while only one of the three
corners was found to be easily accessible from the boat. Tempted by the
sight of numerous nests near the top, among them being one belonging to a
pair of Falcons {F. ncevius), which flew, clamoring, around, we ascended this
corner, and, after a careful climb without looking about, reached the almost

344 ORNITBOLOGY.

pointed summit. The view toward the water was a frightful one. In no
direction could be seen more than the upper third of the rock, and thus
the only one possible path by which we had ascended was lost to view.
Looking down into the depths of the deep-blue water, three hundred feet
below, we could see the pointed ends of similar pyramidal rocks submerged
many feet below the surface, and only visible from this height. The
descent was finally accomplished by exercising the utmost caution in
selecting the path, in whicli indispensable aid was furnished by our boat-
men, who, having watched us ascend, often directed us when we were at a
loss which way to proceed. The only species breeding on this isolated
cliff were the Great Blue Heron and Peregrine Falcon, there being of the
latter but one pair in the vicinity.

Along the neighboring shore were many rocks of peculiar form and
structure, styled by our geologists " tufa-domes;" these usually had rounded
or domed tops, and were thickly incrusted with calcareous-tufa, while beneath
they were honey-combed with winding passages and deep grottoes. Among
these rocks several birds were nesting, conspicuous among which were the
Barn Swallow, Say's Pewee, and the '* House Finch" {Carpodacits frontalis),
the nests of the latter, placed on shelves of projecting rock inside of
caverns, affording another, and very remarkable, instance of the ease with
which this species accommodates itself to circumstances in selecting a site
for its nest.

8. Gomstock or Virginia Mountains^ near Pyramid Lake (^December 24-27,
1867). — From the south end of Pyramid Lake a wide canon leads up into
these mountains, and this was ascended for a considerable distance on
three occasions — twice in December and once in June. The slopes of this
cation were dotted with scattered cedar and pinon groves, and in many
places were covered with bunch-grass meadows, while along the stream was
the fringe of shrubbery usual to the banks of mountain-streams in the Great
Basin. In December, Myiadestes townsendi was found in the cedar groves,
while Oreortyx pictus was common in the open portions.

9. Washoe Valley (April 25-May 9, 1868).— -This valley is one of the
most beautiful in Nevada. Its form is that of an amphitheater inclosed

DESCEIPTION OF OAMPS. 345

on all sides by mountains, the lofty, snow-capped, and pine-clad Washoe
spur of the Sierra Nevada on the west, and the high desert range known as
the Comstock or Virginia Mountains on the east, with ranges of elevated
hills connecting the two on the north and south sides of the valley. Enter-
ing this park from the south, Washoe Lake is seen, shining like silver, to the
right, while the steep slopes of the dark-green SieiTa form an abrupt wall on
the left, the pine forests projecting, in places, upon the grassy valley in beau-
tiful groves, destitute of undergrowth and carpeted by a clean green-sward.
In these groves Purple Finches {Carpodacus cassini) sweetly warbled, and
the Robins sang their mellow carols, while Magpies and Woodpeckers [Pica
hudsonica and Melanerpes torquatus) sported among the trees. Higher up in
one of these groves, where alder thickets grew along the stream, the Thick-
billed Sparrow {Passerella megarhyncha) delighted us with its rich and pow-
erful song, while Blue Jays [Cyanura frontalis) arid Woodpeckers (Picus albo-
larvatus and Sphyrapicus thyroideus) were seen on every hand. After
leaving these pine groves and crossing the valley to the edge of the lake,
we noticed numbers of Terns {Sterna regia, S, fosteri, and Hydrochelidon
lariformis) flitting and hovering over the water, while the surface of the
lake itself was dotted with swimming -birds, among which were identified
the Coot (Fulica americana)j Grebes [Podiceps occidentalis and P. calif ornicus)^
besides several of the commoner ducks.

10. Steamboat Valley (January 3-5, 1867 ; May 9, 1868). — On account
of an accident to our vehicle while returning from Pyramid Lake, we
were obliged to stop at the way-side hotel in this valley for repairs. The
delay, however, was compensated by the pleasure of making some desira-
ble additions to our collection. The ground was covered with snow, so
that many birds flocked to the neighborhood of the buildings for food, and
from among these were obtained specimens of Eremophila alpestris, Sialia
arctica, Colaptes mexicanus, C. *^ hyhridus^^ (^one specimen), and Pica hudsonica ;
while from a willow thicket in the meadow near by were secured a pair of
Otus wilsonianus.

Another portion of this valley, the narrow canon of a stream flowing
from Washoe Peak, we passed through on the 9th of May, 1868, after

346 ORNITHOLOGY.

leaving Washoe Valley, and observed, for the first time that spring, Den-
drmca (Bstiva, Cyanospiza amoena^ and Icterus huUocJci}

11. Carsoh City, Nevada (November 25-December 4, 1867; January

13-April 29, 1868).— Carson City (altitude 4,700 feet) constituted a central

point from which investigations radiated to localities of very dissimilar char-

acter; the pine -forests of the Sierra Nevada to the west, and the scant

groves of low gnarled cedars and pifion on the otherwise bare ranges to the

eastward ; the grassy valley of the Carson River, with its thickets of small

willows ; the cultivated fields, and the general open waste of sage-brush

plain.

a. Pines of the Sierra Nevada.

The pine-forests of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada had origin-
ally extended from the timber-line, near the summits of these high mount-
ains, down to their very base, ceasing abruptly where the valley began,
except in a few places where they stood out in scattered groves upon the
edge of the gentle slope at their foot; and, although composed of trees far
less tall and massive than those on the western slope, were yet quite as
dense and continuous, where left untouched by the hand of man. But,

^ The dates of arrival of spring birds in western Nevada, la 1868, were as follows,
so far as noted : —

Aloyig the shore of Washoe LaJce.

1. Fulica americjyia.. May 9.

2. Sterna regia May 9.

3. Hydrochelidou lariformis May 9.

In Steamboat Valley,

4. Deudroeca sestiva May 9.

6. Oyauospiza amcena May 9.

6. Icterus buUocki May 9,

Along the Truckee, at Truckee Meadoivs.

7. Geothiypis tricbas May 10.

8. Icteria longicauda May 10.

9. Pyranga ludoviciana May 10.

In the lower Truckee Valley,

10. Carpodacus frontalis May 13.

11. Amphispiza biliueata May 13.

12. Rhyacophilus solitarius , May 13.

13. Hedy tneles melanocephalus - . May 14.

DESCKIPTION OP CAMPS.

347

unfortunately, the most accessible portions of this forest had been almost
completely destroyed by the incessant cutting of timber to supply the
market of western Nevada. These woods were composed of several species
of. pines and spruces, but the Pinus ponderosa was the prevailing growth.
We have no notes respecting the size of the largest timber, but probably
few trees exceeded 150 feet in height, and we saw none of more than four
feet in diameter. The undergrowth was in places very dense, and consisted
mainly of a shining-leafed evergreen Ceanothus and other bushes of similar
appearance. Owing to the distance to the base of the mountains and the
difficulty of ascending to the dense pine timber of the higher portions of
the mountains, we seldom penetrated farther than to the edge of the uncut
forest, where the characteristic birds of the pines were found to be
abundant. The most common species were the Mountain Jay {Cyanura
frontalis), Clarke's Nutcracker (Picicorvus columbianus), Nuthatches (Sitta
aculeata and S, pygmcea), Mountain Chickadees {Parus montanus\ and, in
the early spring, Carpodaciis cassini. The winter residents of the pines,
besides those named above, were the following: —

Sialia mexicana Common.

Certhia americana Common,

Eegulus satrapa Rare.

Lophophanes inornatus Common.

Picas harrisi Common.

Pious albolarvatus Common,

Picoides arcticus Bare.

Sphyrapicus thyroideus Common.

Sphyrapicus nuchalis . . One spec.

Colaptes mexicanus Common.

Bubo subarcticua Common.

Falco sparverius Common.

Nisus cooperi Rare.

Aquila canadensis Common.

Archibuteo sancti-johannis Abundant.

Buteo calurus Common.

Oreortyx pictus Common.

In the spring, besides Carpodacus cassini, the following species were

added to the list: —

Pipilo chlorurus {ravines) : April 25.

Melanerpes torquatus [scattered pines) April 2f5.

Cyanocitta calitbrnica (foot-hills) . April 29.

Melospiza lincolni [foot-hills) April 29.

Myiadestes townsendi [pine forests) May 4.

1). Cedar andpinon groves of the desert mountains.
The scant groves of stunted cedars and pinon on several ranges to the
eastward are the only approach to woods on the desert mountains. la

348 ORNITHOLOGY.

these scattered groves the two trees above named are mingled, their relative
abundance varying with the locality, one or the other of them sometimes
alone constituting the entire growth, the greater sterility of the soil being
indicated by the prevalence of the Juniperus, These trees are usually
diminutive, rarely exceeding fifteen feet in height, while their average is
hardly more than ten or twelve feet; their trunks are usually large in pro-
portion, however, and twisted and gnarled into an unsightly shape. In
sucli woods, near Carson City, we found only the Blue Nixtcracker {Gymno-
kitta €yanocephala)j Sialia arctica^ Pica hiidsonica, Lophophanes inornatus^ and
Oreortyx piduSj with an occasional Spizella hreweri, Colhirio excuhitor aides j
and Colaptes mexicanus^ with now and then a straggling flock of Psaltri-
parus plumbeuSj the latter, however, most usually seen in the ravines. The
Empidonax obsctirus was an additional summer resident, arriving about
April 20.

c. The meadows and sage-brush plains.

The plain upon which Carson City is situated consists of the usual
sage-brush waste, changing, however, to meadows along the foot of
the Sierra Nevada, where the soil is watered by brooks and rivulets
from the mountains. The winter residents of this section were: Anthus
ludovicianus, CoUurio exeubitor aides, Plectraphanes lappanicus, Eremaphila
alpestrisj Amphispiza nevadensis, Sturnella neglecta, Speatyta hypagcea in the
sage-brush and meadows of the plain, and Turdus migratarius, Sialia
mexicanaj Begulus calendula, Tragladytes parkmanni, Calluria barealis, Zana-
trichia intermedia, Junca areganus, Spizella manticala, and Pipilo areganus
among the more bushy fields at the base of the Sierra. Besides the
foregoing, Carvus carnivarus and Pica hudsanica were abundant about
the slaughter-houses, while Xanthacephalus icteracephalus and ScalecapJiagus
cyanacephalus frequented the vicinity of corrals. In the spring, the follow-
ing species were added to this fauna: —

Sayornis sayus {about buildings) March 12.

Salpinctes obsoletus {rocky places) March 20.

Oreoscoptes montanus {sagebrush) March 24.

Tachycineta bicolor {about buildings) March 25.

Passercalus alaudinus {meadows) March 28.

Pooecetes confinis {sagebrush and meadows) April 1.

DESCRIPTION OF CAMPS. 349

Rhinogryphus anra {everywhere) April 2.

Hiruudo horreoram [about harm) April 8.

Spizella breweri [sage brush) April 9.

Stelgidopteryx serripennis [ravine banks) April 15.

Progne siibis (about buildings) April 23.

Zensedura carolinensis [everywhere) April 23.

Chondestes grammaca [sage-brush) May 3.

Petrochelidon lanifrons [about barns) May 4.

d. Valley of Carson River,

The prominent characteristics of the valley proper of the Carson
River consisted of meadow -lands, with dense willow thickets near the
river. In the latter, the winter birds were the following species: Turdus
migratoriuSj Regulus calendulay Certhia americana^ Troglodytes parkmanni^ T.
hyemalisj Bendrceca audubord, Zonotrichia intermedia^ Melospiza heermanni^
Passerella schistacea, Pipilo oregonus^ Pica hudsonica, Pious harrisiy Colaptes
mexicanus, and Otiis wilsonianus. The marshes were inhabited by Telma-
todytes paludicola, Melospiza heermanni, Circus hudsonius, and Botaurus minor.
The water-fowl of the valley were, Branta canadensis ^ B. hufchinsi, Anas
hoschaSf Aythya americana, A, vallisneria^ Bucephala americana, B, albeola,
Fulix marilaj F, coUariSj Erismatura ruhida, Podiceps occidentalism P. cali-
fornicuSj and Podilymbus podiceps; while along the streams were found
^gialitis vocife/rus and Cinclus mexicanus, with the addition of Tringoides
macularius after April 29.

12. Virginia City, Nevada, (January 5, 6, and June 10-20, 1868). —
Virginia City is situated on the southern slope of Mount Davidson, one
of the highest peaks of the Virginia or Comstock range, about midway
between the base and summit of the mountain, at a total altitude of near
6,200 feet. The surrounding mountains are of an arid nature, the nearest
timber being the few cotton- woods along the bank of the Carson River,
several miles distant. The birds observed in the town or its vicinity were
exceedingly few in number, those occurring during the breeding-season
being species which build their nests in caves, old buildings, or similar
places. The most common species was the House Finch {Carpodacus
frontalis), which was abundant about all old buildings, even in the most
populous portions of the city; while the Rock Wren (Salpinctes obsoletus) was

350 ORNITHOLOGY.

to be found about every abandoned shaft or dilapidated building. Sialia
arctica was also frequently seen on the houses, particularly in the outskirts
of the town, and nested in the eaves or in any suitable place, in company
with the House Finch. All the Swallows were extremely rare, but one
individual, a solitary Purple Martin {Progne suhis), having been seen or
heard during the time of our residence, although it is said to be common
at times. During winter time, all these birds disappear, by descending to
the milder valleys, excepting the Sialia^ which itself leaves during severe
storms. Snow Birds (Junco oregonus) and Sparrows {Spizella monticola and
Zonotrichia intermedia) resort to the door-yards for crumbs, and on one
occasion (January 6, 1868) we observed a large flock of Gray-headed
Purple Finches {Leucostide littoralis) gleaning over the snow in the outskirts
of the city.

13. Carson River j seven miles above Fort Churchill (June 23, 1868). — The
valley of the river was here heavily wooded with cotton-woods (Populus
monilifera and P. trichocarpa), with the usual undergrowth of willows, buffalo-
berry bushes, etc. Near by, a range of hills fronted the river in a bold
cliff of basaltic rock, while the general surroundings were the usual sage-
brush plains, hills, and mountains. The birds observed here were the
following: —

Tardus migratorius.
Sialia mexicana.
SalpiDctes obsoletus.
Oatherpes conspersus.
Troglodytes parkmanni.
Deudrceca aestiva:
Jeter ia longicauda.
Petrocbelidoii lunifrons.
CoUurio excubitoroides.
Oarpodacas frontalis!
Chondestes grammaca.
Oyanospiza amoena.
Pipilo oregonus.
Amphlspiza biliueata.

Ampliispiza nevadenses.
Sturiiella neglecta.
Icterus bullocki.
Contopus richardsoni.
Myiarchus cinerascens.
Tyrannus verticalis.
Picas harrisi.
Colaptes mexicanus.
Antrostomus nuttalli.
NeplicBcetes borealis.
Falco sparverius.
Buteo swaiasoni.
Tringoides macularius.

NephcBcetes borealis was the most abundant species, flying over the cotton-
wood trees in the morning in immense numbers. Antrostomus nuttalli and
Icteria longicauda both sang throughout the night.

DESCRIPTION OF CAMPS. 351

14 Fort Churchill^ Carson River^ {June 24, 1868). — In general character
the valley at this point resembled the place just described. The species
observed here were as follows : —

Troglodytes park man ni.
Sialia raexicana.
Dendroeca sestiva.
Icteria longicauda.
Myiodioctes pusillus.
Vireo swainsoni.
Amphispiza bilineata.
Amphispiza nevadensis.
Spizella breweri.
Cyanospiza amoeua.
Pipilo oregoims.

Sturnella neglecta.
Scolecophagus cyanocephaliis.
Tyrannus verticalis.
Myiarchus ciDerascens.
Contoims richardsoni.
Picus barrisi.
Colaptes mexicanus.
Falco sparverius.
Buteo swainsoni,
Buteo calurus.

All these species seemed to be breeding, but, owing to the fact that the
valley was mostly inundated from a late freshet, it was found to be impos-
sible to explore the locality for nests.

15. Nevada Station (June 25, 1868). — This place was merely a stage-
station in the midst of an inhospitable desert, upon which a few stunted
grease-wood bushes constituted the only vegetation in the immediate vicinity.
The only birds seen about the station were the ever-present Mourning Doves
{Zencedura caroUnensis) and a single pair of Sayornis sayus^ the latter having
a nest in one of the out-buildings. The former was particularly abundant
about a hill of calcareous tufu, containing many caverns, some distance
from the house, the Salpinctes dbsoletus being also common there. On the
plain, only Eremopliila alpestris, Amphispiza bilineata, and Bhinogryphus aura
were found.

16. Soda Lake, Carson Desert (June 27, 1868. Altitude, 'S^dOQfeet).—*
This most remarkable spot consisted of a cistern-like depression in the midst
of the desert, containing a nearly circular lake of about a mile in circuit,
and with nearly vertical walls seventy-five, or perhaps a hundred, feet high.
Seen from the top of this wall the water appeared very clear, while the
bottom was distinctly visible far out toward the center, where the depth
seemed to be immense, since the floor of pure white borate of soda ended
abruptly, after which the water was a deep, dark blue. Springs of fresh

» Altitude, 4,284 feet.

352 ORNITHOLOGY.

water issued from the walls at several places, and upon their borders the
vegetation was excessively luxuriant, in consequence of protection from
winds by their great distance below the general surface of the desert, as well
as the constant moisture of the spot; this vegetation consisted chiefly of tall
tuhj rank grasses and sedges, and rose-briers. Elsewhere, the entire country
was a sandy waste, with a scant growth of the ordinary desert shrubs,
which within the walls of the lake were more thrifty than elsewhere. The
most abundant bird of this place was a very small, and clamorous, grebe
(perhaps Podiceps calif ornicus)^ which kept out of gunshot from the shore;
next in numbers were the Avocets [Recurvirostra americana)^ multitudes of
which ran along the beach, scooping up the dead insects which blackened
the water around the margin of the lake; mixed with these were a few Stilts
(Himantopiis mexicanus). A few pairs of Gulls {Lams californicus)^ which
were nesting on a large rock away out in the lake, completed the list of
water-birds of this locality. Among the land-birds we noticed only the
Oreoscoptes montanus, AmpMspiza bilineata, and a remarkable species, probably
Pli(xnopepla nitens, which we tried in vain to secure.

A few rods distant was another somewhat similar, but smaller and
shallower, lake, where large numbers of Avocets and a few Stilts were
breeding on the numerous islands of borax in the shallow water.

17. Sand Springs Station (June 29, 1868). — This locality is in the midst
of the desert, the country being extremely barren, with an immense hill of
shifting sand near the station. Only the ordinary desert birds were found
here, the following being the species: AmpMspim bilineata, Eremophila
alpestris, Corvus camivorus, Zencedura caroUnensis, and Bhinogryphus aura,

18. Fairview Valley {June 29, 1868). — This locality presented the usual
characteristics of a sage-brush valley, with no conspicuous or interesting
features. The entire region was so dry that water for the use of the station
had to be hauled in wagons the distance of twelve miles. The quIj birds
observed were the following: AmpMspiza hilineata, A, nevadensis, Chon-
destes grammaca, Eremophila alpestris, and Speotyto hypogoea.

19. Edwards Creek {June 30, 1868). — At this camp, where there was no
shrubbery along the stream other than a more thrifty growth of sage-brash

DESOBIPTION OP CAMPS. 353

and grease-wood than that elsewhere upon the plain, only the following
species of birds were observed : Oreoscoptes montanus, Spizella brewerij and
Speotyto hypogcea,

20, Humboldt Marshes^ near the ** SinW^ {Altitude, 3,893 feet; August 26-
October 31, 1867). — Although a week was spent at this camp, the state
of our health permitted the use of but one day for collecting, which is much
to be regretted, since we have never seen another locality where water-fowl
so abounded. The writer was a victim of malarial fever, which was only
aggravated by the nature of the surroundings. The marshes were miles in
extent and almost entirely covered by a dense growth of tule, except where
the river meandered through, now and then expanding into a small lake.
These marshes were surrounded by a bare plain, consisting in the winter
season of mud, but at this time baked perfectly dry and hard by the heat
of the sun, except in the more depressed portions, which were covered by a
deep deposit of snow-white ^^ alkali." From these extensive flats, desert plains
lead away to the barrea mountains on either side, whose summits are bare
and rugged eruptive rocks, of weird forms and strange colors. Upon the
whole, the entire region was one of the most desolate and forbidding that
could be imagined, and in these respects is probably not surpassed by any
other portion of the land of ^* alkali" and the "everlasting sage-brush." The
effluvium from the putrid water and decaying vegetation of the marshes
was at times, sickening, while at night the torments of millions of the most
voracious mosquitoes added to the horrors of the place.^ The land-birds of
this desolate locality were very few, a solitary raven, hoarsely croaking,
being now and then seen winging his way to or from the distant mountains,
an occasional Desert Lark {Eremophila chrysolcema) in the scanty sage-brush
or on the bare plain, or a few Savanna Sparrows in the salt-grass of the
meadows, comprising all that were seen. The water-fowl, however, were
extremely numerous, and consisted of many species, of which the following
were identified: Tringa bairdi, T. minutilla, Ereunetes pusillus, Symphemia
semipalmata, Recurvirostra americanay Himantopus mexicanus, Falcinellus

^ The reader may be surprised, if not incredulous, when told that the mosquitoes
and other insects sometimes came in such swarms about the candles in the camp as to
extinguish the lights in a few moments!
23 PR

354 ORNITHOLOGY.

thalassinus (extremely abundant), Fulica americana, Erismatura rvbida^ Sterna
regia, and S, forsteri This, however, is but a small proportion of the species
inhabiting these marshes, since without a boat we had no means of invading
the haunts of the more wary kinds. On the 31st of October the same
place was again visited, and several birds not seen during our summer
stay were noted. Crows {Corvus americanus) were walking about the
door-yard with the familiarity of domesticated birds ; a Falcon (Falco poly-
agrus) was seen to dash into a flock of tame pigeons belonging to the station,
while from an Indian we obtained the fresh skin of a Lesser Snow-Goose
(Anser albatus).

21. Humboldt Biver^ at Oreana (August SO^September 3. Altitude,
4,036 feet), — ^At this place the valley of the Humboldt was, as usual, destitute
of trees, the only woody vegetation near the river being the thick clumps
of small willows on the points and around the sloughs. The greater por-
tion of the valley consisted of meadows of salt-grass, but back toward the
mesa this gradually gave way to an unusually tall -and vigorous growth of
grease-wood and sage-brush. In the latter, the most common bird was the
Oreoscoptes montamis, another abundant species being AmpJiispim nevaden-
sis; on the meadows, Xanthocephalus icterocephaluSy Molothrus ater, Agelceus
phoeniceuSy and Sturnella neglecta; in the willows, Melospim fallax, Den-
drceca cestiva, Vireosylvia swainsoni, and Collurio excubitoroides ; Swallows,
particularly H. horreorum, were common in the air, while large .flocks of the
Green Ibis, or ** Black Curlew" {Falcinellus thalassinus), were almost con-
stantly passing up and down the river, now and then alighting to feed for
awhile in a slough hidden among the willows. This camp was finally aban-
doned on account of a severe form of malarial fever having attacked nearly
the entire party, the disease having been contracted at our previous camp —
the Humboldt marshes.

22. WrigMs Canon, West Humboldt Mountains (September 3-13,
1867. Altitude, 4,881 feet). — Wright^s Cafion was supplied with a brook,
which, though of considerable volume during the rainy season, was inter-
mittent through the dry summer months. The water ran briskly at
night and in the cool hours of mom and evening, but during the hotter

DESCRIPTION OF CAMPS. 355

portion of the day could be found only in pockets of the rocks, the
bed of the stream, or cool nooks completely shaded by overhanging
bushes. Bordering this stream, in its entire extent, the vegetation was lux-
uriant, compared to that of other sections, the shrubbery consisting princi-
pally of a thick growth of a small cornel {Cornus pubescens), from six to ten
feet high, often canopied by the trailing stems and delicate foliage of a
species of Clematis, There were also clumps of wild roses and a few willows,
interspersed at intervals with patches of elder [Samhuciis glauca) and thickets
of choke-cherries {Prunus andersoni and P. virginianus). No woods were in
sight, but on the slopes of the cafion were small, scattered cedars (Juniperus
occidentalis)j while a few isolated small aspens were distributed far apart
along the stream. During midday the water of the brook being confined to
small pools where shaded by the overhanging shrubbery, or in ''pockets"
of the rocks in the bed of the stream, the birds resorted to these little
reservoirs to refresh themselves in the shade of the thickets or by bathing in
the cool water. The characteristic birds of this canon were Woodhouse's
Jay {Cyanocitta woodhousii), Little Titmouse {Psaltriparus plumbeus), and
Swainson's Vireo ( Vireosylvia swainsoni). Besides these, the following species
were found: Salpinctes obsoletuSj Icteria longicauda^ Myiodioctes pusillus^
Amphispiza hilineata^ Pipilo chlorurus, Troglodytes parkmanni, Zonotrichia inter-
media^ Hedymeles nielanocephaluSj Lanivireo cassini, Geothlypis macgillivrayiy
Pica hudsonicaj Ectopistes migratoria (!), and Sayornis sayus: The most abun-
dant birds of the locality were the Psaltriparus, Vireosylvia, Myiodioctes^
and Zonotrichia, above mentioned, the specimen of Ectopistes being the
only one observed during the entire exploration.

23. Buena Vista Canon^ West Humboldt Mountains (September 17-
October 23. Altitude, 5,169 feet), — The general aspect of this locality was
that of Wright's (Nation, on the opposite side of the range, except that its
stream was constant and much larger, with a wider extent of level land
on each side, and correspondingly more extensive shrubbery, which, at the
same time, was more vigorous and varied. This consisted chiefly of a
thick growth of buflfalo-berry bushes, willows, and wild-rose briers in the
lower portion of the cation, and higher up of choke-cherry and rose bushes,
mixed with extensive copses of small aspens. The slopes on each side

356

ORNITHOLOGY.

were sparingly covered with scattered groves of "cedar," pifion, and
'* mountain mahogany," while the summits of the mountains were for the
most part bare and rocky, but not sufficiently high to retain snow during
summer, their elevation ranging from 8,000 to 10,000 feet. The birds
found at this locality during our stay were the following: —

Turdus inigratorius Abundant

Cinclus mexicanus Common.

Reguius cnlendala Common.

Regulus Hatrapa Rare.

Sialia arctica Abundant

Salpiiictes obsoletus Abundant

Psaltriparus plumbeus Abundant

Anthus ludovicianus Bare.

' HelmiDthopbaga celata . . . , Abundant
Helminthopliaga hiteBcens. Rare.

DendroBca auduboni Abundant

Myiodioctes pusillus Abundant

Lanivireo solitarius Rare.

Lanivireo cassini Bare.

Carpodacus frontalis Common.

Zonotrichia coronata One specimen.

Zonotrichia intermedia Very abundH.

Junco oregonus Very abuncPt

Melospiza fallax Very abunWt

Melospiza guttata Very rare.

Passerculus alaadlnus Common.

Pipilo oregonus Rare.

Pipilo megalonyx Common.

Scolecophagus cyanocepha-

lus Very abundH.

AgelsBus pboeniceus Common.

AgelsBus gubernator Rare.

Icterus buUocki Rare.

Sturnella ueglecta Common.

Pica hudsonica . f Abundant

Cyanocitta woodhoasii Common.

Corvus carnivorus Common.

Eremopbila alpestris Common.

Sayornis say us Common.

Empidonax obscurus Rare.

Colaptes mexicanas ... . , Common.

Colaptes auratust One specimen.

Nisus cooperi Rare.

Zensedura carolinensis Rare.

Centrocercus uropbasianus. JBare.

The most abundant of these was the Scolecophagits cyanocephalus.

24. Toydbe Mountains, near Austin (July 2-5, 1868). — On the western
slope of this lofty range, near its northern extremity, at an altitude of
about 6,500 feet, our camp was established in a cafion adjoining the out-
skirts of the above-named town. The cailons and principal ravines in this
neighborhood were well watered by brooks and rivulets, whose course was
followed by shrubbery from their sources to the valleys. At the heads of
these, canons extensive copses of small aspens and choke-cherry bushes
prevailed, while 2,000 feet below, or near our camp, thrifty bushes of
Symphoricarpus montanus were the predominating growth. Corresponding in
altitude with the aspens, were scant groves of stunted mountain mahogany,
growing upon the summits or ridges of the mountains; but on the lower
slopes a thin wood of cedar and pifion prevailed. In si^t, to the south-

DESCRIPTION OP CAMPS. 357

ward, the magnificent snow-capped peaks of the higher portion of the range
were seen to be timbered with pine and fir forests, but no opportunity was
afibrded to visit these.

The species observed in the neighborhood of our camp were the
following: In the lower portions of the cafion, Pipilo chlorurus among the
snow-berry bushes, Pooecetes confinis on the weed-clad and grassy slopes,
SpizeUa hreweriy Cyanospiza amcena^ Antrostomus nuttalli, Oreoscoptes montanus,
Eremophila alpestris, Chondestes grammaca^ Amphispim nevadensis, and Stur-
nella neglecta in the sage-brush — ^from the valley-level to 2,000 feet above
camp; JSmpidonax obscurus and Vireosylvia swainsoni in the aspen copses;
Hedymeles melanocephalus, Icterus buUocJci, and Pipilo megalonyx in the shrub-
bery along the streams; Tyr annus verticalisy Myiarchus cinerascens, Spizella
arizonce, Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, and Gymnokitta cyanocephala in the cedar
and pinon groves, while Turdus migratorius occurred in all wooded localities;
Sialia arctica, Hirundo horreorum, Tachycineta thalassinaj Petrochelidon luni-
frons^ and Salpinctes obsoletus nested about out-buildings or in old mining-
shafts, while species of indiscriminate distribution were Bhinogryphus aura,
Buteo caluruSj B, swainsoni, Archibuteo (ferrugineus?), Aquila canadensis,
Chordeiles henryi, GoUurio excubitoroides, Corvus carnivorus, and Zenosdura
carolinensis. It was here that we met with the first specimen of Panyptila
saxatilis, a solitary individual having been observed to pass swiftly over one
of the higher hills.

25. ''Camp 19," Btiby Valley and Buhy Mountains (July 12-September 5.)
Altitude of Camp, 6,300 feet, — ^This camp was the base of extensive researches
in all directions, both the mountains upon whose foot-slope we were
encamped and the valley below us being included within the field of
investigation. The valley was of the same character that sage-brush valleys
usually are, except that its depressed center was occupied by an extensive
marsh, known as '^Ruby Lake," the receptacle of the numerous springs of
pure, cold water which burst from the base of the limestone mountains on
the western side of the valley. This marsh is so filled with tule that the
meandering channels of clear water can only be seen from the mountains,
from which they appear as narirow silver threads in the dark-green rush-

358 ORNITHOLOGY.

meadows. The birds observed in the valley adjacent to this camp were
the following species: In the sage-brush, Oreoscoptes montanuSj Chondestes
grammaca, Spizella breweriy Amphispim nevadensisj Antrostomus nuttall%
Chordeiles henryi, and Zemjedura caroUnensis; on the meadows, Passer cuius
alaudinus. Coturniculus perpaUidus, and Grus canadensis; in the brier
thickets, Geothlypis trichas ; and in the marshes, Telmatodytes paludicola^
Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, Fulica americana, Anas hoschas, and Sterna
forsteri. The mountains above this camp are exceedingly complicated in
their varied characteristics and in the distribution of their bird-life. • The
main carious, at right-angles with the trend of the range, become contracted
in their lower portion, where their sides consist of vertical limestone cliffs,
many of which are 200 to 300 feet in height ; similar cliffs also crop out, in
places, near the summit of the range, standing singly, like immense walls,
from each side of which the slopes lead down to the bottom of the canons.
The altitude of the valley at the base of the mountains is about 6,000 feet
above sea-level, while the summits of the range are from 9,000 to upwards
of 12,000 feet high. The canons here support nearly all the shrubbery
and herbaceous vegetation, while only the spurs and higher slopes are
wooded. The lower portion of the streams within the canon is followed
by the usual shrubbery of canon streams, which here consisted chiefly of
choke-cherry, snow-berry {Symphoricarpus)^ and service-berry {Amelanchier
canadensis) bushes, the remainder of the canon, where not occupied by
rocks, being covered with the ordinary sage-brush plants. About half way
to the summit, however, the cliffs cease, the caflon sides gradually become
less abrupt and wider apart, and at this elevation the gently-inclined slopes
are overspread with a luxuriant meadow in which various plants with
showy flowers abound. The sage-brush still predominates, however, until
the lower edge of the side-slopes of the ^'saddles" between the peaks of the
range are reached, when the vegetation is transformed into a garden, as it
were, so numerous and showy are the flowers, among which the scarlet
Castilleias and Gilias, and blue Pentstemons and Delphineums are most
conspicuous, from the circumstance that they give the prevailing hues to
the meadows. These flowery slopes reach up to the fields of snow, which
are found in all shaded spots, and, at a proper elevation, even in places

DE8CEIPTI0K OF CAMPS.

359

constantly exposed to the sun. The woods of this range begin at the base
of the "spurs" between the cafions, and continue, in successive belts, to
the timber-line, as follows: From the valley level, thick and extensive
woods, composed exclusively of cedar and pinon, extend for 2,000 or 2,500
feet, when they gradually give way to more scant groves of mountain
mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), which, however, scarcely extend higher
than 3,500 feet above the valley. Beyond this altitude no trees of these
species are met with, for on the higher peaks they are replaced by forests
of pines (Pinus flexilis and P. balfouriana), with an undergrowth of hardy
shrubs. These pine trees are not tall, the highest not exceeding thirty or
forty feet, but they have trunks of comparatively large size ; and it was
observed that when growing in situations where exposed to the wind, which
here constantly blows from one direction, all the branches of these trees
are bent away from the wind, or, indeed, grow only upon that side, while
the shrubs underneath are pressed flat to the ground in the same direction.
During our investigations among these mountains, the following species
were observed, between July 12 and the 5th of September: —

Shrubbery of canon streams.

Icteiia longicauda Bare.

Geothlypis macgillivrayi. . .Abundant

M,yiodiocte8 pusillus Bare,

Dendroeca aestiva Common,

Melospiza fallax . . • » Bare.

Hedymeles melauocephalus. Commo/t.

Gyanospiza amoena Common,

Pipilo megalonyx Very rare,

Pipilo chlorurus . Common.

Icterus bullocki Common.

Empidonax pusillus Common.

Lower woods.

Turdus migratorius Common,

Parus montanus Bare.

Psaltriparus plumbeus Bare.

Psfiltriparus melanotis? . ., One specimen.
Troglodytes parkmanni . . . Common,
Helminthopbaga virginise. . Common.

DendrcBca nigrescens Common.

Pyranga ludoviciana. Common.

Lanivireo plumbeus Common.

Vireosylvia swainsoni Common.

CoUurio excubitoroides Common.

Carpodacus cassini (Aug. 10)Abundant,
Loxia leucoptera (Aug. 12) . One specimen.
Spizella arizon» Very abunWt.

Icterus bullocki Common.

Scolecophagus cyauocepha-

lus Common.

Picicorvus columbianus . ...Bare.
Gymnokitta cyanocepbala.-JKare.

Cyanocitta woodhousii Bare.

Tyrannus verticalis Abundant*

Myiarchus ciuerascens Common.

Contopus richardsoni Common.

Empidonax obscurus Common.

Chordeiles henryi Abundant.

Picus harrisi . Bare.

Oolaptes mexicanus Bare.

Zeoffidura carolinensis. . . . .Abundant

360

OBNITHOLOGT.

Alpine woods.

Tardus raigratorius Common.

Sialia arctica Abundant

Oarpodacus cassini Abundant.

Chrvsomitris pinus Abundant.

Spizella arizonsB Common.

Pipilo chlorurus Common.

Cliffs and rocky places.

Salpinctes obsoletas Abundant.

Oatherpes conspersus Common.

Tacbyciaeta thalassina . . ,. Abundant.

Ilirundo horreorum Common.

Petrocbelidon luuifrons Very ohundH.

Sayoruis say us Rare.

Panyptila saxatilis Very abunWt.

Faico polyagrus Common.

Falco usBvius Rare.

Falco sparverius Abundant.

Aquila canadensis Common.

Buteo calurus Common.

Buteo swainsoni Common.

Open meadows.

Pooecetes confinis. Common.

Ghondestes grammaca. , . - Common.
Stellula calliope Abundant.

Trochilus alexandri Common.

Selasphorus platycercus . . . Very abundH.

26. Overland Ranche^ Ruby Valley (August 28-September 3). — The
characteristics of both valley and mountains were quite different from those
at ^'Camp 19," although both were a continuation of the same. The lime-
stone formations of the southern portion of the range had become trans-
formed to steeper and more rugged granite peaks, the highest of which
towered to an altitude of about 12,000 feet, while, owing to their granitic
structure and extreme niggedness, their slopes and spurs were almost desti-
tute of vegetation. The cafions, however, supported, a luxuriant growth
of shrubs and other plants, with here and there small copses or groves of
aspen and narrow-leafed cotton-wood (JPopulm angustifoUa\ the copses and
thickets having usually an undergrowth of briery rosaceous shrubs, but
these, in places, were replaced by a carpeting of beautiful ferns. Unlike
localities farther southward in this valley, this shrubbery was continued
across the valley, on the borders of the stream, to the meadows which
extend to the shores of Franklin Lake. The meadow-lands of the valley
had become transformed by cultivation into broad fields of grain, more than
a thousand acres of the valley being thus reclaimed. The lake, which
occupied the more depressed portion of the valley, was simply an enlarge-
ment of Ruby Lake, containing in its central portion a wide expanse of
open water, in which thousands of water-fowl dwelt secure from the gunner —

DESCRIPTION OP CAMPS.

361

the lack of a boat rendering them inaccessible. During the short season
of our stay at this locality the following species were identified: —

In the marshes and meadows.

Geothlypis trlchas Common.

Passerculus alaudinus Very abunWt

Cotnrniculua perpallidus ..Common.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus Abundant.

Xanthocephalus icterocepha-

lus Abundant.

AgelsBua phoBniceus Abundant.

Sturnella neglecta Abundant.

Circus budsonius Common.

Grus canadensis Common.

Botaurus minor Common.

Falciuellus giiarauna Abundant.

Falica atnericaua Abundant

Branta oanadensis Common.

Anas bofichas Common.

Sterna forstcri Common.

Hydrocbelidon lariformis . . Abundant.
Podiceps cristatus Common.

Along the stream.

w(3Egialitis vociferus Abundant.

Gallinago wilsoni Common.

Tringoides macularius Common.

In the sagebrush.

Spizella breweri Abundant.

Chondestes grammaca Common.

Pooecetes confiuis Common.

Oreoscoptes inontanus Common.

Zenaedura carolinensis. Abundant.

In the canon.

Tardus migratorius . ..... Abundant.

Turdus swainsoni Common.

Trolodytes parkmanni ... . Common.

Dendroeca aestiva Common.

Dendroeca occidentalis . . .^Bare.

Dendioeca towusendi Bare.

Myiodioctes pusillus .... Common.
Geothlypis macgillivrayi . . Common.

Geothlypis trichas Bare.

Icteria longicauda Bare.

Vireosylvia swainsoni Abundant.

Loxia americana . Common.

Loxia leucoptera Common.

Melospiza fallax . . Common.

Cyanospiza amoena Common.

Pipilo chlorurus Common.

Icterus bullocki Common.

Cyanocitta woodhousii Bare.

Tyrannus verticalis Abundant.

Contopus richardsoni Common.

Empidonax pusillus Common.

Empidonax hatnmondi Common.

Selasphorus platycercus . . .Abundant.

Oeryle alcyon Bare.

Nisus cooperi Bare.

All of the species in the latter list were found along the entire length
of the stream, from the lower end of the shrubbery away out in the valley
to the upper portion of the cafion, with the exception of Dendroeca occidentalis,
D. tovmsendi, Loxia lemoptera, and Empidonax hamfnondi, which we found
only in the aspen copses, far up the canon. Turdus migratorius, T, swainsoni,
Loxia americana, and Selasphorus platycercus were also more abundant high
up the canon than elsewhere.

362

ORNITHOLOGY.

On the foot-hills of the range, on each side the cafion, were a few
scattered mountain mahogany and cedar trees, and among these we found
Helminthophaga virginicej Contopus borealis, Empidonax ohscuruSy and Picicorvus
colupibianus.

A decided step toward a different faunal district, besides the addition
of Dolichonyx orydvorus^ Podiceps cristatus, Turdus swainsoni, Dendrceca
toivnsendij D, occidentals, Loxia americana, L. leucoptera, Empidonax ham-
mondi, and Contopus borealis to our list of birds, was the circumstance that
the large white-tailed hare, Lepus campestris, replaced the black-tailed X.
callotis, which, up to this time, had been the only one observed.

Species of general distribution observed at this locality were as follows:

Rhiiiogryphua aura Common.

Aquila canadensis Common,

Bnteo swainsoni Common.

Archibuteo sancti-johannis. . . Common.
Collurio excubitoroides .Common.

Hirundo horreorura Common.

Scolecophaguscyanocephalas.A&MW(?a»f.

Oolaptes mexicanus Common.

Oorvus carnivorus Common.

Zenasdura caroliaensis Abundant.

27. " Camp 22," Buhy Valley (September 4-5, 1868).— The surroundings
of this camp were much the same as those at the Overland Ranche, except
that the valley was uncultivated, while the foot-hills were higher ; besides,
we had left the marshes behind. The stream was bordered with willows
entirely across the valley, while in a marshy spot stood quite an extensive
grove of very tall willows and alders. In the latter, considerable numbers
of Loxia americana and i. leucoptera were found, besides BendrcBca cestiva,
Empidonax pusillus, and Contopm richardsoni, while Gallinago wilsoni was
abundant on marshy ground, where was also a small black Eail, supposed
to be Porzana jamdicensis. In the sage-brush were Collurio excubitoroideSy
Oreoscoptes montanus, Spizella breweri, Pooecetes conjinis, and Chondestes
grammaca, while along the stream we found Passerculus alaudinus and
Melospiza fallax. In an elevated park at the head of the main cafion in
the foot-hills, the following species were observed : Empidonax hammondi,
Contopus richardsoni^ Chrysomitris pinus, Canace obscura, Ceryle alcyon,
Colaptes mexicantcs, Buteo swainsoni^ Falco sparverius, Zencedura carolinensisy
Selasphoms platycerctts, Pooecetes confiniSj Chondestes grammaca^ Spizella
breweri, and PipUo chlorurus.

DESCRIPTION OF CAMPS. 363

28. Secret Valley^ East Humboldt Mountains (September 6-8, 1868), —
Secret Valley is a small park nestled among high hills, with the East Hum-
boldt Mountains proper on the west, and the equally lofty portion of that
range known as the '^Clover Mountains'^ to the eastward. The higher
slopes of this valley, especially near the sources of the streams, were clothed
with by far the most varied and extensive vegetation we had yet seen east
of the Sierra Nevada. The aspens along the streams were from 40 to 70
feet high, some of them being 1^ to 2 feet in diameter ; while in places
they were so numerous as to form considerable groves. Accompanying
these aspens, were dense thickets of varied and luxuriant shrubbery, tall
alders and willows predominating in the swampy spots, while the slopes
were covered with a nearly impenetrable growth of ^' laurel " bushes {Cean-
otlfius velutinus). On the ridges the mountain mahogany formed groves,
while in the lower valleys Amelanchier canadensis^ or service berry, grew in
great abundance, furnishing food for many species of birds. The birds
observed at this place were the following : Among the aspens, Melanerpes
torquatusj Colaptes mexicanus, Turdus migratorius, Chrysomitris pinus, Loxia
americana, L. leucoptera, Contopus richardsoni, and Empidonax hammondi In
the shrubbery along the streams, Selasphorus rufus{l\ S, platycercus, Turdus
swainson% Troglodytes parkmanni, Geothlypis trichas (lower portions), G. mac-
giUivrayii Myiodioctes pusillus, Dendrmca cestiva, I>, townsendi^ Empidonax
hammondij Helminthophaga ruficapiUa, H. lutescens, H. celata^ Vireosylvia
swainsoni, Chrysomitris tristiSj Melospim fallax^ Zonotrichia intermedia. Cyan-
ospiza amcena, and Pipilo chlorurus. In the sage-brush, Oreoscoptes montanuSy
Collurio excubitoroideSj Eremophila alpestris, Pooecetes conftnis, Chondestes
grammaca, Spizella hrewer% Sturnella neglectay Zencedura carolinensiSj and
Centrocercm urophasianus. Among the mahoganies, Empidonax obscurus
was the most common species. Salpinctes obsoletus was found in all rocky
places, particularly on the ridges -^ a^ single individual of Ceryle alcyon
was seen along the brook, while Corvus carnivorus^ Buteo caluruSj Circus
hudsonius, and Falco polyagrus were species of irregular distribution.

29. Bearing^ Ttanclie^ Upper Humboldt Valley (September 10-1.4). —
After crossing the East Humboldt range through the pass called Secret

364

ORNITHOLOGY.

Valley, we found the country along the western base of the Clover Mount-
ains to be similar to the upper portion of Ruby Valley in its general char-
acteristics. As along the eastern base of the East Humboldt range, the
streams from the main calions were of considerable volume, while their
bordering shrubbery continued with them across the valley to the river.
The shrubbery along the main streams of the Upper Humboldt valley was
more extensive and vigorous, however, the cotton-woods and aspens being
more numerous, and constituting extensive groves, other spots being occu-
pied by dense thickets of thorn-apple {Gratcegus rivularis), wild-cherry
{Prunus andersonif)j and willows {Salix, species). At this place the
following species were observed: —

Passerella scbistacea Common,

Corvns carnivorus Common.

Pica hudsonica Common.

Oontopus richardsoni Common.

Empidonax hammondi Common.

Ceryle alcy on Bare.

Colaptes mexicanus Common.

Melanerpes torquatus Bare.

Picas gairdneri 1 Bare.

Otas wilsoQianus Bare.

Falco sparverius Common.

Falco columbarius Bare.

Circus hudsooius Bar0.

Nisns cooperi Bare.

Nisus fnscus Common.

Buteo calurus Bare.

Buteo swainsoni Bare.

Aquila canadensis Bare.

Rhinogryphus aura. Bare.

Zensedura carolinensis Abundant.

Turdus migratorius

. Common.

Tardus swainsoni

. . Common,

liegulus calendula

. . Common.

Troglodytes parkmanni

. . Common.

Sitta canadensis

. , Common.

Hehninthophaga celata

..Abundant

Helminthophaga lutescens.

..Bare.

Dend'-oeca SBstiva —

. Common.

DendroBca auduboni

. Abundant.

Myiodioctes pusillus

. . Abundant.

Ampelis cedrorum

. . Common.

Vireosylvia swainsoni . , . .

, .Abundant.

Lanivireo aolitarius

. . Common.

Pyranga ludoviciana

. . Common.

Zonotrichia intermedia.

. Abundant.

Melospiza fallax

..Abundant.

Spizella breweri

. Abundant

Oyanospiza amcBna

. Common.

Pipilo chlorurus

. . Common.

Scolecophaguscyanocephalus.A&un^aT^e.

30. Trout Greek, Upper Humboldt Valley (September 16-20, 1868).—
This locality was very similar to the last, a large brook, with an accompany-
ing growth of shrubbery and thickets of small trees, extending across the
valley from the Clover Mountains to the Humboldt River, the plain itself
being covered by the usual sage-brush plants; but the upper portion, next
to the lower foot-hills of the mountains, was clothed with rye-grass meadows,
interspersed with willow and aspen cepses. In these rye-grass meadows

DESCRIPTION OF CAMPS. 365

the Sharp-taUed Grouse {Pedioscetes Columbians) was very abundant. The
principal species met with along this creek were, besides that above-named,
the following: —

Tardus gattatus One specimen.

Parus septentrionalis Rare.

Zonotrichia intermedia Abundant.

Junco oregonus Abundant.

Melospiza fallax Abundant

Melospiza HdcoIdI Abundant.

Pipilo chlorurus Common.

Passercalus alaudinus Abundant

Empidonax obscurus Common.

Spbyrapicus nuchalis Bare.

Pious harrisi Rare.

Picus gairdneri Rare.

Antrostomus nuttali Common.

31. Clover Mountains (September 19, 1868). — On the above date, a
trip was made to near the summit of the main peak of this range by follow-
ing Trout Creek from our camp up the cation to its head, returning by
another canon to the southward. The summit of this peak is very lofty,
rising considerably above the timber-line, or to an altitude of near 12,000
feet. Large fields of perpetual snow lay in the ravines and behind masses
of rock, and in several places below the bare summit were quite extensive
pine woods. Nothing of interest, ornithologically, resulted from this exceed-
ingly laborious day's work, however, only the usual species being observed.
The commoner species of the alpine woods were Sitta canadensis, Parus
montanuSj and Junco oregonus^ while at the head of one of the cations, where
pines and aspens were intermingled, Canace obscura was very abundant.

32. Rolmes^s Creek, near Thousand Spring Valley (September 22-26.
Altitude, about 6,000 /eei). — Observations at this camp were confined chiefly
to a small valley nestled among a range of low hills separating the valley
of the upper Humboldt from Thousand Spring Valley. Around a spring,
which supplied the camp with water, grew a thicket of tall willows and
aspens, while along the rivulet from this spring grew willow bushes. Else-
where, only the ordinary sage-brush plants flourished. In the thickets
above mentioned, Dendro^ca totonsendi, Sphyrapicus nurchalis, and Nyctaie
acadica were obtained.

33. ''City of Mocks,'' "^ Southern Idaho (October 2, 1868).— The hills

^ This locaUty derives its name from a remarkable valley among the mountains
close by, where immense piles of granite, rising from the floor of the valley, vaguely rep-
resent a city of eastlea, domes, and mosques.

366 OBNITHOLOGY.

about this locality were extensively covered with unusually luxuriant woods
of cedar and pifion, among which GymnoUUa cyanocephala and Gyanocitta
woodhousii were more abundant than we had ever seen them elsewhere.
Corvus carnivorm and Centrocercus urophasianus were also abundant.

34. Deep Greeks Northwestern Utah (October 5, 1868).— At this point
of our route, the nearly level sage-brush plain was intersected by a narrow
valley considerably below the general level, through which flowed, with a
sluggish current, a very narrow but remarkably deep creek, a tributary of
the Great Salt Lake. The banks of this creek were lined with rushes,
while in the valley itself were willow thickets. The principal birds
observed here were the following:—^

Melospiza lincolni.

Ainphispiza nevadeusis.
Zonotrichia intermedia.
Melospiza t'allax.

Telmatodytes paludicola.
Geothlypis tricbas.

35. Vicinity of Salt Lake City^ i7ifafe^(May 20--June 1, and June 14-21,
1869). — Owing to its diversified character, the vicinity of Salt Lake City
proved exceedingly favorable to the objects of the exploration ; the scrub-
oaks of the hill-sides, the luxuriant and varied shrubbery along the stream
in City-Creek Cation, the meadow-lands, both wild and cultivated, between
the city and the lake, the tule sloughs along the Jordan River, and the
extensive marshes about the lake-shore, having each their peculiar species^
besides those found in the sage-brush, and others of general distribution.
The species noted in the vicinity of Salt Lake City during the months of
May and June were those given in the annexed list, most, if not all, of them
having been found breeding in the neighborhood. The asterisk placed in
one or more columns after the name of a species Indicates its center of
abundance, the columns representing the following types of localities : —

1. Sagebrush plains and mesas.

2. Meadows, chiefly toward the lake.

3. Tale sloughs and marshes near Jordan Elver.

4. Open ponds, shore of the lake, etc.

5. Thickets along the streams, valley, and lower part of Oity Greek Oafion.

6. Scrub-oaks, slopes of City Creek Canon.

7. Rocky places, City Creek Canon.

8. Of general distribution.

9. Mountain mahoganies and scattered cedars on lower spurs of mountains.

1 Altitude about 4,000 feet

DESCRIPTION OF CAMPS.

367

1.

2.

3.

4.

6.

6.

7.

8.

9.

1. Tiirdaa misrratorias

•

*
*

•

*

2. Tiirdus aadnhoni

3. Tardus swainsoni

4. OreoscoDtes montanus

5. GalescoDtea carolinensis * . .

•
*

6. Cinclus mexicanus.

7. Sialia arctio.a

«
#

8. Troglodytes parkmanni ,

9. Telmatodvtes oaludicola

10. DendrcBca sBstiva

*

11. Helminthonhaflra virffiniai

12. Geothlvnia trichas

13. GreothlvDis inacffillivravi .

14. Icteria lonsricauda

15 Sfitonhaca rutiftilla .^

16. Pvranera ludoviciana

17. Profirnft Rubia »..

18. Petroohftlidon lunifrona

#
•
#

19. Himndo horreomui

20. TachvcinBta thalaaaina

21 . Taohvoinftta bicolor

22. (jofiVlft rinaria

2.S St;f^l£iriflftiit".Arv3r aftrrinGnnia . .

24. Vireoavlvia awaiiisoiii

*

25. Tjaiiivireo nlnmbeiia

#

26. OarDodacus cassini

•

27. CarDodacaa frontalis

#

28. (.Jhrvsomitris fcriatia

•
•

29. Chrvaomitria naaltria

30. Ohrvaomitria 11111 ua -.

«

31 Passerp.nbia alaiidiniia. . .

•
•

32. Ootumicnliia nernallidiis

»

.3.3 ^onofirifihia lfinr.oolirv8 .

34 IVf ftloaniza 'fallait . - -..- ..

#

S5 AmnhiAni7.a bilififsata «- . -...

•
•

36. Spizella breweri

• . • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • •

068

ORNITHOLOGY.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

37. Soizella ari^onsB • •..••....».

•

•

38. Ghondestes grammaoa . . . . ^

#

39. Hedvnacles melanoceDhalns*

•

40. OvanosDiza amoBna

•
•

•

41. Pioilo mesaloDYX

42. Pipilo chlorurus

43. Dolichonvx orvzivorus

#

44. Molotbrus ater ..-.•-...

#

45. Xanthocephalns icterocephalas

•

*

...

....

46. AgeladQs pbodiiiceas

47. Scolecophafiras cvanoceDhalas

....

• * * •

#

48. Sturnella negleota • .

*

49. Icterus bullocki

#
•

50. Cyanocitta woodhousii

•

51. Oorvus carnivoras

*
*
*

52. Tyrannus verticalis ..»w....

53. Tyrannus carolinensis

54. Myiarcbus cinerascens

•

55. Sayomis sayus .

«

56. Oontopus riobardsoni

57. EiOipidonax pusillus

• -

58. Antrostomus nuttalli

*
*

. . . .
. - i .

50. Ohordeiles benryi

#

60, Panvptila saxatilis '.

«

61. Selaspborus Dlatvcerous

•
#

62. Trocbilus alexandri

63. Cervle alcvon

•
•
*

64. Melanerpes erytbrocepbalus

65. Colaptes mexicanus

66. Soeotyto byooffsea *

*

67. Circus badsonius * •

•

68. Falco polvafirrus -

,

•

•

•

....

69. Falco sparverius

. .

70. Buteo swaiosonl

71. Zeu8Bdura carolinensis i

72. Gentrooereus UFophasianus. . ^

. ».

« • . w

, . . *

DE80EIPTION OP CAMPS.

369

73. Pedioecetes columbianus . ,

74. ^gialitis vociferas

75. uEgialitis nivosas

76. Kecurvirostra americana..

77. Himantopus mexicanus...

78. Steganopus wilsoni

79. Ereanetes pusillas ,

80. Tringa minutilla

81. Tringoides macularius

82. Symphemia semipalmata. .

83. Numenius longirostris . . . .

84. Falcinellus guarauna

85. Ardea herodias

86. Herodias egretta

87. Botaurus minor

88. Grus canadensis

89. Rallus virginianus

90. Porzana Carolina

91. Fulica americana

92. Anas boschas

93. Dafila acuta

94. Ohaulelasmus streperus...

95. Mareca americana

96. Spatula clypeata . . . . .

97. Querquedula cyanoptera..

98. Querquedula discors

99. Kettion carolinensis ,

100. Erismatura rubida

101. Graculus floridanus

102. Sterna regia

103. Sterna forsteri

104. Hydrochelidon lariformis

105. Podiceps occidentalis

106. Podiceps californicus

107. Podilymbus podiceps ....

1.

2.

7.

8.

#
*

«
*
*
*

*
*

•
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft

24 PB,

370 . ORNITHOLOGY.

36. Antelope Islcmd, Great Salt Lake (June 4-8, 1869 ). — ^Antelope Island,
the largest of the islands in the Great Salt Lake, appears as a long range of
barren mountains, rising from the water. The island is about fifteen miles
in length, by about three in width at the broadest part, while its longitudinal
axis culminates in a broken rocky ridge, the highest peak of which is, per-
haps, some 1,500 to 2,000 feet above the surface of the lake. Some years
ago, when the Salt Lake Valley was first settled by the Mormons, this island
was indeed a-part of the mainland, a strip of low ground then connecting
it with the shore. The gradually increased annual rain-fall, brought about
by the careful cultivation of the country by the early settlers, first by
artificial irrigation, but in time aided by more and more frequent showers,
wrought, among other notable changes in the character of the country, a
great difference in the level of the lake, which grew higher, year by year,
until the isthmus above mentioned became entirely submerged. The entire
island presents the usual desert aspect, through the general absence of
water, save at one place on the eastern shore, where springs of pure, fresh
water irrigate the soil. This spot had been selected by representatives of
the Mormon church as the site of a ranche ; and it was here that our camp
was established. In the thrifty orchard of this thriving little farm were
found, nesting, the Cat-bird {Galeoscoptes carolimnsis)^ Redstart (Setophaga
ruticilla)j Traill's Flycatcher {Empidonax pusillus\ Bullock's Oriole {Icterus
biUlocki)j and Warbling Vireo (Vireosylvia swainsoni)] while about the
buildings a pair^ of Mountain Blue-birds (Sialia arcticd) had their abode, as
did also several paii-s of the House Finch {Carpodacus frontalis). The
former were feeding a family of fuU-fledged young, and were the first of
this species we ever saw at so low an altitude during the breeding-season,
although they were observed later, under similar circumstances, in Salt
Lake City.

In the sage-brush, Oreoscoptes montanus^ Amphispiza hilineata^ Spizella
brewery Ohondestes grammacaj Carpodacus frontalis^ Bremophila clirysokema^
Collurio excuUtoroides^ Zencedura carolinensis, Agdcem phcenicew, and JEgia-
litis vociferus were nesting; while, in a wet meadow, Passer cuius alau-
dinusj Agekem phoeniceus, and Numenius longirostris had young. The only
additional species noticed among the mountains, were Cyanospim ammna

DESOBIPTION OP OAMPS. 371

and Pipilo megalonyx^ in a ravine, and Corvm carnivorus, about the rocky-
peaks.

37. Stansbury Island, Great Salt Lake (June 1 2, 1869). — This island,
like the one just described, was formerly connected with the mainland at
its southern extremity; but it is now far out in the lake. No water could
be found upon it, and consequently the birds were very scarce. The only
species obtained was Galeoscoptes caroUnensis, of which a single individual,
probably a straggler, was secured.

38. — Garrington Island, Great Salt Lake (June 17, 1869). — The writer
did not visit this island, but two members of the party, Messrs. Watson and
Davis, who were there, brought with them on their return eggs of Mecur-
virostra americana, Branta canadensis, and Larus californicus, and reported
various other water-fowl as breeding upon this island and a smaller one
near by.

39. ''Babbit Island^' Great Salt Lake (June 11, 1869).— This island was,
at the time of our visit, merely a remnant of that portion of the southern
shore of the lake which is now submerged. It consisted of merely a low
knoll, occupying scarcely an acre in extent, and was named by our party
''Rabbit Island" on account of the large numbers of hares (Lepus callotis)
which were found on it. The latter were so numerous that when our boat
landed they were seen rushing frantically around, several of them leaping
into the water in their efforts to escape. The surface of this small island
was covered with a thrifty growth of sage-brush and grease-wood, in which
several pairs of Oreoscoptes montanus and Spizella breweri had their nests. A
single nest of Mareca americana, containing ten eggs, was also found
beneath a grease- wood bush.

40. Parley^s Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah (June 23-July 2, and
July 16-August 16/ 1869). — This locality is an elevated park, or broad
valley, lying at the eastern base of the main chain of the Wahsatch, and
25 miles distant from Salt Lake Cit}^. From the latter it was approached
by the canon of Jordan Creek, a considerable brook, whose sources are
among the- mountains surrounding this park, while along the eastern side

372 ORNITHOLOGY.

flowed Silver Creek, a tributary of the Weber. The average altitude of
this park is about 6,500 feet, while some of the neighboring peaks of the
maiii fange rise 4,000^ fe'et or more higher, and on whose bare, rocky sum-
mits spots of snow linger all the summer in the sheltered places. The
general character of this park is that of a luxuriant meadow, parts of it
under cultivation, the hill-sides being covered with a thick scrub of dwarf-
oaks {Querctis alba^ varJ), while the higher slopes are covered by a dense
forest of Coniferae, composed of several species (Pinus flexiliSj P.ponderosa^
P. contortaj Abies mendesiij A. englemann% A. douglass^i, A. grandisj A. ama-
hilts i and Juniperus virginiana). The higher portions of the ravines are
occupied by shady groves of tall aspens {Populus tremuloides), while bordering
the lower portions of the streams grow scattered trees of the narrow-leafed
cotton-wood {Populus angusti folia), and luxuriant shrubbery, of varied species.
Indeed, the desert character of the country to the westward of the Great
Salt Lake was here almost entirely wanting. As a natural consequence of
increased prevalence and luxuriance of vegetation, the birds were much
more numerous than we had found them at any previous camp, and while
we found eastern trees and shrubs replacing their western representatives,
or added as new elements to the western sylva, we also found many birds
of the Eastern Region as common here as at any point in the Atlantic States.
Such species were the Cat-bird {Galeoscoptes carolinensis) Swainson's Thrush
{Turdus swainsoni)^ Eedstart {Setophaga ruticilla), and White-crowned Spar-
row (^Zonotrichia leucophrys), A species of the plains, or the Campestrian
Province {Calamospiza bicolor), was also here met with for the first time,
while several birds characteristic of the Rocky Mountains proper were
more or less common, as Turdm auduboni^ HelminthopJiaga virginice, Passer ella
schistaceay Juneo caniceps, and Gyanura macrohpka. In this beautiful park
three species of Humming-birds were found, viz : Selaspkorus platycercus^
Stellida calliopey and Trochilus alexandri, the flowery meadows of the upper
portion of the callons being especially attractive to these ^^ feathered
gems."

The following is a complete list of the species found at this locality
during the period indicated above, their distribution being explained by the
annexed columns : —

DESCEIPTION OF CAMPS.

373

1

i

1
1

1

if
11

1^

1

t

1

09 .

6

1
TO «

1. Tardus micrratorius ..*

*

#

2. Tardus swaiusoui

«

3. Tardus auduboDi

*

4. Galeoscontes carolinensis

«

5. Sialia arctica

•

#
*
*
#
*
#

«

«

G. CiDclus mexlcanus

7. Reffulus calendula

8. Parus moutauas

9. Sit ta aculeata *

' ' - '

10. Sitta caiiadBnsis

1 1 Sittia i^vcinflfta .. ..

,

1 2._ Certhia americana

18. Trofflodvtes narkmauni

*

•

14, Telmatodvtes paludicola

#

15. !EremoDhila aloestris

*

1 G, Helminthophaga celata

17. Heltninthopliaga virginise

•
*

18. DeudroBca sestiva . . . ^ . . * . i

•

19. DendrcBca auduboui

^

20. DendroBca nigresc^ns

*

21. GeothlvDis macirillivravi

«

22. GeothlvDis trichas

*

23. Icteria lon^zicauda

•
#

•

24. Mviodioctes nusillua

*?

25. SetoDhacra ruticilla

2G. Pyranga ludoviciana

•?

*

27. Progne subis »

28. Potrochelidon lunifroDs

#

^9. Hirundo horreorum

*

30- Tafibvciiieta bieolor .

«

31 Taohvcineta tlialassina

32. Ootvle riuaria

•

33. Stelcridontervx sorrinennia

•

34. Vireosylvia swaiusoni

•

•f

*

> • • •

374

ORNITHOLOGY.

1

1

1.

i

II
II

O Gu

1*

rg

i

2 .

11

So

35. Lanivireo plumbeus

#

36. CoUurio excubitoroides

#

37- GarnodacaR cas^tini

#

• ♦

38. CaTDodacns frontalis

....

*
#-

#

39. Ghysomitris tristris ,

40. Chysomitris T)S£iltria • . . .

41. Chvsomltris pinns .......,.'

#

#

42. Passerculus alaudiDtis - - .

•

•

43. Pooecetes coDfinis

«

44. Coturnlculus DerDallidas

45. Melospiza lincolni

*

46. Melospiza fallax . . . ,

*

47. Junco caDiceps

*

48. Spizella arizonse . . . ,

•

*

«

49. Spizella breweri

«

60. 2onotrichia leucophrys

«

. . . .

51. Ohondestes grammaca

62, Passerella schistacea . . • . . ..........

#

*

63. Galamospiza bicolor

#

64. Hedymeles melaDoceDhalus

«
#

55* Oyanoi^iza amoeiia

66. Pipilo megalooyx

*

#

57. Pit)ilo chlorurus •

68. Molothrus ater ,

«
»

#

«

. . . .

69. A^elsens phcBniceus . . -

60. Xanthocenhalus icterocenhalas

61. Icterus ballocki .

«

62. Sturnella neirleota ••.»•..«

«-

«

63. Scolecophagns cyapocephalas

•-

#

64. Corvus carnivorus •

65, Ovanocitta woodhousii

•

•

66. Gvaniira macrolonha ^

•

#

67, Picicorvus colutabianus

68. Tyrannus verticalis

•

DBSOBIPTION OF OAMPS.

376

aa

i
1

II

1^

If

Ml

OQ

i

g

Q 00

OS-
'S

J

69, Tyrannus carolincnsis

*

70. -Mviarchus ciDerasccns ...*

«

71. ContoDus borealis

*

72. Gontopus ricbardsoni ^

*

*

*
*

73. Empidonax obscurus

74, EiuDidonax diMcilis

#

75. EmpidoDax pusillus

#

76. Antrostomiis DUttalli . . •

#
.#

77. Chordeiles henrvi

*

78, Trochilus alexandri

*
«
*

79, Stellula callioDe

80. SelasT)boriis Dlatvcercus

81. Cervle alcvon

82, Picas barrisi , • .

* '

*
*

*
#

83. Piiiiis srairdneri

84. SDhvraDicus nucbalis

*

....

85. SDhvraDiciis tbvroideus

86. Golantfts mexicanuA *

#
#

—

#

*
*

«

87, Bubo subarcticus

88. Falco DolvafiTTus

*

*

89. Falco snarveriiis

#

. ..

•

?

1

•

90. Circus budsonius

91. Nisus cooperi , .

•
*

—

f

*

*
•

92. Nisus fuscus

93. Buteo calurus

#

94. Buteo Rwainsoni .... »...-.

«

—

#

95. Arcbibuteo sancti-iobaniiis

#

•

96. Aa uila canadensis

«

97. Rbinofirrvnbus aura

98. Zens&dura carolinensis , ^..

#

•

•
«

99. Canace obscura

•
•

100- jRonaaa umbelloid^s

101. Centrocercus urophasianus

102, PedicDcetes columbianus

•
«

•

• • • •

• • • •

376

ORNITHOLOGY.

103. -^gialitis vociferus

104. Gallinago wilsoni

105. Ereunetes pusillus.

106. Actodromus minutilla

107. Symphemia semipalinata .
308. Tringoides macularius ...

109. Ehyacophilus solitarius . .

110. Numenias longirostris

111. Grus canadeusis

112. Porzana Carolina ...

113. Porzana jamaicensisf

114. Fulica ainericana

115. Anas boschas

116. Querquedulacyanoptera.

g

^

^

"^

.£3 O

ll

*
*

*
*
*

*

#
*

>. to

s ^

^ .31
teg

g

I

it

P^

41. Pachas Canorij Uintah Mountains (July 3-8, 1869). — This canon is
the valley of a considerable stream^ flowing from the higher regions of one
of the western peaks of the Uintah range into the Weber River, via Kamas
Prairie. In its upper portion both valley and mountains are densely cov-
ered with a coniferous forest, while along the banks of the stream the exten-
sive and vigorous growth of shrubbery consists of many species. The birds
found in this locality were, in part, the following : —

Tdrdas migratorius.
Tardus swaiusoni.
Galeoscoptes carolinensis.
Cinclns mexicauus.
Geothlypis macgillivrayi.
DendroBca mgrescens.
Helminthophaga Virginia^.
Setopbaga raticilla,
Pyranga ludoviciana.
Ohrysomitris tristis,
Ghrysomitris psaltria.

Ohrysomitris pinus,
Melospiza fallax,
Cyanura macrolopha.
Picicorvus coUimbianus.
Selasphorus platycercus,
Antrostomus nuttalli.
Chordeiles henryi.
Oanace obscura.
Zensadnra carolinensis.
Tringoides ttiacularius.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE BASIN AVIFAUNA. 377

^2.—Kamas Prairie, Utah (July 9, 1869).— Kamas Prairie is a grassy
valley, lying between the western spur of the Uintahs and the rolling
eastern foot-hills of the Wahsatch. We noticed there the ordinary species
of meadow localities, with the Sidiition oi Actiturus bartramius, which seemed
to be quite common.

43. Provo River, Utah (July 10-11, 1869).— We followed this river,
from the valley in which Heber City is situated, to Provo, near the shore
of Utah Lake, through the deep and picturesque canon cleft between two
high peaks of the Wahsatch range. Among the dense and extensive willow
thickets along this river we first found Turdus fuscescens and Parus septen-
trionalis (the former in great abundance), and the Magpie again numerous.
The other species noticed along this river were, mainly, the following:
Gakoscoptes caroUnemis (abundant), Setophaga rvticilla (abundant), Zence-
dura caroUnensis (abundant), Dendroeca cestiva, Melospiza fallaXy Icterus
btdlockif etc.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE AVIFAUNA OF THE GREAT BASIN.

The total number of species of birds observed during the exploration
is 262, of which only 24 were not seen east of the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada; thus leaving a total of 238 species noticed in the Great
Basin, including the approximate slopes of the Sierra Nevada and Wah-
satch ranges, which form the boundary of the district on the west and
east. This number includes both winter and summer birds, as well as the
transient species, or those which merely pass through in the spring and fall ;
the latter were comparatively very few, however, since the complicated
topography of the country afforded such a diversity of climate, with varia-
tions of altitude, that extreme northern and southern species passed the
summer at different elevations on the same mountain ranges. Although the
Great Basin forms a natural ^/ Province" of the Western Region, the Sierra
Nevada and main Rocky Mountain ranges forming its longitudinal bounda-
ries, the mountains form much less of an actual barrier to the distribution of
the species than might be supposed, as is clearly attested by the occurrence
of a large proportion of the Californian species on the eastern slope of the

378 OENITHOLOGY.

former, down to the very verge of the desert, and the presence of so many-
eastern birds on the Wahsatch and other extreme western ranges of the latter
system. It is, therefore, evident that not the mountains, but the deserts,
check the species in their range away from their centers of .distribution.
It was also noticed that the species having a general range throughout
the Interior were those particularly characteristic of, if not peculiar to,
the Basin Province, and that their distribution was regulated less by mere
topographical features than by other local conditions, the presence or
absence of water and vegetation being the main agents.

As stated in the chapter on the local avifaunas of the Great Basin
(see pp. 816-328), certain groups of birds not only characterize particular
zones of vegetation, but, also, isolated spots of a particular description, no
matter at what altitude. An excellent example in illustration of this case is
afforded by the humming-birds of the Interior, which are found wherever
flowers grow in profusion, either in the valleys or on the mountains; they
abound most on the upper slopes of the canons, where numerous flowering
plants bloom in such abundance as to form natural gardens; but on one day,
in August, we observed an individual of Selasphorus phtycercus in the door-
yard of a ranche, in Ruby Valley, the altitude of which was between 6,000
and 7,000 feet, while a few hours later, as we stood on the summit of one of
the lofty peaks of the East Humboldt range, at an elevation of about 12,000
feet above sea-level, and far above the fields of perpetual snow, an individual
of the same species flew rapidly by, bound for the slopes of an adjoining
cafion. The extreme vertical range of this species was thus shown to be
nearly 6,000 feet, or more than one mile! In all cases where farms had
been established in the valleys, humming-birds were noticed in the door-
yards, though had not careful cultivation, with the aid of artificial irrigation,
produced these oases in the desert, it is needless to say these birds would not
have been seen there. Other cases in point are those of the birds frequenting
the cafion shrubbery, which have a vertical range almost equal to that of
the humming-birds, the same species following the streams from the valleys
up to the snow-fields, provided the shrubbery continues so far. Certain
birds which frequent woods, of whatsoever kind, are almost sure to be
found wherever trees occur ; thus Oolaptes mexicanm or Picm harrisi may

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE BASIN AVIFAUNA. 379

be observed the same day among the cotton-woods of the lowest valleys,
less than a hundred feet above sea-level (as in California), and in the alpine
woods, 10,000-12,000 feet above the sea.

Independent of these local modifications of the fauna, as controlled by
conditions of environment, important changes were noticed in proceeding
eastward, which are of a truly geographical nature. Thus, although the
character of the country changed completely with the termination of the
coniferous forests of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, the change in
the fauna was by no means so abrupt. New forms of course immediately
made their appearance, or even predominated in number of species and
individuals, over those we had met with before, but still many of the latter
were not lost sight of completely until we had penetrated many miles into
the desert country, but reappeared on the higher ranges of the western depres-
sion. This was particularly the case with the West Humboldt Mountains,
where Lanivireo cassini, Pipilo oregonus, Melospiza guttata^ Zonotrichia coronata^
and Agelceus gubernator were found in the fall, all being birds of the Pacific
Province; while on the desert ranges, within sight of the Sien-a, Oreortyx
pictus was more or less plentiful. Along the eastern base of the Sierra.
Nevada, near Carson City, Oycmocitta calif arnica — the ^'Valley Jay" of
California — -was found in place of G. woodhousiij which was the only species
from the West Humboldt Mountains eastward, and the form characteristic
of the Middle Province.

As we approached the eastern border of the Basin we met with spe-
cies characteristic of the Eastern Region or the Rocky Mountain District
of the Middle Province, as gradually as on the western side we had left the
Californian forms behind; each successive high range introducing a larger
number to the list. But even in this district, where so many eastern forms
were met with, there was still a sprinkling of the extreme western element,
which, however, seemed to have reached nearly to its eastern limit in the
upper Humboldt valley or the neighboring mountains, where such birds as
Turdus guttatuSj Helminthophaga lutescenSj Dendrceca occidentaliSj D. townsendiy
and Selasphorus rufus were noticed as autumnal migrants.

It seems to be a general rule, that western birds have a tendency to
extend eastward during their fall migrations, thus spreading over the whole

380 ORNITBOLOGY,

of the Western Region at this season, though in summer their habitat may
be confined strictly to the area of Pacific-coast drainage. This circum-
stance we have previously alluded to, in these words: — ^

"Another very remarkable peculiarity of the Wahsatcb region, which I wish par-
ticularly to mention in this connection, is the fact that in the case of representative
species or races, the Eastern or Rocky Mountain forms breed there, while the more
Western forms replace them in winter. Thus, Zonotrichia leuoopJirys and Jmico hyemalis,
var. canicepSy are the only species oif these two genera which breed on the Wahsatcb,
and they nest there very numerously 5 but in the fall their place is taken by the western
Z, leucophrysy var. gamheli [=^intermedia] and J. hyemalis, var. oregonus^ which are un-
known in summer. Lanivireo solitaria, var. plumbea^ breeds there, while var. soUtariay
coming from the northwestward, replaces it in autumn. The same is the case with
Turdus pallasiy var. auduboni (summer resident), and var. nanus (autumnal migrant);
and apparently the case also with Helminthophaga virginice (summer), and S. ruficapilla
(autumn)." ^

The eastern species occurring within the Basin were found to have
reached their maximum in the Salt Lake Valley and adjacent country to the
eastward, but, as was the case with the western series, some of them had
intruded so far within the western domain as to reach the opposite side.
Thus, Tyrannies carolinensis was not rare during the breeding-season in the
lower Truckee Valley, almost at the foot of the Sierra Nevada. Ectopistes
migratoria was obtained in the West Humboldt Mountains, although the
only individual seen was a young one, and evidently a straggler. In the
East Humboldt Mountains, Turdus swainson% Helminthophaga ruficapilla^ and

iProc. Essex Inst., Vol. V, Nov., 1873, pp. 170, 171. [" Notes on the Bird Fauna
of the Salt Lake Valley and the adjacent portions of the Wahsatch Mountains.'']

2 Other examples of species which have an extreme western or northwestern
distribution during the breeding-season, but which migrate in fall both eastward and
southward, are, Helminthophaga lutescem^ Bendrij&ca occidentalism D. townsendij and Selas-
phorns rufusy found as far east as the Clover Mountains, with the addition of Lanivireo
cassinij Melospiza guttata^ Pipilo oregonus, Zonotrichia coronata, and Agelcem gubernator^
which in September and October were obtained in the West Humboldt range. The
most plausible explanation of this eastward migration would appear to be found in
the supposition that nearly, if not all, these migrants were from the Valley of the
Columbia Eiver, whose main tributary, the Snake Eiver, heads almost directly north
of the Great Salt Lake; the birds of the Columbia basin would naturally follow the
valleys of these upper tributaries as the route offering the least obstacle to their south-
ward passage, many species which do not breed eastward of the lower Columbia thus
regularly reaching the eastern border, if not the whole extent, of the Great Basin.
Whether their return northward is by the same route, remains to be determined.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE BASIN AVIFAUNA. 381

Dolichonyx oryzivorus were more or less common in the fall. In the Wah-
satch district, including the Salt Lake Valley, were Turdus fmcescens, Gak-
oscoptes carolinensiSj Setophaga ruticilla^ and Zonotrichia leucophrys as abundant
summer residents, and Melanerpes erythrocephalus as a summer straggler;
while on Kamas Prairie, between the Wahsatch and the Uintahs, Actiturus
hartramius was common in July.

Another result of our investigations was the discovery of the fact that
several species, supposed to be peculiarly eastern, are in reality among
those which inhabit the entire breadth of the <3ontinent. Among these were
Coccyzm americanus, which was found both at Sacramento, California, and
in the Truckee Valley, in June and July, and Coturniculus passerinuSy which
was as abundant in the vicinity of Sacramento as at any eastern locality ;
also, Spwella monticola, heretofore supposed to be of casual or accidental
occurrence in the West, but which was found to be an abundant winter res-
ident in suitable localities. There was also seen at two places in the western
depression — the West Humboldt Mountains (October) and the Truckee
Valley (November) — a ColapteSj which was probably the eastern C. auratus,
though it may possibly have been C. chrysoides of the Gila and Saint Lucas
districts, since it is certain that the individuals in question were not the
form intermediate between C. auratus and 0. mexicanuSj known as C.
^^ hyhridus!'^^

Somewhat of an anomaly was noticed in the distribution of several
species in the region indicated, in their abundance on the two opposite

^ In- addition to these species, the following are known to occur westward of the
main divide of the Eocky Mountains : —

1. DendroBca blackburniai ; Ogden, Utah, Sept. — AUen.

2. Dendroeca coronata ; Fort Bridger, Wyoming. — Baird.

3. Seiurus noveboracensis ; Fort Bridger, Wyoming.— JSatVdf.

4. Oistothorus stellaris ; Utah Lake ; breeding. — Henshaw.

5. Vireosylvia olivacea ; Ogden, Utah, September. — Allen. [" More or less common'^] ;

Fort Bridger, Wyoming.-^J5air^.

6. Junco hyemalis; Iron Springs, Utah, October 4. — Henshaw.

7. Melospiza palustris; Washington, Utah, October 23. — Henshaw,

8. Quiscalus aeneus ; Fort Bridger, Wyoming — Baird.

9. Empidonax minimus J Fort Bridger, Wyoming. — Baird.

10. Kallus elegans ; Ogden, Utah, September. — Allen.

11. Ibis alba; Ogden, Utah, September. — Allen. [" Said to be frequent in summer,'']

12. Anas obscura; Rush Lake, Utah, November. — Yarrow.

382 ORNITHOLOGY.

mountain ranges and their apparent absence from the entire intervening
territory. Such was particularly conspicuous regarding Sialia mexicana and
Lophophanes inornatus, which, if occurring at all in the Basin proper, were
so raa-e that they were not noticed. An apparent explanation of this
exceptional rnxkge is the general absence of suitable localities over the greater
portion of this vast area ; but the circumstance that the species named were
still wanting on the Wahsateh and Uintahs, where the conditions of environ-
ment are in every way favorable, would seem to suggest other causes.
The partial or entire absence of certain woodland species from the sufficiently
extensive forests of the higher interior ranges was indeed a subject of con-
tinual speculation, since they were searched for in vain, after leaving the
Sierra Nevada, until the Wahsateh or Uintah woodlands were reached,
when many of them reappeared, while others did not, although they are
known to occur in the same latitudes on the main Rocky Mountain ranges.
Besides the species named above, we may mention Scops flammeola^ Ghm-
cidium gnoma^ and Cohimha fasciata, which are common to the two widely-
separated districts named, but which have not yet been recorded from any
intermediate locality; while other species, found both on the Sierra Nevada
and Wahsateh, were found to be either extremely rare or apparently not
existing at all on any ranges between. These species are the following:
Begulus calendula. Parus montanus, SUta aculeata, S. pygmoeay Certhia ameri-
cana^ and Sphyrapicus thyroideus. All of these, it may be observed, are of
pinicoline habits.

It seems to us that the most reasonable explanation of the abundance
of these birds on the Sieri'a Nevada and Rocky Mountains, and their rarity
in or absence from the intervening region, is to ^be found in the fact that
the two great mountain systems named approximate closely along the
northern and southern borders of the United States, thus allowing short
and scarcely interrupted passage from one to the other, without being
obliged to cross the wide expanse of desert which intervenes along the line
of our route.

The following tables are intended to show more briefly the changes
noticed in the bird-fauna during our transit of the Basin, as well as the
main local peculiarities noted by the way : —

GENERAL REMARKS OJT THE BASIN AVIFAUNA. 383

SPECIES OF THE GREAT BASIN NOT OBSERVED IN CAIilPORKIA.
Species* Range within the Basin.

1. Tardus auduboni Eastern side.

2. Oreoseoptes montanus Entirely across.

^ Sialia arctiea Entirely across.

4. Psaltriparos plumbeus Entirely across.

5. Psaltriparus.melanotis Eastern side ; straggler,

6. Salpinctes obsoletus - • . . Entirely across.

7. Catherpes conspersus Entirely across.

8. Helminthophaga virginiae Eastern side.

9. Lanivireo plumbeus - Eastern side.

10.? Phseuopepla nitens - ... Western side.

11 . Carpodacus cassiui . . v Entirely across.

12. Junco caniceps Eastern side.

13. Amphispiza bilineata Entirely across.

14. Amphispiza nevadensis Entirely across.

15. Melospiza fallax Entirely across, except western border.

16. Passerella schistacea Eastern side, chiefly.

17. Calamospiza bicolor * Eastern side ; straggler.

18. Pipilo megalonyx .* Entirely across, except western bof der.

19. Pipilo chlorurus Entirely across.

20. Gymnokitta cyanocephala Western side.

21. Pica hudsonica — Entirely across.

22. Oyanura macrolopha Eastern side.

23. Cyanocitta woodhousii : . . Entirely across.

24. Sayornis say us Entirely across.

25. Empidonax obscurus . Entirely across.

26. Empidonax hammondi Entirely across.

27. Panyptila saxatilis Eastern side.

28. Selasphorus platycercus Eastern side.

29. Stellula calliope Entirely across.

30. Sphyrapicus nuchalis Entirely across.

31. Sphyrapicijs thyroideus Entirely across.

32. Colaptes. hybridus Entirely across.

33. Oolaptes auratus? Western side.

34. Canace obscura Entirely across.

35. Bon'asa umbelloides - . Entirely across.

36. Pedioecetes columbianus Entirely across.

37. Centrocercus urophasianus Entirely across.

38. Falcinellus guarauna Eastern side.

39. Falcinellus thalassinus Western side.

SPECIES OF THE EASTERN REGION FOUND IN THE BASIN.

1. Turdus swainsoni Eastern side.

2. Turdus fuscescens Eastern side.

3. Galeoscoptes caroliuensis Eastern side.

384 ORNITHOLOGY.

Species. Range mthin the Bcmn.

4. Helminthophaga celata Eastern side.

5. Setophaga ruticilla Eastern side.

6. Lanivireo solitarius Entirely across.

7. Zonotrichia leucophrys Eastern side.

8. Dolichonyx oryzivoras Eastern side.

9. Tyrannas carolinensis Entirely across.

10. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Eastern side.

11. Ectopistes migratoria West Humboldt Mts.; straggler.

12. Actiturus bartramius Eastern side.

13. Querquedula discors Entirely across.

LOCALITIES WHERE CERTAIN SPECIES WERE FIRST MET WITH IN JOURNEYING

EASTWARD.

Uastern slope of Sierra N'evada,

1. Oreoscoptes montanus. July.

2. Sialia arctica. December- April 25.

3. Carpodacus cassini. March 21-April 4.

4. Salpinctes obsoletas. Summer resident.

5. Catherpes conspersus. Constant resident.

6. Ampbispiza nevadensis. Constant resident.

7. Ampbispiza bilineata. Summer resident.

8. Spizella monticola. Winter resident.

9. Passerella megarhyncha. From April 25 through summer.

10. Passerella schistacea. February and March 5 scarce.

11. Pipilo chlorurus. Summer resident.

12. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. Winter resident in valleys, breeding on

mountains.

13. Gymnokitta cyanocephala. Constant resident.

14. Pica hudsonica. Constant resident.

15. Sayornis sayus. Summer resident.

16. Empidonax obscurus. Summer resident.

17. Antrostomus nuttalli. Summer resident.

18. Ohordeiles henryi. Summer resident.

19. Picoides arcticus. Winter resident; rare.

20. Sphyrapicus thyroideus. Constant resident.

21. Sphyrapicus nuchalis. Casual (April 4).

22. Falco polyagrus. Constant resident.

23. Canace obscura. Constant resident.

24. Centrocercus urophasianus.

Iruokee Valley {below Virginia Mountains).

1. Troglodytes hyemalis. Deceoiber.

2. Tachycineta thalassina. Summer residejut.

3. Tyrannus carolinensis. Summer resident.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE BASIN AVIFAUNA. 385

^ 4. Nephcecetes borealis. Summer resident,

5. Ohgetura vauxi. Summer resident.

6. Selasphorus rufus. August; excessively abundant.

7. Steganopas wilsoni. May ; rare.

West Humboldt Mountains.

1. Psaltriparus plumbeus. September-October.

2. Lanivireo cassiui. September 9-25.

3. Lanivireo solitarius. September.

4. Melospiza guttata. One specimen; Octobers.

5. Zonotrichia coronata. One specimen; October 7.

6. Cyanocitta woodhousii. September-October.

7. Ectopistes migratoria. One specimen; September 10.

8. Colaptes auratus. I One specimen; October.

Soda Lake, Carson Desert
1. ! Phsenopepla nitens. June 27; rare.

Toyabe Mountains {near Austin).

1. Panyptila saxatilis. July 4; one specimen.

Buby Mountains {eastern slope).

1. Psaltriparus melanotis.? One specimen; August 4.

2. Dendrceca nigrescens. Summer resident.

3. Helminthophaga virginiae. Summer resident.

4. Lanivireo plumbeus. Summer resident.

5. Loxia leucoptera. One specimen; August 12.

6. Selasphorus platycercus. Summer resident.
. 7. Stellula calliope. Summer resident.

East Humboldt Mountains (eastern slope).

1. Turdus swainsoni. September 1-11.

2. Dendroeca townsendi. September 8-24.

3. Dendrceca occidentalis. August 29.

4. Helminthophaga ruficapilla. September 6.

5. Empidonax hammondi. September 5-8. [Also found on eastern slope

of the Sierra Nevada.]

Here were seen the most eastern individuals of Selasphorus r^fuSy a
pair having been observed, and the male secured, September 8.
Buby Valley (west side^ near Franklin Lake).

1. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. August and September.

2. Falcinellus guarauna. August and September.

From here northward, Lept^ cdllotis was found to be replaced by L.

campestris.
26 p B

386

ORNITHOLOGY.

Upj^er Humboldt Valley {west of Glover Mountains).

1. Tardus guttatus. September 16.

2. Sitta canadensis. September 10.

3. Ampelis cedrorum. September 10.

4. Picas gairdneri. September 12^17.
6. Nisas fascus. September 10.

6. PedicBcetes colambianus. September 16.

Thousand Spring Valley,
1. Nyctale acadica. September 24; one specimen.
Vicinity of Salt Lake City {including shores and islands of the lake. City Creek Carton^ etc.).

1. Galeoscoptes carolinensis. Common summer resident.

2. Setophaga ruticilla. Common summer resident.

3. Chrysomitris psaltria. Rare summer resident.

4. Pipilo megalonyx. Abundant summer resident.

* 5. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. One specimen, June.
6. -^gialitis nivosus. Very abundant summer resident.

Parley^s Park ( Wahsatch Mountains).

1. Junco caniceps. Common summer resident.

2. Zonotrichia leucophrys. Common summer resident

3. Calamospiza bicolor. One specimen, July 30.

4. Cyanura macrolopha. Common resident.

5. Bonasa umbelloides. Rare resident.

Kamas Prairie.
1. Actiturus bartramius. July.

Provo Canon.

1. Tardus fuscescens. Very abundant summer resident.

2. Parus septentrionalis. Summer resident.

CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES COLLECTED OB OBSERVED.^

Page.

TurdidcB.

•1. Turdus migratorius, L 391

2. Turdus guttatus (Pall.) 393

♦3. Turdus auduboni, Baird 394

♦4. Turdus. ustulatus, IJutt 395

Page.
Turdidce — Continued.

•5. Turdus swainsoni, Caban 397

*6. [Turdus fuscescens, Steph.] 398

♦7. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (L.). . . . 399
*8. Oreoscopte8montanas( Towns.)-.. 399

^ For the sake of convenience, we adopt a strictly binomial nomenclature, even
in case of forms which are unquestionably mere geographical races. Species dis-
tinguished by an asterisk are those which were observed during the breeding-season;
those in italics were seen only in California, while those not in the collection are inclosed
in brackets.

CATALOGUE.

387

SaxicolidcB.

♦9. Sialia mexicana, Swains 402

*10. Sialia arctica, Swains 403

Ginclidce,
*11. Cinclus mexicanus, Swains 406

8ylviidw.
*12. Myiadestes townsendi (Aud.).. . . 408

♦13. [Polioptila ccerulea (L.) ?] 409

*14. Regultts calendula (L.) 409

15. [Regains satrapa, Licht.J 410

Paridw.
*16. Lophophanes inornatus (Gamb.). 410

*17. Parus montanus, Gamb 411

♦18. Parus septentrionalis, Harris.. . , 412

♦19. [Farus occidentalism Baird ^ 412

♦20. [Paalirij^arus minimus (Towns.)].. 413
♦21. Psaltriparns plumbeus, Baird. .. 413
22. [Psaltriparns melanoti8(Hartl.) ^. 415
Sittidw,

♦23. Sitta acnleata, Cass 415

♦24. Sitta canadensis, L 416

♦25. Sitta pygmaBa, Vig 417

CerthiidcB.

♦26. pertbia americana 418

TrofflodytidcB,

♦27. Salpinctes obsoletus 418

♦28. Catherpes conspereus, Ridgw. . . 420
♦29. [Thryomanes spilurus (Vig.) J. .... 422
♦30. Troglodytes parkmanni, And.... 422

31. Troglodytes pacificus, Baird. 424

♦32. Telmatodytea paludicola, Baird. . 425
MotacilUdce,

33. Anthus ludovicianus (Gm,). 426

Mniotiltidce.

34. Helmiuthophaga ruficapilla

(Wils.) 427

♦35. Helminthophaga virginifiB, Baird. 428
♦30. Helminthophaga celata (Say), . . . 429
37. Helminthophaga Intescens,

Ridgw 429

♦38. DendrcBca SBstiva (Gm.) 431

39. [DendroBca occidentals (Towns.)J. 432

40, DendrcBca townsendi (Nutt,). . . . 432

♦41.
♦42.
♦43.
♦44.
♦45.
♦46.
47,
♦48,

♦49.
♦50.
♦51.
♦52.
♦53.
♦54
♦55.

56.
57.

♦58.

59.

60.
♦61.
♦62.

♦64.

66,
67.

♦69.

70.
♦71.
♦72.
♦73.
♦74.

75.
♦76.
♦77.

Page.

Mniotiltidce — Continued.

Dendrceca nigrescens (Towns.). . . 433

Dendroeca auduboni (Towns.). . . 433

Geothly pis trichas (L.) 434

Geothlypis macgillivrayi (And.). 435

Icteria longicauda, Lawr. . 436

Myiodioctes pusillus (Wils.) 437

Myiodioctes pileolatus (Pall.) 437

Setophaga ruticilla (L.) 438

Mirundinidce,

Progne subis (L.) 439

Petrochelidou lunifrons (Say). . . . 440
Hirundo horreorum, Barton — 441

Tachycineta bieolor (Vieill.). 441

Tachycineta thalassina (Swains.). 443

Cotyle riparia (L.) 445

Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aud.) 446

Amj^elidce,
Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.).. .. 446
f [Pbsenopepla nitens (Swains.)]. . . 447
Vireonidce.

Vireosylvia swainsoni, Baird 448

Lanivireo casaini, Baird 449

Lanivireo solitarius (Wils.) 450

Lanivireo plumbeus, Coues 451

Vireo pusillus^ Coues . , 451

LaniidcB,

Collurio borealis (Vieill.) 452

CoUurio excubitoroides (Swains.). 453
TanagridoB.

Pyranga ludoviciana (Wils.) 454

Fringillidw,

Loxia americana (Wils.) 455

[Loxia leucoptera, Gm.J 456

Carpodacus cassini, Baird 457

Carpodacus frontalis (Say) 458

[Leucosticte littoralis, Baird.] 461

Chrysomitris tristis 461

Chrysomitris psaltria (Say) 462

[Chrysomitris lawrencii (Oms.)]. . . 463

Chrysomitris pinus (Wils.).. ... 463

[Plectrophanes lapponicus (L.)] . . 464

Passerculus alaudinus, Bonap... 464

Pooecetes conflnis, Baird. . . 466

388

ORNITHOLOGY.

Page.

FringillidcB-' Oont%n'ued.
♦78. Coturniculus perpallidus,

Ridgw. 467

♦79. GhoDdestes grammaca (Say). . . 467
♦80. Zonotrichia leocophrys (Forst.). 470
♦81. ZoDotrichia intermedia, Ridgw. 471

82. Zonotrichia coronata (Pall.) 472

♦83. Junco oregonus (Towns.). 473

♦84. [Junco caniceps ( Woodh.)] 474

♦85. Ainphispiza bilineata (Cass.). . . 475
*S^u Amphispiza nevadensis, Ridgw. 476

87. Spizella monticola (Gm.). 478

♦88. Spizella arizonse, Cones 470

♦89. Spizella breweri, Cass 480

♦90. Melospiza heermanni, Baird.. . . 481

♦91. Melospiza fallax, Baird 482

92. Melospiza guttata (Natt.),. ... 482

♦93. Melospiza lincolni ( Aud.) 484

♦94. Passerella megarbyncha, Baird. 485
♦95. Passerella schistacea, Baird.. .. 486
96. Calamospiza bicolor (Towns.)... 487
♦97. Hedymeles melanocephalns

(Swains.) ., 488

♦98. Ouiraca ccerulea (L.). , 489

♦99. Cyanospiza amoena (Say) 490

♦100. Pipilo oregonus ^Bell) ;•. . . 491

♦10^1. Pipilo megalonyx, Baird. .. . ., 491

♦102. Pipilo chlorurus (Towns.) 496

♦103. [Pipilo crismlis ( Vig.)] 498

Alaudidw.
♦104. Eremophila alpestris (Forbt.).. 498
105. Eremophila leucolseraa, Coues. . 498
♦106. Eremophila chry8olaBma(Wagl.) 499

IcteridcB,
107. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (L.) .... 600

♦108. Molotbrus ater (Bodd.) . 501

♦109. Xanthocephalns icterocephalus

(Bonap.) ;..... 602

♦110. AgelsBus pboBnicens (L.) ...... 503

♦111. Agelseus gubernator ( Wagl.). . . 504

•112. [AgeUms tricohr (Nutt) ] 605

♦113. Sturnella negiecta, Aud 606

♦114. Icterus bullocki (Swains.)..... 608
♦115. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus

(Wagl.)....... 610

♦116.
♦117.
♦118.
♦119.
^♦120.
♦121.
♦122,
♦123.
♦124.
♦125.

♦126.
♦127.
♦128.
♦129.
♦130.
♦131.
♦132.
♦133.
♦134,
136.
♦136.

^37,

♦138.
♦139.
♦140.
♦141.
142.
♦143.
♦144.
♦146.
♦146.

♦147.
148.

♦149.
160.
151.

♦152.

Pa^e.

Corvidw.

Corvus carnivorus, Bartr 513

Corvus americanus, Aud 514

Picicorvus columbianiis ( Wils.). 515
Gymnokittacyanocephala,Max. 617

Pica nuttalli^ Aud 619

Pica hudsonica (Sabine) 520

Cyanura frontalis, Ridgw 523

Cyanura macrolopha, Baird. . . . 624
Cyanocitta californica (Vig.). .. 525
Cyanocitta woodhousii, Baird. . 526

Tyrannidce.

Tyrannus verticalis, Say 528

Tyrannus carolinensis (L.) 532

Myiarchus cinerascens, Lawr.. . 533
[Sayornis nigricans (Swains.) ] . 634

Sayornis say us (Bonap.) 534

Contopus borealis (Swains.) 635

Contopus richardsoni (Swains.). 637
Empidonax pusillus (Swains.) . . 539
Empidonax obscurus (Swains.) . 541
Empidonax hammondi, Xantus. 543
Empidonax difficilis, Baird 544

Alcedinidce.

Ceryle alcyon (L.) 545

Picidce.

Picas harrisi, Aud 545

Picus gairdneri, Aud 546

[Picus nuttallij Gamb.] . . 547

Picus albolarvatus (Cass.) 647

Picoides arcticus (Swains.) 548

[Sphyrapicus ruber (Gm.) ] . , . . 549
Sphyrapicus nnchalis, Baird... 549
Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cass.) - 551
[Melanerpes formieivorus

(Swains.)].. 553

Melanerpes torquatus (Wils.) . . 663
[Melanerpes erythrocephalus

(L.)J 554

Colaptes mexicanus, Swains.. . . 556

Cplaptes hybridus, Baird 556

[Colaptes auratus (L.) !] . . 557

Cuculidce,
|Goccyzus americanus {L.)J ..... 658

CATALOGUE.

389

Page.

Trochilidce.

♦153. Calypte annce (Less.) b^S

*154. Trochilas alexandri, Bourc. &

Muls 559

155. Selasphorus rufus (Gm.) 559

♦156. Selaspliorus platycercus

(Swains.) 560

♦157. Stellula calliope, Gould 563

Cypselidw.

♦158. Panyptila saxatilis (Woodh.). , . 564

159. Nepbcecetes borealis(Keim.). .. 565

160. fOhsetura vauxi (Towns.)] 566

CaprimuJgidce.

161. Antrostomus nuttalli (Aud.). .. 567

162. Chordeiles henryi, Cass 568

Strigidcc.

163. Strix pratincolaj Boii3>p 569

164. Otus wilsonianus, Less 570

165. Brachyotus cassiniy Brewer 571

166. 8c(^8 asio^ (L.) 571

107. Nyctale acadica (Gnu) 572

168. Bubo subarcticus, Hoy 572

169. Speotyto hypogsea (Bonap.) 573

Falconidce.

170. Falco nsevius (Gni.) 575

171. Falco polyagrus, Cass 577

172. Falco columbarius, L 578

♦173. Falco sparverius, L 578

♦174. Circus hudsonius, L. 580

175. Nisus cooperi (Bonap.) 581

176. Nisus fuscus (Gm.) 581

^177. [Buteo elegans, Cass.] 582

♦178. Buteo calurus, Cass. 582

♦179. Buteo swainsoni, Bonap 584

♦180. Archibuteo sancti-johannis

(Gm.)... 589

♦181. [Archibuteo ferrugineus

(Licht.)] 690

♦182. [Aquila canadensis (L.)J 590

♦183. fflaliaetus lencocephalus (L.)].. 592

♦184. JEllanus leucurm ( Vieill.) 592

♦185. [Pandion carolinensis (Gm.)] . . . 593

Gathartidm,

♦186. Rliinogryphus aura (L.) 693

Page.

Columbidae.

♦187. Columba fasciata, Say 595

188. Ectopistes migratoria (L.) 596

♦189. Zensedura carolinensis (L.) ..... 596

Tetraonidce.

♦190. Canace obscura (Say) 598

♦191. Bonasa umbelloides (Dougl.).. 599
♦192. PedioBcetes columbiauus (Ord.). 599
♦193. Centrocercus uropliasianus

(Bonap.) 600

Perdicidce.
♦194. Oreortyx pictus (Dougl.) , .... 601
♦195. Lophortyx caUfornictts (ShsLW.),. 602
Charadriidce,

♦196 ^gialitis vociferus (L.) 603

♦197 ^gialitis nivosus, Cass. . . . 604

Phalaropodidce.
♦198. [Steganophus wilsoni (Sab.)]. .. 604

Recurvirostridce.
♦199. Recurvirostraamericana, Gm... 605

♦200. Himantopus mexicanus 606

Scohpacidw.
♦201. Gallinago wilsoni (Temm.). . ... 606

202. [Tringa americana, Cass.] 607

203. Tringa bairdi, Coues 608

204. Tringa miuutilla, Vieill 608

205. Ereunetes pusillus (L.) 609

♦206. Symphemia semipalmata (Gm). 609
♦207. [Rhyacophilus solitarius (Wils.J. 610

♦208. Tringoides macularius (L.) 610

♦209. [Actiturus bartramius ( Wils.)]. . 611
♦210. Numenius longirostris, Wils.. . . 611

Oruidce.
♦211. [Grus canadensis (L.)] 611

Ballidce.

♦212. [Rallils virginianus, L.] 612

♦213. Porzana Carolina (L.) 612

♦214. [Porzana jamaicensis (Gm.)!] . . . 613

♦215. Oallinula galeata (Licht.) 613

♦216. Fulica americana, Gm ... . 614

Tantalidije,
♦217. fFalcinellus guarauna (Gm.)J... 615
♦218. Falcinellus thalassinus^ Bidgw. 616

390

ORNITHOLOGY.

Page.

Ardddie.

•219. Ardea herodias, L 616

220. [Herodias egretta (Gm.)] ... 617

♦221. Butorides virescens (L.) 617

•222. [ Ardetta exilis (Gm.)] 618

•223. [Nyctiardea uaevia (Bodd.)] 618

•224. Botaurus minor (Gm.) 618

Anatidce.

225. [Cygnus buccinator, Bicbard-

8on!] 619

226. Anser albatus, Cass 619

♦227. Branta canadensis (L.) 620

228. Branta hutchinsi (Richardson). 620

229. [Branta nigricans (Lawr.)] 621

♦2^. Anas boschas, L 621

♦231, Ghaulelasmus strepems (L.) . . . 622
♦232. Mareca americana (Gm.) 622

233. [Dafila acuta (L.)J 622

♦234. [Nettion carolmensis (Gm.)] 623

♦235. [Querquedula discors (L.)] 623

♦236. Querquedula cyanoptera

(Vieill.) 623

237. Spatula clypeata (L.) 624

238. f Aix sponsa (L.)] 624

239. Aythya americana (By ton) 624

240. Aythya vallisneria (Wils.) 625

241. [Fuli3^ marila (L.)] 625

242. [Fulix afflnis (By ton)] • . 625

Page.
Anatidce — Continued,

243. [Fulix collaris (Donov.)] 625

244. f Bucephala americana (Bonap.)] . 626

245. Bucephala albeola (L.) 626

♦246. [Erismatura rubida (Wils.)] 626

247. [Mergus americanuv«», Oass.] 627

248. [Mergus serrator, L.] 627

249. [Lophody tes cucullatus (L.)] 627

PelecanidcB,
♦250, Pelecanuserythrorhynchus,Gm. 627
Graculidce.

•251. Graculus floridanus (And.) 635

Laridce,

252. Blasipus lieermanni (Oass.) 636

•253. Larus californicus, Lawr 637

254. Larus delawarensis, Ord. 638

255^. Ohroscocephalus philade Ip Ma

(Ord.) 639

*2m. [Sterna regia, Gamb.] 639

♦257. Sterna forsteri, Nutt 639

♦258. Hydrochelidon lariformis(L.).. 640

Podicipidw.

♦259. Podiceps occidentalis, Lawr. . . . 641

♦260. [Podiceps cristatus (L.)] 642

♦261. Podiceps californicus, Heerm . . 642

♦262. Podilymbus podiceps (L.) 643

REPORT PROPER.

[EMBRACING BIOGRAPHICAL AND OTHER NOTES ON THE SPECIES 0B8ERVED.1

Family TURDID^— Thrushes.

Ti

'URDUS MIGRATORIUS/
Robin-Thrush; Americau Robin.

Turdm migratorius, Linn., S. K, 1, 1766, 292.— Baibd, B. N. Am., 1858, 218 ; Oat.
N. Am. B., 1859, No. 155; Rev. Am. B., 1864, 28.— Cooper, B. OaL, 1, 1870,
7._CouES, Key, 1872, 71, fig. 13; Check List, 1873, No. 1; B. N.W., 1874,1.

Turdus migratorius var. migratorius^ B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 25, pi, ii,
fig. 3.— Henshaw, 1875, 143.

The Common Robin was not found at Sacramento in June, nor was
it seen anywhere in the Sacramento Valley until we neared the foot-hills of

^For obvious reasons, we have abstained from burdening this report with numer-
ous references, and have confined the citations to the more important general works,
including, of course, the original description of the species, and the first authority for
the binomial combination as adopted. Those desiring other references are advised to
consult Dr. Coues's " Birds of the Northwest,^ and Mr. Henshaw's report, cited below,
where may be found in the very complete synouymatic tables almost any reference
.required. The general works quoted in this report are the following: —

(1.) "Baird, B. N. Am., 1858."— Vol. IX, Pacific B. R. Reports.— Birds: by Spencer
F. Baird, Assistant Secretary Smithsonian Institution, with the cooperation of John
Cassin and George N. Lawrence. Washington, D, C, 1858.

(2.) "Baird, Catal. N. Am. B., 1859."— Catalogue of North American Birds,
chiefly in the Museum of the Smithsonian [nstitution. [First octavo edition,] Washing-
ton : Smithsonian Institution [Smithapnian Miscellaneous Collections, No. 108], 1859.

(3>) " Baird, Rev. Am. B."— Review of American Birds, in the Museum of the
^Smithsonian Institution. Part I. Washington : Smithsonian Institution [Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections, No. 181], 1864-1866. [Edition with indices, published 1872. J

(4.) *'B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B."— History of North American Birds, by S. F.
Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway [etc.), 3 vols. Boston : Little, Brown & Co., 1874.

(5.) "CouBS, Key." — Key to North American Birds [etc.]. By Elliott Coues,
Assistant Surgeon United States Army. Salem : Naturalists' Agency, 1872.

(6.) *^ CouES, Check List."— Cheek List of North Americau Birds. By Dr. Elliott
Cones, tJ. S. A. Salem ; Naturalists' Agency, 1874.

(7.) "CouES, B. N.W." — Birds of the Northwest [etc.]: Miscellaneous Publica-

301

392 ORNITHOLOGY.

the Sierra Nevada, where the first individuals of the species were noticed
aniong the scattered pines which formed the outposts of the continuous
forest of the mountains. From the Sien-a Nevada eastward, however, it
^was continually met with in all wooded localities, the aspen groves of the
higher cailons being its fav.orite resort during the summer, while in winter
it descended to the lower valleys, and passed the season among the willows
or cotton-woods and attendant shrubbery along the streams. In the vicinity
of Carson City it was extremely aburidant from the middle of March until
the middle of April, and assembled in large flocks among the scrubby
thickets of dwarf-plum bushes along the base of the Sierra. In August
they were quite plentiful in the valley of the Truckee, below the "Big Bend,"
being attracted thither by the abundance of fruit of the buifalo-berry bushes
(Shepherdia argented)^ which at this time formed an important portion of their
food ; and later in the season they were observed feeding on service-berries
(the fruit of Amelanchier canadensis) along the foot-hills of the eastern ranges.
In their manners and notes we could not detect the minutest difference
between the western and eastern Robins, although climatic or other
geographical influences have perceptibly modified their plumage.^ In all
respects it seems the same bird, the song and other notes being identical.

tions, No. 3, U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, P. V. Hay ilea, U. 8. Geologist-
incbarge. Washington: Government Priuting Office, 1874.

(8.) "Cooper, Orn. Gal., [."—[Reports Geological Survey of California. J. D.
Wbitney, State Geologist.] Ornithology. Vol. I. Land Birds. Edited by S. F. Baird,
from the manuscript and notes of J. G. Cooper. Published by authority of the Legis-
lature. Cambridge: [Printed by Welch, Bigelow & Co.,] 1870.

(9.) \^ Henshaw, 1875.'^ — Report upon Geographical and G;eological Explorations
and Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. Geo. M.
Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army [et<?.]. Chapter III, Vol. V.— Zoology.
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1875.

[Note. — In the History of North American Birds, Birds of the Northwest^ and
other recent publications, occasional reference is made to a " Zoology of the 40th-
Parallel [in pre8s],^Vor ** Rep. 40th Parallel [in press].'' It is to be understood that
these citations do iwt apply to the present report, but to the original one, stereotyped
in 1,870, but suppressed on account of unavoidable delay in its publication. In its
present form the report is substantially the same, but the changes necessary to bring
it up to date render the citations of pages and names frequently inapplicable.]

^ The western birds of this species may be distinguished as a geographical race,
for which the name Turdm migratorius propinquusj Ridgway, is proposed. Bee[Bulle'
tin of the Nvttall Ornitliologiml C/t*&, Vol. II, January, 1877, p. 0.]

TURDUS QUTTATUS. 393

List of specimens^

226, S ad.; Camp 19, West Humboldt Mountains, I^evada, October 4^, J867.
10§— 16— 5/g — 1^\ — j7^ — 1| — 4J — If. Bill, brownish-black, more yellowish-brown along
commissure, and on lower mandible ; iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, brownish-black.

269, S ad.; Truckee meadows, Nevada, November 8. 11 — 1^ — 5^ — 4^ — g — 1 J
— 4§— IJ. Upper mandible, dilute yellowish horncolor; tip and culmen, blackish;
lower, more yellowish; gonys and tip, black; iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, deep black.

358, 9 ad.; Truckee Valley, December 16. 10f—15J— 5^—4^—1— 1^ — 4^—2.
Same remarks.

359, S ad.; same date and locality. * 10|— 16^—5^ dj H 1^— 4^-^2. Bill,
nearly uniform blackish; yellowish on upper edge of lower mandible; iris, brown;
interior of mouth, deep yellow-orange; tarsi and toes, intense black.

803, nest and eggs (4) ; Truckee Valley, June 6, 1868. Nest in cotton wood tree.

820, nest and eggs (4) ; Toyabe Mountains, 7,500 feet altitude, July 3, 1868..
Nest in a copse along stream, about six feet from ground, in choke-cherry bush.

851, nest and eggs (4) ; Camp 19, East Humboldt Mountains, July 22, Nest on
pinon tree, about fifteen feet from ground. (8,000 feet altitude.)

1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, nest and eggs; 1269, single egg; Parley^s Park (Wah^
satch Mountains), Utah, June 23, 1869. Nests in cotton-woods along a stream.

1287, nest and eggs (4) ; Parley's Park, June 25. Bushes along stream.

1301, nest and eggs (2) ; Parley's Park, June 27. Nest in aspen.

1338, nest and eggs (4) ; Parley's Park, June 28. Willows along stream.

1367, nest and eggs (3); Uintah Mountains (Pack's Canon), Utah, July 3, 1869.
Nests in thorn-apple bushes along stream.

1368, nest and eggs (3); same locality and date.
1395, nest and eggs (4) ; Parley's Park, July, 1&69.

TURDUS GUTTATUS.
Hermit Thmsli.

a. guttatm — Dwarf Hermil Thrush.

Mmcicapa guttata, Pall., Zoog. Rosso- As., 1, 1811, 465. [Juv.]

Turdus nanvs^ Axjd., Qrn. Biog., V, 1839, 201, pi. cci (doubtful whether this form!).

Baibd, Birds N. Am., 1858, 213; Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 150; Review,

1864, .—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 4.
Turdus pallasi var. nanus, CouES, Key, 1872, 72; Check List, 1873, No. 4 b.— B.

B. &R., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 20, pi. i, fig. 7.
Turdus pallasi. b. nanusy OoUES, B. Northwest, 1874, p. 3.— Henshaw, 1875, 146.

But one individual of the Dwarf Thrush was met with, this one being
secured. It is pi'obably more or less common, however, during the migra-

^In the enumeration of specimens certain figures require explanation. The first
number denotes the current number of the specimen as registered in the Field Cat-
alogue. The measurements are as follows, in regular sequence: (I), length; (2), ex-

394 ORNITHOLOGY.

tions, particularly in the fall, in all suitable localities embraced within the
country traversed by the expedition. The specimen in question was obtained
on Trout Creek, a tributary of the Humboldt River, and when observed
was perched on a low twig in a willow copse, silently watching us as we
reclined on the grassy bank of the brook. It uttered no note whatever,
and exhibited no fear at our presence.

List of spedmem*

928, 9 ad; Trout Creek, Upper Humboldt Valley, Nevada, September 16, 1868.
%^ — 10|| — 2||. Bill, black; basal half of the lower mandible, lilaceous- white; inte-
rior of the mouth, rich yellow; iris, dark bister; tarsi and toes, pale purplish-brown —
the toes darkest, the tarsi paler along their posterior edge.

^. audvboni — Bocky Mountain Hermit Thrmh; Audtfbon^s Hermit Thrmh.

Merula silens, SWAINS., Phil. Mag., 1, 1827, 369 (not Turdus silenSyYmiLL, 1823 =
T. fuscescens), Turdus silens^ Baibb, B. K. Am., 1858, 213, 922; Gat IS.
Am. Birds, 1859, No. 149a.

Turdus auduboniy Baibd, Bev. Am. Birds, 1864, 16.

Turdus pallasi var. auduboni, OOUES, Key, 1872, 72; Check List, 1873, No. 4a.
— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., I., 1874, 21, pi. I, fig. 8— Henshaw, 1875, 144.

Turdus pallasi. b. auduboni^ CoUBS, Birds N.W., 1874, 3.

The large Mountain Thrush was first met with in the Wahsatch range,
where it inhabited chiefly the deep ravines of the pine region. The first
specimen seen was shot May 26, in City Creek Cafion, near Salt Lake
City; but this was probably a mere straggler from the higher portions of
the mountains. In its manner of flight, which is gliding and noiseless, this
Thrush greatly resembles Townsend's Solitaire {Myiadestes townsendi), the
resemblance being increased by the pale ochraceous band across the base
of the remiges, which shows as a very conspicuous feature on both birds
when flying. The haunts of this bird were so difficult of access from our

pause of iving9 when fully stretched ; (3), leugth of wing from tip of the longest primary
to the carpal joint; (4), the same measurement to the metacarpophalangeal articula-
tion; (5), length of the culmen (not including the cere, and if the bill is curved, the
choi*d, and not the arc, of the curve); i[6), length of the tarsus in front ^ (7), length
of the tail to the batte of the coccyx ; (8), length of the tail to the tip of the longest
upper coverts. If a measurement is wanting, its place is supplied by an interrogation
pointy the or Am' being invariably the same. All measurements, and notes on color of
e^es, etc., are from fresh specimens, before skinning.

TURDUS U8TULATUS. 395

camp, and its manners so reserved, that we could not learn much regarding
its habits, nor did we hear its song. The latter, however, is probably little
different from that of the eastern bird, T. guttatus pallasi.

List of specimens.

1051, S ad.; City Creek Oanou (near Salt Lake City), Wahsatch Mountains,
Utah, May 26, 1869. 7|— 123. Bill, black ; basal half of lower mandible, dull yellow ;
iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, pale brown,

1487, 2 juv.; Parley's Park, August 5, 1869. 7^—12^. Bill, black, the lower
mandible purplish basally; interior and angle of the mouth, yellow; iris, dark brown;
tarsi and toes, lilaceous- white; claws, brown.

1488, S juv.; same locality and date. 7| — 13. Same remarks.

1489, ^ juv.; same locality and date. 7f— 12J. Same remarks.

1498, 9 ad.; Parley's Park, August 10. 7^—12. Bill, black ; basal half of
lower mandible, whitish; interior of mouth, deep yellow; iris, brown; tarsi and toes,
very pale brownish flesh-color.

1499, i juv.; 7f— 12|. 1500, <f juv.; 7— 12f . Same date and remarks.

TURDFS USTULATUS.
Olive-backed Thrash*

or. ustulatus — Oregon Thricsh; Bttsset-backed Thrush.

lurdus ustulatus^ Nutt., Man., I, 1840, 400 (*<ce«<tt?afte«").— Baied, B. N. Am.,
1858, 215, pi. 81, fig. 1 ; Cat. K Am. B., 1859, No. 152 ; Rev. Am. B., 1864, 18.—
Cooper, Orn. Cal., 4 (part).

Turdus swainsont var. ustulatus, CoUES, Key, 1872, 73 ; Check List, 1873, No.
5 b.— B. B. & R, Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, pi. i, fig. 2.

Turdus swainsoni. c. u>stulatus^ OoUES, B. N.W., 1874, 4.

Turdus nanus, Coopeb, Orn, Cal., I, 4 (part).

The Russet-backed or Oregon Thrush, which we consider a mere
geographical form of the same species as Swainson's Thrush, or at most a
very closely related species, was first met with in the pine-region of the
Sierra Nevada, on the western slope of that range, af an altitude of about
4,000 or 5,000 feet above the Sacramento Valley. It inhabited there the
deep ravines, where the undergrowth was extremely dense and overtopped
by a thick growth of gigantic Coniferae, extending in a vast unbroken forest
for hundreds of miles over the mountains to the North and South. Eastward

396 OENITHOLOGY.

of that range it was met with but once, a single individual having been
obtained, on the second of June, in the Truckee Valley, not far from the
eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, the individual in question being no
doubt a last lingering one, since no others were observed after that date,
all having departed for the mountains to the westward. The species is
known to migrate in winter southward* along the Pacific slope as far as
Costa Rica, but its summer-home is chiefly among the forest-clad mount-
ains and wooded valleys from California to British Columbia and Sitka.

The song of this Thrush much resembles that of the T. swainsoni^ but is
different in some important respects, conspicuous among which is its finer
quality. Its modulation is quite correctly expressed by Mr. Nuttall [Manual
of the Ornithology of the United States and Canada^ I, 1840, p. 401], who
describes it as resembling the syllables ^^ wit-wit, t^villia-fvillia^^' but to
convey to the reader even the slightest idea of its tone and effect would
be the vainest endeavor. We heard the enchanting songs of these birds
under circumstances calculated to make a lasting impression. It was
in the midst of the dense and lofty forests of the Sierra Nevada, about
half way up the western slope, that we rested for the Sabbath from our
journey across the mountains. Hemmed in and overshadowed by giant
forest trees, we halted, with rippling and sparkling brooks from the snow-
fields far above dashing through the ferns and varied herbage, the roadside
bedecked with the gay and lovely flowers .so characteristic of Califomian
glades, while below yawned the depths of a dark ra^jine, through which
dashed and roared a mountain torrent. In the tall pines, overhead, skulked
the noisy Jays and Nutcrackers {Oyanura frontalis and Picicorvus columbi-
anus), mingling their discordant notes with the twittering of the wood-
peckers, who sported about the branches of the dead trees. But certain
outbursts of rarest inelody, heard at intervals from the dark recesses of the
deep ravine, drew the attention of every one in camp; notes of exceeding
simplicity, yet full of^tenderest expression and thrilling effect, far finer than
the softest and sweetest notes of the flute. These haimonious carols would
be taken up first by one, then by another, musician, then answered from a
distant portion of the dell. It was long before the author of these wild
melodies could be se^) but patient search revealed a little brown bird,

TURDUS SWAINSONI. 397

afterward determined to be this species, shyly flitting into the gloomy
maze of foliage at our approach.

List of specimens.

779, 9 (M?.; Truckee Reservation, Nevada, June 2, 1868. 7|— 12— 3J, Bill, black,
basal half of lower mandible, pale brownish-lilac; iris, sepia; tarsi, dilute lilaceous-
brown ; toes, darker.

jS, swainsoni — SwainsofUs Thrush; Olive-hacked Thrvsh

Turdus swainsoni, Cabanis, Tschudi's Fauna Peruana, 18M-'46, 188.— Baird, B.
N. Am., 1858, 216,- Cat. N. Am. B,, No. 153 ; Rev. Am. B., 1864, 19.— Coopeb,
Orn. Cal., 6.— CouES, Key, 1872, 72 ; Check List, 1873, No. 5.— B. B. & R,
Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 14, pi. i, fig. 4.— Henshaw, 1875, 147.

Turdus swainsoni. a. swainsoni^ CouES, B.N.W., 1874, 4.

After leaving the Sierra Nevada, not a single individual of any species
of the smaller Thrushes was met with until we arrived at the East Hum-
boldt Mountains, in eastern Nevada, where the Olive-backed Thrush was
encountered, in considerable numbers, in the eastern cations of that range.
It was during the season of their southward migration, and it is uncertain
whether they came from the northward, or whether they had bred in the
cafions where they were observed. During the ensuing spring and summer
they were found in still greater abundance among the Wahsatch Mount-
ains, on the opposite side of the Salt Lake Basin, in the thickets bordering
the canon streams, particularly in the elevated ^^ parks,'' thus occupying a
region intermediate between that of the Rocky Mountain Hermit Thrush
(jT. auduhoni) of the pine-region, and that of the Tawny Thrush (T. fusees-
cens) of the lower valleys.

The song of this species is simple and brief, but very sweet, though
less so than tliat of either T. fuscescens or T. ustulatus.

lAst of specimens,

886, $ ad.; Bast Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 1, 1868. 74—12^
— 3f . Bill, black, the basal half of lower mandible, pale lilaceous-brown ; interior of
mouth, rich yellow; iris, dark^rown; tarsi and toes, dilute lilaceous-brown, with a
slight plumbeous cast — the tarsi whitish on the posterior edge.

918, $ ad.; East Humboldt Mountains, September 11. 7J — llj — 3^^^. Same re^
marks as to preceding.

1262, nest and eggs (4); Parley's Park (Wahsatch Moubtains), Utah Territory,
June 23, 1869. Nest on bush near stream ; female shot on nest.

398 ORNITHOLOGY.

1271, 9 ad, H — llf. Bill, black, basal half of lower mandible, lilaceous; interior
of mouth, deep yellow; iris, brown; tarsi, pale brown; toes, darker.

1296, 1297, nest and eggs (4) ; 1298, nest; 1299, single egg ; Parley's Park, June
27. Nests in willows along the stream.

1302, nest and eggs (4); Parley's Park, June 27. Nest in clump of willows near
stream.

1339, nest and 1 egg] Parley's Park, June 27. Nest in willows. (Contained also
three young.)

1404, nest; Cash Valley, Utah, July, 1869. [J. C. Olmstead,]

TURDUa FUSOESCENS.
TwKWmf Vluriisti$ Wilson's Tlirush.

Turdtis fuscescensj Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., X, 1^17, 182^— Baibd, B. N.Am.,
1858, 214; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 15l.-~00UES, Key, 1872, 73^ Check List,
1873, No. 6; B. N. W., 1874, 5.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 9, pi. r,
fig. 5.— Henshaw, 1875, 148.

The Tawny Thrush, although essentially an eastern species, was
found to be more or less common in the Wahsatch district of Utah, where it
inhabited only the vicinity of the streams in the lower valleys. It was
extremely abundant along the Provo River, especially just above the
dehouche of that stream through its picturesque canon between two lofty
snow-clad peaks of the main range of the Wahsatch Mountains; and it was
also seen in the valleys of the Bear and Weber Rivers, farther northward.
In all these localities it frequented the dense willow-thickets in the immediate
vicinity of the rivers, where it was extremely difficult to discover, and next
to impossible to secure specimens after they were shot.

We never tired of listening to the thrilling songs of these birds, for
they were tiiily inspiring through their exceeding sweetness and beautiful
expression. The modulation of their notes was somewhat similar to that
expressed by the syllables ta-wed-ah, ta-we^l-ah, twiV-ah, twiV-ah^ the latter
portion subdued in tone, thus seeming like an echo of the first. In the
valley of the Provo it was not unusual to hear a dozen or more of these
exquisite songsters uniting in their rivalry, the most favorable time being
the afternoon and evening. Considerable resemblance in tone to the song
of the T, ustulatm was noted, but it was observed that the modulation was
distinctl}^ different.

GALEOSCOPTE8 CAB0LINBNSI9— ORBOSOOPTES MONTANUS, 399

. Galeosooptes CAEOLIFENSIS.

Cat-bird.

Mtisdcapa carolinensis, Linn, 8. N., 1, 1766, 328,

Mimus carolinensis, Baibd, B. K, Am., 1858, 346; Cat. K Am. B., 1859, No. 254.—

OooPEE, Orn, Cal., I, 23.— CouES, Key, 1872, 74 j Check List, 1873, No. 9;

B. KW., 1874, 8.

Oaleoscoptescarolinensis, Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, 1850, 82.— Baird, Review, 1864,
54; B. B. & R., I, 1874, 52, pi. ill, fig. 5.— Henshaw, 1875, 152.

Like many species considered to be characteristically eastern, the Cat-
bird is likewise one of the most abundant summer residents of the Wahsatch
region. Indeed, we found it not uncommon on the large islands in the Great
Salt Lake, specimens being shot in an orchard on Antelope Island in the
month of June, while another was obtained, during the same month, on
Stansbury Island, where few other birds were found. Among the mountains
it was more abundant, its favorite haunts being the shady thickets along
the streams which descend the canons or course across the meadow-like
"parks." It was thus an associate of the Olive-backed Thrush and the
Redstart {Setophaga ruticilla)^ but while it did not ascend to as high an alti-
tude as the former, we found the latter with it only in the lower portions of
its range. No differences from the eastern birds of the same species were
detected, in either manners or notes.

List of specimens.

1105, 5 ad.; Autelope Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah, June 4, 1869. (Too badly
mutilated for measurement.)

1163, 9 ad.; Stansbury Island, Great Salt Lake, June 12. 8f — 11. Bill and feet,
black ; iris, brown.

1263, 1264, nests ; Parley^s Park (Wahsatch Mountains), Utah, June 23. Nest in
willows along stream.

1323, nest and eggs (2); Parley's Park, June 28. Nest in willows.

1384, nest and eggs (4) ; Provo Eiver, Utah, July 10, 1869. Nest in willow-thicket.

Oreosooptes MONTANUS.

Hage Thrasher; Mountain Mocking-bird.

Orpheus montanus, Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1837, 192.

Oreoscoptes montanus^ Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 347; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 255;
Review, 1864, 42.— Cooper, Orn. Cal, 12.— Coues, Key, 1872, 74 ; Check List,
1873, No. 7; B. N.W., 1874, 7.— B. B. & R., I, 1874, 32, pi. m, fig. 6.— Hen-
SHAW, 1875, 149.

Before beginning our account of this interesting species, we pause to

400 ORNITHOLOGY.

protest against the name "Mountain Mocking-Bird," the appellation usually
given it in books. This name is objectionable from the fact that it is doubly
a misnomer, and therefore likely to convey an entifely erroneous idea of its
distribution and song. A more appropriate term would be that of "Sage
Thrasher," which is descriptive of both its habitat, and its relationship to the
better-known species of the sub-family to which it belongs.

The Sage Thrasher is a widely-distributed species, since it occurs,
throughout that extensive portion of the West where the "everlasting sage-
brush" forms the prevailing growth. - It seems to be strictly governed
in its range by the growth of these plants, and is consequently chiefly
an inhabitant of the valleys and mesas, rarely extending farther up the
mountains than the foot-hills, to the commencement of the juniper or
mahogany woods. It is a migratory species, arriving from the South, in
the latitude of Carson City, about the 20th of March, and departing .in
October or November. Its presence has been noted at but few Mexican
localities, but it winters in such great numbers along our southern border
that its abundance in northern and central Mexico at this season may be
taken for granted.

At Carson City, very favorable opportunity was afforded for observing
the habits of this interesting species during the breeding-season. The males
began singing about the 24th of March, or immediately after their arrival,
but their notes were then subdued, while their manners were reserved in
the extreme. They soon became numerous in the sage-brush around the
outskirts of the city, and were often seen perched upon the summit of a
bush, turning the head from side to side in a watchful manner, even while
singing; when approached, disappearing by diving into the bush; and, after
a long circuitous flight near the ground, reappearing some distance in the
rear of the pursuer. This peculiar, concealed flight we found to be a
constant habit of the species. As the pairing-season approached, ivith the
advance of spring, the songs of the males became greatly improved, both
in strength and quality; their manners also became changed, for they had
lost their former shyness. About the 10th of April, the males were engaged
in eager rivalry, each vying with the other as he sang his sweetest notes,
his wings being at intervals raised vertically so as to almost touch over the

OREOSCOPTE8 MONTANUS. 401

back, and quivering with the ecstacy that agitated the singer. The first eggs
were laid about the 20th of April, the nests having been commen^ced a week
or more earlier; and by this time the males had become perfectly silent, their
main occupation being that of sentinel on guard for the approach of an
intruder. In fact, we know of no oscine bird so completely mute as the
present ene during the period of incubation, and throughout the summer and
fall, at which time one unacquainted with their habits earlier in the season
might think they had no voice. Even when a nest is disturbed, the parent
birds do not protest, but merely run anxiously about the meddler, in the •
manner of a Robin, now and then halting, and with outstretched necks
closely observing his actions. When the young are hatched, however,
they become more solicitous, and signify their concern by a low chuck.

The song of this bird possesses no remarkable attributes, but it is
extremely pleasing when heard under favorable circumstances. It is most
deficient in power and energy, being comparable to the subdued, subtile
warbling of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) rather than to the
vigorous songs of the Brown Thrasher {Sarporhynchus rufus) or Mocking-
bird (Mimus polyglottus), its nearer kindred. It is not, however, lacking
in sweetness or variety, while at times it is characterized by considerable
vivacity.

List of specimens,

144, S ad.; Cainp 17, Valley of the Humboldt Eiver (Oreana), August 31, 1867.
9 — 12 J — 4 — 3^j^ — |i — 1 J — 3^—2. Bill, black, basal half of lower mandible, pale pinkish-
gray, with a faint yellowish tinge; rictus and interior of mouth, deep yellow; iris,
gamboge-yellow; tarsi, grayish olive-green; toes, darker, their soles deep yellow.

145, 6 jm; Camp 17, Aug. 31, 1867. 9-12^— 3f^34— ^— 1J—3t-%--(?). Bill,
black; basal half of the lower mandible, yellowish-ash, with a lilac cast; interior^ and
angle of the mouthy greenish or ashy yellow ; iris, lemon-yellow ; tarsi, dark greenish horn-
yellow, deepest greenish along the posterior edge ; toes, nearly black, their soles yellow;
claws, black.

152 9 juv.; (same locality and date). 8f— 12^— 4— 3j\— f|— lf-3^— (?). Bill,
dull black; basal half of lower mandible, pinkish ashy -white; interior and angle of
the mouth, yellow; iris, greenish-yellow ; tarsi, dark yellowish horngreen; toes, darker,
their soles yellow.

451, $ ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 24, 1868. 9—12^—4^^—31. Bill, black,
becoming pinkish ashy-brown on basal half of lower mandible; interior of the mouth
(except corneous portions), lilaceous flesh-color ; iris, chrome-yellow; tarsi, yellowish-
olive, with a tinge of sepia-brown; toes, blackish sepia, straw-yellow beneath.

452 ^ ad.; 8}|— 12^— 4^3^.
26 p R.

402 ORNITHOLOGY.

453, ^ ad,; 8J — 12f— 4y^^ — Sy^g. Same remarks, etc.
517, eggs (4); Carson City, April 24. Kest in brush-heap, in cemetery.
b\^^ eggs (5); Carson City, April 24. Nest in sage-bush, about 18 inches from
ground.

519, eggs (4) ; Carson City, April 24. Nest on ground beneath sage-bush.

520, %gg» (3) ; Carson City, April 24. Nest in sage-bush, about two feet from
ground.

521, eggs (3) ; Carson City, April 24.

554, 555, nest and eggs (5) 5 Carson City, April 28. Nests in brush-heaps, in
cemetery.

821, eggs (3) ; Austin, Nevada, July 3, 1868. Nest in small bush of SympJiori-
carpus montanuSj about two feet from ground.

1123. 1124; single eggs, from nests containing young. Antelope Island, Great
Salt Lake, June 7, 1869.

1125, nest ; Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 7, 1869. Nest in sage-bush,
situated as usual.

1135, nest aad eggs (3); Antelope Island, June 8.

1153, nest; Antelope Island, June 8. Nest in sage-bush.

1158, nest and eggs (4) ; *^ Rabbit Island ^' (near Stansbury Island), Great Salt
Lake, June 11. Nest in grease- wood bush, near shore.

Family SAXICOLID^— Stone-Chats.

SlALIA MEXICANA.

California Blue-bird.

Sialia mexicana, Swains., Fauna Bor. Am., I^ 1831, 202. — Baird, B* N. Am., 1858,
223; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 159; Review, 1864, 63.— Cooper, Orn. Cal.,
28.— COUES, Key, 1872, 76; Check List, 1873, No. 17, B. N.W., 1874, 14.—
B. B. & II., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 65, pi. v, fig. 2.— HBNS^AW, 1875, 161.

The Western Blue-bird is known to have a range nearly co-extensive
with the limits of the Western Region, it being abundant throughout
the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains, north to Colorado, and also in
the same parallels of latitude, or even farther northward, * on the Pacific
coast Yet we lost sight of this species entirely after we left the eastern
water-shed of the Sierra Nevada, and never saw nor heard of it in the Wah-
satch or Uintah Mountains, notwithstanding the latter country appeared
equally adapted to the requirements of the species. The last individuals
seen, as, we journeyed eastward, were a few families of young birds, with
their parents, in the wooded valley of the Truckee River, near the Big

8IALIA AECTIOA. 403

Bend. Although these birds appeared to have been bred at that locality,
and though we saw an equally small number in the similar valley of the
Carson Eiver in the breeding-season, the center of abundance of the species,
so far as the Interior is concerned, seemed to be the pine-region of the
Sierra Nevada, where they were observed in summer from the lower limit
of these forests up to an altitude of more than 6,000 feet, or near the summit
of Donner Lake Pass, where these Blue-birds, the Robin, the Oregon Snow-
bird, and the Western White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia intermedia) were
the characteristic or dominant species.

This beautiful Blue-bird seemed to be a perfect counterpart of the
eastern species (S, sialis) in its habits, while it resembled it closely in
appearance; but we listened in vain for that lovely warbling which so
justly renders the latter bird a universal favorite ; neither did we hear it
utter any note comparable to the plaintive call of the eastern bird, so often
heard in autumn. This lack of sweetness of voice is, however, somewhat
compensated by its superior beauty of plumage, for the richness of its
coloring is decidedly superior to that of its eastern representative.

List of speeimens.

413, i ad.; Carson City, l^evada, February 21, 1868. 7— 13— 4^— 3}A. Bill,
tarsi, and toes, deep black ; interior of mouth, chrome-yellow ; iris, bister.

414, S ad,; same locality and date. 7J — 13J^ — 4J — 3f, Same remarks.

428, ^ ad.; San Francisco, California-, H. G. Parker. ("Oaks.^0 "7— 13— (?)
— 3|." Same remarks.

469, 3 ad.; Carson City, March 28. 6| — 12^— 4-^%— 3^»^. Same remarks.

SlALIA AECTIOA.

Rocky Mountain Blue-bird.

Sialia arctiea^ Swains., Fauna Bor. Am., II, 1831, 209, pi. 39. — Bated, B. N. Am.,
1858, 224; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. I6O5 Keview, 1864, 64.— B. B. & R.,
Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 67, pi. v, fig. 4.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 29 — Coues,
Key, 1872, 76; Check List, 1873, ^o. 18; B. N.W., 1874, 14.— Henshaw,
1875, 162.

This is the characteristic Blue-bird of the Interior, and it is most numer-
ous where the other species is rarest. Its favorite haunts are the higher por-
tions of the desert ranges of the Great Basin, where there is little water, and
no timber other than the usual scant groves of stunted cedars, piiion, or

404 ORNITHOLOGY.

mountain mahogany. In these elevated regions it is abundant during
summer, and even remains in winter, except when violent storms or severe
cold drive it to the more clement valleys, where it may be seen, either
singly or in considerable but scattered flocks, whenever a snow-storm
prevails on the mountains. At such times we have seen both this species
and the other one (5. mexieana) together in the fields around Carson
City, and remarked the striking difference in their manners; the S. mexi-
eana being often observed perched upon a fence-post or a willow-bush,
descending to the ground only to pick up some insect, and immediately
returning to its post of observation, while the individuals of S, arctiea were
usually seen flitting restlessly over the ground, now and then, but rarely,
an individual alighting for a moment on some prominent object, as a fence-
post or telegraph-wire. The visits of this species to the lower valleys are
only occasional, however, for as soon as a storm in the upper regions
subsides, they return to their own haunts; and when spring has fairly set
in they are seen no more, while the "Valley Blue-bird '' remains during the
summer. In June, the "Mountain Blue-bird" was observed to be common
in Virginia City, Nevada, where it nested in the manner of the Eastern
species, in suitable places about buildings in the town, the old mills and
-abandoned shafts of the mines being its favorite haunts, which it shared
with the House Finch (Carpodacus frontalis) and the Rock Wren (Salpinctes
dbsoletus). But while it thus commended itself to the hospitality of the
people by its familiarity, it was never heard to utter any note except a
weak chirp, when startled from its perch. It was also common under similar
circumstances at Austin, in the Toyabe Mountains, while on the higher
portions of the West Humboldt, Ruby, and East Humboldt Mountains it
was still more abundant On the Ruby Mountains it was found in July
and August only in the upper portion of the timber-belt, or at an altitude
of 9,000 to 11,000 feet, where it nested both among the rocks and in the
deserted holes of woodpeckers among the stunted pines, cedar, or mahogany
trees. In the West Humboldt Mountains it was observed that they seldom
if ever alighted on the bushes in the bottom of the cafion, although they
constantly frequented the adobe houses of the deserted town near by.

This species is usually much more shy than either the eastern Blue-

SIALIA AEOTICA. 405

bird or its western representative, being at all times, according to our expe-
rience, a rather diflficult bird to procure. In the fall, they rove about in
restless companies over the barren slopes, scattering among the low cedars,
only the straggling or lingering individuals permitting a near approach.
Their manners during the winter season are most interesting to witness, for
they seem to enjoy the playing of the snow-flakes, as they hover in the air
over some object on the ground which attracts their attention; then, after
alighting to examine it more closely, they flit off to a tall weed-stalk,
never thinking, apparently, to enter the cosy copses where the Snow-
birds have taken refuge.

A subject of interesting and profitable speculation is the influence of
spreading civilization upon the habits of animals in their native haunts.
In all well-settled districts, the Purple Martins, the Barn Swallows, and
the Chimney Swifts have forsaken the hollow trees and caves as nesting-
places, and availed themselves of the superior accommodations and pro-
tection afforded by civilized man and his surroundings, with a readiness
that is indeed remarkable. The Blue-birds and certain Wrens, even in
the most recently-settled sections of the country, are gradually, but
rapidly, making the same revolution in their habits, and so are many others
of our native birds, too numerous to mention; and every one knows how
the Cliff Swallows have abajidoned the precipices of mountainous districts
and overspread the entire country, even to places remote hundreds of miles
from the original haunts of the species, when they discovered how well
suited for their nests were the eaves of barns and churches. The present
species is one of this class whose habits are undergoing such modification,
for although it is naturally a bird of the high mountains, we noticed that
at Salt Lake City they were quite numerous, although, were the locality
unreclaimed from its primitive state, they would not have been found there
except during their vertical migrations, influenced by changes in the climate.
Even on Antelope Island, in the Great Salt Lake, a few pairs were seen
about the buildings of the ranche.

List of specimens.

228, i ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, October 4, 1867. 7fi— 14— 5—
4^_j— j|— 3J— 1t^. Bill, deep black; interior of mouth, light naples-yellowj iris,
hazel; tarsi and toes, black.

406 OBNITHOLOGY.

229, (? ad,; same locality and date. 7/^ — 13j — 4^ — 4— i— |f— 3— IJ. Interior
of moutb, delicate light greenish-yellow.

243, 2 ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, October 8. 7^\— 13/^— 4| — 3|— J— f—
2f| — 1\, Same remarks.

244, 9 ad.; same date. 7— 12f— 4y\— 3}|— J— f— 2}f-l.lJ. Same remarks.

375, S ad.; Truckee Bottom, December 21. 7^— ISf— 4|— 3}f . Iris, vandyke-
brown.

376, S ad.; same locality and date. 7j^g— 13^4| — 3|f . Same remarks.

399, S ad.; Steamboat Valley, Nevada, January 4, 1868. 7— 13f — 4|— 3|f . Same
remarks.

416, S ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 5. 7J— 13§— 4j|— 3ff .

467, $ ad.; Carson City, March 28. 7^ — 13^. Same remarks.

468, 9 ad.; same locality and date. 7J — 13^. Same remarks.

533, <T ad.; Washoe Valley, Nevada, April 25. 7|— 14. Same remarks.

862, <? juv.; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, August 6, 1868.

1103, 9 juv.; Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 4, 1869.

1108, i ad.; Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 5, 1869. 7^— 13|. Bill,
tarsi, and toes, pure black; iris, brown ; interior of mouth, rich yellow.

150S,i juv.; 7J-~13i. 1509, <J>t?.; 7J— 13^. 1510, 9 juv.; 7—13. 1511, 9 juv.;
7j_13j. Parley's Park (Wahsatch Mountains), Utah, August 14, 1869.

Family CINCLID J]— Water Ouzels.

CiNCLUS MEXICANUS.
I>ipper; Water Ouzel*

Cinelus mexicanus^ Swains., Phil. Mag., I, 1827, 368.— Baird, Review Am. B,,
1864, 60.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1874, I, 55, pi. v, fig. 1.— Cooper,
Orn. Cal., 25.— CoUES, Key, 1872, 775 Check List, 1873, No. 10,- B. N.W.,
1874, 10.— HenshaW, 1875, 159.

Eydrobata mexicana^ Baird, B. N, Am., 1858, 229 ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No.
164.

This remarkable bird, so characteristic an element of the western
avifauna, was found in all localities where the summer rains or melting
snows on the mountains were suJBficieht to supply the cations with rushing
streams. It was noticed to be abundant only where the torrents were
impetuous and the country generally forest-clad, and was therefore most
frequently seen on the Sierra Nevada and among the western ranges of
the Rocky Mountain system, as the Wahsatch and Uintahs, being rarely
observed in the intermediate area of the Great Basin, although it was
encountered at intervals on the higher of the intervening ranges. The
habits and manners of this bird are most strikingly peculiar, it being one of

m
CINCLU8 MEXICANUS. 407

the very few Passeres which are strictly aquatic. Its movements while
walking in the shallow water, or as it stands upon a rock in the bed of a
stream, remind one very much of the *' Teeters" or ^"^Tilt-ups" (Tringoides
and Rhyacophilus), for, whether moving or stationary, its body tilts up and
down with an incessant motion. It is more often observed, however, flying
rapidly along a stream, with a buzzing flight, following with the greatest
ease the tortuous windings of its course without in the least checking its
speed ; or dashing swiftly through the spray or foam of a water-fall. Its
flight is usually accompanied by a sharp chattering, especially when one is
chased by another, as is often the case during the breeding-season ; and
when they alight they descend by a sudden drop, much after the manner
of the ^^ Gutter Snipes" (Gallinago). Nor are their movements confined to
the surface of the water or its neighborhood, for they have been observed to
dive into the aqueous element and perform various and dextrous evolutions
in its depths, as they pursue their insect-food, propelling themselves by
the rapid beating of ^he wings, in the well-known manner of Grrebes and
other water-fowl.

We heard the song of this bird on but one occasion, in October, at
Unionville, Nevada. It was a pleasing warble, but not sufficiently dis-
tinctive, at least on that occasion, to admit of particular description.

List of specimens,

230, $ ad.; West Humboldt Mouotaias, IS'evada, October 4, 1867. 7^— llj— -3}^—
2]^— i— i — Hf — f- Upper mandible, born color, darker terminally; lower, paler, dull
light yellowish basally; iris, burnt-umber; tarsi and toes, clear, glossy, livid white,
with a sepia tinge between the scutell96 and on joints of toes.

231, 2 ad,; (mate of preceding). 7|—llJ—33—2|—y%— 1—2^^—4. Same remarks.
248, ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, October 11. 7ji— 11^— 3}|— 3f--§— 1— 2

— |. Same remarks.

300, 9 ad.; Truckee River (east of Sierra), November 19. 7^11|— 3f— 2|i— j-|—
H — ^ — h ^ili» plumbeous-black; extreme basal portion of lower mandible, and small
space on apper below nostril, brownish-white; iris, bright hazel; tarsi and toes, clear,
bright, lilaceous- white; divisions of scutellse, and sides of toes, abruptly, sepia.

324, ad.; 325, ad.; near source of American River, California, November. [H. G.
Parker.]

1378, S juv.; Pack's Canon, Uintah Mountains, Utah, July 7, 1869. 7f— 124.
Upper mandible, and tip of lower, dark plumbeous ; lower msimVMey salmon-orangey
this color tinging the upper at the base, and along commissure; iris, grayish-brown ;
tarsi and toes, whitish-lilaceous ; urfder side of toes, dusky, the pellets yellow.

408 ORNITHOLOGY.

Family SYLVIIDiE— True Warblers.
Myiadestbs townsendl

Townsend's Ptilogonys*

Ptiliogonys totcnsendi, Audubon, Orn., Biog., V, 1839, 206, pi. 419, fig. 2.
Myiadestes townsendiy Cabanis, Weigm. Archiv, I, 1847, 208. — Baird, Birds K

Am., 1858, 321; Cat. K Am. B., 1859, No. 235 5 Review, 1866, 429.— Cooper,

Om. CaL, 134.— CoUES, Key, 1872, 117, fig. 57 j Check List, 1873, No. 121;

Birds N.W., 1874, 93.— B. B. & R., Hist N. Am. Birds, I, 1874, 409, pi.

XVIII, figs. 5, 6.— Henshaw, 1875, 231.

We first met with this curious species on the western slope of the Sierra
Nevada, in a dense pine forest, at an altitude of about 5,000 feet. The
first individual seen was one which had a nest near by, as was apparent
from its anxious manner, for as we walked along the embankment of a
mining-sluice it flitted before us, now and then alighting upon the ground,
and, with drooping and quivering wings, running gracefully, in the manner
of a Robin, then flying up to a low branch, and, after facing about, repeat-
ing the same maneuvers — evidently trying to entice i>e away from the spot.
So much were its actions like those of various Thrushes under similar
circumstances that not once did we suspect the species, although perfectly
familiar with it in museums, but immediately concluded that a new species
of Thrush had been found. Indeed, many times afterward, when an indi-
vidual would be seen to glide noiselessly before us, in the characteristic
manner of the Thrushes, displaying the ochraceous mark across the wing,
was the same illusion entertained. Patient watching and a careful search
finally revealed the nest, which was built in the upper bank of the sluice,
a foot or two above the water, and in a recess of the rocks. The nest was
bulky for the size of the bird, being nearly as large as that oi Harporhynchus
rufus^ which it nearly resembled, and was composed externally of coarse
sticks, laid in a mass upon the floor of the cave. It contained four half-
fledged young, and was consequently left undisturbed.

The species was afterward seen, at various times, among the cedar
groves of the interior ranges, but it was nowhere common. It appeared to
feed largely on the berries of the Juniperus occidentalism smd lived mostly
among these trees, where, as observed, it combined the manners of the
Thrushes and Blue-birds. Its song was not heard, or else it was confounded

POLIOPTILA C^EULEA— REGULUS CALENDULA. 409

with that of Turdus mtulatus^ dozens of which were ginging at the first

locality mentioned above.

lAst of specimens,

^11 J $ ad,} Virginia Mountains, near Pyramid Lake, December 21, 1867. 9 —
13 J — 4^— 4— f— 3 — 4^ — 2f. Bill, tarsi, and toes, deep black; iris, dark brown.

POLIOPTILA O^EULEAJ
Blue-g^ray Onatcatcher.

Motadlla cceruleay Linn., S. N., 1, 1766, 43.

Polioptila ccerulea, Solatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 11.— Baibd, B. N. Am.,
1858, 380; Oat. K Am. B., 1859, No. 282 ; Review, 1864, 74.— B. B. & R., Hist.
N. Am. B., I, 1874, 78, pi. VI, fig. 5.— CooPEB, Orn. Oal., 35.— OouES, Key,
1872, 78; Check List, 1873, No. 23; B. N.W., 1874, 17.— Henshaw, 1875, 166.

In the chaparral of the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, we
observed, in July, a species of this genus, in considerable plenty. To all
appearance it was the same species as that found in the East, but as no
specimens were obtained we cannot be positive that the individuals in
question were not P. plumbea. They were certainly not P, melanura, which
would have been recognized by its black crown.

Regulus calendula.

Ruby-crowned Kin§:let«

Motadlla calendula^ Linn., S. N., I, 1766, 337.

Eegulus calendula, Licht., Verzeichn., 1823, No. 408.— Baird, B. N. Am., 1858,
226 ; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 161 ; Review, 1864, 66.— B. B. & R., Hist. N.
Am. B., 1, 1874, 75, pi. v, fig. 9.— CooPEB, Orn. Cal., 33.— COUES, Key, 1872,
78; Check List, 1873, No. 21 ; B. N.W., 1874, 15.-HenshAW, 1875, 164.

While the Golden-crowned Kinglet was extremely rare, the Ruby-
crown was directly the opposite, for it was a common winter resident in all
the lower valleys, while in early spring it became abundant to such an extent
as to exceed all other birds in numbers. During the coldest portion of the
winter they dwelt among the willows along the river-banks, where the dense
cover afforded them a suitable shelter from the cold winds, and a cosy retreat
at night. As spring advanced, they spread themselves over the foot-hills
and up the ravines of the mountains, gradually working upward, until the
commencement of the summer found them in the pine -forests, where they
remained during the season, again descending to the valleys when the cold

410 ORNITHOLOGY.

weather began. At Carson City they were most numerous in April, and at
that time the thickets along the foot-hills were literally alive with these
restless, sprightly little creatures, who hopped briskly among the budding
branches, nervously twitching their wings in their characteristic manner,
the males now and then warbling their low, soft song, so liquid and
indescribably sweet, at the same time displaying the red patch ordinarily
concealed beneath the overlying feathers of the crown.

List of specimens.

225, 9 ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, October 3, 1867. 4J— 63~2|--
1||. — I — I — 1|— 1^^. Bill, horn-black; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, brownish yellow,
the latter, deep yellow beneath. [No red on the croton.]

371, (f ad.; Truckee Bottom, near Pyramid Lake, December 25. 4^ — 7 — 2^^^ — 1^ | —
nr — i — ^S — ^* ^^^^» ^^^P Wack ; iris, very dark brown; tarsi, brownish-black; toes,
deep brownish-yellow, purer yellow beneath.

Regulus SATEAPA.

Crolden-cronmed Kingrlet.

Regulus satrajpa^ Light., Verzeichn., 1823, No. 410.— Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 227 ;
Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 162 ; Beview, 1864, 65.— B. B. & R, I, 1874, 73, pi.
V, fig. 8.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 32.— Coues, Key, 1872, 78, fig. 19; Check List,
1873, No. 22 ; B. N. W., 1874, 16.

This sprightly little bird, so comnion in our eastern groves and
orchards in early spring and in the autumn, and, except the Hummers,
the most diminutive of all our species, was very rarely observed by us in
the Great Basin. A very few individuals, however, were noticed in the
caflons of the West Humboldt Mountains, among the thick bushes ailong the
streams. It is probably nowhere a common bird in the Interior.

Family P ARID JE — Titmice or Chickadees.

LOPHOPHANES INORNATUS.
Oray Titmouse.

Parus inornatus, GAjycBEL, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1845, 265.

Lophophanes inornatus, Cassin, 111. B. Cal., Tex., etc., 1853, 19.— Baird, B. N.
Am., 1858, 386; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 287 ; Beview, 1864, 78,— B, B. & R.,
1, 1874, 20, pi. VI, fig. 3.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 42.— Coues, Key, 1872, 80, fig.
22; Check List, 1873, No. 2S; B. N.W., 1874, 20.— Henshaw, 1875, 107.

In the pine forests of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, especially

PARUS MONTANU8. 411

in their lower portion, and among the cedar and pinon groves on the desert
ranges immediately adjacent to the eastward, the Gray Titmouse was a
rather common species; but it did not §eem to be abundant anywhere.
Its manners and notes were quite the same as those of the eastern
species (L. bicolor), but weaker and less varied, though still retaining the
vehement character of utterance apparently common to all the birds of this
genus.

JList of specimens,

272, 9 ad.; cedars of Pea-vine Mountains, near the Sierra I^evada, November 14,
1867. 6— 8|— 3— 2^— i|~fi— 2y»^— 1^3^. Bill, plumbeous, deepening into horn-black
terminally J iris, umber; tarsi and toes, plumbeousash.

Paeus MOKTANFS.

mountain Cliickadee.

Parus montanus^ Gambel, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 1843, 259.— Baird, B. N.
Am., 1858, 394 ; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 294 ; Eeview, 1864, 82.— B. B. & K,
Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 95, pi. vii, fig. 5.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 46.— Coues,
Key, 1872, 81 j Check List, 1873, No. 32 j B. N.W., 1874, 22.— Henshaw,
1875, 169.

The distribution of this species seems to be governed entirely by that
of the coniferous woods ; consequently, we found it in all pine forests, as
well as the more extensive of the pinon and cedar woods on the interior
ranges. It was much less numerous on the Wahsatch and Uintah Mount-
ains than on the Sierra Nevada, however, as indeed were nearly all species
of pinicoline habits. This species is quite a counterpart of the Carolina
Chickadee (P. carolinensis) in manners and notes, although it differs so much
in size and maz'kings ; and we consider it as much more closely allied to
that species than to the common Black-cap {F. atricapillus). In its notes we
could discover no difference from those of P. carolinensis beyond the notice-
able fact that the ordinary ones were louder and more emphatically enunci-
ated, while the spring song, so pleasing in P. carolinensis^ and sounding
like a clear, fife-like whistling of the syllables tsip^adee^ tsip*adee, tsip'^adee,
was appreciably more feeble and less musical.

412 OBNITHOLOGY.

List of specimen.

333, S ad.; 5|«8§-^2|-2i-|_g-2|-lJ. 334, 9 ad.; 5f--8|-2H--2i— /^-l
-^2^— IJ. 335, i ad.; 6^— 8f — 2^— 2^-^— ;[^2J— If. Oarson City, Nevada, No-
vember 27, 1867. Bill, plumbeous-black ; iris, deep hazel ; tarsi and toes, dull plumbeous.

450, i ad.; Oarson City, March 21, 1868. 5yV-8|— 3— 2J. Bill, black ; iris, burnt-
sienna; tarsi and toes, plumbeousblack.

Paeus ATEIOAPILLUS-
Black-capped Chickadee.

/?. septentrionalis — Long-tailed Chickadee.

Parus septentrionalisj Habeis, Pr. Ac. l^at. Sci. Philad., 1845, 300.— Baird, B.

K Am., 1858, 389; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 289; Eeview, 1864, 79.
Parvs atricapillus var. septentrionalis, Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1872,

174.— CoUES, Key, 1872, 81; Check List, 1873, No. 31a; B. N.W., 1874, 21.

— B. B. & E., 1, 1874, 99, pi. vii, fig 2.— Henshaw, 1875, 170.
Parus septentrionalis var. albescens, Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, p. xxxvii; Cat. N.

Am. Birds, 1859, No. 289a,

y. occidentalis — Western Chickadee.

Parus occidentalis, Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 391; Cat. N, Am. B., 1859, No. 291;

Eeview, 1864, 81.— Elliot, Illustr. Am. B., I, pi. viil— Cooper, Orn.

Cal., 45.
Parus atricapillus var. occidentaliSj COUES, Key, 1872, 81 ; Check List, 1873, No,

31c.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 101, pL vii, fig. 3.

The common Black-capped Chickadee was apparently wanting in all
portions of the western depression of the Great Basin, and even on the
eastern side it was so extremely rare that none were seen except in the
valley of the Provo River, where but a few families, with their full-grown
young, were met with. They kept in the willow thickets, and seemed very
gregarious, in marked contrast to the Mountain Chickadee (P. montanus)
and that eastern species, the Southern Black-cap, or Carolina Chickadee
{P. carolinensis). Their notes were also very different, the usual utter-
ances being a sort of twittering, resembling but little the distinct and sharp
notes of the species named.

Idst of specimens.

1392, $ juv.; 6/g— 7|. 1393, S juv.; 5tV-.7J. 1394, S juv.; 6J— 8§. Provo Eiver,
Utah, July 11, 1869. Bill, black; interior of mouth, yellow j iris, dark brown; tarsi
and toes, fine ashy-blue.

PSALTRIPARUS MINIMUS— P. PLUMBBUS. 413

PSALTRIPARUS MINIMUS.
lieast Titmouse.

Farm minimus^ Townsend, Journ, Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1837, 190,
Psaltriparus minimus^ Bonap., Oomp. Rend., 1854, 62. — Baied, B. N. Am., 1858,

397; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 298; Review, 1864, 84.-.COOPER, Orn. Cat.y

48.— CouES, Key, 1872, 82; Check List, 1873, No. 35.
Psaltriparus minimus var. minimus, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 109, pi.

Yii, fig. 9.

Of this delicate little bird we had but a mere glimpse, while passing
through the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. It was there seen in
small straggling companies, among the brushwood of the ravines, appearing
much like the P. plumbea of the Interior in its manners and notes.

Psaltriparus plumbeus.

liead-colored Titmouse.

Psaltria plumbea^ Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1854, 118.

Psaltriparus plumheus, Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 398 ; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No.

299; Review, 1864, 79. —Cooper, Orn. Cal., 49.-.Coues, Key, 1872, 82;

Check List, 1873, No. 36 ; B. N.W., 1874, 23.
Psaltriparus minimus var. plumbeus, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 110, pi.

VII, fig. 10.— Henshaw, 1875, 171.

Of late years, the known range of this species has been greatly extended
by the more recent field-observations of the Government surveys. It was
at first supposed to be one of those birds characteristic of the southwestern
portion of the country, but it is now known to have a range co-extensive
with the Middle Province, having been obtained by the naturalists of Dr.
Hayden's survey as far to the northeastward as Green Eiver and Bitter
Creek, Wyoming Territory, while Captain Charles Bendire, U, S. A., found
it a winter resident at Camp Harney, in eastern Oregon. How much
farther northward it may extend is not known, but its range in that
direction is probably limited by the Columbia Valley. We met with this
species on several occasions from the very base of the Sierra Nevada
eastward to the Wahsatch Mountains, but the localities where it occurred
in abundance were few and remote from each other, while its habits are so
erratic that it was seldom met with twice at one place. In the cafions of

414 ORNITHOLOGY.

the West Humboldt Mountains it was very numerous in September. It
was found there in ever-restless companies, continually twittering as they
flew from bush to bush, at which time the flocks became greatly scattered,
the individuals straggling, or "stringing out/^ one behind another. In
all their movements they were remarkably restless, in this respect even
surpassing the Gnat catchers {Polioptilce), to which they bear considerable
resemblance in their movements and appearance. In November many of
these birds were seen in company with the Gray Titmice (Lophophanes
inornatus) among the cedars on the Pea-vine and Virginia Mountains, and
adjacent ranges in western Nevada, and in the spring one or two flocks,
supposed to be this species, were observed in the gorge of the Carson River,
near Carson City. On the eastern side of the Great Basin a few individuals
in City Creek Canon, near Salt Lake City, comprised all that were seen.

Among the numerous specimens killed in September, we noticed that
many had the iris blackish, while in others it was clear light sulphur-
yellow, and in some intermediate, or yellowish outwardly, and brownish
next the pupil. A close examination, however, of these specimens, showed
that this difference apparently depended on age, those having the darkest
eyes being unmistakably young birds, while those in which the iris was
clear yellow were all old birds, as was readily detected by the difference
in the texture of their plumage. Even the youngest specimens had a
yellowish outer ring to the iris, concealed by the eyelids, so that it seems
that this, color gradually spreads from the outside to the pupil, with
advancing age, until, when fully mature, the iris becomes wholly clear
light yellow.

lAst of specimem,

171, S juv,; West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 7, 1867. 4| — 6—2
— IfJ — x^^ — ^. Bill, black; tn«, sepia-blacJe^ very narrow outer yellowish ring; tarsi
and toes, black.

184, 9 ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, September 11. 4J— 5g— 2— 1}^— ^— y»^
— 2| — 1|. Bill, black; im, light yellow; tarsi and toes, black.

185, <J juv.; 4J — 6—2—1}^ — J — ^^ — ^2^^ — 1. Iris, light yellow, brownish next
pupil.

250, ad.; West Humboldt Mountains (east side), October 12, 1867. 4/^— 6— 2J
— ^— J— T^ — 2J — If. Bill, tarsi, and toes, deep black; iris, sulphur-yellow.

PSALTRIPARUS MELANOTIS— SITTA AOULEATA. 415

PSALTRIPARUS MBLANOTIS.?
Black-eared TUmonse,

Parus melanoiisy Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 1844, 216.

Psaltriparus melanotis^ Bonap., Comp. Rend., 1854, — .-r- Baibd, B. N. Am., 1858,

386, pi. Liii, fig. 3; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 297; Review, 1864, 84.— B. B.

& R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 108, pi. vii, fig. 8.

On the 4th of August, 1868, we saw near our camp, on the eastern
slope of the Ruby Mountains, what was unquestionably a bird of this
species, since the black patch on the ear-coverts was distinctly visible. Its
restless movements made ineffectual our attempt to shoot it, and before we
were prepared for another shot it disappeared among the cedar trees, and
could not be found again. This we believe is the first known instance of
its occurrence within the limits of the United States, though it has been
obtained near our border, and is a common bird of the high mountain
portions of northern Mexico; but it probably occurs in greater or less
numbers, in suitable places, throughout our southern Rocky Mountains.

Family SITTIDJ2— Nuthatohds.

SiTTA CAROLINENSIS.
IFhite-bellied iVuthatch.

/?. aculeata — Slender-hilled Nuthatch,

Sitta aculeata, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1856, 254.— Baird, B.N. Am.,
1858, 375, pi. xxxiii, fig. 3; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 278; Review, 1864,
86.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 54.

Sitta carolinensis var. aculeata, Allen, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool, 1872, 174. — Ooues^
Key, 1872, 83; Check List, 1873, No. 38a; B. N.W., 1874, 24.— B. B. & R.,
Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 117, pi. viii, fig. 2 (bill only).— Henshaw, 1875, 173.

Being strictly a pinicoline species, this Nuthatch was observed in
abundance only on the Sierra Nevada, being comparatively rare on the
Wahsatch and Uintah mountains, while none were seen in the intervening
region, not even among the most extensive cedar and pin on woods. In
its manners it is a counterpart of the eastern form, but its notes are mark-
edly different, being much weaker, and some of them of another character

416 OENITHOLOGY.

altogether. It is with hesitation that we refer this bird to S. caroUnensiSj as
a geographical race.

. List of specimms.

439, S ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 10, 1868. 6— lOJ— 3|— 3. Bill, pure
blackish-plumbeous, basal half of lower mandible, opaque, bluish, or milky-white; iris,
very dark bister; tarsi and toes, sepia-black.

448, <J ad,; Carson, March 21. 6j — 10^—33—3. Same remarks.

449, 9 ad.; (mate of preceding.) 5g — lOf — 3fi — 3. Same remarks. Tarsi and
toes, sepia-slate.

487, 9 ad,; Carson, April 3. 6 — 11 — 3| — 3. Same remarks.
491, i ad.; Carson, April 4. 6 — lOJ — S\l — 3. Same remarks.

SiTTA CAI^ADENSIS.

Red-bellied Nutliateb.

Sitta canadensis^ Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 177.— Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 376 ;
Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 279 ; Eeview, 1884, 86.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am.
B., 1, 1874, 118, pi. VIII, figs. 7, 8.— Cooper, Orn. CaL, 54.— Coues, Key, 1872,
83, fig. 27; Check List, 1873, No. 39; B. N.W., 1874, 25.— Henshaw, 1875,
174.

An inhabitant in summer of the pine woods exclusively, this species
was met with, at that season, only in the thickest or most extensive conifer-
ous forests, such as those on the Sierra Nevada, Wahsatch, and Uintah
ranges. In all localities where observed it was much less common, how-
ever, than either S. aculeata or S. pygmcea^ but wherever found made its
presence known by the loud, penny-trumpet tootj so peculiar and so charac-
teristic of the species. Unlike the other two species, this one appears to make
more or less of a vertical migration, since in September we found it common
in the aspen groves along the streams in the upper Humboldt Valley. Later
in the same month it was also common among the pines of the lofty Clover
Mountains, at an altitude of near 11,000 feet

lAst of specimens.

914, 9 ad.; Camp 24, head of Humboldt Valley, September 10, 1868. 4f-8^—
( *? ) — 24. Bill, uniform blackish-plumbeous, bftsal half of lower mandible, abruptly,
bluish white; iris, umber-brown; tarsi, dull wax- green; toes, more yellowish.

SITTA PYGM^A. 417

SlTTA PYGM^A.
Pig^niy Nutliatcli«

SUtapygmcea, ViaoES, Zool. Beechey's Voy., 1839, 29, pi. 4.— Baird, B. N. Am.,
1858, 378 ; Cat. K Am. B., 1859, No. 281 ; Review, 18C4, 88.— B .B. & E., Hist
K. Am. B., I, 1874, 120, pi. VIII, fig. 10.— Cooper, Oni. Cal., 55.~CouES,
Key, 1872, 83, fig. 27 ; Check List, 1873, No. 41 ; B. KW., 1874, 25.— Hen-
SHAW, 1875, 175.

This curious little Nuthatch was always a companion of the larger
species (S, aculeata)^ the same local conditions being favorable or unfavor-
able to their presence. They appear to live together on the best of terms,
since we have often seen individuals of each pass and re-pass one another as
they searched the same branch or trunk. The manners of this diminutive
Nuthatch partake in their general nature of those common to the genus,
and pre*sent no marked peculiarities worthy of note. It is extremely
noisy, its shrill notes being uttered almost continually, whether the bird
is engaged in creeping among the branches or in flying from the top of
one tree to that of another; and although one may be making a din
greater than that of any other bird in the forest, it is generally hard to
discover him, on account of his diminutive size. The notes of this species
greatly resemble in their high pitch the ^^peet" or *^peet-weet" of certain
Sandpipers (as Tringoides and Bhyacophilus), but they are louder and more
piercing. When once paired, these birds seem to possess a strong attach-
ment to their mates, since on one occasion, after a female had been killed,
the male made loud and continued complaint, and after being followed
from tree to tree, was finally shot from the same one where his mate had
been secured.

List of specimens.

410, S ad.; Carson City, Nevada, February 19, 1868. 4j— 8J— 2^— 2y'^. Bill,
slate-black, basal half of lower mandible (abruptly), milk-white j iris, very dark van-
dykebrown ; tarsi and toes, plumbeous-black.

411, 9 ad.; mate of preceding. 4f — 7f — 2f — 2y'^. Same remarks. White of bill
with delicate bluish tinge.

488, 9 ad.; Carson, April 3. 4| — 8 — 2|— 2^. Same remarks.
492, $ ad.; Carson, April 4. 4/^— 8— 2|J— 2j\. Same remarks.
27 PR

418 ornithology.

Family OERTHIIDJB— Ceeepbes
Certhia familiaris.

Brown Creeper.

/?. americana.

Certhia americana^ Bonap., Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 11. — Baied, B. N, Am.,
1858, 372, pi. 83, fig. 2; Gat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 275; Review, 1864, 89.

Certhia familiaris var. americana^ B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 125, pi.
Yiii, fig. 11.— Henshaw, 1875, 177.

^^ Certhia familiaris^'^^ Ooues, Key, 1872, 84, ^g, 28; Check List, 1873, No. 42; B.
, N.W., 1874, 26.

^^Certhia mexicana^^^ Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 58.

The distribution of this species corresponds with that of Regulus calen-
dula^ the pine forests being its home in summer, while in winter it performs
a partial migration to the timbered portions of the lower valleys, or to the
lower edge of the coniferous belt. It was first observed among the western
foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, where it was seen early in July, at the very
commencement of the pine forest. In winter it was more or less common
among the cotton-woods in the lower portion of the valleys of the Truckee
and Carson Rivers, but eastward of those localities it was not again met
with at any season, except on the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains, where
it was a rather common summer resident in the pine-region.

List of specimens.
349, 9 ad.; Truckee Reservation, near Pyramid Lake, December 7, 1867. 5^^^ —
7 — 2J — 2^^ — f^ — ^ — 2| — If. Upper mandible, black; lower, dilute brownish-white,
with pinkish tinge; iris, hazel ; tarsi and toes, dilute horn-color.

Family TEOGLODYTID^— Wrens.
Salpinotes obsoletus.

Rock Wren.

Troglodytes obsoletus^ Say, Long's Exped., II, 1823, 4.

Salpinctes obsoletus, Cabanis, Wiegm. Arcbiv, 1847, 323.— Baird, B. N. Am.,
1858, 357; Cat. K Am. B., 1859, No. 264; Review, 1864, 110.— B. B. & R.,
Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 135, pi. vm, fig. 3.— .Cooper, Orn. Cal., 65.—
CoTJES, Key, 1872, 85; Check List, 1873, No. 45; B. N.W., 1874, 27.— Hen-
SHAW, 1875, 179.

The Rock Wren is by far the most common and generally distributed
species of the family in the Western Region, since the prevailing character

SALPINCTBS OBSOLETUS. 419

of that country is so well suited to its habits. It was first met with near
the summit of the Donner Lake Pass of the Sierra Nevada, but this was on
the eastern slope, and in a district where the pine forests were interrupted by
considerable tracts of open country, of a more or less rocky nature. East-
ward of this point, as far as we journeyed, it was found in suitable localities
on all the desert ranges. Its favorite resorts are piles of rocks, where it
may be observed hopping in and out among the recesses or interstices
between the bowlders, or perched upon the summit of a stone, usually
uttering its simple, guttural notes. It is not strictly rupicoline, however,
for along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, where the pine forest
reaches to the very base of the mountains, it was common in cleared tracts
where there was much rubbish of old stumps, prostrate logs, and piles of
brush, seeming as much at home there as among the rocks. At that place
the males were occasionally observed to fly up to a naked branch of some
dead tree, and remain there while they sang their simple trill. This species
also freely accepts of the accommodations and protection afforded by man,
for in many towns, notably those among the mountains, it nests about
the old buildings and inside the entrance to mining-shafts, displaying as
much familiarity and confidence as the little House Wren, or Bewick's
Wren. It is an exceedingly unsuspicious little bird, if unmolested, always
greeting an intruder to its haunts by its cheerful note of turee^ while it bows
and scrapes most politely at each utterance ; but if too closely observed, or
pursued, it manages, by hopping through the interstices, to keep always on
the opposite side of the rock-pile, while it changes the note of welcome to an
admonishing, guttural tiirrrr. In its general appearance, except color, and in
many of its movements, the Rock Wren bears a somewhat close resemblance
to the Carolina Wren ( Thryothorm ludoviclams) of the Eastern Region,
being of almost exactly the same size and shape; the notes, too, are
somewhat similar in their general nature, particularly the ordinary ones,
which have the same guttural character ; but the song is a simple monoto-
nous trill, very much like that of the Snow-birds (Junco), and though often
varied indefinitely, lacks any particular merit, from want of power and
sweetness, while it is in no wise comparable to the superb whistling song of
the species above mentioned.

420 ORNITHOLOGY.

At Carson City the Rock Wren was migratory, not making its appear
ance during the season of our stay until the 20th of March, and first singing
on the 30th of that month. Indeed, we saw it nowhere during the winter,
and thus infer that it makes a complete migration southward.

List of specimens.

163a ad.; ^r^-^x\-^-'^^r-}'^-^H-\h 164,9 ad.; 6-9-.2|-«2t-V-H-
j_i — 2y^^. West Humboldt Mountains (Camp 18), September 4, 1867. Upper mandible,
uniform slaty born-color, with lilaceous cast; end of the lower mandible similar, fading
on middle portion into ashy-lilac — pale-yellowish basally and on angle of mouth 5 iris,
olive; tarsi and toes, deep black.

253, i ad.; West Humboldt Mountains (Camp 19j, October 23. 6— 9-:2i|— 2^^^—
1^ — J — 2f — \^. Upper mandible, purplish-slaty; lower, pale slaty -lilaceous, darker
terminally, more pinkish at base; iris, olivaceous-drab; tarsi and toes, slate-black.

458,^0(1.; Carson, March 25. 6—9 — 3—2^. Bill, uniform slate, lower mandible,
paler ; iris, grayish-umber; tarsi and toes, black.

478, i ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 30, 1868. 5^— 9— 2 J— 2^\. Bill, uniform
plumbeous-slate, lower mandible, paler, except terminally ; iris, grayish-umber ; tarsi
and toes, black.

486,<Jad; Carson City, Aprils. 6^— 94— -StJ^^— 2J. Bill, uniform dull-slate, basal
half of lower mandible, slaty bluish- white ; iris, raw-umber; tarsi and toes, deep black.

OaTHERPES MEXIOAinJS.
White-throated TFren*

/?. conspersm — Canon Wren.

Catherpes mexicanuSy Baird, B. N. Am., 1858,^ 356; Cat. K. Am. B., 1859, No. 263 ;

Review, 1864, 111.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 66.— CouES, Key, 1872, 85; B. N.W.,

1874, 28. [Not Thryothorus mexicamis, Swains.]
Catherpes mexicanus var. conspersm^ Ridgway, Am. Nat., 1872, 2. — B. B. & R.,

Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 139, pi. viii, fig. 4.— COUBS, Check List, 1873, No.

46, p. 126.— Henshaw, 1875, 181.

Somewhat similar to the common Eock Wren (Salpinctes) in its distri-
bution and habits, this remarkable species differs in many noteworthy
respects, the principal of which are its appearance and notes. We found it
everywhere more rare than the other species, and apparently confined to the
more secluded portions of the mountains, where it frequented rocky gorg^es
and the interior of caves more often than the piles of loose rocks on the open
slopes. It was generally observed to be rather shy, and prone to elude

CATHEEFES CONSPERSUS. 421

pursuit by retreating to the deeper recesses of the rocks, now and then
slyly peeping from some crevice but an instant, and then very unexpectedly
reappearing at some distant place. While thus engaged, or while hopping
about, examining each crevice for a spider or other insect, it utters a simple
ringing note, which sounds somewhat like dink, uttered in a metallic tone ;
while now and then he pauses to pour forth his piercing song, which is of
such volume as to fill the surrounding canons with its reverberations. In
many of its movements it greatly resembles the common Rock Wren, par-
ticularly in its manner of bowing and swinging oddly from side to side,
when its attention becomes attracted by the presence of an intruder. It was
frequently seen to cling to the roof or sides of a cave with the facility of a
Creeper, and on one occasion to fly perpendicularly up the face of a cliff for
a considerable height.

It seems, however, that in other sections of the country, where it is
probably more numerous, this species is not always thus shy and retired in
its habits; for Mr. Dresser (see *^The Ibis," 1865, p. — ) mentions an interest-
ing instance where a pair built a nest in the wall of a dilapidated printing-
office in San Antonio, Texas, and were so tame that they became great
favorites with the workmen. He also states that at Dr. Heermann's ranche,
on the Medina, they often built in cigar-boxes placed for their accommo-
dation.

As stated above, the song oi' this bird is one of remarkable power ; it
is also unique in its tone and modulation to such an extent that no other
song we ever heard resembles it at all. It consists of a series of clear,
sharp, whistling, detached notes, beginning in the highest possible key, and
descending the scale with perfect regularity through an octave or more.
These notes are occasionally heard echoed and reechoed against the walls
of the canons, with continued reverberations, such is their power and .
distinctness.

List of specimens.

345, $ ad.; near Fort Churchill, December 7, 1867. 5.75-7.50—2.58—2.00—0.83
— 0.56 — 2.25 — 1.18. Bill, slate-color, paler, and with a lilaceous tinge toward base of
lower mandible; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, black. [Type of var. consversus^ Ridg-
waj, I c]

422 ORNITHOLOGY.

Thrtomanes BEWICKL

Bewick's Wren.

y. spilurus.

Troglodytes spilurusy Vigors, Zool. Beechey's Voy., 1839, 18, pL 4, fig. 1.

Thryothoru8 spilurus. Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, G9.

Thryothorus hewiclci var. spilurusj Baird, Review, 1864, 126. — B. B. & B^ Hist. N.

Am. B,, I, 1874, 147, pi. ix, fig. 4.— OouES, Key, 1872, 86; Check List, 1873,

No. 48b.
Thryothorus hewichL c. spiltirtiSj CouES, B. N.W., 1874, 31.
Tliryothorus bewicJciiy Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 363 (part).

The *' Long- tailed House Wren," or Bewick's Wren, was observed
frequently at Sacramento, where, as in certain portions of the East, it fre-
quented the out-houses in the city, in company with the Barn Swallow and
Black Pewee. After leaving there, we nowhere identified it with certainty,
although a single individual of what seemed to be this species was noticed at
Glendale, Nevada, in November, 1867. The specimen in question was seen
among the willows bordering the river, and disappeared before we could
decide whether it was this species or the Wood Wren (Troglodytes park-
manni).

Troglodytes aedok

House Wren; Wood Wren.

/?. parkmanni — Parkman's Wren.

Troglodytes parJcmanni, Aitd., Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 310.— Baird, B. N. Am. 1858,

367; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 271; Review, 1864, 140.— Cooper, Orn. Cal.,

7L
Troglodytes aMonvHT. parkmanni^ CoUEB, Key, 1872, 87; Check List, 1873, No. 49a;

B. N.W., 1874, 32.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am., 1, 1874, 153.— Henshaw, 1875,

184.

The range of this Wren is apparently co-extensive with the distribution
of the timber, or governed strictly by the presence or absence of trees,
without special regard to their kind. Its vertical range, like that of the
Robin, Louisiana Tanager, and many other species, was consequently very
considerable, it being equally abundant among the cotton-woods of the river-

TROGLODYTES PABKMANm. 423

valleys and the aspen copses of the higher canons of the mountains. In-
deed it is the only strictly arboreal species of this family which resides in
summer in the Middle Province, and there much more rarely seeks the
society of man or the protection of his presence than the Rock or Bewick's
Wrens. That they are somewhat inclined to do so, however, we saw
occasional evidence, particularly in one instance, where a pair had a nest
somewhere about the trading-house on the Indian Reservation near Pyramid
Lake. This pair had become so familiar and confiding that the constant
presence or passing in and out of persons did not alarm them in the least.
Among the large cotton-wood trees near by, which extended in scattered
groves or clumps for several miles along the river, they were extremely
abundant, and their lively, agreeable songs were continually heard. They
were equally abundant in the high canons of the East Humboldt and
Wahsatch Mountains, their favorite resort in the latter being the aspen
copses of the pine-region, where they and the Robins were the most abun-
dant birds. Very numerous nests of this species were found, their situation
being various, although most of them were similar in this respect; the
prevailing character being that of a large mass of rubbish filled in behind
the loosened bark of the trunk of a tree, usually only a few feet from the
ground, the entrance a natural crevice or a woodpecker's hole; it was
always warmly lined with feathers, and very frequently possessed the
ornamental- addition of a cast-off snake-skin. One nest was placed behind
a flat mass of a small shrub {Spircea ccespitosa), whicli grew^ in moss-like
patches against the face of a cliff. Another one, and the only one not
concealed in some manner, was built in the low crotch of an aspen,
liaving for its foundation an abandoned Robin's nest. It consisted of a
somewhat conical pile of sticks, nearly closed at the top, but with a small
opening just large enough to admit the owner. Including its bulky base,
the total height of this structure was about fifteen inches.

List of specimens.
170, S ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, September 7, 1867. 5J— G|— 2t^1}3.

i — « — 15 — We' Upper mandible, horn-black, the toraium lilaceouswhite; lower, lila-
ccous whitish, deepening into purplish-slaty at end 5 iris, umber; tarsi and toes,
brownish-whitish*

424 OBNITHOLOGY.

360, 9 ad.; Truckee Bottom, December 17. 5— 6f~2^^— l^J— J— |— 2— |. Bill,
black, lilaceous- whitish on basal balf of lower mandible aud along commissure j interior
of mouth, deep naples-yellow; iris, raw-umber; tarsi and toes, livid brownish- white.

839, Sad.; Bast Humboldt Mountains, July 13, 1868. 5— 6J— If. Bill, black;
commissure, with basal half of lower mandible, deep pinkish-lilac; iris, grayish choco-
late-brown ; tarsi and toes, dilute ashy-sepia.

864, S jm.; East Humboldt Mountains, August 7. *5J— 6J— (?)— l^f Upper
mandible, dull black; commissure and lower mandible, pale lilaceous; rictus, pale
yellow; interior of mouth, intense yellow; tarsi and toes, delicate pale ashy-sepia.

903, S ad.; Secret Valley, Nevada, September 7. 6^— 6f--(f )— 1|. Upper mandi-
ble, olivaceous black ; lower mandible and commissure, lilaceous- white, the former more
dusky terminally; iris, olivaceous umber ; tarsi and toes, pale lilaceous-sepia.

1260, nest and eggs (6); Parley's Park (Wahsatch Mountains), Utah, June 23,
1869. Built on an old Robin's nest, in crotch of aspen, deep woods.

1261, nest and eggs (7) ; nest in hollow aspen-snag.

1286, nest and eggs (7) ; Parley's Park, June 25. !Nest in hollow snag, entrance
through knot-hole,

1308, nest and eggs (6); Parley's Park, June 27. Nest in deserted woodpecker's
bole.

1309, nest and eggs (6) ; same locality and date. Nest behind loosened bark of
dead aspen.

1421, eggs (3) ; Parley's Park, July 17, 1869. Nest in hollow of tree*

TeOGLODYTES HYEMALIS.
IVinter l¥ren.

/3. pacificuS'^Western Winter Wren.

Troglodytes hyemalis var. pacijicus^ Baird, Review, 1864, 145.

Troglodytes parvulus var. pacificmy B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 155, pi.

IX, fig. 10.
Anorthura troglodytes var. hyemaUs, COUES, Key, 1872, 351 (part); Check List,

1873, No. 50 (part); B. N.W., 1874, 33 (part).
Troglodytes hyemalis (part), Baibd, B. N. Am., 1858, 369; Cat N. Am. B,, 1859,

No. 273.— CooPEE, Orn. Cal., 73.

The Winter Wren seenaed to be quite rare in the Interior, since but
one individual, the one obtained, was observed.

List of specimens.

369, (J ad.; Truckee Bottom, near Pyramid Lake, Nevada, December 25, 1867. 4—
6 — 2 — 1| — y^j — (^)^li*^ — iV UpP^r mandible, black, tomium dilute brown; lower,
dilute brown, dusky along the side; iris, deep burntnmber; tarsi and toes, deep
brown.

TELMAT0DYTE8 PALUDICOLA. 425

TbLMATODYTES PALUSTpiS.
liOng-billed marsH l¥ren.

yS. paludicola — Tule Wren.

Cistothorus palustris var. paludicola, Baied, Eeview Am. B., 1864, 148. — B. B. &
E., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 161.-«Henshaw, 1875, 185.

Telmatodytes palustris^ CoUES, Key, 1872, 87 (part); Check List, 1873, No. 51; B,
N.W., 1874, 35 (part).

Cistothorus {Telmatodytes) palustris (part), Baird, B. K Am., 1858, 364; Cat. K
Am. B., 1859, No. 268 (part).— CooPEE, Orn. Cal., 75.

In all marshy localities where there existed even a limited growth of
tules, the Long-billed Marsh Wren was more or less abundant. It was
consequently found in numerous places, but it abounded most in those
extensive marshes adjoining the lower portions of the Truckee, Humboldt,
and Jordan Eivers, it being so abundant at the latter locality that several
nests were often visible at one time in the thick growth of reeds. The
song of this Wren is very peculiar, being a confused sputtering, scolding
harangue, somewhat similar to, but harsher and less pleasing than, the song
of Troglodytes aedon.

List of specimens.

273, i ad.; Truckee Meadows, Nevada, November 15, 1867. 5jJg— .6| ^2f-^—l{^j%
— }l — lj\ — }|. Upper mandible, slaty-black; commissure aud lower mandible, lilace-
ous white, the latter more dusky terminally; iris, umber; tarsi and toes, delicate
brownish-white, strongly tinged with bluish lilaceous.

370, S ad.; Truckee Bottom, near Pyramid Lake, December 25. 5J — 6^g— 2/^—13 —
^ — \l — 2 — J. Same remarks. Tarsi and toes, deep light-brown, with yellowish tinge.

737, nest and five eggs: Truckee Bottom, near Pyramid Lake, May 18, 1868.
Nest among reeds in deep woter, near lake-shore.

738, nest. Same remarks as to preceding.

950, S ad.; Deep Creek, Utah, October 5, 1868. 5|— 7— (?)— l}f . Bill, black -, com-
missure and basal two-thirds of lower mandible, pure lilaceousj iris, umberj tarsi and
toes, deep sepia, the latter darkest.

951, 8 ad.; 952, 9 ad] 5§— 7^— (?)— 1}|. Same remarks.

1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 101*5, May 21, 1869; 1079, 1080, 1031, 1082, June 2,
1869; nests and eggs; Jordan River (near Salt Lake City), Utah. Nests each attached
to several stalks of upright reeds, or tules^ standing in the water, near nests of
Xanthocephalus icterocephalus. Maximum number of eggs four, but the number prob-
ably sometimes exceeds this.

1459, S juv.; Parley's Park ( Wahsatch Mountains), Utah, July 26, 1809. ^^^.

426 OENITHOLQGY,

Upper mandible, sepia-black; commissure and lower mandible, pale lilaceous; iris,
brown ; tarsi, dark sepia-plurfbeousf toes, paler, whitish beneath.

1467, S juv.; Parley^s Park, July 28. 4f— 6g. Same remarks.

1476, S juv.; July 29. 5J— 7.

1494, ^ juv.; 5|— 6^. 1495, ^ juv.; 5J-~6J. August 7. Same remarks as to 1459.

Family MOTACILLID J]— Wagtails and Tit-larks, or Pipits.

AnTHUS LUDOYICIANUS.
Tic-lark.

Alauda ludoviciana^ Gmelin, Syst. Nat, I, 1788, 793.

Antkm ludovicianus, Light., Verz., 1823, 27.— Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 232; Cat.
N. Am. B., 1859, No. 165; Review, 1864, 153— B. B. & R., Hist. K Am. B., I,
1874, 171, pi. X, fig. 3.— Cooper, Oru. Cal., 78.— Coites, Key, 1872, 90, fig. 34;
Check List, 1873, No. 55; B. N.W., 1874, 40.— Henshaw, 1875, 187.

Perhaps no bird of the Interior is more abundant in winter than the
Tit-lark is, at times, in localities of a nature calculated to attract them. At
the Tmckee Meadows they came in immense flocks in November, and
spread over the soggy meadows, where they remained during the mod-
erately cold weather for the greater portion of the winter, occasionally
congregating by thousands about the haystacks and corrals. They were
equally abundant at Carson City, particularly in the vicinity of the warm
springs, where the high temperature of the water kept the meadow soft
and comparatively green, even dining the coldest weather. In April, just
before their departure for the North, we observed them in their more
highly-colored plumage.

List of specimens.

193, 9 ad.; West Hamboldt Moantains, Nevada, September 17, 1867. (Stream, in
garden.) 6— 10— 3/^— 2f — .^^}f— 2/^— 1. Upper mandible, dark horn-color, darker
terminally; lower, paler, nearly straw-yellow at base; iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, dark
horn-color,

270, 9ad.; Trackee Meadows, November 8. 6}|— lOJ— 3^^^— -2^ — J§ — ^3^23—13^.
Bill, black ; basal half of lower mandible, light-brown ; iris, hazel ; tarsi and toes, very
dark blackish-brown.

274, 9 ad.; Truckee Meadows, November 15. 6^10-^y\--2|^— ^ — ^|_2J— 1^5^.
Upper mandible and tip of lower, nearly black, remaining portion dull wax-yellow,
deepest basally~alrao8t lemon -yellow on rictus; iris, deep vandyke; tarsi and toes,
uniform blackish, toes not darker — dull light-yellowish beneath.

275, i ad,; Truckee Meadows, November 15. 6J— ll^^^-^f — 2ff — J— |f — 2J—
1|. Toes more blackish than tarsus.

HELMINTHOPHAGA RUFIOAPILLA. 427

276, $ ad.; 6|— lOJ— STV-^J—i— 3— 2j|— If . Same remarks.

277, (? ad.; 6f— lOf— 3^— 2|i— J— }|— 2J— 1|. SSame remarks.

278, i ad.; 7— 10|— 3 J~-2}| - j_i.3_23— 1. Same remarks.

279, ^a^.; 6|^10J— 3/^— 2-{i^J— J— 2/^— 1. Tarsi, dark sieana-brown ; toes,
more blackish, distinctly pale .yellowish beneath.

280, (? ad.; 6,^i— 10^3^— 2jf— ^— 2— 2f— 1. Same remarks.

281, i ad.; 6^^^— 10^— 3J— 2if— i— |— 2f— IJ. Same remarks.

282, <J ad.; 6^— 10|— 3f— 2^^— J^f— 2|— (?). Same remarks.
2S3,Sad.; 6i— lOf— 3|— 2]|— J— }|— 2^— (?). Same remarks.

Family MNIOTILTIDJI—Amerioan Waebleks.
Helminthophaga rupicapilla.

Nashville Warbler.

Sylvia rujicapilla, Wils., Am. Orn., Ill, 1811, 120, pi. 27, fig. 3.

HelmintJiophaga ruficapilla, Baird, B. K Am., 1858, 256; Oat. N. Am. B., 1859, No.
183; Review, 1864, 175.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 196, pi. xi,
figs. 7, 8.1— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 82.— Ooues, Key, 1872, 94 ; Check List, 1873,
No. 67 5 B. N. W., 1874, 50.— Henshaw, 1875, 188.

Although not observed in summer, this bird was more or less com-
mon in September in the thickets along the streams in the lower portion of
the canons. It is not as yet definitely known whether this species breeds
anywhere within the Western Eegion, or whether, on the other hand, the
individuals which have been obtained at so many localities west of the
Rocky Mountains were migrants from the Eastern Region, which, near the
northern boundary of the United States, extends so much farther toward
the Pacific coast. The same doubt exists in the case of Lanivireo solitarius.
It is well known, however, that toward our northern border the Rocky
Mountains form much less of a barrier to the westward range of eastern
species, many of which, following the head-waters of the Yellowstone and
other tributaries of the Missouri River, have but a short flight to reach the
head-streams of the Columbia, and thus reach the Pacific coast in Oregon
and Washington Territory, by passing down the valley of the latter stream.

^On p. 191 a ** var. gutturalis^^ is characterized, supposed to be distinguished by
having the yellow of the throat confined strictly within the maxillaD, and not, as in
true ruficapilla, covering the cheeks; the race being based on No. 901 of this catalogue,
= No. 53,354, National Museum catalogue. Should this peculiarity prove constant,
the western birds may be distinguished by that name. Figure 8, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
quoted above, represents this form.

428 ORNITHOLOGY.

These same individuals, in the case of non-resident species, during their
autumnal migration, probably follow the bases of the mountain ranges
directly southward, instead of returning by the devious route by which
they reached the western portions of the country. The occasional cap- ^
ture of such species as those named above, and the more accidental occur-
rence of others, as JEdopistes migratoria (see pp. 355, 380, 385, and 596), at
localities in the Western Region, may thus be accounted for.

List of specimens.

901, fad,; East Humboldt Mountains (Secret Valley), Nevada, September 6, 1868.
H'--'^i — ^^ Upper mandible, plumbeous- black, tbo tomium slightly paler; lower,
plumbeous- vThite, with lilaceous glow; iris, burnt-umber; tarsi, bluish-plumbeous;
toes, stained with yellow. [Type of Helminthophaga ruficapllla var. gutturalisj Baird,
Brewer, and Kidgway, History of North American Birds, Vol. 1, 1874:, p. 191, pi. xi,
tig. 8.]

Helminthophaga Virginia.

Virginians IVarMer.

Helminthophaga virginiw, Baird, B. N. Am., ed. 1860, p. xi, pi. 79, fig. 1; Cat. N. Am.
B., 1859, No. 183a; Review, 1865, 177.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874,
199, pi. XI, tig. 12.— -Cooper, Orn. Cal., 85.— Coues, Key, 1872, 94; Check
List, 1873, No. 06-, B. N.W., 1874, 51.— Hensuaw, 1875, 189.

This interesting little Warbler was first observed among the cedar and
pifion groves on the eastern slope of the Ruby Mountains. It was not met
with west of this locality, but eastward it occurred on all those ranges
having a similar or equally extensive growth. At the first-named locality
it was rather common in July and August, and was found in the same
groves with the Black-throated Gray Warbler (JDendrceca nigrescens) and
the Lead-colored Vireo (Lanivireo plumbeus). On the Wahsatch and Uintah
Mountains it was more abundant, being particularly plentiful among the
scrub-oaks on the foot-hills near Salt Lake City. They lived entirely
among the bushes, which there were so dense that the birds were difficult to
obtain, even when shot. The usual note of this species is a soft pit, very
different from the sharp chip of H. cetote, while its song is so exceedingly
similar to that of the Summer Yellow-bird {Bendrceca cestiva) that we often
found it difficult to distinguish them.

HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA— H. LUTESCENS. 429

List of specimens.

S59JUV.; East Humboldt Mouatains, Nevada, August 5, 1868. 5--7| — ('?)—3.
Upper mandible, plumbeous-black, the tomium yellowish-white; lower mandible, dull
light-ashy, darker terminally; tarsi and toes, yellowish-plumbeous, the latter pale
yellow beneath.

1040, S ad.; Salt Lake City, Utah (City Creek Canon), May 24, 1869. 5—8. Bill,
lilaceous-blue, the upper mandible nearly black; iris, brown ; tarsi, hepatic-slate^ toes,
yellowish.

1041, $ ad, (mate of preceding); 4f — TJ. Same remarks.
1053, 9 ad.; Salt Lake City, May 26. 5 — 7J. Same remarks.
1192, <f ad,; Salt Lake City, June 21. 4}| — 7|. Same remarks.

1188, nest and eggs (4); Salt Lake City, June 19. !N'est imbedded in the layer of
dead leaves covering the ground under oak-thicket, on side of ravine ; female shot.

HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA.
Orang^e-crowned Warbler.

a. celata — Common Orange-crowned Warbler.

Sylvia celata^ Say, Long^s Exped., 1, 1823, 109.

Selminthophaga celata (part), Baied, B. K Am., 1858, 257; Cat., 1859, No. 184

(part); Review, J865, 176.--Cooper, Cm. Cal., 83.— Coues, Key, 1872, 95;

Check List, 1873, No. 68 (part) ; B. N.W., 1874, 52.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am.

B., I, 1874, 202, pi, XI, fig. 5.— Henshaw, 1875, 191.

/?. lutescens, — Yellow Orange-crowned Warbler.

Eelminthopliaga celata var. lutescens, RiDawAY, Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts, Jan., 1872,
457 ; Am. Nat, Yll, Oct, 1873, p. — .— B. B. & R., Hist N. Am. B., I, 1874,
204, pi, XI, tig. 4.

Selminthophaga celata. b. lutescens, Coues, B. N.W., 1874, 52.
Helmintlhophaxja celata (part), Baird, B. N. Am., and Rev. — Coues, Key, and
Check List— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 83.

The Orange-crowned Warbler was most frequently met with during its
autumnal migration, at which time it was the most abundant of all the spe-
cies of the family ; it was also not uncommon in summer in the high aspen
woods of the loftier mountains. In the fall, the thickets and lower shrub-
bery along the streams, particularly those of the lower canons, would fairly
swarm with them during the early portion of the mornings, as they busily

430 ORNITHOLOGY.

sought their food, in company with various insectivorous birds, especially
the Black-capped Green Warbler (Myiodioctes pusillus) and Swainson's Vireo
( Vireosylvia swainsoni). At such times they uttered frequently their sharp
note of chip. The brightly-colored specimens representing H. lutescens were
prevalent in the western depression of the Basin, but were not observed
eastward of the upper portion of the Valley of the Humboldt, nor at any
locality during the summer; and wherever found, were associated witli
individuals of the other form, which is the only one found breeding on the
mountains. It is therefore inferred that all these individuals were migrants
from the northern Pacific Coast region and the Sierra Nevada, while those
of jET. celata proper were from the higher portions of the more eastern
mountains, or from farther northward in the Rocky Mountain ranges; full-
fledged young birds being numerous in the high aspen woods of the Wah-
satch Mountains in July and August.

lA§t of specimens,

a, celata. •

021, S ad^; " Dearing's Creek," Upper Humboldt Valley, September 11, 1868. 5—
7|-^(<?) — 2j. Upper mandible, brownish plumbeous-black, the tomium whitish ; lower,
pale lilaceousplumbeous, darker terminally 5 iris, bright sienna 5 tarsi and toes, plum-
beous, with yellow cast.

922, 9 ad.; "Bearing's Creek,'' Upper Humboldt Valley, September 11, 1868.
43_7j — (?)— l|f . Bill rather more lilaceous.

1425, $juv.; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, July 17, 1869. 4}f— 7|.
Upper mandible, black } commissure and lower mandible, dark lilaceous, latter paler
basally; iris, brown; tarsi, plumbeous ; toes, olive.

1605, <J ad.; Parley's Park, August 12, 1869. 5— 7J. Same remarks.

1516, <J ad,; Parley's Park, August 16, 1869. 5^\— 5^. Upper mandible, black,
paler along tomium ; lower, lilaceous-blue, whitish basally, blackish terminally ; iris,
brown; tarsi, dull plumbeous; toes, more greenish.

yS. lutescens.

215, <J ad.; Camp 19, West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 24, 1867.
4|— 7§— 2§— 2— |— 1^— Iff— ^f. Bill, blackish horn-color, the lower mandible, paler;
iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, deep horn-color.

907, i ad.; " Secret Valley," East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 8,
1868. 45 — 7f^— (!) — 2. Upper mandible, purplish-black, the tomium deep lilac; lower
mandible, bluish-lilac, more pinkish basally, more dusky toward tip ; iris, Vandyke-
brown ; tarsi and toes, plumbeous, the latter stained with yellow.

DENDRCECA iEJSTlVA. 431

926, S ad.; <' Dearing's Creek," Upper Humboldt Valley, Nevada, September 12.
^il—'^f— (^)— 2. Upper mandible, plumbeous black, the tomium edged with paler ;
lower, plumbeous-white, darker terminally; iris, burntsienaa; tarsi and toes, plumbe-
ous, latter with a yellowish tinge.

Dendrceca estiva.

Summer ¥ellow*bird ; Ooldcn IVarbler.

Motacilla cesiiva^ Gmelin, Syst Nat., I, 1788, 996.

Bendrceca cestiva^ Baird, B. K Am., 1858, 282; Catal., 1859, No. 203; Eeview,
1865, 195.-^CooPEB, Orn, OaL, 87.-«C0UES, Key, 1872, 97 ; Check List, 1873,
No. 70; B. N.W., 1874, 54.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 222, pi. xiv,
fig. 1.— Henshaw, 1875, 192.

This common and familiar little bird was met with everywhere, except
during the winter season ; and in all wooded localities, with the exception
of the higher forests, which it gave up chiefly to 2). audiibonij was the most
abundant and generally distributed member of the family. At Sacramento
it was one of the commonest birds, inhabiting every copse, whether of
willow, cotton- wood, or oak; and throughout the Interior it was equally
plentiful in every locality producing a growth of willows or other shrubbery,
being most multiplied in the river-valleys or lower cafions, and gradually
decreasing in numbers toward the summits of the mountains. No dijSFerence
whatever exists, apparently, between the western and eastern birds of this
species.

List of specimens.

11, nest and eggs (3); Sacramento, California, Jane 8, 1867. Nest on small oak,
in grove.

24, 25, 2G, 27, nest and eggs; Sacramento, California, June 11, 18G7. Nests in
a small oak-grove, nearly similarly situated, being generally placed on a high branch
near the top of the trees, about fifteen or twenty feet from the ground.

121, Sjuv.; valley of the Truckee, Nevada, August 6, 1867. %V~-"'^Tf— 23®^— .2|
— j_§ — 13 — |. Upper mandible, leaden-black, the tomium whitish; lower, leaden-
bluish ; iris, hazel ; tarsi and toes, yellowish horn-color, latter yellowish beneath.

158, ? ad.; valley of the Humboldt (Camp 17), September 2. 5y\— 7^—2^7^—2—
^7^ — |— 1| — j|. Upper mandible, black, the tomium pale ashy-lilac; lower mandible,
pale ashy-lilac ; iris, hazel ; tarsi and toes, liver-brown, scutellje margined with ashy-
blue.

881, ? juv.; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, August 29, 1868. 4|— 7:1— (I)— 2.
Upper mandible, olive-brown, edged with paler; lower, uniform greenish- white; iris,
bister ; tarsi and toes, dilute sepia, strongly washed with yellow.

432 ORNITHOLOGY.

1254, 1255, 1256, nests and egg^*, Parley's Park, Utah, June 23, 1869. Nests in
willows along stream.

1306, nest and eggs (4) 5 Parley's Park, June 27. Nest in rose-bush near stream.
1415, nest and egg (1) 5 Parley's Park, July 16, 1869. Nest in willows.

Dbndrceoa ocoidbntalis.

Westeru TFarbler.

Sylvia occidentalism Townsenb, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., YII, ii, 1837, 190.

Dendrceca occidentalism Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 268; Catal., 1859, No. 190 5 Review,
1865, 183.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 92.— Coues, Key, 1872, 98; Check List, 1873,
No. 72.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 266, pi. xii, fig. 5.— Henshaw,
1875, 201.

On the 29th of August, 1868, a single individual of this strongly-marked
species was seen in the lower portion of one of the eastern caiions of tlie
East Humboldt Mountains. It was busily engaged in searching for its
insect food, in a thicket along the stream, during which occupation it uttered
an occasional note, sounding like a lisped and faint enunciation of p^eet

Dendeceoa townsendi.

Townsend's Warbler.

^^ Sylvia townsendi, Nuttall,'' Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. 8ei. Philad., VII, ii,

1837, 191.
Dendrceca townsendi, Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 269 5 CataL, 1859, 191; Review,

1865, 185.— CooPEB, Orn. Cal., 91.— CoUES, Key, 1872, 98; Check List, 1873,

No. 73— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 265, pi. xii, fig. 7.— Henshaw,

1875, 200.

This Warbler, like the D. occidentalism was exceedingly rare along our
route, only one other specimen besides* that obtained having been seen.
The one in question was observed on the 8th of September, in an alder-
thicket high up one of the eastern canons of the East Humboldt Mountains.
The manners and notes of this species, as observed at this season, seemed
much like those of D. occidentalism neither possessing any strikingly distinctive
trait, so far as could be observed.

List of specimens.

942, i ad.; Thonsand Spring Valley, Nevada, September 24, 1868. (Specimen
badly mutilated ; no measiirements.)

DENDRCECA NIGRE80ENS— D. AUDUBONI. 433

Dendrceca NIGRESCENS.

Black-throated Gray Warbler.

Sylvia nigrescens, Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., VIL, ii, 1837, 191.

Dendrceca nigrescens^ Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 270; Catal., 1859, No. 192; Review,
1865, 186.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 90.— Coues, Key, 1872, 98; Check List,
1873, No. 75 ; B. N.VV., 1874, 55.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 258,
pi. XII, fig. 8.— Henshaw, 1875, 188.

The Black-throated Gray Warbler doubtless breeds on all the higher
mountains of the Western Region, since Mr. C. E. Aiken has discovered it
to be a summer resident on the most eastern ranges in Colorado, while it has
long been known as a summer bird of the Pacific Coast district; but the
mountains of the Great Basin having sufficient timber-growth — a condition
essential to the presence of this species — are very few, and so far between,
that we met with it at few localities. On the eastern slope of the Ruby
Mountains, it was abundant in July and August, in the piiion and cedar
woods, never entering the brushwood in the <ianons. A few individuals
were also seen in Pack's Canon, Uintah Mountains, where they inhabited
the lower slopes which were covered with a scattered growth of scrub-
oaks and mountain-mahogany. At the former locality, several families of
full-grown young were observed still following their parents. Their song
was not heard, but their ordinary note greatly resembled the sharp chip
of the eastern Yellow-rump {D, coronata).

List of specimens,

840, i; East Humboldt Mouutains, Nevada, July, 14, 1868. 4|— 7|— (?)— 2j3j..
Bill, deep black ; iris, dark sepia ; tarsi and toes, sepia-black.

855, ^; East Humboldt Mountains, August 4, 1808. 5| — 7J— (?)— 2J. Same re- •
marks.

863, cJ; August 7, 1868. 5J— 7^— (?>-2J. Same remarks.

SG6, 9 ; August 10, 1868. 5--7|— ( ? )— 2. Bill, black, slightly lilaceous at base of
lower i^iandible.

Dendrceca auduboni.

Audubon's Warbler.

Sylvia audubonii, Townsend., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., VII, ii, 1837, 190.

Dendrceca audubonii^ Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 273; Catal., 1859, No. 195; Review,
1865, 188.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 88.— Coues, Key, 1872, 100; Check List,
1873, No. 79; B. N.W., 1874, 58.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 229,
pi. XIII, fig. 1.— Henshaw, 1875, 194.

As is the case with the eastern Yellow-rumped Warbler (D. coronata)^
28 PR

43^ ORNITHOLOGY.

except in the southern portion of its habitat, Audubon's Warbler, the
western representative of that species, is the only one of the family which
remains during the winter. Its migrations seem to be mainly, if not
entirely, vertical, its summer-home being the pine forests of the mountains,
while in winter it dwells among the cotton- woods of the river- valleys, or
the brushwood of the lower canons. In its habits and manners it is an exact
counterpart of D. coronata, which it also resembles so strikingly in plumage;
but its notes are markedly different, the usual one being a feeble wit^ very
unlike the sharp chip of the eastern species.

List of specimens.

218, S ad.; West Humboldt Mountaias, Nevada, September 25, 180^7. gj— 9—3J—
2j| — ^1 — 1^ — 2i — 1. Bill, tarsi, and toes, deep black; iris, bazel.

245, (? ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, October 8, 18G7. 55— 9J— 3J— 2g— |— J—
2^^ — l^ig.. Same remarks.

346, 9 ad.; Truckee Valley, Nevada, December 7, 1868. 6J— 8f— 25— .2§— ^7__|i_
2| — J. Same remarks.

493, <J ad.; Carson City, Nevada, April 4, 18G8. (>— 9§--3/g-.2g. Iris, burnt-
umber.

500, i ad.; Carson, April 18, 1868. 6—9^—3^—21. Bill, jet-black ; iris, burnt-
umber; tarsi and toes, sepia-black.

1257, single egg; Parley's Park, Wabsatch Mountains, Utah, June 23, 1869.
Nest near extremity of horizontal branch of pine tree, about ten feet from ground;
contained, besides, three young.

Geothlypis TEICHAS.

Maryland ITellow-throat.

Turdus trichasj Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 293.

OeotlUypis triclias, Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1850, 16.— Baibb, B. N. Am., 1858, 241 ;
Catal., 1859, No. 170; Review, 1865, 220.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 95.— Codes,
Key, 1872, 107, fig. 47 ; Check List, 1873, 97 ; B. N. W., 1874, 74— B. B. & B.,
Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 297, pi. xv, figs. 7, 8.— Henshaw, 1875, 204.

In all bushy places contiguous to water, this little bird was invariably

to be found ; but it was confined to the valleys, being replaced among the

mountains, even in the lower canons, by the G. macgillivrayi. Clumps of

wild-rose briers and the banks of the sloughs seemed to be its favorite

resorts, and in such localities near Pyramid Lake it was one of the most

abundant species in May, and all day long enlivened the vicinity of one of

our camps by its pleasant song of witch' ity^ witch' ity^ witch' ity — often from

several rival males at the same time.

GEOTHLYPIS MAGGILLIVRATL 435

List of specimens.

750, eggs (4); mouth of Truckee River, May 19, 1868. Nest in sage bnsb, in
moist depression.

883, juv.; Buby Valley, Nevada, August 29, 1868. 5J— 6f— (?)— 1^. Upper
mandibl-j, sepia-black, the tomium pale brownish-yellow; lower, dilute lilaceous-sepia;
iris, plumbeous-brown; tarsi and toes, dilute pinkish sepia, the toes strongly washed
with yellow.

899, 9 juv.; Secret Valley, Nevada, September 23, 1868. 6f-7— (?)— IJ. Same
remarks.

953, Sad.; Deep Creek, Utah, October 5, 1868. S^^— 7— (?)— IJ. Bill, black;
commissure and basal half of lower mandible, dilute brownish-lilac; iris, bister; tarsi
and toes, uniform sepia.

1400, nest and eggs; valley of Weber River, June, 1869. [J. O. Olmsted.]

Geothlypis macgillivrayi.

McOillivray's \¥arbler.

Sylvia macgillivrayi, Audubon, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 75, pi. 399, figs. 4, 5.
Geothlypis macgillivrayi, Baird, B. N. Am^ 1858, 244, pi. 99, fig. 4; Catal., 1859,

No. 173; Review, 1865, 227.— Cooper, Orn. Gal., 96.— Coues, Key, 1872,

107 ; Check List, 1873, No. 99.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 303, pi.

XV, figs. 4, 5.— Henshaw, 1875, 205.
Oeothlypis Philadelphia var. macgillivrayi, Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill,

July, 1872, 175.— RiDGWAY, Am. Journ. Sci. & Arts, Dec, 1872, 459.
Oeothlypis Philadelphia, a. macgillivrayi, Coues, B. N.W., 1874, 75.

Representing the Maryland Yellow-throat in the mountains, this species
w^as found in all the fertile canons from the Sierra Nevada to the Uintahs.
It inhabited the rank herbage near the streams, or the undergrowth of the
thickets and aspen copses. We did not hear the song of this species, but
were very familiar with its ordinary note, a strong chip, greatly resembling
that of the Indigo-bird, or its western representative {Cyanospka cyanea and
C. a/:noena), the notes of both old and young being alike.

List of specimens,

175, 9 juv.; West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 9, 1867. 5J — 1^-^ —
2^7- — 2^^—^-^ — I — 2J— IJ. Upper mandible, brownish-black; commissure and lower
mandible, brownish lilaceous-white, the latter darker terminally ; iris, hazel; tarsi and
toes, brownish-white.

900, ^ juv.; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada (Camp 23), September 6, 1808.
5 J — 7^--(?) — 2^^^. Iris, grayish-sepia; tarsi and toes, pinkish- white.

906, (J a^.; • East Humboldt Mountains, September 8, 1868. 5y^^~7|— (?)— 2J.
Upper mandible, brownish-plumbeous, paler toward commissure; lower, paler brown-
ish, lilaceous- white, darker terminally; iris, grayish-sepia; tarsi and toes, sepia-white.

436 ORNITHOLOGY,

1258, 1259, nests and eggs; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utab," June 23,
18GD. Kests about eighteen inches above the ground, in small briers or bushes, in
weedy undergrowth near stream. (Parents of both shot.)

1307, nest and eggs (4) j Parley's Park, June 27, 1869. Nest in bush, about a foot
from ground.

1365, nest and eggs (3); Uintah Mountains, July 3, 1869. Nest among under-
growth of aspen-grove, in bush, a foot from ground.

1380, ^jui?.; Uintah Mountains, July 7, 1809. 5|-.7§. Bill, black, the commissure
and basal two-thirds of lower mandible, deep lilaceous; iris, brown j tarsi, light lila-
ceousbrown ; toes, darker.

US2,Sjuv,; Parley's Park, July 19, 1809. 5J--7J. Upper mandible, black, the
tomium white j lower, lilaceouswhite, the terminal third dusky j iris, brown; tarsi, pur-
plish-brown; toes, dark brown.

ICTEEIA VIRENS.
Yellow-breasted Cliat.

/?. longicauda — Long-tailed Chat

Icteria longicand4Z^ Lawrence, Ann. Lye. K. H., N. Y., VI, April, 1853, 4. —
Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 249, pi. 34, iig. 2; Catal, 1859, No. 177; Eeview,
1865, 230.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 98.

Icteria virem var. ion<jficawc?a, CouBS, Key, 1872, 108; Check List, 1873, No. 100a.
— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 309.-.HENSHAW, 1875, 206.

Icteria virem. b. longicauda, CouES, Birds N.W., 1874, 77.

The distribution of the Yellow-breasted Chat coiresponds so nearly with
that of the Maryland Yellow-throat, that they were generally to be found in
the same thicket; but its vertical range is somewhat greater, it being fre-
quently met with in the lower portion of the caiions. It was equally common
in California and the Interior, and appeared to be in all respects the same
bird as the eastern race. Its song during the breeding-season, like that of the
eastern bird, is conspicuous from its extreme oddity, as well as for its power
and variety; and we were often awakened at midnight by its notes, when,
but for the yelping of the prowling Coyotes {Cams latrans)^ the stillness
would have been unbroken. It was also observed that they were partic-
ularly musical on bright moonlight nights.

List of specimens, ^

23, nest and eggs (3); Sacramento, California, June 11, 1807. Nest in wild-rose
brier, among undergrowth of oak grove.

MYIODIOCTBS PUSILLUS. 437

49, <J ad. (parent of No. 48) ; Sacramento, California, June 17, 1867. 7f — lOJ—
^{^ — 2|~| — /g — 3g — IJ. Bill, entirely pure black; whole inside of mouth, intense
black; iris, hiizel ; tarsi and toes, pale slate-blue.

165, ? ad.; West Humboldt Mountains (Camp 18), September 4, 1867. 75— lOJ—
^i— ^if—fi — 1^— 35— Uf* Upper mandible, horn-black, tomium bluish-white; lower
mandible, lilaceous white, point of gonys, black; iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, plumbeous^
without any shade of blue.

168, <J ad,; West Humboldt Mountains, September 7, 1867. 8— 10— 3f — 2{|— y\—
II — *ij\ — If. Upper mandible, horn-black, tomium bluish-ichite ; lower mandible, pearl-
white, tip of gonys, black; tarsi and toes, dull plumbeous.

48, nest and eggs (3) ; Sacramento, June 17, 1867. Nest abont three feet from
ground, in thorny bush in dense thicket.

568, S ad.; Truckee Reservation, May 15, 1868. 75— 10— 2|. Bill, and whole
interior of mouth, intense black; iris, blackish-brown; tarsi and toes, plumbeous.

MyIODIOCTES PUSILLUS.
Black-capped ¥cllow l¥arblcr.

a. pusillus.

Muscicapa; pusilla, Wilson, Am, Orn., Ill, 1811, 103, pi. 26, fig. 4.

Myiodioctes pusillus, Bonap., Consp. Av., I, 18(50, 315. — Baibd, B. N. Am., 1858,

293 (part); Catal,, 1859, No. 211; Review, 1885, 240 (parr).— Cooper, Orn.

Cal., 101.— CouES, Key, 1872, 109, fig. 50 (part); Check List, 1873, No. 102;

B, N.W., 1874, 79 (part).— B. B. & 11., Hist. N. Am, B., I, 1874, 317, pi. xvi,

figs. 3, 4,— Henshaw, 1875, 207.
Myiodioctes pusillus var. pusillus, liiDawAY, Am. Journ. Sci. & Arts, Dec, 1872,

457.

jS. pileolata.

Myiodioctes pusillus (part), Atjct,

. Motacillapileolata, Pallas, Zoog, Bosso-As., 1, 1811, 407,
Myiodioctes pusillm var. pileolata, RiDaw., Am. Journ. Sci. & Arts, Dec, 1872,
457.— B.B. & R., Hist. N. Am, B., I, 1874, 319,

This sprightly Warbler was not seen at Sacramento, but in the valley
of the Truckee, and in many suitable localities to the eastward, it was a
rare summer resident, becoming exceedingly numerous in autumn. Its
haunts during the breeding-season were much the same as those of the
Summer Yellow-bird {Dendrosca cestiva), but in September it was most
abundant in the shrubbery along the cailon streams.

438 ORNITHOLOGY.

List of ^ecimens.
a. pusillus.

203, i ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, September 20, 1867. 4j|— G|— 2|— q|-~|
— }J— 1||— f ^. Tipper mandible, blackish horn-color edged with pale brownish ; lower
mandible, pale lilaceous-brown; iris, brown j tarsi and toes, yellowish brown, the former
strongly stained with yellow posteriorly.

880, <? ad.; East Humboldt Mountains, August 29, 1868. 5J— 6J— ( ! )— 1^. Upper
mandible, deep-black, tomium edged with lilaceous; lower, dilute-lilac, more whitish
beneath; iris, sepia; tarsi and toes, dilute brownish-yellow, the tarsi more sulphury,
the toes deeper.

SSI, i ad.; East Humboldt Mountains, September 1, 1868. 5— 7-— (?)— 2. Upper
mandible, blackish-olivaceous, tomium and lower mandible, dilute reddish lilaceous-
brown; iris, sepia; tarsi and toes, pale olivaceous-yellow.

888, 9 ad.; same locality and date. 4J — 6J — IJ. Tarsi, pale purplish-brown ; toes,
olive-yellow.

1039, 9 ad.; Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, May 24, 1869. 4|— 7. Ui)per man-
dible, brownish-black ; lower, paler, basal two-thirds, pale wood-brown ; iris, brown ;
tarsi and toes, dilute-brown.

/?. pileolata.

120, S ad.; valley of the Truckee, Nevada, August 6, 1867. 5— 6/^— 2^^ Bill,
delicate pinkish horn-color, darker on the culmen; iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, dilute
horn-color, stained with yellow.

166, ? ad.; valley of the Lower Humboldt, Nevada, September 5, 1867. 4f — 6f |— -
2J. Bill, dark horn-color, lower mandible paler, dilute brown basally ; iris, dark hazel;
tarsi and toes, horn-color, latter yellowish beneath.

176,$ ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, September 9, 1867. 5J— 6|— 2/^. Bill,
dark horn-color, paler beneath, the lower mandible inclining to lilaceous; iris, hazel;
tarsi and toes, pale livid horn-color.

Setophaga RUTICILLA.

Anieri€aii Redstart*

Muscicapa ruticilla, Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 326.

Setophaga ruticilla^ Swains., Zool. Jour., Ill, 1827, 358.— Bated, Birds K Am.,

1858, 297; Oatal., 1859, No. 217 ; Review, 1865, 256.— CoUES, Key, 1872, 110;

Check List, 1873, No. 104; Birds N.W., 1874, 81.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am.

Birds, 1, 1874, 319, pi. XVi, figs. 1, 5.— Hbnshaw, 1875, 209.

This beautiful little bird was common in summer throughout the Wah-
satch district, being one of several eastern species which have their westward
range limited only by the commencement of the arid and treeless region
of the Great Basin. It was abundant in the valleys and the lower portion
of the canons, but it did not extend far up into the mountains. A few were
seen, in June, in the orchard of the *^ Church Ranche," on Antelope Island.

PEOGNE S0BIS. 439

List of specimens.

1104,^ ad.; Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah, Jane 4, 1869. 5|— 7|. Bill,
tarsi, and toes, deep black ; iris, brown.

Family HIRUNDINIDJE— Swallows.
Peogne subis. .

Purple JUartio.

Eirundo subis, Linn., Syst. Nat. (10th ed.), 1758, 192.

Prague suhis, Baird, Eeview Am. B., 1865, 274.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. B., I,

1874, 329, pi. XVI, figs. 7, 10.— Henshaw, 1875, 213.
Eirundo purpurea, LiNN., Syst. Nat. (12th ed.), 17GC, 344.
Frogne purpurea, BoiE, Isis, 1826, 971.— Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 314; Catal.,

1859, No. 231.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 113.— Coues, Key, 1872, 114; Check List,

1873, No. 117 ; B. N.W., 1874, 91.

In the more thickly-populated districts of California, the handsome
Purple Martin has become, as it has long since in the Eastern States,
semi-domesticated, and almost entirely allured from its original haunts, the
forests, by the superior advantages afforded by the surroundings of civilized
man ; but in the more scantily-settled Interior it was found still retaining
its primitive habits. In the cities of San Francisco and Sacramento it was
a very abundant species, while eastward of the Sierra Nevada it was rare,
except among the aspen woods of the pine-region on certain of the higher
mountain ranges. In Carson City it was not common, while in Virginia
City but a single individual was seen, the date being June 18, 1868. Among
the aspens of the Wahsatch, near Parley's Park, however, it was extremely
abundant, and nested in the deserted or captured excavations of the Red-
naped Woodpecker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis), most of which were bored into
the trunks of living trees, these holes being freely shared with the White-
bellied Swallows {Tachycineta bicolor).

As a rule, the Swallows, although true Oscines, are not considered
singers; the present species, however, is at least one notable exception, since
it is a warbler of high merit. Often have we reclined on some mossy or
fern- covered bank beneath the aspens, and given respectful attention to the
performance of a voluble male Purple Martin, as, with glossy violet head

440 OENITHOLOGY.

thrust from the entrance to his nest, he entertained his mate with liquid
warblings, varied by sweet cadences, his throat swelling and vibrating
with the volume of his song.

Pbtrochelidok luniprons.

Cliff Swallow.

Siruncb lunifronSy Say, Long's Exped., II, 1823, 47.— Baird, B. N. Aai., 1858,

309 5 Catal, 1859, No. 226.— Cooper, Orn. Cal, 104.
Petrochelidon lunifrons, SOLATER, Cat. Am. B., 1862, 40.— Baird, Review, 18G5,

288.— COTJES, Key, 1872, 114; Check List, 1873, No. 114; B. N.W., 1874,88.

— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 334, pi. xvi, 13.— Henshaw, 1875, 215.

The first land-bird observ^ed after arriving at San Francisco, was this
familiar and widely-diflEused species, multitudes of which were observed to
swarm about certain old buildings along with smaller numbers of Purple
Martins {Progne stibis). It was also noticed along every portion of our
route across the Great Basin, especially in the vicinity of rivers or lakes,
or at the settlements, whether large or small. The species may be consid-
ered the most abundant one of the family throughout the West, the next
in order being the White-bellied and Eough- winged Swallows {Tachjcineta
hicolor and Stelgidopteryx serripennis). In localities most remote from settle-
ments it of course built its nest only on the face of overhanging cliflfs, but
if near a settlement, any large building, as a baiii or church, was almost
sure to be selected ; in either case, vast numbers congregating together and
fixing their peculiar gourd-shaped nests side by side or upon each other, the
same as in the east. It was not observed to build in any other way, and
it is probable that the nesting-habits of this species are less variable than
those of its kindred, excepting, perhaps, the common Barn Swallow {Hirundo
}iorreorum\ which differs chiefly in selecting caves or the interior of dwell-
ings, and in being not gi-egarious.

LiBt of specimens.

852, <J ad.; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, July 22, 1868. 6— 12|— (?)— 3|.
Bill, deep black ; interior of moutb, pinkish-dusky; iris, dark claret-brown ; tarsi and
toes, dark horn-color.

871, egg (1) ; East Humboldt Mountains, August 25, 1868. Nest attached to side
of a rafter, underneath roof of a shed, at ranche.

HIBUNDO HOKREOEUM— TACHYCINETA BIOOLOR. 441

HlEtTNDO EBYTHROGASTER.
Bam Swallow.

/?. horreorum?

Eirundo Jiorreorum, Barton, Frag. Kat. Hist. Penn'a, 1799, 17.— Baibd, Birds K
Am., 1858, 308; Catal., 1859, No. 225; Eeview, 1865, 204.— Cooper, Oru.
Cal., 103.— CoUES, Key, 1872, 113, fig. 54; Check List, 1873, No. Ill ; Birds
N.W., 1874, 85.-«B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 339, pi. xvi, fig.
9.— Henshaw, 1875, 217.

Although inhabiting the same localities as the Cliff Swallow, the pres-
ent species was observed to be everywhere much less numerous. It was
most common along the shore and on the islands of Pyramid Lake, where
it nested among the tufa domes, each nest being attached to the ceiling of
a cave among the rocks. In few instances were more than a single pair
found in one cave. Several nests were also found in caverns among the lime-
stone cliffs on the eastern side of the Ruby Mountains.

List of specimens.

408, (? ad,; valley of the Humboldt, September, 1867.

1151, nest and eggs (3); Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, July 26, 1869.
Nest in stable, attached to rafter.

Tachyoineta BICOLOR.

Wliite*l>cllled Swallow.

Hirnndo bicolor, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., I, 1807, 61, pi. 31.— Baird, Birds N.

Am., 1858,310; Catal., 1859, No. 227; Review, 1865, 297.-rC<)OPER, Orn.

Cal., 106.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 344, pi. xvi, fig. 8.
Tachycineta bicolor^ Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1850, 48.— CouES, Key, 1872, 113;

Check List, 1873, No. 112; Birds N.W., 1874, 86.— Henshaw, 1875, 217.

This species and the Purple Martin were the only Swallows which were

^It is not yet satisfactorily determined whether the North American birds of this
species differ constantly from South American examples to the extent that the two
series may be separated as geographical races. In case they should not prove thus
constantly different, the proper name of the North American bird is JEC, erythrogaster,
Boddaert, while the following synonyms are to be added to the above citations: —

Hirundo erythrogaster, Bonn., Tabl. PI. enl. (724, fig. 1), 1783, 45 (Cayenne).—
ScLATER, Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 39 (Brazil).

mrundo rufa, Gm., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, 1018 (PL enl., 724, fig. 1).— BURM., Ucb.,
Ill, 148 (Brazil).

Hirundo ofanopyrrha, Vieill., Nouv. Diet., XVI, 1817, 510.

442 ORNITHOLOGY.

confined strictly to wooded districts or to settlements, their distribution
being much the same, except that, in the case of wooded localities, the former
was most abundant in the river- valleys, while the latter occurred oftenest
on the mountains. Among the cotton-woods of the Lower Truckee, near
Pyramid Lake, in May, the White-bellied Swallow abounded more than
elsewhere, and every knot-hole or other cavity among the trees seemed to
have been taken possession of by a pair. They were then engaged in
building their nests, and throughout the day would come to the door-
yard of the Reservation-house to pick up the feathers, or bits of rag or
paper, scattered about the ground, after hurriedly seizing which they would
fly with the article selected in a direct line to their nests. As they sat on
the ground, they were beautiful httle birds, and though they squatted some-
what awkwardly, on account of the smallness of their feet, they raised their
heads so proudly, and glanced so sharply, yet timidly, about them, that
they seemed graceful in their motions; while each movement caused the
sunlight to glance from their burnished backs of lustrous steel-blue, with
which the snowy white of their breasts contrasted so strikingly. Although
the object picked up was most often a feather, it occasionally happened
that one would take hold of a string, or a long shred of cloth, perhaps a
yard or more in length, in which case, so conspicuous an object was certain
to be seized upon by others, as the bearer labored to carry it to his nest,
thus becoming the subject of quite a struggle, and much twittering.

The White-bellied Swallow was by no means confined to the wooded
river- valleys, however, but it was equally abundant among the aspen woods,
high up in the Wahsatch Mountains, at an altitude of 8,000 or 9,000 feet; it
was also common in the Sacramento Vallej^, but a few feet above sea-level,
among the oak trees of the plain. Neither is it invariably arboreal, for it
seems to have become, in certain localities, more ** civilized," like its cousin,
the Purple Martin, and to have taken advantage of the abode of man
in localities where there are no trees to accommodate them. Such was
conspicuously the case at Carson City, where they were quite numerous,
and built their nests under the eaves, behind the weather-boarding, or about
the porches of dwellings or other buildings, and were quite familiar. The
specimens in the collection were shot on the wing; and when one was

TACHYCINETA THALASSINA. 443

brought down the rest would exhibit great concern, cu-cHng about the
victim, and uttering a plaintive twitter, as their suffering companion lay
fluttering on the ground.

List of specimens.

473, ?«(?.; Carson City, Nevada, March 30, 1868. 6— 13— 4| — ^. Bill, deep black;
interior of mouthy fleshy white; tarsi aud toes, dark sepia, tho latter pinkish beneath.

474, $ ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 30, 1868. 5f — .13— 4f — 4^^. Interior of
mouth J pale yellow.

475, ? ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 30, 1868. 6— 12§— 4|— 3if . Interior of
mouthy fleshy white,

748, eggs ; Truckee Bottom s, May 19, 1868. Nest of straw and feathers, in deserted
woodpecker's hole, in willow tree.

768, 769, eggs (3—4) j Truckee Bottoms, May 29, 1868. Nests with same location,
etc., as preceding.

1038, <J ad.; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 24, 1869. 6—13. Bill, black 5 iris, brown ;
feet, dark purplish-brown.

1416, eggs (3); Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, July 16, 1869. Eggs
in knot-hole in aspen-tree. Nest of feathers.

1484, i juv.; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, July 30, 1869. 5f — 12.
Bill, black; rictus and interior of mouth, yellow; iris, brown; feet, dark livid sepia.

1485, S juv.; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, July 30, 1869. 5§— llf .
Feety light pink,

TaCHYCINETA THALASSINA.
Tiolct-grcen Swalloiv.

Eirundo thalassina^ Swainson, Philos. Mag., I, 1827, 365.— Baied, Birds N. Am.,
1858, 311; Catal., 1859, No. 228; Keview, 1865, 299.— Cooper, Orn, Cal.,
107.— B. B. & K., Hist. N. Am. Birds, I, 1874, 347, pi. xvi, fig. 11.

Tachycineta thalassina, Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1850, 48.— Coues, Key, 1872, 113;
Check List, 1873, No. 113; Birds N.W., 1874, 86.— Henshaw, 1875, 217.

The beautiful Violet-green Swallow was first seen on the main island in
Pyramid Lake, during the month of May. They were very abundant, and
frequented chiefly the cliffs of calcareous tufa, where they were observed
to enter the fissures of the rock to their nests within. In July we saw it
again among the limestone walls of the eastern cafions of the Ruby
Mountains, where it also nested in the crevices on the face of the cliffs, its
associates being the White-throated Swift {Panyptila saxatilis), and Cliff
Swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons). Their nests were in almost every case

444 ORNITHOLOGY.

out of reach, onlj^ two of those that were found being accessible. Both
were in horizontal fissures, scarcely large enough to admit the hand ; the
nest consisting of a flattened mass of sticks and straws, lined with feathers,
like those of the Bank Swallows ( Cotyle and Stelgidopteryx) ; one of them
contained five young birds, but the other had apparently been tampered
with in some way, since the parent was dead and her three eggs broken.
The latter, like those of T. bicolor and the two species above mentioned,
were pure white, without markings.

Although other observers, whose statements we do not in the least
doubt, have described the habits of this bird as arboreal, like those of tlie
White-bellied Swallow (T. bicolor) and the Purple Martin, we never found
it so in any locality during our trip, it being everywhere a strictly saxico-
line species, and an associate of Panyptila saxatilis, Petrochelidon lunifrons^ and
Hirundo horreorum rather than of the species named, and to be found only
where precipitous rocks, affording suitable fissures, occurred. When on the
wing the appearance of this lovely Swallow is very striking, and so unlike that
of any other that it may be immediately distinguished. No other species
resembles it except the T. bicolor^ which is somewhat similar on account of
the pure white lower parts ; but a more attentive examination discovers the
gi'eater amount of white on the side of the head, and if the bird is viewed
from above the plumage is seen to be tricolored — the rump rich intense
violet, and the back lustrous green, the two colors being separated by a
very conspicuous, broad, and apparently continuous, band of snowy white
across the upper part of the rump, caused by the close approximation of the
two white flank-patches.

This Swallow appeared to be a very silent species, but a few notes
were heard, which called to mind the chirping of young Purple Martins, as
heard in rainy weather.

List of specimens,

70l,<Jad; island in Pyramid Lake, Xevada, May 23, 18G8, 5i— I2f— (?)— 4f
Bill, deep black; iris, buiat-uaiber 5 tarsi and toes, deep sepia.

847, 9 ad.; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, July 20, 1868. 5J— llg~(?)— 3g.
Bill, deep black; interior of mouth, pale naples-yellow ; iris, dark sepia; tarsi and toes,
pale sepia-purple.

1070, ? ad.; Salt Lake City, Utah (City Creek Oafion), May 29, 1869.

COTYLB EIPARIA. 445

COTYLB EIPARIA.

Bank Swallow.

Elrundo riparia, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 17G6, 344.

Gotyle riparia, BoiB, Isis, 1822, 550.--BAIBD, B. K Am., 1858, 313 ; Oatal., 1859,
Ko. 229; Review, 1865, 319.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 110.— CouES, Key, 1872,
114; Check List, 1873, No. 115; B. N.W., 1874, 90.— B. B. & R., Hist. K Am.
B., I, 1874, 353, pi. XVI, fig. 14— Hbnshaw, 1875, 220.

The distribution of the common Bank Swallow was the same as that
of the Rough-winged species, but it was everywhere less abundant. We
never found it except when associated with the latter bird, and its habits
and appearance seemed so much the same that it required somewhat close
observation to distinguish them readily. The pure white lower parts,
crossed by a dusky band across the breast, however, served as a good
and unfailing mark by which to distinguish the present species, the lower
parts of the Rough-winged Swallow being uniform mouse-color, growing
gradually paler behind ; while the flight of the Bank Swallow is swifter
and more graceful, more like that of the species of Tachycineta, or true
Hirundo.

While on the Truckee Reservation, in May, it was daily our custom to
visit a small pond, situated in a broad meadow, for the purpose of studying
the several species of Swallows which came there in large numbers every
evening. Having taken our post of observation a little before sunset, a
few individuals of the Rough- winged and White-bellied species were sure
to be already there, having but a few rods to come from the ravines and
cotton-woods near by. In a short time the Barn Swallows would make
their appearance, gliding easily and swiftly over the surface of the water in
pursuit of their insect-food. Tliis soon became the most abundant species,
excepting the Cliff Swallow, there having arrived in the meantime a very
few individuals of the Violet-green and Bank Swallows, the latter being the
least numerous of all. In one evening, as we sat on the grassy bank of this
pond, we killed specimens of each of these species as they flew by us.

List of specimens.
1410, 1411, 1412, eggs. Valley of Weber River, June, 1869. [J. C. Olmstead.j

446 ORNITHOLOGY.

Stelgidopteryx SERRIPEKE^IS.

Rough- wingred Swallow*

Hirundo «em^e;r^, Audubon, Orn. Biog., IV, 1838, 593.

Gotyle serripennis, BoNAP., Cousp^ Av., 1, 1850, 342.— Baird, B. K Am., 1858, 313 ;

CataL, 1859, No. 230.— Goopee, Oro. Gal^ 110.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Baird, Review Am. B., 1835^316. — CouES, Key, 1872,

1 14 ; Check List, 1873, No. 116 j B. N. W., 1874, 90.— B. B, & R,, Hist. N. Am.

B., I, 1874, 350, pL XVI, fig. 12.— HbnshaW, 1875, 219.

Next to the CliflF and White-bellied Swallows, this was the most abun-
dant species of the family. It was found only in the river- valleys, however,
or in the lower ravines of the mountains, where, in company with the Bank
Swallow, it excavated the earthy banks or took possession of holes dug by
the Kingfisher {Ceryle alcyon). Its habits in general are quite similar to
those of the species with which it so freely associates.

lAst of specimens.

534, 9 ad,; Carson City, Nevada, April 25, 1868. 5J— 11^— 4^V-^^- ^^^^N ^ack ;
irirt, bister ; tarsi and toes, dark horn-sepia.

1194, 9 ad,; Salt Lake City, Utah, June 21, 1869. 5— 11 J. Bill, deep black 5 iris,
brown; feet, black.

1409, eggs; valley of Weber River, June, 1869. [J. C. Olmstead.]

Family AMPELIDiE — ^Wax-wings or Chatterers.
Ampelis cedrorum.

Cedar-bird.

Bombycilla cedrorum^ Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., 1, 1807, 88, pi. 57.

Ampelis cedrorum^ Solatbb, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 299. — Baied, Birds N.

Am., 1858, 318; Catal., 1859, No. 233; Review, 1866, 407.— Cooper, Oru.

Cal., 129.— CoUES, Key, 1872, 115, pi. 56; Check List, 1873, 119; Birds N.W.,

1874, 93.— B. B. & R , Hist. N. Am. Birds, I, 1874, 401, pi. xvm, fig. 2.—

Henshaw, 1876, 229.

At only one locality did we meet with this elegant bird, and that was
in the Upper Humboldt Valley, where it was common in September in the
thickets along the streams flowing from the Clover Mountains. It was
found in small companies, feeding on the fruit of a species of thorn-apple,
or haw (Cratcegm rivularis)^ which abounded in the thickets.

PH^NOPEPLA NITENS. 447

List of specimens.

915, Sad.; Bearing's Ranch, Upper Humboldt Vallej, September 10, 1808. 7^^-
11 J — (?) — 3J. Bill, tarsi and toes, deep black ; iris, purplisb-brown.
016, $ ad. Same date, locality, and remarks. 7^ — ll| — (^)— ^«

?Ph^nopepla NITEIS^S.

Sliiningr Ptiloy^onys.

Ptiliogonys nitens^ SwAiNSON, Anim. Menag., 1838, 285.

Cichlopsis nitensj Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 320, 923.

PhcBn&pepla nitens, SCLATEB, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 543. — Baird, Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, No. 234; Review, 186(>, 416.— Cooper, Orn. CaL, 131.—
CoUES, Key, 1872, 116; Check List, 1873, No. 120.— B. B. & R., Hist. N.
Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 405, pi. xviii, figs. 3, 4.— Henshaw, 1875, 229.

On several occasions we heard, among the cedar and pition woods of
the desert ranges in western Nevada, a note so similar to the prolonged,
querulous, rattling call of Nuttall's Woodpecker {Picus nuttalli), that we
entered the fact among our notes as evidence of the occurrence of that
species eastward of the Sierra. We could never see the author of these
notes, however, until, on the 27th of June, 1868, when exploring the
Soda Lakes of the Carson Desert, we heard near by, in a ravine of
that remarkable locality, the same familiar call and immediately started in
search of the bird which produced it. It was soon discovered, perched
upon the summit of a large grease-wood bush, but at our approach
immediately took wing, and, notwithstanding every artifice and caution
on our part, kept out of gunshot range, although enticing us on by fre-
quent halts, during which it perched upon the topmost branch of the most
prominent bushes. At each flight the peculiar rattling call referred to was
uttered, so that the bird so long sought was at last before us. We were
greatly surprised, however, to find that it was not the species we had sup-
posed, but one we had never seen before.

Several shots were fired at it during the most favorable opportunities,
but it escaped unscathed, and we were therefore unable to identify it with
certainty. The appearance of the bird was so remarkable that we are able
to refer it to only one known North American species — the Phcenopepla
nitenSj with the female or young male of which it corresponded in plumage,

448 OR]>rlTliOLOGY.

as well as could be ascertained from the distant view obtained. In its
motionless attitude while perched, it called to mind Oreoscoptes montanus,
which it closely resembled in size, general form, and dull, grayish colors;
but when it flew its markings were more varied, the ivings presenting a large
white patchy apparently on the primaries. The manner of its flight was quite
similar to that of the Mocking-bird {Mimus polgglottus), the wings and tail
being widely spread; while the resemblance was still more striking from the
white patch on the primaries. These characteristics correspond well with
those of the female or young male of Phcenopepla nitens, so that all circum-
stances taken into consideration render it extremely probable that this
species is a rare summer inhabitant of the desert portions of western Nevada,
a supposition strengthened by the fact that it was obtained in the southern
portion of the State by Mr. BischofF, the naturalist of Lieutenant Wheeler's
expedition, in 1871.

Family VIREONIDJE— Geeenlets.

ViEEOSYLVIA GILVA.
l¥arb]ing^ Virco^ or Oreenlet.

/?. swainsoni.

Vireo swaimoni^ Baibd, B. N. Am., 1858, 33G (in text, sub V, gilvus).

Vireosj^lvia swainsonij Batrd, Review Am B., 1866, 343.

Vireosylvia gilva var. stcamsoni^ Baibd, in Coop. B. Cal., 1, 1870, 116.— B. B. &

K., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 371.-.HENSHAW, 1875, 221.
Vireo gilvus var. swainsonij CoVES^ Key, 1872, 121, fig. 64; Check List, 1873, No.

125a.
Yireo gilvus. b, swainsoni^ COUES, B. N. W., 1874, 98.

Few, if any, of the western birds are more extensively distributed
or more abundant than this Greenlet, for it abides in all fertile localities.
Altitude makes no difference with it, since it is equally common among the
willows or cotton- woods of the lowest valleys and the aspens just below
the timber-line — the only condition required being, seemingly, the exist-
ence of deciduous trees or shrubbery. The food of this bird consists in
summer chiefly of worms and other insects, but in the autumn it seems to
subsist almost exclusively on the small bluish berries of a species of cornel
{Cornus piibescens)^ which grows abundantly along the mountain streams.

LANIVIREO CASSINI. 449

The habits and notes of the western birds of this species are in all respects
like those of the eastern ones.

List of specimens.

122, ? ad,; valley of tbe Truckee (Camp 12), August 6,1867. 5|— 8J— 2|i— 2|—
T6~i— ^Tf— ^- Upper mandible, dark horn-color, commissure and lower mandible,
lilaceous-wbite; iris, deep brown ; tarsi and toes, light plumbeous-blue.

153, i ad.; valley of the Humboldt (Camp 17), September 7, 1867. 5f\ — 8/^ — 2]-^
—H—l—^—H—\^' Bill, black, commissure and basal two-thirds of lower mandible,
more lilaceous; iris, hazel 3 tarsi and toes, plumbeous-blue, almost ultramarine.

177, ? ad.; West Humboldt Mountains (Camp 18), September 9, 1867. 5— 75— 2|-J-
— 2J— g— § — 1 J— i^. Same remarks.

180, ? ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, September 10, 1867. 5J — 8— 2/g— 2f— j7_.
—tg — ^4—1- Upper mandible, slaty horn-color, tomium edged with lilaceous; lower,
pearl- whitish basally, then pale blue, the tip as dark as the upper mandible; iris,
brown 5 tarsi and toes, light ashy-ultramarine.

187, S ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, September 12, 1867. 5J— 8|— 2}i— 2J-^
I — § — 2 — i|. Same remarks.

809, nest and eggs (2)5 Fort Churchill (Carson River), Nevada, June 24, 1808.
j^est in cotton-wood copse, about four feet from ground. Female seen on nest.

878, ? ad.; East Humboldt Mountains, August 27, 1868. 5/g — 8}i — (I)— 2fL..
Upper mandible, plumbeous-black with lilaceous edge; lower, plumbeous-blue with
lilaceous glow basally, and darker terminally; iris, burnt-umber; tarsi and toes, deli-
cate light ashy-blue.

879, (sex unknown); East Humboldt Mountains, August 27, 1868. 5f— 8^—
2y\. Same remarks.

1109, $ ad.; Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 5, 1869. 5J— 8if. Bill,
dull blackish, the basal two-thirds of lower mandible lilaceousbluish; iris, brown;
tarsi and toes, plumbeous-blue.

1251, 1252, 1253, nests and eggs; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah,
June 23, 1869. Nests all about four feet from grou\id, in aspens of a grove.

1317, nest and eggs; Parley's Park, June 27, 1867. Aspens.

1497, i ad.; Parley's Park, August 10, 1869. 5jV-8}^. Upper mandible, black-
ish brown; commissure and lower mandible, lilaceouss; iris, vandyke-brown; tarsi and
toes, fine light blue.

1504, S ad,; Parley's Park, August 12, 1869. 5|— 8|. Same remarks.

Laotvireo cassini.

Cassin's Vireo.

Vireo cassinij Xantus, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1858, 117.— Baird, B. N. Am.,

1858, 340, pi. 78, fig. 1 ; Catal., 1859, No. 251.
Lanivireo solitarius var. cassinij J3. B. & II., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1 874, 377, pi. xvii, fig. 9.
Vireo solitarius var. (?) cassinij Henshaw, 1875, 223.
y Vireo soKtarius^^ (part), Cooper, Orn. Gal., 1, 1870, 117.

This rare and little-known species was noticed only in the canons of
29 p R

450 ORNITHOLOGY.

the West Humboldt Mountains, where it was not uncommon in September.
Those found had probably migrated from the region to the northwestward,
or from the Cascade Mountains or the country adjacent, since examples of
Zonotrichia coronata, Pipilo oregonus, and Melospiza guttata were obtained at
the same place.

List of specimens'.

174, ad,; west slope of West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 9, 1867.
H — 9 — 2|f— 2^ — ^ — ^^ — %V"~^' Upper mandible black, tomium bluish-lilac; lower
mandible pure pale blue, the tip black; iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, Hue ashy-ultra-
marine.

217, S ad.; east slope of West Humboldt Mountains, September 25, 1867. 5J—
7H-^S-V^~i|-i-2i-}f • Same remarks.

Lanivieeo solitaeius.

Solitary VIreo.

Museicapa solitaria^ Wilson, Am. Orn., 11, 1810, 143, pi. 17, fig. 6.

Vireo solitariusj Vieill., Kouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., XI, 1817.-—Baird, B. K Am.,
1858, 340; Oatal., 1859, No. 250.— Cooper, Orn. Gal., 117 (part).— CouES,
Key, 1872, 6Q, 121; Check List, 1873, 127; B. N.W., 1874, 90.— Henshaw,
1875, 222.

Vireosylvia solitaria^ Baiud, Review Am. B., 1866, 347.

Lanivireo solitarius^ B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 373, pi. xvii, fig. 8.

This species was met with only during its autumnal migrations, when it
seemed to be not uncommon in the month of September among the canon
thickets of the western slope of the Clover Mountains. A single specimen
was also shot in a buffalo-berry thicket in Buena Vista Canon, on the east-
em slope of the West Humboldt Mountains, in September of the preceding
year. It is still a question whether such individuals of this species were
migrants from the higher portions of the mountains or from a more northern
region; but that their migration was not vertical is most probable.

List of specimens.

020, i ad.; head of Hamboldt Valley (Camp 24), September 11, 1868. 5y\— 9—
(!)— 2|. Bill black, basal half of lower mandible, plumbeous-blue; iris, burntumber;
tarsi and toes, fine ashy-blue.

LANIVIREO PLUMBEUS— VIREO PUSILLUS. 451

Lanivireo PLUMBEUS.

liead-colored Yireo.

Vireo plumheus, COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1866, 73; Key, 1872, 122, fig. G.
Vireosylvia plufnhea, BAiRDf Review Am. B., 1866, 349. — Cooper, Orn. CaL, 119.
Vireo soUtarius v^iY, plumbeusy Ali^ki^jBxiW, Mus. Comp. Zool., HI, 1872,176. —

CouES, Key, 1872, 351; Check List, 1873, No. 127a; B. N.W., 1874, 100,—

Henshaw, 1875, 224.
Lanivireo solitariiis var. plumbeus^ B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 377, pi.

XVII, fig. 10.

The first locality where we met with this species in traveling eastward,
was tlie eastern slope of the Ruby Mountains, where several other species
characteristic of the Rocky Mountain district were first encountered, as
HelmintliopJiaga virginice and Selasphorus platycercus. It was rather common
in July and August, its usual abode being the cedar and nut-pine groves on
the lower slopes of the mountains, along with Dendrceca nigrescens and Hel-
minthophaga virginice, or in the brushwood of -the ravines. Certain of its
notes so closely resembled those of Troglodytes parkmanni that they were
hard to distinguish.

List of specimens,

858, ad, (sex uuknownl; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, August 5, 1868.
5f — 9J — (?) — 2y^^. Bill, plumbeous black, basal half of lower mandible, plumbeous-
blue; iris, dark bister; tarsi and toes, fine asbyultramarine.

861, $ ad,; East Humboldt Mountains, August 5, 1868. (Specimen too badly
mutilated for measuring.) Same remarks as to preceding.

ViREO PUSILLUS.
L.east Vlreo.

Vireo pusillus^ CoUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1866, 76. — Baird, Review Am.
B., 1866, 360.— Cooper, Orn. CaL, 124.— Coues, Key, 1872, 124; Check
List, 1873, No. 132.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 391, pi. xvil, fig.
14.— Henshaw, 1875, 226.

This Vireo was the characteristic and most abundant species at Sac-
ramento City, where it inhabited the dense willow copses along with
Empidonax pusillus. It was not observed anywhere else during our explo-
rations, and it is probable that its northward range in California is limited
to the immediate vicinity of the Sacramento River. Its notes most resemble

452 OENITHOLOGY.

those of F. helli^ of the eastern prairie districts, but they are somewhat
different. A single nest was found, the one in question being attached to
a forked twig of a low bush among the undergrowth of a dens^ willow
copse; it was about three feet from the ground, and contained no eggs.

List of specimens.

47, $ ad,; Sacramento, California, June 17, 18G7. SJ— 7— 2/^— lif— /^— i-|— 2y^^
— IJ. Upper mandible, dusky ; lower, brownish- white; iris, dark hazel ; tarsi and toes,
fine ))lunibeous-blue.

55, S ad,; Sacramento, June 18, 1867. 5— 7— 2f^^l5-~|— -}J— -2^— IJ. Bill, black-
ish-brown, commissure and lower mandible, pale brownish-lilaceous; iris, dark ha^el;
tarsi and toes, deep ashy-ultramarine.

Family LANIID^— Shrikes or Butcher Birds.

COLLURIO EOREALIS.

Great Northern Slirlke.

Lanius horealis^ Vietllot, Ois. Am. Sept., 1, 1807, 90, pi. 50.

Collyrio borealis, Baihd, Birds K. Am., 1858,3245 Cat. K. Am. Birds, 1859, No.

236.
CoUurio horeaUsyfBAinj)^ Review Am, B., 1866, 440.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 137.—

CoTJES, Key, 1872, 125, fig. 73 5 Check List, 1873, No. 134 ; Birds N.W., 1874,

lOl.^B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 415, pi. xix, figs. 1, 2— Hen-

SHAW, 1875, 233.

During the winter of our residence at Carson City, several examples of
this northern bird were seen, but it was at all times less common than
the smaller species (C excuUtoroides), and seemed to be confined to the shel-
tered ravines among the foot-hills of the mountains. Those observed were
perched on the summits of the willows along a stream, patiently surveying
the surrounding fields and thickets, after the manner of other species of the
genus.

List of specimens.

412, 9 ad.; Carson City, IS^evada, February 21, 1868. 10|-^14J— 4|i— 3ii. Bill,
dull black, lower mandible more ashy, duller basally; iris, umber; tarsi and toes,
black.

455, $ ad.; Carson City, March 25, 18G8. lO^J—Ug— 14}|-^3J. Bill, nearly uni-
form dull sliity, lower mandible more asby, paler basally ; iris, burnt-umber; tarsi and
toes, black.

COLLURIO EXCUBITOROIDES. 453

CoLLURio ludoyicia:n^ijs,

Southern Sfiiri!£e.

/?. excuhitoroides — White-rumped Shrike.

Lanius cxctibiioroides, SWAINSON, Fauna Bor. Am., II, 1831, 115, pi. 35.

Colhjrio excuhitoroides^ Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 527, pi. 75, fig. 2 ; Cat. N. Am. B.,

1850, No. 238.
Collurio excuhitoroides, Baird, Eeview Am. B., 18GG, 445. — Cooper, Oru. C.il., 133.
Collurio ludovicianus viir. excuhitoroides^ CouES, Key, 1872, 125; Check List, 1873,

No. 135a.— B. B. & K, Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 421, pi. xix, lig. 3.— Hen-

SHAW, 1875, 233.

Scarcely a locality was visited where this Shrike was not found, in
greater or less plenty, its range including both the Sacramento Valley and
the country eastward of the Sierra Nevada. At Sacramento it was frequently
observed about the outskirts of the city, where it frequented the oak-groves
and scattered trees, or the borders of the fields. In the Interior it was most
common at those localities where there was a greater or less extent of willow
thickets, with meadow-lands and sage-brush adjacent; but it was not rare
on the higher mountain ranges, where it inhabited the mahogany and cedar
groves in preference to other places. It was most usually observed perch-
ing quietly on the summit of a dead weed-stalk or prominent naked branch
of. a bush or tree, patiently watching for its food, or during its curious
undulating flight, so strikingly characteristic of the species of this genus.

List of specimens.

15G, ijuv.; valley of tbe Humboldt (Camp 17), September 2, 1867. 9— 12J— 3if —
3^^ — li — 1 — 2^"^^. Bill, slaty bora-black, basal portion of lower mandible paler; iris,
brown ; tarsi and toes, black.

344J^*l^; cotton-woods of Carson Kiver, Fort Churchill, Nevada, December 6, 1867.
Di— 12|— 4— 3i— ji— 1— 4— 2§. Bill deep black, lower mandible paler basally ; iris,
brown ; tarsi and toes, black.

442, <J ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 10, 1P68. 1>J— 13— 4i— 3|. Bill, pure
black; iris, bister; tarsi and toes, black.

482, (? ad.; Carson, April 2, 1868. 9^— 13^— 4^%— 3^?^. Same remarks.

524, c? ad.; Carson, April 24, 1808. 9— 13— 4J— 3|. Same remarks.

849, 9 ad.; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, July 21, 1868. (Mahoganies;
altitude 9,000 feet.) 9J— 13— (?)— 3^. Bill, pure black; interior of mouth, livid fleshy-
white ; iris, bister; scutellse of tarsi and toes, pure black, the Interspaces dirty white.

SS9 Juv.; East Humboldt Mountains, September 4, 1868. 8|— 121— (?)— 3p\. I^i^U

454 OENITHOLOGY.

s^ate-black, pale purplish on base of lower mandible; iris, brown; tarsi and toes,
black.

1044, nest and eggs (4); Salt Lake City, Utah, May 24, 1869. Nest in oak-bush,
about four feet from ground.

10j5, nest and eggs; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 27, 18G9. Nest in sage-bush.

1095, nest and egg (1); Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 4, 1869. JSTest in
sage-bush.

1129, nest and eggs (4); Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 7, 1869. Nest
in rose-bush in ravine.

1427, eggs (2) ; Prombntory Point, Utah, June, 1869. [F. A. Clark.]

1521, eggs; Fremont's Island, Great Salt Lake, August 16, 1869. [F. A. Clark.]

Family TANAGRIDiE— Tanagees.
Pyranga ludoviciana.

l¥e&tern Tanag^cr; ^^I^ouisiana Tanagrer."'

Tanagra ludovieiana^ Wilson, Am. Orn., Ill, 1811, 27, pi. 22, fig. 1.

Pyranga ludoviciana^ Audubon, Synop., 1839, 137. — BaIbd, B. N. Am., 1858, 303;

Catal. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 223.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 145.— CouES, Key, 1872,
• 112 ; Check List, 1873, No. 110; B. N.VV., 1874, 83.— B. B. & R., Hist.N. Am.

B., I, 1874, 437, pi. XX, figs. 3, 4.— HenshaW, 1875, 235.

This beautiful Tanager, one of the most brilliant of western birds, was
found to be very generally distributed through the wooded portions of
the route traversed, excepting in the valley portions of California, none
having been seen from Sacramento eastward until well into the pine
forest of the Sierra Nevada. It was first observed on the western portion
of that range, at an altitude of about 5,000 feet, its song first attracting
attention, from its extreme similarity to that of the Scarlet Tanager (P.
rubra) of the East. From this point eastward it was met with in every
wooded locality, being much more frequently seen on the mountaitis than
along the rivers of the lower valleys. In May, soon after their arrival
from the south, these Tanagers were very numerous in the rich valley
of the Truckee, near Pyramid Lake, where they were observed to feed
chiefly on the buds of the grease-wood bushes (Ohione confertifolia), in
company with the Black-headed Grosbeak and Bullock's Oriole. Very
few were seen later in the season, however, nearly all having departed for
the mountain woods. During July and August it was a common species
on the eastern slope of the Ruby Mountains, where it inhabited the gi-oves

^ Geographically Id appropriate.

LOXIA AMERICANA. 455

of cedar, nut-pine, and mountain mahogany; while from June to August
it was an abundant bird in the pine forests of the Wahsatch and Uintah
ranges. In September they were noticed to feed extensively on the fruit
of the Crataegus rivularis, in company with the Red-shafted Flicker, Gaird-
ner's Woodpecker, the Cedar-bird, and the Cross-bills (Loxia americana and
L, Jeucoptera).

In its habits this species is almost a perfect counterpart of the eastern
P. rubra, while its song is scarcely distinguishable, being merely of a slightly
finer, or more silvery, tone; but the ordinary note, sounding like pW-itj is
very different from the chip'-a-rd, ree of the eastern species. The note of
the young is quite peculiar, being a low whistle, something like the com-
plaining call of the Eastern Blue-bird {Sialia sialis), but louder.

List of specimens,

565, i ad,; Tiuckee Reservation, May 15, 1868. 7|— 11^^—34. Bill, dilute wax-
yellow, with a greenish cast, except along commissure, darker greenish-brown toward
the culmen, which is dark sepia, with the terminal half sharply, black; iris, grayish-
brown; tarsi and toes, pale plumbeous, the latter whitish beneath.

838, ? ad,; East Humboldt Mountains, ITevada, July 13, 1868. (Mahogany woods.)
7| — llf — (?) — 3^, Upper mandible, dark greenish-sepia, the tomium and lower man-
dible, light greenish-yellow; iris, burnt-umber; tarsi and toes, plumbeous.

1283, nest and eggs (3) ; Parley ^s Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, June 25, 1869.
Kest on extreme end of horizontal branch of pine tree in grove.

1376, nest and eggs (5) ; Uintah Mountains, Utah, July 7, 1869, Nest on mount-
ain mahogany tree, near end of horizontal branch.

Family FHINGILLID^ — Finches, Sparrows, and Buntings.

Loxia Americana.

CoBumon Crossbill.

Curvirostra america7ia, Wilson, Am. Orn., IV, 1811, 44, pi. 31, figs. 1, 2.— -Baird,
B. N. Am., 1«58, 420 ; Catal., 185|^ No. 318,— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 148.

Loxia americanaj Bo:srAP., Oomp. & Geog. List, 1838, 38.

Loxia curvirostra var. americana^ Coues, Key, 1872, 351; Check List, 1873, No.
143; B. N.W., 1874, 109 —B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 484, pi. xxiii,
figs. 1, 4.— Henshaw, 1875, 248.

The Common Crossbill may breed on the higher portions of the loftier
ranges in the Interior, but none were seen by us until toward the last of

456 OENITHOLOGY.

Au^st, when they became gradually common in the lower canons of the
East Humboldt Mountains. They were usually observed in small flocks
among the willows or aspens, and uttered frequently, especially while on
the wing, a soft whistling note, somewhat like chih^ chih, chih, quite unlike
the note of any other bird of our acquaintance.

List of specimens,

884, ^ ad,; Willows, foot of East Humboldt Mountains (Camp 21), August 29,
1868. C — lOJ — (1) — 2J. Bill, uniform born-sepia; tarsi and toes, grayish sepia ; iris,
rawumber.

[This specimen is remarkable for its unusually small bill]

LOXIA LEUCOPTEEA.

White- winged Crossbill.

Loxia leucopiera, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 844 — B.B. & R., Hist. K Am, Birds,
I, 1874, 488, ph XXIII, figs. 2, 3.— CoUES, Check' List, 1873, No. 142 j Birds
KW., 1874, 110.

Curvirostra leucoptera^ Wilson, Am. Oni., IV, 1811, 48, pi. 31, hg, 3.~Baird,
Birds N. Am., 1858, 427 ; Cat. K Am. B., 1859, No. 319.— Cooper, Orn. Cal.,
I, 149.— COUE^, Key, 1872, 129, fig. 70.

On the 12th of August, a male of what was probably this species, but
in very unusually brilliant plumage, was seen among the cedars on the
eastern slope of the Ruby Mountains. It* is therefore probable that this
species breeds sparingly on the higher portion of the loftier ranges.^ In
September it was common in the lower canons on the eastern slope of the
East Humboldt Mountains, where it inhabited the same localities as the
more rare L. ameHcana. The note of this Crossbill is a plaintive tveek,
very different from the hurried chihj chih of the other species, or, indeed,
the note of any other bird known to us.
■ ^

^When first seen, this individual called instantly to mind tbe adult male of
Pijranga eryihromelcenay of Mexico and Central America, so rich and uniform was the
bright carmine-red of the plumage, while the pure white wing-bands contrasted con-
spicuously with the deep black of the wings an*! tail. It is scarcely possible, however,
that it could have been this southern Tanager, which has not yet been taken near oar
southern border. It should be considered, however, that a specimen of Fsaltripariis
melanotis, also a Mexican bird, not before detected in the United States, was observed
in the same locality at nearly the same time.

CAKPODACUS CASSINL 457

Carpodacus CASsmi.

Cassiia^s Purple Ficicti«

Carpodacus cassini^ Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1854, 119 • B. N. Am., 1858,
414; Catal., 1859, No. 307.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 155.— CouES, Key, 1872,
128; Check List, 1872, No. 140 ; B. N.W., 1874, 106.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am.
B., I, 1874, 460, pi. XXI, flgs. 4, 5.— Henshaw, 1875, 240.

Although this Finch was observed to be essentially pinicoline, it was
occasionally found among deciduous trees when such occurred in the imme-
diate vicinity of coniferous forests, this being notably the case during the
breeding-season. In the pine forests of the Sierra Nevada, near Carson
City, these birds were first observed on the 21st of March, at which date
large flocks were found among the trees. They continued to increase in
abundance until about the middle of April, when they gradually dispersed
through the forest, the greater number going higher up the mountains. At
the time of their arrival they were in full song, and continued so during tho
season, and it was noticed that the young males, in the plumage of the
females (possibly the latter also), sang almost if not quite as vigorously
and sweetly as those in the adult livery. In certain localities on the eastern
slope of the Ruby Mountains they were quite abundant on several occa-
sions, the flocks consisting chiefly of young-of-the-year, which, with their
parents, had apparently come from the higher coniferous woods near the
summits of the range, since no nests were found among the cedar and piiion
groves of the lower slopes. In the pine-belt of the Wahsatch and Uintah
Mountains they were abundant from May to August, during the whole of
which time they were nesting. Most of the nests found were among the as-
pens and narrow-leafed cotton-woods {Populus tremuloides and P. angustifolia)
of the higher portions of the ravines, where these trees replaced the conifers.

The song of this species is clear and sweet, and is even superior to

that of the Eastern Purple Finch (6^. purpureus), which, however, it greatly

resembles. Many passages are loud and clear, and so much like the notes

of certain Vireones that we were several, times led by them in search of a

new Greenlet. Other portions of its song, which was greatly varied, were

sweet, soft warblings, and tender, whistling calls.

List of specimens.
446, i ad.; Carson City, Nevada,'March 21, 1868. 6|— 11— 3f^3t^^. Bill, uiii-

458 ORNITHOLOGY.

form born color, with delicate lilaceous tinge 5 iris, burnt-amber; tarsi and toes, dark
horn-sepia.

447, S ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 21, 1868. Gjf— 11 J— 3-2— 3J. Same re-
marks. Bill, lilaceous-sepia.

403, S ad.; Carson, March 28, 18G8. G}^-11J— 3|— 3J. Same remarks.

4G4, S ad,; Carson, March 28, 1868. 0}^— 1 1| -.3}|— 3J. Same remarks.

465, ? ad,; Carson, March 28, 18G8. Gg—l 1—3^3. Same remarks.

4GG, ? ad.; Carson, March 28, 1808. Gi|—ll J— 3|f— 3J. Same remarks.

494, c? ad.; Carson, April 4, 1868. 0|— 11— 35— 3J. Same remarks.

805, S ad.; Camp 19, East Humboldt Mountains, August 10, 1868. 7J— llj— (? )
— o^\. Same remarks.

1182, nest and eggs (5); City Creek Caiion, Utah, June 18, 1860. Nest in box.
elder bush, about 7,000 feet altitude.

* 1239, nest and eggs (4); Parley's Park. Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, June 23,
1869. Nest in top of cotton- wood tree by caiion stream.

1240, nest and eggs (4); Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, June 23,
1869. Nest in top of aspen.

1270, 9 arf.; Parley's Park, June 23, 1869. 6§— 11. Bill, umber-drab, paler and
more lilaceous basally and beneath ; iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, horn-color.

1329, nest and eggs (2) ; Parley's Park, June 28, 1869. Nest in aspen along stream.

1342, 1343, nests and eggs (3, 1) ; Parley's Park, June 28, 1869. Nests in aspens
near stream.

1347, S ad.; Parley's Park, June 28, 1869. 7— llf .

1433, i ad.; Parley's Park, July 19, 1869. 6J— llj. Bill, pinkishdrab, becoming
gradually paler on commissure and on lower mandible, there fading basally into dull
whitish ; rictus, pale yellow ; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, purplish-sepia.

1434, nest; Parley's Park, July 19, 1869. Nest on horizontal branch of cotton-
wood tree.

1517, ijuv.; Parley's Park, August 16, 1809. 6|— llf.
151Sj9juv.; Parley's Park, August 16, 1869. 6f— lOf.

Oarpodacus feontalis.

House Finch; ''Red-head liinnet."

( We-to-wich of the Paiutes.)

a. frontalis.

Fringilla frontalis^ Say, Long's Exped., II, 1824, 40.

Carpodacvs frontalis^ Gray, Gen. Birds, 1844-'49. — Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858,
415; Catah, 1859, No. 308.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 156.— Coues, Key, 1872^
129; Check List, 1873, No. 141.— Henshaw, 1875, 241.

Carpodacus frontalis xsx. frontalis^ RiDaw., Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, Jan., 1873,
40.— B. B. & B., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 466, pi. xxi, flgs. 3, 6.

Carpodacus frontalis, a. frontalis, CoUES, B. N.W., 1874, 107.

The ** Red-head Linnet*' was the most familiar and one of the most

CARPODACUS FEONTALIS. 459

abundant of the birds found at Sacramento, where it frequented the shade-
trees of the streets or the door-yards and gardens in the city in preference to
groves in the suburbs or country. In its abundance and semi-domestic hab-
its it thus reminds one somewhat of the European House Sparrow {Pyrgita
domestica), but, unhke that bird, has endeared itself to its protectors by
the possession of a sweet song and brilliant plumage. It is greatly prized
as a cage-bird, and justly, too, for while its plumage is equally pretty, its
notes excel those of the Canary in sweetness, while at the same time they
are fully equal in vivacity and power. All the notes are decidedly Canary-
like, the usual utterance being a soft, musical tweet. The song itself differs
from that of the Canary chiefly in being more tender, less piercing, and
interspersed with more varied warblings. The males were observed to be
shyer than the females, their wariness being perhaps explained by the fact
that several were noticed which had their tails clipped, showing that they
had once been in captivity. When their nests were disturbed, however,
the males exhibited as much concern as the females* and kept up a lively
chinking from an adjoining tree.

Few birds are more variable as to the choice of a location for their
nests than the present species, since it adapts itself readily to any sort of a
place where safety is assured. At Sacramento, they usually built among the
small oak trees, generally near the extremity of a horizontal branch, but
one nest was placed inside the pendulous, basket-like structure of a '' Hang-
ing-bird" {Icterus huUocki); in the narrow gorge of the Truckee River,
where that stream breaks through the Virginia Mountains, one was found
inside the abandoned nest of a Cliff Swallow; along the eastern shore of
Pyramid Lake numerous nests were found among the rocks, placed on
shelves in the interior of caves, along with those of the Barn Swallow and
Say's Pewee, or in crevices on the outside of the tufa-domes, while in the
neighboring valley of the Truckee, where there was an abundance of cotton-
wood timber, their nests were nearly all built in the low grease-wood bushes.
On Antelope Island, in the Great Salt Lake, they preferred the sage-brush,
like the Black-throated and Brewer's Sparrows; in City Creek Cafion, near
Salt Lake City, one was found in a mountain-mahogany tree, while in
Parley's Park fmother was in a cotton- wood tree along a stream. At all the

460 ORNITHOLOGY.

towns or larger settlements, however, a large proportion of the individuals
of this species have abandoned such nesting-places as those described above,
and resorted to the buildings, where ^*odd nooks and crannies" tifForded
superior attractions.

Although chiefly a bird of the lower valleys, this species was sometimes
found in the lower cafions of the mountains, it being common in Buena
Vista Canon, in the West Humboldt range, in September, having apparently
nested among the ruined adobe houses of the deserted town. In City
Creek Canon, near Salt Lake City, several nests were found at an altitude
of about 1,800 feet above the level of the mesa, or at the lower limit to the
breeding-range of C, cassini, a single nest of which was found on a tree
adjoining one in wliich was a nest of the present bird. In Parley's Park it
was likewise found, but in small numbers, and only on the floor of the
park, the G. cassini inhabiting the upper portion of the streams.

List of specimens.

2, 3, 4, nests and eggs; nests in oak-grove. Sacramento, California, June G, 18C7.

2S^ 29, nests and eggs; nests in oak-grove. Sacramento, California, June 11, 18G7.

34, i ad.; Sacramento, June 12, 1867. 5\^--^dj\—3i—2^,

41, nest and eggs (5); nest in oak-grove. Sacramento, California, June 13, 18G7.

52, nest and eggi^^ nest in oak-grove. Sacramento, California, June 18, 18C7.

57, nest and eggs; nest in oak-grove. Sacramento, California, June 19, 18G7.

73, nest and eggs (4); nest in oak- grove. Sacramento, California, June 20, 1867.

165, nest and eggs (5); nest in niche in rocks. Tufa domes. Pyramid Lake,
Nevada, May 25, 1868.

5G9, $ ad.; Truckeo Reservation, May 15, 1868. 6J^ — 9^ — 2§. Upper mandible,
brownish horn-color, edged with pale rosy; lower mandible, paler and more pinkish
than the upper, with wider rosy edge; iris, dark brown; tarsi and toes, x>ale brown.

774, nest and eggs (5); nest in grease- wood bush. Truckee Reservation, Nevada,
May31, 18G8.

780, 781, nests and eggs (5) ; nest in grease- wood bush. Truckee Reservation, Ne-
vada, June 2, 1868.

805, nest and eggs (4); nest in grease- wood bush. Truckee Valley, Nevada, June
C, 1868.

806, nest and eggs (5); nest in old one of Cliflf-Swallow, on face of a precipice.
Truckee Valley, Nevada, June G, 1868.

1066, nests and eggs (4); near Salt Lake City, May 29, 1860. Nest on moujitain-
mahogany bush, 1,800 feet above the level of the city!

1076, $ad.; Salt Lake City, Utah, June 1,1869. ViJ—OJ. Bill^ lilacoous-brown,
darker above; iris, brown; legs and feet, sepia.

1092, nest; Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 4, 1869. Sdge-bush.

LEUCOSTICTE LITTOEALIS— OHRYSOMITEIS TRISTIS. 4(3^

1093, $ ad,; Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 4, 1869. CJ— 95. Same re-
marks as to 1076.

1114^ nest; Antelope Island, June 5, 1869. Sage-bush.

1131, $ ad,; Antelope Island, June 7, 1869.

1140, nest; Antelope Islaud, June 8, 1869. Sage-bush.

1183, uest and eggs; Salt Lake City, June 18, 1869. Sage-bush, 1,800 feet above
camp (altitude above 7,000 feet).

1191, nest and eggs (2); Salt Lake City, June 21,1869. Mountain-mahogany,
1,800 feet above camp.

1193, ? ad.; Salt Lake City, June 21, 1869. 6—10. Bill, purplishdrab, lower
mandible, more lilaceous basally beneath; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, deep brown.

1238, nest and eggs (2); Parley ^s Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, June 23, 1869.
Nest in cotton- wood tree along stream.

Leucosticte littoealis.

Hepburn's Leucosticte.

Leucosticte littoralis^ Baird^ Tvqu&. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, ii, 1869, 318, pi. 28,

fig. 1.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 162.
Leucosticte tepJirocotis var. liitoralis, CoUES, Key, 1872, 130. — B. B. & R., Hist.

N. Am. Birds, I, 1874, 507, pi. xxiii, fig. 6.— RiDawAY, Bull. Geol. & Geog.

Expl. Ter., No. 2, sec. ser., 1875, 74.

Leucosticte tejphrocotis, b. griseinucha^ CouES, Birds !N'.W., 1874, 111 (part).

A single flock of this species was seen on the 5th of January in the
outskirts of Virginia City, Nevada. The flock comprised perhaps fifty
individuals, all busily engaged in gleaning from the surface of the snow,
flitting restlessly over one another, in the manner of Lapland Longspurs,
at the same time uttering a twittering note.

OhRYSOMITRIS TRISTIS.

Common Goldfincli, JLettuce Bird, etc.

Fringilla tristis^ Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 320.

Chrysomitris tristis, Bonap., Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 33.— Baird, B, N. Am.,
1858, 421; Catal., 1859, No. 313.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 167.— CouES, Key,^
1872, 131^ pi. 3, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10; Check List, 1873, No. 149; B. N.W., 1874,*
116— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 471, pi. xxii, tigs. 7, 8.— Hen-
SHAW, 1875, 243.

Few birds were so abundant at Sacramento as this widely-distributed

species ; but eastward of the Sierra Nevada it was found to be extremely

462 ORNITHOLOGY.

rare at all places along our route. Its great abundance at Sacramento may
possibly be explained by the extensive and luxuriant growth of thistles
which occupied many waste-places in the suburbs, the seeds of these plants
supplying them, in season, with a plentiful supply of food.

List of specimens*

5, G, 7, nests and eggs ; Sacramento City, California, June 6, 1867. I^ests in an
oak-grove, resting on horizontal branches of the small trees.

54, nest and eggs; Sacramento City, California, Jane 18,1867. l^est on hori-
zontal branch of small cotton-wood, in copse.

81; nest and eggs ; Sacramento, June 24, 1867.

87, nest and eggs ; Sacramento, June' 28, 1867.

93, nest and eggs ; Sacramento, Jane 29, 1867. Nest in small cotton-wood, in
copse.

778, S ad.; Truckee Eeservation, Nevada, May 31, 1868. 5^V-^i— (^)— ^i- ^^^^»
orange-yellow, the point darker; iris, very dark sepia; tarsi and toes, dilute reddish-
sepia.

1369, nest and eggs (3) ; Pack's Caiion, Uintah Mountains, Utah, July 4, 1869.
Nest in thorn-apple shrub, by stream.

Ohrysomiteis PSALTRIA.

Orecn-backed Goldfinch; << Arkansas Goldfinch." ^

Fringilla psaltrla^ Say, Long's Exped., II, 1823, 40.

Clirysomitris psaltria, BoNAP., Comp. and Geog. List, 1838, 33. — Baibd, B. IST.
Am., 1858, 422; Catal., 1859, ITo. 314— Cooper, Orn. Gal., I, 168.--Coues,
Key, 1872, 132 ; Check List, 1873, No. 151.— Henshaw, 1875, 244.

Chrysomitris psaltria var. psaltria^ EiDaWAY, Am. Jour. Arts and Sci., Dec,
1872, 454.— B. B. & B., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 474, pi. xxii, figs. 9, 10.

Chrysomitris psaltria. a, psaltria^ COUES, B. N.W., 1874, 116.

This species we found only among the Wahsatch and Uintah Mount-
ains, where It was not common, and usually found associated in small
numbers with the large flocks of C. pinus. Attention was first called to it
by its extraordinary not^, a plaintive, mellow whistle, difiicult to describe,
but totally unlike that of any other bird we have heard. When the bird
* takes flight this note is changed to a simple fifing cheer, in a fine, high key,
and somewhat resembling the anxious note uttered by the male Red-
winged Black-bird [Ageloeus pJiceniceus) when its nest is disturbed.

^ Geographically inappropriate.

CHRYSOMITRIS LAWRENCII~C. PINUS. 463

JLtst of specimens,

1189, ^ad.; Salt Lake City, Utah (City Creek CaOon), June 19, 18G9. 4|— 8.
Bill, purplish-brown, the culmen nearly black, the lower mandible inclining to wax-
brown ; iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, sepia-brown.

1224, nest and egg (1); Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, June 22, 1809.
Nest in top of willow^bush along stream.

Chrysomitris lawrencii.

Lawrence's Ooldfinch.

Carduelis lawreneiiy Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbilad., 1850, 105, pi. v.

Chrysomitris lawrencii^ BoNAP., Comp. Rend., 1853, 913.— Baibd, B. N. Am.,
1858, 424; Catal., 1859, No. 31G.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 171.— Coues, Key,
1872, 132; Check List, 1873, No. 150.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874,
478, pi. XXII, figs. 14, 15.

This beautiful little Goldfinch was observed only among the western
foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, where we had only occasional glimpses at
it, just sufficient to identify the species, and passed so rapidly through its
range that no opportunity was afforded to study its habits. It was com-
mon among the trees by the roadside, and uttered very pleasant and quite
peculiar notes.

Chrysomitris pinus.

Pine Goldfinch.

Fringilla pinus^ Wilson, Am. Orn., II, 1810, 133, pi. 17, fig. 1.

Chrysomitris pinus, Bonap., Oomp. & Geog. List, 1838, 33. — Baird, B. N. Am.,
1858, 425; Catal., 1859, No. 317.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 172.— Coues, Key,
1872, 131, pi. 3, figs. 11, 12; Check List, 1873, No. 148; B.N.W., 1874, 115.—
B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 480, pi. xxn, fig. 16.— Henshaw, 1875,
246.

The range of the Pine Goldfinch was strikingly similar to that of Cassin's
Purple Finch, the two being almost invariably found in the same localities,
whether during their migrations or in the nesting-season. In summer it
was abundant in all the pine forests, from the Sierra Nevada to the Uintahs,
and like the bird above mentioned occurred also among the aspen copses ,
which usually replaced the conifers at the head of the canons. The species
was more or less gregarious, even in midsummer, and although their nests
were extremely scattered, the birds themselves were seldom seen except in
flocks. They had no song, but uttered frequently a peculiar screeching

464 ORNITHOLOGY.

note, sounding like sweer^ very unlike that of any other bird, except the
JEmpidonax ohscurus; and when a flock suddenly took flight, they all joined
in a more rattling note.

Besides the nest described below, another was found, in an aspen bush,
but it was abandoned by the owners before any eggs were laid.

List of specimens.

802, Sjuv,; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 5, 1868. 5^ — 9. Bill,
asby born-color; iris, burut-umber; tarsi and toes, dark purplisb-brown.

013, S ad,; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 8, 1868. 5—9. Bill,
purplish-plumbeous, paler basally ; iris, fifrayish-sepia ; tarsi and toes, sepia,

1241, nest and egg (1); Parley's Park, Wabsatch Mountains, Utab, June 23,
1860. Kest near extremity of horizontal arm of flr-tree, about fifteen feet from ground.

1519, <Jiwv.; 4J— 9. 1520, 9JM17.; 4|— 8J. Parley's Park, August^O, 1868. Bill,
purplish-plumbeous, paler basally ,• iris, sepia 5 tarsi and toes, plumbeous sepia-black.

PlECTEGPHANES LAPPOKICCrS,
!Lapland Longspiir.

Fringilla lapponica, Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 317.

Flectrophanes lapponicuSj Selby, Linn. Trans., XV, 126, pi. 1. — Baird, B. N.
Am., 1858, 433 ; Cat. N. Am. B., 1850, No. 326.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 178.—
CoUES, Key, 1872, 133, fig. 81 ; Check List, 1873, No. 153 5 B. N.W., 1874,
120.— B. B. &K., Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 515, pi. xxiv, fig. 7.

During the more severe portion of winter, individuals of this species
were frequently detected among the large flocks of Horned Larks (Ere-
mophila alpestris) around Carson City. They were recognized by their
peculiar and unmistakable notes.

Passeeculus SANDYICHBNSIS.

Savannah Sparrow.

a, alaudinus,

Passercttlus alaudinus, Bonap., Comp. Rend., XXXVII, 1853, 918. — Baird, B. N.

Am., 1858, 446; Oat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 335.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I,

1870, 181.
Passereulus savanna var. alaudinus^ B. B. & R., Hist. N, Am. Birds, 1, 1874, pi.

XXIV, tig. 11.— Henshaw, 1875, 254
Passereulus savanna, CouES, Key, 1872, 135 (part); Check List, 1873, No. 159

(part).
Passereulus savanna, a. savanna, CouBS, Birds N.W., 1874, 127 (part).

PAS8ER0ULUS ALAUDINUS, 465

This well-known and widely-distributed Sparrow was an abundant
species in every moist meadow and grassy marsh, not only in the valleys
but also in the lower canons of the mountains. It was found during the
greater portion of the year, or from March to November, inclusive. During
the breeding-season the male has a weak, lisping song, which maybe some-
what nearly expressed by the syllables witz^ witz, wiK — tzulj uttered as the
bird perches upon a fence-post, or a bush by the brook -side, or as it nestles
in the grass upon the ground.

List of specimens.

239, S «<^v* Camp 19, West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, October 7, 1867. 6| —
9J — 3 — 2^ — y^g — 3 — 24 — }|. Bill, horn-color, darker on culmen, lower mandible paler,
with lilaceous glow; iris, hazel; tarsi, straw-color, toes more brownish.

254, i ad,; Camp 19, West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, October 23, 1867.
5|-.9^9__3^i._2J— ^f— f— 2J— J. Tarsi, clear pinkish-white, with tinge of straw-
yellow, the toes stained with brownish.

471, i ad,; Carson City, Nevada, March 28, 1868. 5|— 8— 2|— 2|. Bill, lilac-
bluish, the upper mandible nearly black; iris, sepia; tarsi and toes, brownish lila-
ceous-white.

480, S ad.; Carson, March 30, 1868. 5}^— 9J— 3— 2^^. Same remarks.

553, ? ad,; Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868. 5J--9— 2|— 2f . Same remarks.

885, S ad.; Ruby Valley, Nevada, August 29, 1868. 5|— (?)—(?)— 2|. Same
remarks.

933, ? ad.; Camp 25, Humboldt Valley, September 16, 1868. 5i|— 8}|— (?)— 2J.
Upper mandible, purplish-black, paler toward rictus; lower, deep salmon-purple, darker
terminally; iris, plumbeous- bister; tarsi, straw-white, toes more brownish.

970, <J ad.; Salt Lake City, May 21, 1869. 5g— 9f . Bill, ashy-lilaceous^ the upper
mandible dusky—nearly black on the culmen.

971, ^ ad.; same locality and date. 5| — 8^.

972, i ad.; same locality and date. 5^ — 9^.

1016, nest and eggs (5) ; Salt Lake City, May 21, 1869. Nest imbedded in ground,
in wet meadow.

1017, nest and eggs (4); same locality, May 22. Nest in tuft of grass, in wet
meadow.

1883, nests and eggs (4); same locality, June 3, 1869. Same remarks.

1090, nest and eggs (4); Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 4, 1869. Nest
on ground, beneath strip of sage-brush bark, in wet meadow.

1458, S jui\; Parley's Park, Utah, July 26, 1869. 5f— 9. Bill, brownish-lilaceous,
darker on the culmen; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, pale pink.

1480, S juv.; Parley's Park, July 30, 1869. 5J— 9^.

USlyjuv.; Parley's Park, July 30. 5|— 9|.
30 PE

466 OEUITHOLOGY.

POOEOETBS GEAMINBUg,
Bay uriogred Bantins^; Grass Bantiniiri Tesper Sparrow*

^. confinis.

Pooccetes graminens var. confinis^ Baibd, B. K Am., 1858, 448 (in text, sub P. gram-
i7i6ti«).— CouBS, Key, 1872, 136 ; Check List, 1872, No. 161a.— B. B. & E.,
Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 645 {$ub P. prawin^tw).— Henshaw, 1875, 256.

PocBcetes gramineuSy Coopee, Om. Gal., 1, 1870, 186.

This common species was most frequently met with during the summer
on the open grassy slopes of the higher canons, where it and the Green-
tailed Bunting were the chief songsters. Its song is sweet and varied,
though simple and brief, and its clear, cheery notes are among our most
pleasant recollections of those elevated regions. In the fall it descends to
the lower valleys, and in September becomes exceedingly abundant among
the rye-grass meadows along the foot-hills of the higher ranges. In winter
it appears to make a complete southward migration, none having been seen
at Carson City until the first of April.

Idst of specimens.

483, $ ad.; Carson City, Nevada, April 2, 1868. 6|— 11^— SyV-S. Upper man-
dible, dull brownish-plumbeous, tomium paler; rictus aud whole lower mandible, dilute
brownish-lilaceous ; iris, raw-umber; tarsi and toes, dilute brownish, toes darkest.

902, $ ad.; Secret Valley, Nevada, September 6, 1868. 6§— 10t-(f )— 2f . Upper
mandible, umber-brown, darker at point, paler on rictus ; lower, pale, fleshy lilaceous-
brown, the extreme tip dusky; iris, vandyke;' tarsi, clear brownish- white ; toes, sim-
ilar but stained with brownish.

1037, S ad.; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 24, 1869. 6|— 10|. Bill, brownish-lilace-
ous, upper half of upper mandible nearly black; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, lilaceous
brownish-white.

1233, nest and eggs (3); Parley's Park, June 23, 1869. If est on ground, beneath
prostrate sage-bush, by roadside.

1280, nest and eggs (3) ; Parley^s Park, Wahsatch Mountains, June 25, 1869.
Nest in grassy bank of brook.

1898, nest and egg (1) ; Parley's Park, July, 1869. Nest on ground beneath sage-
bush.

1464, ijuv.; Parley's Park, July 28, 1869. 6^— 11 J. Bill, clear light lilaceous,
darker toward culmen ; iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, clear pale flesh-color.

COTUENIOULUS PBRPALLIDU8— OHOKDESTBS GRAMMACA. 467

COTTJRNIOULUS PASSERESTUS.
Tcllow-wliii^ed Sparrow.

p. perpallidus.

Ooturnicului passerinus yslt. perpallidtiSj Ridgway, Coues' Key, 1872, 137 ; Check
List, 1873, 162a.— B. B. & R., Hist. K Am. Birds, I, 1874, 556.— Henshaw,
1875, 257, pi. I, fig. 2 (adult).

Goturniculus passerinus, h. perpallidus ^ CoUES, Birds K.W., 1874, 132.

Goturniculm passerinus, Coopee, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 189.

Like the Savanna Sparrow, this little Bunting is essentially a bird of
the valley portions. It is also generally distributed, but instead of inhab-
iting the wet meadows, or the borders of marshes, it frequents only the
dryer grassy places. It was found to be abundant in the fields about Sacra-
mento City, as^ well as throughout the Interior.

List of specimens.

853, ^ juv.; Ruby Valley, Nevada, July 22, 1868. 5— 7|— (!)— 1}|. Bill, pale,
pinkisb-lilaceous, the culmen dariierj iris, grayish- umber j tarsi and toes, pale rosa-
ceous-pink.

1102, $ ad.; Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah, June 4, 1869. 5J— 8J. Bill,
lilaceous, upper half of upper mandible blackish ; iris, brown ; tarsi, pale yellowish
brownish-white ; toes, darker.

Chondestes GRAMMAOA.

I^ark Sparrow: Skylark Bunting'.

Fringilla grammaeaj Say, Long's Exped., I, 1823, 139.

Ohondestes grammaca, Bonap., Oomp. & Geol. List, 1838, 32. — Bated, Birds N.
Am., 1858, 456 ; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 344.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 193.—
COXJES, Key, 1872, 146, fig. 90; Check List, 1873, No. 186 j B. N.W., 1874,
159.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, I, 1874, 562, pi. xxxi, fig. 1— Hen-
shaw, 1875, 259.

. This handsomely-marked and interesting bird is an exceedingly abun-
dant species in favorable localities throughout the entire extent of the
Western Region. Though essentially a western species, it is not restricted
to that portion of the country which extends from the Rocky Mountains
westward, as is most often the case with the birds peculiar to the western
division of the continent, but it also inhabits nearly every portion of the
Mississippi Valley, where it is no less numerous than in the most favored
portions farther west. Indeed, this species seems to be gradually extending
its range to the eastward, probably in consequence of the general and wide-

468 OBNITHOLOGY.

spread denudation of the forests, the country thus undergoing a physical
change favorable to the habits of the species, having already become a
regular summer resident in many sections of the country north of the Ohio.
It was not noticed in Ohio, so far as the records show, previous to 1860,
when Mr. J. M. Wheaton first observed it in the vicinity of Columbus, near
the central portion of the State, and ^^ since which time it has increased in
numbers, and at present (1874) is not uncommon." [See Coues' Birds of
the Northwest, p 234.] Single specimens have already been taken in
Massachusetts and Florida, where, in course of time, the species may be-
come established.

The Lark Span^ow is essentially a prairie bird, although it prefers
semi-wooded districts to the open prairies. It is equally common in the
Sacramento Valley and in southern Illinois, inhabiting in each case places
which are neither completely wooded nor entirely destitute of trees, and
evincing a marked preference for localities where oak-groves alternate with
meadow-lands and cultivated fields ; and in its great abundance in the
widely-separated districts named above, particularly when taken into con-
sideration with its association in both with such species as Thryomanes
hewich% Dendroeca cestiva, Icteria virenSj CoUurio excuhitoroides, Chrysomitris
tristis, Coturniculus passerinuSy Melospiza fasciqtay Spizella socialis, Guiraca
ccerulea, etc., adds to the marked similarity in the general fades of the
avifaunse of the two localities, the difference between them consisting in the
possession by each of a small percentage of representative species and a
very few peculiar forms.^

The habits of this bird are chiefly terrestrial, since it lives mostly on
the ground, where it may often be seen walking^ gracefully along or hop-
ping in the usual manner of Sparrows ; the male ascending to a fence-post,
the top of a small tree, or other prominent object, during the delivery of
his song. Its habits in this respect vary greatly, however, it being quite
arboreal in some localities, as was conspicuously the case at Sacramento,

1 See pages 328-332.

* It m&y not be generally known that many of the terrestrial Fringillidae are walk-
/ers as well as hoppets. Wo have often seen both this species and Melospis^a fasciata
walking on the ground with a step as firm and graceful as that of a Meadow Lark or
Blackbird.

CHONDESTES GRAMMACA. 469

where it nested almost invariably in the small oak trees at heights varying
from 15 to 30 feet from the ground; while, on the other hand, in southern
Illinois, where the proportionate area of wood-land is much greater, we
never found a nest of this species except on the ground, notwithstanding
many nests were found.^

The principal characteristic of the Lark Sparrow is the excellence of
its song, which far surpasses that of any other member of the family we
have ever heard, while in sprightliness and continuity, qualities so often
lacking in our finer singers, we do not know its equal in any bird
We have not heard the song of the famed Skylark {Alauda arvensis), but
from numerous descriptions imagine it to be somewhat similar in character
to that of the present bird ; and we very seriously doubt whether it is
superior, if, indeed, it should prove equal. The Lark Sparrow sings all day
long, even during the hottest part of summer, beginning in the early morn
before any other bird, and not ceasing until the darkening of the evening
shades have quieted the other songsters; often, in fact, have we been awak-
ened at night by its song when all else was quiet. The song of this bird
begins with a chant of clear, ringing notes, each uttered with great distinct-
ness ; then follows a silvery trill — the very expression of emotion — and then
a succession of sprightly, sparkling notes, varied by rising and falling
cadences, finally dying away until scarcely audible, but immediately resumed
in all its sprightliness and vigor, and continued as before, until the singer
seems actually exhausted by his efforts.

At Sacramento this bird is known as the Mexican Lark; it was
familiar to all the boys, who in season eagerly searched for its nests in
order to obtain the young, which were readily sold in the city for $4.00
per pair.

^ Many other birds exhibit the same variability in the selection of a site for their
nests. A notoriously variable species is Garpodacus frontalis (see p. 459); and Zmmdura
caroUnensis is another case in point, this species, in the same locality, nesting indiffer-
ently on the ground, on the top of a stump or rock, on a flat fence-rail, in a tree, or on
the remnant of an old nest of another species. Mr. E. W. Nelson informs me that he
found a nest of Fipilo erythrophthalmus in a bush, a foot or two from the ground, on Fox
Prairie, Illinois; while at Mt. Carrael, in the same State, we have found a nest of
AgelcBus phceniceus in an elm tree, full 20 feet from the ground, and a nest of Oyanura
cristata inside of a barn.

470 OBNITHOLOGY.

lAst of specimens.

8, nest and eggs (3)^ Sacramento, California, June 8, 1867. Lower branch of
small oak, in grove.

30, nest and eggs (3) ; Sacramento, California, June 11, 1867. Cotton-wood copse,
ten feet from ground,

50, nest and eggs (3) ; Sacramento, California, June 18, 1867. Twenty feet from
ground, in oak-grove.

72, nest and eggs (3) ; Sacramento, California, June 20, 1867. Twenty feet from
ground, in oak-grove.

85, nest and eggs; Sacramento, California, June 2%^ 1867. Six feet from ground,
in cotton-wood copse.

90, nest and eggs ; Sacramento, California, June 29, 1867. Six feet from ground,
in cotton- wood copse.

783, nest and eggs (4) ; Truckee Eeservation, Nevada, June 3, 1868. On ground
beneath sage-bush, on mesa.

960, $ ad,) Salt Lake City, Utah, May 20, 1869. 7J— llf . Upper mandible,
brownish-ash, lower whitish-blue; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, brownish-white.

1020, nest and eggs; Salt Lake City, May 22, 1869.

1045, nest and eggs (5); Salt Lake City, May 25, 1869.

•1046, nest and eggs (5) ; same locality and date.

1047, 1048, nests and eggs; Salt Lake City, May 2^^ 1869.

1056, nest and e^g^^ ; Salt Lake City, May 27, 1869.

1174, nest and eggs (4);. Salt Lake City, June 10, 1869.

1176, nest and eggs (4) ; Salt Lake City, June 17, 1869.

1197, nest and eggs; Salt Lake City, June 21, 1869.

Nests, all on the ground beneath sage-bushes; maximum number of eggs, five.

ZONOTEIOHIA LEUCOPHEYS.
1¥liite-croiirned Sparrow.

Emleriza leucophrysj Forster, Phil. Trans., LXII, 1772, 382, 403, 426.

Zonotrichia leucophyrs^ Bonap., Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 32. — Baird, B. N. Am.,
1858, 458, pi. 69, fig. 2 ; Cat. K. Am. B., 1859, No. 345.— Cooper, Orn. Cal.,
1, 196.— CoxJES, Key, 1872, 144; Check List, 1873, No. 183.— B. B. & E.,Hist.
N. Am. B., I, 1874, 566, pi. XXV, figs. 9, 10.— Hbnshaw, 1875, 260.

Throughout the Rocky Mountain ranges, westward to the very verge
of the desert-region of the Great Basin, this eastern form entirely replaces
in summer the more western Z. intermedia of the Sierra Nevada. It was a
very abundant summer species in the elevated parks of the Wahsatch and
Uintah Mountains, where, from May to the latter part of August, not a
single individual oiZ. intermedia was found. At our camp in Parley's Park
these birds were our most familiar neighbors, and by reason of their con-
fiding habits and sweet morning carols endeared themselves to the members

ZONOTRICHIA INTERMEDIA. 471

of the party. One young individual, bred in a nest close to the camp,

became so sociable as to visit daily the cook's tent for the crumbs scattered

on the ground.

List of specimens.

1068, 9 ad.; Salt Lake City,. XJtab, May 29, 1869. 6J— 9J. Bill, orange-brown,
lower mandible paler, tips of botb black ; iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, deep brown.

1292, nest and eggs (5)5 Parley's Park, Wahsatcb Mountains, Utah, Juno 26,
1869. Nest on ground, under Geranium bush.

1430, $ ad.; 7— 9J. 1431, 9 ad.; 6^^9t. Parley's Park, July 19, 1869. Bill, per-
fectly uniform, deep purplish, mahogany-brown; iris, brown; tarsi, reddish hepatic-
brown ; toes, darker.

1463, S juv.; Parley's Park, July 28, 1869. 6f — 10. Bill, mahoganybrown,
darker on culmen and tip ; iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, dark purplish-brown.

ZOKOTRICHIA IKTERMBDIA.
Bidgway's Sparrow.^

{Moohf-um-pooh of the Washoes; Tou-oo-hootf -se-pah of the Paiutes.)

ZonotricMa gambelij Baibd, Birds N. Am., 1858, 460 (part) ; Gat. N. Am. Birds,

1859, No. 346 (part).— Cooper, Orn. Oal., I, 1870, 195 (part).
ZonotricMa leucophrys var. gambeli^ Allen, Bull. Mus. Oomp. Zool., Ill, 1872, 157,
177.— OouES, Key, 1872, 145 (part); Check List, 1873, No. 183a (part).— B. B.
& E., Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 569, pi. xxv, figs. 11, 12.
ZonotricMa leucophrys var. intermedia^ EiDawAY, Coues' Check List,. App., 1872,
No. 183b.— CouES, Birds N.W., 1874, 156.— Henshaw, 1875, 261, pi. Yn,
fig. 2 (adult).
At the Summit Meadows, the most elevated portion of the Donner
Lake Pass of the Sierra Nevada, these birds were so extremely abundant
on the 9th day of July, that, on the evening we camped there, twenty-
seven of their eggs were found after a hurried search of less than twenty
minutes' duration. The pleasing songs of the males were heard on every
hand, not only during daylight, but at intervals through the night, these
songs resembling those of Z. leucophrys, although they seemed somewhat
more vigorous and distinct. They were exceedingly unsuspicious little
birds, the pair usually remaining close by when their nest and eggs
were being appropriated, the male even, ou several occasions, singing, as
he perched on the summit of a neighboring bush, while we were preparing
the eggs for preservation.

^ CouES, Birds of the Northwest^ p. 166.

472 OENITHOLOGY.

List of speeimens,

95, 96, 97, 98, nest and eggs (4) ; Summit Meadows, Donner Lake Pass, Sierra
Nevada, July 9, 1867. Maximum number of eggs, 5; usual number, 4,

172, ^; West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 7, 1867. 6^9^— 3j —
2f^ — ^\ — }f — 23 — IJ. Bill, wax-yellow, upper mandible more oclier reddish, point
of culmen and gonys, black; iris, umber; tarsi and toes, yellowish horn-color.

183, i; West Humboldt Mountains, September 11, 1867. 6f— 9^— 3— 2J— j7-_j_
2|| — ly7^. Same remarks.

197, ^; West Humboldt Mountains, September 18, 1867. 6}f— 10^34--2f— j^t^—
^3 — 3 — 1^9^. Upper mandible, deep, light mahogany-brown, inclining to wax-yellow on
rictus; lower mandible, paler than upper, inclining to deep wax-yellow, more citreous
basally; extreme point of culmen and gonys, black; iris, umber; tarsi, clear, liglit
reddish horn-color; toes, darker and more opaque-brownish^

200, ^; West Humboldt Mountains, September 20, 1876. 6J— 9§— 3^— 2j^— y^^—
3— 2|— 1^7^. Same remarks.

201, ^; West Humboldt Mountains, September 20, 1867. ^—d'i^3i—2j%—
T« — M — 2g— 1^^. Same remarks.

202, 9 ; West Humboldt Mountains, September 20, 1867. 6|— 9}i— 3^— 2|— /g—
1 3_2j| — If. Same remarks.

207, ^; West Humboldt Mountains, September 21, 1867. {Intermediate between
intermedia and leucophry8.\ 6| — 9}| — SJ — 2]^ — f^ — 3 — 3 — If. Same remarks.

209, ^; West Humboldt Mountains, September 21, 1867. 6J— 9§— 3^2|— y^—
IE — 2|| — 1^. Same remarks.

„ 210, (J; West Humboldt Mountains, September 21, 1867. 6||— 9^—3^1^— 2^—
T6 — S — -S — H' Same remarks.

211, (J; West Humboldt Mountains, September 21, 1867. 7^^— 9^3y\— 2|—
^7_ — 1.3 — 3 — 1|^ Same remarks.

212, 9; West Humboldt Mountains, September 21, 1867. 7— 10— 3^— 2f— 37-—
^ — 2J — 1|. Same remarks.

385, 9; TruckeeEeservation, December 26, 1867. 6|— 9— 3— 2yV-T6— f— 2§— If-
Same remarks.

930, $'y head of Humboldt Valley (Camp 25), September 16, 1868. 7— 9J— (f)^
2|. Same remarks.

939, ^; Uamp 25, September 20, 1868. 7—93— (I)— 2^^. 9^°^® remarks.

944, 9; Deep Creek, Utah, October 5, 1868. 6^— 9|— (?)— 2/^. Same remarks.

ZONOTRIOHIA OOEONATA.
Oolden-eroivned Sparrow*

JEmberiza ooronata^ Pallas, Zoog. Rosso- As., II, 1811, 44, pi. [5] lig. 1 (^ ad.).

Zonotrichia coronata^ Baibd, B. N. Am., 1858, 461 ; Catal., 1859, No. 347.— Cooper,
Orn. Cal., I, 197.— CouES, Key, 1872, 145; Check List, 1873, No. 184; Birds
N.W., 1874, 159 (8uh Z. querula).—B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874, 573, pi.
XXVI, fig, 1.

The only specimen of this species seen by us was the one obtained,

JUNCO OREGONUS. 473

which was shot from a flock of Z, intermedia. Its occurrence on the West
Humboldt Mountains may be accounted for by the fact that many of the
Pacific-coast species have a tendency to straggle eastward during their
migrations, among those which reach this range, besides the bird under
consideration, being Melospiza guttata^ Pipilo oregonus, Lanivireo cassini,
Helminthophaga lutescenSj etc/ [See pp. 379, 380.]

List of specimens.

237, 2 ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada (Camp 19), October 7, 1867. 7||—
lOJ— 3f— 2|— fl — I — 3|-— IJ. Upper mandible, slaty horn-color, darker on culmen,
tomium paler; lower mandible, pale lilaceous-brown ; iris, olivaceous-hazel ; tarsi and
toes, clear horn-color.

JUNCO OREGONUS.
Oregon Siiow«bird.

{Tall' -hah-klai' 'Uh of the Washoes ; NeboK-tone of the Paiutes.)

Fringilla oregona, Townsend, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila., VII, 1837, 188.

Junco oregonus^ Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 7. — Baird, B. N. Am., 1858,
^m ; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 347.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 199.— Coues,
Key, 1872, 141 ; Check List, 1873, No. 175 ; B. N. W., 1874, 142.— B. B & R.,
Hist. N. Am. B., I, 1874, 584, pi. xxvi, fig. 2.— Henshaw, 1875, 267.

Juneo hyemalis var. oregonus, RinawAY, Am. Nat., 1873, 613.

This representative of the Eastern Snow-bird (eT". hyemalis) is very
abundant in winter from the Pacific coast to the Wahsatch Mountains, but in
summer has a more restricted distribution, being then confined to the conif-
erous forest-region of the higher western ranges. At the Summit Meadows,
nearly 7,000 feet above the sea, on the Sierra Nevada, it was one of the
commonest and most characteristic birds of the locality, but eastward of
these mountains none were seen during the summer. In its winter migra-
tions this bird shows the same remarkable movements as Zonotrichia inter-
mediaj Turdus guttatuSj etc., for while its summer habitat seems strictly lim-
ited on the eastward to the Sierra Nevada, it becomes generally dispersed
in winter over the entire area of the Western Region, being a more or

^According to Mr. E. W. Nelson, an adult male of Z, coronata was captured by Dr.
Hoy, a^Bacine, Wisconsin, during the spring migration.

474 ORNITHOLOGY.

less regular visitant during that season as far east as Kansas. We did
not, however, meet with it farther eastward than the East Humboldt
Mountains.

In all respects this species appears to be a perfect counterpart of the
eastern J. hyemaliSj being equally familiar in its habits duiring winter, while
its notes are apparently precisely similar.

lAst of specimens.

224:^ 9 ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, October 3, 1867. 6—9—3—2^-
g — I — 2^ — If. Bill, delicate lilaceous- white, the point dusky ; iris, burnt-sienna; tarsi,
clear horn- white ; toes, deep sepia.

378, $ ad.; Truckee Eeservation, Nevada, December 24, 1867. 6f — 9J-:3J— 2^—
/^ — I — 2| — l^. Same remarks.

384, $ ad.; Truckee Eeservation, December 26, 1867. 6J—9J— 3^21—3^ — \\-^
2| — If. Iris, purplish-claret ; tarsi, dilute reddish-umber ; toes, darker leaden-umber.

484, $ ad.; Carson City, Nevada, April 3, 1868. 6|— 9f— 3^— 2f . Iris, dark pur-
plish-carmine.

485, $ ad.; Carson City, Nevada, April 3, 1868. 6J— 9J— 34— 2}^. Same re-
marks.

938,^ adj.; Trout Creek, Upper Humboldt Valley, Sept. 19, 1868. 6^— 9|— 2|.
Upper mandible, light sepia-brown, the tip black ) lower mandible, pinkish-white 5 iris,
madder-brown ; tarsi, dilute sepia; toes, deeper sepia.

JUNOO CANICBPS.

Oray-lieaded Snow-bird.

Strufhus canicepsj Woodhouse, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad,, 1852, 202.

Junco caniceps, Baibd, B. N. Am., 1858, 468, pi. 72, fig. 1 ; Oat. N. Am. B., 1859,

No. 353.— CooPBE, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 201.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. B., I,

1874, 587, pi. XXVI, fig. 3.
Junco dnereus var. caniceps, CouBS, Key, 1872, 141 ; Check List, 1873, No. 176 ;

B. N.W., 1874, 143.— Henshaw, 1875, 269.
Juneo hyemalis var. caniceps^ RroawAY, Am. Nat., 1873, 613.

The Gray-headed Snow-bird was met with only in the pine forests of
the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains, where it was rather common from
May to August, inclusive. Its habits and notes closely resemble those of
J. hyemalis and J. oregonus, but its song, a simple monotonous trill, is
somewhat louder and more steady.

AMPHISPIZA BILINEATA. 475

Amphispiza BILINEATA,

Black-tliroated Sparrow.

{Wulf -tU'Ze-ze of the Paiutes.)

Emheriza Ulineata^ Oassin, Pr. Ac. ISfat. Sci. Philad., 1850, 104, pi. 3.

Poospiza hilineataj Solateb, Proc, ZooL Soc. Lond., 1857, 7. — Baibd, B. N. Am.,
1858, 470; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 355.— Ooopeb, Orn. Cal., I, 203.—
COUES, Key, 1872, 140; Check List, 1873, No. 172.— B. B. & R., Hist. K Am.
B., I, 1874, 590, pi. XXVI, fig. 8.— Hbnshaw, 1875, 274.

Amphispiza Ulineata^ CouES, B. N.W., 1874, 234.^

This interesting little bird was found throughout the sage-brush country,
the most desert- tracts of which are its favorite abode. It was equg^Uy com-
mon in the western depression and in the Salt Lake Valley, as well as in
intermediate localities. Unlike the A. nevadensis, which frequents chiefly
the more thrifty growth of artemisia in the damper valleys, this species
prefers the arid mesas, where the growth is scant and stunted ; and we
found it nowhere else so abundant as on the Carson Desert, near the
Soda Lakes, where much of the surface consisted of loose, shifting sand.
It also differs markedly from that species in being migratory, being
merely a summer sojourner, and one of the latest to arrive, few, if any,
making their appearance in the Truckee Valley before the first of May, the
advance individuals being noted on the 13th of that month, in 1868.

Like A. nevadensis. this species is remarkable for its peculiar song,
which in pensive tone and sad expression harmonizes so perfectly with its
desolate surroundings. It is from this song that the Indian name^ Wut-tu-
ze-ze, is derived, for the notes are very nearly expressed by the syllables
wut\ wut\ zeeeeehj repeated once or twice, the first two notes quick and
distinct, the last one a prolouged, silvery trill. Frequently a singer reverses,
at each alternate repetition of the song, the accent of the first and last
portions, thus producing a very peculiar effect.

List of specimens,

106, Sjm.; valley of the Truckee, July 25, 1867. 5J— 8J— 2J— 2^— ^— }J— 2,:^
— If. Upper mandible, plumbeous-black ; lower, pale blue, lilaceous basally, the tip,

dusky; iris, umber; tarsi and toes, dark plumbeous sepia.

^ , .^

' ^^ Amphispiza^ OouES, n. g. (type Emheriza hilineata^ Cass.).''

476 ORNITHOLOGY.

123, JMt;.; Truckee Valley, August 6, 1867. 5|— 8J-.2|-«2i— 1^|— 2g— Ij. Same
remarks.

107 Juv.; West Humboldt Mountains, September 4, 1807. 5|— 8^— 2|— 2^^— g—
g — 2J — 1^. Same remarks.

961, i ad.; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 20, 1869. 6|— 8^. Upper mandible a»d
tip of lower, deep black, rest of lower plumbeous- blue; iris, brown; tarsi and toes,
purplish-plumbeous.

1113, nest and eggs (3); Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 6, 1869. Nest
in sage-bush.

1126, 1127, nests and eggs (3, 1); Antelope Island, June 7, 1869. Nests in sage-
bushes, one foot from ground.

1136, nest ; Antelope Island, June 8, 1869. Sage-bush, one foot above ground.

1195, 1196, nests and eggs (3); Salt Lake City, June 21, 1869. Nests in sage-
bushes, about one foot from ground.

1403, 1403, nests ; valley of the Weber River, July, 1869. [J. C. Olmstead.]

Amphispiza NEVADENSIS.

Artemisia Sparrow.

(Tok! -et-se-whaW of the Paiutes.)

'^Poospiza bellii,^^ Baied, B. N. Am., 1858, 470 (part); Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No.

356.-.COOPEB, Orn. Oal., 1, 1870, 204 (part).— Coues, Key, 1872, 141 (part) ;

Check List, 1873, No. 173. [Not P. bellii, Cass.]
Poospiza bellii var, nevadensisj Ridg-way, Bull. Essex Inst., V, Nov., 1873, 191. —

Coues, Check List, 1873, App., p. 127.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 1, 1874,

594, pi. XXVI, fig. 9.— Henshaw, 1875, 275, pi. xi (adnlt).
Amphispiza hellii^ Coues, B. N.W., 1874, 234 (part).

The distribution of this species seems to be strictly governed by that
of the sage-brush plants, since it is present in nearly all districts where
these are found, while it is apparently wanting in localities of any other
description. It is most partial to the ifloistef valleys, where the growth
is most thrifty, and in such places is generally the most abundant bird.
It was observed to be most numerous in the valleys of the western
depression, few being seen in the Salt Lake Valley, where the A. bUineata
was so abundant; but it does occur there, as well as much farther east-
ward— at least to the valleys of Green River and its tributary streams.
In the neighborhood of Carson City it was by far the most abundant bird
of the open wastes, and its abundance did no|^ abate with the approach
of winter. In walking through the sage-brusli one was almost certain to

AMPHISPIZA NEVADENSIS. 477

see these birds at every few steps. They were exceedingly unsuspicious,
and very reluctant to take flight, if not pursued too persistently ; merely
keeping a few feet in advance, running swiftly on the ground, their tails
elevated at an angle of about 45^, but unexpanded, and keeping thusMn
front for several rods; when too nearly approached, merely dodging in and
out among the low bushes, or concealing themselves momentarily behind
a scraggly shrub. Should they be startled, even, they merely fly up, with
a chipping twitter, and after a short meandering flight for a few rods, again
alight and run out of sight.

They began singing toward the last of February, and by the beginning
of April the first eggs were laid. During a walk through the sage-brush,
on the ninth of the latter month, several nests were found, the female in
nearly every instance betraying the position of the nest by remaining on
it until we had approached quite near. Often, by carefully watching the
ground a rod or two ahead, did we detect one of these birds steal slyly out
from beneath a scraggly, usually nearly prostra^te, bush, and, with tail
elevated, run rapidly and silently away and soon disappear in the shrub-
bery. On such an occasion, a careful examination of the spot was almost
certain to reveal an artfully-concealed nest, eithewmbedded in the ground,
or, as was more rarely the case, resting among the lower branches of
the bush.

The song of this bird, although not brilliant in execution nor by any
means loud, is nevertheless of such a character as to attract attention. It
has a melancholy pensiveness, remarkably in accord with the dreary monot-
ony of the surt'oundings, yet as a sort of compensation, is possessed of deli-
cacy of expression and peculiar pathos — just as the fine lights and shadows
on the sunlit mountains, combined with a certain vagueness in the dreamy
distance, subdue the harsher features of the desert landscape. This song,
when first heard was mistaken for that of a lark {Sturnella negleda) half a
mile or so away; but we soon found that the bird was scarcely two rods
distant. The early spring is when they sing most beautifully, the usual
note during other seasons being a faint twitter or chirp, generally uttered as
one chases another through the sage-brush.

478 OBNITHOLOGY.

List of specimens.

151, S ad.; valley of the Humboldt (Oreana), August 31, 1867. 6.^— 10— 3J— 2f—
I — J — 2}f — 1t^. Upper mandible, plumbeous-black, tomium paler ; lower, pure pale,
bluish-lilaceous basally, the tip plumbeous; iris, bister; tarsi and toes, bluish-sepia.

157, (J ofl!.; Camp 17, September 2, 1867. 6|— 10— 3J— 2J— .^^ — {^3^1^. Tarsi
and toes, purplish -black.

182, S ad,; Wright's Canon, West Humboldt Mountains, September 11, 1867.
6g— 8^ — 34 — 2\l — J|-^| — 3 — IJ. Upper mandible, plumbeous-black, edged with whi-
tish 5 lower, pale blue, the tip of the gonys dusky ; iris, hazel ; tarsi and toes, liver-
brown with a plumbeous cast.

379, 9 ad.; Truckee Eeservation, December 26, 1867. (Sage-brush of the mesa.)
7 — 9j — 3^—2^1^ — ^^g — I — 3 — l^V Upper mandible, plumbeous-slate ; lower mandible
and commissure, pure, fine, light plumbeous-blue, the tip dusky ; iris, reddish vandyke ;
tarsi, deep sepia-brown ; toes, more blackish.

SSO^i ad.; same locality, date, etc. 6|— 9f— 3|— 2f ^\ | 3j— 1^. Same re-
marks.

622, nest and eggs (2); Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868.

635, nest and eggs (3),- Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868.

637, nest and eggs (3); same locality and date. (Nests on the ground, underneath
sage-bushes.)

Spizella MONTICOLA.

Canada Sparrow; Tree Sparrow.

Fringilla monticola, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., T, 1788, 912.

Spizella monticola, Baied, Birds N. Am,, 1858, 427 5 Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No.
357._C00PBE, Orn. Cal., I, 206.— CoUBS, Key, 1872, 142 5 Check List, 1873,
No. 177; Birds N.W., 1874, 146.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874,
3, pi. XXVII, fig. 5.— Henshaw, 1876, 277.

During the winter this well-known Sparrow was common and very
generally distributed through the valleys of the western depression of the
Great Basin. As in the East, it associated with Snow-birds and White-
crowned Sparrows, although in this case its companions were different
species (Junco oregonm and Zonotrichia intermedia, instead of J. hyemalis and

Z. leucophrps).

List of specimens,

301, i ad.; Truckee Meadows, Nevada, November 19, 1867. 6|— 9^—34— 2}J—g—
f— 3— 1|. Upper mandible, deep black, base of the culmen, yellow ; lower mandible,
citreous waxyellow on basal two-thirds, then lilaoeouswhite, the tip black; iris,
brown j tarsi, deep reddish sienna-brown 5 toes, blackish-brown.

SPIZBLLA AEIZON^. 479

Spizblla SOOIALIS.

Chipping Sparrow.

/?. arkofUB.
{80' -ho-quoj/ -e-tse of the Slioshoiies.)

Spizella socialiSy Baied, Birds N. Am., 1858, 473 (part); Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,

No. 359 (part).— OooPEE, Orn. Oal., 1, 1870,207.
Spizella socialis var. arizoncBj OouES, Key, 1872, 143; Check List, 1873, No. 178a.

— B. B. & E., Hist. K Am. Birds, II, 1874, 11.— Henshaw, 1876, 277.
Spizella socialis. a. arizoncBj CouES, Birds N.W., 1874, 148.

The common Chipping Sparrow was found to be very generally
distributed, although it was a commoner species in the valley portions than
on the mountains. It was a strictly arboreal bird, however, and thus in-
habited different localities from S. brewerij even when both were found
in the same neighborhood. In the environs of Sacramento City it was
particularly numerous; and although the door-yards, gardens, and orchards
were alike inhabited by it, the groves of small oak-trees in the inclosed
fields were its favorite abode, where it nested in company with Chondestes
grammaca^ Chrysomitris tristiSj and othep equally abundant species.

In the Interior it was found in all wooded districts, but, contrary to
the rule elsewhere, was less abundant among the cotton -woods of the
river-valleys than in the groves of cedars and mahoganies on the lower
slopes of the mountains, of which it was eminently characteristic. No-
where did we find it in greater abundance than among these woods on the
eastern slope of the Ruby Mountains, for there it was the most numerous
of all the birds in July and August, associating in large flocks during the
latter month, evidently preparing for their departure southward, which
commenced in September. We have never observed the eastern form of
this species to be gregarious to this extent, but no differences could be
detected in its habits during ihe breeding-season, nor in any of its notes.

List of specimens.

848, ?flw2.; East Humboldt Mountains, July 20, 1868. 5J— 84— (?)— 2^. Bill,dark
sepia-slate, darker terminally, lower mandible more lilaceous; iris, vandyke; tarsi and
toes, pinkish sepia-wbite.

860, nest and eggs (4); Ruby Mountains (east slope), altitude about 8,000 feet,
August 5, 1868. I>rest in mountainmabogany tree, six feet from ground.

1187, nest and eggs (4); Salt Lake Oity (Gity Greek Gafion), Utah, June 19, 1869.
Nest in scrub-oak, six feet from ground.

480 OENITUOLOGY.

Spizblla BEBWEBI.

Brewer's Sparrow.

Spizella hreweri, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, 1856, 40— Baied, B. N.
Am., 1858, 475 5 Oat. K Am. B., 1859, No. 361.— Coopee, Orn. Cal., I, 1870,
209.

Spizella pallida var. hreweri, OOUES, Key, 1872, 143; Check List, 1873, No. 180a;
B. N.W., 1874, 151.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 13, pi. xxvii, fig.
4.— Henshaw, 1875, 279.

A counterpart of the eastern Field Sparrow (S, pusilla), in its predilec-
tion for fields, or any open bushy localities, this species was found in every
place adapted to its habits. It was first observed at Sacramento, where it
was quite common, inhabiting the bushy fields along with Chondestes gram-
maca, Coturniculus perpallidus, and Sturnella negleda. In the sage-brush
country, eastward of the Sierra Nevada, it was still more numerous than
in the Sacramento Valley; and throughout the entire extent of the Great
*Basin was everywhere one of the commonest birds of the open wastes, and
an almost constant associate of Oreoscoptes montanus and the two species
of Amphispim.

The resemblance of this species to S. pusilla extends no further than to
a similarity of general habits, however, for its nest and eggs are extremely
different, being more like those of S, socialisj while its song is remarkable
for vivacity and variety, in this respect fully equaling that of the best
Canaries, though it is considerably inferior to the latter in power. It is
interspersed throughout with a variety of trills or water-notes, and plaintive
chants which resemble somewhat the well-known notes of the Field Sparrow.

List of specimens.

106, ? ad.; valley of the Trackee, Nevada, July 24, 1867. 5g— 7/^—2/^— 2-.y\—
f— 2J— IJ. Bill, pale lilaceous-brown, darker aloog the oulmen ; iris, hazel ; tarsi
and toes, pale brownish flesh-color.

785, nest and eggs (3); Truckee Reservation, Jane 3, 1868. Nest in sage bush,
about three feet from ground.

810, nest and eggs (2) ; "Old River'' (near sink of Oarson), Nevada, June 27, 1868.
Nest in sage-bush, about four feet from ground.

834, nest and eggs (3) ; Austin, Nevada, July 4, 1868. Sagebush.

874, ad.; Ruby Valley, Nevada, August 28, 1868. 5^— 8— (f )— 2J. Upper man-
dible, black, approaching to ashy-lilac on the tomiura; lower mandible, lilaceousashy;
iris, ashy-umber; tarsi and toes, grayish horn-color.

MELOSPIZA HEERMANNL 481

1049, 1050, nests and eggs ; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 26, 1869. Nests in sage-
bushes, about three feet from ground.

1059, 1060, nests and eggs (3) ; Salt Lake City, May 27, 1869.

1067, nest and eggs (2); Salt Lake City, May 29, 1869.

1077, 1078, nests and eggs (4) ; Salt Lake City, June 1, 1869.

1091, 1097, 1098, 1099, nests and egers; Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, Jaue 4,
1869.

1115 (3), 1116, 1117, 1118, nests and eggs ; Antelooe Island, Great Salt Lake, June
5, 1869.

1119 (3), 1120 (3), 1121 (3), 1122, nests and eggs; Antelope Island, Great Salt
Lake, June 7, 1869.

1128, nest and egg (1) ; Antelope Island, June 7, 1869. Nest in sage-bush.

1132, ? ad; Antelope Island, June 5, 1869.

1137 (3), 1138 (3), 1139, nests and eggs; Antelope Island, June 8, 1869.

1152, nest and eggs ; Antelope Island, June 9, 1869.

1156, nest and eggs (4); southern shore. Great Salt Lake, June 11, 1869.
All nests in sage-bushes, about three feet from ground.

1157, nest and eggs (3); Rabbit Island, Great Salt Lake, June 11, 1868. Nest in
grease- wood bush.

1164 (4), 1165 (3), 1166 (3), nests and eggs; Salt Lake City, June 14, 1809.

1171, 1172, 1173, nests and eggs; Salt Lake City, June 16, 1869.

1176 (4), 1177 (2), nests and eggs; Salt Lake City, June 17, 1869.

1198, nest and eggs (4); Salt Lake City, June 21, 1869.

1236, nest and eggs (2) ; Salt Lake City, June 23, 1869.

1318, nest and eggs (2) ; Parley's Park, June 27, 1869. Nest in sage-bush.

1354, nest and eggs ; Parley's Park, June 27, 1869. In sage-bush.

1396 (2), 1397 (1), nests and eggs; Parley's Park, July, 1869. Nests in sage-
bushes.

1406 and 1407, nests ; Cash Valley, July, 1869. [J. C. Olmstead.]

1466, ? juv.; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, July 28, 1869. 5g--
7§. Bill, yellowish-lilac, upper half of upper mandible dark plumbeous; iris, brown;
tarsi and toes, light brown.

1482, ? ad.; Parley's Park, July 30, 1869. 5|— 7f.

Melospiza fasoiata*

Song (Sparrow.

J3, heermanni.

(See' 'hoot' 'Se-pah of the Paiutes.)

Melospiza heermanni^ Bated, B. N. Am., 1858, 478 ; lb., ed. 1860, 478, pi. 70, fig. 1 ;

Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 364.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 212.
Melospiza melodia var. heermanniy CoUES, Key, 1872, 139 ; Check List, 1873, No,

169d.— B. B. & R., HiQt. N. Am. B., IF, 1874, 24, pi. xxvii, fig. 9.— Henshaw,

1875, 282.
Melospiza melodia. a. heermanni^ CoUES, B. N.W., 1874, 139.
31 PR

482 ORNITHOLOGY.

y. faUax,

Zonotrichia fallax^ Baibd, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 119.
Meloapim fallax, Baibd, B. N. Am., 1858, 481; ed. 1860, 481, pi. 27, fig. 2; Cat.
N. Am. B., 1859, No. 367.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 215.

Melospiza melodia xq,t. fallaxj Coues, Key, 1872, 139; Check List, 1873, Ko.
169a.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 22, pL xxvii, fig. 10.— Hen-
SHAW, 1875, 281.

Melospiza melodia, a,fallaxj Coues, B. N.W., 1874, 139.

6, guttata,

Fringilla (Passerella) guttata^ Nuttall, Man., I, 2d ed., 1840, 581.

Melospiza melodia var. guttata^ Coues, Key, 1872, 139; Check List, 1873, No.

169b.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 27, pi. xxvil, fig. 12.
Melospiza melodia. f. guttata^ CouES, B. N.W., 1874, 139.
^^Melospiza rujina,^^ Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 480; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 366.

[Not Emheriza rufina^ Brandt, 1S^Q^=^ Melospiza rufina.]

Speaking of its different races collectively, the Song Sparrow is a
widely-distributed bird. The race known as M. heermanni was very com-
mon in the thickets at Sacramento, and also throughout western Nevada,
its eastern limit being, apparently, the West Humboldt Mountains, where
the M. fallax began to replace it ; the latter being the only form found
thence to the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains of Utah. The more north-
ern M. guttata was encountered only in the range above mentioned, where
a very few individuals were found in the month of October, in the sheltered
canons of the eastern slope. Since Zonotrichia coronata was met with in the
same locality, it is likely that, as in the case of the latter species, they were
not residents, but migrants from the northwestward. Whatever the race,
however, the habits, and, so far as we could judge, the notes also, were
nearly the same, the geographical modifications in these respects being by
no means in proportion to those of form and plumage.

The Song Sparrow was found to be most partial to the dense thickets
along streams or in the vicinity of other bodies of water, and was conse-
quently most frequently seen in the lower valleys; indeed, we have no
recollection of having observed it at a greater elevation than the meadow-
like parks of the Wahsatch Mountains, where the var. fallax was abundant
among the willows bordering the streams, along with Passerella schistacea.

MELOSPIZA HBERMANNI— M. FALLAX. 483

According to our notes it was there confined to the floor of the park, or
did not ascend to any great distance up the canons along the streams. At
Sacramento, as well in the river-valleys of western Nevada, it was common
among the iules or rushes fringing the sloughs and ponds near the larger
bodies of water. The species was stationary in all portions of its range, or
at least did not perform more than a partial vertical migration, although
the fact that individuals of the var. guttata were met with in the West
Hvmiboldt Mountains would seem to indicate that while the species, col-
lectively, may be found in one locality throughout the year, individuals
poTform more or less of a latitudinal migration.

List of specimens,
^. heermanni,

150 ? ad.; Humboldt River (Oreana), August 31, 1867. 7— 9J— 3— 2^— J— g—
3 — (2§). Bill, dull liver-browQ, the upper mandible darker, nearly black on the culmen ;
iria, hazel; tarsi and toes, dark liver-brown.

216, (J ad.; Camp 19, West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 24, 1867,
6|— 81^— 2|— 24— yV-}|--2f— -1 J. Bill, blackish hepatic-olive, paler and more slaty
on lower mandible ; iris, hazel ; tarsi and toes, deep purplish horn-color.

236, c? ad.; Camp 19, October 7, 1867. 6f— 9— 2J— 2^7__^7__i3_3_l^^ Upper
mandible, slaty horn-black, lower paler brownish-slaty; iris, hazel; tarsi and toes,
pale horn-color.

368, S ad.; Truckee Eeservation, Nevada, December 25, 1867. 7—9^—2^—2/^—
y^^ — II — 3J — IJ. Upper mandible horn-black, paler along tomium ; lower, brownisli-
slaty.

381, ? ad.; Truckee Eeservation, December 26, 1867. 64— 8f — 2||— 2J— /,_i 3_
2| — 1|. Upper mandible hepatic-black, paler along tomium ; lower, lilaceous-brovvn,
with yellowish tinge basally beneath.

382, 9 ad.; Truckee Eeservation, December 26, 1867. 6|— 8J— 2f— 2y\— pV— J—
2J — If. Same remarks.

7 13

383, S ad.; Truckee Eeservation, December 26, 1867. ef— 8§— 2-}|— 2f — j7_

i(^

3 — 1^. Same remarks.

470, i ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 28, 1868. 6|— 8|i— 2i— 2^. Upi)er
mandible, plumbeous-black, tomium paler ; lower, dull plumbeous, with lUaceous glow
basally and beneath ; iris, bister; tarsi,, whitish-brown ; toes, deeper brown.

479, $ ad.; Carson, March 30, 1868. 6f— 8§— 2|f— 2/^. Same remarks.

y. fallax.

890, >v.; Camp 22, Euby Valley, Nevada, September 4, 1868. 6J-.8^— (?)~24.
Bill, lilaceous ashy-brown, darkest terminally, lower mandible more lilaceous; rictus,
pale yellow; iris, very dark sepia; tarsi and toes, dilute lilaceous-sepia, latter pale
yellow beneath.

484 ORNITHOLOGY.

931, 9a(f.; Cauip 25, Humboldt Valley, September IG, 1868. G^— Sy^^— (f)— 2f^.
Same remarks as to No. 470.

945, $ ad,; Camp 35, Deep Creek, Utah, October 5, 18G8. G|— 8|— (?)— 2J. Same
remarks.

94G, 9 ad.; Camp 35, Deep Creek, Utah, October 5, 1868. 6^— 8— (I)— 2J. Same
remarks.

947, 9 «rf.; Camp 35, Deep Creek, Utab, October 5, 1868. GJ— 85— (!)— 2J. Same
remarks.

948, 9 ad.; Camp 35, Deep Creek, Utab, October 5. 6f— 8^-^(1)— 2yV Same
remarks.

1228, nest aud eggs; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utab, June 23, 1869.
Nest among bushes in willow-thicket along stream, about one foot from ground.

1232, nest and eggs (2) ; Parley's Park, June 23, 1869. Situated like preceding.

1275, nest and eggs (5); Parley's Park, June 24, 1869. Nest in thorn-apple bush
along stream, six feet from ground.

1314, nest and eggs (3); Parley's Park, June 27, 1869. Nest in willows by stream.

1327, 1328; nests and eggs (4); Parley's Park, June 28, 1869. Nests in willows.

1363, 1364 ; nests and eggs (4) ; Pack's Canon, Uintah Mountains, July 4, 1869.
Nests in willows by stream, about three feet from ground. '

1388, 1389; nests ; Provo River, Utah, July 10, 1869. Willows.

1391, nest and eggs (3) ; Provo River, July 11, 1869. Nest in willows by stream.

1405, nest; Bear River Valley, July, 1869. (Collected by Mr. J. C. Olmstead.)

1419, nest and eggs; Parley's Park, July 16, 1869.

1457, 6 juv,; July 26, 1869. 6|— 9|, Bill, dark hepatic-plumbeous, lower man-
dible with pinkish flush, the upper almost black on the culmen ; iris, brown; tarsi and
toes, deep purplish-brown.

1461, nest; Parley's Park, July 26, 1869. Willows by stream.

1465, S juv.; Parley's Park, July 28, 1869. 6J-.8J. Same remarks as to No. 1457.

1475, ?>?;.; July 29, 1869. 6^—8^. Same remarks.

1506, ^jwi7.; August 13, 1869. 6J— 9. Same remarks.

d, guttata.

223, 9 ad.; Camp 19, October 3, 1867. 6f— 8^— 2|^2i— yV— S— ^S—^i- O^PP^r
mandible horn-black, paler along tomium ; lower, horn-blue, darker terminally.

Mblospiza lincolnl

JLincoln's Sparrour*

Fringilla Uncolnii, Audubon, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 539, pi. 193.

Melospiza lineonii, Baibd, Birds N. Am., 1858, 483; Catal. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
No. 368.— COOPEE, Orn. Cal., I, 216.— CoUBS, Key, 1872, 138; Check List,
No. 167; Birds N.W., 1874, 135.— B. B. & R, Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874,
31, pi. XXVII, fig. 13.— Henshaw, 1875, 283.

During the summer we found this species only in the elevated parks
of the higher mountain ranges; but during its migrations it was very plenti-

PASSERELLA MEGARHYNCHA. 485

ful in the lower valleys. In Parley's Park it was a rather common summer

resident, inhabiting the open slopes or level pieces of ground covered by

low shrubs, weeds, and grass, in company with ZonotricJiia leucophrys and

Pooecetes confinis. We did not hear its song, but its ordinary note was a

rather strong chuck^ much Uke that of Passerella schistacea. In the autumn

it was common among the willows along Deep Creek, in northwestern Utah,

and in April was quite abundant in the bushy fields at the base of the Sierra

Nevada, near Carson City, particularly in places near springs or close by

the streams.

List of specimens.

•563, 9 ad.; Carson City, Nevada, April 29, 1868. S^?^— 7 J— 2f — 2. Upper raandi-
ble, blackish, toiniuin and lower mandible, dull brownish-ashy; rictus, pale yellow; iris,
bister; tarsi and toes, dilute horn-color.

932, S (id.; Upper Humdoldt Valley, September 16, 1868. 5^— 8^— 2/_— 1 7_3j_
2^^. Upper mandible, plumbeous-black, the tomium pale yellowish olive; lower mandi-
ble, pale grayish-oliv^e, more yellowish basally ; rictus, light yellow; iris, hazel; tarsi,
pale brown, toes darker.

949, i ad.; Deep Creek, Utah, October 5, 1868. 5§--7J—(?)— 2j^. Upper mandi-
ble, dull plumbeous-black, tomium and lower mandible, light dull cinereous, more yel-
lowish-lilaceous basally beneath; rictus, pale yellow; iris, sepia-drab; tarsi and toes,
pale horn-color.

1276, nest and eggs (4); Parley^s Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, June 24,
1869. Nest on ground, beneath prostrate sage-bush, near stream.

Passerella megarhyncha.

Thick-billed Sparrow.

Passerella megarhyncha, Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 925, pi. Lxix, fig. 4; Cat. K
Am. Birds, 1859, No. 376a.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 222.

Passerella townsendi var. megarhyncha, B. B. & li., Hist. N, Am. Birds, II, 1874,
57, pi. XXVIII, fig. 10.

Passerella townsendi var. schistacea, CouES, Birds N.W., 1874, 162 (part).

This very interesting bird was met with only in the ravines of the
Sierra Nevada, near Carson City and Washoe. Unlike P. schistacea, it was
strictly a migrant, being entirely absent during the winter, and not arriving
from the south until about the 20th of April. It was found mostly in
damp or swampy places in the lower portion of the mountains, and was
particularly numerous where the alders grew abundantly along the streams.
In such places they were singing loudly on every hand, and their songs,

486 ORNITHOLOGY.

when first heard, seemed so similar to those o£ the Large-billed Water
Thrush {Semrus ludovicianus)^ of the east, that they were mistaken for the
notes of that bird, until the singers were seen and the species identified.
The song possessed but little resemblance to that of the P, schistacea, being
so far superior as to be comparable only to that of the bird above men-
tioned, its chief qualities being great volume and liquidness.

List of specimens,

530, S dd.; Carson City, Nevada, April 25, 1868. 7|— lO/e— 3^— -i|. General
hue of bill, milky lilaceous- white, palest and purest on lower mandible, which has a
delicate rosy tint basally beneath; culmen, pale plumbeous sepia; iris, bister; tarsi
and toes, deep, rather dilute sepia-brown.

531, 9 ad.; Carson City, Nevada, April 25, 1868. 7— 9|— 3^2yV Same re-
marks.

PaSSERELLA SCH18TACEA.

Slate-colored Sparrow.

Passerella schistacea, Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 490, pi. Lxrx, fig. 3; Cat. N. Am.

B., 1859, No. 376.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 223 (figs, of head and feet).
Passerella iliaca var. scliistacea, Anlen, Bull. Mus. Corap. Zool., Ill, 1872, 168. —

COUES, Key, 1872, 147.
Passerella townsendi var. schistaoea^ CoUES, Key, 1872, 352 ; Check List, 1873, No.

189a; B. N.W., 1874, 162.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. B., 11, 1874, 56, pi.

XXVIII, fig. 9.— Henshaw, 1875, 293.

This species was first met with at Carson City, Nevada, during its
northward migration, which began late in February or early in March,
some few individuals having doubtless remained during the winter in the
shelter of the dense willow-thickets along the river. The following Septem-
ber it was observed in similar localities in the Upper Humboldt Valley ;
we may therefore judge that it is found, in proper season, and in suitable
localities, throughout the country between the Sierra Nevada and the
Wahsatch. During the summer .months it was one of the commonest birds
in Parley's Park, where it was a constant associate of Melospiza fallax in
the willow-thickets. It is quite a counterpart of that species in manners
and notes, while the nests and eggs are similar to such a degree^ that it often
required the sacrifice of the parent, and always a very close observation,
for the positive identification of the species. The ordinary note is a sharp
chuck ; but the song is scarcely distinguishable from that of Melospiza fallaz.

CALAM08PIZA BIOOLOR. 487

List of speeimens.

433, i ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 9, 1868. 7|— lOf— 3/^— 2f . Upper
raandible, olivaceotts-sepia, darkest basally, tomium ashy-lilac; rictus and basal two-
thirds of lower mandible, bright maize-yellow, deepest beneath; terminal portion,
brownish-lilaceoas, the point dusky ; iris, precisely the color of pectoral spots ; tarsi
and toes, dilute-sepia.

919, S ad.; head of Humboldt Valley (Camp 34), September 11, 1868. 7f-10^
— (?)— 2|^|. Upper mandible, sepia-plumbeous, darker along culmen, more lilaceous
along tomium ; lower paler, point dusky, the basal half deep maize-yellow ; iris, burnt-
sienna; tarsi and toes, very deep sepia.

1223, nest and eggs (4); Parley's Park, June 22, 1869. Nest in a bunch of willow
sprouts about two feet from the ground, bank of stream.

1225, 1226, 1227, 1229, and 1230, nests and eggs; Parley's Park, June 23, 1869.
1289, nest and eggs; Parley's Park, June 25, 1869. Nests among bushes or willow-
stubs in thickets along streams, from one to six feet above the ground.

1460, nest ; Parley's Park, July 26, 1869. Nest among willows.

Oalamospiza bicoloe*

Liark Bunting^.

Fringilla bicolor, Townsend, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., VII, 1837, 189.
Oalamospiza hicohr^ Bonap., Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 30.— Baird, B. N. Am.,

1858, 492; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 377.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 225.—

CouES, Key, 1872, 147 ; Check List, 1873, No. 190 ; B. N.W., 1874, 163.— B.

B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 61, pi. xxix, figs. 2, 3.— Henshaw, 1875,

294.

But a single specimen of this species was observed by us, and this was
doubtless a straggler from the Great Plains on the eastern side of the Rocky
Mountains. The individual in question was on the ground when shot, its
appearance and manners being quite similar to those of Ghondestes grammaca.
On the plains just east of the town of Cheyenne, we noticed in August,
from the car-windows, numerous large flocks of this species, startled by
the approach of the train, the flocks rising from the grass on either side,
and wheeling about in their flight in the irregular manner of Horned Larks
(EremopMla).

List of specimens,

Ull.ijuv.; Parley's Park, July 30, 1869. 7^11 J. Bill, ashy-white; upper
half of upper mandible, pale ash, gonys with pinkish glow ; iris, brown ; tarsi and
toes, purplish-brown.

488 OENITHOLOGY.

Hedymelbs MELANOCEPHALUS.
Black-hended Grosbeak.

{Look' -em of the Washoes; Uni-gu'-eet of the Paiutes.)

Ouiraca melanocephala, Swainson, Philos. Mag., I, 1827, 438.— Baird, Birds N.

Am., 1858, 498; Oat N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 381.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I,

1870,228.
Hedymeles melanooephalus, Oabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, 1851, 153. — B. B. & E , Hist.

N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 73, pi. xxx, figs. 1, 2.— Henshaw, 1875, 296.

Goniaphea (Hedymeles) melanocephala^ Gray, Haud List, I, 1869, No. 7547.

Ooniaphea melanocephala^ OoUBS, Key, 1872, 149 ; Olieck List, 1873, No. 194; Birds

N.W., 1874, 167.

This fine bird was quite abundant in the fertile valleys and lower
caQons along the entire route, from Sacramento to the Wahsatch and
Uintahs. Its range was exactly that of Oyanospiza amcenaj and it was
observed that in the Interior both these species reached their upper
limit about where the summer range of Pyranga ludoviciana commenced,
viz, about the middle portion of the canons. It was abundant both at
Sacramento and in the valley of the Truckee, in western Nevada, but was
nearly restricted in the former locality to the willow thickets, while in the
latter it preferred the shrubbery of buffalo-berry and other bushes. At
the latter locality it was observed to feed, in May, upon the buds of the
grease- wood (Obione confertifoUa)^ in company with Pyranga ludovicianay
Icterus buUockij and several other birds. It was also found in the shrub-
bery along the lower portion of the mountain-streams, but was there less
numerous than in the river- valleys,. while at an altitude of about 7,000
feet it appeared to be entirely absent. It was consequently rare in Par-
ley's Park, where, however, a few pairs were nesting in the thickets
along the strteams. It was very frequently observed that the male of this
species assists in incubation, being, in fact, more often seen on the nest
than his mate.

This species appears to be a perfect counterpart of the eastern Rose-
breasted Grosbeak (jBT. ludovicianus), its notes especially, in all their varia-
tions, being quite the same.

GUIRAOA CCERULEA. 489

List of specimem.

21, nest and eggs ^3); Sacramento, California, June 11, 1867. Nest in willow,
about ten feet from ground. Male on nest when found.

22, ? ad. (parent of eggs No. 21); Sacramento, California, June 11, 1867. 8J—
13— 4J— 3J — |— ^3j--2. Upper mandible, slate-color, low^er bluish-whit^, with tinge
of lilaceous beneath; iris, dark hazel; tarsi and toes, pure light ashy-blue.

32, $ ad.; Sacramento, June 12, 1867. 8-^12j^--4^— 3/^ ,|J§^3^1|. Same
remarks.

173, S juv,; West Humboldt Mountains, September 7, 1867. 8|— 12| — i^-^ — 3/^
— f — i — 3j — 1|. Same remarks.

564, <y ad.; Truokee Reservation, May 15, 1868. 8}J — 13J — (?)— 3J. Same re-
marks.

804, nest and eggs (3); Truckee River, June 6, 1868. Nest in buffalo-berry
thicket.

964, <J ad.; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 20, 1869.

1036, (? ad.; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 24, 1869. 8J— 12J. Upper mandible,
slate-color, lower bluish-white; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, plumbeous.

1062, S ^d.; Salt Lake City, May 27, 1869. 8J— 12f .

1300, nest and eggs (3); Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, June 27, 1869.
Nest in willows aloug stream. Male on nest.

1324, nest; Parley's Park, June 28, 1869. Nest in a willow copse.

1399, eggs; Cash Valley, Utah, July, 1869. [J. C. Olmstead.]

1474, ? juv.; Parley's Park, July 29, 1869. 8J— 12f . Bill, dull lead-color, darker
on culmen, lighter and more pinkish toward gonys; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, ashy-
blue.

GUIRACA CCERULEA.

Blae Grosbeak.

Loxia cwrulea, LiNN., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 306.

Guiraca cwrulea, SWAINS., Philos. Mag., 1, 1827, 438.-— Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858,

499 ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 382.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 230.— B.

B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 77, pi. xxrx, figs. 4, 5.— Henshaw,

1875, 298.

Ooniaphea ccet'uUa, SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 301. — CouBS, Key,
1872, 149, fig. 93; Check List, 1873, No. 195; Birds N.W., 1874, 169.

The Blue Grosbeak was met with only at Sacramento, where it was
a very common bird in the bushy fields in the outskirts of the city.
The distribution of this species is quite remarkable, it being more or less
common on both coasts northward as far, at least, as the parallel of 40^,
but of exceedingly rare occurrence in the Interior, except along the south-
ern border. This fact seems equally true of the eastern half of the conti-
nent as of the western, for there are few local lists pertaining to the Missis-

490 ORNITHOLOGY.

sippi Valley which include it, while on the Atlantic coast it is more or less
common, locally, north to New Jersey, having even been taken in the
eastern portion of Maine ! Its distribution seems, therefore, not to be gov-
erned strictly by climatic conditions, but the facts adduced rather seem to
indicate a somewhat littoral range for the species.

At Sacramento this species was found in the same localities with
Oyanospiza amcena, it being as characteristic of the edges of the copses of
young cotton-woods as was Hedymeles melanocephaltis of the willow thickets.

List of specimens.

18, 19, nests and eggs (3) ; Sacramento, California, June 11, 1867.

20, 9 ad. (parent of No. 18); Sacramento, California, June 11, 1867. 7— lOf—
3j — 2|| — I — }l — 2J — IJ. Upper mandible, dark bluish horn-color, lower light, some-
what lilaceous, ashy-white; iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, horn-color.

44, <J ad.; Sacramento, June 17, 1867. 7^— llj— 3|— 3^1— |— 3— 1^. Upper
mandible blackish-slate, lower light p^umbeous-blue; iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, plum-
beous-brown.

51, nest and eggs (3); Sacramento, California, June 18, 1867.

82, nest and eggs (3); Sacramento, California, June 24, 1867.

91, nest and eggs (3); Sacramento, California, June 29, 1867.

Nests all similarly situated, being placed about six feet from ground, in small
cotton-woods, in edge of copse.

Cyanospiza AMCENA.

liazuli Buntingr*

Emheriza amoena. Say, Long's Exped., II, 1823, 47.

Cyanospiza amoena, Baied, B. N. Am., 1868, 504 ; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 386.—
Cooper, Orn.Cal., 1,1870,233.— CouES, Key, 1872,149; Check List, 1873,
No. 198; B. N.W., 1874, 170.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 84, pi.
XXX, figs. 11, 12.— HenSHAW, 1875, 300.

This pretty little Bunting was a very common species in all the fertile
valleys, as well as iu the lower cations of the mountains, its range being
co-extensive with that of Hedymeles melanocephalus. Like its eastern con-
gener, C. cyanea, of which it is a perfect counterpart in habits, manners, and
notes, it frequents bushy places only ; but it avoids the sage-brush tracts,
and resorts to the more thrifty shrubbery in the vicinity of the streams.

List of specimens.

9, nest and egg (1) ; Sacramento, California, June 8, 1867. Nest on extremity of
drooping branch of small oak, in grove, about four feet from ground.

PIPILO MEGALONYX— P. OREGONUS. 491

38, nest and eggs; Sacramento, June 12, 1867. Nest in bush.

92, nest and eggs; Sacramento, June 29, 1867. Nest in bush.

99, nest and eggs (2) ; Hunter's Station, Nevada, July 1, 1867. Nest in bush, along
stream.

835, nest and eggs (3) ; Austin, Nevada, July 4, 1868. Nest in wild-roso brier, along
stream in canon.

850, $ ad.; East Humboldt Mountains, July 21, 1868. 5f — 8f— (!)— 2f . Upper
mandible, black, tomium pale bluish ; lower, pale blue, point blackish ; iris, dark
Vandyke ; tarsi and toes, dull sepia.

962, $ ad.; Salt Lake City, May 20, 1869. 5^—9^. Bill, generally deep black,
lower mandible plumbeous, strip of black on gonys ; iris, dark brown ; tarsi and toes,
deep black.

1063, i ad.; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 27, 1869. 5§— 9J^. Upper mandible,
black ; lower, bluish-white, a streak of black on the gonys (a constant feature in
adult males); iris, brown; tarsi and toes, sepia-black.

1237, nest and eggs (3) ; Parley's Park, Utah, June 23, 1869. Nest in wild-rose
brier, by stream.

1303, nest and eggs (4) ; Parley's Park, Utah, June 27, 1869. Nest in bush near
stream.

1357, nest and eggs (4) ; Parley's Park, July 2, 1869. Nest among rosebushes, by
stream.

1418, nest and eggs ; Parley's Park, July 16, 1869.

PiPILO MACULATU8.
1¥esterii Towliee.

/?. megahnyx — Long-clawed Ground Robin.

Pipilo megalonyx, Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 515, pi. Lxxin; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859,

No. 394.— Cooper, Oru. Cal., I, 1870, 242.
Pipilo maculatus var. megalonyx^ Coues, Key, 1872, 152 ; Check List, 1873, No.

205b.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 113, pi. xxxi, fig. 12.— Henshaw,

1875, 303.

y. oregonus — Oregon Ground Robin.

Pipilo oregonusy Bell, Ann. Lye. N. H., New York, V, 1^2, 6.— Baird, B. N.

Am., 1858, 513; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 302.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 241.
Pipilo maculatus var. oregonus, CouES, Key, 1872, 152 ; Check List, 1873, No. 206.

B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 116, pi. xxi, fig. 9.

Of the western species of this genus, which resemble in their general
markings the P. erythrophthalmus of the East, three definable forms have
been recognized, these representing separate geographical areas, and thus
corresponding to what are termed geographical, or climatic, races.^ These

^ Typical maculatuSj representing a fourth race, inhabits the table-lands of Mexico;
additional forms are, P. carmanij Baird, of Socorro Island, and P. oonsobrinus^ Eidg-
way, of Guadalupe.

492 ORNITHOLOGY.

forms are sufficiently easy to recognize in typical or extreme specimens,
but such constitute so small a proportion of the number usually em-
braced in collections, that if called upon to define these supposed races
by trenchant characters, it is very doubtful whether we could succeed to
our own satisfaction, while the concurrence of others could scarcely be
expected. This is especially the case with regard to the oregonus and
megalonyx types, both of which came under our observation in the field.
Judging from the specimens alone, of these two forms, we should not think
of recognizing two races in the series before us, for it is absolutely impossible
to distinguish certa^in specimens obtained in western Nevada from others
taken in Utah. But since the notes of the birds of the two localities were
so extremely dissimilar as to really astonish us upon the discovery of the
fact, we cannot ignore this difference between the birds of the two districts ;
this, therefore, is our reason for arranging their synonymy as above.

In their manners and general appearance these western Ground Robins
call at once to mind the eastern Towhee (P. erythrophthalmus)^ for they have
the same colors (with merely minor differences, not distinguishable at a
distance), the same flirting flight, while they are inseparably attached to
the most bushy localities. But in direct contrast to the familiar eastern
species, we found the western Towhee to be everywhere one of the very
shyest birds of the country. The notes, too, are most remarkably dififerent,
since none of them are in the least attractive, but, on the contrary, simple
and rude almost in the extreme.

The Oregon Ground Robin was found from Sacramento to the West
Humboldt Mountains, it being equally common on both sides, of the Sierra
Nevada. Within the Great Basin, its range was strictly confined to the
valleys and connecting caiions of the western depression, while it was
abundant in proportion to the proximity of a locality to the Sierra. In
sununer it was generally distributed — ^that is, included the lower canons of
the mountains in its range, as well as the river- valleys ; but in winter, it
appeared to make a more or less extensive vertical migration, nearly, if not
quite, forsaking the mountain localities. At Sacramento, it frequented the
thickets around the border of fields in the outskirts of the city, in the same
places as those inhabited by the Yellow-breasted Chat and Song Sparrow

PIPILO MEGALONYX— p. OREGONUS. 493

(Icteria longicauda and Melospiza heermanni); and in the lower fertile valleys
of the Interior, as those of the Truckee and Carson rivers, it chose similar
localities along the river-banks. It was extremely rare in the fertile
mountain canons, excepting their lower portions, being far from common in
the vicinity of our camps in the West Humboldt range. It was nowhere
else so numerous as along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, near Carson
City, where it was the most abundant bird among the scattered scraggy
shrubs of dwarf-plum (Prunus demissaf) mixed with currant bushes, which
grew plentifully in the old fields just below the commencement of the pine
timber. There it was found chiefly during the spring, summer, and autumn,
none having been observed during the coldest part of the winter, at which
time they had sought shelter in the dense willow thickets in the river- valleys.
About the middle of February, however, they began returning to their sum-
mer haunts at the foot of the mountains, and were observed, at first sparingly,
in the locality described above, as well as in the dense chaparral of laurel
( Ceanothus velutinus) and manzanita (Arctostaphylus glauca) on the sides of the
ravines. Up to about the 9th of March they were nearly silent, their only
note being a very common-place teisJij uttered usually in an impertinent tone.
At about the above date, however, the males commenced to sing, or rather to
utter their rude trill, during the delivery of which the performer occupied a
conspicuous position, as the summit of a tall bush or the top of a high rock,
where he sat for an hour at a time, as he performed his part in the morn-
ing chorus, the black and white of his markings contrasting boldly, and his
form clearly defined against the blue sky. The quality of the performance,
however, it seemed to us, by no means justified such ostentation, for it
amounted to no more than a rude trill, so simple as not to deserve the name
of song, notwithstanding the frequency of its repetition and the earnestness
of the performer. None of the few notes uttered by this bird bear the
remotest resemblance to those of the eastern species (P. erythrophthalmus)^
although the spring-call described above may be compared to the final trill
of the very creditable performance of the latter bird. At all times this
bird was excessively shy — another striking contrast to its eastern relative —
and was thus extremely difficult to procure, seldom allowing one to approach
within gunshot ; if too closely followed, flitting in its peculiar manner, for

494 ORNITHOLOGY.

short distances at a time, 'over the buslies, flirting the expanded white-
tipped tail at each heavy beat of the wings.

Eastward of the West Humboldt Mountains, few Ground Robins were
observed until we annved at Salt Lake City ; indeed, none were seen except
at our camp near Austin, in the Toyabe Mountains, and in the eastern canons
of tlie Ruby range, at both of which places they were so extremely rare
that we could not determine the race.^ At Salt Lake City, however,
we found the species again very abundant, even more so than at Carson
City, and also inhabiting the chaparral on the foot-hills, which in this
case consisted of scrub-oaks instead of manzanita, laurel, and wild-plum
bushes. It was noticed immediately, however, that while to all appear-
ance they were the same birds as those found near Carson City, they
uttered totally different notes, which we found to agree perfectly with Dr.
Coues' description in his '^ Prodrome," a fact which impressed us at once,
for we had previously striven in vain to detect in the notes of the birds of
this species at Carson the remotest resemblance to any uttered by the Cat-bird
or the ^*Dickcissel" [EmpizaY^ and since in their characters the specimens
agreed perfectly with the diagnosis of megalonyx, we had considered the
description of the notes above referred to as erroneous, and were thus glad
to find so satisfactory a relief from our dilemma. Instead of the rude, rather
suppressed teish with which we had been familiar, a sharp mew was heard,
scarcely distinguishable from the notes of the Cat-bird, found in the same
locality; and the song was a very decided improvement on that of the west-
ern individuals, for, instead of a short, simple trill, apparently '* strained
out'' after considerable effort, these trills were multiplied and connected by
other notes, so that a passable song resulted. There was still no approach to
the notes of P. erythrophthalmuSy however, excepting a very slight one in the
song ; but the habits of the birds were much less shy, though they were
far from being so confidingly familiar as the very tame eastern species.

^ Judging from the circumstance that accessions from the Rocky Mountain fauna
were first encountered at these two localities, it seems most probable that the Ground
Robins met with were also the Rocky Mountain form — P. megalonyx,

^"Ordinary call-note almost exactly like that of Minus caroUnensis ; the song a
rather harsh and monotonous repetition of four or six syllables^ something like that of
JEuspiza americana.^^ — Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci , 1866, p. 89.

PIPTLO MEGALONYX— P. OREGO\^US. 495

Idst of specimens,

/?. megalonyx,

956, nest and eggs (2) ; Salt Lake City, May 20, 1869. Nest on ground, among
scrub-oaks on hill-side.

957, nest and eggs (3) ; Salt Lake City, May 20, 1869. Same remarks.

958, <? ad.; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 20, 1869. 8^—10^. Bill, pure black ; iris,
red -lead color; tarsi and toes, slaty-sepia.

10C3, $ ad.; Salt Lake City, May 24, 1869. 8|f— 11. Bill, pure black ,• iris,
intense scarlet", tarsi, purplish-sepia, toes darker.

1034, i ad.; Salt Lake City, May 24, 1869. 8|— 11|. Same remarks.

1035, <? ad.; Salt Lake City, May 24, 1869. 8|— 11. Same remarks.

1043, nest and eggs (4); Salt Lake City, May 24, 1869. Nest on ground, beneath
sage-bush.

1069, ? ad.; Salt Lake City, May 29, 1869. 8f— 11. Same remarks.

1096, nest and eggs (4) 5 Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 4, 1869. Side of
ravine. Nest on ground, beneath sage-bush.

1185, nest and eggs (3) ; Salt Lake City, June 18, 1869. Nest on ground, among
scrub-oaks.

1186, nest and eggs (3) ; Salt Lake City, June 18, 1869. Nest on ground, beneath
uprooted oak in thicket.

y. oregonus.

35, nest and eggs (3); Sacramento City, California, June 12, 1867. Nest on
ground, beneath fallen dead thistle, in thick cotton-wood copse.

199, ^ ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 20, 1867. 8|— lOJ—
^T6 — ^ — H — I — ^ — ^S' ^^^^ blackish-slate, commissure and lower mandible inclin-
ing to ashy ; iris, deep brownish vermilionred ; tarsi and toes, dark horn-color.

222, 2 ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, October 3, 1867. 8f — 10f--35^2J— i—
1^4^ — 2^. Bill, black, lower mandible inclining to dusky slate, paler basally; iris^
light hazelred; tarsi and toes, deep purplish horn-color.

227, i ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, October 4, 1867. 8f— 11^-31—3^^—
-9_ — 1 — 4^3_ — x|^ j3ii|^ slate-black, ashy on lower mandible; iris, light brownish-yellow;
tarsi and toes, light horn-color.

235, (J ad.; West Humboldt Mountains, October 7, 1867. 81— 10y\— 3J— 25 — ,»^—
II — 4 — 2 J. IriSj deep rufous.

434, 9 ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 9, 1868. 8^10^— 3J— 2|. Bill, slate-
black; im, intense orange-chrome ; tarsi and toes, dilute purplish-sepia, the toes with a
violaceous cast.

476, i ad.; Carson City, March 30, 1868. 8f ~11|— 3|— 3. Bill, perfectly uni-
form, slaty black 5 iris^ rich scarlet

495, ^ ad.; Carson City, April 4, 1868. 8|— 11 — 3g — 3. Same remarks.

[In the western species, the iris when intense red — indicating high maturity —
is never of the carmine shade often seen in erythrophthalmtusj but inclines more to
scarlet or orange-red.]

496 ORNITHOLOGY.

Pjpilo CHLOEUEUS.
Orecn^tailed Bniitingr.

(Pooe-tse^'tse of the Washoes.)

'^Fringilla cMorura^ Townsend," Audubon, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 336.

Pipilo chlornrus, Baird, Birds K Ain., 1858, 519; Cat. K. Am. Birds, 1859, No.
398.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 248.— Coues, Key, 1872, 153; Check List, 1873,
No. 208; Birds N.W., 1874, 176.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874,
131, pi. XXXI, fig. 4.— Henshaw, 1875, 307.

This very interesting species was met with on all the higher ranges,
from the Sierra Nevada to the Uintahs, particularly in the elevated parks
and cafions, where it was one of the most characteristic birds. We never
observed it at a lower altitude than the beginning of the canons, or, as
happened rarely, in ravines of the foot-hills, while, in the river- valleys, it
appeared to be entirely wanting. It is apparently migratory, as none were
observed between the months of September and April, and in its passage
to and from the south appears to follow the mountain ranges without
performing sufficient vertical migration to reach the lower valleys. In
the cafions of the lofty Toyabe Mountains, near Austin, this species was
exceedingly abundant in the early part of July; it was also very common
in the higher cafions and elevated garden-like slopes of the Ruby range,
while in similar places near the station of Evanston, on the high Uintahs,
numbers were heai'd singing on every hand during our brief stay there, in
the month of May. Like its congeners, this species is a bird of the chap-
arral, living chiefly in the brushwood of the cafions and ravines; but it is
also found among the rank herbage of those flowery slopes so characteristic
of the higher portions of that mountainous region.

In the position of its nest there was a rather unusual uniformity of
habit manifested, especially by the birds of one locality; thus, those found
at Austin were all placed in the thickest part of low bushes of the
Symphoricarpus montanuSj at a height of eighteen inches to two feet above
the ground; the same was usually the case in Parley's Park, although
sometimes other shrubs, as wild-currant bushes, were selected. The
maximum number of eggs found in a nest was four.

PIPtLO GHLORURUS. 497

The song of this bird is possessed of great strength and clearness^ as
well as considerable variety, approaching most nearly that of the Bay-
winged Bunting (Pooecetes gramineus) in style, tone, and modulation. It is
louder, however, and more continued, though in the latter respect it is far
inferior to that of Chondestes grammaca. Tfie ordinary note is remarkably
sweet, sounding like a laughing pronunciation of the syllables keek^ heek\
very much in the tone of the tweet of a Canary-bird; this note is uttered
on, the approach of anyone, when the bird hops familiarly about the
stranger, without manifesting any symptoms of uneasiness at his presence,
but rather expressing pleasure in its notes.

List of specimens.

169, 9 ad,; Camp 18, West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 7, 1867.
7ji_10— 3^^— 2|— y»5— }|— 34— IJ. Upper mandible, slate-black, tomium bluish-
white; lower, bluish-white, almost milk-white at the base; m>, purplish rufous ; tarsi,
and toes, bluish horn-color, *

532, i ad,; Carson City, Nevada, April 25, 1868. 7^|— lOJ— 3^V-2S. Upper
mandible, black, tomium plumbeous-blue; lower, pure pale plumbeous-blue, tip
black; m«, de^ purplish-ferruginous (very similar to color of crown); tarsi, dilute
whitish-sepia; toes, deeper sepia.

817 (4), 818 (3), nests and eggs; Austin, Nevada, July 2, 1868.

822 (4), 823 (4), 824 (2), 825 (2), 826 (2), nests and eggs ; Austin, Nevada, July 3,
1868.

929, $ ad.; Camp 25, Humboldt Valley, September 16, 1868. 7J— 10— (!)— 2f.
Same remarks.

959, ? ad,; Salt Lake City, May 20, 1869. 7^—95 . Upper mandible and gonys,
black, lower pale blue; iris, raw-sienna; tarsi, lilaceous sepia, toes darker, more
plumbeous-sepia.

1052, 3 ad,; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 26, 1869. 7f — 10. Upper mandible,
plumbeous-black, lower plumbeous-blue; irisy cinnamon ; tarsi, pale brown; toes,
darker.

1234, 1235, nests and eggs (3) ; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, June
23, 1869. Thick low bush, by stream.

1274, nest and eggs (3); Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, June 24,
1869. Thick 4ow bush, by stream*

1295, nest and eggs (3)j Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, June 25,
1869. Nest on ground, beneath bush.

1313, nest and eggs (3); Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, June 27,
1869. Nest on ground, beneath bush.

1320 (4), 1321 (2), nests and eggs; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah,
June 27, 1869. Bushes by stream,

1325 (4), 1326 (2), nests and eggs ; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah,
June 28, 1869. Bushes by stream.
32 P B

498 ORKITHOLOGY.

1478, f juv.; Parley's Park, Jaly 30, 1869. 7|— lOJ. General hue of bill, livid
slate, pinkish along the tomium and base beneath^ iris, ashyumher ; tarsi and toes,
deep horn.

1479, 9 juv.^ Parley^s Park, July 30, 1869. 7J^9f . Same remarks.

PlPILO OBISSALIS.
Brown BniUlnir.

Fringilla crissalis^ ViooBS, Zool. Beechey's Voyage, 1839, 19.

Pipilo fu8cu8 var. crissalis^ COUES, Key, 1872, 163; Check List, 1873, No. 206b.

B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 122, pi. xxxi, fig. 8.
Pipilo fuscus^ Bated, Birds K Am., 1858, 517 [not of Swainson, Philos. Mag.,

1, 1827]; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 396.— Cooper, Oru. Cal., 1, 1870, 245.

This large Bunting was noticed only during our ascent of the western
slope of the Sierra Nevada, the species being easily recognized by its large
size and uniform tawny color. It was first encountered in the ravines of
the lowest foot-hills, and was continually observed among the thickets and
chaparral by the roadside until the pine-forest grew dense and closed in to
the roadside, after which none were seen. It appeared to be a very silent
species, since no notes were heard.

Family ALAUDIDJl— Laeks.
Eeemophila alpesteis.

Horned I^ark ; Shore Iiark*

a. alpestris.
Alauda alpestris^ Fobstbr, Philos. Trans., LXII, 1772, 398.
Eremophila alpestris^ BoiE, Isis, 1828, 332.— CoUES, Key, 1872, 89, fig. 32; Check

List, 1873, No, 63.— HENSH4W, 1875, 309.
Eremophila alpestris var. alpestris^ B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am, B., II, 143, pi. xxxir,

figs. 1, 2.
Eremophila alpestris. a. alpestris^ CoUES, B. KW., 1874, 37,
Alauda cornutaj Wilson, Am. Orn., I, 1808, 87 (in text). •

Eremophila cornutaj BoiE, Isis, 1828, 322.— Baied, B. N, Am,, 1858, 403 ; Cat.

N. Am. B., 1859, Ko. 302.

/?. leucolcema.

f Otoeorys oecidentalis^ MoOall, Pr. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., V, 1851, 218 (iuvJ).
—Baied, Stansbury^s Salt Lake, 1852, 318.

Eremophila alpestris rar. fet*catowa, OouES, B. N. W., 1874, 38.— Hbnshaw, 1875,
309.

EREMOPHIIiA ALPESTEIS. 499

y, chrysolcema.
Alauda chrysolasma^ Wagler, Isis, 1831, 350.
Eremophila comuta var. chrysolcema, Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 403.
Hremophila alpestris var. chrysol^ma, Coues, Key, 1872, 89 ; Check List, 1873, No.

53a.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II» 1874, 144.— Henshaw, 1875, 310.
EremopMla alpestris. c. chrysolcema, Coues, B. N.W., 1874, 38.
EremopUla comuta^ Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 251 (part).

Few birds are more widely distributed than this one ; and if the sage-
brush deserves the title of "everlasting," from its abundance and uniform
distribution, it would be as proper to designate this species as "omnipresent,"
so far as the more open portions of the western country are concerned. No
locality is too barren for it, but, on the contrary, it seems to fancy best the
most dry and desert tracts, where it is often the only bird to be seen over
miles of country, except an occasional Dove {Zencedura carolinensis)j or a
solitary Raven, seen at wide intervals. Neither does altitude appear to
affect its distribution, except so far as the character of the ground is modi-
fied, since we saw them in July and August on the very summit of the
Ruby Mountains, at an altitude of about 11,000 feet, the ground being
pebbly, with a stunted and scattered growth of bushes. The small, deep-
colored race known as chrysolcema was the usual form found in summer, but
in winter most of these seemed^ to have migrated southward, their place
being taken by flocks from the north, composed of migratory individuals
of the races called alpestris and leucol(Bma, of which the former predomijaated.

List of specimens,
a. alpestris and ^. leucolcema}

148, ^ a(Z.; valley of tbe Humboldt (Camp 17), August 21, 1867. 7i— 12|— 4J—
3J — ^^ — % — 2g — fj^. Bill, plumbeous-black, basal half of lower mandible pearl-white ;
iris, umber; tarsi and toes, purplish-cinereous.

232, $ ad.', West Humboldt Mountains (Camp 19), October 4, 1867. 7^^—12^—
^\ — 3^ — J — I — 2jf — }|. Tarsi and toes, plumbeous-black.

^ We include the specimens of these two races together for the reason that they
are not distinguished in our note-books, while the specimens themselves are not acces-
sible at the present time. All the examples referable to these two races were collected
in autumn or winter, during their migrations southward. Throughout the winter they
were found in large flocks, frequenting all open places, and in severe weather daily
venturing into the streets and door-yards of the towns. During the winter-season the
present, or northern-bred, birds nearly replace the summer-resident, var. chrysolcema^
though sometimes individuals of the latter may be shot from a large flock.

500 OBNETHOLOQY.

302, 9 ad.: Trackee Meadows, November 19, 13G7. 7^^— 13— 4§-^J~i^}J-^3— J.
Tarsi and toes, Ihid-black.

395, ^ ad.; Washoe Yalley, January 3, 1868. TJ— 13— 4y«^— 3J. Bill, plumbeous-
black, basal two-thirds of lower mandible abruptly, bluish-white ; iris, umber; tarsi
and toes, deep black.

397, S ad.; Washoe Valley, January 3, 1868. 7^-^.131— 4|—.3f. Same remarks.

417, i ad.; Washoe Valley, January 3, 1868. 7^— 13J — 4^—3^. Same remarks.

304, i ad.; Wa«hoe Valley, Nevada, January 3, 1868. 7— ISJ— 6§— 3g— 3?^— }f
— 2| — J. Bill, plumbeons-whitef culmen and terminal third slaty; iris, umber; tarsi,
redduhsepia, toes, more blackish, yellow beneath (much as in Anthus ludovicianiis).

396, 9 ad.; Washoe Valley, Nevada, January 3, 1868. 6j— 11§— 3}f — 3J. Same
remarks.

398, <J ad.; Washoe Valley, Nevada, January 3, 1868. 7— 12 J— 4J— 3|, Same
remarks.

784, nest and eggs (4); Truckee Reservation, June 3, 1868. Nest imbedded in
hard gravelly ground, beneath small scraggy sage-bush, on mesa between river and
mountains.

819, nest and eggs (3) ; Port Churchill, Nevada, June 24, 1868. Nest on ground,
underneath sage-bush.

1032, i ad.; Salt Lake City, UUh, May 22, 1869. 7— 12J. Bill, black, basal two-
thirds of lower mandible bluish- white; iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, sepia-black.

1094, <J ad.; Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 4, 1869. 7^13 J. Bill, pure
blue-black, basal two-thirds of lower mandible fine pale blue ; iris, brown ; tarsi and
toes, dark sepia.

Family ICTERID^ — Hang-nests, American Orioles, or

American Starlings.

dolichonyx ortzivorus.

Bob-o-link.

/S. cdbinuchm.

Dolichonyx wysAtoru^ var. oMnmha, RmowAY, Bull. Essex Inst., V, Nov., 1873,
192.--CotJES^ Check List, 1873, App., p. 129.

Dolwhonyx oryzivarusy Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 255 (part).— Henshaw, 1875,
311.

The Bob-o-link seems to he spreading over all dis^tricts of the "Far
West^ wherever tJie cultivation of the cereals has extended. We found it

MOLOTHBUS ATER. 501

common in August in the wheat-fields at the Overland Ranche in Ruby-
Valley, and we were informed at Salt Lake City that it was a common spe-
cies on the meadows of that section of the country in May, and again in
the latter part of summer, when the grain ripened. We did not meet with
it in summer, however, and doubt whether it breeds anywhere in the Inte-
rior south of the 40th parallel^

List of specimens,
87^, ? ad.; Raby Valley, Nevada (Camp 21), August 28, 1868.

MOLOTHRUS ATER.
Cow Blackbird.

a. ater.

Mohthrus ater^ Gray, Hand List, II, 1870, 36, No. 6507 [cites Bodd., PL Bui.,
1783, 606, fig. 1].— BaiRd, Orn. Simpson^s Exped., 1876, 370.

Fringilla pecoriSy Gmelin, Syst. Nat, I, 1788, 910.

Moloihrus peeorisy SwAiNS. & Rich., Fauna Bor. Am., II, 1831, 277.— Bated, B. N.
Am., 1858, 524; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 400.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 257.—
CotJES, Key, 1872, 155 ; Check List, 1873, No. 211.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am.
B., II, 1874, 154, pi. XXXII, figs. 6, 7.— Henshaw, 1875, 312.

Molothrus pecoris. a. pecoris^ CoUES, B. N.W., 1874, 180.

We found this species to be so rare in the country traversed by the
expedition that the list of specimens given below comprises every individual
seen during the whole time.

List of specimens,

146, a jup.; Camp 17, valley of tbe Humboldt, August 31, 1867, 8— 13J— 4J—
3|-«^T^— .1_2| — IJ. Bill, slate-black, paler and more lilaceous on lower mandible;
iris, bazel ; tarsi and toes, black.

147, ? jwt?.; Gamp 17, valley of the Humboldt, August 31, 1867. 7 jV-12^V-*tV—
3|— ^— 5— 2|— 14. Same remarks.

782, i ad,; Truckee Eeservation, June 2, 1868. 8J— 14— (!)— 3|. Bill, tarsi, and
toes, deep black; iris, burnt-umber.

1231, egg ; Parley's Park, Wahsatcb Mountains, Utah, June 23, 1869. Deposited
in nest of Passerella schistacea,

1401, egg ; Bear Kiver Valley, Utah, June, 1869. Deposited in nest of Geothlypis
trichas, (Collected by Mr. J. 0. Olmstead.)

* According to Mr. Henshaw {l. c), the Bobolink apparently breeds, at Provo,
Utah, parent birds having been noticed feeding their young, July 25th.

502 OENITHOLOGY.

X ANTHOCEPHALTTS ICTEEOOEPHALUS.
Yellow-headed Blackbird*

{Se-zooh! of the Washoes.)

Icterus icterocephalus^ BoNAP., Am. Orn., 1, 1835, 27, pi. 3.

Xanthocephalm icterocephalus^ Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 531 ; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859,
Ko. 404— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 267.— Coues, Key, 1872, 156, fig. 98 ; Check
List, 1873, No. 213 ; B. N. W., 1874, 188.— B. B. & K., Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874,
167, pi. xxxii, fig. 9; pi. xxxiii, fig. 9— Henshaw, 1875, 315.

In order to be assured of the presence of this large and conspicuous
specie^, it was only necessary to find an extensive marsh with a sufficient
extent of tall rushes, or, as termed in western parlance, tules. It was most
abundant in the vicinity of Sacramento City and along the southeastern
margin of the Great Salt Lake, near the mouth of the Jordan River; but it
was also plentiful at all mtermediate points where suitable localities existed.
These birds generally frequent the same marshes as the Red-wings {AgelcBus)^
but usually the two congregate in colonies in separate portions of a marsh.
In general habits there is much resemblance to the Red-wings, especially
in their fondness for mai'shy localities ; but in many respects there is a
closer approach to the Cow-bird (Molothrus), notably in their very terres-
trial nature ; for they may be very often observed walking over the green-
sward of the damp meadows with a firm, stately, and graceful gait, in the
manner of the species alluded to above. The eggs, also, are more like those
of Molothrvs than those of Agelceus.

The notes of the Yellow-headed Blackbird are among the harshest and
rudest we have heard in any species. Their general character is that char-
acteristic of most ** Blackbirds" of this family, the ordinary note being a
deep chuck^ similar to that of Quiscalus purpureus or Q, ceneus, but louder ;
while the song of the male is a discordant squawk, apparently ** strained
out " by great effort, in a squeaking, rasping sort of way, like the similar
performance of Mohthrus or Quismlmj but differing in that many of the
notes compare, in loudness and grating tone, with those of the Guinea Hen
{Numida meleagris). The singer, however, evidently thinks his perform-
ance pleasing, and it probably is to his mate, for he makes a great parade

AGEL.EUS PHOBNICEUS. 503

of himself, spreading his tail widel)'-, drcK)ping bis wings, and swelling out
his body at each effort.

The species was partially migratory in the Interior, only a few ex-
amples being seen during the winter at Carson City, these being mostly
solitary individuals mixed in with flocks of Scolecophagus cyanocephaliis^
although occasionally small troops visited the corrals for the purpose of
gleaning the half-digested grain from the manure. Their gregarious naturfe
was manifest at all times, however, even in summer, for they nested in
large communities, apart from the other marsh-birds, although always found
in close proximity to them.

List of specimens,

39, nest and eggs (3); Sacramento, California, June 12, 1867. Nest in tule-slough.

140, ^a<i.; Camp 17, valley of the Humboldt, Nevada, August 30, 1867. 11—
I'^i— ^tI — ^i — 5 — ^16— 4y3^ — 1|f. Bill, tarsi, and toes, deep black; iris, hazel.

523, i ad.; Carson City, Nevada, April 24, 1868. 10§-.17— 5|^— 4f . Kemarks
as above.

965, Sad.; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 21, 1869. 11— 18J. Bill, tarsi, and toes,
deep black ; iris, brown.

966, $ ad,; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 21, 1869. 11^— 18^. JEiemarks as above.
973-1004, thirty-two nests with eggs; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 21, 1869. i^ests

among the tules^ in a slough, near Warm Spring Lake ) maximum number of eggs, four.

1021, S ad.; Salt Lake City, May 22, 1869. 11^18|^. Bill, tarsi, and toes, black ;
iris, brown.

1022, 9 ad.; Salt Lake City, May 22, 1869. 9— 14f. Bill, dusky horn color,
darker above ; iris, brown ] tarsi and toes, black.

AGBLiEUS PHCENICEUS.
Bed-shouldered Blackbird.

a. pTmnicem — Red-and-huff-shouldered Blackbird.

{Se-^oo' 'te-mo-lah^ -gehk of the Washoes; Pah-cooV -up-at^ -su-que of the

Paiutes.)

Oriolus phceniceus^ Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 161.

AgelcBus phcenioeus^ Vieill., Analyse, 1816.— Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858,626;
Cat. K Am. Birds, 1859, No. 401.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 261.— CouES,
Key, 1872, 156, pi. 4; Check List, 1873, No. 212.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am.
Birds, II, 1874, 169, pi. xxxiii, figs. 1, 2, 3.— Henshaw, 1876, 313.

Agelwtis phcenicem. a. pJiwniceuSy CouES, Birds N.W., 1874, 186.

504 OENITHOLOGY.

yff. gub€rnator-—Bed-and-black'Shoul<Jlered Blackbird.

PsarocoUm guhernator^ Wagleb, Isis, 1832, 281.

Agelcem ^w&ernafor, Bokap., Oomp. and Geog. List^ 1838, 30.— Baird, Birds N.

Am., 1868, 529; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 402.— Cooper, Orn. Oal., I,

1870,263.

Agelceus ph^niceus var. gubemator^ CoUES, Key, 1872, 156; Checli List, No. 212a.

— B. B. & K., Hist. K Am. Birds, II, 1874, 163, pi. xxxiii, figs. 4, 8.
Agelceus phoeniceus. c. gubernatorj CouES^ Birds N.W., 1874, 186

The Red- winged Blacl4)ird was found in all marshy places, being
especially numerous in the vicinity of the great lakes of the Interior
and along the larger rivers. The form distinguished as gubernator was
exceedingly abundant among the tules near Sacramento, where it was
associated with A. tricolor and Xanthocephalus icterocephcUm ; but east of the
Sierra Nevada it was found only in the western depression, and was there
very rare compared with the commoner form, A, phcenicem.

List of specimens.
a. phceniceus.

141, (J; Camp 17, valley of the Huniboidt, Nevada, August 30, 1867. OJ— 14|
— "(^)— 05)-- if^l— 3f-~l|- Bill, dark hepatic-brown, stripe of black on side of
lower mandible and on the culmen ; iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, black.

142, S; Camp 17, valley of the Humboldt, S"evada, August 30, 1867. 9— 14|—
4}f— 4^1^— 1—1— 34— (!). Same remarks.

154, (J; Camp 17, September 2, 1867. OJ— 14|— If— 3^— jf— 1— 3| -IJ. Same
remarks.

238, i; Camp 19, West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, October 7, 1807. 0§— 15|
— 5^^^ — H — i — ^ — ^1 — H' BiU> tarsi, and toes, black; iris, hazel.

265, <J; Camp 26, Truckee Meadows, Nevada, November 8, 1867. Willows. 9J
— 15J — 45 — 4^5 — I — 1— 3J — If. Bill, dull blackish, slightly brownish on tomium and
gopys; iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, black.

266, ^; Camp 26, Truckee Meadows, Nevada, November 8, 1867. 9J— 15f— 4||
— 4 — I — 1 — 3^ — 1^. Same remarks.

267, i ; Camp 26, Truekee Meadows, Nevada, November 8, 1867. 9— 14 J— 4f J—
^ll~~ll — }| — ^i — ^i- ^^^^ uniform brownish-black, lower mandible rather paler.

268, ii Camp 26, November 8, 1867. Willows. 9|— 15— 4^— 4— J— 1— 3§— 1^.
Bill, uniform dull black.

293, (J; Camp 26, November 18, 1867. 9^— ISJ- 5J~4J— if— l^V-SJ- If. Bill,
uniform slate-black; iris, vandyke-brbwu ; tarsi and toes, black.

294, ^; Camp 26, November 18, 1867. 9i— 15J— 6^4J— J^l^^— 3|— 1^. Bill,
slaty -black, inclining to brownish-cinereous on basal portion of lower mandible.

295, ^; Camp 26, November 18, 1867. 9— 14§— 4|— 3f— f|— Ix^— 3^— ii- Same
remarks. .

AGEL^US TEICOLOR. 505

296, <?5 Oamp 26, November 18, 1867. 9J_15|— 54— iy'^— |f— l^V-^S— H.
Same remai ks. (Prepared by Mr. Parker.)

297, ?; Camp 26, November 18, 1867. 8J— 13— 4^-^^^— }|— }f— SJ— IJ. Up-
per mandible, dull black, lower dull cinereous; iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, dull black.

298, ?; Oamp 26, November 18, 1867. 7|—12i— 4^—3/^-3— J— 3f—l J. Upper
mandible, brownish slaty-black, tomium paler, lower brownish cinereous; iris, van-
dyke-brown; tarsi and toes, black.

299, 9; Camp 26, November 18, 1867. 7f— 12§— 4J— 34— |f— }|-3— IJ. Same
remarks.

403, 9; Camp 26, November 19/ 1867. 7^-12^— 44— 3/^— }|— }f— 3/^— IJ.
Upper mandible, horn-black, tomium paler; lower pale horn-color, the point dusky;
iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, brownish-black,

566, $ ad.; Truckee Keservation, May 15, 1868. 9|— 15^— (!)— 4. Bill, tarsi,
and toes, deep black; iris, sepia.

772 (3), 773 (3); nests and eggs. Truckee Reservation, May 31, 1868. Nests in
small bushes, in overflowed meadow.

967, ^ ad.; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 21, 1869. 10— 16^. Bill, tarsi, and toes,
black; iris, brown.

988, S ad.; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 21, 1869. 10—16. Same remarks.

1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009; nests and eggs. Salt Lake City, May 21, 1869.
Tule-meadows; maximum number of eggs, four.

1023, <J ad.; Salt Lake City, May 22, 1869, 9|— 19. Remarks as above.

1024, <J ad.; Salt Lake City, May 22, 1869. 9^—15^. Remarks as above.

1025, <J ad.; Salt Lake City, May 22, 1869. 9§— 15g^. Remarks as above.
1089, nest and eggs (4); Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 4, 1869. Grassy

marsh, lake-shore.

1142 (4), 1143 (4), 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, nests and eggs;
Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 9, 1869. Ifesta in sagebrush, in alkaline pond,
near lake-shore.

)9. gubernator.

432, i ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 9, 1868. 9|— 15§— 5J— 4^. Bill, tarsi,
and toes, deep black; iris, hazel.

788, nest and eggs (4); Truckee Reservation, June 3, 1868. Nest in sipall bush,
in wet meadow.

AGELiEUS TRICOLOR.
Red-and*white-sliouldered Blackbird*

Icterus tricolor, NuTTALL, Man. Orn., I, 2d ed., 1840, 186.

Agelwus tricolor^ Bonap., Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 30. — Baibd, B. N. Am.,
1858, 630; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 403.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II,
1874, 165, pi. xxxin, figs. 5, 6, 7.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 265.

Agelcem phceniceus var. tricolor, COUES, Key, 1872, 156; Cbeck List,- 1873, No.
212b.

Agelwus phceniceus. d. tricolor, CouBS, Birds N. W., 1874, 186.

This very distinct species was seen only in the neighborhood of Sacra-

506 ORNITHOLOGY.

mento City, where it was excessively abundant, along with the A. guherna-
tar and Xanthocephalus icterocepJialus, among the tules near the riven The
individuals of this species were easily distinguished by their different appear-
ance, while their notes were strikingly dissimilar.

Rturnella neglecta.

Western meadow-I^arkt

{Se-zoo* -te-ya! "lehh of the Washoes; PaW-at-se^-tone of the Paiutes.)
8turneUa neghcta, Audubon, B. Am., VII, 1843, 339, pi. 487.— Baird, Birds N.

Am., 1868, 537; Oatal., 1850, Ko. 407.~Cooper, Oni. Cal., f, 1870^ 270.
Sturnella magna var. neglecta. CoUES, Key, 1872, 157 ; Check List, 1873, No. 214a.—

B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 176, pi. xxxiv, flg. 1.— Henshaw, 1875,
317.

Sturnella magna, h. neglecta^ OouES, B. N.W., 1874, 190.

The Western Meadow Lark is a generally-distributed species, since
it occurs wherever there are grassy tracts, as well as in the sage-brush
of the more fertile districts ; it is much less common in the mountains,
however, than in the lower valleys, and we do not remember meeting with
it higher up than an altitude of 7,000 feet. So far as general habits are
concerned, it is a cdunterpart of the eastern species {S. magna), but its notes
are most strikingly different, while it exhibits some very noticeable pecu-
limities of manners. It is a much more familiar bird than its eastern
relative, and we observed that the manner of its flight differed in an
important respect, the bird flitting along with a comparatively steady,
though trembling, flutter, instead of propelling itself by occasional spas-
modic beatings of the wings, then extending them horizontally during the
intervals between these beats, as is the well-known manner of flight of the
eastern species.

AH observers, we believe, from the earliest explorers to those of the
present time, agree as to the wide difference in the notes of the Western
Meadow Lai^k from those of the eastern bird ; and this we consider to be a
sufficient evidence of specific diversity, notwithstanding the close similarity
of general appearance— especially if taken in connection with the other
differences alluded to, and the equally important fact, attested by many
writers, that in the region where the habitats of the two forms adjoin they

STUENELLA NEGLEOTA. 507

are found together, each preserving with perfect distinctness its peculiarities
of habits and voice, there not being that gradual transition from one to the
other, in proceeding eastward or westward, which would exist in case the
differences were merely the impress of geographical causes.

We know of no two congeneric species, of any family of birds, more
radically distinct in all their utterances than the eastern and western Meadow
Larks, two years of almost daily association with the latter, and a much
longer famiHarity with the former, having thoroughly convinced us of this
fact ; indeed, as has been the experience of every naturaUst whose remarks
on the subject we have read or heard, we never even so much as suspected,
upon hearing the song of the Western Lark for the first time, that the author
of the clear, loud, ringing notes were those of a bird at all related to the
Eastern Lark, whose song, though equally sweet, is far more subdued —
half-timid — and altogether less powerful ahd varied. As to strength of
voice, no eastern bird can be compared to this, while its notes possess a
metallic resonance equalled only by those of the Wood Thrush, The modu-
lation of the song of the Western Lark we noted on several occasions, and
found it to be most frequently nearly as expressed by the following sylla-
bles : Tung''tung''tung'ah^ tillah^ 4iUah\ tung' — the first three notes deliberate,
full, and resonant, the next two finer and in a higher key, the final one hke
the first in accent and tone. Sometimes this song is varied by a metallic
trill, which renders it still more pleasing. The ordinary note is a deep-
toned tuck, much Hke the chuck of the Blackbirds {Qmscalus)^ but consid-
erably louder and more metallic ; another note is a prolonged rolling chat-
ter, somewhat similar to that of the Baltimore Oriole [Icterus haltimore\ but
correspondingly louder, while the anxious call-note is a liquid tyur^ which
in its tone and expression calls to mind the spring-call (not the warble) of
the Eastern Blue-bird {Sialia sialis), or the exceedingly similar complaining
note of the Orchard Oriole {Icterus spurius). In fact, all the notes of the
Western Lark clearly indicate its position in the family Icteridce^ which is
conspicuously not the case in the eastern bird.^

^The song itself is more like that of the Common Troupial {Icterus vulgaris) than
any other we have ever beard, but it is, if anything, more powerful ; the tone and
accent are, however, exceedingly similar.

508 ORNITHOLOGY.

Idat of spedmms.

149, Sjttv.; Gamp 17, valley of the Humboldt, Kevada, August 31, 1867. (Grassy
iriver-bottoni.) 9f — 14J — 4J--3| — 1^—1 A — ^—i' Upper mandible, light pinkish-
sepia; lower brownish lilaceous- white, tip darker; iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, deli-
cate lilaceous-white, faintly tinged with brown.

156, ^Jttu.; Camp 17, September 2, 1867. (Grassy river-bottom.) 9J— 14f— 4f—
m — 1^"— H*B — ^i — !• Upper mandible, clear light sepia, deepening into horn color
at end ; lower brownish lilaceous-whitii^h, darker terminally.

247, ijuv.; Gamp 19, West Humboldt Mountains, N^evada, October 11, 1867,
(Fields.) ]0|— 15— .5— 4|— lf—l^«^ — 3|— 1. CJpper mandible, deep borncolor, black-
ish terminally ; tomium and lower mandible, paler lildceons hom-color, darker ter-
minally; iris, hazel; tarsi, delicate brownish-whitish; toes, slightly darker.

362, ? juv.; Truckee Reservation, Nevada, December 18, 1867. 9— 141—4^—3 J—
^TB — ^\ — 23 — f. Bill, generally, delicate lilaceous-white; upper mandible with a dilute
brownish tinge, the culmen light sepia; iris, umber; tarsi and toes, delicate lilaceous-
white.

415, S ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 5, 1868. 9|— 16J — 5|— 4y^^. Upper man-
dible, fttecfc; basal portion of culmen, (between frontal feathers,) broad stripe on basal
three-fourths of upper totnium, with basal two-thirds of lower mandible |?ttr6 2)al^ blue;
tip of lower mandible, black; iris, umber; tarsi and toes, delicate, uniform, pale ashy-
lilaceous.

459, iad.; Carson, City, Nevada, March 26, 1868. 10|— 17— 5i~4i. Same re-
marks.

460, i ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 26, 1868. 10—16—5—4. Same remarks.
606, nest and eggs (5); Carson City, Nevadaj April 21, 1868. Nest imbedded in

ground beneath sage-bush ; nest precisely like that of 8. magna.

787, nest and eggs (4) ; Truckee Eeservation, June 3, 1868. Nest imbedded in the
ground, beneath a low bush, on the grassy bank of the river.

Icterus bullocki.

Bullock's Oriole.

{Yset'he of the Washoes.)

Xanikornus hullockiij SvtaINSON, Synop. Mex. Birds, Philos. Mag., r, 1827, 436.

Icterus bnllackiij Bonap., Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 29.— Baibd, B. N. Am., 1858,
549; Catal., 1859, No. 416.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 273.— Coues, Key, 1872,
158, fig. 100; Check List, 1873. No. 217; B. N.W., 1874, 195— B. B. & R.,
Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 199, pi. XXXTV, flgs. 3, 7.— Henshaw, 1875, 320.

Except in the higher pine forests, this beautiful Oriole is common in
all wooded localities of the western country. It abounded at Sacramento
to such an extent that several nests were often found in one tree, a large

ICTERUS BULLOOKL 509

cotton- wood by our camp containing five, some of which, however, were
unoccupied. In May we found numbers of them in the rich valley of the
Truckee, near Pyramid Lake, and observed that they were then subsisting
chiefly on the tender buds of the grease-wood {Obione confertifolia), in com-
pany with Eedymeles melanocephaluSy Pyranga ludoviciana^ and some other
species.

The nest of Bullock's Oriole is very similar in its structure and compo-
sition to that of the Baltimore (LbaUimore)y but it is less frequently pendu-
lous, and seldom, if ever, so gracefully suspended. Its usual position is
between upright twigs, near the top of the tree, thus resembling more that
of the Orchard Oriole (J. spurius), which, however, is very different in its
composition.

List of specimens.

1, nest and eggs (2); Sacramento, California, June 6, 1867. Nest in top of large
isolated cotton- wood.

220, nest; Camp 19, West Humboldt Mountains, October 1, 1867. In aspen-
thicket. (Collected by Mr. J. D. Hague.)

667, $ ad,; Truckee Reservation, May 15, 1868. 8J— 12|— (?)— 3^7^. Upper man-
dible, black, the toniium bluish- white; lower, pale blue, slightly dusky toward end of
gonys; iris, hazel ; tarsi and toes, pale brownish-blue.

808, nest; Truckee Reservation, May, 1868. Nest on drooping branch of
willow.

1057 (2), 1058 (5), nests and eggs ; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 27, 1869. l^ests in
mountain-mahogany bush, 1,500 feet above camp.

1061, $ad. (parent of No. 1057). 8— 12J. Upper mandible black, tomium and
lower mandible fine light blue; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, deep blue, with a faint
yellowish stain.

1065, nest and eggs (4); Salt Lake City, May 29, 1869. Nest in maple-sapling, in
wooded ravine. (City Creek Canon.)

1106, nest and eggs (2) ; Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 5, 1869. Nest
in apple-tree, in orchard.

1130, nest and eggs; Antelope Island, June 7, 1869. Willow-copse.

1178, 1179, nests and eggs; Salt Lake City, June 18, 1869. Mountain-mahogany
trees, 1,800 feet above camp.

1346, $ad.; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, June 28, 1869. 84—12.
Bill black, commissure and lower mandible fine light blue; iris, brown; tarsi and
toes, horn-blue.

1387, nest ; Provo River, Utah, July 10, 1869. Thorn apple bush,

1390, nest; Provo River, Utah, July 11, 1869. Thorn-apple bush.

510 ORNITHOLOGY.

SCOLECOPHAGUa CYAKOGBPHALUS.
Brewer's Blackbird.

PsarocoUus cyanocephaluSj Waglbb, Isis, 1829, 758.

Scolecophagus cyanooephalua^ Cabanis, Mas. Hein., I, 1851, 195. — Baibb, B. N.
Am., 1868, 652; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 418.— CooPEB, Orn. Gal., I, 278.—
OoUES, Key, 1872, 160; Check List, 1873, No. 322; B. N.W., 1874, 199.— B.
B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 206, pi. xxxv, fig. 3.— Henshaw, 1875, 321.

Seldom seen there during summer, this Blackbird becomes one of the
most abundant species in the lower valleys during the winter season, when
immense flocks frequent the settlements and resort daily to the corrals for
their food, which at this time consists largely of the grain gleaned from the
fresh dung, or found scattered where the stock has been fed. They also
visit the slaughter-houses for their share of the offal, of which, however,
the Magpies deprive them of the greater portion. In the severer weather
small companies even came to the door-yards in Carson City, to feed upon
the crumbs and scraps of meat thrown from the tables. During the breed-
ing-season they were observed to have retired to the mountains, where they
frequented the trees in the lower cafions, or on the lower slopes, the groves
of cedars and nut-pines being a favorite resort. On the 3d of June, 1867,
we discovered the breeding-ground of a large colony of this species in a
grove of the above-named trees, among the mountains fronting the southern
end of Pyramid Lake. More than a hundred pairs had congregated there,
and almost-every tree contained one or more nests, while as many as three
containing eggs or young were sometimes found on a single tree. Each nest
was saddled upon a horizontal branch, usually near the top of the tree, or
at a height of twelve or fifteen feet from the ground, and was well concealed
in a thick tuft of foliage, the position being quite the same in every instance ;
most of them contained young birds, and when these were disturbed the
parents flew very near, exliibiting much concern, and uttering a soft chuck
as they hovered about us ; the maximum number of eggs or young found
in a nest was six, the usual number being four or five. In Parley's Park,
among the Wahsatch Mountains, they were also abundant during the breed-
ing-season, and although many nests were found, they were more scattered,
on account, we suppose, of the surrounding country being more generally

SCOLECOPH AGUS GTANOCEPH ALUS. 51 1

wooded — their gregariousness in the instance mentioned above being most
Hkely due to the fact that trees were exceedingly scarce in that portion of
the country, and, so far as the mountains were concerned, limited to occa-
sional isolated groves. Along toward the latter part of July and during the
month of August, they became exceedingly abundant in Parley's Park, a
large proportion of the flocks being composed of young birds; aud so numer-
ous were they that an average of ten or a dozen would be brought down
by a single shot. They thus contributed very essentially to the subsist-
ence of our tame hawks — four fine examples oi Buteo swainsoni, reared
that season from the nest, and allowed perfect liberty about the camp.
A wounded bird, winged in one of these massacres, exhibited great spirit
and determination when confronted by one of the hawks mentioned above,
for he no sooner saw the latter than he became suddenly possessed of the
most infuriate passion, even while yet held in the hand, and, with feathers
raised, and silvery eyes flashing, sprang upon the hawk and fastened to
the back of his head with bill and claws. The poor hawk was greatly
terrified, and with outspread wings hopped frantically over the ground, at
the same time uttering such plaintive whistlings that the scene excited shouts
of laughter and applause from the spectators. The hawk was finally released
from its tormentor, and would never afterward touch a living bird. During
a great flight of grasshoppers which devastated the grain-fields of Parley's
Park and surrounding districts, these Blackbirds were almost constantly
employed tn catching these insects, and during their stay appeared to eat
nothing else. When engaged in their pursuit it was observed that they
often flew from the perch and caught them in the air, in true flycatcher
style, this performance being so far from exceptional that it was not uncom-
mon to see several individuals perform the exploit at one time.

Li8t of spedmem.

1S9, gad.; Camp 19, West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 17, 1867.
(Sheep corral.) 9|f— 10^—5^7^ — 4/^ — ^H — *i— ^i- ^i^lj tarsi, and toes, deep black;
iris, whitish sulphur-yellow.

190, $ad^ Camp 19, West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 17, 18G7.
lO-lO-^l— 4f— }|— IJ— 4«lj|. Same remarks.

191 , S ad.; Camp 19, West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, September 17, 1867.
9g— I5g— 5|g^ 13 11 lA— 3H— ^i' Same remarks.

512 OBI^ITHOLOGY.

195, Sad.; Camp 19^ September 19, 1867. (Sheep corral.) 10— 15|— 5§— 4jV~-|
— 1 j^--4|— If. Same remarks.

106, 9 ad.; Camp 19, September 19, 1867. 95-.14^— 4}|-4— f— 1^3}f— 1^.
Bill, tarsi, and toes, blaek ; iris, light reddishhazeU

198, i ad.; Camp 19, September 20, 1867. (Sheep corral.) 10— 16~-5^\— 4yV—
Jl — Ijl — 44—1^1^. Bill, tarsi, and toes, deep black; iris, whitish sulphur yellow.

205, ^ad.; Camp 19, September 21, 1867. 9^— 14}|— 5 1| |— l^i^-^^lg.
Bill, tarsi, and toes, black ; iris, light brownishliazel.

206, 9 ad.; Camp 19, September 21, 1867. 9J— 14|—4}f— 4^1^—1— lyV—3|—lJ.
Iris, deep (not light) hazel.

789 (4), 790 (6), 791 (4), 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, nests and eggs; near
Truckee Eeservation, June 3, 1868.

1277, nest and eggs (3); Parlej^s Park (Wahsatch Mountains), Utah, June 24,
1869. Nest in bush by stream.

1278 (4), 1279 (2), nests and eggs; Parley's Park (Wahsatch Mountains), Utah,
June 24, 1869. Nests in cotton-woods, along stream; supported against the trunk by
small twigs.

1424, $ ad.; Parley's Park, June 17, 1869. lOJ— lOJ. Bill, tarsi, and toes, black ;
iris, white.

1462, Sjnv.; Parley's Park, July 28, 1869. 10— 16 J. Bill, legs, and feet, black;
iris, grayish yellowish white.

Family COEVID^— Ceows and Jays.

COEVUS CORAX.
Raven.

/?. carnivorus— American Baven.
{Kah'-gehk of the Washoes; Ahf-dah of the Paiutes; Hih of the Shoshones.)

Carvus carnivorus^ Baetbam, Travels, Fla., 1793, 290.— Baird, Birds N. Am.,
1868, 560; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1869, Ko. 423.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 282.

Corvns corax var. carnivorus^ B. B. & E., Hist. K. Am. Birds^ II, 1874, 234, pi.
XXXVII, fig. 6.— Hbnshaw, 1876, 324.

Corvus corax (var.t), CoxjES, Key, 1872, 162.
• Corvus corax^ CoUES, Check List, 1873, No. 226; Birds N.W., 1874, 204.

Corvus cacalotl, Wagler, Isis, 1831, 627.— Baxrd, Birds K Am., 1868, 663; Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1869, No. 424.

This large bird is one of the most characteristic species of the
Great Basin^ over which it appears to be universally distributed, no
desert-tract being so extensive or sterile that a solitary Raven may not be
seen any day, although in such regions it is most usually observed winging

CORVUS CARmVOEUS. 513

its way silenily, or with an occasional hoarse croak, from the mountains
on one side the desert to the range opposite. It is also plentiful in the
most fertile sections. We did not see it in the Sacramento Valley, where
the Common Crow ((Z americanus) was so abundant — the two species being,
in fact, nowhere found together in equal abundance; but it became numer-
ous immediately after we had crossed the Sierra Nevada, while the Crow
disappeared almost entirely. In those portions where the Raven was the
predominant species, as in western Nevada, we found that it went by the
popular name of ^^Crow," while the more rare C, americanus was distin-
guished as the ''Tom Crow!" At the Truckee Meadows the Ravens were
very abundant in November, but were so shy as to be with difficulty ap-
proached within gunshot. At the latter locality we once observed an assem-
bly of them annoying a Rough-legged Hawk {Archibuteo sancti-johannis)
which had alighted on a fence-post; but the hawk did not appear to mind
them much, and did not fly until we approached, when he took to flight,
and was followed by the Ravens until almost out of sight. At Carson City
they were very numerous in winter at the slaughter-house, just outside the
town, where they congregated with the Magpies to feed upon the offal; they
were then very tame and easily killed. The true home, however, of the
Ravens appeared to be in the desert mountains, where their eyries were
often seen among the high volcanic rocks, out of reach of an ordingCry
climber. In the appearance, manners, and voice of the Raven there is such
a general resemblance to the Common Crow that after long familiarity
with the latter the peculiarities of the former are forgotten. This, probably,
accounts for the inappropriateness, or incorrectness, of the western nomen-
clature of these two birds, for when the two are seen together, which not
often happens, the ^*Tom Crow" appears dwarfed in size, or not as large as a
crow should be. The notes, also, are quite similar in their character (far
more so than those of the Fish Crow, C ossifragus^ and the common species),
but they are considerably hoarser and less vehement. The most conspicuous
difference is in their manner of flight, the Crow flapping its wings continu-
ally, and seldom if ever sailing with outstretched, motionless pinions, while
the Raven almost constantly soars in the buoyant and well-sustained man-
ner of certain Baptores, a flapping flight being the very rare exception.
33 PR

514 ORNITHOLOGY.

List of specimenis.

271, ? adj Camp 26, November 11, 1867. 25— 50J— 17— 13|-^— 2J— 9J— f;j.
Bill, tarsi, and toes, deep black; interior of mouthy deep slaty violaeeous-blacJc ; iris,
deep Vandyke.

284, S ad.; Camp 26, November 16, 1867. 26— 51— 17— 13f~3— 2§— lOJ— 5|.
Same remarks. Interior of mouth with some flesh-color beneath the tongue and far
back.

2S5^ 9 ad; Camp 26, November 15, 1867. 25— 60— 17— U— 3— 2^—10— 6. Same
remarks. Interior of mouth with cloudings of livid flesh-color posteriorly.

CORVUS AMERICANUS.
Common Crow.

{Kah'-gehk Nah'-ming of the Washoes ; Queh' Ah' -dah of the Paiutes.)

Corvus americanus^ Audubon, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 317. — Baird, B. N. Am., 1868,
566; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 426.— CouES, Key, 1872, 162; Check List,
1873, No. 228.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 243, pi. xxxvii, fig. 5 —
Hen SHAW, 1875, 327.

Corvus amerieanus. a. americanns^ CoUES, B. N.W., 1874, 206.

Corinis caurinus^ Cooper, Orn. CaL, 1, 1870, 285 (part, if not entirely).

In crossing the plains from Sacramento City to the Sierra Nevada, we
found the Common Crow exceedingly numerous at a certain place along
our route, where a considerable stream crossed the plains ; they flew about
over the ground and up into the trees with the same noisy cawing as in the
east, and appeared to be in all respects the same bird. In the country to the
eastward of the Sierra Nevada, however, the Crow was so extremely rare as
to be met with on but two occasions, when the number of individuals was
limited to a very few. The first examples were seen at the stage-station
near the Humboldt marshes, in November. Three individuals only were
found there, and these walked unconcernedly about the door-yard with the
familiarity of tame pigeons, merely hopping to one side when approached
too closely. So much confidence displayed by this usually wary bird was
in such contrast with the extreme shyness and caution it exhibits in more
thickly-populated portions of the country, that we concluded they were
domesticated specimens, and found out our mistake only after questioning
the station-keeper as to the history of his ''pets," when we received

PIOICORVUS COLUMBIAN0S. 515

permission to shoot one for our collection. Later in tlie same month a
very few — ^perhaps less than half a dozen individuals— were found at the
Truckee Meadows, where they frequented the willows along the river.
These also were very tame, but except in this regard seemed to be ex-
actly like the Crow of the Eastern States, the notes being quite identical.^

List of specimens.

256, i ad,; Humboldt Meadows (Camp 22), October 31, 1867. 19— (?)— 12J— 10—
(?) — 2—7 — 4J. Bill, tarsi, and toes, deep black ; iris, hazel.

263, <? ad,; Camp 26, Truckee Meadows, November 8, 1867. Willows, along river,
19^— 37— 12^10^—2— 2—71— 4f. Bill, tarsi, and toes, deep black ; iris, deep van-
dyke 5 interior of mouth {except corneous portions), deep flesh-color,

PlOICOEVUS COLUMBIANUS.
Clarke's Nutcraclicr.

{Pah! -hup of the Washoes ; Tohf-o-kot^ of the Shoshones.)

Corvus columUanus, Wilson, Am. Orn., Ill, 1811, 29, pi. xx, fig. 2.

Picicorvus columbianus, BoNAP., Consp. Av,, I, 1850, 384. — Baibd, B. N. Am.,
1858, 573, 925 J Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 430.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 289.—
COUES, Key, 1872, 162, fig. 104; Check List, 1873, No. 230; B. N.W., 1874,
207.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 255, pi. xxxYiii, fig. 4.— Henshavt,
1875, 328.

The dense forest of lofty pines and kindred trees on the Sierra Nevada
was where this remarkable bird most abounded, but it was also found to the
eastward wherever extensive coniferous woods occurred, it being common
on the Wahsatch and Uintah ranges, and rare on the intermediate Euby
Mountains; but it was never seen except among the pines, which seem
necessary to its existence. The habits and manners of this bird deviate so
widely from those of the family to which it belongs that no one would sus-
pect its true relationship ; it acts like a Woodpecker, screams like a Wood-
pecker, and looks so much like one that the best ornithologists are apt to
be misled, by the first glimpse of it, into believing it an undescribed species

^ Mr. E. W. NelsoD iuforms me that in November be noticed the Crows exhibiting
the same familiarity at Sacramento City, where they were seen about the door-yards
and corrals of houses in the suburbs.

516 ORNITHOLOGY.

of the Woodpecker family; this was our own impression, coiTected only by
the obtaining of specimens. Prince Maximilian described a white-tailed
Woodpecker (^^Picus leucurus^^) seen by him in the Eocky Mountains,
which was undoubtedly this bird; and Mr. J. A. Allen, an accurate observer,
was more recently led into the same error.^

In the pine woods near Carson City these birds were very abundant,
and, with the Jays {Cyanura frontalis), made the forest resound with their
harsh, discordant cries. Their notes were often to be heard when the bird
could not be seen, and were generally the first indication of its presence.
The usual utterence, a guttural chur-r-r'T-r-r'r'r'r, repeated several times,
and generally as two or more alighted in the same tree, possessed a peculiar
snarling character; occasionally, however, an individual would take up a
rather musical piping strain, which being immediately answered by all the
others in the neighborhood, made the woods echo with their cries. As
before stated, all the actions of this bird call to mind the traits of the Wood-
pecker tribe; it is a conspicuous object as it floats in gentle undulations
above the tops of the tall pine trees, when it resembles in its motions the
Ring-necked Woodpecker {Melanerpes torquatus); it is also often seen to
swoop to the ground to pick up a fallen pine-seed, return to the tree and
hammer it vigorously against a branch; and should two or more alight in
close proximity a general snarling chur-r-r-r ensues, reminding one of the
quarrelsome Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus).

We were unable to find the eggs of this bird, but a nest was discov-
ered on the Ruby Mountains, in August, 1868, after the young had flown.
This nest was in a hole — apparently the deserted excavation of the Red-
shafted Flicker — in a tall pine stump, about twenty feet from the ground;
the nest itself was a very elaborate and symmetrical one, composed of pine
needles and fine roots, with larger sticks outside, resembling *in its general
character that made by other species of the family. Attention was first
attracted to this nest by observing a pair of these birds enter the cavity in
question. It is not known whether it is the constant habit of this species
to thus build inside of holes in trees, but on the Sierra Nevada they were

^ Sese American Naturalkt^ Vol. VI, p. 350, and Bull. Mas. Comp. Zoology, Vol.
Ill, No. 6, June, 1872, p. 150.

GYMNOKITTA OYANOOEPHALA. 517

often seen to go into hollows about the tree3, as if going to and from their
nests.^

List of specimens.

308, 9 ad; Pea- Vine Mountain, near Sierra Nevada, November 20, 1867. Pine
woods. 12^— 21§— 7|— 6i— If^— li— 4|— 2f . Bill, tarsi, and toes, deep black ; iris,
bright hazel.

309, 9 ad.; Pea-Vine Mountain, near Sierra Nevada, November 20, 1867. Pine
woods. 12g—21|—7|—6f—l|— 1^^5—4^—3. Same remarks.

310, $ ad.; Pea-Vine Mountain, near Sierra Nevada, November 20, 1867. Pine
woods. 12f— 21f— 7^— 6|— 1§— 11— 41— 2^. Same remarks.

320, iad.; pine woods, shore of Lake Tahoe. (Mr. H. G. Parker.) 13— (?)— 8-.6f—
1^-HV"4S-2S.

443, S ad,; Carson, March 21, 1868. Pines. 12f — 22f— 8— 6J. Bill, tarsi, and
toes, black ; iris, blackish-sepia.

444, ? ad.; Carson, March 21, 1868. Pines. 12|— 22^— 7f— 6f . Same remarks.
854, 9 ad.; Camp 19, Bast Humboldt Mountains, August 4, 1868. 12|— 22— (?;—

6, Same remarks.

868, i ad.; Camp 19, August 12, 1868. 12^— 22— (?)— 6y\. Same remarks.

1447, S ad.; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, July 23, 1869. 12f— 23J.
Bill, tarsi, and toes, black ; iris, umber.

Gymnokitta cyanocephala.

Blue Nutcracker; Illaxfniilian's ^'Jay^.''

Oymnorhinus q/anocephalus, Maximilian, Reise Nord-Am., 1841, 21.

GymnoMtta cyanocephala, Bonap., Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 382. — Baied, Birds N. Am.,
1858, 574; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 431.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 292.—
COUES, Key, 1872, 163; Check List, 1873, No. 231; Birds N.W., 1874, 209.—
B. B. & 11., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 260, pi. xxxviii, fig. 2.— Henshaw,
1875, 331.

This extraordinary bird was found to inhabit exclusively the nut-pine
and cedar woods on the mountain ranges of the Interior, of which it was
the most characteristic species. It was eminently gregarious, even breeding
in colonies, and in winter congregating in immense flocks, which sometimes
consisted of thousands of individuals, all uttering their querulous notes as
they swept to and fro over the hills, in their restless migrations. Its blue
color is about the only feature in this bird which would lead one at first
sight to suspect its relationship with the Jays, all its habits being so utterly

^According to Captain Charles Bendire, U. S. A., this is by no means the usual
position of the nest. [See Bulletin of the JSfuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. I, No. 2,
July, 1876, pp. 44, 45.J

518 ORNITHOLOGY.

different from those of the more familiar species of this family. It is as
essentially migratory as the Passenger Pigeon (Edopistes migratoria) of the
east, its appearance in and departure from a locality being equally sudden.
We have often visited a nut-pine woods and found it one day full of
noisy, roving troops, and the next as gloomy and silent as if a bird had
never made its appearance there. In fall and winter, the large flocks,
as they sweep back and forth over the scantily-wooded foot-hills, arc sure
to attract the attention of a stranger to the country, not merely from their
appearance, but the more so from the fact that their peculiar piping notes
oi pe' -pe* 'Whj pe' 'pe' 'Wt^ pe^ 'pe' -w^ are often the only sound which breaks the
solitude of these desolate regions, and would thus catch the ear of the most
unobservant person.

In its manners, Maximilian's Jay resembles Clarke's Nutcracker (Pici-
corvus) more than any other bird, the chief difference being its migratory
nature, the latter being of very sedentary habits. Most of its movements
are quite similar, its attitude being much the same as it sits upon the
summit of a small cedar, quietly reconnoitering, while it also frequently
alights upon the ground to pick up a fallen pine-seed or cedar-berry. Its
flight, however, is strikingly different, being almost exactly like that of the
Robin (Turdus migratorius) — a gliding flight, with the wings rather inclined
downward and the head raised — but is perhaps rather swifter. The various
notes have all a striking character; the usual one resembles somewhat the
tremulous, querulous wailing of the little Screech Owl {Scops asio), but is
louder, less guttural, and more plaintive, while another is something like
the soft love-note of the Magpie (Pica hudsonica)', besides, there is the
peculiar piping whistle of pe^-wee^ pe\ described above, and usually uttered
during the migration of a flock.

The breeding-season of this bird is remarkably early; for on the 21st
of April, before we had thought of looking for their nests, full-grown young
were flying about in a cedar and pinon grove near Carson City. In this
grove we found the abandoned nests, perhaps a hundred or more in number,
and also one containing young nearly ready to fly; but we were too late for
the eggs. These nests were all saddled upon the horizontal branches, at a
height of eight or ten feet from the ground, and, except that they were

PICA NUTTALLI. 519

more bulky, resembled in their construction those of the eastern Blue Jay
{Cyanura cristatd). The single nest which was not deserted contained four
fledgelings, which, when taken out for examination and placed in our hat,
scrambled out, at the same time squalling vociferously. In color they
resembled the old birds, but were of a duller and more uniform blue.

List of specimens,

502, $ ad.; Carson City, Nevada, April 20, 1868. Cedars. 11|— 18|— 6^5.
Bill, tarsi, and toes, deep black; iris, deep sepia; interspaces of scutellse and under
surface of toes, ashy- whitish.

503, 9 ad.; Carson City, Nevada, April 20, 1868. Cedars. 10|— 18— 5}f— 4f .
Same remarks.

507, $ ad.; Carson City, Nevada, April 21, 1868. Cedars, llf— 19— 6|— -5^.
Same remarks.

Pica nuttalli.

Yellow-blllcdl Rlaippie.

Pica nuttalli^ Audubon, Orn. Biog,, IV, 1838, 450, pi. 362.— Baird, Birds N. Am.,
1858, 578; Cat. N. Am, Birds, 1859, No. 433.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 295.

Pica melanoleuca var. nuttalli^ CouES, Key, 1872, 164; Check List, 1873, No. 233a;
Birds N.W., 1874, 212.

Pica caudata var. nuttalli, B. B. & E.., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 270, pi. xxxviii,
fig. 2.

The Yellow-billed Magpie was observed only in the Sacramento
Valley, where it was very abundant among the scattered oaks. It was
found in the outskirts of Sacramento City as soon as the first large oaks
were met with, moving about in small scattered flocks, and incessantly
chattering, whether while on the wing or when perched among the branches;
it appeared to be both more noisy and more gregarious than the Black-
billed Magpie, which, however, it greatly resembled in other respects.
Many nests were found, but they were all in the tops of the tallest oaks,
and could not be reached; this was one of the most conspicuous differences
in its habits from P. hudsonica, which was found to invariably build its nest
in bushes, or, at most, only in the smallest trees, as alders and, cedars,
even where large trees were abundant; the dense thickets of willow and
buffalo-berry bushes being preferred to any others.

520 ORNITHOLOGY.

List of specimens,
U.Sjuv.; Sacramento, California, June 20, 1867. Oaks. 1 4|— 22— 7^5|-^1—

Q5,$juv.; oaks. 16|— 23|— 7|-6|— IJ— l}f— 8^6^.

60, <? juv.; Sacramento, California, June 20, 1867. Oaks. ISJ— 23— 7|— 6J—

67, $juv,; oaks. I63— 23J—7|— 6^—11— 1|— 8—64.

68, 9 juv,; oaks. 15^— 22f — 7J— 6^%— l^V— 1|— 8—6.

69, 9 juv.; oaks. 16— 23|-7^-6|— l^V^li-T^-ej.

70, 9 juv,; oaks. 16f— 23^— 73— C§— JJ— 1|— «— 64.
ISJuv.; oaks. 16^— 23f— 7J— 6^— li— 1|— Si— Of
79JUV.; oaks. 14-221-7 J— 6-1 ^3^1^-6^-^.

SO Juv,; oaks. 16^-221-7^-64— lf^-lf^8i-6|.

314, i ad.; American River, Sacramento Co., Cal., November, 1867. (H. G.

Parker.) 19— (f;—8— 6^— 1^7^—^1—10^—81.

[All the specimens obtained, with the exception of the last, were immature and
in molting condition; thus the measurements given are of little importance. In all,
the bill and bare orbital-region is pure unshaded yellow, varying little, if any, with
the specimen, being of a deep lemon-, or nearly chrome-yellow, the face more
citreous. The skin over the whole body also, as well as the underside of the claws
(possibly only in young birds), is yellpw. We did not notice, in examining this species,
the leaden-blue outer ring to the iris, afterward found to be a constant feature in
P. hvdsonica.]

Pica rustioa.

Black-billed Magpie.

/3, hudsonica — American Magpie.

{Tahf-tut of the Washoes ; Que'-tou-gih^ gih of the Paiutes.)

C-orvus hudsonicnsj Sabine, App. Franklin's Journey, 1823, 25, 261.

Pica hudsonica, BONAP., Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 27.— Baibd, B. F, Am, 1858,

676; Cat. K Am. B., 1869, ¥0. 432.— COOPBB, Orn. Cal., I, 296.
Pica melanoleuca var. hudsonica, CotTES, Key, 1872, 164, fig. 106 5 Check List, 1873,

No. 233a; B. KW., 1874, 211.— Henshaw, 1875, 334.
PicacaudatavsbT. hudsonica, Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1872, 178. — B. B,

& R., Hist. K Am. B., II, 1874, 266, pi. xxxviii, fig. 1.
Pica rustica var, hudsonica^ Baibd, Orn. Simpson's Exped., 1876, 380.

The Black-billed Magpie is one of the most characteristic birds of the
Interior, but its abundance varies greatly, in fact, almost unaccountably,
with the locality ; it 5s also one of the most conspicuous birds of that region,

PICA HUDSONIOA. 521

being eminently distinguished by the elegance of its form and the striking
contrasts of its plumage. In western Nevada, from the Sierras east-
ward to the West Humboldt Mountains, it was one of the most abundant
species, but on the opposite side of the Great Basin its entire absence
from many favorable localities was noted as the most stiiking peculiarity
of the fauna. It was most abundant in the rich valleys of the Truckee and
Carson Rivers, and along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada; and,
although less common, it was very far from rare in the lower canons of the
West Humboldt Mountains. It was resident wherever observed, and at
all times was rather familiar than otherwise, though when much persecuted
in one locality it soon learned, by the natural shrewdness characteristic of
the family, to look out for itself During the winter the Magpies resorted
daily, in company with the Ravens, to the slaughter-houses to feed upon
the offal.

The Black-billed Magpie is more or less gregarious at all seasons, and
when moving about usually goes in small troops, or loose flocks, which
chatter in their peculiar manner as they fly. The usual note is a distinct
chatter, unlike the note of any other bird of our acquaintance, but during
the breeding-season a softer, more musical note is frequently uttered, sound-
ing somewhat like hay* e-ehk-hay' , We did not detect any difference between
the notes of this and the Yellow-billed species, although slight differences
may exis*,

LxBt of specimens.

101, $ juv.; Camp 10, Truckee Meadows, Nevada, July 6, 1867. Willows. 16 —
24i— 8|— 7— IJ— 1^ — 8g— 6J. Bill, slaty-black, fading into ashy on bare orbital region ;
iris, very dark brown, with pearl-blue outer ring; tarsi and toes, black, the latter ashy
beneath.

143, S ad,; Camp 17, valley of the Humboldt, August 31, 1867. igg— 23|— .7j^—
65-.1^5^— IJ— 10|— 8|. Same remarks.

178, S ad,; Camp 18, West Humboldt Mountains, September 10, 1867. 18^—23—

73_6^--l^— lyV— l^A— ^Tff^ Same remarks.

194, 9 ad.; Camp 19, West Humboldt Mountains, September 19, 1867. 20—24—
8^7—1^^ — 1^— llj— 9§. Same remarks. Bill, pure black.

204, ?ad5.; Camp 19, September 21, 1867. 20—244—8,^-7—14—11—11^—91.
Same remarks.

246, ^a(Z.; Camp 19, October 11, 1867. 17|— 21J— 7^— 6J— If— IJ— 9J— 8. Same
remarks. _

522 OBNITHOLOGY.

249, cjadf.; Camp 19, October 12, 1867. 19|—24J— 8— 7— 1^^—1^—111— 9f Same
remarks.

289, 9 ad.; Camp 26, Truekee Meadows, November 18, 1867. 20^24i— 8J— 6if —
1^1 jL-ii|_9|. Same remarks.

290, ? 5 Camp 26j Truekee Meadows, November 18, 1867. I9f— 24f— 8|— 7—
(?)--(<?)— 11_9^. Same remarks.

306, $ ad.; Camp 26, November 20, 1867. (Slaughter house.) 20i— 25— 8|— 6J—
l^Tg — l|3_ii| — 9|.^ Same remarks.

307, i ad.; Camp 26, November 20, 1867, (Slaughterhouse.) 17§— 22^— 7|— 6f —
1.^ — l^i — 9| — 8. Same remarks,

338, 9 ad.; Carson City, Nevada, November 25, 1867. (Slaughter-house.) 18^—
23— 7 J— 6^1|— 1 1_10 J— 8^^. Same remarks.

392, ^ ad.; Washoe Valley, Nevada, January 3, 1868. (Willow-copse.) 20— 24^—
8j — Of. Same remarks.

401, S ad.; Truekee Bottoms, December 19, 1867. 21^25— 8^7— If— If— 13—
11^. Same remarks.

"407, ad.; Truekee Bottoms, December, 1867.

501, eggs (8) ; Carson City, Nevada, April 20, 1868. Nest in cedar.

506, eggs (2) ; Carson City, Nevada, April 21, 1868. Willows.

509 (6), 510 (6), eggs; Carson City, Nevada, April 22, 1868. Willows.

511, egg (1)5 Carson City, Nevada, April 23, 1868. (In nest from which No, 506
were taken.)

512, egg (1) 5 Carson City, Nevada, April 23, 1868. Willows.

513, eggs (4) ; Carson City, Nevada, April 23, 1868. Willows.

514 (8), 515 (8), eggs ; Carson City, Nevada, April 23, 1868. Buffalo-berry.
526, eggs (3)5 Carson City, Nevada, April 25, 1868. Alder swamp.

538, eggs (9) ; Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868. Willows.

539, eggs (9); Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868. Buffalo-berry.

540, eggs (9) ; Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868. Willows.

541, eggs, (7) 5 Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868. Willows.

542, eggs (8) ; Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868. Willows.

543, eggs (7) ; Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868. Buffalo-berry.

544, eggs (6) ; Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868. Nut-pine.

545, 546, eggs (6); Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868. Willows.

547, eggs (6); Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868. Buffalo-berry bushes.

548 (4), 549 (4), eggs; Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868. Willows.

550 (3), 551 (2), eggs; Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868. Willows.

552, eggs (2) ; Carson City, Nevada, April 27, 1868. Willows.

566 (8), 557 (8), eggs; Carson City, Nevada, April 29, 1868. Alder-bushes.

767, eggs (6); Truekee Bottom, May 29, 1868. Nest in willows on river-bank.

[The nest is in every instance "domed,'' the real nest being inclosed in an
immense thorny covering, by which it is generally far exceeded in bulk. In the side
of this covering is a winding passage leading into the nest. The purpose of this can-
opy is possibly to conceal the very long tail of the bird, which, if exposed, would
endanger its safety.]

CYANUEA FEONTALIS. 523

CyAJ!^UEA STELLEEL
^teller's Jay.

^. frontalis — Blue-fronted Jay.

{'^Mountain Jay''^ of Californians.)

Cyanura stelleri, Baird, B. if. Am., 1858, 581 (part) Cooper, Orn. Oal., 1, 1870,

298 (part).

Cyanura stelleri var. frontalis^ EmawAY, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, V, Jan., 1873,
43.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 279, pi. xxxix, fig. 2.

Cyanurus stelleri. b.frontalisj CouES, Check List, 1873, No. 235a; B. N.W., 1874,
215.

We found this Jay only among the pines on the Sierra Nevada, since
it did not, like the Nutcracker (Picicorvus), occur on the higher ranges of
the Great Basin, though it was represented on the eastern side by the C.
macrolopha — neither the latter nor the subject of these remarks occurring at
any point intermediate between the Sierra and the Wahsatch, along the
line of our route. Except when driven to the lower ravines and foot-hills
by the unusual continuance of cold weather or by violent snow-storms
upon the mountains, it was not observed to descend to below the coniferous
woods, though it was common in the lower edge of this forest-belt. It was
almost always found in the same localities as Clarke's Nutcracker, it being
usual to see both species in one tree ; its voice seemed also exceedingly like
that of the bird just mentioned, being a series of rough and grating,
squawking or screeching notes, very different indeed from those of its east-
ern congener, C. cristata, whose utterances are far more varied and flexible,
and even musical in comparison ; but like the eastern species it frequently
imitated other birds, particularly the Hawks, some of which it mimicked, on
occasion, quite successfully. The usual note of the Blue-fronted Jay is a
hoarse monosyllabic squawk, very deep -toned, and grating ; but a monot-
onous chatter is often heard, consisting of a rapid repetition of hollow-toned
notes, somewhat like kuk, kuk, kuk, kuk, kuk, kuk, the style of utterance
being comparable to the ^* scythe- whetting" call of the Flickers (Colaptes)^
but much more sonorous and less musical. On one occasion we fired at an
individual of this species in the top of a tall pine tree, and merely disabling
one wing, its fall was broken by the resistance of the uninjured wing and
outspread tail, the bird alighting easily upon one of the lower branches of

524 OENITHOLOGT.

an adjoining tree, when it began to ascend by hopping from one limb to
another, at the same time uttering a verj^ perfect imitation of the squealing
note of the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo horealis)^ apparently Tor the purpose
of preventing pursuit.

On the 24th of February, 1868, during a protracted period of extreme
cold weather, with deep snows on the mountains, we observed a pair of
these Jays in a shade-tree on one of the back streets of Carson City; but
they appeared ill at ease so near the habitations of man, skulking about, as
if afraid of being seen in town, and evidently anxious to return to their
native woods.

List of specimens.

321, <J 1 ad.; El Dorado County, California. Presented by Mr. H. G. Parker.
12J«(!)~5g-.4H-li-lJ-5|-4f.

322, i t ad.; El Dorado County, California. Presented by Mr. H. G, Parker.
125-(1)--6-45-li-lJ-.5|-3i.

328, $ ad.; Carson City, Nevada, November 27, 1867. 12^17|— 6—4^—1^—1^
— 5| — 3J. Bill, tarsi, and toes, deep black 5 iris, vandyke-brown.

329, $ ad. (mate of preceding) j Carson City, Nevada, November 27, 1867. 12—
17— 5f— 4f— IJ— li— 54— 4.

330, 9 ad.; Carson City, Nevada, November 27, 1867. 12— 17^— 5f— 4/^— 1—1^
—5—3.

445, $ ad.; Carson City, March 21, 1868. 12f— 18— 6— 5. Bill, tarsi, and toes,
black ; iris, bister.

477, c? ad.; Carson City, March 30, 1868. 12— 17^6— 4J.

497, S ad.; Carson City, April 18, 1868. 13— 18f — 6^— 5J. Bill, tarsi, and toes,
deep black ; iris, bister. [Type of yebr. frontalis^ Ridgw,, 1. c]

498, 9 ad. (mate of preceding) ; Carson City, April 18, 1868. 11|_174— 5fJ— 4|.
[Type of vniV. frontalis^ Rmaw., 1. c]

Cyanuba MACEOLOPHA.

JLon^-crested Jay.

Cyanocitta maorolophaj Baibd, Pr. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Pleiad., 1854, 118.

Cyanura macrolophtLSj Baibd, Birds N. Am., 1858, 582 j Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,

Ko. 436.— CooPEE, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 300.
Cyanura stelleri van macrolopha, Allen, Bull. Mas. ZooL, III, 1872, 178. — Coxjes,

Key, 1872, 165, fig. 107; Check List, 1873, No. 235a.— B. B.& E., Hist. N.

Am. Birds, II, 1874, 281, pi. xxix, fig. 3.— Hbnshaw, 1875, 335.
Oyanmra coronata var. macrolophay Eidgw., Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, V, Jan.,

1873, 43.

This more eastern representative of Steller's Jay was first met with

CYANOCITTA CALIFORNICA. 525

among tlie pines of the Wahsatch Mountains, which formed, apparently, the
western limit of its range. It was there by no means common, but became
more so as we proceeded eastward into the Uintahs, where it was compara-
tively plentiful. In its habits and manners it seemed a perfect counterpart
of C, frontalis^ but its notes appeared to be less sonorous than those of
that form.

List of sj^eeimem.

1284, nest and eggs (6); Parley's Park, June 25, 1869. Nest in small fir-tree, in
edge of woods, saddled on horizontal branch, about 15 feet from ground. . Nest aban-
doned, and several of the eggs broken.

1373, S ad.; Pack's Canon, Uintah Mountains, July 5, 18G9. 13f— 19. Bill,
black; iris, brown j legs and feefc, black.

1374, nest (of preceding, contained three fully-fledged young). Nest on mountain-
mahogany tree, on side of ravine of a secluded canon in the pine-region, situated in a
sort of triple fork, near extremity of horizontal branch.

1375, i ad.; Pack's Canon, July 6, 1869. 13|— -19^ Same remarks.
1445, lUejuv.; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, July 23, 1869.

Cyanocitta CALIFOENIOA.

California Valley Jay*

{Yo'Shoo^'Oh of the Washoes.)

Oarrulus caU/ornicus^ Vigors, Zool, Beechey's Toy., 1839, 21, pi. v.

Cyanocitta californica, Strickl., Ann. Mag. XV, 1845, 342. — Baird, Birds N.
Am., 1858, §84; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, No. 437.-.COOPER, Orn. Cal., I,
1870,302.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 288, pi. XJ., fig. 1.

Aphelocoma floridana var. calif ornica, Coubs, Key, 1872, 166 j Check List, 1873,
No. 236b.

Aphelocoma floridana. c. calif ornica, CouES, Birds N.W., 1874, 219.

The common ^* Valley Jay" of California was observed in abundance
only among the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, where it was seen
both in the brushwood of the ravines and among the scattered pines. It
was also noticed among the oaks of the plains, where, however, it was less
plentiful. On the eastern slope it appeared to be quite common, at least
on the foot-hills near Carson City, where, in 1868, it made its first appear-
ance toward the last of April.

526 ORNITHOLOGY.

This species may be instantly distinguished at a distance from the C.
woodhousii by the conspicuous contrast between the pale gray of the back
and the blue of the wings and tail, as well as by the pure white lower
parts; the colors of C, woodhousii being much more uniform, appearing
almost entirely dull grayish-blue, brighter on the wings and tail. The
notes, however, appear to be much the same in the two species.

List of specimens.

558, i ad,; Carson City, Nevada, April 29, 1868. Sage-brush, below pines. 12|
— 16— 5J — 4^. Bill, tarsi, and toes, deep black; iris, bister.

559, i ad,; Carson City, Nevada, April 29, 1868. 12|— 16— 5J^— 4i. Same re-
marks.

560, ? ad.; Carson City, Nevada, April 29, 1868. 11^— 15|— 5i— 4J. Same re-
marks.

Cyanocitta woodhousii.

l¥oodlioase's Jay«

(We^-ahk of the Paiutes.)

Cyanocitta woodhousii, Baied, B. N. Am,, 1858, 585, pi. 59^ Cat. N. Am. B.,

1859, No. 438.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 304.
Aphelocoma floridana var. woodhousii^ Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, III, 1872,

179.— COUES, Key, 1872, 166 ; Check List, 1873, No. 236a ; B. N.W., 1874,

219.
Cyanocitta californica var. woodhousii, B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 291, pi.

. XL, fig. 3.
Cyanocitta floridana var. woodhousii, Henshaw, 1875, 337.

This very interesting bird we found to be the most generally-distrib-
uted species of the family, since it occurred on nearly every range where
there was water in the main cafions, or extensive woods of nut-pine and
cedar on the slopes ; it was said to occasionally visit the wooded valleys of
the Truckee and Carson Rivers, but we never saw it at either place,
although it was found to be more or less common in the similar valley of
the Weber, in Utah. At our camp on the western slope of the West Hum-
boldt Mountains, it was very abundant in September, and one of the most
familiar birds of the neighborhood. It was very unsuspicious where not
molested, and anything unusual in the occupation of any one about the

CYANOOITTA WOODHOUSIL 527

camp was sure to excite its curiosity. On one occasion, while the writer
was at work skinning birds in the shade of the bushes overhanging the
stream, one often came and perched upon a branch near by, quietly watch-
ing every movement with all the inquisitive curiosity of a Cat-bird (Galeo-
scoptes carolinensis). On the opposite side of the same range, in Buena Vista
Canon, it was also common, and was there several times observed in the
gardens and door-yards of the town. It was also rather common on the
eastern slope of the Ruby range, in the extensive pinon and cedar woods,
while at **City of Rocks," in the southern portion of Idaho, the most north-
ern point reached during our trip, it was very numerous in October, among
the woods of the same description. On the western foot-hills of the Wah-
satch it was more or less plentiful, according to the locality, among the
scrub-oaks, while many were seen in the valley of the Weber, It did not
occur in Parley's Park, however, the altitude of that place being probably
too great.

In its manners this Jay and its congeners differ strikingly from the
species of the genus Cyanura, or the Crested Jays, their movements calling
to mind the Mocking-hird iMimiis polyglottus) and the Cat-bird (Galeoscoptes
carolinensis), their manner of flight being exactly the same, while they
exhibit a similar predilection for thickets and scrubby brushwood. The
notes of the present species greatly resemble those of (7. californica, and
are harsh and piercing to an extreme degree. That most frequently uttered
is a shrill screech, sounding like we'-aJik, we'-dhk^ whence the name bestowed
upon it by the Paiute Indians.

List of specimens,

162, (J ad,; Oamp 18, West Humboldt Mountains, September 4, 1867. Brush-
wood, along brook. 11^ — 15f — 5 — 4f — 1^^ — 1^ — 5f — 4, Bill, tarsi, and toes, deep
black ; iris, chestnut-bazel.

186, $ ad,; Camp 18, West Humboldt Mountains, September 12, 1867. Junipers.

12— 15j7^— 5— 4/^— l3.V-l^V-^--"ii--"3Ti- Same remarks.

188, ? ad.; Camp 18, West Humboldt Mountains, September 13, 1867. Brush-
wood, along brook. 12^ — 15| — 5J — 4| — Ij — 1^^ — 5g — i^^. Same remarks.

242, i ad.; Camp 19, West Humboldt Mountains, October 8, 1867. Sage brush.
12T«g— 15JL|— 5J— 43^5— IJ— lx5._6— 4. Same remarks.

1190, jw./ Salt Lake City, Utah, June 19, 1869. 11 J— 15. Bill and feet, black ;
iris, brown.

528 ornithology.

Family TYRANNIDJE — Tyrant Flycatchers.
Tyrannus yerticalis.

TFestern Kingbird; <' Arkansas Flycatcher."

Tyrannus veHicalis^ Say, Long's Exped., II, 1823, 60.— Bairb, Birds N. Am.,
1858, 173,- Cat. K Am. Birds, 1859, No. 126.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870,
312.— CouES, Key, 1872, 170, figs. 110a, 112; Check List, 1873, No. 244;
Birds N.W., 1874, 236.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 324, pi.
XLIII, fig. 2.— Hbnshaw, 1875, 342.

Generally distributed throughout all fertile districts of the west, this
species was extremely abundant in favorable localities, this being especially
the case at Sacramento, where perhaps no other species equaled it in num-
bers. In its habits, this Kingbird is remarkably similar to the eastern
species, T, caroUnensis, and their nest and eggs cannot be distinguished; but
it is of an even more vivacious and quarrelsome disposition, continually
indulging in aerial combate, sometimes to such an extent that half a dozen
or more may be seen pitching into each other promiscuously, but apparently
more from playful than pugnacious motives. They are also of a very sym-
pathetic disposition, for when a nest is disturbed, the owners soon bring
around them, by their cries, all the others in the neighborhood; but no
sooner do they assemble than they begin their playful contests, and fill the
air with their twitterings. Their notes are all weaker and less rattling than
those of the eastern species, partaking more of the character of a tremu-
lous, though rather shrill, twitter.

We know of no other bird so easily tamed, or which so thoroughly
enjoys the society and protection of human beings, when once domesticated,
as this species, as the following account of three individuals possessed by
us in the field, at various times, may show: —

The first of these pets, famiharly known to the party as ** Chippy,^'
was obtained about the middle of July from the Indians, who had just
taken him, along with three others, all fiilly fledged, from the nest. He
was carried to camp, and fed with grasshoppers and flies until able to catch
them for himself, which he learned to do in about a week after he acquired
the power of flight. The little fellow had a most voracious appetite, and
during the day continually followed us about, teasing for grasshoppers,
until he had eaten enough, after which he quieted down for five minutes or

TYRANNUS VERTIOALIS. 529

so, when he began to clamor for more — thus appearing to be always hungry.
Had one person the office of keeping him supplied with food he would con-
sequently have been extremely troublesome; but, fortunately, all became
interested in him, and he thus received favors and caresses from all hands.
When gorged with food, he usually remained perched upon the shoulder
of the one who carried him, but sometimes he would fly off to his favorite
perch, a rope running from the rear of a tent to a stake in the ground; or,
if it happened to be midday and the sun particularly oppressive, would
take shelter underneath a hoisted umbrella, hung beneatli the fly of a tent
for the purpose of shading a thermometer, perching upon one of the ribs
of the apparatus. Chippy was the earliest riser in camp, and at day-
break his merry twitter aroused his human companions, of whom his
favorite one, the writer, he would often awake by alighting in his face, for
he would invariably select him from the dozen or more persons who lay on
the ground wrapped in their blankets. At all times he was greatly averse
to being left alone, and when night approached would nestle more closely
against one^s neck, twittering contentedly until asleep, and if removed
exhibiting the greatest disappointment, while he was often so persistent in
keeping his place that repeated removals were necessary to induce him to
remain upon the roost provided for him, inside the tent.

His almost insatiable appetite was the subject of comment by us all,
and speculations were indulged in as to the probable number of grasshop-
pers he consumed in a day. It was finally agreed that this should be settled
by experiment, so each person was instructed to keep count of the number
he himself fed him during the day. At evening notes were compared, and
it was found that he had been fed one hundred and twenty grasshoppers
since morning!

From the very first he was so completely tame that he did not exhibit
under any circumstances the slightest trace of timidity; he always disliked
to be handled, however, but this was evidently on account of his plumage,
merely, for he would immediately come to any one who called him, or
alight upon a hand held out as an invitation. He soon learned his owii
name, and knew it so well that when he had strayed som^ distance from
camp (as he often did when led away by the temptations of companions
34 p R

530 ORNITHOLOGY.

of his kind, who often visited the vicinity of our camp for the purpose),
it was only necessary to call him, and if within hearing he was sure
to leave his comrades with impolite abruptness and fly in haste to camp,
twittering gladly as he came. The writer was once leaving the camp for a
trip into the mountains, and had scarcely reached the mouth of the canon,
several hundred yards distant, when Chippy's familiar voice was heard, and
on looking back he was discovered following, as fast as his wings could
carry him, twittering with all his might, as if calling out for us to wait for
him. He soon overtook us, and, alighting upon our shoulder, accompanied
us on our way, every now and then flying off after a butterfly or other
insect that had caught his eye, capturing which he would return and beat
his prey against the hard brim of oiu* straw hat until in a condition to be
swallowed; or often these little detours were for the purpose of sporting
awhile with others of his species encountered by the way, returning in a
little while, followed by them to within a few yards, when they would
alight on a branch, apparently wondering at the perfect understanding
existing between us. After ascending the canon to where the path became
too much obstructed by rocks and brushwood to proceed farther, except
on foot, we dismounted and unsaddled; Chippy seemed disposed to rest,
so he was placed in the shade of the saddle, as it lay upon the ground,
and we proceeded on our way. The little fellow soon missed us, however,
and it was not long before he found us out, by the report of our gun — a
sound with which he had long been familiar, and which he had not learned
to fear, the barrel of our gun often being his perch when he accompanied
us on our trips, even the report, though of course startling him, not fright-
ening him from our shoulder. On several occasions did the report of our
gun prove the means of directing him to us when he had strayed beyond
his usual bounds, such a circumstance once occurring half a mile from camp,
after he had been missing all the morning. His natural fondness for the
society of the birds of his species living in the neighborhood did not have
the efiect of in the least alienating his affections, but came, nevertheless,
near costing him his life, the circumstances being as follows: He used daily
to bring his playmates to the camp, where, after sporting about with them for
a half hour or so, they would all leave together and be absent, sometimes*

TYEANNUS VERTIOALTS. 531

the whole afternoon, Chip often not returning until near evening; we began
to fear that in consequence of this some harm might befall him while out of
our sight, or that some day he might fail to return at all; so, as the best
means of preventing such a misfortune, we determined to frighten the wild
birds away when they sliould next make their appearance, and thus keep
Chip out of temptation. A favorable opportunity presented one afternoon
when three were sporting together at a considerable height near our camp;
and having just observed Chippy on his accustomed perch, brought out
our gun and fired at them. Fortunately none were hit, for one of them,
which proved to be our pet, separated from the rest and flew in terror to
the camp, screaming with all his might We hastened back, fearing he had
been injured, and found him perched upon a rope, terribly frightened, but
not at all hurt His disregard for firearms was now at an end, and when
we approached him with gun in hand he beat a precipitate retreat, and
continued to do so at every attempt, his feathers pressed close to his body
and his neck stretched — the very picture of fear. The moment the weapon
was laid aside, however, his confidence was restored, and he was then as
easily approached as before.

We carried Chippy with us, as we moved from camp to camp, for
nearly two months after. Everywhere he excited curiosity and wonder,
even among the Indians, while the members of our party grew daily more
attached to him. One morning, however, in the latter part of September,
we missed his familiar awakening twitter, and when we arose from our
blankets he could not be found. Search was made throughout the day,
but without success, and a large hawk having been seen early in the
morning hovering about the place, seemed to explain the cause of his dis-
appearance. He was never afterward seen.

It was suggested by members of the party that instead of exhibiting
the docility and intelligence characteristic of the species, this bird was per-
haps an exceptional individual, and that another could not be found which
would afibrd a parallel case. The following summer, however, another
young one was taken from the nest, and being reared under exactly the
same circumstances developed the same traits to such perfection that he
would have absolutely passed for the same bird. As happened with

532 ORNITHOLOGY.

Chippy No. 1, the new pet after a while atti'acted others of his species to
our camp, and these soon became so familiar that they would perch upon
the tents, even during our presence. One individual happened to alight
upon the fly of the mess-tent wliile we were at lunch, and being near
the edge of the canvas, and his shadow showing his exact position from
beneath, he was easily caught This proved to be a full-grown bird,
although evidently one of the year, and being placed in a cage and sump-
tuously fed for a day or two, was released in Chip's presence, and would
not depart. He had become almost as tame as his companion, and remained
with us until both were killed by our domesticated hawks, some fine speci-
mens of Buteo swainsoniy which were allowed the liberty of the camp.

Idst of specimens.

15, nest and eggs (3) 5 Sacramento, California, June 11, 1867. Nest in large
cotton-wood tree.

16, nest and eggs (3); Sacramento, June 11, 1867. Nest in small willow, in copse.

17, 9 ad. (parent of No. 15). 8J— UJ-^J— 4^'^— 3— |-^f — If. Bill, tarsi, and
toes, deep black 5 iris, bazel.

37, nest and eggs 5 Sacramento, June 12, 1867. Nest in small cotton- wood, in
copse.

45, nest and eggs (3) ; Sacramento, June 17, 1867. Nest on horizontal branch of
large cotton- wood.

46, S ad. (parent of preceding.) 9J— 16f-6J— 4|-~3— }f--4— If. Bill, tarsi, and
toes, deep black ; iris, hazel.

71, nest and eggs (4); Sacramento, June 20, 1867. Nest in top of small oak, in
grove.

1180, nest and eggs (4); Salt Lake City, Utah, June 18, 1869, Nest on small
mountain-mahogany bush, overhanging cliff.

1181, nests and eggs; same date and remarks.

1408, nest J Bear River Valley, July, 1869. [J. 0. Olmstead.]

Tyrannus OAEOLINENSIS.
lUngMrd*

Lanim tyrannus var. y carolinensiSj Gmel., Syst. Nat., I, 1788, 302.

Tyrannus carolinensiSj Temminck, Tabl. M6th. — , 24.— Baibd, B. N. Am., 1858,
171; Oat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 124.— CooPBB, Orn. Oal., 1, 1870, 311.— CouES,
Key, 1872, 169, pi. ir, flgs. 1, 2, 110b, 111 ; Obeck List, 1873, No. 242 j Birds
N.W., 1874, 235.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 316, pi. XLiii, fig.
4.— Hbnshaw, 1875, 341.

In the rich valley of the Truckee River, in western Nevada, two or

MYIARCHU8 CINBEASOENS. 533

more pairs of this familiar eastern bird had their abode among the large
cotton- wood trees near onr camp; in fact, this species seemed to be no more
rare in that locality than the jT. verticalis^ which, however, was itself far
from common. On the eastern border of the Great Basin it was more
abundant, being quite as numerous in the Salt Lake Valley as the T. verti-
calls, both frequently nesting in the same grove.

List of specimens.
1496, 9 jMV.; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, August 10, 1869. 8^—
14^. Bill, tarsi, and toes, black ; iris, dark brown.

MyIAEOHUS 01NERAS0EN8.

Atsh-ttaroated FIjrcatcher.

TyrannuU cinerascens, Laweenoe, Ann, Lye. N. fl. New York, V, 1851, 109.
Myiarchtis cinerascens, Solater, Ibis, 1859, 121.— CoUES, Key, 1873, 171 ; Check

List, 1873, No. 248; B. N.W., 1874, 239.
Myiarchus criniius var. cinerascenSj B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B,, II, 1874, 337, pi.

XLUi, fig. 6.— Henshaw, 1876, 345.
Myiarchus mexicanus, Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 179 (not of Kaup) ; Catal., 1859,

No. 131.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 316.

This species was apparently not abundant anywhere, being probably
more so in the Sacramento Valley than in any locality eastward of the
Sierra Nevada. It was not noticed in the vicinity of Sacramento City, in
June, but among the oaks of the plains toward the foot-hills of the Sierras
it was common early in July. A few were observed among the cotton-
woods of the lower Truckee in July and August, and it was also a not infre-
quent summer-resident in the canons of the Ruby Mountains, where it was
most often observed perched upon a gnarled cedar or mountain-mahogony
overhanging the top of a rocky gorge or high cliflF. It was very rare in
Parley's Park.

Resembling its eastern relative, the Great Crested Flycatcher {M. crini-
tus), in its general habits, its notes, however, are weaker, and do not possess
in so great a degree the strikingly wild character so marked in the vehe-
ment whistlings of that species.

List of specimens,

104, i ad,y' Trackee Reservation (Camp 12), Nevada, July 24, 1867. 8J— 13— .4—
3|— J— J— 3§— 1}^^|. Bill, deep black j iris, hazel ; tarsi and toes, black.

534 oenitholoqt.

Sayornis nigricans.

Black Pewee.

Tyrannula nigricans^ Swainson, Synop. Mex. Birds, Pbilos. Mag., 1, 1827, 367.

Sayornis nigricans^ BoNAP., Oomp. Rend., XXVIII, 1854, 87. — Baibd, B. N. Am.,
1858, 183; Oat. K Am. B., 1859, No. 134.— Cooper, Orn. Cal.,1, 1870, 319.—
COUBS, Key, 1872, 172; Check List, 1873, No. 251.— B. B. & R., Hist. N.Am.
B., II, 1874, 340, pi. XLV, fig. 1.— Henshaw, 1875, 347.

The Black Pewee was found only at Sacramento, where it was rather
common about the out-buildings of habitations near the river. In its socia-
ble disposition, its movements, and its ordinary note of chip^ it reminded ns
exactly of the eastern S. fuscus; we did not, however, hear it utter a note
similar to that from which the latter receives its common name, but judging
from the extreme similarity of the other notes, so far as heard, consider it
likely that the one to which we refer is also uttered.

Sayornis sayus.

Say's Pewee*

(To-que^'Oh of the Paiutes.)

Museicapa saya, Bonap., Am. Orn., I, 1825, 20, pi. li, lig. 3.

Sayornis sayus, Baibd, B. N. Am., 1858, 185; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 136.
Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 320.— Coues, Key, 1872, 172 ; Check List, 1873,
No. 250; B. N.W., 1874, 240.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 347, pi.
XLV, fig. 3.— Henshaw, 1875, 349.

Throughout the country eastward of the Sierra Nevada, this interest-
ing bird was found in all suitable places, though it was not abundant any-
where, since it was seldom that more than one pair inhabited a restricted
locality. Its favorite haunts were the rocky shores of the lakes and
rivers, or the walls of the lower caiions in the mountains, where it built
its bulky but soft and downy nest among the recesses of the rocks, or,
as was more often the case, upon a narrow shelf of rock projecting from
the ceiling or dome of a cave. In those wild localities it was found to be
rather shy in its disposition; but wherever man had fixed his abode upon the
dreary waste this species was attracted to his vicinity, thus assuming the
semi-domesticated habits of S. /metis and 8. nigricans^ which it repre-

CONTOPUS BOREALIS. 535

sents in this intermediate region. It was even noticed at several stage-
stations in tiie midst of the Humboldt and Carson Deserts, where no water
occurred except in the artificial wells. About the larger settlements it was
found to be more numerous, and at Unionville, in the West Humboldt
Mountains, had, with Sialia arctica and Salpinctes obsoletus, ta.ken possession
of the abandoned adobe houses in the upper portion of the town. At this
place we observed a nest which was attached to the under side of the eave
of a large stone building, being apparently built upon the base of a deserted
nest of the Cliff Swallow {Petrochelidon lunifrons).

While this species agrees with its more western and eastern represent-
atives {S. nigricans and S, fuscus) in nesting-habits, the character of its
nest and eg^y its fondness for rocky localities in the vicinity of water, and
in the readiness with which it becomes attached to the vicinity of dwellings,
it differs from both in notes, the usual utterance being a fine plaintive peer^
peer^ much like a certain wailing note of Contopus virens, another common
note being a prolonged querulous twitter.

List of specimens.

181, 9 ad.; West Humboldt Mountains (Camp 18), ll^evada, September 11, 1867.
8Jg^— 12§— 4J— 3/g — I — f— 3^— 1|. Bill, tarsi, and toes, deep black ; iris, bazel.

456, i ad.; Oarson City, Nevada, March 25, 1868. 7f— 12g— 43%— 3^. Bill, deep
black; iris, bister; tarsi and toes, plumbeous-black.

457, 9 ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 25, 1868. 7}^— 12f— 4jV— 3y\. Same
remarks.

762, nest and eggs (2); island in Pyramid Lake, Nevada, May 23, 1868. Nest
attached to shelf on roof of cave, oh rocky shore.

764, nest and eggs (4); east shore of Pyramid Lake, May 25, 1868. Nest on shelf
in cave, among the tufa domes.

Contopus boebalis>

Olive-sided Flycatcher.

Tyrannus borealis, Sw^ainson, Fauna Bor. Am., II, 1831, 141, pi. xxxv.

Contopus horealis, Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 188 ; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 137—
Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 323.— CouES, Key, 1872, 173; Check List, 1873,
No. 253; B. N.W., 1874, 243.— B. B. &E., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 353, pi.
XLiv, fig. 1.— Henshaw, 1875, 350.

This interesting bird was a rather common summer-resident in the

536 OBNITHOLOGT.

higher portion of the pine-belt of the Wahsatch, and we have every reason
to believe that it is also found in similar localities on the Sierra Nevada.
Near the summits of the pine-clad hills in the vicinity of our camp in
Parley's Park it was by no means rare in certain parts of the woods, its
favorite resort being those portions of the forest where many of the trees
had been deadened by fire, the most characteristic associate species being
Chrysomitris pinus, Carpodacus cassini, and Jtmco caniceps. It was extremely
shy, and could be approached only with the greatest difficulty. Attention
was usually attracted to it by its mellow whistling notes, which bore a
faint resemblance to certain utterances of the Cardinal G-rosbeak {Cardinalis
virginianus)j the bird being generally perched upon the summit of a tall
dead pine. One of the specimens obtained was secured only by a tedious
and difficult climb to the top of a very tall fir-tree, which fortunately began
branching near the ground, the bird having lodged among the topmost
branches. The first individual of the species that we saw was perched
quite a distance ofi*, upon a dead mahogany tree on the side of one of
the lower caflons of the East Humboldt Mountains. Being the first example
we had ever seen, its appearance struck us as quite peculiar, as it sat quietly
in an upright attitude, but it was at last decided to be a Shrike {CoUurio);
upon returning down the cafion an hour or more afterward, however, it was
noticed occupying the same position, but presently it flew from the perch
and snapped an insect in the air, when it returned to the branch and beat
it against the limb in true flycatcher style.

List of y)e€imen8,

875, i ad.; East Humboldt Mountains (Camp 21), Nevada, August 29, 1868. 7J
— 13 — (!) — 3 J. Upper mandible, black, lower dilute brown, more yellowish basally ;
iris, deep sepia; whole interior of mouth, rich orange-yellow; tarsi and toes, sepia-
black.

1273, <y ad.; Parley^s Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, June 23, 1869. 75—13^.
Bill, black, lower mandible pale wax-brown, more yellowish basally, the tip black;
ifis, brown ; feet, deep black ; interior of mouth, deep yellow.

1423, iad.; Pariey^s Park, July 17, 1869. 7|— 13^. Upper mandible, black,
lower wood-brown, mora yelli>wi8h basally; interior of moath, rich Indian-yellow;
iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, deep black.

C0NT0PU8 EICHAEDSONL 537

CONTOPUS EICHAEDSONL^

Riehardsou's Pewee.

Tyrannula richardsonii^ Swainson, Fauna Bor. Am., II, 1831, 146, pi. xlti, lower
figure.

Contopus richardsonii^ Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 189; Cat. F. Am. B., 1859, No.

138.-.COOPEE, Orn. Cal, I, 1870, 325.
Contopus virens van richardsonii, Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, III, 1872, 179.—

CouES, Key, 1872, 174 ; Check List, 1873, No. 255a.— B. B. & E., Hist, N.

Am. B., II, 1874, 360, pi. XLiv, fig. 4.— Henshaw, 1875, 353.
Contopus {virens var. 1) richardsoniiy CoUES, Birds N. W., 1874, 247.

Richardson's Pewee was met with in every wooded locality, and was
no less common at an altitude of 8,000 feet, in the Wq^hsatch Mountains,
than at Sacramento, but Httle above the sea-level. In all respects except
its notes and the character of its nest, this species is a counterpart of the
eastern Wood Pewee (C. virens), its appearance and manners being quite
the same. It seems, however, to be more crepuscular than the eastern
species, for while it remains quiet most of the day, no sooner does the sun
set than it begins to utter its weird, lisping notes, which increase in loud-
ness and frequency as the evening shades deepen. At Sacramento we fre-
quently heard these notes about our camp at all times of the night. This
common note of Richardson's Pewee is a harsh, abrupt lisping utterance,
more resembling the ordinary rasping note of the Night-Hawk (Chordeiles
popetue) than any other we can compare it with, though it is of course
weaker, or in strength proportioned to the size of the bird. Being most
frequently heard during the close of day, when most other animals become
silent and Nature presents its most gloomy aspect, the voice of this bird
sounds lonely, or even weird.

The nest of this species, as is well known, differs very remarkably from
that of d virens, being almost invariably placed in the crotch between
nearly upright forks, like that of certain Empidonaces, as J5J. minimus and
E. obscurus, instead of being saddled upon a horizontal branch, while its
structure is very different, the materials being chiefly plant-fibers and

^ With almost absolute similarity to C. virens^ its eastern representative, in all
appreciable details of form, size, and color, this bird presents such radical differences
in notes, accompanied by certain peculiarities of habits, that we teel bound to consider
it a distinct species.

538 ORNITHOLOGY.

stems of fine grasses, instead of beautiful lichens and mosses, matted
together with spiders' webs, and with but a slight admixture of other sub-
stances. All its habits, however, especially its deportment, are exactly
those of G. virenSj while the eggs of the two species are scarcely, if at all,
distinguishable.

At Sacramento we observed in this bird a remarkable display of attach-
ment to its favorite haunts, especially to the place where the nest is built.
The nest and eggs of a pair had been taken and the female killed as she
flew from the nest ; several days afterward, upon revisiting the locality,
and happening to look up at the site of the former nest, we were sur-
prised to see a new one already completed in the very same spot, the male
having found another mate. When we climbed to the nest the male exhib-
ited more than usual anxiety, and upon retunring the following day it was
found to be abandoned, and the only egg it contained broken.

List of specimens.

12, nest and eggs (2); Sacrameato, June 10, 1867. Nest at extremity of broken
clea<l branch near top of small oak, in grove.

13, 9 ad. (parent of Ko. 12) ; Sacramento, California, June 10, 1867. 6^5^— loj—
3| — 3— Y^^ — /^ — 2| — 1^. Bill, deep black above, light-brownish beneath, more yel-
low basally, the point nearly black ; whole interior of mouth, deep orange-yellow } iris,
dark brown 5 tarsi and toes, black.

42, nest and egg:^ (2) j Sacramento, June 15, 1867. iNTest saddled on rather large
branch of oak, in grove, about 15 feet from ground,

43, 9 ad. (parent of No. 42)j Sacramento, June 15, 1867. 64— 10— 3/^—2 fi—
j\ — y^g — 2^ — 14. Bill, black, basal half of lower mandible dilute brown.

S6j nest and eggs; Sacramento, June 16, 1867. Situated like No. 12.

88, nest and eggs ; Sacramento, June 24, 1867. Same situation.

89, nest ; Sacramento, June 24, 1867.

898, S juv.; East Humboldt Mountains (Camp 23, Secret Valley), September 6,
1868. 6J— lOJ — (!) — 2}f. Upper mandible, black, lower clear pale yellow, the tip
black; iris, sepia; tarsi and toes, black.

1250, nest and eggs ; Parley's Park, Utah, June 23, 1869. Nest in aspen, 20 feet
from ground.

1282, nest and eggs (3) ; Parley's Park, June. 25, 1869. Nest in crotch of dead
aspen, along stream.

1304, nest and eggs (2) ; Parley's Park, June 27, 1869. Nest in crotch of dead
aspen.

1316, nest and eggs (2) 5 Parley's Park, June 27, 1869. Nest in dead aspen.

1503, ? ad.; Parley's Park, August 12, 1869. 6/^—10^. Upper mandible, blacky
lower scarcely paler; interior of mouth, rich yellow ; iris, brown ; legs and feet, black.

EMPIDONAX PUSILLUS. 539

EmPIDONAX PUSILLUS.^
L.IUle Flycatcher; Traill's Flycatcher.

{Pish' -e-wah' -e-tse of the Slioshones.)

f Platyrhynchm pusillus, Swainson, Synop. Mex. Birds, Philos. Mag., 1, 1827, 366.
Umpidonax pusillusy Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 480. — Baird, Birds N. Am.,

1858, 194; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 141.— B. B. & E., Hist K Am. B.,

II, 1874, 366, pi. XLiv, fig. 9.
Empidonax traillii var. pusillm^ OouES, Key, 1872, 175; Check List, 1873, No.

257a.— Henshaw, 1875, 356.
Empidonax traillii, b. pmillusj Coues, Birds N.W., 1874, 252.
Empidonax traillii^ Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 327.

This is the most abundant and generally distributed of the EmpidgnaceSj
being, so far as known, the only one of the genus occurring across the
entire breadth of the continent.^ It prefers the lower portions of the
country, however, its favorite haunts being the willows of the river- valleys,
and we did not find^t higher up among the mountains than an altitude of
about 7,000 feet, where it was confined to the willow thickets bordering
the streams flowing across the parks. In the environs of Sacramento City
it was, next to Tyrannus verticalis, the commonest of the Flycatchers, and
was as characteristic of the willow copses as Contopus richardsoni was
of the oak groves. In its manners, this species is more lively than its
mountain relatives, JE, dbscurus and E, hammondi^ especially after sunset,
when they chase one another among the bushes, twittering as they fly,
frequently perching on a high twig and with swelled throats uttering their
not unmusical note of twip'utawah^ which is translated by the people
of Parley's Park as ^^ pretty dear,^^ by which name it was there familiar to
every one.

^ We are unable to appreciate differences between western and eastern (^HrailliV^)
specimens of this species sufficient to constitute the latter a recognizable variety. It
is only those specimens from the dryer and more scantily wooded localities of the West
which are paler and grayer colored than the average of eastern examples, and even
then the difference is not comparable to that existing between E, flaviventris and E,
difficilis.

*As stated above, we consider pusillus and ^HrailliV^ to be in every respect
identical, while we hold flaviventris and difficilis to be specifically distinct.

540 ORNITHOLOGY.

List of specimens.

33, nest and eggs (4); Sacramento, California, June 12, 1867. Nest about 2 feet
from ground, in small busli in cotton- wood copse.

36, 9 ad, (parent of above); Sacramento, June 12, 1867, 6| — 8g— (1).

83, nest and eggs; Sacramento, California, June 21, 1867. Nest about 4 feet from
ground, in small bush in willow copse.

84, 9 ad. (parent of eggs No. 83); Sacramento, June 24, 1867. 5|— 8J— 2j\—
^ — 1^6 — A — -i — H* Upper mandible, black, lower dilute brownish-yellow, more
whitish basally; iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, deep hazel.

94, nest and eggs; Sacramento, June 29, 1867. Nest situated like No. 83.

876, 9 ad. (parent of 877); Euby Valley, Nevada (Camp 21), August 29, 1868.
5J — 8| — (!) — 2^. Upper mandible, black, lower very dilate lilaceous-brown, more
yellowish basally; whole interior of mouth, rich orange-yellow; tarsi and toes, deep
black.

877 Juv.; Euby Valley, Nevada (Camp 21), August 29, 1878. 5J— 8|— (!)— 2|^.
Upper mandible, plumb^usblack, low<3r pale lilaceous, more yellowish basally; whole
interior of mouth, rich orange-yellow; iris, purplish -bister; tarsi and toes, pale plum-
beous.

1100, <J ad.; Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah, June 4, 1869. 6|— 9|.
Upper mandible, black, lower dilute brown; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, deep black.

1101, 9 ad> (mate of preceding); Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah, June
4, 1869. 6— 8f . Same remarks.^

1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247; nests and eggs. Parley's Park, Wahsatch
Mountains, Utah, June 23, 1869. Nests among willows along stream, generally about
5 or 6 feet from ground.

1288, nest and eggs (2); Parley's Park, June 25, 1869. Nest in wild-rose brier,
among undergrowth of thicket, along stream.

1305, nest and eggs (4); Parley's Park, June 27, 1869. Nest in wild-rose brier.

1316, nest and egg (1) ; Parley's Park, June 27, 1869. Nest in rosebush.

1330, nest and eggs (4); Parley's Park, June 28, 1869. Same remarks.

1331, nest and eggs (3) ; Parley's Park, June 28^ 1869. Nest in rose-bush, under-
growth of willow-copse.

1358, nest; Parley's Park, July 2, 1869. Nest in rosebush, by stream.

1420, nest and eggs (3); Parley^s Park, July 17, 1869. Nest in willows, along
stream.

1469, ^ adf., 6|— 9|^; 1470, 9 ad.,5{l—S^', 1471, 9 ad.,5|— 8§; 1472, 9 ad.,5j^-«8f.
Parley's Park, July 29, 1869. Upper mandible, deep black, lower light purplish wood-
brown; interior of mouth, deep yellow; iris, deep reddish-brown; tarsi and toes, deep
black.

1473, 9 ad.; Parley's Park, July 29, 1869. 6f— 8^. Lower mandible, brownish-
white.

1493, ijuv.f Parley's Park, August 7, 1869. 6—9.

* These specimens represent the absolutely typical "fmfnff style.

EMPIDONAX OBSOURUa 541

Empidonax OBSCUEUS.

Wright's Flycatcher.

(Yet^-to-gish of the Paiutes ; Pish'-e-wah'-e-te-tse of the Shoshones.)

f Tyrannula obscura^ Swainson, Sjnop. Mex. Birds, Philos. Mag., I, 1827, 367.
Empidonax ohscurm^ Baied, Birds N. Am., 1868, 200; Cat. N. Am. B., 1869, l^o.

146.— CooPEE, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 329.— -CouES, Key, 1872, 176; Check List,

1873, No. 261 ; Birds N.W., 1874, 258.— B. B. & R., Hist. K Am. B., II, 1874,

381, pi. XLr\r, fig. 6.— Henshaw, 1876, 360.
Empidonax wrightiij Baibd, Birds K Am., 1858, 200 (in text). [Name proposed ia

case Swainson's T. obscura should prove a different species.]

This Empidonax is as characteristic of the mountains as B, pusillus is
of the lower valleys. It inhabits both the aspen groves and copses of the
higher canons and the mahogany woods of the middle slopes, in which
places it is sometimes one of the most numerous of the smaller birds. It
is probably not entirely restricted to these elevated regions during the
breeding-season, however, since it was common in May among the willow
thickets in the lower Truckee Valley, while the first individual of the sea-
son was observed in a cedar and pinon woods on the low hills near Carson
City, on the 21st of April. In September we found it in the lower canons
of the West Humboldt Mountains, where, as in other ranges, the summer
fauna assimilated that of the river-valleys rather than that of the higher
canons. It was equally common on both sides of the Great Basin, the
only districts where it was entirely absent being those where the ranges
were destitute of water and vegetation. It was more abundant in the aspen
copses of the high canons of the lofty Toyabe range, near Austin, than
anywhere else, but it was quite plentiful in similar localities on the Wah-
satch and Uintah Mountains.

The habits and manners of this species much resemble those of others
of the genus, while in the location and structure of its nest, and the color
of its eggs, it resembles very closely E. hammondi and E, minimus. The
notes, however, are decidedly distinctive, and but little like those of its
congeners. The ordinary utterance is an exceedingly liquid whit^ but when
the nest is disturbed, as well as on some other occasions, a plaintive sweer
is uttered, which much resembles the call-note of Chrysomitris pinus, but is

542 ORNITHOLOGY.

rather less. loud. We always found this little bird to be exceedingly con-
fiding and unsuspicious ; so much so, indeed, that when collecting its eggs
on the Toyabe Mountains, an attempt to catch the parent bird with the
hand, as it sat upon the nest, proved successful in nearly every instance.
One specimen was, on this occasion, frightened from oflf its eggs by our
stumbling against the sapling containing the nest before the latter was dis-
covered, and alighted in another bush some distance off; it was fired at but
apparently missed, for it flew and disappeared; we were therefore consider-
ably astonished, upon returning to secure the nest, to find the bird again
upon her eggs, where she remained without making the least attempt to
escape, and suffered herself to be caught, when it was found that several of
her quill and tail-feathers had been carried away, and one toe cut off, by
the shot we had fired.

List of specimens.

208, i ad.; eastern slope West Humboldt Mountains, September 21, 1867. 5}|—
8^ — 2| — 2J — -^^ — I — 2/^ — IJ. Upper mandible, uniform deep black, lower mandible
dilute cbrorae-yellow 5 iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, deep black.

508, S ad.; Carson City, Nevada, April 21, 1868. 6^— Of— 3— 2J. Upper man-
dible, black, lower dilute brownish-white, dusky toward end j whole interior of mouth,
intense yellow; iris, deep sepia; tarsi and toes, deep black.

827, nest and eggs (4),; 828, nest and eggs (3) ^ 829, nest and eggs (2) ; 830, nest
and eggs (4); 831, ne^t and egg (1). Austin, Nevada, July 3, 1868. No. 827 in
mountaiu-mahogany bush, on extreme summit of hill, about 2,000 feet above camp,
or at an altitude of 9,000 feet; the others all in aspen thickets, and within reach of the
hand.

832, ? ad. (parent of No. S2Sj caught on nest, by hand!)', Austin, Nevada, July 3,
1868. 51 — 8^^^ — 2| — 2^^. Upper mandible, sepia-black, lower dilute sepia-brown,
yellowish basally ; iris, dark sepia ; tarsi and toes, deep black.

833, ? ad. (parent of No. 827, caught on nest, by hand !) ; Austin, Nevada, July 3,
1868. 64— 8|— 2|— 2^5^. Same remarks.

867, ? juv.; Camp 1^, East Humboldt Mountains, August 10, 1868. SJ— 8^— (t)—
24. Upper mandible, black, lower, with terminal half, light yellowish, basally more
pinkish ; interior of mouth, lemon-yellow ; iris, dark sepia ; tarsi and toes, deep black.

895, i ad.; Camp 23, East Humboldt Mountains, September 6, 1868. 5}|.— 8f—
(!) — 2|\. Upper mandible, black, lower dilute brown, paler and more yellowish
basally; interior of mouth, orange-yellow; iris, umber; tarsi and toes, deep black.

896, ? ad.; Camp 23, East Humboldt Mountains, September 6, 1868. . 5f|— 9—
(!) — 2/^. Same remarks,

897, S ad.; Camp 23, East Humboldt Mountains, September 6, 1868. 6— 9— (?)—
2f . Same remarks.

EMPIDOIsrAX HAMMOKDL 543

911, ? ad,; Camp 23, East Hamboldt Mountains, September 8, 1868. 6J— SJ—
(1) — 2y5^. Upper mandible deep black, terminal third of lower deep mahogany-brown,
basal portion, with rictus, pale chrome-yellow 5 interior of mouth, rich Indian yellow;
iris, umber; tarsi and toes, deep black.

9Ila, 9 ad,; East Humboldt Mountains, September 8, 1868. 5| — 8J-~(?)— 2^.
Same remarks.

912, 9 ad,; Camp 23, East Humboldt Mountains, September 8, 1868. 55— 8f—
(?) — 2j\. Same remarks.

934, ijuv,; Camp 25, Humboldt Valley, September 16, 1868. 55— 8f— (?)— 2|.
Bill, black, basal two-thirds of lower mandible, lilaceous-white; iris, very dark sepia;
tarsi and toes, plumbeous-black. (This specimen is remarkable for its pure and very
light ashy colors.)

940, ? ad.; Secret Valley, Nevada, September 6, 1867.

1248, 1249, nests and eggs; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah Territory,
June 23, 1869. ^NTests in aspencopse.

1281, nest and ^ggs (4) ; Parley's Park, June 25, 1869. Nest in crotch of dead
aspen, along stream.

1334, nest and eggs; Parley's Park, June 28, 1869. Nest in aspens.

1336 (4), 1337 (3), nests and eggs ; Parley's Park, June 28, 1869. Nests in aspens.

1353, nest and eggs (4) ; Parley?8 Park, June 28, 1869. Nest in service-berry bush.

1515, 9 jtiv.; Parley's Park, August 16, 1869. 6--9. Lower mandible, pale pink-
ish.

Empidonax hammondi.

Hammond's Flycatcher.

Ttfrannula hammondiij Xantus, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1858, 117.
Empidonax hammondi^ Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 119, pi. 76, fig. 1 ; Cat, N. Am. B.,

1859, No. 145.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 330.— Coues, Key, 1872, 176;

Check List, 1873, No. 260; B. N.W., 1874, 257.— B. B. & R, Hist. N. Am. B.,

ir, 1874, 383, pi. XLiv, fig. 7.— Henshaw, 1875, 362.

This delicate little Flycatcher was not met with anywhere as a summer
resident, but during its autumnal migration was found to be very common
on the East Humboldt Mountains. It inhabited exclusively the aspen-
groves and copses of tall alders and willows in t^e higher canons, and
seemed to keep in the darkest and most secluded places. The only note
heard was a soft pit

List of specimens,

893, S «<?•; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada (Camp 22), September 6, 1868.
5j-_8J — 2/^— 2y3g — |--y»g — 24— (1). Upper mandible, deep black, lower dilute brown,
the edge, with rictus, orange-yellow ; iris, dark bister; tarsi and toes, black.

894, i ad.; East Humboldt Mountains (Camp 23), September 6, 1868. 5J— 8|—
(!) — 2/5. Same remarks.

544 OBKITHOLOGY.

908, 9 ai.; East Humboldt Mountains (Camp 23), September 8, 1868. 5^— 8J—
2^. Lower mandible, rich brown.

909, S ad,; East Humboldt Mountains (Camp 23), September 8, 1868. 65—8^^—
(!) — 2/^. Lower mandible, with rictus, wood-brown.

910, S ad.; East Humboldt Mountains (Oamp 23), September 8, 1868. Sf— 85—
(f)— 2y^^. Same remarks.

EmPIDONAX DIPFIOILIS.^
ITestern Yellow-bellied Flycatcher*

Empidonax difficilis^ Baird, B. F. Am., 1858, 198 (in text) 5 ed. 1860, pi. 76, fig. 2 ;

Oat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 144a.
Bmpidonax flaviventris var. dijfficilis, ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1872, 179.

— CouES, Key, 1872, 176 (in text).— B, B. & R., Hist. K Am. B., II, 1874, 380.

— Henshaw, 1875, 362.
Empido7uix Jlaviventris, b. difficilis, COUES, B. N.W., 1874, 256.
Empidonax flaviventris^ Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 328.

This species was the rarest of the Empidonaces met with by us, a few
only being seen in the pine forests high tip on the Wahsatch Mountains,
and a still smaller number on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada. At
the former place a few pairs were found in July and August, and when
observed were usually perched upon a dead twig, sitting in a nearly ver-
tical position, the tail constantly jerked to one side. The only note heard
was a distinct chip, much like that of the Yellow-rump Warbler {Dendroeca
coronata).

List of specimens.

1490, i ad.; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, August 6, 1869. 6— 94.
Upper mandible, black, lower lilaeeous-white ; iris, deep reddish hazel; tarsi and toes,
purplish- black.

1491, 9 ad.; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, August 5, 1869. 5J— 8§.
Same remarks.

^ It is with little hesitation that we consider this bird as distinct specifically from
E» Jlaviventris. Not only are there very conspicuous and constant diflferences in pro-
portions and colors (especially the former), but numerous observers have noticed
remarkable and important peculiarities in the nesting-habits, the present species
almost invariably building its nest in cavities, either of stumps, trees, or rocks, or on
beams inside of buildings, a habit not yet noticed in E, JtaviventriSy nor, indeed, in any
other species of the genus. [See Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sciences, December 6, 1875,
who, however, is mistaken in supposing that " the differences in the two races seem
to be wholly in shades of color and size, and not in i)roportion8, as formerly supposed."]

ceryle aloyon— pious hareisi. 545

Family ALCEDINIDJE— K^gfishbrs.
Ceryle alcyon.

Belted King^flsher.

{Tafum-pahl/feoi the Washoes; Tsanfak-mik'ket-ah of the Paiutes; Pang'we-

diin'oh-moo of the Shoshones.)

Alcedo alcyon^ Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 180.

Ceryle alcyon, BoiE, Isis, 1828, 316.— Baird, B. K Am., 1858, 158 ; Cat. IT. Am.

B., 1859, 117.— Cooper, Orn. CaL, I, 1870, 337.— CouES, Key, 1S72, 188;

Pheck List, 1873, No. 286; B. N.W., 1874, 273.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B.,

II, 1874, 392, pi. XLV, fig. 6.— Henshaw, 1875, 366.

The common Kingfisher was found in the vicinity of all streams and
lakes containing fish. In the lower valleys it was resident, but in the
mountains was found only in summer.

List of specimens,

292, <? ad.; Truckee Meadows, Nevada, November 18, 1867— 14— 23|— 6f— 5f—
2^ — § — 4 — If. Bill, black, more slaty bas«nlly, where clouded with pale ash}^ ; iris,
dark vivid vandyke-brown ; tarsi and toes, livid brownish-black, more bluish on the
knees and adjoining part of the tibiae.

1452, 9 ad.; Parley's Park, Utah, July 26, 1869. 12^—22^ Bill, black, the
rictus and basal portion of lower mandible pale ashy ; iris, rich dark brown; tarsi and
toes, dark plumbeous-sepia in front, purplish salmon pink behind and beneath.

1492, 9 ad.; Parley's Park, August 7, 1869. 141—22^. Same remarks as to the
preceding.

Family PICID^— Woodpeckers.

PiCUS HAERISl.
Harris's W^oodpecker*

{Kahsoo'te of the Washoes; Wahpe' -pannah of the Paiutes.)

Picus harrisii, AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 191, pi. 417.— Baird, Birds N. Am.,
1858, 87; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No, 75.— Cooper, Orn. CaL, I, 375.

Picus villosus var. harrisiiy Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1872, 180.— CouBS,
Key, 1872, 194; Check List, 1873, No. 298a.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am.
Birds, II, 1874, 507.— Henshaw, 1875, 386.

This perfect counterpart of the Hairy Woodpecker of the East (P.
villosus ) was met with throughout the year in all wooded localities, from the
35 P B

546 OENITHOLOGY.

Sien-a Nevada eastward. It was equally common in the forests of Con-
iferae and among the broad-leafed or deciduous trees. The notes and
habits are in all respects identical with those of its eastern representative.

List of specimens.

364, 9 ad,; Truckee Keservation, December 19, 1867. 9^— 15— 5— 4y\— 1|— }i
— 3| — If. Bill, slaty horn-color; iris, burnt-sienna; tarsi and toes, plumbeous green.

372, S ad.; Truckee Reservation, December 21, 1867. 9f — 16f — 5/^ — 4,^ Bill,
greenish-slate, darker terminally; naked orbital region, similar, but paler; iris, reddish-
brown ; tarsi and toes, dark slaty-green.

373, <J ad.; same locality and date. 9f — 16| — 5j\ — 4|. Same remarks.

438, g ad,; Carson City, March 10, 1868. 9f--15J— 5J — 4^. Ucotent of tongue
beyond end of bill, 2J inches; its corneous tip, pale plumbeous.

1435, Sjuv.; Parley's Park, July 21, 1869. 10—17, Bill, dark slate; iris, burnt-
sienna; tarsi and toes, cinereous.

1512, ? ad,; Parley's Park, August 16, 1869. 9§— 17.

Note. — The two latter specimens, besides being larger than those from western
Nevada, are also more spotted with white on the wings, thereby showing an approach
to P. villosus.

Pious gaiedneel

Oairdner'8 Woodpecker.

Picus gairdneri, Audubon, Orn. Biog., Y, 1839,317.— Baird, Birds N.Am., 1858,
91; ed. 1860, pi. S5, figs. 2, 3; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 76.— Cooper,
Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 377.

Picus pubescens var. gairdnerij COUES, Key, 1872, 194; Check List, 1873, No. 299a.
— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 512.— Henshaw, 1875, 388.

Picus pubescens. b. gairdneri, CouES, Birds N. W., 1874, 282.

We found this bird to be unaccountably rare in all portions of the
country, even where its larger cousin, P. harrisi, abounded; indeed, it was
seen at only two localities along the entire route, a very few being found
in September among the thickets by one of the streams flowing from the
lofty Clover Mountains into the Upper Humboldt At Parley's Park two
families of young were met with, on separate occasions, in July and August,
but we did not succeed in obtaining specimens. At the former locality they
were feeding on the fruit of Crataegus rivulariSy in company with many other
species of birds. In all respects, both as to habits and voice, this bird seems
to be a perfect counterpart of the Downy Woodpecker (P. pubescens) of
the East.

PIOUS NUTTALLI— p. ALBOLARV^ATUS- 547

List of specimens,

925, $ ad.; Upper Humboldt Valley (Camp 25, Deeriug's Creek), IS'evada, Sep-
timber 12, 1868. 7— ISJ— (?)— S^'., Bill, pure slate; iris, burrituniber; tarsi aud toes,
ochraceous olive-green.

935, $ ad.; Upper Humboldt Valley (Oaojp 25, Deeriug's Creek), Kevada, Sep-
tember 17, 1868. 6^12J— (?)— 34.

PiCUS KUTTALLI.

IVuuairs Woodpecker*

Picus nnttalli, G ambel, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., I, 1843, 259.— Baird, Birds N.
Am., 1858, 93; Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, 78.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870,
378.— B. B. & R., Hist. K. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 521, pi. l, figs. 3, 6.

Picus scalaris var. nuttalli, Coues, Key, 1872, 193; Check List, 1873, No. 297a.

Among the scattered oaks of the Sacramento plains we found this
Woodpecker to be very common, but met with it nowhere else. It was
particularly abundant where the oaks attained a large size, and formed
more extensive groves, nearer the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. Its
manners were very much those of the Downy Woodpeckers (P. pubescens
and P. gairdneri), but the notes were entirely different, the usual one con-
sisting of a very prolonged rattling call, quite unHke that of any other
bird with which we are acquainted.^

Pious albolaeyatus.

White-lieadcd IToodpecker.

Leuconerpes alholarvatusy Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Soi. Pliihul., 1850, 166.

Picus albolarvatus^ Baird, Birds N. Am., i85S, 96; Oat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 81.
—Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 382.— Ooues, Kl^y, 1872, 192 ; Che(».k List, 1873,
No. 295.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 526, pi. l, figs. 7, 8.

In the dense forests of lofty and massive coniferae which cover the
slopes of the Sierra Nevada, this Woodpecker was found all the year round.
It was first met with in July, on the western slope, at an elevation of about
5,000 feet; it was the most abundant Woodpecker of the locality, and was
almost constantly seen sporting about the tops of the tall dead pines, usually

^ In several localities in western Nevada we heard, on different occasions, similar
notes, but they turned out to be those of one of the Passeres, and a species which
we are not able to identify, unless it may be Phwmfiepla nitens. (See page 447.)

548 ORNITHOLOGY.

out of gunshot range. On the eastern slope, it was common near Carson
City throughout the winter, keeping entirely among the pines, though some-
times coming down to the lower edge of the woods.

, The appearance of the White-headed Woodpecker is very striking, on
account of the bold contrast between the white head and neck and the
uniform black of the rest of the plumage — the white patch on the primaries
showing conspicuously only when the bird is flying. In its habits it resem-
bles the larger ^^Sapsuckers" (P. viUosus and P. harrisi), except that it is more
lively in its disposition, in which respect it approaches quite nearly to the
playful Melanerpese. Its notes, however, are quite distinctive, for although
they bear some resemblance to the clear, sharp diph of the species above
mentioned, the call forms a connected series of these notes, each ending in a

rather suppressed twitter.

List of specimens.

435,<Jad; Carson City, March 10,1868. 9/^— 15f— 5jV-^i' Bill, uniform slate-
black 5 iris, (lull carmitie ; tarsi and toes, olivaceous-slate. Tongue protrudes ^of an
inch beyond the end of the bill ; its corneous tip white. [See under P. harrisi, p. 546.^]

436, ? ad. (mate of No. 435). 93^15§— 5J— 4|. Same remarks.

527, S ad.; Carson City, April 25, 1868. 9^— 16J— 5f^ — 4f .

528, i ad.; Carson City, April 25, 1868. 9|— 15|— SyV-^j^.

529, 9 ad. (mate of No. 528). 8}^15^5— 4^3^.

PiCOIDES AECTICFS.
Black-backed Three-toed IToodpecker.

Fieus fApternusJ arcticus^ Swainson, Fauna Bor. Am., II, 1831, 313, pi. 57.

Picoides arcticus^ Gray, Genera of Birds, II, 184-, 434, pi. 108, fig. 7. — Baied, B.
K Am., 1858, 98; Cat. K Am. B., 1859, No. 82.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870,
384.— COUES, Key, 1872, 194; Check List, 1873,300; B. N.W., 1874, 284.—
B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. B., 11, 1874, 530, pi. l, fig. 1.

The only specimen of this species seen was the one obtained. It was

engaged in hammering on the trunk of a dead pine tree, near the foot of

the mountains.

List of specimens.

409, ? ad,; pines of the Sierra Nevada, near Carson City, February 19, 1868. 9J
— 15^ — 5^\— -4J. Bill, slate-color; iris, burnt-sienna; tarsi and toes, dull slate.

'Professor Baird has proposed for this species the generic or subgeneric term
Xenopicus (Birds N. Am., 1858, p. 83), which, in view of certain marked structural
differences from typical Picus^ it may in future be deemed advisable to adopt.

sphyrapicus ruber— s. kuchalis. 549
Sphyrapicus ruber.

Red-breasted Woodpecker*

Pieus ruber, Gmeltn, Syst N^at,, I, 178S, 429.

Sphyrapicus ruber, Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 104; Oat. N, Am. Birds, 1859, No.

87.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 392,— Ooues, Key, 1872, 195; Check List,

1873, No. 303.

Sphyrapicus varius var. ruber, Ridow., Am. Jouru. Sci. & Arts, V, Jan./ 1873, 40.

— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 544, pi. li, fig. 6.
Sphyrapicus varius. c. ruber, OouES, Birds N.W., 1874, 286.

The Red-breasted Woodpecker was observed only on the Sierra
Nevada, chiefly on the western side of that range; we are not even certain
of its occurrence on the eastern slope, but it is our impression that we saw
it once among the pines near Carson City, but the occasion was not such
as to afford a satisfactory opportunity to identify the individual in question.^

Sphyrapicus nuchalis.

Red-napcd liFoodpecker.

{QiJb' um-ah' 'Utz of the Shoshones.)

Sphyrapicus varius var. nuchalis, Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 103 (in text). — B. B.
& R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 542, pi. lt, figs. 3, 4.— Cooper, Orn. Cal.,
I, 390.— CouES, Key, 1872, 195^ Check List, 1873, No. 302a.— Henshaw,
1875,392.

Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 921; ed. 1860, pi. xxxvj Oat.

N. Am. B., 1859, No. 86.
Sphyrapicus varius. b. nuchalis, CoUES, Birds N.W., 1874, 286.

Throughout the country between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky
Mountains, the Red-naped Woodpecker is a common species in suitable
localities. Its favorite summer-haunts are the groves of large aspens near
the head of the upper canons, high up in the mountains, and for this reason
we found it more abundant in the Wahsatch and Uintah region than
elsewhere; indeed, but a single individual was observed on the Sierra
Nevada, and this one was obtained on the eastern slope of the range, near

^ It has recently been obtained by Mr. Henshaw on the eastern slope, near Lake
Tahoe.

550 ORNITHOLOGY.

Carson City. It was very rare throughout western Nevada, but became
abundant as we approached the higher mountains in the eastern portion of
the State. Among the aspen groves in Parley's Park, as well as in similar
places throughout that portion of the country, it was by far the most abun-
dant of the Woodpeckers; and it seemed to be as strictly confined to the
aspens as S. thyroideus was to the pines. Its nest was almost invariably
in a living tree, into tlie soft wood of which it bored with the greatest ease,
the excavation being at nearly all heights between eight and thirty feet
from the ground, and almost invariably in the trunk of the tree. Both
parents incubate and feed the young.

In its general manners, this species is quite a counterpart of the eastern
Red-throated Woodpecker (& varius), but its notes are quite appreciably
different, the whining utterance so characteristic of all the species of the
genus being less plaintive, while we heard other notes which we never knew
the eastern bird to utter.

List of specimens.

490, ? ad.; Carson City, l^evada, April 4, 1868. Pines. 8^— 15^— 5J— .4f . Bill,
black ; iris, dark bister ; tarsi and toes, olive-cinereous.

936, ? juv.; Upper Humboldt Valley (Camp 25), September 18, 1868. 8f — .15|—
(?) — 4|. Bill, dark sepia-slate 5 iris, dark bister; tarsi and toes, olive-plumbeous.

938, S ctd.; Thousand Spring Valley (Camp 27), September 23, 1868. 8|— -15^—
(?) — 4§. Bill, pure slaty-drab; iris, dark bister; tarsi and toes, greenish olive-cinere-
ous.

1355, <J ad.; Parley Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, July 1, 1869. 8f— 15f.
Bill, deep black ; iris, brown ; feet, greenish-ashy.

1356, 9 ad.; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, July 1, 1869. 8f— 16.
Same remarks. [Stomachs of both specimens filled with ants.]

1422, <J ad.; Parley's Park, July 17, 1869. 8f— 15f . Bill, purplish-black ; iris,
brown ; tarsi and toes, slaty-olive.

1429, ? ad.; Parley's Park, July 19, 1869. 8i--15i. Bill, black; iris, brown;
tarsi and toes, olivaceous blue.

1436, (? ad.; Parley's Park, July 21, 1869. 8|— 15f. Bill, black; iris, umber;
tarsi and toes, dull light blue.

1438, ^ ad.; Parley's Park, July 22, 1869, 8— 15f. Bill, black; iris, brown;
legs and feet, olivaceous-blue.

1439, ? ad.; Parley's Park, July 22, 1869. 8J— 15J. Same remarks.

1440, 9 ad.; Parley's Park, July 22, 1869. 8— 14§. Same remarks.

1448, i ad.; Parley's Park, July 23, 1869. 84—15. Bill, dark purplish-brown.

SPHYRAPICUS THYROIDEU8. 551

Sphyrapicus THYROIDEUS

Brown«lieaded IfVoodpecker; IVIIIIamsoiiN Woodpecker.

PicMs thyroideus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbilad., 1851, 349.

Sphyrapicus thyroideus^ Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 106 ; Catal., 1859, No, 89. —
Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 394.— Coues, Key, 1872, 195; Check List, 1873,
No. 304; Birds N.W., 1874, 288.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874,
547, pi. LVI, fig. 6 (*^ <?"-=? with red streak on throat!).— Henshaw, Am.
Nat., 1874, 242 [Identity of thyrouleus and ^' unlliamsonV^ demonstrated J;
Wheeler's Rep., 1875, 394.

Picus williamsoni, Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep., VI, 1857, 89, pi. xxxiv, fig. 1
(young S , or adult 6 with red of throat destroyed by action of alcohol ; for-
merly supposed to be ?!).

Sphyrapicus williamsoni, Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 105 ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
No. 88.— Cooper, Orn. Cal, I, 1870, 393.— Coues, Key, 1872, 195; Check
List, 1873, No. 305.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, 11, L874, 545, pi. li,
fig. 5.

The discovery of the astonishing fact that the Brown-headed Wood-
pecker {8. thyroideus, Cass.) and Williamson's Woodpecker {S. williamson%
Newb.) are female and male of the same species, is due to the field-obser-
vations of Mr. H. W. Henshaw, the accomplished ornithologist of Lieutenant
Wheeler's expedition; the fact being first announced in 1874, in an article
in the American Naturalist (Vol. VIII, p. 242). A suspicion that the two
might eventually prove to be different plumages of one species several
times arose in our mind during the course of our field-work, the chief
occasion for which was the very suggestive circumstance that both were
invariably found in the same woods, and had identical manners and notes,
while they also agreed strictly in all the details of form and proportions,
as well as in the bright gamboge-yellow color of the belly. Our theory
that thyroideus was perhaps the young^ and ivilliamsoni the adult^ proved
erroneous, however ; and it never occurred to us that the differences might
be sexual, an oversight caused chiefly by the circumstance of our having
seen in collections many specimens of thyroideus with a red streak on the
throat and marked as males, while the type specimen of williamsoni had a
white streak on the throat and was said to be a female. We were thus
entirely misled by the erroneous identification of the sex in these speci-

552 OENITHOLOGY.

mens. We gave the matter up, however, only after shooting a very young
specimen of what was undoubtedly williamsoni^ and another of thjroi-
deuSj both of which very closely resembled the adults of the same forms,
a circumstance which at once convinced us .that the differences could not
depend on age ; so we finally concluded that the two must be distinct.
Now, however, that Mr. Henshaw has so satisfactorily explained the case,
we have no hesitation in indorsing his opinion.

We found this species both on the Sierra Nevada and in the Wahsatch,
and it is probable that its range extends throughout the entire Western
Region. It is confined to the coniferous forests, however, so that its dis-
tribution is governed greatly by local conditions. It appears to be con-
stantly pinicoline, since it was a winter resident among the pines near Car-
son City, while it was found in summer among those of the Wahsatch, in
Parley's Park. Excepting the circumstance of its being so strictly confined
to the coniferous forests, it resembles the other species of the genus in habits
and manners, while the notes appear to be only very slightly different; the
latter are finer and less plaintive, however, than in nuchalis or varitis, and
uttered in more detached syllables. The female of this species presents
when flying a very close resemblance to the species of CenturuSj the
plumage being similarly barred with black and white, while a distinct
white area is presented on the lower portion of the ramp. The first male
killed (No. 331) had the bill thickly coated with the resinous juices of the
pine trees among which it had been feeding.

List of specimens,

331, ^J ad,; pines of the Sierra Nevada, near Carson City, iSTorember 27, 1867.
9|— 19—5J — 4^ — 1 — §— 3J — If. Bill, deep purplish sepia-slate; iris, chestnut; tarsi
and toes, ashy-olive.

332, 9 ad.; Carson City, Nevada, November 27, 1867. 9^— 16f~5|— 4f-.}f~W—
3| — If. Bill, deep brownish-slate ; iris, reddish- vandyke ; tarsi and toes, ashy-olive.

437, 9 ad.; Carson, March 10, 1868. 94—16^— 5|-.4f. Bill, dusky purpliwh-
slate; iris, umber; tarsi and toes, light ashy-green. (Tongue protrudes ^ of an inch
beyond hill; its corneous tip color of bill.)

1486, Sjuv,; Parley's Park, August 5, 1869. 9J— 15J. Bill, black; iris, dark
brown ; tarsi and toes, greenish-ashy,

1513, 9 jMV,; Parley's Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, August 16, 1869.

MELANERPES FORMICIVORUS— M. TORQUATCJS. 553

Melanerpes FORMICIVORUS.

California IVoodpecker.

Picus formicivomsy Swainson, Synop. Birds Mex , Philos. Mag., F, 1827, 439.

Melanerpes formicivorus, Boistap., CoDsp., 1, 1850, 115.— Bairb, B. N. Am., 1858,
114; Oat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 95.— Cooper, Orn. Oal., 1, 1870, 403.— CoUES,
Key, 1872, 197; Check List, 1873, No. 310.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II,
1874, 566, pi. Liii, figs. 1, 2.— Henshaw, 1875, 399.

This handsome Woodpecker was observed only among the oaks in the
Sacramento Valley, where it sported among the trees along with Yellow-
billed Magpies and Valley Jays (Cyanocitta californica). We had no oppor-
tunity to observe its habits closely.

Melanerpes torquatus.

I^ewis^s Woodpecker.

Pious torquatus^ Wilson, Am. Orn., llf, 1811, 31, pi. 30, fig. 3.

Melanerpes torquatus, Bonap., Cousp., 1, 1850, 1 15. — Bairb, B. N. Am., 1858, 115;
Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 9G.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 406.— B. B. & R.,
Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 561, pi. liv, fig. 5.— Henshaw, 1875, 397.

Asyndesmus torquatus, Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 56 ; Key, 1872, 197;
Check List, 1873, No. 311 ; B. N.W., 1874, 291.

This very remarkable Woodpecker was found along the entire route,
from Sacramento eastward, but only in certain widely-separated localities.
It prefers the scattered trees of plains, or the mere edge of the denser
forests, and was consequently found most abundantly among the oaks of
the Sacramento Valley and the scattered pines along the eastern base
of the Sierra Nevada. None were seen among the cotton-woods of the
Truckee or Carson Rivers, while only a few were noticed among the very
large aspens in the lower canons of the East Humboldt Mountains, as well
as in similar groves along the streams of the Upper Humboldt Valley.
None were observed in the Wahsatch or Uintah Mountains, nor in the Salt
Lake Valley. We cannot account for this apparent irregularity of its dis-
tribution, which is somewhat parallel to the case of Pica hudsonica in the
same region.

In its general habits and manners this beautiful species resembles quite
closely the eastern Red- headed Woodpecker (M. erythrocephalus), being

554 ORNITHOLOGY.

quite as lively and of an eqiially playful disposition. Some of its actions,
however, are very curious, the most remarkable of them being a certain
elevated flight, performed in a peculiar floating manner, its progress appa-
rently laborious, as if struggling against the wind, or uncertain, like a
bird which had lost its course and become confused. At such a time it
presents the appearance of a Crow high in the air, while the manner of its
flight is strikingly similar to that of Clarke's Nutcracker (Picicorvus colum-
bianus — see page 516). After performing these evolutions to its satisfaction,
it descends in gradually contracting circles, often to the tree from which it
started.

When a nest of this species in an oak tree was disturbed, the parents
were observed to alight upon a large horizontal branch, and now and then
cautiously look over at the intruder, at the same time uttering a faint rattling
or twittering note. When frolicking among the trees the notes of this
species are a faint shrill scream and a rattling twitter, somewhat like the
notes of M. erythrocepJialus, but much weaker.

List of specimens,

76^ $ ad.; Sacramento City, California, June 22, 1867. lOJ— 20J— 0|— 5J— IJ— f
— 3J — If. Bill, deep purplisbslatej iris, deep hazel; tarsi and toes, pale ashy-blue.

77, 9 ad. (mate of No. 76) ; same locality and date. 10}f~20|~-6/^— 5J— lf_— |
— 3| — 1 J. Same remarks.

661, S ad.; Carson City, Nevada, April 29, 1868. llf — 21|— 7— 55. Bill, black ;
iiis, hazel; tarsi and toes, olivaceous-blue.

924, S ad.; Upper Humboldt Valley (Camp 24), September 12, 1868. llf— 21J
— (!) — 5||. Bill, slate black, deeper terminally; iris, burnt-sienna; tarsi and toes,
rather dark ashy.

Melaneepes ERYTHROCEPHALUS.

Bed-headed l¥eedpecl£er.

Pious erythroeephahtSy Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 174.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Swainson, Fauna Bor. Am., II, 1831, 316. — Baird,

Birds K Am., 1858, 113; Cat. K Am. Birds, 1859, No. 94.— Cooper, Orn.

OaL, I, 1870, 402.— COUES, Key, 1872, 196 ; Check List, 1873, No. 309 ; Birds

N.W., 1874, 290,— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 564, pL Liv, fig.

4.— Henshaw, 1875, 398.

A single individual of this common eastern species was seen near Salt
Lake City in June, 1869, the one in question being observed among the

COLAPTES MEXICANUS. 555

willows along the stream flowing from Parley's Park. Eastward of the
Rocky Mountains, as far west as Laramie, it was abundant about the tele-
graph-poles along the railroad.

COLAPTES MEXICAmJS.

Red-shafted Flicker.

{Tetsum! of the Washoes; Ah' soo-pannah of the Paiutes; Gooe-nee' -utz of the

Shoshones.)

Colaptes mexicanus, Swainson, Synop. Mex. Birds, Philos. Mag., I, 1827, 440.
Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 120; Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 98.— Cooper,.
Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 408.— CouES, Key, 1872, 198; Check List, 1873, No. 314;
Birds N.W., 1874, 294.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, 11, 1874, 578, pi.
LV, figs. 3, 4.— Henshaw, 1875, 400.

Being the most abundant and generally distributed of the Wood-
peckers, this species was found in all wooded localities; and though it
appeared to be rather partial to the deciduous trees of the lower valleys,
it was far from rare among the pines of the mountains, excepting in the
denser portions of the forest. As to its general appearance, habits, and
notes, it is a perfect counterpart of the eastern Yellow -shafted Fhcker ((7.
auratus), its notes especially being absolutely undistinguishable; indeed so
great is the similarity between the two species that the western bird is
almost universally known as the ^* Yellow Hammer" by the people of that
country, notwithstanding there is not a yellow feather in its plumage. It
appeared to be far more shy than the eastern species, however, and we
always found it difficult to secure, except when a heavy growth favored a
near approach. This wildness may be partly accounted for by the eager-
ness with wliich these handsome birds are sought by the Indians, who
highly prize the tail and quill-feathers as ornaments for their head-dresses.

List of specimens,

103, S jnv.; Truckeo Eeservation (Camp 12), Nevada, July 24, 1867. 13— 20|—
H — H — 1§ — 5 — ^4 — ^h ^^^h brownish-black 5 iris, chestnut; tarsi and toes, pale
livid blue.

556 ORNITHOLOGY.

12C, c? juv,; Oainp 12, August 1, 1867. 13J— 20J— 6xV-5|— 1^^— |— 4J— S^V
Same remarks.

241, $ ad.; West Humboldt Mountains (Camp 19), October 8, 1807. 13—21—
(>J — 5y\— 1^— }|— 4^ — 2^. Bill, slate-black, deeper terminally; iris, deep chestnut;
naked eyelids, tarsi and toes, fine pale lilaceous-blue.

357, S ad,; Truckee Reservation, December 18, 1867. 13J— 21— 6f— 5|— IJ-i—
1 — 5 — 2^. Iris, deep cherry-red.

363, $ ad.; Truckee Reservation, December 19, 1867. 14— 2if~7— 5^— 1|— 1—
5 — 24. Same remarks.

374, ^ ad.; Truckee Reservation, December 21, 1867. 13|— 21^— 6§— 5f . Same
remarks.

391, i ad.; Washoe Valley, January 3, 1868. 13J— 21— 6i|— 5f. Same re-
marks.

393, ? ad.; Washoe Valley, January 4, 1868. 123— 20i— 6|— 5/^.

461, (J ad.; Carson City, March 28, 1868. 13^22— 6}f—5f.

462, (? ad.; same locality and date. 13^22— 6§—5f.

481, ? ad.; same locality, March 30, 1868. 13^— 211— 6^5|i^.

'^36, eggs (5); Truckee Reservation, May 1 7, 1868. Excavation in a small willow,
on bank of the river.

1345, S juv.; Parley's Park, Utah,' June 28, 1869.

1428, ^jw.; Parley's Park, Utah, July 19, 1869. 12^20^. Bill, slate-black;
iris, bister; tarsi and toes, light ashy-blue.

COLAPTES HTBRIDUS/

«' Hybrid" Flicker.

Colaptes ayresii, Audubon, Birds Am., VII, 1843, 348, pi. 494.
Colaptes hybridus, Baird, Birds K Am., 1858, 122; Cat. K Am.. Birds, 1859,
No. 98a.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 582, pi. Liv, fig. 3.

List of specimens.

400, (J; -Washoe Valley, January 4, 1868. 13— 20f— 6|— 5f.

[General appearance of typical mexicanus^ having ashy throat and scarlet
<^ moustaches," but occiput with a distinct scarlet crescent, and the red of the remiges
and rectrices inclining decidedly to orange.]

^ Whether the puzzling specimens included under this name are really hybrids, or
whether they are remnants of a generalized form from which two "incipient species"
have become differentiated, must long remain an open question. The latter view, how-
ever, seems the more rational ; and it is altogether probable that this ** hybrid" series
is gradually losing its neutral character, through the nearer approach, generation by
generation, of its members to the characters of one or the other of the two specialized
forms. [For a full and very sensible discussion of this subject, see Coues's Birds of
the Norihw€s% pp. 293, 294.]

COLAPTES AUEATUS. 557

COLAPTES AUEATUS?
Yellow-shafted Flicker.

Cucnlus auratus, Linn., Syst. Nat., I (ed. 10), 1758, 112.

Colaptes auratus, Swains., Zool. Jouru., ILE, 1827, 353.— Baird, Birds N. Am.,

1858, 118; Catal. N. Ara. B., 1859, No. 97.— CouES, Key, 1872, 197; Check

List, 1873, No. 312; Birds N.W., 1874, 292.

Early in October, 1867, we saw near Unionville, in the West Hum-
boldt Mountains, a Flicker which had bright gamboge-yellow shafts to the
quills and tail-feathers. It flew from the brushwood of a ravine close by,
and was followed over the hills, from rock to rock, through the sage-brush
and across fields, and from one ravine to another, for nearly an hour, until
it finally disappeared. It was so extremely shy that we found it impossible*
to get within fair gunshot range, but several shots were risked at it, one of
which brought several feathers, which on examination were found to be
pure, bright gamboge-yellow, without the faintest trace of orange. On the
22d of November following, a similar individual was seen among the willows
along the Truckee River, at the Glendale Meadows; but being on the oppo-
site side of the stream, it could not be obtained. Whether these birds were
the typical eastern O, auratus or 0, chrysoides^ of the southern portion of the
Middle Province, we cannot, of course, be sure; but geographical consid-
erations render the former more probable. It is almost certain they were
not specimens of C, hybriduSj since the latter is seldom, if ever, without
more or less of an orange tinge to the wings and tail.''^

^ Oeopieus chrysoides^ Malherbe, Rev. et Mag. Zool., IV, 1852, 553.
Colaptes chrysoides^ Baibd, Birds N. Am., 1858, 125; Oat. N. Am. "Birds, 1859,
No. 99.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 410.— Coues, Key, 1872, 198; Check List, 1873,
No, 313.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 583, pi. Liv, figs. 1, 2.

^In the "Ornithology of California,'' page 412, Dr. J. G. Cooper mentions two
specimens from Oakland, near San Francisco, " which are evidently of the form hyhri-
dus, Baird," one of which "differs from the auratus only in having the head grayish
like meMcanus and the blaclc of the cheek-feathers tipped with redJ*^

558 ornithology.

Family CUOULID^— Cuckoos,
cocoyzus americanus,

Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

CuculuH americanm^ Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 170.

Coccyzus americanus, Bonap., Obs. Wils. Orn., 1825, No. 47.--CouES, Key, 1872,

190, fig, 126; Check List, 1873, No. 291 ; B. N.W., 1874, 275.
Coceygus americanus, Baird, B. N. Am., 185S, 76; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 69. —

CooPEB, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 371.— -B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., II, 1874, 477,

pi. XLViii, fig.4 (^'3'' err.).--HENSHAW, 1875, 386.

The Yellow-billed Cuckoo was so often seen or heard durmg our
sojourn in the West, that we cannot regard it as a particularly rare bird in
certain portions of that country. At Sacramento City its well-known notes
were heard on more than one occasion in June, among the oak groves in
the outskirts of the city, while across the Sierra Nevada several individuals
were seen in July in the wooded valley of the lower Truckee.

Family TROCHILIDJl— Humming-birds.
Calypte ann^.

Anua's Hninmer*

Ornismya annay Lesson, Oiseaiix Mouches, 1830, pi. oxxiv.

Athis annay Baird, B. N. Am., 1858, 137 ; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 105.

Calypte annw, Gould, Introd. Trochilidse, 1861, 88.— B. B. & R , Hist. N. Am. B.,

1874, 454, pi. XLVII, fig. 7.— Hbnshaw, 1875, 375.
Selasphorus anna, CouES, Key, 1872, 185 ; Check List, 1873, No. 279.
Calypte anna, Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 358.

This beautiful Hummer was found only at Sacramento City, where it
was rare, or at least far less common than the Trochilus alexandri We did
not see enough of it to detect anything distinctive in its habits.

List of specimens.

10, nest and eggs (2); Sacramento City, California, June 9, 1867* Nest at extrem-
ity of a small dead twig, underneath lower branches of small oak, in grove.

TEOGHILUS ALEXANDRI-SELASPHORUS BUPU8. 559

Trochilus ALEXANDRI.

Black-chinned lluifinier.

(Soong-ooh' -eh oi the Paiutes.)

Trochilus alexandri^ Bouroier & Mulsant, Ann. de la Soc. d'Agric. de Lyons,
IX, 1846, 330.— Baibd, B. N. Ara., 1858, 133; ed. I860, pi. 44, fig. 3; Cat. K
Am. B., 1859, No. 102.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 353.— Coues, Key, 1872,
184; Check List, 1873, 276.— B. B. & R., Hist. K Am. B., II, 1874, 450, pi.
XLVir, fig. 1.— Henshaw, 1875, 373.

This was the only Hummer which was encountered along every
portion of our route, in the proper localities, it being equally common at
Sacramento City and among the mountains of Utah, as well as at favorable
intermediate points. Since we found it in the Wahsatch, where it was asso-
ciated with Selasphorus platycercus, among the flowery meadows of the higher
slopes, it will be seen that its vertical range during the breeding-season
extends through fully 9,000 feet of altitude. At Sacramento it nested in
the oak groves in the outskirts of the city, where it was apparently more
numerous than Calypte anncc; while in the Interior it was equally common in
the river- valleys and on the higher slopes of the mountains. In its habits it
appeared to be a perfect counterpart of the eastern Ruby-throat (T. colubris).

List of specimens »

776, nest and eggs (2); Truckee Reservation, June 1, 1868. Nest attached to
dead twig of grease- wood bush, on river- bank.

777, S ad. (parent of the preceding). 3f|— 4f— (?)— Ig. Bill, black; iris, deep
sepia ; tarsi and toes, black.

1285, nest and eggs (2) ; Parley's Park, June 25, 1869. Kest on branch of scrub-
oak, in a grove.

1352, 9 ad.; Parley's Park, Utah, June 28, 1869. 3J — 4|. Bill, black ; iris, very
dark brown; tarsi and toes, purplish black.

1483, Sjuv.; Parley^s Park, July 30, 1869. 3^— 4f . Same remarks*

Selasphorus rufus.

Rufous Ilumnier.

(Soong-ooh'-eh of the Paiutes.)

Trochilus rufus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, 497.

Selasphorus rufuSy Swainson, Fauna Bor. Am., II, 1831, 324. — Baibd, B. K. Am.,
1858, 134; Cat. F. Am. B., 1859, No. 103.— Cooper, Orn. OaL, 1, 355.— .OouES,
Key, 1872, 185 ; Check List, 1873, No. 277.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B,, II,
1874, 459, pi. XLVii, fig. 4.— Henshaw, 1875, 375.

Among the sun-flowers (Helianthus gigantem ?), which covered acres of

560 ORNITHOLOGY.

ground, in the rich valley of the lower Truckee, this was the only species of
Humming-bird found in August, jat which time great numbers were seen
sporting in all their elegance and beauty among these flowers ; they dis-
played the greatest activity and grace of motion, and were ever restless and
moving, now chasing each other, then hovering in front of a golden flower ^
for a few moments, then off like a flash. Upon revisiting the same locality
in May and June of the following season, not one of this species was to be
found, its place being apparently entirely taken by the Black-chinned spe-
cies [Trochihis alexandri). We next saw the Eufous-backed Hummer in the
fertile canons of the West Humboldt Mountains, where it was more or less
common in October. Eastward of the latter locality, the species was seen
only in Secret Valley, near the northern extremity of the East Humboldt
range, where it was much more rare than S, platycercus^ this point being
the most eastern to which it is known to extend, so far as we are at pres-
ent aware. It was not found during the breeding-season anywhere along
our route.

List of spechnens.

124:, $ juv,; Truckee ReservatioQ, Nevada, August 6, 1867. 3||— 4^— -IJ— 1^—
H — 1^5 — ^ — I- ^^11 ^^d feet, black ; iris, dark brown.

905, S juv.; East Humboldt Mountains (Gamp 23), September 8, 1868. 3§— 4y7_

Selasphorus platycercus.

Broad«tailed Hummer.

{Pe* -esh-a-tse d^ndi Toowith! -e-kim' -hooah of the Shoshones.)

Trochilus platycercus, Swainson, Synop. Mex. Birds, Philos. Mag., I, 1827, 441.

Selasphorus platycercus, Bonap., Consp., 1, 1850, 82. — Baird, B. K Am., 1858, 135,
922; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 104. -^Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 357.— Coues, Key,
1872, 185; Check List, 1873, JC^To. 278; Birds KW., 1874, 271.— B. B & R.,
Hist. K. Am. B., II, 1874, 462, pi. xlvii, fig. 5 — Henshaw, 1875, 377.

In traveling eastward across the Great Basin, we first encountered the
Broad-tailed Hummer on the Ruby Mountains, where it was very abundant
in July and August, on the flower-covered slopes of the upper cafions on
the eastern side of the range, in company with Stellula calliope; in Septem-
ber we found it associated with the latter species and Selasphorus rufus in

SELASPHORUS PLATYCEECUS^ 561

the northern continuation of the same range (the East Humboldt Jlount-
ains), while on the Wahsatch and Uintahs it was found still more abun-
dantly throughout the summer in company with TrocJiiltis alexandrL The
distribution of Humming-birds being governed by the presence or absence
of tracts where a profusion of flowers flourish, this species is consequently
mainly confined to the higher slopes of the mountains ; but whenever a
portion of the lower valleys is made to bloom by irrigation, this Hummer
soon finds it out and at once appears. Under such circumstances its vertical
range is very great, amounting, in one instance which came under our
observation, to fully 6,000 feet; for one morning we killed a specimen near
the ranche in Ruby Valley, and later during the same day, when we had
ascended to the summit of one of the highest peaks, which towered to
nearly 12,000 feet, a single individual buzzed past us.

The flight of this Humming-bird is unusually rapid, and that of the male
is accompanied by a curious screeching buzz, while it is followed through
an undulating course. Long before the author of this curious sound was
detected its source was a mystery to us. This shrill screeching note is
heard only when the bird is passing rapidly through the air, for when hov-
ering among the flowers its flight is accompanied by only the usual muffled
hum common to all the species of the family. During the nesting-season
the male is of an exceedingly quarrelsome disposition, and intrepid, proba-
bly beyond any other bird, the Flycatchers not excepted. All birds that
approach the vicinity of his nest, whether they be his own species or of the
size of hawks, are immediately assaulted with great force and pertinacity by
this seemingly insignificant little creature, the vigor of whose attacks, accom-
panied as they are by the shrill piercing noise we have mentioned, invariably
puts to flight any bird assaulted. We have thus seen the Western Kingbird
{Tyranmis verticalis)^ the Black-headed Grosbeak {Eedijmeles melanocephalus^
and the Sharp-shinned Hawk {Nisus fuscus) beat a hasty retreat before
the persevering assaults of this Humming-bird. When thus teasing an
intruder the Httle champion ascends almost perpendicularly to a consid-
erable height, and then descends with the quickness of a flash at the object
he would annoy, which is probably more frightened by the accompany-
ing noise than by the mere attack itself As we chanced, while hunting
36 PR

562 OKNITHOLOGT.

on the mountains, to pass tlirough the haunts of this Hummer, it frequently
happened that one of the little creatures, prompted apparently by curiosity,
would approach close to us and remain poised in one spot, its wings vibra-
ting so I'apidly as to appear as a mere haze around the body; now and
then it would shift from one side to another, its little black eyes sparkling
as it eyed us intently. So close would it finally approach that to strike it
with the hat or a stick seemed to be quite an easy matter, but upon the
slightest motion on our part the little thing would vanish so quickly that
its direction could scarcely be traced.

On the mountains we found many nests of this Humming-bird, every
one of them being discovered by frightening the female from off her eggs
or young. They were variously situated, most of them being in the scrub-
oaks on the slopes of the hills ; many were in willows or other bushes bor-
dering the streams, and not a few on drooping twigs of cotton-wood trees,
along the water-courses. One of those which we secured (No. 1377) affords
good evidence of the possession by this bird of a high degree of instinct, if
not an approach to reason. This nest was built upon a dead twig of a
small cotton- wood; the bark of this twig gradually loosened, and after the
eggs were laid slipped around (perhaps by the parent bird alighting upon
one edge of the nest), so tHat the nest was turned round to the under side
of the limb and the eggs thrown out. Instead of abandoning this nest,
however, the sharp little owners built an addition to it, making another
complete nest on the upper side, which was now secured in position by the
superior weight of the more bulky pendant one.^

List of specimens,

9G3, S ad.; Salt Lake City, May 20, 1869, (City Creek Canon). 4--45. Bill and
feet black ; iris, dark sepia.

1042, $ ad.; Salt Lake City, May 24, 1869. 4—5. Same remarks.

1054, i ad.; Salt Lake City, May 26, 1869. 4^4if . Same remarks.

1064, cj ad,; Salt Lake City, May 29, 1869. 4— 4i|. Same remarks.

1272, ? ad.; Parley's Park, June 23, 1869. 4^5^?-. (CaugUt ia a tent during a
hard shower.)

1311, ^ad.; Parley's Park, June 28, 1869. 4.

/In Gould's Introduction to the Trochilidce {[mga 20)^ it is stated that certain South
American Hummiug-Birds adjust the equilibrium of their nests by weighting the
lighter side with a small stone or bit of hard earth I

STELLULA CALLIOPE. 563

1312, S ad.; Parley's Park, June 28, 1869. 4.

1319, nest and eggs (2) ; Parley^s Park, June 26, 1860. Nest on drooping branch
of a cotton-wood tree, by a stream.

1332, nest and eggs (2); Parley's Park, June 28, 1869. Kest on bush, along
stream.

1333, nest ; Parley's Park, June 28, 1869. Nest on drooping branch of a cotton-
wood tree, by stream.

1348, $ ad.; Parley's Park, June 28, 1869.

1349, $ad.; Parley's Park, June 28, 1869.

1350, S ad.; Parley's Park, June 28, 1869.

1351, (J ad.; Parley's Park, June 28, 1869.

1366, nest and eggs (2) ; Uintah Mountains (Pack's Caiion), July 3, 1869. Nest
in a sage-bush.

1377, nest ; Pack's Canon, July 7, 1869. Nest on dead twig of a small cotton-
wood.

1437, $ ad.; Parley's Park, July 21, 1869.

1411, nest and eggs (2); Parley's Park, July 23, 1869. Nest among willows, along
stream.

1442, nest and eggs (2); same date and remarks.

1449, ? ad.; Parley's Park, July 23, 1869.

Stellula calliope.

Calliope Hmnnier.

Troehilus calliope, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 11.

Stellula calliope, Gould, Introd. Trochilidae, 1861, 90.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., T,

1870, 363.— COUES, Key, 1872; Check List, 1873, No. 282.— B. B. & R., Hist.

N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 445, pi. XLVII, fig. 9.— Henshaw, 1875, 372.

On the flowery slopes of the Ruby and East Humboldt Mountains, at
an altitude of 7,500-10,000 feet, this little Hummer was abundant in
August and September, in company with Selasphorus platycercus ; the habits
and appearance of the two species being so much alike that we never knew
which was before us until the specimen was secured. The range of the
species is doubtless almost universal throughout the Basin, like that of Tro-
ehilus alexandri and Selasphorus rufus.

List of specimens*

869, 9 ad.; East Humboldt Mountains (Camp 19), August 12, 1868. 3x^—4^—
(!) — If. Bill and feet, black j iris, very dark brown. *

882, Sjuv.; East Humboldt Mountains (Camp 21), August 29, 1868. 3}|--4f|—
(?) — 1|. Same remarks.

904, 9 ad.; Secret Valley (Camp 22), September 7, 1868. 3 J— (!)— (!)--lxV Same
remarks.

564 ORNITHOLOGY.

Family CYPSELIDiE— Swifts.
Panyptila saxatilis.

irtiite-tliroated l^wlfl.

Acanthylis saxatilis, Woodhouse, Sitgreaves' Rep., 1853, G4.

Panyptila saxatilis, CouES, Key, 1872, 182; Check List, 1873, No. 209; Birds

N.W,, 1874, 265.— Henshaw, 1875, 370.
Cypselus melanoleucus, Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1854, 118.
Fanyptila melanoleuca, Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 141 j Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1850,

No. 107.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 347.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds,

II, 1874, 424, pi. XLV, fig. 5.

We first noticed this singular bird in the early part of July, 1868, on
the Toyabe Mountains, near Austin. A single individual only was observed
at that place, the one in question passing rapidly by, as if bound for some
distant locality; the direction of its course was southward, where the peaks
of the range are more lofty and precipitous, so it is probable that in favor-
able portions of these mountains the species mp.y have occurred in abund-
ance. Upon arriving at the Ruby Mountains, a little later in the same
month, we found it extremely numerous about the high limestone cliffs
which formed the walls of the canons leading back from our camp. At
this place they literally swarmed, and were associated with smaller numbers
of PetrocheUdon lunifrons and Tachycineta thalassina, both of which nested
among the same rocks. It was afterward seen in City Creek Canon, near
Salt Lake City, but it was not abundant there.

The appearance of this bird calls to mind at first sight the Chimney
Swifts {Chcetura pelagica and C. vauxi) on a large scale, or NephoeceteSj but
it has more conspicuous colors, and more active and varied manners ; the
deeply-forked tail, and the abrupt contrast between the black and white
areas of its plumage distinguishing it at a glance from all other North
American Swifts. It was our frequent amusement to clamber half-way up
a cliff, or to where farther progress was impossible, and, hidden among the
rocks, watch the movements of these extraordinarily active birds. Every
few moments a pair would rush by with such velocity as to be scarcely
seen, one chasing the other, and both uttering a sharp rattling twitter.
Another pair would collide high up in the air, and, fastening upon each

NEPHCEOBTES BOREALIS. 565

oilier with their strong claws, come whirling to the ground, just before
reaching which they would loosen their clutches and separate, or after
again ascending resume the struggle. Others hovered around overhead, and
without seeming aware of our presence, entered, now and then, the small
horizontal fissures in the overhanging cHff to their nests, which were utterly
inaccessible.

Specimens of this bird were extremely difficult to procure from the
fact that most of those shot fell among the rocks where they could not be
reached, while when away from the cliffs they flew at too great a height to
be reached with shot.

The notes of this Swift are strong and rattling, sometimes rather shrill,
certain ones resembling very much the chatter of young Baltimore Orioles
{Icterus haltim^re) as uttered while being fed by their parents.

List of specimens*

836, $ ad.; Camp 19, East Humboldt Mountains, July 13, 1868. 6}^— 13|— (?)— -
4 J. Bill, deep black j iris, dark bister; tarsi and toes, pale livid-pinkish; naked eye-
lids, sepia-brown.

837, 9«^v same locality and date. 6J— .14— (!)— 4f|..

846, i ad,; same locality, July 20, 1868. 7— 14J— (I)— 5. Interior of mouth, livid
flesh-color.

NePHCEOETES ISTIGEB.
Black Swiflt.

/?. horealis.

Cypselus borealisj Kennerly, Pr. Ac. Kat. Sci, Philad., 1857, 202.

Nephwcetes niger var. horealis, CoUES, Key, 1872, 183; Check List, 1873, No. 270.

Nephcecetes niger. b. horealis, CouES, Birds N.W., 1874, 269.

UepJiodoetes niger, Baird, Birds K Ara., 1858, 142; Oat. K Am. Birds, 1859, No.
108, [not Hirundo nigra, G'MBIj.,11SS, = ¥ephcscetes^l — Cooper, Orn. Cal., I,
1870, 349.— B. B, & R., Hist. N. Am. B., 429, pi. XLV, fig. 4.

The occurrence of this Swift in the valley of the Truckee was made
known to us only through the discovery of the remains of an individual
which had been devoured by a hawk or owl, the sternum, wings, tail, and
feet having been left upon a log in a cotton-wood grove. On the 23d of

* The West Indian form.

566 ORNITHOLOGY.

June, following, we found it abundant in a very similar portion of the
valley of Carson River; they were observed early in the morning, hovering
over the cotton-wood groves in a large swarm, after the manner of Night-
Ilawks {Chordeiles)j but in their flight resembling the Chimney Swifts
(CliiEtura), as they also did in their uniform dusky color, the chief apparent
diflPerence being their much larger size. They were evidently breeding in
the locality, but whether their nests were in the hollow cotton- wood trees of
the extensive groves along the river, or in crevices on the face of a high
cliff which fronted the river near by, we were unable to determine on
account of the shortness of our stay. They were perfectly silent during
the whole time they were observed.

List of specimens,

807, wings, tail, feet, and sternum; Truckee Reservation, May 31, 1868. (Found
on a log in the woods, where left by a hawk or owl.)

? CH;aiTURA VAUXI.
Oregon Swift.

Cypselus vauxii, ToWNSEND, Journ. Acad. Nat Sci. Philad., VIII, 1839, 148.
Chcettira vauxii^ DeKay, Zool. New York, 11, 1844, 36. — Baird, Birds N. Am.,

1858, 145; ed. 1860, pi. 18; Cat. K Am. Birds, 1859, No. 110.— Cooper,

Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 351.— CouES, Key, 1872, 183; Check List, 1873, No. 272;

Birds N.W., 1874, 268.
Chcetura (pelagica var.f) vauxi^ B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 435, pi.

XLV, fig. 8.

During our sojourn at the Truckee Reservation, near Pyramid Lake,
in May and June, 1868, we saw, nearly every evening, but never until
after sundown, quite a number of small Swifts which must have been this
species; but they always flew at so great a height that we found it impos-
sible to obtain a specimen in order to determine the species. In appear-
ance, manner of flight, and, apparently, in size also, they resembled the
eastern Chimney Swift {G. pelagica), but they difibred in their entirely
crepuscular habits, and the fact that they were perfectly silent — the latter
in particular being a very marked difference from the eastern species.

ANTEOSTOMUS NUTTALLL 567

Fasiilt CAPRIMULGIDJ]— GoATSuoKEiis.
Antkostomus nuttalll

Poor-will.

{Koo-ta-gueh' of the Paiutes; Toet-sa-gueh' of the Shoshones.)

Caprimulgus nuUallij Audubon, Orn. Biog., Y, 1839, 335.

AntroHtomm nuttallL Oassin, Joarn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., II, 1852, 123.— -Baird,

Birds N. Am., 1858, 149; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 113.— Cooper, Orn.

Cal., 1, 1870, 341.— COUES, Key, 1872, 181; Check List, 1873, No. 2G(>; Birds

N.W., 1874, 261.— B. B. & R., Hist. N, Am. B., II, 1874, 417, pi. XLVr, fig. 3.

— Henshaw, 1875, 369,

Unlike its eastern representative, the well-known Whip-poor-will (A.
vociferus), this western species is an inhabitant of open places exclusively,
the sage-brush country being, so far as we observed, its only habitat. It
appeared to be most abundant on the mesas and about the foot-hills of the
mountains, but it was often observed or heard in the lower valleys, as well
as in the mountain-parks, below an altitude of 8,000 feet. This bird was
seen only when startled from the ground by our too near approach, when
it would fly up suddenly and flutter off in a manner similar to that of
certain Owls, the flight being also noiseless. Often while returning late
from the mountains, and while following the road or trail homeward across
the mesa, we have beheld one of these birds start up in front of us, as
noiselessly as a shadow, again settling down a few rods ahead; we have
followed one thus for a hundred yards or more before it would diverge
from our course.

The call of this bird is somewhat like that of the Whip-poor-will,
but is far less distinctly uttered, as well as weaker, sounding more like
poor-will, the last syllable only being distinctly enunciated. This call we
have heard at all hours of the day, but they sing most vigorously as night
approaches. Both sexes incubate.

List of specimens,

799, <J ad.; Truckee Eeservation, Nevada, June 3, 1868. S^V-^'^'i— C?)— ^I- Bill^
black; iris, raw-umber; tarsi and toes, dusky sepia.

843, eggs 2; East Humboldt Mountains, July 20, 1868. Deposited on bare
ground, beneath sage-bush, on hillside. Male killed while flying from eggs.

568 ORNITHOLOGY.

844, S ad, (parent of preceding); East Humboldt Mountains, July 20, 1808. 8^
— 17^— (!)— 4J. Bill, deep black; interior of the mouth, flesh-color; iris (very narrow),
umber; eyelids, ochraceous-brown; tarsi, pale ashy-lilaceous, the toes darker.

937, 6 ad,; Upper Humboldt Valley, September 19, 1868. 8|— 17f— (I)— 5.
Same remarks.

1379, 3 ad.; Uintah Mountains, Utah, July 7, 1869. 8J— 17|. Bill, black; iris
(narrowly), brown; eyelids, dull ochraceous; tarsi and toes, dull dusky purplish.

Choedeiles POPETUE.

/S, henryi.

{Kow'a-looh of the Washoes; Wy^-e-up-ah'-oh of the Shoshones.)

Chordeilea henryi, Cassin, Illust. Birds CaL, Texas. &c., 1855, 239.— Baird, Birds

N. Am., 1858, 153, 922 ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 115.
Chordeiles popetue var. henryi, Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, III, 1872, 179. —

B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 404, pi. xlvi, fig. 4.— Henshaw,

1875,367.
Chordeiles virginianus var. henryi, CouES, Key, 1872, 181 ; Check List, 1873, No.

267a.
Cliordeiles virginianus, b. henryi, CouES, Birds N.W., 1874, 264,
Chordeiles popetue. Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870, 343.

The Night-Hawk was a common summer inhabitant of the country
traversed. It was most numerous during the months of August and Septem-
ber, when just before dark they congregated in immense numbers and over-
spread in scattered flocks those locaUties where insect-life most abounded-
In July, their well-known booming sound was often heard. During the
greater portion of the day they remained inactive, and were then frequently
surprised during their siesta, as they perched on a horizontal limb, a board
of a fence, or a stick lying on the ground, their position being, according 'to
our experience, invariably lengthwise with the perch.^ While thus resting
they often evince a strong attachment to the perch they occupy, returning

* This disposition to sit lengthwise with the perch may be considered by some a
constant habit of the CaprimulgidsD; we should be inclined to so regard it ourselves,
were it not for the fact that the first specimen of Antrostomus vociferus we ever killed
was shot while asleep on a small branch of a hickory tree, its position being at right-
angles with the direction of the twig, in the manner usual among the true ^^perchers^'
(Passeres, etc.).

STEIX PEATINCOLA. 5G9

to it repeatedly when frightened away; No. 1 18 of the specimens enumerated
below being killed after it had been frightened oif a stick lying on the
ground in a coiTal three times by unsuccessful shots at it. In all its habits,
as well as in the notes, there appears to be no difference whatever between
the western and eastern birds of this species.

List of specim ens.

118, ^ ad.; Truckee Valley, [Nevada, August 4, 1867. 9^— 233— 7if — 6iV-i— tV—
4^ — 2J. Bill, black ; iris, dark hazel ; tarsi and toes, dusky purplish.

842, 1 egg; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, July 17, 1868. Egg oit the bare
ground, beneath a sage-bush.

856, i ad.; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, August 4, 1868. 9|— 23J— (!)—
6J. Same remarks.

857, i ad.; same locality and date. 10— 23J—- (?)— 6, Same remarks.
1344, S ad.; Parley's Park, Utah, June 28, 1869.

1383, 1 egg] Uintah Mountains (head of Du Chesne Eiver), Utah, July 8, 1869.

1426, 1 egg; Parley's Park, July 17, 1869.

J 443, 2 eggs ; Parley's Park, July 23, 1869.

1450, (? ad.; Parley's Park, July 24, 1869. 9^—23^.

1507, 9 ad.; Parley's Park, August 13, 1869. 9^—22^.

1514, 9 ad.; Parley Park, August 26, 1869. 9^—23^.

Family STRIGIDJ]— Owls.
Strix flammea.

Barn Owl.

6. pratincola.

Strix pratincola, Bonaparte, Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 7.-— Cassin, in Baird^s

Birds K Am., 1858, 47.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds,. 1859, No. 47.— Cooper,

Orn., Cal., I, 415.
Strix pratincola var. pratincolaj EroawAY, B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III,

1874,13.
Strix americana, Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 25.
Strix flammea americana^ SCHLEa., Mus. PaysBas, 1862, Striges, 4.
Strix flammea var. americana, Coues, Key, 1872, 201, fig. 134; Check List, 1873,

No. 316; Birds N.W., 1874, 298.

The Bam Owl was seen only In the vicinity of Sacramento, the single
one observed being frightened from a hollow tree.

570 ORNITHOLOGY.

List of speoimefis.

4:22 i ad.; "San Francisco, California, February 11, 1868, 14.|— 42^— (?)^ilj.
Bill, bluisli-yeJlow, growing wbite at the point j eyes, blue-black." (Presented by Mr.
n. G. Parker.)

Otus WILSONIANUS.
Liong-eared Owl.

OlM8 wilsonianus^ Lesson, Traits Orn., 1, 1831, 110. — Cassin, iu Baird's B. N. Am.,
1858, 53.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 51.— Cooper, 1, 1870,426.

Otus vulgaris var. wilsonianus, Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1872, 180. —
COUES, Key, 1872, 204 ; Check List, 1873, No. 320; Birds N.W., 1874, 304.—
B. B. & 11., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 18.— Henshaw, 1875, 403.

Seldom, if ever, did we enter a willow-copse of any extent, during our
explorations in the West, without starting one or more specimens of this Owl
from the depths of the thicket. This was the case both near Sacramento
and in the Interior, and in summer as well as in winter. In these thickets
they find many deserted nests of the Magpie, and selecting the most dilap-
idated of these, deposit their eggs on a scant additional lining. This
practice is so general, so far as the birds of the Interior are concerned, that
we never found the eggs or young of this species except as described above.
On the 27th of May we found a nest containing four downy young among
the willows along the bank of the Truckee River.

List of specimens.

66^ $ ad.; Sacramento, California, June 18, 1867. 14J— 39.J— 124— 10|— |f — If—
6J — 4. Bill, black ; iris, bright lemon-yellow ; toes, beneath, pale yellowish-ashy, their
scutellse more yellowish.

74, ijuv.; iSacramento,Juno22,1867.—llf—30J—8f—6J—}i— 11—4^—3. Bill,
brownish-blue J iris, bright yellow 5 exposed scutell® of the toes, pale brownish-blue;
soles, ashy-whitish.

389, 9 ad.; Washoe Valley, Nevada, January 3, 1868. 14^— 39— 11|— lOJ. Bill,
deep black; iris, rich gamboge-yellow; toes pale ashy naples-yellow beneath, the
scutellse light yellowish-brown; claws, deep black.

390, S ad. (mate of preceding). 14 — 36 — 11^ — 9J. Same remarks;

424, " 9 ad.; San Francisco, California, January 31, 1868. 14|— 39f — (?)— 10^.
Eyes, bright yellow." (Presented by Mr. H. G. Parker.)

536, eggs (2) ; Carson City, Kevada, April 27, 1868. Eggs deposited in a deserted
nest of the Magpie {Pica hudsonica), in a willow-thicket along the Carson Eiver. Parent
shot.

BRACHYOTUS CASSINI— SCOPS ASIO. 571

Brachyotus PALUSTRIS.

Short-cared Owl.

(3, cassini
Strix hraehyottis, Forster, Phil. Trans., LXII, 1772, 384.
Otus hrachyotns, Boie, Isis, 1822, 549.

Oius (Brachyotus) brachyotus, B. B. & R, Hist K Am. B., Ill, 1874, 22.— TIen-
SHAW, 1875, 404.

Brachyotus palustris, BoNAP., Comp. List., 1838, 7.— Cotjes, Key, 1872, 204;

Check List, 1873, No. 321 ; B. N. W., 1874, 306.
Brachyotus cassinii, Brewer, Pr. Boston Soc. N. H., 1856, — .—Cassin, in Baird's

B. K Am., 1858, 54.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 52.— Cooper, Orn.

Cal., I, 428.

This Owl we did not meet with anywhere, the only specimen in the
collection having been presented by Mr. H. G. Parker. It is said, however,
to be an abundant species in certain portions of California.

List of specimens.

425, '' 9 ad.; San Francisco, California, February 17, 1868. 16J— 43|— (1)— 11.
Eyes, bright yellow."

SCOPS ASIO.
Mottled Owl; I^ittle Red Owl.

a, asio,

Strix asio. Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 132.

Scops asiOj BoNAP., Comp. and Geog. List, 1838, 6.— Cassin, in BaircVs Birds K.
Am., 1858, 51.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, Ko. 49.— Cooper, Orn. Cal.,
I, 1870, 420.— CouES, Key, 1872, 202, fig. 136 5 Check List, 1873, No. 318.—
B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 49.

Scops asio, a. asio, CouES, Birds KW., 1874, 303.

Scops asio var. maccalU^ Henshaw, Orn. Wheeler's Exp., 1875, 405. (Not S.
maccallij Cass.)

This common little Owl we observed only in the vicinity of Sacramento
City; not a single individual was seen in the Interior, nor did we hear of
its occurrence there. It was not met with in the red plumage, which ap-
pears to be rare — perhaps unknown — on the Pacific coast.

List of specimens.

61, 9 juv.; Sacramento, California, June 20, 1867. SJ— 22|—6|— 5—^^—1 J—
3J — 2. Bill, pale ashy pea-green ;'iris, lemon-yellow; toes, pale grayish.

62, i juv,; §ame locality and date. 8| — 21^—6 — 4||— j^^ — 1| — 3— 2J. Same re-
marks.

572 OENITHOLOGT.

75, S ad.; Sacramento, Jane 23, 1867. 9^22— 7— 5f^~-l|— 3f— 2^. Bill, light
brownish-blue; iris, leraon-yellow; toes, very pale ashy,

Nyotale AOADICA.

Saw-whet Owl.

Strix acadicaj Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, 296. {Adult.)

Kyctale acadica^ BoKAI>., Oomp. and Geog. List, 1838, 7. — Oassin, in Baird's Birds

N. Am., 1858, 58.— Baird, Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 57.— Cooper, Orn.

Cal., 1, 436.— CouES, Key, 1872, 205; Check List, 1873, No. 328 ; Birds N. W.,

1874, 315.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 43.
8trix albifrons^ Shaw, Nat. Misc., Y, 1794, pi. 171. { Young.)
Nyctale albifrona^ Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., &c., 1854, 187; in Baird's Birds

N. Am., 1858, 57.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 56.— Cooper, Orn.

Cal., I, 435.

But a single individual of this pretty little Owl was met with ; this one
was captured alive by Mr. 0. L. Palmer, of our party, who found it asleep
and placed his hat over it. It was perched on the edge of an old Robin's
nest, in a dense willow thicket near the camp.

Lint of specimens.

941, 9 ad,; Thousand Spring Valley (Camp 27), September 24, 1868. 8— 20— (?)
— 4f. Bill, deep black; iris, clear bright gamboge yellow; toes, pale naples yellow;
claws, deep black.

Bubo vikginianus.

Great Horned Owl.

fi, subarcticus.
{Temooli'mooh! of the Washoes ; Moo-hoo^ of the Paiutes.)
Bubo subarcticus^ HoY, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., VI, 1852, 211.
Bubo virginianus var. arcticuSj Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., &c., 1854, 178,
[Not Strix (Bubo) arcticus, Swains., 1831, = albinescent arctic form.] —
CoUBS, Key, 1872, 202 ; Check List, 1873, No. 317.— B. B. & K, Hist. N. Am.
B., Ill, 1874, 60, 64.— Henshaw, 1875, 407.
Bubo virginianus var. pa^dficus^ Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., &c., 1854, 178;

in Baird's B. N. Am, 1858, 49.^
Bubo virginianus^ Cassin, Baird's B. N. Am., 1858,49 (part).— Baird, Cat. N.
Am. B., 1859, No. 48.~-CooPER, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 418.

The Grreat Horned Owl was found by us in all wooded districts, except-

1 Not of RiDGWAY, in B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, which is a northern littoral
form, of very dark, colors, whiqh appears to be unnamed, and which may be distin-
guished as B. virginianus saturatus, Ridgway.

SPEOTYTO HTPOG^A. 573

ing the Sacramento Valley, where none were seen, although the species
undoubtedly occurs there. In the lower Truckee Valley, near Pyramid
Lake, it was abundant in December, and its nocturnal hootings were heard
from among the cotton-wood groves every moonlight night, while its feath-
ers, more than those of any other bird, adorned the arrows of the Indians
on the reservation. It was also common near Carson City, and a few were
startled one morning as we rode through a cedar woods near the ''City of
Rocks," in southern Idaho. One was also seen on the eastern shore of
Pyramid Lake in May, it being chased from rock to rock by a male Falcon
{Falco commtmis ncevius), who, with his mate, had a nest on the ''Pyramid"
just off the shore.

The hooting of this Owl is low and hoarse, resembling the distant bark-
ing of a large dog; its modulation is something like the syllables hooh\ JioOj
hoOj hoo — JwoooooOj the latter portion a subdued trembling echo, as it were,
of the more distinctly uttered notes. These notes do not differ in the least
from those of the eastern birds of this species.

List of specimens.

504, eggs (3) ; Carson Eiver, rear Carson City, Nevada, April 21, 18G8. Neat
about 30 feet from the ground, in a large cotton- wood tree; evidently an abandoned
one of the Buieo swainsoni.

Speotyto CUNICULAKIA.

Burrowing Owl.

y. hypogcea}

Strix hypugwaj BoNAP., Am. Orn., I, 1825, 72.

Athene hypogcea, BoNAP., Consp., I, 1850, 39. — Cassin, in Baird's Birds N. Am.,

1858, 59.— Baird, Cat. N. Am., B., 1859, No. 58.— Cooper, Orn. Cal, I, 440.
Speotyto cunicularia var. hypogcea, EiDawAY, in Coues' Key, 1872, 207 ; in B.B.

& R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 90.— CouES, Check List, 1873, No, 332;

Birds N.W., 1874, 321.— Henshaw, 1875, 409.
Athene cunicularia, Cassin, in Baird's Birds N. Am., 1858, 60 (not of Molina, 1782).

—Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 59.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 437.

Although the *' Ground OwP' was found at widely-separated places

^ Races a and fi are, cunicularia, Mol., of the Pampas of Paraguay, Buenos Ayres,
etc., and grallaria, Spix, of Peru and western Brazil. Other geographical forms are
d, floridana^ Ridgw., of southwestern Florida, and e, guadeloupensis^ Ridgw., of the island
of Guadeloupe (West Indies).

574 ORNITHOLOGY.

along our entire route, it was abundant at very few localities. It was most
numerous on the dry plains near Sacramento, being even found on the
open commons in the outskirts of the city, where it occupied deep excava-
tions which were apparently the result of its own work, as no spermophiles
or other burrowing quadrupeds were noticed in the locaUty. Eastward of
the Sierra Nevada we found it only at wide intervals ; it was rather rare
about Carson City, and in the vicinity of the Steamboat Springs, near
Washoe ; a single pair was seen on the mesa between the Humboldt River
and the West Humboldt Mountains, and a few were noticed in Fairview
Valley, while in the neighborhood of Salt Lake City it was more common.

This Owl is as diurnal in its habits as any of the FalconidsB, being
habitually found abroad during the brightest hours of day; and its sight
is so remarkably acute that it is jextremely diificult to approach, even
when bushes, banks of earth, or other screens are taken advantage of.
Should one be in its burrow, it will almost certainly fly forth at the most
noiseless approach of a person, for its sense of hearing is no less remark-
able than its sight. When thus disturbed, this Owl flies to a safe distance,
and after alighting upon some prominent object, as a hillock or a telegraph-
wire, watches attentively every motion of the intruder, while now and
then he scolds him with a saucy chattering, at the same time ludicrously
bowing.

Near Carson City, we attempted, with the assistance of Mr. Parker, to
excavate the burrow of a pair of these Owls. This burrow was situated in a
wheat-field, and was guarded by the nfale bird, who sat at its entrance. As
we approached him he flew, but before getting out of range was winged
and brought down ; he was captured with great difficult}^, as he made for
the sage-brush fast as his extraordinary leaps could carry him, but when
overtaken offered no resistance, merely snapping his bill a little. Having
him secured, we then proceeded to our task of excavating to the nest, which
was accomplished after digging hard for nearly an hour. The hole termin-
ated about eight feet from the entrance and four beneath the surface of
the ground. Before arriving at its extremity our captive was released,
when he immediately disappeared into the hole ; but when the end was
reached he, with his mate (the latter unharmed), was secured. In the

FALCO N^VIUS. 575

chamber, which contained no nest whatever, were found one egg and the
remains of a frog, which had probably been carried to the female by her
attentive companion.

List of specimens.
60, ad.; Sacramento City, California, June 20, 1867. 9J — 25|— 7J— 5§ J^i li^

315, ad.; " near Aracrican River, Sacramento County, California, November, 1867."
(Presented by Mr. H. G. Parker.)

423,*'$ ad; San Francisco, California, January 23, 1808. 9§--24|— (?)— 5^. Eyes,
bright 3'ellow." (Presented by Mr. Parker.)

525, egg(l); Carson City, Nevada, April 25, 1868.

Family FALCONIDJE— Hawks, Eagles, Kites, etc.

Falco commtj:^is.

Peregrine Falcon.

/?. ncevius — American Peregrine; ^^Duck Hawkr

Falco 7iwvius, Gmelin, Syst. Kat., I, 1783, 271 (adult).

Falco anatwn, BoNAP., Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 4. — Casstn, Baird's B. K Am,,
1858, 7.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 5.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 457.

Falco communis var. anatum^ Ridgway, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1873, 45 ; in B,
B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 132.— Henshaw, 1875, 411.

Falco communis, c, anaium^ Coues, Birds N.W., 1874, 341.

Falco nigricepsj GA^sm, Illust. Birds of Cal., Tex., &c., 1854, 87 ; Birds N.Am.
(Baird), 1858, 8^ ed. 1860, pi. 11.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 6—
Cooper, Orn. CaL, 1, 1870, 45G.

Falco communis, Coues, Key, 1872, 213, fig. 141 (not of Gmelin, 1788) ; Check
List, 1873, No. 343.

The Duck Hawk was observed only at Pyramid Lake and along
the lower portion of the Truckee River. At the former locality a singlis
pair frequented the rocky eastern shore and the adjacent clusters of pyra-
midal rocky islands. On the 23d of May, 1868, when we visited the
Pyramid, we observed a male of this Falcon, in the blue plumage, flying

576 ORNITHOLOGY,

about this immense pyramidal rock, and from the zealous manner in which he
drove away every intruder not to his liking, we concluded the female must
be sitting on her eggs or young. The Pyramid was ascended, however,
to the very summit, but the nest was not found ; but this was not strange,
since but one of the three corners of the* rock was accessible, while to
diverge to either side from the exceedingly difficult path by which we
ascended would have been impossible. The location of the nest was after-
ward definitely ascertained by noticing the male alight on a narrow ledge
near the top of one of the vertical sides, about one hundred and fifty feet
above the water. A few moments later he was again observed flying
around, and while we were watching him he discovered among the rocks
a large Horned Owl (Bubo subarcticus) which he immediately dislodged and
followed a considerable distance along the shore, uttering a whistling note
at each assault. The single specimen in our collection was killed under
the following circumstances : Having sat down on a log by the edge of the
river to rest, as well as to observe the movements of a Killdeer Plover
{^gialitis vociferus) which was running back and forth over the gravelly bar
forming the opposite shore, we saw the Killdeer suddenly squat and then
dodge, and at the same time saw the Falcon check itself in its flight, after
having missed its* aim. Whether its lack of success was caused by the
nimbleness of the intended quarry, or whether the Falcon saw us just as
it was about to strike, we know not ; but after suddenly checking itself it
wheeled immediately about, and would have soon disappeared had we not
fired before it got out of range. At the report of our gun, another one,
probably the mate of our victim, flew from a cotton- wood tree in the direc-
tion from which he came.

List of specimens.

W2,Sjm.; Big Bend of tbe Truckee, Nevada, July 23, 1857. 16^—394— 12|—
10-~i|— 1|— 6J— 3|. Weight IJ pounds. Basal halt' of the bill, pale bluish-whito,
terminal portion slate, deepening into black at end; cere, bluish-white, bare orbital
space greenish- white; iris, vivid brownish black ; tarsi and toes, lemon yellow, with a
faint greenish tinge; claws, jet black.

FALCO POLYAGRUS. 577

Falco SAKER.

Saker Falcon.

/?. polyagrus — Prairie Falcon.

Falco polyagrus, Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., &c., 1853, 88, pi. J 6 (front
figure — not the dark one, which = F. communis pealeiy Ridgway, Bull. Essex
Inst., V, Dec, 1873, p. 201); in Baird's Birds N. Am., 1858, 12.— Baird, Cat.
K Am. Birds, 1859, Ko. 10.— COOPEE, Orn. Cal., I, 458.

Falco lanarius var. polyagrm, Ridgway, in B. B. & R.j'Hist. N, Am. Birds, III,
1874, 123.— Henshaw, 1875, 410.

Falco mexicmus, CouES, Key, 1872, 213; Check List, 1873, No. 342.

Falco mexicanus var. polyagrns, CouES, Birds N.W., 1874, 339.

This daring Falcon was a rather common species throughout the Great
Basin. It was first observed on the 31st of October, 1867, at the Hum-
boldt Marshes, where we saw one swoop upon a flock of tame pigeons at
the stage-station. Late in November, of the same year, it was noticed
again among the marshes along the Carson River, near Genoa, where it
was observed to watch and follow the Marsh Hawks (Circus hudsonius),
compelling them to give up their game, which was caught by the Falcon
before it reached the ground ; this piracy being not an occasional, but a
systematic habit. In the Truckee Valley we saw one snatch a young
chicken from a door-yard, in the presence of several spectators. The quarry
of this Falcon is by no means confined to animals smaller than itself, how-
ever, for the specimen in our collection was killed while leisurely eating a
Jackass Rabbit [Lepus callotis)^ an animal of nearly twice his weight, and
which he Jiad carried to the top of a fence-post by the road-side. He exhib-
ited no alarm at the approach of our buggy, but continued tearing and
devouring his prey; we had even passed by him without seeing him, when
the quick eye of Mr. Parker detected him in time for a shot.

In the rocky canons of the more lofty ranges to the eastward it was

common during summer, particularly about the limestone cliffs of the Ruby

range, where the families of young, accompanied by their parents, made

a great clamor, as they flew among the precipitous rocks where they had

been bred. They were likewise common in the rocky canons of the Wah-

satch.

37 PR

578 ORNITHOLOGY.

List of specimens,

336, Sjuv.; tJarson City, Nevada, November 29, 1867. 17— 37f— 12J— lOJ— g—
H—'^i—H' Weight, 1^ pounds. Bill, very pure bluish-wbite, shading terminally into
bluish-slaty, the point black ] cere, rictus, and bare orbital region, greenish- white ; iris,
vivid vandyke-brown 5 tarsi and toes, very pale yellowish, with a tinge of verdigris-
green.

Faloo columbarius.

Pjg^eoii Hawk; American Merlin.

Falco columharius, Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1706, 128.— CoUES, Key, 1872, 214; Check
List, 1873, No. 344; Birds N.W., 1874, 345.— Hensh aw, 1875, 412.— Cooper,
Orn. Cah, I, 1870, 460.

Eypotriorchis columbarius, Gray, Genera of Birds, 184-. — Baird, Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, No. 7.

Falco (HypotriorcUs) columbarius, Cassin, jn Baird's Birds N. Am., 1858, 9.
Falco {^salon) lithofalco var. columbarius, RiDav^., Pr. Boston Soc, N. II., 1873,
46; in B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 144.

This little Falcon was seen on but three or four occasions. The speci-
men in the collection was shot just after it had made an unsuccessful
assault on a flock of black-birds {Scolecophagits cyanocepJialus) which were
feeding on the ground in a corral. Its success was no doubt thwarted by
the opening of the door of the house near by, for it flew away frightened,
but fortunately came in our direction, and alighted upon a fence-post within
easy gunshot range.

List of specimens.

291, ? ad.; Truckee Meadows, Nevada, November 18, 1867. lli_24— 75— 6f—
T^—^i-^^i— 3A- Terminal portion of the bill, deep slate-black, basal half very pale
whitish-blue, with a yellowish wash toward the rictus; cere and rictus, light greenish-
yellow; eyelids, bright gamboge-yellow, bare orbital region more citreous; iris, bright
vandyke-brown ; tarsi and toes, deep gamboge-yellow ; claws, jet-black.

Falco spabveeius.

*' Sparrow Hawk;" American Kestril.

Falco sparverius, Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 128.^Cooper, Orn. Gal., I, 1870,

462.-.COUES, Key, 1872, 214, fig. 142; Check List, 1873, No. 346; Birds N.W.,

1874, 349.— HenshaW, 1875, 413.
Falco {TinnuncMlus) sparverius, Cassin, Baird^s Birds N. Am., 1858, 13.— Kidgw.,

in B. B. & K., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 169.
Tinnunculus sparverius, Vieill., Ois. Am. Sept., I, 1807, 40, pi. 12.— Baird, Cat.

N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 13.

Regarding the western range of this widely-distributed species, nothing

FALCO SPARVEKIUS. 579

more need be said than that it occurs everywhere^ in suitable places; at the
same time, we may remark that it is by far the most abundant of all the
birds of prey, although its numbers vary greatly with the locality. At a
certain spot along the Carson River, not far from Carson City, stood, in
the spring of 1868, a clump of five large cotton-wood trees, the only ones for
miles around, and each of these trees was inhabited by a pair of these little
Falcons, who had nests in the hollows of the limbs. This is well known to
be the favorite location for their nests; but where there were no trees to ac-
commodate them, we found them adapting their nesting-habits to the char-
acter of the surroundings. Thus, in the precipitous canons of the Ruby
Mountains, they built among the crevices of the limestone cliffs, in com-
pany with the Prairie Falcon (F. polyagrus)^ the Violet-green and Cliff
Swallows, and the White-throated S^vift ; while in some portions of Utah
they took possession of the holes dug by the Kingfishers and Red-shafted
Flickers in the earthy banks of the ravines. Among the cliffs of Echo
Canon, along the line of the Union Pacific Railroad, in Utah, we noticed
these birds in August swarming by hundreds about the brow of the preci-
pice, several hundred feet overhead.

List of specimens,

63, $ ad,; Sacramento, California, June 20, 1867. 10^—225— 7iJ—6|—.^«^—l J—
5 — 4. Bill, bluish- white, growing slate-black terminally; cere and angle of the mouthy
intense orange-red ; iris, very dark brown ; tarsi and toes, deep orange-chrome ; claws,
jet-black.

107, $ ad.; Big Bend of the Truckee (Camp 12), Kevada, July 2C}^ 1867. 10—
225—7^ — 6g — /g — IJg — 5|— 3J, Bill, pale blue basally, slate-black terminally; cere
and bare orbital region, pale dull yellow; iris, vandyke-brown ; tarsi and toes, dull
yellow; claws, black.

108, ? jm, (young of preceding) ; Camp 12, July 26, 1867. 103^23—7/^—6/^—
^ — 1 — 5^ — 3^. Bill^ pale fleshy blue ^ or Ulaceous^white ; cere and orbital region, pale
dull yellow ; iris dark brown ; tarsi and toes, very pale dull yellow.

125, <? ad,; Camp 12, August 6, 1867. 10|— 22J— 7^— 6|— /l— }|— 5|— 3}!.. Basal
half of the bill, pure pale blue, terminal portion slate-black; cere and bare orbital region,
dull yellow ; iris, very deep brown ; tarsi and toes, deep chrome-yellow ; claws, black.

343, 9 ad.; near Fort Churchill, Nevada, December 6, 1867. ll|— 24— 8f— 7—
A — ^i — ^i — ^i* Same remarks.

419, '' 9 ad.; San Francisco, California, January 23, 1868. 11J_24J— (!)— 7^-'^
(Presented by Mr. H. G. Parker.)

420, '^ 9 ad,; San Francisco, January 23, 1868. 11^23^(1)— 6 J." (H. G.
Parker.)

580 OENITHOLOGY.

489, 9 ad.; Carson, Nevada, April 4, 1868. 11— 24— 8J~.GJ. Cere (entirely sur-
rounding base of the bill), bare orbital region, and tarsi and toes, intense reddish-
orange, or orange-chrome.

496, (J ad.; Carson, April 18, 1868. 101—235— 7i|—6§. Same remarks.

816, egg (I) ; Fort Churchill, Carson River, June 24, 1868. Egg, with four downy
young, deposited in a hollow snag of a cotton-wood tree, about 15 feet from the ground.

Circus hudsonius.

Marsti Hawk.

Falco Imdsoniusy Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 128.

Circus hudsonius, Vieill., Ois. Am. Sept., I, 1807, 36, pi. ix.— Oassin, Baird^s

Birds N. Am., 1858, 38.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 38.— Cooper,

Orn. Cal., I, 489.
Circus cyaneus hudsonius^ Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Circij 1862, 2.
Circus cyaneus var. hudsonius, Allen, Bull. Mus. Com p. ZooL, III, 1872, 18L—

COUES, Key, 1872, 210, fig. 159; Check List, 1873, No. 333; Birds N.W., 1874,

327.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 214.— Henshaw, 1875, 416.

No uiarsh of any extent was visited, either in winter or summer, where
this Hawk could not be seen at almost any time during the day skimming
over the tules in search of its prey. The latter consists of small birds of all
kinds, the young of water-fowl, hzards, and probably small mammals,
although the latter were not found in the crop of any of the specimens
examined. The stomachs and crops of those killed at Pyramid Lake
were filled to their utmost capacity with the remains of small lizards, and
nothing else ; at the same locality, however, they were often observed to
chase small birds, particularly Brewer's and the Black-throated Sparrows,
the most numerous species, of which this Hawk appears to be a most
dreaded enemy, since its appearance creates perfect consternation among
all the Sparrows in its path, who utter distressed cries, and make confused
and desperate efforts to escape by plunging precipitately into the thickest

bushes,

lAsi of specimens,

129, 9 juv.; eastern shore of Pyramid Lake, August 15, 1867. 19J— 43^13§—
llj— I— 2|— 9J— 6. Bill, deep black, more bluish basally; cere and rictus, greenish-
gamboge, most yellowish on top; iris, yellowish gray } tarsi and toes, rich orange-
yellow; claws, jet-black.

131, $juv.; Big Bend of the Truckee (Camp 12), August 17, 1867. 18|— 42— 13—
11 — II — 2J — 9— 6J. Same remarks.

367, 9 juv.; Truckee Eeservation, near Pyramid Lake, December 21, 1867. 20^ —
44— 15— 12J. Iris, dull fulvous.

KISUS COOPERI— N. FUSCUS. 581

NiSUS COOPERI.
Cooper's Hawk.

Falco cooperi, Bonap , Am, Orn,, I, 1828, pi. x, fig. 1.

Accipiter cooperi, De Kay/ZooI. K Y., II, 1844, 18, pi. iv, fig. 5.— Oassin, in

Baird'8 Birds N. Am., 1858, 16.— Baird, Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 15.—

Cooper, Orn. Gal., I, 464— Ooues, Key, 1872, 212; Check List, 1873, No. '

339; Birds N.W., 1874, 334.
Msus cooperi, SCHJLEa., Rev. Ace, 1873, 73.— RipGWAY, in B. B. & R., Hist. N.

Am. Birds, III, 1874, 230.— Henshaw, 1875, 418.
Accipiter mexicanusj Swains., Fiiuna Bor. Am., II, 1831, 45. — Oassin, Baird's B.

N. Am., 1858, 17.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 16.— Cooper, Oru. Cal.,

I, 1870, 465.
Nisus cooperi var. mexicanus^ RiDGW., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., May, 1873,

19.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., Ill, 1874, 231.

This daring depredator was more or less common in all localities where
small birds abounded, but it was far from numerous anywhere. It was
most often seen sailing, with the long tail widely expanded, in broad
circles over the thickets which sheltered its prey. The specimen in the
collection was shot while soaring thus over an aspen copse, and came whirl-
ing to the ground; but being merely winged, made for the thicket by vig-
orous leaps, and would have escaped but for a second charge. In other
portions of the country, particularly in the fertile canons of the East Hum-
boldt Mountains, it was often observed chasing, with its swift, rushing
flight, a fleeing Robin* or Flicker.

List of specimens.
240, $^To.; West Humboldt Mountains (Camp 19), October 8, 1867. 14f— 26§—
81 — 0§ — J— 1||— 7 — 4J. Bill, pale blue on the basal third, dull black terminally; cere
and rictus, yellowish-green; iris, light chrome-yellow f tarsi and toes, lemon-yellow,
with a slight tinge of green ; claws, slate black.

NiSUS FUSCUS.

Sharp- shinned Hawk*

Falcofuscusj Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 283.

Accipiter fuscus, Bonap., Conjp. & Geog. List, 1838, 5. — Cassin, in Baird's B. N.Am.,
1858, 18.— Baied, Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 17.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870,
466.— CouES, Key, 1872, 212 ; Check List, 1873, No. 338 ; Birds N. W.,1874, 333.

Nisus fuscus, Kaup, Jardiue's Contr. Orn,, 1850, 64, 281.— Einaw., in B. B. & K,
Hist. N. Am. B., Ill, 1874, 224— Henshaw, 1875, 417.^

This miniature of Cooper's Hawk was observed only in thei Upper

58^ ORNITHOLOGY.

Humboldt Valley, where it was common in September along the streams

flowing from the Clover Mountains. The specimen obtained had been

chasing a small bird through a very dense thicket, but losing sight of thd

fugitive, alighted upon a twig within a few feiet of us.

List of specimens. ^

017, 9juv.; Ui»per Humboldt Valley (Camp 24), September 10, 1868. 13J—
24^ — (?) — 6J. Bill, blaok, growing gradually pale bluish basally ; cere and angle of the
mouth, yellowish-green; iris, sulphur-yellow; tarsi and toes, rich lemon-yellow; claws,
jet-black.

BUTEO LINEATUS.

» Red-sliauldered Hawk.

j3. elegans — Bed-breasted Hawk

Buteo eleganSy GASsm^Fr, Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1855, 281; Baird's B. K Am.,
1858, 28.~Baird, Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 25.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1, 1870,
477.

Buteo Ihieatus var. elegans^ Eidoway, in Coues' Check List, 1873, No. 352a; in
B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. B., Ill, 1874, 277.

Buteo Uneatusj CouES, Key, 1872, 216 (part).

This handsome Hawk was seen only in the Sacramento Valley, where
it was rather common among the trees near the river.

Buteo boeealis/

Red-tailed Hawk.

^. calurm — Bushy Bed-tail,

Buteo calurusj CASSIN, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1855, 281 ; Baird^s Birds N. Am.,
1858, 22.— Baird, Oat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 20.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870,
471.

Buteo borealis var. caluruSy RinawAY, in Coues' Check List, 1873, No. 351a; in
B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., Ill, 1874, 236.— Henshaw, 1875, 423.

Buteo borealis, b. calurusy CouES, B, N.W., 1874, 352.

Buteo montanusj Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1856, 39; Baird's B. N. Am.,

1858, 26 (not of Nuttaxl, 18iO,=B. swainsonij, — Baird, Cat. N. Am. B.,

1859, No. 24.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870^ 469.

The Red-tailed Hawk was a very common species in all wooded local-
ities of the Interior. It was especially abundant during the winter among

^ Other western races of this Hawk are y, lucasanus^ Einaw., of Cape St. Lucas,
and d. krideri^ HooPES, of the Great Plains, from Minnesota to Texas. B. harlani^
AuD., and B, cooperi, Cass., are allied but apparently distinct species.

BUTEO CALURUS. 583

the cotton-woods of the Truckee and Carson Valleys, where we found it
quite unsuspicious and easily killed. During the summer it was much less
abundant in the lower valleys than Swainson's Hawk, but it was more
common on the mountains, particularly in the pine forests. . On the Wah-
satch, w^e saw several of its nests on tall pine trees or on ledges of the cliffs,
most of them being inaccessible, in which respect this species differs con-
spicuously from the B, swainsoni^ which in the same region was found to
bviild its nest on the top of the scrub-oaks or in the small aspens, within
easy reach.

The series of specimens in the collection exhibits the usual individual
variation so remarkable to the western birds of this species, there being
examples so light-colored as to be scarcely distinguishable from the typical
eastern B, horealis^ while one is of an almost uniform deep sooty-black, the
others being variously intermediate. As was the case with B. swainsoni, the
light and dark individuals were often found paired,^

List of specimens.

132, 9 ad, (melanotic^ very hlackj; Big Bend of the Truckee (Oarap 12), Nevada,
August 17, 1867. 23J— 54—16J (moltiug). Bill, slate-black, the basal half of the
lower raaiidible bluish-slate; cere, dull yellowish-green, purest on top; rictus, more
yellow; iris, muddy paples-yellow ; tarsi aud toes, dull pale greenish-yellow; claws
black.

337, 9 ad (melanotic^ rufous-hreasied style); Genoa, Nevada, November 29, 1867.
23J— 55— 17— 14— 1/^— 2— 9i— 5^. Weight, ^ pounds. Bill, dull black, passing into
pale bluish basally ; cere aud rictus, light dull ashy-green ; iris, deep hazel ; tarsi and
toes pale dull naples-yellow; claws, black.

347, $ ad,; Truckee Reservation, December 10, 1867. 21|— 51§—16--13J— IJ—
C?)— 9— 5. Weight, 2 pounds. Bill, dull black, fading into dull light bluish basally;
cere and rictus, dull greenish-yellow; iris, deep light hazel; tarsi and toes, very dull
light chrome-yellow, deeper beneath.

351,^(7(7.; same locality, December 11, 1867. 21J— 49— 15§— 122— l^^g— (?}— -Of
— 5J. Weight, 2^ pounds. Bill, black, fading basally into light horn-drab; basal half
of the lower mandible, pale blue; cere and rictus, clear light yellowish igrcen ; iris,

^ There being many who yet hold the old belief that this dark phase, found in so
many species of Falconidae, is in some manner dependent on age^ we wish to impress
our readers with the fact that it is a purely individual condition, entirely independent of
age, sex^ or season; it is properly styled melanism^ and is analogous to the condition of
erythrism in certain owls. In every American species which has this fuliginous pla-
mage, the dark birds are dusky from the nest up; while those in light plumage never
assume the dark dress. This is probably the case with the Old World species also.

584 ORNITHOLOGY.

naplesyellow, tlie lower two-thirds with a brownish suffusion ; tarsi and toes, dull
light naples-yellow, with a slight greenish tinge.

352, 9 ad,; same locality and date. 23—57^ — 17|— 14^— l^^g — (f)_10— 5|.
Weight, 3:1 pounds. Iris, deep light brown, the upper third naples-yellow.

353, ? ad.; same locality, December 13, 1867. 23— 54— 17— 13§— 1^?^— (!)— 9|—
5J. Weight, 3 pounds. Same remarks.

354, $ ad.; same locality and date. 22— 53— 16J— 135— IJ— (?)— 9^— 5J. Weight,
2^ pounds. Iris, hazel ; tarsi and toes, deep light chrome-yellow.

355, $ ad.; same locality and date. 22^—52— 16— 13— l^—C?) - 9— 5J. Weight,
2i pounds. Iris, deep light hazel, naples-yellow above; tarsi and toes, dull greenish
naples-yellow.

356, ? ad.; same locality, December 14, 1867. 24— 55— 17J— 14^— l^^— (?)— 10^
— 6. Weight, 4 pounds. Same remarks as to No. 352.

361, <? ad.; same locality, December 18, 1807. 22— 50f — 16— 13^- IjL— '(?)— 10—
5. Weight, 3 pounds. Same remarks.

418, $jm.; San Francisco, California, February 11, 1868. "20|— 49|— (f)— 13.
Eye, bright yellow." (Presented by Mr, H. G. Parker.)

1502, ¥ JMV.; Echo Canon, Utah, July 29, 1869. 23—51. Collected by J. C. 01m-
stead.

BUTEO SWAINSONI.

ISwainson^s Hawk.

Buteo swainsoni^ BoNAP., Comp. and Geog. List, 1838, 3. — Cassin, Baird's Birds

N. Am., 1858, 19.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 18.— Cooper,

Orn. Cal., I, 476.— Coues, Key, 1872, 217 5 Check List, 1873, No. 354^ Birds

N.W., 1874, 355.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 263.— Henshaw,

1875, 421.
Buteo hairdiij IIoY, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1853, 451 {Young), — Cassin, Baird's

Birds N. Am., 1858, 21.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 19.
Buteo imignatusj Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., &c , 1854, 102, 198, pL xxxi,

(melanotic); Baird's Birds N. Am., 1858, 23. — Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds,

1859, No. 21.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 474.
Buteo oxypterm, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1855, 283 (Young); Baird^s

Birds N. Am. 1858, 30.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 28.— Cooper,

Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 480.
Buteo swainsoni var. oxypteruSy EiDGW., in B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III,

1874, 266.
^' Buteo harlani,^^ Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1861, 116.— Cooper, Orn Cal.,
X 1870, 473 (part) [not B. harlani^ AUD.].

Swainson's Buzzard is one of the most abundant of the lar^e Hawks
of the Interior, but it seemed to be less common in winter than in summer.
It appeared to be most numerous in the valleys, but it was nevertheless
far from rare on the lower slopes of the mountains, as well as in the
parks. Our observations in the field tended from the very first to confirm

BCTEO SWAINSONI. 585

the theory advanced by Dr. Bryant/ that the several supposed species
described by Mr. Cassin under the names of B, bairdi, Hoy, B, insignatuSj
Cassin, and B. swainsoni, Bonap,, were merely different plumages of one
species, the very first specimens obtained by us being a family of four
young, with their parents, the former being B. bairdi, while of the latter
the male was a very light-colored, or extremely typical, B, swainsoni, and
the female a very extreme example of B. insicjnatus! Similar cases were
often observed afterward, the plumage of the adults being sometimes re-
versed— that is, a male in the plumage of the so-called insignatm being
sometimes paired with a very light-colored female.

The family mentioned above was first observed on the 26th of July,
while we were hunting among the cotton- woods of the lower Truckee Valley.
Our attention was attracted by a peculiar squealing cry, not before heard
by us, and upon emerging from the willows and looking across the open
meadow we observed among the trees on the opposite side several large
Hawks, one of which was feeding a young one in a nest in the top of a tall
cotton-wood. We then approached this tree under cover of the willows,
but upon arriving there found that the old Hawk had gone after more food
for its young, three of which were in the trees on the opposite side of a
deep and wide slough which we were unable to cross. We then shot the
one in the nest, as it looked over the edge at us ; but, as it did not fall,
found it necessary to ascend the tree, w^iich was easily done. The nest
was very similar to that of other Buteones, being composed almost entirely
of sticks, but appeared rather small for the size of the bird, measuring but
about two feet in diameter by one foot in thickness. We found it so filled
with the accumulated remains of animals caiTied to the young that scarcely
any depression was noticeable on the top, the decomposing rubbish con-
sisting of bones and other remnants of small hares {Lepus artemisia)j
ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis, S. harrisi, and Tamias quadrivUtatus)y
and, strange to say, a full-grown young Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius).
We had scarcely reached the nest before the male arrived, and flying
about us uttered plaintive cries, of a mewing character, somewhat like the

^''Remarks on the Variations of Plumage of Buteo borealiSj AuOT., and Buteo
harlani, AuD." Proc. Bost. 8oc. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1861, pp. 107-119.

586 ORNITHOLOGY.

notes of -R lineatus, but less loud and more monotonous. Three days
afterward this family was again met with, and the three remaining young
immediately secured; but the parent birds were not so easily killed, for,
although they received several charges of dust shot, as they courageously
flew about us, they were far tougher than their young. The female was
brought down first, when the male only increased in courage and clamor,
until he, too, was killed.

On the Truckee Reservation a nest of this species was found in a
large cotton-wood tree, and tlie female (No. 771) shot from it. This nest
w^as built near the extremity of a large drooping brancli, and was conse-
quently inaccessible; by climbing above it, however, the eggs, two in num-
ber, could be seen, but it was found impossible, under the circumstances,
to secure them. Many other nests were discovered in this locality, but
they w^ere in the ordinary position, viz, in a fork of a tall tree. In Parley's
Park, on the Wahsatch Mountains, Swainson's Hawk was common, and
many nests were found among the scrub-oaks on the slopes or on small
aspens on the sides of the ravines. Their position was always low down,
often merely a few feet from the ground, and easily reached without climb-
ing. In one of these nests, found July 2d, was a single young one,
which, although yet covered with snow-white cottony down, was savagely
tearing at a dead weasel which had been carried to the nest by the old
birds, both of which were killed; of these, the male is a remarkably light-
colored example, the entire lower parts, including the under side of the
wings, being pure white, the breast covered by a broad patch of uniform
cinnamon-rufous, while the female, on the other hand, is one of the darkest
examples of the species we ever saw, being of a uniform sooty-black, only
the under tail coverts being slightly barred with whitish.

The food of this Hawk is by no means confined to small mammals
and birds, but during the flights of the grasshoppers, which so often devas-
tate the fields of Utah and other portions of the West, they keep continu-
ally gorged on these insects; and at one season we found them living
chiefly on the large cricket so common in the Salt Lake Valley. On the
31st of May, 1869, at Salt Lake City, we noticed a number of these Hawks
on the ground, where they remained most of the time quiet, but every now

. BUTEO SWAINSONI. 587

and then they would raise their wings and hop briskly in pursuit of some
object, which, at the distance, we could not distinguish. Cautiously ap-
proaching them, four were shot during the forenoon; they would not allow
us to wallc to within gunshot, but after flying for a few minutes would
sometimes return toward us, and, passing by, give us a fair opportunity for
wing-shot^. Upon dissection, the stomachs of these specimens were found
to be filled entirely with the large crickets mentioned above.

At our camp in Parley Park we reared four young birds of this species,
which were, taken from their nests while in the downy state. As they grew
up under our care they became very pleasing pets, being exceedingly docile,
and much attached to those who fed them. When sufficiently old to uso
their wings they showed no disposition to leave, although they were
cillowed full liberty all the while; and though they made frequent tours of
inspection over the neighboring meadows, and occasional foraging excur-
sions among the flocks of Blackbirds {Scolecophagiis cyanocephalus) Avhicli
frequented the vicinity, they seldom went far away, and always returned
after a short absence. They were fed principally upon bits of fresh beef
and mutton, varied occasionally by the carcasses of birds we had skinned.
Their chief amusement about camp consisted in chasing grasshoppers over
the ground, which they pursued by leaping after them, with the wings
extended; but when not engaged in this occupation they usually perched
quietly upon the fence near by or upon the tents.

List of specimens,

109, $ jm.; Big Bend of the Trackee (Camp 12), Nevada, Juty 2G, 1867. 16^—
45 — 13— lOJ — 1 — 1| — 6J — 3. Bill, dull black, incliniug to pale blue on the rictus and
on the basal half of the lower mandible; cere, pale yellowish green j iris, cinereous,
with a brownish outer wash ; tarsi and toes, very pale ashy-green.

113, 9 ad. (fuUginous plumage, parent of Nos. 109, 115, 116, and 117); Gamp 12,
July 29, 1867. 21^— 53— 17— U~l— 2— 8§— 5. Weight, 2J pounds. Bill, slateblack,
light blue basally; cere and rictus, pure light yellow; iris, deep hazel; tarsi and toes,
light chrome-yellow^; claws, black,

114, $ ad. {normal plumage, mate of the preceding)^ Camp 12, July 29, 1867.
19|_48— 16— 12g— If— Ig— 7^— 4J. Weight, IJ pounds. Cere and rictus, light dull
lemon-yellow; tarsi and toes, deep chrome-yellow; iris, deep hazel.

115, 9 juv.; Camp 12, July 29, 1867. 19J^47— U-ll— 1|— 1|— 7J— 3|.
Weight, 2 pounds. Same regiarks as to No. 109.

588 ORNITHOLOGY.

116, S juv.; Camp 12, July 29, 1867. 19§— 45^133— 10f—| 5—1^—7—32,
Weight, If pounds. Same remarks.

117, S juv., Camp 12, July 29, 1867. 184— 433— 124—92— |^—l^—Ga--4 J.
Weight, IJ pounds. Same remarks.

771, 9 ad. (intermediate plumage, barred ochraceous heUy) ; Truckee Reservation,
May 29, 1868. (IShot from nest.) 21^— 52— 16J— 13^. Weight, 3 pounds. Bill, deep
black, the upper mandible scarcely paler basally, lower with the basal third palo
blue 5 cere and rictus, greenish-gamboge; iris, burnt-sienna; tarsi and toes, deep gam-
boge, with a greenish tinge.

1072, 9 ad. [normal plumage, immaculate white belly) ; Salt Lake City, Utah, May
31, 1869. 21 — 53. Weight, 2J pounds. Bill, slate-black, becoming light slate-blue
basally; cere and rictns, greenish gamboge; naked eyebrow, olive-yellow; iris, deep
line ha^el; tarsi and toes, deep chrome- j^ellow. (Stomach tilled with grasshoppers.)

1073, ? ad. {normal plumage^ immaculate ichite belly); same locality and date.
2U — 53. Weight, 2 J pounds. Same remarks.

1074, 9 ad. {normal plumage, immaculate white belly) ; same locality and date.
22 --^K Weight, 2J pounds. Same remarks.

1075, 9 dd. {normal plumage, immaculate white belly); same locality and date.
211 — 54. Weight, 2^ pounds. Same remarks.

1291, i ad. {normal plumage); Parley's Park, Utah, June 25, 1869. 20—50.
Weight, 24 pounds. Upper mandible, deep black, scarcely bluish basally; lower, with
basal third, light blue; cere and rictus, greenish-gamboge; iris, burnt-sienna, yellow-
ish on top; eyebrow, olivaceous; tarsi and toes, deep light chrome-yellow.

1310, c^ ad. {normal plumage); Parley's Park, June 26, 1869. 19J — 48. Same
remarks.

1322, fragment of egg. Parley's Park, June 27, 1869.

1335, 9 ad. {fuliginous plumage); Parley's Park, June 28, 1869. 22—56—17.
Weight, 3 J pounds. Bill, black, pale blue basally; cere and rictus, greenish lemon-
yellow; iris, deep brown ; tarsi and toes, chrome-yellow.

1359, i ad. {normal plumage, very white); Parley's Park, July 2, 1869. 20 — 50^.
Same remarks.

1360, ? ad. {fuliginous plumage, very black; mate of the preceding! ); Parley's Park,
July 2, 1869. 21—51^. Weight, 2J pounds. Same remarks.

1501, 9 jnv.; Parley's Park, August 10, 1869. 21— 50f. Bill, black, becoming
pale blue basally; cere and rictus, fine yellowish-green; iris, yellowish-brown 5 tarsi
and toes, light chrome-yellow.

AROHIBUTEO SANCTI-JOHANNIS. 589

Aechibuteo LAGOPUS.

Roug^h-legi^ed Hawk*

13, sa7icti'johannis,

{Ma' 'hoo-ehk and Ma' -ede-han-ah' -ehk of the Washoes; Assut'te-Queh-naJ}!
of the Paiutes; Pe' aJi-Gueh-naK of the Shoshones )

Falco sancti-johannis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, 273.

Archihuteo sancti-johannis, Gray, Genera of Birds, . — Cassin, Baird's Birds

K Am., 1858, 33.— Baied, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 31.— Cooper, Orn.
CaL, I, 1870, 485.

Archihuteo lagopus var. sancti-joliannis, RiDawAY, Pr. Ac. Nat. Set. Pbilad., 1870,
142.— CoiTES, Key, 1872, 218; Check List, 1873, No. 356; Birds N.W., 1874,
3G1.— B. B. & R., Hist N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 304.— Eenshaw, 1875, 425.

Archibuteo lagopus, Cassin, Baird's Birds N. Am., 1858, 32 (not of Gray, ex
Brunn, 17G4).— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 30.— Cooper, Orn. Cal.,
I, 1870, 483.

This common species was observed nearly everywhere in the vicinity
of the fertile valleys. It appears to be resident in western Nevada, for it
was extremely abundant in July at the Truckee Meadows, where during
the day half a dozen or more were often noticed at one time sailing in broad
circles over the meadows. The flight of this Hawk is extremely similar
to that of the Golden Eagle, a fact which probably explains why the
Indians class it with the Eagles instead of with the Hen Hawks (Buteo)}
Most of those seen were in the light-colored, or normal, phase of plumage ;
in fact, but one individual was seen which might have been the black ph^se
of this species, although it is by no means certain it was not an adirlt spec-
imen of Buteo dbhreviatus? This specimen was seen in the latter part of
February, high overhead, sailing in a direct line from the eastward toward
the SieiTa Nevada. Its color was an intense black, relieved by a conspic-
uous white patch under the primaries and several distinct bands of the same

across the tail.

List of specimens.

348, ^juv.; Truckee Reservation, near Pyramid Lake, December 9, 1867. 23J —
56 — 18| — 15 — 1 j\ — (?) — 10— 5J. Bill, deep black, becoming pale blue on the basal half

^ See Indian names above, and compare with those of Aquila canadensis (page 590).
^ Buteo zonocerciiSy Scl., B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, p. 272.

590 ORNITHOLOGY.

of the lower mandible, and on the base of the upper, below the cere ; core and rictus,
light yellowish -green ; naked eyebrow, plumbeous; iris, deep light-hazel; toes, pure
light lemon-yellow ; claws, deep black.

Archibuteo FEERUGINEUS.

Squirrel Hawk.

Buteo ferrugineuSy LiCHT., Tr. Berlin Acad., 1838, 429.

Archibuteo ferrugineuSy Gray, Genera of Birds, , — , pi. VI (name A. regalia

on plate).— Cassin, Baird's Birds N. Am., 1858, 34.— Baird, Cat. N. Am.

Birds, 1859, No. 33.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 482.— Coues, Key, 1872,

218; Check List, 1873, No. 357 ; Birds N.W., 1874, 363.— B. B. & E., Hist.

N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 300.— Henshaw, 1875, 425.

This magnificent Hawk, which Dr. Coues justly calls the ** handsomest
of the North American Falconidse,'^ was much less frequently seen than its
relative, the common Rough-leg {A, sancti-johannis). The few observed
were sailing majestically overhead, describing broad circles, and resembling
the Golden Eagle in the manner of their flight. At such times it may be
immediately distinguished from A, sancti-johannis by the snowy white of
its lower plumage, which, as seen from below, is the predominating color
of the bird.

Aquila CHEYSAETOS.

Golden Eagrte.

/?. canadensis,

(T^oh'taM Ang-elik of the Washoes ; Qmh-nahf of the Paiutes ; Gueh^-nah of

the Shoshenes.)

Falco canadensis, Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1753, 88.

Aquila canadensis^ Cassin, Baird's Birds N, Am., 1858, 41. — Baird, Oat. N. Am.

Birds, 1859, No. 39.— Coopee, Orn. Gal., 1, 1870, 449.
Aquila chrysaetos var. canadensis^ EinawAY, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., Ill,

1874, 314.— Henshaw, 1875, 426.
Aquila chrysaetos, Coues, Key, 1872, 219; Check List, 1873, No. 361; Birds N.W.,

1874,368.

The magnificent Golden Eagle is an almost daily sight in the mount-
ain-regions of the Interior. At Carson City we scarcely ever went anaong
the hills without seeing it, soaring about, generally in pairs, overhead. We
first met with it in July, 1867, near the summit of the western slope of the

AQUILA CANADENSIS. 591

Sierra Nevada; afterward, it was continually observed on all the high
ranges to the eastward, such as the Toyabe and the West and East Hum-
boldt, being particularly common among the rocky heights of the latter.
At Camp 19, on the last-named mountains, on the 29th of July, we were so
fortunate as to witness the chase and capture of a Sage-Hen (Centrocercus
urophasianus) by a pair of these Eagles. We were standing a few yards in
the rear of a tent, when our attention was arrested by a rushing noise, and
upon looking up the slope of the mountain we saw flying down its wooded
side, with the rapidity of an arrow, a Sage-Hen, pursued by two Eagles.
The Hen was about twenty yards in advance of her pursuers, exerting her-
self to the utmost to escape ; her wings, from their rapid motion, being
scarcely visible. The Eagles in hot pursuit (the larger of the two leading),
followed every undulation of the fugitive's course, steadily lessening the dis-
tance between them and the object of their pursuit; their wings not moving,
except when a slight inclination was necessary to enable them to follow a
curve in the course of the fugitive. So intent were they in the chase that
they passed within twenty yards of us. They had scarcely gone by, how-
ever, when the Sage-Hen, wearied by her continued exertion, and hoping,
probably, to conceal herself among the bushes, dropped to the ground ; but
no sooner had she touched it than she was immediately snatched up by the
foremost of her relentless pursuers, who, not stopping in its flight, bore the
prize rapidly toward the rocky summits of the higher peaks, accompanied
by its mate. Some moments later, we again saw them soaring overhead,
describing circles as they rose higher and higher, when, taking a direct
course for some distant range, they disappeared from view. At the Over-
land Ranche, in Ruby Valley, one of these powerful birds was in captiv-
ity; he was one of the largest size, and a* truly noble-looking creature. He
was kept tied to a horizontal pole, which served him for a perch, in a kind
of bower constructed of green branches ; none but his keeper could handle
him, and every motion of a person who approached was followed by the
quick fiery glance of his watchful eye, which did not permit even the
slightest movement to pass unobserved. Specimens of the '^ Mountain-
Eagle," as this bird is there called, may be found in captivity in almost any
settlement in the mountain-regions of the West.

592 ORNITHOLOGY.

Haliaetus LEUCOCEPHALUS.

Bald £airlc«

Faleo leucocephahiSy Linn., Syst. Nat, ij 1766, 124.

Haliaetus lettcocephalusy SAViaNY.— Cuv., llhg. An., ed. 2, I, 1817, 326.— Cassin
Baird's Birds N. Am., 1858, 43.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 43.—
Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 451.— Coues, Key, 1872, 219; Check List, 1873,
No. 362; Birds N.W., 1874, 369.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. Birds, HI, 1874,
326.— Hbnshaw, 1875, 427.

The Bald Eagle was met with only in the neighborhood of Pyramid
Lake, where it was rare. One individual was seen some thirty or forty
miles from the lake, in the pass of the Truckee River through the Virginia
Mountains; it was an adult, and was flying along the stream. In August,
.1867, when we visited the main island in Pyramid Lake, Mr. H. G. Parker
pointed out to us the nest of a pair of these Eagles which had been occupied
the preceding season. This nest was placed inside an oven-like cave about
half-way up the side of the perpendicular rocks which formed this portion
of the shore. The entrance was about fifteen feet from the top of the rock,
and the same distance from the water, so it was inaccessible by anj^ means
then at command; but it could be plainly seen by looking through a crevice
in the top of the rock. This nest was a huge bed of coarse sticks laid on
the floor of the cave, and scattered about were the bones of numerous
animals which were carried as food to the young. Mr. Parker remarked
that on a former visit to the island the nest was occupied, and that he had
seen the owners destroy the nest of a pair of wild geese {Branta canadensis)
which had been established on the ground near by. The nest had doubtless
been abandoned in consequence of frequent visits to the island by persons
who came after Gull's eggs.

Elanus leucueus.

White-tailed Kite.

Milvus leticurus, Vibillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat, XX, 1816, 656.

Manns leucurus^ BoNiP., Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 4— Cassin, Baird's Birds

N. Am., 1858, 37.— Baied, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 35.— COOPEB, Orn.

Oal., I, 1870, 488, CoUES, Key, 1872, 211 ; Check List, 1873, No. 336.— B. B.

& E., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 198.

We did not see this species, but it is represented in the collection by a

PANDION OAEOLESTENSIS— BHINOGRTPHUS AURA. 593

fine specimen presented by Mr. Parker, and obtained by that gentleman in
the neighborhood of San Francisco, California, where it is said to be a
common bird in the marshy tracts.

List of specimens,

421, " ? ad.; San Francisco, February 11, 1868. 16|— 42—?— llj. Bill, black ;
eyes, orange-red; tarsi and toes, yellow.'^ (Presented by Mr. H. G. Parker.)

Pandion HALIABTUS.

Osprey; Fisb-Hawk.

/?. carolinensis.

Falco carolinensis, Gmelin, Syst. Kat., I, 1788, 263.

Pandion carolinensis^ BoNAP., Comp. and Geog. List, 1838, 3. — Oasstn, Baird's

B. IS. Am., 1858, 44— Baied, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 44.— COOPBB,

Orn. Oal., I, 1870, 454.
Pandion haliaetus var. carolinensis, Rmaw., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, 143 j

in B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., Ill, 1874, 184.— Henshaw, 1875, 415.
Pandion haliaetuSf COUES, Key, 1872, 219 ; Check List, 1873, No. 360 ; B. N.W.,

1874, 367.

The Fish-Hawk, Hke the Bald Eagle, was seen only along the lower
portion of the Truckee River, near Pyramid Lake, where it was rather
common in May. It no doubt bred in that locality, since it was often
observed flying up the river, bearing fish in its talons, as if going to its nest.

Family OATHARTID^— American Vultures.
Rhinogryphus aura.

Turkey-Buzzard.

{Ro'-shim of the Washoes.)

Vultur aura, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 122.

Caihartes aura, iLLiaEE,"* Prodomus, 1811, 236. — Oassin, in Baird's B. N. Am.,
1858, 4.— Baird, Oat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 1.— Ooopeb, Orn. Cal., I, 1870,
602.— CoUES, Key, 1872, 222 j Check List, 1873, No. 365; B.N.W., 1874,379.

Rhinogryphus aura, RiDawAT, in B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., Ill, 1874, 344.—
Henshaw, 1875, 428.

In the Sacramento Valley, the Turkey-Buzzard was so rare that not
more than three or four individuals were seen during the entire month of
38 PR

594 ORNITHOLOGY.

June, these being observed sailing over the plains toward the foot-hills of
the Sierra Nevada. In the Interior, however, it was abundant throughout
the summer, when it was found in nearly all localities; but during the
winter months they seemed to have all retired to the southward, none
having been seen in the latitude of Carson City earlier than the middle
of March. It was more numerous in the vicinity of Pyramid Lake than
anywhere else, for there the surf cast up many dead fish, thus affording
them a plentiful supply of food. At this place they were almost constantly
seen sailing quite low along the shore of the lake searching for their food.
During rainy weather we frequently observed them perched among the
cotton-wood trees along the river in such numbers as to completely cover
the branches. Throughout the Interior the distribution of the Turkey-
Buzzard was so general that it might be met with in any sort of locality;
thus, on the 19th of April we shot a fine specimen from the top of a dead
pine in a ravine of the Sierra Nevada, near Carson City, the spot being in
the midst of a dense forest, while on the 29th of June a group, consisting
of about a dozen individuals, was seen near '*Sand Springs" Station, on the
Carson Desert, and one of them killed with a rifle. They had collected
about a small pool of putrid water in a portion of the desert so completely
sterile as to be almost devoid of even the usual alkaline shrubs. Through-
out the country to the eastward, the Turkey Buzzard was continually met
with, both in the valleys and on the mountains, and at all elevations, the
latest individual of the season being seen October 3d, at the ^^City of
Rocks," in southern Idaho (latitude about 42^). In securing No. 130 of
the collection, we went to an amount of trouble worthy of a better result.
It was perched upon a high crag of the northern peak of the island, several
hundred feet above us, but even at this distance its head appeared to be
partly white, as if there might be a ruff of feathers of this color across the
occiput ; this appearance was only more distinct as we scanned it closely
through a field-glass, so it was determined to secure the specimen if it were
possible to do so. We accordingly began cHmbing cautiously toward it,
but long before getting within range it flew. We kept on, however, until
arrived nearly to the spot where it had been perched, and sitting down to
rest, had remained there but a few moments when it was observed sailing

COLUMBii FASOIATA. 595

slowly back again, and approaching within gunshot, was fired at, when it
fell with a thump on the rocks below. Other individuals similar to this one
were seen as they soared majestically, in broad circles, about the higher,
cliffs, but none of them came within range. Upon descending to where
our supposed prize lay, we were considerably disappointed to find it but the
young of the common species, its peculiar appearance being caused by a
patch of dense white down which still covered the occiput. Upon dissection,
this specimen was found to have been last feeding entirely on dead fish.

List of specimens,

128, S ad.; eastern shore of Pyramid Lake, August 16, 1867. 27i— 69— 20J— 16J
— l^Q — 2 — 11^ — 7^. Bill, chalk-white 5 iris, raw-umber; head and naked portion of
the neck, livid crimson, deepest on the forehead and occiput; across the vertex, from
eye to eye, a broad band of livid whitish papillse ; tarsi and toes, dirty livid yellowish-
white.

130, 9juv,; island in Pyramid Lake, August 16, 1867. 27|— 70i— 211—17—1 J—
2 — 11^—7^. Bill, dull black; iris, light yellowish-brown ; head and naked portion of
the neck, livid brownish-black ; tarsi and toes, dirty livid ashy-white.

Family COLUMBID^— Pigeons or Doves.

COLUMBA FASCIATA.
Bsind-tailed Pig^eon.

Columha fasciataj Say, Long's Exped., 11, 1823, 10. — Baird, Birds K Am., 1858,
597 J Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 445.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 606.—
CouES, Key, 1872, 225; Check List, 1873, No. 367 ; Birds N.W., 1874, 385.—
B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 360, pi. lyii, fig. 2.— Henshaw,
1875, 429.

On the 19th of November, 1867, we saw a single individual of what

must have been this species, flying to the southward over the Truckee

Meadows. Its appearance and size was very much that of the common

House-Pigeon, but, from the manner of its flight, it was evidently a wild

bird. The specimens in our collection were presented by Mr. Parker, who

obtained them in the neighborhood of San Francisco.

List of specimens.

426, '*?" ad.; "San Francisco, California, January 31, 1868. 16— 26|— (?)— 7^V
Bill, yellow, the tip black; eye, pink-red ; lids, vermilion-red; feet, yellow."

427, '^i^ (f) ad.; *' San Francisco, January 31, 1868. 15f— 26^— C?)-«74;' Same
remarks.

596 OKNITHOLOOY.

EOTOPISTES MIGRATORIA.
Passengfcr Pig^eon.

Golumba migratoria, LiNN., Sjst. Nat., 1, 1766, 285.

Uctopistes migratoriaj SWAINS., Zool. Jour., Ill, 1827, 355. — Batrd, Birds N. Am.,
1858, 600; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 448.— Cooper, Ora. Cal., I, 1870,
509.— COUES, Key, 1872, 225, fig. 145; Check List, 1873, No. 370; Birds
N.W., 1874, 387.— B. B. & B., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 308, pi. LVii,
fig. 4.

Only a stray individual of this species was met witli by us, and it
cannot be considered as more than an occasional straggler in the country
west of the Rocky Mountains. The specimen obtained flew rapidly past
one morning, and alighted a short distance from us, ujpon a stick by the
edge of a stream, whither it had probably come for water. Upon dissec-
tion it was found to have been feeding upon the berries of a small cornel
{Cornus pubescens)^ which grew abundantly in the mountains.

List of specimens,

179, 9 juv.; West Humboldt Mountains (Camp 18), Nevada, September 10, 1867.
13^ — Slf— 7| — 6J — f — i—^^^ — 3. Bill, black, the rictus pinkish; iris, brownish, with
a narrow outer ring of carmine; tarsi and toes, pale livid salmon-color, the scutellae
more brownish ; claws, blackish.

Zen^dura O^VEOLINENSIS.

mourning Dove.

{Hung^ -O'ho' -ah of the Washoes; We-ho'-pe of the Paiutes.)

Oolumba oarolinensis^ Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 286.

Zenaidura carolinensis^ Bonap., Consp., II, 1854, 84. — Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858,
604; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 451.— COOPEB, Orn. Cal., I, 1870, 512.—
CouES, Key, 1872, 226, fig. 146; Check List, 1873, No. 371; Birds N.W.,
1874, 389.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 383, pi. Lvm, fig.2.—
Henshaw, 1875, 431.

Perhaps no bird, not even the Raven, is more universally distributed
through the Interior, without regard to the nature of the country, than the
common Mourning Dove, and certainly none is more abundant. It occurred
about the corrals of the stage-stations in the midst of the most extensive
deserts, many miles from any cultivated or wooded district, or natural

ZENiEDURA CAROLINBNSIS. 597

water-courses, while it was also met with oil the equally barren mountains
and plains far from the abode of man. In the arid portions of the country,
however, it is far less common than in the fertile localities, where it
sometimes literally abounds. Such was particularly the case at the Truckee
Meadows, where one November evening, after supper, we killed over tliirty
specimens for the *^pot," in the immediate vicinity of our camp. In the
Sacramento Valley it was no less abundant than in the Interior.

List of specimens,

31, nest and eggs (2); Sacramento, California, June 11, 1867. Nest about six feet
from ground, in small aspen, in copse.

53, nest and eggs (2),» Sacramento, June 18, 1867. Nest in oak-tree, in grove,
about fifteen feet from ground.

110, nest and eggs (2)^ Big Bend of Truckee (Camp 12), Nevada, July 26, 1867.
Nest on the arid mesa, two miles from water, on tbe ground, beneath a sage-bush.

112, nest and eggs (2)^ Camp 12, July 29, 1867. Same locality and situation as
No. 110.

192, ? jui?,; West Humboldt Mountains (Camp 19), September 18, 1867. lO^^g —
17 — 6 — 5 — i — i| — 4i — 2J^. Bill, slate-black, bluish-slate at base 5 rictus, pinkish j iris,
hazel ; bare eyelids, bluish ; tarsi and toes, pale lake-red ; claws, blackish.

616, <J ad.; Carson City, April 23, 1868. 12|— 171— 6-45. Bill, deep black,
becoming slaty -bluish on the soft nasal membrane 5 rictus and interior of mouth, deep
lake-redj bare orbital region, delicate pale blue, with a greenish tinge beneath the eye;
iris, deep sepia; tarsi and toes, deep lake or coral-red; claws, deep black.

786, eggs (2) ; Virginia Mountains, near Pyramid Lake, June 3, 1868. Nest on
ground, beneath sage-bush, on side of ravine.

1170, eggs (2) ; Salt Lake City, June 16, 1869. Nest on ground, beneath sage-
bush.

1184, nest and eggs (2); near Salt Lake City (City Creek Caiion), June 18, 1869.
Nest on mountain- mahogany tree.

1293, eggs (2); Parley's Park, Utah, June 26, 1869. Nest in aspen tree.

1294, eggs (2); Parley's Park, June 26, 1869. Same remarks.

1340, eggs (2); Parley's Park, June 28, 1869. Same remarks.

1341, eggs (2) ; Parley's Park, June 2S, 1869. Same remarks.

1385, nest and egg (1); Prove Eiver, July 10, 1869. Nest on bush leaning over
river-bank.

1386, nest and egg (1) ; Prove Eiver, July 10, 1869. Nest on bush on river-bank.
1417, eggs (2); Parley's Park, July 16, 1869. Nest among willows, along stream.
1522, egg (1); Cash Valley, Utah, July, 1869. [Collected by J. 0. Olmstead.]

598 orj^ithology.

Family TETRAONID^— Geousb.
Cai^ace obsouba.

Dusky Orouse.

Tetrao obscurus, Say, Long's Exped., II, 1823, 14, 202.— Baird, Birds N. Am.,
1868, 620; Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No, 459.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I, 1870,
526.— COUES, Key, 1872, 233; Check List, 1873, No. 381; Birds N.W., 1874, 395.

Canace oUcura^ Bonap., Comp. Rend., XLV, 1857, 428.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am.
Birds, m, 1874, 422, pi. lix, figs. 1, 2.

The "Mountain Grouse," or "Blue Grouse," was a more or less common
species on all the ranges clothed with a sufficient extent of pine forests, the
existence of which seemed to strictly govern its distribution. It was found
on the Sierra Nevada, near Carson City, and on several of the higher
ranges of the Great Basin; but it did not occur in abundance until we
arrived at the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains, where it literally abounded
in certain localities, particularly on the latter range.

Although seldom seen in the dense pine forests, we always found
these Grouse in their vicinity, usually in the open glades with scattered
trees and brush, with thicker woods on either side. Our acquaintance with
this species being made wholly in the fall and latter part of summer, we
did not learn much regarding its habits. We can testify, however, to the
excellence of its flesh, which is white and tender as that of a partridge.

List of specimens,

891, $ ad.; East Humboldt Mountains (near Camp 22), September 4, 1868. 21—
31J — 7J. Weight, 2| lbs. Bill black, the lower mandible slightly variegated with
whitish at the base; iris, rawumber; bare space over eye, orange-yellow; toes,
brownish-gray; claws, black.

954, 9 ad,; Wahsatch Mountains, near Salt Lake City, October, 1868.

1290, $ ad,; Parley's Park, June 25, 1869. 22— 31 J. Weight, 3J lbs. Bill, black ;
iris, raw-umber ; naked superciliary space, orange ; toes, lilaceous-gray.

1370, 9 ad.; Pack's Canon, Uintah Mountains, July 5, 1869. 19—29. Bill, black ;
iris, raw-umber; toes, ashy.

1371, 9 ad.; Pack's Canon, July 5, 1869. Same remarks.

1372, juv.; same date and locality.
1382, juv,; Pack's Canon, July 8.
1444, i jnv.; Parley's Park, July 23.

B0NA8A UMBELLOIDES— PEDICEOETES COLUMBIANUS. 599

BOI^ASA UMBELLUS.
KuOed O rouse.

>ff. umbelloides — Gray Buffed Grouse,

Tetrao umbelloides^ Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc, XVI, 1829, 148.

Bonasa umbelhis var. lonhelloides, Baird, Birds N. Am,, 1858, 925,- Oat. N. Am.

Birds, 1859, No. 465.— CoUES, Key, 1872, 235; Check List, 1873, No. 385a;

Birds N.W., 1874, 425.-~B. B. & K., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 453, pi.

LXI, fig. 10.

This bird we did not see alive, but dead specimens were occasionally
seen in the hands of hunters. It was said to be common in the pine forests
of the Wahsatch, where it is known as the '^ Pine-Hen."

List of speeimens.
955,* <J ad»; Wahsatch Mountains, near Salt Lake City, October, 1868.

Pedicecetes phasianellus.

Sharp-tailed Grouse.

yS. columbianus — Western Prairie Chicken.

Phasianus columbianus^ Ord, Guthrie's Geog,, 2d Am. ed., 1815, 317.

Pedicecetes columbianus^ Elliot, Pr. Pbilad. Acad., 1862, 403. — Cooper, Orn.

Cal., I, 1870, 532.
Pedicecetes phasianellus var, columbianus, OoUES, Key, 1872, 234 j Check List, 1873,

No. 383a ; Birds N. W., 1874, 407.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874,

436, pi. LX, fig. 1.
Pedicecetes phasianellus, Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 626 (not Tetrao phasianellus,

Linn., 115S, = Pedicecetes)-, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 463.

This Grouse, known universally among the western people as the
"Prairie Chicken,'' we found only in the Upper Humboldt Valley, near
Trout Creekj where it was abundant in the rye-grass meadows at the base
of the Clover Mountains, and in a very few similar localities in the Wah-
satch district.

List of specimens.

927, ^ad.; Upper* Humboldt Valley (Camp 25), September 16, 1868. 15—25—
(^) — 6. Bill, black, the lower mandible more ashy basally ; iris, raw-sienna ; toes, ashy
horn-color.

600 ORNITHOLOGY.

Centeooeeous UEOPHASIANUS.

Sagre-Hen.

(See-yuh! of the Washoes.)

Tetrao urophasiamcSj BoNAP., Zool. Journ., JIT, 1828, 214.

Tetrao {Gentrocercm) urophasianus, SWAINS., Fauna Bor.-Am., II, 1831, 358, pL 58.

Centrocercus urophasiantis, Jardinb, Nat. Lib. Birds, — , 1840, pi. xvii. — Baird,
B. K Am., 1858, 624; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 462.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I,
1870, 536.— COUES, Key, 1872, 233; Check List, 1873, No. 382 ; Birds N.W.,
1874, 400.— B. B. & E., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 429, pi. LX, figs. 2, 4.

Although this large and well-known Grouse was met with throughout
the sage-brush country between the Sierra Nevada and the Wahsatch, we
saw it so seldom that little was learned of its habits, particularly during the
breeding-season. It came under our notice only late in summer and during
the autmnn, when it was foimd to be abundant in certain localities, but by
no means uniformly distributed. When startled, the Sage-Hen rises with a
noisy and apparently laborious fluttering, and then flies off, with a heavy
but well-sustained flight, a few yards above the ground, and usually goes
a long way before alighting ; indeed, if allowed to escape after being once
flushed there is generally little hope of getting a second opportunity for a
shot. As an article of food the Sage-Hen cannot be recommended, unless
the precaution is taken to flay it immediately, for its flesh soon becomes
permeated with the disagreeable odor of the sage-brush, the leaves of which
form its principal food. In fact, it is often found necessary to soak the car-
case in salt-water over night before the flesh becomes palatable. The leaves
of the Artemisia do not form the exclusive food of this species, however, but
during the season when grasshoppers abound it feeds largely on these insects,
several specimens killed in Parley's Park during a flight of these pests in
August having nothing else in their crops. It is a well-known fact among
western hunters that the Sage-Hen *^has no gizzard," and the truth of this
statement, which was often told us, we confirmed by the dissection of numer-
ous specimens ; the stomach being njerely membraneous, or at most but
slightly muscular, like that of a bird of prey, and nothing like the thick
and powerful grinding machine of other Gallinoe}

^ See American Naturalistj April, 1874, p. 240, where this remarkable peculiarity
of the Sage-Hen is referred to, by the writer.

OREORTYX PI0TU8. 601

List of specimens.

214, $ ad.; West Humboldt Mountains (Oamp 19), September 23, 1867. 29—
40J— 12|— 10— IJ— 2J— llj— 3J. Weight, ^ pounds. Bill, deep black; iris, light
hazel ; cervical sac, light leaden-blue ; toes, grayish-olive.

311, ? ad.; Pea- Vine district, Western Nevada, November 21, 1867. 23 — 36^ —
12^8^— l^lf— 7f— 23. Bill, deep black ; iris, light brown ; toes, blackish horn-
color.

312, 9 ad.; same locality and date. 21|— 34— lOf— 8— IJ— l|~7i— 3. Same
remarks.

313, 9 ad.; same locality and date. 21^34---10|— 8— 1^ — l^— 7i — 2J. Same
remarks.

943, 9 ad.; City of Rocks, Idaho, October 3, 1868. 22— 35— (?)— 84. Same
remarks.

Family PERDIOID^— Partridges and Quails.
Oreortyx piotus.

Mountain <tuail or Partridge.

/?. plumiferus.^

{Mah'-tem-aW'teh^LiiA. Tu-eJik! -tuddle of the Washoes; Kih'-Uk of the Paiutes.)

Ortyx plumifera, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Y, 1837, 42.
» Oreortyx pictus var. plumiferus^ B. B. & R., Hist. K Am. Birds, III, 1874, p. 476.
Oreortyx pictns^ Auot. (part).

This superb bird occurred rather sparingly among the mountains and
hills immediately adjacent to the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, as well
as on the eastern slope of that range itself. It was so rare, however, or at
least so difficult to find, that we could learn but little concerning its habits.
We first met with it in a broad canon of the Virginia Mountains fronting on
Pyramid Lake, where the slopes were covered, more or less, by the tall
rye-grass, interspersed with scattered cedars. Here a flock of perhaps a

^The typical form, which inhabits the coast districts of California and Oregon
(the present one inhabiting the Sierra Nevada and the peninsula of Lower California),
differs in darker, browner colors. Its synonymy is as follows : —

Ortyx picta, Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc, XVI, 1829, 143.

Oreortyx pictus^ Baibd, Birds K Am., 1858, 642; Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, Ko. 473.
— CooPEB, Orn. Cal, 1, 1870, 546 (part).— CoxjES, Key, 1872, 237; Check List, 1873,
No. 390; Birds KW., 1874, 440.— B. B. & B., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 475, pi.
LXiii, fig. 6 (part).

602 ORNITHOLOGY.

dozen individuals was flushed on the 27th of December, 1867, and one of
them secured. Before they rose they uttered a confused chuckling, some-
what like the alarm-notes of the eastern Bob- White {Ortyx virginiamis), and
after they had been separated for some time, commenced calling to one
another in a manner exactly similar to young Turkeys (Meleagris) under
the same circumstances. Its love-notes we have never heard.

In western Nevada, where the statement seems to be generally believed,
we were informed that the Mountain Quail was not an inhabitant of the
country eastward of the summit of the Sierra Nevada until after the settle-
ment of that country by the whites, when they began following the wagon-
roads over the mountains for the purpose of picking up the grain scattered
along the way. This may possibly be true; but judging from the fact that
a number of essentially Oaliforidan birds and mammals, and even plants,
occur plentifully along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, in an exactly
similar manner, we rather incline to the opinion that it is a true native, in
support of which view of the case, we were infonned by the Indians at the
Truckee Reservation that it had always been found on the neighboring

mountains.

List of specimens,

319, i ad,; Carson City, Nevada, November, 1867. (Presented by Mr. H. G.
Parker.)

386, (J ad.; Virginia Mountains, near Pyramid Like, December 27, 1867. 11^ —
17 — 5| — ^ — ^9_—i^3^ — 3^ — J. Bill, dull black, more brownish terminally; iris, deep
brown; tarsi and toes, dilute brownish.

440, S ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 10, 1868. (Oedargroves.) 11|— t6f—
6§ — 4|. Bill, black, slightly brownish terminally; iris, vandyke-brown ; tarsi and toes,
dilute sepia.

441, 9 ad. (mate of No. 440); same locality and date. 11^ — 16f — 5J — 4i. Same
remarks.

LOPHOETYX CALIFOENICUS.
California Valley Quail.

Tetrao californicus^ Shaw, Nat. Misc., — , pi. 345.

Lophortyx californicuSj Bonap., Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 42. — Baird, Birds N.
Am., 1858, 644; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, No. 474.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., I,
1870, 549.— COUES, Key, 1872, 238; Check List, 1873, No. 391; Birds N.W.,
1874, 439.— B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. Birds, III, 1874, 479, pi. XLiv, figs. 1, 2.

The ** Valley Quail" of California was met with only among the western

^GIALITIS VOCIFERUS. 603

foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, where it seemed to be an abundant species.

It continued along our route up to the beginning of the continuous pine

forest, or to an altitude of about 5,000 feet, where a specimen, a fine adult

male, was killed among the brushwood of a ravine by the roadside. There

were evidently others in the locality, since the one killed was in a small

tree, anxiously calling, his note being a sharp cMp^ almost exactly like the

common note of the Cardinal Grosbeak {Cardinalis virginianus). We

unfortunately had little opportunity to observe the habits of this beautiful

species.

List of specimens,

316, (f ad,; 317, S ad,; 318, 9 ad.; " Coast of Oalifornia, near San Francisco."
(H. G. Parker.)

Family OHARADRIIDiE— Plovers.

^GIALITIS YOCIFERUS.
Klll-deer«

Charadrius voeiferus, LiNN., Syst. Nat., I, 1766. 253.

JSJgialitis vocifertiSj BoNAP., Oomp. & Geog. List, 1838^ 45. — Cassin, in Baird's
Birds ISr. Am., 1858, 692.— Baibd, Cat. 2^. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 604-CoUES,
Key, 1872, 244, %. 156; Check List, 1873, JSTo. 397; Birds N.W., 1874, 452

(i^oci/em).— Henshaw, 1875, 445.

Tile common Kill-deer was found to be by far the most abundant and
generally distributed bird of the order, since it was found about every
stream or other body of water, while it was common wherever it occurred.
It was also resident, but more numerous in summer than in winter.

List of specimens,

431, (J ad.; Carson City, Nevada, March 7, 1868. lOJ— 20^—7— 5§. Bill, black;
iris, bister; eyelids, orange-red; tarsi and toes, pale ashy uaples-yellow.

472, $ ad,; Carson City, March 28, 1868. 10— 20J— 6|4— 5f . Same remarks.

1154, eggs (4); Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 9, 1869. Eggs deposited
on the bare sand, in a slight depression, near the shore.

604 ORNITHOLOGY.

iEGIALITIS CANTIANUS.
Kentish Plover.

>ff. nivosus — Snotvy Plover.

JEgialitis (Lmcopolim) ntuo«M«, Oassin, in Baird's Birds N. Am., 1858, 606.

JEgialiiis nivosus^ Baibd, Cat. K Am. Birds, 1859, No. 609.

JEJgialiUs cantianus^ GouES, Key, 1872, 245 (aot of Latham) ; Check List, 1873,

No. 401.
JEgialiiis cantianm var. nivosm^ RiDawAY, Am. Nat., VIII, 1874, 109. — CouES^

Check List, App., No. 401.
^gialitis cantiana var. nivosa^ Coxjes, Birds N.W., 1874, 456.

This handsome and graceful little Plover was exceedingly numerous in
May on the bare mud-flats around Warm Spring Lake, near Salt Lake
City. It kept in flocks, running nimbly and very svriftly over the ground,
all the while uttering a soft and rather musical whistling note.

List of specimens.

969, i ad.; Salt Lake City, Utah, May 21, 1869. 7— 13|. Bill, deep black j iris,
burnt-sienna; eyelids, deep black; interior of mouth, fleshy- white; tarsi, slate-color ;
toes, black.

1026, «J ad.; near Salt Lake City, Utah, May 22, 1869. 7— 13f Bill, deep black ;
eyelids, black ; iris, deep brown ; tarsi, dull slate ; toes, black.

1027, ^ ad.; same locality and date. 6J — 13J. Same remarks.

1028, ? ad.; same locality and date. 6J — 12}f . Same remarks.

1029, (? ad.; same locality and date. 6J — 13. Same remarks.

1030, <J ad.; same locality and date. 6| — 14f. Samet remarks.

1031, ? ad.; same locality and date. 6| — 13J. Same remarks. ^

Family PHALAROPOBID J]— Phalaropes.
Steganopus wilsoni.

Wilson's Phalarope.

PhaUropm wilsoni^ Sabine, App. Franklin's Journal, 1823, 69L— Cassin, in
Baird's B. N. Am., 1858, 705.-.BA1BI), Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 519.

Phalaropus (Steganopus) wilsoni^ Gbay, Hand List, HI, 1871, 55, No. 10,362.

Steganopus wilsoni^ OoxjES, Ibis, April, 1865, — ; Key, 1872, 248, flg. 161 ; Check
List, 1873, No. 409; Birds N.W., 1874, 467.— Hbnshaw, 1875, 451,

This species was shot from a flock of Sandpipers {Tringa alpina ameri-
canaj T. minutUlaj T. hairdij and Ereunetes pusillus), at Pyramid Lake, in

EEOUBVIiM>STRA AMERICANA. 605

May, 1868, and was again seen swimming in the alkaline ponds along the
southern shore of Groat Salt Lake, in June, 1869.

Family RECURVIROSTRIDiB— Avoobts and Stilts.

KbCURVIROSTRA AMERICANA.
American Avocet.

Becurvirostra americana, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 093.— Cassin, in Baird's B.
N. Am., 1858, 703.— Baied, Cat. N, Am. B., 1859, No. 517.— CoUES, Key,
1872, 147, fig. 159; Check List, 1873, No. 407; Birds N.W., 1874, 460.— Hen-
SHAW, 1875, 448.

This abundant bird is confined chiefly to the vicinity of the alkaline
ponds or lakes, where it is usually found in the most barren places, or
where the bare earth is covered chiefly with an alkaline efflorescence. At
the Soda Lakes, on the Carson Desert, it was particularly abundant, and
appeared to be feeding on a kind of insect thrown by the surf upon the
beach. It was not met with in the Sacramento Valley, but was. first seen
at the Truckee Meadows, where it was abundant in July in some alkaline
marshes. Its local names are "Lawyer" and "Yelper" in most locaHties
where it is known.

List of specimens.

811, i ad.; Soda Lake, Carson Desert, Nevada, June 28, 1868. 18— 29^(t)— 7.
Bill deep black ; iris, burnt-umber ; tarsi and toes, ashy-blue.

812, eggs (4) ; 813, eggs (3) ; 814, egg (1). Same locality and date. Eggs depos-
ited in depressions in the alkaline deposit.

1071, $ ad.; near Salt Lake City, May 29, 1869. 18^36J. Bill, deep black ;
iris, brown ; legs and feet, plumbeous-blue.

1107, S ad.; Antelope Island, Salt Lake, June 6, 1869. 18J— 31. Same re-

1218, 1219, 1220, 1221 (eggs); Oarringtou Island, Salt Lake, June 17, 1869. (Col-
lected by Mr. E. N. Davis and Mr. 8, Watson.)

606 ORNITHOLOGY.

HiMANTOPUS MEXICAKUS.
American Sliit*

{Pahn-tuy' -he of the Shoshones.)

GharadriuB mexicanus^ Mulleb, Sjst. Nat., 1776,. 117.

Himantopus mexicanm, Ord (ed. Wils.), Am. Orn., VII, 1824, 52.

Himantopus nigricolUs, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., X, 1817, 42.— Cassin,

in Baird's Birds N. Am. 1858, 704.— Baird, Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 518.

— COUES, Key, 1872, 247, fig. 160; Check List, 1873, No. 408; Birds N.W.,

1874, 462.— Henshaw, 1875, 450.

This species was almost invariably found in the same localities with
the Avocet {Recurvirostra)^ but it was everywhere less abundant than that
species. It was more numerous about the southeastern portion of the Great
Salt Lake than at any other locality visited by- us.

lAst of specimens,

815, $ ad.; Soda Lake, Carson Desert, June 28, 1868. 15— 29^- (!)— 7f. Bill, deep
black; iris, grayish-brown next the pupil, with a wide outer ring of <?lfear rosy-car-
mine; legs and feet, deep light rose-pink or lake-red.

1018, eggs (4) ; near Salt Lake City, May 22, 1869. Nest on the ground, on small
grassy island in Warm Spring Lake.

1072, 9 ad.; near Salt Lake City, May 29, 1869. 14f— 27^. Same remarks as to
No. 816.

1084, $ ad.; mouth of Jordan Eiver, Utah, June 2, 1869. 15^—30. Iris, rich
fine carmine.

Family SOOLOPAOIDJl— Snipe, Sandpipees, etc.
Gallinago wilsoni.

Wilson's Sinipe.

(Tuttoo'hoy'-ehk and Kay'-lehh of the Washoes; SV-yeheh of the Shoshones.)

Seolopax wilsonii^ Temm., PL Col. V, livr. Lxvin (in text).

Gallinago wilsoni^ Bonap., Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 52. — Cassin, in Baird's Birds
N. Am., 1858, 710.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 523.— Coues, Key,
1872, 262, fig. 163; Check List, 1873, No. 414; Birds N.W., 1874, 475.— Hen-
SHAW, 1875, 452.

Gallinago gallinaria var. wilsoni^ RinawAY, Ann. Lye. N. Y., X, 1874, 383.

The Common Snipe was an abundant species during the spring and

TRINGA AMERICANA. 607

autumn, in all wet and grassy places. In Parley's Park, either this species
or Macrorhamphus griseus was breeding, but we found it impossible to pos-
itively determine the species. In the lower portion of the park, about a
quarter of a mile from our camp, was an extensive meadow, portions of
which were quite wet or marshy; and in this direction we would hear every
evening a peculiar hollow gurgUng sound, somewhat like the noise pro-
duced by water escaping from a nearly full jug. This was heard only
just before dark, and, as we soon ascertained, was produced by a kind of
'* Snipe,'' as it pitched downward from a great height. We found it impos-
sible to obtain a specimen, but conclude that the bird must have been this
species, since we shot specimens along a brook in the same locality at about
the same time.

List of specimens,

259, 9 ad,; Truckee Meadows (Camp 26), Nevada, November 7, 1867. 11§— 17 J—
^"^l— 4J— 2ii--.l3-\— 2J~-j\. Bill, blackish for terminal third, greenish-ashy basally, the
lower mandible rather paler than the upper; iris, bister; tarsi and toes, pale greenish-
ashy; claws, black.

260, <J ad.; Camp 12, November 7, 1867. 11^— 17i— 5|— 4i— 2/g-— l^^^— 2^—/^.
Same remarks.

261, (?a^.; same locality and date. 10i|— 165—51—4/^— 237^—1^1^— 2g—(f). Same
remarks.

262, $ ad,; same locality and date. 10J-~16|— 5|— 43-%— 2|--1J— 2J— |. Same
remarks.

1453, ? ad,; Parley's Park, Utah, July 26, 1869. llj— 17^. Bill, black, growing
gradually greenish horn-color basally; iris, dark brown; tarsi and toes, light ashy,
with distinct yellowish-green wash on the scutellsB.

1454, ? ad.; same locality and date. 10| — 16f . Same remarks.

1455, ? ad.; same locality and date. 11 — 16|. Same remarks.

TEmGA ALPENA.
Red-backed Sandpiper.

/?. americana.

Tringa (Sehceniclus) alpina var. americana^ Oassin, in Baird's Birds N. Am,, 1858,

719.
Tringa alpina var. americana, Baik-D, Oat. K Am. Birds, 1859, No. 530. — CouES,

Key, 1872, 256, fig. 166; Check List, 1873, No. 424; Birds N.W., 1874, 489.

This species occurred among the large flocks of Sandpipers and other

608 OENITHOLOGY.

small waders found in the vicinity of Pyramid Lake in May, along with
Steganopus wilsoni, Tringa bairdi, T. minutillay and Ereunetes pusillus, all of
which were killed at a single shot.

Trikga BAIRDI.

Balrd'8 Sandpiper.

Actodromus bairdii, OouES, Pr. Ac. Kat. Sci. Philad., 1861, 194.— Hekshaw
1875,466. '

ISringa bairdii, SCL., Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1867, 332.— CouES, Key, 1872, 256;
Check List, 1873, No. 419; Birds N.W., 1874, 484.

Found about Pyramid Lake in May, and at the Humboldt Marshes in
August.

List of specimens,

133, 9 juv.; Humboldt Marshes (Gamp 15), August 26, 1867. 7^|^ — 15^5^—4^—
1 — 16 — 2^^ — |. Bill, black; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, slate-black

Tringa minutilla. .

Least Sandpiper*

Tringa minutilla, Vibillot, Nouv. Diet. d^Hist. Nat., XXXIV, 1819, 452.— CouES,
Key, 1872, 254; Check List, 1873, No. 418; Birds N.W., 1874, 482.

Actodromus minutilla, CouES, Fr. Phil. Ac, 1861, 191, 230.— Hbnshaw, 1875, 455.

Tringa mlsoniiy NuTTiXL, Man. Orn., II, 1834, 121.— Oassin, in Baird's Birds N.
Am., 1858, 721.— Baibd, Oat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 532.

Vicinity of Pyramid Lake in May, about Salt Lake throughout the
summer, and at the Humboldt Marshes in August.

List of specimens.

134, ^ jiet?.; Oamp 16, August 26, 1867. 6^— llf— 3J— 3t^— If— ff— 1,?^— ^.
Bill, black ; iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, slate-black.

135, ?;wi?.; same locality and date. 61—12^^3—4^—3^—1^^ — ^|_1|— |^. Same
remarks.

136, ? juv.; same locality and date. 6|— 11— 3|^— 3— ^f— f— 1|— J. Bill, dull
black; iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, grayish-olive.

EREUNBTBS PUSILLUS--SYMPHEMIA SEMIPALMATA. 609

Eeeunetes PUSILLUS.

^^eiuipalmated Sandpiper.

Tinngapusillaj Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 252.

Ereunetus pusillus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., XIII, 1860, 195.— Coui^,

Key, 1872, 254, fig. 165; Check List, 1873, No. 417; Birds N.W., 1874, 481.

—Henshaw, 1875, 454.

Ereuneies pefrljicatus, Illiger, Prodromus, 1811, 262. — Oassin, in Baird's Birds
N. Am., 1858, 724.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, No. 535.

Ereunetes occidentalis, Lawr., Pr. Philad. Acad., 1864, 107.

Ereunetes pnsillKS var. occidentalism CouKS, Key, 1872, 254; Check List, 1873, No.
417a.

Vicinity of Pyramid Lake in May, and Humboldt Marshes in August,

in flocks with Tringa bairdi and I\ minutilla, [All the specimens of these

three species shot from one flock at a single discharge.]

List of specimens.

137, ijuv.; Camp 15, August 26, 1867. 5f-^lli--3§— 3^ii— f^-^li- ^V ^'^^^i
black, becoming greenish-olive on base of lower mandible ; iris, brown; tarsi and toes,
greenish-olive.

138, ?jttt?./ same locality and date. 55— 11— 3y»^— 2}|— 3— |— 1/^— .^^^. Same
remarks.

139, 9 j?/t7.; same locality and date. 6J— 11.^—3^—34— f|—f|— If i—^^ Same
remarks.

SyMPHEMIA SEMIPALMATA.

Wilfet.

Scolopaoc semipalmata, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, 659.

Totanus semipalmatus^ Temm., Man. Orn., II, , 637. — CoUES, Key, 1872, 258;

Check List, 1873, No. 431 5 Birds N. W., 1874, 494.— Qenshaw, 1875, 457.
Symphemia semipalmata^ Hartlaub, Eev. Zool., 1845, 342. — Cassin, in Baird's

Birds N, Am., 1858, 729.— Baiud, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 537.

This large and conspicuous Snipe, readily distinguished at sight from
other species by the conspicuous whitQ patch on the wings, was found
breeding in nearly all marshy localities. It was particularly numerous on
the grassy flats along the southern shore of the Great Salt Lake, near the
mouth of the Jordan River, where it was found in company with the Long-
billed Curlew {Numenius longirostris) and various species of Ducks.

List of specimens.

1160, 9 ad.; southern shore of Great Salt Lake, Ut?ih, June 11, 1869. 16—29^.
Bill, black ; iris, browu ; tarsi and toes, slate-color.
39 PE

610 ornitholooy.

Rhyaoophilus solitarius.

Solitary Sandpiper.

Tringa solitaria, Wilson, Am. Orn., VII, 1813, 53, pi. 58, fig. 3.

Totanus solitarius^ Audubon, Synop., 1839, 242. — Coues, Key, 1872, '259; Check

List, 1873, No. 435; Birds KW., 1874, 498.— Henshaw, 1875, 469.
Bhyaeophilm solitarius, Cassin, Baird's Birds N. Am., 1858, 733. — Baird, Cat. N.

Am. B., 1859, No. 541.

This species seemed to be exceedingly rare in the Interior, since it
was seen on but two or three occasions ; it was noticed in the Truckee
Valley, May 13, 1868, while a pair were observed at the Glendale Meadows
in July, 1867; a single individual was also observed in Parley's Park, in
August. It was not met with in the Sacramento Valley.

TrINGOIDES MACULARIUS.
Spotted Sandpiper.

Tringa maculariaj Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 249.

Tringoides macularius, Gray, Genera of Birds, III, 1849, 574. — Cassin, in Baird's
Birds N. Am., 1858, 735.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 543.— CouES,
Key, 1872, 260; Check List, 1873, No. 436; Birds N.W., 1874, 501.— Hen-
shaw, 1875, 460.

Next to the Kill-deer {j!Egialitis vociferus), the Spotted Sandpiper is
probably the most abundant and generally-distributed of the small waders
in the Great Basin. It was found breeding from the lowest valleys up to an
altitude of more than 7,000 feet, its favorite haunts being the gravelly
banks of running streams rather than the vicinity of ponds or lakes. Its
first arrival at Carson City was noted on the 29th of April, 1868.

lAst^of specimens.

562, S ad.; Carson City, April 29, 1868. 73— 13J— 4|— 3f . Commissure and
whole of the lower mandible, dilute wax-yellow 5 rest of the bill, black ; iris, vandyke-
brown ; tarsi and toes, dilute ashy-olive.

1362r eggs (2); Pack's Canon, Uintah Mountains, July 3, 1869. Nest, a very
neat one of sticks, in a slight depression on the gravelly bank of a brook. Eggs nearly
hatched.

1468, juv.; Parley's Park, July 28, 1869. Bill, black, lower mandible purplish
basally 5 iris, dark brown 5 tarsi and toes, olive.

ACTITDRUS BARTRAMIUS— GEUS CANADENSIS. 611

AOTITUEUS BARTRAMIUS.
Bartram^s Tatler.

Tringa bartramia, Wilson, Am. Orii., VII, 1813, 63, pK 59, fig. 2.

Actiturus bartramius, Bonap., Saggio, 1831, — . — Gassin, in Baird's Birds N. Am.,

1858, 737.— Baibd, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No, 545.— COUES, Key, 1872,

260; Check List, 1873, No. 438; Birds N.W., 1874, 502,

This eastern species was rather common in July in the grassy fields
of Kamas Prairie, Utah, but none Were seen anywhere else.

NUMENIUS LONGIROSTKIS.
LonfiT^'billed Curlew.

Numenim longirosiris, Wilson, Am. Oni., VIII, 1814,24, pi. 64, fig. 4. — Cassin, in
Baird's Birds N. Am., 1858, 743.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 549.
— CouES, Key, 1872, 262, fig. 174; CLeck List, 1873, No. 441; Birds N.W.,
1874, 508.— Henshaw, 1875, 461.

This large Curlew, called ^^ Snipe" by the people of the Salt Lake

Valley, was distributed in summer throughout the Interior in the vicinity

of marshes, the wet meadows near the shores of the larger lakes being

its favorite resort. It was particularly abundant along the southern shore

of the Great Salt Lake, and on some of the larger islands.

List of specimens,

1088, 6 ad.; Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, June 4, 1869. 22^—39. Bill, black,
becoming dull lilaceous on the basal half of the lower mandible ; iris, vandyke-brovvu j
legs and fe^et, ashy.

1110, Sad,; Antelope Island, June 5, 1869. 23 J— 39. Same remarks.

1111, pullus; 1112, pullus; same locality and date.

1159, 2 ; south shore of Great Salt Lake, June 11, 1869. 26— 41f . Same remarks
as to No. 1088.

Family GRU ID J] —Cranes.

GrUS CANADENSIS-
ISand-»hill Crane.

Ardea canadensis, Linn,, Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 234.

Orm canadensis^ Temm., Anal. p. c. — Baird, Birds N. Am , 1858, 655; Cat. N.

Am. Birds, 1859, No. 479.— Coufs, Key, 1872, 271; Check List, 1873, No.

463; Birds N. W., 1874, 532.— Henshaw, 1875, 467.

The Sand-hill Crane was an abundant species in nearly all localities
where extensive grassy marshes or wet meadows existed. . A friend living

612 ORNITHOLOGY.

in Carson Valley had a tame bird of this species which had been caught in
an adjoining meadow when very young. Om* introduction to this remark-
able, pet was somewhat amusing, the circumstances being as follows: Just
before coming to the house we had shot a Snow-bird (Junco oreganus), and
hastily thrust it into our coat pocket, before opening the gate of the front
yard to walk in. We had scarcely entered, when his craneship, having
seen the movement, walked familiarly up, and deliberately snatching the
bird, proceeded, without further ceremony, to beat it upon the ground until
nearly denuded of its feathers, when he swallowed it whole; he then care-
fully examined our person for more birds. Not finding any, however, he
turned away and with stately steps walked off across the yard. This bird
was a great friend of the children belonging to the family, and would
frequently join them in their sports. Often, while they were indoors, he
would walk upon the porch, and going to the window would look inside,
and if the young folks took the least notice of him he would show his
pleasure by amusing gesticulations

Family RALLID^ — Rails, Gallinules, and Coots.
Rallus vieginianus.

Virg^aniift Kail.

Rallus virginianus, LiNN., Sjst. Nat., I, 1706, 2G3.— Cassin, in Baird's Birds N.
Am., 1858, 748.-— Baird, Cat. N. Am, Birds, 1859, No. 554,— Coues, Key,
1872,273; Check List, 1873, No. 467; Birds N.W., 1874, 536.— Henshaw,
1875,468.

Two or three specimens of this Rail were seen in May, among the

sedges bordering a pond near Pyramid Lake.

POEZANA CAROLINA.
Sora Rail.

Rallus caroUnuSj Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 263.

Porzana Carolina^ Cassin, in Baird's Birds N. Am., 1858, 749. — Baied, Oat.

N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 555.— CouES, Key, 1872, 273; Check List, 1873, No.

468; Birds N.W., 1874, 538.-HENSHAW, 1875, 468.

The Common Rail was constantly met with in all suitable localities in
the Interior; it was not identified at Sacramento, where, however, it no
doubt occurs also.

? PORZANA JAMAIOENSIS— GALLINULA GALBATA, 613

List of specimens.

1019, nest and eggs (6); near Salt Lake City, May 22, 1869. l^est in the coarse
grass and sedges of a pond, near Warm Spring Lake.

1456, $ ad.; Parley's Park,'Wah8atcli Mountains, July 26, 1869. 9—135.^ Bifl
yellow, the upper mandible chiefly greenish-olive; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, olive,
deepening into yellow on the seutellae.

? PORZANA JAMAICENSIS.

Liittle Black Rail.

Ballus jamaicensis, Gmelin, Syst. Kat., I, 1788, 718.

Porzana jamaicensis, Oassin, in Baird's Birds X. Am., 1858, 749. — Baird, Cat.

N. Am. Birds, 1859, 556.—COUES, Key, 1872, 274; Ohecfc List, 1873, No. 470;

Birds KW., 1874, 540.

On several occasions, and at widely-distant localities, we met with a
small Rail of a black color, whicli must have been this species, unless it
should prove to be one at present undescribed. It was first seen on the
5th of September, 1868, in Ruby Valley. We happened to be riding
horseback through a wet meadow, when the bird sprang up before us, but
suddenly dropped into the grass at the edge of a dense willow thicket. We
dismounted and attempted to flush it, but without success, for it had evi-
dently escaped into the densest portion of the thicket where it could not
be found. This bird appeared to be of about the size of Porzana Carolina^
though it may have been smaller, and was of a uniform blackish color, with
white along the hinder edge of the wing, showing conspicuously as it flew.
The same species was again met with in Parley's Park, in June, July, and
August, where several were killed, but all lost in the tall grass and sedges
among which they fell. We are well aware that the above description does
not correspond with Porzana jamaicensis, but it could have been no other
species at present known.

Gallinula galeata

American Oallinule.

Crex galeatay LicfiTENSTEiN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 80, Ko. 820.

Gallinula galeata^ Bonap., Am. Orn., IV, 1832, 128.— Cassin, in Baird's Birds N.
Am., 1858, 752.-~BAmD, Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, ISTo. 560.— CouES, Key,
1872, 275; Check List, 1873, No. 472; Birds N.W., 1874, 540.

The ^* Red-billed Mud-hen" was a very abundant species in the tuk

614 ORNITHOLOGY.

sloughs near Sacramento, where it was found in company with the Coot, or
** White-billed Mud-hen" (Ftdica americana). It was not seen in the Inte-
rior, where the latter bird was extremely numerous.

List of specimens.

40, 9 a^.; Sacramento, California, June 13, 1807. 13— 21— 6|— -SJ— IJ— lyU—
IJ — 2| — IJ. Bill and frontal plate, bright veinous-scarlet ; tip of bill, abruptly, yel-
lowish-green ; iris^ hrown; tarsal scutellsD, bright yellowish-green, scutellsB of the toes,
deeper green ; knees, and joints of toes, fine ashy-blue; upper half of tibia, all round,
bright scarlet.

Ftjlica AMEBICAI^A.

America n Coot.

{Si' -yeh-eh of the Shoshones.)

FuUca americana, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, 704. — Cassin, in Baird's Birds
K Am., 1858, 751.— Baikd, Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 559.— Coues, Key,
1872, 275; Check List, 1873, No. 474; Birds N.W., 1874, 541.— Henshaw,
1875, 469.

The Coot, or ^'White-billed Mud-hen," as it is sometimes called, was
extremely numerous in all extensive marshes, both in the Sacramento Valley
and eastward of the Sierra Nevada. In the latter region it was resident,
though most abundant in summer.

List of specimens,

841, ¥ ad.; Oamp 19, Eiiby Valley, Nevada, July 16, 1868* 163—265— (I)— 6.
Bill, opaque milk-white (purest basally), with a very faint lilaceous glow in the middle
portion, assuii^ing terminally a pale bluish -cast; spot at base of frontal iilate, and near
tip of each mandible, dark hepatic-sepia, each spot bordered anteriorly with dragon's-
blood-red; iris, carmine ji prevailing hue of tibia, tarsi, and toes, delicate pale ashy-
blue, but this overlaid on tarsi (all round) and on upper surface of toes (except on
joints) with bright yellowish-green ; claws, black.

^ To posterior end of frontal plate.

faloinellus guarauna^f. thalassinus. 615

Family TANTALIDJE— Ibises.
Falcinellus guaeauna.

Bronzed Ibis.

Scolopax guarauna, Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 242.

Ibis guarauna, Ridgway, Am. Nat, Feb., 1874, 110, 111.— CouES, Check List,
App., No. 445 bis.— Henshaw, 1875, 463.

'*J&^> ordii, BoNAP.^'— Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 685 (excl. syn.); Oat. N. Am. B.,
1859^ No. 500.

IbisfaUineUus var. ordii (part), CouES, Key, 1872, 263 ; Check List, 1873, No. 445.

The Bronzed Ibis was an abundant bird at Franklin Lake, in August
and September, but being without a boat we were unable to obtain speci-
mens ; a few were also seen at the Great Salt Lake in May and June.
Like the following species, from which it may possibly not be distinct, it
is known to the inhabitants of the country as the ^^ Black Curlew," or
^' Black Snipe."

Falcinellus thalassinus.

Orcen Ibi^.

'^IMs guarauna^ Linn." — Baird, Birds N. Am., ed. 1860, pi. lxxxvii; Cat. N. Am.

Birds, 1859, No. 500a.
Ibis thalassinusy BroawAY, Am. Nat., Feb., 1874, 110, 111. — CouES, Check List,

1873, App., No. 445, ter.— Hensuaw, 1875, 464.

This bird, known locally as the ** Black Curlew," or ** Black Snipe,"
was first observed in September, at the Humboldt Marshes, where it was
one of the most abundant of the water-birds, since it sometimes occurred
in flocks composed of hundreds of individuals. They were generally seen
about the margin of the pools, standing in a single line along the edge of
the water. At Oreana, about forty miles farther up the river, they were
almost constantly seen passing back and forth over our camp by the river,
the flocks usually formed with a widely-extended front, but oftener
arranged in a V-shaped form. They flew quite low, rarely higher than
fifty yards, and quite swiftly ; and at this distance appeared of a uniform
black color, and much like Numenius longirostris in size and form, whence
their common name. Only once was a flock seen to alight at this locality,

616 ORNITHOLOGY.

and from this we obtained the three specimens enumerated below, kiUing
them all at a single shot. We approached them under cover of the willows
along the river, and found them busily engaged in feeding among the
aquatic plants in a slough entirely hemmed in by a dense growth of wil-
lows, each individual uttering a hoarse, but low, croaking note, as it waded
about. It is still an unsettled question whether this bird is not merely the
first plumage of the /. guarauna ; but there are important considerations,
geographical and otherwise, which induce us to consider it a distinct
species until future developments prove the contrary

List of specimens.

159, <? ad.; Humboldt River, Nevada (Gamp 17), September 3, 1867. 2^^—385—
11 — S^ — 5^—4 — 4— 2J. Bill, pale greenish horu-blue, becoruiDg blackish terminally
and basally; iris, hazel; tarsi and toes, deep black.

160, 9 ad.; same locality and date. 21-^7— lOI—S^V—Ve—^Tff—^f—lTl- S^""*^
remarks.

161, 9 jui\; saii^e locality and date. 19|— 344— 10— 7J— 4— 2J— 3J— 1^. Same
remarks.

Family ARDEIDiE— Heeons.
Ardea heeodias.

Great Blue Heron.

Ardea ^^orfw,LiNN., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 237.— Baibd, Birds K Am., 1858, 667;
Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 4S7.-^Ooues, Key, 1872, 267 ; Check List, 1873,
No. 449; Birds N.W., 1874, 617.— Henshaw, 1875, 464.

The Great Blue Heron was abundant about all bodies of water afford-
ing it a plentiful supply of food. It was particularly numerous at Pyra-
mid Lake, where it built upon the rocky islands. One colony had their
nests on the large grease-wood bushes on the southern portion of the main
island, each nest being placed directly on top of the bush, at a height of
about five or six feet from the ground. These nests were very bulky, being
several feet in diameter and of proportionate depth, but they were elab-
orately made ; each contained from three to four young, about half-fledged,
but very active and saucy, who, when disturbed, opened wide their bills
and made spiteful thrusts, at the same time uttering an admonishing hiss.
On the Pyramid were several other nests, placed among the naked rocks at
varying heights from the water.

HERODIAS EGRRTTA-BUTORIDES VIRESOENS. 617

List of specimens,

763, eggs (4) ; Pyramid Lake, Nevada, May 23, 1868. Nest on the " PyraDiid,''
among the rocks, about 150 feet above the surface of the lake.

Heeodias egrbtta.

Great l¥hite Heron.

Ardea egretta^ Gmelin, Syst Nat., I, 1788, 629.— CouES, Key, 1872, 267 ; Check

List, 1873, No. 452; Birds N.W., 1874, 519.
Rerodias egretta, Gray, Genera of Birds, III, 1849,--.— Baird, Birds N. Am.,

1858, 666 ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 486.— Henshaw, 1875, 465.
Herodim egretta var. californica^ Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 667 ; Cat. N. Am.

Birds, 1859, No. 486a.

This handsome Heron we sav^ at Sacramento in June, and along the
lower Truckee in May, a single individual only having been observed at
each place.

BUTOEIDES VIRESOENS.
Orcen Heron.

Ardea virescens, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 238 CouES,Key, 1872, 268; Check

List, 1873, No, 457 ; Birds N. W., 1874, 522.
Butorides virescens, Bonap., Conspectus Avium, II, 1855, 128.— Baird, Birds N.

Am., 1858, 676; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 493.— Henshaw, 1875, 465.

This common bird was observed only in the vicinity of Sacramento,
w^here it was abundant, as it usually is in all parts of its range. It appeared
to be entirely wanting in the Great Basin — at least we could never find it,
even in localities where other species of the family were found in the usual
numbers.^

List of specimens,

14, 9 ad.; Sacramento, California, June 10, 1867. Shallow pond along edge of
oak-grove. 18^ — 27J — 7| — 6^ — 2^^ — 2 — 3 — 1. Bill, deep black, pale greenish-yellow
along gonys; naked loral and orbital space, greenish-yellow; iris, gamboge-yellow;
tarsi and toes, dull olivaceous-yellow, olive- greenish on scutellsB.

58, S ad.; Sacramento, June 19, 1867. Willows along slough near river. 18J
_27i— 8— 6|— 2J— 15— 3— IJ. Same remarks.

^A parallel case is apparently afforded in Gallinula gdkata^ which we found
abundant at Qacramento, in company with Fulica americana^ but which we did not
detect in the Interior, where the latter was everywhere exceedingly numerous, in suita-
ble localities.

618 OBNITHOLOGY.

Aedbtta EXILIS-

l^east BItteru.

Ardea exilis^ Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, G45.

Ardetta exiUs, Gray, Genera of Birds, III, 1849, — .— Baird, Birds N. Am., 1868,

673 ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 491.— OouES, Key, 1872, 270; Check List,

1873, No. 4C1 ; Birds N. W., 1874, 528.

One individual of this diminutive Heron was seen in May, among the
willows along the lower Truckee, the one in question being startled by the
approach of our boat.

Nyctiaedea geisea.

Nii^ht Heron.

fi. nmvia,
Ardm nc^ia^ Bodbaert, Planch. Enl. Tabl., 1784, pi. 939.
Nyciiardea nwvia. Gray, Genera of Birds, III, 1849, 558.
Nyctiardea grisea var. nwvia^ Allen, Bull. Mus. Corap. ZooL, III, 1872, 182.—

CouES, Key, 1872, 269 ; Check List, 1873, No. 458 j Birds N.W., 1874, 523.—

Henshaw, 1875, 466.
Ardea gardeni, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, 645.
Nyciiardea gardenia Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 678; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No.

495.

This Heron was common both in the vicinity of Sacramento and in

the wooded river- valleys of the Interior. Near our camp at the former

place was a small pond, where, just at dusk, one of these birds alighted

regularly to feed.

BOTAUEUS MINOE.

Amcrlean Bittern*

{Loo'-kem-o of the Washoes ; Tah' -bah-ho-ne-haW -hah of the Paiutes.)

Ardea stellaris var. /5. minor ^ Gmblin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, 635.
Ardea minor, Wilson, Am. Orn., VIII, 1814, 35, pi. 65, flg. 3.
Bofaurus minor ^ BoiE, IqIs, 1826, 979.— CouES, Key, 1872, 269 5 Check List, 1873,

No. 460 5 Birds N.W., 1874, 523.— Henshaw, 1875, 466.
Ardea lentiginosa^ Mont ague, Orn. Diet., SuppL, 1813, — .
Botanrus lentiginosus, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. ZooL, XI, 1819, 596.— Baibd, Birds

N. Am., 1858, 674 ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 492.

The common Bittern was constantly found in all marshy situations in
the Interior, where it appeared to be resident all the year.

CYGNUS BUCCINATOR!— ANSEB ALBATUS. 619

List of specimens.

288, S ad.; Camp 2C, Truckee Meadows, Nevada, November 18, 1867. Wet
meadow. 28— 43§— 12|— 9|— 3J^aj— 4J— IJ. Upper half of upper maudible, brown-
ish olivaceous- black, growing more brownish basally, this color continuing in a broad
stripe over the lore to the eye ; sharply-defined stripe of pure lemon-yellow above this,
on upper edge of bare loral space, and involving upper eyelid; stripe of same on lower
edge of bare loral space, along angle of mouth, and continuing in a well-defined stripe
along the commissure, terminally blending into the brownish of the mandible. Lower
mandible, pale lemon-yellow, deepest basally; stripe of dusky brownish along upper
posterior portion. Iris, clear light sulphur-yellow next the pupil, shading exteriorly
into orange-brownish, this encircled narrowly with black. Tarsi and toes, bright yel-
lowish-green. Claws, pale brown, dusky toward point.

350, 9 ad,; salt marshes, shore of Pyramid Lake, near mouth of Truckee, Decem-
ber 11, 1867. 244— 37— 11— 8i— 2|— 3J— 3J— 1 J. Same remarks.

Family ANATID J]— Swans, Geese, and Ducks/
Oygnus buocinatorJ

Trumpeter Swan.

Cygnm buccinatory Richardson, Fauna Bor. Am., II, 1831, 464. — Baiud, Birds
N. Am., 1858, 758; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 662.— OouES, Key, 1872,
281; Check List, 1873, No. 476 ; Birds N.W., 1874, 544.

In December, 1867, Swans were exceedingly numerous in the vicinity
of Pyramid Lake, but as no specimens were obtained, we do not know
certainly whether they were the Trumpeter or Whistler (C. americanus).
Their note was almost exactly like that of the Sand-hill Crane {Orm cana-
densis),

Ansee albatus.

Lesser Snow-Goose.

Anser albatus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1856, 41.— Baird, Birds N. Am.,

1858, 925,* Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 563a.
Anser hyperboreus var. albatus j Coijes, Key, 1872, 282 5 Check List, 1873, No. 480a.
Anser hyperboreus, b. albatus, Coues, Birds N.W,, 1874, 549.
Anser hyperboreus, Henshaw, 1875, 470 (?).

This Goose, almost universally known as* the ^^ White Brant," was an
abundant winter visitant to the lakes of the Great Basin.

^ Our notes ou inalny of the Auatidse are necessarily very brief, from the fact that
they are more difficult to observe than most other birds, except at certain times, when
the habits of all the species appear much the same. Many of them are also migratory,
and thus were seen only for a brief season. We must therefore pass by certain species
without further remarks than to note the season when observed, or a few similar facts.

620 OENITHOLOGT.

List of specimens.

255 Juv.; Humboldt Marsbes (Camp 22), October 31, 1867. Bill, blackish dusky,
greenish-slate on upper basal portion ; iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, greenish slate.

388, ^ ad.; eastern shore of Pyramid Lake, December 28, 1867. 28— (?)— 17J—
13|— 2^^— 2|^(?)— (?). Weight, 5 pounds. Bill, dull light salmon-purple, becoming
whitish terminally; deepest salmon-color on the culmen, and most purplish basally;
commissure deep black, separated from the general purplish hue by a backward con
tinuation of the white of the nail; eyelids, fleshcolor ; iris, vandyke-brown ; tarsi and
toes, deep salmon-purple ; claws, black.

Branta canadensis.

Canada Goose.

Anas canadensis, Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 198.

Bernicla canadensis, BoiE, Isis, 1826, 921.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 567.

Bernicla {Letwohlepharon) canadensis, Baibb, Birds N. Am., 1858, 764.

Branta canadensis, Bannister, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1870, 131.— Cottes,

Key, 1872, 283, fig. 185a5 tlbeck List, 1873, No. 485; Birds N.W., 1874, 554.—

Hbnshaw, 1875, 471.

This species was the only one of the genus found breeding in the
Great Basin, where it remained throughout the year about all the larger
lakes. Several goslings were caught in May, at Pyramid Lake, and their
parents likewise secured ; the latter were unable to fly, having molted their
quill-feathers, but it required strong rowing far out into the lake to got
within gunshot of them, for they were fast swimmers, and took to the open
water when pursued. This species was also breeding at Great Salt Lake.

List of specimens.

1222, egg] Carriugton Island, Great Salt Lake, June 17, 1860. Collected by Mr.
R. N. Davis.

Branta hutchinsi.

Hutchins^s Ooose.

Anser hutchinsii, Swains. & Kioh., Fauna Bor.Am., II, 1831, 470.
Bernicla hutchinsii, Woodhouse, Sitgreave's Exped., 1823, 102.— -Baird, Cat, N.
Ain. Birds, 1859, No. 569.

Bernicla (Leucoblepharon) hutchinsii, Baied, Birds N. Am., 1858, pp. XLix, 766.
Branta hutchinsii, Bannister, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, 131.
Branta canadensis var. hutchinsii, CouES, Key, 1872, 284 ; Check List, 1873, No. 485b.
Branta canadensis, c hutchinsii, OouBS, Birds N.W., 1874, 554.

This miniature of the Canada Goose was an abundant winter visitant
in western Nevada, but it was not seen anywhere in summer, when all liad
gone northward to breed.

BRANTA KIGRICANS— ANAS BOSGHAS, 621

List of specimens,

257, <? ad^ Truckee Meadows (Gamp 2G), Nevada, November 5, 1807. 34J— GU-
IS— 13| — 1}| — 2| — G — 3^. Bill, deep black 5 iria, vaiidyke-browu 5 tarsi and toes, dull
brownish slaty-black.

258, ^ ad.; Gamp 26, November G, 1867. 304—01^—18— 14— 13—2^6— 2^.
Same remarks.

Branta nigricans.

Black Bi*ant.

Anser nigricans, Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., IV, 184G, 171, pi. — .
Bernicla nigricans, Gassin, Illust. Birds Gal., Tex., &c^, 1853, 53, pi. 10. — Baird,

Birds N. Am., 1858, 767 ; Gat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 571.
Branta nigricans, Bannister, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, 131.

Branta hernicla var. nigricans, GouES, Key, 1872, 284, fig. 184b.— Henshaw,
1875, 472.

Branta hernicla, b. nigricans, Goues, Birds N.W., 1874, 557.

The Black Brant was a rare winter visitant to Pj^ramid Lake, where
we noticed it in December, 1867, but did not obtain specimens.

Anas boschas

jflallard.

{Te'-lehh of the Washoes.)

Anas boschas, Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 205.— Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 774;
Gat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 576.- Goues, Key, 1872, 285 ; Gheck List, 1873,
No. 488 ; Birds N. W., 1874, 559.— Henshaw, 1875, 472.

The '* Green-head" is one of the most abundant ducks of the Interior;
it is hkewise a resident, though most numerous in summer. In July, this
species, witli several others, particularly the Cinnamon Teal {Querquedula
cyanoptera) and Gadwall, were found in great abundance at the Glendale
Meadows, where they were breeding ; at that time they were molting, and
having lost their quill-feathers, many were ran down and killed with sticks;
thirteen, including the several species, being thus obtained in a single fore-
noon.

List of specimens,

119, 9 ad,; Big Bend of the Truckee (Gamp 12), August 4, 1867. 214—23^94
— 7| — 2 — 1^^ — (?) — (?). Bill, dark greenish, becoming olivaceous-yellow along the
commissure; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, fine orange-chrome.

1161, eggs (8); south shore of Great Salt Lake, June 11, 1869. Nest in the grass,
about a rod from the shore.

622 0BNITH0L06Y.

Ohaulelasmus streperus,

Oadwall.

Anas strepera^ Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 176G, 200.

Ohaulelasmus streperus, Geay, 1838.— Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 782 ; Cat. N.

Am. Birds, 1859, No. 584.— COUES, Key, 1872, 28G; Check List, J873, No.

491; Birds N.W., 1874, 563.— Henshaw, 1875, 474.

During the breeding-season this was by far the most abundant of the
Ducks in the Lower Truckee Valley, where in May it outnumbered all
other species together. The specimens killed were in fine condition and of
excellent flavor, aflfording a delicious addition to our larder.

TAst of specimens,

770, egg» (9); Triickee Reservation, near Pyramid Lake, May 29, 18G8. Nest of
down, placed ou top of a dilapidated qest of a Magpie, in a willow tree^ about 8 feet
from the ground.

MaREOA AMERICANA.
Buld-pate.

Anas americana^ Gmeltn, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, 520.

Mareea americanay Stephens, Shaw's Geu. Zool., XII, 1824, 135.— Baird, Birds
N. Am., 1858, 783 5 Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, No. 585.— CoUES, Key, 1872,
280; Check List, 1873, No. 493; Birds N.W., 1874, 504.— Henshaw, 1875,
475.

A rather common summer resident.

List of specimens.

1162, eggs (10)5 Babbit Island, Great Salt Lake, June 11, 1869. Nest of down,
under a grease- wood bush, near the shore.

Dafila acuta.

Pill-tall.

Anas acuta, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 202.

Dafila acuta^ Bonap., Corap. & Geog. List, 1838, 56.— Baibd, Birds N. Am., 1858,

776; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 578.— CoUES, Key, 1872, 286, fig. 186;

Check List, 1873, No. 490; Birds N.W., 1874, 561.— Henshaw, 1875, 473.

Not abundant, but observed in November at the Truckee Meadows,
and in December near Pyramid Lake. Not seen during the breeding-
season.

nettion carolmen8i8---querquedula oyanoptera. 623
Nettion garolestensis

Oreen- winged Teal.

Anas carolinensis, Gmblin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, 533.

Querquedula carolinemiSf Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., XII, 1824, 128. — OouES,

Key, 1872, 287; Check List, 1873, I^o. 495; Birds N.W., 1874, 565.— Hen-

SHAW, 1875, 475.
Nettion caroUnensiSj Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 777 ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,

No. 579,

Not common, but shot in June on Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake.

Querquedula discors.

Blue-i¥ing:ed Teal.

Anas discors, LiNN., Syst. Nat., I, I7G6, 205.

Querquedula discors, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. ZooL, XII, 1824, 149. — Baird, Birds

N. Am., 1858, 779 ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 581.— CouES, Key, 1872, 287 ;

Check List, 1873, No. 496 ; Birds N. W., 1874, 566.— Henshaw, 1875, 476.

Rather common in May at Pyramid Lake, where breeding in the
meadows.

Querquedula cyanoptera.

Cliiiiamoii Teal*

Anas cyanoptera, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist Nat., V, 1816, 104.

Querquedula cyanoptera, Cassin, U. S. N. (Gilliss') Astron. Exp., II, 1855, 202. —
Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 780; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 582.— Coues,
Key, 1872, 288; Check List, 1873, No. 497; Birds N.W.^ 1874, 567.— Hen-
shaw, 1875, 477.

This handsome species was common, though not abundant, throughout
the West, both in the Sacramento Valley and in the Interior.

List of specimens,

100, nest and eggs (8); Trackee Meadows, Nevada, July 16, 1867. Nest in tuft
of grass in meadow, about two rods from the river.

775, eggs (9) ; Truckee Reservation, June 1, 1868. Nest in a grease-wood bush,
near tbe water.

1086, c? ad.; mouth of Jordan River, Utah, June 3, 1869. 16^24 J, Bill, black ;
iris, orange / tarsi and toes, orange, joints and webs blackish.

1087, 9 ad,; same locality and date. 15J — 24. Bill, dusky, paler along edge and
beneath ; iris, brown ; tarsi and toes, ochraceous-drab.

624 ornithology.

Spatula clype ata.

Stiov4!llei%

Anas clypeataj Linn., S.vst. Nat., I, 176G, 200.

Spatula clppeataj BoiE, Isis, J 822, 504.— Baiud, Birds N. Am., 1858, 781; Cat. N.

Am. Birds, 1859, No. 583.— OoUES, K«y. 1872, 288 j Check List, 1873, No. 498;

Birds N.W., 1874, 570.— Henshaw, 1875, 478.

Common at Pyramid Lake in May

AlX SPONSA.
Wood Duck.

Anm sponsaj Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1760, 207.

Aix spomaj BoiE, Isis, 1826, 329.— Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 785; Cat. N. Am.

Birds, 1859, No. 587.— CouES, Key, 1872, 288; Check List, 1873, No. 499^

Birds N. W., 1874, 571.

One pair of this superb Duck was seen in July, among the cotton-
woods of the Truckee.

Aythya ameeicana.

Bed-head.

Fuligula americanaj Eyton, Monograph Anatida?, 1838, 155.

Aythya americana^ Bonap., Comp. Rend., 1856, — .— Baied, Birds N. Am., 1858,

793; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 591.
Aythya ferina var. americana^ Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1872, 183.
Fuligula ferina var. americana, CoUBS, Key, 1872, 289; Check List, 1873, No.

503 ; Birds N. W., 1874, 575.— Henshaw, 1875, 480.

In winter this is an abundant species on the lakes of the Great Basin.
It and the succeeding species are frequently used by the Paiute Indians in
making very artistic and elaborate decoys, which have a body of bent and
twisted dry tules (Scirpus), with the skin stretched over it, the head prepared
and poised in a style equal to that of the most accomplished taxidermist.
The floaiing decoy is anchored by a stone tied to a string, the other end of
which is fastened to the bill.

AYTHYA VALLISNERIA— FULIX COLLABIS. 625

Atthya VALLISNERIA.

€anvas-l»ack«

Anas valUsneriaj Wilson, Am. Orn., VIII, 1814, 103, pi. 7, fig. 3.

Fuligula vallisneria, (Stephens, Sbaw's Gen. ZooL, XII, pt. ii, 1824, 196.— CouES,

Key, 1872, 290; Check List, 1873, Ko. 504; Birds KW., 1874, 575.
Aythya vallisneria^ BoiE, Isis, 1826, 980.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 592.

The Canvas-back was abundant in winter at the lakes and marshes of
the Great Basin, and it was also shot in May at Pyramid Lake, when other
species were breeding. In June, either this species or the Red-head was
very abundant in the tule-sloughs in the vicinity of Sacramento, where
they were undoubtedly breeding. We could obtain no specimens, however,
although numbers were seen, and are consequently doubtful as to the species.

FULTX MARILA.
Big Black-head.

Anas marila^ Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 196.

Fuligula marilay Stephens, Shaw's Gen. ZooL, XII, pt. ii, 1824, 198.— CouES,

Key, 1872,289; Check List, 1873,' No. 500; Birds N.W., 1874, 573.— Hen-

SHAW, 1875, 479.
Fulix marila, Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 791 ; Oat. N, Am. Birds, 1859, No. 588.

Winter visitant to Pyramid Lake.

FULIX AFPINIS.

Liittle Black-head.

Fuligula ajfinis, Eyton, Monograph Anatidaa, 1838, 157.— CoiTES, Key, 1872, 289;

Check List, 1873, No. 501 ; Birds N. W., 1874, 573.
Fulix affinis, Baied, Birds N. Am., 1858, 791; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 589.

Winter visitant to Pyramid Lake.

FULIX COLLABIS.

BiniT-bill*

Anas collariSj Donovan, British Birds, VI, 1809, pi. 147.

Fuligula collariSj Bonap., List Birds Eur., 1842, — .—OouES, Key, 1872, 289 ;

Check List, 1873, No. 502; Birds N.W., 1874, 574.— Henshaw, 1875, 479.
FuU(^ coUariSj Baibd, Birds N. Am., 1868, 792 ; Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 590.

Pyramid Lake, in December.
40 p R

626 ORNITHOLOGY.

BUOEPHALA CLANGULA.
Golden-eye.

p. amerkana.

Clangula amerioana^ Bonap., Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 53.

Buceplmla amerieana, Baibd, Birds K. Am., 1858, 796 j Cat. K Am. Birds, 1859,

No. 593.
Bucephala clangula^ CouES, Key, 1872, 290 (not -Anas clangtila^ LiNN.,=J5tec^A-

ala)i Check List, 1873, No. 505; Birds N.W., 1874, 576.— Hbnshaw, 1875,

480.

Pyramid Lake, in December.

Bucephala albeola.

Batter-ball.

Anas albeolaj Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 199.

Bucephala albeola, Bated, Birds N. Am., 1858, 797 ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No.

695.-.OOUES, Key, 1872, 290; Check List, 1873, No. 507 ; Birds N.W., 1874,

577.— Henshaw, 1876, 482.

Winter resident on the lakes and larger rivers of the Interior.

List of specimem.

387, i ad,} Pyramid Lake, December 27, 1867, 14i-.24J— 7^— 5yV- li^— IJ—
3 — IJ. Bill, deep leaden-blae, dusky on the nail, on the basal portion of the culmen,
and behind the nostril; iris^ dark vandyhe-brown ; tarsi and feet, clear pinkish- white,
with a slight lilac tinge. *

• #

EeISMATURA EUBIDA.
Ruddy Buck.

Anas ruUday Wilson, Am. Orn., YIII, 1814, 128, 130, pi. 71, flgs. 5, 6.

EHsmatura rubida, Bonap., Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 59.— Baibd, Birds N. Am.,
1858, 811; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No, 609.— CoUBS, Key, 1872, 295; Check
List, 1873, No. 519; Birds N.W., 1874, 583,— Henshaw, 1875, 483.

This Duck, the adult male of which is very conspicuous from its
peculiar markings, was abundant in the lagoons near Sacramento. In the
Interior it seemed to be rare, a female killed at Pyramid Lake, in Decem-
ber, being about the only one seen.

MEEGUS AMERICANUS— PELBCAlSrUS ERYTHRORHTNOHUS. 627

MeRGUS MERGANSER.
BuflT-breasted Sheldrake.

/?. americarMS.

Mergns castor var. americanus, Bonap., Comp. Rend., XLIII, 1856, — •

Mergm americanus^ Oassin, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1853, 187. — Baied, Birds

N. Am., 1858, 813; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 611.
Mergm merganser^ OouES, Key, 1872, 296 ; Check List, 1873, No. 521 ; Birds N.

W., 1874, 583 (not of LiNN.).— Henshaw, 1875, 483.

Truckee and Carson Rivers, during the winter.

MeRGUS SERRATOR.
Red-breasted Sheldrake.

Mergtis serrator, Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 208.— Baird, Birds N. Am., 1858, 814;
Cat. N. Am, Birds, 1859, No. 612,— CouES, Key, 1872, 296; Check List, 1873,
No. 522 ; Birds N.W., 1874, 584.— Henshaw, 1875, 484.

Truckee River and Pyramid Lake, in December.

liOPHODYTES CUCULLATUS.

Hooded Sheldrake.

Afergus cucullatus^ Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 207 — CouES, Key, 1872, 296; Check
List, 1873, No. 523 ; Birds N.W., 1874, 584.— HENSHAW, 1875, 484.

Lophodytes eucullatus, Reich., Syst. Av., 1852, ix. — Baibb, Birds N. Am., 1858,
816 ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 613.

This handsome species was occasionally met with in summer in the
wooded valleys of the Truckee and Carson Rivers, but it seemed to be
very rare

Family PELECANIDJ]— Pelicans
Peleoanus erythrorhynghus.

American Pelican.

(Bahns or Bah!-nm of the Paiutes.)

Pelecanm erythrorhynchuSj Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 571. — Baibd, Birds N. Am.,

1858, 868; Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 615.
Pelecanm irachyrhynchm^ Latham, Index Orn., II, 1790, 884. — Ooues, Key. 1872,

300 ; Check List, 1873, No. 526; Birds N.W., 1874, 586— HENSHAW, 1875, 484.

{)28 ^ ORNITHOLOGY.

Pehcanus occipitalis^ BiDawAY, American SportsmaD, Vol. IV/No. 19, Aug. 8,
1874, p. 297. [Name proposed in case the western birds prove distinct from
the eastern.^]

In July, 1867, when encaraped at the Big Bend of the Truckee
River, about fifteen miles from Pyramid Lake, our first opportunity was
afforded to observe the habits of the White Pelican. At that time few

' In the author's paper, above cited [^'Breeding-ground of White Pelicans at Pyr-
amid Lake, Nevada^], certain discrepancies between the descriptions given by various
authors, of the breeding plumage, and form of the mandibular crest, of the White
Pelicans of the northern and eastern portions of the continent, and the characters
of those observed at Pyramid Lake, are noted ; these consisting, in brief, of the pos-
session by the latter of a conspicuous patch of dusky-grayish on the occiput, which
is wanting in the fornier, the absence of a yellowish occipital crest and a rosy tint to
the plumage, which is mentioned in nearly all descriptions, the smaller general size,
and other minor points of diflference. Captain Bendire, however, who found these
birds breeding at Lake Milheur, southeastern Oregon (see Rod and Gun^ June 19,
1875, p. 194), says that those observed by him had a white occipital crest, while he
does not mention any dusky occipital spot. This apparent difference between the birds
of two quite adjacent localities is explained, however, by Mr. C. J. Maynard, who from
observations on a specimen kept in confinement, ascertained that this dusky spot
appears only after the occipital crest is dropped; and that this takes place just at the
close of the breeding-season is proven by the fact that our visit to Pyramid Lake was
in the latter part of May, when these birds had just made their second attempt to raise
a brood of young, the fimt effort having been foiled by the gulls, who had broken and
eaten the eggs. It is a notable fact, in this connection, that our birds possessing the
dusky occipital spot had dropped the mandibular excrescence. Mr. Maynard's bird was
obtained in Florida (the date of capture is not mentioned), and had then the mandib-
ular excrescence and an occipital crest; these were both thrown off early in May, when
the dusky spot on the occiput made its appearance, the general plumage and the colors of
the soft parts at the same time undergoing certain changes — the brilliant orange of the
gular sac and orbital region fading to yellow. At the same time, however, Mr. May-
naid's specimen differed in certain respects from all western examples which we have
seen, which still renders it likely that, as we suggested, the eastern and western birds
of this species may prove to be different races. As to this, Mr. Maynard, in the
article cited above, says : " When captured be [the Florida specimen] had a fine occip-
ital crest three or four inches in length, of a pale straw-color [italics our own]. * ♦
The feathers of the back, usually the tertiaries, had an elongated central spot of pale
roseate. The center of the tail-feathers were also of a beautiful roseate tinge. Others shot
at the same tiine agreed with the description given above.^ Mr. Maynard also states that
his bird had hazel eyes instead of white, and that the eyelids were yellow instead of
red; and that ^* although Audubon and Mr. Kidgway state that Pelicans have white
eyes, all that I have examined have hazel.^ It may yet be ascertained, however, that
at the proper season (the height of the pairing-season) the western White Pelicans
may also possess the rosy tinge to the plumage, the yellow crept, etc., and that the color
of the iris may be to a certain extent dependent on age.

PELEOANUS EBYTHROEHYNCHUS. 629

of these birds were seen, only a solitary individual being now and then
startled from a bed of driftwood in the river or noticed flying overhead.
In August, a portion of the party, accompanied by Mr. H. G. Parker,
United States Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Nevada, started on an
excursion to explore the lake and visit the abode of the Pelicans on the
island therein. As we descended the river the number of Pelicans seen
increased hourly, and when we reached the large open sheets of water
protected from the gales and swells of the lake by the intervening areas of
rushes and reeds (tules), bodies of hundreds of these melancholy-looking
birds were seen floating quietly upon the surface. Tliey were exceedingly
unsuspicious, and so unmindful of our approach that when we stopped our
boat one old fellow swam slowly toward it until his curiosity brought him
within gunshot and to his death. Upon reaching the lake we encamped
on the sandy -shore about three quarters of a mile from the mouth of the
river. There we could see during the day thousands of Pelicans, as they
dotted the bosom of the lake, and in the morning, about sunrise, "strings''
of several hundreds were observed flying from the island, about tw&lve miles
distant, where they had passed the night, to their feeding-grounds at the
mouth of the river. At such times they flew single-file, their manner of
flight being a succession of slow regular flaps of the wings, which at inter-
vals were extended to their full length, the birds sailing thus for a few rods,
when the flapping was resumed. In* their flight, the line preserved the
utmost order and method ; the leader being invariably the first to beat or
extend his wings^ each one of the line following in succession. Occasionally
an individual would break the rank and alight upon the water, often remain-
ing in one spot for hours, and appearing in the distance like a white boat
at anchor. We remained here at our shore-camp about three days, when,
two more of the party joining us, we started about ten o'clock one moon-
light night for the island, which we reached after a hard row of about three
hours. Our arrival at the island startled the thousands of Pelicans which •
were slumbering on the beach, and as they rose into the air the noise caused
by their confusion was so great that we could scarcely hear one another's
voices. When we landed they had all flown save a few sick or old birds,
that swam silently away from the shore; they could bo plainly seen, how-

Qm PENITHOLOGY.

ever, in the bright moonlight, floating as a mass some distance out upon the
water; and no sooner had we left the boat than they turned and swam slowly
back again. Our blankets were spread upon the higher ground, some dis-
tance from the boat, in order to avoid the offensive smell of the roosting-
ground. No sooner had we retired than the Pelicans all returned, and in
the morning, when we awoke, the whole beach about fifty yards distant
was covered with a dense crowd of these gigantic snow-white creatures,
who scarcely heeded us as we arose from our blankets; as we approached
them, however, they pushed one another awkwardly into the water, or rose
heavily and confusedly from the ground, and flying some distance out upon
the lake, alighted on the water. Now and then, one swimming from the
shore would turn its head and gaze upon us with a melancholy look ; but
the majority of the flock remained upon the water only a short time, when
they arose and flew over us, divided into battalions, each turning its head
and looking down upon us as it went by.

In this connection, it may perhaps be well to remark that of the many
individuals killed, including old and young of both sexes, and of the thous-
ands seen, not one possessed at this time the horny appendage to the culmen
of the upper mandible, so characteristic of the species during the breeding-
reason. Three specimens, an adult male and female and a full-grown young
bird of the year, were prepared; but our return to camp being attended by
many difiiculties, they were lost.

The next visit to the lake was made in December, following, when Mr.
Parker extended us an invitation to accompany him to the agency of the
reservation; but during our stay of about a month we did not see a single
Pelican, all having retired to the southward. Their return was first observed
about the twentieth of the following March, when we noticed, at Carson
City, immense flocks of them passing northward, in the direction of the
lake. They flew at a gi^eat height, and at times appeared bewildered,
moving in circles and deviating from the course they had pursued, as if
uncertain of their way.

In May, 1868, the lake was again repaired to, and at this time we
found the Pelicans in as great abundance as during our visit the summer
previous; they appeared to be much more active, however, pairs, small

PBLEOANUS EEYTHROEHYl^CHUS. 631

companies, or single birds flying up arid down the river, quite near the
ground; and it was noticed that only a portion of them possessed the
" center-board,^' although all exhibited the high-colors of the feet and pouch
found only in the fully adult birds in the breeding-season.

A few days after our arrival, we visited the island before mentioned.
This island is situated about twelve miles from the mouth of the river, on
the southeastern shore, and about three miles from the nearest point on the
eastern side, just off which is the remarkable ^^ Pyramid," from which the
lake receives its name — a wonderfully regular pyramidal rock about three
hundred feet high, with a triangular base. The island itself is about three
miles in circuit; its central portion culminates in two peaks having a height
of about five hundred feet above the surface of the lake, while the northern
and southern extremities run out in long, pointed beaches, the intervening
eastern shore being a sloping plateau, with a water-front of perpendicular
though broken rocks. In a cave on this rocky shore was the eyrie of a
Bald Eagle, which was inaccessible from any point, although it could be
plainly seen from above through a crevice in the rocks. The southern
point of the island was overgrown by grease-wood bushes of an unusually
large size, and on the top of each of these was the nest of a pair of Grreat
Blue Herons [Ardea herodias); the more elevated and rocky northern shore
was covered by the nests of an immense colony of GruUs (Larus californicus)^
while the northeastern point, a long strip of low gravelly beach, extending
for a hundred yards or more out into the lake from the main shore, was
the portion of the island which had been selected b)^ the Pelicans as their
breeding-ground. This drove of Pelicans, which comprised several hun-
dred pairs, had previously, during the same season, laid their eggs on the
highest part of the eastern plateau, where we found the fragments of their
eggs, which had been destroyed by their incessant enemies, the Gulls,
strewn over an area of about two acres' extent. This old breeding-ground
was discovered by us during our first exploration of the island, and it was
not until a week or so later that we found the new settlement. The site
of the latter was a low gravelly point extending a hundred yards or more
beyond the main beach, and when first discovered was covered by a com-
pact body of Pelicans, which to all appearance were merely resting, since

632 OBNITHOLOGT.

many of them were standiBg. Upon proceeding to the spot, however, it
was found that the latter were male birds, standing beside their mates, who
were, themselves, sitting on their eggs. At our approach all of them flew,
and alighted some distance out upon the water. The ground was then
found to be literally covered with their nests, which occupied nearly if not
quite one-half of the surface, each nest consisting merely of a heap of gravel
raked into a pile and flattened on top, and without any additional material,
such as sticks and feathers, like those of the Gulls. No nest contained more
than a single egg^ which is no doubt explained by the fact that they had
laid once before that season. One hundred and nine, altogether, were picked
up, and when blown were found to be perfectly fresh. Many nests were
empty, so that it is altogether likely ^ome of the birds had not laid yet.
These eggs were, with scarcely an exception, conspicuously blood-stained,
caused in part by their large size, but chiefly by the roughness of their
calcareous coating; the haemorrhage being in some instances so copious
that half the surface was discolored.

It was during this visit to Pyramid Lake that the fact that the man-
dibular excrescence characteristic of this species is deciduous was confirmed,
it having been first ascertained, so far as we know, several years previous,
by Mr. H. G. Parker, of Carson City, a very careful and intelligent observer,
at that time United State Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Nevada, who
accompanied us upon our several visits to the lake. Upon our arrival there,
early in May, it was noticed that quite a number of the Pelicans did not
possess this appendage, but it was supposed that these were females; and
it was also observed that there was a very perceptible daily increase in the
number of such individuals. When we first visited the island none of these
curious appendages, appropriately styled by Mr. Parker ^^ center-boards,"
were noticed; but in the course of a few days they became so numerous
that a bushel of them could have been picked up in a short time. Some
had been recently dropped, as was readily detected from the soft texture
of the surface where they had been joined to the culmen, while others were
dried and warped by the sun, having been cast for some .time. Among the
large number examined, we found none corresponding in shape with that
figured and described by Mr. Audubon, namely, "about one inch high . ^ *

PBLE0ANU8 EEYTHROEHTNOHUS. ' 633

and about three inches in length, in some specimens as much as five inches/'
and "continued forward, of less elevation, to the extent of an inch farther"^
— all being of quite regular and firm outline, the top convex or arched, the
width at the base greater than that through the middle; they were also with-
out anterior or posterior continuations. The usual size was about two and a
half inches in vertical length, and the same in width at the base, the largest
specimen found being three and a half inches high by three wide. Of two
now before us, one measiu-es two and a half inches from the center of the
top to the posterior lower angle, three and a quarter from the same point to
the anterior lower corner, and a little more than two and a half inches
along its base, its transverse thickness being three-tenths of an inch. The
other measures one inch and eight-tenths in height (the fibers running per-
pendicularly, instead of very obliquely backward, toward the top) by two
inches and seven-tenths in width at the base. In some examples the two
edges were nearly parallel, the general form being thus very nearly semi-
elliptical ; but such specimens were rare, the usual form being an irregular
arch.

In a former account of the habits of the White Pelican as observed at
Pyramid Lake, published in the American Sportsman (Vol. IV, No. 19,
pp. 289 and 297), we stated that the homy excrescence, characteristic of
tliis species in the breeding-season, was peculiar to the male. We were led
to make this statement by the fact that of the several specimens dissected
every one possessed of this appendage proved to be a male, while nearly
all those in which it was absent were females. We did not, unfortunately,
take into consideration the circumstance that the breeding-season was
nearly over, and that, as a consequence, a very large proportion (a consid-
erable majority, in fact) of these birds had shed, or cast, this curious decid-
uous growth. We are glad, however, to have our error corrected, as has
been done by several observers having opportunities which were not
aflforded ourselves for deciding the point, and who furnish satisfactory
evidence that both sexes possess the so-called "center-board." According
to Dr. T. M. Brewer {Bod and Gun, June 19, 1875, p. 194), the error of our
statement was perhaps first ascertained by Captain Charles Bendire, U. S. A.,

^ Birds of America, Oct. ed., Vol. VII, p. 26, pi. 422.

634 . ORNITHOLOGY.

who found these birds breeding in immense numbers at Lake Malheur, in
southeastern Oregon, on the 16th of April, 1866; but we had been previ-
ously corrected by Professor F. S. Snow, in the Observer of Nature (Law-
rence, Kansas), June 4, 1875, and by Mr. N. S. Goss, of Neosho Falls,
Kansas, in the Bod and Oun for June 12, 1875 (page 167). That the
mandibular crest of this species is really deciduous, howevei^, has been fully
confirmed by recent observers ; and regarding this remarkable fact, it may
be proper to state here, that it was first discovered by Mr. H. Gr. Parker, of
Carson City, Nevada (in about 1865), and first published by us, through
Professor BaircJ, in The Ibis (London), in 1869 (p. 350).

The length of time required for the perfect development of this ap-
pendage is not known. From the articles cited above, however, we know
that it is to be found from the 16th of April until June 3d, so that it may
therefore fairly be presumed that its growth commences early in the spring
or late in winter; and we have also positive proof that it falls off of many
individuals as soon as the beginning of May, and that by the end of the
latter month exceedingly few which possess it are to be found ; while it is
also certain that it does not exist on any specimens during the latter part of
summer, in fall, or in the early part of winter. As to the use of this append-
age, no plausible theory has yet been proposed, so far as we know ; it cer-
tainly is not a weapon of defense or offense, since in that case it would
hardly be possessed by both sexes, while it is also well known that few
birds are less combative than the Pelican.

There are many seasonal changes of plumage in this species which are,
as yet, only very imperfectly understood, but which we hope soon to see
made clear by the observations of those who have the opportunity to study
these birds in nature during diflFerent times of the year. These problems
have been fully discussed by us in the paper in the American Sportsman,
alluded to above, to which the reader is referred for information on this
point.

List of spedmens.

749, 9 ad.; Pyramid Lake, Kevada, May 19, 1868. 62—106—25^—19. Weight,
15 pounds. General hue of the bill, reddish salmon-color, the culraen dirty whitish,
the reddish deepening on the nail and edges of the mandibles into orange-red ; lower
mandible deeper reddit^h than the upper, and growing more intense, or brick-red,

GRACULUS FLOEIDANUS. 635

basally; gular. pouch, passing from nearly white anteriorly, through rich yellow and
..then orange, into intense dragon's-blood- or brick-red at the base, and with a blackish
suffusion anteriorly ; loose, flabby skin of the lores and orbital region, rich orange-
yellow ; eyelids, dark dragon's-blood-red ; iris, clear pearl-white 5 naked portion of the
tibia, tarsi, and feet, intense orange-red, so deep as to have the appearance of having
been dyed* [ Without the mandibular process,]

766, i ad'.; Pyramid Lake, May 28, 1868. 62— 101— 24 J— 18^. Weight, 17
pounds. Same remarks. [ Without the mandibular process.]

570-679, eggs 5 island in Pyramid Lake, May 16, 1868. One hundred and nine
eggs, from as many nests. Nests, mere heaps of gravel, with a slight depression on top,
crowded together on a narrow point of the island, only a few feet above the surface of
the lake.

Family QEACULIDJl— Cormorants.
Graoulus dilophus.

Double-crested Cormorant.

/?. floridanus.
{Pah'tsik' 'Wy-he or Pah-tsik'-we of the Paiutes.)

Phalacrocorax floridanus, Audubon, Orn. Biog., Ill, 1835, 387; B. Am., oct. ed.,

VI, 430, pi. 417.
Oraculus floridanus, Bonap., Consp. Av., II, 1855, 172.— Lawrence, in Baird's

Birds N. Am., 1858, 879.— Baibd, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 624.
Graculus dilophus var. floridanus, CouES, Key, 1872, 303; Check List, 1873, No.

530a.
Oraculus dilophus. b. floridanus, CouES, Birds N. W., 1874, 587.

This Cormorant was very abundant at Pyramid Lake and along the
lower portion of the Truckee River, being the only species of the family
occurring in that vicinity. It was found from May until August, but in
December none were observed. Small congregations were frequently to be
seen during the summer-time, perched upon the snags far out in the lake, the
latter being nearly submerged cotton- wood trees which marked, at that time,
the former course of the river when the lake occupied more restricted limits.^

^ As is the case with the Great Salt Lake, Pyramid Lake has risen many feet
within the last few years, the principal encroachment being on the low land adjacent
to the mouth of the Truckee River, which at the time of our last visit was thrown a
mile or more back from its former location, as marked by the line of partly-submerged
trees alluded to above.

636 ORNITHOLOGY.

On these tree-tops many of their nests were found, these being composed
of sticks, and containing one to three eggs each.

Besides the specimen in our collection, an adult, in the nuptial plu-
mage, was killed in May, but was not preserved ; in this specimen the fol-
lowing differences were noted in the colors of the soft parts: Iris, brilliant
green ; eyelids, and whole interior of the mouth, bright cobalt-blue ; gular
sac, deep prange.

List of specimens.

127, 9 juv.; Pyramid Lake, August 13, 1867. 33J — 52^. Bill, dull brownish-
yellOw, nearly black on the culmen j gular sac, dull chrome-yellow j iris, greenish-
gray 5 tarsi and toes, deep black.

735, egg (1) 'y Pyramid Lake, May 17, 1868. Nest in top of cotton-wood tree, at
mouth of the river.

761, egg (1) 'y Pyramid Lake, May 20, 1868. Same remarks.

Family L ARID JE — Gulls and Terns.
Blasipus heermanni.

Heermann^s Oull.

Larus heermanni, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., VI, 1852, 187.

Blasipus heermannij BoNAP., Consp. Av., II, 1856, 21L— Lawrence, in Baird's

Birds N. Am., 1858, 848.— Baird, Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1869, No. 666.
Larus (Blasipus) heermanni^ ScL. & Salv., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 574

(fig.).— COUES, Birds N.W., 1874, 641.
Larus bekheri, SCHLEG., Mus. Pays-Bas, Lari, 9 (part). — CouES, Check List,

1873, No. 531.
Larus fBlasipusJ belcfierij CoUES, Key, 1872, 314.

Found only along the Pacific coast. Represented in our collection by
a specimen presented by Mr. Parker.

List of specimens.

429, « i juv.; Bay of San Francisco, Pehruary 20, 1868. I7f — 42— (!)— 10.'^ (Pre-
sented by H. Q. Parker.)

LARUS CALIFORNIOUS. 637

Larus CALIFORNICUS.
California Ooll.

(Que-nahk'-et or Gui-ni' -heet of the Paiutes.)

f Larm argentatoides^ BoNAP., Synop., 1828, 360.

Larus califomicus^ Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VI, 1854, 79; in Baird's

Birds K Am., 1858, 846.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 663 OouES,

Birds N.W., 1874, 634.

Larm delawarensis vav. cali/ornicusy Coues, Key, 1872, 313; Check List, 1873,
No. 548a.

This species was the only Gull found in the Great Basin during sum-
mer, but it was apparently entirely absent in winter, when its place was
supplied by L, delawarensis. It was abundant both at Pyramid Lake and
Great Salt Lake, on the rocky islands of which it nested in immense
colonies. At the foimer locality, many hundred pairs occupied a portion of
the northern shore of the main island, where the ground was elevated many
feet above the lake, with a broken ledge of rock along the shore as well as
above their breeding-ground. Here their nests covered several acres of
ground, and were thickly strewn over the surface ; each consisted of an
external rim of gravel and other rubbish raked into a pile, the center hol-
lowed out and lined with a few feathers and sticks ; the number of eggs, of
which many bushels were gathered for food, varied from one to four in a
nest, and among this immense quantity we noticed very remarkable ex-
tremes of form, size, and colors, the series selected for preservation illustra-
ting the principal of these variations. While their nests were being despoiled,
the Gulls kept up a constant clamor, some hovering over our heads, but most
of them perched in rows on the ledge of rocks back from the breeding-
ground. Over fifty specimens were shot, and among these slight individual
discrepancies were noted, the principal one being in the distinctness of the
black spots near the end of the bill, which in a few were entirely obsolete,
in some distinct on both mandibles, and in others of intermediate develop-
ment. The examples in the collection, enumerated below, were selected
with a view to represent the extreme variations detected in the large series
examined.

6B8 ORNITHOLOGY,

List of specimens.

Ill, S ad.; Truckee River, at Big Bend, July 29, 1867. 21|— d3— 15|— 12— 2^—
2J — ^ — 2J. Bill, greenish lemon-yellow, the terminal third of the lower mandible
bright orange-red, tinged with carmine, the tip again yellow j a distinct dusky spot in
the middle of the red, and one immediately above it, near end of upper mandible ;
rictus and eyelids, vermilion-red; iris, dark hazel; tarsi and toes^ light ashy pea-green ;
claws, black.

680-734, eggs; island in Pyramid Lake, May 16, 1868.

739-747, eggs; same locality, May 18, 1868.

752, $ ad,; island in Pyramid Lake, May 20, 1868. 22-.54— 13J. Bill, deep na-
ples-yellow, tinged with chrome, and having a distinct band of dusky near the end,
which is grayish- white ; the dusky spot on the lower mandible followed posteriorly by
a spot of deep orange-red; rictus and eyelids, vermilion ; im, vandyke hrown; tarsi
and toes J pale pea-green, [Compare with notes on L. delawarensis, as given below.]

753-760, eggs; same locality. May 22, 1868.

800, S ad.; same locality, May 25, 1868. 22f — 55J — (?)— 13J. Same remarks as
to No. Ill, but black spots of the bill obsolete.

801, ^ ad.; same locality and date. 225 — ^^ — (?)— 13^. Same remarks; black
spots distinct.

802, 9 ad.; same locality and date. 21^ — 51 J — (!) — ^12|. Black spots obsolete.

1199-1217, eggs; Oarrington Island, Great Salt Lake, June 17, 1869. (Collected
by R. N. Davis and S, Watson.)

Larus DELAWARBNSIS.
Binir-billed Oull.

(Que-nahJc'-et of the Paiutes.)

Larus delawarensisy Obd, Quthrie^s Geog., 2d Am. ed., II, 1815, 319.— Lawb., in
Baird^s Birds K Am., 1868, 846.— Baird, Cat. K. Am. Birds, 1859, ISo. 664.—
OouES, Key, 1872, 313; Check List, 1873, No. 548; Birds KW., 1874, 636.—
Henshaw, 1875, 485.

This Gull was observed only as a winter sojourner at Pyramid Lake,
being entirely absent from there in summer.

List of specimens.

365, 9 ad,; Pyramid Lake, Nevada, December 21, 1867. 18— 45-^14^— 124— 1^
— 1|*-5|— 2j!^. Bill, greenish naples-yellow, with a transvei-se band of deep black
near the end ; rictas and eyelids, vermilion-red ; interior of the mouth, deep orange-
red, growing more intense posteriorly; iriSy light naplesyeltow ; tarsi and feet^ deep^
light, naples-yellow. [Compare with notes on L. californicusj given above.]

CHRCECOOEPHALUS PHILADELPHIA— STERNA FORSTERL 639

ChRCECOCEPHALUS PHILADELPHIA.
Bonaparte^s Gull.

Sterna philadeJphia, Obd, Gathrie'S Geog., 2d Am. ed., II, 1815, 319.
Ghrcecocephalus Philadelphia^ Lawr,, in Baird's Birds N. Am. 1858, 852. — Baird,
Cat. K Am. Birds, 1859, No. 670.

Larus philade'phia, Gray, List. Br. Birds, 1863, 235.— CoUES, Key, 1872, 316;
Check List, 1873, No. 556.

Larus (Chrmcocephalus) Philadelphia^ CoTJES, Birds N.W., 1874, 655.
Not seen by us.

lAst of specimens,

430, " 9 ad.; Bay of San Francisco, February 1, 1868. 13J— 31|— {!)— SJ." (Pre-
sented by H. G. Parker.)

Sterna regia.

Royal Tern.

Sterna regia, Gambbl, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., IV, 1848, 228.— Lawr., in Baird's
Birds N. Am., 1858, 859.— Baird, Cat. N. Am., B., 1859, No. 683.— CouES,
Key, 1872, 319 ; Check List, 1873, No. 562.

Thalasseus regius^ Gambel, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., I, 2d ser., 1849, 228.
Sterna (Thalasseus) regia, CouES, Birds N.W., 1874, 669.

This powerful Tern was more or less common in May at Washoe Lake
and near Pyramid Lake, in September at the Humboldt Marshes, and
among the marshes near Salt Lake City in June and July.

Sterna forsterl

Forster^s Tern.

Sterna forsteri^ Nuttall, Man. Orn., II, 1834, 274 (foot-note).— Lawr., in Baird^s
Birds N. Am., 1858, 862.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 691.— Ooxjes,
Key, 1872, 321; Check List, 1873, No. 566 j Birds N.W., 1874, 676.— Hen-
SHAW, 1875, 486.

Sterna havelli, Audubon, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 122, pL 409, fig. 1 (= yoien^).—
Lawr., in Baird^s Birds N. Am., 1858, «61.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, No. 686.

Forster's Tern was very common in June at Sacramento, and through-
out the summer in the vicinity of Pyramid, Ruby, and Franklin Lakes, and

640 OBNITHOLOGY.

the Humboldt Marshes. It was met with afterward at Great Salt Lake,
where it was the most abundant species, far exceeding in numbers even the
Eydrochelidon lariformis.

List of specimens.

1085, S jm.; Salt Lake City, Utah, June 2, 1869. 14J-^0J. Terminal half of
bill, black; basal half, dull orange-red; iris, brown; tarsi and toes, beautiful rich
orange-red,

HYDROOHELEDOlir LAEIFORMIS.
Black Tern.

Ballm Uriformisj LiNN., Syst Nat., I, ed. 10, 1758, 153 {European).

Eydrochelidon lariformisy Coues, Birds N.W., 1874, 704.— Henshaw, 1875, 487.

Sterna JissipeSy Lnra/, Syst. Nat., 1, 1766, 228 {European).

Eydrochelidon fissipes^ Gray, Genera of Birds, III, 1849, 660 {European).— Goxms^
Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1862, 554; Key, 1872, 323; Check List, 1873, No.
675 {American).

Sterna plumhea^ Wilson, Am. Orn., VII, 1813, 83, pi. LXix, flg. —{American).

Eydrochelidon plumbea^ Lawb., in Baird's Birds N. Am., 1858, 864.— Baird, Oat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 695.

This lively and interesting Tern was an exceedingly numerous species
at Sacramento, as well as about the extensive marshes of the Interior, At
the former locality they were seen about every pool in the outskirts of the
city, flitting over the surface of the water, and across the meadows, uttering
their harsh note of hriky krik^ krikj as they flew. They were so unsuspicious
that the town boys often killed them with stones or clubs thrown at them
when flying.

List of specimens.

59 $ ad.; Sacramento City, California, June 19,1867. 9J— 24J— 8^6|— IJ —
A — ^i — ^* ^i^'j d^P black ; rictus, purplish lake-red j interior of mouth, lavender-
pink ; iris, hazel ; tarsi and toes^ dark purple ; claws, black.

PODIOEPS OOCIDENTALia 641

Family PODIOIPIDiE— Grebes.

PODICEPS OCCIDEl^TALIS.
IVestern Grebe.

Podiceps occidentalism Lawbence, ia BaircFs Birds K Am., 1858, 894.— Baied, Cat.

]^. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 704.— CoUES, Key, 1872, 336 ; Check List, 1873, No.

608.— Henshaw, 1875, 488.
^chmophorus occidentalism CouES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1862, 229.

Fodiceps (JScJmopliorusJ occidentalis. a. occidentalism CouES, Birds N. W., 1874,

727.

This large Grebe was very abundant in Pyramid Lake, where it
appeared to be a permanent resident. Tlie specimen in the collection was
found ^'snow-bound" in the sage-brush near Carson City, being discovered
by its tracks in the deep snow, where it had scrambled along for a hundred
yards or more. It was headed toward the Carson River, and had evidently
come from Washoe Lake, about five miles distant, and becoming exhausted
by the long flight had fallen to the ground. In Pyramid Lake, these Grebes
were exceedingly abundant in May, and were constantly in sight from our
boat. When fired at with a rifle they would dive at the report, and upon
their reappearance generally showed only the head or head and neck above
the surface; but they swam so low in the water that we found it exceed-
ingly difficult to kill them; one was shot, however, and was found to agree
exactly in colors and other respects with the specimen in our collection.^

List of specimens,

402, i ad.; Carsou City, Nevada, Jauuary 13, 1868. 26— 40— 8— 5|— 3— 2f— (?)
— (?). Bill, dull, rather light yellow, the lower maudible deepeuing into orange termi-
nally ; culmen and broad longitudinal space on the side of the basal two-thirds of the
lower mandible, dark olive-green, the former nearly black; iris, pure carmine (having
much the appearance of a red currant), growing narrowly whitish around the pupil ;
tarsi and toes, dull olivaceous yellow, the outer side of the tarsus and joints of the
toes nearly black.

^ The seasonal changes of plumage, so remarkable in moat Grebes, do not manifest
themselves in the species of this group (P. occidentalis and P. clarki), the colors and
markings being identical in winter and in the breeding-season. Even the young do not
differ appreciably from the adult, as is seen from a specimen collected the past season
in Nevada, by Mr. Henshaw. In view of these facts, as well as in justice to important
peculiarities of form, we should now use the generic name u^chmophorusm proposed by
Dr. CouES, for this group.
41 P R

642 ORNITHOLOGY.

PODICEPS CRISTATUS-
Crested Grebe.

Colymbm crisiatus, Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 222.

Podieeps cristatus, Latham, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 780.— Lawr., in Baird's Birds
N. Am., 1858, 893.-.BAI11D, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1869, No. 703.— CoUES, Key,
1872, 336 J Check List, 1873, No. 609 5 Birds N.W., 1874, 729.

This species was quite numerous in August and September in Franklin
Lake, but no specimens could be obtained. It is no doubt a summer-resi-
dent in suitable localities throughout the Basin.

PODICEPS AURITUS.
Eared Ore be*.

/S, calif ornicus — California Grebe.

Podieeps caUfornieus^ Heermann, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1854, 179.— Lawr.,
in Baird's Birds N. Am., 1858, 896.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 707.

Podieeps auritus var. ealif ornicus^ Coues, Key, 1872, 337 5 Oiieck List, 1873, No.
012; Birds N.W., 1874, 733.— Henshaw, 1875, 489.

This little Grebe was usually found in the same localities with P. occi-
dentaliSj and like it was a constant resident. In Soda Lake, on the Carson
Desert, we observed a very large flock of what was probably this species,
but they kept so far from the shore that the species could not be deter-
mined beyond doubt. They were exceedingly clamorous.

List of specimens,

366, S ad.; Pyramid Lake (mouth of the Truckee River), December 21, 1867. 12
— 21 — 5 — 3f . Upper mandible, greenish-black, growing pale ashy olive-green on basal
third of the commissure (broadly) and on the culmen ; lower mandible, ashy olive-
green, paler below, and more yellowish basally 5 iris, bright orange-red, more scarlet
outwardly, and with a fine thread-like white ring around the pupil ; tarsi and toes,
dull blackish on outer side, passing on the edges into olive green ; inner side, dull light
yellowish -green ; inner too, apple green. [In winter plumage.]

PODILYMBUS PODICEP8 643

PODILYMBUS PODICEPS
Thick-billed Orebe*

Golymbm podiceps, Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 1766, 223.

Podilymhus podicepsj Lawrence, Baird's Birds N. Am., 1858, 898, — Baird, Cat.

N. Am. Birds, 1859, No. 709.~-CouES, Ke3^ 1872, 338; Check List, 1873, No.

614; Birds N.W., 1874, 737.— Henshaw, 1875, 490.

This common Grebe was a resident species in all suitable localities.

List of specimens.

264, jut?.; Truckee River (Camp 26), November 18, 1867. 15—22—5^4—1/^—
Ig — C?;— (^). Bill, horn-color, becoming blackish basally and on the culmen ; lower man-
dible, more lilaceous, with a dusky lateral stripe; iris, of three distinct colors, dis-
posed in concentric rings, the first (around the pupil) clear milk-white, the next dark
olive-brown, the outer pale ochraceous-brown, the dark ring reticulated into the lighter;
tarsi and toes, greenish -slate, the joints darker.

454, 9 ad.; Carson City, March 24, 1868. 131—21^—5—3^. Bill, clear opaque
white, or milk-white, purest posterior to a black band across its terminal third, the
anterior portion with a strong tinge of slaty -blue; eyelids, pure white; lores, more
Dluish ; iris, rich dark brown, with a narrow outer ring of ochraceous-white, the two
colors reticulated together; next the pupil, a fine thread-like ring of white; tarsi and
toes, greenish slate-black on the outer side, plumbeous on the inner side.

INDEX TO PAET I.

(Synonyms in italics.)

Page.

Acervularia 31

pentagona 31

Acrochordixjeras 124

Hyatti 124

Alveolites 25

multilamella — 25

(undetsp.) 26

Atnmouitoid forms of the Upper

Triassic of Nevada 105

ANATINID-2E 46, 136

Ancbura • 160

ffusiformis 163

Ancylus undulatus 186

Anisomyon , 162

sexsulcatus? 162

Anomia raetiformis 141

Anomiib^ 141

APORRHAID^ 160

Arcestes 119

Gabbi 121

1 perplanus 120

Arcestid^ 119

Arcid^ .134, 148

Articulata 20, 48

Atbyris '• • 81

f persinuata 81

Koissyi 82

subtilita 83

Atrypa 38

reticularis 38

Atjriculid^ ^ 175

Aviculopecten 93

catactus 93

occidaneus 96

Utaheusis 95

Page.

Axinsea «... 149

Wyomingensis 149

Belemnites 138

Kevadensis 138

Belemnitid^ 138

Brachiopoda 36, 62

Oampeloma 179

macrospira 179

(uudet. sp.) 181

Campophyllum 57

Carboniferous species . . e 50

Cardiid^ .... 151

Cardium curtum 151

subcurtum 152

Carnifex ....... 187

( Vortifex) Binneyi 187

Tryoni 188

Cephalopoda 47, 98, 104, 138

Ceriphasiid^ 176,193

Clydonites 109

Clydonitid^ 107

Coaocoryphe 20

(Ptyclioparia) Kingii . . 20

Corbicula 167

( Veloritina) Durkeei 167

Corbula 170

(Anisorhyncbus ?) Engel-

manni 174

( Anisorbyncbus) pyriforinis. 170

(undet. sp.) 150

CORBULIDiE 150, 170

Ooroceras i 107

Cretaceous species 140

Crustacea 48

Cucullaea 134, 148

645

646

INDEX TO PART I.

Pago.

Cucullaea Haguei 134

(Trigonarcaf) obliqua 148

C YATHOPHYLLID^ 28, 52

Cyathophjllum 33,60

(Campophyllum?)

Nevadensis , . CO

Palmeri 33

subcsespitosum .,.• 60

(undet. sp.) 57

Cyprimeria 158

I subalata 158

0 YRENID JE 107, 182

Dalmanites 48

(undet. sp.) 48

Devonian species 25

Dipbyphyllum ........ 29

fasciculatum 29

Discina .........: 99

(undet. sp.) 99

DisciNiD JS 99

Edmondia 46

! Pinonensis 46

Endiscoceras 128

Gabbi 128

Bntomoceras 126

Laubei 126

Favosites 27

polymorpha 27

Favositit)-^ 25, 50

Fossils Of the Bear River fresh- and

brackish-water beds 163

Gasteropoda 159, 175, 186

Gouiatites 98

' goniolobus 98

GONIATITIDJE 98

Goniobasis 193

Simpsoni 193

Gymnotoceras 110

Blakei 113

rotelliforme Ill

Gyrodes depressa . . 159

Halobia 100

(Daonella) Lommeli 100

Hemipronites 35, 62

Ohemungensis far,

arctostriata 35

Page.

Hemipronites crenistria 62

Inoceramus 142

deformis 146

erectus 145

problematicus 142

Simpsoni 142

(undet. sp.) 144

Introductory remarks 1

Jurassic species 130

Lamellibranohiata .... 46, 92, 100,

130, 164, 182

Leiorhynchus 79

quadricostatus . 79

Lima 130

(Limatula) erecta . - 130

LiMiD^ 130

Limnsea 181, 191

(Limnophysa) nitidula 181

vetusta 191

(Polyrhytis) Kingii 192

similis i 191

LlMNJEID^ 181, 186

Litbostrotiou 58

Whitneyi 58

LucmiD^.. 102

Lunulicardium fragosum 93

Mactra (Cymbophora?) Utahensis . . 155

Emmonsi 153

(Trigonella ?) arenaria ..... 154

Mactrid^ , 153

Melanial sculptilis 195

f subsculptilis 196

Melaniid^ 195

Modiomorphaf alata • 103

! ovata . 103

Mollusca .... 35, 62, 99, 130, 140, 164, 182

Silurian 17

Myophoria 133

lineata? 133

Mytilidjs 103, 132

Myacites 136

incoDspicuus -*-.-. 137

(Pleuromya) subc'bmpressa 136.

Weberensis.. 137

Naticid JS 159

Olenus (Parabolina) Kevadensis ... 25

INDEX TO PART I.

647

Page.

Orthis 63

Michelini 63

Ortboceras 47, 104

Blakei 104

Kingii 47

Orthoceratid^ 47, 104

Ophileta 17

complanata var, nana 17

Ostrea 140

(undet. sp.) 140

OSTREID^ 140

Paradoxid^ 20

Paradoxides 23

? Nevadensis 23

Pinna Kingii 131

PlNNID^ 131

Phacopsid^ 48

Physanoid^ 124

Planorbis 189

spectabilis 189

var. Utabensis. 190

Polypi. 50

Posidonomyaf 92

1 fragosa 92

Productid^ 36, 62

Productus • 64

costatus f 69

longispinns 78

multistriatus 76

l?evadensis 64

Prattenianus 72

semireticulatus 69

semistriatus 74

subaculeatus 36

subborridus 75

(undet. sp.) 67.

PROETIB^ 49

Proetus 49

(Phaeton) denticulatus 49

Pteriid^ 92, 100, 142

Ptychopbyllum ; 28

f infundibulum 28

Pyrgulifcra humerosa 176

^Kadiata 25,50

Kapbistoma 18

? rotuliforinis 18

Page.

Raphistoma ? trochiscus 19

Rhynohonellid^ 38, 70

Rby tipborus 175

priscus 175

Silurian fossils described 17

SlPHONARIID^ • 162

Smithia 32

Hennabii 32

Spbaera 102

Wbitneyi 102

Sphserium 182

? Idahoense 183

rugosum 182

Spirifer 39, 87

cuspidatus? 87

Engelmanni 41

(Trigonotreta) argentarius . . 42
cameratus ... 91

opimus? 88

Pinonensis .. 45

scobina 90

strigowis 43

Utahensis 39

Spiriferid^ 39, 81

Spiriferina.' 84

• pulchra 85

(undet. sp.) 84

Strophomenid^ 35, 62

Syringopora 28, 50

(undet. sp.) 28, 50

Tellinal? isonema 156

modesta 167

Tellinid^ 156

Tertiary age, Species of undoubted . 182

Tracbyceras 116

Judicarium 118

Judicarium var. subas-

perum 118

Trachyceratitid^ 110

TRiaoNiiD^ ; 133

Triassic species, Upper 99

Unio. . . 164, 184

belliplicatus 165

Haydeni 184

vetustus 164

Unionid^ 164, 184

648

INDEX TO PART L

Page.
Veneeidje 158

VlVIPAEID^ 178

Viviparus 178

Conradi 178

Volsella.. 132

Page.

Volsella scalprum var, isonema 132

Vorticifex 187

Zaphrentis excentrica 52

f multilamella 53

I Stansburyi 64

INDEX TO PART II.

Synonyms in iialics.

Page.

Agnostus communis 228

Josepha 230

Keon 229

proloDgus. .:.- 230

tumidosus 23L

Athyris Claytoni 256

planosulcala 1 — 257

subquadrata 271

Astarte ! arenosa 297

Avicula carta 289

fragilis 250

tenuicostaim 289

Aviculopecteu Augustensis . , . 288

curtocardinalis 273

equilatera 201

occidaricus 275

parvulus 274

Weberensis 273

(Eumicrotis) Augus-
tensis 288

Bathyurus ! angulatus 220

conicus. 216

Pogonipensis 243

strenuus 244

Belemnites densus 287

Bellerophon Neleus 250

Oamptonectes bellistriatus 289

? extenuatus 290

■? pertenuis 290

pertenuistriatus 291

Carboniferous, Fossils of the Lower 265

Cardiomorplia Missouriensis 277

Cardita alticostata ..... 297

Cardita transversa. ... 297

Chariocephalus tumifrons 224

Page.

Oh JENOCAEDIA 249

Chonetes lllinoisensis * 254

Loganensis 253

Chonocephalites 209

Ohonocephalites lowensis 213

Sbumardi 215,217

subcoronatus 237

(Pterocephalus)

laticeps 221

CONOCORYPHB 209

Conocorypbe Kingii 212

Crepicephalus 209

Orepicephalus (Loganellus) anytus. 219
(Loganellus) granu-
losus 214

(Loganellus)Haguei . 210
(Loganellus) maculo-

sus 215

(Loganellus) uitidus . 212
(Loganellus) quad-

rans 238

(Loganellus) simula-
tor 218

(Loganellus) unisul-

catus 216

(Batby urus I) angula-
tus 220

Cyathophyllum , - . , 202

Oyrtoceras cessator ... - 278

Cyrtolites sinuatus 237

Devonian, Fossils of the 246

DiKELLOCEPHALUS , 225

Dikellocephalus bilobatus 226

flabelllfer 227

»gothicus ......... 242

649

650

INDEX TO PART 11.

Page.

Dikellocephalas Minnesotensis . 227

multicinctus 226

Pepiuensis 227

quadriceps 240

Wahsatchensis . . - 241

EdmoDdia Myrina 283

Eumicrotie curta 289

Hawni ... 273

Euomphalus cyclostomus 260

laxus 260

(Straparollas) Ophiren-

sis . . . . * 261

pentangularis 259

1 rotuliformis 235

? trochiscus 235

(StfaparoUus) Utalien-

sis 259

Fenestella , . . . 202

Fossils of the —

Coal Measures 273

Devonian 246

Jurassic 248

Lower Carboniferous 205

Permo-Carboniferous 273

Potsdam group 205

Silurian 232

Triassic 280

Waverly group 251

Fusispira compacta 236

General remarks on formations, H.

and W 199

Genesee slate 201

Glauconome 202

Goniatites globulus 279

lowensis 279

Kingii...... 279

Noliuensis 279

sphericus 279

Gryphaea calceola var, Nebrascensis 286
Hall, James, and R. P. Whitfield,

Report of 197

Jurassic, Fossils of the 248

Kutorgina minutissima ... 207

Leptaena Melita 208

Lima (Plagiostoma) occideu talis . . . 292

lineata : 292

Page.

Lingulella 232

Lingulepis Ella 232

MflBra 206

minuta 206

pinnaformis 206

Loganellus anytus 219

granulosus 214

Haguei , 210

Logani 210

maculosa 215

nitidus 212

quadrans 238

simulator 218

unisulcatus 216

Lunulicardium fragilis 250

fragosum 249

Lower Carboniferous, Fossils of . . . 265

Lyonsia concava , . , 276

Maclurea minima 235

Michelina sp. t 251

Monotis curta 289

tenuicostatus . 289

Myalina aviculoides 275

Myalina concavus . . ^. 276

Myalina Permiana 276

Mytilus {Myalina) concavus , 276

Fermianus . 276

Natica ? Lelia . 298

Naticopsis nana 298

Neritoma 299

Neritopsis 299

Nuculites triangulus 248

triquetra 249

Obolella discoida 205

Ogygia parabola 245

producta 244

Orthis Barabouensis 209

costalis 233

Electra 233

Orthis equivalvis 252

Orthis Pogonipensis 232

resupinata 205

Orthoceras annulatocostatum 278

Chesterensis 278

Ostrea congesta. 287

Eugelmanni 285

INDEX TO PxiRT II.

651

Page.

Ostrea strigilecula 287

sp.! 285

Paracy clas elliptica 248

occidentalis 248

peroccidens 248

Pentacrinites asteriscus ^ 280

Perm o Carboniferous, Fossils of the 273

Plagiostoma lineata 293

Plagiostoma occidentalis 292

Platyceras 202

Polypora : ^ 202

Porambonites obscurus 234

Posidonomya f fragosa 249

Potsdam group, Fossils of the 205

Primordial, Fossils of the 205

Productus elegans. 265

Flemibgi var. Burlingto-

neusis 265

laevicostus ? 266

mesialis 266

Prattenianus 267

semireticulatus 267

Proetus Loganensis 264

macrocephalus 263

peroccidens 262

Fterocephalia Sancti'Sabw .... 200

Pterocephalus laticeps - 221

Sancti-sabae 223

Ptydhaspis Miniscaensis 224

pustulosa 223

Eaphistoma acuta • 235

lenticularis .... 235

staminea 235

Ehynchonella cuboides 247

Emmonsi 247

gnathophora *? 284

Myrina 284

pustulosa 1 257

varians 284

venusta 247

San Saba Valley, Potsdam sand-

stones of 1^9

Page.

Sedgewickia ? concava 276

Septocardia 294

Septocardia Carditoidea 296

typica 295

Silurian, Fossils of the . 232

Snowstorm Hill, Fossils and sec-

tionof 203

Spirifera alba-pinensis , 255

Spirifet^a f alia 281

Spirifera biplicatus 255

centronata 254

Spirifer f Eomfraiji f 281

Spirifera imbrex 271

Maia 266

setigera « • - 270

striata 269

sp.? 271

Spiriferina alia 281

Homfrayi *? 281

StraparoUus Ophirensis 261

planodorsatus . . 259

planus 259

similis var, planus 259

umbilicatus 261

Utahensis 259

Streptorhynchus equivalvis 252

iuflatus 252

Strophodonta Canace 246

Strophomena Nemea 233

rhomboidalis 253

Syringopora 202

Tancredia Warrenana 297

Terebratula Augusta 285

Humboldtensis 282

Utah 258

Triassic, Fossils of the • 280

Trigonia Conradi 294

quadrangularis 293

Waverly group, Fossils of the 251

Whitfield, E. P., and Hall, James,

Eeportof 1^7

INDEX TO PART III.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

[Names not in italics are synonyms.]

Page.

Acanthylis saxatilis 564

Aocipiter cooperi 581

fuscus 581

mexicanus -- 581

Acliturus hariramiu8 376, 381, 384, 386, 389, 611

Actodromas bairdl 608

minutilla 376, 608

^aEclimophorus occiden talis 641, 642

^gialitis cantiana var. nivosa 604

cantianus 604

cantiamiSj p, nivo»u8 604

var. nivosus 604

nivoBUS 327,369, 386, 389, 604

vooiferus 327, 330, 337, 340, 349

361, 369, 370, 376, 389, 576, 610, 683

Ageli^ns gubernator 330, 338

356, 379, 380, 388, 504, 506

phmniceue 326, 337, 338, 340, 354, 356

361.368,370,374,388,462,504

a. phcenioeus 503

a. phcenioeus 503, 504

/?. gubernator 504, 505

c. gubernator 504

var. gubernator 504

d. tricolor 505

var. tricolor 505

tricolor 330, 331, 388, 504, 505

Jix spoma 327, 341, 390, 624

AlaUdaalpestris...'. 498

Alauda arventds 469

cbrysolaema 499

cornuta 498

Indoviciana 426

Aloedo aloyon 545

Ampelis cedromm 1364,386,387,446

AmpMspiza belli 476

UHneata.,..^4, 340, 346, 350, 351, 352
355, 367, 370, 383, 384, 388, 475, 476

nevadenais 324,340

343, 348, 350, 351, 352, 354, 357
358, 366, 383, 384, 388, 475, 476

Anas acuta 622

albeoia 626

americana 622

Page.

Anaahoschas ...327, 331, 337

341, 349, 358, 361, 369, '376, 390, 621

canadensis 620

carolinensis 623

clypeata. .. — -- 624

coUaris 625

cyanoptera , 623

niarila 625

rubida "... 626

sponsa.. 624

strepera 622

vallisneria 625

Anortbura troglodytes var. h yemalis 424

Anseralbatus 342,354,390,619

hatchinsi 620

hyperhoreus ., 619

b. albatus 619

var. albatus 619

nigricans 691

Anthus ludovicianua 338, 342, 348, 356, 387, 426

AntroBtomus nuttalli 324, 336, 342, 350, 357

358, 365, 368, 375, 376, 384, 389, 567

vocifeitis 567, 568

Apbelocoma floridana. c. calif omica 525

var. calif orn i ca 525

woodhousii 526

Aqnila canadensis ...326,347

357, 360, 362, 364, 375, 389, 589, 590

chrysaetos .590

p. canadensis 590

var. canadensis 590

Arohibuieo ferrugineus 357, 389, 590

lagojpiis 589

/?. sancti'johannis 589

var. sancti-johannis 589

regalis 590

sancti-johannis 338, 342

347, 362, 375, 389, 513, 589, 590

Ardea canadensis 611

egretta w... 617

exilis 618

gardeni 618

h^odias.. 327, 330 341, 343, 369, 390, 616, 631
lentiginosa 618

652

INDEX TO PART III.

653

Page.

Ardea minor 618

naevia 618

stellaris, p, minor 618

virescens , 617

Ardetta exilis 327, 341, 390, 618

Asyndesmus torquatus 553

Athene cunicularia 573

hypogaea , 573

Atthis anna 558

Aythya sp 331

americana 342,349, 390,624

f erina var. americana 624

vallisneria 341, 342, 349, 625

Bemicla canadensis 620

liutchinsi 620

nigricans 621

(Leucoblepharon) canadensis 620

hutchinsi.. 620

Bla8ipu8 heermanni ....309, 390, 636

Bombycilla cedromm 446

Bonasa umbelloides 319, 375, 383, 386, 389

umhellus 599

p, umbelloides 599

var. umbelloides 599

Botaurus lentiginosus 618

minor.. 327, 337, 341, 349, 361, 369, 390, 618

Branta bernicla. b. nigricans 621

var. nigricans 621

canadmeis 327, 337

341, 349, 361, 371, 390, 620

c. liutchinsi 620

var. hutchinsi 620

huicUnsi 338, 342, 349, 390, 620

nigncans 342,390,621

Brachyotus cassini 389, 571

palustris 571

/?. cassini 571

Bubo subarcticus 340, 347, 375, 389, 572, 576

virginianm 572

p. subarcticus 572

saturatus , 572

var. arcticus 572

pacificus 572

Bucephala albeola 342, 349, 390, 626

americana 342, 349, 390, 626

olangula 626

p, americana 626

Buteo abbreviatus 589

bairdi 584,585

borealis 524,582,583,585

b. calurus 582

i3,oaluru8 582

var. calurus 582

d.krideri 582

• Page.

Buteo borealkf y. luca^anus 582

calurus .340, 347

351, 357, 360, 363, 364, 375, 389, 582

oooperi 582

elegans 332,389,582

f errugineus 590

harlani 582, 584, 585

insignatus 584,585

lineatus 582,585

13, elegans 582

var. elegans 582

montanus 582

oxypterus 584

sp 336

swainsoni 340,350, 351

357, 360, 362, 364, 368, 375, 389
511, 532, 573, 582, 583, 584, 585

swainsoni var. oxypterus 584

zohocercus 589

Butorides virescens 330, 390, 617

Calamospiza bicohr 372, 374, 383, 386, 388, 487

Calypte anncB 330, 331, 336, 337, 389, 558, 559

Canace canadensis var. franklini 337

obscura ^ 319,337

362, 365, 375, 376, 383, 384, 389, 598

Caprimulgus nuttalli 567

Cardinalis virginianus .536, 603

Carduelis lawrencii 463

Carpodacus califomicus 335

cassini 319, 343, 347, 359, 360

367, 374, 383, 384, 387, 457, 460, 536

frontalis 323,329,330

331, 340, 341, 344, 346
349, 350, 35B, 367, 370
374, 387, 404, 458, 469

a. frontalis 458

a. frontalis 458

var. frontalis 458

purpureus 4.57

Cathartes aura 593

sp 336

Catherpes conspersus 326, 350

360, 383, :384, 387, 420

mexicanus 420

mexicanus, (3, conspersus 420

mexicanus var. conspersus 420

Centrocercus urophasianus 324, 342, 356, 363

366, 368, 375, 383, 384, 389, 591, 600

Certhia americana 319, 333

335, 342, 347; 349, 373, 382, 387, 418

familiaris 418

/?. americana 418

var. americana 418

mexicaria 418

654

INDEX TO PART III.

. Page.

Ceryle alcyon 310, 326, 337, 340, 343, 346

361, 362, 363, 364, 368, 375, 388, 545

ChcBtura pelagica 564, 566

(pelagica var.t) vauxi 566

vanxi 323, 340, 341, 385, 389, 564, 566

Chamcea faaciata .-. 332,335,337

Charadrins mexicanus 606

vociferus 603

ChauUlasmus atreperus 327, 331

3:57, 341, 369, 390, 622

Chonde$t€8 grammaca 324, 329, 330, 336, 337, 340

349, 350, 352, 357, 358, 360, 361, 362, 363
368, 370, 374, 388, 467, 479, 480, 487, 497

Cliordeiles henryi 324,337,340

357, 358, 359, 368, 375, 376, 384, 389

popetue. 537,568

/?. henryi 568

var. henryi 568

virginianus. b. henryi 568

var. henryi 568

ChrcBcocephalus Philadelphia 390, 639

Chrysomitris lawrencii - . 333, 387, 463

pinua 319, 335, 360, 362, 363

367, 374, 376, 387, 462, 463, 536, 541
i)8a?<na. 335, 367, 374, 376, 386, 387, 462

a. psaltria 462

yar. psaltria 462

trisiis 323, 329, 330, 340

363, 367, 374, 376, 387, 461, 468, 480

Cichlopsis nitens 447

Circus cyaneus hudsonius 580

var. hudsonius 580

hudsonim 337,340,349

361, 363, 364, 368, 375, 339, 577, 580
Cincltts m&noanus 319, 334

338, 349, 356, 367, 373, 376, 387, 406

Cistothorus palustris var. paludicola 425

atellaris. 381

(Telmatodytes) palustris 425

Clangula americana - 626

Coccygus americanus 558

Coccyzm amerimnm . . , . , .2^, 330, 339, ;581, 388, 558

Colaptea auratus 331,338

356, 381, 383, 385, :388, 555, 557

ayresii 556

ohryaoides 381, 557

hyhndM 345, 381, 383, 388, 556, 557

mexicanus 330, 331, 336, 337, 340, 345

347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 356, 359, 360

362, 363, 364, 375, 376, 381, 388, 554
Collurio horealia 348,387,452

excubitoroides 321, 330, 337

340, 348, 350, 354, 357, 359, 362
363, 370, 374, 387, 452, 453, 468

ludovidanua - 453

Tuge.

Collurio liidovidanuSf /?, excubitoroides 453

var. excubitoroides 453

CoUyrio borealis 452

excubitoroides 543

Columba carolinensis 596

faaoiata 336,338,382,595

migratoria - - - 593

Colymbus podiceps 643

Contopus borealis 319, 362, 375, 388, 535

richardsoni 323, 329

330, 331, 336, 340, 350, 351, 359, 361

362, 363, 364, 368, 375, 388, 537, 539

virens ^..331, 535, 537, 538

virens var. richardsonii 537

(virens var.?) richardsonii 537

Corvus omcricawws... 332, 336, 338, 354, 388, 513, 514

a. americanus 514

cacalotl 512

carnivorus..332, 338, 348, 352, 356, 357, 362

363, 364, 363, 368, 371, 374, 368, 512

caunnus 514

columbianus - 515

oorax 512

/3. carnivoms 512

var. carnivoms 512

hudsonicus - 530

oaaifraguB 513

Cotumiculus passerinus 381, 467, 468

/?. perpallidus 467

b. perpallidus 467

var. perpallidus 467

perpallidus 326, 330

358, 361, 367, 374, 388, 467, 480
Cotyle riparia...326, 330, 337, 339, 367, 373, 387, 445

serripennis - 440

Crex galeata - 613

Cuculus americanus 558

auratus - 557

Curvirostra americana 455

leucoptera 456

Cyanodtta calif omica 332, 333 336

347, 379, 388, 525, 527, 553

var. woodhpusii 526

floridana var. woodhousii 526

macrolopha , — '.. 524

woodhomii ....320, 322, 355, 356, 359, 361
366,368,374,379,383,385,388,526

Cyanospiza amma 322, 323, 329, 380, 331, 337

340, 346, 350, 351, 357, 359, 361, 363

364, 368, 370, 374, 388, 435, 488, 490
cyanea ..331,435,490

Cyanura coronata var. macrolopha. 524

oriiJtoto 469, 519, 523

frontalis 319, 333

336, 345, 347, 388, 396, 516, 525

INDEX TO PART III.

655

Page.

Cyanura macrolopha , 319, 372

374, 376, 383, 386, 388, 523, 524

stelleri 523

(i. frontalis 523

var. frontalis 523

macrolopha 524

Cygnus hucdnnator 342, 390, 619

Cypselus borealis 565

melanoleucus 564

vauxii 563

Dafila acuta 327, 337, 341, 369, 390, 622

Diotnedia nigripea * 309

Dolichonyx orymwiw.361,362, 363, 381, 384, 385, 388

/?. albinuchus 500

var. albinuchus 500

Dendrwca €e8tiva.....323y 329, 330, 335, 337, 339, 346

, 350, 351, 354, 359, 361, 362, 363, 364

367, 373, 37.7, 387, 428, 431, 437, 468

auduhoni 319,334,335

342, 349, 356, 364, 373, 387, 431, 433

hlackburnice 381

coronata 381, 433, 434, 544

nigreacena 335, 359

373, 376, 385, 387, 428, 433, 451
occidentali8,3^1y 332, 379, 380, 3^5, 387, 432

townsendi 361, 362

363, 335, 379, 380, 385, 387, 432

Ectopiates migratoria ....355, 380

384, 385, 389, 428, 518, 596

Elanoidea forficatua 309

Elanua leticurus 389, 592

Empidonax diffidlia 319, 375, 388, 539, 544

flaviventria 539, 544

b. difficilis 544

var. difficilis 544

Tiammondi 321,361,362

363, 364, 383, 385, 388, 539, 541, 543

minimua, 381, 537, 541

ohacurua. /S2l, 348, 356, 357, 350, 362, 36 )
365, 375, 383, 384, 388, 464, 539, 541

puaillua 322, 323, 329

330, 336, 337, 340, 359, 361, 362
368, 370, 375, 388, 451, 539, 541

trailii 539

b. pusillus 539

var. pusillus 539

wrigbtii 541

Emberiza amouna 490

bilineata . -. 475

coroData 472

leucopbrys 470

EremophilaalpeatHa./S2Aj 338, 342, 345, 348, 351, 352

356, 357, 363, 364, 373, 388, 498

a. alpeatria 498, 499

Page-

Eromopbila alpestris var. alpestris 498

/?. leucolwma 498, 499

b. leucolaBma 498

var. leucolaBma 498

o. chrysolsBma 499

y. chryaoJasma . . * 499

var. cb ry solse ma . , , . . . 499

cbrysolaBma : . 332, 353, 370, 388

cornuta 498, 499

var. cbry solsema 499

leucoliema 388

Ereunetes occiden talis 609

petrificatus - 609

puaillua ^.327, 341

353, 369, 376, 389, 604, 609

var. occidentalis 609

Emmatura ruhida 327, 341

342, 349, 354, 369, 390, 626
m americana 494

Falco anatum

canadensis

carolinensis , . .

columhariua 338, 342, 364, 389,

communia

o. anatum

var. anatum

communis naevms

/?. ncBviua

cooperi

fuscus

hudsonius

lanarius var. polyagrus

leucocephalus I

raexicanus

polyagrus

naevius 340, 343,360,389,

nigriceps

polyagrus 326,

360, 303, 368, 375, 384, 389, 570,

saker -...

aakerj /?. polyagrua

sancti-jobaunis

sparverius 323, 330, 340, 347, 350,

360, 362, 364, 368, 375, 378, 385,
(^salon) lithofalco var. columbarius.

( Hypotriorcbis) columbarius

(Tinnunoulus) sparverius

Fdlcinellua guarauna .327 , 361, 369, 383, 385, 389,
thalaaainua .... 327, 341, 354, 383, 389,

Fringilla bicolor

cblorura

crlssalis

frontalis

575
590
593
578
575
575
575
577
573
575
581
581
580
577
592
517
577
575
575
354
577
577
577
589
351
389
578
578
578
615
615
487
496
498
458

656

INDEX TO PART III.

Page.

Fringilla grammaca 467

lapponica 464

lincolni 484

monticola , 478

oregonus 473

pecoria 501

pinus 463

psaltria*. 462

tristis 461

(Passerella) guttata 482

Fulica americana 331, 341, 345, 346, 354

358, 361, 362, 3G9, 376, 389, 614, 617

Fuligula affinis 625

americana 624

collaris 625

ferina var. americana - 624

marila 625

vallisneria 625

Fulix affinie 342,390,625

collans 342, 349, 390, 625

marila 342, 349, 390, 625

Gal€08copt€8 caroUnemia 322, 327, 367, 370, 371

372, 373, 376, 377, 331, 384, 386, 390

Gallinago gallinaria var. wilsoni 606

tm?»<mi....337, 338, 361, 362, 376, 389, 606

GalUnula galeata 331, 389, 613, 617

martinica 309

Garrulus californicua 525

Garzetia candidiasima 309

Geococoyx califomianus. 333

Geopicus chrysoides 557

Geothlypia macgilUvrayi 322, 335, 355, 359

361, 363, 367, 373, 376, 387, 434, 435

Philadelphia, a. macgilli vrayi 435

var. macgil li vrayi . . 435

trkhaa 323, 330, 337, 339, 346, 358

381, 383, 336, 367, 373, 387, 434, 501

Glancidium calif omicum 335

gnoma 333, 382

Goniaphea csBrulea 489

melanocephalus . . , 488

( Hedymeles) melanocephalus 488

Gr4iettlm dilophu8 635

0.floridanu8 635

b. floridanus 635

var. floridanus 635

floridanus 327, 341, 369, 390

Gru$ canadensis 326, 341

358, 331, 389, 376, 389, 611 , 619

Guiraoa ccBrulea 329, 330, 388, 468,489

melanocephala 488

Gymnohitta cyanocephala 320, 321

348, 357, 359, 383, 383, 384, 388, 617

Haliaettis Uucocephalus 333, 340, 343, 389, 592

Barporhynchus rufus 401, 408

Pftffo.

Hedymeles ludovidanus 334, 483

melanooephalus 322, 329, 330

331, 336, 337, 340, 346, 355, 357
359, 368, 374, 388, 488, 490, 509

Selminiliophaga cslata 321, 356, 363, 334

373, 384, 387, 428, 429, 430

a. celata 429

(3, lutescens 429

var. lutescens 429

lutescens 356, 363, 364

379, 380, 387, 430, 473

ruflcapiUa.335,363, 380, 385, 387, 427

vas, gatturali8-..427, 428

virginicB 320, 359, 362, 367, 372

373, 376, 380, 383, 385, 387, 428, 45i

Herodias egretta 327, 331, 341, 369, 390, 617

var. californica 617

Hesperiphona vespertina • 332

Himantopus mexicanus 327, 3:i7

340, 352, .369, 389, 553, 608

nigricollis 606

Hirundo bicolor 441

cyanopyrrha 441

erythrogaster : 441

p. horreorum 441

horreoram ....326,330

335, 337, 339, 349, 354, 357, S60
362, 367, 373, 387, 440, 441, 444

Innifrons 440

nigra 505

purpurea 439

riparia 445

rufa 441

serripennis. 446

subis 439

thalassina 443

Hydrobata mexicana 403

Hydrochelidon fissipes 640

lariformis 327,331

345, 346, 361, 369, 390, 640

plumbea 640

Hylatomus pileaim 333

Hypotriorchis columbarius 578

Ibis alba

f alcinollus var. ordii

ordii

thalassinus

331

615

615

615

guarauna.. 615, 616

Icteria longicauda..323, 330, 337, 339, 343, 350, 351
355, 359, 361, 367, 373, 337, 433, 403

virens 436,438

(3, longicauda 433

var. longicauda 433

Icterus halUmare 331, 507, 409, 535

INDEX TO PART III.

657

Page.

Icterus hulIocU .....323, 329, 330, 331, 336

337, 340, 346, 350, 356, 357, 359, 361
368, 370, 374, 377, 388, 459, 488, 508

icterocephalus !. . . 502

spunuB 507,509

Icterus tricolor 505

Junco canicepa... Z19, 372, 374, 383, 386, 388, 474, 536

cinereus var. caniceps 474

liyemalis 380, 381, 473, 474, 478

var. can5cep8 380, 474

oregonus 473

oregonm 319, 332, 334, 336, 342, 348

350, 356, 365, 388, 473, 474, 478, 612

Lanius borealis ^ 452

excuUtoroides 553

tyrannus var. y. carolincusis w . 532

Lanivireo cassini 355, 356

378, 380, 385, 387, 449, 473

plumbeus 321, 359

367, 374, 383, 385, 387, 451

soUtarim 350, 356

364, 380, 384, 385, 387, 427, 450

var. cassini 449

plumbens 428, 451

Larus, sp.t 331

argentatoides 637

belclxeri 636

californicus , 327, 341

343, 352, 371, 390, 631, 637, 638

delawarensis 342, 390, 637, 638

var. californicus 637

heermanni 636

Philadelphia 639

(Blasipus) belcheri 636

heermanni 636

(ChrcBCocephalus) Philadelphia 639

Leuconerpes albolarvatus 547

Leucosiicte Uttoralis 350, 387, 461

tephrocotis. b. griseinucha 461

var. Uttoralis 461

Lophodytes cucullatus 341, 390, 627

Lophophanes inornatus 320, 321

333, 347, 348, 382, 387, 410, 414

hieolor 411

Lophwtyx calif ornicm 333, 335, 337, 389, 602

Loxia amenoana 361, 362, 363, 387, 455, 456

coerule^ 489

leucoptera ♦. 319,359

361, 362, 363, 385, 387, 455, 456

Macrorhamphus griseua 607

Mareca americana 327, 337

. ^ 341, 343, 369, 371, 390, 622

Page.

Melanerpes er^throcephalus 368, i^l

384, 386, 388, 516. 553, 554

formicivorus 332, 336, 388, 553

torguatus 332, 336

345, 347, 363, 364, 388, 516, 553

Merulasilens 394

Melospiza fallax ,322, 354, 356, 359

361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367
374, 376, 377, 383, 388, 482, 486

fasdata 468,481

p, heermanni 481, 483

6, guttata. .482, 484

y, fallax 482,483

guttata 332,356

379, 380, 385, 388, 450, 473, 482

heermanni 330, 336

337, 340, 343, 349, 388, 481, 482, 493
lincolni ... 325, 347, 365, 366, 374, 484, 488

melodia a. heermanni 481

var. heermanni 481

f. guttata 482

var. guttata 482, 483

a. fallax 482

var. fallax 482

palustris 381

rufina 482

Mergus americanua 342, 390, 627

castor var. americanus 627

cucullatus 627

merganser 627

m^ganseTj (3. americanua 627

aerrator.. 342,390,627

Milvus leucurus 592

Mimus carolinensis 399, 494

polygloitua 401,448,527

Molothrua at^- 340, 341, 354, 368,374, 388,501

a, ater 501

pecoris 501

a. pecoris 501

Motacilla aestiva 431

csBrulea 409

calendula 409

pileolata 437

Muscicapa carolinensis .; 399

guttata 393

pueilla 437

ruticilla 438

saya 534

solitaria 450

Myiadestea townaendi..^20, 321, 334, 347, 387, 394, 408

Myiarchua dneraecena 323, 332, 340

350, 351, 357, 359, 368, 375, 388, 533

crinitua 533

var. mexicanus 533

mexicanus 533

658

INDEX TO PAET III.

Page,

Myiodioctes pileolatus 387

2yu8illu8 323,335, 339

342, 351, 355, 356, 359, 361
363, 364, 373, 387, 430, 437

c puaUlus 437, 438

Tar. pileolata 437

p.pdeolatus 437,438

var. pusilltiB 437

Nephcecetes boreali8.323, 340, 341, 350, 385, 389, 564

niger 565

b. borealis 565

(3. horealis 565

var. borealis 565

Nettion carolinensia 327, 337, 343, 369, 390, 623

NUm coopeH 347, 356, 361, 364, 375, 389, 581

var. mexioanus 581

fuacm 336, 364, 375, 386, 389, 561

Numenius lanffiroatiis 327,341

369, 370, 376, 389, 609, 611, 615

Numida mdeagris 502

NyotaU aeadioa 365,386,389,572

albifrons 572

Nyctiardea garden! 618

griaea 618

p.ncBvia 618

var. na&via 618

n»via 327, 331, 341, 390, 618

Oreortyx pioius 335, 337, 347, 348, 379, 389, 601

(i, plumiferus 601

var. plumiferus 601

Oreoacoptes numtanus 324, 333, 339, 348, 352

353, 354, 357, 358, 361, 362, 363, 367
370, 371, 383, 384, 386, 399, 448, 480

Oriolus phcBniceus 503

Omismya anna 558

Orpheus montanus 399

Ortyxpiota 601

plumifera 601

Hrginianua 602

Otocorys occidentalis 498

Otus brachyotus 571

vulgaris var. wilsonianus 570

wiU<mianu8,d23, 330, 340, 345, 349, 364, 389, 570
(Brachyotus) brachyotus 571

Pandion carolinensis 340, 389, 593

halioBtm 593

0. caroUnensU 593

var, carolinensis 593

Pauyptila melanoleuca 564

saxatilU 326,357

360, 368, 383, 385, 389, 443, 444, 564

Parus airicapillus 411,412

var. occidentalis 412

Page.

Pania atrioapillust 7. ooddentaUa 412

/?. aeptentrionalis 412

var. septentrionalis 412

carolinensis. 411, 412

InomatuB 411

melanotis 415

minimus 413

mantantis 319, 347

359, 365, 373, 382, 387, 411, 412

occidentalis 332, 335, 387, 412

septentrionalis 365, 377, 386, 387, 412

var, albescens 412

Passerculus alaudinus 326, 3:36

337, 340, 348, 356, 358, 361, 362
365, 367, 370, 374, 387, 464, 465

sandvichenais 464

a. alimdinua 464

savanna *. 464

a. savanna 464

var, alaudinus 464

Passerella iliaca var. schistacea 486

megarhyncha 345, 384, 388, 485

achiataoea .... .322, 325, 349, 364, 372, 374
383, 384, 388, 482, 485, 486, 501

townaendi 336

var. megarhyncha 485

schistacea 485, 48G

Pedioecetes columbianus 326, 365

369, 375, 383, 386, 389, 599

phaaianelltia 599

/?. columbianua 599

var, columbianus 599

Pelecanua erythrorhynchua.d^, 337, 341, 343, 390, 627

fuscus 309

occipitalis 628

trachyrhynchus 627

Petrochelidon Imifroria 309, 326, 330

337, 339, 349, 350, 357, 360, 367

373, 387, 440, 443, 444, 535, 564

Phmop^la nitena,. . .352, 383, 385, 387, 447, 448, 547

Phalacrocorax floridanus 635

Phalaiopus wilsoni 604

(Steganopus) wilsoni 604

Phasianus columbianus 599

Pica caudata var. hudsonica 520

nuttalli 519

hudsonica.. 323, 337, 340, 345, 348, 349, 355, 356
364, 383, 384, 388, 518, 520, 553, 570

melanoleuca var. hudsonica 520

nuttaUi 519

nuiialli 332,388,519

ruatica 520

p.hudaanica 520

var. hudsonica 520

Pidconma columbianua 319, 333, 347

359, 362, 374, 376, 388, 396, 515, 554

INDEX TO PAET III.

659

Page.

Piooides aroHous 347,384,388,548

Platyrhynchus piisillus 539

Pleotrophanes lapponUnia 348, 387, 464

Picus albolarvatus., ..319, 333, 336f 345, 347, 388, 547

erythrocephaluB 554

fonnicivoms 553

gairdneri 321, 336

364, 365, 375, 386, 388, 546, 547

harrisi 336,340,345,347,349,350

351, 359, 365, 375, 378, 388, 546, 548

leucuxus 516

nuttalli : 332, 336, 388, 447, 547

puhescens ....* 546,547

b. gairdneri 546

var. gairdneri 546

raber ! 549

scalaris var. nuttalli 547

thyroideus 551

torquatns 553

vUlosus 545, 548

var.harrisi 545

williamsoni 551

(Aptemus) arcticus 548

Pipilo carmanl 491

chlorurua 325,336,340

347, 355, 357, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363
364, 365, 368, 374, 383, 384, 388, 496

consobrinus 491

crissalis 333, 336, 388, 498

erythrophthalmus 331, 469

491, 492, 493, 494, 495

f U8CU8 498

var. crissalis 498

maoulatua 491

p.megalonyx 491,495

var. megalonyx 491

y.oregonm 491, 495

var. oregonus 491

megalonyx 320, 356, 357, 359

368, 371, 374, 383, 386, 388, 491, 494

oregonus 323,330

331, 336, 337, 340, 343, 348, 349, 350
351, 356, 379, 380, 388, 450, 473, 491

Podiceps auritus 642

ft. calif ornicus 642

var. calif omicus 642

califomicus.327, 341, 345,349, 352, 369, 390

clarki 641

enstatus 327, 361, 362, 390, 642

occufonto2i«..327, 341, 345, 349, 369, 390, 641
(^chmophorus) occidentalis. a. occi-

dentalis 641

Podilymhua podiceps 338, 341, 349, 369, 390, 643

Polioptila ccBTulea 333,387,409

melanura •. . . 409

plumbea 409

Pag«.

Pooecetes confinis 326, 337, 348

357, 360, 361, 362, 363, 374, 387, 485

gramineua 340,466,497

ft, confinis 466

var. confinis 466

Poospiza belli 476

var. novadensis 476

biliueata 475

Porzana oaroZina.327, 337, 341, 369, 376, 389, 612, 613

Jamaicensis 327,376, 613

Progne purpurea 439

subia 309,321,330

339, 349, 350, 367, 373, 387, 439, 440

Psaltria plumbea 413

Paaltriparua wwZanotw.... 359, 383, 385, 387, 415, 456

minimus 333, 335, 387, 413

minimus var. minimus 413

plumbeus 413

plunibeus 320,322

348, 355, 356, 359, 383, 385, 387, 413

Psarocolius oyanocephalus 510

gubemator 504

Ptiliogonys nitens 447

townsendi 408

Pyranga erythromelama 456

ludoviciana. Z19, 334, 335, 337, 339, 346, 359
364, 367, 373, 376, 387, 454, 488, 509

rubra .454, 455

Pyrgita domeatica 459

Querquedula carolinensis 623

cyanoptera 327, 331

337, 341, 369, 376, 390, 621, 623
diacora .327, 331, 341, 369, 384, 390, 623

Quiacalua caneua 381, 502

purpureas 502

Kallus carolinus 612

elegana 381

jamaicensis 613

larif ormis 640

virginianua 327, 341, 369, 389, 612

Becurviroatra amerioana 327, 337

340, 352, 353, 369, 371, 389, 605

Begulua calendula 319, 335, 342, 348, 349

356, 364, 373, 382, 387, 401, 409, 418

aatrapa 347, 387, 356, 410

Rhinogryphua aura 332,340, 349

351, 352, 357, 362, 364, 375, 389, 593

Bhyacopkilua aoUtariua 327, 337

341, 346, 376, 389, 417, 610

Salpinctea obsoletua 326, 336

348, 349, 350, 351, 355, 356, 367, 360
303, 383, 384, 387, 404, 418, 420, 535

Sayomia fuacua 331, 534, 535

660

INDEX TO PART III.

Page.

SaifornU nigricans 329, 330

331, 336, 337, 388, 534, 535

sayus ...326,340,348,351

355, 356, 360, 368, 383, 384, 388, 534

ScoUcophagua cganocephalus 321, 326, 348

351, 356, 357, 359, 362, 364, 368
374, 384, 388, 503, 510, 578, 587

Scolopax guarauna 615

semipalmata 609

wilsoni 606

Scops asio 332, 336, 389, 518, 571

a. aaio 571

var. maccalU 571

flammeola 335, 382

maccalli 571

Seiurus ludovicianus 486

noveboracensis 381

Selasphorus anna 558

platycerms,. 325,360, 361

362, 363, 368, 372, 375, 376, 378
383, 385, 389, 451, 559, 560, 563

mfu8 339,342

363, 379, 380, 385, 389, 559, 563
Setophaga ruiicilla 322, 367, 370, 372

373, 376, 377, 381, 384, 386, 387, 438

Sialia arciica 321, 342, 345

348, 350, 356, 357, 360, 367, 370
373, 383, 384, 387, 403, 404, 535

mexicana 323, 333, 334, 335, 339

347, 348, 350, 351, 382, 387, 402, 404

sialis '. 403,455,507

Sitta acnleata ..319, 347, 873, 382, 387, 415, 416, 417

canadensis 319, 364, 365, 373, 386, 387, 416

caroUnensis 415, 416

(3. aculeaia 415

var. aculeata 415

pygmcBa 319, 347, 373, 382, 387, 417

Spatula clypeata 327, 337, 341, 369, 390, 624

Spmtyio ounicularia 573

o. cunicularia 573

p. grallaria 573

y. hypogcBa 573

var. hypogaea 573

6. floridana 573

e. guadaloupenis 573

Ixypogroa 324, 330, 331

332, 342, 348, 352, 353, 368, 389, 416

Sphyrapicus nuchalis 319, 321, 347

365, 375, 383, 384, 388, 439, 549, 552

ruber 319,333,336,388,549

thyroideus 319, 345, 347

375, 382, 383, .384, 388, 550, 551, 552

varius 550, 552

YoriaB. b. nuchalis 549

var. nuchalis 549

c. ruber 549

Page.

Sphyrapicus varius var. ruber 549

williamsoni 551,552

Spizella arizonae 321,329, 330

336, 340, 357, 359, 360, 368, 374, 388

hreu^cri 324, 329, 330, 331, 336, 340, 348

349, 351, 353, 357, 358, 361, 362, 363
364, 367, 370, 371, 374, 388, 479, 480

moniicola 338, 342

348, 350, 381, 384, 388, 478

pallida 331

var. breweri 480

pmilla 480

socialis 468, 478

P, arizonm 479

b. arizonsd 479

♦ var. arizonse 479

Steganopus wilsoni 327, 341, 369, 385, 389, 604

Stelgidopteryx serripennts 326, 330, 337

339, 349, 367, 373, 387, 440, 444, 446

Stellula calliope .325, 360

372, 375, 383, 385, 389, 560, 563

Sterna forsteri 327, 331

341, 345, 354, 358, 361, 369, 390, 639

640

havelli 639

Philadelphia 639

plumbea 640

regia .... 327, 341, 345, 346, 354, 369, 390, 639

(Thalasseus) regius 639

Strix acadlca 572 .

albifrons 572

americana 569

asio 571

brachyotus 571

flammea 569

americana 569

var. americana 569

/?. pratincola 569

hypogffia 573

pratincola 332,389,569

var. pratincola 569

(Bubo) arcticus 572

Struthus caniceps 474

Sturnella magna 506, 508

b. neglecta 506

var. neglecta 506

neglecta 326,330,335, 336

337, 340, 348, 350, 351, 354, 356, 357
361, 363, 368, 374, 388, 477, 480, 506

Sylvia auduboni 433

celata 429

macgillivrayi 435

nigrescens 433

occidentalis 432

ruficapilla 427

townsendi. 432

INDEX TO PART III.

661

Page.
Symphemia semipalmata ..341, 353, 369, 376, 389, 609

Tachyoineta hioolor 323, 339

348, 367, 373, 387, 439, 440, 441, 444
thalassina 326, 327, 339, 343

357, 360, 367, 373, 384, 387, 443, 564

Tachypetea aquila 309

Tanagra ludoviciana 454

Telmatodytes paludicola 326, 337

339, 349, 358, 366, 367, 373, 3B7

palustris 425

p. paludicola 425

Tetrao californious 602

phasianellus 599

obscurus 598

umbelloides 599

urophasianns 600

(Centrocercus) iirophasianus 600

Thalasseus regius 639

Thryomanes bewicki 422, 468

y. spilurus 422

spilurus 329, 330, 335, 387, 422

Thryothorus bewicki 422

var. spilurus 422

■ ludovicianus 419

mexicanus 420

spilurus 422

Tinnunculus sparverius 578

Totanus semipalmatus 609

solitarius 610

Tringa alpina 607

americana 604

aJpina /3. americana 607

var. americana 607

americana 341, 389

bairdi 327, 341, 353, 389, 604, 608, 609

bartramia 611

macularia 610

minutilla.'S27y 341, 353, 369, 389, 604, 608, 609

pusilla 609

solitaria 610

wilsoni 608

(Scboeuiclus) alpina var. americana. 607
.Tringoid€8 maculariua 327, 337, 341

349, 350, 361, 369, 376, 389, 417, 610
TrocUlus alemndn...d2b, 330, 331, 340, 341, 360, 368

372, 375, 389, 558, 559, 560, 561, 563

calliope - . . . 563

colnhris 331,559

platycercus 560

rufus 559

Troglodntes aedon 422, 425

/?. parkmanni 422

var. parkmanni 422

hyemalis 349,384,424

p. pacificus 424

Page.

Troglodytes hyemalis var. pacificus 424

obsoletus 418

parvulus var. pacificus 424

pacificus 342, 387

parkmanni 323,332,335

339, 343, 348, 349, 350, 351, 355, 359
361, 363, 364, 367, 373, 387, 422, 451

spilurus 422

Turdus auduboni ...367, 372, 373, 383, 386, 394, 397
fu8ce8C€n8....277f 381, 383, 386, 394, 397, 398

guttatus 365, 379, 386, 393, 473

/?. auduboni 394

migratoHus 321, 333, 334, 335

338, 343, 348, 349, 3.50, 356
357, 359, 360, 361, 363, 364
367, 373, 376, 386, 391, 518

var. migratorius 391

propinquua 392

nanus 393

pallasi 380

var. auduboni 380,394

nanus 380,393

b. nanus 393

b. auduboni 394

silens 394

swainsoni 319,322, 361

362, 363, 364, 367, 372, 373
376, 380, 383, 385, 386, 397

a swainsoni 397

trichas 434

nstulatus 319, 334

335, 339, 341, 386, 397, 398, 409

(S, swainsoni 397

Tyrannula cinerascens 533

hammondi 543

nigricans 534

obscura 541

richardsoni 537

Tyrannus borealis 535

carolinensis 323, 331, 339, 342

368, 375, 380, 384, 385, 388, 528, 532

veritmlia 323,329,330

331, 340, 350, 351, 357, 359, 361
368, 374, 388, 528, 533, 539, 561

Vireo belli 331,452

cassini 449

gilvus b. swainsoni 448

var. swainsoni 448

plumbeus 451

puBillua 329,330,331,387,451

solitarius , 449, 450

var. cassini 449

plumbeus 451

swainsoui 351, 448

Vireoaylvia giha 448

var. swainsoni 448

662

INDEX TO PART HI.

Page.

Vireosylvia gilvaf jS, swaimoni 448

olivacea 381

plumbea 451

Bolitaria 450

var. plumbea 380

solitaria 380

swainsoni 323,330,337

339, 354, 355, 357, 359

361, 363, 364, 367, 370

373, 387, 388, 430, 448

Vulturaura 593

Xanthocephalua ioterocephdlus 326, 330

337, 340, 348, 354, 358, 361
368, 374, 425, 502, 504, 506

Xanthomas bnllockii 508

Page.

Zenasdura caroUnenm 309, 323, 330

336, 337, 339, 340, 349, 351, 352, 356
357, 358, 359, 361, 362, 363, 364, 368
370, 375, 376, 377, 389, 469, 499, 596

Zonotrichia coronata 332, 335, 336

356, 379, 380, 385, 388, 450, 473, 482

fallax 482

gamheli 471

intermedia 380

intermedia 325, 332, 334

342, 348, 349, 350, 355, 356, 363, 364

365, 366, 388, 403, 470, 471, 473, 478

Uucophrys .. ..325, 367, 372, 374, 380, 381

384, 386, 388, 470, 478, 485

var. gambeli 471

intermedia 471

INDEX TO PART III.

POPULAR FAMES.

Page.

American Avocet 605

Bittern 618

Coot 614

Gallinule 613

Kestril 578

Magpie 520

Merlin 578

Pelican 627

Peregrine 575

Raven 512

Redstart 438

Robin 391

Stilt 606

Anna's Hummer 558

Arkansas Flycatclier 528

Goldfinch 462

Artemisia Sparrow 476

Ash-throated Flycatcher 332, 333

Audubon's Thrush 394

Warbler 334

Avocet 352,606

Baird's Sandpiper 608

Baltimore Oriole 507, 509, 565

Bald Eagle 343,592,593

Bald-pate 622

Band-tailed Pigeon 595

Bank Swallow 444,445,446

Bam Owl 332,569

Swallow 344, 405, 422, 440, 441, 459

Bartram's Tatler 611

Bay-winged Bunting 466, 497

Belted Kingfisher 545

Bewick's Wren 419,422,423

Big Black-head 625

Bittern 618

Black Brant 621

-backed Three- toed Woodpecker 548

-biUed Magpie 519, 520, 521

-cap 411

-capped Chickakee 332,412

-capped Green Warbler 430

YeUow Warbler 437

-chinned Hummer 559

Curlew 354,615

•eared Titmouse 415

Page.

Black-footed Albatross 309

-headed Grosbeak 323, 329, 454, 488, 561

Pewee 329,422,534

Rail 362

Snipe 615

Swift 565

Tern 640

-throated Gray Warbler 428, 433

Sparrow 459,475,580

Blue-fronted Jay 523

-gray Gnatcatcher 409

Grosbeak 329, 489

Grouse 598

Jay 519

Nutcracker 348,517

-winged Teal 623

Bob-o-link 500

White 602

Bonaparte's Gull 639

Broad-tailed Hununer 560

Bronzed Ibis 615

Brewer's Blackbird 510

Span-ow 329,459,580

Brown Bunting 498

Creeper 333,418

-headed Woodpecker 551

Pelican 309

Thrasher 401

Buff-breasted Sheldrake 627

BuUock's Oriole 329, 370, 454, 508, 509

Burrowing Owl 332,573

Butter-baU 626

California Bluebird 333, 334, 402

Grebe 642

Gull 637

Valley Jay 525

QuaU '.-. 602

Woodpecker 332,553

Calliope Hummer 563

Canada Goose 620

Sparrow 478

Canon Wren 420

Canvas-back 625

Cardinal Grosbeak 536, 603

Carolina Chickadee ^ 411, 412

663

664

INDEX TO PART III.

Page.

Carolina Wren 419

Cassin's Purple Finch 457, 463

Vireo 449

Catbird 370,372,399,494,527

Cedar Bird 446, 455

Chimney Swift 405, 564, 566

Chipping Sparrow 329, 479

Cinnamon Teal 621, 623

darkens Nutcracker 347, 515, 518, 523, 554

Cliff Swallow.^ 309,405

440, 441, 443, 445, 446, 459, 535, 579

Common Crossbill 455

Crow 332,513,514

Goldfinch 461

Orange-crowned Warbler 429

Rail 612

Robin 334

Snipe 606

Common Troupial 507

Cooper's Hawk 581

Coot 310,345,614

Cowbird 502

Blackbird 501

Desert Lark 353

Dick Cissel 494

Dipper 334,406

Double-crested Cormorant 635

Downy Woodpecker - . . 546

Duck Hawk 575

Dusky Grouse 598

Dusky Red-tail 582

Dwarf Hermit Thrush 393

Eared Grebe 642

Eastern Bluebird 413,455,507

Kingbird 339

Lark. 507

Purple Finch 457

Snowbird 473

Yellow-rump 433

-rumped Warbler ^ , . 433

European House Sparrow 459

Fairy Titmouse 320.

Fish Crow 513

Hawk , 593

Florida Galliuule 310

Forster's Tern. :... 639

Gadwall 621,622

Gairdner's Woodpecker 455, 546

Golden-crowned Kinglet 409, 410

Sparrow 472

Eagle 589,590

Page.

Golden-eye 626

Warbler 431

GoldFinch 329

Gray-headed Purple Finch 350

Snowbird 474

Ruffed Grouse 599

Titmouse .320, 410, 411, 414

Grass Bunting. 466

Ground Owl 573

Robin 492

Green-head , 621

-backed Goldfinch 462

Heron 617

Ibis 354,615

-winged Teal 623

-tailed Bunting 466,496

Great Blue Heron ...343,344, 616

White Heron 617

Crested Flycatcher 533

Homed Owl 572

Northern Shrike 452

Guinea Hen 502

Guttersnipe 407

Hairy Woodpecker 545

Hammond's Flycatcher 543

Harris's Woodpecker 545

Hanging Bird 459

Heermann's Gull 635

Hermit Thrush 393

Hepburn's Leucosticte 461

Hooded Sheldrake 627

Horned Owl 576

Lark : 487, 332, 464, 498

House Finch . ..344, 349, 350, 358, 370, 404, 449, 450

Pigeon 595

Wren 332,419,422

Hybrid Flicker 556

Indigo Bird^ 435

Kentish Plover 604

Kill-deer 603, 610

Plover 576

Kingbird 532

Kingfisher 310,446,579

Lapland Longspur - 461, 464

Lark Bunting.... 329,487

Sparrow 467,469

Lawrence's Goldfinch 463

Large-billed Water Thrush 486

Lawyer 605

Lazuli Bunting 329, 490

Lead-colored Titmouse 413

INDEX TO PART III.

665

Page.

Lead-colored Vireo 428, 451

Least Bittern 618

Sandpiper 608

Titmouse 413

Vireo .329,451

Lesser Snow Goose. 354, 619

Lewises Woodpecker ^32, 553

Lettuce Bird '. 461

Lincoln^s Sparrow 464

Little Black Rail 613

-head 625

Flycatcher 539

Red Owl 571

Titmouse 355

White Egret 3C9

Long-billed Curlew 609,611

Marsh Wren 425

-clawed Ground Robin 491

-crested Jay 524

-eared Owl 570

-tailed Chat 436

Chickadee 412

House Wren 329,421

Louisiana Tan ager 334, 422, 454

Magpie 337, 345, 377, 518, 570

Mallard 621

Man-o-war Hawk --- 309

Marsh Hawk 577,580

Maryland Yellow-throat 434, 435, 436

Maximilian's Jay 517, 518

McGillivray's Warbler 435

Meadow Lark 468

Mexican Lark 469

Mooking-Bird 401, 448, 527

Mottled Owl. 332,571

Mourning Dove 309, 338, 351, 596

Mountain Blue-bird 370, 404

Chickadee 347,411,412

Eagle ,. 591

Grouse 598

Jay 333,334, 347

Mocking-Bird 399, 400

Partridge 601

Quail 601

Nashville Warbler 427

Night Hawk 537,566,568

Heron 618

Nutcracker 333, 334, 523

NuttalPs Woodpecker 332,447

OHve-backed Thrush 397

-sided Flycatcher 535

Orange-crowned Warbler 429

Orchard Oriole 507,509

Pasre.

Oregon Ground Robin 491, 492

Snowbird 334, 403,473

Swift 566

Thrush 334

Osprey... 593

Parkman's Wren 422

Passenger Pigeon 518, 596

Peregrine Falcon 344, 575

Pigeon Hawk 578

Pigmy Nuthatch 417

Pine Goldfinch ' 463

Pine Hen 599

PiHon Jay 320

Pin-tail 622

Poor Will 567

Prairie Falcon 577, 579

Purple Finch 345

Gallinule *.... 309

Martin ..309,350, 405, 439, 440, 441, 442, 444

Raven 512,513,596

Red-bellied Nuthatch 416

-breasted Woodpecker 549

-and-black-shouldered Blackbird 504

-buff-shouldered Blackbird 503

- whi te-shouldered Blackbird 505

-backed Sandpiper 657

-billed MudHen 613

-breasted Sheldrake 627

Hawk 3:^,582

-head 624,625

Linnet 458,529

-headed Woodpecker 516, 553, 554

-naped Woodpecker 439, 549

-shafted Flicker 455, 516, 555, 579

-shouldered Blackbird 503

Hawk 582

-tailed Hawk 524, 58:2

-throated Woodpecker .., 550

-winged Blackbird 462, 504

Redstart 370,372

Richardson's Pewee 537

Ridgway's Sparrow 471

Ring-bill 625

-billed Gull 638

-necked Woodpecker 576

Robin 333, 345, 403, 408, 422, 423, 518, 581

Thrush 391

Rock Wren 336, 349, 404, 418, 419, 420, 421, 423

Rocky Mountain Bluebird 403

Hermit Thrush 394,397

Rose-breasted Grosbeak 488

Rough-leg 590

-legged Hawk 513,589

-winged Swallow 440, 445, 446

666

INDEX TO PART III.

Page.

Royal Tern 639

Ruby-crowned Kinglet -•.- 401, 409

-throat 559

Raddy Duck 626

RuffedGrouse 599

Rufous-backed Hummer 560

Hummer 339,559

Sage Hen 591,600

Thrasher 399,400

Saker Falcon..-. 577

Sand-hiU Crane .611,619

Savanna Sparrow 353^464,467

Saw-whet Owl 572

Say's Pewee. 344, 459, 534

Scarlet Tanager ,. 454

Screech Owl..-. 518

Sharp-shinned Hawk 561,581

-tailed Grouse 365,599

Shining Ptilogonys 447

Shore Lark 498

Short-eared Owl 571

Shoveller 624

Skylark 469

Sparrow 467

Slate-colored Sparrow 486

Slender-billed Nuthatch 415

Snowbird 350,405,419,613

Snowy Heron 309

Plover 604

Solitary Sandpiper 610

Vireo 450

Song Sparrow * 481, 482, 492

SoraEail 612

Southern Black-cap 412

Shrike 453

Sparrow Hawk 578,585

Spotted Sandpiper 610

Squirrel Hawk 590

Steller's Jay 523, 524

Sunmier Yellowbird 428,431,437

Swainson's Buzzard 584

Hawk 583,584,686

Thrush 372,397

Vireo 356,430

Swallow-tailed Kite .- 309

Tawny Thrush 397,398

Teeter 407

Thick-billed Grebe 643

Sparrow 345,485

Tilt-up : 407

Tit-lark 426

Ton* Crow 513

Towhee 492

Page.

Townsend's Ptilogonys 408

Solitaire 334

Warbler 432

Traiirs Flycatcher -...329, 370, 539

Tree Sparrow 478

Trumpeter Swan 619

Tule Wren 425

Turkey Buzzard 332, 593,594

Valley Bluebird 404

Jay 332,333,379,553

Quail 333,602

Vesper Sparrow 466

Violet-green Swallow 343, 443, 445, 579

Virginia Rail 612

Virginia's Warbler - - - 428

Warbling Vireo 370,448

Water Ouzel. 406

Western Bluebird 402

Chickadee 412

Grebe 641

Kingbird 329, 528, 561

Meadow Lark 506,507

Prairie Chicken 599

Tanager 454

Towhee 491

Warbler 432

White-crownod Sparrow 403

Winter Wren 424

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher 544

Whip-poor-will 567

Whistler [Swan] 619

White-bellied Nuthatch 415

Swallow 439, 440

441, 442, 444, 445, 446

-billed Mud Hen 614

Brant 619

-crowned Sparrow 334, 372, 470

-headed Gull 309

Woodpecker 547,548

-rumped Shrike 453

-tailed Kite 592

Woodpecker 516

-throated Swift 443, 564, 579

-throated Wren 420

-winged Crossbill 456

Willet 609

Wilson's Phalarope 604

Snipe 606

Thrush 398

Williamson's Woodpecker 551

Winter Wren 424

Wood Duck 624

Pewee 329,537

INDEX TO PART III.

66^

Page.

Wood Thrush 507

Wren 323,422

Woodhouse'a Jay 355,526

Wright's Flycatcher 541

Yellow-billed Cuckoo 558

Magpie 332, 519, 553

-breasted Chat 436, 492

Page.

Yellow Hammer - 555

-headed Blackbird,. 502

Orange-crowned Warbler 429

-rumped Warbler 544

-shafted Flicker 555,557

Warbler 329

-winged Sparrow 467

Yelper 605

INDEX TO PART III.

INDIAN NAMES.

The letter aDuexed to a name is the tribe iDitial: P., denotiDg Paiute (or Pah-Ute), S., Shoehone, and
and W., Washoe, — the tribes whose vocabularies were, in part, noted.

Page.

Ab'dah, P. ( Corviw carnivorus) 512

Ah'-soo-pannab, P. {Colaptes mexicanus) 555

Assoi'-te-Queh-nah', P. (Arvliihuieo sancti-

joliannis) • 589

Bahns, P- J ( PeUcanus erythrorhynckus) . . , 627
Bah»-nu8, P. < ^ * ^ ^

Gooe- no'atz, S. ( Colapfea meuiicantis) 555

Gueb'-nah, S. ( Aqaila canadensis) 590

Gue-ni'-heet, P. ( Lanis califomious) 637

Hih, S. (Corvus cajntivorue) 512

Ho'shim, W. ( lihinogryphua aura) 593

Hang' o-bo'-ah, W. (Zencedura cdrolinensis).. 596

Kah'gebk, W. ( Corvua carnivorus) 512

Kah'-gebk Nab'-ming, W. {Corvus america-

nus) 514

Kabsoo'-te, W. {Picus harrisi) 545

Kay '-lehk, W. ( GalUnago wilaoni) 606

Kih'-bik, P. ( Oreortyx pictus) 601

Koo'-ta-gueb', P. ( Antrostomus nuttalU) 567

Ko w'-a-look, W. ( Chordeiles henry i) 568

Look'-em, W. (Hedymeles melartooephalus} — 488

Loo'-kem-o, W. ( Botaurus minor) . 618

Ma'-cd-e-kan-ab'-ebk, W. UArcHhuteosancii-

Ma'-hoo-ebk, W. \ johannls 589

Mab'-tem-ab'-tek, W. ( Oreortyx pictus) 601

Moo-boo', P. ( Bubo subarticus) 572

Moob'-um-pooh', W. {Zonotriohia intermedia) . . 471

Ne-bab'-tone, P. {Junco oregoriua) 473

Pab'-at-se'-tone, P. {Stum^lla negUcta) 506

Pab'-bup, W. (Pioicorvus columbianus) ....... 515

Pab-cool'-up-at'-sa-que, P. {Agelwus phceni-

ecus) 503

Pah-t8ik'-we,P. haraculusfloHdanus).. 630
Pab-tsik'-wy-be, V. y *^

Pabn-toy'-be, S. {Eimantopus mexicanus) 606

Pang'-we-chin'uh-moo, S. {Ceryle alcyon) 545

Pe'ab Gueh-nab', 8. {Archihuteo sancti-johan'

nis) 589

Pe'-esb-a-tse, S. {SeJasphorus platycercus) 560

Pi8b'-e-wab'-e-te-tse> S. (Empidonax obseunis) . 541

Pish'-e-wab'-e-tse, S* {Empidonax pusillus) . . . 536

Pob-tahl'-ing-ebk, W. (Aquila canadensis) .. . 590

Pooe- tse'-tsc, W. ( Pipilo chlorurus) 496

Queh' Ab'dab, P. (Corvua americanua) 514

668

PrtgO.

Queh-nab', P. (Aquila canadensis) '. 590

Que-nabk'-et, P. {Larus, sp.) 637

Que'-to-gib, gib, P. (Pica hudsonica) 520

Qu'-um-ab'-utz, S. (Sphyrapicus nucJialis) 549

Se-hoot'-se-pah, P. (Melospiza fallax) 481

Se-yob', W. (Centrocercus uropkasianus) 600

Se-zoob', W. (Xdnihocephalus icteroceplmlus) . , 502
Se-zoob'-te-mo-lab', gebk, W. (Agelceus pkoBni-

ceua) 503

Se-zooh'-te-ya'-lelik, W. (Sturi^ella neghcia).. 506

Si'yeh-eh, S. ( GalUnago wilsoni) 606

Si'-ye-beb, S. ( Fulica aniericana) 614

So-bo-quoy'-e-tse, S. (Spizella arizonw) 479

Soong-oob'-eb, P. (Trochilus alexandriy and

Selasphorus rvfus) ,... 559

Tab'-bab-bone-kah'-bab, P. (Botaurus minor) . 618

Tab'-bah-klat'-uk, W. (Junco oregonus) 473

Tab'-tu t, W. ( Pica hudsonica) 520

Tab' um-pabrr-te, W. (Ceryle alcyon) 545

Te'-lebk, W. (Anas boschas) 621

Teniooh-moob', W. (Bubo subarticus) 572

Tetsuoi', W. ( Colaptes mexicanus) 555

Toet-ea-gueh', S. (Antrostomus nuttalli) 567

Tob'-o-kotz, S. ( Picicarvus columbthnus) 515

Tok'-et-se-wbab', P. (Amphispiza nevadenais). 476
Toowir-b'-e-kim'-booah, S. (Selasphorus platy-

cercus) 560

To-que'-ob, P. ( Sayomis sayua) 534

Tsan'-ak-nnk'ket-ah, P. ( Ceryle alcyon) 545

Tu-ebk'-tuddle, W. ( Oreortyx pictus) 601

Tuttoo-boy'-ebk, W. ( GalUnago tviUoni) 606

Uni-gu'-eet, P. (Hedymeles melanocephalus) . , . 488

Wab-pe'-pannab, P. ( Pivus harrisi) 545

We'abk, P. ( Cyanocitta woodhousii) 526

We-bo'-pe, P. (Zencedura caroUnensis) 596

We'-to- wicb, P. ( Carpodacus frontalis) 458

Wut'-tn-ze-ze, P. (Amphispiza bilineata) 475

Wy'-e-up-ab'-ob, S. ( Chordeiles henryi) 568

Yet'-* o-gisb, P. (Emj^idonax obscurus) 541

Yo-sboo'-ab, W. (Cyanocitta calif ornica) 5C5

You'-oo-hoot'-se-pab, P. (Zonotrichia interme-
dia) 471

Yset'ke, W. (Icterus buUocki) 508

INDEX TO PART III.

LOCALITIES DESCRIBED OR SPECIALLY REFERRED TO.

Page.

Acapulco - 309

Antelope Island (Great Salt Lake) 370

Aspinwall 309

Austin (Toyabe Mountains, Nevada) 356

Big Bend (Truckee River, Nevada) 338

Buena Vista Cafion (West Humboldt Mount-
ains, Nevada) 355

*' Camp 19" (Ruby Mountains, Nevada) 357

"Camp 22" (East Humboldt Mountains, Ne-
vada)... 362

Cape St. Lucas .'.... 309

Carrington Island (Great Salt Lake) 371

Carson City (Nevada) 346

Carson River (Nevada) 350

City of Rocks (Idaho) 365

Clover Mountains (Nevada) 365

Cometock Mountains (Nevada) 344

Dearing's Rancbe (Nevada) 363

Deep Creek (Utah) 366

Edwards^ Creek (Nevada) 352

Fairview Valley (Nevada) 352

Fort Churchill (Nevada) 351

Glendale (Truckee Meadows, Nevada) 336

Holmes's Creek (Nevada) 365

Humboldt Marshes (Nevada) 353

Islands of Pyramid Lake (Nevada) 343

Kamas Prairie (Utah) 377

Nevada Station (Carson River, Nevada) .... 351

Oreana (Humboldt River, Nevada) 354

Overland Ranche (Ruby Valley, Nevada) ... 360

Pack's Canon (Uinta Mountains, Utah) 376

Panama 309

Parley's Park (Wahsatch Mountains, Utah) 371
Plains [between Sacramento and the Sierra

Nevada] 332

Provo River (Utah) 377

Pyramid Lake [vicinity of] 339-344

Rabbit Island (Great Salt Lake) 371

Ruby Mountains (Nevada) 357

Page.
Ruby Valley (Nevada) :—

** Camp 19" 357

"Camp 22" 362

Overland Ranche * 360

Sacramento City (California) 310,328

Salt Lake City (Utah) 366

Sand Springs (Carson Desert, Nevada) 352

San Francisco ( California) 310

Secret Valley (East Humboldt Mountains,

Nevada) 363

Sierra Nevada (Caliiornia and Nevada) : —

Western Foot-hills 333

WesternSlope 334

Summit 334

Eastern Slope 335

Soda Lake (Carson Desert, Nevada) 351

Stansbury Island (Great Salt Lake, Utah) .. 371

Steamboat Valley (Nevada) 345

Thousand Spring Valley (Nevada) 365

Toyabe Mountains (Nevada) 3r6

Trout Creek (Upper Humboldt Valley, Ne-
vada) 364

Truckee Meadows (Nevada) 336

Truckee Reservation (Nevada) 339

Uinta Mountains (Utah) 376

Unionville (West Humboldt Mountains, Ne-
vada) 355

Upper Humboldt Valley (Nevada) : —

Dearing's Ranche 363

Trout Creek 364

Virginia Mountains (Nevada) 344

Virginia City (Nevada) 349

Wahsatch Mountains (Utah) :—

Parley's Park 371

Provo Canon 377

Washoe Valley (Nevada) 344

. Wright's Cafion (West Humboldt Mountains,

Nevada) 354

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