American Pomology.

APPLES.

BY

DOCT. JOHN A. WARDER,

PllESIDENT OHIO POMOLOGTCAL SOCIETY; VICE-PRESIDEKT AMBRiCAX
POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, ETC.

290 ILLUSTRATIONS.

NEW YORK:
ORANGE JUDD AND COMPANY.

245 BKOADWAY.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S07, b}-

OEAKGE JUDD & CO.,

A"^ *he Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern
District of New York.

LovRJoy & Son,

tlectrotypers and Stereotypers.

15 Vandewater St., N. Y.

PREFACE.

All patriots may realize a sense of pride, when they
consider the capabilities of the glorious country in which
we are favored to live ; and while fostei'ing no sectional
feelings, nor pleading any local interests, yet, as Americans
and as men, we may be allowed to love our own homes,
our own neighborhoods, our States and regions; and we
may be permitted to think them the brightest and best
portions of the great Republic to which we all belong.
Therefore the writer asks to be excused for expresshig a
preference for his own favored Northwest^ and while claim-
ing all praise for this noble expanse, he wishes still to be
acknowledged as most devotedly an American Citizen,
who feels the deepest interest in the prosperity of the
whole country.

His fellow-laborers in the extensive field of Hoj'ticul-
ture, who are scattered over the great Northwest, having
called upon him for a work on fruits which should b(i
adapted to their wants, the author has for several years
devoted himself to the task of collecting materials from
which he is preparing a work upon American Pomology
of w^hich this is to be the first volume.

The title has been adopted as the most appropriate, be-
cause the book is intended to be truly American in its
character, and, though it maybe especially adai)ted to the
wants of the Western St ates, great pains have been taken

rV PEEFACE.

to make it a useful companion to the orchardists of all
portions of our country.

When examining this volume, his friends are asked to
look gently upon the many faults they may find, and they
are requested also to observe the peculiaritiv'^s by which
this fruit book is characterized. Much to his regret, the
author found that itwns considered necessary to the com-
pleteness of the volume, that the general subject of fruit-
growing should be treated in detail, and, therefore, intro-
ductory chapters were prepared ; whereas, he had set out
simply to describe the fruits of our country. To this
necessity, as it was considered by his friends, the author
yielded reluctantly, because he felt that this labor had al-
ready been thoroughly done by his predecessors, whose
volumes were to be seen in the houses of all intelligent
fruit-growers. From them he did not wish to borrow
other men's ideas and language, and therefore undertook
to write the w^holeanew, without any reference to printed
books. But, of course, it is impossible to be original in
treating such familiar and hackneyed topics as those which
are discussed at every meeting of horticulturists all over
the country, and which form the subject of the familiar
discourse of the green-house and nursery, the potting-shed
and the grafting-room, the garden and the orchard.

After the introductory chapters upon the general or
leading topics connected with fruit-culture and orcharding,
the reader will find that especial attention has been paid
to the classification of the fruits under consideration in
this volume. Classification is the great need of our po-
mology, and, indeed, it is almost a new idea to many
American readers. The author has fully realized the dif-

PREFACE. V

ficulties attendant upon the unclevtaking, but its impor-
tance, and its growing necessity, were considered sufficient
to warrant the attempted innovation. It is lioped that
American students of pomoh)uy will appreciate the efforts
which have been made in their behalf. The formulge wldoh
have been adopted may not prove to be the best, but it is
believed that they will render great assistance to those
who desire to identify fruits ; and that, at least, they may
lead to a more perfect classification in the future.

On the contrary, with these simple formulae, under
which the fruits are arranged, the student has only to de-
cide as to which of the sub-divisions his specimen must
be referred, and then seek among a limited number for the
description that shall correspond to his fruit, and the iden-
tification is made out.

In the systematic descriptions of fruits, the alphabetical
succession of the names is used in each sub- division. An
earnest endeavor has been made to be minute in the de-
tails without becoming prolix. A regular order is adopt-
ed for considering the several parts, and some new or un-
usual characters are brought into requisition to aid in the
identification. Some of these characters appear to have
been strangely overlooked by previous pomologists,
though they are believed to be permanent and of consid-
erable value in the diasrnosis.

In decidingupon the selection of the names of fruits, the
generally received rules of our Pom ological Societies have
been departed from in a few instances, where good reasons
were thought to justify differing from the authorities.
Thus, when a given name has been generally adopted over
a largd extent of country, though different from that used

yi PKEFACE.

by a previous writei", it has buen selected as the title of
the fruit in this work.

To avoid incumbering the pages, authorities for the
nomenclature have not been cited, except in a few in-
stances, nor have numerous synonyms been introduced.
Such oidy as are in common use have been given, and
those of foreign origin have been dropped.

Tiie attention of the reader is particularly directed to
the catalogue of fruits near the close of the volume, which
also answers as the index to those which are described in
detail. This portion of the work has cost an immense
amount of labor and time, and, though making little dis-
play, will, it is hoped, prove very useful to the orchardist.
In it the names of fruits are presented in their alphabeti-
cal order, followed by information as to the average size,
the origin of the variety, its classification, from Avhich are
deduced its shape, flavor and modes of coloring ; next is
noted its season, and then its quality. This last character
IS, of course, but the result of private jud'gment, and the
estimate may differ widely from that of others ; the qual-
ity, too, it should be remembered, is here intended to be
the result of a consideration of many properties besides
that of mere flavor.

This catalogue will furnish a great deal of information
respecting the fruits it embraces. Unfortunately, it is not
so full nor so complete as it should be, but it is offered as
the result of niany years' observations, and is submitted
for what it is worth.

AcKNOvvLKDGMKNTS. — It is but an act of common jus-
tice for an author to acknowledge his indebtedness to those
M^ho liave aided him in his labors, es[>ecially where, from

PREFACE. VII

the natui'e of the investigations, so much material has to
be drawn from extrinsic sources. Upon the present occa-
sion, instead of an extended parade of references to the
productions of other writers, which might be k)oked upon
as rather pedantic, it is preferred to make a general
acknowledgment of the important assistance derived from
many pomological authors of our own country and of
Europe. Quotations are credited on the pages where they
occur.

But the writer is also under great obligations to a host
of co-laborers for the assistance they have kindly rendered
him in the collecting, and in the examination and identifi-
cation of fruits. Such friends he has happily found wher-
ever he has turned in the pursuit of these investigations,
and there are others whom it has never been his good for-
tune to meet face to face. To name them all would be
impossible. The contemplation of their favors sadly re-
calls memories of the departed, but it also revives pleasant
associations of the bright spirits that are still usefully en-
gaged in the numerous pomological and horticultural asso-
ciations of our country, which have become important
agencies in the diffusion of valuable information in this
branch of study.

To all of his kind friends the author returns his sincere
thanks.

With a feelinoj of hesitation in coming before the pub-
lic, but satisfied that he has made a contribution to the
fund of human knowledge, this volume is presented to the
Horticulturists of our country, for whom it was prepared
^j their friend and fellow-laborer,

AsToi^, January 1, 1867. j:NrO. A. WARDER.

INTRODUCTION.

IMPORTANCE OF ORCHARD PRODUCTS — GOVERNMENT STATISTICS —
GREAT VALUE OP ORCHARD AND GARDEN PRODUCTS — DELIGHTS
OP FRUIT CULTURE — TEMPERATE REGIONS THE PROPER FIELD FOR
FRUIT CULTURE, AS FOR MENTAL DEVELOPMENT — PLANTS OF CUL-
TURE, PLANTS OP NATURE — NOMADIC CONDITION UNFAVORABLE
FOR TERRA-CULTURE — NECESSITIES OF AN INCREASING POPULA-
TION A SPUR — HIGH CIVILIZATION DEMANDS HIGH CULTURE —
HORTICULTURE A FINE ART, THE POETRY OF THE FARMER'S LIFE
— MORAL INFLUENCES OP FRUIT-CULTURE — SINGULAR LEGISLATION
RESPECTING PROPERTY IN FRUIT — INFLUENCE UPON HEALTH —
APPLES IN BREAD-MAKING; AS FOOD FOR STOCK — SOURCES AND
ROUTES OP INTRODUCTION — AGENCY OF NURSERYMEN — INDIAN
ORCHARDS — FRENCH SETTLERS — JOHNNY APPLE-SEED — VARIETIES
OF FRUITS, LIKE MAN, FOLLOW PARALLELS OF LATITUDE — LOCAL
VARIETIES OF MERIT TO BE CHERISHED — OHIO PURCHASE — SILAS
WHABTON — THE PUTNAM LIST.

Few persons have any idea of the great value and im-
portance of the products of our orchards and fruit-gardens.
These are generally considered the small things of agri-
culture, and are overlooked by all but the statist, whose
business it is to deal with these minutiae, to hunt them up,
to collocate them, and when he combines these various de-
tails and produces the sum total, we are all astonished at
the result.
1*

10 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

Our government wisely provides for the gathering of
statistics at intervals of ten years, and some of the States
also take an account of stock and production at interme-
diate periods, some of them, like Ohio, have a permanent
statician who reports annually to the Governor of the
State.

Our Boards of Trade publish the amounts of the lead-
ing articles that arrive at and depart from the principal
cities, and thus they furnish us much additional informa-
tion of value. Besides this, the county assessors are
sometimes directed to collect statistics upon certain points
of interest, and now that we all contribute toward the ex-
tinction of tbe national debt, the United States Assessors
in the several districts are put in possession of data, which
shoMld be very correct, in regard to certain productions
that are specified by act of Congress as liable to taxation.
By these several means we may have an opportunity of
learning from time to time what are the productions of
the country, and their aggregate amounts are surprising
to most of us. When they relate to our special interests,
they are often very encouraging. This is particularly the
case with those persons who have yielded to the popular
prejudice that cotton was the main agricultural production
of the United States; to such it will be satisfactory to
learn that the crop of corn, as reported in the last census,
is of nearly equal value, at the usual market prices of each
article. Fruit-growers will be encouraged to find that the
value of orchard products, according to the same returns,
was nearly twenty millions, that of Ohio being nearly one
million ; of INTew York, nearly three and three-quarters
millions ; that the wine crop of the United States, an in-

LNTRODUCrriOX. 11

terest that is still in its infancy, amounted to nearly three
and one-quarter millions; and that the valuation of mar-
ket garden products sums up to more than sixteen millions
of dollars' worth. It is to be regretted that for our present
purpose, the data are not sufficiently distinct to enable us
to ascertain the relative vahie of the productions of our
orchards of apples, pears, peaches, quinces, and the amount
and value of the small fruits, as they are termed, since
these are variously grouped in the returns of the census
takers, and cannot now be separated. Of their great
value, however, we may draw our conclusions from sep-
arate records that have been kept and reported by indi-
viduals, who assert the jn^oducts of vineyards in some
cases to have been as high as three thousand dollars per
acre ; of strawberries, at one tliousand dollars ; of pears,
at one hundred dollars per tree, which would be four
thousand dollars per acre ; of apples, at twenty-five bush-
els per tree, or one thousand bushels per acre, which, at
fifty cents per bushel, w^ould produce five hundred dollars.
But, leaving this matter of dollars and cents, who will
portray for us the delights incident to fruit-culture ? They
are of a quiet nature, though solid and enduring. They
carry us back to the early days of tlie history of our race,
when "the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden

and out of the ground made the Lord God to grow

every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for

food and the Lord God took the man and put him

into the garden of Eden, to dress it and to keep it." We
are left to infer that this dressing and keeping of the gar-
den was but a light and pleasant occupation, unattended
with toil and trouble, and that in their natural condition

12 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

the trees and plants, unaided by culture, yielded food for
man. Those were paradisean times, the days of early in-
nocence, when man, created in the image of his Maker,
was still obedient to the divine commands ; but, after the
great transgression, everything was altered, the very
ground was cursed, "thorns and thistles shall it bring
forth to thee, and thou shalt eat of the herb of the field.

In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread." ^From

that day to the present hour it has been the lot of man to
struggle with difficulties in the cultivation of the soil, and
he has been driven to the necessity of constant watchful-
ness and care to preserve and to improve the various
fruits of the earth upon which he subsists. In the tropics,
it is true, there are many vegetable productions which
are adapted for human food, even in a state of nature, and
there we find less necessity for the effort of ingenuity and
the application of thought and labor to produce a subsist-
ence. Amid these productive plants of nature^- the na-
tives of such regions lead an idle life, and seldom rise
above a low scale of advancement ; but in the temperate
regions of the globe, where the unceasing effort of the
inhabitants is required to procure their daily food, we find
the greatest development of human energies and ingenui-
ty— there man thinks, and works ; there, indeed, he is
forced to improve the natural productions of the earth —
and there we shall find him progressing. As with every-
thing else, so it is with fruits, some of which were natur-
ally indifferent or even inedible, until subjected to the
meliorating influences of high culture, of selection, and
of improvement. Here we find our plants of culture,
which so well repay the labor and skill bestowed upon them.

rNTRODUCTIO]?^. 13.

In the early periods of tlie history of our race, while
men were nomadic and wandered from place to place,
little attention was paid to any department of agricultural
improvement, and still less care was bestowed upon hor-
ticulture. Indeed, it can scarcely be supposed that, un-
der such conditions, either branch of the art could have
existed, any more than they are now found among the
wandering hordes of Tartars on the steppes of Asia. So
soon, however, as men began to take possession of the
soil by a more permanent tenure, agriculture and horticul-
ture also, attracted their chief attention, and were soon
developed into arts of life. With advancing civilization,
this has been successively more and more the case; the
producing art being obliged to keep pace with the in-
creased number of consumers, greater ingenuity was re-
quired and was applied to the production of food for the
teeming millions of human beings that covered the earth,
and, as we find, in China, at the present time, the greatest
pains were taken to make the earth yield her increase.

High civilization demands high culture of the soil, and
agriculture becomes an honored pursuit, with every de-
partment of art and science coming to its assistance. At
the same time, and impelled by the same necessities, sup-
ported and aided by the same co-adjutors, horticulture
also advances in a similar ratio, and, from its very nature,
assumes the rank of a fine art, being less essential than
pure agriculture, and in some of its branches being rather
an ornamental than simply a useful art. It is not admit-
ted, howevei', that any department of horticulture is to be
considered useless, and many of its applications are emi-
nently practical, and result in the production of vast quan-

14 A^rERTCAl^f POMOLOGY.

titles of human food of the most valuable kind. This
pursuit always marks the advancement of a community.
— As our western pioneers progress in their improvements
from the primitive log cabins to the more elegant and sub-
stantial dwelling houses, we ever find the garden and the
orchard, the vine-arbor and the berry-patch taking their
places beside the other evidences of progress. These
constitute to them the poetry of common life, of the
farmer's life.

The culture of fruits, and gardens also, contributes in
no small degree to the improvement of a people by the
excellent moral influence it exercises upon them. Every-
thing that makes home attractive must contribute to this
desirable end. Beyond the sacred confines of the happy
hearthstone, with its dear familiar circle, there can be no
more pleasant associations than those of the garden,
where, in our tender years, we have aided loved parents,
from them taking the first lessons in plant-culture, gather-
ing the luscious fruits of their planting or of our own ;
nor of the rustic arbor, in whose refreshing shade we have
reclined to rest and meditate amid its sheltering canopy
of verdure, and where we have gathered the purple ber-
ries of the noble vine at a later period of the rolling year ;
nor of the orchard, with its bounteous supplies of golden
and ruddy apples, blushing peaches, and melting pears.
With such attractions about our homes, with such ties to
be sundered, it is wonderful, and scarcely credible, that
youth should ever be induced to wander from them, and to
stray into paths of evil. Such happy influences must have
a good moral effect upon the young. If it be argued that
such luxuries will tend to degrade our morals by making

INTRODUCTIOJiT. 15

US effeminate and sybaritic, or that such enjoyments may
become causes of envy and consequent crime on the part of
those who are less highly favored, it may be safely assert-
ed that there is no better cure for fruit-stealing, than to
give presents of fruit, and especially of fruit-trees, to your
neighbors, particularly to the boys — encourage each to
plant and to cherish his own tree, and he will soon learn
the meaning of meum and tuicm^ and will appreciate the
beauties of the moral code, which he will be all the more
likely to respect in every other particular.

Some of the legislation of our country is a very curious
relic of barbarism. According to common law, that
which is attached to the soil, may be removed without a
breach of propriety, by one who is not an owner of the
fee simple ; thus, such removal of a vegetable product
does not constitute theft or larceny, but simply amounts
to a trespass : whereas the taking of fruit from the ground
beneath the tree, even though it be defective or decaying,
is considered a theft. An unwelcome intruder, or an un-
bidden guest, may enter our orchard, garden, or vineyard,
and help himself at his pleasure to any of our fruits,
which we have been most carefully watching and nursing
for months upon trees, for the fruitage of which we may
have been laboring and waiting for years, and, forsooth,
our only recourse is to sue him at the law, and our only
satisfaction, after all the attendant annoyance and expense,
is a paltry fine for trespass uj)on our freehold, which, of
course, is not commensurate with our estimate of the value
of the articles taken : fruits often possess, in the eyes of
the devoted orchardist, a real value much beyond their
market price.

16 AMERICAJSr POMOLOGY.

Were I asked to describe the location of the fabled
fountain of Hygeia, I should decide that it was certainly
situated in an orchard ; it must have come bubbling from
earth that sustained the roots of tree and vine ; it must
have been shaded by the umbrageous branches of the
wide-spreading apple and pear, and it was doubtless ap-
proached by alleys that were lined by peach trees laden
with their downy fruit, and over-arched by vines bearing
rich clusters of the luscious grape, and they were gar-
nished at their sides by the crimson strawberry. Such at
least would have been an appropriate setting for so valued
a jewel as the fountain of health, and it is certain that the
pursuit of fruit-growing is itself conducive to the posses-
sion of that priceless blessing. The physical as well as
the moral qualities of our nature are wonderfully pro-
moted by these cares. The vigorous exercise they afford
us in the open air, the pleasant excitement, the expecta-
tion of the results of the first fruits of our plants, tend-
ing, training and cultivating them the while, are all so
many elements conducive to the highest enjoyment of
full health.

The very character of the food furnished by our or-
chards should be taken into the account, in making up our
estimate of their contributions to the health of a commu-
nity. From them we procure aliment of the most refined
character, and it has been urged that the elements of
which they are composed are perfected or refined to
the highest degree of organization that is possible to occur
in vegetable tissues. Such pabulum is not only gratefully
refreshing, but it is satisfying — without being gross, it is
nutritious. The antiscorbutic effects of ri^e fruits, espe-

INTRODUCTION. 17

cLiily tliose that are acid, are proverbial, and every fever
patient has appreciated the relief derived from those that
are acidulous. Then as a preventive of the febrile affec-
tions peculiar to a miasmatic region, the free use of acid
fruits, or even of good sound vinegar made from grapes
or apples, is an established fact in medical practice — of
which, by the by, prevention is always the better part.

Apples were esteemed an important and valuable ar-
ticle of food in the days of the Romans, for all school
boys have read in the ore rotundo of his own flowing
measures, what Yirgil lias said, so much better than his
tame translator :

*' New cheese and chestnuts are our country fare,
With mellow apples for your welcome cheer."

But in more modern times, beside their wonted use as des-
sert fruit, or evening feast, or cooked in various modes, a
French economist " has invented and practiced with great
success a method of making bread with common apples,
which is said to be very far superior to potato-bread.
After having boiled one-third part of peeled apples, he
bruised them while quite warm into two-thirds parts of
flour, including the proper quantity of yeast, and kneaded
the whole without water, the juice of the fruit being quite
sufficient ; he put the mass into a vessel in which he al-
lowed it to rise for about twelve hours. By this process
ho obtained a very excellent bread, full of eyes, and ex-
tremely light and palatable." *

^N'or is this class of food desirable for man alone.
Fruits of all kinds, but particularly what may be called

* Companion for the Orchard.— Phillips.

18 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

the large fruits, such as are grown in our orchards, may
be profitably cultivated for feeding our domestic animals.
Sweet apples have been especially recommended for fat-
tening swine, and when fed to cows they increase the flow
of milk, or produce fat according to the condition of these
animals. Think of the luxury of eating apple-fed pork !
Why, even the strict Rabbi might overcome his preju-
dices against such swine flesh ! And then dream of enjoy-
ing the luxury of fresh rich milk, y(^llow cream, and golden
butter, from your winter dairy, instead of the sky-blue
fluid, and the pallid, or anotto-tinted, but insipid butter,
resulting from the meager supplies of nutriment contained
in dry hay and fibrous, woody cornstalks. Xow this is
not unreasonable nor ridiculous. Orchards have bec^n
])lanted with a succession of SAveet apples that will sus-
tain swine in a state of most peifect health, growing and
fattening simultaneously from June to ]^ovember ; and
the later varieties may bo cheaply preserved for feeding
stock of all kinds during the winter, when they will be
best prepared by steaming, and may be fed with the great-
est advantage. Oar farmers do not appreciate the benefits
of having green food for their animals during the winter
season. Being blessed with that royal grain, the Indian
corn, they do not realize the importance of the provision
of roots which is so great a feature in British husbandry ;
but they have yet to learn, and they will learn, that for us,
and under our conditions of labor and climate, they can
do still better, and produce still greater results with a
combination of hay or straw^ corn meal and apples^ all
properly prepared by means of steam or hot water. Be-
sides, such orchards may be advantageously planted in

IXTRODUCTIOIS'. 10

many places where the soil is not adapted to the produc-
tion of grain. — The reader is referred to the chapter on
select lists in another part of this volume,- in which an at-
tempt will be made to present the reader with the opinions
of the best pomologists of various parts of the country.

It were an interesting and not unprofitable study to
trace the various sources and routes by which fruits have
been introduced into different parts of our extended coun-
try. In some cases we should find that we were indebted
for these luxuries to the efforts of very humble individu-
als, while in other regions the high character of the or-
chards is owing to the forethought, knowledge, enterprise,
and liberality of some prominent citizen of the infant com-
munity, who has freely spent his means and bestowed liis
cares in providing for others as well as for his own neces-
sities or pleasures. But it is to the intelligent nurserymen
of our country that we are especially indebted for the un*-
versal diffusion of fruits, and for the selection of the best
varieties in each different section. While acting separate-
ly, these men were laboring under great disadvantages,
and frequently cultivated ci^rtain varieties under a diver-
sity of names, as they had received them from various
sources. This was a difficulty incident to their isolation,
but the organization of Pomological Societies in various
parts of the country, has enabled them in a great measure
to unravel the confusion of an extended synonymy, and
also by comparison and consultation with the most intel-
ligent fru't-growers, they have been prepared to advise
the planter as to the best and most profitable varieties to
be set out in different soils and situations.

Most of our first orchards were planted with imported

20 AMERICAX POMOLOGY.

trees. The colonists brought plants and seeds. Even
now, in many parts of the country, we hear many good
fruits designated as English, to indicate that they are con-
sidered superior to the native ; and we are still importing
ch^»ic6 varieties from Europe and other quarters of the
globe.

The roving tribes of Indians who inhabited this coun-
try when discovered and settled by the whites, had no or-
chards— ^they lived by the chase, and only gathered such
fruits as were native to the soil. Among the earliest at-
tempts to civilize them, however, those that exerted the
greatest influence, were efforts to make them an agricul-
tural people, and of these the planting of fruit-trees was
one of the most successful. In many parts of the coun-
try we find relics of these old Indian orchards still remain-
ing, and it is probable that from the apple seeds sent by
the general government for distribution among the Cher-
okees in Georgia, we are now reaping some of the most
valuable fruits of this species. The early French settlers
w^ere famous tree-planters, and we find their traces across
the continent, from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mex-
ico. These consist in noble pear and apple trees, grown
from seeds planted by them, at their early and scattered
posts or settlements. These were made far in advance of
the pioneers, who have, at a later period, formed the van
of civilization, that soon spread into a solid phalanx in its
march throughout the great interior valley of the continent.

On the borders of civilization we sometimes meet with
a singular being, more savage than polished, and yet use-
ful in his way. Such an one in the early settlement of
the northwestern territory was Johnny Apple-seed — a sim-

INTRODUCTION. 21

pie-hearted being, who loved to roam through the forests
m advance of his fellows, consorting, now with the red
man, now with the white, a sort of connecting link — by
his white brethren he was, no doubt, considered rather a
vagabond, fn* we do not learn that -he had the industry to
open farms in the wilderness, the energy to be a great
hunter, nor the knowledge and devotion to have made
him a useful missionary among the red men. But Johnny
had his use in the world. It was his universal custom,
when among the whites, to save the seeds of all the best
apples he met with. These he carefully preserved and
carried with him, and when far away from his white
friends, he would select an open spot of ground, prepare
the soil, and plant these seeds, upon the principle of the
old Spanish custom, that he owed so much to posterity,
so that some day, the future traveler or inhabitant of
those fertile valleys, might enjoy the fruits of his early
efforts. Such was Johnny Apple-setfd — did he not erect
for himself monuments more worthy, if not more endur-
ing, than piles of marble or statues of brass?

In tracing the progress of fruits through different por-
tions of our country, we should very naturally expect to
find the law that governs the movements of men, apply-
ing with equal force to tlie fruits they carry with them.
The former have been observed to migrate very nearly on
parallels of latitude, so have, in a great degree, the latter;
and whenever we find a departure from this order, we
may expect to discover a change, and sometimes a deteri-
oration in the characters of the fruits thus removed to a
new locality. It is true, much of this alteration, whether im-
provement or otlierwise, may be owing to the difference of

22 A^JERICAN POMOLOGY

soil. Western New York received her early fruits from
Connecticut, and Massachusetts ; Michigan, Northern Illi-
nois, and later, Wisconsin and Iowa received theirs in a
great degree from New York. Ohio and Indiana received
their fruits mainly from New Jersy, and Pennsylvania, and
we may yet trace this in tlie prevalence of certain leading
varieties that are scarcely known, and very little grown on
different parallels. The early settlement at the mouth of
the Muskingum river, was made by New England-men,
and into the ''Ohio-purchase,'* they introduced the lead-
ing varieties of the apples of Massachnsetts. Among
these, the Boston or Roxbury Russet was a prominent
favorite, but it was so changed in its appearance as
scarcely to be recognized by its old admirers, and it was
christened with a new name, the Putnam Russet, under
the impression that it was a different variety. Most of
the original Putnam varieties have di«?appeared from the
orchards. Kentucky received her fiuits in great measure
from Virginia ; Tennessee from the same source and from
North Carolina, and these younger States sent them for-
ward on the great western march with their hardy sons
to southern Indiana, southern Illinois, to Missouri, and to
Arkansas, in all which regions we hnd evident traces in
the orchards, of the origin of the people who planted them.
Of course, we shall find many deflections from the pre-
cise parellel of latitude, 's>me inclining to the south, and
niany turning to the northward. To the latter we of the
West are looking with the greatest interest, since we so
often find that the northern fruits do not maintain their
high characters in their southern or southwestern migra-
tions, and all winter kinds are a])t to become autumnal in

INTRODFCTIOX. 23

their period of ripening, whicli makes them less valuable;
and because, amoni2;' those from a southern origin, we
have discovered many of high merit as to beauty, flavor,
and productiveness — and, especially where they are able
to mature sufficiently, they prove to be long keepers, thus
supplying a want which was not filled by fruits of a north-
ern origin. There may be limits beyond which we can-
not transport some sorts to advantage in either direction,
but this too will depend very mucli upon the adaptability
of our soils to particular varieties.

In every region where fruit has been cultivated we find
local varieties grown from seed, many of these are of suf-
ficient merit to warrant their propagation, and it behooves
us to be constantly on the lo;)k out for them ; for though
our lists are already sufficiently large to puzzle the young
orchardist in making his selections, we may well reduce
the number by weeding out more of the indifferent fruit,
at the same time that we are introducing those of a supe-
rior clijiracter. It has been estimated that there may be
as many as one in ten of our seedling orchard trees that
would be ranked as " good," but not one in a hundred
that could be styled " best." * Certain individuals have
devoted themselves to the troublesome though thankless
office of collecting these Si^attered varieties of decided
merit, and from their collections our pomological societies
will, from time to time, select and recommend the best
for more extended cultivation. Such devoted men as
II. IST. Gillett, Lewis Jones, Reuben Ragan, A H. ErnsL,
who have been industriously engaged in this good work
for a quarter of a century, are entitled to the liighest com-

* EUiotl— Western Fruits.

24 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

mendation; but there are many others who have con-
tributed their full share of benefits by their labors in the
same field, to whom also we owe a debt of gratitude. Two
of the chief foci in the Oliio valley from which valuable
fruits have been distributed most largely, were the settle-
ment at the mouth of the Muskingum, w^ith its Putnam
list given below; and a later, but very important intro-
duction of choice fruits, brought into the Miami country
by Silas Whaiton, a nurseryman from Pennsylvania, who
settled among a large body of the religious Society of
Friends, in Warren Co., Ohio. The impress of this im-
portation is very manifest in all the country, within a
radius of one hundred miles, and some of his fruits are
found doing well in the northwestern part of the State of
Ohio, in northern Indiana, and in an extended region
westward.

There are, no doubt, many other local foci, whence
good fruits have radiated to bless regions more or less ex-
tensive, and in every neighborhood we find the name of
some early pomologist attached to the good fruits that he
had introduced, thus adding another synonym to the nu-
merous list of those belonging to so many of our good
varieties.

A. W. Putnam commenced an apple nursery in 1794, a
few years after the first white settlement at Marietta, Ohio,
the first grafts were set in the spring of 1796 ; they were
obtained from Connecticut by Israel Putnam, and were the
first set in the State* and grafted by W. Rufus Putnam.
Most of the early orchards of the region were planted
from this nursery. These grafts were taken from the or-

INTRODUCTION.

25

chard of Israel Putnam (of wolf-killing memory) in Pom-
fret, Connecticut. In the Ohio Cultivator for August 1st,
1846, may be found the following authentic list of the va-
rieties proj^agated : —

" 1. Putnam Russet- (Koxbury).

2. Seek-no-further, (Westfleld.)

3. Early Chandler.

4. Gilliflower.

5. Pound Royal, (Lowell).

6. Natural, (a seedling).

7. Rhode Island Greening,

8. Yellow Greening.

9. Golden Pippin.

10. Long Island Pippin.

11. Tallman Sweeting.

13. Striped Sweeting.

13. Honey Greening.

14. Kent Pippin.

15. Cooper.

16. Striped Gilliflower.

17. Black, do.

18. Prolific Beauty.

19. Queening, (Summer Queen?)

20. English Pearmain.

21. Gre'en Pippin.

22. Spitzenberg, (Esopus ?)

Many of these have disappeared from the orchards and
from the nurserymen's catalogues."

CHAPTER II.

HISTORY OF THE APPLE.

DIPPIOULTIES IN THE OUTSET — APPLE A GENERIC TERM, AS CORN rS
FOR DIFFERENT GRAINS; BIBLE AND HISTORIC USE OP THE WORD
THEREFORE UNCERTAIN — ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD — BOTANICAL
CHARACTERS — IMPROVABILITY OP THE APPLE — NATIVE COUNTRY

— CRUDE NOTIONS OP EARLY VARIETIES — PLINY'S ACCOUNT EX-
PLAINED — CHARLATAN GRAFTING — INTRODUCTION INTO BRITAIN —
ORIGINAL SORTS THERE — GERARD'S LIST OF SEVEN — HE URGES
ORCHARD PLANTING — RECIPE FOR POMATUM — DERIVATION OF THE
WORD — VIRGIL'S ADVICE AS TO GRAFTING — PLINY'S EULOGY OP
THE apple; WILL OURS SURVIVE AS LONG ? - PLINY'S LIST OF
29 — ACCIDENTAL ORIGIN OF OUR FRUITS — CROSSING — LORD BA-
CON'S GUESS— BRADLEY'S ACCOUNT — SUCCESS IN THE NETHER-
LANDS — MR. knight's EXPERIMENTS — HYBRIDS INFERTILE —
LIMITS, NONE NATURAL — LIMITS OF SPECIES — HERBERT'S VIEWS

— DIFFICULTIES ATTEND C UOSSING ALSO — NO MULES — KIRTLAND' S
EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS OF — VAN MONS' THEORY — ILLINOIS
RESULTS — RUNNING OUT OF VARIETIES.

In" attempting to trace out the history of any plant that
has long been subjected to the dominion of man, we are
beset with difficulties growing out of the uncertainty of
language, and arising also from the absence of precise terms
of science in the descriptions or allusions which we meet
26

HISTORY OF THE APPLE. 27

respecting them. As he who would investigate the history
of our great national grain crop, the noble Indian maize,
which, in our language, claims the generic term corn, will
at once meet with terms apt to mislead him in the English
translation of the Bible, and in the writings of Europeans,-
who use the word corn in a generic sense, as applying to
all the edible grains, and especially to wheat — so in this
investigation we may easily be misled by meeting the
word apple in the Bible and in the translations of Latin
and Greek authors, and we may be permitted to question
whether the original words translated apple may not have
been applied to quite different fruits, or perhaps we may
ask whether our word may not originally have had a more
general sense, meaning as it does, according to its deriva-
tion, any round body.

The etymology of the word apple is referred by the
lexicographers to ahhall^ Celtic ; avall^ Welch ; of all or
avall^ Armoric ; aval or avel^ Cornish ; and these are all
traceable to the Celtic word hall^ meaning simply a round
body.

Worcester traces the origin of apple directly to the
German apfel^ which he derives from mpl^ apel^ or appeh

Webster cites the Saxon appl or appel ; Dutch, appel ;
German, apfel; Danish, joeble ; Swedish, aple ; Welsh,
aval ; Irish, abhal or uhhal ; Armoric, aval ; Russian,
yahloJco,

Its meaning being fruit in general, with a round form.
Thus the Persian word ubhul means Juniper berries, and
in Welsh the word used means other fruits, and needs a
qualifying term to specify the variety or kind.

28 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

Hogg, in his British Popiology, quoting Owen, says,
the ancient Glastonbury was called by the Britons Tnys
avallao or avcdlon^ meaning an apple orchard, and from
tliis came the Roman word avallonia^ from this he infers
that the apple was known to the Britons before the ad-
vent of the Romans. We are told, that in 973, King
Edgar, when fatigued with the labors of the chase, laid
himself down under a wild apple tree, so that it becomes
a question whether this plant was not a native of England
as of other parts of Europe, where in many places it is
found growing wild and apparently indigenous. Thorn-
ton informs us in his history of Turkey, that apples are
common in Wallachia, and he cites among the varieties
one, the domniasca^ " which is perhaps the finest in Eu-
rope, both for its size, color, and flavor." It were hard
to say what variety this is, and whether it be known to us.

The introduction of this word apple in the Bible is at-
tributable to the translators, and some commentators sug-
gest that they have used it in its general sense, and that
in the following passages where it occurs, it refers to the
citron, orange, or some other subtropical fruit.

"Stay me with flagons, comfort me with apples." —
Songs of Solomon ii, 5.

"As the apple-tree (citron) among the trees of the
wood, * * * I sat me down under his shadow with great
delight, and his fruit was sweet to my taste." — Sol. ii, 2.

* * * "I raised thee up under the apple-tree," — Solo-
mon viii, 5.

" A word fitly spoken, is like apples of gold in pictures
of silver." — ^Prov. xxv, 11.

HISTORY OF THE APPLE. 29

The botanical positioD of the cultivated apple may be
stated as follows : — Order, JRosacece ; sub-order, Pomece /
or the apple family and genus, Pyrus. The species under
our consideration is the Pyrus Malus^ or apple. It has
been introduced into this country from Europe, and is
now found in a half- wild state, springing up in old fields,
hedge-rows, and roadsides ; but, even in such situations,
by their eatable fruit and broad foliage, and by the ab-
sence of spiny or thorny twigs, the trees generally give
evidence of a civilized origin. It is not that the plant
has changed any of its true specific characters, but that
it has* been afiected by the meliorating influences of cul-
ture, which it has not been able entirely to shake off in its
neglected condition. Sometimes, indeed, trees are found
in these neglected and out-of-the-way situations, which
produce fruits of superior quality — and the sorts have
been gladly introduced into our nurseries and orchards.

Very early in the history of horticulture the apple at-
tracted attention by its improvability, showing that it
belonged to the class of culture-plants. Indeed it is a
very remarkable fact in the study of botany, and the pivot
upon which the science and art of horticulture turns, that
while there are plants which show no tendency to change
from their normal type, even when brought under the high-
est culture, and subjected to every treatment wMch human
ingenuity can suggest, there are others which are prone
to variations or sports, even in their natural condition,
but more so when they are carefully nursed by the prudent
farmer or gardener. These may be called respectively the
plants of nature and the plants of culture. Some of the
former furnish human food, and are otherwise useful to

30 AM53RICAN POMOLOGY.

man ; but the latter class embraces by far tbe larger num-
ber of food-plants, and we are indebted to this pliancy,
aided by human skill, for our varieties of fruits, our escu-
lent vegetables, and the floral ornaments of our gardens.

The native country of the apple, though not definitively
settled, is generally conceded to be Europe, particularly
its southern portions, and perhaps Western Asia : that is,
the plant known and designated by botanists as JPyrus
MaluSy for there are other and distinct species in America
and Asia which have no claims to having been the source
of our favorite orchard fruits. Our own native crab is
the Pyrus coronaria^ which, though showing some ^slight
tendency to variation, has never departed from the
strongly marked normal type. The P. haccata^ or Siberi-
an crab, is so distinctly marked as to be admitted as a
species. It has wonderfully improved under culture, and
has produced some quite distinct varieties ; it has even
been hybridized by Mr. Knight, with the cultivated sorts
of the common Wilding or Crab of Europe, the P. Malus.
Pallas, who found it wild near Lake Baikal and in Daouria,
says, it grows only 3 or 4 feet high, with a trunk of as
many inches diameter, and yields pear-shaped berries as
large as peas.

The P. rivularis, according to INTuttall, is common in
the maritime portions of Oregon, in alluvial forests. The
tree attains a height of 15 to 25 feet. It resembles the
Siberian Crab, to which it has a close affinity. The fruit
grows in clusters, is purple, scarcely the size of a cherry,
and of an agreeable flavor; sweetish and sub-acid when
ripe, not at all acid and acerb as the P. coronaria,*

* North American Sylva, Nuttall II, p. 25,

HISTOEY OF THE APPLE. 31

Among the early writers upon the subject of pomology,
we find some very crude notions, particularly in regard
to the wonderful powers of the grafter, for this art of im-
proving the Wildinig by inserting buds or scions of bettei
sorts, and thus multiplying trees of good kinds, was a
very ancient invention. Pliny, the naturalist, certainly
deserves our praise for his wonderful and comprehensive
industry in all branches of natural history. In regard to
grafting, which seems to have been well understood in his
day, he says, that he had seen near Thuliae a tree bearing
all manner of fruits, nuts and berries, figs and grapes,
pears and pomegranates ; no kind of apple or other fruit
that was not to be found on this tree. It is quaintly noted,
however, that "this tree did not live long," — ^is it to
be wondered that such should have been the case ? Now
some persons may object to the testimony of this remark-
able man, and feel disposed to discredit the statement of
what appears so incredible to those who are at all ac-
quainted with the well-known necessity for a congenial
stock into which the graft should be inserted. But a
more extended knowledge of the subject, would explain
what Pliny has recorded as a marvel of the art. The
same thing has been done in our own times, it is a trick,
and one which would very soon be detected now-a-days
by the merest tyro in horticulture, though it may have
escaped the scrutiny of Pliny, whose business it was to
note and record the results of his observations, rather
than to examine the modus of the experiment. By the
French, the method is called Charlatan grafting, and is
done by taking a stock of suitable size, hollowing it out,
and introducing through its cavity several stocks of dif-

32 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

ferent kinds, upon each of wMcli may be produced a dif-
ferent sort of fruit, as reported by Pliny. The needed
affinity of the scion and stock, and the possible range that
may be successfully taken in this mode of propagation, with
the whole consideration of the influence of the stock upon
the graft, will be more fully discussed in another chapter.

Though it be claimed and even admitted that the wild
apple or crab was originally a native of Britain, and
though it be well known that many varieties have origi-
nated from seed in that country, still it appears from their
own historians that the people introduced valuable vari-
eties from abroad. Thus we find in Fuller's account, that
in the 16th year of the reign of Henry YIII, Pippins
were introduced into England by Lord Maschal, who
planted them at Plumstead, in Sussex.

After this, the celebrated Golden Pippin was originated
at Perham Park, in Sussex, and this variety has attained
a high meed of praise in that country and in Europe,
though it has never been considered so fine in this coun-
try as some of our own seedlings. Evelyn says, in 1685, at
Lord Clarendon's seat, at Swallowfield, Berks, there is an
orchard of one thousand golden and other cider Pippins.*
The Ribston Pippin, which every Englishman will tell
you is the best apple in the world, was a native of Rib-
ston Park, Yorkshire. Hargrave says : " This place is re-
markable for the produce of a delicious apple, called the
Ribston Park Pippin, The original tree was raised from
a Pippin brought from France, f This apple is well-known
in this country, but not a favorite.

* Diary.

t History of Knaresborough, p. 216.— Companion of tJie Orciiard, p. 34.

HISTORY OF THE APPLE.. 33

At a later period, 15^7, John Gerard issued in an ex*
tensive folio his History of Plants, in which he mentions
seven kinds of Pippins. The following is given as a sam-
ple of the pomology of that day : —

"The fruit of apples do differ in greatnesse, forme,
colour, and taste, some covered with red skin, others yel-
low or greene, varying infinitely according to soil and
climate ; some very greate, some very little, and many of
middle sort ; some are sweet of taste, or something soure,
most be of middle taste between sweet and soure ; the
which to distinguish, I think it impossible, notwithstand-
ing I heare of one who intendeth to write a peculiar vol-
ume of apples and the use of them." He further says :
" The tame and grafted apple trees are planted and set in
gardens and orchards made for that purpose ; they delight
to growe in good fertile grounds. Kent doth abounde
with apples of most sortes ; but I have seen pastures and
hedge-rows about the grounds of a worshipful gentleman
dwelling two miles from Hereford, so many trees of all
sortes, that the seruantes drinke for the moste parte no
other drinke but that which is made of apples. * * *
Like as there be divers manured apples, so is there sundry
wilde apples or crabs, not husbanded, that is, not graft-
ed." He also speaks of the Paradise, which is probably
the same we now use as a dwarfing stock.

Dr. Gerard fully appreciated the value of fruits, and
thus vehemently urges his countrymen to plant orchards :
" Gentlemen, that have land and living, put forward, * *
* * * graft, set, plant, and nourish up trees in every cor-
ner of your grounds ; the labor is small, the cost is noth-
ing, the commoditie is great, yourselves shall have plentie,
2*

34 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

the poor sliall have somewhat in time of want to relieve
their necessitie, and God shall reward your good minde
and diligence." The same author gives us a peculiar use
of the apple which may be interesting to some who never
before associated pomatum with the products of the or-
chard. He recommends apples as a cosmetic. " There is
made an ointment with the pulp of apples, and swine's
grease and rose water, which is used to beautify the face
and to take away the roughness of the skin ; it is called
in shops pomatum^ of the apples whereof it is made." *
When speaking of the importance of grafting to increase
the number of trees of any good variety, Yirgil advises to

" Graft the tender shoot,
Thy children's children shall enjoy the fruit."

So high an estimate did Pliny have of this fruit, that he
asserted that " there are apples that have ennobled the
countries from whence they came, and many apples have
immortalized their first founders and inventors. Our best
apples wiU immortalize their first grafters forever ; such
as took their names from Manlius, Cestius, Matius, and
Claudius." — Of the Quince apple, he says, that came of a
quince being grafted upon the apple stock, which *' smell
like the quince, and were called Appiana, after Appius,
who was the first that practiced this mode of grafting.
Some are so red that th^y resemble blood, which is caused
by their being grafted upon the mulberry stock. Of all
the apples, the one which took its name from Petisius,
was the most excellent for eating, both on account of its

* Our lexicographers give it a similar origin, but refer it to the shape in which
it was put up. Others derive it from pomat Spanish, a box of perfume.

HISTORY OF THE APPLE. 35

sweetness and its agreeable flavor." Pliny mentions
twenty-nine kinds of apples cultivated in Italy, about the
commencement of the Chistian Era."*"

Alas ! for human vanity and apple glory ! Where are
now these boasted sorts, upon whose merits the immortal-
ity of their inventors and first grafters was to depend ?
They have disappeared from our lists to give place to new
favorites, to some of which, perhaps, we are disposed to
award an equally high meed of praise, that will again be
ignored in a few fleeting years, when higher skill and
more scientific applications of knowledge shall have pro-
duced superior fruit to any of those we now prize so high-
ly ; and this is a consummation to which we may all look
forward with pleasure.

In this country the large majority of our favorite fruits,
of whatever species or kind, seem to have originated by
accident, that is, they have been discovered in seedling or-
chards, or even in hedge-rows. These have no doubt,
however, been produced by accidental crosses of good
kinds, and this may occur through the intervention of in-
sects in any orchard of good fruit, where there may
chance to be some varieties that have the tendency to
progress. The discoveries of Linnaeus, and his doctrine
of the sexual characters of plants, created quite a revolu-
tion in botany, and no doubt attracted the attention of
Lord Bacon, who was a close observer of nature, for he
ventured to guess that there might be such a thmg as
crossing the breeds of plants, when he says : — " The com-
pounding or mixture of kinds in plants is not found out,

^ Phillips' Companion, p. 32.

36 AMEEICAN POMOLOGY,

which, nevertheless, if it be possible, is more at command
than that of living creatures ; wherefore it were one of
the most noteable experiments touching plants to find it
out, for so you may have great variety of new fruits and
flowers yet unknown. Grafting does it not, that mencleth
the fruit or doubleth the flowers, etc., but hath not the
power to make a new kind, for the scion ever overruleth
the stock." In which last observation he shows more
knowledge and a deeper insight into the hidden mysteries
of plant-life than many a man in our day, whose special
business it is^ to watch, nurse, and care for these humble
forms of existence.

Bradley, about a century later, in 1718, is believed to
have been the first author who speaks of the accomplish-
ment of cross-breeding, which he describes as having been
effected by bringing together the branches of different
trees when in blossom. But the gardeners of Holland
and the !N"etherlands were the first to put it into practice.*

The following extract is given to explain the manner in
which Mr. Knight conducted his celebrated experiments
on fruits, which rewarded him with some varieties that
were highly esteemed : — " Many varieties of the apple
were collected which had been proved to afford, in
mixtures with each other, the finest cider. A tree of each
was then obtained by grafting upon a Paradise stock,
and these trees were trained to a soulh wall, or if grafted
on Siberian crab, to a west wall, till they afforded
blossoms, and the soil in which they were planted was
made of the most rich and favorable kind. Each bios-

* Phillips' Companion, p. 41.

HISTORY OF THE APPLE. 37

som of this species of fruit contains about twenty chives
or males (stamens,) and generally five pointals or fe-
males (pistils,) which spring from the center of the cup or
cavity of the blossom. The males stand in a circle just
within the bases of the petals, and are formed of slender
threads, each of which terminates in an anther. It is
necessary in these experiments that both the fruit and seed^
.should attain as large a size and as much perfection as pos-
sible, and therefore a few blossoms only were suffered to
remain on each tree. As soon as the blossoms were nearly
fdll-grown, every male in each was carefully extracted,
proper care being taken not to injure the pointals ; and
the blossoms, thus prepared, were closed again, and suf-
fered to remain till they opened spontaneously. The
blossoms of the tree which it was proposed to make the
male parent of the future variety, were accelerated by be-
ing brought into contact with the wall, or retarded by be-
ing detached from it, so that they were made to unfold at
the required period ; and a portion of their pollen, when
ready to fall from the mature anthers, was during three or
four successive mornings deposited upon the pointals of
the blossoms, which consequently afforded seeds. It is
necessary in this experiment that one variety of apple
only should bear unmutilated blossoms ; for, where other
varieties are in flower at the same time, the pollen of these
will often be conveyed by bees to the prepared blossoms,
and the result of the experiment will in consequence be
uncertain and unsatisfactory." * * *

In his Pomona Herefordiensis, he says : — " It is neces-
sary to contrive that the two trees from which you intend
to raise the new kind, shall blossom at the same time;

38 AMEEICAN POMOLOGY.

therefore, if one is an earlier sort than the other, it must
be retarded by shading or brought into a cooler situation,
and the latest forwarded by a warm wall or a sunny posi-
tion, so as to procure the desired result."

We must distinguish between hybrids proper and crosses,
as it were between races or between what may have been
erroneously designated species, for there has been a great
deal of looseness in the manner of using these terms by
some writers. A true hyhrid'^ is produced only when the
pollen of one species has been used to fertilize the ovules
of another, and as a general rule these can only be pro-
duced between plants which are very nearly allied, as be-
tween species of the same genus. Even such as these,
however, cannot always be hybridized, for we have never
found a mule or hybrid between the apple and pear, the
currant and gooseberry, nor between the raspberry and
blackberry, though each of these, respectively, appear to
be very nearly related, and they are all of the order

In hybrids there appears to be a mixture of the ele-
ments of each, and the characters of the mule or cross
will depend upon one or the other, which it will more
nearly resembla True hybrids are mules or infertile, and
cannot be continued by seed, but must be propagated by
cuttings, or layers, or grafting. If not absolutely sterile
at first, they become so in the course of the second or
third generation. This is proved by several of our flow-
eiing plants that have been wonderfully varied by ingeni-
ous crossing of difierent species. But it has been found

^ Balfour's Manual.

HISTORY OF THE APPLE. 39

that the hybrid may be fertilized by pollen taken from
one of its parents, and that then the offspring assumes
the characters of that parent.*

Natural hybrids do not often occur, though in dioecious
plants, this seems to have been the case with willows
that present such an intricate puzzle to botanists in their
classification, so that it has become almost impossible to
say what are the limits and bounds of some of the species.
Hybrids are, however, very frequently produced by art,
and particularly among our flowering plants, under the
hands of ingenious gardeners. Herbert thinks, from his
observations, " that the flowers and organs of reproduc-
tion partake of the characters of the female parent, while
the foliage and habit, or the organs of vegetation, re-
semble the male."

Simply crossing different members of the same species,
like the crossing of races in animal life, is not always
easily accomplished ; but w^e here find much less difiiculty,
and we do not produce a mule progeny. In these experi-
ments the same precautions must be taken to avoid the
interference of natural agents in the transportation of
pollen from flower to flower ; but this process is now so
familiar to horticulturists, that it scarcely needs a mention.
In our efforts with the strawberry, some very curious re-
sults have occurred, and we have learned that some of the
recognized species appear under this severe test to be
well founded, as the results have been infertile. Where
the perfection of the fruit depends upon the development
of the seed, this is a very important matter to the fruit-
grower ; but fortunately this is not always the case, for

* Balfour's Manual,

40 AMEEICAIS' POMOLOGY.

certain fruits swell and ripen perfectly, though containing
not a single well developed seed. It would be an interest-
ing study to trace out those plants which do furnish a well
developed fleshy substance or sarcocarp, without the true
seeds. Such may be found occasionally in the native per-
simmon, in certain grapes, and in many apples ; but in the
strawberry, blackberry, and raspberry, the berry which
constitutes our desirable fruit, never swells unless the
germs have been impregnated and the seeds perfect. In
the stone-fruits the stone or pit is always developed, but
the enclosed seed is often imperfect from want of impreg-
nation or other cause — and yet the fleshy covering will
sometimes swell and ripen.

One of the most successful experimenters in this coun-
try is Doctor J. P. Kirtland, near Cleveland, Ohio, whose
efforts at crossing certain favorite cherries, were crowned
with the most happy results, and all are familiar with the
fruits that have been derived from his crosses. The details
of his applying the pollen of one flower to the pistils of
another are familiar to all intelligent readers, and have
been so often set forth, that they need not be repeated
in this case — great care is necessary to secure the desired
object, and to guard against interference from causes that
would endanger or impair the value of the results.

Yan Mons' theory was based upon certain assumptions
and observations, some of which are well founded, others
are not so firmly established. He claimed correctly that
all our best fruits were artificial products, because the
essential elements for the preservation of the species in
their natural condition, are vigor of the plant and perfect
seeds for the perpetuation of the race. It has been the

HISTORY OF THE APPLE. 41

object of culture to dimmish the extreme vigor of the
tree so as to produce early fruitage, and at the same time
to enlarge and to refine the pulpy portion of the fruit.
He claimed, as a principle, that our plants of culture had
always a tendency to run back toward the original or wild
type, when they were grown from seeds. This tendency
is admitted to exist in many cases, but it is also claimed,
that when a break is once made from the normal type,
the tendency to improve may be established. Van Mons
asserted that the seeds from old trees would be still more
apt to run back toward the original type, and that " the
older the tree, the nearer will the seedlings raised from
it approach the wild state," though he says they will not
quite reach it. But the seeds from a young tree, having
itself the tendency to melioration, are more likely to pro-
duce improved sorts.

He thinks there is a limit to perfection, and that, when
this is reached, the next generation will more probably
produce bad fruit than those grown from an inferior soit,
which is on the upward road of progression. He claims
that the seeds of the oldest varieties of good fruit yield
inferior kinds, whereas those taken from new varieties of
bad fruit, and reproduced for several generations, will cer-
tainly give satisfactory results in good fruit.

He began with seeds from a young seedling tree, not
grafted upon another stock; he cared nothing for the
quality of the fruit, but preferred that the variety was
showing a tendency to improvement or variation. These
were sowed, and from the plants produced, he selected
such as appeared to him to have evidence of improvement,
(it is supposed by their less wild appearance), and tran&-

42 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

planted them to stations where they could develop them-
selves. When they fruited, even if indifferent, if they
continued to give evidence of variation, the first seeds were
saved and planted and treated in the same way. These
came earlier into fruit than the first, and showed a greater
promise. Successive generations were thus produced to
the fourth and fifth, each came into bearing earlier than
its predecessor, and produced a greater number of good
varieties, and he says that in the fifth generation they
were nearly all of great excellence. He found pears re-
quired the longest time, five generations ; while the apple
was perfected in four, and stone fruits in three.

Starting upon the theory that we must subdue the vigor
of the wilding to produce the best fruits, he cut off the
tap roots when transplanting and shortened the leaders,
and crowded the plants in the orchard or fruiting grounds,
so as to stand but a few feet apart. He urged the " regen-
erating in a direct line of descent as rapidly as possible
an improving variety, taking care that there be no in-
terval between the generations. To sow, re-sow, to sow
again, to sow perpetually, in short to do nothing but sow,
is the practice to be pursued, and which cannot be de-
parted from ; and, in short, this is the whole secret of the
art I have employed." {Arbres Fruitiers^.)

Who else would have the needed patience and persever-
ance to pursue such a course? Very few, indeed — es-
pecially if they were not very fully convinced of the cor-
rectness of the premises upon which this theory is found-
ed. Mr. Downing thinks that the great numbers of fine
varieties )f apples that have been produced in this coun-
try, go to sustain the Yan Mons doctrine, because, as he

HISTOEY OF THE APPLE. 43

assumes, the first apples that were produced from seeds
brought over by the early emigrants, yielded inferior
fruit, which had run back toward the wild state, and the
people were forced to begin again with them, and that
they most naturally pursued this very plan, taking seeds
from the improving varieties for the next generations and
so on. This may have been so, but it is mere assumption
— we have no proof, and, on the contrary, our choice va-
rieties have so generally been conceded to have been
chance seedlings, that there appears little evidence to
support it — on the contrary, some very fine varieties have
been produced by selecting the seeds of good sorts pro-
miscuously, and without regarding the age of the trees
from which the fruit was taken. Mr. Downing himself,
after telling us that we have much encouragement to ex-
periment upon this plan of perfecting fruits, by taking
seeds from such as are not quite ripe, gathered from a
seedling of promising quality, from a healthy young tree
(quite young,) oh its own root, not grafted, and that we
"must avoid 1st, the seeds of old trees; 2d, those of
grafted trees ; 3d, that we must have the best grounds for
good results " — still admits what we all know, that " in
this country, new varieties of rare excellence are some-
times obtained at once by planting the seeds of old grafted
varieties ; thus the Lawrence Favorite and the Columbia
Plums were raised from seeds of the Green Gage, one of
the oldest European varieties."

Let us now look at an absolute experiment conducted
avowedly upon the Yan Mons plan in our own country,
upon the fertile soil of the State of Illinois, and see to
what results it led : —

44 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

The following facts have been elicited from correspond-
ence with H. P. Brayshaw, of Du Quoin, Illinois. The
experiments were instituted by his father many years ago,
to test the truth of the Yan Mons' theory of the improve-
ment of fruits by using only the first seeds.

Thirty-five years ago, in 1827, his father procured twen-
ty-five seedling trees from a nursery, which may be sup-
posed to have been an average lot, grown from promiscu*
ous seed. These were planted, and when they came into
bearing, six of them furnished fruit that might be called
" ^ooc?," and of these, " four were considered fineP One
of the six is still in cultivation^ and known as the Illinois
Greening, Of the remainder of the trees, some of the
fruits were fair, and the rest were worthless, and have
disappeared.

Second Generation, — The first fruits of these trees
were selected, and the seeds were sown. Of the resulting
crop, some furnished fruit that was " good," but they do
not appear to have merited much attention.

Third Generation, — From first seeds of the above, one
hundred trees were produced, some of which were good
fruit, and some " even fine," while some w^ere very poor^
" four or five only merited attention." So that we see a
retrogression from the random seedlings, furnishing twen-
ty-five per cent, of good fruit, to only four or five per cent,
in the third generation, that were worthy of note.

Fourth Generation, — A crop of the first seed was again
sown, producing a fourth generation ; of these many were
" good culinary fruits," none, or very few being of the
" poorest class of seedlings," none of them, however, were
fine enough " for the dessert,"

HISTORY OF THE APPLE. 45

Fifth Generation, — This crop of seedlings was de-
stroyed by the cut-worms, so that only one tree now re-
mains, but has not yet fruited. But Mr. Brayshaw ap-
pears to feel hopeful of the results, and promises to
continue the experiment.

Crops have also been sown from some of these trees,
but a smaller proportion of the seedlings thus produced
were good fruits, than when the first seeds were used —
this Mr. Brayshaw considers confirmatory evidence of the
theory, though he appears to feel confidence in the va-
rieties already in use, most of which had almost an ac-
cidental origin.

He thinks the result would have been more successful
had the blossoms been protected from impregnation
by other trees, and recommends that those to be experi-
mented with should be planted at a distance from orchards,
so as to avoid this cross-breeding, and to allow of what
is called breeding in-and-in. If this were done, he feels
confident that " the seedlings would more nearly resemble
the parent, and to a certain extent would manifest the ten-
dency to improvement, and that from the earliest ripened
fruits, some earlier varieties would be produced, from
those latest ripening, later varieties, from those that
were inferior and insipid, poor sorts would spring, and
that from the very best and most perfect fruits we might
expect one in one thousand, or one-tenth of one per cent.,
to be better than the parent. This diminishes the chance
for improvement to a beatifully fine point upon which to
hang our hopes of the result of many generations of seed-
lings occupying more than a lifetime of experiments.

Mr. Brayshaw, citing some of the generally adopted

46 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

axioms of breeders of animals, assumes that crosses^ as of
distinct races, will not be so likely to produce good results,
as a system of breeding in-and-in, persistently carried out.
This plan he recommends, and alludes to the quince and
mulberry as suitable species to operate upon, because in
them there are fewer varieties, and therefore less liability
to cross-breeding, and a better opportunity for breeding
in-and-in. He also reminds us of the happy results which
follow the careful selection of the best specimens in gar-
den flowers and vegetables, combined with the rejection
of all inferior plants, when we desire to improve the char-
acter of our garden products, and he adopts the views of
certain physiologists, which, however, are questioned by
other authorities, to the effect that violent or decided
crosses are always followed by depreciation and deteriora-
tion of the offspring.

The whole communication referring to these experiments,
which are almost the only ones, so far as I know, which
have been conducted in this country to any extent, to
verify or controvert the Van Mons' theory, is very inter-
esting, but it is easy to perceive that the experimenter,
though apparently very fair, and entirely honest, has been
fully imbued with the truth and correctness of the propo-
sition of Yan Mons, that the first ripened seed of a nat-
ural plant was more likely to produce an improved va-
riety, and that this tendency to improvement would ever
increase, and be most prominent in the first ripened seeds
of successive generations grown from it.

The theory of Van Mons I shall not attempt in this
place to controvert, but will simply say that nothing
which has yet come under my observation has had a ten-

HISTORY OF THE APPLE. 47

^ency to make me a convert to the avowed views of that
great Belgian Pomologist, while, on the contrary, the
rumors of his opponents, that he was really attempting to
produce crosses from some of the best fruits, as our gar-
deners have most successfully done in numerous instances,
in the beautifid flowers and delicious vegetables of modern
horticulture, have always impressed me with a color of
probability, and if he were not actually and intentionally
impregnating the blossoms with pollen of the better vari-
eties, natural causes, such as the moving currents of air,
and the ever active insects, whose special function in many
instances appears to be the conveyance of pollen, would
necessarily cause an admixture, which, in a promiscuous
and crowded collection, like the " school of Van Mons,"
would at least have an equal chance of producing an im-
provement in some of the resulting seeds.

The whole subject of variation in species, the existence
of varieties, and also of those partial sports, which may
perhaps be considered as still more temporary variations
from the originals, than those which come through the
seeds, is one of deep interest, well worthy of our study,
but concerning which we must confess ourselves as yet
quite ignorant, and our best botanists do not agree even
as to the specific distinctions that have been set up as
characters of some of our familiar plants, for the most
eminent diflor with regard to the species of some of our
common trees and plants.

RUNNING OUT OF VARIETIES.

It has been a very generally received opinion among in-
telligent fi'uit-growei's, that any given variety oi fruit can

48 AMERICA]^ POMOLOGY.

have but a limited period of existence, be that longer or
shorter. Reasoning from the analogies of animal life this
would appear very probable, for it is well known that in-
dividuals of different species all have a definite period of
life, some quite brief, others quite extended, beyond which
they do not survive. But with our modern views of vege-
tation, though we know that all perennial plants do even-
tually die and molder away to the dust from whence they
were created, and that many trees of our own planting
come to an mitimely end, while we yet survive to observe
their decay, still, we can see no reason why a tree or parts
of a tree taken from it, and placed under circumstances
favorable to its growth from time to time, may not be sem-
piternal. Harvey has placed this matter in a correct
light, by showing that the true life and history of a tree
is in the buds, which are annual, while the tree itself is
the connecting link between them and the ground. Any
portion of such a compound existence, grafted upon an-
other stock, or planted immediately in the ground itself
and established upon its own roots, will produce a new
tree like the first, being furnished with supplies of nour-
ishment it may grow indefinitely while retaining all the
qualities of the parent stock — if that be healthy and vig-
orous so will this — indeed new life and vigor often seem to
be imparted by a congenial thrifty stock, and a fertile soil,
so that there does not appear to be any reason why thrj
variety should ever run out and disappear.

The distinguished Thomas Andrew Knight, President
of the London Horticultural Society, was one of the lead-
ing advocates of the theory that varieties would neces-
sarily run out and disappear as it were by exhaustion.

HISTORY OP THE APPLE. 49

In his Pomona Herefordiensis, lie tells us that " those ap-
ples, which have been long in cultivation, are on the de-
cay. The Redstreak and Golden Pippin can no longer
])e propagated with advantage. The fruit, like the parent
t roe, is affected by the debilitated old age of the variety."
And in his treatise on the culture of the apple and pear,
he says : " The Moil and its successful rival, the Red-
streak, with the Must and Golden Pippin, are in the last
stage of decay, and the Stire and Foxwhelp are hasten-
ing rapidly after them." In noticing the decay of apple
trees, Pliny probably refers to particular trees, rather than
the whole of any variety, when he says that '' apples be-
come old sooner than any other tree, and the fruit be-
comes smaller and is subject to be cankered and worm-
eaten, even while on the trees." — Lib. XYI, Chap. 27.

Speechly combated the views of Mr. Knight, and says :
" It is much to be regretted that this apparently visionary
notion of the extinction of certain kinds of apples should
have been promulgated by authors of respectability, since
the mistake will, for a time at least, be productive of sev-
eral ill consequences."

Some of the old English varieties that were supposed
to be worn out or exhausted, appear to have taken a new
lease of life in this country, but we have not yet had a
long enough experience to decide this question. Many of
the earlier native favorites of the orchard have, for some
reason, disappeared frorn cultivation — whether they have
run out, were originally deficient in vigor, or have merely
been superseded by more acceptable varieties, does not
appear.

Mr. Phillips, in his Companion, states "that in 1819, he
3

50 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

observed a gre:it quantity of the Golden Pippin in Covent
Garden Market, whicli were in perfect condition, and was
induced to make inquiries respecting the heakh of the
variety, which resulted in satisfactory replies from all
quarters, that the trees were recovering from disease,
which he thought had been induced by a succession of un-
propitious seasons. He cites Mr. Ronald's opinion, ihat
there was then no fear of losing this variety ; and Mr.
Le(^, who thought that the apparent decay of some trees
was owing to unfavorable seasons. Mr. Ilnrrison in-
formed him that this variety was very successfully grown
on the mountains of the island of Madeira, at an elevation
of 3000 feet, and produced abundantly. Also that the va-
riety was quite satisfactory in many parts of England, and
concludes that the Golden Pippin only requires the most
genial situation, to render it as prolific as formerly."

It is quite probable, as Phillips suggests, that Mr.
Knight had watched the trees during unfavorable seasons
which prevailed at that period, and as he found the disease
increase, he referred it to the old age of the variety, and
based his theory to that effect upon partial data.

Mr. Knight's views, though they have taken a strong
hold upon the popular mind, have not been confirmed by
physiologists. For though the seed would appear to be
the proper source whence to derive our new plants, and
certainly our new varieties of fruits, many plants have, for
an indefinite period, been propagated by layers, shoots or
scions, buds, tubers, etc., and that the variety has thus
been extended much beyond the period of the life of the
parent or original seedling. Strawberries are propagated
and multiplied by the runners, potatoes by tubers^ the

HISTORY OF THE APPLE. 51

Tiger Lily by bulblets, some onions by proliferous bulbs,
sugar cane by planting pieces of the stalk, many grapes by
horizontal stems, and many plants by cuttings, for a very
great length of time. The grai)e vine has been continued
in this way from the days of the Romans. A slip taken
from a willow in Mr. Kniglit's garden pronounced by him
to be dying from old age, was planted in the Edinburgh
Botanic Garden many years ago, and is now a vigorous
tree, though the origintil stock has long since gone to de-
cay.*

* Balfour's Manual, p, 284,

CHAPTER III.

PROPAGATION.— SECTION I.

A.LL, GROWTH IS DEPENDANT UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CEILS — THE
SEED AND THE BUD ; THEIR RESEMBLANCE — THE INDIVIDUALI-
TY OF BUDS — THE BASIS OF ALL PROPAGATION — BUDS ARE DEVEL-
OPED INTO TWIGS ; HAVE POWER OF EMITTING ROOTS — IMPORTANCE

OF THE STUDY OF CELL-GROWTH BY CUTTINGS: PREPARATION

AND SELECTION — HEEL-CUTTINGS — SOFT WOOD — HARD WOOD —
SEASONS FOR EACH — FALL PLANTING — THE CALLUS, OR DEVELOP-
MENT OF CELL-GROWTH — BOTTOM HEAT; WHY BENEFICIAL — WHY
SPRING CUTTINGS FAIL — STIMULUS OF LIGHT UPON THE BUDS,
CAUSES THEM TO EXPAND, AND THE LEAVES EVAPORATE TOO FREE-
LY— ROOT cuttings; different FRUITS THUS PROPAGATED

BY SUCKERS : OBJECTIONS TO ANSWERED — SUCKER ORCHARDS ;
BEAR EARLY — SUCKER TREES APT TO SUCKER AGAIN BY LAY-
ERS : A NATURAL METHOD — HOW PERFORMED — THE RASPBERRY
AND THE GRAPE — ILLUSTRATIONS OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL
METHODS — QUINCE STOCKS — ADJUVANTS TO LAYERING, NOTCHING,

ETC BY seeds: HOW IT DIFFERS FROM THE OTHERS — APPLE

SEEDLINGS — THEIR TREATMENT, SEPARATING, AND PREPARING THE
SEED — APPARATUS — SPROUTING — SOWING — CULTIVATION — SEED-
LINGS — TREATMENT — SORTING — PACKING.

All propagation of plants must depend upon the devel-
opment of seeds or of buds, and all will arise from tlie
growth and extension of cells. The seed and the bud are
much more nearly related than a casual observer would at

PROPAGATION. 53

first sight suppose. The early phylologists thought they
discovered that in the seed was enwrapped the image of
the future tree — a dissection of the seed would appear to
demonstrate this. It is composed of separate parts which
are capable of being developed into the root, stem, and
appendages, but they have yet to be so developed ; the
several parts that we find in the seed are merely the repre-
sentative parts. But the seed has the future of the tree
within itself, it has certain qualities of the future tree im-
pressed upon it in its primary organization, within the cap-
sule of the fruit of the parent plant, so that in a higher
sense the image of the future tree does exist within the
seed. Within the bud, still more plainly and more dis-
tinctly visible, is the future tree manifest, and we may pro-
duce a tree from a bud as certainly as we do from a seed.
Subjected to circumstances favorable for growth, the bud,
as well as the seed, will emit roots, will form its stem,
branches and appendages, and will become a tree ; differing
from the product of the seed only in this, that in the lat-
ter the resulting organism constitutes a new individual
which may vary somewhat from its parent, in the former
it is only a new development of a part of a previously ex-
isting organization. The similarity existing between the
two is exceedingly close, and is a matter of great impor-
tance in horticultural operations. Dr. Lindley, in the
Gardener's Chronicle, says very truly, that "every bud
of a tree is an. individual vegetable, and a ti'ee, therefore,
is a family or swarm of individual plants, like the polype
with its young growing out of its sides, or like the branch-
ing cells of the coral insect." Similar opinions, more or
less modified, have been expressed by subsequent physiol-

54 AMERICAJf POMOLOGY.

ogists, and are familiar to men of science in every country
and, we may add, are also universally accepted as true by
all who claim a right to express an opinion upon the sub-
ject.— Men of science recognize the individuality of buds.
— Nobody doubts the individuality of buds. — In a garden-
ing aspect, the individuality of buds is the cardinal point
upon which some of our most important operati«3ns turn ;
such, for example, as all modes of propagation whatever,
except by seed. If this be not fully understood, there is
no possible explanation of the reasons why certain results
are sure to follow the attachment of a bud, or the insertion
of a graft, or the planting of a cutting, or the bending of
a layer, or the approach of a scion, or the setting of an
eye — our six great forms of artificial multiplication." In
his Elements of Botany, the same writer says : " An em-
bryo is a young plant produced by the agency of the sex-
es, and developed within a seed — a leaf bud is a young
plant, produced without the agency of the sexes, enclosed
within the rudimentary leaves called scales, and devel-
oped on a stem." " An embryo propagates the species^
leaf-buds propagate the individuaV He shows each to
be " a young plant developing itself upwards, downwards
and horizontally, into stem, root, and medullary system."

Dr. Schleiden thus beautifully expresses his views of their
individuality : " N'ow the bud essentially is nothing more
than a repetition of the plant on which it is formed. The
foundation of a new plant consists equally, of a stem and*
leaves, and the sole distinction is that the stem becomes
intimately blended at its base with the mother plant in its
growth, and has no free radical extremity like that exhib-
ited by a plant developed from a seed. However, this

PROPAGATION^. 55

distinction is not so great as at the first glance it appears.
Every plant of high organization possesses the power of
shooting out adventitious roots from its stem, under the
favoring influences of moisture ; and very frequently, even
plants that have been raised from seed, are forced to con-
tent themselves with such adventitious roots, since it is
the nature of many plants, for instance the grasses, never to
develop their proper root, although the radicle is actually
present. We are, it is true, accustomed to look upon the
matter as though the buds must always be developed into
twigs and branches, on and in connection with the plant
itself; and thus in common life, we regard them as parts
of a plant, and not as independent individuals, which they
are in fict, although they, like children who remain in
their paternal home, retain the closest connection with the
plant on wdiich they were produced. That they are at
least capable of becoming independent plants, is shown
by an experiment frequently successful when the neces-
sary care is taken, namely the breaking oflT and sowing of
the buds of our forest trees. The well-known garden
operations of grafting and budding are also examples of
this, and layering only differs from the sowing of the
buds, in that the buds on the layers are allowed to acquire
a certain degree of maturity before they are separated from
the parent plant. All here depends upon the facility with
which these bud plants root as it is called, that is develop
adventitious roots, when they are brought in contact with
moist earth. * * * ISTature herself very often makes
use of this method to multiply certain plants in incalculable
numbers. In a few cases, the process resembles the arti-
ficial sowing of buds, as when the plant spontaneously

56 AMEEICAN POMOLOGY.

throws off the perfect buds at a certain period ; an in
stance of this is afforded by some of our garden Lilies,
which throw off the httle bulb-like buds which appear in
the axils of the lower leaves. The more common mode
of proceeding is as follows : Those buds which have been
formed near the surface of the soil, grow up into shoots
provided with leaves; but the shoots are long, slender
and delicate, the leaves too are stunted 'into little scales;
in their axils, however, they develo]) strong buds, which
either in the same or in the following year take root, and
the slender shoot connecting them with the parent plant,
dying and decaying, they become free independent plants.
In this manner the straAvberry soon covers a neglected
garden." *

Upon the development of a cell in any living tissue, and
its power of reproducing other cells, and upon its function
of communicating by endosmosis and exosmosis with other
like cells, depend all our success in propagating vegeta-
bles, whether from seeds or buds, and parts containing
these. We must study the circumstances that favor the
development of cells, if we would be successful in prop-
agating plants. Each bud being considered an individu-
al, and capable, under favorable circumstances, of taking
on* a separate existence, we can multiply any individual
variety indefinitely, and be sure of having the same quali-
ties of foliage and fruit that we admire in the original,
and that we may desire to propagate. This applies
equally to a group of buds, as in cuttings, grafts and
layers, etc. ; but, more wonderful still, there are cells
capable of developing buds where none existed before, and

* The Plant, a Biography ; M. J. Schleiden, p. 68.

PROPAGATION. 57

even in tissues or parts of a plant where we do not usually
find buds — Whence we have a mode of propagation of many
woody plants, by root cuttings, and by leaves, and even
parts of leaves.

Propagation by Cuttings. — Many fruits are multi-
plied by this means. Healthy shoots of the previous
year's growth are usually selected and taken when the
parent is in a dormant state, or still better, when it is ap-
proaching this condition. Sometimes a small portion of
the previous year's growth is left with the cutting, making
a sort of heel ; when this is not to be had, or not prefer-
red, the slip is to be prepared for planting by cutting it
smoothly just below a bud, as this seems to be the most
favorable point in many plants for the emission of roots.
Some plants will throw out radicles at any point indif-
ferently along the internodes or merithalls. The prefer-
ence for heel-cuttings depends upon the fact, that near
the base of the annual shoot there are.always a great num-
ber of buds, many of which, however, being imperfectly
developed, are inconspicuous, but though dormant, they
seem to favor the emission of rootlets. Cuttings may be
made to grow if taken at any period of their develop-
ment, but when green and soft, they require particular
conditions of heat and moisture in the soil, and atmosphere,
that are only under the control of the professional gardener.
They are usually taken in the dormant state, because they
are then susceptible of being made to grow under the or-
dinary conditions of out-door gardening. If cut early in
the season, on the approach of autumn, after the wood-
growth has been perfected, they may be planted at once
with good prospect of success, or they may be put into the
3*

58 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

soil, out of doors, in the cellar, or in a cold frame or pit,
and a very important step in the progress of their growth
will commence at once. The leafless sticks are not dead,
and whenever the temperature will admit of the quiet in-
terchange of fluids among their cells, this curious function
will go on, and will be accompanied by the development
or generation of new cells that soon cover the cut surfaces,
constituting what the gardeners call the callus. This is
the first step toward growth, and it most readily occurs
when the earth is warmer than the air ; hence the value of
fall planting, whether of trees or of cuttings, if done be-
fore the earth lias been chilled, and hence also, the impor-
tance of bottom heat in artificial propagation. If on the
contrary the air be warm and the ground cold, the buds are
often stimulated to burst forth, before the rootlets can
have started. The expanding foliage which so delights
the tyro in propagation, offers an extended surface for
evaporation, the contained juices of the cutting itself are
soon exhausted, no adequate supply is furnished, and the
hopeful plant soon withers, or damps off, and dies.* The
cutting, like the seed, must have " first the root, then the
blade." The length of time that is allowed for cuttings to
prepare for rooting, if they are designed for spring plant-
ing, should be as great as possible, and the circumstances
under which they are kept should be such as to favor the
development of the cells, so that roots may form freely
with the breaking of the buds, if not before.

Root-cuttings should be made in the spring, just before
the usual period of the bursting of the buds in the plant
to be propagated. The tendency to develop buds appears

* Because it had no root, it withered away. Mat. 13, 6.

PEOPAGATION. 59

to be then most active. Gentle bottom heat, though not
essential, is still very desirable, and will conduce to the
success of the operation. Some plants are best prop-
agated by this means, and those too, which never natur-
ally produce suckers, may often be successfully grown by
sections of the roots. All plants do not equally admit
of propagation by division as cuttings, some woody
tissues refusing to emit roots under almost any circum-
stances.

Xobodj'- thinks of propagating the stone fruits, such as
the cherry, plum, peach, or apricot, by attempting to plant
cuttings, and yet some of these will emit roots very free-
ly, as we may often observe when the shoots or trimmings
are rised as supports for plants in the green-house. The
plum tree is exceedingly apt to form new roots when
planted too deeply, and upon this fact depends the success
or failure of the finer varieties when worked upon certain
varieties of the wild stock. If the young trees are earthed
up in the nursery, and set rather deeply in the orchard,
they will soon establish a good set of roots of their own,
emitted above the junction of the scion and stock, which
is very preferable to the imperfect union and consequent
enlargement that often results from using uncongenial
stocks. The raspberry and blackberry do not grow so
well from cuttings of the wood, which is always biennial
in this genus, as they do from root-cuttings.

In some parts of the country, peaches are mainly pro-
duced, or the favorite varieties are multiplied, by planting
the sprouts that come from the base of the trunk of the
trees ; these have little or no roots when taken off with
the mattock, but they soon establish themselves and make

60 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

good trees, bearing fruit like their parents, in soils and
climate that are well adapted to this fruit.

Refined and scientific horticulture has been extensively
applied to the multiplication of the grape, which is now
produced in immense numbers, from single eyes, or buds.
Formerly our vineyards were formed by planting long
cuttings at once in the field in the stations to be occupied
by the vines, or by setting them first in a nursery, whence
they were transplanted to the vineyard, when one or two
years old. Only the most refractory kinds, w^hich would
not grow readily in the field, or such as were yet rare, were
propagated from cuttings, by using the single eye and
artificial bottom heat. Now, however, the appliances of
our propagators are called upon for the production of
grape-vines by the million, and they find it advisable to
multiply all the varieties in this manner. The propagation
of the grape by using single eyes affords the most beauti-
ful illustration of the subject of the individuality of buds,
and though denounced by some as an unnatural, steam-
forcing process, it is really an evidence of the advance of
horticulture, since every step is supported by a philosoph-
ical reason, and the whole process, to be successful, is de-
pendent upon the application to practice of well established
scientific truths.

It has already been stated that the first effect of cell-
growth upon a cutting, is the production of a callus.
This callus may form upon any cut surface, or even where
the bark has been abraded. It is the first effort of nature
to repair an injury by the reproduction of new parts; it
is most generally found at the base of the cutting, but un-
der favorable circumstances, it will be seen also at the up-

PKOPAGATIOl^.

61

per end of the shoot if this has been placed in contact
with the earth. Cuttings will sometimes be set up-side
down, when we find the callus upon the smaller end, and
roots will be emitted from that portion whence we should
have expected to see the branches issue. Upon this fact,'
and to multiply the chances of living, has been based the
I^rench method, as it is called, or that of inserting both
ends of the cuttings. The common mode, {'Q.g. 1), is to

Fig. 1.— FRENCH AND COMMON MODES OF SETTING CUTTINGS.

set the cuttings in a slanting direction in the ground, so
placed that the upper eye or bud only shall reach the sur-
face. Formerly there was a preference for long cuttings,
and these were often made eighteen inches or more in
length. The practice with most of our cultivators has
been modified in this particular, and they have reduced
the length of the slips to . six and eight inches, so as to
have in grape wood about three or four eyes. Some have
gone still further, and use but two, even for out-door
planting of the grape, and some have been very success-
ful when using but a single joint. The Germans have ad-
vocated longer cuttings, upon the theory that there was a
retroaction in the pith of the internodes and in all the
buds of the cutting, upon the lower point, enabling it to
push roots more strongly from a long than from a short

62

AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

cutting. This theory has for its support the fact, that
there is in such a cutting a larger amount of organizable
matter to be developed into the new parts to be produced,
and certainly, if neglected, short cuttings will be very apt
to suffer from drought, but in practice, it is found that
the short cutting plants have better roots, which are near
the surface, and even those plants, grown from single eyes,
are better furnished than long cuttings produced upon the
old plan, which placed the roots deep in the soil.

Fio'. 2. — ONE-EYE CUTTINGS OF THE GRAPE.

There are various methods of preparing the single-eye
cuttings, some of which are represented in fig, 2,

Among our cultivated fruits there is but a limited num-
ber that need to be propagated by cuttings, though, where
it becomes necessary, many of them may be grown in this
manner, to which procedure there are no serious objec-
tions, though there are some of a theoretical nature. The
currant and the gooseberry are increased almost exclusively

PEOPAGATIOJiT. 63

from cuttings, they strike root very readily, and are multi-
plied to any extent ; their seeds are sown only to produce
new varieties. The grape is propagated very extensively
by cuttings ; the slips are often planted in the field and
in the stations where the vines are wanted for the vine-
yard ; hut some varieties are so unsatisfactory in their re-
sults, that other more elaborate and scientific means must
be taken for their propagation. Among the larger fruits,
those constituting our trees, we do not depend upon cut-
tings, except in the quince, which is not only grown for
its fruit, but is also largely produced as a stock for the
dwarfed pear, and is extensively propagated from cuttings.
The Paradise apple, a dwaif stock, is multiplied in the
same way. Pears and apples may be grown from cuttings,
but this plan is not pursued with them to any extent.
Those that are root-grafted, or budded very low, especi-
ally the pear on quince stocks, will often produce roots if
favorably situated, but there is a great difference in va-
rieties, some rarely produce a root, while others are very
prone to do it; from observations of this fact, a new
phase of dwarf pear culture has been inaugurated.

Suckers. — One of the simplest methods of multiplying
varieties consists of increasing and encouraging the suck-
ers thrown up by the roots ; these are separated and set
out for trees. We have been told by some physiologists
that there was an absolute difference in structure between
the root and the stem, that they could not be substituted
the one for the other ; and yet the oft quoted marvel of the
tree which was planted upside down, and which produced
flowers and leaves from its roots, while its branches emit-
ted fibres, and became true roots, is familiar to every one.

64 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

Here, as in other cases, our teachers have led us into er-
ror by attempting to trace analogy with animal anatomy
and physiology, and by directing our attention to the cir-
culation of plants, as though they, like the higher animals,
possessed true arterial and venous currents of circulating
fluids. The cell circulation is quite a different aff-iir, and
can be conducted in either direction, as every gardener
knows who has ever layered a plant, or set a cutting upside
down. So with the roots — they are but downward ex-
tensions of the stem ; under ordinary circumstances they
have no need for buds, but these may be, and often are
developed, when the necessity for their presence arises.
Buds do exist on roots, especially upon those that are
horizontal and. near the surface, and from them freely
spring suckers, which are as much parts of the parent tree
as its branches, and may be planted with entire certainty
of obtaining the same fruit, just as the twigs when used
as cuttings, or scions, when grafted, will produce similar
results.

Whole orchards are planted, in some sections of the
country, with the suckers from old trees ; apples, pears,
plums, and even peaches, as well as raspberries and black-
berries, are multiplied in this primitive way. There are
some varieties of apples that have been so propagated for
half a century, and extended for hundreds of miles in this
way by the pioneer emigrants, without ever having been
grafted, until their merits have at length accidentally be-
come known to the Pomological Societies and nurserymen,
when the propagation of them by grafting soon super-
cedes the more primitive method. Sucker trees are ob-
jected to upon the grounds that they are not healthy and

PKOPAGATION. 65

thrifty, that they do not have good roots. Inherent dis*
ease of the parent tree will of course be transmitted with
its other peculiarities, but I cannot imagine that this would
be any more likely to occur in a sucker than in a layer, or
cutting, ©r graft. As to the roots, they may be more de-
veloped upon one side than another in the young tree, and
this state of things may continue in the adult ; we often
observe the same condition in the stumps of the monarchs
of our forests, which were never suspected in the day of
their glory and pride of having such a fault. But such a
condition of roots is not essential to the sucker, which
may be made to have as fine a system of lateral roots, and
as evenly and regularly distributed as those of a seedling
tree. Another objection to this mode of propagation has
much truth and some force ; that is, that suckers are very
apt to produce suckers again. This is particularly
the case with the Morello cherry, which is a favorite
stock, upon which to work many of the choice va-
rieties. As an offset to this it may be urged, that the
small fibrous roots, which are supposed to conduce to
early fruitfulness, abound in trees propagated by this
means, and this may be the reason why the fruit trees
that have been thus multiplied, are very generally re-
markable for their precocious fruiting. Some of the
apples that have been long increased in this manner, bear
so early, and so bountifully, as to prevent them from ever
forming very large trees ; they often have a stunted ap-
pearance, and not infrequently present a peculiar inequal-
ity upon the bark, portions being swollen or enlarged
like warts — from which, in some cases, it is easy to force
out shoots or sprouts ; they are indeed true gemmules like

66 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

those of the old olive trees, and like them might be used
for the propagation of the variety ; a similar condition,
no doubt, exists in the roots, whence the tendency to
sucker. The common Morello cherry ; the Damson ; the
Chickasas, and other varieties of plum; the blackberry,
and many raspberries, are multiplied almost exclusively in
a similar manner.

Layers are portions of the branches of a plant that
have been induced to throw out roots, and which can thus
set up an independent existence if removed from the parent
tree. This mode of propagation is a very natural one,
and was probably an accidental discovery. In its traits,
it is the reverse of the mode we have just been consider-
ing. Here the branch emits roots, instead of the root
emitting branches, as in the case of the sucker. Layering
is frequently resorted to as a mode of propagation, it is
very simple, easily performed, and, with some species, very
certain in its results. Some plants will root readily if
merely placed in contact with the ground, or very slightly
covered with, soil ; others require some artificial interfer-
ence, such as ringing, or twisting, or slitting. The rasp-
berry, known as the Hubus occidentalism or Black-cap, be-
longs to the first class, and it even places itself in contact
with the soil by recurving its branches so as to bring the
tips to the earth, where they strike root, and make new
plants. The grape comes under the second category,
needing only a little assistance, and it is multiplied to a
considerable extent in this manner. In the spring, the
vines are laid out in a little shallow trench, and pegged
down closely ; as the buds burst, they throw up shoots
which are trained vertically by tying them to sticks, and

PROPAGATION.

67

as soon as these shoots have acquired a certain degree
of maturity and firmness, the mellow earth is drawn up
to them and they emit a beautiful system of roots, and by
the fall they form very fine plants, (fig, 3). The layered

Fig. 3. — PROPAGATING THE GRAPE BY LAYERING.

branch is then taken lip and the several plants are separat-
ed, when it will be found that the best roots are chiefly
from the lower joints of the new wood, rather than from
the old canes that were laid down in the spring.

Fi<^. 4. — LAYERING THE QUINCE.

Quinces are considerably increased by a sort of layer-
ing, as the twigs emit roots very freely ; they are often bent
down, slightly twisted, or not, as the case may be, and
covered with mellow soil, when they readily emit roots,

68 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

become firmly established, and may be set out by them-
selves, (fig. 4). There is, however, another method of lay-
ering, much practiced in the multiplication of the quince;
that called propagation by stools. The plants are set in
open rows, four feet wide, and three or four feet apart in

the rows; they should be
so planted as to stand be-
low the general surface,
that is in trenches. When
cut off at the ground in
the spring, they throw up
a great number of shoots,
and the earth is gradually

Fig. 6.-ST00L LAYERING THE WOrkcd Up tO thcSC tO CU-

QuiNCE. courage their rooting, (see

figure 5), which is often sufficient for removal the first
season ; if, on inspection, the roots are not found to be
sufficiently large or abundant, the earthing is continued
until the autumn of the next year, when they are remov-
ed, the stools trimmed of their lower roots, and reset in
new trenches. The plants, thus raised from stools, are cut
back severely, and are then ready to set out in nursery
rows for budding. With the quince, cultivated in this
manner, nothing is required but to accumulate the mel-
low earth about the shoots ; but in many plants it is
necessary to notch the wood by splitting, or cutting it for
an inch or two, (as in ^g. 6), making a tongue that sepa-
rates from the lower portion of the shoot, and from which
the roots are emitted. This slit should be commenced just
below a bud, and the knife is drawn upward, cutting half-
way through the wood. If commenced at one side instead

PROPAGATION.

69

of at the depending portion, the tongue is more sure to be
separated from the stock, to which it might otherwise
reunite. To insure roi3ting, some persons insert a little
stick or chip between the separated portions, to prevent a
re-union of the parts. The shoot, after being notched,
is fastened down, and fine soil or compost is brought
about it to encourage the development of roots. Few of
the hard wooded fruit trees have been extensively prop-

Fig. 6. — MANNER OF GDTTING AND PEGGING DOWN A LATER.

agated by means of layers ; they might be so produced,
but it has not been found profitable nor necessary.

A very common opinion prevails that layering exhausts
the mother plant, or vine, which is used in this mode of
propagating. If properly conducted, there is no reason
why this should be ; but if the whole top of any plant is
bent down and made to take root, and to form independent
roots, there can be little or no return from the branches to
the orighial stock to strengthen it. A certain amount of
healthy growing wood should always be left in its natural
position, and no danger to the plant need be apprehended.

The wood growth of the strawberry, when allowed to

70 a:merican pomology.

take its natural bent, is directed into the stolons or run-
ners, which form natural layers. Their production de-
tracts from the central wood-growth of the plant, and
exhausts its strength to such a degree, that it often dies,
whei-eas, by a constant removal of the runners, as fast as
they appear, we practice a sort of summer pruning or
pinching, Avhich results in the production of a large branch-
ing stool, with many points or centers for the production
of foliage and flowers, and thus insure the greatest abun-
dance of fruit. The strawberry, like one species of the
raspberry, and many other of our native plants, offers il-
lustrations of natural layering.

Seeds. — The most common as well as the most natural
mode of multiplying the individual plants of most of our
fruit trees, is by sowing the seed ; from this source we
procure stocks upon which are worked, by budding or
grafting, the several varieties we may desire to propagate.
As an illustration of this process, I propose to speak of
apple seedlings.

The almost universal means of increasing the number
of apple trees, is by sowing the seed. This is generally
selected and separated from the fresh pomace left on the
press in cider-making. The old and slow process of hand-
washing has given way, in this age of labor-saving ma-
chinery, to more economical methods. The most approved
apparatus is constructed upon the principle of separating
the seeds from the pulp by means of their greater specific
gravity ; it is, indeed, much like a gold washer, being a
series of boxes or troughs through which a current of wa-
ter is made to flow ; this carries the lighter portions away
from the seeds, the contents of the boxes being agitated

PROPAGATION. 71

from time to time. At the close of the process, the clean
seed is found in the bottoms of the boxes, whence it is re-
moved and carefully dried, by putting it in an airy place,
and stirring it frequently to prevent mildew and fermen-
tation. Well prepared seed is plump and bright, and
should feel cold to the hand. When the pips are broken,
they should be white and clear within ; but the best test of
their quality, is to sprout a portion, and count the plants
produced by a given number of seeds.

Sowing. — The seeds may be put into the ground, either
in the fall, or spring. The soil having been well prepared,
and deeply pulverized, is thrown up in beds a few feet
wide, and the seed sown in close drills across ; or without
the beds, it may be sown in broad drills, by hand, or with
a machine, the rows at such a distance as to allow of cul-
ture by horse-power. It is desirable, in either case, to get
an early start and a good stand; the weeds must be
kept under from the very first, and not allowed to have the
mastery for a single day. Thorough culture during the
season, upon a deeply tilled soil, of such a character as
to retain moisture, will be found highly advantageous
in the production of this crop, and will insure immunity
from leaf-blight and other adversities. Some recommend
sprouting the seed a little before planting. If it have
been kept during the winter mixed with its bulk of sand,
which is a good plan, the whole may be subjected to a
gentle heat as in a hot-bed, for a few days, just before
planting. During this time the mass must be stirred and
turned every day, to prevent fermentation and to secure
an even start. Whenever the germ makes its appearance
at the points of the seeds, which is called pipping^ the

72 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

sowing must begin, and should be done as quickly as pos-
sible; the covering is to be slight, and the earth should
be friable and not disposed to bake. The depth at which
the apple seed is to be covered will depend upon the pres-
ent and prospective state of the weather, lighter if moist,
heavier if dry, for a continued drouth might be fatal to
sprouted seed, if it were planted too near the surface ; but
when the weather is not dry, it is advised that the
shallower the seed is sown, the better. The objection has
been made to sprouting, that if the process have advanced
too far, the seedlings will be apt to have a crook at or
near the collar, instead of the straight fusiform appear-
ance they should possess when presented to the grafter.
These seedlings furnish the stocks upon which to work
the finer varieties of the apple. They are taken up in the
autumn with their long clean roots, which are often longer
than their tops, the leaves are stripped oif, and they are
assorted ; the larger are packed away in earth or saw-dust
in the grafting department, or heeled-in out of doors, and
covered in such a way as to be accessible at any time they
may be needed during the winter. The smaller stocks
are heeled-in for spring planting in nursery rows for bud-
ding, or they may be left in the original rows for another
year's growth as seedlings. If the plants have been well
grown and not too thick, so that the majority are of suffi-
cient size, it will be better to take them all up at once and
assort them as just indicated, otherwise tlie largest only
may be drawn separately when the ground is soft with
autumnal rains, leaving the smaller seedlings for another
year's growth. In assorting and selling the stocks, nurs-
erymen make about three classes. The very largest, as

PROPAGATION. 73

thick as a lead-pencil, are called extra, or two-year old,
and command a higher price. The next size, called 1st
class stocks, are large enough for co-aptation to the aver-
age scions, and long enough to make two cuts each for
grafting ; and those that fall below this requisition are
considered second class, and are either thrown aside or set
out for budding, and for stock or collar-grafting in the
rows. .

PROPAGATION.— SECTION II.— GRAFTING.

A. MODIFICATION OP CUTTINGS — SUCCESS DEPENDANT UPON CELL-
GROWTH — FORMING A UNION WITH THE STOCK — LIMITS TO GRAFT-
ING DEPENDANT UPON THE ANATOMY OF THE PLANT — PHYSIOLOGI-
CAL BOUNDS - SUCCESS IS IN PROPORTION TO THE AFFINITY —
SEVERAL SPECIES AS STOCKS — DISTINCT GENERA — NARROW LIMITS

— REQUISITES — EFFECTS OF UNCONGENIAL STOCKS — NATURAL
GRAFTING IS INARCHING — GRAFTING BY APPROACH — VARIOUS
METHODS OF GRAFTING — WHIP, CLEFT, SADDLE, SIDE, ETC — ILLUS-
TRATIONS— TYING, WAXTNG, ETC — RE-GRAFTING OLD ORCHARDS —
RENEW SUCCESSIVE PORTIONS OP THE TREE; TOP FIRST — GRAFTING
MACHINES — ROOT-GRAFTING — PREPARATION OF THE SCIONS — OF
THE ROOTS — PRESERVATION OF THE GRAFTS — DIVISION OF LABOR

— DIFFERENT PORTIONS OR SECTIONS OP THE ROOTS — STOCK-
GRAFTING — GRAFTING-WAX — SEASONS FOR — PROLONGED — SELEC-
TION OF SCIONS — TIME FOR CUTTING— MODE OF PRESERVING —
TREATMENT OF GRAFTS.

Grafttn-g is but a modification of propagation by cut-
tings. The scion is a cutting of the variety we wish to
propagate, which, instead of being committed to the
ground to emit its own roots, is placed in contact with
tissres of a nature simihir to its own, through which it is
to form a connection with the roots and the soil. The
success of the operation depends upon the formative cell
in this instance also, as in the cutting ; new cells arc

PROPAGATION". 75

fonned upon the cut surface, and the intercommunication
takes place through them. Hence we have anatomical
limits to grafting ; there are physiological bounds beyond
which we cannot pass, in our combinations of scion and
stock. Our success is in the direct ratio of the affinity
tliat exists between them ; thus apple grows best on apple,
and even among these we find the closest u7iion and the
best results, where there is a similiarity between the style
of growth, and probably in the character of the cells.

We say, as a general rule, that stone fruits must be
grafted upon stone fruits, those bearing seeds, upon seed
fruit ; but there are limits even here which confine us up-
on one hand, and give us more latitude upon the other.
Thus the cherry may be worked, upon the wild cherry
(Prunus Virgini'ana^ but it forms a very poor union ; the
pear will grow upon the thorn, whi'^h has a very different
seed, but the union is very imperfect and the tree is short-
lived ; the apple would appear to be much nearer of kin,
since it belongs to the same genus, but though the pear
will grow vigorously upon this stock, it is no more per-
manent than upon the thorn : either of them will answer
when grafted low, or in the root, to start the cutting, as
the scion may then be considered, and to sustain it until
it shall have supplied itself with roots. In top-grafting
the pear upon a tree of either species, it is found essential
to success, and it conduces to the greater durability of the
tree, for some branches of the original stock to be left in-
tact to secure the circulation of the trunk, as the union of
the dissimilar cells is so imperfect that it does not furnish
sufficient vent for the sap. In the case of the cherry we
find that the varieties appear to have a greater affinity

76 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

for those of their own race ; thus the Dukes and Morellos
do well when grafted upon the Morello stocks, whereas
the Hearts and Biggarreau sorts do not make a good union
upon these stocks, but prefer the Mazzard, which has a
freer growth more like their own. Most varieties will do
well upon the Mahaleb stock, which is used as a meaiis of
dwarfing this fruit, though not a dwarf. Upon the wild
cherry, which belongs to quite a different section* of the
genus, the cultivated varieties will grow, but they form
a very imperfect union.

The peach may be worked upon the plum stock,
and is claimed to be somewhat dwarfed by it, and to
produce superior fruit. This stock is more congenial
to Ihe apiicot, which is frequently propagated upon it.
Both plums and apricots may be worked upon the peach
stock, and they will grow very vigorously, as they will
upon the wild plum, but they soon over-grow, and are
very apt to break off. When either of these species is
used as a stock for the plum or apricot, they should be
considered merely as a nursing mother, like the apple or
thorn to the pear, which may be wanted to help the cut-
ting until it' shall be prepared to stand alone, and feed it-
self from its own roots. In other words, they should be
grafted, not budded^ into these uncongenial stocks, and
the operation should be performed in the collar or below
it, in the root, so that the growing scion may be earthed
up, and encouraged to furnish itself with a good system
of roots of its own. The success will then depend upon
the ability of the scion to emit roots freely.

We must never forget that in grafting, we are confined
to very narrow limits. Our scion must be of a similar

PEOPAGATIOIS". 77

nature with the stock, each must have cells of a similar
character, capable of transmitting their nutritious fluids
from one to the other. We must recollect likewise, that
the parts must be so co-apted that the cells of 'wood
growth shall be brought into as close connection as pos-
sible, in both scio^ and stock ; these cells are found in the
layer, called the cambium, which is between the wood and
the bark. The crude sap from below will often pass from
cell to cell, when the elaborated sap of the cells in the
scion is wholly unfitted for the formation of wood cells in
the stock below it ; of course the union in such a case
must be very imperfect, and the product of such a graft-
ing will be subject to accident, and will be short-lived,
though the result in fruit, while the union continues, may
be very precocious, abundant, and of superior flavor.

Natural grafting may often be observed by the student
of nature when wandering among his favorites of the
sylvan shades. There can be no doubt that the first hint
was thus communicated to the early gardeners. In nature
we always find the grafting to be inarching, or grafting
by approach ; two limbs or even two trees approximating
closely, have abraded one another, and have afterward
united their tissues most firmly together. This is gener-
ally a union of two trees of the same variety or species ;
but such is not always the case ; sometimes trees of very
dissimilar natures unite in this manner, but when we ex-
amine them we find only a dove-tailing, only a mechanical
union, but no vital action subsists between them. The
ancients give us some fancy sketches of the unions by
grafting of very dissimilar trees, and some moderns who
have no higher claim to poetry than their romancing, tell

78

AMERICA]^ POMOLOGY.

US that we may graft the peach upon the Willow and But-
ton wood, and form other equally impossible unions.

The different methods of performing the operation of
grafting vary with the character and size, and
condition of the stocks to be worked ; thus we
have splice grafting, whip, cleft, saddle, and' side
grafting with modifications, and also grafting
by approach, which is generally called inarching
— though sometimes also practiced where we
desire to renew the roots of a tree that are un-
healthy, or to restore those
that have been removed by
accident or by the erosion
of some rodent animals.

Splice Grafting is the
simplest process, and is appli-
cable only where the size of
the stock and of the scion cor-
respond pretty nearly ; the ^^S- '^•
two are cut with a sloping curve, each
of which being made at the same angle,
will coincide with the other when they
are applied together, as represented
in the engraving, fig. 7,

Whip Grafting is a modification of
the above. Each portion is cut in a slop-
ing manner as in the splice grafting, but
each is also split with a thin-bladed knife, as represented
in fig. 8. The object- in this is to give a firmer union
to the two portions, and also to present a more extended
surface for the effusion of the new cell tissue that is to

Fm. 8.-

-TTHIP GRAFT-
ING.

PROPAGATION.

79

form the bond of union in cementing them together. In
both these methods, but especially in the first, the parts
must . be held together in co-aptation by some kind of
bandage ; this is generally composed of grafting wax,
spread upon cloth or paper, or even, as now extensively
practiced, upon "fine thread. Cotton yarn 'No, 3 is drawn
through melted grafting wax, and as it cools, it is wound

A. B. c. D.

Fi^. 9. — DIFFERENT STEPS IN CLEFT GRAFTING. A^ SCION PREPARED
FOR SETTING. -B, THE CLEFT OPENED BY A WEDGE. C, THE SCION IN-
SERTED. i>, SECTION OF STOCK AND SCION TO SHOW THE COAPTA-
TION OF THE PARTS OF THE TWO.

upon a reel at the other side of the room, whence it is
drawn as wanted by the grafter or tyer. Tying or wrap-
ping is always a good precaution, and when the splice or
cleft graft is not very close, it becomes necessary ; but
thousands of grafts will unite equally well where the
parts are covered with earth, without any such appliance.
Cleft Grafting is generally done when the stock. is
larger than the scion, and also where the operation is per-

80

AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

i

formed at a point above the ground. The stock is split
downward, after having been cut ofi at the point where
the grafting is to be done. The knife should be sharp,
and the bark should be cut through first, to avoid its being
torn, and so that the sides of the cleft shall be smooth.
A wedge is inserted to keep the cleft open for the inser-
tion of the scion, which is cut on each
side like a fine wedge; but the two
planes not being parallel, the bark will
be left on one side to the very point of
the wedge, while on the other it will be
removed a part of the way, making a
feather edge. A, fig. 9. The object of
this is to have the pressure of the cleft
greatest upon the outer side, where the
union is to be effected. It is well to have
a bud on the strip of bark left between
the two cuts used in forming the graft,
this should be near the top of the cleft.
One or two grafts may be inserted into
a cleft, or more clefts may be made, in
large stocks, or in re-grafting the large
limbs of an old tree, but usually one is
cLiNED INWARD, sufficicnt to Icavo growing ; and in the
young tree, only one should ever be allowed to remain.
When the scion is nicely set into the cleft, so that the in-
ner bark of the stock and graft shall coincide, or rather
cross a very little, (see fig. 10,) the wedge, whether of
hard wood, or of iron, should be gently withdrawn, and
then the elasticity of the stock will hold the scion firmly
to its place ; this pressure should not be too severe. In

Fig. 10. — CLEFT
GRAFTING WITH
BOTH SCIONS IN-

PROPAGATION.

81

this kind of grafting, if the pressure be sufficiently firm,
and if the operation have been performed below the sur-
face of the ground, it may not be nec-
essary to make any other application
than to press the moist earth about the
parts, and cover all but the top of the
graft with soil, and place a stick to in-
dicate the plant and protect it from in-
jury. If, on the contrary, the pressure
of the cleft be not sufficient to hold the
scion firmly, as in small stocks, the
graft miist be tied. For this a piece of
bass matting, or cotton twine, may be
nsed; and if the operation has been
performed above ground, the whole
must be covered
with grafting
ma. wax, applied, ei-

ther hot with a brush, or cold, after
having been worked with the hands,
or by wrapping with strips of mus-
lin or paper previously spread with
the wax. In old times grafting
clay was used, and applied with the
hands as a lump around the junc-
tion; but this disagreeable and
clumsy appliance has given way
to more elegant and convenient
arrangements.

Side Grafting is performed in two ways. In one it is

a modification of cleft grafting in which there is no cleft,
4*

Fig. 11. — SIDE GRA.FT-

Fi^. 12. — SIDE GRAFTINa—
THE STOCK NOT CUT BACK.

82

AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

but the bark is started from the wood, and the scion, cut
as shown in figure 11, is pressed down between the wood
and bark. This can only be done late in the spring, after
the sap has begun to flow in the stock, so that the bark
will run ; it is indeed more like budding than grafting.
The other modification is done without cutting off the
stock. The knife is applied to the side of a stock of me-
dium size, and a cut is made downward and extending to

Fig. 13. — TWO FORMS OF SIDE GRAFTING. — A, B, THE SCION AND
STOCK FOR THE RICHARD SIDE GRAFT. C, STOCK FOR THE GIRARDIN
SIDE GRAFT. i>, SCION, AND JBJ, FRUIT BUD FOR THE SAME.

one-third the diameter, fig. 12; the scion is cut as for
cleft grafting, and inserted so as to have the parts well
co-apted, and then secured as usual. This plan is useful
where there is danger of too free a flow of sap from the
roots. Two other kinds of side graft are shown in fig. 13
The left-hand figures show the Richard side graft, in which

PROPAGATION.

83

an arched branch, A^ is used. This is inserted under the
bark of the stock, ^ / above the graft an incision is made
in the stock down to the wood, to arrest the flow of sap.
After the insertion, the wound is covered with grafting
wax. The Girardin side graft is illustrated at the three
right-hand figures. A fruit bud, JEJ^ or a graft with a
terminal fruit bud, D^ is inserted under the bark of the
stock, O^ in August, or whenever
suitable buds can be obtained and
the bark will run. The wound is
tied and covered with wax, as be-
fore. The object of this grafting
is to secure immediate fruitage.
Another kind of side* grafting con-
sists in plunging a dirk-shaped
knife directly through the tree, in-
clining the point downward, into
this opening the graft is inserted ;
the object being to establish a limb
on a naked portion of the trunk.
Saddle Grafting is used only
with stocks of small size ; it is per-
formed by making a double slope
upon the stock, and by opening a corresponding space in
the graft, by cutting two slopes in the scion, from below
upwards, so that they shall meet in the centre, as seen
in fig. 14. Some merely split the scion.

Grafting by Approach, or as it is generally termed,
inarching^ is often practiced where there is difficulty in
making the scion unite with the stock; it is not often
needed in the culture of our orchard fruits, but may be

Fig. 14.-

-SADDLE GRAFT-
ING,

84 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

here described. The stock upon which we wish to graft
the scion, must be planted near the variety or species to
be increased. A small twig of the latter, which can be
brought close to the stock, is selected for the operation ;
a slice of bark and wood is then removed from the twig,
and another of equal size from the stock, so managed, that
these cut surfaces can be brought together and secured
in that position until they have united, after which the
twig, that has been used as a scion, is cut from its parent
tree, and the top of the stock is carefully reduced until
the scion has sufficiently developed itself to act as the top
of the ingrafted tree, which may afterward be transplanted
to its proper station.

A modification of this grafting by approach, is, howev-
er, sometimes of great service, where we have* a valuable
tree that has suiFered from disease in the roots, or from in-
jury to them. It consists in planting some thrifty young
stocks, with good roots, about the base of the tree, after
having prepared the ground by thorough digging, and by
the addition of good soil if necessary. These stocks are
then inserted upwards into the healthy portion of the
trunk, by the process of side grafting reversed or invert-
ed, or by the usual method of inarching.

Ring Grafting or Bark Grafting is not much used,
and in small stocks it is rather a kind of budding, for then
a ring of bark is removed at the proper season of year,
generally about midsummer, and it is replaced by a similar
ring of bark from a shoot of the same size, taken from a
tree of the variety to be propagated ; this ring of bark
must be furnished with a healthy bud. This method has
little to recommend it, and can only be applied when both

PROPAGATION".

85

the stock and the scion are in a growing condition, so that
the bark will run freely ; care also must be exercised to
avoid injuring the eye of the bud, in peeling off the ring.
A modification of bark grafting may be applied with great
advantage, however, to an old tree, that has met with
an injury to a portion of its bark. The injured part,
should be pared smoothly to the sound bark and wood.^
This may be done with a sloping cut, or.
the edge may be made abrupt and.
square with a chisel and mallet ; a piece
of fresh wood and bark is then to be
cut from a healthy tree and fitted pre-
cisely to the fresh wound, and secured
in its place with bandages, and graft-
ing clay or wax is then applied, thus
making what the surgeons would call a
sort of taliacotian operation. Instead
of a single piece of wood and bark, a
number of young shoots may be used
to make the communication complete ;
these are set close together and secured
in the- usual manner ; see fig. 15.
„ ,^ Re-grafti:n^g Old Oechards. — ^Old

FlI^. 15. — BARK GRAFT^

iNG, TO REPAIR AN OTchards of inferior fruit may be entire-
iNjuRED TREE. jy rc-madc and re-formed by graft-
ing the limbs with such varieties as we-may desire. A
new life is by this process often infused into the trees,
which is due to the very eevere pruning which the trees
then receive ; they are consequently soon covered with a
vigorous growth of young healthy wood, which replaces
the decrepid and often decaying spray that accumulates
in an old orchard, and the fruit produced for several

w^r;;0,^^r-

86 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

years by the new growth is not only more valuable in
kind, according to the judgment used in the selection of
grafts, but it is more fair, smooth and healthy, ^nd of bet-
ter size than that which was previously furnished by the
trees. Certain varieties are brought at once into bearing
when thus top-grafted, which would have been long in de-
veloping their fruitful condition if planted as nursery
trees. Othoj's are always better and finer when so worked,
than on young trees. Some of the finest specimens of the
ItTorthern Spy apple, exhibited at the fairs, have been pro-
duced by grafts inserted into the terminal branches of old
bearing trees. There is a theory held by some orchard-
ists, that the further the junction of the graft with the
stock is removed from the root, the better will be the
fruit. This, however, is not well supported, and the cir-
cumstance, when observed, is probably dependent upon
other causes.

In renewing an old orchard by grafting its head, it will
not be a good plan to attempt the whole tree at once ; the
pruning would be too severe, and would be followed by a
profusion of succulent shoots breaking out from the large
branches, such as are called water-sprouts. Those who
have practiced most, prefer at first, to remove about one-
third of the limbs for grafting, and those should be
selected at the top of the tree. The new growth thus has
an open field for its development,, and the lower limbs
wnll be invigorated, while they tend also to preserve the
equilibrium of the tree in a double sense, physically and
physiologically. The next year another third of the limbs
may be grafted, and the remainder the year following, as
practiced by Mr. Geo. Olmstead, of Connecticut, who, on

PROPAGATION.

87

the sixth year from the first grafting, harvested 28|^ bush-
els of choice apples from a single tree that was 75 years
old, and which before only produced inferior fruit. J. J.
Thomas recommends, "to give a well-shaped head to such
newly formed trees, and to prevent the branches from
shooting upward in a close body near the centre of the
tree ; that the old horizontal boughs should be allowed to
extend to a distance in each direction,. while the upright

Fig. 16. — ^RENEWAL OF THE TOP OF AN OLD TREE.

ones should be lopped ;" see fig. 16. The same writer also
advises, "instead of cutting off large branches and graft-
ing them at once, it is bett^er to prune the top in part,
which will cause an emission of vigorous shoots. These
are then budded, or grafted, * * * And as the grafts
gradually extend by growth, the remainder of the top
may, by successive excisions, be entirely removed."

Grafting in the Xursery is either done at or near the
collar of the stock, or it is performed in-doors upon the

88 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

roots or sections of roots of young stocks. The latter
may be first described, as it constitutes the most extensive
means of multiplying fruit trees. It is a sort of ma-
chinery, with division of labor, and appliances, that enable
the operators to turn out immense numbers. Machinery
has indeed been applied to the business ; we have grafting
apparatus to facilitate the work. The Minkler machine
consists of a frame or guage which regulates the angle of
the slope, which is cut with a broad chisel that reduces
the roots and scions to a condition for putting them to
gether ; by its use an immense number of grafts can be
cut, and another hand binds them together with the waxed
thread, without any tie. Mr. Robey's machine consists
of a complicated shears to cut the slope and tongue at one
operation, preparing the pieces for whip grafting. Mr. S.
S. Jackson, of Cincinnati, has also invented an apparatus
for this purpose, which proves to be very useful.

Root Grafting. — The methods of performing the opera-
tion vary somewhat, but all agree in the object to be attain-
ed : the co-aptation of the scion with a piece of root. Some
grafters use only the upper portion of the root, thinking
the original collar of the seedling stock the only point at
which the most perfect and successful union between the
aerial and terrestrial portions of trees should or can be
effected — theoretically this may be very well, but the
practice constantly pursued, in myriads of cases, abun-
dantly proves that the grafting need not be restricted to
this part, and that a perfect union may be effected at any
point of the root, and that this may even be inverted.
The very common practice has been to take two or more
cuts from the root, when it is of sufficient size and length ;

PROPAGATION. 89

and though some of our best propagators restrict them-
selves to two cuts from each, others, who have experi-
mented carefully, insist that the third section will average
as well as the others. A lot of trees, worked especially
for a test in this matter, gave the following results.

In 1859 an average lot of roots and scions, about fifty
in each lot, were treated as follows, White Pippin and
Willow-leaf being used as scions : —

White Pippin — No. 1, being on the first cut of the root,
had made a fair growth.

No. 2, being on the second cut, were quite as good or
better.

'No. 3, being on the third cut, were not quite so good as
the others, the ground being partially shaded by a large tree.

Another, of Willow-leaf — No. 1, on the 3d cut of root,
very good growth.

No. 2, on very slender roots, nearly as good.

No. 3, only 1 inch of root to 1 inch of scion ; not so
good growth nor so good a strike, but shaded by a tree.

No. 4, on 2d cut of root, not so good as the third.

No. 5, on average lot, not waxed, as good as any.

No. 6, roots worked upside-down, mostly failed.

D. O. Reeder exhibited some 2-year old apple trees,
worked on the root inverted, they were of very good
growth.

For root grafting, thrifty stocks are wanted of one or
two years' growth, the smoother and straighter the roots,
the better. These should be taken up from the seed-bed
in the fall, selected, tied in bundles, and stored in the cel-
lar or cave, or buried in the soil where they shall be acces-
sible at any time, and where they will be kept fresh and

00 A.MERICAN POMOLOGY.

plump. The roots and scions having been prepared and
under shelter, the work of grafting may proceed at any
time during the winter. The stocks, if not clean, should
be washed, and one hand trims off the side rootlets. The
grafter cuts a hundred scions of the appropriate length,
which he puts into a shallow box on the table ; he takes up
a stock, cuts the slope near the collar, and a dextrous
hand will at the same time make the sloping cut to re-
ceive the first graft and also the tongue, if that style of
grafting is to be done, as is usually practised. He then
picks up a scion, from a lot which himself or another hand
has already prepared with a slope and tongue, and adapts
it to the root, the tongue keeping the two together ; a por-
tion of the root is then cut off with the graft, and the
process is repeated upon the next section. Two or three
or more grafts, are thus made from one seedling root ; the
length of the sections vary from two to four inches, ac-
cording to the fancy of the operator, or of bis employer.
Some persons recommend a long scion with a short root,
and others prefer to reverse those terms. The whole root
graft should not be more than six or seven in(fhes long.

When any given number of scions are fitted to the
roots, a boy completes the process of grafting, by applying
melted wax with a brush, in which case they are dropped
into water to harden the wax, or they are wrapped with
waxed strips of muslin or paper, or, better stilL they are
tied with waxed thread. ISTo. 3 cotton yarn is drawn
through a pan of melted wax, and wound upon a reel
placed at the other side of the room, so that the wax
may harden. This waxed thread is a very convenient
tie ; the graft being h^ld in the left hand, the thread is

PROPAGATION. 91

wound about it two or three turns ; as the wax causes the
bandage to adhere to itself where it crosses, no knot is
needed, and the thread is broken off with a quick jerk.

In splice grafting, whether performed with any of the
machines, or if the slopes of root and scion be cut with
the thin grafting knife, the tying must be done by the
same hand that selects and places the scion upon the root.
This does not admit of the same division of labor, and the
fingers, becoming sticky from the wax, cannot be so nim-
ble, and are unfit for cutting. When the lot is tied, they
are set into the box, which should be inclined at an angle,
and interspersed with earth or saw-dust ; for transporta-
tion. Saw-dust, just as it comes from the mill, neither
wet nor dry, is preferred by some as a packing material,
and it bas been found very efiicacious, excluding and ad-
mitting the air just in the right proportions to prevent
desiccation, and to promote the union, which very soon
takes place between the graft and the root, if the boxes
be stored, in the cellar. In an ice-house root girafts have
been kept in saw-dust more than a year, and then planted
and grown successfully. The boxes should be deep
enough to receive the whole graft — say from 10 to 12
inches — and then they can be packed upon one another
without injuring the scions; these should be distinctly
marked with the name and number, so as to be ready for
planting out in the spring.

Much discussion has been had upon the merits and de-
merits, or disadvantages of root grafting, and much the-
oretical argument has been brought against-the practice ;
but beautiful trees are thus made in immense numbers in
the extensive nurseries of our country, and until better

92 AMEEICAN POMOLOGY.

arguments can be produced against the practice, nursery-
men will continue to graft on sections of root, such va-
rieties, as are suitable for this procedure — especially ap-
ples, in a large proportion of the varieties cultivated, some
pears, some peaches, grapes, and other fruits.

Root grafting is now of almost universal application
with the apple. It has many advantages, Avhich may be
summed up as follows : Two or more plants may be pro-
duced from the root of one stock ; these may be made with
great rapidity ; the work may all be performed in-doOrs
and during the whole winter season, when nothing can be
done outside ; they are of small bulk, and great numbers
may be stowed away in little space, they may be trans-
ported to any distance in this condition, and are ready for
planting with the opening of spring, when they may be
set in the nursery rows at once ; or, they may be bedded
out in a small space and mulched,, to protect them from
drouth, and the weeds can easily be kept under. Another
advantage of bedding out the root-grafts is, that they may
be assorted according to their size the next season, when
transplanted into the nursery rows. This very transplant-
ing too is a great advantage, for the roots will be much
improved by the process.

The theoretical objections to root grafts have yielded
to sound philosophy, based on and supported by practical
observation. The very many advantages of this more
economical and convenient and agreeable process, will
necessarily sustain root-grafting in this flist age, when so
many million-s of trees are needed for the rapidly extend-
ing wants of this nation of tree planters. We may, how-
ever, consider some of the practical objections which have

PROPAGATIO:?^. 93

been brought forward against this plan of multiplying the
apple. In our very changeable climate, and particularly
in the ISTorth-west, upon the prairies, the cold of winter
often supervenes with great suddenness, after the young
trees bave made a prolonged and vigorous growth in the
fertile soil, and produces terrible devastation among those
that are there exposed, without protection of any kind, to
the rude blasts of the storm-king : in a less degree, injury
is very frequent with many such late-growing kinds, at the
first access of a severe frost ; this is manifested in the burst-
ing of the bark near the base of the stem. The same thing
is not so often seen in the same varieties, when they have
been budded or stock grafted a foot or more from the
ground upon hardy seedling stocks, hence judicious prop-
agators have selected the "tender" varieties for this kind
of working, and confine their root-grafting to those less
liable to the injury. There are other varieties which do
not readily and promptly form a strong upright growth,
so as to be profitable trees to the nurseryman if root
grafted; these are selected for stock working, either on
strong seedlings, or upon hardy upright sorts that have
been root grafted for the purpose of being thus double-
worked. This plan has been pursued to a limited extent
only, but its advantages in the production of good trees
of the slender growing varieties, begin to be appreciated,
and as the demand increases* our intelligent nurserymen
will very soon furnish the requisite supply.

Planting. — When the weather is fine, and the soil in
good condition, the root-grafts are to be set out with a
dibble, by the line ; they should be planted rather deeply,
.one bud projecting above the surface of the ground. The

94 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

culture must be thorough, the plants should be kept per-
fectly clean, but it is questionable whether the growth
should be pushed late in the season ; indeed, it is prefer-
able to check the vegetation at mid-summer. For this
purpose it has been recommended to cease cultivating the
soil, or even to sow the ground with a heavy seeding of
oats, so as to check the growth before winter. In good
soils, with good culture, the average hight in the rows
will be two feet, but there is a great difference in the
kinds ; some will considerably exceed 1:his hight. In-
telligent nurserymen no longer endeavor to have an exces-
sive growth in the first year, and many prefer the bedding
plan above alluded to.

Trimming^ Pinching^ or Sheading. — The growth dur-
ing the first year is generally a single shoot, sometimes
two. If there be a second, it should be subordinated by
pinching off its extremity, never by trimming it off; in-
deed, laterals should always be encouraged, and this will be
more and more the case, since the demand for low-headed
trees is increasing, as the laws of physiology are better
understood. A young tree, well furnished with laterals,
is always more stocky, and every way better, though not
so tall as that which has been drawn up to a single stem.
To encourage this condition, some advise the pinching out
the terminal bud in the midst of the growing season,
which will cause the swelling and subsequent breaking of
the lower buds, so as to furnish plenty of laterals. If
done later in the season, especially with strong-growing
varieties, a branching head may be formed higher up, d nr-
ing the first season, making very pretty trees. This is,
however, seldom attempted with root-grafts the first sea-

PROPAGATION. 95

son, though it is very common for collar-grafted trees, and
for buds on strong stocks to make a fine branching growth
the first year. The second season the trees should all be
headed-in, and the laterals spurred-in early in the spring,
or in mild weather during the winter, if the scions are
wanted. This method of making stocky plants cannot be
too highly commended, nor can the opposite plan, of trim-
ming off all the side branches, and even of stripping the
leaves from the lower part of the shoots, during the first
summer, be too severely condenmed.

Stock Grafting has many advocates, and for some va-
rieties this plan is preferable. The union may be efiected
at any point from the collar upward. Formerly, the
place was selected to suit the convenience of the grafter,
and many old orchards show very plainly where they were
worked, the stock or the scion having overgrown, and it
is very curious that some varieties may be indicated as
good feeders of the stock below thern, and the contrary.
At present, tree planters are more fastidious, and object
to these irregularities in the stems of their trees. They
will purchase nothing that shows the point of union above
ground, hence the more common use of collar grafting, as
it has been called, or the insertion of the scion at or near
the surface of the ground. Stocks that have been culti-
vated one or two years in the nursery row, are selected
for this purpose ; the earth is removed from them, they are
cut ofi* and grafted as they stand, and with their fine
strong roots undistui-bed, the result of one summer's
growth is very satisfactory, making beautiful trees fit for
the orchard. Older trees, especially those with straight
clean stems, are often grafted standard high, so as to pro-

96 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

duce a fine salable tree at once, or in one season. This
is a very good plan with some of the slender and strag-
gling varieties, such as are called poor growers, and which
are unprofitable to the nurseryman when propagated in the
usual manner. Grafting or budding upon such stocks is
also resorted to very often, when it is desirable at once to
furnish large, or salable trees of new varieties.

In grafting upon a large stock, or upon the tops of an
old tree, the process called cleft grafting is generally
used. Here, as in all forms of this process, the object to
be attained, is the co-aptation of the inner bark of both
stock and scion. The latter is held in its place by the
clasping of the former, an5 is also covered by some mate-
rial that is pliant, and which will exclude the air and
moisture.

The advantages of stock-grafting are the changing of an
old tree from bad to good fruit, w^hich is produced in a few
years ; it is also applicable to large stocks, and produces an
immediate result, making salable trees in one year. It is
also desirable for some poor-growing varieties, which are
slow in making a tree from the ground; but it has its dis
advantages also. The nurseryman must wait until his
stocks have been grown one or more years in the nursery,
his trees will sometimes be larger than he desires, they
will be apt to have the mark of the grafting as a blemish
I'pon the stalk sometimes during the life of the tree;
and w^orse than all, he is restricted to a brief period in the
spring, when he is obliged to perform the operation
out of doors, and often in very unpleasant weather.

As a result of all the discussions upon this subject, it is
found that stock-g-raftino-, whether at the collar or at some

PROPAGATIOl^. 97

distance above the ground, is still practiced, and has many
warm advocates, as a better means of making the best trees.
The only objections are the greater expense of culture of
the stocks, and greater labor in grafting ; the limited pe-
riod at which the work can be performed, and the exposure
of the workman during its performance, which is often at
a stormy season, and always during a busy portion of the
year. The trees too, in the orchard, are often somewhat
deformed by an irregularity of growth, and have an en-
largement either above or below the union, which is un-
sightly.

The kind of grafting will depend upon the size of the
stocks ; splice and whip-grafting on the smaller, and cleft-
grafting on the larger ones, must be practiced. The wax-
ing may be done by any of the methods indicated, accord-
ing to the fancy ; but it must' always be more thoroughly
done in aerial, than in underground grafting, whether
this be in the collar or upon sections of the root ; in the
former the whole of the cut surfaces must be covered,
to prevent desiccation by \he winds, or the inroads of
insects, or of wet from rains.

Wax. — Various combinations of the materials used in
the preparation of grafting-Avax, have been recommended
by different operators. The desideratum being to have a
material that shall be sufficiently pliant, and at the same
time firm enough to withstand the elevated temper-
atures to which it may be exposed. A mean is preferred,
neither too hard nor too soft, and the proportions of the
ingredients are varied according as it is proposed to use
it out of doors, or in the house, in cold weather or
warm.

7

98 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

A favorite recipe, with a practical nurseryman of great

experience, is:

Rosin, six parts, J

Bees'Wax, one part, >• melted together.

Tallow, one part, )

This is to be used warm, when grafting in the house.

For out-door work he used the following :

Rosin, four or five parts.

Bees-wax, one and one-half to two parts.

Linseed oil, one to one and one-half.

This is made into a mass to be applied by hand. A very
pleasant and neat mode of using the wax is to pour it
when melted, upon thin muslin or strong paper, and spread
it thin with a spatula. The tissue is then cut into strips
of convenient size. The application to cotton ^jiarn for
root-grafting, has already been mentioned.

The French use the preparation given below, sufficiently
warm to be liquid, but not so hot as to injure the tissues
of the tree, and apply it with a brush :

Black pitch 28 parts.

Burgundy pitch 28 "

Bees-wax 16 "

Grease 14 ''

Yellow ochre 14 ^'

Making 100 parts.*

Mr. I)u Breuil also refers to Leport's liquid mastic in

terms of commendation, but speaks of it as a secret

composition.

Downing recommends melting together :

Bees-wax 3 parts.

Rosin 8 "

Tallow 2 "

* Du Breuil, Culture of Fruit Trees; English Translation.

PROPAGATION. 99

He says, the common wax of the French is

Pitch one-half pound.

Bees wax *' "

Cow-dung one pound.

To be boiled together, and laid on with a brush, and for
using cold or on strips of muslin, equal parts of tallow,
bees-wax, and rosin, some preferring a little more tallow.
J. J. Thomas, whose practical knowledge is proverbial,
recommends for its cheapness

IJinseed oil one pint.

Rosin six pounds.

Bees-wax one pound.

Melted together, to be applied warm with a brush, or to
be put on paper or muslin, or worked with wet hands in-
to a mass and drawn out into ribbons.

The season for grafting is quite a prolonged one, if we in-
clude the period during which it may be done in the house,
and the ability we have of retarding the scions by cold,
using ice. It should be done while the grafts are dor-
mant, which is at any time from the fall of the leaf until
the swelling of the buds. As the grafts would be likely
to suffer from prolonged exposure, out-door grafting is
done just before vegetation commences in the spring, but
may be prolonged until the stocks are in full leaf, "by
keeping back the scions, in which case, however, there is
more danger to the stock unless a portion of its foliage is
allowed to remain to keep up the circulation ; under these
circumstances, too, side-grafting is sometimes used with
the same view.

The stone fruits are worked first ; cherries, plums, and
peaches, then pears and apples. With regard to grafting

100 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

grapes, there is a diversity of opinion. Some operators
prefer very early in the season, as in February, and others
wait until the leaves have appeared upon the vine to be
grafted.

Scions or Grafts are to be selected from healthy plants
of the variety we wish to propagate. They should be
the growth of the previous year, of average size, well de-
^ eloped, and with good buds, those having flower buds
are rejected. If the shoots be too strong, they are often
furnished with poor buds, and are more pithy, and there-
fore they are more diflacult to work and are less likely to
grow. Grafts, cut from young bearing orchai>ds, are the
best, and being cut from fruiting trees, this enables
us to. be certain as to correctness of the varieties to
be propagated ; but they are generally and most rapidly
collected from young nursery trees, and as an orchardist
or nurseryman should be able to judge of all the varieties
he cultivates by the appearance of their growth, foliage,
bark, dots, etc., there is little danger in taking the scions
from such untested trees.

Time for cutting Scions. — The scions may be cut at any
time after the cessation of growth in the autumn, even be-
fore the leaves have fallen, until the buds burst in the
spring, always avoiding severely cold or frosty weather,
because of the injury to the tree that results from cutting
at such a time, though the frost may not have injured the
scion. The best nurserymen prefer to cut them in the au-
tumn, before they can have been injured by cold. They
should be carefully packed in fine earth, sand, or saw-
dust, and placed in the cellar or cave. The leaves strip-
ped from them, make a very good packing material ; moss

piiopagatio:n-. 101

is often used, where it can "be obtained, bnt the'best ma-
terial is saw-dust. This latter is clean, whereas the sand
and soil will dull the knife. If the scions should have be-
come dry and shriveled, they may still be revived by
placing them in soil that is moderately moist, not wet —
they should not, Iby any means, be placed in water, but
should be so situated that they may slowly imbibe mois-
ture. When they have been plumped, they should be ex-
amined by cutting into their tissues ; if these be brown,
they are useless, but if alive, the fresh cut will look clear
and white, and the knife will pass as freely through them
as when cutting a fresh twig.

The after-treatment of the grafts consists in removing
the sprouts that appear upon the stock below the scion,
often in great numbers. These are called robbers, as they
take the sap which should go into the scion. It is some-
times well to leave a portion of these as an outlet for ex-
cess. When the graft is tardy in its vegetation, and in
late grafting, it is always safest to leave some of these
shoots to direct the circulation to the part, and thus insure
a supply to the newly introduced scion ; all should even-
tually be removed, so as to leave the graft supreme.

It may sometimes be necessary to tie up the young
shoot which pushes with vigor, and may fall and break
with its own weight before the supporting woody fibre
has been deposited ; but a much better policy is to pinch
in the tip when but a few inches long, and thus encourage
the swelling and breaking of the lateral buds, and produce
a more sturdy result. This is particularly the case in
stock-grafts and in renewing an orchard by top-grafting.

PROPAGATION.— SECTION in.^BUDDING.

A.J)VANTAGES OF — LONG PERIOD FOR — CLAIMS OF GREATER HARDINESS
EXAMINED — LATE GROWERS APT TO BURST THE BARK — BUD TEN-
DER SORTS — STOCKS NOT ALWAYS HARDY — PHILOSOPHY OF BUD-
DING, LIKE GRAFTING, DEPENDS UPON CELL-GROWTH— THE CAM-
BIUM, OR *'PULP" — THE BUD, ITS INDIVIDUALITY — THOMSON
QUOTED — UNION DEPENDS UPON THE BUD — SEASON FOR BUDDING

— CONDITIONS REQUISITE — SPRING BUDDING — CONDITION OF THE
BUDS — BUD STICKS — SELECTION OF — THEIR TREATMENT — RESTO-
RATION WHEN DRY — THE WEATHER — RAINS TO BE AVOIDED —
USUAL PERIOD OF GROWTH BY EXTENSION — SUCCESSION OF VA-
RIETIES— CHERRY, PLUM, PEAR, APPLE, QUINCE, PEACH — HOW
TO DO IT — DIFFERENT METHODS — AGE OF STOCKS — PREPARATION
OF — THE KNIFE — CUTTING THE BUDS — REMOVAL OF THE WOOD

— THE AMERICAN METHOD — DIVISION OF LABOR — TYING — RING
BUDDING — PREPARATION OF SCIONS FOR EARLY BUDDING — IM-
PROVEMENTS IN TYING — BAST, PREPARATION OF — SUBSTITUTES

— NOVEL TIE — WHEN TO LOOSEN THE BANDAGE — HOW DONE —
INSPECTION OF BUDS — SIGN OF THEIR HAVING UNITED — KNIGHT'S
TWO BANDAGES — WHY LEAVE THE UPPER ONE LONGER — HEAI>
ING BACK THE STOCKS — RESUM^.

Budding, or inoculating, is the insertion of eyes or
buds. This is a favorite method of propagation, which is
practiced in the multiplication of a great variety of fruits.
The advantages of budding consist in the rapidity and
facility with which it is performed, and the certainty of
102

PROPAGATION. 103

success which attends it. Budding may be done during
a long period of the growing season, upon the different
kinds of trees we have to propagate. Using but a single
eye, it is also economical of the scions, which is a matter
of some importance, when we desire to multiply a new
and scarce variety.

It has been claimed on behalf of the process of budding,
that trees, which have been worked in this method, are
more hardy and better able to resist the severity of win-
ter than others of the same varieties, which have been
grafted in the root or collar, and also that budded trees
come sooner into bearing. Their general hardiness will
probably not be at all effected by their manner of prop-
agation ; except perhaps, where there may happen to be
a marked difference in the habit of the stoek, such for in-
stance as maturity early in the season, w^hich would have
a tenden(3y to check the late growth of the scion placed
upon it — the supplies of sap being diminished, instead of
continuing to flow into the graft, as it would do from the
roots of the cutting or root-graft of a variety which was
inclined to make a late autumnal growth. Practically, ho we-
aver, this does not have much weight, nor can we know,
in a lot of seedling stocks, which will be the late feeders,
and wbich will go into an early summer rest.

Certain varieties of our cultivated fruits are found to
have a remarkable tendency to make an extended and very
thrifty growth, which, continuing late into the autumn,
would appear to expose the young trees to a very severe
trial upon the access of the first cold weather, and we
often find them very seriously injured under such circum-
stances ; the bark is frequently split and ruptured for sev-

104 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

eral inches near the ground. The twigs, still covered
with abundant foliage, are so affected by the frost, that
their whole outer surface is shriveled, and the inner bark
and wood are browned ; the latter often becomes perma-
nently blackened, and remains as dead matter in the centre
of the tree, for death does not necessarily ensue. IN'ow in-
telligent nurserymen have endeavored to avoid losses
from these causes, by budding such varieties upon strong
well-established stocks, though they are aware that these
are not more hardy than some of the cultivated varieties :
a given number of seedling stocks has been found to suffer
as much from the severity of winter, as do a similar amount
of the grafted varieties taken at random.* That the se-
rious difficulty of bark-bursting occurs near the surface of
the ground, do^s seem to be an argument of some weight in
favor of budding or stock-grafting at a higher point. The
earlier fruiting of budded trees than those which have
been root-grafted, does not appear to be a well established
fact, and therefore need not detain us ; except to observe
that the stocks, upon which the buds were inserted, might
have been older by some years than the slip of root upon
which the graft was set, so that the fruiting of the former
tree should count two or three or more years further back
than from the period of the budding. There are so many
causes which might have contributed toward this result
of earlier bearing, that we should not be too hasty in
drawing conclusions in this matter.

The philosophy of budding is very similar to that of
grafting. The latter process is performed when the plant-
life is almost dormant, and the co-apt ed parts are ready to

* A. R. Whitney, Franklin Grove Nurseries, Lee Co., 111.

PR0PAGATI01S-. 105

take the initiative steps of vegetation, and to effect their
union by means of new adventitious cells, before the free
flow of sap in the growing season. Budding, on the con-
trary, is done in the hight of that season, and toward its
close, when the plants are full of well matured and highly
organized sap, when the cell circulation is most active, and
the union between the parts is much more immediate than
in the graft; were it not so, indeed, the little shield, with
its actively evaporating surface of young bark, must cer-
tainly perish from exposure to a hot dry atmosphere. The
cambium^ or gelatinous matter, which is discovered be^
tween the bark and the wood when they are separated, is
a mass of organizable cells. Mr. Paxton, using the gar-
dener's expression, calls it the " pulp." Budding is most
successfully performed when this matter is abundant, for
then the vitality of the tree is in greatest degree of ex-
altation.

The individuality of the bud'was sufficiently argued in
the first section of this chapter, it need not now be again
introduced, except as appropriately to remind us of the
fact where the propagation depends upon this circum-
stance— the future tree must spring from the single bud
which is inserted. Mr. A. T. Thomson, in his Lectures on
the Elements of Botany, page 396, says : — '' The individ-
uality of buds must have been suspected as early as the
discovery of the art of budding, and it is fully proved by
the dissection of plants. * * Budding is founded on
the fact, that the bud, which is a branch in embryo, is a
distinct individual. It is essential that both the bud and
the tree into which it is inserted should not only be anal-
ogous in their character, as in grafting with the scion, but

106 america:5T pomology.

both must be in a state of growth at the time the opera-
tion is performed. The union, however, depends much
more upon the bud than upon the stock — ^the bud may be
considered a centre of vitality — vegetative action com-
mences in the bud, and extends to the stock, connecting
them together."—" The vital energy, however, which com-
mences the process of organization in the bud, is not nec-
essarily confined to the germ, nor distinct from that
which maintains the growth of the entire plant ; but it is
so connected with organization, that when this has pro-
ceeded a certain length, the bud may be removed from
the parent and attached to another, where it will become
a branch the same as if it had not been removed."

The season for budding has already been indicated in
general terms, it is usually done in mid-summer and the
early part of autumn, reference being had to the condition
of the plants to be worked ; these should be in a thrifty
growing state, the woody fibre should be pretty w^ell ad-
vanced, but growth by extension must still be active, or
the needful conditions will not be found. The " pulp "
must be present between the bark and the wood of the
stock, so that the former can be easily separated from the
latter • in the language of the art, the bark must " run ;"
this state of things will soon cease in most stocks, after the
formation of terminal buds on the shoots. The success
of spring budding, however, would appear to indicate
that the cambium layer is formed earlier in the season
than is usually supposed ; for whenever the young leaves
begin to be developed on the stock, " the bark will run,"
and the buds may be inserted with a good prospect of
success. In this case we are obliged to use dormant buds
that were formed the previous year, and we have to exer-

PEOPAGATIOm 107

cise care in the preservation of the scions, to keep them
back by the application of cold, until the time of their in-
sertion.

The condition of the bud is also important to the suc-
cess of the operation. The tree from which we cut the
scions should be in a growing state, though this is not so
essential as in the case of the stock, as has been seen in
spring budd;ng — still, a degree of activity is desirable.
The young shoot should have perfected its growth to
such an extent as to have deposited its woody fibre, it
should not be too succulent ; but the essential condition
is, that it should have its buds well developed. These, as
every one knows, are formed in the axils of the leaves,
and, to insure success, they should be plump and well
grown. In those fruits which blossom on wood shoots of
the previous year's growth, as the peach and apricot, the
blossom buds should be avoided; they are easily recog-
nized by their greater size and plumpness. In cutting
scions, or bud-sticks, the most vigorous shoots should be
avoided, they are too soft and pithy; the close jointed
firm shoots, of medium size, are much to be preferred, as
they have well developed buds, which appear to have
more vitality. Such scions are found at the ends of the
lateral branches. These need immediate attention, or
they will be lost. The evaporation of their juices through
the leaves would soon cause them to wither and wilt, and
become useless. These appendages are therefore immedi-
ately removed by cutting the petioles from a quarter to
half an inch from the scion ; a portion of the stem is thus
left as a convenient handle when inserting the shield, and
this also serves afterward as an index to the condition of
the bud. So soon as trimmed of their leaves, the scions

108 ameeica:n" pomology.

are tied up, and enveloped loosely in a damp cloth, or in
moss, or fresh grass, to exclude them from the air. If
they should become wilted, they must not be put into
water, as this injures them; it is better to sprinkle the
cloth and tie them up tightly, or they may be restored by
burying them in moderately moist earth.

The early gardeners were very particular as to the kind
of weather upon which to do their budding. They re-
commended a cloudy or a showery day, or the evening, in
order to avoid the effects of the hot sunshine. This might
do in a small garden, where the operator could select his
opportunity to bud a few dozen stocks ; but even there,
wet weather should be avoided, rather than courted. But
in the large commercial nurseries, where tens of thousands
of buds are to be inserted, there can be no choice of
weather; indeed, many nurserymen prefer bright sun-
shine and the hottest weather, as they find no inconveni-
ence arising to the trees from this source. Some even
aver that their success is better under such circumstances,
and argue that the " pulp is richer."

Most trees in their mature state make all their growth
by extension or elongation very early in the season, by
one push, as it were ; with the first unfolding of the leaves,
comes also the elongation of the twig that bears them.
In most adult trees in a state of nature, there is no further
growth in this way, but the internal changes of the sap
continue to be effected among the cells during the whole
period of their remaining in leaf, during which there is a
continual flow of crude sap absorbed by the roots, and
taken up into the organism of the tree to aid in tlie per-
fection of all the various parts, and in the preparation of

PROPAGATION. 109

the proper juice and the several products peculiar to the
tree, as well as its wood and fruits. When all this is
transpiring within its economy, the tree is said to be in
its full flow of sap ; at this stage the young tree is in the
best condition for budding, but it continues also, if well
cultivated, to grow by extension for a greater or shorter
portion of the season, and this is essential to the success
of the operation as already stated. After- the perfecting
of the crop of fruit, the main work of the tree seems to
have been done for the year, and we often observe, par-
ticularly with the summer fruits, that the trees appear to
go to rest after this period, and begin to cast their foliage.
ISTow, to a certain extent, this is true of the young trees.
The varieties that ripen their fruit early, make their
growth in the nursery in the earlier portion of the sum-
mer, they stop growing, and their terminal bud is formed
and is conspicuous at the top of the shoots. Very soon
the supply of sap appears to be diminished, there is no
longer so much activity in the circulation, the bark cleaves
to the wood, it will no longer run, and the season of bud-
ding for those stocks has reached its terminus ; hence the
nurseryman must be u]Don the look-out for the condition
of his trees. Fortunately, those species which have the
shortest season, are also the first to be ready, the first to
mature their buds, and they must be budded first. We
may commence with the cherry, though the Mahaleb stock,
when it is used, continues in condition longer than other
varieties, and may be worked late. The plum and pear
stocks also complete their growth at an early period in the
season ; the apple continues longer in good condition, and
may be worked quite late. Grapes, if worked in this

no

AlVIERICAN POMOLOGY.

way, should be attended to about mid-season, while they
are still growing ; but quinces and peaches may be kept
in a growing state much later than most other stocks, and
can be budded last of all.

How TO DO IT. — The stocks being in a suitable condition
as above described, they should be trimmed of their lateral
shoots for a few inches from the ground. This may be
done immediately in advance of the budder, or it may
have been done a few days before the budding. The
stock may be one year old, or two years ; after this period
they do not work so well. The usual method is to make
a T incision through the bark of the stock, as low down as

possible, but in a smooth
piece of the stem ; some
prefer to insert the
shield just below the
natural site of a bud.
The knife should be thin
and sharp, and if the
stock be in good condi-
tion, it will pass through

Fig. 17. — BUDDING, WITH THE WOOD RE- U 1

MOVED. by THE INSIDE OP THE SHIELD ^^® DarK Wltil VCry
SHOWING THE BASE OF THE BUD. Httlc reSlStaUCC *, but If

the stock be too dry, the experienced budder will detect
it by the' different feeling communicated through his knife,
by the increased resistance to be overcome in making the
cut. The custom has been to raise the bark by inserting
the haft of the budding knife gently, so as to start the
corners of the incision, preparatory to inserting the bud ;
but our best budders depend upon the shield separating
the bark as it is introduced. The bud is cut from the

PKOPAGATION.

Ill

scion by the same knife, which is entered half an inch
above the bud, and drawn downward about one-third the
diameter of the scion, and brought out an equal distance
below the bud ; this makes the shield, or bud. The
authorities direct that the wood should be removed from
the shield before it is inserted ; this is a nice operation,
requiring some dexterity to avoid
injuring the base of the bud,
which constitutes its connection
with the medulla or pith within
the stick. The base of the bud
is represented by 5, figure 17.
Various appliances have been in-
vented to aid in this separation,
some use a piece of quill, others
a kind of gouge ; but if the bark
run freely on the scion, there will
be Mttle difficulty in separating
the wood from the shield with the
fingers alone. All this may be
avoided by adopting what is call-
ed the American method of bud-
ding, which consists in leaving the wood in the shield,
(fig. 18, h) that should be cut thinner, and is then inserted
beneath the bark without any difficulty, and may be made
to fit closely enough for all practical purposes. Like ev-
erything else American, this is a time-saving and labor-
saving plan, and therefore readily adopted by the prac-
tical nurseryman, who will insert two thousand in a
day.

A division of labor is had generally, so far as the

Fig. 18. — AMERICAN BUD-
DING. &, THE BUD WITH
THE WOOD REMAINING.

112

AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

tying is concerned ; for this is done by a boy who fol-
lows immediately after the budder, and some of these
require two smart boys. S. S. Jackson has -carried this
principle of division of labor still further, and, as appears,
with advantage ; one hand cuts the shields for another who
inserts them. He never uses the haft of his knife to raise
the b;irk, but, after having made the longitudinal cut
through tlie bark, he places the knife in position to make

Fig. 19.— MK. JACKSON'S METHOD OF MAKING THE INCISION.

the transverse incision, and as he cuts the bark, the edQ:e
of the blade being inclined downward, the shield is placed
on the stock close above the knife, which is then still
further inclined toward the stock, resting upon the shield
as a fulcrum ; thus started, the bark will readily yield to
the shield, which is then pressed down home into its place.

J. W. Tenbrook, of Indiana, has invented a little instru-
ment with which he makes the longitudinal and transverse
incisions, and raises the bark, all at one operation, and in-

rROPAGATIO^.

113

serts the bud with the other hand. On these plans, two
persons may work together, one cut-
ting, the otlier inserting the buds;
these may change work occasionally
for rest. In all cases it is best to have
other hands to tie-in the buds, two or
three boys will generally find full occu-
pation behind a smart budder. It will
be apparent that the above processes can
only be performed when the stock is
in the most perfect condition of groAvth,
so that the bark can be pressed away
before the bud ; a good workman will
not desire to bud under any other
circumstances.

In budding, it is found that the upper
end of the shield is the last to adhere
to the stock ; it needs to be closely ap-
plied and pressed by the bandage, and
if too long, so as to project above the
tranverse incision, it should be cut off.
Another expedient for facilitating the
operation of budding is made use of by
some of the nurserymen who grow
peach trees extensively. It consists in
preparing the stick of buds, as shown
in the engraving, figure 20. A cut is
made, with a sharp knife, through the
bark, around each bud, as in the figure.
The budder then removes the buds as
they are wanted, with a slight side-
Fig. 20. -STICK OF BUDS. ^Isc pull, aud has the shield in the right
condition to insert, without the trouble of removing the

114 AMERICAlSr POMOLOGY.

wood. When working in this manner, the stick of buds
must not be allowed to dry, and the work must be done
at a time when the bark parts with the greatest ease.
Among the modifications of the process of budding,
that, called ring-budding, fig. 21, may
be mentioned, rather as a curiosity how-
ever, though preferred by some, especi-
ally for the grape, which is said to be
very easily budded, though we seldom
see the operation practiced.

Those who are anxious to commence
budding early in the season, prepare the
Fio-. 21.— RING BUD- scions they expect to use, by pinching
DING. ii^Q enJs and cutting off a portion of

the leaves ; the effect of this check to the wood growth
is to hasten the ripening or development of the buds,
which rapidly swell, preparatory to breaking, in their at-
tempt to reproduce the foliage that had been removed.

Tying should be done as soon as convenient after the
buds have been inserted; though under very favorable
circumstances the bud may adhere and do well without
any bandaging, no one thinks of leaving the work with-
out carefully tying in the buds, and most b udders lay a
great deal of stress upon the necessity for covering the
whole shield and cut with a continuous bandaging, that
shall exclude the light, and air, and moisture. The ma-
terial most used is bass matting, brought from Russia, as
a covering to the packages of sheet iron for which that
country is famous. This is the inner bark of the Tilia
Europea^ but our own Bass-wood, T, Americana^ furnishes
an excellent bass, and is procured by our nurserymen di-

PROPAGATION.

115

rectly from the trees, by stripping the bark in June, and
after it has lain a few days in water, the inner portion sep-
arates easily, is dried, and put away for future use. Those
who have not provided the bass, are content to apply
woolen yarn to tie in the buds ; its elasticity adapts it well
to the purpose. The ingenious budder, without bass,
often finds a substitute for it, and a very good tie, in the
soft husks of corn ears, the inner husks are torn in-
to strips and used a little damp, when they are pliant and
easily tied, answering a very good
purpose. Many nurserymen, who have
tried the corn-husk, prefer it to all other
material, because it saves them the
trouble of removing the bandages, as
it decays rapidly, and yielding to the
growth of the stock, it falls off before
it cuts the bark, which a firmer bandage
is apt to do.

S. S. Jackson, whose improvements
in budding have already been mention-
ed, also adopts another in tying. He
holds that it is not at all necessary to

Fig. 33.-ME. "CKSON'S ^ ^^^ .^j^ ^^^ ^j ^^g ^^^ ^.g.

MANNER OF TYINa THE . .

BUD. quisite being to retain the parts in con-

tact. He uses IN'o. 3 cotton yarn, cut in lengths of a few
inches, more or less, according to the size of the stocks ; a
couple of strands are pulled out from the cut bundles ; the
first turn around the stock secures the end of the string
by its own pressure, one turn more is taken below the
bud and one or two above it, when the free end is passed
into a cleft made through the bark above the point where
the bud is inserted. This is foimd to secure the string

116 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

sufficiently, and is easily loosened when necessary to re-
lieve tlie tension caused by the continued growth, (fig. 22).
All ties should be. loosened in the course of a couple of
weeks, if the stocks be growing freely ; otherwise they
Avill injure the tree by strangulation. Sometimes it will
be necessary to replace the bandage to prevent the effects
of desiccation upon the bud, this is particularly the case
with the cherry, and other fruits, that are budded early ;
but the tie is often left on the stock all winter, as a sort
of protection to the hud. When loosening the ties, the
buds are inspected and their condition ascertained ; if they
have failed, they may be replaced, if the stocks continue
in a suitable condition. It is very easy to tell the suc-
cess of the budding ; the portion of the petiole left upon
the shield is a very good index; if the bud has withered,
this -will also be brown and will adhere firmly to the shield ;
but, on the contrary, the bud and its shield having formed
a union with the stock, the leaf-stalk remains plump, but
changes color. Like a leaf stem in the autumn, it assumes
the tint of ripeness, and it will separate with a touch, and
soon falls off.

The common method of removing the ties is to cut
them with a single stroke of a sharp knife, when the band-
age is left to fall off. Mr. Knight recommended two dis-
tinct ligatures, and left the one above the bud for a longer
time uncut. When the buds have not been very fully
developed, and when the stocks are very thrifty, it some-
times happens that the excessive growth about the in-
cisions made for the insertion of the bud, completely
cover up this little germ of a future tree, which is then
said to be " drowned." Judicious pinching and shortening

PROPAGATION. 117

of the stock will prevent this effect, but care is needed not
to pursue such treatment too far.

The stocks are generally headed back to within an inch
or more of the bud, just as vegetation starts the next
spring ; but early set buds may be headed back so soon as
they have taken, and wall often make a nice growth the
same season. This, however, is not generally preferred,
and a late start in the growing weather of our autumns is
particularly to be avoided, as the young shoot will not be-
come matured before winter, and may be lost.

The advantages of propagating by budding may be
summed up in the following remarks, which are presented
even at the risk of some re2:>etition.

This fayorite method of multiplying varieties has some
advantages over grafting, and is by many preferred on
account of the facility with which it can be performed,
and because it affords a means of increasing sorts in the
nursery that have not been grafted, and of filling up gaps
in the rows where grafts have missed ; and it has been re-
• ported, that budded trees of certain varieties were more
hardy than those which had been root-grafted. The ob-
jections, if such they can be called, are, that the period
of performing the operation is limited, and that the young
shoots from the buds generally have a cu'we that makes a
crook or blemish in the tree when it goes from the nur-
sery— neither of these objections constitute any real diffi-
culty ; on the contrary, the advantages quite over-balance
them : as already suggested, it is a good plan for double-
working certain varieties. The season for budding is at the
period when the longitudinal growth of the stock is nearly
completed, and when the wood-forming process is most

118 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

active, so that the bark will part most freely from the
wood — in other words, while the stock is still quite active
in its circulation, but has, in a measure, made its growth.
The scions used must have so far completed their growth
for the season as to have filled their buds handsomely,
but yet be so young as to allow the wood to part freely
from the bark of the shields when they are cut. Those
who desire to bud early, may accelerate the development
of the buds by nipping off the points of the shoots to be
used, this, in a few days, causes the buds to swell. The
season of budding will thus depend upon the high culture
of the nursery, and upon the condition of the trees from
which the scions of buds are to be cut. Budding should
never be done unless the stock is in perfectly good condi-
tion, if otherwise, it is labor lost. The old writers recom-
mended damp, cloudy, or even showery weather ; but un-
der our bright summer skies our large establishments would
never be able to dispose of their work, were they to wait
for such suitable weather. Fortunately it is not found
necessary to select such a season, but the greatest success
attends the budding that is done in fine bright and even
hot weather. The scions should be kept wrapped in a
damp cloth, excluded from the rapid evaporation to which
they would be subjected if exposed — this is better than tp
keep them in water, which exhausts them by dilution of
the sap they contain. The scions should have their leaves
removed, so soon as they are cut from the tree ; this is
done with a knife or the thumb nail, leaving a short piece
of the leaf-stalk for convenience when inserting the buds.
Spring budding is sometimes desirable, either to fill up
gaps in the nursery-rows, or to secure varieties, the scions

PROPAGATION. 119

of which may have been received too late for grafting, or
when it is desirable to multiply them as much as possible,
by making every bud grow. When the operation is to
be performed, in the spring, the scions must be kept back,
by placing them in the ice-house until the stocks are in
full leaf, when the bark will peel readily, and the buds
may be inserted vvith a pretty fair prospect of success; of
course, the American method must be used in this case,
as the wood and bark of the dormant scion will not sep-
arate.

The stocks should be cut down as early in the spring as
the buds begin to swell, with a sharp knife, applied just
above the bud, and on the same side ; the whole upper
portion of the stock must be removed by a clean cut ; this
is better than to leave a stump of three or four inches, ag
is often recommended, as a support to which to tie up
the buds in their tender growth. All shoots from the
stock should be rubbed out while young ; this may need
repeating a second time.

If the stocks were strong, the buds will make handsome
sturdy trees the first season ; the branched form may be
assisted by pinching the points when a few inches high, as
recommended with the grafts. Two year old stocks
should make pretty trees, at one year old from the bud.

PROPAGATIO:^.— SECT. IV.—THE NURSERY.

APOLOGY — NUKSERTMEN NEED NOT BE JEALOUS — SITE AND SOIL —
ROOTS AFFECTED BY SOIL — FIBROUS ROOTS DESIRABLE — ROOT
PRUNING — THE PLOW PRUNER — DIGGING TREES — HIGH MANURING
— OBJECTIONS — CROWDING THE ROWS IS STILL WORSE — PREPARA-
TION OP NURSERY SOIL — DRAINING —LAYING OUT — DISTANCES —
BEDDING APPLE GRAFTS — MULCHING — THE ROLLER AS A CULTI-
VATOR— LAYING BY TREES FOR WINTER WITH THE PLOW — THE
SUBSOIL LIFTER — THE PRONGED HOE — THOROUGH PREPARATION OF
CUTTING BEDS — MANAGEMENT OP CUTTINGS — AUTUMNAL PLANT-
ING — WINTER MULCHING — GRAPE CUTTINGS — FALL PL ANTING —
LONG CUTTINGS — SHORT CUTTINGS — TRIMMING — VALUE OF THE
LEAVES — STOCKY TREES — SIDE BRANCHES — SHORTENING IN — WHEN
TO REMOVE — HEADING-IN THE TREES — WHEN TO DO IT — AGE OF
TREES FOR PLANTING — MAIDEN TREES —DISADVANTAGES OF LARGE
TREES — BENEFITED BY ROOT PRUNING — THE HOME NURSERY —
field's plan — THE NURSERY ORCHARD OF WHITNEY — WINTER
KILLING — PREVENTION OF BY EARLY RIPENING THE WOOD — INJURI-
OUS ANIMALS — MOLES — MICE — RABBITS — PREVENTIVES — INSECTS.

The Nursery. — Be not alarmed, brother nurseryman,
think not that all the arcana of your craft are to be ex-
posed to the public ; one small chapter cannot injure you,
120

PROPAGATION. 121

even were it wise and proper to retain knowledge exclu-
sively in the hands of the guild ; on the other hand, ye need
not be afraid that one who owes you so much would turn
tell-tale, and expose all your weaknesses to the gaze of the
multitude. From my friends in the craft, the many intel-
ligent men and keen observers, wlio have ever been fore-
most in the ranks of our country's pomologists, no cen-
sure is apprehended for attempting to dash oif a few brief
directions for the amateur, or even the nurseryman, who
is just beginning to pursue as a business the pleasant occu-
pation of growing trees. Any censure from others, if
such there be, who would feel afraid to trust their knowl-
edge to the world, and who might think in this enlight-
ened age that such a thing as secrets of the trade could
be long retained in their own hands, — any censure, from
such a source, would Ml harmless — it is not dreaded. In-
deed, though not of the trade, it would be easy to expose
the ignorance that is sure to be found among those who
might claim to be the exclusive conservators of knowl-
edge, such however is not the object in view, it is rather
to extend useful knowledge, to popularize it and to bring
it with'n the reach of those who may need it, that this
chapter is undertaken ; and the labor is the more willingly
entered upon, in the firm conviction that the more the
knowledge of plants and the love for them is diffused
among the masses of our population, the greater will be
the success of those who are engaged as professional nur-
serymen and gardeners, who need not fear the competition
of amateurs, but should rather encourage it, upon the
score of such persons being and continuing to be their
best customers — if not from any higher and more noble
6

122 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

sentiments of affiliation with men of congenial tastes and
pursuits.

Site and Soil for the !N"ursery. — A somewhat ele-
vated position should be selected for the ground that is to
be appropriated for the production of trees ; the surface
water should be able to escape rapidly, instead of standing
in the paths, and furrows, and trenches. The fresh air
should be able to blow freely over the young trees, sway-
ing them about, trying their fibres, and at the same
time giving them nevv strength and vigor: not that
they should be too much exposed to the rude blasts,
as they might be upon the vast savannas of the West,
where a protecting belt of deciduous and evergreen
trees, to a moderate extent, will be found of service, and
conducive to the healthy development of young trees in
the nursery. But even the naked prairie; exposed for
miles in every direction, would offer a better location for
the nursery, than a few acres cleared out among the heavy
timber. Here the little trees, if crowded together, must
be drawn up to meet the light, and will be poorly furnished
with lateral branches, and unprepared to meet the rude
battle with the elements that awaits them in their future
orchard homes, which, indeed, too often become rather
their graves, into which they are thrust, buried, not plant-
ed, and whence they rise no more, but after a fruitless
struggle, dwindle and die.

A somewhat elevated situation is also valuable, on ac-
count of its greater probable immunity from frost, than a
lower level ; and this is often a matter of great importance
in the successful cultivation of fruit trees.

The soil should be a good strong sandy loam, one that

PROPAGATION. 123

contains the needful elements for the growth of trees, and
at the same time has a composition that will freely permit
the passage of water through it, and be easily worked by
the cultivator. Heavy soils, abounding in clay, are strong ;
but they are more retentive of water, they require more
labor to keep them in a friable condition, and they are
sometimes objectionable on account of the character of the
roots produced hi them. These are less abundantly fur-
nished with fibres, as a general rule, when the tree has
been grown in a stiff clay, than when it has been produced
in a lighter and more porous soil. Mucky soils are too
light, and should not be used for permanent nurseries,
though valuable for seedlings, cuttings, and newly trans-
planted forest evergreens for a short period ; unless the
muck be underlaid by clay, and that it is near enough to
the surface to be reached in the preparation of the soil,
and to become mixed with its staple in cultivating it.
Trees, for the orchard, should never be grown upon a
mucky or peaty soil.

The difTerent character of the roots formed by trees grow-
ing in particular soils, should not be overlooked by the prop-
agator, since much of his reputation as a nurseryman, and
the success attendant upon the labors of his customers,
will depend upon the healthy development of these impor-
tant organs, which have been called the mouths of plants.
As elsewhere observed, peaty and mucky soils do not pro-
duce roots of a character well adapted to transplanting
into upland soil. Very stiff clays furnish trees with long
straggling roots that have feeble and scattered fibres ;
such roots do not present themselves in a good condition,
nor are they easily separated from the soil, the tenacity

124 AMERICAK POMOLOGY.

of which often injures the slender fibrous portions, which
it is desirable to preserve in transplanting. Sandy soils
and sandy loams produce the very best roots, most evenly
distribut^ed, and also most easily preserved and removed
when the trees are dug from the earth.

Much may be done by the intelligent cultivator, in any
kind of land, to make good roots by proper treatment of
his soil and trees. A thorough preparation of the ground,
and disintegration of the soil, will conduce to this result ;
and thorough culture will maintain the good condition
thus produced. Frequent transplanting will encourage
the production of new roots from the cut ends of those
that were ruptured in digging, and these will be within
reach at the next removal. When taking up young trees,
or when setting out seedlings in the nursery rows, the tap
roots, and indeed all long straggling roots, should be cut
back, with a view to producing the same result. When
trees have remained for three or four years in the nursery
rows, the fibres will have extended so far in search of
food and moisture, that in digging them, the best portions
of the roots will be left in the ground, and the young
trees will sufier upon being transplanted in this mutilated
condition. Such should be root pruned the season pre-
vious to their removal. This process is performed by re-
moving the earth on either side of the row, until the
roots are exposed, when they are cut ofi" at from ten inches
to a foot, from the tree, and the earth replaced upon them,
the object being the formation of new fibres that shall be
within the reach of the spade when they come to be dug
for the orchard. Another plan for root pruning is, to use
a very sharp spade, which is set down and pressed deeply

PROPAGATION. 125

into the ground, a few inches from the tree, so as to cut
all roots that pass thnt limit. This, though a ruder meth-
od, is followed by good results.

Digging the Trees, is a process that should be con-
ducted upon very different principles from those exercised
in grubbing a thicket. The nurseryman wishes to clear
his block, but the purchaser hopes to save his trees, and
to have them live, he wants a good share of their roots
with them. 'No one need expect, however, to have any-
thing like a large proportion of the roots of a tree re-
moved from the ground ; that is out of the question; un-
less they have been grown in walled stations, confining the
roots, like those of green-house plants in their flower-
pots. In open culture, they will have spread through the
soil in every direction, and cannot be preserved and re-
moved. Repeated root pruning will be of the greatest
service in furnishing a great many fine roots within reach ;
but at the best, a great deal of damage is necessarily in-
flicted upon the roots by digging, and the older and larger
the tree, the greater will be the injury, and the smaller the
proportion of roots to the branches.

In digging trees, it is important to remove the soil very
carefully on each side of the row to expose the roots, al-
ways holding the spade in such a position that its side and
edge shall be in the direction of a radius, from the stem
of the tree as a centre. IS^ever stand facing the tree to be
dug, but keep it next the elboAV, at one side. On finding
a root, withdraw the spade, and try again ; and, having
ascertained its direction, endeavor to loosen the outer ex-
tremities first. Proceed all around in this manner, and by
gently swaying the trunk, the points of resistance will bo

126

AMEKICAN POMOLOGY.

indicated ; these should be loosened and freed until all ap-
pear to be free, when, by grasping the collar as low down
as possible, the tree is to be lifted gently and freed from
the soil ; no force should be used beyond that which is ab-
solutely necessary, to lift the plant from its bed.

In the great commercial nurseries, all this care cannot
be exercised ; everything must be done in the large way,
and labor-saving appliances, the valuable results of

Fig. 23. — HARKNESS' TREE DIGGER.

human thought, but still not thinking nor observing intel-
ligences, must be used. One of this class is the tree-dig-
ger, which, in the prairie soils, is used with very good
success. It consists of a very large deep plow, without
any mold-board, but with a Avide sharp steel share, which
is turned up at the edges, so as to cut the lateral roots at
some distance from the trees. It is drawn on each side
of the row, by four horses, hitched ad tandem. The trees
may then easily be lifted from the loose prairie soil. The
accompanying engraving shows the tree digger of Mr. E.
Harkness, which is much used in the nurseries of Illinois
and other Western States. The figure is sufficiently clear,

PE0PAGATI01S-. 127

without mnch explanation. The broad steel blade runs
under the rows and is drawn by four horses, two working
o'ne before the other, or tandem^ each side of the row.
Some of our Western nurserymen find great advantage
from the use of this digger in their free soils, and also for
root pruning trees that are to remain in the rows.

In the sandy loams of ^N'ew Jersey, a similar tool is used
for digging peach trees, which is drawn by a span of
heavy horses that are attached to the two separate beams,
one being on each side of the trees. This implement is
found to be entirely satisfactory in its operations.

High manuring in the nursery has been objected to by
some orchard planters, who say that trees, which have
been forced into a too luxuriant growth in their infancy,
receive so severe a shock upon being transplanted to the
open field, that they never recover. With the neglect
which is so commonly accorded to young trees in the orch-
ard, it is really wonderful how they ever survive at all,
whether they had been stimulated in their culture or not.
The large majority of purchasers at the nursery always
select those trees which are most vigorous, notwithstand-
ing the prejudice against stimulating the trees, and then
with mutilated roots, they probably omit cutting back the
limbs sufiiciently, and when their neglected orchard fails,
they complain of the forced trees. The change from the
good cultivation of the nursery to the careless culture and
even neglect of the farm, is certainly hard for the poor
things to bear. Late growth, encouraged by high manur-
ing, is injurious. There is a much more serious fault of
the nursery than stimulating with manure and high culti-
vation, and that is the too common error of crowding the

128 AMEEICAN- POMOLOGY.

trees ; but' even this has its origin partly with the pur-
chaser, who too often wishes to have his trees drawn up
as high as possible; instead of demanding low heads he
asks for high ones, and will sometimes offer a premium
for trees that have grown in one season, the second from,
the root graft, eight or ten feet in a single shoot, so that
he may at once calculate upon forming the head where he
wants it, out of the reach of his horse ; a calculation, how-
ever, which he will not realize.

The Pkeparation op the Soil for a nursery should
be as deep and as thorough as possible, for some things it
is best" even to trench the ground; but generally, the
thorough plowing, with a deep-tiller, or a trench-plow,
will be sufficient, and if followed by the subsoil lifter, so
much the better. One of the most intelligent horticultur-
ists, and most successful nurserymen in the country, finds
that he can produce a better result in depth and fineness
of tilth, by using the Double Michigan plow, than he can
with the spade. A piece of clover-sod thus plowed in the
fall, and subsoiled at the same time, will be in fine order
for nursery purposes, after a thorough cross-plowing and
harrowing in the following spring. If the land has been
under-drained, so much the better. There is little good
land that would not be much improved for nursery pur-
poses by tile draining.

If manure is to be applied, it may be spread upon the
clover-sod before plowing, or it may be thrown upon the
plowed ground at once or at any time during the winter,
to be worked into the soil by the spring plowing; if com-
posted, it may be spread just before the spring stirring.

Laying Out. — In Living out the nursery, some taste

PROPAGATIOl^. 129

may "be exercised by the planter ; the sections and blocks
should be distinct, and alleys should be locatc^d at conve-
nient distances, so that all parts may be easily accessible
with the wagon. The rows should be laid out straight, and
they ought to be far enough apart — four feet might bo
a good average for nursery trees; cuttings and seedlings
may, of course, be nearer. The trees should not be set
too closely in the rows, one foot apart is plenty close
enough for most kinds, and that is little enough room for
the development of good lateral branches, or for those
Avhich have to remain three or four years before transplant-
ing. For peaches, for dwarf pears, and indeed for any of
the varieties that are to be taken from the nursery as
maiden trees, a less space may be allowed — say eight inches
apart. Apple stocks for budding, or for collar grafting,
may be set ten inches apart, and they will have room to
make very good plants, even should they remain until two
years old.

Most nurserymen set out their apple grafts in the rows
where they are to be grown to full size, and cultivate them
from two to three years ; while this saves the trouble of
transplanting, the trees will not be as well assorted for
size, nor will they have the benefit of the transplanting,
(which will enhance their value much more than it costs,
in the improved character of their roots), as have those
that have been treated on the bedding plan, practiced by
some nurserymen. This consists in settmg the root grafts
closely together, in a bed of very well prepared ground ;
they are covered at once with a good mulching of saw-
dust, which keeps the ground moist, and insures the
growth of almost all the plants, while for the first season

130 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

they occupy very little space, and are readily kept clean,
as the mulching prevents the growth of weeds. In the
fall, or in the following spring, they are taken up, assorted
for size, and re-planted in the nursery-rows w^here they are
to stand. This transplanting improves the character of
their roots, which are more fibrous and shorter than in
those trees which have stood three or four years without
being disturbed. Purchasers, now-a-days, begin to look
at the roots of their trees, as well as the tops; and it may
become necessary for the nurserymen to gratify this fancy
for low-headed, stocky trees, that have abmidant fibres to
insure their growth, and their early fruitfulness.

CuLTUEE of the nursery should be thorough ; the soil
should be frequently stirred, and kept mellow and loose,
to- insure cleanliness and thriftiness, and to make handsome
trees. The mellow soil upon the surface, is, by some per-
sons, considered equal to a good mulching, and indeed it
answers the indications of one. Cultivation, to kill the
weeds as fast as they appear, will admit both air and mois-
ture; a share of both of these is retained by the mellow
earth, which-, thus treaterl, is indeed a very good mulch.
The cultivation may be done with the small turning plow,
with the double shovel, or with any of the many approved
cultivators in use every where throughout the country. The
surface should be kept as level and even as possible. In
some soils the roller, made short enough to pass between
the rows, is highly esteemed, and is considered a most
valuable implement iu the nursery. As a general rule,
cultivation should not be continued too late in the season,
but should be suspended about mid-summer, so as to pre-
vent a late growth and to encourage the plants to finish

PROPAGATION. 131

l^Aeir summer's work in time to ripen their wood thor-
ougiily before the advent of winter. This is particularly
necessary where the climate is severe, especially on new
lands, where the trees are very vigorous. Upon the ap-
proach of winter, it is a good practice to plow a light fur-
row ngainst the trees on each side ; this protects the collar
from cold, prevents heaving by the frost, and gives a
good surface drainage to excess of water.

For deeply loosening the ground between the rows, the
one-horse subsoil lifting plow is a very valuable instru-
ment; this can be used in very narrow spaces. This
plow prepares the ground admirably for the pronged
hoe, and it may be used between rows of cuttings and
seedlings.

The Pronged Hoe. — One of the most valuable imple-
ments in the nursery to clean out the weeds from between
the trees, and also to work among cuttings, and other
plants, that are set too closely for the use of the horse, is

the pronged hoe ; it makes
the best shallow culture,
prevents the soil from be-
coming hard, and it is the
best destroyer of small
Fig. 24.— THE PRONGED HOE. wccds that cau be used.
The flat hoe is never sharp enough to cut all of the
weeds effectually,4t produces little tilth, and the result of
its use is too often a disappointment, but half killing the
weeds, in some places, and dragging them out by the roots
in others, and often leaving the ground hard and in miser-
able condition.

Planting Cuttings. — Some of the small fruits, as cur-

132 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

rants, gooseberries, as well as the quince, are propagateci,
to a great extent, by cuttings. The ground for growing
them, should be very well prepared by trenching or
trench-plowing ; the difference in the growth between cut-
tings set on well or on poorly prepared ground is aston-
ishing, and the advantage in favor of trenched land is
sufficient to pay for the extra expense bestowed upon the
preparation. The soil should be rather sandy, decidedly
loose and mellow, and rather moist than dry.

In setting the cuttings, the rows may be quite close, as
horse labor is seldom employed among them ; but they are
tended by hand, or the ground is mulched. They may
also be set quite thickly in the row, as they are to remain
but a short time in the cutting bed, from which they are
transplanted at one year old, though sometimes alternate
rows may be left over another season. When the trench is
opened for them, the cuttings are set, three or four inches
apart, next the line, so that only the top bud shall reach
the surface ; a little mellow soil is thrown upon them, and
they are tramped firmly at the base, when the remainder
of the earth 'is thrown in and the next trench is opened
for another row. If they be planted in the autumn, it is
well to cover them with a mulch, and for this leaves from
the forest are an excellent material. Some propagators
insist very strongly upon the necessity for removing all
the buds from the lower portion of the cutting, particu-
larly in the currant and gooseberry, so as to prevent suck-
ering and to grow the bush as a miniature tree, with a
single stem. This is not desirable when the bushes are
liable to have the stems destroyed by the currant borer.
Indeed, the nature of the currant appears to require a re-

PROPAGATION. 13B

newal of the wood by these shoots, which come to replace
the ohi exhausted branches.

The grape is grown in immense quantities from cuttings,
which are either planted in a nursery, or set at once in the
vineyard. In the former they are planted closely in
rows, that are about twenty inches apart. Sometimes the
ground is trenched, and the cuttings set at the same opera-
tion. When the first trench is opened in a rich mellow
loam, which may be sod or clover lea, the edge of the
dug soil is dressed to the line with the spade, then the
cuttings are placed so as to have one eye at or above the
surface, and soil is thrown in and tramped closely to the
base of tlie cuttings. Then the next trench is made with
the spade, digging the ground as you proceed.

Grape cuttings are generally made eighteen or twenty
inches long ; and those which have a heel of old wood aro
pi-eferred, and command a higher price. The earlier these
are taken from the vines, after the fall of the leaves, the
better success will attend the plantation ; provided they
are not too long exposed to the air. Fall planting is very
desirable, but if not then planted, the cuttings should be
put into the ground and covered as soon as convenient,
and they will be better prepared for spring planting. A
deep trench is opened, into which the bundles are set in a
vertical position, and loose earth filled in about them and
slightly covered over them ; they will then be ready for
planting by the spring. The length of the cuttings has
latterly bean much reduced, with advantage; some of the
most successful planters make them from six to eight
inches long : these are much more easily dug than the
longer slips, and are better provided with roots.

134 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

TfiiMMmG should be practiced in the nursery with a de-
finite object in view, and not at random; much less with
any expectation of increasing the hight of the trees by
trimming them up. The object in pruning nursery trees
should be to develop them in every part, to produce a
stout stocky sturdy little tree, one that may be turned out
up(m the bleat prairie, and be able to withstand the
blasts. To produce this result, the leaves should never be
stripped from the shoots to make them extend their
growth, for the sake of making more leaves ; the nursery-
man should know the value of leaves, as constituting the
great evaporating surface that plays a most important
part in causing the ascent of the crude sap, and also in its
elaboration after it has been taken \ip into the organiza-
tion of the plant. Leaves should be carefully preserved,
and in the trimming, which is necessary, this should be
borne in mind. To make vigorous, stocky trees, the side
branches should be encouraged rather than pruned off.
The tops may sometimes need to be pinched, to force out
the laterals, and to encourage their growth ; if two shoots
start together as rivals, one of them should be topped or
cut back, or twisted and broken, but not cut off at its
origin, unless there be plenty of lateral branches or twigs
to furnish the tree. When these become too long, they
may be spurred-in, either in the fall and winter when cut-
ting grafts, or in the summer, during the growing season.
Whenever it becomes necessary to trim off any of these
laterals, it is best to do it at mid-summer, as the healing
of the wounds made at this period is very rapid. Head-
ing off the nursery trees is done to force them to branch
out uniformly the second year, to form their heads at the

PROPAGATION. 135

right place; this is to be done toward spring, and is ap-
plicable especially to those varieties that are prone to make
a single shoot the first year without bi'anching, and which
have not been pinched-in or headed during the previous
summer to force out side branches. Cherries, plums, and
pears, and some apples, are very apt to make this kind of
growth. It should have been premised that all nursery
trees ought to be grown to one main stem, or leader, from
which all the branches arise, and to which they should all
be made to contribute their quota of woody fibre. It has
been asserted that the wood of a tree, instead of being a
cone, as its stem appears to be and is, it should be a column
of nearly equal size from the bottom to the top; that is,
the mass of all the branches taken together, should equal
the diameter of the trunk at any point below. A well-
grown stocky nursery tree, with its abundance of lateral
branches approximates this idea ; but the main stem of
such an one is very perceptibly a cone, rapidly diminishing
in diameter from the collar upwards.

Age of Teess for Flai^ting. — This depends so much
upon the. views of planters, that the nurseryman cannot
always control the period at which he shall clear a block
of trees. Peaches should always be removed at one year
from the bud. Plums and dwarf pears will be ready to
go off at two years from the bud or graft ; so with apples
and cherries. But many persons, purchasers and sellers,
pi-efer larger trees, and they recommend that the trees
should remain one, tw^o, or even three years longer in the
nursery. Others, a new school of planters, prefer to set
out the maiden tree, in most of the species above named,
except some very feebly growing varieties, that will

136 A.MERICAN POMOLOGY.

scarcely liave attained sufficient size to risk in the orchard.
The nurseryman should beware of keeping his trees too
long on his hands ; they may become unprofitable stock,
and are sure to require much more labor in the digging
and handling. The purchaser is his own master, and his
tastes and wishes must be consulted ; if he wants large
trees, by all means, let him be indulged ; he will have to
pay in proportion, he will have more wood for his money,
more weight to carry, or more transportation to pay for,
more labor in planting, and vastly increased risk of the
life of his trees ; but, let him be indulged with his five
year old trees, while his neighbor, for a smaller sum in-
vested, with less freight, less wood, less labor, and infi-
nitely less risk, will plant his maiden trees, and ^ye years
hence will market more fruit.

The risk of transplanting large or old trees from the
nursery, may be greatly diminished, and their value will
be vastly enhanced, by judicious root pruning in the nur-
sery-row. This may be done by digging, on either side,
on alternate years, and cutting off the straggling roots,
and particularly those that run deeply ; this^ will be fol-
lowed by the production of a multitude of fibrous roots
that put the tree into a good condition for transplanting.
In the great nurseries of the 'West, there is a peculiar
plow, which is used for root pruning the nursery rows.

The Home Nursery has been recommended by Mr.
Field in his Pear Culture, as a means of enabling the
orchardist to amuse himself, and to grow his trees in such
style as he may prefer. He advises to select trees '' of
two or three years' growth, and prepare a piece of ground
for the home nursery. For this a rich, deep, dry soil

PROPAGATIOIir. 137

should be spaded and thoroughly pulverized to the depth
of two feet, (trenched). In it plant the trees in rows four
feet distant, and three feet apart in the rows. Two hun-
dred ti-ees would thus occupy a space fifty feet square.
The roots having been carefully examined, and, as before
mentioned, the laterals pruned to six or eight inches, are
spread out horizontally, and gently covered with earth.
It will be seen that the labor of pinching, pruning, and
cultivating, will be much less on so small a spot, than
when the cultivator is obliged to travel over three or four
acres upon which they are ultimately to be planted.

" If at the^ end of two years it is still desirable to allow
them to remain, a sharp spade should be thrust down
around them, at a distance of fifteen or eighteen inches, in
order to cut the long straggling roots, and thus induce
the formation of fibres nearer home. This will fit them
for transplanting at an advanced stage of growth. In
this case, if at the end of two or three years, they are re-
moved at the proper season, and with care, they will suf-
fer scarcely any check. By pursuing this plan, they I'e-
ceive better care, grow faster, and are not liable to dam-
age ; and as only the good trees will, in this case, be set
in the fruit grounds, none of those unseemly breaks in the
rows, caused by the injury or death of a tree, need occur.
Where, however, older trees, at least once transplanted,
cannot be obtained, and it is desirable to set out the orch-
ard at once, stout two-year old trees are decidedly prefer-
able. Such trees have not stood sufficiently long to send
their roots beyond a limit whence they can be removed ;
and with careful digging, removal and planting, the pur-
chaser need not fear a loss of more than two per cent."

138 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

The Kukseey Orchakd, as practiced by A. R. Whit-
ney, of Lee Co., 111., now one of the largest orchard-
ists of the country, is well worthy of imitation by all
those nurserymen, who desire also to become fruit-grow-
ers. In laying off the blocks of nursery stock, the va-
rieties that are wanted for the orchard, should be planted
in such a manner, that they shall be in every fourth row,
60 that the orchard trees will stand in rows sixteen to
twenty feet apart, according as the nursery-rows are four
or live feet wide. In cultivating and trimming these rows
in the nursery, a plant is selected, eveiy twelve or sixteen
feet, which is to remain as the orchard tree when the block
shall be cleared. A good tree is selected, and special care
in the pruning is bestowed upon it to secure the desired
form, and low branches ; if necessary, the tree on either
side of it is removed, to give it room. By the time the
block is cleared, these orchard trees are often in bearing,
and while his customers are struggling to save their trees,
and nursing them after their transplanting, the nurseryman
will have become an orchardist, and is enjoying his fruits.
The nursery will have become an orchard — one rather
closely planted to be sure — but the trees can be dwarfed
by root pruning with the plow, they shelter one another
from the prairie blasts, and when too thick, alternate trees
may be removed to the wood-pile, and thus cheer the
owner on a winter's day.

Winter-killing is a serious evil in the nursery, as by
it whole rows and blocks of certain varieties are some-
times destroyed, or very seriously injured. It has been
observed to be most marked in its effects upon those sorts
of trees that make the most vigorous and sai)py growth.

PROPAGATION. 139

and those which continue to grow lute in the season.
Such varieties have very naturally acquired the epithet of
tender^ especially as orchard trees of the same kinds, even
in a bearing state, have been similarly affected ; in some
sections of the country, these kinds have been thrown out
of cultivation. The bark looks shriveled and withered,
the twigs seem dry when cut, and resist the knife ; when
thawed by the fire, or on the return of spring weather,
the bark seems loose, and the inner bark, instead of being
greenish-white, becomes brown, and the whole tree looks
as though it was dead. In old trees, large portions of the
bark start from the stem and large limbs, and hang loosely
for awhile and then fall oif. The buds alone retain their
vitality, and upon the return of spring they sometimes
succeed in establishing the necessary connection with the
soil, and restore the circulation of the sap ; the results are
the deposit of the usual annular layer of woody matter,
which encases the dead portions within, that become like
a sequestrum of dead bone in an animal. The best treat-
ment for the trees that have been winter-killed, is to cut
them back very severely, in the hope of producing a vig-
orous wood-growth the next season, to repair the injury.

A partial winter-killing often affects small nursery trees,
especially on low and wet, undrained soils ; the plants re-
cover, but for years they have a black point in the heart
which embraces all of the wood-growth that was affected —
all their wood at the period of the disaster. This is en-
closed and surrounded by clear, healthy wood ; but such
trees are not desirable, they are so fragile, as to be easily
broken.

The best i)reventive for winter-killing in the nursery, is

140 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

to encourage early ripening of the wood, and to drain the
land, is one of the best means of producing this effect ; an-
other is the cessation of culture at mid-summer, and the
sowing of oats very thick at the last cultivation, has been
practiced, and, it is thought, with excellent effects. The
rank growth absorbs the superfluous moisture, robbing
the trees, and afterwards forms a good protective mulch
during the winter. The objections to it are, that it en-
courages the mice, which, by girdling the trees, effectually
winter-kills them.

Many nursery and orchard trees often present a black
discoloration of the bark, which is quite unsightly, and ex-
cites alarm for the health of the tree. This is often caused
by trimming at unfavorable periods ; in the spring pruning
of bearing trees, the large stumps sometimes bleed, but in
the nursery trees it arises from cutting them, and especi-
ally in the barbarous trimming up, during severely cold
wreath er, w^hen they are frozen.

Injurious Animals and Insects. — The nurseryman
sometimes suffers from the depredations of some of the
smaller animals, which cause him great annoyance. The
mole, though highly recommended by the naturalists as a
harmless beast, who is an aid to horticulture by his insec-
tivorous habits, is nevertheless injurious in his ways ; for
he often makes his run in the seed bed, or along a row of
root grafts, and raising them from their stations break
their tender rootlets, when the sun and air soon destroy
them. Mice, of different kinds, are still more destructive,
particularly in the winter, when they will often girdle
young trees near the collar, and do much mischief. They
also devour many seeds after they have been committed

PROPAGATION. 141

to tlie ground, particularly those sown in the autumn.
For both of these animals,* the best preventive is to catch
them, which may be done with traps. They may also be
poisoned. The young trees may be protected from the
mice by keeping them clear of rubbish, that would shelter
these animals, and when snow falls, it should be trodden
down closely about the trees. Owls and cats will do their
share in the destruction also, but they will also take the
friendly little birds.

Rabbits are also very apt to bite oif young shoots, and
to bark trees of larger growth in the nursery, as well as
those that have been set out in the orchard. Various
methods have been suggested to prevent their injuries.
Wrapping the stems with strips of rngs or with ropes of
hay, was formerly the method practiced by those who
wished to save their young trees ; the process is tedious
and troublesome. 'A few" pieces of corn-stalk have been
placed by the stem of the tree and tied to it ; this, too, is
a troublesome procedure, though, like the others, it is ef-
ficacious. A still better plan in this class of preventives,
is a half sheet of common brown wrapping paper, made
to encircle the stem, like an inverted funnel ; this need be
fastened only at the top, by a little thin grafting wax ap-
plied with a brush at the instant, or the paper may be
tied with some common white cotton string. This en-
velope keeps off the rabbits, and lasts through the winter ;
the string will decay before the growing season returns,
so there is no danger of strangulation. All the other
wrappings must be removed, or they will injure the trees
and aiford harbor for insects. It will be observed that all
applications of this class, are adapted only to trees that

142 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

have a clean bole without branches, but are not suited for
those which are made to branch at or near the ground.
Besides, in countries where snow abounds, these little ma-
rauders are elevated above the wrappings, and have fair
play at the unprotected parts of the tree — on this account
another class of preventives has been adopted.

These, consist in applications that are obnoxious to
rabbits, which, being nice feeders, are easily disgusted.
White-wash, and white-wash made with tobacco water,
soap, whale-oil soap, grease, blood, and especially the dead
rabbit itself, freshly killed, have all been used with happy
results, in that they have driven these animals to seek
their food elsewhere. A very good application, and one
that may be used upon a low-branched tree as well as to
the smooth clear stem of one that is higher, is blood. This
is put on with a swab ; a few corn husks tied to a stick,
answers very well. Dipping this into the vessel of blood,
the swab is struck gently against the stem or the branch-
es, as the case may be, and the fluid is spattered over it.
A very little will answer to keep the rabbits away, and
the effect will continue all winter, notwithstanding the
rains.

Certain insects also prove injurious in the nursery,
among these the most numerous are the aphides^ which are
found upon the roots of some fruit trees, especially the
apple. Others of this disagreeable insect appear upon the
foliage, among these one of the most disgusting is the
one which causes the black curl, on young cherry trees.
The pear tree slug, {Selandria cerasi)^ destroys the foli-
age of many young trees in the nursery ; caterpillars also
do their share of mischief. A serious trouble in old nur-

PROPAGATION. 143

sery grounds, especially where manure is used, is the grub
of the May beetles, of which there are several species.
These grubs are whitisli, nearly as thick as the little
finger, with a brownish head. They cut oiF the young
nursery trees at three or four inches below the surface.
We have seen two-year old stocks cut in this manner, and
the work of destruction was so complete, that the proprie-
tor of the nursery was a long time in attributing it to
such an apparently inadequate cause as this sluggish,
soft-bodied grub. AH of these, with other insects injurious
to fruit, will be considered in their appropriate place.

CHAPTER IV.

DWARFING.

DBPINITIOl^ fit — OKJ'firOTS — EARLY FRUITAGE — DEFINITION OF TERMS

— DWAKflNCf STOCaS — OTHER MEANS OF DWARFING — DWARFS AND
STANDARDS — f>YRAMIDS OR CONICAL — ESPALIERS — LAYING BARE
THE MAI:>r itOOTS IN SUMMER, TO DIMINISH THE VIGOR OF THE
TREES — REMOVING A PORTION OF THEM — ROOT-PRUNING — TRANS-
PLANTING— EX3ROPEAN ESPALIERS AND WALL FRUITS — DU BREUIL'S
CORDONS — CROWDING, AS A MEANS OF DWARFING — PINCHING,
TWISTING, AND FRACTURE — FIELD'S PEAR HEDGES — OUR CLIMATE
DOES NOT REQUIRE THESE MEANS OF TORTURE — FACILITY OF PRO-
TECTION MAY ilENDER THEM DESIRABLE — GENERAL INTRODUCTION
OF QUINCE-DWA^IFED PEARS IN THIS COUNTRY — MANY FAILURES

— SUCCESS DEPE^NDS UPON CARE — FRENCH SUCCESS — CHINESE —
UNCONGENIAL STOCKS — IMPERFECT UNION — PINCHING — HIGHEST
PERFECTION OF THC ART OF HORTICULTURE — EQUALIZE THE FLOW
OF SAP — NATURALLY FLOWS TO HIGHER PARTS AT EXPENSE OP
LOWER, MAY BE RBGfULATED BY TRIMMING — BY DISBUDDING —
BENDING DOWN -— PINCHING THE STRONGER, AND ENCOURAGING THE
WEAKER — ILLUSTRATION IN THE STRAWBERRY — DWARFING THE
APPLE — PARADISE STOCK— THE DOUCIN ; UNFIT FOR ORCHARDS —
ROOT-PRUNING — HOW IT OPERATES — TIME TO BEGIN —HOW TO
BE PURSUEt) — SEASON FOR — EXPENSE — ROOT-PRUNING PLOW.

Dwarfing consists in so controlling the growth of
plants as to reduce the natural size of any of our fruit
trees, and bring them within comparatively narrow
bounds. The objects of dwarfing are to enable us to plant

DWARFING. 145

a large number of specimen trees, or of varieties upon a
small piece of ground, or to have small trees beside the
alleys of our gardens. Such plants are also well adapted
for growing in pots, or in the borders of an orchard-house.
It is claimed for dwarfed trees, that they are more prolific
than those which are worked on free stocks, which are
often erroneously called standards, and it is also asserted
that these dwarfed trees will bear sooner and produce
finer and larger fruit.

The terms used may as well be explained at once.
When we speak of dwarfing stocks, we mean such as are
so uncongenial as to check the wood-growth ; and thus,
while producing smaller trees, they have a tendency to
early fruitfulness if properly managed. But this condition
may be superinduced by other means than these. Hence
in speaking of dwarf pear trees, it does not follow that
they have been worked on the quince or other unconge-
nial stock. A dwarf tree, of whatever kind, is simply one
that has been caused to assume diminutive proportions.
Dwarfing stocks are contrasted with free stocks, or those
which would have attained the full size of the species, and
which, when grafted, produce large trees. These are
often mis-called standards, when contrasted with those
that have been worked on the quince, or other dwarfing
stock. Whereas, the trees propagated on free stocks,
may also be dwarfed, by means that will be presently de-
tailed ; and the term standard refers really to the mode in
which the training of the specimens has been performed.
Those which are trimmed up as orchard trees are usually
treated as standards, and are said to be trimmed to stand-
ard bight. Those branching at a lower point are called
7

146 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

half standards. Those which are branched so low as to
conceal the stem of the tree, and in which the limbs are
so well maniged that the lower ones are always the long-
est, and those .above them gradually contracted to the
point at the top, are called pyramids, or more properly
conical trees. Whether dwarfed or not, trees may be
trained in a variety of forms, such as the columnar, some-
times called the quenouille ; tlie vase or goblet form may
be given them, or the parasol shape, and they may be
made to assume the form of a fan or other mode of ex-
tension laterally, when trained upon a wall or espalier
frame, as may be seen in the illustrations given by Du
Breuil ; but it is seldom that our gardeners are willing to
bestow the care and attention necessary to produce these
results.

The vertical and oblique cordons represented and re-
commended by Du Breuil are very attractive, and admir-
able methods of training and dwarfiug fruit trees, and of
crowding a great many into a small space. His method
of making an edging to the fruit-border with dwarf ap-
ples, inarched together so as to form a connected tree for
its whole length, is a capital illustration of the control we
may exercise upon vegetation.

Standards and pyramids are often trained as weeping
trees, for the sake of gratifying the fancy of the cultiva-
tor, and with a view of bringing on that early productive-
ness which results from the check of the upward current
of sap that is incident to such a mode of treatment. This
is really a kind of, dwarfing so far as it goes, and if com-
menced early in the life of che tree, it may become very
elective, especially when combined with other means of

DWARFING, 147

reducing the growth. These are formed by arching the
branches, tying their tips to a ring of wire or hoop secured
near the ground, or simply by fastening weights to them
sufficient to keep tliem in the desired position, and by ty-
ing the upper limbs to the lower ones. As is well known,
the sap flows most readily toward the shoots that occupy
a vertical line; it will be seen that its ascent will be seri-
ously retarded in those that are bent, and their vigor will
be diminished, and fruit-bearing will be promoted. This
process must not be continued too perseveringly, lest the
tree become exhausted by over-production.

Du Breuil recommends laying bare the principal roots
of the tree in the spring of the year, so as to expose them
for the most of their length, and leaving them in this con-
dition during the summer. This exposure of roots to the
sun and air diminishes the vigor of the tree, and hence it
tends to the production of fruit. He also recommends
the removal of a part of the roots in the spring, and re-
placing the earth; considering this a more energetic
operation than the preceding, he advises caution, lest we
injure the tree. This is simply root-pruning, a plan that
has been pretty thoroughly tested in this country, where,
perhaps, its beneficial effects are more needed than in any
other, and where we shall even find it advantageous to
have recourse to mechanical means for its performance in
large orchards by horse-power, as w^ill be set forth in an-
other place.

A very successful method of obtaining the desired effect
ol dwarfing, which is early and abundant fruiting, con-
sists in transplanting the trees in the autumn ; this should
be done very carefully, so as to preserve the roots from

148 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

mutilation as much as possible. The effect of this will be
to check the wood-growth the ensuing summer, and fruit-
buds will be formed, for it is well known that these two
opposite conditions of plant life are complementary the
one to the other, and while we always desire to see them
both proceeding together in a healthy tree, the wood-
growth must have been moderated before we can expect
to receive any fruit.

The French and English excel us in training upon walls
and espaliers, and we may willingly yield them the palm ;
since, in this country, it is rarely necessary to incur so
great expense for the production of good fruits, and as a
means of dwarfing our trees, it is more expensive and re-
quires more skill, care, and watchfulness, than other meth-
ods of producing this effect. Espalier training, how-
ever, affords the most beautiful opportunity for the illus-
tration of many of the important principles of vegetable
physiology, but it should never be undertaken by any one
who is not familiar with these, and at the same time wil-
ling to exercise great patience and perseverance in their
application to the subjects under his control. N^o blind
pursuance of the abstract rules of the art can enable the
mere routine gardener to become a successful grower of
espalier trees. The modes of training are various, to suit
the whims and necessities of the artist. Trees are fastened
directly to the walls, or to trellises of wood or of iron,
that are placed at a little distance from the masonry, or
they may* be entirely independent of any such structures,
and exposed to the air and light freely on both sides.
The trellises may be either vertical, or inclined. The
limbs may be made to issue nearly opposite to one anoth-

DWAEFXPTG. 149

er, and be trained horizontally in two directions, with
successive stages to the top of the wall or trellis, or they
may be trained in a fan shape, with various modifications
of what M. Du Breuil calls the palmette form. And a
•simple modification of this method of dwarfing may be
made with some varieties of fruit, by training a single
stem horizontally within a foot of the ground, as a border
or edging between the path-ways and the cultivated
ground.

The favorite method of training in France, at the present
day, appears to be that called the cordon. This may be
either the vertical or inclined. In this kind of espalier,
the trees are dwarfed by crowding them closely together,
and by successive pinching and other mutilation, such as
bending and even breaking the shoots, which results in
early productiveness. The trees are planted sixteen inches
apart, and are trained to single stems, and so treated as
to be furnished with the requisite number of fruit-spurs on
their whole extent. This is quite a new application of
principles, and one which is rudely imitated by Mr. Field's
pear hedges, which, however, bear but little resemblance
to the elegant cordons of Du Breuil beyond that of dwarf-
ing by crowding and pinching. We are told that among
the many advantages of this method, are the diminished
time required to cover a wall or trellis with fruit, and the
greater facility of replacing a dead or defective tree,
which, in the usual espalier methods, is a very serious
matter, requiring several years for its restoration and the
production of a crop.

We are so blessed, in most parts of this country, with
soil and climate that are well adapted to the production

150 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

of fruit in the open field, upon sturdy orchard trees, that
there is less necessity for introducing these elegant meth-
ods of pursuing tlie fine art of horticulture; and yet there
are reasons in the uncertain climate of our winters, why
these plans of training and dwarfing should be pursued
by those who have the talent and .the means for doing it.
Until within a few years, there were not many dwarfed
pear or apple trees in this country, and they were confined
chiefly to French gardens and to the establishments of the
wealthy. But since their more general introduction, im-
mense numbers have been propagated and planted, and
extensive orchards, parti(jularly of dwarfed pears, have
been set out with a view to profit. Some of these have
been eminently successful, others are failures ; the results
will very much depend upon the amount of care which
may be bestowed upon the:n.

The French have long practiced the dwarfing of certain
varieties of fruits, and have been very successful in their
results ; but that wonderful people, the Chinese, excel all
others in this branch of horticulture, for which they dis-
play a remarkable talent.

DWAEFING BY UNCONGENIAL StOCKS.* The USUal

mode, which is literally a partial starvation of the tree
by limiting the supplies of crude sap, consists in the
use of uncongenial and dwarf-growing stocks, upon which
the desired varieties are budded or grafted. These are,
for the dwarfed pear, either Quinces, Thorns, the Mountain
Asli, or the Amelanchiers ; for the apple, the Paradise and
the Doucin varieties of ap]3le sfocks ; for the peach and
plum, the Chickasas, or other dwarf plum stock may be
used. The free-growing cherries are worked on the Ma-

DWARFII^G. 151

haleb or the Morello varieties; but it must be confessed,
that some of tliese do not produce a perfect dwarf with-
out other treatment.

To produce a dwarf by grafting on an uncongenial
stocTc, this should be so uncongenial as to form an imper-
fect union, which checks the downward circulation; the
sap that has been elaborated by the organs of the scion is
thus kept above the junction of the two woods, and, being
so checked, the result is the early formation of fruit-buds,
and a premature fruitage of the trees results in a direct
proportion to the incompleteness of the union of scion
and stock. This is often so very imperfect as to be very
easily ruptured, the grafts are often broken out by a very
small force being applied to them, sometimes even the
weight of the fruit is sufficient to effect a separation, and
an examination of the rupture will show how very slight
or imperfect the union between, the parts has been ; in
other cases, however, it is difficult to trace the fibres of
wood-growth that belong respectively to the stock and
to the scion^ even when these have been so different as
pear and quince, or plum and peach.

It is also considered desirable that the roots of the stock
should be small and fibrous, and not long, naked, and
straggling; the former will furnish the crude sap in more
limited amounts, and are less likely to produce an exces-
sively rampant or luxurious growth in the scion.

Many persons have been disappointed in the Mahaleb
cherry, which has been reputed to be a dwarfing stock.
It is found, tliat without the application of other means,
the so-called dwarfed cherries grow as freely, at least in
their early years, as those worked on the free stock, known

152 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

as the Mazzard cherry. They will never make such large
trees, however, and those who would enjoy dwarf cherry
trees, should combine the different methods of producing
the result.

By Prs-CHiNG. — ^There are other means of producing the
desired effects of dwarfing and early fruiting, which should
be mentioned. These consist in systematic efforts to cur-
tail the development of the wood-growth, by judicious
jjinching, of the tips or points of the branches, and to pre-
vent the rambling of the roots by root-pruning. These it
is designed now to examine. Pinching is practiced in the
green-house with the happiest effects, and it results in the
production of the most perfect form of the plants, and
most abundant display of flowers. The constant check
which is thus given to the wood system, causes the sap to
seek new outlets, and instead of the one limb into which
it had been flowing, and causing it to be developed ; its
flow is now directed to the other buds along its course,
which presently burst out into lateral growths, none of
which are so strong as the first, and these are induced to
change the character of the buds so as to result in th^
production of flowers and fruit.

This system applied to fruit-trees has been most thor-
oughly carried out by the French, and is admirably de-
scribed and illustrated by Du Breuil, in a work called
ScientiJiG Culture of Fruit Trees^ and reproduced in our
own language by Wra. Wardle, an English gardener and
orchardist of high reputation.

It is not to be expected that in this country, where fruits
are so easily produced, we shall soon reach such a point
of horticultural practice as to lead us to the adoption of

BWAEFING. 153

the European system of walls and espalier training, but
we shall do well to watch the application of the very im-
portant principles involved in their practice, since these
may be applied to our orchards with manifest advantage.
In reference to the form and management of trained trees,
it is established as an axiom that their permanency is de-
pendent upon an equal diffusion of the sap being kept up
throughout the whole extent of their branches. This oc-
curs naturally in all trees, because they develope them-
selves in the forms natural to them, but in our gardens
and orchards we make our trees assume unnatural forms.
The sap flows to the highest parts by a law which is well
known, though not so well understood ; as a consequence,
the lower branches do not receive their needed supplies,
and being smothered by those above them, they eventu-
ally die and decay, leaving a naked stem supporting a top,
or the common form of the natural tree. To maintain the
shape we desire — ^be this the pyramid, the vase, or the es-
palier of whatever kind — certain operations' must be per-
formed from time to time, as the conditions of the tree
may indicate.

Among these, Du Breuil advises to prune the strong
branches short and allow the weaker ones to grow long,
and thus to restore the balance : This may be done at the
spring pruning, and also at any time during the growing
season, when it may be necessary to check excessive
growth at any one point : and upon this principle depends
some of the most important practice of the summer prun-
ing of our vineyards. The sap flows towards the leaves,
and by removing them from one part, and leaving a pre-
ponderance upon another, we change the direction of its

154 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

flow. As the strongest flow is toward those parts that are
in a vertical direction-, we may also check this tendency,
or encourage it, by altering the position of the branch, as
is done in the vineyard by tying up the canes we wish to
have developed, and depressing the laterals with their
fruit ; so in a tree, we may depress the shoots which are
too strong, and elevate those that are weak, to produce
the desired effect. We may also greatly diminish the flow
of sap to a strong branch by removing early all its useless
buds ; this is a sort of premature pinching to be sure, but
when we consider the powerful influence exerted by these
organs as centers of vitality, we can realize their attrac-
tive force in drawing the sap towards them. After the
production of the full number of shoots upon the weaker
branch, if the foliage continue to predominate upon the
stronger shoot, it may be partially removed by early
pinching, or cutting through the petioles, not by tearing
them ofl*; and as late as possible, remove the surplus and
useless shoots from the weaker branches, which were at
first needed to encourage the flow of sap in that direction.

The true pinching of the young laterals, or new shoots,
should also be done as early as possible to keep them in
check on the strong branches, while the same operation
may be delayed on the weaker, from which we should re-
move only those that will be supernumeraries. M. Du
Breuil also recommends the stimulation of the weaker
limbs, by bathing all the green portions with a solution
of sulphate of iron, made by dissolving twenty-four grains
in a pint of water. This should be applied in the even-
ing, when it is absorbed by the leaves, and acts as a pow-
erful stimulant.

DWARFING. 155

It is a well established principle, that the chief growth
by extension will be made by the terminal bud, and this
should either be removed by cutting back, or left upon the
limb, according as we desire to grow our wood ; if exten-
sion of the shoot be our leading object, all the lateral buds
must be subordinated. So also, it is well known, that all
circumstances, which retard the circulation, are followed
by a diminution of the wood-growth, and by the develop-
ment of flower- buds.

The culture of the strawberry affords one of the best
illustrations of the benefits and effects of pinching. The
runuers of this plant may be viewed in the light of wood-
growth, or the increase of the plant by extension ; even
though these slender threads are not permanent, and they
only serye to convey a bud to a distance from the parent
plant, and place it under favorable circumstances for the
formation of a natural layer. They are but annual pro-
ductions, and hence there is no considerable deposit of
woody matter, as in the limbs of trees, but they are thrown
out from the parent plant just like woody branches, and
are so much substance withdi-awn from it, which, if re-
tained or thrown back upon the plant, would have resulted
in an enlargement of the main • stem of the strawberry
plant, and in the development of buds upon the crown,
which become stored with the proper juices that result in
the production of more abundant blossom buds. The
lesult, however, is so admirable an illustration of this
important element in the management of permanent and
woody fruit-trees, that we may well look at an herbaceous
plant, be it even so humble an individual as the prostrate
earth-berry, as our ancestors called the dehcious Fragaria,

156 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

DWARFING THE APPLE

Apples are generally dwarfed by working them upon
the Frencli Paradise stock, which is a very diminutive tree
or bush, seldom rising more than a few feet high. This
is the true stock for 'those who wish to hidulge in the lux-
ury of dwarf apple trees. Such are very appropriate for
the small garden, or for the specimen grounds of a nur-
sery establishment, and they sometimes make beautiful ob-
jects in the lawn or among the shrubbery, but they are
wholly unsuited for orchard planting, as many a poor de-
luded purchaser has found out to his sorrow, a few years
after having been beguiled by the smooth-spoken tree ped-
dlers, who have sold many thousands through the country
to farmers to plant as orchard trees.

There is a more vigorous stock which has been used for
the same purpose, but it possesses much less dwarfing
power. It is called the Doucin, or English dwarfing stock.
This, however, exerts so' little of the dwarfing influence,
that at the end of eight or ten years the trees are gener-
ally about as large as those worked upon free stocks ; but
it happens unfortunately that early fruitage, the great ob-
ject of dwarfing, is not attained by their use, for they will
not have produced any more fruit than the common trees
similarly treated.

By Root Peuning. — Among the many valuable hints
which horticulturists have received, with the beautiful flow-
ering and other plants, from our antipodes in the ^'Flow-
ery Land," none has been of greater value than the practice
of root-pruning. In this art of dwarfing even the large
forest trees by mutilations of the roots and by other
means, this curious people excel all others, as has fre-

DWAEFING. 157

quently been stated. In Europe, and in this country also,
root-pruning has been extensively practiced with the effect
of partially dwarfing the trees, but more especially with
the object of inducing prematurely the fruitfulness we so
much desire, and which is a natural result of the diminished
supplies of crude sap furnished by the contracted roots of
a tree that has been treated in this manner. The balance
between the wood-growth by extension, and that which
results in fruitful spurs is sooner established, and the sap
is directed to the formation and support of the fruit.

We should not commence the application of this severe
treatment until our trees have been allowed to establish
themselves firmly in their stations, unless we desire at the
same time to produce decided dwarfs by means of root'
pruning. In this case the treatment may be commenced
in the nursery itself; the stocks should be transplanted
once or oftener before being worked, and the young tree^
should be moved annually, which will so shorten the roots
as to make them a mass of fibres, occupying the whole soil
close about their main divisions, and the subsequent re-
movals can then be easily effected, with but a slight check
to the tree, which becomes furnished with fruit spurs at a
very early period of its existence, instead of its requiring
years to reach its natural period of fruitfulness, as is the
case with some varieties, particularly of the pear.

As generally practiced, however, root-pruning is post-
poned until 'the trees have made a free and vigorous
growth, and have become well established in their sta-
tions. Then if the growth be too vigorous, and there do
not appear any indications of the formation of fruit spurs,
as is often the case in the fertile soils of the West, our im-

158 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

patient orcharclists complain of the barrenness of their
trees, and seek a remedy in root-pruning. This is gener-
ally performed with a sharp spade, with which a trench is
dug in a circle around the tree. The excavation should be
deep enough to reach all of the lateral roots ; these are
generally within a foot of the surface. The ditch need
not be much wider than the spade, and the soil can be
thrown back at once, but all the roots should be severed,
if we desire to produce the effect of checking the wood-
growth.. The diameter of this circle will depend upon the
size and vigor of the tree to be operated upon. As a
general rule, it may be made in the proportion of one foot
to each inch of the tree's diameter. The work may be done
at any time after the spring growth has begim to harden,
or during the autumn and winter, and until the buds are
about to break in the spring. The operation is wonder-
fully conducive to the end we have in view, and we often
see a vigorously growing but barren subject, transformed
in a single season into a fruitful tree, covered with blos-
som-bearing spurs that are full of promise of delicious
fruits. In some varieties, however, these fruit spurs re-
quire more than a single season for their perfection.

ISTow it may be objected that this labor will be expen-
sive, and so it is, as all hard work with the spade must be ;
but what of that, when we consider the happy results that
ensue in golden harvests. But it has been suggested that
this labor may be performed by farm machinery, using a
strong plow, or rather a sharp cutter attached to a plow'
beam, and drawn by a powerful team at the requisite dis-
tance on either side of the rows of trees, and in directions
crossing each other at right angles. This, of course, like

DWARFING. 159

all mere mechanical applications, must be uniform, whether
the necessities of the trees be equal or not ; whereas, by
hand-labor, we may vary the distance at which the roots
are to be cut, according to the vigor and size of the trees
demanding the treatment.

This topic will be again referred to in the chapter on
Pruning, where also it will be necessary to f ecur to the
subject of Training, which was incidentally alluded to in
connection with Dwarfing.

CHAPTER V.

DISEASES.

DTFFICULTTES IN THE OUTSET— WHAT CONSTITUTES DISEASED ACTION

— NO ANALOGY TO ANIMAL SICKNE8SES — CONGENITAL DEFECTS —
DEBILITY — DEFICIENT STRENGTH OF FIBRES — DEFECTIVE FOLIAGE

— IMPERFECT AND REDUNDANT BLOSSOMS — THE CIVILIZED AND
CULTIVATED PLANT MAY BE ABNORMAL ALTOGETHER — UNSATISFAC-
TORY ACCOUNTS OF DISEASES IN PLANTS — LANKESTER'S CLASSIFICA-
TION CONSIDERED — EFFECTS OF THE EXCESS OR PAUCITY OF MOIS-
TURE, HEAT, AND LIGHT — MODE OF ACTION OF FROST — INJURY
RATHER REFERRIBLE TO THE CONDITION OF THE CIRCULATION THAN
TO THE DEGREE OF COLD IN MANY HARDY PLANTS — INFLUENCE OF
THE SOIL — LIGHT THE GREAT STIMULUS, ITS WITHDRAWAL SUS-
PENDS HEALTHY ACTION — ITS SUDDEN RESTORATION CAUSES DEATH
BY SUN SCALD — INJURY BY SUNSHINE IN WINTER — POISONOUS GASES

— MIASMATA — POISONS IN THESOIL — PARASITIC PLANTS, EPIPHITES,
FUNGI, PEAR BLIGHT — VARIOUS THEORIES — WHAT WE KNOW, AND
WHAT WE don't KNOW — TREATMENT — ROOT PRUNING SUGGESTED

— SATISFACTORY RESULTS — MILDEW BLIGHT IN PEACH AND APPLE

— TWIG BLIGHT IN APPLE AND QUINCE — THE APPLE BLIGHT —
BITTER ROT — CRACKED FRUIT — SCAB — MILDEWS — KIRTLAND'S
VIEWS AND SUGGESTED REMEDY — WOUNDS AND INSECTS — NEEDING
THE AID OF SURGERY RATHER THAN MEDICINE — DESTRUCTION OF
FOLIAGE BY INSECTS IMPAIRS THE HEALTHY CONDITION OF THE
PLANT — RESUME — SELECT HEALTHY TREES OF HEALTHY VARIETIES

— EMPIRICAL CHARACTER OF TREATMENT USUALLY RECOMMENDED
FOR DISEASED TREES — THE BLACK KNOT — THE ROT AND MILDEW
OF THE GRAPE.

In opening a discussion upon the nosology of vegetation,
it may be expected that one who had spent many years
of his life in the investigation of the diseases of the human

DISEASES. 161

family, and at the same time was something of a student of
comparative anatomy and physiology, tracing analogies be-
tween the animal and vegetable kingdoms, should be famil-
iar also with the diseases of plants. Such an anticipation, it
is feared, will not, in the present instance, be realized. In-
deed, the writer feels very much at a loss how to proceed
in discussing this branch of the subject, and hardly knows
what departures from undoubted health and vigor should
be considered worthy of the title of disease, ^or is it
easy to trace the causes of the conditions that are gener-
ally viewed in the light of maladies. We find the mani-
festations both in the tree or plant, and in its several parts,
and also in the products which chiefly interest us ; the fruits
themselves, are often deteriorated by what is called dis-
eased action of different kinds. The analogy to diseases
of animals is certainly not very distinct. "We do not find
anything like fevers, or gout, or rheumatism, in plants, but
we may consider some of their conditions somewhat in the
light of dropsies, and plethora or hypertrophy on the
one hand, and of anaemia or atrophy upon the other ; we
may consider canker and the death of some parts of a
plant analogous to gangrene, and mortification in the ani-
mnl subject. Then again we find congenital defects in in-
dividuals among plants, just as we do among animals.
Some are always less vigorous than others, and thus cer-
tain varieties seem possessed of a degree of inherent dis-
ease that perpetually prevents them from displaying the
requisite strength and vigor which we so much desire in
our plantations. Certain varieties that, from the size and
excellence of their fruits, have attracted the attention of
pomologists, are so deficient in health and vigor as to be

162 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

considered diseased, and are therefore very properly con-
demned as unworthy a place in our orchards and gardens ;
others appear simply deficient in the production of some
one part, as is illustrated by the inferior strength of the
woody fibres of some trees, which break easily under the
Aveight of their own fruit, and thus destroy the symmetry
of the tree and diminish its produbtiveness-. Others have
defective foliage, which is attended by the imperfect per-
formance of the functions of growth, both in the fruit and
in the sustaining woody fibres ; others again produce de-
fective blossoms with either a redundancy or deficiency of
the parts that are necessary for the production of the
seeds needed for the perpetuation of the species. When
the parts are deficient, the flowers are called barren or in-
fertile. A redundancy or multiplication of parts is seen in
double flowers of our gardens, where they are much prized
for their beauty, though considered monstrosities by the
botanist, and perhaps properly referred to diseased action
by the nosologist.

It is evident, that very often the conditions of a plant
and its products, which we most highly prize, and towards
which all our efiorts in its culture are directed, are really
departures from the natural and healthful status ; in other
words, what we covet, is really a state of diseased and
abnormal action. With the other secondary objects of
occupying and ornamenting the barren wastes of the earth
with plants, and thus supplying food to hosts of insects,
and to the higher animals, nature also has primarily in
view, the production of perfect seeds for the perpetuation
of their species, by the plants that are profusely scattered
over the globe. Man, on the contrary, often rejects the

DISEASES. 163

true seeds as worthless when compared to their juicy
fleshy envelopes that constitute his favorite fruits, or the
enlarged and succulent roots, tubers, stalks, and leaves,
that characterize his garden vegetables and field crops ;
while in the grains proper he seeks sustenance in the true
seeds, which become the object of his greatest care and
ingenuity to enlarge, to increase, and. to dev elope, parti-
cularly in regard to their nutritive qualities.

Most writers upon the diseases of plants have given us
very indistinct notions upon the subject, and have done
very little to enlighten their readers; while they have
written voluminously upon the unhealthy and unsatisfac-
tory condition of certain vegetables, and have given us
most extensive accounts of the treatment by which they
propose to remedy the evils complained of, we gather lit-
tle of the information needed to enable us to understand
the true state of the case, or of the causes of the disease,
if it is to be considered such. The reader need not expect
that he will be more enlightened by this chapter than he
has been by the essays to which reference is here made,
but he will be led to a consideration of some of the causes
of those departures from health and vigor which are con-
sidered diseased action, and in this way he may possibly
be put upon the track which will lead him to the avoid-
ance of disastrous results. More than this will not be at-
tempted.

Perhaps the most satisfactory account of diseases of
plants is that given by Lankester, in which he divides?
them according to their causes, as follows :

1st — Those produced by changes in the external condi-
tions of life, such as redundancy or deficiency of the in-

164 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

gredients of soil, of light, of heat, air, and moisture.

2d — Those produced by poisonous agencies, as by in-
jurious gases, miasmata in the air, or by poisons in the
soil.

3d* — Those arising from the growth of parasitic plants,
such as the various Fungi, Dodder, Mistletoe, etc.

4th — Such as are caused by mechanical injuries or
wounds, and by the attacks of insects.

These may be considered separately : 1st — ^It may be
assumed, and has been already well established by botan-
ists, that every plant has its own peculiar constitution,
adapting it to certain atmospheric conditions, and that for
its healthful and successful culture, these must be under-
stood and adhered to, within comparatively narrow limits.
Tropical plants, as is well known, cannot be cultivated
beyond their natural limits, except under circumstances
where their natural conditions are nearly imitated by the
gardener ; and even in our stoves and hot-houses, these
plants do not compare in vigor with their fellows that lux-
uriate in the hot and steaming atmosphere of the tropics,
under the stronger light of such a clime as is natural to
them. On the contrary, the plants of northern latitudes
will not grow and produce seeds where temperature is too
elevated. Those from a humid atmosphere suffer in an
arid clime, and those which thrive in dry sandy regions
suffer equally when introduced into a humid atmosphere.

Thus we find, that where there is too much moisture for
some of our cultivated plants, they are inclined to be too
succulent, and this very excess may produce a dropsical
condition that is really a state of disease. Thus we suf-
fer in a loss of fruit, which will fall badly before its pe-

DISEASES. 165

riod of maturity, and that which remains its full time is
found to be thin and watery, deficient in the high spicy
aromatic flavor which is so highly appreciated by the con-
noisseur of these choice products. When, on the other
hand, the arid character of the soil and climate prevail t(S
an extent that is uncongenial to any particular fruit, we
shall find that its growth is arrested, and that its highest
qualities are not adequately developed : this is frequently
observed in an unusually dry season — and in California,
where irrigation is required to enable the orchardist to
produce some of the succulent fruits, the most remarkable
size and beauty have been attained, but we are told that
it was often at the expense of the desired flavor that the
same varieties acquire, under circumstances more advan-
tageous to the development of their superior qualities.

So in many of our fruits, the successful results depend
upon tbe hygrometric condition of the atmosphere, and
Liebig suggests that a very prolific source of diseased ac-
tion in plants, arises from the suppressed evaporation and
transpiration consequent upon such atm'ospheric condi-
tions.

Too much moisture prevailing at the time of the blos-
soming of our fruits, especially moisture precipitated in the
form of rain during this period, is sometimes disastrous
to our crops, both of cereals and of orchard fruits. Con-
tinuous showers prevent the development of the pollen-
grains, and their transfer to the stigmas of the blossoms,
so that the fruit does not set well. Fortunately this does
not often occur in our glorious cHmate, which is so highly
favored by an abundance of light and sunshine, which are
the great and essential stimuli of the higher orders of

166 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

plants. The loss of our fruit crops in some parts of the
Ohio Valley in the years 1862, 1865, and 1866, was fairly
attributed to this cause.

We must not overlook the unhealthy influences produced
by an excess of moisture in the earth. Many plants that
naturally delight in a dry porous soil, become weak, un-
fruitful, or even seriously diseased when they -are planted
in low wet grounds, or upon such as are underlaid by a
very tenacious sub-soil, while an opposite condition is
equally unfavorably to those that are naturally more-
aquatic in their tastes and habits. In the former case we
learn to avoid such soils and situations, unless we are
able to change their character in this respect by thorough
under-draining, which will completely remove the evil, and
the remedy becomes merely a question of expense.

A certain amount of temperature may be assumed as
requisite to every plant, or rather it may be affirmed that
some plants cannot exist and thrive except within a certain
range, and it has been asserted that each class of plants
requires a me:m temperature for the year that shall not
vary many degrees : the range of tfiis variation has per-
haps never been satisfactorily ascertained. But it is well
known, tliat both heat and frost act injuriously upon vege-
tation. Mr. Lindley tells us that '' the extreme limits of
temperature which vegetables are capable of bearing,
without destruction of their vitality, have not been deter-
mined with precision." When the temperature is main-
tained at a higher point than is natural, the plant is ex-
cited to undue activity of growth ; but this is attended
with an enfeebled condition, often seen in badly managed
green-houses. Mr. Knight found that certain plants were

DISEASES. 167

rendered abortive by tlie production of male flowers only,
when exposed to too great heat, and by an opposite treat-
ment, when subjected to a low temperature for a long
time, others pi-oduced only female flowers. In some
plants a high degree of heat, with moisture, results in the
production of leaves only, and Humboldt foun<i that
wheat was grown about Xalapa, Mexico, as a fodder
plant, because it produced an abundance of grass, but did
not form ears nor grain.

A diminished temparatur^, on the contrary, removes
the stimulus of growth, and leads to the suspension of all
vital action in proportion to its reduction. At the freez-
ing point it is probable that all such action ceases, though
in this regard there is great difference among plants*; the
mosses and lichens w 11 flourish, and the Chickweed will
vegetate and blossom at a temperature very little above
freezing. The access of frost, after vegetation has some-
what advanced, often proves very disastrous, and we not
unfrequently lose our crops of fruit by such an occurrence
during the period of blossoming, or even afterward.

Some plants in a dormant condition, will endure unin-
jured a great depression of temperature, while others will
be destroyed by the slightest approach of frost. Accord-
ing to De Candolle, this may depend upon the greater or
less amount of water they contain, upon the greater or
less viscidity of their fluids, or the rapidity with which
these fluids circulate. Those with larger cells he thinks
most easily injured by frost, and those which contain a
great deal of air are able to resist it best. The freezing
point will vary according to the quality of the sap, for we
know that difi*erent vegetable juices congeal at different

IGS AMERICAIS^ POMOLOGY.

temperatures. The manner in which cold acts upon plants
depends vipon their physical structure. Lindley says,
freezing is attended with the following effects: — The
fluids contained within the cells of tissue are congealed
and expanded — this produces a laceration of the cell- walls,
and impairs excitability by the unnatural extension to
which the cells are subjected ; the air is expelled from the
air-vessels and introduced into patts naturally intended to
contain only fluid ; the green coloring matter and other
secretions are decomposed, and the vital fluid or latex is
destroyed, and the action of its vessels is paralyzed. The
interior of the tubes, in which fluid is conveyed, is ob-
structed by a thickening of their sides. So we have as a
result^ both mechanical, chemical, and vital changes.*

Our hardy fruit trees are woody perennials that hyber-
nate during the winter. Yet we find that even these suf-
fer upon some occasions from a great depression of tem-
perature ; it has been asserted that a certain degree of
cold would inevitably destroy the blossom buds at least,
and we often find that the bark is burst off from the wood,
and in some instances the wood itself is so injured as* to
suffer from a kind of decomposition, and to become affect-
ed, with a change generally known as the dry rot, losing
its elasticity and hardness, and acquiring a whitish color,
which is supposed may arise from the introduction of the
mycelia of fungous growths. Now it is believed that
these injuries do not arise so directly from the degree of
cold to which the. tree has "been exposed, as to the condi-
tion of its circulation at the time of the exposure. If the

* Trans. Horticultural Society, London, Vol. II, p. 308 ; and Am. Journal of
Science and Arts, March, 1840.

DISEASES. 169

sap have been excited by mild or warm weather, as is so
apt to be the case in our changeable climate, the sudden
depression of temperature will produce disastrous effects,
even when the cold has not been very severe. This is
manifested by the bursting of the bark in young trees in
the early part of winter, while they are yet holding their
leaves, and of course having a circulation somewhat active.
Hence the importance, now very well understood by our
nurserymen, of checking the growth of young trees in
time to have their terminal buds thoroughly ripened be-
fore the approach of frost. This, to a certain extent, is
subject to our control ; but we cannot foresee the charac-
ter of the seasons upon which the safety of our orchard
trees will, in a great measure, depend, and they are less
easily managed. When the autumn is dry, and continued
late into winter, as sometimes happens, we see a per-
fect ripening of the wood, with a great development of
blossom buds, and then we may confidently calculate up-
on the safety of our fruits, provided they be not exposed
to a warm period at mid-winter, that shall excite some ac-
tivity in their circulation, which would suffer terribly from
any sudden and great depression of temperature such as
frequently occurs, carrying the mercury from summer
heat to a point below zero, in a few hours. Such a change
has amounted to 68 degrees in nine hours.*

The influence exerted by the soil upon the healthiness
or unhealthiness of our trees has already been alluded to
incidentally, but it is an important subject of inquiry
whether this may arise from a redundancy or a paucity of
some particular ingredients necessary to sustain the plants

* Trans. Cincinnati Horticultural Society, 1SC5.
8

170 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

we desire to cultivate. Liebig has pointed out how chem-
istry may be brought to our assistance in solving such a
question. As all the inorganic elements found in a tree
and its fruits, must have been deiived from the soil in
which it grew, he suggested that th.e ashes of the plant
would show us exactly what it needed, and then an exami-
nation of the soils woitld inform us whether they contained
all the necessary elements, and in the right proportion.
Hence arose the doctrine and the practice of applying
special manures, which has been so fashionable in our day.
Though there be many doubters as to the efficacy of such
investigations and practices, most sensible and enlightened
agriculturists admit the truths which Liebig has pro-
pounded.

Light is the great stimulus of vegetation, an essential
element to its existence : its withdrawal is followed by an
arrest of some of the most important functions of vitality,
and yet we find that there is a great difference among dif-
ferent species, as to their requirements of this element,
and also that various parts and several products of vege-
tation require very different degrees of light for their per-
fection. It is also found that a sudden exposure of parts
from which it had been withheld, is often attended with
disastrous consequences. Its withdrawal does not so im-
mediately destroy the plant, being attended with the etio-
lation of the parts that are usually colored, but a sudden
re-exposure to the sun's rays will now destroy the plant. So
the removal of a portion of the foliage from a tree, or the
exposure of the bare stem of one that had been previously
sheltered, is often attended with severe effects, known as
sun-scald — for which there is no remedy, but very easy

DISEASES. 171

modes of prevention. The best of these is to provide
against the evil by reserving the lower branches to shade
the stem. There are other excellent reasons for this prac-
tice, which will be brought forward in the chapter on
Pruning.

Frequently, however, the nurseryman, or perhaps the
injudicious efforts of the planter himself, may have re-
moved all the side branches of the young tree, and as
these cannot be replaced, we may substitute for them a
shelter from the scorching sun to which the newly planted
tree is exposed. This may be done by tacking two nar-
row boards together at their edges, like a gutter spout,
and setting them upright on the south side of the tree to
shade it. A wisp of straw, tied loosely to the stem, will
answer a very good purpose ; but both of these appli-
ances are objectionable, because they furnish a shelter for
insects, and thus they fall short of the natural shading
of the stem by the foliage of its own branches.

It is not only the scorching suns of summer that damage
our young trees that are thus exposed by injudicious trim-,
ming. Even the bright rays of a mid-winter sun, falling
upon the frozen stem, will often effect the most serious
damage, and should be guarded against with equal cafe ;
but here the natural protection will answer, for the shade
of the naked spray of the laterals is found all-sufficient in
the well-trained tree.

2d — To resume the consideration of Lankester's causes
of disease, it must be admitted that some diseased condi-
tions may be produced by poisonous gases, but the usual
result will be the death of plants confined in such an at-
mosphere. The natural power of diffusion of all gases

172 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

among one another in the open air> prevents the danger
that would ensue in a confined situation. The accidental
production df sulphurous and other poisonous gas, or the
escape of smoke from the flues or from the tobacco-pan
in the green-house, sometimes produces the most disas-
trous effects upon the plants subjected to their action.
So, in crowded cities, it often happens that the effects of
coal smoke and other gases, generated in the furnaces and
manufactories, are very injurious to vegetation. The coal
soot falls in flakes like lamp-black, whicb covers the sur-
face and obstructs the transpiration of the stomata, and
thus seriously affects the health of plants in such situations.

The action of miawiata, suggested by Lankester, is as
obscure in the effects produced upon plants as in those up-
on animals. The presence of these atmospheric conditions
cannot be detected by any of our tests, nor can their ef-
fects be prevented by any means in our power; we know
little or nothing about their characters, yet we cannot de-
ny their existence : finally, they serve as a very convenient
explanation, though a very unsatisfactory one, for the in-
cursions of maladies that are of an obscure or unknown
character. Whether of a miasmatic nature or not, no one
can deny the existence of certain atmospheric conditions,
which appear to produce disastrous effects upon some of
our vegetable productions whether these be inherent to
the air itself, or are only conveyed by it from one place to
another. The inexplicable potato disease may owe its
origin and diffusion to such a cause, and the grape malady,
which appears to be dependent upon atmospheric causes,
may at least be carried from one vine to another upon
this medium, in the form of the minute spores or seeds

DISEASES, 173

of the fungi that are believed to be the cause of the
trouble.*

Poiaons in the soil are frequently very deleterious to
vegetation, and we often find extensive injuries to our
plants produced by this class of agents. When these are
of a chejaical nature, as is usually the case, they may be
satisfactorily treated by applications that will neutralize
their effects. In cities the escape of the illuminating gas,
that is carried in subterranean pipes, has often so poisoned
the soil as to destroy the shade trees by the side of the
streets.

An excess of certain saline and alkaline ingredients
often produces barrenness in the soil, by a sort of poison-
ing, even with those articles that in smaller quantities are
used as manures with the happiest effects.

8d — ^The influence exerted upon vegetation by the
growth of parasitic plants, cannot be observed without
forcing us to the conclusion that they are prejudicial to
the health of the plants they infest — since they either cover
and smother the foliage by twining upon it, as is the case
with the Dodder; or fasten themselves upon a limb, ap-
propriating the sap that was intended for its support, and
thus starve it, as does the Mistletoe ; or attaching them-
selves to the bark, they interfere with its functions, as is
done by the lichens and mosses ; or, following the descend-
ing scale, in the size of these parasites, but meeting iu
them foes of much greater importance, we find the minute
but innumerable fungi attacking the wood, the bark, the
foliage, and the fruits, of our gardens and orchards, and
committing incalculable damage — thus entailing serious

* Cincinnati Hort. Soc. Report.

174 A.MERIOAK POMOLOGY.

disease. A very important question has arisen, however,
as to whether the inroads of fungi were the cause or the
consequence only of disease. A question which it will be
necessary to leave to wiser heads, only observing that
these epiphytes do appear, tinder certain atmospheric con-
ditions, to invade some plants that had previously seemed
to be in perfect health. That they are transported upon
the air, in the form of very minute sporules, is unquestion-
ed, and that their growth is dependent upon certain at-
mospheric conditions, is equally admitted, but whether
they induce disease, or are only able to take possession of
a plant that is not in a perfectly healthy condition, does not
yet appear so clear. The very eminent Mr. Solly is of
the opinion, that in the potato at least, the existence of
parasitic fungi is a secondary result of previous disease.
So itjnay be with-our fruits, and there is considerable tes-
timony to favoF such a belief in many cases, where we
find, with the appearance of these fungi, other causes of
unheal thin ess.

The leaves of the apple trees in some seasons- become
coated with a black efflorescence, that gives the tree a very
sombre appearance, and seems to affect its health. I am
not aware that any one has yet made any microscopical
investigations of this condition of the foliage, which looks
as though it were dusted with coal-smoke. It has been
supposed, however, to be the result of a fungous growth.

Pear Blight. — This is a subject .upon which so much
has been said and written, that any one may well shrink
from its discussion. The condition in which the invasion
of the malady finds the tree has been pretty thoroughly
ascertained, and the sad state in which it is left after the

DISEASES. 175

attack, is too well known to need any learned description.
It is well called the blight^ for nothing short of scorching
by fire can more effectually destroy the life of the tree and
blight our hopes of its usefulness. The varied theories
and suggestions that have been advanced in attempted ex-
planation of this state of things are altogether unsatisfac-
torn, so that it may be said we know nothing about the
disease, nor whether it be occasioned by frozen sap, by
fungous invasion, or by insect attacks, all of which have
been set forward as causes of the difficulty. None of
these explanations have been clearly proved, and they
seem rather guesses than established facts in the history
of the disease, which breaks out in the midst of the season
of growth, and attacks those trees that are in the midst
of the most vigorous production of succulent shoots; but
it is not confined to the young wood ; on the contrary, it
appears first in the hard bark of limbs, that are two or
more years old. This turns brown, becomes desiccated, and
thus the circulation is arrested, and the foliage as well as the
bark is affected. The outer extremities of the leaves wilt,
die, and turn suddenly brown and then black, and often re-
main adhering by their petioles for months — sad testimoni-
als of the destruction caused by the blight. The disease
appears to extend in some instances, but it is not proved that
there is any poisonous matter generated by a blighted
limb that could have entered the circulation,, and then have
been transmitted to other parts of the tree. The apparent
extension of the disease is rather believed to have been
the successive development of the trouble from different
foci, which had successively invaded so much of the bark
as to have more or less completely arrested the flow of

176 AMERICAN" POMOLOGY.

the sap. In some limbs of small size, a patch of dead tis
sue of moderate dimensions would entirely arrest healthy
action early in the season, and destroy the portion of the
branch beyond it ; in other branches of greater size, quite
a large patch of the dead bark might exist for a long time
without entirely surrounding them, and arresting the cir-
culation, which would thus be kept up until a later period,
when at length this occurred, the symptoms of blight
would appear.

The treatment of this malady is quite unsatisfactory,
and gives us no clue to the cause of the trouble. Various
plans have been suggested, the most satisfactory is the re-
moval of the affected limbs — not that it cures the disease,
but because it takes from us the sad mementos of our loss.
We have been advised to pare away the diseased portion
of old bark with a spoke-shave, or some similar instrument ;
but it is apprehended that few persons would ever find
this patch of dead bark until they have the fatal evidence
of the blighted foliage, and no possible good can result
from its removal at that time.

This trouble is connected, in many instances, with an ex-
cessively vigorous growth of shoots ; indeed, some of
those varieties which are most thrifty, suffer the most,
while those which make firm and moderately short shoots,
seldom blight. Hence it has been inferred by some, that
if we can check this excessive vigor, and reduce the wood
growth to a moderate amount, not exceeding ten or
twelve inches, annual extension, we shall be able to pre-
vent the occurrence of blight. This object is easily at-
tained by root-pruning the trees severely in the spring of
the year. So far, we can only say that , trees so treated,

DISEASES. 177

have not blighted ; but it does not follow that they would
have suffered if let alone.

Another form of blight may often be seen in the peach
and in the apple ; it consists in a loss of vitality of small
twigs and their foliage in several parts of the tree, espe-
cially in the inner portions that are not freely exposed to
the air and light. In the peach, this disease is accompanied
with the decay of the fruit upon these twigs, which rots
and becomes moldy. This trouble is usually attributed
to mildew, and it is probably owing to some form of fun-
gus invasion.

Quite a different affection of the twigs is that known as
the ''blight" in apples and quinces. This attacks only
the young shoots of the current season's growth, which
suddenly wither and become brown at mid-summer. The
same condition occurs also in the shoots of the Italian
mulberry. The cause of this malady is not very apparent ;
by some persons it is attributed to the punctures of mi-
nute insects, but they have escaped the scrutiny of other
observers, who attribute this blight to atmospheric causes.

The true apple blight is a malady of very serious char-
acter, that invades many orchards in the Western States.
In its nature, and in the mode of its invasion, it very much
resembles the dreaded fire-blight of the pear, with which
most oichardists have unfortunately become already but
too familiar. Like it too, all the guesses which Solons have
offered for the explanation of its cause, appear equally un-
satisfactory.

A whole branch or limb of the tree becomes simultane-
ously affected ; sometimes one quarter or even one half of
the top. is destroyed by the disease, and the removal of

178 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

the dead portions is not followed by the reproduction of
healthy branches. Certain varieties are more subject to
this blight than others, and they seem to poison th^ grafts
that are inserted into them, to produce a new top to the
tree with a more healthy variety.

Bitter Rot. — Our excellent arid observing friend, H.
IN". Gillett, of Lawrence Co., Ohio, furnishes the following
description of this disease to the Ohio Cultivator :

*' The disease generally presents itself on the skin
of the apple in very jninute brown spots, from one to
a dozen or more in number, generally after the fruit is
pretty well grown. ^ These gradually spread and penetrate
the flesh of the apple, producing a bl^ck rot, almost as
bitter as aloes, but this taste is confined to the discolored
portion. The fruit ceases growing, and falls prematurely.
The rot occasionally begins at the center, and extends out-
ward, so that the fruit appears perfectly sound for some
time," on which account he advises against too early
gathering of the fruit.

The late Dr. Barker, of McConnellsville, Ohio, who was
one of our most observing pomologists, referring to this
disease as peculiar to certain varieties, concludes in an
article in the paper above quoted, vide Vol. YL, p. 283,
that this malady is different from what is called Bitter
Rot in other places, and which affects other varieties with
a discoloration of the flesh and a bitter taste. He thinks
this malady is different from that described by Mr. Gillett,
and that it, the true Bitter Rot, is caused by a fungous
growth, the spores of which are carried on the air from
tree to tree, like a similar fungus producing mold in the
cherry, plum, and peach. He also traces a reserublance

DISEASES. 179

of this disease to the vaccination in the human subject,
except that the scab does not separate and fall off. Hence
he suggested the name of poek^ instead of Bitter Hot,
High culture, manure, lime, trimming, and pasturing hogs
in the orcnard, have all been recommended as remedies.

Cracked Fruit — Mildew. — Certain fruits become par-
tially covered with what appears to be a fungous growth,
which occupies the skin in such a manner as to prevent the
development of the succulent tissues beneath it. This may-
result in a deformity consequent upon the irregular growth',
and the fruit is called scabby, or it may strike deeper into
the tissues, which become dry and corky and crack open,
being thus utterly worthless. Some varieties, which former-
ly produced the most beautiful fruits, have been so severely
affected by this malady as to yield absolutely nothing in
certain localities, and are only rendered profitable by top
grafting with other sorts that are not affected with the
cracking. That this is not caused by the wearing out of
the variety, as has been suggested, it may be added that
the same fruit ripens perfectly and is quite fair in other re-
gions of the country. The trouble, however, is extend-
ing, and it is hardly safe to plant largely of those varieties
that have proved subject to the malady. No explanation
has been satisfactory as to the cause, nor has any treat-
ment been successful.

Dr. Kirtland addressed the Ohio Pomological Society
upon this subject, and an abstract of his remarks is here
given : —

"The disease known as the blight or the fire-blight, is at
this day proving the most serious obstacle to the success-
ful cultivation of the pear, in many sections of the coun-

180 A3ierica:n' pomology.

try. Early in the present century it prevailed extensively
in INTew England, coincidently with the spotted fever, and
other disorders of a low grade of action, which at that
period swept epidemically over that region of the country.
It was a popular opinion that all these diseases, 15oth of the
human family and vegetable kingdom, arose from one
cause ; — an opinion not, however, tolerated by medical
men and men of science in that day.

" Various theories have been advanced to account for
the origin of this blight. Insects, frozen sap, electricity,
excessive evaporation, and exhaustion of the soil, have, at
different times, been assigned as the cause. Investigation
of each fails to meet and explain tfie phanomena attendant
on the rise, progress, and results of that disease. It is
time they all should be abandoned, and that researches for
a cause be extended in some other direction.

" As a starting point in this undertaking, I will suggest
another hypothesis, which may perhaps explain the pa-
thology of the blight, and call into use an efectual reme-
dy or preventive. Pathology^ Dr. Webster defines to
be ' the doctrine of the causes and nature of diseases.'

" 1. The Pear-tree blight is produced by the poisonous
impression of the seeds {sporules) of a microscopic fungus.

"2. Several combinations of iron, especially the sul-
phate {copperas)^ will, to some extent, counteract that
impression.

" It wiU be understood that these two propositions are
merely hypothetical. If sustained by analogies, subse-
quent observations, and experience, they will be accepted
as truths ; if not thus sustained, they will of course be
rejected.

PISEASES. 181

'' The extensive prevalence of the cholera, over large
portions of the globe, commencing in the year 1818, led
medical men to seek for its cause. Dr. Cowdell, of Lon-
don, in 1848, published ' A Disquisition on Pestilential
Cholera, "being an attempt to explain its phenomena, na-
ture, cause, prevention and treatment, by reference to an
extrinsic fungous origin.'

"In 1849, Prof. J. K Mitchell, of Philadelphia, issued
a more elaborate work, ' On the Cryptogamous Origin of
Malarious and Epidemic Fevers.' It abounds in numerous
facts and correct reasoning, and should be consulted by
every investigator of disease, animal and vegetable.

" These publications attracted the attention of the med-
ical profession, both in America and Europe, so long as
that epidemic continued its ravages, and the theories they
advanced gained extensive credence during that time.
They were, however, lost sight of when tbat epidemic
subsided. Recently they have been substantiated as plain
matters of fact, so far as malarious diseases are concerned,
by the labors and investigations of Prof. J. H. Salisbury,
of Cleveland.

" It is well established, then, that a number of diseases
of the animal system are produced by fungi. ' Under this
name botanists comprehend not only the various races of
mushrooms, toadstools, and similar productions, but a
large number of microscopic plants, forming the appear-
ances called mouldiness, mildew, smut, rust, brand, dry
rot, etc' They are universally diffused in nature. It is
difficult to conceive of a place where they do not exist.
They are among the most numerous of all plants, in re-
gard tQ genera and species, and with very few exceptions

182 AMEKICAN POMOLOGY.

are deleterious in their impressions on the animal system.
Even the palatable mushroom is always poisonous to some
persons, and may become so to all under certain circum-
stances. It is equally evident that fungi frequently oc-
casion diseases in the vegetable kingdom. The smut of
wheat and maize, the rust of wheat, ergot of rye and
grass-seeds, and specks, cracks, and discoloration of the
skin of the apple and pear are of this nature.

" The microscopical examinations of Prof Salisbury and
others have detected the presence of certain species, in-
festing extensively pear trees about the period of attack
by the blight. They have made similar discoveries that
lead to the conclusion that the curl of the peach leaf,
the potato disease, and the blight of pear trees, all have
their origin from the cause assigned in my second prop-
osition.

"Under this head still another disease of our fruit
should be noticed. I have watched carefully the sudden
and premature decay of" our plum crop, at the period of
its ripening, for the last fifteen years. From hints afford-
ed by the work of Prof Mitchell, and several microscopic
observations of my own, I was induced to publish an ar-
ticle in 'The Florist,' of Philadelphia, in the year 1855, in
which I imputed the origin of the disease to the Torula
or some analagous species of parasitic fungi. The disease
still prevails among us, and it is sure to destroy all the
plums which escape puncture by the curculio. It is, how-
ever, generally overlooked by pomologists, and its effects
are charged to the depredations of that insect. Similar
disease occasionally impairs our peach and apple crops, to
a less extent. Whenever it occurs on either of t^ese va-

DISEASES. 183

rietios of fruit, the spurs and young wood blight or cank-
er, and cease to be fruitful for several years

" If these discoveries and analogies establish, with any
degree of certainty, the hypothesis of the cryptogamous
origin of the pear tree blight, we have made important
progress in laying down true indications for its cure or
prevention. Among the means suggested for effecting
that end, certain combinations of iron have already been
named. The authority for such practice is founded on the
following facts :

'' 1. It is a .popular belief that iron exerts a favorable
influence over the health of fruit trees. Hence arises the
practice of driving nails into the body of such trees, and
loading their limbs with scraps of iron. Both the be-
lief and the practice may be visionary, yet in ^ such in-
stances of popular belief, investigation usually discovers
them to be founded on some shadow of truth.

" 2. An intelligent and observing gentleman of Cleve-
land informs me that he prevents the curl of 'the peach leaf
by depositing in the earth, about the bodies of the trees,
fragments of rusty stove pipe and worthless pieces of iron.

" 3. Twenty-four years since I called the attention of
the public to the isolated fact, without reference to any
theory, that a large pear tree in Columbiana county, Ohio,
with its body surrounded with many wagon loads of boul-
ders, scoria, scales of iron and accumulations from a black-
smith shop, retained its health, vigor, and fruitfulness,
while all other pear trees in that region of country had
either died, or were suffering from bUght. Vide ISTew
England Farmer, December 3, 1840, page 153.* At this
late dav this tree still continues healthy.

184 AMERICA2T POMOLOGY.

"4. T recollect reading in that reliable journal, Ployey'a
Magazine of Horticulture, some years since, a statement
that the finest prize pears seen in the Parisian market,
were produced by investing the growing fruits with folds
of cotton or linen cloth, and daily, or oftener, moistening
them with a solution of sulphate of iron. This treatment
was said to result in developing the size, beauty, and quali-
ty of the fruits to a high degree, and especially to free
them from parasitic blotches.

" 5. Four years since, Mrs. Weller Dean, of Rockport,
Ohio, informed me that blight might not only be prevented
in healthy pear trees, but might be successfully arrested,
in many trees, after it had made considerable progress, by
means of repeatedly washing the bodies of the trees with
a saturated solution of sulphate of iron (copperas), at a
time when the sap is in active circulation.

^' This was a confidential communication, with the condi-
tion annexed that I should thoroughly test the plan, and if
it should prove successful, I was to publish it ; and further-
more, if any merit or more substantial reward should be
deemed due to any one by the public, she was to be the
recipient.

" This plan has yet been only imperfectly tried. Age
and infirmities will probably prevent its completion by
me. I will therefore report that I have tested it on a
number of my partially blighted pear trees, while a greater
numbers has been left to die unmedicated. Of the former,
not one has yet perished, while of the latter very few sur-
vive. It has appeared, in every instance, to arrest the
progress of the disease, and to impart a healthy condition
to the bark wherever applied. The apparent results may

DISEASES. 185

have been coincidences and not the effect of the remedy.
There is much false experience in horticulture and agri-
culture, as well as in medicine.

" These views suggest the expediency of extensively
applying a solution of the sulphate of iron by means of a
green-house syringe or garden engine to the tops and foli-
age of trees, laboring under any of the diseases suspected
of a cryptogamous origin. It also becomes a query whether
the same agent may not be successfully employed at some
period to counteract the potato disease, either by water-
ing with it the growing plant, or washing the tubers in it
in autumn, after they are dug. Ko injury has ever arisen
to pear trees by a free use of a saturated solution of cop-
peras.

" In conclusion, I would observe that the discovery of
the cryptogamous origin of the many disorders of the
human system is effecting important changes in their
treatment. May we not hope that an extension of these
discoveries to the vegetable kingdom, may result as
favorably in shaping the practice in diseases of fruits and
fruit trees ? "

4th — Wounds, and the attacks of insects, may be con-
sidered more in the light of mechanical injuries by a loss
of substance, hence they belong rather to the department
of surgery, and can scarcely Jbe considered as disease.
The breaking of a branch, or the removal of a portion of
the bark, may inflict a serious injury, but it is one which,
under ordinary circumstances, will be recovered from,
without any impairment of the health of the tree — unless
where the wound is so large that the new growth will not
soon cover it over, in which case exposure to the moisture

186 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

of the atmosphere may result in decay of the woody tis-
sues, or, if the sap exudes, at certain seasons, it may pro-
duce canker and fungous growths. In some varieties of
our cultivated fruits, wounds of this character are often
attended by an effusion of gummy matter ; this is particu-
larly the case with those that are known as stone-fruits,
and in these the excision of a large limb is seldom fol-
lowed by a deposit of woody matter in the way of healing
over the wound, which is always desirable ; hence in such
cases particularly, it is well to cover the exposed surface
with something to exclude atmosphei'ic moisture, whether
this be paint, varnish' of shellac, or common grafting wax.

Insects, by eating the foliage extensively, very materi-
ally injure the healthy condition of a tree — even the
minute aphides that suck the sap from the leaves and ten-
der bark, will seriously impair the health of our plants ;
but the borers that mine under the bark, extensively con-
suming the vital cambium, and even burrow into the solid
wood, reducing it to a honeycomb, cannot fail to affect
the healthy condition of the tree materially, and often
cause its premature death. Some knowledge of the habits
of these little creatures is considered of so great import-
ance, that the subject will be brought before the reader's
notice more at length in another part of this volume.

There is no doubt, however, that many unhealthy con-
ditions of our trees, that might be traced to other causes,
but which are not manifestly dependent upon a want of
care on the part of the orchardist, nor upon a deficiency
in the constitution of the soil, are often attributable to the
inroads of these minute foes, which, in some cases at least,
are made the scape-goats upon which is laid the blame

DISEASES. 187

that should be applied to our own neglect, or want of
forethought and care.

After having reviewed the whole subject, it may be safe
for us to conclude that what is called disease in our culli-
vated vegetables of whatever kind, is a departure from
full health and productiveness of sound fruits. And
further that this may arise from a lack of the necessary
ingredients in the soil, from a want of proper conditions
as to its quality and constitution, particularly with regard
to the important •elements of moisture, heat, and light ; ■
and especially, that this condition of unhealthiness and
unproductiveness, when not an inherent failing of the va-
riety, may in many instances be attributable to want of
proper care on our part, and to our allowing the trees to
injure themselves by overbearing, while we neglect to keep
up the proper supply of nourishment.

In making selections of trees for planting, it is import-
ant that all* weak or unhealthy varieties should be avoided.
Secure healthy and vigorous stocks, that appear to be pos-
sessed of a sound constitution, even though the fruit
should not be quite so fine and beautiful as that produced
by some of the sickly and less vigorous varieties. There
is more difference apparent, in this respect, among pears
than among apples ; but of the latter there are varieties
that should be avoided on account of their deficient vigor.
There are others that might be considered as coming un-
der the ban, because the trees are not long-lived ; and yet
some of these appear to be perfectly healthy in every
other respect, and -seem literally to wear themselves out
by excessive bearing, producing annual crops of large and

188 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

handsome fruit, until, utterly exhausted, they reach a pro
mature end.

Some varieties, that for many years yielded very fine
cr^ps of the most beautiful fruit, and of the highest char-
acter for flavor, have afterward ceased to furnish any per-
fect specimens — the whole crop being covered and de-
formed with the black scab or fungus, that prevents their
development, or else ruined by the disagreeable bitter-rot
which entirely spoils them for any use. Various remedies
have been suggested for these maladies all of which are
more or less unsatisfactory, because from our ignorance of
"the causes of the troubles ; these applications are wholly
empirical.

The Black-knot, wliich has become very common in
some parts of the country, h well discussed by Benjamin
D. Walsh, in the Practical Entomologist, for March, 1866,
page 48.

This essay is the more valuable because of the absence
of the empiricism gust complained of: —

" It is a black, pufly, irregular swelling on the twigs and
smaller limbs of plum and cherry trees, and, in one in-
stance that came under my personal observation of peach
trees, making its first appearance in the latitude of 'New
York early in June, and attaining its full growth by the
end of July. Usually a tree, that is attacked in this man-
ner, is afiected worse and worse every year, until it is
finally killed ; and wherever one tree of a group is afiect-
ed, the malady usually spreads to them all in process of
time. In 1865 whole cherry orchards were destroyed in
Western N'ew York by this disease, and I have myself seen
many groups of wild plum trees in Illinois that were gradu-

DISEASES. 189

ally perishing by it ; but in Southern Ohio, as I am told,
the Black-knot is never met with. In the Eastern States
it has been observed from time immemorial, and various
contradictory opinions have been broached as to its real
nature and origin.

" In 1865 I watched the Black-knot carefully through
all its stages, from its earliest commencement to its com-
plete maturity, experimenting at the same time on numer-
ous specimens collected week after week, so as to ascertain
what insects bred in it. The practical conclusion I have
arrived at, is simply this : — If the diseased twigs are all
cut off and destroyed early in July in the latitude of N'ew
YorTc^ or a little earlier or later according to the latitude^
taking care to cut a few inches helow the affected part ^ the
JBlack-Jcnot can he checked and probably entirely eradicat-
ed ; but if this operation is delayed till August^ it will be
of no benefit whatever. Hence we can easily account for
a circumstance which has puzzled many men wonderfully,
viz. : That cutting off and burning the diseased tvvigs is
pronounced by some to be a sovereign remedy, and by
others to be a delusive humbug. Those that do this
early enough, find it effectual ; those that delay it till too
late, find it of no use.

" This perhaps will be sufficient for some few impatient
souls, who take everything upon trust that they see in
print, and care nothing about the rationale of a mode of
treatment, so long as it be practically available. .But for
the benefit of that large class of intelligent agriculturists,
who have been deluded by too many quack prescriptions
to place much faith in any man's ipse dixit ^ and who in any
case like to understand the principle of a remedy before

190 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

they apply it, I subjoin a full account of all that is at
present known on this subject, and of the different theo-
ries respecting it entertained by different writers.

" Three radically different theories have been broached
as to the nature and origin of Black-knot : 1st, that it is
a mere disease of the tree, like the cancer or the gout in
the human race, which is the view maintained by Dr.
Fitch, the State Entomologist of .'New York ; 2d, that it
is what naturalists term a " gall," produced by some un-
known insect depositing its eggs in the twig — just as the
well-known "oak-apples" are produced by a Gall-fly,
(Oj/nips), depositing its egg in the bud of the oak —
which is the opinion that I myself formerly held and main-
tained, before I had fully examined into the subject ; (Pro-
ceedings Mat, 8og.^ Phil.., TIT, p.p. 613-618 ;) and 3d, that
it is what botanists term an epiphytous fungus, growing
on the tree as a mushroom or toad-stool grows on the
ground, which is the opinion of the botanist Schweinitz,
and which has recently been re-asserted by Mr. Glover,
the Entomologist of the Bureau of Agriculture at Wash-
ington, {Ag^lJlep.^ 1863, p. 572.) This last is the opinion
which, upon full inquiry, I have now adopted.

"Before discussing these theories, the facts arrived at
by myself in the summer of 1865, must first be briefly
noticed. It should be pi-emised that the old, dry Black-
knot remains on the tree for many years, and that the
place to look for the new Black-knot is on such trees as
liave been already attacked and are loaded with old Black-
knot, without being as yet completely killed by it.

" 1st. By the middle of June the new Black-knot is
pretty well developed, and may then be readily distin-

DISEASES. 191

guished from the old by its dull, opaque, brown-black
color, while tlie old is coal-black and more or less glossy.
When cut into, it is found to be fleshy inside, like an ap-
ple, but not juicy, and of a pale greenish-yellow color,
with fibres radiating from the axis of the twig, while the
old Black-knot is internally hard and woody, and of a
reddish-brown or rust-red color. The brown-black color
of the external surface is retained till the last week in Ju-
ly, when the surface of the new Black-knot becomes gradu-
ally covered all over with little, coal-black, hemispherical
plates, appearing when viewed through a pocket glass,
about the size of the head of a pin, each of these is a dis-
tinct fungus, named long ago by Schweinitz ' Sphmria
morbosa^ Even on the old Black-knot this fungus may
be readily seen, at any time of the year, covering its en-
tire surface. So far I have added little to the information
already published on this subject, except by the specifica-
tion of dates. But in addition to these facts, I discovered
that about the last of July or the first week in August,
there grows from each fungus on the surface of the Black-
knot a Httle cylindrical filament about one-eighth of an inch
long, which no doubt bears the seed or " spores," as they
are technically termed, of the fungus, and that these fila-
ments very shortly afterwards fill off and disappear,
leaving behind them the hemispherical plates, which alone
had been hitherto noticed by the botanists. In another
Epiphytous fungus, which grows commonly and abund-
antly in Illinois on the Red Cedar, but which differs from
the Black-knot in being attached to the twig by a very
short stalk or peduncle, and in being roundish and exter-
nally of a reddish-brown color instead of elongate and

192 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

black, there is a precisely similar phenomenon; except
that the plates and filaments are very much larger, and
that each filament, when it falls off, leaves a ragged scar
behind it. In a single specimen of Black-knot noticed
August 6th, I discovered that the filaments not only cov-
ered the entire surface of the Black-knot itself, except
wliere a few of them had already fallen off, but that they
were thinly studded over the twig for an inch or two
above and below the swollen black part ; thus proving
that the fungus sometimes extends rather further than on
a cursory view it would appear to do. Towards the mid-
dle of August, the new Black-knot, having perfected its
seed, gradually dries up and becomes internally of a red-
dish-broYn color. In other words, like so many other an-
nual plants, it dies shortly after it has perfected its seed,
just as a stalk of wheat or of corn, dies shortly after the
grain is ripe.

"2d. During the months of June and July I collected
from time to time very numerous specimens of Black-
knot, some of which I cut into to see what larvae they con-
tained, and some I preserved to see what perfect insects
could be bred from them. Besides seven specimens of
the common " Curculio," which many persons had previ-
ously bred from Black-knot, I bred for the first time there-
from no less than ^re distinct species of insects, none of
which can be considered as gall-makers, but not a single
true gall-maker ; and I can confirm Dr. Fitch's assertion,
that some specimens are wholly free from larvae of any
kind when cut into.

" We will now take up in order the three different theo-
ries respecting the nature and origin of Black-knot, which,

DISEASES. 193

as already stated, have been maintained by different
writers.

" 1st. That Black-hnot u a mere disease like the can-
cer,— Dr. Fitcb, who maintains this opinion, allows that
the black granules found on the Black-knot are a true fun-
gus, 'that the surface of tiiese excrescences, when mature,
is always covered with this plant,' and that 'this plant
never grows, or at least has never been found, in any
other situation.' {Address JV. Y. Sta,te AgH Soc.^ 1860,
p. 21.) * * *

" 2d. That JBlacJc-Jcnot is a gall. — As already stated,
there is no true gall-making insect tliat inhabits the Black-
knot, so far as I can discover on the fullest and most ex-
tensive investigation that I have been able to give to the
subject. The minute holes commonly found in the old
dry Black-knot, which are too large either for the ' Cur-
culio ' or for the small moths bred by myself from Black-
knot, are of a suitable size for either of the two dipterous
insects which I have enumerated in a note as bred by my-
self from Black-knot. Consequently the argument which
I based upon the existence of these minute holes {Proc,
E)it. Soc. Phil. Ill, p. 614) falls to the ground ; and al-
though I found on one occasion the larva of a Gall-gnat
embedded in a cell in a Black-knot, yet this was most
probably that of the Guest Gall-gnat which I actually
bred from Black-knot, as stated in the note, and not of a
true gall-making Gall-gnat.

" 3d. That Black knot is a fungus. — Just as Dr. Fitch,
having proved to his own satisfaction that Black-knot is
neither a gall nor a fungus, infers by the method of ex-
haustion that it must be a disease ; so, having proved that
9

J 94 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

it is neither a disease nor a gall, we may infer by. the
method of exhaustion that it must be a fungus, or rather
an assemblage of funguses. In confirmation of this theory
may be adduced the very remarkable analogies between
the structure of the Black-knot and that, of the fungus,
described above as occurring on Red Cedar. That this
last is really and truly a fungus and not a gall, is shown
by the fact, that it is scarcely ever inhabited by insects ; for
out of hundreds of specimens that I have cut into, both
green and dry, not more than two or three contained the
larvae of the moths, but one contained what was probably
the larva of an Ichneumon-fly, and all the rest were per-
fectly solid and unbored. On the other hand, Black-knot
is so infested by insects, that it is almost impossible to
find a mature specimen that is not all bored up by them.
The cause of this remarkable difference may be attributed
to the well-known repugnance of almost all kinds of in-
sects for Red Cedar.

" If, then, Black-knot is a fungus, and if, as I think I
have shown, it is an annual plant propagating itself by
seed or the so-called ' spores,' and the ' spores ' make their
appearance about th^ end of July in latitude 41° 30', then
it must be obvious tl)at if all the Black-knot on a parti-
cular tree is cut off and destroyed in the fore-part of July,
or a little earlier or later as you go further south or further
north, an effectual stop will be put to its further propaga-
tion. It is true that the ' spores ' are in the form of an im-
palpable powder, so that they may be carried some con-
siderable distance from other infected trees by the wind;
and it may possibly be further true, that certain ' spores '
may lie dormant in the bark for over a year, as the seeds

DISEASES. 195

of weeds will often lie dormant in the ground. Still, with
all these possible drawbacks, I have little doubt that the
above remedy will, as a general rule, if applied according
to directions, be found effectual."

The foregoing is interesting as giving the conclusions
of an entomologist who had investigated the subject, and
arrived at the same result that had been reached by a
botanist many years before. Schweinitz, in 1832, published
the correct history of the Black-knot in the Transactions
of the American Philosophical Society. In the American
Agriculturist^ April, 1863, p. 113, Mr. C. F. Austin con-
firmed Schweinitz's observations, and gave a popular ac-
count of the botany of this fungus, with figures. It may
be considered, as fully established that the knot is of vege-
table origin ; and whenever insects or larvse are found in
it, it is only because they find a diseased portion of the
tree suited to their necessities.

Rot and Mildew upon the gi'ape both destroy our
crops, and render the vines unhealthy. Would that I
were able to give the reader some encouragement as to its
cause and prevention, or cure ; but some of our oldest and
most experienced vine-planters have come to the ccm-
clusion, as to treatment, that " the more they find out,
the more they don't know." It is now generally conceded
that it is caused by a fungus growth. That on the leaves
is probably the Oldium Tuckeri, and it is generally sup-
posed that the mildew and rot of the berries is owing to
the same cause. The microscope clearly indicates its fun-
goid character. As to the causes, it must be admitted
that the weather favors or prevents its access, and that
so far it is a proximate cause, but that the spores are the

196 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

true origin of the trouble. The Cincinnati Horticultural
Society, whose members have long had opportunities of
studying this malady, have come to the following con-
clusions, which, it will be seen, are not very satisfactory.

To the Cincinnati Horticultural Society : — We have
been appointed by you to discharge a certain function.
Having examined the premises and considered the subject,
we do now report : That, notwithstanding the discourage-
ments attendant upon the experience of most vine-dressers
during the past season, we are determined to persevere in
viticulture, for the following among other reasons :

We have our capital invested in a way which has been
profitable, and we believe will he so again.

Our lands are occupied with a growth that has required
time and labor to produce, and which we are unwilling to
sacrifice.

We do not believe that the diseases to which the vines
and fruit have been subjected, are dependent upon long
pruning or short pruning, upon deep culture or shallow,
nor any of the causes to which it has been attributed,
that are under the immediate control of man, but that the
cause is climatic.

We do not believe that the rot and mildew can be
warded off by leaving the wood upon the vines, nor that
the usual vineyard method called short pruning, will ren-
der our vineyards more subject to this disease.

We do believe, however, that we have yet much to
learn in regard to the philosophy of prun ing which it
were well for us to study, and that by so doing we may
gather some useful hints in relation to this very important
part of a vine-grower's duties.

DISEASES. 197

We do believe, as a result of our observations, that
Bome varieties of grapes are more healthy and vigorous
than others ; and, on the other hand, that some are pecu-
liarly subject to the inroads of these maladies which have
so terribly affected the fruit, the foliage, and the green
wood of our vines. We do firmly believe, that our so-
cieties should avoid recommending the extensive planting
of any trees or vines that have not proved themselves
general healthy, and free from the maladies in question,
for a number of years, after trial in different situations.

We do believe that systematic efforts should be made
with different remedial and preventive agents, to avert the
disasters that have overtaken our vine-crops of late years,
and, with this view, as we have reason to believe that the
difficulty depends upon the existence of some epjiphytio
plant, and as we are informed that sulphur and sulphate
of iron exert an obnoxious influence upon the whole class
of fungi, we recommend our brother vine-dressers to take
courage, and to make vigorous and systematic efforts to
ward off the difficulty the coming season, by the regular
and persevering applications of these substances to their
grape vines.

For your encouragement, we will also refer you to the
history of the vineyards of Europe, which have suffered
in like manner, and which have at length recuperated their
energies and become productive. Why may not the same
good fortune await us ?

Yery respectfully submitted, by

R. Buchanan, Chairman.

CHAPTER YI.

THE SITE FOR AN ORCHARD.

A MATTER OP IMPORTANCE, NOT OF MERE CONVENIENCE — LOW VALLEYS
LEAST DESIRABLE — BASINS, EVEN IF ELEVATED, SUBJECT TO FROSTS

— LOCAL DIFFERENCES OF TEMPERATURE, OFTEN FATAL TO TENDER
VEGETATION — THE FROST LINE NOT DEPENDENT UPON MERE ELE-
VATION, BUT UPON RELATIVE ALTITUDE — MODERATE BLUFFS BESIDE
VALLEYS, OR RIDGES IN A PRAIRIE, ARE BETTER THAN HIGH VAL-
LEYS AMONG MOUNTAINS — DRIFT FORMATIONS, PRESENT INEQUALI-
TIES OF SURFACE — FAVORABLE INFLUENCE OF THE WATER OF RIV-
ERS AND LAKES UPON THE CLIMATE — INSULAR POSITIONS AND
LACUSTRINE SITUATIONS HAVE A PECULIAR CLIMATE — FOGS — LA-
TENT HEAT BECOMING SENSIBLE — METEOROLOGY WILL FURNISH
AID TO THE ORCHARDIST — COLD STORMS — AqMCt — PROTECTION
FROM WINDS, ESPECIALLY A PRAIRIE QUESTION — EFFECTS OF AGI-
TATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE — BELTS AND SCREENS OF TIMBER
DESIRABLE — WINTER KILLING OFTEN DEPENDENT UPON THE CON-
DITIONS OF THE TREE — VARIETIES MOST SUBJECT TO THIS — LISTS

— SOILS, PERMEABLE AND TENACIOUS — ADAPTATION OF SORTS TO
SOILS — GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN MAKING
SELECTIONS.

Site. — The selection of a suitable site for an orchard is
a matter of no small moment to him Avho would be a suc-
cessful grower of fine fruits. Without, at this time, paus-
ing to inquire into the characters of the soil, let ua ex-
amine more particularly the aspect of the field to be ap-
198

SITE FOR A.N ORCHARD. 199

propriated to this important crop ; for the orchard is a
permanent investment, and so much depends upon the site,
that we should make some sacrifice of our convenience,
rather than commit any error in this particular. In the
first place, then, let it be understood that the orchard
should be well exposed to the sun and air. The least de-
sirable positions for orchard planting are narrow valleys,
particularly limestone valleys in a mountainous country,
traversed by a small brook, or where the surface is spouty
from springs or sudjacent water. Even if such depres-
sions are considerably elevated, but surrounded by higher
and abrupt elevations, they will be fomid obnoxious to
late and early frosts in spring and fall, especially the for-
mer, which are often disastrous in such situations, after
the fruit-buds have expanded in these sheltered nooks. Ev-
ery one 9,t all conversant with meteorological observations
made in a broken country, is aware of the different range
of temperature that will be indicated by instruments sus-
pended at different elevations.* Wheri the cooling influ-
ence of radiation has lowered the temperature of the sur-
face of the earth and of objects near it, the stratum of
air in immediate contact will be chilled, and growing
heavier, will flow down into the most depressed situations,
and, accumulating there, will cause a difference of several
degrees of temperature. This, when near the freezing
point, will be of the greatest consequence to tender vege-
tation, which may be preserved in perfect safety at forty
degrees, but will be destroyed at thirty degrees, or even
at a higher point, in some cases.

* See Lawrence Young's Experiments, in Western Horticultural Review, Vol.
I, p.age 190, in Report of Kentucky State Fruit Committee to American Pomolo-
gical Congress, for 1850.

200 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

The frost line becomes a very important subject of in-
quiry in the selection of an orchard site, and in some
countries we find that its position may be definitely settled
within a limited range of elevation ; not that a certain
level can be indicated, above which there will always be
an immunity from frost, while all below will suffer, but
we may approximate, in certain situations, so nearly as to
indicate that certain sites are safe or unsafe.

!N'or is it the absolute elevation alone that is to be taken
into the account ; in any given locality, we may assume
that the higher the orchard is situated above the water
levels, the safer it will be, and that the lowest depressions
are the most unsafe or frosty. It is not always the mere
elevation, but rather the relative elevation of the site, that
renders it more desirable than another in the same region.
There are many orchards that are situated upon a moder-
ate bluff, with a rapid descent of only a few feet or yards,
into a swale or valley of moderate extent ; these we find
to be uninjured, when another at a greater elevation, but
in a depresssd basin surrounded by higher lands, will be
found to have suffered from the influence of frost. In the
one case, the cold air could flow off rapidly into the ad-
joining depression, w^hile in the other, the cold air from
adjoining slopes would collect, and accumulate in the situa-
tions described.

In the great plateaus of the world, we often find im-
mense tracts of land so nearly of the same level as scarce-
ly to afford sufficient drainage for the surplus water; of
course, we should expect to find, in such places, little va
riation of temperature arising from difference in elevation.
But even in sucli situations, whether we examine the ta-

SFTE FOR AN ORCHAED. 201

ble-lands of our timbered regions, or the extended areas
of the prairie country, we shall find that the drift forma-
tion which covers these vast tracts, has not been distrib-
uted evenly, but that there are successive rolls or swells
frequently recurring, which give, in some instances, con-
siderable variations of level. A bold ridge, of fifty feet
or more in hight, rises abruptly from the level prairie,
stretching along for miles, and affording admirable expos-
ures for orchard sites. Such places are observed to be
free from late and early frosts. In other places, there is
an abrupt depression of the surface, answering the same
purpose — drawing off the cold air. These may be very
moderate in their extent, as the prairie sloughs, or they
may be small vales, the courses of the minor streams, or
of larger extent, the valleys of rivers, or the depressions
of lakes. In these latter cases, the modifying influences
of considerable bodies of water enter into the frost prob-
lem as an element of no mean value.

It may be asked : How do these masses of water affect
the frost ? Science answers : By their evaporated mois-
ture influencing the atmosphere. This may save us from the
blighting influence of frost, by enveloping the frozen vege-
tation in a wet blanket of fog ; enabling it to be thawed
in the dark, as it were, by which we avoid the influence
of a bright sunshine, that would have destroyed the tissues
had they been suddenly exposed to it when frozen. An
equally important result is derived from the direct influ-
ence of the humidity of the atmosphere, which modifies
the temperature remarkably, as in the immediate vicinity
of large bodies of water. Insular situations especially, even
when low, are known to have a more genial climate in
9^

202 AMERICA!? POMOLOGY,

consequence of this condition of the atmosphere, which
depends upon the large amount of caloric that is present
in the latent form, in the vapor, and which becomes sensi-
ble heat as fast as the moisture is condensed ; as well as
by the sensible caloric, the absolute warmth of the water,
affecting the temperature of the atmosphere.

We thus see that very opposite situations, in regard to
mere elevation, may both be recommended for orchards ;
but the latter are the exceptions rather than the rule, for
we can not always count upon the saving influence of a
fog, nor are the modifying effects of a moderate sheet of
water always to be depended upon at the time when most
needed. Still, we may find a few favored spots, where an
insular position, in a lacustrine situation, receives a double
influence — acting at both extremities of the season of
vegetation, in quite an opposite way, but in both acting
favorably. In such places we shall discover that the spring
opens late, being retarded by the cold atmosphere flowing
over the chilled waters, that may be even icy, when inland
places in the same latitude are rejoicing in a mild and ge-
nial temperature, tempting the expansion of the flower-
buds. Vegetation on an island thus situated is retarded
until all danger of frost has passed, and the air has re-
ceived the full benefit of warmth fi'om the water.
Then, again, in the autumn, when we are in danger from
the access of an early frost, such as sometimes, north of
latitude forty degrees, destroys the whole crop of corn,
almost universally, over hundreds of miles, these favored
spots have really a warmer atmosphere, from the influence
of a great extent of water, that has enjoyed a summer's
Bunshine, and which warms the air by giving off its heat

SITE FOR AN ORCHAKD. 203

very steadily, but slowly ; and besides, as the surface of
the land cools by radiation and condenses the watery va-
por, it receives accessions of temperature that had been
locked up, or was insensible in the vapor. Hence we find
that in these places, though the opening of spring was re-
tarded a month, the approach^ of winter and autumnal
frosts is warded off for two months, making the season
really one month longer than in the same latitude inland.

It must be confessed, however, that the subject of me-
teorology is not fully understood. We have but a glim-
mering of the light that we hope is to be shed upon the
subject when the deductions from millions of observations,
long continued and systematically conducted, shall have
been wrought out for the benefit of the orchardist and the
general agriculturist.

We also have storms accompanied by a low temperature,
passing across the country, in which, at times, the great-
est intensity of cold is at the southern border. Such a
one passed from the west to the east in January, 1852, in
which the mercury, near Marietta, O., sank to thirty de-
grees below zero ; at Zanesville, O., on the same river, it
was twenty-seven degrees; at Lancaster, O., thirty-two
degrees; while at Cleveland, O., it was only fifteen de-
grees below, and at Aurora, on Cayuga Lake, N. Y.,
influenced by the unfrozen water, its greatest depression
was only four degrees below zero.*

Aspect. — When considering the orchard site, the best
aspect of the ground becomes a matter of interesting in-
quiry. To all vegetation, the morning sun is a welcome
visitant after the night's repose ; for plants, as well as ani-

* Western Horticaltaral Review ; also, Statistics of Storm, Jan. 1, 1864.

204 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

mals, rest from their functions at night, and all nature re-
joices in the return of day ; hence an eastern or a south-
eastern exposure is generally preferred, but we find that
practically there is little difference in the different parts of
an orchard that can be fairly referred to this cause. Some
planters prefer a southern slope, thinking that the fullest
exposure to the sun is essential ; others select a northern
aspect, in the hope that they may there avoid a too early
excitation of vegetable life, and also that the heats of
summer may be thus moderated. In my own opinion, the
aspect is a matter of little consequence to the success of
an orchard, though my predilections are in favor of an eas-
terly exposure. The danger of a southern aspect in sum-
mer, and the advantages of the northern slope, may, in a
great degree, be obtained or obviated by judicious plant-
ing and pruning, as will be set forth in another place.

A theory has been started by those who are opposed to
a northerly slope, that vegetation continues later in the
season in such situations, especially with young trees, and
that hence they are not in so good a condition to resist the
access of very severe weather at the sudden setting in of
winter. The hypothesis is not sustained by long-continued
observation, although many facts noted in the autumn and
winter of 1859 induced persons to embrace the theory ;
these were particularly the killing of the peach-buds, up-
on northern slopes, by the December frosts. There is no
evidence that there was any want of perfect ripening of
the wood in these situations ; on the contrary, it is well
known that, long before December, the growth of these
very trees had been checked, the wood had been well rip-
ened, and the foliage had been cast to the ground.

SITE rOR AN OKCHARD. 205

The warmer exposure of a southern slope may, and often
does, favor the premature swelling of the buds and starting
of the sap during mild, pleasant, and bright weather in the
winter, and vegetation is often seriously injured from this
cause.

In many parts of the country, it is much more im-
portant to consider the exposure to the prevailing winds
of the region, and to select the site and aspect that shall
eujoy the benefit of protection. This, I am aware, is a
proposition that has had opponents, as well as advocates, in
the broad savannas of the West, where, especially, it be-
comes a question of the greatest importance. There are
benefits as well as evils attendant upon the motions of the
atmosphere. The swaying of the limbs, when agitated
by the breeze, gives them tone and strength, and may as-
sist in the circulation of the sap within their cells ; and
the constant agitation of the atmosphere, commingling the
warmer with the colder portions, will often' modify the
temperature to such an extent as to give an immunity from
the frost in the open prairie, at the same moment that the
more tranquil air, within a limited clearing of forest lands,
has been cooled down, by radiation, to the frost point. On
every account, therefore, the moderate and reasonable ex-
posure to the influences of a mobile atmosphere is rather
to be courted than shunned.

The views that have been advanced by the advocates
of protection for orchards on the prairies, have been some-
what modified since they were first promulgated. We are
now told, by those who have opposed " protection," that
narrow timber-belts of evergreens and deciduous trees,
should be planted on the windward sides of orchards, to

206 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

moderate, not to cut off, the aerial currents ; in this all
will agree, and those who have any sympathy for a tree
will surely prefer to have the blasts, that sweep over miles
of open country, somewhat checked and tempered before
reaching either themselves or their orchards. The testi-
mony as to the effects of cold in sheltered and in exposed
situations, it must be confessed, appears somewhat contra-
dictory; but this is because we have not all the elements
of a complex problem.

Winter-killing. — A most serious evil, both to the nur-
seryman and oi'chardist, is the severe injury sometimes
done to the trees by frost. Tliis is commonly known by
the term " winter-killing," which has, at times, destroyed
millions of trees, and thus blighted the hopes of long-con-
tinued labor and large investments of capital. Some or-
chardists have been disheartened, and have given up in
despair. The investigation of the causes of this disaster,
and the conditions under which it occurs, will be of great
value to future i)lanters ; and though, perhaps, we have
not yet at command sufficient data for the full explanation
of the phenomenon, it may be well to look into the attend-
ant circumstances that have been observed ; and as some
of the most important considerations depend upon the soil
and exposure, they may be well introduced in this place.

I have already alluded to the theory, that the north hill-
sides maintain a later growth than other situations, and
have slated that the facts do not sustain the position.
The warm exposures on southern slopes and sheltered
nooks, are apt to favor the premature starting of the sap
in the mild weather that often occurs during the winter,
in our changeable climate. On the prairies, and on flat

SITE FOR AN ORCHARD. 207

lands elsewhere, an excess of humidity in the soil will
contribute to this disaster; and in such situations we may
often observe the most terrible destruction following a
great and sudden change of temperature. Exposure to
long-continued cold, with severe winds, seems to dry up
the juices of the plants, in some instances, and thus effect
their destruction. This, in the far ISTorth, is believed to
be a frequent cause of the evil. The condition of the tree
upon the access of severe cold is too important a subject
TO be lost sight of, and has already been alluded to.

Of any given variety, the more perfectly dormant the
■olant, and the more complete its condition of hybernation,
xiie greater will be its immunity frora this evil. The at-
mospheric changes and conditions we can not control, and
we can modify them only in a very limited degree, by
ttedges, by timber-belts, and by evergreen screens, the
value of which -begins to be appreciated. The state of the
soil, as to its moisture, is under our control^ and by thor-
s^ugh and surface-drainage, we may obviate one very im-
portant condition that conduces largely to the injury under
consideration -^^ the excess of moisture in and upon the
^oil.

The more perfect ripening of the wood, is likewise a
matter of great moment, and this is also subject to our
control, particularly in young trees in the nursery and
orchard.

Certain varieties are much more subject to injury from
cold than others. Among these are some of the most
thrifty and free growing sorts. There appears to be an
inherent quality of hardiness in others, that enables them
to resist the most trying alternations of temperature.

208 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

Why some should be thus hardy, and others tender, we
do not know, but it is not their ISTorthern or Southern ori-
gin ; some having the former are most tender. Sad experi-
ence has taught us the fact, and since the dreadful win-
ters of the past decade, in some parts of the West, the
first question asked, respecting a new variety of fruit, is
that regarding its hardiness. Pomological societies have
endeavored to collate the names of the hardy and tender
kinds, and have thus, by their united experience, been en-
abled to present lists of a few of the known hardy apples,
for the guidance of planters.

Soils. — It will be proper, in this place, to say something
about the soils best adapted to orcharding. The apple is a
gross feeder, but a good-natured one, and, like a good citi-
zen and a cosmopolite, it submits to surrounding circum
stances. In our own country, it flourishes alike on the gran
ite hills of 'New England, or the mountain ranges stretch-
ing thence to the southwest, in the limestone valleys amid
these ridges, on the sandstones and shales that form the
southeastern rim of the great valley of the West, upon
the vast drift formations that overlie the rocks from the
tide-waters of the St. Lawrence to the sources of the Mis-
souri, upon the rich diluvial and alluvial deposits of our
river bottoms, and our vast prairies. I have said that the
apple . flourishes alike upon these various soils and under
these so different circumstances ; perhaps this expression
should be somewhat modified ; there are varieties that ap-
pear peculiarly adapted by their nature for all of these
difierent situations ; there are, perhaps, none that will
thrive equally well in all.

The orchardists of each section of the country must as-

SITE F.OR AN" ORCHARD. 209

certain for themselves what varieties are best adapted to
the peculiarities of their soil and climate ; hence, no one
region can furnish lists of varieties to be taken as a guide
for the planting of others differently situated. Hence,
too, the importance of local organizations for pomological
study, and the great value of the labors of those who are
engaged in the prosecution of these investigations in the
American Pomological Society, which will, it is fondly
hoped, ultimately give us corrected lists of fruits that are
adapted to all the varying circumstances of soil and
climate, in each of the great geological regions of our
country. This has already been proposed by the excellent
general chairman of Fruit Committees, as an important
work for the National Society ; and so soon as the subject
receives a fair consideration, its merits will be appreciat-
ed, and a union of the best minds, and the best experience
of the pomologists of each district, will be concentrated
upon this labor.

Let me not be misapprehended in the statement, just
made, with regard to the wide distribution of which the
apple appears to be capable. There are soils and situa-
tions, in all of the widely-separated regions alluded to,
that are wholly unfitted to orchard culture, upon which it
were folly to plant an apple-tree ; and yet, many of those
may be rendered entirely suitable, if subjected to treat-
ment, suggested by science, and executed by human inge-
nuity and industry ; the missing element may be supplied,
the compactness of the soil may be overcome by mechani-
cal comminution, and by that effected by aeration ; the ex-
cessive moisture may be removed by surface and thorough
drainage; other disqualifications, such as those of situa-

210 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

tion and climate, may not be so readily overcome ; they
have already been alluded to ; and even in them we may
hope for improvement with the advance of science.

Different soils may be designated as porous and compact.
Leaving out of view for the present, their chemical com-
position, let us look to their mechanical structure. Porous
soils are composed of materials that always allow of the
escape of superabundant moisture ; they are generally un-
derlaid by beds of diluvial gravels, or by rocks of a po-
rous chara<3ter. Such lands are peculiarly adapted to or-
chard planting. The compact soil, on the contrary, is
made up of the finest materials, among which alumina
largely predominates. Such are called clayey soils or
clays, and are among the most valuable upon the surface
of the earth, not because alumina is a component of vege-
tation, but because the elements associated with it, are all
of them in a state of extreme comminution.

Clays are compact soils, not only by reason of the fine-
ness of their particles, but because the predominating
alumina swells and becomes pasty when it is wet, and
thus prevents the passage of water through them. On
this account, soils that are too compact, especially if they
be underlaid by stiff clay subsoils, are not so well adapted
to orcharding as those that are more porous. This is es-
pecially true of level lands, upon which water accumulates,
to the great injury of the fruit-trees planted upon them ;
but even in hilly situations, with good natural surface
drainage, the excess of clay is indicated by a " spouty " con-
dition of the surface. So many varieties succeed in clayey
lands, however, and some are so superior in their products
wlien planted upon clays, that we need not be discouraged

SITE FOR AN ORCHARD. 211

by this apparent difficulty ; it may be overcome by the inge-
nuity of the skillful farmer. Thorough or under-drainage
will remedy all the evils of clay soils, and bring out their
superior advantages. This will be more fully explained in
another place. Much may be done toward removing the
redundant moisture, even in the flat clay lands of the
prairiQS and other extended plateaus, by the simple means
of ridging up the lands with the plow. What is familiar-
ly called " back-furrowing " enables the plowman to raise
a ridge upon which to plant his trees, and at the same
time he opens a furrow for the escape of surface water.
While a portion of the redundant moisture is thus remov-
ed, another great object of drainage is not attained : I al-
lude to the aeration of the soil.

From what has been said upon a previous page, it might
be inferred, that as the apple may be cultivated upon soils
of such great diversity as those that occur over the range
of territory indicated, as well as upon the western coast
of this continent, and in the temperate regions of the Old
World, the peculiar soils that are characterized by their
underlying rocks would be equally acceptable, whether
these were granites, shales, sandstones, or limestones.
Such is not the fact, however, and we have found, in this
utilitarian age, that geology has much to do with the
planting of an orchard. There are varieties that succeed
better upon . one rock than upon another, and there are
those that fail to be remunerative when transplanted to a
rock, which to them is obnoxious, though it may be a very
paradise to other varieties.

These observations are becoming a matter of great im-

212 America:^" pomology.

portance to orchardists, and we may hope that the study
of this subject will be developed into some certain data,
and that the future discussions of our pomological soci-
eties will furnish reliable information to orchard planters.

CHAPTER YIL
preparatio:n^ of the soil for

A:Nr ORCHARD,

DRAINAGE — ITS ADVANTAGES — SURFACE DRAINS — MADE WITH THE
PLOW — MAY BE FOLLOWED BY TILES, OR MOLE PLOW — THOROUGH
PXiOWING — TRENCHING — TRENCH-PLOWING — SUBSOIL PLOWING —
MANURING NOT OFTEN NEEDED IN A NEW COUNTRY — CHARACTER
OF MANURES — LIME, ALKALIES — CLOVER — HOW CLOVER ACTS —
EXHAUSTED FIELDS TO BE IMPROVED BEFORE PLANTING — DIGGING
THE HOLES — DONE WITH THE PLOW — STAKES — THEIR FUNCTION
AND OBJECTS — NOT TO TIE TO — HOW TO TIE A TREE WHEN NEC-
ESSARY — PLANTING — PREPARING THE TREES — TRIMMING, BRANCH-
ES AND ROOTS — PUDDLING — SET TO THE NORTH OP THE STAKES
— DEPTH TO PLANT — LEANING TREES TO THE SOUTHWEST — SEASON
FOR PLANTING — FALL OR SPRING BANKING UP AFTER FALL PLANT-
ING— MULCHING, ITS OBJECTS — MATERIAL TO BE USED — CLOVER
MULCH.

The more thoroughly the preparation of the soil, the
greater will be the success of the orchardist. Good re-
sults, fair or jps amply remunerating all outlay, often fol-
low the most careless or almost accidental orchard plant-
ing ; but trees that are properly set, in well-prepared land,
213

214 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

Upon a judiciously selected orchard site, and for a few
years subjected to proper culture, are infinitely more satis-
factory in their results, and much more profitable to their
owner.

The importance of drainage can not be too often reiter-
ated, not merely for the sake of leading away the excess
of water that at some seasons prevails in much of our
best lands, but on account of the more thorough admission
of the beneficial air to the soil and the roots ; this, of
course, can only be had by thorough under-draining of the
land. Spouty or springy land is not to be selected for an
orchard, and yet we often find spots of this character in
fields that we wish to appropriate to orcharding ; these
should certainly be drained.

Mere surface drainage may be cheaply effected by the
plow, and should alv\^ays be done in level lands, especially
where the subsoil is compact and tenacious. The expense
of thorough drainage is so great, and the success of our
orchards, as commonly planted, even on ill-prepared
ground, is so generally good, that we can not expect the
majority of farmers to use drain tile at present. Still, the
importance of draining can not be doubted : the best re-
sults follow its use, and he who would reap the best har-
vests, and attain the highest success, will underdrain his
land. For the most of us, surface drainage alone, is all
that we can do; this should never be neglected, 'for no
crop can be successful in land that is subject to an occa-
sional drenching with a surplus of water that stands for
days,-filling it to the surface, causing the fermentation and
souring of the organic matter it contains. The fruit tree,
certainly, will not thrive in such a situation, and is as sure

PREPAKATION OF SOIL FOR ORCHARD. 215

to fall into a decline, or consumption, if condemned to
wet feet, as would a delicate girl under similar exposure.

The expense of under-draining is the only objection that
can possibly be urged against it ; even this is no real ob-
jection, for it lias been repeatedly proved that the outlay,
whatever it be, insures such increase of crops as to pay a
good interest upon the investment, except where the nat-
ural under-drainage of the soil, by a porous stratum of
rock or gravel, already provides a ready discharge of the
superabundant water. It is thus only a question of the
cash capital to be invested in the business, for most of our
orchard sites are of such a character of soil as to be im-
mensely benefited by the process. With many of us, in
this country, the capital is not to be had, or can not be
spared, to put underground; our means are limited, and
we do not drain our farms, as we should.

Surface drainage may be more cheaply effected, and, on
land at all flat and retentive of moisture, it should never
be neglected. It may be done while preparing the soil
for planting — done with the plow. " It has already been
premised that the orchard site should be elevated; such
land is generally somewhat undulating; indeed, the flat-
test field that should ever be planted, will always present
some inequalities of surface. Let these be noted before
laying off the lands for the plow ; calculate to have thq
furrows cross these inequalities of surface, and gather the
furrows in narrow lands, lapping theni together just, where
the row of trees is to be placed. This process may be re-
peated, and thus quite a ridge will be thrown up for the
trees, and a corresponding depression will be left in the
middle of the space between the rows, which will serve

216 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

as a gutter to carry off an excess^of surface water; tlius,
a cheap method of superficial drainage may be effected
by the mere plowing of the land judiciously ; and this
will be found of great advantage in level lands with a stiff
subsoil. When such fields are selected for the orchard,
this plan should always be pursued ; nor does it preclude
the subsequent use of tile, which is the best draining ma-
terial, at any period afterward. These gutters being at a
distance from the tree rows, can be deepened, and the tile
laid, without disturbing the roots ; or the mole drain plow
may be drawn through these furrows, if the subsoil be of
a suitably tenacious character to admit of the use of this
implement.

Yery satisfactory preparation of the soil is done with the
plow and a good team ; indeed, except for the limited sur-
face of a small fruit garden, no other and no better imple-
ment need be desired. With it we can produce a very thor
ough disintegration and perfect subversion of the soil; these
are the objects we have in view. But here we have a choice
of instruments, in which we must be guided by the chai
acter of the soil to be dealt with. If this be shallow, oi
thin, and underlaid by a sterile subsoil that would be un-
fit for the surface, we must plow more shallow, but there
are few sites, in the Western country, where we do not find
a sufficient depth of soil to satisfy the most thorough
plowman, and beneath it a subsoil that will be benefited
by aeration, and which will become good surface soil if
subjected to the influences of the atmosphere.

We have few soils that may not be trenched with the
plow or spade to any depth that is attainable. And here
let me explain what is meant by trenching : it is the tran&

PREPARATION^ OF SOIL FOR ORCHARD. 217

position of two layers of the soil more thoroughly, and to
a greater depth, than is done by simply digging or plow-
ing, in which a limited amount, only a thin layer of the*
soil, is inverted. In trenching with the spade, a narrow
strip of land is excavated across one end of the piece to
be trenched, eighteen or twenty inches wide, and as deep
as the spade can take it out at two diggings. The earth
thus removed is thrown aside, to be used at the end of the
work. The trench being now open, a similar space is laid
off, and the surface soil, to the depth of the spade, is dug
and thrown into the bottom of the first trench, after which
the subsoil is dug to the same depth, the length of the
space, and thrown on top of the surface soil that was put
into the bottom of the first trench. A second trench is
thus opened, and a third strip being then marked off, the
same processes are ccmtinued, until the whole piece is
trenched, when the pile of earth first excavated is brought
into requisition to complete the work, by filling up the last
trench. This is common trenching, which reverses the
two layers of soil, and stirs the whole to the depth of
eighteen or twenty inches. It is an expensive operation,
but very desirable in a small fruit-garden — ^not at all ap-
plicable for extensive orchard planting, though often ap-
plied to the preparation of extensive vineyards.

Trench plowing is conducted upon the same principle,
and is done by using two plows in the same furrow, the
-first taking off the surface soil and throwing it into the
deep furrow of the second plow, which is so constructed
as to lift the lower soil and throw it high up over the fur-
row slice laid by the first, and at the same time, leaving
a deep furrow open behind it to receive the next cut of
10

218 AMERICAN POMOLOGY^

surface soil. The two layers are thus inverted and reversed
at the same time, and with a proper plow, the whole soil
is finely comminuted and reduced to a perfect seed-bed,
suitable for a garden. To perform this work, the Double
Michigan plow is the favorite implement. It should be
properly constructed, for much depends upon having the
plow well made ; the mold-boards should be formed upon
the best models for their respective offices of reversing
the surface soil, and of upheaving and comminuting that
which lies below it; and these mold-boards should be
made of steel. Such plows are manufactured at several
points, but all the Double Michigan patterns are not
equally good, and some are quite unsatisfactory.

The Deep Tiller plows will do very good work in cer-
tain soils, and may often be used to advantage in the pre-
paration of the oichard grounds, either alone, or to follow
another plow when trench plowing is desired, and the
trench plow is not at hand. These plows, as made at
Moline, Illinois, are much used, and give great satisfaction
in that State.

Subsoiling is a very useful addendum to deep plowing ;
its object is to stir the deep layers of the soil without
bringing the earth to the surface. This aerates and loosens
the subsoil, and thus effects the combined objects of in-
creasing the fertility of the land, of retaining moisture
for the crops, and, to a certain extent, of allowing any
excess of moisture to percolate away. Subsoiling is most
efficacious when combined with draining, but it is of great
use without, unless where permanent water is found near
the surface. There is a great improvement in the subsoil
plows. Those first made were provided with a share on

PREPAEATION OF SOIL FOR ORCHARD. 219

one side, and this wing, as it was called, was tilted up
several inches, thus increasing the draft unnecessarily.
We now use a sharp steel share, of diamond shape, cut-
ting on both edges, right and left, and very slightly ele-
vated in the centre, only two inches, or two and a half at
the most. If the soil is stirred with this implement, the
hard earth at the bottom of the furrow, made by the turn-
ing plow, is thoroughly broken up, and it does not fall
directly back into its place, but the crumbled portions
support one another, and the furrow appears to be filled
with loose earth. The result is astonishing, when we con-
sider the flat, diamond-shaped plow sole that haiS done
the work.

The depth to which this implement may be made to dis-
integrate the soil, depends upon its strength, the power
of the team, and the character of the subsoil. I have
seen it tear up several inches of the shales and other
rocks, and aid in making a good soil of them. I have
seen it sink to the beam in the alluvium of our river bot-
toms, and I have seen it almost refuse to do its office in
some of the hard white clay subsoils, when drawn by a
heavy team, while in more yielding but tenacious clays I
have seen it trembling under the strain of three yoke of
good cattle, that were scarcely able to pull it through the
adlicsive soil.

Mai^uriis^g. — The importance of the application of ma-
nures to the orchard, as a part of the preparation of the
soil, will depend entirely upon its strength and condition.
Trees are great feeders ; they need a reasonably fertile
soil, for though their roots run wide and deep, in search
of nourishment, if the necessary food be not in the soil.

220 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

they will certainly fail to thrive as they should. The anal-
ysis of the ashes of our fruit trees, which contain the ele-
ments they have derived from the soils on which they
grew, enables us to ascertain what kinds of plant-food
should be present in the soil we are about to use, or wloat
materials we may safely and judiciously add to it as ma-
nures. Lime, and the alkalies, are generally safe and use-
ful additions, in connection with clover as a green manure ;
these may be applied to almost any worn soils with great
advantage. Clover is an invaluable assistant. Its long
roots pierce deeply into the soil, bringing up from below
hidden treasures, which are left in the upper layers, modi-
fied by the digestion of the plant, and by new chemical
changes and combinations, rendered fit food for succeed-
ing crops. The mere disintegration of the soil produced
by the roots of clover, is, in itself, a valuable mechanical
preparation, quietly performed, without plow or team.
The clover lea may be limed with great advantage ; an
application of twenty-five to fifty bushels of slacked lime
to the acre will improve the growth of clover, and will
exert its appropriate influence upon the soil, with very
happy results for the succeeding crop of orchard trees.
Alkalies may be applied, in the form of wood ashes, either
at the preparation of the soil, or at any subsequent period,
as may be found most convenient. Stable manure, and
composts, will seldom be required in lands that have not
been nearly exhausted, and therefore unfit for an orchard.
In case, it becomes necessary to use such a field, the ma-
nuring should be done all over the surface, and a crop of
clover should be grown and plowed in before planting the
trees ; upon no account should fresh stable manure be

PREPARATION OF SOIL FOR ORCHARI). 221

brought into immediate contact or close proximity with
the roots of the young tree. If the necessity for planting
on such a piece of land impel immediate action, very thor-
oughly decomposed composts may be applied, mixed with
the soil about the tree, but successive applications of ma-
nures will be needed over the entire surface, for the roots
are destined to occupy the whole extent of soil between
the trees.

The next step in the preparation is the digging of the
holes for planting the trees. Some persons lay great stress
upon the importance of having these made large and deep,
which may be very well in a grass lawn with a few trees,
but it is a very expensive matter for the orchard of thous-
ands or even of hundreds. The holes should be prepared
as wide as the field, and as deep as the plow can stir it,^ as
already directed; that is the kind of holes that should be
dug ; if the land have been prepared in this manner, the
opening of the holes and planting the orchard, either deep
or shallow, becomes a very simple matter.

Having determined the distance at which the trees shall
stand from one another, and the order or plan of planting,
flag poles are to be set in the line to be occupied by the
first row of trees, and a deep furrow is then opened with
a large plow, drawn by a pair of steady horses. The poles
are moved and set for the next row of trees, and so on,
until the whole is laid oif, making the furrows as straight
as possible. This done, a single horse with a lighter plow
is driven across these deep furrows at the proper distance,
so that the intersections shall indicate the stations for the
trees. Strong stakes, about four or five feet long, are then
driven firmly at these intersections, and if the marking-

222 AMERICAN^ POMOLOGY.

out has been well done, they will range in six directions
— K. and S.— E. and W.— N.-E. and S.-W.— IST.-W. and
S.-E., or to corresponding points of the compass ; for it is
not a matter of much consequence in what direction the
rows of trees stand. The holes are the deep furrows, and
tree stations are the spaces beside the stakes, always main-
taining the same relative position throughout the orchard ;
the northern side is to be preferred, on account of the par-
tial shade of the stake. By adopting this plan, there
need be no trouble, as is often experienced, in sighting the
trees to have tbem straight, for if the stakes have been
correctly placed, the trees will also be right, and will
range in every direction, when planted.

Before dismissing the subject of stakes, let us under-
stand their object and function : it is not to tie up the
ti'ees, and to force them to attain an erect posture ; no,
that is not to be effected by staking, as will be set forth in
another place. Rather than tie a tree to a stake, it were
better to cut it down to the ground, and grow it over
again. The real objects of the stakes are, first, to show
the planter where to set a tree ; second, to show where
the tree has been planted ; third, to indicate to the plow-
man and to his horse where to exercise care in passing the
infant tree during the first years' culture, for an intelligent
animal will very soon learn what objects it is intended for
him to avoid injuring during his labors in the field ; a
fourth function of the stake is to ward off the single-tree
which the careless laborer may allow to strike the tree to
its manifest injury, tearing the bark, and even breaking
the stem. The passage of the wagon through the field
will also be directed, by these stakes, to the interspaces,

PREPARATION OF SOIL FOR ORCHARD.

223

instead of passing over the trees. Here are reasons
enough for the use of stakes, but tying the trees to them
is not among the number ; indeed, it might be called the
abuse of the stakes rather than their use, except in rare
cases. Even in the windy prairi43 country, no stakes
should be used, as supports, in a properly regulated or-
chard.

When necessary to support a tree with stakes, after
an injury or accident, the plan of C. Rosenstiel, Free-
port, 111., is the best I have seen.
He ado'pts it as a means of keep-
ing his trees from being inclined
by the wind. He drives a stake
firmly into the ground, about a
foot to the southwest of Ids tree ;
a band of rye straw is cast about
the tree a few feet from the
ground ; the two ends are twisted
and entwined together, forming
a stiff rope from the tree to the
stake, about which it is then cast,
and the ends are secured with a
piece of twine. By this appliance,
the tree is maintained in an erect
position without chafing; it can
only yield to the wind by wav-
ing to the right or left ; the
band, by its tension, prevents it
from leaving the stake, and, by its stiffness, holds it at a
proper distance, and prevents its approach.

Planting comes next in order to the marking out, or

Fig. 25. — MAKNEK OF STAK-
ING A TREE.

224 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

hole-digging, for these are synonymous ; it should be done
as soon as possible after the plow, on account of the fresh
furrow with its mellow soil. It is really a simple matter
and upon this method may be executed with great rapids
ty. The trees now receive their necessary trimming,
which consists in a liberal shortening of the branches, a
careful inspection of the roots, and a removal with a sharp
knife of such as may have been bruised or torn, and cut-
ting away any mat of fibres ; after this, they should be
puddled, and then carried out to their stations by a boy.
The planter follows ; with* a bright spade he removes any
excess of soil at the station, scraping away such portions
of earth as he may find in the way of the roots when the
tree is placed by the stake. If the furrow has not been
recently made, it will be well always to remove a portion
of the surface, so as to have fresh soil next the roots.
The tree being placed near the stake, the roots are care-
fully spread out in their natural direction, and the moist
mellow earth is filled in among them, using the fingers
when necessary, and gently shaking the tree so as to leave
no empty cavities among the fibres. Pretty firm pressure
should now be made with the foot, especially upon the fine
earth placed above the ends of the roots ; this excludes
the air, by bringing the particles of soil in close proximity
to the roots, ready to receive the new fibres that will soon
be emitted from them. It also secures the tree in its place
better than tying to the stake, for each root acts as a guy
rope. In this manner the work may progress very rapid-
ly, and, at the same time, may be well done. Some plant-
ers always pour a liberal supply of water upon the mellow
earth, instead of prt^ssiu^ it with the foot. This will set-

PREPAEATIO]^ OF SOIL FOR OECHARD. 225

tie the fine soil about the roots very effectually ; fresh
earth should always be thrown on after the water, to pre-
vent the surface from being caked and cracked.

The depth at which the tree should be planted is a ques-
tion of interest. Most authorities and most successful
planters endeavor to regulate this, so that, when settled,
the original collar of the young tree may be at the surface
of the ground ; deep planting has few advocates. The
position of the tree as to the points of the compass, is now
believed to be a matter of very little moment, although
there are still those who insist- that the north side of the
tree in the nursery row should be made to occupy the
same position in the orchard. With low-headed trees this
can make no difference ; no others are recommended ; on
the contrary, if, unfortunately, none but tall trees with
naked stems can be procured, it is advised to cut them
back severely at planting time, so as to form a new head
where wanted. Those who have not the heart to cut back
a fine tree, may attempt and will sometimes succeed in
bringing out branches below, by nicking the bark with a
large sharp pruning-knife, at several points along the stem,
on all sides, but especially to the southwest, where the
shelter of the branches is most needed. This, however,
requires us to wait at least one season, and that the most
trying one to the young tree, during which the naked bark
is exposed to the sun and insects ; and the winds may add
to the difficulty, by inclining the stem from the southwest.
All this may be avoided by planting trees with low
branches, which are becoming more an^ more common
as their merits are more highly appreciated. Some of the
most judicious planters, especially in windy districts, have
10^

226 AMERICAN" POMOLOGY.

adopted the plan of inclining all their trees to the 'south-
west at the time of planting, expecting thus to overcome
the difficulty so commonly observed everywhere with tall
trees — their leaning to the northeast, and then becoming
scorched and injured by the frost and sun, and damaged
by the borers.

The season for planting is a question of some impor-
tance, and must be settled by the attendant circumstances.
Fall planting has many advocates and many advantages,
but the fewest practice it. In the far north, with a long,
trying winter approaching, it can not be recommended ;
but, as the spring advances, there is a great press of work ;
everything is to be done at once, and all is hurry ; hence,
for the milder latitudes, with our charming autumnal
weather, comparative leisure, and the soil in good condi-
tion, everything invites us to plant in the autumn, and
with those south of latitude forty degrees, the planting
season will often continue until mid-winter. If we com-
mence this work before the fall of the leaves, care should be
taken to strip these appendages from the trees in the nur-
sery, before digging them. Instead of leaving the soil
about the tree at or a little above the general level, it
should be heaped up in a little mound, which will shed cff
the rains, support the stem, and, to some extent, protect
the roots from frost. This last suggestion is a matter of
much importance, for one of the great advantages of au-
tumnal planting, depends upon the fact that, except in the
most severe weather, the tree is not dormant — the hyber-
nation is not complete ; in mild weather there is some ac-
tion in the buds and branches, and considerable activity
exists in the roots ; new fibres are emitted, and, with the

PEEPAEATION OP SOIL FOE OECHAED. 227

first opening of spring, the young tree is ready for its
Gumraer's growth. Such is not the case with trees that
have been badly planted in the fall, in a wet, tenacious
soil, where their roots have been immersed in mud and
water for months, and the swaying top has strained them
in every direction. For such a soil, draining is needed ;
but, even then, the mound will be of material advantage
in fall planting.

Mulching is a process about which much has been said
and written, but of which, it is to be feared, very httle is
known and understood. The very objects of mulching
do not appear to be properly appreciated by many per-
sons. Its uses are two-fold : primarily, to keep the sur-
face of the earth moist by preventing evaporation, and to
maintain that open, friable condition we always find in the
forest, under the natural mulching of the leaves. Mulch-
ing keeps the earth cooler in summer and warmer in win-
ter ; the first, by shading from the burning rays of the sun,
the second, by protecting from frost ; the material itself,
and the confined air among it, being bad conductors of
heat. Now, what material shall we use for producing
these results ? Almost anything that will fulfill these in-
dications will answer — either stones, chips, boards, twigs,
saw-dust, tan-bark, weeds, straw, either long or cut,
coarse manure, hay, freshly-cut grass, or, perhaps the very
best for all the purposes of mulching, leaves themselves,
except that they are difiicult to retain in their place. A
combination of leaves and twigs, small branches or weeds,
may be made to answer a very good purpose, for winter
mulching especially. For summer mulching there is an-
other material which has been found to answer an admir-

228 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

able purpose, though not mentioned in the above list ; it
is mellow earth — yes, mellow earth admirably fulfills most
of the conditions of a good mulching material, but it
must be kept mellow by constant stirring. The air is thus
admitted, and deposits its moisture whenever the earth is
cooler than the atmosphere ; the presence of the air among
the particles of the soil makes it a worse conductor of
heat tlian when it is compacted together.

Mulching the newly-planted trees is a very valuable
application, whether in summer or winter, and should be
practiced wherever it is possible, always remembering that
we can not well combine with it culture, which, for the
summer treatment, is most essential to the successful
growth of trees, and in winter we shall present a harbor
to the mice if the mulch be placed too near the tree. He
who may have been induced, by the recommendations of
high authority, to plant an orchard in a stiff blue-grass
sod, or who may allow such sod to surround his trees, in
the belief that this constitutes a good mulch, will be sadly
disappointed; for, though the surface is shaded, the grass
will absorb the moisture from the soil at the expense of
the young trees. Clover, on the contrary, makes a denser
shade, and seeking its supplies more deeply, is less injuri-
ous, while its abundant broad foliage attracts ample sup-
plies of dew to irrigate the soil. In this respect it resem-
bles the Indian corn, which is considered the best crop
to put among young trees, as it produces shade, attracts
the dew, and, more than all, it demands and receives the
thorough culture which the trees also require.

CHAPTER VIII.

SELECTION AND PLANTING.

IMPORTANCE OF JUDICIOUS SELECTION — LAIIGE TREES NOT DESIRABLE

— THRIFTY YOUNG TREES PREFERRED — REASONS FOR THE PREFER-
ENCE— ADVANTAGES OF SMALLER TREES — LOW HEADS AND THF
PROTECTION BY LATERAL BRANCHES — PERSONAL INSPECTION AND
SELECTION RECOMMENDED — DIGGING THE TREES — CAREFULLY
AVOID MUTILATION OF THE ROOTS — PUDDLING — TYING AND LABEL-
ING— PACKING — AVOID EXPOSURE TO SUN, AND WIND, AND FROST

— TREATMENT OF FROZEN TREES IN COLD WEATHER — HEELING-
IN — MULCHING — MAKING RECORD — DRIED TREES, HOW RESTORED

— SEASON FOR PLANTING — BANKING THE TREES — MULCHING ^
DISTANCE BETWEEN TREES — DEPENDENT UPON THE HABIT OF THE
VARIETY — ASSORTING THE VARIETIES ACCORDING TO SIZE —
CLOSE PLANTING — COMBINATION PLANTING — DIFFERENT CROPS —
APPLES AND PEACHES, OR CHERRIES — SMALL FRUITS BETWEEN —
ORDER OF PLANTATION — QUINCUNX — ASSORTING VARIETIES —
CONVENIENCE IN HARVESTING TO HAVE EACH KIND GROUPED
TOGETHER.

We now come to the consideration of a matter of great
importance to the success of the future orchard — the
selection of the plants we are to set therein. 'No matter
how favorable the site, how good the soil, nor how thor-
ough the preparations may have been ; all may be spoiled
by a bad selection of trees, iind subsequent disappoint-
ment will be the consequence.
229

230 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

Formerly, and in some sections of the country even
now, very erroneous notions prevailed upon this subject.
Large trees, of several years' growth in the nursery, were
preferred by those who were planting orchards: trees,
ready to bear fruit, were eai^erly inquired for, and prefer-
red ; even if they had been crowded together so as to be
drawn up to a great hight without any lateral branches,
and had formed their heads at the hight of seven or eight
feet, so as to be out of the way of browsing by cattle and
horses, they were the more admired by the purchasers.
Now-a-days there is a great change in the sentiment of
tree-planters as to the age, size, and shape of the trees
that are to be set out.

Thrifty young trees are preferred to older and larirer
ones on many accounts. They are more vigorous and will
endure the disturbance of digging, transportation, and
change of locality from the nursery to the orchard, much
better than larger and older trees. They are more easily
dug, and will have a larger proportion of roots removed
with them than those which have stood longer in the nur-
sery-rows, so as to have pushed their fibres beyond the
reach of the spade. Such trees are more stocky, and are
furnished with lateral branches, or they should be so fur-
nished, but these would be smothered and removed from
older trees in crowded rows, as they are usually found in
tlie nurseries. If these younger trees be not already fur-
nished with laterals and elements for the formation of low
heads, by the judicious treatment of the nurserymen who
produced them, the orchardist can at least bend them to
his will. He may make of them just what he pleases by
his own manipulations at the time of planting or after-

SELECTION AND PLANTING. 231

wards, without feeling that he is sacrificing to his fancy
and judgment the growth of two or three years, by freely
using the knife and saw, in the removal of the surplus
and overgrown top, leaving him only a bare and mu-
tilated stock to set out at the beginning of his orchard.

Another advantage of selecting small trees, especially
to those at a distance from the nursery, is, that they are
so much more easily transported, and freight bills are a
serious item in the expense account of a large orchard
plantation — these may be reduced to a minimum by the
selection of small instead of large trees. As to forming
the heads of our trees, if we cannot get the nurserymen
to do this for ns, since we are unwilling to remunerate
them for the extra labor, and greater space required to
form such stocky specimens as we prefer, the difficulty is
obviated by planting out young trees upon which we may
form the heads where we please.

As already suggested, there is a great revolution going
on in the minds of tree-planters as to the proper age for
planting. Instead^ of the inquiry for huge and cumbrous,
overgrown trees, that had stood four or five years or more
in the nursery, we now find a growing demand for small,
stocky trees, of two or three years, or even less. Of many
thriftily growing kinds, good yearlings are much better
for the orchard than large trees, especially such as have
been crowded in the nursery and are devoid of side
branches, and whose tall naked stems are exposed to the
burning heats and blasting cold of their new homes in the
open field, and to the depredations of hosts of insects.
Those purchasers, who seek after the tall trees, with bare
stems, running up like fishing poles, they who desire to

232 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

buy their trees by the running yard and to get as great a
length as possible for their money, can be accommodated
by the nurseryman, who will produce the article to order ;
but such planters will soon find that their orchards are
much less satisfactory than those set with short and
stocky trees, and which have been encouraged to branch
out so as to form low heads. As set forth in the chapter
UDon The Nursery^ such trees can be produced, and they
are greatly to be preferred on many accounts, but their
production by the nurserymen must depend upon the in-
telligence of the orchardists producing a demand for trees
of such a character, and a willingness on their part to pay
the grower a liberal price for the increased labor and ex-
pense, (in space at least), requisite for their production.
This no one should object to, for there is economy in
planting good trees ; the successful orchardist will pur-
chase the best ; he will not have the refuse or trash that
may be offered him at a low figure, for he well knows that
it is dear at any price.

Where it is practicable and within reach, it is best for
the planter to visit the nursery and make his own selec-
tion of the trees, especially if the demand be for a limited
number ; but he may generally depend upon the judgment
and honesty of th^ nurseryman, if he has given his order
distinctly as to the shape of the trees he desires to pur-
chase. In a common nursery, he will often observe at the
ends of the rows, and where there may have been a gap
or break in the continuous line of any variety, so that
the trees are less crowded, some trees that are better
furnished with lateral branches, and are consequently more
stocky than where the rows are crowded. Here he will

SELECTION AND PLANTING. 233

be likely to find the specimens that suit his fancy, and he
will mark them for removal.

Digging. — At the proper season, and for most kinds
this is at the fall of the leaf, the trees should be dug from
the ground. This operation, as usually and necessarily
conducted in large establishments, has to be done expedi-
tiously and with less care than the amateur will be dis-
posed to bestow upon this very important operation ; and
it sometimes happens that he will offer to pay the nur-
seryman a bonus for the privilege of digging his own
trees with his own hands.

In performing this operation he will be very careful to
avoid mutilating the roots with the spade, or by using
more force than is absolutely necessary in lifting the loos-
ened tree from its bed after the roots have been pretty
thoroughly liberated from the soil. He will follow the
directions given under this head in the appropriate section
of the chapter on The Nursery, The importance of pud-
dling the roots as soon as the trees are dug, cannot be too
forcibly impressed upon the planter and nurseryman ; its
value to the trees is so great as a protection of the tender
covering of the roots from exposure to the blighting in-
fluences of light, wind, and frost, that the trifling labor
and expense involved in the operation, should not receive
a moment's consideration.

A puddle hole should be within convenient reach of the
nursery-rows where the digging is in progress, and each
sort should be taken to it as soon as dug. The excava-
tion should be about a foot deep, or more, for large plants,
and as wide as is necessary to receive all the roots of the
trees to be puddled. A plentiful supply of water shouLl

234 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

be at hand to put into the hole, and fine dry loamy goil
should be sifted into this, or simply thrown in from the
shovel, and thoroughly mixed, so as to bring tlie fluid to
the consistency of thick cream. Into this mud the roots
are dipped, until every fibre is endued with a coating of
the fine material; the trees then are ready for tying
snugly together, and a little dry dirt may be sprinkled or
sifted upon the roots while they are still wet, so as to
give them a further protection from the elements. They
are then securely bound, each kind by itself, and each
carefully labeled, if not already done ; and as soon as all
are grouped together, they are ready for transportation to
their new homes. If the distance be short, so that the
trees may be carried on the farm-wagon, no packing is
used, unless the weather proves very inclement, but it is
always safer to guard against both wind and sun, by cov-
ering the roots from their influence. For distant trans-
portation, too much care cannot be taken to have the
trees well packed to protect the roots from drying and
freezing.

In our uncertain climate, it not unfrequently happens that
we receive an invoice of trees in the midst of a severe storm
of cold, when the ground is frozen hard, and we have
reason to suppose that the roots in the cases are frozen.
This need not discourage nor alarm us, if the packing be
good, for we have only to be patient and allow them time
to thaw out thoroughly in the dark, and we shall find our
trees all right. The packages should be placed at once in
a dark cellar, and allowed to thaw gradually — if no such
convenience be at hand, the boxes may be buried in the
soil. Or covered heavily with straw or hay, materials which

SrrUATIOIT AND PLANTING. 235

are generally abundant in a prairie country, where com-
modious cellar room is not always at command.

Heetjng-in, as it is called, is a very important opera-
tion to be performed so soon as possible after the receipt
of the trees It consists in placing the fibrous roots in im-
mediate and close contact with the fresh and mellow soil,
at some point convenient to the future planting. A ditch
is dug with the spade, or a deep furrow is opened with
the plow, in a sheltered, but elevated and dry situation,
and in light mellow soil ; into this the trees are placed as
fast as they are removed from the packages, each kind be-
ing separated from the next by a distinct marking stick,
and it is well to place the labeled tree first, as taken from
bundles when untied. The trees are inclined at an angle,
generally leaning towards the south, so as to have the
stems shaded by their own branches. They are carefully
placed separately and held in this position by one person,
while the fine mellow earth is thrown upon the roots by
another, who should take great care to see that all the in-
terstices are filled with soil, so as to exclude the air from
the fibres. This is especially necessary where the trees
are to remain in this situation during the winter, when
they will be alternately frozen and thawed. To secure
them from injury, the earth should be banked up against
them several inches ; and it is well also to cover this with
a heavy coating of leaves or some other mulching mate-
rial, if it can be safely used without danger of attracting
the field mice, which might ruin the trees. It is well at
once to make a record of the trees as they stand, so soon
as they are heeled-in, beginning at one end of the ditches
or rows, and pursuing a definite order. This record will

236 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

prove of great value, and very convenient in selecting the
different kinds at the time of planting, and will enable
us to restore the names in case of accidental loss of labels
during the winter. The heeling-in of trees as they are
received is recommended, even if everything is reidy for
immediate planting, unless the number be very small ;
but if the weather and our convenience permit us to place
them at once in their permanent stations, the trees need
not be heeled-in with so much care as when they are to
remain for a longer period.

It sometimes happens that, from accident, detention "by
the way, bad packing, or exposure, we receive our trees
in bad condition ; they are dried, and the bark appears to
be shriveled and shrnnken — they seem to be dead. Such
trees may often be entirely restored by a little care, and
will grow as well as any. The best treatment for such is
to bury them at once. Opening a sufficiently large trench,
a layer of trees is placed flat npon the bottom, fine mel-
low earth is sifted upon, and among their roots and
branches, another layer of trees is spread down and cov-
ered in the same way, and so on until they are all secured,
when they are left to quietly and slowly absorb the mois-
ture from the soil. In a few days they will be found to be
well plumped, and will look as fresh as ever, and should be
exhumed, trimmed, and planted, selecting a ooist or
showery day for the operation.

Season eor Planting. — ^This topic has already been
discussed, and the advantages of fall planting have been
presented : but it is well to bear in mind that there are
reasons for preferring the spring, and for some fruits the
latter season is generally preferred.

SELECTION AND PLANTING. 237

When planting an orchard in the fall, it has been re-
commended to raii^e an embankment of earth about the
stem, for the double purpose of protecting the roots from
the frost, and also of preventing the action of the wind
swaying the tree and straining the roots. A copious
mulching is sometimes applied to keep out the frost, or at
least to prevent the frequent thawing and freezing of the
surface in our variable winters ; but whenever loose mate-
rial is left near the base of a young tree, we must expect
damage from the mice, which are attracted and sheltered,
and may commit sad devastations upon the bark before
spring. The banking and mulching may be combined
with advantage, and with less danger from the mii3e, which
only work under cover and are often more injurious upon
older trees, surrounded with grass and weeds in neglected
orchards, than upon those newly planted and mulched, if
a little care has been taken to remove the straw or tramp
it down near the stem.

Distance. — The distance between the trees is a matter
that should be carefully determined. Their habit should
be considered, and their size, when fully developed, must
be studied. Some varieties will be more crowded at forty
feet apart, than others at fourteen. If possible, the larger
and widely spreading sorts should be assorted and planted
by themselves, and the more compact, upright and smaller
ones should be grouped together. It is difficult to do
this, however, for want of the necessary data ; we can only
make an approximation to the desired result. Thus, the Yel-
low Bellflower, Summer Queen, Fall Pippin, King of Tomp-
kins County, Talman's Sweet, Golden Sweet, Pennock,
Northern Spy, and several others, are of the largest kind of

238 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

trees, and may be allowed as much as forty feet of space
between them, while the n[)right character and moderate
growth of the Lady, Bullock's Pippin, Red June, Benoni,
Early Joe, American Summer Pearmain, Summer Rose,
Red Astrachan, and others, of similar habit, would enable
us to crowd them into half as much space without serious
injury — and there are trees of intermediate size and vigor,
such as the Winesap, Rambo, Greening, Russet, Early
Harvest, Fall Wine, Autumn Strawberry, Hubbardston,
Jonathan, and a host of others that, at the same ratio,
should have thirty feet spaces between them.

There is also a great diversity of opinion among or-
chardists as to the proper allowance of space for each
tree, and many western planters are advocates of close
planting of the apple, which I have seen placed as near as
sixteen feet, occupying the whole space in a very few
years, and bearing luxuriantly. The advocates of such
crowding urge, that they protect one anotlier, and that al-
ternate trees can easily be removed whenever they become
too much crowded. In other places, the old rule, of allow-
ing two rods (33 feet), or even forty feet, between the
trees, is still followed and considered the best.

A favorite method with some planters of fruits is, to
make a combination of different kinds in the same or-
chard, so as to have the whole surface occupied from the
first. In this way, by introducing a temporary crop of
another variety which will make speedy returns, and will
soon be ready to come away and make room for the per-
manent plantation, the ground may be rendered produc-
tive of remunerative crops from the first. It is a very
common plan to combine in this way the apple and the

SELECTION AND PLANTING. 239

peach — ^the latter come into bearing rapidly, and are gen-
erally ready to be removed by tbe time the apple trees
need the whole space. Alternate row§ and alternate trees
are usually planted with peaches, and the small growing
cherries, such as the Early May, often called the Early
Richmond, can be planted in the same way* I have seen
a still further combination of fruits made by the introduc-
tion of the raspberry, or even of the blackberry, the cur-
rant, and the gooseberry, in alternate rows, so that, by
setting the apple trees at forty feet, with alternating
cherry trees, and the cherry rows in the middle space, or
twenty feet each way from the apple and cherry rows,
and in the intermediate strips of twenty feet the berries,
which were also set between the trees, the whole ground
was laid off in rows of fruit separated by strips of ten
feet wide. Nothing is then needed for the fall occupation
of the ground, and to yield a return of fruit the next
year, but to plant a single row of strawberries in each of
these ten feet spaces ; these, if well treated, would make
four beds in the spaces between every two of the apple
tree rows, or each ten feet, which is nearly half as much
as would be planted in the open field ; and these would
yield a half crop the next year after planting, and as much
the next season, when they should be plowed up to give
cultivation to the berry bushes that would then also bear
a crop of fruit, and continue to do so until the larger
trees needed the ground for their support. The peaches
or cherries would commence bearing the third or fourth
year, and some of the apples would follow quickly after-
ward, yielding partial crops. By such a combination, as
has been represented, the land is made to yield a succes-

240

AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

sion of paying fruit crops from the second year of xhe
foundation of the orchard.

The order of planting is a matfer of some consequence,
and should be settled upon before commencing the work.
The simplest form, and that most usually adopted, is the
square ; furrows are drawn across the field, at whatever
distance the plants may be desired to stand, and crossed by
others equally distant and at right angles to the first. These
will, by their intersections, indicate the stations to be oc-
cupied by the trees. Some planters introduce a tree at
the centre point between each four, and this has been
called quincunx^ but erroneously — for the true quincunx is
constituted by one central tree surrounded by six, and all
are equidistant, as illustrated by the diagram, figure

Fig. 26.— DIAGRAM OF PLANTING QUINCUNX.

26. This gives as many trees as possible upon the
ground, all equidistant, at twenty ^feet apart, or at any
other distance. It will be seen, that, in laying off this
ground, whether with the plow or simply with stakes to

SELECTION AND PLANTING. 241

indicate the stations which the trees are to occupy, we
may first strike our furrows or set our sight poles, all in
one direction, parallel, and at seventeen feet four inches
apart. Crossing these at right angles, we may draw par-
allel furrows every ten feet, and by setting our stakes at
each alternate intersection of these furrows, the proper
stations will be found for planting trees in the .true quin-
cunx order, in which every tree will occupy the corner of
an equilateral triangle, and will be equidistant from six
surrounding trees. If any one prefers to dig holes with
the spade, instead of the more economical method propos-
ed, by using the plow, the stakes may be set in parallel
rows, in such a manner, that in every alternate row the
first stakes shall be advanced one-half of the desired dis-
tance from the base line. It will be desirable in this, as in
every other system, to have a measuring-line at hand to
prove the work from time to time, and make corrections;
for, otherwise, the most careful planter will soon get out
of range. When the stakes are set properly, on level
ground, they should range correctly in all directions. If
the plantation be upon an uneven or hilly surface, it will
be found almost impossible to lay off the ground with ab-
solute precision ; but this is a matter of very little conse-
quence, as the growth of the trees will soon conceal any
slight defects, particularly if they be trained with low
heads. In the small fruit garden greater precision is de-
sirable, and should be attempted, but in the commercial
orchard, containing hundreds or thousands of trees, such
exactitude is scarcely attainable if it were desired. Some-
times the aid of the civil engineer, with his instruments,
is called in by the very precise planter.
11

CHAPTER IX.

CULTURE, ETC.

THOROUGH CULTURE SHOULD FOLLOW THOROUGH PREPARATION — HOED
CROPS RECOMMENDED — NO WHITE STRAW CROPS, NOR GRASSES AL-
LOWED — HOW LONG SHALL WB CULTIVATE THE ORCHARD ? —
LIMITS — THE SPADE AND FORK, AND MULCHING SUBSTITUTED —
HORSE CULTIVATORS NECESSARY IN LARGE ORCHARDS — THESE
SHOULD NOT BE DEEP TILLERS, BUT SHALLOW, TO AVOID DISTURB-
ING THE ROOTS — SEEDING WITH CLOVER — MULCHING IMPRACTICA-
BLE ON A LARGE SCALE — CLOVER MULCH — THE MELLOW EA.KTH
AS A MUXCH — PASTURING AN ORCHARD — OBJECTIONS — DAMAGE
DONE BY HORSES AND MULES — BY CATTLE, BY GOATS — SHEEP —
THEIR ADVANTAGES — SWINE AND POULTRY MAY BE ADMITTED —
HOW THEY MAY BE USEFUL — DESTRUCTION OF INSECTS — POULTRY
AND CURCULIO

In a previous chapter, reference has been made to the
necessity of thorough cultivation of the soil among young
trees; but the importance of the proper attention to orchard
culture is so great, that it deserves separate consideration.
The thorough preparation of the soil before committing
the roots of our trees to its embraces, which was fully
impressed upon the orchardist, might have induced some
242

CULTURE, ETC. 243

to think that this was to be sufficient for them ; but it
ought rather to be inferred that any crop for which these
preliminary labors were i*ecommended, should receive con-
tinuous attentions of a similar character. It is with the
desire that these views should obtain, and to indicate and
specify, some of th^ most suitable modes of procedure,
that the following remarks are presented in this place.

If the ground, which has been appropriated to the orch-
ard, be also occupied as farming land, as is usually done
for a few years after planting, while the trees are small, it
should be exclusively devoted to hoed crops; by which is
meant those that require constant cultivation and stirring
of the soil. Indian corn is a favorite on account of the
thorough culture which is bestowed upon it, but there
are some objectors to its use ; by such it is considered too
rank a grower ; it is thought to absorb too much of the
moisture of the soil, and too greatly to over-shadow the
young trees if they be so small as has been recommended
under the head of Selection and Planting, To this objec-
tion, however, it is urged by others that the partial shade
during the latter part of summer is a benefit rather than
an injury. If the stalks be left standing upon the ground
during the winter, they modify the force of the winds, and
may even be of benefit, by the protection they furnish to
the stems of the young trees ; and when they fall to the
ground, with their abundant foliage, these materials con-
stitute a winter mulching of considerable value. Even if
the fodder has been cut up, as is usually done by prudent
farmers, the shocks scattered through the fields must ex-
ercise a considerable protecting influence.

Melons, cucumbers, cabbages, potatoes, turnips, and

244 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

other root crops, which require frequent cultivation, are
preferred by some orchardists, because of their being
lower, and thus they will shade only the surface of the
ground, without affecting the trees themselves. Let it
ever be remembered, particularly in respect to soils that
are of poor or of moderate fertility, that all these crops
will remove their full share of plant-food from the land
that we have already appropriated to another object, and
that the main crop which we desire to draw its sustenance
fiom the earth for a long series of years, may thus be robbed
of its proper nourishment. Under such circumstances we
must meet the emergency by applications of fertilizing
materials. I am aware that it may be urged hj the theorists
of agriculture, that these crops call upon the soil for differ-
ent elements, and that, according to the customary views
of the objects attained by a rotation, they may even be
of advantage to those which are to follow. Others will
make the practical observation that the fertilizing materi-
als of common use in modern agriculture, may so readily
be applied to compensate for these abstractions from the
soil, that this is a matter of little moment, and not worthy
of serious consideration. But it should be observed that,
while men will often be induced to apply fertilizers to the
temporary crop, counting upon an immediate return for
their outlay, they seldom feel willing to make any return
to the soil in compensation for what they have already re-
moved from it, and rather wait until the necessity for such
enrichment becomes painfully apparent in the diminished
productiveness of their fields.

Hoed crops, such as those above mentioned, should alone
be allowed to occupy the space between the young trees,

CULTUKE, ETC. 245

and on no account should any white straw crops, or grasses
be introduced, at least for several years, nor until the
orchard shall have become well established. In many
species of fruits, it is undoubtedly better to keep up the
surface cultivation continuously, at least wherever tlio
characters of the site and soil will permit it ; but there
are many situations where the abruptness of the declivities
appropriated to fruit-growing, and often admirably adapt-
ed to such purj)ose, absolutely forbid continued cultiva-
tion. In such places it will be necessary soon to withdraw
the plow, and to depend upon loosening the soil about the
trees with the spade or fork, and upon the mellowing and
meliorating effects of mulching. The expense of all the
operations that are performed by human labor renders
them inapplicable, except in small orchards and gardens ;
and in all large plantations we must depend upon the com-
mon earth-workers that are drawn by horses. Among
these, a preference should be given to such as stir and
pulverize the soil near the surface only ; shallow culture
of the upper layers of earth effects the objects in view
better than that which is deeper. The intruding weeds
are subdued and a mellow condition of the earth is the
result, while the roots are not torn and bruised, but are
encouraged to turn their feeding fibres into the stratum
of mellow soil above them. When the trees have become
well established, or when the nature of the soil and the
broken character of the surface of the orchard require it,
we may seed down the ground with clover, which is pre-
ferred to any of the grasses : the broad foliage will shade
the ground, and may remain on the surface as a mulch, or
be moderately pastured by suitable stock.

246 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

Mulching the young orchard has some advantages over
cultivation, but except in the proximity of the salt-marsh-
es of the East, or near the great straw piles on the vast
grain fields of the Western prairies, it is almost impossi-
ble to procure mulching materials for extensive orchards ;
so that, unless we consider the clover and other legumes
as a living mulch, or grow such crops upon the land it-
self, to be used in this way, we shall be thrown back upon
culture of the surface, which, in the mellow soil thus pro-
duced, furnishes a most admirable mulching, that fills all
the indications, at least in the season when it is most need-
ed. This is a matter of the greatest importance, especi-
ally during tlie first year after planting, when our trees so
impeiatively demand the protection of a mulch ; and it is
found that when the usual apphcations of straw or similar
material cannot be obtained, or are unsuitable for the situa-
tion, especial attention to the condition of the upper layer
of earth about the trees is of the greatest importance ;
this should be kept thoroughly loosened and finely disin-
tegrated for the admission of air and moisture.

Mulching, even of an old and apparently exhausted
orchard, has been found to exercise a most happy effect
upon its health and productiveness. Such a one growing
upon a tenacious clay, which had ceased to yield any
crops for years, was restored to abundant fruitfulness by
covering the ground with a couple of inches of spent bark
fi'om an adjoining tannery, and similar effects have been
produced by the application of straw, and of the bagasse
from sorghum, where those materials could be procured;
but these were necessarily limited to a small number of
trees, and they can never be adopted in the treatment of

CULTUEE, ETC. 247

large orchards. Fortunately, for us, however, in some
kinds the trees themselves provide us shade for the ground,
when they are properly trained and closely planted, which
will prevent the intrusion of weeds and grasses, and the
falling leaves and spray will also yield a mulching of no
mean- value. Indeed, the trimmings from the orchard, as
well as the decaying foliage that annually falls to the
ground, belong to the soil, and might be left upon it with
great advantage to keep up its fertility by their decay,
and even to increase it, as they do in the natural forest,
were it not for the slovenly appearance they produce.

Dr. Ward, of New Jersey, has practiced mulching
rather extensively, and with excellent results. He uses
salt hay from the marshes ; after plowing the ground in
the spring, he applies the mulching in a heavy layer, which
keeps down the weeds, preserves the moisture of the soil,
and exerts a very happy influence upon the trees.

From what has preceded, the reader may infer that the
orchard is not to be used for a pasture field, and yet this
is a very common appropriation of the inclosure that con-
tains our fruit trees — at least after they have attained suf-
ficient size to be considered out of the way of serious in-
jury. • Let it not be supposed that the indiscriminate pas-
turing of an orchard is advocated ; on the contrary, it is
wholly deprecated, except as will be indicated below.
All stock will trample and harden the soil. Low-headed
trees will be sadly injured by hve stock of all kinds.
Horses and mules will often ruin the trees by destroying
the bark, and trimming off the twigs, as high as they can
reach. Horned cattle will browse the spray, and where
within reach they will also break and twist branches of

248 AMERICAIS^ POMOLOGY.

considerable size. Though much smaller, goats are en-
tirely inadmissable, since they not only trim off all the
foliage within their reach, but they will also greedily de-
vour the bark from the trees, and thus commit sad havoc
among them. Sheep, on the contrary, may often be in-
troduced into an orchard with advantage, as they will eat
off a great many weeds, and thus clear the land of such
intruders; but they will also spoil low-headed young
trees by eating all the leaves within their reach, and they
should never be allowed access to the orchard in winter,
at least not while there are any trees remaining with
smooth bark, as they will often attack such and strip off all
that they can get at : sheep are often very desirable in
cider orchards when used to crop off the herbage closely,
just before the ripening and fall of the fruit.

The only domestic animals which should ever be allowed
free range in the orchard, are swine, and the different
sorts of poultry. All of these will prove really useful in
the destruction of vast numbers of the insects that are par-
ticularly injurious to our cultivated fruits, and which are
often enormously multiplied in our old orchards. Swine,
it is true, will sometimes learn to climb small trees that
have very low branches, which they break off in thfeir at-
tempts to help themselves to the fruit — ^this has been ob-
served particularly in peach and cherry orchards. These
animals are of use too as earth-workers, when they have
not been mutilated, for with their peculiarly formed snouts
they will turn over a large extent of the surface, while in
pursuit of the larvae and pupae of many of the destructive
insects, that in such stages of their existence occupy the
soil beneath our fruit trees ; in this manner, swine are

CULTURE, ETC. 249

valuable adjuvants to the practical entomologist. The
hog is a most useful scavenger, and also a great economist
in the orchard, for, being omnivorous, after feeding upon
the luxuriant herbage of the red clover, he takes his dessert
from the fallen fruit, which, being defective, would other-
wise be wasted: but we must remember that most of
these wind-falls are occupied by the larvae of insects which
are thus put out of the way of doing further harm, while
contributing variety to the porcine diet. The additions
of manure to the soil, which are distributed over the orch-
ard by these animals, are also found to be of service.
Trees, which are frequented by swine, are generally
healthy, and the bitter-rot is reported to have disappeared
from orchards that were badly affected with that malady
before the swine were admitted.

The advantages resulting from keeping both swine and
poultry, but particularly the latter, confined among plum
trees, is a matter of general notoriety ; nor need we in-
quire whether this depends upon the far-reaching instinct
of the insect, which warns her against depositing her eggs
where the progeny must surely be destroyed, or upon the
actual destruction of the larvae by these animals, to such
an extent as to diminish the number of depredators the
following season. We must not, however, depend upon
these and other valuable aids, to the exclusion of personal
efforts, if we desire to secure good crops of the delicious
fruits that usually fall a prey to their attacks.

In conclusion, the orchardist cannot be too strongly im-
pressed with the importance of cultivating his young trees
in the most thorough manner ; nor can he exercise too
much care in avoiding injury to the stems and roots, in
11*

250 AMEKICAN POMOLOGY.

practising this constant culture of the soil. In collections
of dwarf fruit trees, he will have less difficulty on this
score, because he will be restricted to hand-labor ; but the
spade and fork will be found much more expensive in their
use than the plow and cultivator.

Plowin^g Up Old Orchards. — A question frequently
arises as to the best course to be pursued with an old neg-
lected orchard, which has become covered with a dense
sod of grass, and this often of an inferior character, and
full of disagreeable weeds. Orchards that have been widely
planted, and which have gaps from the decay of trees,
especially when these have been trimmed up with high
stems and long naked branches, do not cast sufficient
shade upon the ground to prevent the growth of grass and
weeds. These intruders occupy the surface soil to the dis-
advantage of the roots of the fruit trees, and we may won-
derfully improve the health of such orchard by plowing
the ground, and at the same time severely pruning the
branches and cleansing the bark of these old trees. These
good results may be continued by shallow culture of the
soil, with suitable applications of manure where needed.
By giving a dose of lime, or of marl, and ashes, we shall
infuse a new life and growth and productiveness that will
astonish and delight us, and reward us for our labors and
outlay.

It may be urged as an objection to breaking up the sod,
that the most careful plowman will unavoidably damage
some of the roots that approach the surface, but this is an
injury that must be submitted to ; and after all it is not
such a serious affair, and is overbalanced by the advantages
of renewing the productiveness of the exhausted orchard.

CHAPTER X.

PHILOSOPHY OF PRUNING.

PRUNING, NATURE'S — WE PRUNE, FIRST, FOR SHAPE AND COMELINESS ;
SECOND, FOR FRUIT — PRUNING YOUNG TREES IN THE NURSERY —
RULES FOR — SEASON FOR — PRUNING FOR FRXHT IS TO BE DONE
CHIEFLY IN SUMMER — THINNING OUT — SHORTENING-IN — ROOT PRUN-
ING — PHILOSOPHY OF — ADVANTAGES OF - CHARACTER OF ROOTS
PRODUCED BY IT — IN THE VINE — SEVERE IN WINTER TO PRODUCE
WOOD AND DIMINISH BLOSSOMS — ADAPT TO VARIETIES — IN
SUMMER TO DIMINISH EXCESSIVE FRUITAGE, AND TO DIRECT SAP
INTO ITEW CANES — TRIMMING IN GARDENESQUE, REQUIRING A COR-
RECT EYE AND GOOD TASTE —PRUNING SHOULD BE CONDUCTED
UPON TRULY PHILOSOPHICAL PRINCIPLES, OR NOT AT ALL — QUALI-
FICATIONS REQUIRED IN THOSE WHO PRUNE — THE OPERATION
SELDOM WELL PERFORMED — PRUNING OF THE GRAPE, SHORT AND
LONG — REASONS FOR AND OBJECTIONS TO EACH — SEASONS FOR
PRUNING THE VINE.

Pruning is one of the most important operations that
we perform upon plants, — especially woody plants. Prun-
ing, in some sort, has to be performed at all periods of
their existence and growth, and upon all plants, from the
noble forest tree, or the fruit trees of the orchard, of what-
251

252 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

ever kind, to the humble bushes and brambles that yield us
their abundant and most welcome fruits : the trailing vine
that adorns our arbors and covers our trellises with its
rich and tempting clusters of grapes, also needs to be prun-
ed. Many herbaceous plants are also submitted to judi-
cious pruning, and yield in consequence an increased pro-
duct of fruit. Our ornamental gardeners and plant-grow-
ers practice pruning most admirably upon their house-
plants, and by their successful practice, they produce the
most wonderful effects, which are manifested in the vigor,
thrift, symmetry, and blossoming of their specimens.

And yet, when we come to travel about the country,
and to see the shrubberies, the parks, the orchards, fruit-
gardens, and vineyards, as they are, we shall be struck
with the great amount of ignorance or neglect manifested
by what we everywhere bfehold ! Still more shall we be
surprised, when we hear nurserymen and orchardists, men
who have had opportunities for extended observation, and
those too, who are considered successful cultivators, advo-
cate the idea that trees should not be pruned at all. An
apology may be found for them in the many instances of
bad pruning that may frequently be met with. They may
Bay that no pruning is better than such mutilation, and
with some varieties of fruit, they may have a show of
reason on their side, as there are many sorts that will
very naturally produce an open head, everywhere provided
with abundant fruit-spurs, which are the great desiderata
of the fruit-grower.

We prune our plants for the most opposite purposes ; we
prune to make them assume some desired form, we prune to
produce symmetry, and we prune to torture them as much

PHILOSOPHY OF PRUNING. 253

as possible from their natural habit. Again, we prune to
make them grow vigorously, and we perform other pruning
operations, in order to dwarf and stunt our specimens, and
to make them as diminutive as possible. The experienced
orchardist will tell you to prune a barren but thrifty tree,
in order to make it productive of fruit; and he will also tell
you to prune one that has expended all its energies in
fruit-bearing, and appears likely to exhaust itself to its own
destruction. Upon very high authority, supported by uni-
versal and annual practice, the vine dresser will tell you to
prune your vine in order to make it fruitful ; the same
authority will advise you to prune in such a manner as to
prevent an over-production — and he will insist that you
shaU prune again during the season of growth, to promote
the same objects.

Thus it appears that the ends to be attained by this im-
portant operation are exceedingly diverse, and apparently
contradictory : nor is it any wonder that the novice should
feel bewildered in the midst of directions so opposite, nor
even that those who have grown gray in the orchard,
should have arrived at the strange conclusions just men-
tioned, not to prune at all. And yet, notwithstanding
these apparent contradictions, there is a reason for each
of these various modes, as well as for the different seasons
that have been recommended for performing the several
operations of pruning.

It may be said that in natural trees, whether standing
alone in the midst of a prairie, thinly grouped in the
" opening," or crowded together in the dense forest, we
may behold the most perfect models of beauty and fruit-
ftilness ; yet these have never been subjected to the action

254 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

of the knife, the saw, nor the hatchet. True, and yet they
have all been pruned by nature. She prunes and trains
magnificently, and gives us the finest models for imitation,
whether for park scenery, as in the lone tree of the prairie,
or in the scattered groups of the island groves that are so
often seen in the broad savannas of the West, or in forests
of noble shafts, gazed at with admiration, then felled by
tlie ruthless ax, and converted to man's economic uses.
She also shows us the pattern in the dense pineries, and
other timber tracts of our country. All these have been
pruned into their present condition by the hand of nature.
In the single specimen, free access of air and light have
enabled it to assume its full proportions, developing itself
on every side, and giving us the grand and beautiful ob-
ject we behold. The winds have tossed the branches and
some have been broken, the lower ones have quietly and
gradually yielded to the smothering influence of those
above them, which, in turn, have swept downward toward
the ground. In the groves, the scattering trees have for
a while enjoyed the same opportunities for development ;
but at length their branches have met together, and inter-
locked in friendly embrace. Those that were nearest the
ground had already begun to sufier from the denser canopy
above them but the great sturdy boughs that had shot
upward so as to form a part of the crown, were able to re-
tain their vantage ground, and continue as important mem-
bers of the trees. In these illustrations, we have seen
more of nature's training than of her pruning ; but it must
be remembered that training is one of the objects, and in-
deed, a leading element of pruning, and is very properly
a matter for our consideration.

PHILOSOPHY OF PRUNING. 255

In the dense primeval forest we see nature's pruning ex-
hibited upon a grand and perfect scale ; tall, straight, and
noble trunks rise majestically on every hand ; not a twig
nor limb breaks the symmetry of the gradually tapering
shafts, that are clothed in bark which does not indicate
that they had ever been furnished with branches ; and yet
they have borne branches from their base to their sum-
mit, and nature has so neatly removed them that we can-
not detect the marks of her pruning-saw. How this has
been effected, may be seen in any dense thicket of young
forest growth. It is simply a smothering of the lower
branches by those next above them, which has destroyed
their vitality, and their decay has soon followed; while a
new growth of branches at a higher point, in turn, per-
forms the same office of destruction upon those next below
them. As there is no outlet for the wood-growth but in
an upward direction, upwards they must; needs go, and
as there is no light nor air for lateral branches under such
a canopy of shade, death and decay ensue, and down they
perforce must come.

If it be asked why we prune at all, it may be answered
in general terms that in the orchard, our objects in per-
forming this operation, are two-fold.

1st — ^We prune for shape and comeliness, and for the
removal of dead and dying branches, in aid of nature, but
working in sympathy with her.

2d — We prune for the sake of inducing fruitfulness.

Let us consider some of the principles that are to guide
us in these operations.

The first object, that of producing the desired shape of
the future tree, is chiefly done upon the young subject,

256 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

even in the nursery- row. The judicious pruner, being well
aware of the upward tendency of young growth, and that
this is increased by the crowded condition of the trees in
the nursery square, seeks to overcome the evil by proper
pruning. If the growth be altogether upward, with no
side branches the first season, the stem will be slender,
often so much so as to bend over with its own weight.
The wise nurseryman carefully avoids disturbing the
leaves or lateral branches, well knowing their importance
in forming the woody trunk. At the proper season he
trims his trees down, instead of trimming them up — this
he does by heading them back to the hight at which he
desires them to form their branches — at the same time, he
shortens in the laterals ; his object in both instances being
to check the upward tendency of growth by removing the
strong terminal buds, which would naturally have formed
the new shoots the coming season. The result of this
treatment is to call into action several buds at the upper
part of the stock. These are to form the arms of the tree,
and hence a very important part of the pruning and train-
ing of the plant is thus performed at once by this simple
operation of heading-back the young nursery tree. But
further attention is needed, as these arms develop them-
selves during the next season of growth ; they should
not be too numerous, nor too much crowded together ;
they should not be too nearly matched in strength, and
one should be kept as a leader, stronger than the rest.
N^ever allow two shoots to remain contending for the mas-
tery ; one of them should be subordinated by cutting,
breaking, or twisting, as soon as it is observed ; for how
beautifully developed, a tree grown in this way, may ap-

PHILOSOPHY OF PRUNING. 257

pear when well balanced, there is always danger of its
splitting down when heavily laden with fruit. This very
common error of our orchards used to be quaintly illus-
trated by jf dear old friend on the prairies of Illinois, who
cited the advice of a Scotch jockey to whom he had ap-
plied for counsel in the purchase of a piece of horse-flesh.
" Ne'er buy a horse whose twa fore-legs cum oot frae ae
hole,*' said he, and Mr. W. Stewart appHed the same prin-
ciple to his young fruit trees, by never allowing them to
have two equal leaders, branching from one point. It is
also important to have the lateral branches regularly dis-
tributed on different sides.

*The precise point or elevation point at which this head-
ing-back should be done, will depend very much upon
the object of the cultivator, and whether he desires to pro-
duce a high or a low head, a standard, half standard, or a
dwarf, or conical tree — such as are often called pyramids.
He will study the wants and fancies of his customers in this
matter, but we of the "West, have learned the importance
for us, at least, of trimming our trees down^ and not trim-
ming them up, as is often done by those who anticipate
plowing and planting crops under the shade of their
orchards. The proper point for forming the branches to
make the head, will very much depend, however, upon the
habit of the variety ; whether it be drooping^ spreading,
or upright. The former will require the branches to be
started at a higher point. The proper season for perform-
ing this kind of pruning is in the early spring, or after the
severe frosts of winter have passed ; and with some kinds
of orchard trees, it may be done at the time of trans
planting them, when they need a severe pruning.

The second object of pruning being done with a view

258 AMERICAN POMOLOGY,

to the production of'fruitfulness in the tree, is to be prac-
tised chiefly in the summer. At the same time, or during
the growing season, much may be done to advantage, both
in thinning-out and shortening-in such parts ^f the tree,
as may need these plans of treatment. Various methods
are pursued to produce fruitfulness, all of them depending
upon the fact that this condition arises from the natural
habit of a tree to make its wood-growth freely for a series
of years. After it has built up a complicated structure
of limbs and branches, with some consequent obstruction
to the flow of sap, depending upon the hardening of the
woody tissues, and the tortuous course of its circulation,
it then appears to have reached its maturity, or its fruit-
bearing condition. It then ceases to make such free
wood-growth, and prepares a set of buds, which develop
flowers and fruit.

iN'ow this period of growth and unfruitfulness may con-
tinue for a longer or shorter time in different varieties of
fruits ; and the shortening of this, is the great object of
summer pruning, and of other methods of producing
fruitfulness that may be classed under this second head of
the objects of pruning.

To appreciate their importance and the mode in which
the eflect is produced, we must ever bear in mind the two
great acts of vegetable life, that of wood-growth or
growth by extension, and the wonderful morphological
change of this growth into flowers and fruit. These are,
in some sense, antagonistic. The first is essential to the
production of timber, to the building up of the tree, and
should be encouraged to do its work undisturbed, up to a
certain point, that we may have a substantial frame-work

PHILOSOPHY OF PRUNING. 259

by which our fruits can be supported. The latter, how-
ever, is the ultimate desideratum with fruit-growers, and
in our impatience to reap a quick reward, we often resort
to measures that tend to curtail the usefulness, size, and
beauty, as well as the permanence of our trees. This is
an illustration of the axiom, that whatever threatens the
vitality of a plant, tends to make it fruitful ; it calls into
activity the instinctive effort to perpetuate the species by
the production of seed, that may be separated from the pa-
rent, and establish a separate and independent existence,
to take the place of that, the life of which is threatened.

Summer pruning and pinching interferes with the growth
by extension, and threatens the very life of the tree; the
entire removal of all new shoots and their foliage, and the
removal of the successive attempts by the tree at their
reproduction, will cause its death in a little while. Their
partial abstraction, as practiced in summer pruning and
pinching, being an attack of the same kind, results in the
formation of fruit-buds. The operations of budding and
grafting upon an uncongenial stock, interrupting the cir-
culation by ringing, by hgatures, by hacking, twisting, and
bending downward, all tend to check the growth by ex-
tension, and are attended by similar results, since they are
antagonistic to the mere production of wood. Shorten-
ing-in the branches of some species, which form their
fruit-buds upon the shoots of the current year, has the
effect to give them a fuller development, if performed
during the summer, but if deferred until the following
spring, it will have the directly opposite result, and will
cause the production of woody shoots at the expense of
the fruit.

260 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

The season for pruning has been made the subject of
much discussion, and different periods have been very
confidently advised by different authorities, from which it
may safely be inferred that all are somewhat right, or may
be supported by good reasons. This refers of course to
pruning in its general sense, of trimming, and applies to
the removal of hmbs of greater or less size. We always
desire to avoid the removal of large limbs, and should en-
deavor to provide against the necessity of such removal,
by trimming our orchards sufficiently when they are
young, and while the branches are small ; but when such
removal becomes absolutely necessary, it should be per-
. formed late in the autumn, when vegetation is at rest, be-
cause it is found that such large wounds, which cannot be
soon healed over by the new growth, will at this season
dry in, and resist the action of the elements better than
if the section had been made when the wood was full of
sap in active circulation.

Early spring is a favorite period for pruning, chiefly
because it is comparatively a period of leisure; the
weather is less inclement than in winter, and the absence
of foliage affords us an opportunity to see our work and
to anticipate its effects upon the tree. So soon as the buds
begin to swell and the foliage to expand, pruning should
be arrested, unless in small trees, because the sap is in ac-
tive motion, and the material called cambium, is not yet
developed, hence the wounds will bleed, and are not so
readily healed over ; besides, the bark at this season is very
readily separated from the wood, and bad wounds are thus
frequently produced by the pruner, which may seriously
damage the tree. Then follows a period when pruning had

PHILOSOPHY OF PRU]Sri:N^G. 261

better be suspended until the time that the trees have
completed their growth by extension, and formed the
terminal bud at the ends of their shoots. The date can-
not be given, but it is sufficiently indicated by this mark
in nature's calendar ; the formation and full development
of the terminal bud, and by the copious deposits of woody
matter throughout the tree. The annual layer of fibres
is then being produced, and the tissues are in the formative
stage ; the tree now possesses within its own organism the
best of all plasters to cure and cover the wounds made by
the saw and knife, now the tree possesses the true vis me-
dicatrix naturce in the highest degree.

A few intelligent nurserymen have learned this very im-
portant lesson, and have applied it in the preparation of
their trees, for the exposure incident to their removal from
the nursery to the orchard. A very few practice it sys-
tematically ; I knew one, (alas, for the lamented Beeler,
of Indiana), who acted upon the suggestion made to him
by observations and experiments in vegetable physi-
ology. He left the side branches, though subordi
nated by shortening when necessary, in order to give
stocky stems to his trees, and then removed them with
the knife during the summer before they were to be sold
and planted, instead of waiting until they were dug and
Bent to the packing house in the fall or spring. The re
suit was, that while his stems were stout and stocky, they
were also smooth, the wounds neatly healed over with new
bark, instead of being open from the fresh cuts and liable
to crack or bleed, as they would have done had this prun-
ing been deferred until after digging, either in the fall or
spring. This may be considered a small matter, but it is

262 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

an illustration of the principle involved in selecting the
period for pruning.

For the removal of small limbs from young trees, hardly
any time can come amiss — better to do it out of season
than to neglect it, and it is a good rule to have a sharp
pruning knife always at hand when passing through our
young orchards. There is but one time when pruning is
absolutely interdicted, and that is when the wood is frozen.
When so circumstanced, it should never be cut nor dis-
turbed in any manner — not even to gratify your best
friend, by helping him to a few grafts from your proved
tree of some coveted variety. Let him wait for a thaw,
or go away without the grafts, rather than commit such
an outrage upon your tree : as to approach it with a knife
when frozen.

While considering the question of the proper season for
pruning, there is one axiom of great importance which
should be firmly impressed upon the mind of the orchard-
ist. Much will depend upon which of the two leading
objects, above indicated, he may have in view — vigor of
growth and symmetry of form, or simply fruitfulness, as
the result of his labors in pruning his trees. Pruning at
one season will induce the former result, at a different
period of the year the same work will conduce to the
latter; hence the postulate Prune in winter for wood ;
in summer for fruit.

CHAPTER XI.

THINNING.

PBOFUSION OF FBUIT-BUDS — WISE PROVISION AGAINST ACCIDENTS —
PERIOD OP MATURITY OF PLANTS — MORPHOLOGY — THE YOUNG
PLANT GROWS BY DEVELOPMENT OF STEM AND BRANCHES — LEAP
BUDS ALL POINTED — THE PERIOD OF ADOLESCENCE VARIES —
THE CENTURY PLANT — A DEFINITE PERIOD FOR EACH VARIETY —
HOW DIMINISHED OR EXTENDED — STARVING — CROWDING — CUT-
TING THE ROOTS — OLD OR UNCONGENIAL STOCKS — AT MATURITY
AN ACCUMULATION OF NUTRITIVE MATTER — PRESERVING THE BAL-
ANCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND FRUITAGE — WE DO NOT THIN FRUIT
ENOUGH — TREES EXHAUST THEMSELVES — BIENNIAL BEARERS —
ANNUAL BEARERS DESIRABLE — DISBUDDING —FIELD'S HEDGES OF
PEARS — REMOVE PORTIONS OF FRUIT — CUTTING-IN THE SHOOTS
TO REDUCE FRUIT — DR. HULL AND OTHERS — THINNING THE
STRAWBERRY — GOOSEBERRY — GRAPE — THINNING APPLES BY
THRESHING THE TREES — BY SEVERE WINTER PRUNING.

Every person who has looked at a bearing fruit tree in
the winter season, must have been struck with wonder at
the great profusion of fruit-buds with which it was cloth-
ed; they are crowded along the slender spray of some
varieties as thickly as a necklace of beads, or still more
abundantly, like clusters of pearls, they are crowded to-
263

264 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

gether upon the little fruit-spurs. We are inclined to cavil
at this profusion of nature, and to ask why this waste of
vegetative effort. But Ave may rest assured that it is only
another evidence of the unerring wisdom of Him who
doeth all things well.

All blossoming and fruiting is but a changed condition
of those buds that would otherwise have produced leaves
and wood-growth. Every tree, sooner or later, reaches a
point which we call its period of maturity, when some of
its buds are thus modified. The same elemental parts are
still present ; but those that were arranged for the produc-
tion of an elongated shoot, with leaves set around it in
some definite manner, and destined for the formation of
woody growth, are now so constituted as to have a growth
of very short extension, and furnished with modified
leaves, so changed, that we scarcely recognize them thus
crowded together upon this shortened and modified axis.
We here take our first lesson in the very interesting study
of morphology, or the science of the changes of form to
which the parts of a plant are subjected, in the produc-
tion of flowers and fruit, from what were otherwise the
source of shoots and leaves. This will be found one of the
most interesting branches of the study of botany, as it
leads us to the investigation of one of the most beautiful
displays of Divine power, and, like all such studies, gives
us more and more elevated views of the exalted wisdom
and benevolence of an All-wise Creator, who has pro-
duced nothing in vain, and who, while creating worlds
and systems of the greatest magnificence, has condescended
to prepare the most tiny flower, and its previous bud, in
the most perfect manner.

TIIIJ^NING. 265

The study of morphology which gives us such an in-
sight into the mechanism of the plant, and which leads us
into such mazes of wonder and admiration, cannot now
detain us farther than to be named and referred to as the
explanation of the formation of what we call fruit or blos-
som buds. The reader is referred to the full explanations
of this subject, by the famous philosopher and poet, Goethe ;
or, if more conveniently accessible, to his English transla-
tors, or to the appropriate chapters in any of the modern
text books of botany^

When the plant is young, its chief object is to grow ; it
must acq'uire size and development, to enable it to produce
and bear up the enormous crop it is destined one day to
yield. Hence in the early years of a tree there is none, or
very little of this transformation of the buds, which are
all of the pointed character, and when excited into
growth, they all produce shoots and leaves only, which re-
sult in the formation of an increase of the woody- fabric,
that we call the tree. This period of adolescence is longer
or shorter in different species and varieties — in some it may
extend through many years. Thus, the American Aloe is
called the Century Plant, from the common belief that it
must survive a hundred summers before this stage of ma-
turity and blossoming is reached ; whereas this plant only
needs a period of thirty years or less to produce its blos-
soms, when it is favorably situated as to soil and climate.

There is, it is probable, a definite j:^riod at which each
kind of plant will have these changes occur in the buds,
when they will begin to flower and to produce fruit. This
period may be accelerated or retarded, to some extent, by
human means ; for we have observed, that whatever pro-
12

206 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

duces excessive vigor, is attended with the formation of
leaf buds ; whereas, all those conditions and circumstances
that check the vigorous growth by extension, provided
they do not too greatly impair the vitality of the plant,
will conduce to the formation of flower-buds.

Some of these conditions consist in starving the tree,
or by planting it in a sterile soil, that * has deficient
moisture ; by severely crowding the roots, or by cutting
them, as in root pruning ; in grafting a portion of the
young plant upon an old or an uncongenial stock, or one
that is naturally dwarfish ; in ringing the bark ; in frequent
transplanting, or in continued summer pinching ; in short,
almost any circumstances which appear to threaten the
life of the tree, seem to excite within it an effort for the
preservation and perpetuation of the species, by changing
the bud plants, attached to the parent, into seed plants,
that may and will be separated from it to reach the soil
eventually, and there to establish an independent existence.

As the tree advances in growth, and approaches toward
its natural period of maturity, it is supposed that there is
an accumulation of nutritive matter within it, and at the
same time the roots will have exhausted the soil, to some
extent, of the elements that contributed to the production
of wood-growth, and the result is the formation of flow-
er-buds. Now it becomes a nice matter to preserve the
proper balance between these two systems of growth, the
wood producing arfd the fruit forming. Two opposite
systems of production have become established in the
tree, the one infertile, the other producing the desired
fruits; the one preserving the health and vigor of the
tree, the other tending to preserve the species at the same

THINNING. 267

time that it satisfies our demands for fruit, but also mean-
while tending to the destruction of the tree, for all old
trees are apt to overbear. Young trees, on the contrary,
in which the vigor of wood-growth remains in' full activ-
ity, very often produce fruit-buds and blossoms, but do
not perfect their fruit, which either fails to set, from some
imperfection of the organs of reproduction, or falls pre-
maturely, in consequence of the wood system absorbing
the nutriment, or failing to prepare the proper juices for
their support. Trees, in these different conditions, require
an entirely opposite treatment. The younger need sum-
mer pruning and pinching, to check their too great vigor,
and to develop the laterals or spurs with their blossom
buds ; the older need winter pruning, for the double pur-
pose of reducing the amount of fruit, and also to excite
renewed vigor in the production of wood growth that
shall take the place of that which has been removed.
This subject will be more appropriately discussed in an-
other chapter, to which the reader is referred ; while we
proceed to the legitimate topic of thinning fruit.

Thinniag fruit is not practiced as it should be, particu-
larly on the apple; old trees are often too fruitful, so
much so as not only to deteriorate the fruit, but to injure
tile tree itself. * This is so much the case with certain va-
rieties, as to constitute a serious objection to planting them ;
other sorts so exhaust themselves by over-production hi
one season, as to be barren, or nearly so, the next year,
during which period of rest they are able to recuperafe
their energies and to provide a new set of flower-buds.
These are called biennial bearers, and such are quite nu-
merous in our orchards. Those kinds that are prone to

268

AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

overbear every year, are often objectionable on account
of the diminished size and inferior character of their
fruits, which result from this cause, particularly when the
trees have become old. The great desideratum, especi-
ally with those who object to the trouble of thinning
the fruit, is to find a variety that will produce an even or
well distributed, continuous, and moderate yield — an an-
nual bearer, that does not exhaust itself by the production
of one enormous crop so as to require it to rest and recuper-
ate. Such varieties are to be found in our collections, and
should be highly prized.

But to return to our topic, the bold method of reduc-
ing the crop by winter pruning, has already been alluded
to, and is highly recommended for such old trees as have
ceased producing thrifty shoots of wood-growth at their
tips, and have taken on an excessive tendency to fruitage.
There are other methods of producing this desired effect,
diminishing the amount of fruit when excessive, and
thereby greatly enlarging the size, and improving the
flavor of that which is left behind : some of these will
now be mentioned.

Disbudding. — One of these consists in the removal of
alternate buds, or even a greater proportion than one half;
this may be performed either in the end «f winter or in
early spring, or even after the buds have pushed, still later
in the season. This work may be done with the fingers,
a knife, or by using the shears, when the buds are termi-
nal, as in old bearing apples and pears, or on some cherries;
This plan has been practiced with very good success upon
the Duchesse pear, by T. W. Field, who accidentally had
his attention directed to the feasibilitv of making this

THIKN^IIiTG. 269

variety ver)^ productive. He had observed! that cer-
tain trees, which were rubbed so by the cart-wheels as to
be stripped of a portion of their buds in the winter season,
instead of being injured thereby, were more productive
than those which retained all of their abundant spurs and
blossoms, and which, nevertheless, often bore sparsely.
Improving upon this hint, he has since planted some such
varieties in close rows or hedges, which he trims annu-
ally with the shears to keep them within bounds, and at
the same time to diminish the amount of blossoms. Dis-
budding is systematically pursued in the European fruit-
gardens, and we have elaborate directions for the season
and mode of performing the operation, which is extensively
practiced, particularly on the trees that are grown as es-
paliers, and those kept in orchard houses. If neglected,
the trees become exhausted, by over-production; and the
failure of production by the fruit-spurs which results,
causes vacant spaces upon the tree, which are afterward,
with difficulty, restored to a profitable condition.

Another method, and the one usually pursued by those
who practice thinning, is, to go over their trees after blos-
soming, while the fruit is still small, and systematically
remove such a proportion as they may deem sufficient to
relieve them of the surplus; and w^hile so doing, they
select for removal all the inferior specimens. This is found
to pay very well in the increased size, appearance, and
flavor of those that remain, and is practiced by all good
horticulturists.

It is found in some varieties that the thinning may be
done when the fruit has attained to one-half its usual size,
so that it may be marketed, and yet those which are left,

270 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

will swell out to their full proportions after this removal,
and will realize, when harvested, more money, and will
even be of greater weight than if the whole crop had been
left upon the tree until its natural period of maturity.
The reason is obvious, and depends upon the greater size
and fuller development of the fruit, which remains after
thinning.

Summer Pruning has already been alluded to as one
of the methods of producing fruitfulness. When it is
here introduced as a means of thinning the fruit, the re-
commendation may appear somewhat paradoxical — yet it
is not so. Neither is this cutting a parallel operation to
that in which we seek to check the excessive vigor of
young shoots by pinching and heading-in, with a view to
directing the sap to the lateral buds so as to cause their
development for the formation of fruit-spurs, which will
insure a greater production of fruit : whereas this summer
priming removes a portion of the crop to be supported by
the tree. This plan is most successfully practiced by judi-
cious orchardists, among whom may be named Dr. Hull,
of Alton, 111., who has thus treated his peaches, nectarines,
and plums. This process consists in cutting off the ends
of the shoots that are laden with fruit, while these are yet
quite small; the superabundance is thus removed in a
great degree by the knife, and the excess of foliage is also
diminished so as to expose the fruit freely to the sun and
air, which insures an increased size and heightened color,
particularly to the peaches and nectarines. The remain-
ing fruit is also suitably thinned so that no specimens
shall crowd one another. The exact distances between
them must be determined by the judgment of the operator ;

THINNING. 271

some have decided that peaches should not be nearer than
nine inches ; plums and nectarines may be separated by a
smaller distance ; but it is not easy to lay down a precise
rule.

Thinning is not often practiced upon the strawberry
crop, which appears able upon suitable soils to produce a
great abundance of fine fruit, but it may be done by the
cuiious, and enormous show specimens, such as are often
exhibited at fairs, are produced by special care and high
manuring, aided greatly by judicious thinning; not only
by cutting back a portion of the crowns, so as to throw
the whole force of the plant into one or two trusses, but
still further, by removing with the scissors a portion of
the blossoms or fruit, so that the few which are left may
become enormously distended with the nutriment that had
been stoi'ed up in the plant for a much greater number.
Some may consider this one of the tricks of the trade, and
so it is when merely done for the sake of deceiving the
public, who are asked to purchase the variety by the sam-
ple of fruit, without detailing the arts by which the re-
sults were accomplished: but there can be no objection
raised against such practices when pursued by the amateur
for the sake of producing unusually large fruits of any va-
riety.

The English pursue a similar method with their show
gooseberries ; by means of thinning and high feeding, with
great attention to watering, these fruits are made to as-
sume gigantic proportions that are little dreamed of by
cultivators of the smaller varieties, which are chiefly
grown in this country.

The grape is very prone to over-production, and the

272 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

crop, as well as the vine itself, is often much injured by a
want of attention to this particular. So avaricious is man,
that few persons will exert the needed firmness and perse-
verance to remove the excess which the beautiful vine an-
nually affords. The result of this neglect is apparent at
the vintage, especially when from any fault of the season,
or from the invasion of insects or of mildew, the foli-
age may have been damaged, as it frequently is, to a con-
siderable extent. Then we find large quantities of the
grapes so deficient in color and flavor as to be worthless ;
in some varieties whole bunches w'M hang flaccid, Avither-
ed, and insipid — while perhaps a few, more favorably situ-
ated, will have their proper flavor. The grape vine is well
called beautiful, and it is capable of sustaining most won-
derful amounts of fruit ; but on young vines, especially,
it is very bad policy to allow of this over-production.

The tendency to fruitage may be met in different ways,
a few of which will now be pointed out, and all planters
are urged to observe and to practice some of these plans
for reducing the exuberance of this kind of fruit. In the
first place we practice winter priming, regardless of its
established and well-known effect of producing an inc#ase
of wood-growth, for this is what we desire to obtain in the
vine, on account of its habit of yielding its fruit on wood
of the previous year's growth ; by this means we are able
to pursue the renewal system, which is so generally pre-
ferred, and thus we may keep our vines perpetually cloth-
ed with new wood, or canes as they are technically called.
By this winter pruning we can reduce the amount of
wood that is of a bearing character, to any point which
may be deemed desirable, according to the strength and

THINNING. 273

age of the vine, and thus the crop is thinned by a whole-
sale process of lopping off the superabundance of buds,
that would have produced an excess of fruit. Another
method of thinning is, to rub out a portion of the shoots,
this may be every alternate branch in close jointed vari-
eties of the vine : this is to be done soon after the buds
have burst, and while the branches are yet quite small, so
that the vital forces may be directed to those that remain.
Wherever double shoots appear, the weaker should always
be removed.

Still another method of reducing the superabundance,
remains to be noticed ; this consists in thinning the grapes
themselves, the separate berries, which, in some varieties,
are often so crowded upon the bunch, as to prove a serious
injury to one another. In hardy out-door culture this is
seldom practiced, being less necessary than in the large
varieties of foreign grapes that are grown under glass.
These are systematically thinned with the scissors, so that
none shall crowd together ; and this process, repeated from
time to time, is found to produce much finer and larger
berries and heavier bunches than when all are left.

A very rude method has sometimes been pursued in
thinning the superabundance of fruit upon apple trees. It
appears so very Gothic that its description may only ex-
cite a smile, when it is stated that it consists in threshing
the tree with a long slender pole, by which a portion of
the fruit is cast to the ground. Rude and primitive as
this method may appear, it is surely better than no thin-
ning at all, and is attended with this good result, for which
it deserves some commendation ; the threshing removes
portions of the excessive twiggy spray that always abounds
12*

274 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

upon such trees as those under consideration, and thus, in
a degree, it prevents the recurrence of so heavy a crop
the following year. Whenever an old orchard has reached
this condition of over-fruitfulness, however, the best meth-
od of thinning is to give a severe winter pruning ; remov-
ing portions of the spray and encouraging the free
growth of young wood in various parts of the top, to re-
place the older portions that were removed.

CHAPTER XII.

RIPENING AND PRESERVING FRUITS.

CHANGES DURING THE PROCESS OF RIPENING — ANNUALS RIPEN THEIR
FRUIT AND DIE — PERENNIALS HAVE AN ACCUMULATION OF
STRENGTH — YOUNG PLANTS OFTEN FAIL TO PERFECT THEIR FRUIT

— THE NECESSITY FOR THINNING — ALTERNATE CROPS OF FRUIT
FAVOR THE ACCUMULATION — CHANGES IN CONDITION OF PERICARP

— GREEN FRUITS APPROPRIATE CARBON — GIVE OFF CARBONIC ACID
AS THEY RIPEN — COMPOSITION OF RIPE SUCCULENT FRUITS — FOR-
MATION OF SUGAR — INFLUENCE OF LIGHT," OF EXCESSIVE MOIS-
TURE— TESTS OF RIPENESS — CHANGES AFTER SEPARATION DEPEND
UPON OXIDATION — TIME REQUIRED FOR RIPENING — FROM BLOS-
SOMING— BLOSSOMS RENDERED ABORTIVE BY TOO HIGH TEMPERA-
TURE— TREES ARE ABORTIVE FROM EXCESSIVE WOOD-GROWTH —
EXPERIENCE REQUIRED TO JUDGE OF RIPENESS — PRACTICAL TEST

— GATHERING — SOME MATURE ON THE TREE; OTHERS, PLUCKED
PREMATURELY, WILL RIPEN — EFFECTS ON KEEPING QUALITIES—*
SELECT FINE WEATHER — HANDLING — PACKING — THE GATHERING
BAG — WHY RED APPLES ARE PREFERRED.

PRESERVATION LOW TEMPERATURE AND DRYNESS, BUT AVOIDING

FROST AND DESICCATION — COVERING IN PILES — THE RAIL PEN
WITH STRAW — THE CIDER HO^SE — THE CELLAR — PACKING IN
BARRELS — SWEATING — WAXY COATING TO BE PRESERVED — FRUIT-
ROOMS — PLANS — NYCE' S PATENT.

Ripening FEinTS.— Having succeeded in bringing our
trees into a productive condition, we now come to a period
of their history which is possessed of great interest to the
275

276 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

orchardist. While he is contemplating the rich returns
for his capital and labor expended upon the orchard, how-
ever, he will find many circumstances in the functions of
his plants that will amply repay him for their careful
study. Nor should he consider these only as matters of
philosophical interest, for they will often lead him into
courses of treatment that will enable him to secure richer
returns than he would otherwise attain. A few of these
will be presented in the commencement of this chapter,
nor need any apology be offered for quoting one of the
highest authorities in the language upon this branch of
botanical study. Balfour gives the following account of
the changes which occur in the vegetable economy during
the formation and ripening of fruits, under which term he
includes, in botanical language, all seeds, whether the dry
pericarps, or the pulpy drupes, and other appendages,
which are recognized as fruits proper in pomological
language.

" While the fruit enlarges, the sap is drawn towards it,
and a great exhaustion of the jtiices of the plant takes
place. In annuals, this exhaustion is such as to destroy
the plants ; but if they are prevented from bearing fruit,
they may be made to live for two or more years. Peren-
nials, by acquiring increased vigor, are able better to bear
the demand made upon them during fruiting. If large
and highly flavored fruit is desired, it is of importance to
allow an accumulation of sap to take place before the
plant flowers. When a very young plant is permitted to
blossom, it seldom brings fruit to perfection. When a
plant produces fruit in very large quantities, gardeners are
in the habit of thinning it early, in order that there may

RIPENING AND PRESERTING FRUITS. 277

be an increased supply of sap for that which remains. In
this way, peaches, nectarines, apricots, etc., are rendered
larger and better flavored. When the fruiting is checked
for one season, tliere is an accumulation of nutritive mat-
ter which has a beneficial effect upon the subsequent crop.
" The pericarp is at first of a green color, and performs
the same functions as the other green parts of plants, de-
composing carbonic acid under the agency of light 'and
liberating oxygen. Saussure asserts that all fruits, in a
green state, are adequate to perform this process of deox-
idation. As the pericarp advances to maturity, it either
becomes dry or succulent. In the former case it changes
into a brown or white color, and has a quantity of ligneous
matter deposited in its substance, so as to acquire great
hardness, where it is incapable of performing any process
of vegetable life ; in the latter it becomes fleshy in its
texture, and assumes various .bright tints. In fleshy
fruits, however, there is frequently a deposition of ligneous
cells in the endocarp, forming the stone of the fruit ; and
even in the pulpy matter of the sarcocarp, there are found
isolated cells of a similar nature, as in some varieties of
pear, where they cause a peculiar grittiness. The con-
tents of the cells near the outside of succulent fruits are
thickened by exhalation, and a process of endosmose goes
on, by which the thinner contents of the inner cells pass
outward, and thus cause swelling of the fruit. As the
fruit advances to maturity, however, this exhalation di-
minishes, the water becoming free and entering into new
combinations. In all pulpy fruits, which are not green,
there are changes going on by which carbon is separated
in combination with oxygen.

278 AJVIERICAN POMOLOGY.

* * * "Succulent fruits contain a large quantity of
water along with cellulose or lignine, sugar, gummy mat-
ter or dextrine, albumen, coloring matter, various organic
acids, as citric, malic and tartaric, combined with lime
and alkaline substances, beside a pulpy gelatinous matter,
which is converted by acids into pectine, whence pectic
acid is formed by the action of albumen. Pectine is so-
luble in water, and exists in the pulp of fruits, as apples,
gooseberries, currants, strawberries, etc. Pectic acid is
said to consist of C. 14, H. 3, O. 12 + H.O. It absorbs wa-
ter, and is changed into a jelly-like matter, hence its use
in making preserves. Each kind of fruit is flavored with
a peculiar aromatic substance. Starch is rarely present in
the pericarp of the fruit, although it occurs commonly in
the seed. «!« * *

" During the ripening much of the water disappears,
while the cellulose or lignine and the dextrine are con-
verted into sugar. Berard ih of opinion that the changes
in fruits are caused by the aciion of the oxygen of the
air. Freney found that fruits, covered with varnish, did
not ripen. As the process of ripening becomes perfected,
the acids combine with alkalies, and thus the acidity of
the fruit diminishes, while its sweetness increases. The
formation of sugar is by some attributed to the action of
organic acids on the vegetable constituents, gum, dextrine,
and starch ; others think that the cellulose and lignine are
similarly changed by the action of acids. The formation
of sugar is said to be prevented by watering the tree with
alkaline solutions. * * * In seasons, when there is
little sun, but a great abundance of moisture, succulent
fruits become watery and lose their flavor. The same

RIPENING AND PRESERVING FRUITS. 279

thing frequently takes place in young trees with al)un dance
of sap, and in cases where a large supply of water has
been given artificially." Travelers, who have eaten the
magnificent specimens of fruits produced by irrigation, in
California, tell us that they are deficient in flavor, and the
same thing is sometimes observed as a result of an unusu-
ally wet season.

" It is not easy in all cases to determine the exact time
when the fruit is ripe. In dry fruits, the period immedi-
ately before dehiscence,* is considered as that of matura-
tion ; but in pulpy fruits, there is much uncertainty. It
is usual to say that edible fruits are ripe when their in-
gredients are in such a state of combination as to give the
most agreeable flavor. After such are ripe, in the ordi-
nary sense, so as to be capable of being used for food,
they undergo further changes by the oxidation of their
tissues, even after being separated from the plant. In
some cases these changes improve the quality of the fruit,
as in the case of the medlar, the austerity of which is
thus still further diminished. In the pear, this process
renders it soft, but still fit for food, while in the apple it
causes a decay which acts injuriously on its qualities. By
this process of oxidation, the whole fruit is ultimately re-
duced to a putrescent mass, which probably acts bene-
ficially in promoting the germination of the seeds when
the fruit drops on the ground.

" The periods of time required for ripening the fruit, va-
ries in different plants. Most fruits ripen within a year
from the expansion of the flower, some come to maturity
within a few days, others require months. Certain plants,

* Buisiiiig open of the pods, or of the hulls of nuts.

280 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

as some Coniferse, require more than a year, and in the
Metrosideros the fruit remains attached to the branch for
several years. The following is a general statement of
the usual time required for the maturation of fruits : —

Grasses and Grains 13 to 15 days.

Raspberry, Strawberry, Cherry 2 months.

Bird-cherry, Lime-tree 3 "

Roses, White Thorn, Horsechestnut 4 "

Vine, Pear, Apple, Walnut, Beech, Plum., Nut,

Almond 5 to 6 "

Olive, Savin 7 "

Colchicum, Mistletoe 8 to 9 **

Coniferae 10 to 12 "

Some Coniferae, certain Oaks, and Metrosi-
deros above 12 "

" The ripening of fruits may be accelerated by the ap-
plication of heat, the placing of dark-colored bricks below
it, and by removing a ring of bark, so as to lead to an ac-
cumulation of sap. It has been observed that plants, sub-
jected to a high temperature, not unfrequently prove
abortive; this seems to result from the o^er stimulation,
causing the production of uni-sexual flowers alone. Trees
are sometimes made to produce fruit by checking their
roots when too luxuriant, and by preventing the excessive
development of branches." * Here we have the explana-
tion of the processes of root pruning and of summer
pinching, and shortening-in, which have been more ex-
tensively introduced upon another page ; as well as the
plan for inducing fruitfulness in such trees as are tardy
from excessive wood-growth, by hacking the bark to inter-
rupt the flow of sap from the buds to the roots ; by

* Balfour's Manual.

KIPENING AND PEESERYING FRUITS. 281

this, some of the former are changed to flower-buds.
We may learn to judge, of the condition of ripeness of
our larger succulent fruits, such as apples and pears, by a
little experience. When ready to be picked, they will
have attained their maximum size, their color will have
changed somewhat from its greenness, and they will as-
sume a sort of translucency that indicates the approach
of maturity; but the best practical test for the fruit-gath-
erer, is the ready separation of the stem from its attach-
ment. In those fruits, which are suspended by a stem of
considerable length, and in which this organ belongs to the
fruit itself, and is intimately connected with its tissues,
we shall find that it will part easily from the branch at
that period of ripeness when it is best to separate it.
Such fruits are often much improved by a continuation of
the process of ripening after they are gathered, but this
more properly belongs to another division of the subject.
There is another class of fruits which are found to attain
their greatest excellence and most perfect ripening upon
the tree itself, and these can never be enjoyed elsewhere
in so great perfection as in close proximity to the place of
their production ; because, so soon as they are separated
from their connection with the plant, a process of decom-
position commences, they begin to decay, and many of
them soon become really unwholesome. Most of those
that are called stone-fruits are of this character, such as
peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums, and cherries — all of
which have a very transitory period of excellence. The
same is still more remarkably the case with most of the
berries, hence all of these classes of fruits are better
adapted to a near than to a distant market.

282 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

With apples and pears, however, the case is quite differ-
ent. Some of these, it is true, especially some of the
summer varieties, will attain a perfect state of ripeness
while yet attached to the tree, and s'ome of them will even
remain hanging to the twig, until they reach that condi-
tion of over-ripeness in which they lose a portion of their
fine juices and become mealy, or incipient decay may set
in, so as to make them rotten at the core. Hence, in
nearly all varieties, it is found best to pluck the fruit a lit-
tle prematurely, and we are guided by the natural indica-
tion of the falling of a portion of the crop. By this
means we can, in a degree, control the final ripening of
our fruits ; and we have the great advantage of being
able to ship them in a firm condition to distant markets,
so as to arrive at the end of a long journey in prime or-
der ; whereas, if thoroughly ripe, they could only be trans-
ported a few miles, and then needing the greatest care in
their handling. Our summer varieties always require to
be near their ultimate ripeness when gathered, for, if
plucked too soon, they will wither, and be worthless.
Among these, there are some varieties, particularly of the
apple, which continue ripening for a long period. In the
limited family orchard this quality is a great desideratum
in the summer fruits, but it is quite otherwise in the orch-
ards, which are planted for profit in the market, because
of the increased expense of gathering only a few at a time
repeatedly, instead of clearing the tree at once. It is also
found to be an advantage in shipping, to have a consider-
able quantity of a kind to send off at one time.

Gatheeing. — We now come to the important matter
of harvesting our crops of fruits that have been the cause

RIPENII^fG AND PRESERVING FRUITS. 283

of SO much care and anxiety, as well as of pleasure. This
will require new considerations as to its disposition and
preservation to the best advantage, and will call for a dis-
cussion of the best modes of packing, storing, ripening,
and transportation to market.

From what has already been said with regard to the
process of ripening of fruits in the natural way upon the
tree, it will be understood that we must gather some kinds
before they have reached their perfect condition of matu-
rity. There is a point at which they have obtained, from
their connection with the. parent tree, all the elements
that are necessary to the development of their highest
qualities. They may now be separated, not only with
safety, but with decided advantage in many instances, as
they are improved by the further process of maturation
under different circumstances from those supplied by na-
ture, and when properly treated, they will acquire a much
finer condition as to delicacy and flavor than is ever
reached by ripening upon the tree exposed to the light
and air. This, it will be remembered, is not the case with
all fruits ; for, as has already been stated, there are those
which must remain upon the tree until they acquire their
most perfect ripeness, and which begin to depreciate in
quality so soon as they are separated from their connec-
tion with the fruit -bearing: twifj. These need to be at
once disposed of, and the consideration of the best means
of transpoi-tation, is a question of more importance than
any plans for their temporary preservation. They must
be sold or used at once, and should be handled with
the greatest care, packed in suitable boxes or baskets in
the most judicious manner for a good display of their

284 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

beauties, for their preservation from bruising and decay,
and for sending them forward to their destination with
the least possible delay : the details of these several parts
of the business will be left for the exercise of the ingenu-
ity of the parties most deeply interested. In the class of
fruits which are so constituted as to bear and indeed to
require picking, before they have reached the period of
perfect ripeness we shall find several particulars that need
consideration. First, it will be found that the proper time
for gathering them varies considerably. Thus, with early
apples and pears, a few days only embrace the best period,
during which they may be gathered without becoming
wilted if plucked too soon, or decaying if left too late.
Even with winter fruits, we find that, to have them in
perfection, some varieties require to be gathered much
earlier than the time usually assigned for harvesting tlie
general crop. It is somewhat singular also, that this course
very considerably extends their time of keeping, and that
some of those varieties which would become dry, mealy,
and insipid, early in the winter, if gathered too late,
will remain sound, firm, plump, and juicy, and retain all
their fine flavor through the winter, if they have been
taken from the tree at an earlier period of the season.
They must be left upon the tree until properly developed,
however, and then be carefully kept in a cool apartment.

The usual season for gathering winter fruits is October,
before the access of severe frosts, and at a time when the
wood-growth for the season has been completed, and the
foliage is nearly ready to separate from its attachment to
the tree. The fruits will then generally part readily from
the twigs, without either breaking them or rupturing the

RIPENING AND PRESERVING FRUITS. 285

fruit-Stem, which should always be preserved, and from
the apple especially, it should never be pulled out, as is
apt to happen in certain varieties, when proper care is not
exercised in picking them. Some of the apples that re-
quire to be gathered early, are, the Rambo, Pryor's Red,
Hubbardston, Westfield, Rhode Island Greenino", several
Russets, and all those which evince a tendency to fall pre-
maturely. There are others which may be left to a later
period with impunity, some of these will even bear a lit-
tle freezing without serious damage, but we should always
endeavor to anticipate the exposure of our fruits to any
great depression of temperature' while tbey remain at-
tached to the trees. An early and severe frost has often
proved disastrous to a fine crop of apples, thus left too
long upon the trees.

For all fruits it is essential that the weather should be
fine at the time they are gathered. They should be per-
fectly dry when phicked, and they must be handled with
the greatest care to avoid -bruising in the slightest degree.
Each specimen must be taken separately in the hand and
turned to one side, when, if it do not part readily from
the twig, the thumb and finger must be applied to the
stem, to aid the separation at the proper point ; each is
then to be placed in a gathering basket, which should be
shallow, and for delicate sorts should be lined loosely with
fresh leaves or with soft moss, or a little wilted grass.
From the baskets, the fruit should be transferred to its
permanent winter quarters, by a careful and judicious
hand, who should select them and reject all that are bruis-
ed, specked, or otherwise defective, and place them on the
shelves, or pack them in the boxes or barrels into which

286 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

they are placed for preservation, or transportation to mar-
ket. In packing, it is best to use no material but the fruit
itself, which should be so closely placed that they shall
not jostle and bruise one another when moved. Some
persons use a bag, slung around the neck, when gathering
the fruits from the tree; into this they are placed as fast
as they are plucked, and successively transferred to the
barrels, or poured in piles upon the ground. With very
firm varieties, this may be done without serious damage,
but the bruising that necessarily ensues will be very pre-
judicial to all the more delicate fruits, and will materially
depreciate the value of i^lich as are also of a pale color. A
want of care in this matter of handling fruit is, no doubt,
the chief reason for the popular preference of red apples
in our markets, since those, that are well covered with a
deep color, do not show the bruises that are so unseemly
upon the fair cheek of the lighter colored varieties.

The modes of keeping winter fruits are exceedingly va-
rious, and some of them are quite primitive. The desid-
erata are coolness and dryness, which should not be car-
ried to the extent of freezing, nor of desiccation. The
simplest method is to place the fruit in a pile upon a dry
piece of ground, to cover it thickly with clean dry straw,
and, as the winter approaches, to apply a heavy layer of
earth, sufficient to keep out the frost. Sometimes this is
kept from the stiaw by a simple roof of boards, which
support the earth from pressing upon the fruit, and leave
it in a sort of cave, which can be entered occasionally dur-
ing the winter. This plan is only recommended for those
who have no cellars or other suitable apartments, for
many fru'ts acquire an earthy flavor from this near con

RIPEIs^ING AND PRESERVING FRUITS. 287

tact with the soil. Another primitive plan, and one which
is well adapted to the preservation of cider apples, and
might be used for the keeping of those needed for stock
feeding, is to build a rail-pen, four square, like a field corn-
crib, into which the fruit is put upon straw, and a lining
of the same material is placed at the sides and upon the
top, which may also be sheltered with boards to shed oiF
the rain. In our mild winters, many varieties of fruits can
be sufficiently well preserved in this manner for the purposes
mentioned. In a proper establishment for cider-making,
large bins and rooms are provided within the building,
which afford sufficient protection from the frost, so that
cider-making may be carried on during the winter; and
in well arranged farm-steads, the feeding barns should be
provided with suitable compartments for the safe storage
of fruits or roots, that are to be fed to the stock during
the inclement season, when they are so much needed.

All farm-houses should be provided with good deep and
dry cellars, which will prove the best place for the storage
of fruits. These may be placed in bins, or, still better,
upon shelves, as it is not desirable to have too great a bulk
together. When but one, or at most, but two layers of
fru t are deposited upon each shelf, and when each of
these is [)laced at a sufficient distance from those above or
below it, the whole may be easily inspected from time to
time, and defective specimens can be removed without
disturbing the rest. These shelves should be made of
narrow strips, separated from one another by a space that
will admit of thorough ventilation. The whole apartment
devoted to fruit, should be kept cool and ^ark, and free
from moisture or dampness.

288 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

Many large orcliardists prefer to select their fruit from
the picking baskets, and pack at once in new barrels,
which are made for this special purpose, and are not so
tight as those used for flour. In packing these, it is desi-
rable to place the fruit carefully in layers, filling the space
completely as the work proceeds, putting each specimen
down by hand, and when the vessel is filled to about an
inch above the chine, the heads are put on, a follower-
placed upon them, and the whole brought under the pres-
sure of a lever, wbich forces the mass together so that
there shall.be no possibility of motion among the fruit.
It is better that the outer layers should be somewhat in-
dented by the barrel heads, than that the whole should be
spoiled by the bruising that would follow from loose pack-
ing. These barrels are often left under the trees for some
time, or they may be placed under an open shed for pro-
tection, prior to transportation. It is a common practice,
before barreling, to deposit the fruit in piles as it is gath-
ered, giving it only a covering of straw to allow it to
throw off a part of its moisture, a process generally term-
ed sweating. Now it cannot be gainsaid that there may
be an escape of the fluids by transpiration through the
pores of the skin, and we know that there is a loss of
weight and even of plumpness, in many varieties, by ex-
posure in a dry atmosphere ; but the excessive moisture
observed upon the surface of fruits that have been exposed
to a low temperature, when they are brought into a
warmer apartment, is unquestionably the simple precipita-
tion of atmospheric moisture, and entirely independent of
the juices of the fruit itself The advantages of this
method of treatment are, that more time is given for the

RIPENING AND PKESEliVING FRUITS. 289

careful selection of the fruits before placing tliem in the
barrels, and a better opportunity for selection, and the re-
jection from the packages of all those which are in any-
way defective. The disadvantages are the increased labor
and the greater amount of handling to which the fruits
are subjected. The surface of our seed-fruits, {pepins)^
is endued with a peculiar coating of a waxy nature, which
is of great value for their preservation, and should not be
removed, hence the less fruit is handled, the better it will
keep, and it should never be rubbed nor wiped ; if too
wet, or " sweating," it should be exposed to a dry atmos-
phere, until the surplus moisture shall have quietly evap-
orated before it is transferred or handled.

It is often observed of particular varieties that they are
more prone to wilt than other kinds : this is particularly
the case with Russet apples, and is believed to result from
a deficiency of this protecting outer covering or waxy
exudation, which appears most plentiful in those that re-
tain their plumpness.

In packing for market, besides the directions already
given as to prevent motion, it is very desirable to have
the packages, of whatever form, whether boxes or barrels,
of a neat appearance and uniform full size. The fruits
should be well selected, and of a like average quality
throughout, and not fixed up for market with the best
only at the ends or sides that are to be first opened, while
the inferior fruit is concealed within. Honesty is the best
policy everywhere, and dealers soon learn to discriminate
in favor of the brands of honest packers. It is believed
that any orchardists, who will take pains in the selection
of their fruits, and in the excellence and honest measure
13

290 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

of their packages, will soon establish a reputation that
will be of great value to them in their future offerings.

Fkuit-rooms. — For those who wish to reap the highest
rewards and the greatest profits from a near and conveni-
ent market, as well as those who desire to preserve their
fruits, prolong their enjoyment of them, and to bring
them to the highest perfection, the fruit-room or fruit-
house becomes indispensable. These should be so con-
structed as to meet the required conditions of an equable
and cool temperature, with darkness, and a sufficient
amount of dryness to insure freedom from mold and damp.
To avoid the precipitation of atmospheric moisture, the
apartment should be tight, and seldom opened, parti-
cularly in damp weather. To absorb the exhalations from
the fruit itself, and that emitted from the burning candle
or the breathing of the visitor, the introduction of certain
chemical absorbents has been suggested; among these,
freshly burned lime has been recommended and used, but
Mr. Du Breuil advises the introduction of dry chloride of
calcium, which has so great an affinity for moisture as to
absorb it completely from the atmosphere. This is the
material used by B. M. Nyce, of Cleveland, Ohio, in his
patent fruit preserving establishments ; and this mode of
preserving a dry atmosphere is a leading, and indeed, the
chief feature and element of his success.

In the- construction of fruit-houses, the fluctuations of
the outer atmospheric temperature must be gifarded
against by making double walls, and by filling the spaces
with non-conducting materials. The floors and the ceiling
should be similarly arranged — unless where the cooling is
effected by a layer of ice above the fruit-room, when the

KIPENING AND PRESERVING FRUITS.

291

ceiling should be metallic, so as to enable the caloric to be
rapidly abstracted from the space below. The house,
patented by Prof. Nyce, is essentially a large refrigerator,
with the ice at the top, and provided with absorbents
for removing from the air the moisture it has received
from the fruit. Its construction will be understood from
the accompanying diagrams and description. The letter-
ing of similar parts is the same in all three diagrams ; the
description is that of the inventor.

(A) Foundation walls. The ground floor is leveled off,

and made solid, and even
with the foundation walls.
(jB) a covering of tar and
pitch, one-half inch thick,
put over the ground and
foundation walls, to pre-
vent the entrance of mois-
ture. The tar and pitch
should be mixed so as to
be only moderately hard-
ened by the temperature
of the ground. (D) The

Fig. 27.-NYCE's PRuiT PRESERviNa ^1^^^^ bctwccn the walls
HOUSE. (CROSS SECTION.) ig composcd of short dry

shavings, chaff, or other poor conductors, 3^ feet
thick, on the bottom and sides. (C) Joist for plank
floor, 3| feet above the ground. The floor is made level
throughout. (jP) Chloride of calcium, or dried waste-bit-
tern, from salt works, spread on every part of the floor of
the preserving room, to absorb moisture. {I I) Air-tight
casings, made of common sheet-iron, No. 26; the edges

292

AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

thickly painted, and nailed to upright studding. The
outer casing in some houses is made of brick. The inside
of the brick wall is covered with roofing cement, or pitch,
or some other air-tight coating. {K K) doors 6 or 8
inches thick, filled with chaff or shavings, and fitted
tightly to the door-frames, by listing or cloth nailed over
thin layers of cotton. (X) The ice-chamber. (X) Joists
to support the ice floor, resting 2 inches on the posts at
Q, {N) Iron bars, 1\ inches wide, and \ inch thick,

Fi^.28.— ntce's fruit preserving house, .(longitudinal section.)

gained \ inch into the joists, and placed crosswise to them.
A bar must always be put directly under the seams and
rivets. Three bars are enough to be under a sheet 30
inches wide. {M) The galvanized-iron ice floor. No. 18
or 20 ; the edges joined with rivets not more than 1 inch
apart, '#id very carefully soldered. The ice floor is put on
the edges of the iron bars so as to expose every part of
its surface, on which ice directly rests, to the air of the
room below, {S) Sides of ice room made of upright

RIPENING AND PRESERVING FRUITS.

293

planks. Bolter have it lined with zinc or galvanizeil-iron,
inside of the plank. Scantling, 2 by 6 inches, are placed
on the ice, 4 feet apart, made even with the ice. Wide
plank (-P) are placed loose across the scanting, the edges

1

^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^

■ .

I'D

Y

u

w

1

K J K

1

H

ms^

^^8

1

_

l^^^p

^B

Fig. 29.— ntce's fruit preserving house, (ground plan.)

as close as may be put together, to prevent the filling
falling on the ice. Saw-dust, 6 inches thick, is placed on
the plank (jP). Shavings are not compact enough on the
top to keep the air from the ice. {0) A discharge pipe
to conduct the water from the ice. ( W) An ante-room
with an ice-water trough, ( Y), in which canned fruit is
kept, in large stone crocks, for retailing by small measure.
The following estimates are given by the inventor, for
a house, with room 15 ft. square, 8 ft. high, 22 ft. square
on outside, with capacity for holding 500 bushels. The
cost would be about as follows :

Common iron, at 714 cts. per lb., cost in the house $210 00

Galvanized iron. No. 26, at 20 cts. per Ih 105 00

Galvanized iron, No. 20, at 18 " 80 00

Whole cost, probably 800 00

The frame and roof being simple, their cost need not
exceed that of similar structures.

CHAPTER XIY.
I isr s E c T s.

When the preparation of this work was undertaken,
the author desired to make it as perfect as possible in all
its parts. He very soon discovered, from his own observa-
tions in the orchard, that one of the greatest difficulties
we all have to contend against in fruit-growing, was the
ravages committed upon our fruits and fruit-trees by hosts
of noxious insects.

Here then was a new branch of investigation, a new
field of study to be entered. He was not an entomolo-
gist, nor could he gain any assistance from his friends who
were such, because, though they were scientific, and able to
assist him in names and descriptions of the insects present-
ed, still they were not practical entomologists ; their
knowledge of these creatures was purely scientific, and
while they could descant learnedly upon the systems set
up by the great masters of the science, for the most per-
fect classification of insects, they could render us practi-
cal men but little aid in combatting our insect foes. Great
294

INSECTS. 295

assistance tliey have rendered, however, in providing
names for all these wonderful creatures, in describing their
habits and their economy, and in assigning them places in
the beautiful classification that has been provided for
them.

On turning from men to books, but little more assistance
or encouragement was met with ; these too would only
give the names, the places, and the descriptions, in the
most approved language of the science, but they are not
attractive nor intelligible to the unlearned. Any person
can soon acquire the language of the science, with a little
study, but these scientific books do not give us directions
how to rid ourselves of the pests.

Among the books that are accessible and that are
adapted to the general reader, and to the student of prac-
tical entomology, two were found of eminent utility as
far as they went. These are the excellent reports to the
Massachusetts and the I^ew York Agricultural Societies,
by Messrs. Harris and Fitch, which are clothed in popular
language, and which t'-eat particularly of the insects in-
jurious to vegetation, and they put us in the way of com-
bating our foes. The former, which has been reprinted
and illustrated in beautiful style, is worthy of a place in
every farmer's library, and will prove a valuable aid in
the study: the latter is printed in connection with the
Society's reports. To both of these, the author acknowl-
edges his indebtedness, and from both has he drawn lib-
erally.

Other populartreatises, though attractive, have proved
of very little practical value, and the student will find
even the reports above referred to imperfect, as they

296 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

were prepared for a limited region, and do not mention
several insects that are common in other parts of the
country than the States for which these reports were
prepared. It were much to be desired, that every State
Society would have similar reports, respecting the insects,
peculiar to its state.

Thus the author found himself compelled to investigate
this broad field of study for himself — it became necessary
to grasp the elements of the classification, and to go into
the field aud the orchard, to use his eyes, and to ob-
serve for himself. This was a labor of time, and required
considerable effort ; but it brought its own reward in the
pleasure attendant upon this delightful study. At the
same time there was great satisfaction in the thought
that all these facts, gathered from the works of men of
science, confirmed by personal observation, and rendered
useful and applicable in practice by his fellow laborers in
the garden and orchard, would be a valuable contribution
to them, and would constitute a useful portion of the
American Pomology he was then preparing.

Unfortunately for himself, he has discovered that his
collections, in this department, coveied several hundred
pages of manuscript, and that, if printed, they would ren-
der his volume too cumbrous. Upon consulting with his
publishers, it was concluded best to lay the matter aside,
for the present at least, and to prepare anew a brief ac-
count of some of the insects most injurious to the orch-
ard, with short suggestions as to the best methods of
combating their ravages. This conclusion has been the
more readily yielded to, because the public now have a
medium of communication with the scientific entomolo-

I]!^SECTS. 297

gists, which well supplies the great want we had begun
to experience.^ I refer to a monthly publication, issued by
the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, in which the
questions, that are constantly occurring to farmers, are
answered in the most simple, clear, and satisfactory man-
ner.* Besides this, we find in our best agricultural jour-
nals, a page or a column, devoted to the consideration of
insects injurious to vegetation.* *

For the sake of convenience and system, these notes
will be presented in the order of the approved classi-
fication of insects. Omitting further introduction or dis-
course upon the wonderful instincts and habits of insects,
and explanation of their metamorphoses and the princi-
ples of classification, and confessing my poor qualification
for the task, let us proceed at once to the catalogue.

COLEOPTERA.— Beetles.

In this class of insects we find both, friends and foes.
The former assist us by their voracious appetites, that can
only be satisfied with gourmandizing upon other insects,
particularly the juicy bodies of their larvae. The latter
embrace some of our most troublesome pests, especially
as they consume vegetable matters, in the perfect as well
as in the larval condition, and in both stages are exceed-
ingly voracious. Moreover, they generally commit their
depredations under cover, or at night. Some live in the
soil and consume the roots of our plants, and others mine
their way into the solid wood of the stems of our finest
trees ; while some only afiect the twigs and smaller branch-

* Bractical EntombUygist^ 518 South 13th street, Philadelphia, fifty cents a year,
in advance.

♦ * Vide Prairie Farmer^ Ainerican Agriculturist, Oountrr/ Gentleman, etc.

13*

298 AMEBICAK^ POMOLOGY.

es, and others devour the foliage, flowers, and fruits. A
few of the most familiar and troublesome of these will
now be introduced ; and allusion will also be made to
some of those which befriend us by their destruction of
other insects.

Saperda biyittata, {Sa^.)—The Apple Tree Borer.—
This is a nocturnal insect, which has been found very de-
structive to our orchards. The female deposits one egg
in a place, generally low down on the stem of the tree ;
this hatches, and enters the tissues of the bark, where it
feeds for a time, a footless grub. As it grows, it burrows
deeper, and upward, until it reaches the sap wood, upon
which it feeds. When half grown, it burrows still deep-
er, and upwards into the heart of the tree, and then out-
ward through the sap wood to the bark, but retires again
toward the centre, as to a place of safety, to undergo its
transformation, after packing the hole \vith shreds of
wood and with its castings to make its retreat secure. In
the spring, the perfect insect opens its way outward, and
emerges to the light of day.

Remedy. — Observe the bark of young trees very
closely during the summer, to discover the castings that
are ejected; notice the discolored or depressed portions
of bark, and cut into them to find and destroy the worm
— if it has penetrated the solid wood, pursue it with a
piece of stout but flexible wire.

Preventives. — ^Alkaline washes have been highly re-
commended, as a means of driving away the mother bee-
tle ; soft soap may be used, and a portion of soft or hard
soap, placed in the forks of the branches, will dissolve
with the rains, and wash down on the bark. These appli-

i:N'SE(7rs. 299

cations, to be efficacious, should be raade-in May or June.
In August, the bark should be examined, and when the
worms are cut out, the soap suds may be injected with ad-
vantage, especially if the larvae have not been reached.
Birds should be encouraged, particularly the Picse tribe,
which destroy many grubs of the wood-boring insects.

€hrysobothris femorata^ or the Thick-legged Bupres-
tris, is another kind of apple-tree borer, very common in
some parts of the West. The perfect insect may be seen
running up and down the stems of our trees, in June and
July. It is a blackish beetle, about half an inch long.
The hole, bored by the grub, is flat, and not cylindrical
like that of the Saperda. This beetle attacks the stem
higher up than the Saperda^ but burrows under the bark,
and then sinks into the wood much in the same way.

Remedies and Preventives are similar to those above
mentioned. Seek for the young worms in their shallow
burrows in August, before they have gone deeply into the
tree.

Dicerca diTaricata, {Say)^ or the Cherry-tree Borer, is
similar in its habit of boring in the sap wood under the
bark, and may be combated in the same way. The per-
fect insect appears in June and July.

Prenocerus Slipernotatus^ or the American Currant
Borer, feeds upon the pith of the stalk. The larva is a
small, white grub, which changes into a slender, long-
horned beetle ; black, edged with chestnut-brown. The
wing covers are marked with two small grey dots, anteri-
orly, and a crescent-shaped one behind the middle.

It is very injurious to the currant bushes in many parts
of the country, and constitutes a serious obstacle to grow-

300 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

ing the plants to a single stem, tree fashion. In the bush
form of this plant, the constant reproduction of new
shoots compensates for the destruction caused by the
borer.

There is another currant borer, an European, which is
confined to young shoots ; as it is not the larva of a bee-
tle, but of a butterfly, it will be treated in its proper
])lace.

Bostriehus bicaudatus, or the Apple-twig Borer, affects
the small twigs, and when numerous, will produce an ef-
fect like that called twig-blight, by causing the death of
the part and the withering of the leaves, at mid-summer.
A small hole will be found near the axil of a leaf; this
turns with the twig, and often extends several inches
along the pith. The insect is a small, chestnut-brown bee-
tle, 0.25 to 0.35 of an inch long, and is characterized by
two projections or horns at the hinder end. Has been
found rather common from Michigan to Kansas.

Remedy. — Kill, when found.

Scolytus pyri, or the Pear-blight Beetle, affects twigs
of pear, apple, and other fruits, which wither and die at
mid-summer. Small perforations, like pin holes, will be
found, and issuing from them small cylindrical beetles of
a deep brown or black color.

Remedy — not known.

Lucanns dama^ or Hom-beetle, is a large insect, the
larvae of which are said to feed upon the trunk and roots
of old apple and other trees. The perfect insects are
of a dark -mahogany color, smooth, and polished. Like
other Stag-beetles, they fly at night, are not very harmful,

INSECTS. 301

and are believed to be several years in reaching the per-
fect state.

LeptOStyluS aeuliferus, bores under the bark of apple
trees. It is a short, thick, brownish-gray beetle, with
thorns upon its wing-covers ; hence, the scientific name
of needle-bearer. Length, 0.35 inch; season, August.
The larvae are small worms, occurring in multitudes under
the bark, and making long-winding burrows.

Tomlcus mali) or the Apple-bark Beetle, is described
by Dr. Fitch as new. He says, it is a small, smooth,
black or chestnut-red, cylindrical beetle ; the larvae feed
under the bark, and then enter the wood, killing the
young tree.

Conotrachelus Nenuphar, (Jlerbst), is the noted and
notorious and yet little known Plum Weevil, that is such
an abomination to plum planters, and which has proved
very injurious to our peaches and is even accused of pro-
ducing deformities in our pears and apples.

The egg is deposited in the fruit, where it soon hatches
and feeds, approaching the stone. This causes the fruit to
fall, and when the grub has attained its full size it de-
scends into the ground to perform its transformation. The
perfect insect, a small, dark-gray beetle, either crawls up
the stem, or flies to the trees. Mr. Walsh reminds us that
Dr. Trimble has found these insects hybernating in shel-
tered places.

Remedies. — ^It is lamentable that we have been able to
do so little to prevent the ravages of this insect. The
plan of shaking oif, and destroying the affected fruits,
promises the best results-, by diminishing the next crop.
It was suggested by David Thomas, of New York, but is

302 AMERICA:?^ POMOLOGY.

most successfully piactised by Dr. E. S. Hull, of Illinois,
who lias invented an inyertecl umbrella on wheels, which re-
ceives the insects, as well as the defective fruits, when it
is bumped agaii^st the trees. By the use of this, he is en-
abled to harvest splendid crpps of stone-fruits.

Pomphopoea Sayi, (or Cantharis pyrivora^ of Fitch) ^
is called by him the Pear BUster-fly. He describes it as
a long blistering beetle, of a green-blue color ; found on a
pear tree about the first of June, eating the young fruit
voraciously.

Euryomia Inda^ or the Indian Cetonia, is a beetle about
six-tenths of an inch long. The head and thorax dark,
copper-brown, thickly covered with short, greenish-yellow
hairs ; wing-cases light yellowish-brown, changeable, with
metallic tints. These are called flower-beetles, because
they consume the pollen, and bury themselves in our flow-
ers ; but in the autumn, they consume our choicest fruits,
especially peaches.

Lachnosterna fusca, [FrcdicK)^ is the White Grub, or
May Beetle. A heavy brown insect, an inch or more in
length, which makes its appearance with the first warm
evenings, when the Black Locust begins to open its fra-
grant blossoms, to which these beetles are attracted.
They also attack the foliage of other trees, particularly
the cherry, which they entirely strip of leaves and fruit.
Though very destructive in the perfect form, these insects
are most to be dreaded while in the larval condition,
which is supposed to continue for some years. They then
work under cover, and can only be traced by the ravages
they commit. Every strawberry grower is familiar with
the large White Grub that so often destroys his hopes of

INSECTS. 303

a crop, by killing the plants when in full growth and fruit-
age, by cutting off all the fibres.

Remedy. — The full-grown insects are very busy in the
evening, but become stupid and lethargic before morning,
clinging to the leaves and twigs, when they may be shaken
down, caught on sheets, gathered, and destroyed. If let
alone, they will fall to the ground toward day bieak, and
secrete themselves in the grass and soil until night. All
that can be killed in this stage of their existence, the bet-
ter, as this will prevent the deposition of innumerable eggs.
The White Grubs must be destroyed one at a time in cul-
tivated grounds ; kill them whenever found. Encourage
chickens and birds to follow the plow and spade, as they
will consume great numbers. Hogs will find and eat them
greedily, and may be allowed to root them out even from
a meadow, if badly affected ; for, though a harsh remedy,
it is not so bad as the disease.

Pelidnota punctata, or the Spotted Pelidnota, is a large
yellowish insect, with a black dot on each side of the thorax,
and three others on the outer side of each wing-cover.
It is found in the day time, upon the leaves of the grape
vine. Like the rest of the tribe, these insects are vora-
cious, and the grubs may also feed upon the roots of the
grape ; therefore they had better be destroyed, though as
their numbers are seldom large they are not found to be
very injurious.

Haltica chalybea, or the Grape Yine Flea-beetle, appears
early in the season, and eats holes in the buds and leaves.
It is small, 0.16 inch long, oval; shining, deep greenish-blue,
or deep green, or purple. This insect spends the winter in
the earth about the roots of the vine, and feeds upon them.

304 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

Anomala lucicola) or the light-loving Anomala, is foun J
on the grape vine in July. It resembles the May Beetle,
but is smaller, being 0.35 inch long.

These are not all the beetles that feed upon the grape
vine.

Macrodaetylns Snbspinosa, or the Rose-chafer, is an-
other melolonthian beetle, which is exceedingly destruc^
tive to grapes and various other plants in many parts of
the country, in May and June. This insect is smaller than
the others of its group, but is equally destructive as a leaf-
eater, on account of its numbers. On the grape, it cuts
off the young bunch of buds and blossoms, and thus seri-
ously diminishes the crop, as well as by destroying the
foliage. It is of a buff-yellow, with black feet, about
0.33 inch long. They continue to ravage vegetation
about a month, and then retire into the ground, an inch
deep, and deposit their eggs, which hatch in about twenty
days, and the young grubs feed upon tender roots, attain-
ing their full size, three-quarters of an inch, before winter,
when they descend deeper to hybernate.

The Rose-beetle has many natural enemies, among which
are the Dragon-flies; but we must depend upon hunaan
efforts for their destruction, an almost hopeless task, for
their name is legion, but so much the greater necessity for
the effort, and as they are sluggish, they may easily be
caught and thrown into hot water, or otherwise destroyed.

Tree Pruners are the larvae of beetles that excavate a
burrow in small limbs of trees, so as to make a section al-
most across their substance; most of them then bore up-
ward into the limb, and await the action of the winds to
break off the part and waft them to the ground, where

INSECTS. 305

they pass through their change to the perfect insect.
They exercise a wonderful instinct in leaving just fibres
enough to support the branch until they are ready for
their descent, but it often happens that the twig breaks
off partially and hangs by a thread, dying, of course ; we
see the brown leaves on the trees, and this is the first indi-
cation of the presence of the insects. If we examine the
fallen spray, we shall be surprised to observe the cause of
its falling. In the case of the oak tree, the damage is done
by the JElaphidion villosum.^ (Fabricius), a long-horned
beetle. The larva remains in these twigs until the next
season, hence tlie importance of gathering and burning
all that fall to the ground.

An insect of somewhat similar habits often cuts off
stout shoots of the Hickory, making a very neat section
of a small limb, leaving only the baik, so that it readily
breaks off with the wind ; and a similar effect has been
observed in strong annual shoots of the pear, toward the
end of summer. The fallen piece and the stump are cut
as neatly as by the shears, but no perforation is discovered
along the axis, in which the larva could be concealed ;
hence we have but to suffer the trimming thus performed
without our will, and look upon it as a soil; of natural
shortening-in of our trees.

Blister-flies, or Beetles. — There are several species of
these insects, each of which appears to have its favorite
pasturage. They are exceedingly voracious, but confine
themselves chiefly to the destruction of herbaceous vege-
tation, and are therefore obnoxious to the farmer and gar-
dener, who know them as the potato insects, than to the
fruit-grower. Their appetites are not very discriminating,

306 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

however, and when they are abundant they may consume
the foliage of our trees. These Blister-flies belong to the
genus Lytta^ and are used as a substitute for the Spanish-
fly of Europe, as they are possessed of blistering qualities
in no mean degree. They aie wholly diflerent fiom the
new potato destroyer of the West, the Doryphora lO-Z*-
neata^ which is hemispherical, and is a leaf-eater, in the
larval as well as in the perfect state.

Remedy. — Catch and kill all that can be found in the
garden, or potato field ; scald, dry, and sell to the apoth-
ecary.

Before closing this section, it is but due to our many
insect friends in this order, to introduce a few of them to
the reader. There are several large families that are really
serviceable to man ; some of these are called Scavengers,
because they consume large quantities of decaying mat-
ter that might prove noxious to us, were it allowed to de-
cay upon the surface of the ground. Among these are
the Dung-beetles, and the Carrion-beetles : others are carni-
vorous, and some of these are called Gicindelidce^ or Tiger-
beetles, from their voracious consumption of other in-
sects, which they devour in great numbers, both in their
larval and in their perfect form. These day beetles are
large, brightly colored, and very active in their move-
ments, as they run about in the sunny paths and roads,
and cannot fldl to attract attention. Few persons are
aware, however, of the valuable aid they are rendering
to man, nor of the credit that is due to them for the pre-
servation of our crops from the invasion of other insect
foes. Too often they are either unobserved and overlook-
ed, or even treated with the aversion and cruelty of men

i:n^sects. 307

who ignorantly attempt to stamp out all insect life, as
though these creatures were intruders upon their pre-
emption. The intelligent observer of nature will soon
learn to respect each aid, which has been so wisely fur-
nished to assist him in his labors as a cultivator of the soil,
and all may admire the Wisdom that has provided at the
same time such beautiful and such useful creatures for the
work.

CalOSOma scrutator, is well named the handsome, for
it is one of our most beautiful insects of this class. This,
and the red-spotted G. calidum^ may be seen upon trees,
seeking caterpillars, upon which they feed. One of our
most intelligent horticulturists has so high an appreciation
of these insects, that he will not allow them to be dis-
turbed, and whenever he sees any caterpillars in his orch-
ard, he takes these beetles to the tree, and gives himself
no further concern, knowing that the Calosoma will soon
destroy every worm.

Cocciuelidee, or Lady-birds, are most valuable aids to
the cultivator, who is constantly liable to have his crops
destroyed by the various species of Aphides. These little
hemispherical beetles are familiar to every one, and known
to the children as Lady-birds ; but all may not know their
value, nor be so well acquainted with the larvae of these
insects, which are the chief agents in the destruction of
our troublesome plant-lice. Most persons would be very
apt to crush these curious, diminutive, lizard-looking crea-
tures, even at the time they were attacking the Aphides,
instead of leaving them to carry on the warfare more ef-
fectually without our aid.

These little friends have had a superstitious regard shown

808 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

to them in many countries, which indicates that a glimmer-
ing idea prevailed respecting their usefulness. The Ger-
mans call them the MarienJcaefer^ or Lady-beetles, of the
Virgin Mary. The French call them Vaches de Dieu^
the Lord's cows, and our own children are all familiar
with the nursery rhyme about the Lady-birds. These in-
sects find their way to trees or plants that are infested
with their proper food, the Aphides.

These beetles hide under the leaves that cluster in shel-
tered nooks about or between the large roots of forest
trees, where they can be found on any mild winter day,
and may be carried to the green-house or to the window
plants that are infested with plant-lice. They will not
only devour these pests, but will soon lay eggs that hatch
and produce the larvae which are so voracious as to clear
the plants in a short time. A little attention to the habits
of these insects may spare us great losses from the plant-
lice.

ORTHOPTERA.—Grasshoppeks.

The insects of this order have an imperfect transforma-
tion. The eggs hatch at once into young insects, that re-
semble their parents in form and habits, excepting that
they do not get their wings till they approach the adult
state. The young consume food voraciously, and the per-
fect insects are not only still more hungry, but, having in-
creased powers of locomotion, they are more widely de-
structive. These are the true Locusts^ and though chiefly
injurious to the farm and garden, infesting the meadows

INSECTS. 309

and corn-fields, the grasshoppers, when winged, often at-
tack the foliage of our young orchard trees toward the
end of summer. But when we contemplate the invasion
of the great western plague, belonging to this order,
which rivals that terrible scourge, the Locust of the east-
ern continent, in numbers and voracity, we may well
dread their increase and appearance in other parts of the
country. The grasshoppers that have invaded Kansas
and. other Western States are, like all the rest of this
group of Orthoptera^ true Locusts.

This order is called Orthoptera^ from their straight
wings; it embraces several groups, cockroaches, crickets,
grasshoppers, or locusts, etc., which are all injurious, ex-
cept the Mantis^ which is predacious, and therefore useful.

HEMIPTERA.— Bugs aisd Harvest-flies.

This order contains many insects that are injurious to
the nurseryman, to the orchardist, and to the gardener.
They are characterized by having a proboscis instead of
a mouth with jaws; they can suck, but they cannot bite.
The proboscis is often horny, and armed with two pair of
bristles, when it becomes a more forriiidable weapon fqr
attack. Bugs have four wings ; they do not pass through
the usual metamorphoses of insect life ; but are born with
legs and feeding apparatus like the perfect insects, except
that some have no wings. Bugs are all injurious to man,
excepting such as are predacious, which are serviceable.by
destroying other insects. Many are very small ; and yet
iheir countless numbers and wonderful fecundity enable

310 AMEllICAN POMOLOGY,

them to do immense damage, as is true of the Aphides
and Goccidce^ the Tingis, the Tettigonia vUis, called
the Thrips by our vine-dressers; and still more so of the
Chinch -bug of the Western prairies, which destroys whole
crops of our most important cereals.

The colored juice of some bugs is used in the arts.
The coccus of the prickly pear, in Central America, is
gathered and dried to form the cochineal of the shops.

Hemipterous insects are divided into two groups. True
bugs, called Hemiptera heteroptera^ having the wing-cov-
ers opaque at the base, and laid horizontally, and crossing
each other obliquely at the end, overlapping; and the
Harvest-flies, such as Plant-lice and Bark-lice. These, the
Hemiptera homoptera^ have tlie wing-covers of one tex-
ture throughout, not horizontal, but more or less sloping,
and not crossing one another behind. Among these,
which all feed upon plants, some very troublesome pests
will here be noticed.

COCCIDANS.— Bark-lice.

Aspidiotus COnchiformis, or the Apple Bark-louse, is
very numerous in many parts of our country, particularly
north of latitude 40 degrees. It commits sad devasta-
tions in sonde sections. Individually, it is but a little
scale ; but these animals are wonderfully prolific and soon
cover every twig of the tree, obstructing its transpirations,
and abstracting its vital juices; the leaves, and even the
fruit are overrun with these miserable scales, but the twigs
are their favorite resort. These scales are oblong, shaped"

msECTs. 31]

like an oyster shell ; flat and brown, often crowding upou
one another. In the winter and spring, the}'- contain or
cover a number of small, round, white eggs, which hatch
out in the spring, in May, attach themselves to the bark,
and absorb tlie juices: various remedies have been sug-
gested, and more or less thoroughly tested. The restora-
tion of the thrifty growth of the tree is considered essen-
tial to success ; and without this, all remedies are looked
upon as unavailing. Some orchai-dists think that thor-
ough drainage and cultivation of the land would alone
banish the lice, but this can hardly be hoped. "Sti'ong lye,
or solutions of potash, or soda, white-wash, and sulphur,
have been used, and tobacco boiled in lye, soft-soap and
tar mixed with linseed oil, which makes a kind of varnish.
Mr. Walsh tells us that applications, to destroy this insect,
are better made in May or June, as the eggs are protected
by the scale in winter, and it is impermeable to watery
solutions. This pest has been imported from Europe.
Walsh recommends the use of Lady-birds to check the
Bark-lice.*

Lecanium pyri, {Fitch) ^ or the Pear Bark-louse, is a
hemispherical brown scale, as large as a split pea. They
may be found in summer on the under side of the limbs,
and are the remains of dead females, which cover the eggs
and young brood. This insect would be very injurious,
were it to increase in numbers considerably. Let young
trees be examined in June, when the scales may easily be
found, removed, and destroyed.

Lecanium persici, or the Pt^ach Bark-louse, is de-
scribed, by Fitch, as similar in size to the above, found on

. * See Practical Entomologist, Vol. II, p. 32.

312 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

smootli bark near a bud ; it is blackish, uneven, shining,
with a pale margin.

Another pear tree bark-louse was described by the
lamented A. O. Moore, of 'New York, as a white, papery-
scale, giving a claret-colored juice when scraped. This,
in the winter, consists of a defunct mother and her brood
of eggs, the breaking of which gives the color. Alkaline
washes are recommended to be applied in the spring.
Mr. Walsh thinks this insect cannot be the same as that
mentioned by Dr. Harris, on p. 222 of his report, under
the name of ^Coccus cryptogamus^ (Z>a^^ian), who found
it upon the Aspen, and therefore he has named it Gogcus?
Harrisii.^

Lecanium vitis, (Linn,\ or the Yine Bark- louse, is
mentioned by Fitch as having been found on grape vines
in June. It is hemispherical and brown. A cottony sub-
stance was extruded from one end of the scale, and this
increased until July, when minute insects crept out and
scattered over the bark, upon which they fixed themselves.
This insect is not very common, but its first appearance
should be closely watched, and its destruction promptly
effected.

APHIDES.— Plant-lice.

These are the most extraordinary insects, being found
upon almost all parts of plants, and there is scarcely a
species which does not support one or more kinds peculiar
to itself. Then they are so exceedingly prolific ! Reau-

* See Practical Entomologist, Vol. n, p. 31.

INSECTsS, 313

mur proved that one individual, in five generations, may
become the progenitor of nearly six thousand millions of
descendants. Most of these insects, which we find so
abundant upon our trees, are wingless females. Winged
insects, both male and female, appear later in the season,
and after laying their eggs, they soon perish. Some lay in
the fall, others wait till spring. When these eggs hatch,
the brood consists wholly of females, which are wingless,
and do not lay eggs, but are viviparous and produce from
fifteen to twenty young lice in the course of a day. This
second generation are also wingless, and at maturity pro-
duce their young, and so on to the seventh generation,
without the approach of a single male, until the autumn,
when a brood of males and females appears, which are
both winged at maturity, and then the eggs are laid for
the next year's brood, and the parents die.*

The injuries occasioned by plant-lice, are much greater
than would at first be expected, from an observation of
the small size and extreme weakness of the insects ; but
these make up by their numbers what they lack in strength
individually, and thus become formidable enemies to veg-
etation. By their punctures and the quantity of sap they
draw from the leaves, the functions of these important
organs are deranged, or interrupted, the sap is withdrawn
or contaminated, and unfitted to supply the wants of veg-
etation. Plants are difi*erently afiected ;' some wither and
cease to grow, their leaves and stems become sickly, and
die from exhaustion. Others, not killed, are greatly im-
peded in their growth ; the tender parts, w^hich are attack-
ed, become stunted and curled. The punctures of the

* Harris, p. 205.
14

314 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

lice appear to poison some plants, producing warts or
swellings, which are sometimes solid, sometimes hollow,
containing within them a swarm of lice, descendants of a
single individual.* These last are often seen upon the
leaves of the Elm, and upon some Poplars, and other
1 rees ; but I have not found any upon the foliage of our
cultivated fruits, unless it be those on the grape.

Aphis mali, or the Apple Leaf-louse, is a small, green
insect without wings, accompanied by a few black and
green ones having wings. These are all crowded together
upon the green tips of twigs, and under the leaves, suck-
ing the sap. The eggs remain in deep cracks of the bark
during the winter, and hatch as soon as the buds expand
in the spring. The most successful treatment is to scrape
off the loose bark, and to apply to the stems of the trees
alkaline or lime washes. Many of our familiar little win-
ter birds consume these eggs. In the spring and summei*,
alkaline solutions may be used with advantage, syringed
or sprinkled upon the affected shoots and foliage.

The smell of these insects is peculiar, which, indeed, is
generally characteristic with bugs. Each sort seems to
derive a special flavor from the tree or plant upon which
it feeds. Most insects of this family secrete copiously a
sweetish fluid, called the honey dew, which is ejected from
two little horns or nectaries, that project, one on each side
of their bodies. This sweet material attracts a great
many flies, and other insects, particularly ants, which are
the constant attendants of these creatures, and are said to
protect them from their enemies in order to obtain their

* Harris' Report, p. 310.

INSECTS. Sl^

sweet secretion. Some entomologists have called Aphides
the Ants' cows.

No one, who is acquainted with the Aphides^ and the
various insects which prey upon them, will ever permit a
valuable plant to suffer injury from these pests. He will
collect some of the Aphis* enemies alive, carry them to
the affected plant, and set them free to do their work;
there tliey will remain while the food lasts. The Aphides
have more numerous, more active, and more inveterate
enemies than insects of any other group — these are the
means by which their wonderful fecundity is ke]5t in check.
Among them are the Aphis-lions, which are the larvaB of
the Golden-eyed and Lace-wing flies, belonging to the or-
der NeuToptefa, They are reddish-brown, with a dark
stripe down the middle, and a cream-colored one on each
side; bodies long, narrow, and wrinkled transversely.
Their jaws are long, curved like sickles, projecting forward
from their heads horizontally.*

The CocGinellidce^ mentioned as useful members of the
order Coleoptera^ on a previous page, are among the most
active enemies of the Aphides, The eggs are laid in clus-
ters of twenty to forty on the under side of a leaf, to
which they are closely glued ; they are oval, and light yel-
low^ They hatch into small blackish larvae, which are ac-
tive, and which boldly attack an Aphis much larger than
themselves, leaving only the empty skin. They consume
hundreds while in the larval state, about two weeks, when
they attach themselves by the tail, and go into the pupa
state. One of the largest of these Lady-birds is the

* For further details of these insects, the reader is referred to Fitch's Report,
CP. 82 to 98.

316 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

Mysia 15-punctata/ the larva is a clear white, the mid*
die of the back tinged with red, and two or three black
spots on each segment — nearly a hundred species of Lady-
birds are found in this country. The perfect insect, as
well as the larvae, feed upon Aphides, and instead of being
destroyed, they should be cherished and encouraged.

Besides these*, there are other inveterate enemies of the
pi ant-lice in the Syrphidce, which are two- winged flies,
resembling the common house-fly, but handsomer. They
deposit their eggs where Aphides exist ; the maggot,
which hatches from these, seizes upon the first Aphis that
comes within his reach, and sucks its fluids. A medium-
sized worm will consume a hundred lice in an hour. They
are always found in a colony of Aphides.'^

Aphis prunifolise^ or the Plum Leaf-louse, is black, with
pale green abdomen. It is found on the under side of the
leaves, which become wrinkled and distorted. It is not
so abundant as some other species, but its habits are
similar. ^'^

Aphis cerasij {Fabric.), or the Cherry Plant-louse, is
very common, very numerous, and very black. They ap-
pear with the first expansion of the leaves, and continue
or are renewed when destroyed, and remain until mid-sum-
mer, when they generally disappear. Their numbers are
almost incredible, and they give a young cherry tree a
wretched appearance. On the under surface of a small
leaf, three-fourths of an inch long, Mr. Fitch counted one
hundred and ninety lice, on one side only of the mid-
rib. Their natural enemies come to the rescue to check

* Kept, cit., p. 100.

* * Kept. cit. p. 122.

INSECTS. 317

their wonderful increase, and sometimes will utterly rout
the Aphides in a single week.*

The remedies advised for the apple tree Aphides^ are
equally applicable to those of the cherry, and their natural
enemies are the same and equally efficacious ; but Aphides
have internal foes likewise, that may be named here. The
Ichneumon-flies are parasitic, their larvae feed upon the
substance of the Aphides, The genus Aphidius is parti-
cularly provided to furnish parasites to these insects, in
which they deposit a single egg^ selecting a louse of the
proper size to sustain their progeny : the e^g hatches to
a larva, which exhausts the Aphis by the time it has at-
tained its growth, when the poor creature fastens itself
securely to the leaf, and dies, leaving its carcase a secure
resting place for the pupa of the Ichneumon. These para-
sitic insects, which feed internally upon the Aphides^ are
as effective in their destruction as the Aphis-lions, or any
other class of their enemies.* *

Aphis persicaej or the Peach Tree-louse, punctures the
leaves of this plant, and Dr. Fitch f thinks, is the common
though not the only cause of the curl in the peach tree
leaves. Our intelligent orchardists have found these in-
sects occasionally in the curled leaves of the peach, but do
not agree with this distinguished entomologist, in consid-
ering them a cause of that malady.

Aphis vitis I, or the Yine Aphis^ is often quite trouble-
some on vigorous young shoots of the grape vine, both
wild and cultivated, particularly the former. These in-

* Kept. cit. p. 125.

* * Kept. cit. p. 134.

•r Trans. K Y. Ag'l Soc, 1856, p. c

318 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

sects soon cripple the growth of the shoot. The species
is not known to be different from that of Europe. This
insect is briefly mentioned by T. Glover, in Patent Office
Rept. for 1854, p. 79. Dr. Fitch describes as a grape leaf-
louse, the Pemphigus vitifolia^ which inhabits the gall-
like excrescences upon the foliage of some varieties, par-
ticularly those with thin leaves.

Apbis ribis, (Linn.), is the Aphis of the currant. It
causes the leaves to present a blistered appearance above ;
the lice are found on the under side ; the wingless are pale
yellow, the others have glossy wings, mostly black, with
abdomen light green.*

Aphis lanig^era, now called JEJriosoma, or the Woolly
Aphis^ was first described in 1801 as infesting the apple
trees in Germany. It has been noticed in England in
1787, and has since acquired the name of American Blight,
from the erroneous supposition that it had been imported
from this country ; but it was known to French gardeners
for a long time previous.

The eggs of this insect are microscopic, and are envel-
oped in a cottony substance. They are deposited in
chinks of bark, and crotches of limbs, at or near the sur-
face of the ground. When first hatched, the insects are
covered with short down ; as they grow, the down in-
creases in length. When fully grown, they are one-tenth
of an inch long; the head, antennae, sucker, and skins,
are blackish, the abdomen of a honey-yellow color. Their
punctures produce warty excrescences, the limbs become
sickly, the leaves turn yellow and drop off, and the whole
tree perishes as the insects spread over it. The remedies

* Lib. clt. p. 435.

INSECTS. 319

appear futile on badly affected trees. Young trees were
treated by painting over the affected parts with a mixture
of melted resin and fish oil, in equal parts, applied warm.
Sir Josepli Banks removed them with a stiff brush. Spir-
its of tar, turpentine, oil, and soft soap, have been recom-
mended. After scraping off the rough bark, wash the
tree with alkaline solution, apply the same to the main
roots after laying them bare of earth.*

PhemphigttS pyri, Eriosoma pyH, {Fitch), or Pem-
phigus Americanusf, ( Walker), is the Apple-root Blight.
It produces a similar condition in the roots, and was also
called the American Blight in England. It is composed
of warty excrescences upon the roots, containing in their
crevices minute lice, having their bodies covered with a
white cottony subtance. Removal of the earth, and the
application of soapsuds, has been recommended as a prob-
able remedy for the injuries done by this insect.**

Psylla Pyri. — Some Aphides have the power of leap-
ing, like the leaf-hoppers, but they differ from those in-
sects in having very large transparent upper wings, which
cover the sides of the body like a steep roof. The genus
embracing these insects, is called Psylla, One of the
species was observed by Dr. Harris, upon a pear tree.
They live by suction, and having gorged themselves, the
juice runs down on the baik, producing a blackish color;
young trees suffered excessively. As Dr. Phumb, of
Salisbury, Conn., had observed them in 1833 on some im-
ported pear trees, of which he lost several hundred in a

* Harris' Kept. p. 211.

* * For further particulars respecting these insects, consult Dr. Fitch's Rept.,
p. 5, and Harris' Kept., p. 241.

320 AMEIlICAl!^ POMOLOGY.

few years, Dr. Harris suspected the insect to be the Psyl-
la pyri^ of Europe. Kollar recommends brushing off the
insects, and crushing them under foot ; and also advises to
destroy the winged females in the spring. This being
tedious and uncertain, it is recommended to wash the
twigs with a brush, dipped in a mixture of strong soap-
suds and flowers of sulphur, before the buds expand, to de-
ter the insects from laying their eggs. A weaker solution,
or the whale oil soap, might kill the young insects after
they have fastened upon the bark, if applied with a
syringe.*

Cicada septcndecim, or the Seventeen-year Locust, as
it is erroneously called, is no Locust at all, but should be
called Cicada^ because, as already stated, when consider-
ing the order Orthoptera^ the true Locusts, are, what we
call Grasshoppers.

This insect is remarkable for the long period of its pupal
existence, which is subterranean, and during which it feeds
upon the juices of roots. In its perfect state, it does not
eat, and is neither able to bite nor to sting. The injury
it does to our orchards is effected by its piercer in deposit-
ing its eggs, causing twigs to break and fall off. There
are several Harvest-flies that belong to this order.

Tree Hoppers^ being members of the same order, feed
upon the juices of plants, through their suckers, and are
thus injurious; but their numbers are not sufficient to
render them of much consequence.

Palseothrips malij {Fitch) ^ is the name of an insect
described by Dr. Fitch * * as infesting apple trees in the

* Vide Harris' Kept., p. 232.
♦* Kept., p. 403,

IN'SECTS. 331

month of August, where they were attacking the fruit.
They excavated a little hollow near the blossom end of
the apple about the size of a pea, which vyas occupied by
small insects. Until the habits of the insect are more
thoroughly understood, it will be difficult to advise any
remedies.

There is quite a number of insects in this class that af-
fect the grape vine, some of which may become trouble-
some, and we should watch their habits. The following
accounts are condensed from Dr. Fitch's Report :

Raphigaster sarpinus, or the large Green Tree-bug, is
grassy-green, edged with yellow, and a black point at
every joint of the abdomen ; found in September.

Pentatoma ligata, or the Bound Tree-bug, is also
grassy-green, but more widely bordered all round, except
the head, with pale red, and has a pale red spot on the
middle of its back and on the apex of its scutel ; antennae
green.

Arma modesta, or the Modest Tree-bug, is tawny yel-
lowish-gray, thickly dotted with brown punctures ; the
wing-covers are red at the apex of their leathery portion,
and have a brown spot at the tip of the hyaline portion ;
the under side is whitish, with a row of black dots along
the middle, and another on each side.

Thelia uniyittata^ {JELarris)^ or the Single-striped Tree-
hopper, is chestnut-brown, shaped like a beech-nut, with a
perpendicular protuberance on the fore part of its back,
higher than wide. It is tawny white in front, a white
stripe along the back to the tip ; length 0.37 inch ; July
and August.

Ceresa bubalus,* or Buffalo Treehopper, is of a light
14*

322 AMERICAliir POMOLOGY.

grass-green, freckled with whitish dots ; with a sharp short
point on each side, projecting like horns.

Ceresa taurina^ is like the preceding, but the space be-
tween the horns is concave.

Acutalis dorsaliS) is a small, triangular, shining Tree-
hopper, with a smooth round back ; it is greenish-white,
with a large black spot, from the anterior corners of which
a line runs off to each eye. Plentiful about the last of
July, a few remaining until October.

Erythroneura vltis, {Harris)^ or the Yine-leaf hopper,
is pale yellow, with two broad blood-red bands, and a third
dusky one on the apex. Swarms of these small insects
occur in August, and often bleed the foliage so as to injure
it seriously.

Erythroneura tricincta, or the Three-banded Leaf-
hopper, is like the preceding species, but the bands are
narrower.

Erythroneura Titifex, or the Yine-destroying Leaf-
hopper, is yellowish- white ; the wing-covers have oblique
confluent, blood-red bands, and a short, oblique, black line
on the middle of their outer margin. The thorax com-
monly has three red stripes, the middle one forked anteri-
orly and confluent, with two red stripes on the crown of
the head. When the wing-covers are closed, they look
red, with a cream-colored spot, shaped like a heart placed
anteriorly, and on the middle, a large diamond-shaped
spotj with a small red spot in its centre.

These insects are sometimes seen in such numbers upon
the grape vines in September, that, when the leaves are
disturbed, they fly out and resemble xi shower of snow-

iNSEcrs. 323

flakes. The young resemble their parents, but are desti-
tute of wings.

A REMEDY is much needed.

Erythroneura vulnerata, {Fitch), or the Wounded Tree-
hopper, is tawny yellowish, sometimes tinged with red ;
the wing-covers have white spots and veins, and on the
middle of the outer margin an oblique black streak, be-
tween two creamy white spots ; the hind one smaller, and
an oblique blood-red line at its end; tips smoky-blackish ;
length 0.12 inch ; September.

Otiocerus Coquebertii, is a slim fly of yellowish-white
color, with a bright carmine-red stripe along each side of
the body and wings, which are widely forked behind.
Length 0 42 inch ; July uiftil autumn, on the wild grape
vine.

There are a great many insects of this order, which are
familiar to most country residents on account of their un-
pleasant smell. These are the true bugs, and belong to
the sub-division called JSeteropterous Hemiptera, The
Squash-bugis a familiar illustration of these insects ; it is
called the Goreus tristis, from its sad dull color ; they are
quite destructive to all plants of the Squash family.

Reduyius trinotatus^ is one of this order, which is a
valuable aid to the horticulturists, because its sucker is
armed with sharp instruments, that enable it to pierce and
consume other insects, many of which are destroyed by
it. This insect has been introduced into the West for the
sake of its valuable services.

824 AMEEICAN POMOLOGY

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.

The insects of tbis order are very numerous, and in their
larval or caterpillar state they are often very destructive.
In the perfect form of butterflies and moths, they commit
little or no depredations, because their jaws have been
transformed into a sucking apparatus. They consume,
in their perfect state, little else than honey.

The order has been divided into three great sections :
Butterflies, Papiliones ; Hawk-moths, Sphinges; and
Moths, or Nocturnes, Of these, the u^geridce constitute
a very distinct family, resembling bees and wasps rather
than butterflies ; their caterpillars also differ, being borers,
and nearly naked. Butterflies are produced from cater-
pillars that are not generally Very injurious to our crops.
Hawk-moths are large insects, and have great power of
flight ; their caterpillars are large and voracious. It is the
moths proper, a very numerous family, which do us the
most harm, and which will demand the largest share of
our attention. They vary much in size and appearance.
Some of the females are destitute of wings.

The Arctians, or Woolly Bears, are a very numerous
division of the tribe of Bomhyces or Spinners, so called
from the name of the Silk-worm ; some of these will be
mentioned.

Or^yia leneostigma, or. the Vaporer Moth, is a very
beautiful caterpillar, frequently seen upon our fruit trees,
though not confined to them. They feed separately, and
therefore we can best destroy them in the Qgg. Fortu-
nately^ these may easily be found during the winter, for
the female, being wingless, never quits her cocoon, but
deposits the eggs in a mass upon the outside of it. The

INSECTS. 325

whole contrivance is one of the many illustrations of the
wonderful instinct of insects. When about to spin, the
worm secures two or more leaves, by entwining her silk
about their stems, and also around the woody twig upon
which they grow ; she then attaches them together by
bands of silk, and spins her cocoon between them. She
thus secures a winter resting place for her eggs, and her
progeny, when they hatch the next summer, are upon the
tree that furnishes them their appropriate food. These
dead leaves will attract our attention during the winter,
and should be gathered and burned. Many of the cater-
pillara are destroyed by a little Tchneumon-fiy.

Orgyia antiqua^ or the Rusty Yaporer Moth, of Europe,
has been introduced into this country, and has been quite
destructive to thorn-hedges in Rhode Island. They may
become troublesome to our orchards.

Several of these Arctians^ or Tiger-moths, may be seen
about our houses on a summer evening, as they are
chiefly nocturnal. One of the most common is

Aretia phalerata^ or the Harnessed Moth, so called
from the markings on its wings. Another distinctly
marked one is Gallimorpha militaris^ now called (7. Le-
contei. Beautiful illustrations of these are given in Dr.
Harris' Report.

Spllosoma Virginicaj is the beautiful White Moth, or
" Miller," that we see in May ; it is the imago or perfect in-
sect of a large hairy caterpillar, of a yellowish color, fre-
quently seen in. our gardens, and quite destructive to
vegetation.

Hyphantria textor, or the Fall Web-worm, is very
troublesome upon shrubs and trees during the summer and

326 AMEEICAJif POMOLOGY.

fall. They are called the Web-worms from their habit of
feeding gregariously in large numbers, and spinning a
web that envelopes the leaves and the whole branch, as
they devour the foliage.

This insect commits sad ravages upon our cultivated
trees of various kinds, for it is not a choice feeder, con-
suming but one species, like many other insects. Their
most common pasture is the mulberry, and the related
Osage Orange is frequently attacked. The Elder bushes
appear very attractive to them, and are often covered
with their unsightly webs. Elms suffer very much ; our
favorite fruit trees are attacked ; apples, pears, cherries,
quinces, and, occasionally, even the peach trees are eaten
by them. Even the repulsive Ailantus, which has often
been recommended as a wormless tree, is greedily de-
voured by these caterpillars, notwithstanding its disagree-
able odor.

The eggs, from two to three hundred in number, are
deposited on the under side of a leaf, near the end of a
twig. These soon hatch, and the larvae commence feeding
on the upper surface, spinning their threads from side to
side, and then, attaching two or three leaves together, they
soon make a web. They continue feeding and spinning
along the twig, as they consume the tender portion of the
leaf, leaving the mere skeleton.

The caterpillars are small, of a pale yellow color, with
a broad blackish stripe on the back, and another beneath.
They are thickly clothed with whitish hair ; the head and
feet are black. Worms of the same nest vary in size and
colors. When about an inch long, they disperse, and spin
their cocoons. The moth is milk white, without any

INSECTS. 327

markings on its wings, and is 1.25 to 1.35 incli in width.
(Yide Harris, p. 358).

Though called the Fall Web- worm, these caterpillar^
appear about Cincinnati in the end of May quite abun-
dantly, and from that time until October, they are more
or less frequent ; most so in August. In the North, they
may be later; I have seen large tracts of forest defoliated
on the lake shore, in August, 1865.

Remedies. — For the destruction of these pests we must
resort to hand-picking, when they are in the caterpillar
state. The twig or branch should be taken off, and the
worms crushed or burned. It is fortunate for us that they
are gregarious and that they spin a web, for we can de-
tect them while they are yet young, and when confined to
one or two leaves, so that the whole brood may be de-
stroyed with very little effort. • Birds, and some insects,
aid us in keeping them in check.

Clisiocampa decipiens, (WalJcer), or (7. Americana,
(Harris), is commonly known as the Tent-caterpillar, or
Nest-caterpillar. The larvae are not indiscriminate feed-
ers, but prefer the foliage of certain members of the JRosa-
ceous family of plants. Their natural food appears to be
the common wild cherry, but they attack the apple so vig-
ously, that they are often called the apple tree worm.
Mr. Fitch thinks they do not feed upon the peach ; but I
have frequently found them upon this tree since 1855.
The moth appears to be endowed with wonderful instinct
in depositing her eggs; selecting a terminal shoot that
has completed its growth, they are placed to the number
of 200 or 300 around it in a broad ring or sheath, and
covered with a sort of varnish that protects them.

328 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

Yery early in the spring, when the buds of the apple
have just begun to swell, the eggs hatch, and the little
«^\^orms traverse the twig, spinning a slender thread ; when
they reach another branch, they halt in the bifurcation,
and, moving about, soon create a slight web with the
silken threads, and from this they emerge in search of
food, spinning a thread along their route, and when they
return, they travel about, and thus enlarge their web.

Remedies. — These insects may be attacked in the egg
or in the larval state. The former are so arranged as to
be conspicuous on the naked spray at any time during the
winter — whenever seen, they should be broken or cut off,
and carried to the fire. In the early spring, we must
watch for the little tents in the bifurcations of the limbs,
and remove the nests with all the worms ; this may be
done when they are small, by using the thumb and finger ;
if larger, it is a disagreeable task, but no orchardist
should hesitate when he recollects that six hundred leaves
is a day's ration for one colony. They can easily be gath-
ered in their web, thrown upon the ground, and crushed
with the foot. Mr. ItTeedham, of Massachusetts, has in-
vented, what he calls, a caterpillar scourge ; it is a little
cone of wood, clothed with a piece of wool-card. This is
attached to a pole : when thrust into the web, the whole
nest is gathered by the card-teeth and brought down.
An old dry mullein stalk has often been used for the same
purpose, and some recommend burning the nest, or shoot-
ing it ; but I have more faith in thumb and finger work,
believing it to be more thorough.

Among the natural enemies of these caterpillars are the
Tiger-beetles, which a successful orchardist of Illinois

IT^SECTS. 329

uses systematically for their destruction. He catches a
beetle, and puts it upon a tree containing a nest of the
Tent-caterpillar, after which he finds the worms soon dis-
appear.

Gastrophaca Americana, (JETarris),— The Lappet-cater-
pillars are found on apple trees. The worms are flat, and
when at rest on a limb, they often escape observation
from their gray color resembling the bark. A fringe of
hairs, along their sides, gives them this flat appearance.
They feed only at night. Dr. Harris found some in Sep-
tember that measured two and one-half inches in length,
and above half an inch in breadth.

SATURNIANS, CERATOCAMPIANS, ZEUZERIANS.

Platysamia (Attacus) eecropia, {Linn.)^ the Cecropia
Emperor Moth, is found as a large cylindrical, pale green
worm, three or four inches long, and as thick as one'?
thumb, and having two rows of pale blue, projecting
points along each side, and two rows of pale yellow ones
upon the back, with four larger, bright orange, or red ones
anteriorly, all ending in little black prickles. The moth
is large ; its wings dark gray ; each has a large white,
crescent like spot in the centre, margined with red, and a
red band crossing both wings. Appears in June ; width
five to seven inches.

There are others of this family of noble moths whose
names have been indicated above, but they are not very
destructive to the orchard.

330 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

Then come, in Dr. Harris' classification, the ZeuzerianSy
a group of moths which, like ^gerians among the Sphin-
ges, pierce the roots and stems of trees. Among these is
J^yleutes {Cossus) roMnice, or the Locust-tree Boring-
moth.

The Saturnians ai'e a group of large, naked caterpillars,
which are generally short, thick, clumsy, and cylindrical ;
they are leaf-eaters, and some of them, when young, keep
together in families, but separate as they become older,
when they spin large silky cocoons sometimes among
leaves, which *they secure by silk to the twigs, sometimes
attaching them to the stems and limbs, and at others at, or
beneath, the surface of the ground. This group contains
some of the largest and mo^t beautiful moths, with large
woolly bodies, and widely extended, highly colored and
ornamented wings. They lay a great many eggs ; some
females deposit several hundreds. Still they are seldom
so numerous as to commit serious devastations.

"Among these are the Telea Polyphemus^ Tropoe aluna^
Callosamia Promethea^ Platysamia cecropia^ (formerly
known under the genus Attacus^ which is now restricted
to the immense A. Atlas, and another species of China),
and the jEJuchronia Maia, and Hyperchiria varia, (for-
merly known under the genus Saturnia^ which is now re-
tained for several European species). The latter species,
(jET. varia)^ has been generally known among us under the
name of Saturnia To, but according to Dr. Packard, (who
published ' a Synopsis of the Bombycidse of the United
States,' in the Third Volume of the Proceedings of the
Entomological Society of Philadelphia), our species has
been confounded by authors with Cramer's species 'To,*

INSECTS. 331

from South America, and which belongs to a different
genus." — [E. T. Cresson, Mss.

These moths may yet become valuable for the produc-
tion ot a kind of silk, as they are enclosed rn large co-
coons, the fibres of which surpass those of the Silk-worm
in strength, and might be employed in the formation of
fabrics, similar to those manufactured in India from the
Tusseh and Arrindy Silk-worms, the strength and dura-
bility of which are proverbial. Mr. Pullein, who experi-
mented with the cocoons of the Cecropia^ found that
twenty threads of this silk, twisted together, would sus-
tain nearly an ounce more in weight than the same num-
ber of common silk. — (Vide Harris, pp. 295-303.)

Psychidce ^re curious caterpillars, which, being naked,
cover themselves during the larva state with a case that
protects their bodies, though open at both ends, and which
thoy carry about with them ; these cases are made up of
fragments of leaves,- generally the stems and veins, which
they connect together by threads of silk. The Germans call
them Sack-bearers. Huebner called them Gan(Bphorm^ or
Basket-carriers, because the cases, often made of little
sticks, resemble a basket. One genus is called (Eceticus^
or House-insect ; and the common species, which, in some
parts of the country, commits great devastation upon the
leaves of trees, is called the Drop-worm, or the Basket-
worm, in many places.

We have several genera and species belonging to this
sub-family, the most common of which are the Thyridop-
teryx ephemeraformis^ and (Eceticus coniferarum. The
best means for the destruction of this pest consist in per-
severing efforts for their individual destruction ; each case

332 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

should be cut or torn off in the winter, when they show
very plainly upon deciduous trees ; they may be crushed,
but had better be committed to the flames.

The Kotodontians are so called from a hump or horn,
which rises from the top of the fourth ring of the cater-
pillar ; the tail is always raised when the insect is at rest.
One of these is called, from its horn, Gcelodasys {JVoto-
donta) unicornis. Some species consume the foliage of
our fruit trees, particularly the apple and quince ; one of
these, the Datana ministra^ (the JEhmetopona ministra
of Fitch, or the Pygcera ministra of Harris), will be no-
ticed below.

Eudryas grata, and E, unio, — The Beautiful Wood-
nymph, and the Pearl Wood-nymph. — ^The worms are very
much alike, and resemble the Spotted Forrester. The
moths come forth in July ; the fore- wings are milk white,
bordered behind and on the outer side, from the base to
the middle, with rusty brown, edged on the inner side with
greenish olive ; hind-wings nankeen yellow, with a black-
ish-brown border. These woitqs are best removed by
hand-picking.

Datana ministra, or the Hand-maid Moth. — The moths
are troublesome visitors to the evening student in June ;
they are brown, hairy, thick-bodied, and measure rather
more than an inch across the wings. This creature is
destined to give us a great deal of trouble by her progeny,
for she deposits her numerous eggs on the under side of
the leaf on a twig of quince, apple, and cherry trees,
where they hatch into worms, that, during their existence
of about four weeks, consume immense quantities of foli-
age, often stripping the trees bare.

INSECTS. 333

The worms feed gregariously, lying side by side in solid
phalanx. They are of a dark brown in their younger
state, but become lighter and more clearly marked at
each successive moulting, so that they are distinctly
striped with black and yellow. The peculiar character
of this worm is, that when at rest, the head and tail are
carried up in the air, or recurved over the body, which is
supported by the six prop legs placed near the middle.
When disturbed, these caterpillars often throw their heads
from side to side, as though in anger. They are sparingly
furnished with hah*s, and they spin but little; though
when young, the worms will sometimes drop from the
leaves when disturbed, and hang suspended by a fine
strand of silk. At full size, these creatures are an inch and
three-quarters to two inches long, and as thick as a goose
quill, so that we can readily imagine the amount of de-
struction which may be committed by one of these armies
or family groups of one to two hundred worms.

Teeatmeist.— Constant vigilance is required on the part
of the orchardist, and unremitting efforts while the insect
is in the larval condition. Fortunately for us, their habits
are such as to aid us in a remarkable way. They may be
looked for in July, but they become numerous only about
the end of August, and in September. Some late broods
may be seen on the access of early frosts, but by the end
of September, the worms generally perfect their growth,
and descend into the earth to undergo their changes for
the next season, when the moths will again appear.

When we may be inspecting our orchards, in the sum-
mer and autumn, we should observe any defective foliage,
as this is often an indication of the inroads of insects.

384 AMERICAN P0M0L0C5Y.

If our trees have been neglected, we may be alarmed by
observing some of the thriftiest shoots and branches quite
stripped of their leaves; and, lying along the stems, or
crowded together, we shall see these unpleasant worms,
unless they be foraging upon an adjoining, or sometimes
upon quite a distant branch ; for, in changing their pas-
ture, they descend one twig and pass out upon another,
which may diverge considerably from the first.

In the early stages of their existence, however, the. lit-
tle worms consume only the upper surface of the leaves,
and it is at this period that we may most advantageously
attack them. The leaves that have thus had their sub-
stance eroded become dry and whitish, and attract oar
attention. They are generally found upon a single twig
or spray, usually a lateral, and it should at once be exam-
ined, as we may now easily destroy the whole brood by
rolling a single leaf between the thumb and finger.

NOCTTJ^, OR OWLET-MOTHS, CUT-WORMS.

The perfect insects are thick-bodied, and of dull colors ;
they fly at night. The caterpillars are naked, live in the
soil, and feed above ground at night, when they do con-
siderable damage. The common Cut-w^orm, Agrotis^ is
an illustration. There are several sorts, which have re-
ceived different names, but the worms all have very simi-
lar habits.

The moths are supposed to lay their eggs in July, when
they soon hatch and feed during the season ; they attain
eiderable size and hybernate in the soil.

Remedies. — Fall and winter plowing has been recom-

INSECTS. 335

mended, as it exposes the worms to the birds, and to the
weather, but especially because it destroys the vegetation
upon which they might subsist in the early spring. The
only safe way, is to watch their traces among our plants,
and dig down beside them, find the worm, and destroy it.
Though this does not restore the plant ah'eady killed, we
prevent further damage, and may hope to thus climinisli
the pest in future years, which is no small matter. A
knowledge of their nocturnal habits has induced some
gardeners to go among their young plants with a lamp or
candle at night, when they may find the caterpillars feed-
ing. A few choice plants may be protected by wrapping
their stems with a strip of paper, or a stout leaf, (hickory),
at the time of transplanting into infested groui^s; this
will save them. Tobacco water has been found very ef-
fective, applied to the plants, which it does not injure.

Mamestra arctica^ {Hadena arnica^ of Harris, and H.
amputatrix^ of Fitch), is a Cut- worm of a brownish color,
about one and a half inch long. It is sometimes quite
destructive in the nursery and garden, ascending woody
plants, and cutting them off where succulent, in the month
of May. It can only be checked by seeking for it, in the
soil, near the base of the plants affected.

All these Cut-worms are eaten by birds, among which
the crow is a valuable aid to the farmer, and should be
cherished for his services instead of being condemned as
a bird of ill-omen. Predacious insects also consume num-
bers of them ; one of these is the larva of a beetle, Har-
paliLS calaginosus. A large Ichneumon-fly has been
found hunting after the worms, and is considered their
natural enemy.

336 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

GEOMETERS, SPAN-WORMS, CANKER-WORMS.

The measuring worms take their name from their peeii-
har method of locomotion ; having their legs at each end
of their long bodies, they walk by progressive leaps, arch-
ing up their backs by bringing their hind-legs forward, and
then thrusting their heads out to their full length. Many
of them drop from the trees, and hang suspended by a
thread of silk, when disturbed, or when seeking the earth
to undergo their transformations. Some of them are nak-
ed, or have few hairs ; most are smooth, often striped, or
of an uniform color, like the bark of the trees on which
they feed.

The moths are slender-bodied ; -the wings large ; of some
the females have no wings. These are the JSybamians^
including the Canker-worm, Anisopterix vernata. These
caterpillars are very numerous and destructive ; they do
not feed gregariously, and are difficult to combat in that
form. The pupae are under ground, and, as the female
moths are wingless, and must ascend the trees to deposit
their egg^^^ we can destroy them in the perfect form by
meeting them on the highway they have to pass. Ingen-
ious devices have been invented for this purpose ; among
the most effective of these are vessels of oil, fastened
closely around the bole of the tree. The moths emerge
from the ground in early spring, but many come out dur-
ing pleasant mild days in the winter, and some even in the
autumn ; so the remedies must be applied early to be of
any use.

Harris describes a smaller species as the Anisopterix
pometaria,

Hybernia tiliaria, or the Span-worm of the Linden, is

INSECTS. 337

abundant in June, growing to the length of an inch and a
half. A belt of tar, applied to the trees, has been found
effective in preventing the ascent of the wingless females ;
this needs renewing daily, until the season of their rising
has passed.

Ellopia ribearia^ or the Currant-moth, was figured and
described by Fitch as the Abraxas? ribearia^ in Xew
York Reports for 1856, The worm is light -yellow, with
black dots. It eats the leaves of currants and gooseber-
ries, in June. The moth ascends from the ground in July ;
it is nankeen-yellow ; quite a common insect in some parts
of the country. It must have some natural enemies, for,
where very abundant one year, it sometimes disappears
altogether the next. Hand-picking is the only remedy
known, and tbis is quite a tedious process.

TORTRICES, DELTA MOTHS, OR LEAF-ROLLERS.

The Leaf-rollers are a numerous tribe, and some of them
are troublesome upon our cultivated trees and vines. They
curl up the edge of the leaf upon which they feed, and
fasten it with little bands of silk, and thus shelter them-
selves from the weather and from their enemies. They
are naked worms, and generally light colored, and exceed-
ingly active. Some live in the unfolding leaves and flow-
er-buds, fastening them together so they cannot expand,
while they devour the tender tissues. Some enter the
young fruit, which they cause to ripen and fall premature-
ly. The moths are generally small, often prettily marked,
and fly only in the evening.
15

338 AMEKICAK POMOLOGY.

LoxotaBnia rosaeeana^ {Harris)^ is found soon after
the buds of the apple begin to expand. They curl up
and fasten them together, and do considerable damage.

Penthina oeulana^ (ITarrie), has similar habits, and
preys upon the apple ; both must be killed by hand.

Brachytcenia melania, or the Many-dotted Apple Leaf-
worm, is mentioned by Fitch* as eating holes in the
leaves, in June and September. It is rather thick, light
green, an inch and a quarter long, with five white lines
and numerous white dots ; the worms spin their cocoons
in a leaf. There are two crops.

Loxotaenia cerasivorana, {Fitch), or the Cherry Tor-
tiix, is a deep yellow worm, with black head and feet.
Found in July, fastening the leaves together and living in
families, forming a large nest.**

Desmia maculalis, or the Spotted-winged Sable, or
Grape Leaf-folder, is a slender, active green worm, that
feeds upon and disfigures the leaves of our grape vines,
rolling them with great regularity, and fastening them
with strong bands of beautiful white silk. The pupa is
formed within the rolled leaf These worms begin in
June, but continue to fold the leaves during the season of
growth.

They can be destroyed by hand-picking, but it requires
quickness and dexterity, as the worm escapes from either
end of the open pipe when disturbed. The warblers are
very fond of them, and destroy a great many.

Carpocapsa pomonella, or the Codling-moth, is one of
these Tortrices, which gives great trouble. It has been .in-

* Kept., p. »41.

* * Vide Fitch, in N. Y. Trans. 1856, p. 382.

INSECTS. 339

troduced from Europe, but is steadily increasing as our or-
^ehards grow older, until we now have few perfect fruit. The
moth appears early in the summer to lay the eggs of the
first crop of worms. This insect is figured and described
by difierent authors, among whom Dr. Trimble, of ^N'ew
Jersey, has paid it especial attention in his recent work.

The eggs are dropped singly upon the blossom end of
the apple, that affords an entrance to the young worm,
whicli passes to the core, about which it consumes the
pulp and the seeds. The worm is whitish, becoming flesh-
colored. In warm weather it attains its growth in three
or four weeks, and makes its exit by gnawing through the
side of the fruit. It instinctively seeks the stem of the
tree to secrete itself under the scales of bark, and this af-
fords us an opportunity to destroy it in the pupa state, for
it will creep under any shelter that may be put in its way.

The Remedies will depend upon the habits of the in-
sect. The moth, being nocturnal, may be destroyed by
burning lamps or fires in the orchard during June, when
they are first at work ; cheap coal-oil may be used for the
purpose. The pupae can be entrapped in large numbers,
by putting a piece of old rag in the crotch of the tree, be-
neath which the worms will crawl to spin their cocoons,
when they may easily be destroyed. Dr. Trimble has
used a trap, made by twisting a hay rope and fastening it
about the trunk of the tree ; under the rope immense num-
bers will be found. This trap should be examined fort-
nightly, as the moths hatch out during hot weather in a
shorter time than later in the season, when some remain
over winter in the pupal state.

All wormy fruit should be gathered as soon as it falls

^40 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

from the trees, and either be boiled, or at otice fed to
swine. Hogs and sheep, kept in the orchard, will general-
ly consume the fruit as fast as they fall to the ground;
and this is the simplest and cheapest method of destroying
the worms.

Ch^etOChilus pometellus, {Harris)^ is commonly called
the Palmer-worm. It feeds upon the leaves of our or-
chard and forest trees in June. Sometimes it appears in im-
mense numbers, and, coming after the period for the pro-
duction of new leaves, great damage is done to the trees ;
old trees, and limbs of younger ones, are sometimes killed.
There have been two celebrated invasions of this insect in
the Eastern States, those of 1791 and of 1853.*

GRAPE VINE FEEDERS.

Grape vines are subject to the attacks of many lepidop-
terous insects. Dr. Harris gives the history of seven
American larvae, mostly of large moths, which feed upon
grape leaves.

Pterophorus periscelidactylttS, or the Gartered Grape
vine Plum^, is a pale green worm, half an inch long, which
hides itself in a hollow ball of leaves, fastened together
with silken threads. It is described at length by Dr.
Fitch, in the New York Agricultural Transactions.

Ohis myron^ {Choerocampa pampinatrix^ of Harris)^
called also the Vine Dresser, is somewhat troublesome in
the vineyards, as it eats the leaves, and cuts off the bunches

♦ For interesting details vide ^Bitch's Rept., p. 221.

INSECTS. 341

of grapes when half grown. This worm is thick, cylindri-
cal, tapering anteriorly, pale green, freckled with pale
yellow dots, and, when mature, a pale dusky olive ; 2.25
inches long. The pupa is found under leaves on the
ground ; the moth emerges in June.

Philampelus satellita, and P. Achemon, the Satellite
and Achemou Sphinges, are large green worms that feed
upon the vine. They bury themselves in the ground
when going into the pupa state, and remain until the next
July. The worms are seen in August and September.

Procris Americana; or the American Forrester, is found
feeding upon the grape leaves at mid-summer, (June 22).
The worms feed gregariously on the surface of a leaf,
some twenty side by side, leaving only a skeleton behind
them when small, and consuming the leaf when older.
They are small, 0.60 inch long ; yellowish. The moth is
blue-black, with a bright orange neck.

Alypia S-maculata, or the Eight-spotted Forrester, is
a light blue worm, 1.25 inches in length. They leave the
vines in July, and spin a web on the ground ; the moth
appears in May ; it is black, with orange shanks ; each of
the fore-wings has two large, light yellow spots ; the hind-
wings have two white ones. Width 1, to 1.50 inch.

^GEEIANS.

^geria exitiosa^ (Sat/), or TrocMUum exitiosum^ is
well known in its larval state as the Peach tree Borer, and
is often so destructive as to kill the trees. The habits of

342 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

the worm as a borer, and its situation at the base of the
tree, are somewhat similar to those of the apple tree bor-
er ; but while that is the footless grub of a beetle, this is
a true caterpillar, the larva of a butterfly or moth, with
feet. The females deposit their eggs from June to Octo-
ber, placing them upon the bark at the surface of the
ground, sometimes in the forks of the large limbs. The
lai*va enters, and works downward ; first consuming the
bark, but afterwards eroding the wood also. Gum exudes
from the wound, mixed with their castings, and indicates
their presence. When ready to enter the pupa form, the
w^orms come to the surface, excavate a hollow in the
wood, and prepare a tough leathery follicle or pod, three-
fourths of an inch long, in which they repose as pupse.

This, or an analagous insect, attacks the plum tree, and
behaves in a similar manner. The double-flowering Al-
mond of our shrubberies is also attacked by the borer.

The perfect insect looks more like a wasp than a butter-
fly, for the wings of all this group are partially clear oi
feathers, and transparent. It varies in size from a half to
three-quarters of an inch in length, and from eight-tenths
to one and three-tenths of an inch across. The female va-
ries more than the male, and her wings are larger in pro-
portion to the body, which is heavier. The male is of a
deep steel-blue color, with sulphur-yellow marks, and glossy
luster. The wings are transparent and glossy ; the veins
margined and fringed steel-blue.

Remedies will depend upon the habits of the insect,
and must be directed to the pupa and larva, though valu-
able preventives are applicable to the perfect insect. The
worms may be sought out by scraping away the gum and

iNSEcrrs. 343

cutting the dead bark until we find them, often along the
main roots ; the follicles with the pupae should also be
sought. This work can be done in the autun^n and spring ;
if at the former season, the removed earth should be left
away from the stem, when coal tar may be applied to de-
stroy any worms left in the tree and to act as a preven-
tive against future attacks, but this substance should be
used with great caution. If applied, the earth should be
thrown back to the tree. Boiling soap-suds has been
used with good effects.

Preve:n^tives are sometimes better than cures, and in
this case they have been very successfully used. They
all consist in means to keep the moth from depositing her
eggs in the part of the tree where, alone, the borers can
be harmful. Some raise a little mound of earth about
the tree in the spring, and allow it to remain there all
Slimmer. The first application of this principle consisted
in placing a chimney crock about the base of the young
tree when planted ; into this coal ashes, cinders, or even
gravel was placed, which protected the base of the tree.
In the autumn the crock was lifted, and the materials
scattered. An open box, made of four bits of board,
tacked together, answered the same purpose. A cone of
coarse brown paper, tied about the tree with grocers'
string, or pasted upon the tree itself, when applied, will
answer a very good purpose in keeping off the fly.

A small portion of sulphur thrown about the tree is
said to have the desired effect, but the statement has not
been confirmed by trial. It has been recommended to
plant Tansy with every peach tree, but doubt attaches it-
self to this suggestion also.

344 A.MERICAN POMOLOGY.

In the American Agriculturist^ for February, 1865, is a
notice of a peach tree protector made of sheet-iron, like
a stove-pipe ; and in the April number, Mr. Bouthorpe,
of Massachusetts, says, he had used a similar apparatus
made of zinc, eight inches long, and twice the size of the
tree, which was of easy application ; the contained space
next the tree was to be filled with loose dirt. They were
found to be a perfect protection.

Egensi tipuliformis, (Linn.), or the Currant Borer,
has been imported from Europe. The eggs are laid near
a bud; when hatched, the worms penetrate the pith of
young shoots, killing them.

iBgeria pyri is mentioned by Dr. Harris * as having
done a good deal of damage to pear trees, by boring un-
der the bark. The perfect insect resembles that of the
Currant Borer, and makes its appearance near the end of
summer, leavhig its chrysalis skin projecting from the hole
in the bark, whence it had escaped.

^geria polistseformiSj or Grape Vine Borer, is men-
tioned by Mr. Glover in the Patent Office Report for
1854, p. 80. He had received it from l^orth Carolina,
where it was very destructive to all vines, except the
Scuppernong. This insect has become rather common in
the vineyards about Cincinnati, and its depredations, in
consequence of the large size of the caterpillar, are very
serious. The eggs are laid near the roots of the vine,
and the larvae bore into the bark and wood during the
summer, consuming them so completely, that the vine
sickens and dies, and often breaks off at the ground, or
just below the surface. When fully grown, they measure

* Kept., p. 256.

INSECTS. 845

from an inch to an inch and three-quarters in length, are
thick and whitish, and they form a pod-like chrysalis, sim-
ilar to that of the Peach Tree Borer, but within or beside
the injured roots.

The moths are of a dark brown color, tinged with taw-
ny-orange, and banded with bright yellow on the edge
of the second ring of the body ; the fore-wings are dusky,
and the hind ones transparent.

Remedies. — No effectual methods of preventioji are
know:n ; but it is well to inspect the vines, and when the
presence of the insects is suspected, examine the roots,
to find and destroy the worms.

NEUROPTERA, HYMENOPTERA, AND DIPTERA.

These several orders will be introduced together for
convenience, as they may be disposed of in a briefer
mention than some of their predecessors ; because they do
not contain so many species that are noxious by preying
upon our cultivated plants. Some are even of advantage
to us by their carnivorous propensities.

Among the JVCliroptcra are several which are aquatic in
their larval condition, but when winged, they devour
many insects ; among these are the Dragon-flies, common-
ly called Pevil's-needles by the children, who dread them,
but they are harmless creatures. The Ant-lions were re-
ferred to under the head of Aphids, in the consideration
of the order Hemiptera^ as most voracious destroyers of
Plant-lice. Reference was also made to the Lace-winged
Flies, Semerohius^ which, in the larval state, consume
15*

346 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

immense numbers of the same pests. A few of these in-
sects are injurious; among them are the White-ants,
Wood-lice, and the Wood-ticks, which are annoying,
though they do not affect our crops.

Of the Hymenoptera there are many which, in a per-
fect state, consume the juices of our choice fruits, as well
as the pollen and honey of flowers. Their services among
these last, as aids in fertilizing the germs, is often of great
importance to the fruit-grower. But, while acknowledg-
ing our gratitude to many for this service, and to the in-
dustrious bee for gathering abundant stores of the nectar-
ed sweets, we have a serious charge to bring against the
family for their depredations. The wasps especially are
often troublesome, particularly in the vineyard, and their
stings are annoying. Some ants are quite injurious.

The larvae of some species are destructive as wood bor-
ers and as leaf-eaters, and others cause an excrescence or
warty growth upon the twigs and leaves where the eggs
have been deposited; these are called Gall-flies, The
great benefits rendered by a very large class of insects
in this order, however, may compensate for all the evil
done by the others. I refer to the tribe of Ichneumon'
flies of several genera. Some of these are very small,
and deposit their eggs within other insects, where they
hatch and destroy them by feeding upon their juices.

Many of the wasps are predaceous, and destroy nume-
rous insects to feed their larvae. Some of these exercise a
wonderful instinct in preparing and securing this food for
their young, which is stored up in safe caskets with the
^go) and are ready to serve as food to the young larvae.
The Diptera^ or two- winged insects, form an extensive

INSECTS. 347

order, containing many species, and these are composed
of very numerous individuals. Flies and mosquitos are
exceedingly annoying to man and animals, and many spe-
cies, in tlie larval state, consume vegetable matters ; but
even here they are often of use in consuming decayed
vegetation, and like many others of the order may be con-
sidered scavengers, consuming, as they do, immense quan-
tities of filth and carrion, that would otherwise continue
to taint the air and produce disease.

Some of the most destructive insects of this order are
the Gall-gnats^ among which are the Wheat-fly and the
Hessian-fly, which often sadly interfere with the farmer's
prospects.

A few insects will now be noticed more in detail.

Selaildria cerasi, or Blennocampa cerasi, is the com-
mon Shig of the cherry and pear trees, and quite a trouble-
some hymenopterous insect. In some parts of the United
States these little creatures are so numerous as to strip
the substance from the foliage of pears and cherries.

Our Slug resembles the Selandria cethiops of Europe,
but is declared to be difierent. The larvae are at first
white, but the slimy substance that oozes from their bodies
covers them with an olive coating. They have twenty
very short legs ; when fully grown, the largest are about
nineteen-twentieths of an inch long. The head is con*
cealed under the fore part of the body, which is largest
before, and tapers behind. They attain their growth in
twenty days, casting their skins five times, eating them
until the last time, after which they remain free from vis-
cidity, and are of a clear yellow color. They leave the
tree and enter the ground to the depth of one or three

348 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

inches, to form their cbrysalids. In three days they come
up as flies, in July and August, to lay eggs for a second
brood, the pnpse of which remain in the ground during
the winter.

Another insect of this genus is very destructive to our
rose bushes ; it is called Selandria rosce.

Selandria Vitis,is a species that appears upon our grape
vines, and is quite troublesome in some vineyards in July.
They feed in companies of a dozen or more.

Remedies. — Shaking them off the leaves has been rec-
ommended, but does not promise to be effectual. When
few, they should be sought for and crushed, to prevent
their increase. Though troublesome, this may be effec-
tually done, and their ravages leave traces that will direct
us to the leaves which contain them.

When more numerous, the foliage may be syringed with
common soapsuds, or with the whale oil soap, two pounds
to fifteen gallons of water.

Air-slaked lime has been dusted upon them with good
effect ; ashes, and even dry dust from the road, will de-
stroy them, by adhering to the slimy surface. These ap-
plications are best made when the foliage is wet after a
shower, or with the dew. The great difficulty consists in
their habit of going under the leaves, and thus being
protected.

Mr. Parkman, the noted rose fancier, has found a mix-
ture of soap and petroleum of great service, as it kills the
slugs without injuring the buds and foliage. To a gallon
of soft soap he adds two-thirds of a pint of petroleum, mixes
them thoroughly, and dissolves in half a barrel of water ;
to be applied with a syringe.

INSECTS. 349

Dipterat — ^Di*. Fitch describes as a new species Malo-
brus mall. He found them in a fruit that had been per-
forated by the Codling-moth. The larvae are transparent ;
the flies resemble the Hessian-fly, that destroys the wheat
plant.*

Cecidomyia grossulari^, or Gooseberry Midge, attacks
the fruit, giving it the appearance of ripening premature-
ly. Considerable fruit is lost in this way.**

In closing this chapter, the author feels obliged to ex-
press his regrets that no more space could have been ap-
propriated to this important subject. He could only in-
dicate some of the most troublesome insects of our orch-
ards and vineyards, and he hopes that the reader will be
induced to pursue the investigation for himself. He
knows, by experience, that the study will bring its own
reward in the information that is received, and which is
absolutely necessary to enable us to combat these trouble-
some pests successfully.

* See Fitch's Report, p. 176.

* * Sec Fitch's Report, p. 9BSL

CHAPTER XY.

CHARACTERS OF FRUITS AND THEIR VALUE.
TERMS USED.

IMPORTAKCE OP SEIZING THE STRONG MA^RKS — EXTERNAL ; WEIGHT,
SHAPE, SIZE, SURFACE — BASIN AND EYE — CAVITY AND STEM —
INTERNAL ; FLESH, CORE, AXIS, SEEDS, FLAVOR — THESE CONSIDERED
SEPARATELY AND ILLUSTRATED —EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED —
SHAPE REFERRED TO RELATIONS OF THE DIAMETERS; AXIAL AND
TRANSVERSE — LEADING FORMS DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED —
SIZE, A COMPARYTIVE TERM — SKIN CHARACTERS, COLOR; ITS USE
IN CLASSIFYING — PERMANENCE OF STRIPES — LINES — DOTS AND
SPECKS — FUNGOUS SPOTS — FORMS OF BASIN AND EYE, OF CAVITY
AND STEM, ARE VALUABLE; TERMS USED — THE INTERIOR, AXIS,
CORE, SEEDS, FLESH — FLAVOR UNCERTAIN — SWEET AND SOUR GOOD
CHARACTERS — QUALITY, TERMS EXPRESSIVE OP.

In the description of a fruit, it is very desirable for the
writer to catch the strong characters, so that he, who
reads, may the more readily identify the specimen he holds
in his hand. Among these several characters there is con-
siderable difference as to their permanence and value ;
some are evanescent, some variable, while others are
350

CHAEACTERS OF FRUITS. 351

found to be more reliable and constant. Let us consider
some of these in the systematic order by which they will
be taken in the descriptions that are to follow.

In describing a fruit, the firmness, weight, and external
characters, first claim our attention, then the internal;
these are taken up in the following order: externally, its
shape, size, surface, color, and dots are examined. In the
apple and pear the basin is next observed and its charac-
ters noted, with any peculiarities connected with the eye,
by which term the triangular space is designated that is
embraced by the calyx, as shown in an axial section
of the fruit; at the same time the length and breadth
and shape of the calyx segments are noted. The
other end of the fruit is then explored as to the form and
markings of the cavity, and the length, size, and peculi-
arities of the stem. Having thus disposed of the exter-
nals, we are now to investigate the nature of the internal
structure ; to do this, a section is made vertically through
the middle of the fruit from the eye to the stem, which
exposes the flesh, the axis with its core and the seeds, and
which enables us to investigate some very important char-
acters, such as the length of the axis, its form and that of
its carpels, and the manner of their union, whether they
form an open core or otherwise.

The number, color, and shape of the seeds are noted.
The color of the flesh, its texture and juiciness are exam-
ined ; the latter qualities are always tested by the teeth,
and then the palate gives us an account of the degree of
richness, acidity, or sweetness and flavor. The investiga-
tor is now prepared to render judgment ; having the tes-
timony of his organs of touch, sight, taste and smell, he

352 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

can pronounce his decision as to quality, and is prepared
to specify the particular uses to which the fruit is especi-
ally adapted ; whether for the table as a dessert, for the
kitchen, as in baking and stewing, or for drying, or
whether it be valuable for cider-making. A good judge
will now be able to decide whether the fruit be especially
adapted for the market or for the amateur. The season
of ripening should be noted in this place, with any remark
as to qualities not already provided for.

Form is one of our most permanent characters ; though
subject to modifications, the general shape of the speci-
mens is always characteristic of the variety. Even a
novice will soon learn the peculiar outline of a variety of
fruit.

Before commencing the study of these varieties of
form, it will be well to explain some of the leading terms
introduced. By referring to the illustrations, it will be
observed that the outlines are inscribed in circles to which
they are compared ; these are drawn with dotted lines,
and they are bisected with cross lines representing the
two diameters referred to in the classification by form :
the vertical or axial diameter, A Ay passing through the
axis of the fruit, and the transverse diameter, _S^, at
right angles to the vertical.

The Form may be round or globular when it is nearly
spherical ; the two diameters, the axial and transverse, be-
ing nearly equal ; fig. 30.

Globose is another term of about the same meaning.

ConiCy or conical^ indicates a decided contraction to-
ward the blossom end, fig. 31 ; Ob-conic implies that the
cone is very short or flattened.

CHARACTERS OF FRUITS.

353

/

\

/ 1

\\

\\

\\.

V.\y

^V ^J

L ^"

Fij^. 30.— ROUND.
A

Fig-. 31.— CONICAL.

Fig. 32. — OBLONG OR TRUNCATE.

/ \ ^

/y^^"^^^

/^"^\X

// ^

^A

[

\\

\\

\V

/J

^^~~"~-ai«^

^x^'^/

Fig. 33. — OBLONG CONIC.

A

,.;^

■^

^>

/^ \^

/

^

\

a

1

\

[^

/

)

■■\ —

-^

A

/

'"--..

^^'

Fig. 34. — OVATE.

Fig. 35.— OBLATE.

854 AMEKICAN POMOLOGY.

Oblong means that the axial diameter is the longer, or
that it appears so, for an oblong apple may have equal di-
ameters ; fig. 32.

Ohlong-GoniG^ that the outline also tapers rapidly to-
ward the eye ; fig. 33.

OUong-ovate^ that it is fullest in the middle ; and like

Ovate^ which means egg-shaped, that it tapers to both
ends ; ^g. 34.

Oblate^ or flattened, when the axial diameter is decid-
edly the shorter ; fig. 35.

Ohtvse is applied to any of these figures that is not
very decided.

Cylindrical and truncate are dependent upon one an-
other, thus a globular, or still more remarkably, an oblong
fruit, which is abruptly truncated or flattened at the ends,
appears cylindrical nn its form.

Depressed is an unusually flattened oblate form.

lurhinate or top-shaped, and pyriform or pear-shaped,
are especially applicable to pears, and seldom to apples.

When these forms are described evenly about a vertical
axis, as shown by a section of the fruit made transverse-
ly, or across the axis, the specimen may be called regular
or uniform^ fig. 36 ; if otherwise, it is irregular^ fig. 37,
unequal^ fig. 38, oblique or lop-sided^ %g, 39, in which last
cases the axis is inclined to one side. If the development
at the surface is irregular, as in the Duchesse d' Angouleme
and Bartlett pears, the fruit is termed uneven.

When a transverse section of the fruit, made at right
angles to the axis, gives the figure of a circle, the fruit is
regular ; if otherwise, it may be compressed or flattened
at the sides, fig. 40 ; angular^ quadrangular^ fig. 41 ;

CHARACTERS OF FRUITS.

355

Fig. 36.— REGULAR.

Fig. 37.— IRREGULAR.

Fig. 38.— UNEQUAL.

Fig. 39.— LOP-SIDED.

Fig. 40.— COMPRESSED.

Fig. 41.— QUADRANGULAR.

356 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

sulcate or furrowed^ ^^^, 42, when marked by sulcations;
or ribbed^ fig. 43, when the intervening ridges are abrupt.

Fig. 43.— SULCATE. Fig. 43.— ribbed.

Heart-shaped is a form that apphes more especially to the
cherry, than any other kind of fruit.

Size is a character of but second rate importance, since
it is dependent upon the varying conditions of soil, cli-
mate, overbearing, etc. It has its value, however, when
it is considered as comparative or relative. The expres-
sions employed in this work to indicate size, are : ?;ery
large^ large^ medium^ small ^ very small ^ making five
grades.

The characters of the Skin and surface are generally
very reliable, though the smoothness of the skin as well
as the coloring depend upon both soil and climate. We
find, however, that a striped apple which has been shaded,
though pale, will always betray itself by a splash or
stripe, be it ever so small or rare, nor will any exposure
so deepen and exaggerate its stripes as to make it a self-
colored fruit ; and no circumstances will introduce a true
stripe upon a self-colored variety. Hence we may con-

CHARACTERS OF FRUITS. 357

sider this kind of marking a reliable character, and apply
it as an element of our classification. We sometimes find
lines on self-colored fruits that are as distinctive as the
stripes, but entirely distinct from them.

The skin itself may be either thick or thin^ smooth
roughs or polished^ and it is sometimes uneven ; it may be
covered with a hloom^ it may be russeted in whole or in
part, and this may be thickly or thinly spread over the
surface, or only net-veined. A sort of russeting occurs
about the stem only in some varieties, and is never seen
in others, making a pretty good character, but in the same
variety it is often much increased or diminished.

This character, russet on the skin, has been very puzzling
to young pomologists in the study of pears, owing to its lia-
bility to exaggeration in some varieties, under the influ-
ence of certain climatic conditions that have even pro-
duced it in varieties in which it had not been previously
suspected. Some pears are characterized by this russet-
ing of the skin, either generally spread over the surface
or confined to a limited area at either end of the fruit,
particularly about the insertion of the stem ; others have
never shown any disposition to put on this character, but,
under certain circumstances some varieties, which should
have been smooth and fair, become thickly spread with
this russeting, that seems even to thicken the skin and
which deteriorates the qualities of the fruit. In some
cases this appearance is local, occupying one end of the
fruit, or making a band arojind the middle and contract-
ing it like a- cincture, as though its presence prevented the
proper growth and development of the sarcocarp or fleshy
mass of the fruit.

358 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

The colors themselves being as various almost as tlw
hues of the rainbow, will ' be designated by their appro-
priate or customary names ; the manner of their laying
on will require the use of certain definite terms, whicb
should be understood to comprehend the classification,
which, in part, depends upon this cii'cumstance. Thus a
fruit is called self -colored when it is not striped, though it
may be blushed or bronzed^ and the coloring may be so
broken, without stripes, as to be mixed or curdled, hlotchr
ed^ marbled, mottled^ clouded^ spotted^ stained^ shaded or
dappled ; but some of these characters are often found
associated with striping also, or they are observed in
those kinds of fruit that are always devoid of stripes.
Striped fruits are often so deeply colored that the separate
stripes do not appear so distinctly, as when there are fewer
of them on a lighter ground and they can scarcely be per-
ceived. When the stripes are long and distinct, they are
called streaks ; when short and broken abruptly at their
ends, the surface is said to be splashed. Certain pears are
striped by a paleness or faintness of color, these are called
panache^ and are considered sports of their namesake va-
rieties which they resemble in other respects. A few
peaches are distinctly striped ; some plums and cherries
obscurely so.

Another class of surface or skin characters^ consists in
the Dots and Specks, which appear to be very valuable
distinctive markings, on account of their uniformity in
different varieties. These may be large or small, nume
rous or scattered^ darker or lighter colored, prominent or
indented. In shape they are round or elongated^ and this
last is a valuable character because quite rare. Sometimes

CHARACTERS OP FRUITS. 359

the dots are characterized by having a green base or are-
ola around them, which is very noticeable, and in some
varieties these marks, which are perhaps the stomata of
the skin, are surrounded by distinct rings of a gray color,
that resemble ocellations or eyes. No reliance can be
placed upon the delicate coloring that is often to be seen
upon the surface of certain light colored fruits, making
rose, red, or purpHsh tints about these dots, as tliey are
accidental only and not distinctive markings.

No one should confound these pores, that are designated
as the dots^ with the superficial and extraneous marks that
appear to be the accidental growth of some fungus or
lichen, and which are very commonly found upon the sur-
face of many fruits, often giving them a quite pretty ap-
pearance that would be seized upon by the fruit painter
as a special beauty, unless when so abundant as to pro-
duce an unpleasant smutchiness or cloudiness, such as is
often found in the product of apple orchards that are situ-
ated in low bottom lands, and which peculiarity is attri-
buted to the influence of fogs.

The Basin or Apex of a fruit consists of that portion
most distant from the stem. In the apple and pear it is
commonly called the blossom end, and is often more or less
depressed; hence the term basin. In other fruits it is called
the point or apex. Both are characterized by peculiarities
of form that serve as distinctive marks in the descri[)tion of
fruits, and these are characters of considerable value on ac-
count of their permanence. In respect to its form, the basin,
according to its depth, is called deep^ fig. 44 ; shallow^ fig.
45; very shallow^ or medmm. It is abrupt^ fig. 44, when
the edges are steep ; it is narow and pointed^ ^^, 46,

360 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

or wide ; it is regular^ or wavy^ wrinkled^ plaited^ folded^
ribbed or angular, fig. 46 — when these peculiarities exist.

Fig. 44. — DEEP AND ABRUPT. Fig. 45. — SHALLOW.

Some fruits are russeted at this part of their surface only,
but this marking is a variable character and is found in

greater or less degree in dif-
ferent localities ; thus the Rhode
Island Greening, to which it be-
Fig. 46.— NARROW AND FOLDED longs, Is sometimcs almost en-
tirely divested of the russeting, and in other localities
the surface is thickly spread with it half way to the stem ;
the Westfield Seek-no-further, which is slightly marked
with this character in the North, often becomes a russet
apple in more southeril latitudes.

The basin of some fruits is very apt to crack into irreg-
ular fissures, and this appears to be peculiar to certain va-
rieties, though it is not esteemed a very reliable mark ;
the term cracked is used to express this. In some fruits,
however, we find .a very peculiar cracking that forms a
permanent character, upon which great dependence may
be placed : all the rim of the basin in these is marked
with a slightly cracked appearance that* does not rupture
the skin, and which resembles the incipient breaking of
the surface of a piece of dry leather; it has, therefore, re-
ceived the name of leather -crack. This is characteristic
of a few sorts, and hence a valuable mark.

Within the basin is the Eye, which furnishes characters
of great value. This I consider to mean the meetini]^ of

CHARACTERS OF FRUITS.

mi

the segments of the calyx, and more particularly in the
apple, the triangular space enclosed by these parts, in
which the remains of the stamens and pistils are found.
Hence the Eye can only be displayed by making a verti-
cal section of the fruit. There are but a limited number
of expressions used in its description ; thus the eye is said
to be lar^e^ small^ long or shorty and it may be open or
closed. The segments of the calyx may be converging or
reflexed^ persistent or obsolete^ according to their condition
in the ripe fruit, and these several characters are quite
reliable; but the simple fact that the eye is open or
closed^ may depend upon the accidental breaking away
of the segments of the calyx, and is of little value as a
sign.

The next character to be considered is the attachment
of the stem, which, in some fruits, is so depressed as to

constitute what is called
the Cavity. In the ap-
ple this portion has
many variations that are
quite characteristic of
Fig. 47.— DEEP, STEM LONG. ccrtaiu varieties of fruit.

In form the cavity may be either deep^ ^g, 47, or shallow ;
regular or irregular; wide^ fig. 48.; or narrow^ and acute^

Fig. 48.— WIDE, STEM STOUT. Fig. 49.— WAVY, STEM CLUBBED.

wavy, ^g. 49 ; and uneven, folded, and even lipped, ^g,
50 ; as when a portion of the flesh protrudes against the
16

362 AMERICAISr POMOLOGY.

stem^ as in Pryor's Red, Roman Stem, and other apples,
and in some pears. This portion is sometimes defaced by
cracks that separate the skin; it is occasionally green, and

this is a good and dis-
tinguishing character of a
limited number of fruits,
\ both apples and pears. The
Fig. 50.— CAVITY LIPPED. cavlty is also hroiSi or

^^russeted^^ in some fruits, and, though this character is
quite variable in its depth, amount and extent, we may
consider the brown or russeting about the stem quite
reliable in both pears and apples.

The stem has its place of insertion in the region we
have just been considering. It is the peduncle of bota-
nists, and in some species it separates from the fruit by a
joint — in others it remains attached and separates from
the twig, when it is considered a part of the fruit itself,
as in the apple and pear. The shape, average length,
thickness, and other characters, and especially its mode
of attachment to the carpos * in the pear, give us some
important characters , but these are always somewhat un-
certain and variable ; hence they are rather relative than
positive traits. In apples, stems may be long^ fig. 47,
shorty ^g, 48, or medium^ according to their projection
beyond or concealment within the cavity, being called me-
dium when they simply reach the contour of the outline.
They are slender^ fig. 47 ; m,edium, or thicJc^ fleshy^ Jcriobby or
clubbed^ ^g. 49, according to the amounlf of their substance
and its arrangement. They are curved or straight^ and
direct and axial^ or inclined^ according to their direction

♦ From Kapno^, Greek, for fruit

CHARACTEKS OF FRUITS. 363

and relation to the axis of the fruit ; and in pears, th6y
often have a peculiarity of the insertion dependent upon
their being more or less fleshy ; in both plums and pears,
this fullness is often arranged in rings surrounding the
base of the stem.

Some pomologists have taken great pains to measure
the length of the stems, vs^hich they report in inches and
lines. As above stated, this is an uncertain quantity, and
therefore of little value, except when taken in relation to
other measurements by way of comparison ; hence I have
preferred to use the above-mentioned terms only in their
relation to the axial diameter in describing the apples, un-
less where their extension is unusual. The variable length
of this organ in some varieties is refharkable, and we often
find the smallest fruits having the longest stems.

When we come to examine the interior portions of a
fruit, if it be an apple or pear, we make a vertical section
through the axis from basin to cavity. This exposes the
'internal structure and enables us to judge of the color and
other characters of the fleshy pericarp, the length of the
axis, the size of the core and carpels, and the number and
appearance of the seeds. These characters are possessed
of value, and are quite reliable ; in many fruits the seeds
furnish distinctive indications, and this is particularly the
ease with the stone fruits, many of which are readily iden-
tified by the form and markings of the stones or pits, the
endocarps of botany.

In the apple particularly, we first have our attention
drawn to the Axis, which is sometimes very shor% so that
in some decidedly oblate specimens, with deep basin and
cavity, there is scarcely room between them for the

364 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

core, which is shortened to correspond with the oblate
character of the fruit. This is illustrated by many of the
outlines given in Class I. It is well also to observe and
note whether the axis be inclined. The form of the core
is not very reliable, but it has characters that are perma-
nent and peculiar to certain varieties. Thus it is always
open in some, and always closed in other sorts of the ap-
ple. In the pear it is gritty in some varieties, and sur-
rounded with fine grained flesh in others. The core is
large^ mediwn^ or small^ and these distinctions are perma-
nent. Its outline, embracing the group of carpels, may
be regular, or irregular^ long or shorty cordate^ wide or com-
pressed; it may reach the eye or otherwise, and it fre-
quently clasps that poTtion.

The Seeds are numerous or otherwise ; they are long or
shorty acuminate or rounded^ flat^ angular^ imperfect^ or
plump^ large or small ; they may h^pale^ even yellow^ or
hrown^ darJc^ and nearly hlacJc / and these shades are dis-
tinctive, often enabling the pomologist to decide upon the
variety when other characters are less marked. The pe-
culiarities of the stones of peaches, plums and cherries,
and of the seeds of the grape, had better be described in
immediate connection with those species of fruit.

In the Flesh of fruits we find characters that most
pomologists, even the amateurs, are generally pleased to'
have under practical consideration. They are also very
reliable, for if the fruits be in good condition, they are al-
ways the same in any given variety. In its consistency,
this tissue is either firm and compact^ or spongy / it is
fine grained, granular^ gritty, fibrous^ or hreaMng, on the
one hand, or tender^ buttery and melting^ on the other ;

CHARACTERS OF FRUlTS. 365

the flesh is either dry or juicy ^ and tinted with various
shades of color. In some we find a satisfying richness^
while others are thin and poor. Some have a fine aroma,
while others have an unpleasant flavor or are scentless.

So intimately associated are our organs of taste and
smell, that it is difficult to separate and distinguish the
impressions we receive through these senses. For
our present purpose it will he best to consider all under
this head, whether really belonging to one or the other
sensation ; and the lexicographers themselves admit the
commonalty of taste and smell in the word flavor. These
qualities of a fruit depend upon so many accidents of sea-
son, culture, and especially of the condition of ripeness,
that they are of comparatively little value in descriptions,
except m their broadest expressions of acidity and its op-
posite, which indeed are sufficiently pronounced to be used
in the classification of fruits.

With regard to their Flavor, fruits may be said to be
vinous^ suh-acid^ acid, and very acid, or sugary, sweety
very sweet, and honey sweet ; they may he flat and insipid^
or highly flavored, mild, or astringent; 'and as to fra-
grance, in which they may remind us of many other agree-
able odors, they may be said to be perfumed and arO'
matiCy or otherwise.

In deciding upon the quality of the fruit that has thus
been subjected to this series of tests, and to this thorough
examination, we shall find that the decision will depend
upon the individual tastes, the likes and dislikes of those
who are called upon to render judgment, and that, at
best, the result must be arbitrary. The terms expressive
of this division are inferior, good, very good, and best.

CHAPTER XVL

CLASSIFICATION.

NECESSITY FOR— BASIS OF — CHAEAOTERS — SHAPE — ITS REGULABITT
— FLAVOR — COLOR — THEIR SEVERAL VALUES — THOMAS' CLASSIFI-
CATION— GERMAN WRITERS — DIEL'S SEVEN CLASSES — MODIFICA-
TIONS BY DOCHNAL — ROBERT HOGG'S MODIFICATION BASED UPON
SEASON — DIEL'S CONSPECTUS OF CLASSIFICATION — DOCHNAL'S —
THE author's CLASSIFICATION EXPLAINED — EXPLANATION OF
TERMS ■— TOPICS COMBINED — CONSPECTUS OF CLASSIFICATION USED
IN THIS WORK.

The need of some classification grows more and more
pressing, as our fruit lists have become more extended,
and they now reach many hundreds. A good and reliable
systematic classification has become absolutely necessary,
and has received a great deal of consideration.

Upon what principle shall this classification be founded ?
The common alphabetical arrangement of most text books
may be very convenient for a mere dictionary of fruits,
but is utterly useless to the novice who does not know
the name of his specimen. The arrangement by season
366

CLASSIFICATION. 367

and size has its difficulties in the uncertainty and varia-
tion of these characters in the different soils and climates
of our extended country, and a sub-division and group-
ing of fruits by their quality of excellence is not only un-
reliable, but is altogether arbitrary, and subject to the
greatest diversity of opinion arising from the various
tastes of different individuals. We must look to some
marked and reliable characters that are always present,
easily recognized, and permanent or fixed. Among these
shape or figure stands pre-eminent, notwithstanding the
acknoAvledged fact that some varieties are almost protean.
The shape of the general outline appears to be the best char-
acter for the broad divisions of a classification. A sub-
division may again be made, which is to be based upon
the regularity or irregularity of the shape.

The next character, and one of considerable value, is
that dependent upon flavor in its broadest characters of
sweet and sour, which, though sometimes giving rise to
a puzzling question, is, in most varieties, sufficiently
marked to constitute the basis of a minor sub-division.
Color^ which is notoriously the poorest character and least
esteemed by botanists in their descriptions, on account of
its liability to variation, is, however, of sufficient import-
ance in pomology to take a high rank and to appear very
prominently in fruit nomenclature. Still it should be re-
serred for the lowest sub-divisions of a classification.

Among our American writers, who deservedly stand
prominent as pomologists, the most satisfactory attempt
at classification is found in the little work prepared by J.
J. Thomas. No one who has realized the advantages to
be derived from the simple and clear sub-divisions made

368 AMEEICAK POMOLOGY.

by this author, will ever be satisfied with a fruit-book that
is not arranged upon the basis of some classification.
Thomas, m his excellent work, makes three great divisions
of apples according to their period of ripening, as the
Summer^ Autumn^ and Winter fruits, to which some of
us would desire to add Spring^ or long-keepers. Each of
these he has divided into two classes — those characterized
by their flavor as sweet apples, and those possessed of
more or less acidity ; and each of these classes is subdi-
vided into two sections, according to their color, as striped
with red and not striped ; so that in this arrangement we
have eighteen groups, and, with specimen in hand, this
synopsis enables us at once to decide in which of these
groups of moderate dimensions we may look for the de-
scription we desire ; and, if it be contained in the book,
it may readily be found. The labor of searching through
the whole list is thus obviated.

The Germans have made many attempts at the classifi-
cation of fruits. Christ, Diel, Dochnal, Manger and
Sickler, have been engaged in this work ; and Diel's Sy-
nopsis, though far from perfect, has been generally adopt-
ed. He makes seven classes, with orders under each.
Dochnal, a later writer, has modified this by making two
sections according to the shape, whether angular or sphe-
rical^ and four classes also based upon their form.

Robert Hogg, in his British JPomology^ which is an ex-
cellent account of the apples cultivated in England, has
given a modification which answers a good purpose for
classification. He makes three great sections, according
to season, Summer^ Autumn^ and Winter, Each of these
is divided into two classes, according to shape: 1st,

CLASSIFICATIOIS'. 369

Round, roundish, or oblate/ and 2nd, Oblong, conical,

oval, or ovate. These again are grouped according to

their colors : A, pale ; B, striped ; C, red ; and D, russet.

As a matter of interest I will give Diel's classification.

CLASS I.— RIBBED APPLES.

1. They are furnished with very prominent, but regular
ribs around the eye, extending also over the fruit, but
wbich do not render it irregular.

2. Having wide, open, and very irregular cells.

OEDER I.— TRUE CALVILLES.

1. They taper from about the middle of the fruit to-
ward the eye.

2. They are covered with bloom when on the tree.

3. They have, or acquire, by keeping, an unctuous skin.

4. They are not distinctly and purely striped.

5. They have light, spongy, delicate flesh.

6. They have a strawberry or raspberry flavor.

ORDER n.— SCHLOTTER ^PFEL.

1. The skin does not feel unctuous.

2. They are not covered with bloom.

3. They are either of a flat, conical, cylindrical, or taper-
ing form.

4'. They have not a balsamic, but mostly a sweetish or
sourish flavor.

5. They have a granulous, loose, and coarse-grained
ilesh.

ORDER in.~GUEIJ)ERLrNGE.

1. They are not balsamic, like Order I., but of an aro-
matic flavor.

2. They have a fine flesh, almost like that of the Rei-
nettes.

3. They are either of a conical or flat shape.

4. They are most prominently ribbed around the eye.

CLASS IL— ROSEN^PFEL— ROSE APPLES.

1. They are covered with blue bloom when on the tree.

2. They have not unproportionally large, but often only-
regular cells.

16*

370 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

3. They emit a pleasant odor when briskly rubbed.

4. The skin does not feel unctuous.

5. They are handsomely and regularly ribbed arouud
the eye, and often also over the fruit.

6. They have a tender, loose, spongy, and mostly fine
grained flesh.

7. They have a fine rose, fennel, or anise flavor.

8. They are mostly of short duration, and are often
only summer or autumn apples.

9. They are mostly striped like a turnip.

ORDER I.— FRUIT TAPERING OR OBLONG.
ORDER n.-ERinT ROUND OR PLAT.

CLASS III.— KAMBOURS.

1. They are all large apples, and comprise the largest
sorts.

2. They have mostly, or almost always, two unequal
halves — namely, one side lower than the other.

3. They are constantly furnished with ribs around the
eye which are broad, rismg irregularly, one above the oth-
er, and extending over the fruit so as to render it irregu-
lar in its shape ; they are also compressed, and have one
side higher than the other.

4. They are constantly broader than high, and only
sometimes elongated.

5. They have all a loose, coarse grained and often very
pleasant flesh.

ORDER I.— WITH WIDE CELLS.
ORDER n.— WITH NARROW CELLS.

CLASS IV.— REINETTES.

1. They have a fine grained, delicate, crisp, firm flesh.

2. They are mostly the ideal of a handsomely shaped
apple ; in them the convexity or bulge of the middle of
the apple towards the eye is the same as that towards
the stalk, or not much different.

3. They are all gray dotted, or have russety patches, or
completely covered with russet.

4. They have rarely an unctuous skin.

CLASSIFICATIOIS'. 371

5. They have all the rich, aromatic, sugary, and brisk
flavor, which is called the Reinette flavor.

6. They decay very readily, and must, of all apples,
hang longest on the tree.

7. The really sweet and at the same time aromatic apples
belong to the Reinettes, only as regards their shape, their
character, and their fine and firm flesh.

8. Apples with fine, firm, crisp flesh, which cannot of
themselves form a distinct class ; for instance, the Pippins
belong to this class.

ORDER I.— SELF-COLORED REINETTES.

1. Having a uniform green ground color, which changes
to the most beautiful golden yellow.

2. Having no lively colors or marks of russet on the
side next the sun, except those that are very much expos-
ed, and which assume a slight tinge of red.

3. Having no covering of russet, but only slight traces
of russety stripes.

ORDER n— RED REINETTES.

Having all the properties of the self-colored Reinettes,
but of a pure red on the side next the sun, without any
mixture of russet.

ORDER m.— GRAY REINETTES.

1. The ground color is green, changing to dingy dull
yellow.

2. The coating of russet, or the russety patches, spread
over the greater part- of the fruit, are very conspicuous.

3. The side next the sun is often dull brownish or ochre-
ous red.

ORDER » rV.— GOLDEN REINETTES.

1 . On the side next the sun they are washed or striped
with beautiful crimson.

2. The ground color changes by keeping to a beautiful
deep yellow.

3. Over the ground color, and the crimson of the ex-
posed side, are spread light thin patches, or a complete
coat of russet.

372 AMEEICAK POMOLOGY.

CLASS v.— STREIFLINGE-STRIPED APPLES.

1. They are all, and almost always, marked with broken
stripes of red.

2. These stripes are found either over the whole fruit,
or only very indistinctly on the side exposed to the sun.

3. The stripes may be distinct — that is to say, truly
striped ; or between these stripes on the side next the sun
the fruit is dotted, shaded, or washed with red ; but on
the shaded side the stripes are well defined.

4. The cells are regular.

5. They are of a purely sweet, vinous, or acid flavor.

6. They have not the same flavor as the Rose apples.

7. They do not decay, except when gathered before
maturity.

ORDER I.— FLAT STREIFLINGB.

1. They have the bulge at the same distance from the
eye as from the stalk, and are broadly flattened.

2. They are constantly half an inch broader than high.

ORDER n.— TAPERING STREIFLINGB.

1. They are broader than high.

2. They diminish from the middle of the apple towards
the eye, so that the superior half is conical or pyramidal,
and not at all similar to the inferior half.

ORDER m.— OBLONG OR CYLINDRICAL STREIFLINGE.

1. The hight and breadth are almost equal.

2. They diminish gradually from the base to the apex.

3. Or from the middle of the truit they gradually di-
minish toward the base and apex equally.

ORDER IV.— ROUND STREIFLINGE.

1. The convexity of the fruit next the base and the
apex is the same.

2. The breadth does not differ from the hight, except
only about a quarter of an inch.

3. Laid in the hand, with the eye and stalk side wise,
they have the appearance of a roundish grape.

CLASSIFICATION. 373

CLASS VI.— TAPERmG APPLES.

1. They have the cells regular.

2. They are not covered with bloom.

3. They are not striped, and are either of a uniform
color, or washed with red on the side next the sun.

4. Constantly diminishing to a point towards the eye.

5. They are sweet or vinous, approaching a pure acid.

6. They do not readily decay.

ORDER I.— OBLONG, CYLINDRICAL OR CONICAL.

Characters the same as Order IIL of the Streiflinge.

ORDER n.— TAPERING TO A POINT.

Characters the same as Order IL of the Streiflinge.

CLASS YIL— FLAT APPLES.

1. They are constantly broader than high.

2. They are never striped.

3. They are either of a uniform color, or, on the side
exposed to the sun, more or less washed or shaded with
red.

4. They have regular cells.

5. They are not unctuous when handled.

6. They do not readily decay.

7. Flavor purely sweet, or purely sour.

ORDER I.-PURELY FLAT APPLES.

1. The difference is obvious to the eye.

2. The breadth is constantly half an inch more than the
bight.

ORDER n.— ROUND-SHAPED FLAT APPLES.

1. The eye cannot easily detect a distinction between
the breadth and hight.

2. The breadth rarely exceeds the hight by a quarter
of an inch.

3. The fruit, cut transversely, exhibits almost or quite
two equal halves.

374: AMERICAK POMOLOGY.

DOCHNAHL'S CLASSIFICATION.
SECTION I.— PLETJROIDEA.— Angular or Ribbed.

Having sharp or flat ribs, which extend over the length
of the fruit and are most prominent around the eye, where
they are most generally situated.

CLASS I.— MALA CYDONARIA— QumcE-sHAPED.
ORDEE I.-CALVILLES.

1. They have large heart-shaped cells, open towards the
axis, or often entirely torn ; the cells extend very often
from the stalk even to the tube of the calyx.

2. They diminish from about the middle of the fruit, or
a httle above it, towards the eye.

3. They are regular, and provided generally with fine
ribs, which do not disfigure the fruit.

4. On the tree, the fruit is covered with bloom.

5. They are never disdnctly striped.

6. Their flesh is soft, loose, ^ne and light, of a balsamic
flavor, similar to that of strawberries or raspberries.

7. The eye is frequently closed.

8. Many of them acquire by keeping an oily or unctu-
ous skin,

Gkoup I. — Fruit red, almost entirely covered with red.

Group II. — Fruit parti-colored; yellow; very much
striped or washed with red.

Group III. — Fruit yellow; of a whitish, greenish, or
golden yellow.

ORDER n.— PSEUDO-CALVILLES.

1. The cells are almost the same as the true Calvilles —
very large and open.

2. The calycinal tube is wide and generally very short.

3. They are slightly narrowed toward the eye, and flat-
tened toward the stalk.

4. Their ribs are very prominent, especially around the
eye.

5. They are aromatic, and have not the balsamic flavor
of the true Calvilles.

CLASSIFICATION. 375

6. Their flesh is fine, opaque, a little succulent, and al-
most equal to the Reinettes.
Groups I., II., III., as above.

CLASS IT.— MALA. PYRARIA— Pear-shaped.

Their flavor is neither balsamic nor aromatic ; they are
purely sweet or acid ; their flesii is granulous and loose.

ORDER I.— TREMARL\^— Seeds Loose.

1. They are almost always large apples, the skin of
which is neither unctuous nor covered with bloom.

2. They are also furnished with ribs ; but they are not
so regular as in the Calvilles.

3. The cells are very large, irregular, widened, and gen-
erally open.

4. The calycinal tube is most generally widely conical,
and does not extend to the cells.

5. They are of a flattened, conical, cylindrical or point-
ed shape.

6. Their flesh is loose, more often a little coarse, and of
a slightly balsamic flavor.

7. The leaves of these trees are very large, rather deeply
dentated,.and less downy than those of the Calvilles.

Group I. — Unicolores — Green, greenish, yellow, or
golden yellow, and slightly tinged with red.

Group II. — Bicolores — Yellow or green, and distinctly
striped. or washed with red.

ORDER n.— RAMBURES.

1. They are all very large.

2. They have almost always the two halves unequal.

3. They are constantly broader than high, and appear
sometimes higher than they are.

4. They are not furnished with ribs, except around the
eye ; these are often irregular in numbers, and frequently
form broad projections on the fruit.

5. They do not decay, but shrivel when they have
passed maturity.

6. The flesh is coarsely granulous, rarely aromatic, nev-
ertheless often very agreeable.

Group I. — Capsulis ampUs — Wide cells.
Group II. — Capsulis angustis — Narrow cells.

376 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

SECTION II —SPHOEROID^— Spherical.

They have sometimes prominences on the fruit and
around the eye, hut never true rihs.

CLASS III.— MALA MESPILARIA— Medlar- shaped.

Their flavor is sweet, aromatic, similar to that of the
Rose, fennel or anise.

ORDER I.— APIANA, or Rose Appi^s.

Their flesh is soft, loose, marrowy, very fine grain, and
of a snow white color.

2. The cells are almost always regular and closed.

3. They are regularly ribbed around the eye, and often
also over the fruit, but sometimes not at all ribbed.

4. They have a balsamic flavor, accompanied with a'
very agreeable odor.

5. They emit a pleasant odor when briskly rubbed.

6. When on the tree they are frequently covered with
a blue bloom, and striped like a Tulip.

7. The fruit is mostly small, or middle sized.

8. They are mostly of short duration, and lose their
good flavor the same year.

Group L — Ohlongi — Oblong fruit.
Group XL — Sjjhmrici — ^Round or flattened.

ORDER n.— REINETTA— Reinbttbs.

1. These are apples which generally have the most regu-
lar and handsome shape, having the bulge in the middle,
at the same distance from the eye as from the stalk.

2. All are dotted, clouded, or entirely covered with
russet.

8. They are very rarely inclined to be unctuous, but
generally rough when handled.

4. They all decay very readily ; (they must therefore
be left as long as possible on the tree.)

5. Their flesh is fine grained, crisp, firm, or fine and
delicate.

6. They are all charged with only a balsamic, sugary
acid, which is called Reinette-flavored.

CLASSrFICATION. 377

Group I. — TTnicolores, — 1. Having uniform green
ground color, which changes to the most beautiful golden
yellow.

2. Having no lively colors or marks of russet on the
side next the sun, except those that are very much expos-
ed, and are slightly tinged with red.

3. Having no covering of russet, but only slight traces
of russety stripes.

Group H. — Ruhri — ^Fruit red ; having all the proper-
ties of the self-colored Reinettes ; but on the side next the
sun they are of a red color, with a mixture of russet.

Group HI. — Mavi — Russet ed.

1. Their ground color is green, changing to dingy, dull
yellow.

2. The coatings of russet are very conspicuous.

3. The side next the sun is often dingy, brownish, or
ochreous red.

4. They all decay very readily.

Group IV. — Aurei — Yellow or golden fruit, Golden
Reinettes.

1. On the side next the sun they are washed or striped
with beautiful crimson.

2. The ground color changes, by keeping, to beautiful-
deep yellow.

3. Over the crimson there is a light thin trace, or a com-
plete covering of russet.

CLASS IV.— MALA MALARIA— Perfect or Pure Apple-
Shaped.

They are of a perfectly sweet or vinous flavor, approach-
ing to pure acid.

order I.— STRIOLA, or Striped.

1. They are almost always marked with broken stripes
of red.

2. These are either over the whole fruit, or only indis-
tinctly on the side exposed to the sun.

3. The stripes may all be distinct — that is, clearly and
finely striped ; or between these stripes, on the side next
the sun, the fruit is dotted, shaded or washed with red ;
but on the shaded side the stripes are well defined.

378 AMERICAK POMOLOGY.

4. The cells are regular.

5. The fruit does not, decay, except when gathered be-
fore maturity, or after the periods when it has been prop-
erly ripened.

Group I. — Depressa — Flat.

1. They have the bulge at the same distance from the
eye as from the stalk, and are broadly flattened.

2. They are always half an inch broader than high.
Group II. — Acuminati — Pointed.

1. They are broader than high.

2. They diminish from the middle of the apple toward
the eye, so that the superior half is conical, and is not at
all similar to the inferior half.

Group lll.-r- Ohlongi — Oblong or cylindrical.

1. The hight and breadth are almost equal.

2. They diminish gradually from the base to the apex.

3. Oi-, from the middle of the fruit they gradually di-
minish toward the base and apex equally.

Group IY. — Bphaerici — Round.

1. The convexity of the fruit next the base and the
apex is the same.

2. The breadth does not differ from the hight, except
X)nly about a quarter of an inch.

3. When laid on their side they present a spherical
shape.

ORDER n.—COKTUBERNALIA— Storing Apples.

1. Having the cells regular.

2. They are not striped, and are either of a uniform
color or washed with red on the side next the sun.

3. ThiTy do not readily decay.

4. They are not unctuous when handled.

5. They are never covered with bloom.

Group I. — Acxmiinati — Tapering, diminishing toward
the eye.

Group II. — Depressi — Flat. These are constantly
broader than high.*

After a long and careful consideration and study of
this subject, I have prepared the following formula for the

* As translated for R. Hogg's British Pomology.

CLASSIFICATIO]Sr. 379

Classification of Apples. It consists of four classes
that are based upon the general figure of the fruit ; with
two orders, that are distinguished by a modification of the
form, causing the fruit to be regular, or irregular, and
angular. The characters upon which the classes are
founded are exemplified by a vertical section through the
length of the axis of the fruit. Those by which tlie Or-
ders are distinguished are shown by a transverse section,
made at right angles to the axis, or by holding the fruit
with the blossom end toward the eye.*

Each of these Orders may contain two Sections^ charac-
terized by their flavor as sweet and sour; and each of
these may again be sub-divided into three Sub-sectionSj
that are based upon color.

Class I. — Oblate or Flat, having the axis shorter
than the transverse diameter.

Order I. — Regular.

Order II. — Irregular.

Section 1. — Sweet.

Section 2. — Sour.

Sub-section 1. — Pale or blushed, more or less, but self-
colored and not striped.

Sub-section 2. — Striped or Splashed.

SuB-SECTioN 3. — Russeted.

Class II. — Conical, tapering decidedly toward the
eye, and becoming Ovate when larger in the middle and
tapering to each end, the axial diameter being the shorter.

Orders I and II.

Sections 1 and 2.

SuB-SECTioNS 1, 2, and 3.

■* Figures 36 to 46, pp. 355 to 356.

380 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

Class III. — ^Rounp, Globular or nearly so, having
the axial and transverse diameters about equal, the former
often shorter by less than one-quarter of the latter. The
ends are often so flattened as to look truncated, when the
fruit appears to be cylindrical or. globular-oblate.

Orders, Sections, and Sub-sections, as nbove.

Class IV. — Oblong, in which the axis is longer than
the transverse* diameter, or appears so. These may also
be truncate or cylindrical.

Orders, Sections, and Sub-sections, as above.

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR CLASSIFICATION ALPHABETICALLY,
UNDER EACH DIVISION.

CLASS I.— FLAT APPLES.

ORDER L— REGULAR IN FORM.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.

SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED, NOT STRIPED.

This newly introduced sort is said to have originated in
North Carohna or Georgia. The trees cultivated in the

Fig. 51.— CAMACK SWEET.

Northern States are yet too young for us to judge of their
characteristics, but they appear to be healthy and vigor-
ous.

381

382

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit medium to large, flat, regular.

Surface smooth, greenisb-wliite, rarely blushed with red.

Basin broad, shallow, and regular or wavy ; Eye medi-
um, open.

Cavity deep, acute ; Stem rather long ; Flesh yelloAvish,
firm, rather tough, but juicy, rich and sweet.

This variety keeps well, lasting until May. N^ot yet
sufficiently tested in the North.

Campfield.

NEWARK SWEETrNG.

Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. This fruit is
especially valuable for cider, but it may be used also in
the kitchen ; being a long keeper and often beautifully

Fig. 52. — CAMPFIELD.

colored at maturity iu the spring, it is often exposed on
the fruit-stands, w^here it attracts purchasers by the great
beauty of its brilliant colors.

^ Fruit always fair, bnt its figure is variable, being some-
times globular or conical. The characteristic form is
round-oblate, regular ; Size medium.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. T. I. I.

asa

Surface very smooth, of a dull green, often suffused
with a faint blush on the exposed side ; but at maturity,
bright lemon yellow, shaded with carmine ; Dots minute,
gray and indented.

Basin shallow, regular; Eye rather large, closed; Seg-
ments of medium length.

Cavity regular, with medium width and depth ; Stem
medium, rather stout.

Core wide, regular, closer), meeting the eye; Seeds nu-
merous, plump ; Flesh white, firm, tough ; Juice very
sweet and rich at maturity, making excellent cider.

Season, December until March.

I>illiiig'liaiii.

This variety was found in an old orchard of D. C.
Richmond, near Sandusky, Ohio. Tree productive, and
sufficiently vigorous.

Fig. 53.— DILLIXGHAM,

Fruit round-oblate rather than flat, generally regular
and of medium size ; Surface rough, yellowish-green, and
bronzed, or shaded with a purplish tint ; Dots Numerous
russet.

384 DESOKIPTIONS OP APPLES.

Basin wide, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity rather deep, wide, regular, wavy, brown ; Stem
sometimes long, of medium size, red.

Core small and closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds numer-
ous, large, brown.

Flesh yelloAV ; Flavor sweet, juicy; Use, good for bak-
ing; Season, November to February. Not highly
esteemed nor largely cultivated, though its productiveness
and sweetness would render it desirable for stock-feeding.

Eiie's IfViifitei- S>^"eet.

From J. S. Downer, Elkton, Kentucky ; a southern fruit
of some merit.

Fruit medium, flat, regular; Surface roughish, uneven,
greenish-yellow, blushed and russeted ; Dots numerous,
minute, russet veined.

Basin abrupt, regular, leather-cracked ; Eye large, open.

Cavity wide, wavy, brown ; Stem medium.

Core round, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous, angular,
imperfect; Flesh yellow, fine grained ; Flavor very sweet,
rich ; Quality quite good ; Use, table ; Season, December.

Fig. 54.— GREEN SWEET.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. — I. I. I. 385

Oreen S^eet.

HONEY GREENING.

Tree vigorous and productive in most situations where
cultivated, but is not much planted in the West.

Fruit rather small, regular, and usually flat, though
sometimes conical ; Surface smooth, green ; Dots whitish,
with green bases.

Basin rather shallow and wavy ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity wide, regular and brown ; Stem long and stout.

Core closed, regular, meeting the eye, containing nu-
merous angular, acuminate brown seeds ; Flesh greenish-
white, breaking, tender, juicy and fine grained ; very sweet,
and valued for baking and market ; those who do not ad-
mire sweet apples would hardly consider it second rate.

Season from December to February, or March.

Found in the orchard of Dr. Geo. Haskell, at Rockford,
Illinois.

Fruit large, flat, regular ; Surface green, bronzy ; Dots
numerous, large, white.

Basin deep ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy ; Stem short.

Core closed ; Seeds numerous, plump ; Flesh yellow,
juicy ; Flavor sweet, rich ; Quality very good ; Use, bak-
ing ; Season August, September.

A practical test at the table of mine host must convince
any one that either the apple or the cook, or both, are
eminently deserving. This is supposed to be the Massa-
chusetts variety of the same name.

Hay Boys.

I do not know where this summer apple was produced,
or christened with its peculiar cognomen ; Specimens re-
ceived from H. N. Gillett, Lawrence Co., Ohio.

Fruit large, oblate, regular or slightly angular ; Surface
pale yellow ; Dots numerous, dark, prominent.

Basin wide, abrupt, wavy ; Eye medium, closed.
17

380

DESCRIPTIOi^^S OF APPLES.

Cavity wide, folded, green ; Stem long.

Core very wide, flat, open, clasping the eye ; Flesh yel-
low, fine grained, breaking; Flavor sweet; Quality good,
to very good ; Use, table and baking ; Season, August.

]L4Siiica;Ster Si^veet.

Origin unknown, grown in Central Ohio, where it is
much admired for baking and apple biitter.

Fig. 55. — LANCASTER SWEET.

Fruit medium, regular, oblate, slightly conical ; Surface
green ; Dots scattered, dark, minute.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye small, closed ; Segments
of calyx long and reilexed.

Cavity wide, wavy ; Stem very short and small.

Core medium, regular, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds
numerous, dark, plump ; Flesh greenish-white, tender, fine
grained, juicy, rich ; very sweet.

Quality not first rate, except for cooking ; Season Sep-
tember and October.

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES. 1. T. T.

B8r

This yigorous, upright, and productive tree is supposed
to have had its origin near Dayton, Ohio, Avhence it has
been largely disseminated, giving entire satisfaction to all
of its planters. Foliage abundant, and quite dark
colored.

Fruit always fair, regular, flat, and of large size ; Sur-
face smooth, pale yellow, with scattered dots that are of-
ten colored.

Fig. 56.— LONDON SWEET.

Basin abrupt, regular, often having concentric cracks ;
Eye small and closed.

Cavity wide, rep:ular ; Stem short, rather thick.

Core medium width and closed, clasping the eye ; Axis
very short ; Seeds variable, some being plump and some
imperfect ; Flesh yellowish-white, breaking, rather dry,
but very sweet ; Quality good ; and considered by some
persons the very best baking apple of its season, which is
from November to January or later.

388

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Blountain ^Treet.

MOUNTAINEER,

From Pennsylvania ; exhibited by Joel Wood, before
tbe Ohio Pomological Society.

^ Fruit large,, beautiful, but too delicate for transporta-
tion, oblate ; Surface smooth, light, yellow ; Dots minute.

Basin wide, wavy ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy ; Stem short, slender.

Core wide, open, dark, clasping the eye ; Seeds numerous,
pointed ; Flesh white, breaking, very tender, fine grain-
ed, juicy ; Flavor sweet ; Quality good to very good ;
tJse, table, baking ; Season, December.

A rival of Broadwell or Ladies^ Sweeting.

rig. 57. — MUNSON SWISET.

]fIiiii^on S>veet.

ORANGE SWEET.

This New England variety is considered quite promis-
ing in its new western homes, where, however, it is not
yet widely known or tested. Tree vigorous, spreading,

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. — I. L L 389

and productive when established ; said to be a regular
bearer.

Fruit medium, flat ; Surface smooth, green, becoming
yellow ; Dots minute.

Basin small, abrupt, often folded or plaited ; Eye me-
dium, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, green ; Stem medium or short.

Core small, closed ; Seeds plump ; Flesh yellowish-white,
fine grained, tender, juicy; Flavor very sweet ; Quality
nearly first rate; Valuable for baking; Season early
winter.

Fig. 58.— SNEPPs'.

JNO. SNEPPS'.

This fine apple is believed to have originated at Edin-
burgh, Indiana, and was brought to the notice of the State
Society by the orchardist whose name it bears, and by
whom it has been distributed. As it appears to be distinct
from any known fruit, it is here described. Tree vigor-
ous and sufficiently productive.

390 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit above medium, almost large, flat, generally regu-
lar.

Surface nearly smooth, of a dull green, becoming pale
yellow, with numerous dark dots, that often give it a gray
appearance.

Basin rather shallow, sometimes folded or wavy ; Eye
large and closed; Segments of the calyx coarse.

Cavity acute, regular, rather deep ; Stem medium to
short, stout.

Core large but closed ; Seeds numerous, pointed, brown ;
Flesh yellowish, breaking, fine grained, juicy ; Flavor very
rich, and agreeably sweet . when ripe ; Use, fine dessert
fruit, and good for cooking ; Season, December to March.

Snperl) Street.

This variety is worthy of more attention than it has
received ; native of Massachusetts, where it is a vigorous
and productive tree. Its period of maturity makes it less
valuable than it would otherwise be.

Fruit above medium, roundish ; Surface smooth, of a
pale yellow color, often shaded with red.

Basin rather shallow, broad ; Calyx large, open.

Cavity regular, deep ; Stalk long.

Flesh white, fine grained, tender, juicy ; Flavor rich,
sweet.

Cole gives its season as September and October, in
Massachusetts.

Xrumbull STveet.

FENTON SWEET.

This is another fine white sweet apple, originating in
Ohio, which, notwithstanding its beauty, is less esteemed
on account of its season, but its productiveness makes it
valuable for stock-feeding. Tree vigorous, spreading,
productive, and an early bearer.

Fruit above medium, regular, flat ; Surface very smooth,
pale yellow, or white, resembling ivory ; Dots scattering,
minute.

Basin deep, regular ; Eye large, rather open.

Cavity deep ; Stem short.

Core closed ; Seeds numerous, plump ; Flesh white, fine

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES. — L I. II. 391

grained, breaking, juicy ; Flavor very sweet ; Quality very
good ; Use, baking and stock ; Season September and Oc-
tober.

CLASS I.— FLAT APPLES.
ORDER L— REGUL.\R.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 2.— STRIPED.
Kaltimore.— [0/ mUotL]

FLUSHING SPITZENBERG, OF NORTHWEST. — CABLE'S GILLIFLOWER. —
ROYAL PIPPIN IN ILLINOIS.

The origin of this very satisfactory second rate fruit is
unknown, though it is extensively cultivated in western

Fig. 59. — BALTIMORE.

orchards, especially in the lake country, for it is scarcely
known within the Ohio river fruit region.

Tree thrifty, sufficiently vigorous but with slender
growth, very productive, spreading.

Fruit medium, regular, oblate, almost round in some
specimens, Surface smooth, red, striped with deep red and
often covered with whitish or gray markings that give it

392

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

a blae appearance likG a bloom ; Dots scattered, large,
yellow or fawn color.

Basin shallow, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem short to medium.

Core large, closed ; Seeds numerous, plump ; Flesh yel-
low,* fine grained, juicy, almost sweet, aromatic, lacking
character; Of second quality, but valuable for market ;
December and January ; Not disposed to rot, does not
show bruises.

Butter.

fulkerson's.

The origin of this fruit has not been definitely traced,
and though not very widely diffused, it is a prime favorite
with its acquaintances, and the lovers of rich apple-butter.

Fruit small, very regular, oblate ; Surface very smooth,
and so covered with mixed red as rarely to show the y el-

Fig. 60. — BUTTER.

low ground color; upon this are laid darker stripes of
deep red ; Dots minute and inconspicuous.

Basin medium, regular, or folded ; Eye rather large,
closed.

Cavity acute, regular, brown ; Stem of medium thick-
ness, rather long.

CLASS I. ^PLAT APPLES. 1. L IL 393

Core wide, large, closed ; with large, plump, pointed
seeds ; Flesh yellow, tender, fine grained, juicy ; with ^
sweet, rich and aromatic flavor. Valuable for stock and
for apple-buiter ; Season, October to January.

Conant's Red.

This variety is cultivated in southern Ohio and adjacent
regions, to which it has been distributed by the venerable
Pomologist, H. N. Gillett, of Quaker Bottom, to whom
the author is under many obligations for valuable informa-
tion connected with the fruits of that productive region.

Fig. 61.— CONANT'S RED.

Fruit full medium, regular, oblate, and sometimes
nearly round.

In appearance this apple is not very prepossessing, as
the surface is rough, the yellow ground is obscured by
mixed red, upon which are red stripes and streaks of rus-
set ; dots are numerous, minute, indented, yellow or fawn
colored.

Basin rather deep, abrupt, regular or wavy ; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity wide, wavy or regular, green ; Stem medium to
long, slender.
17*

394

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Core large, regular, closed ; Seeds numerous, some are
imperfectly developed ; Flesh yellow, fine grained, juicy ;
flavor sub-acid to sweet, very aromatic, agreeable, fitting
it admirably for a dessert fruit, as which it is nearly first
rate Season from September to December.

Connett Street.

The tree grows vigorously, is upright and productive,
bearing early. Its origin I have not learned, but procured
the specimens from my valued friend, Jno. C. Teas, ot
Raysville, Indiana.

Fruit of good size, regular, flat ; Surface rather rough,
dull red, with indistinct stripes ; Dots few, dark, sunken.

Fio;. 62. — CONNETT sweet.

Basin not deep, wide, regular ; Eye rather large, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem medium to long.

Core wide, closed; Seeds of medium size; Flesh com-
pact, yellow, fine grained ; Flavor very sweet ; Quality
very good ; Season, December to March.

Oi-a; Mini ^' inkle.

This is supposed to be the famous cider apple of New
Jersey, described by Coxe, except that the form is difler-

CLASS I. ^FLAT APPLES. ^I. I. II. 895

ent ; it has as good qualities for making a rich cider ;
specimens obtained from W. C. Hampton.

Fruit small, oblate, regular ; Surface dull red, striped
purple ; Dots numerous, yellow.

Basin Avide, regular ; Eye large, open.

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem long, inclined.

Core medium, round, regular, closed, meeting the eye;
Seeds numerous, angular, plump ; Flesh yellowish-white,
firm, tough; Flavor sweet; Use, cider; Season, winter.

Jersey J^^reet.

AMERICAN.

In some parts of the country this is a favorite baking
apple^ but its great productiveness renders it small, and
makes it rather a stock apple. Tree vigorous, round-
headed; Shoots short-jointed and red; Foliage abundant.

Fig. 63. — JERSEY SWEET.

Fruit medium, regular, globular-oblate, sometimes rath-
er conical, (according to Elliott & Downing, roundish-
ovate, but the drawing given by the latter is globular);

396

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Surface smooth, yellow, nearly covered with red, mixed,
striped and splashed carmine, more or less distinctly ; Dots
generally minute.

Basin medium to wide, regular; Eye small, generally
closed.

Cavity wide, regular or wavy, rather deep, brown, and
in Michigan often green ; Stem medium to long, green.

Core wide, regular, partially open in some specimens, but
generally closed; Seeds numerous, wide, pointed, plump;
flesh pale yellow, tender, fine grained, juicy ; Flavor very
sweet, aromatic and rich ; Use, the dessert, for those who
like sweet apples, but especially valued for baking and for
feeding stock. Season August to October.

]fIoore's STreeting.

BED SWEET PIPPIN. — ^BLACK SWEET.

This valuable winter sweet apple is much cultivated
throughout the West on account of its productiveness,

Fig. 64. — MOORE'S SWEETIKO.

and the amount of nutriment it furnishes to both man and

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. — L L II. 397

animals. Tree vigorous, healthy, spreading, round, with
branches sufficiently open; Shoots dark olive; Foliage
large, dark green.

Fruit medium to large, globular-oblate, regular; Sur-
face smooth, greenish-yellow, covered with dull red in
confused stripes and shaded with gray that gives the fruit
a purple hue ; Dots minute and few ; Skin thick.

Basin wide, wavy or folded ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity wide or acute, deep, green or brown; Stem
short, rather stout.

Core small, closed ; Seeds numerous, plump, pale ; Flesh
yellow, dry, iirm ; Flavor very sweet ; Quality inferior, for
the dessert; Use, baking, market, stock, cider; Season
from December to March and later, keeping very sound.

Putnam ST^eet.

Originated near Marietta, Ohio.

Fruit large, flat, regular ; Surface smooth, mixed, splash-
ed and striped deep red ; Dots numerous, large.

Basin wide, shallow, regular; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular ; Stem short.

Core roundish, flattened, open, clasping the eye ; Seeds
numerous, pointed, pale; Flesh tender; Flavor sweet;
quality very good ; IJse, kitchen, stock ; Season August,
September.

ItidnuLOud,

Described by F. R. Elliott, author of American Fruit
Growers* Guide^ and named for our mutual friend, D. C.
Richmond, near Sandu^y, Ohio, who found it in an old
seedling orchard with several other good varieties. The
seeds were supposed to have been brought from the old
French orchards of Canada. Tree large, vigorous, pro-
ductive, and would appear to have been hardy.

Mr. EUiott says :

" Fruit large ; Form roundish, occasional specimens have
one side a little enlarged; Color light yellow ground,
mostly or quite overspread with light and dark red stripes,
many dots or specks of light russet ; Stem varying, mostly
short, slender ; Cavity deep, open, regular, a little brown-

398 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

ish at bottom ; Calyx large, segments long ; Basin deep,
open, uniformly furrowed ; Flesh white, tender, juicy, deli-

Fig. 65. — RICHMOND.

cate, sweet; Core medium; Seeds large, full; Season Oc-
tober to December."

S^veet. Vamclervere.

This is another western favorite with the admirers of
sweet apples. Tree sufficiently vigorous, healthy, and
productive ; twigs slender, like those of the true Yander-
veres.

Fruit of good size, from full medium to large, regular,
oblate, and resembling the Pennsylvania Yandervere;
surface very smooth, yellow, shaded with mixed red, and
striped with dull or dark red ; Dots yellow, scattered, in-
dented.

Basin abrupt, wide, deep, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity sometimes wide and regular, or acute; Stem
long, slender.

CLASS I.' — FLAT APPLES. L I. IIL

399

Core regular, heart-shaped, closed ; Seeds medium to
long, angular; Flesh firm, breaking, yellow ; Flavor sweet,

Fig. 6Q, — SWEET VANDERVERE.

pleasant ; Quality not first rate, valued for baking and for
stock 5 Season December and January.

CLASS I.— FLAT APPLES.

ORDER I.— REGULAR

SECTION 1.— SWEET.

SUB-SECTION 3.— EUSSET.

KONE.

400

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

CLASS I.— FLAT APPLES.

ORDER L— REGULAR.

SECTION 2.— SOUR.

SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED.

Better Xhan Oood.

JUICY BITE.

Like our standard authority, I am obliged to quote from
the American Pomological Society's Transactions. Origin
uncertain, (Elliott says from Pennsylvania) ; Tree thrifty,
rather slender, very productive.

Fruit medium, oblate ; Skin pale yellow, with a few
brown dots.

Basin large and open ; Calyx closed.

Cavity broad ; Stem short.

Flesh yellowish, very tender, j nicy ; Flavor mild,
pleasant, sub-acid ; ISTovember to January.

Bolia^noii.

This apple was brought into notice by Lewis Sanders,
that veteran agriculturist of Kentucky, who was equally

Fig. 67.— BOHANON.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. — I. IL I. 401

remarkable as a planter of choice fruits, and breeder of
fine cattle. Mr. Elliott thinks this variety may* have had
its origin in Virginia. Tree moderately vigorous and
productive.

Fruit full medium, regular, oblate, rarely inclined to be
angular, sometimes slightly conical ; Surface very smooth,
whitish, or waxen, occasionally blushed with pale car-
mine, making it very beautiful ; Dots minute.

Basin abrupt, narrow, folded, wavy and irregular ; Eye
closed ; Segments reflexed.

Cavity acute, brown ; Stem rather long.

Core regular, small, pyriform, closed, clasping the eye ;
Seeds small, compressed ; Flesh white, breaking, fine grain-
ed, juicy, sub-acid ; Quality very good and preferred as a
dessert fruit to the Maiden's Blush^ which it much resem-
bles without having the peculiar flavor of that variety.

Coi-nlielcl.

A southern variety received from J. S. Downer & Son.

Fruit medium, roundish-oblate or cylindrical, truncate,
regular ; Surface smooth, yellow, covered with mixed deep
red, striped ; Dots numerous, minute.

Basin deep, abrupt, regular, leather-ci*acked ; Eye small,
open.

Cavity wide, acute ; Stem short.

Core round, regular, closed, hardly clasping ; Axis short ;
Seeds numerous, plump ; Flesh yellow, fine grained, tender,
rather dj-y; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality good; Use, table;
Season, December.

Cracking*.

This variety had its origin in the eastern part of Ohio.
The tree is a strong grower and productive.

Fruit large, oblate, somewhat uneven and irregular, but
handsome; Surface smooth, greenish-yellow until ripe,
when it is often tinged with red ; Dots numerous, minute,
indented and green.

Basin wide, folded ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity acute, wavy, bi;own ; Stem short, rather stout.

Core wide, open, clasping the eye ; Seeds large, point-
ed, dark ; Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid ;

402

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fig. 68. — CRACKING.

quality nearly first rate ; Use, kitchen and table ; Season
September and October.

Craiil>erry I**ippiii,

This is a beautiful apple which originated near Hudson,
JSTew York. Tree vigorous, very productive.

Fruit large, flat, regular; Surface very smooth, bright,
clear yellow, with a shining scarlet cheek ; Dots "minute.

Basin wide, regular or wavy ; Eye small, short, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy ; Stem medium.

Core small, oval, just meeting the eye ; Axis short ; Seeds
numerous, long ; Flesh white, breaking, juicy ; Flavor mild,
sub-acid ; Quality very good for cooking, not for dessert ;
Season l^ovember to February in New York.

]>£l.ltOIl.

Specimens from Mr. Warren, of Massachusetts. Origin
and history unknown.

CLASS .1 — FLAT APPLES. 1. II. I.

403

Fruit medium, flat, uneven ; Surface smooth, yellowish-
green, becoming greasy ; Dots scattered, green.

Busin medium, folded ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, pointed ; Stem medium.

Core medium, wide, closed, clasping the eye; Seeds
large; Flesh greenish-white, tender, juicy; Flavor sub-
acid ; Quality good ; Use kitchen, table ; Season September.

Not particularly desirable.

Early Harvest.

This American apple has long been a prime favorite in
the orchard, especially when planted for family use, since
it is of excellent quality for table as well as in the kitchen.
For the commercial orchard, however, it is falling into dis-

/--v

/^\

'**•>

_..^'-- ^....

Fio-

69. — EARLY HARVEST

favor with the market men, because of its uncertainty, and
its proneness to be defective on some soils.

Tree spreading, healthy and vigorous ; the limbs are
very strongly attached to the trunk by a woody enlarge-
nient at their base, and the pale olive twigs are remark-

404

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

able for their peculiar mode of production in twos and
threes from a common origin.

Fruit medium, regular, oblate, sometimes almost round,
as described by Downing, but this is rare in the West, where
the oblate form prevails. Surface smooth, clear, waxy
yellow, very rarely blushed ; Dots numerous, minute, green.

Basin regular, narrow, abrupt ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular ; Stem short.

Core round, closed, not meeting the eye ; Seeds large,
pointed ; Flesh tender, breaking, juicy, acid to sub-acid,
agreeable ; Of first quality for table or kitchen during the
month of July.

This very nice apple, received from S. W. Westbrooke,
of Greensboro, N. C., deserves the commendation of its
southern admirers.

Fruit regular, globular-oblate, of medium size ; Surface

Fig. 70.— FAUST.

smooth, yellow, with a white bloom and sunken white
dots.

Basin shallow, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, green ; Stem medium, to long.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES — I. H. t.

405

Core wide, closed, scarcely meeting the eye ; Seeds an-
gular ; Flesh yellow!, fine grained ; Flavor sub-acid, aroma-
tic, and first quality for table or dessert use, in November
or later.

Finley.

ABBOTT ?

This fine fruit originated in Kentucky and is cultivated
to some extent in Southern Indiana, where it is considered
entitled to the meed of excellence, and preferred to the
Early Harvest on the one hand, and to the Maiden's Blusli

Fig. 71. — FINLEY.

on the other ; and in its season, it competes w^ith both, be-
ing useful in July for the kitchen, and riDening gradually
until September.

Tree large, spreading, vigorous and productive.

Fruit large to very large, regular, globular-oblate,
slightly conical; Surface smooth, greenish-yellow, becom-
ing a clear lemon yellow at maturity ; Dots minute, gray,
scattering.

406 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin rather wide, wavy ; Eye small, closed; Segments
reflexecl.

Cavity acute, medium to deep, regular, brown ; Stem
long, yellow.

Core heart-shaped, regular, closed, clasping the eye ;
Seeds few, large, plump, nnd some imperfect ; Flesh yellow,
breaking, fine grained, juicy, acid, almost first quality ;
Valuable for kitchen and market; Season August and
September.

Finlc.

fink's seedling.

This long keeper was brought before the notice of the
Ohio Pomological Society many years ago by Mr. Clarke,
of Somerset, Ohio. Mr. Elliott considered it the same as
Tewksbury Winter Blush, and introduces Fink's Seedling
as a synonym of that variety. Others think it a diiferent
fruit, among whom is that practical Pomologist, the Secre-
tary of that association, M. B. Bateham, Esq., who has
propagated and planted the trees extensively. It was de-
scribed as Fink's Seedling in the Ohio Cultivator, May,
1847. At the meeting of 1854, the merits and claims of
this variety were freely discussed, and the Society named
it the Fink^ after admitting that it was an original seed-
ling, as stated by Mi*. Fink, in whose seedling orchard it
had originated.

Tree of strong upright growth, a profuse and annual
bearer.

Fruit small, regular, roundish-oblate; Surface very
smooth, polished, greenish-yellow, blushed with brownish-
red ; Flesh whitish, breaking, juicy, mild sub-acid ; remark-
able for its keeping qualities, remaining sound until the
second season, and has been shown in May after having
been kept over two winters.

Fulton.

Origin, Canton County, Illinois. Tree large, vigorous,
productive, annual bearer.

Fruit large, globular-oblate, often oblique or unsynmie-
trical ; Surface smooth, greenish-yellow, with a carmine
blush ; Dots minute, indented.

Basin abrupt, deep, folded ; Eye medium to large, open.

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES. — L II. I.

407

Cavity deep, narrow or acute, green and brown ; Stem
rather long and slender.

Core small, round, clasping; Seeds numerous, small,
short and plump ; Flesh yellow, tender, line grained, juicy ;
flavor sub-ncid and aromatic; First quality for table ; In

F%. fl-

Novomber and December. Our Illinois orchardists do
not commend it so highly as when first introduced ; not
fully satisfactory where planted in Ohio on limestone
clays.

Oolden Needling'.

Said to have originated with Mr. Rlehl, of St. Louis,
cultivated and distributed by Geo. Husmann, of Hermann,
Mo., in whose orchard I gathered it.

Fruit large, handsome, regular, and oblate; Surface
smooth, greenish-yellow, and blushed ; Dots scattered,
minute.

Basin wide, regular; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy ; Stem short.

408 DESCRIPTIONS OI^^ APPLES.

Core medium, regular, meeting the eye, closed ; Seeds

Pig. 73. — GOLDEN SEEDLING.

numeroiis,anguIar, pale ; Flesh yellow, juicy, rich; "Very
good."

Oreeii Crank.

I have received this southern apple from Kentucky,
Tenn., and also from Georgia, but have not yet fruited it.
Tree moderately thrifty ; Shoots brown ; Foliage small.

Fruit medium to large, flattened somewhat, conical,
regular; Surface green to yellow, sometimes bronzed;
dots small, gray.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity wide, deep, acute, brown ; Stem medium, green,
thick.

Core wide, medium, closed, not clasping the eye ; seeds
numerous, plump, short, dark; Flesh yellow, firm, fine
grained, jui(;y ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic, rich; Quality
good to very good ; Use table, kitchen ; Season Decem-
ber to March.

CLASS I. FL»T APPLES. L II. I.

409

Fig. 74,— GBEEN CRAI^.

Fig. 75.— HAWLET.

18

410

DESC^EIPTIONS 0» APPLES.

Originated in Columbia County, New York. Tree
vigorous, with a round spreading head ; Shoots stout, oUve.

Fruit large, regular, oblate or slightly conic ; Surface
waxy yellow, rarely shaded or blushed, becomes oily or
greasy when kept.

Basin rather wide, wavy ; Cavity wide, sometimes fold-
ed ; Stem short, medium and long.

Core regular, closed, scarcely clasping the eye; Seeds
generally imperfect ; Flesh yellowish-white, very tender,
fine grained, juicy ; Flavor very pleasant, mild sub-acid,
rich ; Season August to September ; an amateur's fruit.

Fig. 76. — HAWTHORNDEN.

IIa,Trt]ioi*iideii..

This famous Scotch fruit appears to do very well in this
country, but it must yield the palm to its American cousin
and representative, the Maiden's Blush, which possesses
all its good qualities as a market and kitchen fruit, with
attractive appearance.

Tree spreading, vigorous and productive • an early
bearer.

CLASS T. FLAT APPLES. — I. II. I. 411

Fruit large, regular, and very flat ; Surface perfectly
smooth, always fair, and of a beautiful white, very rarely
and faintly blushed ; Dots minute.

Basin shallow, narrow, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, green ; Stem medium.

Core wide, regular, somewhat open, meeting the eye ;
Seeds numerous, angular, imperfect, brown ; Flesh green-
ish-white, breaking, fine grained, juicy ; Flavor acid, aro-
matic ; of second quality for table, but first rate for cook-
ing ; IJses, kitchen and market ; Season October.

Junaliska;.

This apple originated in the Cherokee country, where it
is highly esteemed, and fruited in Ohio and Kentucky this
year.

Fruit large, roundish or flattened, slightly conic, regu-
lar; Surface smooth, yellow, with some russet, chiefly
about the apex ; sometimes blushed ; Dots minute, gray.

Basin rather small, regular; Eye small, long, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, brown ; Stem quite short, knobby.

Core wide, heart-shaped, regular, closed ; Axis short ;
seeds few, short, plump ; Flesh yellow, breaking, granular ;
flavor sub-acid, spicy, rich ; Quality good ; Use, table and
kitchen ; Season November, and through the winter.

It may be destined to supply the place of the Rhode
Island Greening^ where that variety does not succeed.

Kane.

CAIN.

Origin, Delaware. Tiee upright, sufficiently vigorous.
Has been confounded with the Bohanon, but is distinct.

Fruit small, regulai-, oblate, somewhat conic ; Beautiful
for the dessert; Surface very smooth, waxen yellow,
blushed with bright crimson; Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy,
acid and pleasant ; October and November.

I^ady.

API PETIT, ETC.

This beautiful little French apple has been fully natur-
alized in our country, and has received the enthusiastic
admiration of the American people. The fruit needs to

412 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

be entirely perfect to meet with favor as an ornament to
the table, for which use it is especially adapted ; unfor-
tunately it is often overgrown and irregularly developed.
Wherever produced in proper size and color, it is one of
the most profitable varieties, commanding fancy prices at
the period of Christmas decorations. In the rich soils of
the West it is apt to be too large, and has generally failed
to meet the requisitions ; but it succeeds well in Michigan,
and the neighboring region of Indiana.

Tree of medium size, very close and upright, healthy
and pi-oductive ; Shoots very dark ; the foliage small,
crowded, curled, and very dark.

Fiuit very small, quite flat, very regular; Surface very
smooth, shining or polished, of a pale waxen yellow, near-
ly covered with bright carmine, which contrasts finely
with the ground color, wherever the fruit has been shaded
by a leaf; Dots minute.

Basin medium, rather abrupt ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, deep, regular; Stem short.

Core regular, wide, closed ; Seeds numerous ; Axis very
short ; Flesh white, breaking, tender and juicy when ripe ;
with a mild sub-acid flavor; Use ornament and dessert;
Season December until March.

This beautiful and profitable fruit has received the un-
qualified approbation of thirteen out of the eighteen States
that have reported lo the American Pomological Society.
It is a native of New Jersey, and is still held in high
repute there as a market apple. The tree is hardy, vigor-
ous, spreading and productive, beginning to bear quite
early.

Fruit medium, to large, regular, flat and very handsome ;
Surface very smooth, polished, of a pale waxen yellow and
blushed with bright carmine; Dots minute.

Basin shallow, regular or wavy ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy ; Stem medium to short.

Core regular, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds numerous,
brown ; Flesh white, breaking, fine grained, juicy ; Flavor
acid, aromatic;, and to most palates not agreeable at the
dessert, but very good when cooked, and requiring but
a short time to be reduced to a delicious pulp of light

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES. 1. II. I.

413

color. This apple is also used for drying and makes a
very light colored product, that is much admired by deal-
ers. Season September and October, but may be used in
the kitchen clurinty Auo-ust.

Fig. 77.— maiden's blush.

Bachelor's Blush appears to be a variety of the above;
found in Burlington County, ISTew Jersey, and exhibited
before the American Pomological Society at the Rochester
meeting in 1864, by Wm. Parry, as a valuable and dis-
tinct variety. Having examined the trees as they grew
together in the orchard, the resemblance to Maiden's
Blush was very apparent. The fruit is larger, and for
market purposes is considered more profitable. The two
may be different, but are very much alike.

I*iclcard.'s Reserve.

Grown in Parke County, Indiana, from seed brought
from North Carolma. This apple was first brought to
my notice by Jno. C. Teas, of Raysville, Indiana. Con-
siderably grown in that State. Tree hardy ; the original
is still standing in Rockville.

Fruit large, flat, somewhat unequal ; Surface smooth,
pale yellow ; Dots scattered, minute.

414

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin abrupt, regular, rather deep ; Eye quite small,
closed.

Cavity deep, wavy, brown ; Stem short to medium.
Core irregular, closed, scarcely clasping the eye ; Seeds

Fig. 78.— pickard's reserve.

numerous, angular, dark brown ; Flesh whitish-yellow, fine
grained, tender, juicy, with a sub-acid, aromatic flavor,
making this a fruit of first quality for table or kitchen use ;
Season December and January

Rhode Inland Oreeiiin;?.

From its name this apple would appear, like the Peck's
Pleasant, to have come from the sea-girt State. It is a
universal favorite, and is found to succeed well in a great
many situations ; but there are some portions of the West
where it has failed to give satisfaction, being slow to come
into bearing, becoming an autumn instead of a winter fruit,
and falling badly from the trees before picking time. In
sandstone soils, however, even in Southern Indiana and Il-
linois, it does better than on the limestone clays ; the fruit

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES. 1. IL I.

415

attains an enormous size, but matures too early for a win-
ter apple.

Tree very vigorous, crooked, spreading, productive ;
Shoots stout, dark, with dark foliage.

Fruit large to very large, varying in shape from globu-
lar or round to flat, which is the prevailing and character-
istic form. Surface smooth in the North, somewhat rough
and often quite russet ed in the South, a dull green, becom-
ing yellow at maturity ; Dots grey, irregular, numerous.

Fig. 79.— RHODE ISLAND GREENING.

B^sin regular, small and russeted to a greater or less
extent, sometimes extending half way down the sides of
the fruit; Eye small to medium, closed.

Cavity wide, regular ; Stem medium to long, curved,
often reddish.

Core roundish-oval, regular, closed, clasping the eye ;
seeds numerous, angular, dark ; Flesh very yellow, break-
ing, tender, juicy, with a rich, acid flavor, making it a
superior cooking apple, and very fine for the dessert when
fully ripe ; Quality almost first rate ; -Season October to
December — in the North, keeping until March.

416

DESCEIPTIO]S"S OF APPLES.

Te\i^l£slniry l¥iiiter Blusli*

This long-keeping variety was described by Coxe as
having its origin in New Jersey. It has already been
named in connection with the Fink, which resembles it
very closely, and, like it, the chief excellence of this vari-
ety consists in its superior keeping quahties.

The tree is vigorous, upright, productive, and holds the
apples well.

Fruit small, regular, flat ; Surface smooth, yellow, blush-
ed ; Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy, well flavored, and retams
its characters for a long time.

Vii-giniii. <irreeiiiiig.

This apple is supposed from its name to have originated
in Virginia. It is cultivated chiefly in the Southern

■VIRGINIA GREENING.

States, and in those parts of the ISTorthwest to which
Southerners have migrated. Its chief merit is its long
keeping. Tree large, spreading, productive.

CLASS I. — ^FLAT APrLES. — I. II. I. 417

Fruit large, regular, flat to roundish, generally the
former ; Surface smooth, dull green and often bronzy, nev-
er blushed ; Dots scattered, large, white or gray, with
whitish rings around them.

Basin regular, wide, shallow ; Eye small, open.

Cavity wide, regular, green ; Stem long to medium.

Core regular, turbinale, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, long ; Flesh white, firm, breaking, sub-acid ; Fit
only for the kitchen ; A long keeper ; March and April ;
often subject to Bittei^rot.

^Tliite Fall Pippin.

TALL PIPPIN OF LOUISVILLE.

This handsome fruit is seen in quantities in the Louis-
ville market every fall. Its cultivation does not appear
to have been widely extended, nor has its origin been
traced. It has been thought to resemble the Spanish Rei-
nette, with which I have not had an opportunity to com-
pare it.

Fruit very large, slightly uneven, roundish-flattened or
globular-oblate ; Surface smooth, pale yellow, not bronzed
or blushed, but having a whitish striping toward the
stem end ; Dots scattered, minute, dark.

Basin abrupt, narrow, deep and folded ; Eye small, long,
closed.

Cavity wide, wavy ; Stem very short.

Core wide, regular, somewhat open, clasping the eye ;
Seeds numerous, angular ; Flesh yellowish-white, breaking,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic and rich ; Useful for cook-
ing, drying, and table ; Season October.

liVliite Jiineatiug^.

juNEATiNa, dyxe. — yellow june. — nearly may?

Downing thinks this a very old variety, mentioned by
Evelyn in 1660, and by Ray in 1688. It has long been
known in the West and South as a very early apple, and
valued on this account, though quite small. The tree re-
sembles that of the Early Harvest in the color and ar-
rangement of its twigs.

Fruit flat, regular ; Surface smooth, pale yellow.
18*

418 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin not deep, slightly folded ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, shallow ; Stem long, slender.
Flesh breaking, whitish, juicy till over-ripe, when it is
dry ; Flavor sub-acid ; Use table and market ; Season June.

Winter Pippin.

WINTER PIPPIN OF GENEVA.

This very handsome fruit was received from T. T. Lyon,
of Plymouth, Michigan, marked as having been received
from Western New York. The same fruit was a very
strong competitor for the Greeley prize before the Commit-
tee of the American Institute, and is believed to be the
same as that described by Downing as the Winter Pippin
of Geneva,

Tree thrifty, branches spreading ; Said to be productive.

Fruit large, oblate, regular, or slightly unequal ; Surface
smooth, pale yellow, with a bright crimson cheek ; Dots
numerous, minute.

Basin wide, wavy, or plaited ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity regular, green, rather deep ; Stem long.

Core medium, regular, closed, clasping the eye ; Seeds
numerous, plump; Flesh yellowish-white, fine grained,
juicy, sub-acid ; Season January until May. A limited
acquaintance does not justify me in giving such high
praises as those bestowed upon this fruit by Mr. Downing.

YelloTi' Foster.

This apple is a favorite with that worthy pioneer Po-
mologist of Southern Ohio, 11. N. Gillett, of Lawrence
County, to whom I am under obligations fo^* this and many
other varieties.

Fruit medium to large, regular, oblate ; Surface smooth,
greenish-yellow ; Dots scattered, minute green.

Basin of medium depth and size, regular ; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity acute, regular ; Stem of medium size and length.

Core medium, wide, closed, not meeting the eye ; Seeds
not numerous, medium ; Flesh yellow, fine grained, tender,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid and aromatic ; Of first quality for
table ; During October.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. — I. II. II.

419

Fig. 81.— TELLOW FOSTER.

CLASS I.— FLAT APPLES.
ORDER I.— REGULAR.

SlgCTION 2.— SOUK.
SUB-SECTION 2.— STRIPED.

A1>i*£iin.

FATHER ABRAHAM, of Illinois, not that of Coxe.

This little southern favorite is not extensively cultivated
in the North, except where southern settlers have intro-
duced it. It is found in Illinois, Indiana and Missouri.
Origin believed to have been in Virginia, whence I have re-
ceived specimens and trees. In Kentucky it is found to
be a hardy drooping tree, holding the fruit well; an-
nually productive, valued for cider, and keeping till July
of next year.

Fruit medium, globular-oblate, uneven ; Surface not
smooth, yellowish green, mixed, red, with stripes and
splashes ; the whole presenting a gray appearance ; Dots
minute, scattered.

420 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin shallow, wide, wavy ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, regular ; Stem long, inclined.

Core medium, regular, closed ; Seeds numerous, short,
plump, pale ; Flesh greenish-yellow, fine grained, juicy ;
flavor mild sub-acid, rich ; almost first quality ; keeping
until May or later.

America/ii Pippin.

GRIN^DSTONE.

This fruit is chiefly valued for keeping very late into the
summer. Coxe commends it for its cider, rating it as
nearly equal to the Grey-House ; he says that fourteen
bushels are required to make a barrel of cider. The ap-
ples hang well to the tree, and will bear a considerable
amount of freezing. They are so firm as to suffer little from
bruising, and are not disposed to rot when thus injured. A
fruitman once said of their abihty to withstand rough
usage, that the apples might be whipped off the tree with
a hoop-pole, shoveled into a cart, dumped upon the ground,
and have some dirt thrown upon them, and that they
would keep until next July ; but, he added, they are then
as good as dried apples ; so lightly are they esteemed for
table use.

The tree is thrifty, with a low, spreading head and de-
pending branches ; very productive ; notwithstanding the
fruit is dry and deficient in flavor, it is considered profit-
able, because so easily kept until May and June, when it
commands the highest price, because of the rarity of green
fruit at that season.

Fruit medium, regular, very flat; Surface rough, some-
times vein-russeted, dull green, covered with mixed red,
and shaded with stripes of brick-dust color ; Dots numer-
ous, large, gray.

Basin very shallow, wide, regular or plaited ; Eye quite
small, open.

Cavity regular, brown, this color extending over the
base of the fruit ; Stem medium, often thick and knobby.

Core wide, irregular, closed ; Seeds numerous, plump,
brown ; Flesh yellow, breaking, dry, very firm ; Flavor mild
sub-acid; Quality poor; Uses kitchen and market, which
last means that it may be sold to those who do not Appre-
ciate the summer fruits of May and June.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. — I. II. II. 421

HaldT^iii.

This celebrated apple of New England has been widely-
distributed over the country, but has not met with uni-
versal favor in the West and South ; first, because it is
apt to become a fall or early winter fruit, instead of a keep-
ing apple ; and secondly, because it is not well adapted to
our palates ; moreover, the tree has been considered tender,
having suffered extensively during the cold winters ; this
is especially true in the nursery. Its productiveness and
fair quality will, however, always make the Baldwin a
favorite over a large portion of our country, and the New
England settlers must have this variety.

Fig. 82. — BALDWIN.

Tree robust, spreading, very productive ; Foliage large,
dark, on shoots that are stout and have a rich brown bark.

Fruit large, frequently round, and sometimes almost
conical, but generally inclined to be flattened, so as to be
classed by measurement as oblate; large specimens in
southern latitudes are very apt to be unequal, and to have

422 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

their axis inclined, or to be what is called lop-sided ; sur-
face smooth, rich yellow where shaded, but the exposed
parts quite covered with deep red, which is mixed so as to
conceal the ground color, and also to obscure the stripes
of deeper red that prevail ; this fruit is also frequently-
marked with veined russet, overlying the red color, or ex-
cluding it ; Dots minute, and yellow, or gray where the
red prevails.

Basin deep, often abrupt and narrow, generally waved,
folded or plaited, and these marks are quite characteristic ;
Eye large and open, from the shortness of the calyx. On
this account the variety is considered very subject to the
attacks of the Codling-moth.

Cavity wide, regular or wavy, generally brown ; Stem
medium to long, often curved or inclined, sufficiently
stout.

Core medium, regular, closed, meeting, sometimes clasp-
ing the eye; Seeds numerous, long, angular, imperfect;
flesh yellow, breaking, frequently coarse-grained, juicy,
sub-acid, rich ; some northern specimens are fine-grained
and almost first quality ; those from the South are coarse,
poor and scarcely second-rate for table use, but are good
for cooking; Season October to January, occasionally
keeping later.

Fig. 83.— BETHLBMITB.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. 1. IL IL

423

Betlileiiiite.

This apple has frequently been exhibited before the Ohio
Pomological Society, by friends Lipsey, Morris and Bene-
dict, of Morrow County, to which region its cultivation
appears to have been confined. The origin of the fruit is
obscure.

Tree thrifty, hardy, productive, upright.

Fruit medium, flat, or oblate-globular, regular ; surface
smooth, dull red or bright red, mixed, on yellow, with
broken splashes of crimson; Dots distinct, large, gray and
yellow.

Basin wide, deep, regular or folded, leather-cracked ; Eye
medium, closed.

Cavity rather wide, regular, brown ; Stem medium to
short.

Core regular, neat, closed, just meeting the eye ; Axis
short ; Seeds numerous, short, very plump, pale ; Flesh yel-
lowish-whit.e, breaking, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality
good, for table and cooking ; Season December.

Fig. 84.— -BLONDIN.

424 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Blondin.

This fine fruit originated with the veteran Pomologist
of Indiana, Reuben Ragan.

Fruit very large, oblate, unequal ; Surface rough, green-
ish-yellow, splashed and striped with red ; Dots numerous,
large, gray.

Basin abrupt, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, deep, brown; Stem short, rather slender
inclined.

Core medium or small, regular, closed, clasping the eye ;
Seeds plump, pointed, brown ; Flesh greenish-yellow, fine-
grained, tender, juicy; Flavor sub-acid ; almost first rate
for table and market ; Season October and November.

Slooiuin.;:: Ora;iig:e.

Mr. Waring considers this the handsomest apple. In
1839 he brought a large number of sorts from the famous
Herefordshire apple orchards of England, of which this is
the only one he retains as fully adapted to the mountain
region of Pennsylvania.

Tree a very strong, free, handsome grower, and an im-
mense bearer, after six or eight years' growth.

Fruit very large, fair, beautiful, roundish-oblate, regular ;
surface dark, richly clouded with claret and mahogany, on
yellow ground ; Eye open ; Flesh crisp, juicy, acid at "first,
but this merges into a rich, penetrating, very agreeable
flavor.

It is of the Ribston Pippin, or Dutch Mignonne type of
fruit.-[Mr. G. Waring's MS.]

Bonuin.

MAGNUM BONUM.

This delicious southern fruit originated in Davidson
County, North Carolina. The tree is vigorous, very pro-
ductive and bears early. I received specimens from S. W.
Westbrooke, Greensboro', North Carolina. Introduced
to the American Poraological Society at the Philadelphia
meeting, 1860, by Walter Steele, of Rockingham County,
North Carolina, and highly recommended.

CLASS I. — ^FLAT APPLES. — ^I. IL IL 425

Fruit large, oblate, regular ; Surface smooth, yellow,
covered with mixed red, and striped ; Dots distinct, large,
yellow.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity deep, regular, brown; Stem long, not thick,
green.

Core oval, small, closed, scarcely meeting the eye ; Axis

Fig. 85.— BONUM.

short ; Seeds large, plump ; Flesh yellow, firm, breaking,
fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor rich, sub-acid ; first quality for
the dessert ; in September.

This apple was found on the edge of the prairie, east of
Quincy, Illinois, in the orchard of K. K. Jones, Esq.,
where it was supposed to have been brought from the
State of Delaware.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading and productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, roundish, slightly conic, regular ;
surface smooth, greenish, covered with confused stripes of
dull red ; Dots scattered, white.

Basin shallow, abrupt, regular ; Eye small, closed.

426

descriptio:n's of apples.

Cavity acute, regular, green ; Stem very short.

Core small, round, closed, clasping ; Seeds imperfect ;

Fig. 86.— BRAl^DYWrNE.

Flesh greenish-white, fine-grained, tender, juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality only good ; Use table, kitchen ;
Season January, February.

Biiclia.li an ' s •

Origin near Cincinnati, Ohio, in the orchard of Robert
Buchanan, Esq., a gentleman long devoted to pomology.
It also closely resembles the Brandy wine, as grown in Illi-
nois, already described.

This variety is much like the Minkler, which originated
in Illinois, and both may have come from seeds of the Gil-
pin, which they resemble.

Tree vigorous and productive.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. 1. II. H. 427

Fruit medium, oblate, regular ; Surface smooth, yellow,
covered witli mixed red and striped bright red ; Dots scat-
tered, minute.

Basin medium, folded or plaited ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, green ; Stem short or medium.

Core flattened, closed, clasping the eye ; Seeds numerous,
plump, dark; Flesh greenish-yellow, firm, breaking; Flavor
sub-acid ; Quality scarcely second rate, but useful for cook-
ing, and keeps sound until May.

Carolinci; tfia^ldw^in.

This nice southern apple was received from S. W. West-
brooke, of Greensboro'. Of the tree I know nothing.

Fruit medium, oblate, regular ; Surface yellow-green,
with mixed red and stripes ; Dots numerous, large, white.

Basin abrupt, regular; Eye large, closed.

Cavity wide, regular ; Stem, medium to long.

Core small, regular, heart-shaped, closed ; Seeds pointed ;
Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor, sub-acid ; good
for table in November.

Clieese.

This fruit was received from Lewis Sanders, of Grass
Hills, Gallatin County, Kentucky, by whom it was grown
and esteemed.

Fruit medium to small, oblate, regular ; Surface smooth,
yellowish-green, striped purple red, splashed deep red;
dots scattered, gray and purple.

Basin shallow^ regular, or abrupt and deep, in different
specimens ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem long, slender.

Core regular, closed ; Axis long ; Seeds plump, pointed,
dark ; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-
acid, agreeable ; Quality good for the table in December
and January.

Colvert.

Fruit large, roundish-oblate, slightly conic, regular, often
unequal ; Surface smooth, yellowdsh-green, mixed, striped,
light red ; Dots scattered, distinct, white.

Basin deep, abrupt, regular, folded ; Eye medium.

428

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Cavity rather deep, acute, brown ; Stem medium.

Core round, flattened, slightly open, meeting tlie eye ;
Seeds numerous, long, pointed, imperfect ; Flesh white,
breaking, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid; Quality
scarcely good ; Use, market chiefly ; Season October, No-
vember.

Cooper.

This delicious apple was introduced into the West with
the cions that were brought to the early Putnam nursery
at the mouth of the Muskingum river in 1796. Though a
general favorite from its beauty, its fine texture, and ex-

Fig. 87.— COOPER.

quisite flavor, this variety does not appear to have been so
widely spread as others very inferior to it. Though occurs
ring on the original Putnam list, and therefore an eastern
variety, it does not appear to have been recognized by cul-
tivators in the older States, and there are those in the West
who claim that it is of French origin.

The tree has a stout, upright growth, which becomes
spreading with age, when the limbs stand at a right an-

CLASS I.— FLAT APPLES. — I. II. II. 429

gle with the trunk ; they are frequently defaced witn marks
of diseased itction that are called canker. The twigs are
reddish and rather slender ; the leaves are pale green, large,
broad.

Fruit large, globular-oblate, regular, sometimes unequal,
light; Surface smooth, pale waxen-yellow, with a little
mixed scarlet and very distinctly marked carmine ; Dots
scatteied, minute.

Basin regular, abrupt, deep ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, green ; Stem medium, green.

Core small, closed, just meeting the eye ; Seeds numer-
ous, plump, short, dark ; Flesh pale yellow, fine-grained,
tender, almost melting, juicy; very mild sub-acid, aromat-
ic ; of first quality for table, kitchen or market (too good
for drying, but makes a superior article of snits) ; Season
September and October.

l>r. ITatson.

AUTUMN SEEK-NO-FURTHER OF INDIANA.

This delicious and beautiful dessert apple is much grown
in Central and Eastern Indiana, particularly among the
Friends. It was for a long time a puzzle to the pomolo-
gists. In the meanwhile it must have a name, and without
waiting for the decision of the learned, the people in dif-
ferent sections, without consultation, called it the Autumn
SeeJc-no-further, Finally the Horticultural Societies de-
cided that it was an old sort named Doctor Watson., though
upon what authority does not appear. The fruit has not
been recognized by our Eastern friends, nor by the Ameri-
can Pomological Society, to which it was referred in 1860.

Tree large, spreading, very productive ; Twigs slender,
foliage small, pale green ; in the nursery it is a poor
growler.

Fruit medium to large, unless when too crowded, regu-
lar, oblate, sometimes unequal ; Surface smooth, mixed pale
and red on waxen-yellow, beautifully splashed with scar-
let ; Dots minute.

Basin abrupt, rather deep, wide, regular, sometimes
cracked ; Eye medium, open.

Cavity wide, regular or wavy, brown ; Stem medium to
short.

430 DESCBIPTIOXS OF APPLES.

Core medium, regular, closed, just meeting the eye;
Axis short ; Seeds plump ; Flesh yellow, fine-e^rained, very
tender and juicy, almost melting, with a rich, aromatic,

-DR. WATSON.

sub-acid flavor ; Quality best, for table and kitchen, from
September to November ; also valuable for stock feeding.

]>omine.

Supposed to be a native of this country ; origin un-
known. Tree very thrifty, making long, stout, brown
shoots, which branch from the ends, and form spurs along
tbeir sides, so that the tree has a straggling, open head, and
bears its fruit crowded along the smaller branches. It is
hardy, upright, vigorous and productive. Foliage large
and long, with a peculiar curl or folding upwards, so as to
show the underside of the leaves.

Fruit large, flat, regular, sometimes unequal ; Surface
yellowish-green, nearly covered with mixed red, and striped
indistinctly with carmine, often vein-russeted ; Dots scat-
tered, yellow and gray, large.

Basin rather shallow, folded or plaited ; Eye medium to
small, closed.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. 1. II. IL 431

Cavity wide, wavy, brown ; Stem medium to long, slen-
der at its insertion into the fruit, and easily separated from
it, but holding firmly to the tree; hence care is needed in
picking the fruit.

Core regular, somewhat open, scarcely meeting the eye ;

Fig. 89.— DOMINE.

Axis often short ; Seeds numerous, pointed, plump ; Flesh
light yellow, breaking, tender, juicy*; flavor slightly sub-
acid, rich ; good, for table, kitchen, or market ; Season
December and January, keeping until spring in the I^orth.

]>ucliess of 01deiil>iii*g-]i.

Tbis very beautiful striped apple is from Russia, and
has proved one of the hardiest apples in our trying climate.
Reports from the N^orthwest are entirely satisfactory as to
its hardiness.

Tree medium size, round-headed, suflSciently vigorous
and perifectly hardy.

432

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit medium, regular, roundish-oblate ; Surface smooth,
waxen-yellow, partially covered with distinct and regular
stripes and splashes of brilliant red and carmine ; often
having a light bloom, such as is found on most Russian
apples.

Basin regular, pretty wide ; Eye large and closed.

Cavity regular, acute; Stem medium to long, rather
slender.

Flesh white, tender, juicy ; Sour and suitable for cook-
ing. Though attractive to the eye, it is unluited for the
dessert.

By Dr. Jno. A. Kennicott, the pioneer cultivator of
I^orthern Illinois, this apple was considered the ne plus
ultra for that and higher latitudes.

Equinetelee.

BACHELOR — BYERS — lOLA (Bei'ckmans' M.S.) SOL. CARTEE (Downing.)

This fine southern apple has its origin traced to Yancey
County, in North Carolina. It has not yet been sufficiently

Fig. 90.— BQUrSTETELEB.

tested in the N"orthern States, but is considered one of the

CLASS I.^FLAT APPLES. — L IL II. 433

best in the South, and is looked upon as having great pro-
mise in our northern orchards, where it is somewhat in-
troduced. Berckmans says : " The finest of the late fall and
winter apples."

The trees bear a strong resemblance to those of the
JBucJcingham,

Fruit large, oblate, sometimes oblique ; Surface light
yellow, mostly covered with bright crimson, .obscurely
striped ; Dots small, white.

Basin deep, narrow, irregular ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity wide, deep ; Stem short.

Flesh pale yellow, very tender, juicy, melting ; Flavor
very mild sub-acid, making it a very superior table fruit,
from November to January in Georgia, according to
Berkmans.

Eveiiinj^ Party.

This excellent dessert fruit originated in Berks County,
Pennsylvania, and was brought into notice by the late la-

Fig. 91. — EVENING PARTY.

mented Dr. Brinkle, of Philadelphia, in his ad-interim re-
ports, and also in Hofiy's Fruits. It has been tested with
entire satisfaction by J. D. G. N"elson, President of the
Indiana Horticultural Society, who always has admirers
19

434 BEsCRiPTio:prs of apples.

of the fruit exhibited by him at the winter meetings. This
apple takes the place at mid- winter which is occupied in
summer by the Early Joe, and in autumn by the Jefferies,
Dr. Watson and Cooper.

Fruit medium to small, regular, quite flat; Surface
smooth, mixed red, and carmine stripes on waxen-yellow
ground ; Dots numerous, distinct, gray.

Basin abrupt, regular deep ; Eye small, closed ; Seg-
ments long.

Cavity wide, deep, regular, brown ; Stem medium, green,
slender.

Core small, regular, closed, touching the eye ; Axis short ;
Seeds short, wide, dark; Flesh light yellow, very fine-gi-ain-
ed, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; first quality,
or very best, for the dessert, or the evening party ^ during
December and January.

Fall Halite.

Origin unknown. A great favorite in the West as a
table fruit ; little grown in the Eastern States, whence it was
brought. Downing supposes this is because the fruit is
there defective. In virgin soil it is remarkably fair and
handsome.

Tree of medium size, rather slender, but healthy, spread-
ing, and annually productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, handsome ; inclined to crack open
if left on the t;*ee till ripe ; Surface very smooth, waxen-
yellow, almost completely covered with bright, and often
deep* red, upon which it is indistinctly striped ; Dots>
minute.

Basin abrupt, wide, regular or wavy ; eye small, closed ;
Calyx reflexed.

Cavity wide, regular, uniformly green ; Stem long,
slender.

Core medium, regular, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds nu-
merous, angular or plump ; flesh yellow, breaking, tender,
fine-grained, juicy ; flavor mild sub-acid,and very aromatic ;
Quality best, for table and market, during September and
October or later

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. 1. IL II.

435

Fig. 92.-— FALL WINE.

Oar den.

GABDEN ROYAL.

This fine apple has been received from quite distant
points, Chillicothe, Ohio, and Salem, Indiana. It is quite
distinct in season from the Beefsteak or Garden of Down-
ing, but in description corresponds very closely with the
Garden-Royal of Elliott, which fruit I have not seen.
Origin unknown.

Fruit- pretty large, roundish, flat, regular; Surface
smooth, yellowish-green, slightly shaded red, scattered
stripes, cai'mine ; Dots minute, black.

Basin wide, regular, small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, green ; stem short to me-
dium, sometimes knobby.

Core wide, close<l or open, regular, clasping the eye ;
seeds small, pointed, brown ; flesh pale yellow or whitish,
tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub- acid, aromatic, sac-
charine, agreeable; Quality very good to best; Use des-
sert, kitchen, market ; Season August to October ; worthy
of cultivation.

436

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fig. 93.— GARDEN.

This fruit originated near Yevay, Indiana, and is sup-
posed to be a seedling of the Janet^ which it somewhat
resembles.

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic, truncated, regu-
lar ; Surface smooth, yellow, mixed, striped, purplish-red ;
Dots minute, gray, scattered, indented.

Basin wide, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular ; Stem short.

Core very small, pyriform, closed, clasping ; Seeds num-
erous, large, plump, brown ; Flesh yellowish- white, break-
ing, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich ; Quality good to
best ; Use, table ; Season, January to May.

Harvest Redsti-eak.

This old variety is valued only as an early cooking apple,
for which it has be^n found very profitable, by those who
attend market. Origin unknown. Introduced into the
West by Silas Wharton, from the neighborhood of Phila-
delphia, where it was cultivated largely. Not recognized
among the varieties described by Coxe.

CLASS I.— FLAT APPLES. — L II. H. 437

Tree spreading, open, round-headed ; Twigs stout ;
Leaves small, mealy.

Fruit medium, roundish-oblate, regular ; Surface smooth,
greenish- yellow, striped and splashed with red, more or
less mingled ; Dots minute, dark, and a light bloom.

Basin medium, folded ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity acute, regular, often brown ; Stem medium,
thick.

Core regular, closed ; Seeds angular ; Flesh whitish,
breaking, coarse, juicy, becoming dry ; Quality inferior,
except for cooking ; Season July.

High-Top.— [lewis jones.]

This handsome apple is supposed to have originated in
Wayne County, Indiana, and was brought into notice by
Lewis Jones.

Fruit large, flat, roundish, regular; Surface smooth,

-HIGH-TOP.

mixed dull red, striped carmine ; Dots scattered, minute.

Basin wide, medium, folded ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity wavy, brown, acute ; Stem short, green.

Core regular, closed, or wide and open, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, short, plump, pale ; Flesh pale yellow, fine-
grained, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality

488 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

goocl to very good ; Use table, kitclien, market ; Season,
December, January ; reminds one somewhat of Domine.

Hocking.

This variety has only been found in western orchards,
and has not been mentioned by name in any fruit book
with which I have met. At the second meeting of the
Nort? western Fruit Growers' Convention, it was reported
as having been brought from Fairfield County, Ohio ; its
resemblance to Townsend was also observed, but it was
declared to be different in wood and buds. These apples
may yet prove to be identical, but as the question is not
settled, both will be described.

Tree thrifty, vigorous, productive — an early bearer.

Fruit medium to large, globular-oblate, regular ; Surface
smooth J yellow, covered with mixed red, and splashed car-
mine ; Dots minute, yellow.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye medium to large, closed.

Cavity medium, regular, green ; Stem medium to long.

Core small, closed ; Seeds large, brown ; Flesh light yel-
low, breaking, juicy ; Sub-acid; Quality good; Market
and kitchen ; September.

Hunt.

Another of Lewis Jones' apples, supposed to be a seed-
ling of Eastern Indiana ; productive.

Fruit medium, roundish-oblate, regular ; Surface smooth,
yellow, mixed, striped bright red ; Dots numerous, yellow.

Basin rather wide, abrupt, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular ; Stem medium, slender.

Core small, roundish, flattened, closed, not meeting the
eye ; Seeds numerous, angular ; Flesh yellow, breaking,
flne-grained, juicy ; flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality good
to very good ; Use table, market ; Season December and
January.

Indiana. Favorite.

This fruit resembles the Pennsylvania Yandervere, from
which it may have sprung. Origin believed to be Fayette
County, Indiana. It is considerably cultivated in the
eastern part of the State, where I procured specimens ex-
hibited at the Richmond Horticultural Society.

CLASS I. FLxIT APPLES. 1. IL II.

439

Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, globular-oblate, regular ; Surface very-
smooth, bright red, striped with darker red; Dots numer-
ous, star- shaped, yellow.

Basin wide, regular, abrupt ; Eye small, closed.

Fig. 95. — INDIANA FAVORITE.

Cavity acute, regular, green or brown ; Stem medium to
long, red.

Core regular, closed, clasping the eye ; Seeds numerous,
angular, imperfect ; Flesh pale yellow, breaking, fine-grain-
ed, juicy ; Mild sub-acid ; Good to vciy good, for table
and market, from January to March.

*f£i.i*minite.

This new fruit originated on the farm of Jarniin Ballard,
in Highland County, Ohio, where it was grown from the
seed of Gilpin.

The tree is very vigorous, and only too productive.

Fruit medium, regular, oblate, or roundish ; Surface
smooth, green, partiially covered witli mixed and striped
dull red.

Basin regular^ wide ; Eye medium, closed.

440

desckiptio:n^s of apples.

Cavity regular, acute ; Stem slender, medium to short.

Fig. 96.— JARMINITE.

Core regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds few, large, dark ;
flesh breaking, firm ; Mild sub-acid, almost sweet ; Decem-
ber until March.

•feiferies.

This delicious autumn apple originated in Chester Coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, and was first described by the ad-in-
terim committee of the Pennsylvania Horticultural So-
ciety; also in the Farm Journal, for 1853, by David
Townsend, of Westchester, Pa.

Tree healthy, sufficiently vigorous, shoots slender, foli-
age bright green ; productive, early bearer.

Fruit full medium, oblate, regular ; Surface smooth, yel-
low, mixed and splashed crimson ; Dots large, scattered,
yellow.

Basin wide, regular; Eye small, closed.

Cavity medium, regular, brown ; Stem medium to long.

Core small, closed, regular, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
large, brown ; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy ;
flavor sub-acid, aromatic, delicious ; Quality very good, for
table and market, during August, September and October.

CLASS I. ^FLAT APPLES. 1. IL II.

441

Fig. 97.— JEFFERIES.

Kentucky King*.

Received from J. S. Downer & Son, Elkton, Kentucky.
Further history not known.

19*

Fig. 98.— KENTUCKY KING.

442

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit above medium, flat, regular ; Surface smooth, yel-
low, with mixed and striped carmine; Dots scattered,
minute.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye medium, open.

Cavity medium, regular, brown and green ; Stem me-
dium to long.

Core medium, round, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
angular, pointed, dark ; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-
grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality good to
very good ; Use table, kitchen ; Season December, Feb-
ruary.

X£la.pi-otli.

Another Pennsylvania apple, introduced by my friend
Dr. J. K. Eshleman. Tree vigorous, large, productive.

Fig. 99.— KLAPROTH.

Fruit medium, regular, oblate ; Surface dull yellow, more
or less covered with red stripes ; Dots numerous, light.

Basin wide, regular ; Eye closed, small ; Calyx reflexed.

Cavity deep, regular, brown ; Stem short to medium.

Flesh white, breaking, tender, very juicy ; Flavor acid,
to sub-acid when ripe ; Good ; August till October.

CLASS I. — ^FLAT APPLES. — I. IL n. 443

HiCTi^is. —Of Bagan,

Originated in Putnam County, Indiana, as one of the
many seedlings produced by my old friend Reuben Ra-
gan.

Tree thrifty and productive.

Fruit medium, regular, oblate ; Surface smooth, deep red
on yellow ; Dots, numerous, large, yellow.

Basin medium, regular, not deep ; Eye small, closed

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem short.

Core wide, regular, closed, meeting the eye ; seeds
numerous, plump ; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy ;
flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality nearly first-rate for ta-
ble; Season, October.

This old Pennsylvania apple is cultivated to some ex-
tent in the Western States for its beauty. Specimens from
Henry Myers, South Bend, Indiana, from his beautiful col-
lections shown at the State Fairs.

Fruit full medium to large, very handsome, oblate, reg-
ular; Surface smooth, highly polished, bright red on pale
yellow, striped dark red ; Dots numerous, pale.

Basin wide, wavy ; Eye small, closed ; Segments short.

Cavity deep, narrow, waA^ ; Stem short to medium.

Core small, roundish or oval, closed, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, plump ; Flesh whitish, breaking, tine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, aromatic, tine ; Quality good ;
use table, market ; Season January to March.

]flc]>a<iiiel.

This is a seedling of Green County, Ohio, to which was
awarded a premium at the State Fair in 1855.

Fruit full medium, regular, oblate ; surface very smooth,
yellow, well covered with rich crimson, indistinct stripes ;
dots scattered, light gray.

Basin medium, regular ; eye medium, closed.

Cavity narrow, regular ; stem short.

Core medium, regular, closed ; seeds plump, dark ; flesh
rich yellow, solid, juicy; flavor sub-acid, rich, piquant,
like a Spitzenberg ; October, November.

444

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

IVIiiikler.

Produced by S. G. Minkler, of Kendall, Illinois.

This variety very closely resembles that described as
JBuchanan^ though their origin is entirely distinct. The
Minkler also bears a very close resemblance to an apple
found at Quincy, Illinois, and known as the Brandywine,

Tree very thrifty, spreading, branches strong, forming
a large angle with the stem.

Fruit medium to large, regular, globular-ovate ; Surface

Fig. 100.— MINKLER.

smooth, greenish-yellow, covered with mixed red, and
stripes of dark dull red ; Dots scattered, minute, yellow.

Basin wide, shallow, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, rather deep, brown ; Stem medium.

Core large, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds numerous,
long, pointed ; Flesh yellow, or greenish-yellow, fine-grain-
ed, breaking, juicy ; Sub-acid ; Second quality ; Use mar-
ket and cooking ; from March until May.

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES. 1. IL II. 445

NeTVto^f^n Spitzembers-,— [coxE.]

YANDERYERE, OF NEW TORK (Downing) — OX-EYE — JOE BERRY, ETC.

Origin, N'ewtown, Long Island.

Tree sufficiently vigorous, not of the largest size, spread-
ing, compact, round head, foliage rather small, curled,
showing the whitish underside. Productive.

Fruit medium to large, regular, globular-oblate, often
inclined or lop-sided when overgrown in young orchards,
apt to be scabby and defective on old trees, and falls badly ;
Surface smooth, deep red, mixed^kud striped, on rich yel-
low ground, often over-spread with whitish, giving the
fruit a gray appearance ; Dots numerous, minute, fawn
color on dark specimens.

Basin medium, regular; Eye small, closed.

Cavity regular, medium, brown ; Stem short.

Core regular, wide, somewhat open, meeting and some-
times clasping the eye ; Seeds numerous, angular ; Flesh
rich, yellow, very fine-grained, very tender, juicy ; Flavor
rich sub-acid and saccharine, aromatic, eminently satisfy-
ing ; Quality best, for table and kitchen, in December.

•Niclcaj ack.

SUMMEROUR — JACKSON RED — BIQ HILL — CAROLINA, AND MANY OTHERS.*

This southern apple, which has extended more widely
northward than most of its congeners, is believed to be a
native of Macon County, Georgia,

Tree robust, spreading, large, very productive, young
shoots stout and red.

The following description is that of a specimen sent by
my friend, K Peters, of Atlanta, Georgia, but it corres-
ponds in all important particulars with those of fruits ob-
tained from a dozen different sources in our own latitude :

Fruit large, globular-oblate, regular, not handsome ; sur-
face even but not smooth, mostly covered wdth mixed
brick-dust red, striped indistinctly with dark red, some
- stripes very distinct ; dots scattered, yellow.

Basin shallow, regular, even ; eye small, closed.

^Vide Horticultuript for 1S61 p. 40.

446

DESCRIPTION'S OF APPLES.

Cavity acute, regular, yellow and brown ; Stem medium
slender.

Core closed ; Seeds numerous, large, plump ; Flesh green-

Fig. 101.— NICKAJACK.

ish-yellow, breaking, firm, coarse ; Flavor sub-acid, not
rich ; Quality only good, a market fruit, keeping well ; Sea-
son March until May.

Nyack.

NYACK PIPPIN.

Origin New York ; specimen obtained from Mr. E. H.
Warren, of Chelmsford, Massachusetts.

Fruit medium, flat, uneven ; Surface smooth, greenish-
yellow, mixed, striped, splashed blight red ; Dots numer-
ous, distinct, yellow, indented.

Basin shallow, folded; Eye small, closed; Axis short.

Cavity wide, deep, wavy, brown ; Stem short, thick,
knobby.

Core rather wide, closed, rather clasping ; Seeds large ;
Flesh white, firm, juicy ; Flavor acid, rich ; Quality pretty
good ; Use table, market ; Season December.

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES. 1, IL II.

447

Oliio Nonpa^reil.

MYER'S nonpareil — WESTERN BEAUTY.

This fine fruit originated with Mr. Myers, near Massil-
lon, Ohio.

It was described in the Western Horticultural Review
for February, 1853.

Tree vigorous, healthy, spreading, limbs straight, stout

Fig. 102.— OHIO NONPAREIL.

and compact, not liable to break with the weight of fruit.
The original tree had borne annual crops of even sized
fruit for twenty years.

Fruit large to very large, regular, oblate, very hand-
some ; Surface smooth, yellow, covered with bright red ;
Dots scattered, gray.

Basin medium, wide, regular ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular ; Stem short, small.

Core regular, somewhat open; Seeds numerous, me-
dium ; Flesh yellowish, tender, fine-grained, juicy ; sub-

448

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

acid, rich ; First quality, for table, market, cooking or dry-
ing ; Season September to December. Compared with
some of the best dessert apples of the season, such as
Hawley, Fall Pippin, Fall Wine, Rambo, and others, this
variety was declared to be " better than the best."

Osceola.

Originated in Indiana, brought into notice by that earn-
est horticulturist, Henry Ward Beecher, who did much to
stimulate the culture of fine fruits when a resident of that
State.

Fruit medium, flattened, sometimes unequal, regular;

Fig. 103. — OSCEOLA.

Surface smooth, slightly colored red, and striped with the
same ; Dots scattered, irregular, more frequent and minute
about the apex, few and larger at base of the fruit.

Basin wide, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity medium, acute ; Stem short.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. — I.«IL IL 449

Core small, round, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
plump, dark ; Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, juicy ; Flavor sub-
acid, mild ; Quality good ; Use table and market ; Season
January to March.

This variety does not seem to have won its way into
public favor to the extent that was expected for it some
years ago.

PeniiocU,

PENNOCK'S red winter — ROMA.NITE — BIG ROMANITE.

This fruit, of Pennsylvania origin, is not introduced
into this collection on account of its excellence, but be-
cause it is so universally cultivated in nearly all parts of
the country.

Tree vigorous, large, spreading, very productive, bear-
ing some fruit every year.

Fruit large to very large, form variable, but character-
istically it is conic-oblate, often unequal, and lop-sided ;
Surface greenish-yellow, covered with mixed and striped
red ; Dots large, irregular and round, gray.

Basin wide, rather deep, uneven or wavy; Eye large,
open.

Cavity wide, deep, regular ; Stem short.

Core irregular, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds numer-
ous, angular, plump ; Flesh yellow, breaking, coarse-grain-
ed ; Flavor sub-acid, poor ; third quality ; for cooking and
market only; Season December; very much disposed to
bitter rot.

Peiiit«!iylva;iiia; Vandervere.

VANDERVERE (Coxe and Downing) — little vandervere— gray van-

DERVERE— STAALOUBS, ETC.

This old kitchen favorite, of Pennsylvania, has migrated
westward until it has reached every State and county on
its appropriate parallels of latitude, 39*^ to 42°.

Mr. Downing gives Delaware as its origin, on the au-
thority of Coxe. In accordance with common acceptance
in the regions where it is best known, I have adopted the
above name, which was given to distinguish it from sev-
eral other Yanderveres, and especially from the Kewtown
Spitzenberg, to which the name Yandervere had been ap-

450 DESCEirxiONS of apples.

plietl in New York and westward on that parallel. Coxe
describes the fruit in question under the name Yandervere.

Tree vigorous, healthy, large, spreading, very twiggy
and drooping, with abundant fruit on the ends of the spray ;
Foliage bright yellowish-green, shining, pointed, the whole
aspect of the tree peculiar and characteristic in summer
or winter.

Fruit medium or less, oblate, or globular-oblate, regu-
lar; Surface smooth, but having raised hemispherical warts
of a yellow russet color, yellow, mottled, and striped light
red, often a gray appearance over the whole exterior; Dots
arge, yellow, indented.

Basin wide, regular, not deep ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular; Stem long, slender.

Core regular, closed, meeting and clasping the eye ;
seeds numerous, pointed, plump ; Flesh yellow, breaking,
granular, j uicy ; Flavor highly aromatic, acid ; Quality for
table third, for kitchen first, for cider Coxe says very good,
yielding a heavy must ; Season December and January.

The fruit is subject to bitter rot, and does not keep
well, but may be used for cooking as soon as any other
apple, making good sauce in July, when not half grown.

Potliiigei'.

BIG RED.

This large market fruit is found chiefly in regions set-
tled by immigrants from the South, and it may prove to
be the same as some other southern apple. Specimens
first received from my friend J. B. Orange, in Southern
Illinois, afterwards from several other points.

Tree vigorous, large, branches upright, shoots purple,
warty, buds long, pointed.

Fruit large, regular, oblate ; Surface not smooth, dull
red, shaded and striped, covering the yellow ground ; Dots
small, prominent, with some roughness.

Basin regular, wide, not deep ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, green and brown ; Stem medium
to short.

Core closed, or nearly so, meeting and partially clasping
the eye ; Axis short ; Seeds numerous, plump, angular ;
Flesh yellow, breaking, granular, juicy; Flavor sub-acid,

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES. 1. II. II.

451

aromatic; Quality only good ; Useful for kitchen and dry-

Fig. 104.— POTTINGER.

ing ; Season December arid January ; keeps well.

Press E^^ing-.

This Kentucky apple was sent me by J. S. Downer,
from whom trees were also procured which have already
borne fruit.

Tree vigorous, healthy, and early productive.

Fruit resembles Smokehouse, medium, loundish-oblate,
regular ; Surface smooth, bright red, mixed, striped, and
splashed, on greenish yellow ; Dots numerous, brown and
yellow.

Basin wide, wavy, regular, rather deep ; Eye medium,
open ; calyx reflexed.

Cavity wide, wavy, brown ; Stem long, slender.

Core medium, closed, meeting the eye ; Axis short ;
Seeds numerous, angular, pointed ; Flesh yellow, fine-grain-

452

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

ed, tender, melting, juicy; Flavor rich sub-acid ; Quality

Fig. 105.— PRESS EWING.

nearly first rate ; Use for table in December and January.

This beautiful table apple was first brought to public
notice by Geo. Powers, of Perry sburgh, Ohio. He exhib-
ited specimens at the Toledo meeting of the Ohio Pomo-
logical Society in January, 1864, but the fruit was over
ripe ; at the State Fair at Dayton, Ohio, October 16th, it
was shown in perfection of beauty and excellence, and
was then examined by the Society, who commended it
highly, and being satisfied that it was an original seedling,
its local name, filler's Apple^ was then changed to Pow-
ers^ in honor of the pomologist who had brought it into
notice.

The tree appears to have been an accidental seedling,
which sprang up in the town of Perrysburgh, where it
grew almost without care until it fruited a few years ago,
and attracted the attention of Mr. Powers.

The fruit is large and fair, round, somewhat flattened,
and sometimes rather conic, generally regular, but large

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES. — L II. II.

453

specimens are slightly angular ; the surface is very smooth,
a greenish waxen yellow, more or less shaded with mixed
light red, upon whfch are laid numerous stripes and broken
splashes of rich, dark carmine ; Dots minute, scattered,
gray.

Basin abrupt, regular, or folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, regular, sometimes brown ; Stem medium
or short.

Core medium or wide, regular, closed, meeting the eye ;
Seeds numerous, plump, sometimes imperfect ; Flesh white,

very tender, juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, quite aromatic,
very agreeable ; Use especially for the table, as a highly
ornamental dessert fruit, for which its extreme delicacy
adapts it, while the same quality unfits it for general mar-
ket purposes ; Quality very good ; in its season of ripen-
ing, in its beautifully white and tender flesh, and in its
perfumed flavor, this fruit resembles the Fameuse^ from
which it may have been produced.

454

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Pfollfic Beauty.

This showy fruit is one of the original Putnam list of
Washington County, Ohio ; it is somewhat singular that
so few choice sorts ar^ traceable to the seeds of these first
good orchards of the West.. Rome Beauty is almost the
only one of great notoriety that is referable to this source.

Fruit large, sometimes quite large, oblate, somewhat
conic, regular ; Surface smooth, yellowish-green, partially
covered with stripes of red ; Dots minute, gray.

Basin n^edium, wide, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, green ; Stem medium.

Fig. 107. — PKOLIFIC BEAUTY.

Core large, regular, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
plump ; Flesh whitish-yellow, tender, juicy ; Flavor acid ;
quality scarcely good ; Use kitchen, market ; Season Sep-
tember to December.

Rambo.

ROMANITE OF NEW JERSEY — BREAB-AND-CHEESE, ETC.

This standard Eastern Pennsylvania variety is univer-
sally popular, and through the Western States it marks

CLASS L FLAT APPLES. 1. IL II.

455

the progress of emigration from tlie Keystone State,
though its admirers are not coDfinecl to that class of our
population. It is a fall and early winter fruit, and some
])omologists on the southern borders ot* its culture object
to it that it will not keep long, and that it soon becomes
dry and mealy when put away. When grown further
north it is smaller, but more solid, and remains juicy un-
til spring. It should be gathered early, even before it is
well colored, and kept cool to make it retain its flavor and
juiciness.

Tree upright, very thrifty, very productive ; shoots
dark, foliage large, light green, and thus 'the variety may

Fig. 108.— KAMBO.

easily be distinguished in the orchard. Not very hardy ;
whole nurseries and orchards were destroyed, in 1856,
throughout the Northwest.

Fruit medium to small, when crowded upon the limbs
as they generally are upon old trees, regular, oblate, or
roundish-oblate, but sometimes unequal when overgrown ;
large specimens are flattened at the ends so as to appear
truncate ; Surface striped and splashed scarlet on green-

450

DESCUIPTIONS OF APPLES.

ish-yellow, in some the stri[>es coalesce so as to make the
skin red, the ground color being covered ; Dots numerous,
small, prominent, rich bloom.

Basin wide, abrupt, regular or plaited, sometimes quite
shallow ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, always green ; Stem medium.

Core regular, closed, meeting aud clasping the eye ;
seeds numerous, large, angular ; Flesh greenish- white, ten-
der, breaking, granular, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic,
vinous ; Quality almost first rate for table, excellent for
the kitchen ; Season October to December, and if gather-
ed early in the I^orth, until spring.

Red. Asti-acliam.

This Russian fruit has been perfectly adopted by our
countrymen, and has proved itself a great favorite, parti-

Fig. 109.— RED ASTRACHAN.

cularly in the North, by its hardiness and productiveness,
beauty and good qualities.

Tree vigorous, upright, productive, hardy ; Shoots red-
dish brown, foliage large, rich green.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. L IL II. 457

Fruit iiiedium to large, regular, oblate ; Surface smooth,
mottled, marbled and striped crimson on greenish-yellow ;
Dots minute, heavy bloom.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity shallow, regular ; Stem long, yellow.

Core regular, closed ; Seeds angular, small, dark ; Flesh
yellow, breaking, juicy ; Flavor quite acid, not rich ; Quality
first rate for market and cooking, poor for table ; Season

July.

Riclisii-d's Oraft.

RED SPITZENBEllG — STRAWBERRY — WINE.

Supposed to have originated in Ulster County, New
York. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive.

Fig. 110. — Richard's graft.

Fruit medium to large, regular, oblate ; Surface smooth,
greenish-yellow, mixed and splashed red; Dots numerous,
white.

Basin medium, abrupt, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular ; Stem long, red.

Core small, closed, clasping the eye ; Seeds numerous,
plump ; Flesh yellowish- white, fine-grained, tender, juicy ;
20

458

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Flavor rich, sub acid ; Quality best ; Use for the dessert ;
Season September and October.

Downing says : " One of the best dessert apples of its
season."

Rome Beauty.

gillett's seedling.

This handsome market fruit was originated in Southern
Ohio, by that sterling pioneer pomologist, H. IST. Oillett,
to whose contributions I acknowledge myself under many
obligations.

Tree thrifty, hardy, round headed, very productive ;

Fig. 111. — ^ROME BEAUTY.

shoots slender, red ; Foliage healthy ; Blossoms open late,
and thus it often escapes a late frost ; early productive.

Fruit large to very large, regular, handsome, fair, said to
be scabby on old trees, regular oblate, roundish-oblate,
and sometimes rather conical ; Surface smooth, pale yellow,
striped and mixed bright red ; Dots minute, indented.

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES. — I. IL IL 459

Basin wide, deep, regular ; Eye quite small, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, green ; Stem long, slender.

Core wide, regular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds nu-
merous, long, pointed ; Flesh yellow, breaking, coarse-
grained; Flavor sub-acid, not rich; Quality scarcely good;
valuable for market, on account of its productiveness, size
and beauty, as well as for its certain bearing ; Season De-
cember to February.

SliiaTvassee Beauty.

This Michigan apple may well be called Beauty, It
was introduced at the meeting^ of the American Pomo-

Fig. 113. — SHIAWASSEE BEAUTY.

logical Society in 1862, by T. T. Lyon, of Plymouth,
Mich., Avho stated that it was a seedling of the Fameuse,
the faults of which it does not inherit, though possessing
all the good qualities of its parent, with a healthy and
productive tree. (See Michigan Farmer, Dec. 11, 1859.)

Fruit medium, very handsome, very regular, quite flat ;
Surface very smooth, pale yellow, mixed and distinctly
striped carmine ; Dots scattered, minute.

Basin wide, folded; Eye medium, closed ; Calyx reflexed.

Cavity wide, wavy ; Stem short.

460

DESCKIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Core wide, regular, somewhat open, meeting the eye ;
seeds plump, short, dark; Flesh very white, fine-grained,
tender, breaking ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality good
to very good ; Ilse dessert and market ; Season October to
January.

^ limine 1* I^iiiil>ei*t^vris'.

Southern ; obtained from S. Westbrooke, Greensboro',
!N"orth Carolina.

Fruit medium, flat, regular ; Surface pale yellow, mixed

Fig. 113.— -SUMMER LIMBERTWIG.

pink, striped dark red; Dots minute, gray, indented
Basin shallow, wide, regular ; Eye wide, open.
Cavity acute, regular, brown ; Stem long, inclined.
Core wide, regular, closed, clasping; Axis short; Seeds
numerous, plump, dark ; Flesh white, tender, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic, agreeable ; Quality very
good, if not best ; Use table ; Season August, September.

Having been disappointed in my trees obtained for this
variety, which proved to be Rawle's Janet, I prefer to
quote from Mr. Downing. What I have fruited and de-
scribed as the Hocking may prove to be the same.

CLASS I. — ^FLAT APPLES. — ^I. II. n. 461

" Origin Pennsylvania. Tree healthy, vigorous, very
productive.

" Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic. Skin pale yel-
low, striped and splashed with red, and covered with a
thin bloom. Stalk rather long, slender, inserted into a
medium cavity. Calyx closed, set in a basin of moderate
depth. Flesh white, tender, very mild, agreeable, sub-
acid flavor. Ripe middle of August to middle of Sep-
tember. Hocking of the West may prove to be the same."

Trader's Fancy.

This peculiar looking apple originated in Washington
County, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, healthy, spread-
ing, round-headed, very productive, bears regularly. As
a long keeper, with dark skin, that does not show bruises,
it became a favorite with shippers on the Ohio river, hence
its name, the flat-boats that stop from port to port to dis-
pose of their cargoes being called trading boats, and their
masters traders.

Fruit medium, regular, oblate ; Surface very smooth,
greenish yellow, almost completely obscured with deep
purple red, mixed and striped, and covered with a white
bloom.

Basin wide, sometimes folded or plaited ; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity wide, regular ; Stem medium, slender.

Core medium, closed ; Seeds plump ; Flesh whitish, ten-
der, fine-grained ; Flavor mild sub-acid ; Quality only good ;
Use market and kitchen ; Season January to May.

TTrenty-Oiince Pippin.

Origin unknown, and the variety never should have been
distributed ; it is here named to put people on their guard
against it when they desire to purchase the Gayuga Ited
Streaky also called the Twenty-ounce apple.

Fruit large, flat, regular ; Surface greenish, more or less
mottled and striped dull red.

Basin, wide, regular, or wavy ; Eye small, open.

Cavity wide, regular, green ; Stem short, thick.

Core large, closed ; Seeds numerous, angular ; Flesh yel-
low-white, breaking ; Flavor acid, with a peculiar aroma,

462 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

not agreeable ; Quality poor; Use kitchen only ; Season
November to January. There are many better apples of
its season.

Vance's Harvest.

A pretty little early apple grown in some parts of the
West. Origin unknown.

Fruit small, flat, regular ; Surface smooth, rich yellow,
shaded and splashed bright red ; Dots small, scattered,
yellow.

Basin small, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem long.

Core wide, regular, meeting the eye ; Seeds numerous,
short, plump, dark ; Flesh yellow, firm, breaking, not very
juicy ; Flavor acid to sub-acid ; Quality pretty good ; Use
kitchen and market ; Season August.

Vanclervere Pippin,

LABGE VANDERVERE— WATSON'S VANDERVERE— VANDERVERE (Elliott)—

YELLOW VAN^DERVERE— and Several others in the books.

There appears to have been much confusion in the minds
of authors who have written of this fruit, which, in some
parts of the country is very well known and much culti-
vated. I have taken the name by which it is almost uni-
versally recognized by cultivators, though it is adopted
only as a synonym by Mr. Elliott, who seems to have
confounded this apple with the Pennsylvania Vandervere
or Staalcubs described by Coxe.

Origin believed to have been Pennsylvania, but this is
not well established.

Tree very vigorous, large, spreading, productive, bear-
ing annually ; Twigs and leaves much like the Pennsylva-
nia YanderVere.

Fruit large to very large, regular, oblate; surface smooth,
yellow, more or less covered with marbled red, and scarlet
stripes ; Dots large, yellow, indented, sometimes irregu-
larly net-veined, making it less smooth.

Basin wide, regular; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide , regular ; Stem long, medium size.

Core regular, closed, meeting and clasping the eye ;
Seeds numerous, dark ; Flesh yellow, firm, breaking, gran-

CLASS I. — PLAT APPLES. L II. IL 463

ular, juicy, heavy; Flavor rich, acid ; Quality poor for ta-
ble, excellent for cooking ; Season December. Does not
keep well, rather subject to bitter rot, but a great favor-
ite with house-keepers, and a useful shade tree near the
kitchen door.

Vaiig-lian's 'Winter.

This Kentucky variety was sent to me by my friend J.
S. Downer, of Fairview, Kentucky, with several other new
southern apples of merit. Tree vigorous, hardy and pro-
ductive, bearing fruit early.

Fruit medium, regular, round-oblate ; Surface smooth,

Fig. 115.— vaughan's winter.

greenish-yellow, mixed and splashed with bright red and
splashes of carmine ; Dots small, gray and yellow.

Basin regular, abrupt, medium, and leather-cracked;
Eye large, open ; Segments reilexed.

Cavity medium, yellow and brown ; Stem short.

Core small, regular, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds few,
large, brown; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy ;
Flavor sub-acid, good ; December.

464

DESCRIPTIONS OP APPLES.

H^estern Beauty.

MUSGROVE's cooper — ^BIG RAMBO — OHIO BEAUTY.

A valuable fall and early winter fruit, the origin of which
is not known ; it is considerably grown in Central Ohio,
and has attracted attention under its synonyms as given.
It was at one time thought to be the Cooper.

Mr. W. F. English, of Auglaize County, Ohio, carried
grafts into that region from Pickaway County, and in a
most disinterested manner exerted himself to distribute

Fig. 116. — WESTERN BEAUTY.

the variety. In a communication to the Western Horti-
cultural Bemew^ for February, 1853, he says : " The tree
is vigorous, leaves upon young shoots are often three to
three and a half inches broad, and four or five, and even
six inches long ; shoots stout, being often as large as your
little finger at the end of the summer's growth. The form

CLASS I. — ^PLAT APPLES. — ^I. II. II. 465

of the tree is peculiar, and its appearance beautiful ; once
seen, it may be recognized anywhere by its habit."

Having fruited this variety in my own orchard, I can
confirm the above, and add :

Tree vigorous, large, spreading, open head, productive,
an early bearer.

Fruit large, sometimes very large, beautiful, regular,
oblate, not disposed to rot, except when attacked by the
birds, which are very fond of it ; Surface smooth, pale yel-
low, partially covered with mixed red, striped and often
distinctly splashed with bright red ; Dots numerous, gray,
prominent ; Skin quite thin.

Basin wide, regular, sometimes cracked open ; Eye large,
closed.

Cavity wide, regular, green, and partly brown ; Stem
either short or long.

Core large, nearly closed, clasping the eye ; Seeds num-
erous, medium, pointed ; Flesh light yellow, almost white,
brittle, tender, juicy, almost melting, never water-cored ;
Flavor sub-acid, vinous, delicious, satisfying ; Quality best ;
either for table or cooking, for the latter purpose they
may be taken when half grown in the beginning of July.
In August they may be house-ripened and found good,
but the proper season is September to Christmas ; if prop-
erly cared for they may be preserved plump until March,
but lose some of their refreshing flavor.

Wilson.

This very nice little apple was sent to me with this
name from Western Virginia, by Julius Brace, who found
it abundant on Paint Creek. I hsive not yet been able to
identify it, but it may prove to be the same as some of our
new southern varieties. An outline and description are
here given with its local name, in the hope that if it
should prove to be the same as the Black Annette^
of the Clinch river region of Virginia, or some other va-
riety, the identity may be the more readily traced.

Fruit small, regular, oblate, or globular-oblate; Surface
smooth, nearly covered with very deep red, in which the
stripes are almost obscured; Dots numerous, minute,
white.

20*

466 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin, deep, regular, plaited or folded; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity regular, acute ; Stem long, red.

Core regular, closed, meeting, not clasping the eye ;
Seeds small, plump ; Flesh white, tine-grained, crisp, tender,

Fig. 117.— WILSON.

juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, agreeable ; Quality best ; Use
table ; Season January.

This is different from Wilson's of Michigan, which is
yellow.

hats' WIKTER— PENNSYLVANIA RED STREAK.

This handsome large apple is another index of the
source of population in a western county. It is a fav-
orite fruit with those who know it, either for market or
the kitchen, for which its size and form render it peculiarly
attractive.

Tree very large and handsome, spreading and very open
head ; leaves small, curled, and mealy, making the foliage
appear rather meagre, and displaying the splendid fruit,
which is evenly distributed.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. — ^I. II. II. 467

Fruit large, globular-oblate, flattened or truncate, regu-
lar, occasionally unequal and lop-sided ; Surface smooth,
yellow, more or less covered with mixed and broken stripes
of red, splashed with crimson ; Dots scattered, large,
gray.

Basin rather shallow, wide, abrupt ; Eye small, closed,
or open from breaking of the calyx.

Cavity acute, regular, brown ; Stem short, thick.

Core medium, regular, closed ; Seeds numerous, large,
angular; Flesh yellow, firm, breaking, juicy ; Flavor acid
to sub-acid, rich ; Quality good, for market and kitchen ;
Season, November and December.

Jblg. 117.— WINTER QUEEN.

Winter i^neen. — [Coxe.]

FALL QUEEN — KENTUCKY QUEEN — ROBERTSON'S SUPERB (of Ga.)

This is a favorite, of southern origin, and has many syn-
onims. An excellent apple for drying, for family use and
for market. Tree thrifty, upright, productive, early bear-

468 DESCRIPTIOITS OP APPLES.

er ; limbs long and parallel while young ; shoots dark,
stout ; foliage large, broad, rather pale.

Fruit large, often very large, globular-oblate, somewhat
conic, regular ; Surface smooth, often polished, yellow, al-
most wholly obscured with marbled dull red, and darker
stripes, that are often lost in the depth of tint ; Dots gen-
erally small, indented ; often a slight bloom covers the
fruit, but it is easily removed, when the skin appears to be
polished.

Basin deep, abrupt, narrow, often wavy or even ribbed;
Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, wide, green, wavy or regular ; Stem me
dium.

Core regular, closed, meeting, not clasping the eye
axis is sometimes very short ; Seeds large, plump ; Flesh
greenish-white, tender, almost melting, juicy ; Flavor mild
sub-acid, agreeable ; Quality good to very good ; Use des-
sert, kitchen and drying ; Season October to January.

Yost.

Having been disappointed in receiving this apple, I give
Dr. W. D. Brinckle's ad interim report :

Fruit rather large, roundish-oblate, beautifully striped,
and delicately mottled with crimson on yellow ground;
Stem short ; Cavity wide, deep ; Flesh yellow, tender,
juicy ; Flavor pleasant ; Quality very good.

CLASS I.— FLAT APPLES.
ORDER I.-REGULAR.

SECTION 2.— SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 3.— RUSSET.

Perry Russet.

This variety is grown to some extent in the l!Torth-west.
The specimen from which the description is made, was ex-
hibited by Mr. Utters, at a meeting of the ISTorth-western
Fruit Growers, in 1850,

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. 1, n. III.

469

Fruit medium to large, oblate, regular ; Surface smooth,
yellow, covered with fine russet ; Dots minute, scattered.
Basin medium, regular, wavy ; Eye large, closed.

Fig. 118.— PERRY RUSSET.

Cavity medium, regular or wavy, brown ; Stem medium
size and length.

Core small, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds few, plump,
brown ; Flesh yellow, fine grained, juicy ; Flavor acid,
rich ; Quality almost best, for table or kitchen ; Season,
December and January.

Poiniiie Orise.

Supposed to be of French or Canadian origin. Tree
sufficiently vigorous, productive ; shoots slender.

Fruit small, roundish-oblate, regular ; Surface even but
hardly smooth, yellow, overspread with fine russet, rarely
blushed.

Basin wide, regular, sometimes abrupt ; Eye very small,
closed.

470

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Cavity wide, regular ; Stem short or medium.
Core full heart-shaped, regular, closed, scarcely meet-
ing the eye ; Seeds plump, angular ; Flesh firm, yellow,

Fig. 119.— POMME GRISE,

breaking, fine grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich, aro-
matic, delicious ; Quality hest^ for dessert ; Season, January
to March ; One of the very best of the Russets.

W^illis Russet.

This apple was brought from Massachusetts, by my
friend and neighbor B. F. Sanford, without any history of
its origin. The quality of the fruit has induced me to
give its description.

Fruit medium to small, roundish-oblate ; Surface rough,
yellow, shaded with light red, covered with russet.

Basin shallow, folded ; Eye long, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy ; Stem long.

Core large, wide, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous, plump;
Flesh yellow, breaking, fine grained, juicy ; Flavor acid or
sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality almost first rate, for the table ;
Season, December and January,

CLASS I. — ^FLAT APPLES. ^IL L I. 471

CLASS I.— FLAT APPLES.

ORDER II.— REGULAR IN FORM.

SECTION L— SWEET.

SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED.

Autinnnal S^i^eet STraar.

SWEET SWAAR.

The fruit is highly commended by J. J. Thomas, who
thinks it " one of the finest autumnal sweet apples."
Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.
Fruit large, roundish-oblate, somewhat angular ; Surface

Fig. 120.— AUTUMNAIi SWEET SWAAR.

smooth, waxen yellow, sometimes blushed; Dots rare,
minute.

Basin wide, shallow, plaited or folded ; Eye medium,
long, closed.

472

DESCRIPTIONS OP APPLES.

Cavity acute, deep, wavy, green ; Stem long, inclined,
yellow and red.

Core regular, globular, somewhat open, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, plump, pale ; Flesh white, fine grained, juicy ;
Flavor very sweet ; Quality best, for baking and market ;
Season, September and October.

Clia^lleiig^e.

This is another of the apples introduced by Mr. Elliott,
from the orchard of D. C. Richmond, near Sandusky, O.
Tree productive, hardy.
Fruit medium, globular-oblate ; Surface smooth, pale

Fi^. 121.— CHALLENGE.

yellow ; Dots black, minute, scattered, and russet spots,
becoming a rich vermillion where exposed.

Basin shallow, wide, plaited; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem long, slender.

Core small, oval, regular, sometimes open, not meeting

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES.— II. I. I.

473

the eye ; Seeds laige, dark ; Flesh yellow, tender, fine
grained, juicy ; Flavor sweet ; Quality almost first rate, for
table; Season, October.

I>eli^lit.

This variety is grown in the southwestern part of Ohio ;
origin unknown.

Fruit medium to large, round-oblate, irregular; Surface
smooth, yellow, bronzed ; Dots minute.

Basin narrow, folded uneven; Eye medium, closed; Seg-
ments short.

Tig. 122.— DELIGHT.

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem short, thick.

Core small, oval, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds numer-
ous, plump, dark ; Flesh yellow, tender, juicy ; Flavor
sweet ; Quality pretty good ; Use, market and baking ; Sea-
son, January to June.

Iflaveraclc S^i^eet.

Origin South Carolina.

"Fruit large, roundish-oblate, angular; Skin yellow,

474

DESCBIPTIONS OF APPLES.

mostly shaded with crimson, sprinkled with gray or green-
ish dots ; Stalk short, inserted into a large cavity surround-
ed by russet ; Calyx open, set in a deep, irregular basin ;
Flesh rich, pleasant, vinous, almost saccharine." —
[Downing.

Spice STreeting'.

The .specimens described were from Mr. Warren, of
Massachusetts. Others, found in Ohio and Illinois under
this name, have a deep, abrupt basin, large or long eye,
and yellow flesh ; they must be different fruits.

An old variety ; Tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit full medium to large, handsome, flat, irregular;
Surface smooth, yellow, bronzy, crimson ; Dots numerous,
green.

Basin shallow, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, wavy ; Stem thick, knobby.

Core very wide, open, meeting the eye ; Seeds pointed,
long, dark; Flesh very white, tender, fine grained, juicy ;
Flavor sweet ; Quality good ; Use, kitchen, baking, stock ;
Season, September, October.

Fig. 123.— SWEET AND SOTJB.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. — ^11, I. I. 475

Street a^ud. ^onr.

This variety is interesting as a curiosity, rather than
valuable for its good qualities. It has been suggested
that ,it might be a sport ; no educated nurseryman will
now believe the old story of its having been produced by
the combination of the buds of two varieties, a sweet and
a sour.

Fruit large, oblate, often unequal and lop-sided, ribbed,
and deeply furrowed.

Surface yellow and green, the ribs being developed and
ripening have flavor, but the furrows not being developed
are flavorless and called sweet.

STveet ^pong^e.

From H. ^N". Gillett ; Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, oblate, irregular ; Surface smooth, yel-
lowish white ; Dots minute.

Basin none or extremely shallow, folded; Eye long,
closed.

Fig. 124.— SWEET SPONGE.

476 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Cavity wide, irregular ; Stem short, thick.

Core wide, closed, scarce meeting the eye ; Seeds numer-
ous, plump, brown; Flesh white, tender; Flavor sweet;
Season, July.

CLASS I.— FLAT APPLES.

ORDER II.— IRREGULAR.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.

SUB-SECTION 2.— STRIPED.

An^le Svieet.

Fruit medium, round-oblate, irregular ; Surface smooth,
yellow, covered with stripes and splashes of red, some
darker ; Dots white.

" Flesh yellow, tender, sweet, and good, fair and hand-
some ; Season, first of September." — [Downing.

I*eacli l*oiid. Street.

Origin Dutchess County, ISTew YorL

Fig. 125.— PEACH POND SWEET.

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES. 11. I. II. 477

Fruit small to medium, roimd-oblate, pentangular,
slightly conical ; Surface smooth, pale yellow, lightly cov-
ered with mixed and striped red, and beautifully splashed
crimson.

Basin narrow, regular or folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown ; Stem medium to
long, green, sometimes knobby.

Core regular, heart-shaped, closed, meeting the eye;
Seeds small, short; Flesh yellow, tender, fine grained,
juicy ; Flavor very sweet ; Quality almost first rate, very
good; for table or baking; Season September.

Pliillip^' STj^eet.

Origin believed to be Ohio ; Downing says, Chotocton
County, Ohio.

Tree vigorous, healthy, growth upright, very produc-
tive. Elliott thinks it may prove to be the same with
Richmond.

Fruit roundish, flattened, slightly conical, obscurely
angular or flattened on the sides ; Surface smooth, yellow,
more or less covered with red, striped crimson ; Dots nu-
merous.

Basin abrupt, regular, closed ; Eye closed, segments of
calyx long.

Cavity large ; Stem medium length, rather slender.

Flesh yellow, tender, crisp, juicy ; Flavor sweet, spicy,
rich • Season, l^ovember to March.

lining S\%^eet.

Tree very productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, angular; Suiface very smooth,
yellow, mostly covered with red, indistinctly striped dark-
er red.

Basin wide, deep, regular or folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute ; Stem long.

Core small, regular, closed, scarcely touching the eye ;
Seeds ovate; Flesh yellow, tender, dry; Flavor sweet and
rich ; Quality good ; baking ; early winter.

478 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

CLASS I.— FLAT APPLES.

ORDER IL— IRREGULAR.

SECTION 2.— ACID.

SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED.

Blockley.

BLOCKLEY PIPPIN, O. POM. SOC.

Originated near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Tree mod-
erately vigorous, upright, productive.

Fruit large, round-oblate, flattened at the ends, five-
sided, angular; Surface smooth, greenish-yellow, blushed;
Dots numerous, small, distinct, dark.

Basin wide, rather deep, .wavy or folded; Eye small,
closed, or partly open.

Cavity acute, narrow, uneven, brown ; Stem quite short,
rather thick.

Core medium, heart-shaped ; Seeds numerous, angular
and imperfect, dark ; Flesh yellow, compact, almost melt-
ing, fine grained, juicy ; Flavor rich sub-acid, sprightly ;
Quality almost best, for table ; Season, November to Janu-
ary.

This variety has caused much discussion among the
Western Pomologists, on account of its resemblance to
the Early Harvest. The late Dr. Barker, one of the most
intelligent fruit-growers of the country, said it was intro-
duced as a seedling from Kentucky in 1812. Elliott does
not mention it in his work, but in the discussions of the
Society he is reported as having declared it the same as
Early Harvest, with which it agrees in peculiar growth
of twigs. H. N. Gillett, and others, familiar with the
fruits of southern Ohio, consider it a distinct seedling of
Kentucky. The specimen described was from that gentle-
man.

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conical, irregular and
angular; Surface smooth, pale yellow; Dots scattered,
dark.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. II. IL L

479

Basin abrupt, medium, folded ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, deep, irregular, brt)wn; Stem large,
knobby.

Core irregular, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds angular,

Fig. 126. — BRACKEN.

imperfect ; Flesh white, very tender, fine grained ; Flavor
mild sub-acid ; Quality good ; Use, table and kitchen ; Sea-
son, June, July; earlier than Early Harvest.

Csiiiadss; Reinette.

This fine fruit does not appear to be well known to our
orchardists, and some of our writers have given the White
Pippin among its numerous synonims, and have suggested
that they might be the same, which is not so ; they are
very distinct, I have omitted the synon'ms, as they can
be of little interest to our ])Ianters ; they are not used in
this country. The origin of this variety is uncertain, prob-
ably European. Downing says that Merlet, a French
writer, described the fruit in the l7th century.

Tree vigorous, robust, tall spreading, productive.

480

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

The following outline and description of a specimen
presented by Irvin #essup, of Laporte, Indiana, was kindly-
made for me by my lamented friend, Geo. M. Beeler, a
short time before his death.

Fruit large, oblate, angular ; Surface not smooth, yel-
low, blushed and spotted red ; Dots numerous, small, gray.

Fig. 127.— CANADA KEINETTE.

Basin abrupt, deep, angular ; Eye small, nearly closed.

Cavity medium, acute ; Stem medium, inclined.

Core wide, regular, closed, clasping; Seeds plump,
angular, dark; Flesh breaking, fine grained, very juicy;
Flavor acid to sub-acid, aromatic, rich ; Quality very good ;
Use, table and cooking ; Season, December to February, in
northern Indiana.

Ciilp.

Origin Jefferson County, Ohio ; exhibited at the meet-
ings of the Ohio Pomological Society as early as 1855, by
S. B. Marshall, of Massillon, whose friend, S. Wood, had

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. — IL II. I.

cultivated it several years ; my specimens and trees are
from the Massillon nursery.

Tree vigorous, thrifty, symmetrical, spreading, very
productive, not an early bearer.

Fruit fair, sound, large, somewhat angular, oblate, in-
clined to conic, hangs well on the tree; Surface smooth,
green with bronze blush ; Dots minute, with green bases.

Fig. 128.— GULP.

Basin narrow, rather abrupt, regular ; Eye rather large,
closed.

Cavity rather deep, regular, brown ; Stem long or short.

Core long heart-shaped, regular, nearly closed, clasping ;
seeds numerous,verylarge, dark brown; Flesh yellowish,
compact, crisp, juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, slightly per-
fumed ; Quality good ; excellent for crooking, " compared
to Rhode Island Greening;" Season, December until
April.

21

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fa,ll Harvey.

Origin Essex County, Massachusetts. Specimen from
Zanesville, Ohio.

Fruit large, oblate, irregular ; Surface smooth, yellow
or pale yellow ; Dots minute, gray, distinct.

Basin wide, regular, leather-craked ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, green ; Stem long to medium.

Core wide or globular, regular, closed, not meeting the
eye ; Seeds medium, pointed and defective ; Flesh yellow,
breaking ; Flavor rich, acid ; Quality only good, but valu-
able for the kitchen ; Season, October.

Oarretson's Early.

Origin supposed to be New Jersey. Tree vigorous ;
an early and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, globular-oblate, somewhat angular ; Sur-
face smooth, pale yellow ; Dots whitish.

Basin small, abrupt, furrowed ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity shallow; Stem short, inclined.

Flesh white, breaking, tender, juicy ; Flavor pleasant
sub-acid; Quahty good; Use, table; Season, July and
August.

Harris-*.

This variety was received from North Carolina, and
fruited for the first time in the North during 1866. It
was first described and figured, among other new apples,
in the Horticultural Animal for 1867. In the South it is
considered a summer and fall variety, being in season from
August, and continuing for a long time. For speci-
mens, I am indebted to Doctor E. Taylor, of Cleveland,
Ohio.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, angular ; Surface smootli,
yellow, faintly blushed ; Dots scattered, minute, with rosy
spots.

Basin deep, abrupt, folded ; Eye medium, rather open.

Cavity deep, wavy, clear yellow ; Stem medium to long.

Core small, open, meeting the eye ; Axis very short ;
Seeds numerous, angular; Flesh light yellow, breakinsf,
fine-grained, juicy; Flavor acid to sub-acid, spicy, agree-

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES. — II. II. I. 488

able ; Use table and kitchen ; Season October ; Quality
good to very good.

Fig. 129.— HARRIS.

ILoudon Pippin.

LADY WASHINGTON ?

Origin Loudon County, Virginia. Exhibited before the
Ohio Pomological Society^ by Joseph Siglei*, of McCon-
nellsville, Ohio.

Fruit large, oblate, conic, angular; Surface beautiful,
very smooth, waxy yellow, handsomely blushed, and
bright red spots ; Dots scattering, gray.

Basin wide, regular or folded ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity wide, not deep, regular, brown ; Stem medium,
red.

Core heart-shaped, regidar, closed, clasping the eye;
Seeds numerous, medium ; Flesh yellowish, compact, ten-
der, breaking ; Flavor rich sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality very
good ; Dessert ; Season, December to February. A fine
fruit from Washington County, shown at the same time
as the Lady Washington / was thought to be the same.

484

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Tig. 130.— LOUDON PIPPIN.

Ohio Pippin.

ERNST'S APPLE. — BUCHANAN, ETC. — SHANNON!

We owe our acquaintance with this fine large fruit to
the late Mr. A. H. Ernst, long President of the Ohio Po-
mological Society, who furnished trees to Mr. Robert
Buchanan, an enthusiastic Pomologist of Cincinnati. Both
these gentlemen were too modest to permit their names
to be attached to a fruit which they did not originate, but
which they have aided to distribute. Another focus of
distribution was the orchard and nursery of R. W. Todd,
at Madison, Indiana, and the fruit has been received un-
der the name of Shannon, from Doctor J. A. Dibrell, of
Yan Buren, Arkansas. Origin Dayton, Ohio, from whence
it was procured personally by Mr. Todd, many years ago,
and the grafts set by him are the oldest trees known.

Tree healthy, vigorous, large, spreading ; Shoots stout,
dark ; Leaves large.

CLASS I. — ^FLAT APPLES. — IL IL II.

485

Fruit large, often very large, oblate, somewhat conic,
irregular; Surface smooth, greenish-yellow, sometimes
blushed faintly near the base ; Dots small gray.

Fig. 131.— OHIO PIPPIN.

Basin wide, deep, folded ; Eye large or very large, open ;
Segments short.

Cavity wide, wavy or regular, brown; Stem short,
stout.

Core medium to large, regular, closed, meeting the
eye ; Seeds numerous, medium, plump, sometimes imper-
fect.; Flesh yellowish, breaking, tender, juicy ; Flavor acid
to sub-acid ; Quality good ; Market and kitchen, too large
for dessert , Season, December, January.

IVesterii Spy.

Origin Jefferson County, Ohio. Tree healthy but me-
dium growth, very productive • exhibited by Joel Wood.

486 DESCRrPTio:N^s of apples.

Fruit large, roundish-oblate, uneven ; Surface smooth,
yellow, blushed; Dots numerous, minute, with white
bases.

Basin abrupt, uneven ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity medium, wavy ; Stem short.

Core wide, closed, not meeting the eye; Seeds numer-
ous, large, plump ; Flesh yellow, breaking ; Flavor acid ;
quality pretty good ; Use, kitchen, table ; Season, Decem-
ber, January.

CLASS I— FLAT APPLES.

ORDER II.— IRREGULAR.

SECTION 2.— ACID.

SUB-SECTION 2.-STRIPED.

Berry.

Not having enjoyed an opportunity of examining this
fruit, I quote from my friend Chas. Downing.

" Origin Virginia or North Carolina. Tree vigorous,
upright, very productive, and la valuable market fruit.

" Fruit rather above medium, obliquely depressed ; Skin
striped and splashed with red, on greenish-yellow ground,
with large dots, having a dark center; Stem short, in a
generally broad, deep cavity ; Calyx open ; Basin shallow,
and uneven ; Flesh rather coarse, juicy, with a pleasant
sub-acid flavor ; November to March."

BuflT.

For description of this fruit I take Downing's quotation
from Whitens Gardener:

" Origin uncertain ; Tree vigorous, erect ; Fruit very
large, irregular, roundish flattened and slightly iiregular ;
Skin thick, yellow, striped, and shaded with red, very dark
next the sun, marked with a few greenish russet spots ;
Stem three-fourths of an inch long, in a medium cavity ;
Calyx in a large, irregular basin ; Flesh white, an.d when
fully ripened, tender and excellent, sometimes indifferent ;
November to March.

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES. II. IL IL

487

From Gabriel Sleath, near Cincinnati, Ohio. The origin
of this pleasant dessert apple is not known. Tree large,
productive.

Fruit small, flat, somewliat angular ; Surface smooth,
rich yellow partially covered mixed red, distinctly striped
carmine; Dots pale fawn or yellow; heavy white bloom.

Basin shallow, leather-cracked ; Eye small, long, closed.

Cavity medium, I'egular ; Stem quite long, slender.

Core wide, regular, open, clasping; Seeds numerous,
short, plump, brown ; Flesh yellow, very fine grained, very
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, sprightly, agreeable ; Quality good
to very good ; Fse, dessert ; Season, August.

This fine European apple is said to have originated at
Gravenstein, Holstein. It has long been in this country,
where it succeeds very well.

Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; Shoots vigorous ;
Leaves long, rolled, showing the white underside.

Fig. 132. — GRAVENSTEIN.

488 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit large, globular-oblate, angular ; Surface smooth,
yellow, partially covered with mixed and splashed scarlet ;
Dots rare.

Basin medium, regular; Eye small, closed.

Oavity deep, regular ; Stem short.

Core regular, globular, or pointed toward the eye, closed,
clasping ; Seeds small, pointed ; Flesh yellow, fine grained,
breaking, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality best ;
table and kitchen ; Season, August, September.

Keiser.

Origin Jefferson County, Ohio ; not widely distributed.
Tree thrifty, upright. The following description was
made from fruit obtained of my friend T. S. Humrick-
house, of Coshocton.

Fruit full medium to large, oblate, uneven ; Surface
smooth, greenish-yellow, mixed and striped red; Dots
scattered, minute.

Basin wide, deep, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, deep ; Stem quite short.

Core very small, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds numer-
ous, short, plump ; Flesh yellow, tender, fine grained, juicy ;
Quality good to best ; for table and kitchen ; Season, De-
cember to January.

mang^uiu.

A first rate southern fruit. Tree thrifty, and very pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, angular ; skin yel-
lowish, striped and mostly shaded with red, thickly
sprinkled with whitish and bronze dots ; Stem short and
small, inserted in a broad cavity surrounded by russet ;
Calyx partially closed ; Basin slightly corrugated ; Flesh
yellow, very tender, juicy, mild sub- acid, excellent, highly
prized in Georgia and the South ; October and Novem-
ber. Carter of Alabama may prove the same." — [C.
Downing.]

Heloii.

Origin East Bloomfield, New York. Tree sufficiently
vigorous, spreading, round-headed.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. — II. II. IL 489

Fruit large, oblate, somewhat conical, angfllai ; Surface
smooth, waxen yellow, nearly covered with marbled and
mixed scarlet, striped distinctly with darker shade ; Dots
minute.

Basin, wide, medium depth ; Eye medium, open.

Fig. 133. —MELON.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy, green and brown ; Stem me-
dium.

Core regular, heart-shaped, wide, partially open, clasp-
ing ; Seeds numerous, medium, angular ; Flesh yellow, ten-
der, fine grained, juicy; Flavor acid, sub-acid, aromatic,
rich ; Quality almost best ; Use, table, market and kitchen ;
Season, N'ovember to January.

IWLiister.

This very nice apple was introduced to my attention by
my very good friend Calvin Fletcher, Jr., of Indianapolis,
in which neighborhood it grows. Its origin and history
are unknown, nor do any satisfactory responses come to
the oft-repeated question — What is this delicious apple ?

Fruit large, oblate, angular ; Surface yellow, mostly
21*

490

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

covered with* mixed red and splashes of crimson ; Dots
scattering, large, yellow and gray.

Basin moderately deep, folded ; Eye medium, open.

Cavity medium, regular, brown; Stem medium to short.

Core small, closed ; Seeds plump, dark ; Flesh yellow,
fine-grained, tender, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic;
Quality best for dessert ; Season, August and September.

Pennsyliraiiia. l^l^iiiesap. — [Local Name.]

Origin unknown ; Grown in Wayne Cojinty, Indiana.

Fruit large, conical-oblate, truncated, angular.

Surface smooth, yellow, blushed, very little splashed ;
Dots scattered, minute.

Basin medium, folded, wavy ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity medium, wavy ; Stem medium or short, stbut,
fleshy.

Core regular, closed; Seeds few, plump ; Flesh yellow-
ish-white, tender, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid;
Quality good; Use, table; Season, December, January.

AVag-eiier.

This beautiful and useful apple originated at Penn Yan,

Fig. 131— WAGENEB.

CLASS I. — FLAT APPLES. II. II. HI. 491

Yates County, IN'ew York ; was described and figured in
the Transactions of the State Agricultural Society.

Tree thrifty, upright, productive, and very early bearer.

Fruit large, oblate or globular- oblate, pentangular; Sur-
face very smooth, yellow, well covered with mixed bright
red, stripes not distinct; Dots scattered, yellow.

Basin wide, abrupt, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity regular, brown ; Stem medium, green.

Core regular, wide, heart-shaped, closed, meeting the
eye ; Seeds numerous, large, angular ; Flesh yellowish- white,
tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid; Quality
good; Uses, market, table and kitchen; Season, Novem-
ber and December.

CLASS I.— FLAT APPLES.

ORDER IL— IRREGULAR.

SECTION 2.— ACID.

SUB-SECTION 3.— EUSSET.

Cranl^erry Rii$$set.

This apple was introduced to the notice of the Ohio Po-
mological Society by its Vice-President, J. Austin Scott,
of Toledo, Ohio.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, flattened at the sides, ir-
regular ; Surface rough, russoted, blushed carmine, uneven ;
Dots numerous, large, gray, prominent.

Basin shallow, uneven ; Eye small, partially open.

Cavity deep, acute, green ; Stem long, slender, knobby.

Core wide, regular, closed ; Seeds long, angular, brown ;
Flesh breaking, tender, not very juicy; Flavor quite acid;
Quality second rate, but said to be superior for cooking ;
Season, November and December.

Rox1>iiry Russet.

BOSTON RUSSET.— PUTNAM KUSSET.

This standard apple is perhaps as widely known and as
much admired as any other in the catalogue. It was

492

DESCRIPTIOlSrS OP APPLES.

brought to the West by different routes — by the Ohio
River and by the lakes — and has been universally distrib-
uted. Those brought to the mouth of the Muskingum
River, and propagated by Mr. Putnam, had the name
changed to that of the Marietta and the Putnam Russet ;
and at the same time the appearance of the fruit was so
altered by increase in the russeting, that it was long
thought to be a different variety, until the question was
at length settled by interchange of grafts ; and when
these fruited the identity was proved.

It is claimed that more money has been realized from
this than from any other variety, though, on the Ohio

Fig. 135.-- KOXBURT RUSSET.

River, the Rome Beauty is considered to be equally prof-
itable. The popularity of this Russet is on the wane,
however, as it is very subject to attacks of the Codling-
moth, which makes it fall, and because it is apt to ripen
too early in the season in southern locations and on lime-
stone soils. Hence its value as a keeping apple is diminished.

Tree robust, vigorous, spreading ; Shoots stout, strag-
gling, dark; Foliage gray-green.

Fruit large, oblate, often lop-sided at the West, fre-

CLASS I. FLAT APPLES. ^IL IL IIL

493

quently angular, sometimes conic and truncated ; Surface
overspread with heavy brown russet in the South, but
green, often bronzed, and with partial light russet at the
north of latitude 41® ; Dots minute, scattered.

Basin regular or Avavy, green, often folded; Eye me-
dium, closed.

Cavity regular, pointed; Stem medium, curved.

Core regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous, angular,
imperfect ; Flesh greenish-yellow, breaking, granular, often
coarse, juicy ; Flavor decidedly acid ; Quality second rate ;
Use, market and cooking ; Season, November to January ;
a better keeper in the North.

m^hitney Russet.

Of uncertain or accidental origin in the extensive nur-
series and orchards of my friend A. R. Whitney, of
Franklin Grove, Lee County, Illinois, where my specimens
and trees were procured.

Fruit medium or small, roundish-oblate, truncated, an-

Figg. 136. — WHITNEY RUSSET.

gular; Surface smooth, yellow, ralrher thinly russeted ;
Dots minute, prominent.

Basin abrupt, regular, green ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity acute, deep, wavy ; Stem medium to long, slender.

494

DPSCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Core medium, regular, heart-shaped, rarely open, meet-
ing the eye ; Seeds very numerous, medium, plump ; Flesh
greenish-yellow, breaking, very fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic, rich, spicy ; Quality best ; especially a
dessert apple ; Season, December to February.

CLASS n.— COOTCAL APPLES.

ORDER I.— REGULAR.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.

SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLOEED.

liStr'ge Boiigli.

LARGE YELLOW BOUGH, ETC.

A native fruit, much admired as an early sweet apple.
Tree vigorous, compact head, rather productive.

Fig. 137.— LARGE BOUGH.

CLASS II. CONICAL APPLES. 1. I. I.

495

Fruit round-conic, regular, very light ; Surface smooth,
white or pale yellow ; Dots minute, dark, indented, few.

Basin rather shallow, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Ca\ity acute, regular, deep, sometimes "brown; Stem
medium.

Core regular, nearly closed, clasping ; Seeds medium,
dark ; Flesh white, very soft, light, juicy ; Flavor very
sweet when ripe, somewhat bitter when green ; Quality
only good — by some called best ; Use, market, stock and
dessert — ^tasteless when cooked ; Season, July and August.

FallaTrater.

TULPEHOCKEN, ETC.

A native of Pennsylvania, where it is a great favorite ;
extcDsively cultivated through the West.

Fig. 138.— FALL AWATER.

This is essentially a market apple, having little to rec-
ommend it but its size, appearance and productiveness.

496

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Tree very vigorous, spreading, productive, not long-
lived ; Shoots very stout, dark ; Leaves large.

Fruit large, round or oblate-conic, regular ; Surface
sometimes smooth, greenish-yellow, often blushed crim-
son— large specimens covered with whitish veined marks ;
Dots numerous, gray, large, and having whitish bases.

Basin rather deep, regular ; Eye large, open.

Cavity deep, regular, brown ; Stem short, stout.

Core medium, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds numer-
ous, angular ; Flesh whitish, often greenish- white, light,
tender, juicy ; Flavor very mild sub-acid, or sweet, with
little character ; Quality scarcely good ; Use, market and
stock ; Season, November, December, and may be kept
longer if desired.

Iflicliael Henry.

MICHAEL HENRY PIPPIN. — [ (70X6. ]

Origin Monmouth County, New Jersey. Extensively

139.— MICHAEX. HENUY.

CLASS II. — CONICAL APPLES. — I. L L

497

cultivated in the Western States, where it has many ad-
mirers.

Tree vigorous, not large, spreading, very productive,
early bearer ; Shoots dark, foliage medium and healthy.

Fruit fair, medium to large, conic, regular; Surface
smooth, dull green, whitish stripes, pale yellow when ripe,
rarely a faint blush ; Dots scattered, prominent.

Basin abrupt, or shallow, regular ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, brown ; Stem short to medium.

Core regular, heart-shaped, clasping, closed ; Seeds nu-
merous, plump, black ; Flesh pale yellow, breaking, tender,
light, juicy; Flavor sweet, slightly aromatic, little char-
acter ; Quality good ; Use, market, kitchen ; Season, De-
cember and January ; keeps well.

PremiiiiUL of 1858,

Found in a seedling orchard near 'Springfield, Ohio, and
awarded the premium in 1858.

Fig. 140.— PREMIUM OF 1858.

498

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit medium, roundish-conic, regular ; Surface smooth,
pale yellow ; Dots numerous, minute, white.

Basin shallow, regular, folded ; Eye large, closed or open.

Cavity wide, shallow, regular; Stem long, slender.

Core rather large, regular, open, meeting the eye ; Seeds
numerous, angular; Flesh yellow, line grained, tender;
Flavor very sweet, rich ; Quality very good ; Use, baking
and stock ; Season, October to December.

^liockley.

Origin Jackson County, Georgia. This long-keeper
from the South promises to be an acquisition of value for

market orchards,
unless its small size
may make an ob-
jection.

Tree vigorous,
very productive.

Fruit medium to
small, conic, trun-
cated,regular; Sur-
face very smooth,
waxen yello w,mar-
bled or blushed
scarlet and crim-
son ; Dots scatter-
ed, minute, gray.

Bas'n shallow,
plaited ; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity acute,
deep, regular;
Stem slender, long.
Core long heart-
shaped, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds numerous, plump,
dark ; Flesh yellow, ^ne grained ; Flavor mildly sub-acid,
rich, saccharine, agreeable ; Quality very good ; Use, des-
sert ; Season, March to June ; a good keeper.

STveet Pear.

The origin of this fruit is uncertain ; the specimens were
obtained in the orchard of H. P. Kimball, and his father-

Fig. 141.— SHOCKLEY.

CLASS 11. — CONICAL APPLES. ^T. I. I. 499

in-law, Dr. George Haskell — zealous pomologists at Rock-
ford, Illinois.

Fruit medium to large, round, somewhat conic, regular ;
Surface smooth, yellowish-green, bliished ; Dots . numer-
ous, minute, gray, indented ; red spots.

Basin quite shallow, plaited ; Eye small, but long, closed.

Fig. 142.— SWEET PEAK.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy, green ; Stem long, rather
slender, green.

Core small, round, somewhat open, clasping the eye ;
Seeds numerous, medium, pointed ; Flesh greenish-white,
breaking, fine grained, juicy; Flavor sweet, aromatic;
Quality good to best ; Use, table ; Season, October.

Tictiials and I>rinLlc.

GREEN SWEET OF INDIANA. — POMPEY.— FALL GREEN SWEET.

This old variety has met with great favor in its western
home^ though not esteemed or much cultivated in the

500

DESCRIPTION'S OF APPLES.

Eastern States, unless about Newark, New Jersey, where
it originated about 1750, according to Downing.

Tree spreading, large ; Branches twiggy, slender, mod-
erately productive.

Fruit large, conical, regular, but uneven ; Surface some-
what rough, dull green to dull yellow, often veined rus-
set ; Dots numerous, minute.

Basin medium, sometimes abrupt, regular or folded ;
Eye medium, closed.

Cavtty wide, wavy, green ; Stem short.

Core small, regular, oval, clasping, closed ; Seeds numer-
ous, angular, imperfect, dark ; Flesh greenish-white or yel-
lowish, very tender, fine-grained, light ; Flavor very sweet,
very rich ; Quality best ; Use, baking, table and stock ;
Season, September and October — in the North later, but is
not a housing apple.

Fig. 143.— VICTUALS AND DRINK.

Virginia June.

Presented by W. P. Putnam, of Ohio, as brought from
Adams County, Mississippi

CLASS II. CONICAL APPLES.-^I. I. I. 501

Fruit medium to large, oblate-conical, regular ; Surface
greenish-yellow ; Dots scattered, prominent.

Basin medium, regular, abrupt ; Eye medium, open.
Cavity very wide, regular, brown ; Stem very short.

Fig. 144. — ^VIRGINIA JUNE

Core heart-shaped, regular, meeting the eye, closed ;
Seeds numerous, pointed ; Flesh yellow; Flavor rich, sweet ;
Quality good ; September to October, in Ohio.

This may prove to be some known variety, but it has
not yet been recognized.

The Virginia June^ grown in Kentucky and Indiana, is
quite different, being round, striped and sub-acid. It is
esteemed, where known, as a household apple, but be-
comes rather dry.

502

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

CLASS IL— CO:^riCAL APPLES.

ORDER J— REGULAR.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 2.— STRIPED.

Kentucky Street.

This is an apple of Kentucky or southern origin, found
in many parts of the western country among the emi-
grants from Dixie Land, with whom it is a great favorite
on account of abundant fruitage and rich sweetness.

Specimens, under name, were received from the intelli-
gent southern pomologist, J. S. Downer, of Fairview, Ken-
tucky, also from J. W. Dodge, of Pomona, Tennessee,

Eig. 145.— KENTUCKY SWEET.

from which the description and drawing are taken. It has
also been seen frequently in Southern Illinois.

Fruit medium, conic, regular ; Surface smooth, deep red,
stripes obscured and scarcely visible, the yellow ground
color rarely seen ; Dots scattered, large, yellow.

Basin regular, narrow, not deep, leather-cracked ; Eye
medium, long, open ; Segments short.

CLASS II. — CONICAL APPLES. — I. L II. 503

Cavity acute, not deep, brown ; Stem short to medium.

Core oval, regular, not meeting the eye, somewat open ;
Seeds numerouK, large and imperfect, brown ; Flesh yellow,
tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor very sweet, rich, slight-
ly perfumed ; Quality very good to best ; Use, baking, mar-
ket and stock; Season N"ovember to Jaimary. Keeps well.

Milsrikn.

BLAIR. — (Rarely.)

This is another little southern favorite, to be found by
almost every cabin in parts of the West. Whole orchards
have been planted with sprouts from the mother trees,
among the people to whom the art of grafting was an un-

Fig. 146.— MILAM.

heard of mystery. Kow distributed by nurserymen all
over the country.

Tree moderately vigorous, round-headed, twiggy; shoots
reddish ; foliage rather dark. Annually productive and
an early bearer.

Fruit small to medium, conical, regular ; Surface smooth,
yellow, covered with marbled red, indistinct stripes ; Dots
small, gray, scattered, prominent.

504 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin narrow, wavy, leather-cracked; Eye medium,
closed.

Cavity regular, acute, brown ; Stem long.

Core ovate, covering the eye, closed ; Seeds numerous,
some imperfect ; Flesh white,' tender, crisp, juicy ; Flavor
mild sub-acid or sweet, agreeable and refreshing, but with-
out any decided character; Quality good; Use, dessert, in
cooking it lacks flavor ; SedSon, December, January.

CLASS II.— CONICAL APPLES.
ORDER I.— REGULAR.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 3.— RUSSET.

Pumpkin Si^eet.

SWEET RUSSET, Of OMo.

Fruit was exhibited at the Ohio State Fair at Zanesville.

Fruit large, regular, roundish, conical; Surface dull
green, covered with a rough coat of russet.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, narrow, regular ; Stem long, slender.

Core medium, regular ; Seeds numerous, small, plump ;
Flesh spongy, light ; Flavor sweet ; Quality scarcely good*;
TJse, baking, stock ; Season, autumn. ^

This apple has never commended itself very highly to
my notice in the limited opportunities I have had for its
examination, but it is esteemed in some parts of the coun-
try for baking and for stock-feeding.

CLASS n.— CONICAL APPLEa
ORDER I.— REGULAR.

SECTION 2.— SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED.

Aiig:ust Tart.

Origin unknown. Specimens procured from Marietta,
Ohio.

CLASS II. CONICAL APPLES. L II. I.

505

Fruit medium to large, regular, conical, truncated ; Sui^
face smooth, yellow-green; Dots numerous, large, yellow.

Basin medium, wavy or folded ; Eye medium or small,
closed.

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem long, slender.

Fig. 147.— AUGUST TART.

Core medium, regular, closed, clasping; Seeds numer-
ous, pointed ; Flesh greenish-yellow, breaking; Flavor acid ;
Quality poor, except for cooking ;

Season August.

]>eiiioci-at.

George

Origin unknown. Specimens obtained from
Powers, of Perrysburgh, Ohio.

Fruit medium, handsome, roundish-conic, regular ; Sur-
face yellow, blushed scarlet ; Dots minute, indented.

Basin shallow, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity rather deep, very acute ; Stem medium to short,
slender.

22

506

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Core heart-shaped, rather open, meetmg the eye ; Seeds
large; Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aro-
matic, rich ; Quality good to very good ; Use dessert ; Sea-
son October to December.

Holland Pippin.

There is a strange confusion existing in some of the
books, by which this fruit has been associated with the
Fall Pippin. The Holland, as grown in Western New
York, and through the West, as derived from the former
State, is entirely different ; and as that is extensively
known, its description is here given, that it may be com-
pared with the other, which belongs to a different class.

Fig. 148.— HOLLAIO) PIPPIN.

Fruit large, regular, conic, rather oblate ; Surface dull
yellowish-green, rarely bronzed ; Dots minute.

Basin narrow, medium depth, regular; Eye medium,
closed.

Cavity medium, acute, regular, brown ; Stem medium
to long.

Core medium, regular, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds
numerous, sometimes imperfect ; Flesh yellowish- white or

CLASS II. — CONICAL APPLES. — I. IL I.

607

greenish-white, breaking, coarse-grained, juicy ; Flavor
quite acid, not rich, not agreeable ; Quality only fair ; Use
cooking only; Season, October to December at the North.
Not seen in the southern counties of the States north of
the Ohio River.

middle.

A comparatively new fruit, from Herkimer County,
New York, found in a division fence between two neigh-
bors ; hence its name. Considerably cultivated in the

Fig. 149.— MIDDLE.

neighborhood, where it is highly esteemed. Introduced
into Ohio by Mr. John Ludlow, of Springfield, in 1854,
and propagated at the Oakland Nurseries near by.

Tree thrifty and productive.

Fruit medium to large, conical or oblate-conic, regular ;
Surface rather smooth, green to pale greenish -yellow ;
Dots small, irregular, rather abundant, gray, somewhat
prominent.

Basin shallow, nearly regular, russeted, like Rhode Isl-
and Greening ; Eye small, closed.

508

DESCEIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Cavity acute, sometimes lipped, wavy ; Stem long, slen-
der.

Core small, oval, regular, closed, just meeting the- eye;
Seeds small, very light colored ; Flesh greenish-yellow,
breaking, fine grained, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich,
aromatic ; Quality nearly first rate ; Use dessert ; Season
December and January, but is said to keep until May in
New York.

"Wliite Winter Pea.i*maiii.

This favorite fruit was brought to Indiana by some of
the early pomologists, in the days of saddle-bag transpor-

Fig. 150. — ^WHITE WINTER PEARMAIN.

tation. In a lot of grafts, two varieties, having lost their
labels, were propagated and fruited without name. Being
considered Pearmain-shaped, they vrere called respectively
Red and White Winter Pearmains. The former proved
to be the Esopus Spitzenberg ; the latter has never yet been
identified, though believed to be an old eastern variety.
Mr. Downing suggests that it maybe Winter Harvey^ a

CLASS II. — CONICAL APPLES. — ^I. H. I. 509

description of which I have not seen. At one time this
apple was confounded with the Michael Henry by many
of us, and Mr. ElHott gives it as a synonym of that va-
riety, but they are very distinct.

Tree spreading, vigorous, productive, the bark often
marked by a kind of canker or crack. FoHage large,
rather light green.

Fruit medium to large, handsome when fair, but often
scabby on rich limestone soils and on old trees, conical,
regular, sometimes obscurely angular; Surface smooth,
yellow, often bronzy; Dots scattered, small, dark.

Basin abrupt, regular or shallow and folded ; Eye me-
dium, closed.

Cavity acute, wavy, brown ; Stem medium to long, of-
ten knobby and clubbed.

Core regular, closed, slightly clasping the eye ; Seeds
few, pointed, pale or yellow ; Flesh yellow, fine grained,
tender, crisp, juicy; Flavor mild sub-acid, very rich;
Quality best; Uses table, kitchen, market; Season De-
cember to March.

^Voolfolks.

This is supposed to be a Kentucky seedling. It was re-
ceived from my friend Ormsby Hite, of Louisville.

Fruit full, medium, truncated, regular; Surface very
smooth, yellow-green ; Dots scattered, gray, white bases.

Basin medium, wavy, plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, acute, wavy, brown ; Stem short, green.

Core small, heart-shaped, regular, closed, clasping; Seeds
pointed, angular, dark; Flesh white, tender, breaking,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality good ; Use, table, kitch-
en ; Season, December to March.

510 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES

CLASS II.— CONICAL APPLES.
ORDER L— REGULAR.

SECTION 2.— SOUR.

SUB-SECTION 2.— STRIPED.

Alexander.

This Russian apple, so much admired for its size and
beauty, is not a favorite in the orchard, though some per-
scms have found it profitable in the markets.

Tree medium size, spreading, moderately productive,
early bearei*.

Fruit large to very large, fair and handsome, conical,
truncated, sometimes obscurely angular ; Surface smooth,
pale yellow, striped and splashed distinctly bright red,
sometimes shaded mixed red ; Dots minute.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye small, long, closed.

Cavity rather deep, narrow, regular, brown ; Stem me-
dium to short, stout.

Core wide, regular, nearly closed, clasping ; Axis short ;
Seeds large ; Flesh whitish, breaking, not fine grained,
juicy ; Flavor acid, not rich ; Quality scarcely good, ex-
cept for cooking ; Season, August and September. Fruit
falls badly from the tree.

Ca-yii^a. Red. ^ti^ea^k.

TWENTY OUNCE, ETC.

I have preferred to adopt the above name for this old
Connecticut apple, to avoid the confusion arising from
another and very indifferent fruit that is still considerably
cultivated upon the same parallels with this, and known
as the Twenty Ounce Pippin,

The Cayuga is a very great favorite as a market and
family fruit in many parts of the country north of latitude
40^ — being large, handsome and productive.

Tree thrifty, healthy, early productive, round-headed,
twiggy ; Shoots medium or slender, reddish brown, leaves
large.

Fruit large to very large, regular, globular-conic ; Sur-
face generally smooth, yellow-green, nearly covered with
mixed red, striped and splashed scarlet ; Dots minute,
scattered.

Basin regular, abrupt ; Eye small, closed ; Calyx long.

CLASS II. — CONICAL APPLES. — L IL IL 511

Cavity wide, folded, brown ; Stem short.

Core wide, large, irregular, open, meeting or slightly
clasping the eye ; Seeds numerous, short, plump, pale ;
Flesh whitish, breaking, granular, juicy ; Flavor sour, not

Fig. 151.— CAYUGA BED STRElK.

rich ; Quality good, only for its special uses, market, cook-
ing and drying; Season, October to December.

Clarice's Peai-iuaiii.

Origin North Carolina. Specimens from W. S. West-
brook. Tree grows slowly, but very productive.

Fruit medium, roundish-conic, truncated ; Surface yel-
low, covered bright red and bronzed • Dots numerous,
large, yellow.

512 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin abrupt, folded ; Eye small, closed ; Segments short,
reflexed.

Cavity deep, acute, sometimes lipped ; Stem long, red.

Core small, pyriform, regular, closed, scarcely clasping ;
Seeds, some imperfect; Flesh greenish-yellow, fine grain-

Fig. 152.— CLARKE'S PEARMAIN.

ed ; Flavor sub-acid, rich ; Quality good to very good ;
Use dessert and kitchen; Season December.

Clayton.

Believed to have originated in Central Indiana. Brought
to my notice by Z. S. Ragan, of Clayton, Indiana ; also
exhibited by the Plainfield Horticultural Society at the
meetings of the State Horticultural Society.

Fruit large, conical, flattened, regular ; Surface smooth,
greenish-yellow, covered with dull red, striped and splash-
ed darker ; Dots minute, scattered.

Basin narrow, abrupt, regular ; Eye small, long, closed.

Cavity wide, acute, deep, wavy, green ; Stem medium,
stout.

Core wide, regular, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
plump, angular, short, dark; Flesh yellow, breaking, not

CLASS II. — CONICAL APPLES. 1. IL II. 513

fine grained ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality good ; Use, kitchen
and market ; Season, all winter until March.

Fig. 153. — CLAYTON.

Cooper's Market.

cooper's redling.

" Fruit medium, oblong-conic ; Skin yellowish, shaded
with red, and striped with crimson ; Stem short, cavity
deep, narrow ; Calyx closed, basin small ; Flesh white,
tender, with a brisk sub-acid flavor ; December to May." —
(Downing.)

Early Joe.

This delicious summer apple originated in Ontario Coun-
ty, New York ; Tree moderately vigorous, bushy when
young, early bearer, very productive.
22*

514

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit small to medium, flat-conic, regular ; Surface yel-
low or waxen, mixed red, splashed carmine^; Dots minute,
with yellow bases.

Basin abrupt, regular ; Eye medium, long, closed ; Seg-
ments reflexed.

Cavity wide, acute, wavy, green ; Stem medium, thick.

Core wide, olosed, clasping ; Seeds plump, brown ; Flesh
light yellow, breaking, very fine grained, juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic, spicy, rich, very satisfying; Quality
best ; Use, dessert only ; Season, July.

Early StraTi^l>erry.

AMERICAN RED JUNEATING.

Origin New York ; Tree thrifty, very upright, while
young, spreading and large when older ; Shoots dark col-

Fig. 154. — ^EARLT STRAWBERRY.

ored ; Foliage abundant on long stems, bright green, al-
most shining, rather narrow, long, erect.

•Fruit small to medium, round-conic, regular or rarely
angular ; Surface smooth, often shining, yellow, mostly cov-

CLASS II. COlSriCAL APPLES. — ^I. IL II. 515

ered with mixed red, striped crimson ; Dots rare, very
minute ; Surface sticky or " greasy " when house-ripened.

Basin shallow, folded or plaited; Eye medium, long;
Segments reflexed.

Cavity medium, regular; Stem long, rather slender,
sometimes short, knobby.

Core regular, closed, not meeting the eye ; Seeds nu-
merous, broad, plump ; Flesh whitish-yellow, breaking, fine
grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality good
to very good ; Use, dessert, market ; Season, July and
August.

Family.

This new southern variety is not yet sufficiently known
to enable me to give a full description. My trees have
not borne.

Fruit medium, conic, striped red ; Season, July and
August.

Flusbing^ Spitzenl^erg.

As some doubt has existed in the minds of many pomol-
ogists in respect to this variety, and as many nave had
this name applied to the Baltimore of Elliott, I quote that
author's description:

" American. Tree vigorous, strong brown shoots ; Fruit
medium, roundish, slightly conical, greenish-yellow, mostly
covered with warm yellowish-red; russet dots, with suffused
fawn shade surrounding ; Stem slender ; Cavity narrow ;
Calyx small; Basin shallow; Core rather large; Flesh
white, tinged yellow, juicy, crisp, mild, nearly sweet ;
' very good.' " November to February.

ea1>i-iel.

ladies' blush. — GARDEN OF INDIANA,

This is thought to be a southern apple, but the origin
is unknown. It may yet prove to be a known variety in
cultivation.

Tree moderately vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, conic, regular ; Surface smooth, green-
ish-yellow, mixed and striped pale red ; Dots minute.

516

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity regular, green ; Stem medium, slender.

Core regular, closed ; Seeds medium ; Flesh tender, fine
grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid to sweet, aromatic ; Qual-
ity almost best, for dessert; August and September, or
later.

liimlj ert TT ig".

This well known southern apple is much cultiv^ated in
many parts of the West as a long keeping winter variety.
It is a favorite with the southern immigrants, and found
most abundant in regions occupied by them, but it has
been carried pretty far to the north. The synonym James
Hiver^ as given by Downing, is not met with among the

LIMBERTWIG.

people as applied to this apple, but the WiUow Twig is
often so named.

Tree thrifty, exceedingly productive ; Shoots slender
and drooping with the heavy crops.

Fruit medium to small, roundish conic, regular ; Sur-

CLASS II. COIS-ICAL APPLES. — I. II. IL 51T

face rather smooth, mixed dull purplish red, on green,
stripes scarcely to be traced ; Dots numerous, large, irreg-
ular, brown.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye small, open.

Cavity deep, acute, brown ; Stem medium, curved.

Core rather large, regular, turbinate, closed, clasping ;
Seeds numerous, small, plump, long ; Flesh greenish-yel-
low, firm ; Flavor sub-aeid, rich, aromatic ; Quality very
good ; Use, table and kitchen ; Season, March and April.
Keeps very well, but wilts if exnosed to the air — ^preserv-
ed very well in the ground.

lton.g Isla^ndL Neek-iio-!Fiii*tlier,

WESTCHESTER SEEK-NO FURTHER,

This old variety still has its admirers in the Eastern
States, but is not often seen in the West. I describe
specimens from Wm. S. Carpenter, of Westchester Coun-
ty, N^ew York.

The tree is vigorous and productive.

Fruit rather large, oblate, conic, regular ; Surface green-
ish-yellow, splashed bright red ; Dots numerous, scattered,
russet.

Basin shallow, wavy ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem long.

Core regular, closed; Seeds pointed, angular, imper
feet; Flesh greenish- white, breaking, juicy; Flavor sub-
acid, aromatic ; Quality good to very good ; Use, table,
cooking ; Season, October, November.

Polly Briglit.

Origin Virginia. Considerably cultivated in Eastern
Ohio.

" Fruit elongated, conic ; Skin light yellow, shaded car-
mine, obscurely striped ; Stalk of medium length, in an
acute cavity, russeted ; Calyx in a small furrowed basin.
Flesh tender, juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor ; Sep-
tember, October." — (Downing.)

Ra^vle's Janet*

JANBTTING OR GENETON — NEVER FAIL — ROCK EIMMON, ETC., ETC.

This famous southern apple has been spread throughout
the West, and even the Northwest where, however, it has

518 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

not proved hardy. It also has the fault of over-bearing,
when the fruit is often small and insipid. In suitable soils
it is very fine and deservedly a favorite with planters, some
of whom recommend fifty trees of this variety in an or-
chard of one hundred. Origin Virginia.

Tree thrifty, not large, spreading; Twigs brownish, foli-
age medium, rather whitish. Blossoms appear later than
other sorts, and thus they sometimes escape a spring frost.

Fruit medium, sometimes large when thinned, flattened,

Fig. 156. — RAWLE'S JANET.

conic, regular ; Surface smooth, mixed and striped crim-
son on yellow and green ; Dots numerous, small.

Basin wide, regular; Eye small, closed; Segments re-
flexed.

Cavity acute, deep, regular, brown ; Stem long, curved.

Core regular, heart-shaped, closed, clasping ; Seeds nu-
merous, plump; Flesh yellowish, crisp, breaking, fine
grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, vinous, refreshing; Qua-
lity good to very good ; Use, dessert, kitchen, market and
cider ; Season, February, March, and later.

CLASS II. CONICAL APPLES. ^I. II II. 519

Red. l^lwLter Pearmain.

RED GILLIFLOWER — RED LADY FINGER — BUNCOMBE ? ETC.

This favorite southern apple is widely diffused through
the South and West, and its good qualities have made it
many admirers. Origin uncertain.

Tree sufficiently vigorous, upright, productive, annual
bearer.

Fruit medium to large, conic, regular ; Surface smooth,
deep red, almost purplish on yellow, stripes nearly lost in
the depth of coloring, whitish shading exteriorly, not a
bloom ; Dots numerous, minute.

Basin regular, plaited or folded ; Eye long or large,
open.

Cavity acute, regular, green ; Stem medium length,
thick, knobby.

Core medium, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous, large,
plump ; Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy ; Flavor mild sub-
acid, almost sweet, rich, satisfying ; Quality good ; Use,
table and kitchen ; Season, December and January.

Fig. 157.— ROSY RED.

520 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Rosy Red.

This is one of the valuable fruits which we owe to the
indefatigable efforts of that earnest pomologist and thus
philanthropist, Lewis Jones, of Cambridge, Indiana. Found
in a seedling orchard.

Fruit medium, conical, truncated, regular ; Surface
smooth, bright red, generally diffused, indistinctly striped ;
Dots scattered, medium, yellow.

Basin medium, shallow, regular or folded ; Eye medium,
closed.

Cavity acute, narrow, deep, brown ; Stem medium, slen-
der, yellow.

Core wide, indistinct, partly open, scarcely meeting the
eye ; Seeds few, plump and imperfect ; Flesh pale yellow,
breaking, juicy; Flavor sub-acid; Quality good; Use,
market and table ; Season, December and January,

Westfield. Seek-iio-Fiirtlier,

This favorite Connecticut apple has been widely dis-
seminated throughout the country, and is universally ad-

Fig. 158.— WESTFIELD SEEK-NO-FURTHER.

mired by those who come from the Northern States ; on

CLASS II. — COXrCAL APPLES. — ^I. U. III. 521

lower parallels it is less known, and not so highly appre-
ciated, nor is it so fine a fruit, being larger, but less com-
pact, more spongy, less beautifully colored and sometimes
almost a russet.

Tree vigorous, thrifty, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish-conic ; Surface smooth dull red,
mixed and striped on yellow, in the Xorth clear bright
red; Dots scattered, large, yellow; leather-cracked and
rus^eted about the apex.

Basin shallow, regular, leather-cracked; Eye small,
closed or open.

Cavity pointed, regular, brown ; Stem long.

Core medium, regular, closed, meeting and clasping the
eye ; Seeds numerous, small, pointed ; Flesh yellowish-
white, tender, breaking ; Flavor very mild sub-acid, aro-
matic, satisfying, not high flavored nor spicy ; Quality
only good in my estimation ; Use, table and market ; Sea-
son, December.

CLASS II.— CONICAL APPLES.
ORDER L— REGULA.R

SECTION 2.~-S0UR.
SUB-SECTION 3.— RUSSET.

America,!! Oolde!! Riisset.

bullock's pippin, etc.

This delicious table apple is a universal favorite with all
who can appreciate delicacy of flavor and fineness of
flesh in an apple, and yet it is not a profitable variety for
orchard planting, because the fruit is very apt to be imper-
fect. The best I have seen were from the South, and sand-
stone soils.

Tree vigorous, upright, round-headed, small; Foliage
large, healthy.

Fruit small to medium, round-conic, regular when per-
fect ; Surface smooth, yellow, covered with thin russet,
sometimes faintly blushed ; Dots minute.

Basin shallow, regular ; Eye small, closed.

522 •DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Cavity acute, regular ; Stem long, slender.
Core medium, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds numer-
ous, pointed ; Flesh yellowish, very fine grained, tender,

Fig. 159.— AMERICAN GOLDEN RUSSET.

when fully ripe almost melting, like a pear, juicy, becom-
ing dry when over ripe ; Flavor sub-acid, rich, aromatic ;
Quality very best ; Use, dessert ; Season, November and
December.

Clieesl>oi-oiigli.

This is one of the largest and one of the poorest of the
Russet apples, and unworthy of cultivation ; on that ac-
count put upon record to be avoided.

Fruit large and fair, conical, regular ; Surface dull green,
overspread with thin russet, or more southward.

Basin irregular, green ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity pointed, regular ; Stem short.

Core large, closed, clasping ; Seeds long, pointed, angu-
lar ; Flesh green, breaking, coarse, often dry ; Flavor acid
or sub-acid, not rich ; Quality poor ; Use, kitchen only ;
Season, November and December.

CLASS II. — CONICAL APPLES. — L II. IIL

523

^Sryptia^n Russet.

BAGBY RUSSET.

This capital dessert fruit was found in Southern Illinois
and introduced to his fellow pomologists of the State So-
ciety by Jno. M. Hunter, nurseryman, of Ashley. Its ori-

Tig. 160.— EGYPTIAN RUSSET.

gin is unknown, but supposed, like the pioneers of the re-
gion, to have come from Tennessee, or some other South-
ern State.

Tree symmetrical, moderately vigorous, productive;
Twigs slender.

Fruit medium, regular, conical, truncated ; Surface
smooth, light yellow, covered with fine russet, obscurely
striped gray.

Basin wide, wavy, plaited, green ; Eye medium to large,
open.

Cavity acute, wavy ; Stem medium.

Core irregular, closed, scarcely meeting the eye ; Seeds
large, plump ; Flesh very tender, fine grained, juicy ;

524

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Flavor sub-acid, aromatic, rich, pear-like; Quality very
best ; Use, dessert ; Season, December and January, until
March. Like other russets disposed to wilt if too much
exposed to the air.

I^oiig-likeepsie Russet.

ENGLISH RUSSET.

Origin !N'ew York ; Tree tender, vigorous, upright, pro-
ductive ; Shoots brown, slender; Foliage healthy.

Fruit medium, conical or globular-conical, regular ; Sur-
face smooth, almost polished, dull yellowish -green, often
bronzed near the base, more or less covered with fine russet.

Fig. 161.— POUGHKEEPSIE RUSSET.

Basin shallow, regular ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity pointed, wavy ; Stem long.

Core closed, not meeting the eye ; Seeds imperfect ;
Flesh greenish, firm, inclined to be tough ; Flavor acid,
poor ; Quality third rate ; Use, market and cooking only,
and valued because it keeps soundly for a long time; Sea-
son, December until June.

Ross' j^onpareil.

SPICE EUSSET ? OE OHIO.

The delicious fruit about to be described is believed to
be the celebrated Irish apple mentioned by Thompson,

CLASS II. CONICAL APPLES. 1. II. IIL

525

Lindley, and others; if not, we ha.ve found another choice
fruit, which deserves to be better known. It is frequently
found at the exhibitions in Ohio and Indiana. Often shown
as Spice JRusset^ flatter and irregular: V^ide conspectus.

Fig. 163.— ROSS' NONPAREIL.

^ Fruit medium, regular, oblate-conical ; Surface smooth,
yellowish, thin russet, rarely blushed dull carmine ; Dots
minute, gray.

Basin wide, folded ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy ; Stem long, inclined.

Core regular, open, scarcely meeting the eye ; Axis
short ; Seeds numerous, medium, plump ; Flesh white,
breaking, fine grained, tender ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic,
rich ; Quality almost best ; for table ; Season December.

^pa,in>i-d. Russet.

This apple is supposed to have originated near old Fort
Miami, in Northern Ohio, and was introduced to the notice
of the Ohio Pomological Society by its Vice-President, J.
Austin Scott, of Toledo, who cultivates the variety on the
banks of the Maumee, near the place of its supposed
origin.

Fruit medium, flattened-conical, regular; Surface
smooth, greenish-yellow, lightly russeted, rarely bronzed ;
Dots minute, green.

526 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin medium, abrupt, narrow, regular ; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, green ; Stem medium.

Core small, open, regular, meeting the eye ; Axis short

Fig. 163. — SPAFFORD RUSSET.

Seeds numerous, plump, angular ; Flesh white, fine grain-
ed, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich, aromatic, agreeable ; Qual-
ity good to very good ; Use, table ; Season, December
until March.

CLASS IL— CONICAL APPLES.

ORDER IL— IRREGULAR OR ANGULAR.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.

SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED.

Belden Sweet.

" Grown in Connecticut, very prolific ; Fruit medium
or below, conic, angular ; Skin light yellow, with a warm

CLASS II. CONICAL APPLES. — II. I. III. 527

cheek. Stem medium, in an acute deep cavity ; Calyx
closed, in a small basin ; Flesh white, tender, juicy, sac-
charine, with a pleasant aromatic flavor ; December to
March." — (Downing.)

I^yinaii'^ Piimpkin Street.

POUND SWEET.

Origin, the orchard of S. Lyman, Manchester, Connec-
ticut. A very handsome, large, sweet apple, valued for
baking and for stock-feeding.

Tree vigorous, spreading, drooping, rather productive.

Fruit large to very large, roundish-conical, angular; Sur-
face very smooth, pale yellow ; Dots minute.

Basin deep, abrupt, regular ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown ; Stem medium or
short.

Core large, closed ; Seeds angular, dark ; Flesh yellow-
ish, breaking, juicy, often water-cored and heavy ; Flavor
very sweet ; Quality good ; Use, baking and stock-feed-
ing ; Season, October to December.

CLASS IL— CONICAL APPLES.

ORDER IL— IRREGULAR.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.

sub-section 2.— striped.

None.

CLASS XL— CONICAL APPLES,

ORDER IL-IRREGULAR.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.

SUB-SECTION 3.— RUSSET.

Siiveet Riissett of Kentucky.

This fruit was received from J. S. Downer & Son, Elk-
ton, Kentucky,

528

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit small, conical, truncated, angular ; Surface rough,
dark russet ; Dots scattered, minute, white, prominent.

Fig. 164. — SWEET RUSSET OP KENTUCKY.

Basin shallow, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity very shallow, acute ; Stem short, slender.

Core large, regular, nearly closed, meeting the eye ;
Seeds numerous, angular, pale ; Flesh yellowish-white, fine-
grained, not tender ; Flavor sweet ; Quality scarcely good ;
Season, December to February.

S^^veet Russet.

Fruit medium, conical, uneven ; Surface yellow, thin
russet ; Dots numerous, small, prominent.

Basin shallow, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy ; Stem short.

Core oval, open, clasping the eye ; Seeds plump ; Flesh
yellow, tender, fine grained, juicy ; Flavor sweet; Quality
good to very good ; Use, baking ; Season, August.

S. B. Parsons of Flushing, Long Island, considers it the
best baking apple.

^LASS II. COXICAL APPLES. II. IT. I. 529

Fig. 165. —SWEET RUSSET.

CLASS II.— CONICAL APPLES.

ORDER II.— IRREGULAR.

SECTION ;3.— SOUR.

SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED OR BLUSHED.

Belmont.

GATE— MAMMA BEAN, ETC.

This beautiful apple is believed to be of Virginia origin,
but was brought into public notice and notoriety in Bel-
mont County, Ohio, whence its name. It is supposed to
be the same as the Waxen of Coxe, which that author re-
fers to Virginia.

Tree vigorous, spreading, productive, not hardy ; Twigs
light olive.
23

530

I)ESCBIPTIO]!<S OF APPLES.

Fruit large, fair, oblate-conic, often angular; Surface
very smooth, waxen-yellow, often faintly blushed orange^
and spotted red ; Dots minute, scattered.

Basin regular or wavy, not deep ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, brown ; Stem long.

Core wide, regular, somewhat open, clasping ; Axis
short ; Seeds numerous, large, flat ; Flesh yellow, tender,

Fig. 166.— BELMONT.

fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, refreshing, very
agreeable ; Quality nearly best ; Use, table, kitchen, mar-
ket ; Season, October to December.

Celestia.

This fine amateur fruit, which appears destined to take
the place of the Dyer, being more handsome, is a seedling

CLASS II. CONICAL APPLES. II. II. I.

631

from the StiUwater ^eet^ and was produced by L. S. Mote,
of Miami County, Ohio.

Fruit large, conical, truncated, angular ; Surface some-
what uneven, smooth, waxen-yellow ; Dots scattered, dis-
tinct, gray, with green bases.

Basin narrow, folded ; Eye small, long, closed.

Cavity wide, shallow, angular ; Stem long or medium,
sometimes knobby.

Core small, oval, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous, long,
angular; Flesh yellow, very fine grained, very tender,

Pi^. 167.— CELESTIA.

juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, very sprightly, and spicy, aroma-
tic ; Quality very best ; Use, table and kitchen ; Season,
September.

This is essentially an amateur's fruit, as its texture and

532

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

color disqualify it for market, while its delicious flavor
renders it very attractive.

]>etroit Sla>ck.

DETROIT RED ? — GRAND SACHEM.

Supposed to be of Canadian origin, in the neighborhood
of Detroit, Michigan. I have put these two names to-
gether, because the fruits presented as Black and as B,ed
Detroit are so very much alike in all respects that it is not
worth while to consider them distinct.

Fruit large to very large, conic, angular ; Surface very
smooth, shining, deep red shaded, almost black in some
specimens, no striping ; Dots, numerous, minute, indented,
gray.

Basin deep, abrupt, folded; Eye small, open.

Cavity wide, wavy ; stem very short.

Core wide, closed or open, clasping the eye ; Seeds nu-

Fig. 163.— DETROIT BLACK.

merous, angular, brown ; Flesh whitish, tender, breaking.

CLASS II. CONICAL APPLES. II. II. I. 533

juiey ; Flavor acid, poor ; Quality second to third rate ;
Use, kitchen and drying ; Season, September and October.
The Red variety may be distinct, as it keeps later.

Elliott says this is an old Connecticut variety. Tree
vigorous and productive.

Fruit large, flattened-conic, angular; Surface smooth,
greenish-yellow, blushed; Dots^rare, minute.

Basin shallow, plaited ; Eye small, closed ; Calyx re-
flexed.

Cavity deep, wide, regular, brown ; Stem short.

Fig. 169.— FALL GENETING.

Core small, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
plump or imperfect, brown ; Flesh yellow, fine grained,
juicy, crisp ; Flavor sub-acid, not very rich ; Quality
good ; Use, table, kitchen ; Season, October.

!Fei*d.iiia.nd.

I procured my trees from Virginia, where it originated.
Tree vigorous, upright..

634

DESCRIPTION'S OF APPLES.

Fruit large, flattened-conic, irregular ; Surface smooth,
pale green or yellow.

Basin shallow ; Eye medium, open.

Cavity medium ; Stem stout.

Flesh yellow, tender ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality good ;
Season, " November to March," according to Mr. Sum-
mer, South Carolina.

IIa,i*i*isoii«

This famous Jersey cid^r apple, from Essex County in
that State, has been carried westward over a great extent
of territory, where it succeeds admirably well, and where

Fi?. 170.— HARRISON.

the necessities of the people have brought to light its good
properties for the kitchen as well as for the cider mill.

Tree vigorous, large, spreading, productive.

Fruit small, round-conical, somewhat angular and irreg-
ular; Surface not smooth, yellow, rarely blushed; fre-

CLASS IL CONICAL APPLES.— IL IL L

535

quent rose-colored spots, and marks radiating from the ca-
vity over the base of the fruit ; Dots small, distinct, gray.

Basin none, or very shallow, plaited ; Eye small, closed;
Segments long.

Cavity medium, regular, brown ; Stem long, red, knobby.

Core regular, heart-shaped, closed, scarcely meeting the
eye; Seeds numerous, small; Flesh yellow, compact, dry
till ripe, then juicy; flavor acid to sub-acid, very rich, sac-
charine ; Quality good ; Use, especially for cider, also for
cooking and for dessert in April. Keeps well.

Pound. Roya^le.

This fine summer apple, received from H. N. Gillett, of
Lawrence County, Ohio, has long been considered one of
the very best summer apples along the Ohio River.

Fig. 171.— POUND ROTALE.

Tree a pretty good growler, an early and constant bear-
er, very productive ; Shoots dark, foliage dark.

536 DESCKipnoNS op apples.

Fruit large, conical, slightly angular ; Surface smooth,
glossy, greenish ; Dots small, green, indented.

Basin medium, folded ; Eye medium, closed ; Segments
long, reflexed.

Cavity acute, wavy, brown ; Stem medium, sometimes
knobby.

Core small, closed or slightly open, meeting the eye ;
Seeds numerous, pointed, dark ; Flesh white, very tender,
juicy ; Flavor very mild sub-acid, delicious ; Quality very
good to best ; Use, table, kitchen ; Season, August.

Different from Found Boyai of Downing, which is a
winter-keeping fruit.

Ridg-e Pippin.

This fruit appears to be quite a favorite market apple in
the neighborhood of Philadelphia, where it originated.

Fruit rather large, round-conic, very irregular, ribbed;
Surface yellow, lightly shaded and blushed with red,
and sprinkled with russet and crimson spots.

Basin abrupt, furrowed and folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular ; Stem short.

Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy; Flavor mild sub-acid, rich.

Season, until March and April.

The Cook's Favorite.

This nice autumn apple comes to me from Oliver Albert-
son, a prominent and intelligent cultivator in Washington
Countv, Indiana, marked "JSes^." Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, flattish-conical, angular ; Surface smooth,
whitish-yellow; Dots minute.

Basin deep, folded, ribbed ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, brown ; Stem long, slender.

Core medium, roundish, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, dark ; Flesh yellow, breaking, tender ; Flavor
sub-acid ; Quality quite good ; Use, kitchen especially —
" cooks very well ; " Season, September.

Xrentoii £arly.

This fine autumn apple has been thought to be the Eng-
lish Codling, Of its origin and history we know little,

CLASS 11. — CONICAL APPLES. — n. II, 1. 537

except that it was one of Silas Wharton's varieties, and
that it has been a great favorite wherever known. It was
introduced to the notice of the Ohio Pomological Society,
1852, by R. W. Steele, Esq., of Dayton, Ohio, with the
following notes : '' A large, white apple, of excellent flav-
or, and is highly esteemed both for eating and cooking.
It ripens in August. The tree is a vigorous grower and
an abundant bearer. It was introduced here many years
ago by Silas Wharton, of Warren County, to whom this
portion of the Miami Valley is largely indebted for the in-
troduction of many excellent varieties of apples and pears."

Fruit large, conical, angular ; Surface smooth, very pale
yellow or white ; Dots rare, minute.

Basin narrow, folded ; Eye medium or small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem medium.

Core large, rather open ; Seeds numerous, angular ;
Flesh white, very tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, pleasant ;
Quality very good ; Use, dessert and kitchen ; Season,
August, September.

CLASS n.— CONICAL APPLES.
ORDER II.— ANGULAR.

SECTION 3.— SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 2.— STRIPBD.

Biickiiis;'lia.iii..

btbr's red— pall queen (of some)— BLACKBURN (erroneously.)

This favorite southern apple, from Louisa County, Vir-
ginia, has worked its way northward into public favor at
rapid rate, under the influence of railways and Pomologi-
cal Societies. It was first presented to the American So-
ciety at the Philadelphia meeting, in 1860, when it was
figured and reported on by the Committee on Native
Fruits, to some of whom, as to thousands of others in the
West, it was familiar as household words. This fruit was
brought by settlers to Southern Illinois, and thence dis-
tributed, by taking up the sprouts that formed about the
base of the stocks, and setting them out for an orchard.
I have some of these growing, and they make nice plants.
23*

538

PESCBIPTIOKS OF APPLES.

Tree vigorous, upright, compact while young, spread-
ing with the weight of fruit, never large ; the shoots
rather slender, red, dark; Leaves medium, rather narrow,
wider towards the end, dark, footstalks red. The stems
of these trees are characterized by curious enlargements
of an irregular, mammellar form, and reddish color, and
appear to he like the knaurs of the olive tree.

When this apple was first brought to the notice of the
Cincinnati Horticultural Society, twenty years ago, it was

Fig. 172.— BUCKINGHAM.

thought to resemble the Winter Queen of Kentucky so
closely that it was considered only a variety or sport, and
called the Striped Fall Queen^ but it has since been deem-
ed a distinct sort.

Fruit large to very large, variable in form, but gener-
ally conical, or oblate-conic, truncated, angular ; Surface

CLASS JL CONICAL APPLES. IL II. II.

539

smooth, greenish-yellow, mixed and striped pale purplish-
red ; Dots scattered, prominent, yellow.

Basin deep, abrupt, wavy; Eye large, long, open.

Cavity wide, wavy, brown ; Stem short.

Core large, regular, closed ; Axis very short ; Seeds nu-
merous, long, pointed ; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, rich, agreeable ; Quality best,
or nearly so; Use, table, kitchen, drying; Season, October
to December.

Origin New York, on the Hudson. This fruit has
changed its character in progressing westward and south-
ward, becoming larger and more irregular, less brilliantly
colored, less highly flavored, and less productive.

Fig. 173. — ESOPUS SPITZENBERG.

Tree vigorous, upright, thrifty, but in some regions sub-
ject to blight and unprofitable ; Shoots slender.

540 DESCBIFTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit medium to large, conical, ribbed, irregular • Sur-
face smooth, yellow, covered with bright red, marbled
and mixed, striped more or less distinctly; Dots numerous,
laro^e, irregular, gray, always elongated near the base.

Basin deep, ribbed or folded, often leather-cracked ; Eye
small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, or wavy ; Stem long.

Core large, closed ; Seeds long, pointed ; Flesh rich, ye^
low, breaking, juicy at the North, more fibrous than crisp
at the South ; Flavor quite acid till ripe, when it is rich,
saccharine, highly aromatic, giving the idea of the Spitz-
enberg flavor; Quality best; Use, dessert and kitchen;
Season, December to February.

The origin of this long-keeper has not been traced. It
has been common about Cincinnati, and along the Ohio
River, for many years.

Tree upright, vigorous, brushy and thorny, looking like
a wilding. •

Fruit medium, conical, angular, oblique, often unequal ;
Surface smooth, green and yellow, bronzed and blushed,
becoming very rich yellow and carmine — an indistinct
gray-striping makes the ripe fruit appear to be striped
yellow ; Dots minute, indented, gray, with green bases.

Basin deep, plaited or folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, irregular, rough with brown ; Stem short.

Core small, oval, closed ; Seeds numerous, large ; Flesh
firm, compact ; Flavor mild sub-acid, negative ; Quality
scarcely good ; Use, market, ornamental, cooking ; Season
in the kitchen all winter — ornamental and eatable March to
May, or later.

I^ate StraTrtoerry,

AUTUMN STRAWBERRY.

The origin of this choice fruit appears to be unknown.

Tree upright, productive, thrifty, leaves serrate.

Fruit medium, roundish, conical, angular, furrowed ;
Surface smooth, waxen-yellow, mixed and striped scarlet;
Dots minute, indented.

Basin folded, irregular; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity acute, wavy, irregular; Stem slender, long.

CLASS II. CONICAL APPLES. IL II. II.

541

Core medium, regular, closed , Seeds large ; Flesh yel-
low, very tender, fine-grained, very juicy ; Flavor sub-acid,
aromatic, refreshing, vinous ; Quality best ; Use, dessert es-
pecially ; Season, August and September.

There is another similar fruit — the Frank or Chenango
Strawberry^ which is by some preferred to this.

Northern Spy.

Origin near Rochester, N^ew York. Tree very vigor-
ous, large, upright, spreading, when older ; shoots reddish.

Fig. 174. — ^NORTHERN SPY.

leaves healthy, large, dark. Tree productive when old,
but not an early bearer ; needs trimming to admit light and
air to the fruit.

Fruit large, flattened-conical, angular ; Surface smooth,
yellow, mixed, and splashed, scarlet, or crimson ; Dots
scattered, small.
19*

642 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin abrupt, regular, or folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular or wavy, brown ; Stem medium to
sboi*t.

Core large, irregular, open; Seeds numerous, small,
pointed, pale ; Flesb yellowisb-wbite, breaking, granular,
juicy ; Flavor acid, becoming sub-acid, aromatic, rich, with
the spiciness of a Spitzenberg ; Quality considered best,
but rather coarse in texture ; Use, table, kitchen and mar-
ket ; Season, December until May, and in the North longer.

Red. Ca,iiad.a,«

steel's red.

Origin New England. Tree thrifty, healthy, but slen-
der, twiggy, productive.

Fruit medium, globular-conic, indistinctly angular ; Sur-
face smooth, yellow, covered with mixed and striped
bright red ; Dots numerous, gray, indented, elongated near
the stem, as in Esopus.

Basin shallow, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, acute, wavy ; Stem long, inclinea.

Core regular, closed, large ; Seeds imperfect ; Flesh yel-
lowish-white, breaking, crisp, fine-grained, tender, juicy ;
Flavor sub-acid, aromatic, delicious ; Quality best, for ta-
ble ; Season, December to February.

Red. ^^tripe.

EARLY RED MARGARET (incoiTCctly) — rockhill's SUMMER QUEEN (In-
diana).

This handsome and productive early apple has been ex-
tensively propagated in parts of Indiana, under the names
above presented. It was introduced at Fort Wayne by
Mr. E-ockhill, who is reported to have " made more money
from the trees of this variety than from twice as many of
any other early apple." Recommended for general cul-
tivation in that State.

Tree hardy in nursey and orchard, productive ; Shoots
very downy.

Fruit medium to small, long, conical, furrowed or rib-
bed ; Surface polished, pale yellow, mixed and splashed
crimson.

CLASS II. — CONICAL APPLES. — II. II. H. 543

Basin very shallow, plaited ; Eye very small, closed.

Cavity acute, regular, browned ; Stern medium.

Core long, oval, embracing the eye ; Flesh whitish, ten-
der, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor acid ; Quality good ; Talble
or kitchen ; Season, July and August.

Scalloped. €rillifloi;irer

This is supposed to be an old European variety. Its
]>eculiarly irregular form makes it quite a remarkable fruit.
It is sometimes called Hed Qilllflower / but that name is
also very commonly applied to quite another fruit — the
Med Winter Pearmain^ described on a previous page, in
Class II., Order I., Section 2., Sub-section 2.

Fruit large, round-conic, \rery irregular, furrowed and
ribbed ; Surface yellow, marbled and splashed scarlet.

Basin abrupt, deep, folded or ribbed; Eye medium,
closed.

Cavity deep, acute, irregular, wavy ; Stem medium.

Core regular, round, very open, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, plump ; Flesh yellow, breaking, tender ; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality scarcely good ; Use, table,
kitchen ; Season, November, December. Chiefly grown
northward.

Seag^er.

This large, handsome fruit was exhibited at the Ameri-
can Pomological Society's meeting at Philadelphia, in
1860, by Chas. P. Davis, of Phillipsburgh, New Jersey.
The Committee reported it " Good."

Fruit large, , roundish-conic, irregular ; Surface smooth,
yellow, striped, splashed and mixed carmine ; Dots scat-
tered, yellow.

Basin abrupt, narrow, folded, plaited; Eye medium,
large, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, brown and yellow ; Stem medium,
knobby.

Core roundish, open, clasping ; Seeds angular, imperfect ;
Flesh yellowish-white, breaking, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor •
sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality good to very good ; Use, ta-
ble, kitchen ; Season, September.

544

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

From Erie County, IsTew York, this fruit has made its
w#iy westward, by the Lakes, having been distributed by
Col. Hodge, of Buffalo, and brought to the notice of his
western friends by Hon. M. L. Dunlap, ot Champaign,
Illinois, who esteems it yery highly. I quote from his ac-
count of it ;

" This proves one of our most profitable winter apples ;
the tree bears young and constantly, but fuller on alter-

Fig. 175.— STANABD.

nate years; fruit large and showy, shoots large and
downy ; buds prominent, fruit buds large, and the earliest
in the orchard to swell ; but they do not open as soon as
others. Tree spreading, trunk generally crooked." Yery
hardy.

Fruit large, roundish, conical, ribbed, angular ; Surface
smooth, yellowish-green, somewhat red, mixed and striped
indistinctly ; Dots numerous, minute, white.

CLASS IL CONICAL APPLES. — II. II. II.

545

Basin medium, folded and plaited ; Eye large, closed ;
Segments long.

Cavity wide, acute, wavy, green ; Stem medium to lo|ig.

Core small, globular, regular, closed or open ; Seeds
numerous, brown, angular ; Flesh yellow, breaking, rather
coarse, tender; Flavor acid to sub-acid, rich ; Quality good ;
Use, market and table ; Season, November to February.

Suminer Queen.

American. Tree vigorous, large, spreading, productive.
Fruit medium, round-conic, angular; Surface yellow.

Fig. 176.— SUMMER QUEEN.

covered mixed red, striped, splashed scarlet ; Dots minute,
yellow.

Basin none or very shallow, folded or plaited ; Eye me-
dium, closed.

546

DESCRIPTIOJS^S OF APPLES.

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem long, slender.

Core medium, regular, open ; Seeds numerous, pointed,
brown ; Flesh firm, yellow, breaking ; Flavor acid, very
aromatic, spicy ; Quality first rate ; Use, kitchen ; Season,
July, August.

lil^iiiesap. — [Coxe.]

Tree vigorous, healthy, hardy, productive, early bearer ;
Branches open, straggling ; Shoots strong, dark reddish-
brown ; Foliage curled, glaucous, sparse.

Fruit medium, conical, often obscurely angular, or
slightly ribbed ; Surface rather smooth, bright or dark red,

Fig. 177.— wiNESAP.

mixed and obscurely striped on yellow, which is mostly
covered, often veined russet ; Dots few, minute, indented.

Basin narrow, shallow, plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, reddish brown ; Stem medium.

Core regular, somewhat open ; Seeds large, rather light ;
Flesh firm, yellow ; Flavor rich, acid to sub-acid ; Use, mar-
ket, kitchen, cider ; Season, January to March.

CLASS II. CONICAL APPLES.— IL H. in. 547

CLASS IL— CONICAL APPLES.

ORDER II.— ANGULAR.

SECTION 2.— SOUK.

SUB-SECTION 3.— RUSSET.

Fort Iffia^mi.

This is. another of the seedling russets of the Maumee,
brought to the notice of the State Society by its Vice-
President, J. Austin Scott, of Toledo. Mr. Elliott de-
scribes it from notes taken in. 1846, when he received
specimens from A. Spafford, Esq., Perry sburgh, Ohio.

Tree upright and spreading, healthy, thrifty ; Shoots
dark ; not an early bearer, but productive when older.

Fig. 178. — ^FORT MIAMI.

Fruit medium, roundish or oblong-conic, truncated, an-
gular, often unequal ; Surface rich yellow russet, often
bronzed ; Dots scattered, netted russeting.

Basin medium or shallow, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, wavy, green; Stem medium.

648 DESCRIPTIOIfS OF APPLES.

Core oval, clasping the eye, regular, closed ; Seeds often
imperfect ; Flesh greenish-yellow, firm ; Flavor acid, rich ;
quality nearly best ; Use, dessert ; Season, February to
April,

CLASS ni.— ROUISTD APPLES.

ORDER I.— REGULAR.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.

SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED.

SluiT Sweet.

This apple was found by G. M. Beeler on the banks of
the White river, upon a farm devoted to pomology.

Fig. 179. — BLUFF SWEET.

Fruit medium to small, regular, round ; Surface smooth,
green ; Dots minute.

Basin shallow ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity shallow, regular; Stem long.

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. 1. I. I.

549

Core small, oval, pointed ; Seeds plump, brown ;• Flesh
greenish- white ; Flavor sweet ; Quality good ; Use, market ;
Season, July. Rather too small.

Broadwell.

This delicious winter sweet apple originated near Cin-
cinnati, Ohio. Tree thrifty, vigorous, spreading, pro-
ductive.

Fruit large, varies from globular toward oblate, regu-
lar ; Surface smooth, pale yellow or Avhitish, thinly blushed
with carmine, often bronzed ; Dots scattered, minute, dark.

Fig. 180.— BROAD WELL.

Basin abrupt, rarely folded or plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular brown ; Stem short.

Core round, regular, closed, clasping the eye ; Seeds
short, plump ; Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, very tender,
juicy; Flavor very sweet, agreeable ; Quality best winter
sweet ; Use, table, kitchen ; Season, December.

Caleb,

" A Pennsylvania fruit. Tree vigorous and productive ;
Fruit medium, roundish, flattened^ skin yellow; Flesh

550

DESCRipnojsrs of apples.

rather fine, very sweet, excellent for cooking. Last of
August and first of September". — [Downing.]

Origin Danvers, Massachusetts. Tree very thrifty, very
productive.

Fruit large, globular, truncate, sometimes globular-ob*
late, regular ; Surface smooth, uneven, greenish-yellow ;
Dots numerous, medium, prominent, with white and green
bases.

Basin abrupt, deep, regular ; Eye small, closed ; Seg-
ments long.

Cavity wide, deep, brown ; Stem long, slender, knobby.

Fig. 181.-— danvers' winter sweet.

Core round, regular, closed; Seeds numerous, long,
brown, pointed ; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy;
Flavor very sweet ; Quality good to very good ; Use, bak-
ing ; Season, December and January.

!Fa.nclier.

This new fruit was obtained from Mr. Thomson, at the
State Fair at Zanesville, Ohio. Origin unkown. Not
identified nor recognized.

CLASS ni. — ROUND APPLES. — L I. I.

551

Fruit large to very large, globular, regular ; Surface
smooth, yellow, blushed ; Dots minute, scattered.

Basin shallow, regular; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, regular, green ; Stem long, inclined.

Core wide, round, open, meeting the eye ; Seeds numer-
ous, plump, brown ; Flesh Avhite, fine-grained, breaking,
juicy ; Flavor very sweet ; Quality good to very good ;
Use, baking ; Season, September and October.

Oolden S^^eet.

ORANGE SWEETING.

From Connecticut. Tree very robust, vigorous, spread-

— GOLDEN SWEET.

ing, round-head, early — productive; Shoots stout, dark,
foliage large^ dark.

Fruit large, globular, regular; Surface very smooth,
waxen to rich yellow ; Dots scattered, indented, green.

552

DESCRIPTIOXS OF APPLES.

Basin shallow, wide regular ; Eye medium, closed ; Calyx
reflex ed.

Cavity wide, regular ; Stem long, slender, yellow.

Core medium, regular, closed ; Seeds numerous, small,
pointed, light brown ; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor very sweet, aromatic, like sassafrass ; Quali-
ty good to very good ; Use, baking and market ; Season,
August.

LADY BLUSH.

Origin Trumbull County, Ohio ; introduced by Dr.
Kirtland.

Fruit large, round, truncated, regular ; Surface smooth,
greenish-yellow, blushed ; Dots scattered, distinct, white
and dark.

Basin abrupt, wavy, deep ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown ; Stem medium.

Fig. 183.— HIGBT SWEET.

Core small, regular, heart-shaped, closed, clasping the
eye ; Seeds plump ; JFlesh yellowish- white, tender, fine-
grained, juicy; Flavor very sweet; Quality good; Use,
baking ; Season, October.

CLASS III. — ROUND APPLES. — T. I. L 553

IIi«;litop S^f^ect.

SWEET JUNE.

From Plymouth, Massacluisetts.

Tree vigorous, very upright, exceedingly productive and
profitable.

Fruit small to medium, round, regular ; Surface smootli,
greenish-yellow ; Dots minute, black.

Basin medium, regular; Eye small, closed.

Cav»ity deep, narrow; Stem medium.

Core very small, oval, separate from the eye; Seeds
numerous, angular, yellow ; Flesh white, or greenish-
white, fine-grained, tender, juicy; Flavor sweet; Quality
good ; Use, table and kitchen ; Season, June and July.

Holston S^^eet.

Origin unknown. Kot identified as any other variety ;
received from my brother, J. T. Warder, Springfield, Ohio

Fruit medium to large, round, regular ; Surface smooth
greenish-yellow, bronzy ; Dots scattered.

Basin regular, small; Eye small, closed.

Cavity shallow, wide ; Stem long to medium.

Core small, oval, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds short,
plump, brown; Flesh whitish-yellow, very fine-grained,
tender, juicy ; Flavor very sweet, aromatic, rich ; Quality
best ; Use, table, baking ; Season, December to February.

One of the best sweet table apples — better than Highy
Sweet,

MAT (of Myers)— RHENISH may (of Illinois.)

This long-keeping apple has been widely disseminated
.throughout the West, and yet I do not find its history nor
origin. It has been exhibited at all our winter meetings,
;and finds favor on account of its productiveness and its
long-keeping properties. Tree healthy, vigorous and pro-
ductive— believed to be hardy. Its reputed foreign origin
is discredited.

Fruit medium, round, inclined to conical, regular ; Sur-
face smooth, often shining, pale greenish-yellow, often
faintly blushed, or bronzed.
24

554

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin shallow, generally regular ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, narrow, regular, brown ; Stem long, rather
slender.

Core large, regular, heart-shaped, reaching the eye ; Seeds

Fig. 184.— MAT.

numerous, pointed, plump, brown ; Flesh yellow, com-
pact, fine, sufficiently juicy ; Quality fair; Use market and
kitchen ; Season spring and into summer.

This undescribed fruit appears to have originated in
Clermont County, Ohio. My specimens and trees came
from my worthy friend, Wm. E. Mears, of Milford, Ohio.

Tree vigorous, healthy, round top, spreading, produc-
tive ; Shoots rather slender ; Leaves rich green, abundant.

Fruit large, round, regular ; Surface smooth, green, be-
coming yellow, with a dull bronzy blush ; Dots gray and
brown.

(JLASS III. — ROUKD APPLES. 1. I. I.

555

Basin shallow, or deep and abrupt, regular or plaited ;
Eye medium, closed.

Cavity acute, regular, brown ; Stem rather slender, often
long.

Core very small, regular, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds

Fig. 185. —MORTON.

not numerous, flat, angular ; Flesh white, tender, juicy ;
Flavor rather sweet, rich, agreeable ; Season December to
January. Worthy of cultivation.

Psu-adise ^lunmiLeir Street,

Origin Eastern Pennsylvania. Tree upright, vigorous,
productive.

Fruit large, oblate-globular, regular ; Surface greenish-
yellow ; Dots numerous, large, white.

Basin shallow, wide, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, regular, acute, green ; Stem long, inclined,
yellow.

556 DESCRIPTIONS OP APPLES.

Core medium, regular, round, clasping ; Seeds plump ;

Fi^. 186. —PARADISE SUMMER SWEET.

Flesh yellow, melting, juicy ; Flavor rich, sweet ; Quality
best ; Use table and kitchen ; Season August, September.

Paradise Winter Street.

Origin believed to be similar to its predecessor — ^Lancas-
ter County, Pennsylvania.

Fruit large, globular, often unequal ; Surface smooth,
yellowish- white ; Dots scattered, minute.

Basin abrupt, regular; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, brown ; Stem long, slender.

Core large, wide, open, clasping ; Seeds plump and
dark ; Flesh white, tender, breaking, juicy ; Flavor very
sweet ; Quality good ; Use, baking and stock ; Season, De-
cember to March.

CLASS III,' — ROUND APPLES. — L L I. 557

Fig. 187.— PARADISE WINTER SWEET.

This favorite baking apple of New England has trav-
eled from Rhode Island wherever her hardy spns have
gone westward.

Tree hardy, very productive.

Fruit medium to large, nearly round, somewhat flatten-
ed, regular ; Surface smooth, yellow ; Dots minute, dark ;
frequently a distinct line on one side from stem to eye.

Basin wide, regular, leather - cracked ; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity rather wide, regular; Stem medium size, long.

Core heart-shaped, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds nu-
merous, plump, pointed, dark; Flesh yellow, breaking,
firm ; Flavor very sweet, rich ; Quality good ; IJse, baking
and stock ; Season, December and January.

558

DESCRIPTION'S OF APPLES.

Fig. 188.— tallman's sweet.

CLASS in.— ROinsTD APPLES.
ORDER I.— REGULAR.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 2.— STRIPED.

Bentley S^w^eet.

This long-keeping sweet apple was received in Eastern
Ohio from some part of Virginia, where it is supposed to
have originated.

Tree quite vigorous, upright while young, spreading,
productive — an early bearer.

Fruit medium to lar^je, globular, truncated, slightly
flattened, regular; Surface smooth, yellow, or greenish,
covered, mixed, blotched, striped and splashed dull red,
becoming brighter when ripe ; Dots minute.

Basin medium, abrupt, regular; Eye medium, open;
Calyx reflexed.

CLASS III.— ROUISTD APPLES.— I. I. IL 559

Cavity deep, acute, rogular ; Stem slender, long.

Core round, flattened, regular, closed ; Seeds numerous,
plump, long; Flesh yellowish- white, firm, breaking, fine-
grained; Flavor sweet; Quality good to very good; Sea-
son spring and all summer until September. Keeps sound.

Soiling; STveet.

From Spottsylvania County, Virginia. Tree vigorous,
very productive.

Fruit medium roundish, dull red on yellow ; Flesh rich,
juicy, sweet ; Entirely free from acid ; October to Janu-
ary.— [H. B. Robey, in Downing.]

Cullasag^a.

Origin Macon County, North Carolina. Good grower ;
a standard winter fruit for the South.

Fruit medium or large, roundish, inclining to oval, flat-
tened at base and crown, skin yellowish, mostly shaded
and striped with dark crimson, and sprinkled with whitish
dots ; Stem small and short, inserted in a deep cavity,
surrounded by russet ; Calyx open, set in a shallow, corru-
gated basin ; Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a veiy
mild, rich, almost saccharine flavor. January to April.
— [Downing,]

CSilpiu.

CAKTHOUSB— LITTLE RED ROMANITE.

This valuable Virginia ap})le was cultivated and distri-
buted by Coxe, and has found its way into the orchards
and into favor all over the country, on account of its pro-
ductiveness and early bearing.

Tree remarkably vigorous, strongly branched, spread-
ing, open, round head, very productive ; shoots stout,
dark ; foliage rather sparse, somewhat curled alid glaucous.

Fruit medium, small on old trees, round, truncated at
the ends, making it look cylindrical, mostly symmetrical,
but large specimens often somewhat irregular; Surface
very smooth, often polished, deep red all over, stripes in-
distinct; Dots minute, indented.

560

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin wide, regular, or folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown ; Stem very short.

Core medium, round, regular, closed ; Seeds few, large,
plump ; Flesh, greenish-yellow, firm, juicy ; Flavor sweet,
rich ; Quality poor for dessert, though it is eatahle in the

Fig. 189.— GILPIN.

spring — valuable for its cider from the richness of the must.
Keeps sound until May — ^bruises do not rot as in other ap-
ples. Valuable also for stock.

Its early bearing makes it very desirable in a new coun-
try, and in the prairies it has received the soubriquet of
" JDollars and CentsP

Hall.

hall's seedling— hall's bed.

From Franklin County, I^orth Carolina, and now being
spread throughout the Western States as a fmit of great
promise.

CLASS III. R0U:N^D apples. — L L IL

661

Tree medium size, sufficiently thrifty, upright, hardy,
very productive; Shoots long, rather slender, reddish,
wood firm. Introduced into the West by the venerable
R. Ragan, of Fillmore, Indiana. The specimens from
which the following description was made were sent by
J. S. Downer, of Elkton, Kentucky, from whom also my
trees were obtained. Mr. J. P. Wilson, of Olney, 111.,

Fig. 190.— HALL.

says, it originated in Saline County, of that State, with
Jonathan Hall, about forty years ago. [ ? ]

Fruit small, round, slightly conical, regular ; Surface
smooth, yellow, covered with bright red, mixed and strip-
ed ; Dots numerous, large, yellow.

Basin shallow, wavy or plaited, leather-cracked ; Eye
small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem long, slender.

Core pyriform, regular, slightly open, clasping ; Seeds
large, plump ; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy ;
Flavor sub-acid, rich, agreeable ; Quality almost best ; Use,
table ; Season, December to April.

This prime favorite of Chas. Downing originated near
Newburgh, i^ew York. Though having many admirers,
24*

562 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

it finds strong competitors in the JBroadwell, Paradise
Winter^ and some others of the same season.

Tree thrifty, productive.

Fruit large, round, somewhat conic, occasionally angu-
lar; Surface smooth, light yellow, striped and splashed
with bright red ; Dots distinct, large, gray.

Fig. 191.— ladies' sweeting.

Basin medium, often abrupt, folded ; Eye very small,
closed.

Cavity medium or wide, regular, brown ; Stem short,
or long and slender.

Core medium, round, closed or open, clasping ; Seeds
numerous (16), angular; Flesh white, crisp, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor sweet, agreeable ; Quality only good (to my
taste); Use, table, baking and stock feeding ; Season, De-
cember.

Scarlet Street.

This delicate fruit was received from my good friend
Jas. Edgerton, of Barnes ville, Ohio, who had exhibited

CLASS IIL — ^EOUND APPLES. — ^1. I. II.

563

it at the State Pomological Society at different times.

Fruit medium, round, somewhat flattened, regular ; Sur-
face smooth, yellow, striped and blushed scarlet ; Dots
minute.

Basin wide, abrupt, regular ; Eye medium, open ; seg-
ments short.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown ; Stem medium,
slender.

Core rather wide, regular, closed, clasping the eye ;
Seeds numerous, plump, angular ; Flesh yellow, fine-grain-

Fig. 193.— SCARLET SWEET.

ed, juicy ; Flavor sweet ; Quality good to very good ; Uses,
table, baking and market ; Season, October to December.
This is different from the Scarlet Sweeting of Sigler,
of Morgan County, Ohio — ^more like Hampton's Scarlet
Sweet, of M.S. notes.

S^vreet .iaitet.

This is another of the fine fruits originated by Reuben
Ragan, of Indiana, from seed of Rawle^s Janet. Tree
large, healthy, vigorous, spreading ; Shoots rather stout,
brown ; foliage rich green. Annually productive of fine,
fair fruits, which are well distributed and hold well.

564 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit large, round, somewhat conical, regular ; Surface
smooth, covered with nch red or crimson, mixed and
striped ; Dots numerous, rather large, yellow, indented.

Basin regular or plaited ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity rather deep, very narrow, wavy ; Stem quite
short.

Core medium, turbinate, regular, slightly open, clasp-
ing; Seeds numerous, angular, pointed; Flesh yellow,

Fig. 193.— SWEET JANET.

breaking, juicy ; Flavor very sweet ; Quality good to very
good; Use, baking, market; Season, December and Janu-
ary. Yery profitable.

Street Romanite.

Origin unknown. Grown in Illinois ; introduced at the
State Society by the lamented Cyrus R. Overman, Presi-
dent^much esteemed by him.

CLASS III. — ROUND APPLES. 1. I. IL 565

Fruit medium, round, sometimes flattened or truncate,
regular ; Surface smooth, greenish-yellow, blushed, mixed
bright red and dull red, stripes indistinct ; Dots scattered,
irregular, brown or fawn on the deeper colors.

Fig. 194.— SWEET ROMANITE.

Basin medium, or deep and abrupt, folded, plaited ; Eye
small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy, brown ; Stem medium to long,
green.

Core roundish, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous, plump,
angular; Flesh yellow, fine-grained, breaking, juicy;
Flavor very sweet ; Quality good to very good ; Use, ba-
king, cider, table and stock ; Season, December to April.

566 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

CLASS ni— ROHNTD APPLES.

OKDER L— REGULAR

SECTION 1.— SWEET.

SUB-SECTION 3.— RUSSET.

Orange STreeting: or Rusiset*

An eastern variety — not much cultivated.
Fruit large, very round, regular ; Surface greenish-yel-
low, bronzy-orang6j rasBeted ; Dots numerous, white, green

Basin shallow, regular, or plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, lipped, wavy ; Stem short, green.

Core very large, turbinate, open, clasping ; Seeds numer-
ous, pointed, pale ; Flesh green, rather tough, fifte-grained,
juicy ; Flavor sweet ; Quality good — for baking especially ;
Season, December.

Pumpkin Russet.

Fruit large, globular, regular; Surface covered with
coarse russeting ; Flesh spongy, light,very sweet ; Used for
baking and apple butter ; Season, autumn, l^ot valuable,
except for stock.

CLASS ni.— EOUND APPLES.

ORDER I.— REGULAR

SECTION 3.— SOUR.

SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED OR BLUSHED.

Aislmiore.

The origin of this fine dessert fruit is not known.
Though not commonly cultivated, it is considerably scat-
tered, and has come to me from several points in the West
with different local names.

Tree vigorous, upright, with long parallel branches that

CLASS III. — ROUND APPLES. — I. II. I.

667

become spreading. Shoots rather slender, foliage rich
green.

Fruit rather large, handsome, round, frequently flatten-
ed, regular, rarely angular ; Surface smooth, polished, very
light waxen yellow, almost wholly covered with brilliant
lively carmine, very rarely an indistinct stripe ; Dots min-
ute, gray, indented.

Basin medium, often wavy or even folded ; Eye small,
closed ; Segments reflexed.

Cavity narrow, acute, regular or wavy ; Stem medium
to short.

Core indistinct, closed ; Seeds plump ; Flesh yellowish-
white, crisp, tender, very fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-

Fig. 195. — ASHMORB.

acid, very agreeable ; Quality best, though not rich ; Uses,'
table, kitchen and market; Season, September and Octo-
ber ; May be kept into winter.

There is also a Striped Ashmore, resembling this in
every respect, except in the distinct stripe. It is supposed
to be a sport from the above. Both varieties have been
propagated to some extent by suckers or sprouts.

568

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

!Bled.soe.

From Carroll County, Kentucky ; Sent to Ohio by Lewis
Sanders. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, productive.

Fruit large, round, somewhat conical, flattened at the
base, regular ; Surface greenish-yellow.

Basin sometimess folded ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, brown ; Stem short.

Flesh white, fine-grained, crisp, juicy ; Flavor mild sub-
acid, agreeable ; Quality good — Kentucky Horticultural
Society say " very good ; " Season^ September to April.

Itiisli,

Received from W. G. Waring, Tyrone, Pennsylvania.
Supposed to be a seedling of Centre County. " Tree vigor-

Fig. 196.— BUSH.

ous, hardy, thrifty, regularly productive, " — [W, G. W.]

CLASS III. — ROUND APPLES. — I. II. I.

569

Fruit large, fair, round, regular ; Surface smooth, waxy
yellow, occasionally a faint blush ; Dots minute, rare.

Basin wavy ; Eye medium to small, closed.

Cavity deep, wavy, brownish ; Stem long, slender,
yellow.

Core medium, round, rather open, meeting the eye ;
Seeds few, plump, dark ; Flesh whitish, tender, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, agreeable ; Quality very good ;
Season August and September.

Mr. Waring considers it one of the best of the season,
in which opinion I unite.

Cornisli Aromatic*

^ This foieign variety was imported and tested at Louis-
ville, Kentucky, by Mr. George Heinsohn, to whom I am
indebted for specimens of other European varieties.

Fig. 197.— COKNISH AKOMATIO.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, a little flattened, regu-
lar ; Surface smooth, yellow, washed rich red ; Dots and
spots yellow russet.

570

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin medium, abrupt, regular or furrowed ; Eye medi-
um, closed.

Cavity medium depth, narrow ; Stem medium to long,
slender.

Core medium, somewhat open, clasping ; Seeds large,
plump, angular; Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic, spicy ; Season November to February.

l>uffield Pippin.

Specimens from my friend T. T. Lyon, of Michigan,
who says it is a seedling that originated in Pennsylvania,

Fi^. 198. — DUFFIELD PIPPIN.

at the beginning of the present century, with the ances-
toi-s of Geo. Duffield, D.I)., for whom it was named, when
it received a ^first premium at the Michigan State Fair,
as a valuable winter variety.

Fruit large, handsome, round, sometimes conic, regular ;

CLASS III. BOTJND APPLES. 1. U. I,

571

Surface smooth, yellowish-green, blushed ; Dots scattered,
minute, indented.

Basin abrupt, narrow, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, narrow, acute ; Stem medium to long.

Core closed, clasping ; Seeds plump, brown ; Flesh yel-
low, breaking, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality good ; Uses
table, kitchen and market ; Season January to April.

Fall Pippin.

It is unfortunate tltat since the days of Coxe there
should have been a confounding of this noble and delicious

Fig. 199.— PALL PIPPIN.

American apple with the inferior foreign kitchen variety :
the Holland Pippin.

572

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Tree exceedingly vigorous, large, wide-brancliing, open
head, not early bearer, moderately productive when old;
Shoots stout, dark ; Leaves large, broad.

Fruit large to very large, handsome, globular, truncat-
ed, making it cylindrical, regular ; Surface smooth, rich
yellovr, rarely blushed South, frequently so N'orth, with
skin liner ; Dots minute, gray.

Basin deep, abrupt, regular, marked with concentric
rings which often crack open in large southern specimens ;
Eye large, open ; Segments short.^

Cavity wide, regular, or narrow, deep ; Stem long.

Core large, regular, closed, nieeting the eye ; Seeds
pointed, often imperfect ; Flesh yellow, breaking, compact,
very fine-grained ; Flavor acid, becoming sub-acid, aroma-
tic, delicious ; Quality best for dessert, kitchen, market
and drying ; Season September to December.

Fall STraar— [Of the West.]
The origin of this apple is unknown. Like many others
of our Western fruits, which have been received from vari-

Ylg. 200.— FALL SWAAR.

ous sources, and often from unreliable persons, and with
wrong names, we have been obliged to re-christen this.

CLASS III. — ROUND APPLES. — I. II. I. 573

Fruit full medium to large, round, somewhat flattened,
regular, handsome ; Surface smooth, yellowish-green, with
a bronzy blush ; Dots numerous, large, gray.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity medium, acute, regular, green ; Stem medium to
long; knobbed.

Core rather small, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
large, plump ; Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy ; Flavor mild
sub-acid, agreeable ; Quality good ; Uses table and kitchen ;
Season September.

Olou.ce!>«ter l¥liite.

This Virginia apple was highly prized by Coxe for its
qualities as a cider fruit. Not having seen it, his descrip-
tion is quoted :

"This apple is of middling size, of a shape not very uni-
form, varying from oblong to flat ; the color when ripe is
a bright yellow, with clouds of black spots ; the flesh is
yellow, rich, breaking, and juicy ; of a fine flavor as a ta-
ble apple, and producing cider of an exquisite taste. The
stalk is of the ordinary length, inserted in a cavity of
medium depth ; the crown is moderately deep. The time
of ripening is about the first of October, after which the
fruit soon falls and is fit for cider. It does not keep long,
but while in season is a delicious table apple. The tree is
very thrifty, hardy and vigorous, of a regular and beauti-
ful form, and very productive. It is much cultivated in
the lower counties of Yii-ginia, from whence I procured it,
as an apple of high reputatiou."

Horse.

Another southern favorite, much liked by its western
cultivators, especially as a useful family apple.

Fruit large, round, somewhat conical, truncated, un-
even ; Surface yellow ; Dots scattered, indented, large,
gray and greenish.

Basin abrupt, fol ^ed; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy, brown ; Stem medium to long.

Core large, somewhat open, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
medium, plun\p, brown ; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine, juicy ;

574

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLET

Fig. 201. — HORSE.

Flavor sub-acid ; Quality good ; Use, kitchen, market and
drying ; Season, August, September.

This southern apple was received from Mr. S. W. West*
brooke, Greensboro', North Carolina.

Fruit large, round, somewhat flattened, regular ; Sur-
face smooth, greenish-yellow, blushed; Dots scattered,
white.

Basin regular, abrupt ; Eye small, closed, very long ;
Calyx reflexed.

Cavity wide, wavy ; Stem short, slender.

Core large, wide, irregular, open, clasping ; Seeds num-
erous, angular, plump ; Flesh white, fine-grained, tender,
juicy; Flavor sub-acid, mild ; Quality pretty good ; Use,
table, kitchen, drying ; Season, September.

CLASS ni. ROUND APPLES. 1. IL I. 575

Fig. 203.— HUNGB.

Kiiickei*1>ocl£ei-«

Specimens from W. S. Carpenter, New York.

Fruit above medium, roundish, conic, unequal ; Surface
smooth, greenish-yellow ; Dots numerous, minute, distinct,
whitish, indented.

Basin abrupt, wavy, folded ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, brown ; Stem long, slender, green.

Core very wide, closed, clasping the eye ; Axis short ;
Seeds angular, pale ; Flesh greenish-yellow, tender, fine-
grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich, very agreeable ; Qua-
lity best ; Use, table, kitclien ; Season, October.

Hiong* Isla^iid Pippin.

Origin unknown. Specimens received froscn. T. T. Lyon,
Plymouth, Michigan.

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, regular; Surface smooth
yellowish-green ; Dots minute, scattered.

Basin abrupt, deep, regular ; Eye medium, closed.

576 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Cavity medium, regular, green ; Stem medium to long.

Core large, oval, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
pointed, angular, pale ; Flesh greenish-yellow, breaking,
fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality almost best ;
Use, table ; Season, January.

ILiOi^vell.

TALLOW PIPPIN, QUEEN ANNE, &G.

Origin unknown.
• Tree vigorous, healthy, round-headed ; Foliage yellow-
ish green.

Fruit large, round, slightly conic, truticated, regular ;
Surface smooth, waxy yellow, not blushed or bronzed,
becoming greasy when kept indoors ; Dots numerous,
green.

Basin deep, abrupt, regular ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity medium, regular, green ; Stem Jong, slender.

Core medium, oval, closed, clasping; Seeds numerous,
angular, pointed, pale ; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality very good ;
Use, table, cooking, drying, market ; Season, August, Sep-
tember.

Jfl c A. clo life's* June. — [Local Name.]

Specimens received from Chillicothe, Ohio. Tiiought
at one time to be Tetofski, but the descriptions do not
correspond.

Fruit medium to small, globular, slightly conical, regu-
lar; Surface ' smooth, greenish, yellow, blushed; Dots
numerous, large, white.

Basin medium, wavy ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity rather wide, regular ; Stem long, stout.

Core small, round, closed, not meeting the eye ; Seeds
numerous, brown; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy;
Flavor sub-acid ; Use, kitchen, table ; Quality good ; Sea-
son, June, July ; one of the earliest.

Poniologists have been in doubt whether this may not
be the Tetofski. Comparison should be made of tjie tree
characters.

Ifliclii^a,n Oolden,

This beautiful apple was received from the accurate
pomologist, T. T. Lyon, of Plymouth.

CLASS III. KOUND APPLES. 1. IL I.

577

Fruit large, globular, slightly conic, truncated and some-
wliat angular ; Surface smooth, becoming greasy, green-
ish yellow ; Dots minute, prominent.

Basin abrupt, folded ; Eye small, closed.

'Cavity wide, wavy ; Stem long, inclined.

Core medium, closed, clasping ;. Seeds numerous, long,

Fig. 203. — MICHIGAN GOLDEN.

pointed; Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy; Flavor sub-acid;
Quality nearly best ; TJse, table, kitchen ; Season, Septem-
ber to Koyember.

Iffoninoutli. Pippin.

RED CHEEK.

Fruit rather large, handsome, roundish or flattened, reg-
ular; Surface smooth, greenish yellow, blushed and
marbled ; Dots minute, green.
25

578 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin shallow, regular ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity wide, regular or wavy, brown ; Stem short, thick.

Core medium, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous, point-

Fig. 204. — MONMOUTH PIPPIN.

ed, brown ; Flesh white, breaking, fine-grained, juicy ;
Flavor acid ; Quality good for cooking only ; Season, De-
cember to February.

NewtOTTii Pippin.

GREEN NEWTOWN.

This is probably the original ^N'ewtown Pippin, but by
no means the more common, which is the Yellow Newtown
Pippin^ to be described in another place.

Fruit medium to large, globular, flattened, sometimes
obscurely ribbed ; Surface smooth, green, becoming yel-
lowish green when fully ripe, sometimes bronzy, and al-
ways showing white irregular striae near the base when
first gathered ; Dots scattered, minute, dark.

Basin shallow, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, brown ; Stem long, slender.

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. — I. II. I.

579

Core round, regular, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds
pointed, plump, dark ; Flesh greenish white, crisp, tender,
juicy; Flavor acid, aromatic, rich, very agreeable; Quali-
ty best; Use, dessert, cooking; Season, December to March.

Roman. Ntem.

Origin Burlington, New Jersey. Tree moderately vig-
orous, very productive.

Fruit medium, globular, regular ; Surface smooth, yel-
low, often blushed ; Dots minute, dark.

Fig. 205.— ROMAN STEM.

Basin shallow, regular, or wavy, russet; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity acute, lipped ; Stem long.

Core rather large, heart-shaped, regular, clasping ; Seeds

580 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

numerous, plump; Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, rich ; Quality good to very
good ; Use, table ; Season, December, January.

Koya^l Pea<]*iiia<iii.

We have two different apples bearing this name, both
very promising and desirable sorts. I shall, in this place,
attempt to describe the one mentioned by Coxe, as my
specimens are traced back to his nursery, though coming
to the West by way of Georgia.

Fruit full medium to large, globular, rather flattened,
regular; Surface not smooth, of a rich yellow, finely
blushed, with carmine more or less difl'used over the fruit,
and overspread ;;vith a very thin russet; Dots medium,
prominent, brown.

Basin medium, folded ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity acute, brown ; Stem medium to long.

Flesh rich yellow, firm, juicy; Flavor acid, sprightly ;
Quality very good ; Use, table ; Season, October to Feb-
ruary.

This very fine little apple was obtained from H. N".
Gillett, Lawrence County, Ohio. Origin not known.

Fruit quite small, globular, flattened, slightly conic,
regular ; Surface smooth, greenish yellow ; Dots scattered,
minute, black.

Basin shallow, plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide ; Steni medium.

Core ovate, closed; Seeds medium; Flesh yellowish
white, firm, breaking; Flavor sub-acid; Quality good,
Mr. Gillett says, best ; Season, mid-summer.

Southern. The specimens were obtained from Mr.
Westbrooke, of North. Carolina.

Fruit medium to large, globular, unequal; Surface
smooth, white, with leather-cracking, and a heavy bloom ;
Dots minute, irregular, brown.

Basin abrupt, deep, wavy ; Eye small, closed.

CLASS III. — ROUXD APPLES. 1. II. I. 581

Cavity deep, wavy, brown ; Stem long, curved.

Core small, regular, closed, clasping; Seeds irregular;

Fig. 206.— YOSS' WINTER.

Flesh whitish yellow, firm, juicy; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality
good ; Use, table and kitchen ; Season, December,

^IVhite Pippin— [Of Kentucky.]

Fruit large, globular, somewhat oblate, regular; Sur-
face smooth, green, becoming pale yellow, sometimes
faintly blushed ; Dots numerous, white, rather large.

Basin small, abrupt, regular; Eye very small, long,
slender, closed.

Cavity acute, regular, green; Stem medium, regular,
knobby.

Core round, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
long, pointed, angular, brown ; Flesh white, breaking, fine-
grained, juicy ; Flavor acid ; Quality good ; Use, market
and kitchen ; Season, December, January.

582 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,

IVilson— [Of Michigan.]

Fruit large, round, slightly conic, regular; Surface
smooth, golden yellow ; Dots scattered, dark.

Basin small, folded ; Eye long, closed.

Cavity wide, very deep, wavy, green ; Stem medium or
short, crooked.

Core small, globular, open, clasping; Axis short; Seeds
numerous, plump, short; Flesh very yellow, breaking,
fine-grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, ' rich ; Quality best;
Use, the desseit ; Season, January and February.

Yellow In^estrie.

This old English variety has been propagated pretty
extensively in the IS'ortliwest, and though too small for a
profitable market fruit, it has been lound desirable on ac-
count of its early and abundant productiveness.

Fruit small, globular, ti'uncated, regular ; Surface
smooth, lemon yellow ; Dots minute.

Basin wide, shallow, folded ; Eye medium, open ; Seg-
ments reflexed.

Cavity acute, brown ; Stem long, slender.

Core medium, oval, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds few,
large, pale ; Flesh whitish yellow, breaking, juicy ; Fla-
vor sub-acid ; Quality barely good ; Use, cooking ; Season,
September, October.

CLASS III.— ROUl^D APPLES.

ORDER I.— REGULAR.

SECTION II.— SOUR.

SUB-SECTION n.— STRIPED.

American. Sununer Pearniain.

This delicious apple is supposed to be of American
origin. It is essentially a fruit for the amateur ; being of
slender and slow growth in the nursery, it is not a favorite
with the propagators, and though making a large and pro-
ductive tree in the orchard, it is not profitable as a market
variety.

CLASS III. EOUND APPLES. — L IL U.

583

Fruit medium, variable in form, being oblong, round,
conic and even oblate, regular or unequal ; Surface smooth,
greenish yellow, more or less covered with dull purplish
red, marbled, and made up of very short splashes, with
distinct stripes aud splashes of brighter red ; Dots minute.

Fig. 207.— AMERICAN SUMMER PEARMAIN.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye rather large, nearly closed ;
Segments recurved.

Cavity rather deep, acute, regular ; Stem medium to long.

Core small, roundish, closed; Seeds small, pointed;
Flesh yellow, exceedingly tender, almost melting, crisp,
fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor very mild sub-acid, aromatic,
deliciously refreshing ; Quality best ; Use, the dessert ;
Season, August and September,

Baccsilinus.

Fruited by J. H. Crain, Pulaski County, Illinois, on
trees nine years old, which produced ten bushels apiece,
showing its productiveness.

584

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

This valuable Southern keeper Lids fair to become a
great favorite.

Tree thrifty, very productive; Fruit small, globular,
truncated, regular, handsome; Surface smooth, mixed

bright red , and
splashed crimson on
pale yellow ; Dots
few, minute.

Basin shallow,
wide, regular; Eye
small but long,
closed ; Calyx re-
flexed.

Cavii^y deep, reg-
ular, brown ; Stem
medium to long ,
slender.

Fi- 208.-BACCALINUS. Qorc medium, reg-

ular, closed, or slightly open, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
angular, dark ; Flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, juicy ;
Flavor sub-acid, agreeable ; Use, dessert ; Season, Decem-
ber till March or longer ; Quality very good.

Beauty of Kent.

A large English apple, well adapted to the kitchen.
Tree upright, vigorous, rather productive.

Fruit large to very large, roundish, flattened, somewhat
conic, regular ; Surface greenish yellow, more or less cov-
ered with bright red mixed, and splashed with a darker
hue ; Dots small.

Basin quite shallow, regular ; Eye very small closed.

Cavity medium, acute, wavy, green ; Stem medium to
short.

Core regular, medium, ovate, slightly open, clasping
the eye ; Seeds angular, imperfect ; Flesh whitish yellow,
breaking, juicy ; Flavor acid ; Quality only good ; Use,
cooking and market, for which it is well adapted by its
size and appearance ; Season, September and October.

CLASS III. — EOUND APPLES. L II. II.

585

NEW YORK PIPPIN, &0.

This handsome Southern apple has attained a wonderful
notoriety within a few years, and its culture has been
greatly extended, not on account of its superlative excel-
lence, but because of its many good qualities as an orchard
tree or market fruit. It was long cultivated by Yerry

Fig. 209. — BEN DAVIS.

Aldrich, in Bureau County, Illinois, and exhibited as
New York Tippin^ which name gave an idea of its eastern
origin, but in other localities its relations point clearly to
its source in the South. To Mr. J. S. Downer we are in-
debted for a knowledge of its present n:ime, and for con-
i&rmation of its identity under its several synonyms.
This apple may be said to have succeeded as well in the
25*

586 DESCEIPTIONS OF APPLES.

northern parts of Indiana and Illinois as in their southern
borders, where it has long been planted ; though the
northern orchards are still young, they are very promising.
The fruit is modified somewhat by a cooler climate, and
will keep later than that grown in the South.

Tree remarkably healthy and vigorous, an upright,
rapid grower in the nursery, and has numerous short spur-
branches along the stem. In the orchard the limbs are set
very strongly, and the stems are marked by little mam-
millar projections or knobs, that are very characteristic.
Tree large, spreading, productive, bears early; Shoots
long, reddish brown, smooth ; Foliage large, dark green.

Fruit large, variable in form, round, often apparently
oblong, tapering to the eye, truncated, regular, sometimes
inclined, generally very true, as though turned in a lathe ;
Surface smooth, often polished, yellow covered with mixed
red, splashed bright red ; Dots minute, scattered.

Basin generally shallow, in large developed specimens
deep, abrupt, always regular ; Eye large, open ; Segments
reflexed.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy, brown ; Stem medium to long.

Core medium, regular, clasping the eye; Seeds large,
plump; Flesh whitish, breaking, tender, juicy; Flavor
sub-acid, not rich; Quality only good; Use, market,
kitchen ; Season, December, January and longer.

Black1>urii«

Found in the markets at Louisville, Kentucky ; not much
seen elsewhere. Origin unknown, probably Southern.

Fruit large, round, somewhat flattened; Surface dull
looking, dull green and gray, with broken stripes of dark
dull red ; Dots large, gray about the apex.

Basin narrow, regular ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity rather deep, acute, brown; Stem medium,
curved, rather stout.

Core flattened, open, clasping ; Flesh white, crisp, juicy;
Flavor sub-acid, with a pecuHar spicy, wild, rather
astringent taste, that diminishes with the maturity of the
fruit ; Quality considered good ; Use, family and market ;
Season September, November. Blackburn is sometimes
used as a synonym of Fall Queen^ a different fruit.

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. ^I. II. IL 587

Capita,!.

A seedling of Z. S. Ragan, Clayton, Indiana.

Fruit small, globular, truncate at the ends, regular ; Sur-
face smooth, deep red on greenish yellow ; Stripes and
Dots indistinct.

Basin wide, deep ; Eye medium, open, elongated.

Cavity wdde, acute, regular ; Stem medium.

Core round, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous, pointed ;

Fig. 210.— CAPITAL.

Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich ;
Quality good ; Use, the dessert ; Season, December and
January.

Carter. — [Of Massachusetts.]

Specimens from Luke Lincoln, of Leominster, Mass.

Fruit medium, round, flattened, slightly angular; Sur-
face smooth, yellow, mixed and splashed scarlet; Dots
rare, minute.

Basin shallow, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy ; Stem long.

Core rather large, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds plump

588 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

and imperfect, pointed ; Flesh "yellowish white, breaking,

Fig, 211.— CARTER.

juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality good; Use, ta-
ble ; Season, December, January.

Cary's Siiiiimer.

This is probably an old variety, but it has not been
identified. Specimens from C. C. Cary, near Louisville,
Kentucky.

Fruit large, round, flattened, regular; Surface smooth,
rich yellow, mixed, splashed, carmine ; Dots scattered,
minute.

Basin wide, wavy; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, narrow, wavy brown ; Stem short.

Core medium, roundish, regular, open ; Seeds numerous,
plump ; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid ; Quality very good ; Use, table, kitchen, market ;
Season, 'June to September.

CLASS III. — ROUND APPLES. 1. II. IL

589

Cluster Pearmain.

Introduced by R. Ragan, of Indiana.

Fruit full medium, round, flattened, regular, inclined ;
Surface yellowish green, mixed and striped light red ;
Dots large, numerous, gray and yellow ; white bloom.

Basin deep, abrupt, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem short.

Core medium, pyriform, nearly closed, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, angular, dark ; Flesh yellowish white, break-

CLUSTER PEARMAIN.

ing, tender, granular ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality
good to very good ; IJse, table ; Season, September, Octo-
ber. A most acceptable substitute for Rambo, as an ama-
teur's fruit.

Origin near ^Norwich, Connecticut. Tree vigorous, up-
right, productive on alternate years.

Fruit large, uniform, fair, beautiful, round, flattened,
regular ; Surface smooth, striped red on yellow.

590 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin shallow, small ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, brown ; Stem short.

Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor mild
sub-acid, aromatic, rich ; Quality best ; Use, table ; Season,
December to March.

This fruit has been thought to resemble the Ohio
N^onpariel^ but I think it is different.

Cropsey's Favorite.

Originated with D. W* Cropsey, Plainfield, Will County,
Illinois.

Fruit full medium, globular, looking oblong, regular;
Surface smooth, yellow, mixed, splashed carmine; Dots few.

Basin medium, regular, russet ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy, green ; Stem short to medium.

Core roundish, heart-shaped, closed, meeting the eye ;
Seeds medium, angular; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-
grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, rich; Quality good to
very good; TJse, table, kitchen; Season, December.

Fig. 218.— DAN PEARMAIN.

CLASS III. — ROUND APPLES. — I. II. H. 591

]>aiiiel«

This delightful autumn dessert apple is grown in Henry-
County, Indiana.

Fruit medium to small, round, flattened, regular ; Sur-
face smooth, mixed scarlet on yellow, splashed carmine ;
Dots minute.

Basin shallow, regular ; Eye medium, closed.

Core wide, regular, open ; Seeds numerous, plump ;
Flesh yellow, very fine-grained, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-
acid, aromatic, delicious ; Quality best ; Use, the dessert ;
Season, September.

I>a>ii Peai-main.

This very beautiful seedling was procured by Reuben
Ragan from near the battle-field of Tippecanoe, Indiana,
where it was found in a seedling orchard.

Fruit medium to small, round, flattened, regular, fair
and handsome ; Surface yellow, covered with bright red,
mixed, striped and splashed ; Dots numerous, large, yel-
low, prominent.

Basin deep, regular or plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, sometimes brown; Stem
long, slender, red.

Core small, turbinate, closed; Seeds numerous, small,
plump; Flesh yellow, breaking, tender ; Flavor very mild
sub-acid, rich ; Quality almost best ; IJse, table, kitchen,
market ; on older trees too small for profit ; Season, De-
cember to March.

I>ay.

ROYAL PIPPIN.

From Reuben Ragan. Fruit large, round, somewhat
conic, regular ; Surface smooth, yellow, striped, splashed,
mottled, carmine ; Dots numerous, gray, large.

Basin shallow, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, green ; Stem medium, clubbed.

Core wide, pyriform, slightly open, clasping; Seeds
numerous, pointed, angular, dark ; Flesh yellowish white,
firm, breaking, granular ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality good ;
Use, kitchen ; Season, January. Not destined to take a
very high rank.

592

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

I>octor Fwlclier.

A Southern apple of some merit. Originated in Todd
County, Kentucky. Tree thrifty, an early and abundant
bearer; Shoots slender; Foliage bright green. Received
from J. S. Downer, of Elkton, Kentucky.

Fruit medium, globular, truncated, regular ; Surface
smooth, yellow, marbled, splashed carmine ; Dots minute.

Fig. 214. — ^DOCTOR FULCHER.

Basin shallow, wavy, russeted, cracked; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity sometimes wide, wavy, brown ; Stem medium
to long.

Core large, turbinate, regular open, meeting the eye ;
Seeds large, plump ; Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender,
melting, jui^; Flavor sub-acid, rich; Quality good.
Downer says "best;" Use, table; Season, December,
January.

CLASS III. — ROUND APPLES. 1. II. IL 593

]>iitcli ]TIi;rnoiiiie.

REiNETTE DORBE — And Several Others in Europe.

A fine large apple from Holland. Tree vigorous, up-
right, productive.

Fruit large or very large, roundish, flattened, sometimes
conical, truncated ; Surface rough, yellow, covered with
red, splashed with bright red ; Dots numerous, prominent,
fawn-colored.

Basin wide, abrupt, regular; Eye short, wide, open;
Segments short.

Cavity medium, acute, regular ; Stem medium to long.

Ylg, 215. — DUTCH MIGNONNE.

Core small, turbinate, regular, clasping ; Seeds few, an-
gular imperfect ; Flesh yellowish white, breaking, coarse-
grained, juicy; Flavor acid to sub-acid, rich; Quality
good to very good ; Use, kitchen, market, drying ; Sea-
son, September, October.

594

DESCEIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Early Pennock.

SHAKER YELLOW — HOMONY, of the South ?

Origin unknown. Tree thrifty, upright, early bearer,
productive, not long-lived-
Fruit large, variable in-form, being sometimes oval, and
conical, averaging roundish — conic, regular, handsome,
sometimes inclined in the axis ; Surface smooth, yellow,
partially covered with mixed and striped scarlet, splashed
carmine — often the yeUow prevails; Dots numerous, dark.

Fig. 216. — ^EARLY PENNOCK.

Basin shallow, plaited or regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, regular, brown ; Stem medium or short.

Core long, tapering to both ends, partially open in some,
clasping the eye; Seeds large, numerous, plump, dark;
Flesh yellow, breaking, rather coarse; Flavor acid;
Quality poor; Use, market and kitchen; Season, July
and Augu«t.

CLASS III. ROUKD APPLES. 1. II. II. 595

Fa;ii(ieiise.

SNOW — CHIMNEY — POMMB DE NEIGE.

This is a favorite I^orthern fruit of great beauty. Origin
uncertain — whether Canadian or French. It is greatly
valued in the North and Northwest as an early winter
apple. Tree vigorous, productive ; Shoots red ; Foliage
dark, abundant.

Fruit medium, round, regular ; Surface pale waxen yel-
low, almost wholly covered deep red, made up of stripes
and splashes that are not always traceable in the depth
of color — absent where a portion of the apple has been
shaded by a leaf; Dots minute.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye very small, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, green ; Stem short.

Core medium, heart-shaped, closed, meeting the eye ;
Seeds numerous, pointed, rich brown ; Flesh snowy white,
very tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Flayor sub-acid, mild,
delicately perfumed, not rich ; Quality good ; Use, dessert,
kitchen, market ; Season, October to December.

Farley Red.

A native of Kentucky, already somewhat extended
northward. Tree healthy, moderately thrifty, very pro-
ductive, making it small.

Fig. 217.— FARLEY RED.

596 DESCEIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit small, round or oblong, flattened or truncated at
the ends, barrel shaped ; Surface dull red stripes on yel-
low ; Dots minute, indented, purplish.

Basin shallow, folded or plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy, brown ; Stem medium.

Core regular, turbinate, open, clasping the point of the
eye; Seeds numerous, plump, angular; Flesh yellowish
^vhite, firm, juicy; Flavor sub-acid; Quality only good;
Use, Mr. R. Ragan finds it one of his best market fruits ;
Season, March and April, keeping sound and very salable.

Olenda^le.

Believed to have originated near Glendale, Hamilton
County, Ohio, where I obtained it from A. A. Mullet.

Tree vigorous, thrifty, spreading, well formed head,
productive.

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat conical; Surface
smooth, bright yellow, striped and clouded with bright
red ; Dots small, russet.

Basin deep, abrupt ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity medium, wavy, green ; Stem long.

Core open ; Seeds numerous, medium ; Flesh yellowish,
tender, juicy; Flavor very mild sub-acid, almost saccharine,
rich ; Quality good ; U se, table ; Season, September, Oc-
tober.

This foreign variety has the general aspect of a Rus-
sian apple both in tree and fruit.

Excellent for cooking, highly esteemed by the market
gardeners of New Jersey, where it is much grown.

Tree healthy, vigorous, round headed, productive;
Shoots stout, blunt ; Foliage large, light green.

Fruit medium to large, round, somewhat-flattened ; Sur-
face pale yellow, distinctly striped and splashed bright
red or carmine, covered with white bloom.

Basin small, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular ; Stem short, thick.

Flesh whitish, not fine-grained, breaking, juicy ; Flavor
acid ; Quality good ; Use, kitchen and market only ; Sea-
son, August.

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. 1. IL II. 597

aunt's, not AUNT HANNAH of Massachusetts.

This large and rather handsome fruit is found in many
parts of the country, but is not largely cultivated. Its
occurrence among Southern emigrants would lead us to
suspect that they might have brought it with them.

Fig. 218.— HANNAH.

Fruit large, showy, round, somewhat flattened, regular,
sometimes unequal; Surface, rather smooth, pale yellow,
mixed, distinctly striped and splashed crimson and car-
mine ; Dots scattered, large, gray.

Basin medium, abrupt, regular, often slightly russeted ;
Eye medium but long, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, acute, deep, brown or green ; Stem
short ot very short.

Core round, flattened or wide, regular, open; Axis very
short; Seeds numerous, short, plump; Flesh light, yel-

598

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

lowish white, breaking, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid,
aromatic, peculiar, not agreeable to some palates ; Quality
only good ; Use, kitchen, market, drying ; Season, Octo-
ber to December.

Hei*efbi*clsliii*e Pearmain.

This is supposed to be an old English variety which has
reached certain portions of the Western States from the
East, though now rarely seen there, as its place has been
taken by other Pearmains of American origin and more

Fig. 219. — ^HEREFORDSHIRE PEARMAIN.

vigor, such as the Long Island Pearmain^ described on
another page. Tree slender and slow grower, medium
size, very productive.

Fruit small to medium, roundish, slightly conic, trun-
cated sharply ; Surface smooth, deep red, splashes dark or
maroon on rich yellow, which only shows where the fruit
has been shaded by a leaf ; Dots numerous, small, yellow.

Basin wide, regular, abrupt ; Eye medium,open, reflexed.

Cavity medium, regular or wavy, green ; Stem mostly
short, stout, sometimes quite thick.

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. — I, II. II. 599

Gore wide, turbinate, closed, regular, clasping the eye ;
Seeds numerous, small, pointed, dark, some imperfect ;
Flesh deep yellow, firm, breaking, very fine-grained, juicy;
Flavor rich, sub-acid, aromatic, vinous, spicy, very agree-
able ; Quality best ; Use, dessert ; Season, December to
February.

Especially adapted to amateur collections.

HEeTres' Cral>.

From Virginia. A famous cider apple, found in all exten-
sive and good cider orchards. Tree of slender growth, but
makes a large, spreading top, immensely productive al-
ternate years, long lived ; Twigs slender ; Foliage sparse.
Fruit quite small, round, somewhat flattened, regular ;
Surface mixed, striped, purplish red on yellow ; Dots
numerous, large, pale or fawn.
Basin shallow ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, regular ; Stem long, red.
Core round, regular, open, clasping ; Seeds large, point-
ed ; Flesh firm, yellow-
ish and greenish, juicy;
Flavor acid, rich ; the
must is very heavy ;
Quality best for cider;
Season, November to
January. Also useful
for cooking, except on
account of its small
size; the rich and piq-
uant acid makes it a
particularly desirable
ingredient in mince-
pies.

In Kentucky there
is a variety of this ap
Tig. 220.-HEWES' CRAB. ^^^ kuowu as BeeUv's

Crdb^ with fruit of similar characters, but the tree is a
better grower.

600

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

HUBBARDSTON NONSUCH.

This fine apple originated in Hubbardston, Massachu-
setts. Tree vigorous, healthy, productive, early bearer,
round-leaved, branching. At one time this and the Bald-
win were confounded and mixed in some Western collec-
tions.

Fruit large, fair, handsome, round, somewhat ovate, ta-
pering both ways from the middle, regular ; Surface often

Fig. 221.— HUBBARDSTON.

uneven, yellow, covered with mixed red and broken stripes,
presenting a rich brownish appearance ; Dots scattered,
gray, prominent.

Basin abrupt, wide, regular, leather-cracked, or russet-
ed, or both ; Eye medium or small, open.

CLASS Ur. ROUND APPLES. L IL II. 601

Cavity wide, regular, brown ; StiBin medium or short.

Core large, heart-shaped, regular, sometimes partially
open, clasping tlie eye ; Seeds few, pointed ; Flesh yel-
low, breaking, fine grained, juicy; Flavor acid, sub-acid,
nch ; Quality very good ; Use, cooking early, table when
perfectly ripe ; Season, November, December.

Origin Berks County, Pennsylvania, where I found it
very popular as a productive winter apple for all purposes.
Tree vigorous, healthy, large, spreading, and very produc-
tive.

Fruit medium to large, round, slightly conic, regular ;
Surface rather smooth, pale yellowy nearly covered with
red, and splashed carmine.

Basin small, folded ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity medium; Stem short to medium.

Flesh whitish, tender, juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, rich,
agreeable ; Use, a good market fruit ; Season, December
to March.

TASLv^e Striped Pea.riiia.iii.

This choice Western apple is supposed to have originat-
ed in Kentucky — possibly further South. It is now to be
found in Eastern Ohio, Southern Indiana and Illinois, and
in Missouri. Much grown in Kentucky. In all places it
seems to be doing well, and giving entire satisfaction, ex-
cepting that the bark bursts near the ground even in bear-
ing trees, root-grafted.

Tree vigorous, thrifty, spreading, productive; Shoots
rather slender, dark; Foliage dark green, abundant on
young trees.

Fruit large, round, flattened, regular, fair, handsome,
though not so beautifully colored as some others ; Surface
smooth, mixed, splashed and striped, pale purplish red on
yellow, w^hich shows through the shading ; Dots minute,
indented, gray, so that the fruit has a general gray appear-
ance.

Basin medium, regular, sometimes cracked ; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, rather deep, brown ; Stem short,
medium, or rather long.
26

602 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Coie roundish, medium, regular, open ; Seeds numerous,
large, angular, some imperfect; Flesh yellow, breaking,
somewhat coarse-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality

Fig. 22*^. — LARGE STRIPED PEARMAIN.

quite good ; Use, market, kitchen, table ; Season, Decem-
ber to February.

In the West it is more flattened than in Ohio, becom-
ing in large specimens almost aflat or oblate apple. High-
ly recommended for commercial orchards, whether for ship-
ding North or South — j^^^'ticularly the latter.

This delicious apple originated in Decatur County, In-
diana, near Greensburgh, and was introduced to my no-
tice by one of the early pomologists of the region, a nur-
seryman by the name of Lewis, from whom I obtained my
trees after he had introduced me to the original, which I

CLASS HI. — ROUND APPLES. — I. II. IL

603

found to be vigorous, healthy, upright, spreading and pro-
ductire.

The fruit was described in the Western JSorticultKral
JReview for 1852, before I was aware that my friend Reu-
ben Ragan had an apple of the same name ; nevertheless,
this, by priority of publication, will stand, unless there

Fi^. 223. — LEWIS.

should prove to be another Lewis that can claim seniority
of publication. I distinguish the other apple by calling it
Lewis of Ragan ; it is in another class. — [See Downing, p.
164.]

Fruit medium to large, round, somewhat ovate, regular ;
Surface smooth, yellow, striped and marbled scarlet ; Dots
scattered, gray and yellow.

Basin deep, abrupt, regular ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity acute, deep, regular ; Stem long, slender.

Core regular, oval, heart-shaped, closed, meeting the
eye; Seeds numerous, plump, brown ; Flesh yellow, very-
tender, crisp, juicy ; Flavor acid to sub-acid, rich, deli-

604

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

cious ; Quality best ; Use, table and kitchen ; Season, Au-
gust. Marked in my notes " One of the very best of the
new apples."

I^il>erty.

This valuable market variety originated near Columbus,
Ohio, where it was brought into notice by M. B. Bateham,
the excellent Secretary of the Ohio Pomological Society,
and founder of the Columbus Nurseries.

Tree vigorous, healthy, large, spreading and productive ;
believed to be entirely hardy.

Fruit full medium to large, globular, inclining to oblong
in appearance, turbinated or flattened at the ends, regu-

Fig. 224. — LIBERTY.

lar ; Surface not smooth, yellow, covered with dull red
and scarlet, mixed and splashed, stripes indistinct ; Dots
minute, gray, prominent.

Basin medium, quite shallow, regular, indistinctly leath-
er-cracked ; Eye small, closed.

CLASS IIL — GROUND APPLES. — L IL II.

605

Cavity medium, acute, wavy ; Stem medium, inclined.

Core small, oval, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds numer-
ous, pointed ; Flesh yellow, breaking, rather coarse, juicy ;
Flavor acid to sub-acid ; Quality good ; Use, market and
kitchen or table ; Season, January to March, or later.

IL«yscoiMi,

Origin Massachusetts. This pleasant dessert apple is
not generally known.

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, regular; Surface smooth,
yellowish, striped and splashed with red.

Basin large, plaited ; Eye large.

Cavity deep, regular ; Stem short.

Flesh whitish, fine-grained, tender, juicy; Flavor mild
sub-acid, agreeable ; Quality good ; Use, table and kitchen ;
Season, September to November.

]fla,i*gil.

A famous old English dessert apple, rarely seen in this
country, but much better adapted for the closing of a feast
than many which are more pretentious in style and im-

Fi^. 225.— M ARGIL.

posing in size. Certainly much more economical to him
who provides even at a higher price per bushel than those
which are too large to be eaten, and are only cut to be left

606

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

on the table and wasted. Tree of slender growth, but very
productive.

Fruit quite small, round, somewhat conic, abruptly trun-
cated, regular ; Surface smooth, red, mixed and striped ;
Dots yellow, prominent.

Basin wide, shallow, regular ; Eye small, open ; Calyx
reiiexed.

Cavity wide, not deep, regular, brown ; Stem long.

Core turbinate, regular, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds
numerous, pointed, long ; Flesh yellow, crisp, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich, aromatic, very agreeable ;
Quality best ; Season, ^N'ovember to January.

From Vermont ; Fruit large, roundish, conic ; Skin
greenish-yellow, striped and mottled with light red, and
sprinkled with brown dots ; Stalk long, rather slender, set
in a pretty large cavity ; Calyx closed in a corrugated ba-
sin ; Flesh yellowish, rather fine, juicy, rich, mild, sub-
acid, aromatic ; October and November. — [Downing.]

Fig. 226.— m'kinlbt.
lUcKiiiley.

Highly esteemed by Reuben Ragan, of Indiana, who
finds it profitable.

CLASS UI. — ROUND APPLES. — ^I. II. II. 607

Fruit rnedinm, rounrlish, flattened, slightly conic, regu-
lar ; Surface smooth, dull red on greenish-yellow, stripes
indistinct ; Dots scattei-ed, large, gray.

Basin regular, shallow ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown ; Stem slender, me-
dium to short.

Core medium, ovate, regular, closed, meeting the eye ;
Seeds numerous, plump, brown ; Flesh breaking, very fine-
grained, very juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, good ; Quality good
to very good; Use, table; Season, December and Jan-
uary.

IHexico.

Origin Canterbury, Connecticut. Tree hardy, produc-
tive. ISTot much known in the West.

Fruit — obtained from E. Newburg, Brooklyn, Connecti-
cut— medium, round, regular ; Surface bright crimson-red,
striped darker; Dots numerous, yellow-green.

Basin shallow, regular ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity acute, regular ; Stem long or medium, slender.

Core large, open, meeting the eye ; Seeds numerous,
angular, pointed ; Flesh white, tender, fine-grained, juicy ;
Flavor sub-acid ; Quality best ; Use, table ; Season, Au-
gust and September.

monk^s Pa.vorite.

This large, showy apple originated in Delaware County,
Indiana, and was introduced to the public by Dr. J. C.
Helme, of the State Horticultural Society.

It was described in the Western Horticultural Remew^
some years ago, as a promising fruit, and was favorably
noticed at the time of its introduction, but has not yet been
sufficiently known for general recommendation.

Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, productive.

Fruit large, globular, flattened, regular ; Surface smooth,
yellow, pretty well covered with stripes and splashes of
bright red; Dots medium, ragged, gray, scattering.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye medium, open.

Cavity wide, wavy ; Stem medium to long, stout.

Core wide, heart-shaped, open, clasping ; Seeds pointed ;
Flesh whitish, breaking, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality
good ; Use, kitchen, table, and promising for market ; Sea-
son, November to January.

608

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,

Fig. 227.— monk's favorite.
rfeverwinlf.

Not having had an opportunity of examining this fruit,
I quote the ad interim report of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society ;

" Origin Berks County, Pennsylvania.

" Fruit large, roundish, exterior of an exceedingly beau-
tiful waxen orange-yellow color, with a few russet dots,
and a delicately striped and richly mottled carmine cheek ;
Stem very short and rather stout, cavity narrow, acumi-
nate, shallow ; Calyx large, basin deep, rather wide, fur-
rowed; Flesh yellowish, somewhat tough, owing to the
fact of its being shriveled ; Flavor approaches to that of a
pineapple ; Quality very good ; December to April."

An old apple, supposed to have come from N^ew Jersey;
found in the oldest orchards of grafted fruits in South-
western Ohio, seldom elsewhere in the West that I have
seen.

CLASS III. — GROUND APPLES. — I. IL IL

609

Tree thrifty, upright, spreading, productive ; Foliage
dark.

Fruit full medium to large, roundish, flattened or trun-
cated conic, mostly regular, sometimes ribbed ; Surface
not very smooth, rich yellow, nearly covered with dull

Fig. 228.— NEWARK KING.

red mixed, and darker stripes, giving the fruit almost a
mahogany color ; Dots numerous, gray, elongated at the
extremities, and coalescing into russet about the blossom
end.

Basin deep, abrupt, folded or plaited, covered with fine
russet ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, often lipped ; Stem rather long, slender.

Core small, oval, closed, not clasping but meeting the
eye ; Seeds numerous, angular; Flesh rich yellow, breaking,
fine grained, juicy ; Flavor acid, rich, sprightly, high-fla-
vored ; Quality very good ; Use, kitchen, table and cider ;
Season, December, January, or longer.

610

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Pat ion.

CARTER of Alabama— MANGUM— ALABAMA PEARMAIN of PetCl'S.

This is a great favorite in the South, and deservedly so,
on account of its good qualities. Specimens from Dr. Jas.
S. Blair, Limestone County, I^orth Alabama, afford me data
for the following description. I have preferred the name
JPatton because of the other Carters:

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat flattened ; Surface
smooth, mixed, marbled and splashed carmine on yellow ;
Dots scattered, distinct, yellow.

Basin deep, abrupt, folded ; Eye medium, open.

Cavity deep, acute ; Stem long to medium, inclined, red.

Core small, regular, closed, half clasping ; Seeds plump
and imperfect ; Flesh yellow, firm, breaking, juicy ; Fla-
vor acid, agreeable ; Quality good ; Season, November to
January.

Poinme IVater.

An apple by this name is found in Northern Illinois ; lit-
tle is known of its origin or history.

Fruit full medium, globular truncate, slightly conic, re-
gular ; Surface mixed, splashed scarlet on yellow ; Dots
minute, numerous, brown.

Fiff. 229.— POMME WATER.

CLASS III. ROUXD APPLES. 1. IL II.

611

Basin wavy, medium ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity medium, regular; Stem short, thick, green.

Core medium, round, closed, scarcely meeting the eye;
Seeds numerous, angular, imperfect ; Flesh yellow, break-
ing, fine grarined, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality good
to very good ; Use, table ; Season, September and October.

Specimens obtained from Henry Kimball, of Rockford,
Winnebago County, Illinois.

Raman's Red.

Origin Putnam County, Indiana, by R. Ragan. Tree
vigorous, productive.

Fruit large, round, slightly conic, regular; Surface

Fig. 230.— ragan' s red.

smooth, bright red, splashed darker; Dots numerous,
small.

26*

612 DESCRIPTIONS OP APPLES.

Basin abrupt, deep, rei^ukr ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular ; Stem long.

Core small, pyriform, regular, nearly closed ; Seeds nu-
merous, plump; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine grained;
Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality good; Use, table and
market ; Season, October and [N'ovember.

Ribston Pippin.

This famous English apple does not seom to have many
admirers among our orchardists, but on some accounts it
merits a place in the amateur's collection.

Tree productive, early bearer.

Fruit medium to large, round, truncated, regular ; Sur-
face rough, splashed and mixed dull red on yellow ; Dots
numerous, minute, prominent, russet.

Basin abrupt, plaited or regular, russeted ; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity acute, wide, regular, brown ; Stem long, slender.

Core regular, closed ; Seeds numerous, angular, imper-
fect ; Flesh yellow, crisp, firm, juicy ; Flavor acid, rich,
aromatic ; Use, kitchen — scarcely for table ; Season, Octo-
ber and later, but apt to wilt.

Si^ler^ Red.

This very handsome apple, from near McOonnellsville,
Morgan County, Ohio, was shown before the Ohio Pomo-
logical Society, at different times, by Jos. Sigler, for whom
it was named, because it was not identified as any known
variety.

Fruit medium, globular, slightly flattened, regular ; Sur-
face smooth, mixed and splashed bright red ; Dots minute,
rare.

Basin shallow, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, wavy ; Stem short to medium, knobby.

Core wide, indistinct, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds
pointed, plump ; Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic, rich ; Quality almost best ; Use, table ;
Season, September.

A beautiful dessert fruit. Elliott gives it as synonym
to Autumn Pearmain,

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. L II. IL 613

Small mack,

BLACK APPLE of Coxe and Downing— American black.

This useful little apple is found in many collections
where the Jersey Black is cultivated, but it seems to be
quite distinct. Origin unknown.

Fruit medium to small, globular, sometimes nearly ob-

Fig. 231.— SMALL BLACK.

late, regular ; Surface smooth, deep red, sometimes pur-
plish, striping indistinct ; Dots numerous, indented, minute,
pink or purple.

Basin shallow, abrupt, regular or folded ; Eye small to
medium, closed ; Segments reflexed.

Cavity acute, sometimes lipped, brown ; Stem long, in-
clined, red or green.

Core regular, round, slightly open, clasping the eye ;
Seeds numerous, plump and angular; Flesh yellowish,
often pink, tender, fine grained ; Flavor sub-acid, agree-
able ; Quality good ; Use, dessert ; Season, November to
January.

614

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

smith's cider.

Origin Bucks County, Pennsylvania, where it still con-
tinues a favorite variety. Its cultivation has extended
widely to the westward, giving great satisfaction as a
market fruit, for culinary purposes, but cannot be recom-
mended for table.

Tree vigorous, hardy, productive, an early bearer;
Limbs straggling, shoots rather slender, light olive ; Foli-
age large, light green.

Fruit medium to large, round, varying from flattened to
elongated, mostly regular, sometimes lop-sided; Surface

Fig. 233.— smith's.

smooth, pale yellow, covered with mixed light red, splash-
ed indistinctly with bright carmine, beautiful ; Dots dis-
tinct, rather large, light gray.

CLASS III. GROUND APPLES. — I. IL IL 615

Basin shallow, wide, or more often plaited ; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity acute, regular, brown ] Stem medium to long,
variable.

Core wide, pyriform, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
plump, pointed; Flesh white, breaking, juicy; Flavor
acid, sub-acid, aromatic, not rich, peculiar, not agreeable ;
Quality good for cooking only, making very fine apple
sauce — ^makes much cider, but thin and watery ; Season,
December, January and later.

This is essentially a market fruit, and is one of the most
profitable apples planted in Southwestern Ohio and adja-
cent counties of Indiana.

Fig. 233.— SOPS OP wiNB,
Sops» of* liWine.

European. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.

Fruit small to medium, round, slightly conic, regular ;
Surface smooth, mixed red, shaded dark red throughout ;
Dots small, scattered, yellow. /

Basin shallow, plaited ; Eye small, dosed.

616 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Cavity medium, wavy, somewhat browned ; Stem long,
red.

Core distinctly marked with a red line, wide, oval, clos-
ed, meeting the eye ; Seeds numerous, pointed, brown ;
Flesh yellow, fine grained, tender, juicy ; Flavor acid to
sub-acid, agreeable ; Quality good to very good ; Use,
dessert ; Season, August and September.

Siiiiiiii.ei* •fa.net.

Specimens received from Mr. Johnson, Louisville. Ky.

Fruit medium, round, truncated, regular; Surface
smooth, pale yellow, mixed red, striped darker red; Dots
scattered, gray.
^ Basin deep, abrupt, regular ; Eye small, open.

Cavity shallow, regular, yellow ; Stem medium to long,
green.

Core pyriform, indistinct, closed, clasping ; Seeds point-
ed, imperfect ; Flesh yellow, tender, fine grained ; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality good ; Use, market ; Season,
September.

Siuiiii[i.er Rose.

Origin New Jersey. Tree vigorous, healthy, spreading,
productive, early bearer; Shoots stout; Foliage large,
glaucous.

Fruit small, roundish, flattened, regular; Surface smooth
polished, very pale yellow, striped and splashed distinctly
bright red and carmine ; Dots minute.

Basin abrupt, wide, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, regular ; Stem medium.

Core large, regular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, short, plump ; Flesh white, crisp, fine grained,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, agreeable, not rich ; Quality, one
of the best early apples ; Use, family, table and kitchen ;
Season, June to August — ripening gradually.

Sutton Beauty.

An old Massachusetts apple, occasionally found in the
West, where it attains increased size and beauty. My
specimens were from^W". Hampton, with many other sorts
of interest grown by Tiim in ISTorth western Ohio.

CLASS III. — GROUND APPLES.— I. II. II. 617

Fruit large, handsome, globular, regular; Surface
smooth, yellow, mottled and splashed carmine,; Dots scat-
tered, brown, vein-reflexed.

Basin wide, regular, russety ; Eye large, open ; Seg-
ments reflexed.

Cavity wide, acute, wavy, brown ; Stem long, inclined^

Core medium to large, closed, clasping ; Seeds numer-
ous, pointed, angular, dark ; Flesh wMtish, tender, break*

Fig. 234.— SUTTON BEAUTY.

ing, juicy; Flavor acid, sub-acid, agreeable; Quality
good ; Use, table, kitchen and market ; Season, December
to March.

Thought by Mr. HamiDton to be a seedling brought from
Southern Ohio.

Sylvester.

Introduced by Dr. Ware Sylvester, of Lyons, New
York.

618

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit small to medium, round, regular ; Surface smooth,
white, blushed and striped bright carmine ; Dots scatter-
ed, minute.

Basin very shallow, plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy ; Stem medium.

Core indistinct, slightly open ; Seeds numerous, plump,

Fig. 235.— SYLVESTER.

angular, long ; Flesh white, tender, fine grained, juicy;
Flavor sub-acid ; Quality very good ; Use, table and cook-
ing ; Season, September.

l^illiains^'

Favorite,

WILLIAMS* EARLY.

Origin Roxbury, Massachusetts.

Fruit small to medium, round, regular ; Surface smooth,
dark purplish red, indistinctly striped ; Dots none.

Basin abrupt, folded ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity wide, shallow ; Stem long, slender.

Core large, round, closed ; Seeds pointed, brown ; Flesh
whitish-yellow, streaked red, breaking, not juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid, peculiar ; Quality scarcely good ; Season, July
and August.

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. L II. II. 619

IFiUow.

WILLOW TWIG — JAMES RIVER, ETC.

This Virginia fruit has obtained a wide spread notoriety
as a valuable market apple throughout the West.

Tree very vigorous, healthy, productive, branching,
twiggy, thorny while young ; Shoots slender, olive brown.

Fig. 236.— WILLOW.

Fruit globular, truncated, looking oblong from its cyl-
indrical sides ; Surface smooth, dull greenish-yellow, mar-
bled and striped dull red; Dots minute, gray.

Basin wide, abrupt, plaited; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity wide or acute, regular ; Stem long, slender, in-
clined.

Core medium, round, regular, closed, meeting, not clasp-
ing the eye; Seeds numerous, plump, brown; Flesh green-

620

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

ish-yellow, breaking, juicy ; Flavor acid ; Quality only
good, but valuable for market and culinary uses ; Season,
December to April. Excellent for shipping South.

liVilsoii's Volwnteer.

Origin believed to be a seedling or " Volunteer" on the
banks of the Ohio River. Received from George Sibbald.

Fruit large, globular, truncated or flattened, regular;
Surface yellow, mostly covered with mixed red, striped
darker ; Dots large, gray and yellow.

Basin deep, regular, leather-cracked; Eye medium,
closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular ; Stem long, slender.

Core small, round, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds nu-
merous, pointed ; Flesh greenish-yellow, tender, juicy ;
Flavor sub-acid ; Quality only good ; Use, kitchen ; Sea-
son, December to February.

Fig, 237.— weight's janet.

This fine keeping apple, received from N. J. Colman
and other zealous pomologists of St. Louis, Missouri, is

CLASS III. EOUND APPLES. 1. II. in. 6^1

supposed to have originated in that region with Mr.- W.
G. Wright.

Fruit medium to large, round, sometimes flat, regular;
Surface smooth, waxen yellow, mixed, striped and splash-
ed carmine ; Dots minute, prominent, scattering.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye small, acute, closed.

Cavity deep, wavy, brown ; Stem long, short, or very
short.

Core medium, regular, somewhat open, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, small, plump; Flesh deep yellow, breaking,
very fine grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich, very agree-
able ; Quality good to very good ; Use, table, kitchen and
market ; Season, January to June and keeps until August.

ITaclkiii.

Southern. Received from S. W. Westbrooke, of Greens-
boro', North Carolina.

Fruit large, round, regular ; Surface red, striped dark
red ; Dots large, scattered, distinct, gray.

Basin abrupt, deep, regular ; Eye small, open.

Cavity acute, regular, brown ; Stem medium, brown.

Core small, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds small, point-
ed, brown ; Flesh, white, breaking, dry ; Flavor sub-acid ;
Quality only good ; Season, August — and on that account
scarcely worth carrying to the Korth.

CLASS III.~ROU]srD APPLES.
ORDER I.— REGULAR.

SECTION 2.— SOUR.

SUB-SECTION 3.— EUSSET.

Beeler^s Russet.

Origin not known. Found in an old orchard on the
banks of White River, in Marion County, Indiana, by my
lamented young friend, Geo. M. Beeler.

Fruit medium to small, round, truncated or cylindri-
cal, inclined ; Surface russeted ; Dots minute, prominent.

622

DESCRIFriONS OF APPLES.

Basin abrupt, uneven, green; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity regular ; Stem long.

Core large, wide, heart-shaped, closed, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, angular ; Flesh yelloNv, ciisp, fine-grained, ten-

Fii>'. 238 — beeler's russet.

der, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid to acid, aromatic, spicy, very
agreeable ; Quality best ; Use, table, kitchen ; Season,
November, December.
A choice dessert apple.

Colii.iii.l»ia.iL Russet.

The origin of this fine, long-keeping russet is xiot known.
Specimens were received from H. N". Gillett, Lawrence
County, Ohio. If the tree be healthy and productive, this
variety will be a valuable addition to our orchards.

Fruit medium to small, round, truncated, lop-sided ;
Surface smooth, russeted ; Dots minute, scattered, prom-
inent.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye large, open.

Cavity acute, regular ; Stem, long, slender.

Core medium, closed, pyriform, meeting the eye ; Seeds
numerous, slender, angular, dark; Flesh very yellow,

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. — I. II. III. 623

breaking, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor acid to sub-acid, rich,
aromatic ; Quality best ; Use, table ; Season, February to
April.

Yery like the Golden Pearmain^ from J. S. Downer,
which see ; they may prove to be the same variety.

Court of l¥yclc.

This spicy English apple, which has so many synonyms
as evidences of its popularity, has not been a favorite in this
coimtry, but occasionally succeeds well; it has little to
recommend it in its looks.

Fruit very small, round, truncated abruptly, much flat-
tened, regular; Sui-face yellow, covered russet.

Basin wide, very shallow ; Eye small, open ; Segments
reflexed.

Cavity rather wide; Stem long, slender.

Core small, ovate, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds
numerous, large, brown ; Flesh rich yellow, firm, juicy ;
Flavor acid, aromatic, rich, spicy, sharp ; Quality good in
its way ; Use, " dessert ;" Season, December, January.

Fig. 239.— CROWNEST.

624

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Croi;vnest,

Originated at Kelley's Island, Ohio, in the orchard of
Chas. Carpenter.

Tree vigorous, thrifty, brushy, productive.

Fruit full medium, round, truncated or flattened, often
unequal and inclined ; Surface greenish yellow, thinly
covered with russet.

Basin regular, wide ; Eye large, open.

Cavity irregular, lipped ; Stem short, curved, fleshy.

Core round, regular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
long, pointed, angular ; Flesh green, tender, breaking ;
Flavor sub-acid ; Quality only good for culinary uses ;
Season, November to January.

English Ooldeit,

EUSSET GOLDEN, of Barry.

Among the russets there has been much confusion,
which it is very difl^cult to clear up. The apple about to

Fig. 240.--EiirGLiSH golden.

be described came to the West from the nurseries about
Rochester ; a very superior variety to many others that

CLASS III. ROU^D APPLES. — I. IL III. 625

resemble it, and may be distinguished by the palate, or by
the character of the twigs.

Tree thrifty, vigorous, spreading, productive, a rather
early bearer ; Shoots slender, olive, speckled.

Fruit medium, round, large ones are oblate, often cylin-
drical, sometimes inclined, regular; Surface greenish yel-
low, covered with thick russet ; Dots minute, white, scat-
tered.

Basin regular, deep, leather-cracked ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, rough ; Stem short.

Core wide, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds small, flat ;
Flesh greenish yellow, breaking, granular, juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid, rich ; Quality good to best ; Use, table, kitchen ;
Season, January, February.

A choice dessert fruit. Succeeds well in parts of Ken-
tucky.

digli^li Russet.

Origin unknown. Procured from Mr. C. C. Cary, near
Louisville, Kentucky.

Fruit large, globular, flattened, somewhat one-sided ;
Surface uneven, green ; Dots miimte, russety and russet
streaks.

Basin medium, uneven ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, wavy, russet ed ; Stem medium, green.

Core medium, heart-shaped, closed, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, plump and angular, some imperfect ; Flesh
yellow, firm, breaking, juicy ; Flavor acid ; Quality good ;
Use, kitchen ; Season, December, January.

Ooldeit PearmsiiM — [Of Kentucky.]

This is another very promising Southern variety, re-
ceived from J. S. Downer, of Kentucky ; Origin unknown ;
he procured it fi'om Tennessee.

Tree vigorous, but tardy and shy in bearing ; Shoots
stout, dark; Foliage medium.

Fruit small to medium, globular, rather conical, trunca-
ted, lop-sided ; Surface yellow, blushed and russeted.

Basin abrupt, wide, regular ; Eye large, open.

Cavity acute, regular ; Stem short to medium, slender.

Core somewhat open, meeting the eye; Seeds plump
and imperfect; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained;
27 •

626 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Flavor acid, aromatic, sprightly ; Quality very good, al-
most best; Use, dessert; Season, December, February.
— See Golumhian Russet,

Oreen Russet.— [N. C]

Specimens from Reuben Ragan.

Fruit quite large, globular, slightly oblate, regular;
Surface yellow, blushed dull red ; Dots green, indented,
russet veined.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye medium, open.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown ; Stem medium, thick.

Core regular, wide, closed, clasping ; Axis short ; Seeds
numerous, plump, dark ; Flesh yellowish white, breaking,
granular ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality only good, for culin-
ary use ; Season, December, January.

Hampton^s Russet.

Fruit small, globular-truncate, to flat ; Surface yellow
russet, bronzed, broken russet stripes ; Dots scattered,
large, yellow.

Basin wide, regular; Eye large, open, green.

Cavity medium, regular, brown ; Stem long, inclined.

Core medium, round, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds
numerous, pointed, brown ; Flesh yellow, tender, break-
ing, fine-grained; Flavor sub-acid, rich; Quality good;
Use, table ; Season, December.

IKitox Russet.

A very nice little apple, found in the orchard of J.
Knox, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; trees obtained from
near Green sburgh, Pennsylvania. Tree spreading, very
productive ; Shoots slender.

Fruit small to medium, globular, somewhat conic, reg-
ular ; Surface smooth, yellow green, blushed, covered with
light russet.

Basin shallow, regular ; Eye medium, open ; Segments
reflexed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular ; Stem long, red.

Core round, regular, slightly open, clasping the eye ;

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. L II. IIL 627

Seeds numerous, short, plump ; Flesh yellow, very fine-

Fig. 241. — KNOX RUSSET.

grained ; Flavor mild sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality good to
very good ; Use, dessert ; Season, December, January.

Pryor's Red.

This southern apple, probably from Virginia, has been
carried through all the Western States, where it is a great
favorite, though there are some objectors, on account of
its having shown signs of failure in certain situations.
The fruit is singularly affected by change of soil and
climate ; thus, on the Ohio River, it is seen quite flat and
regular, with a dull green russeted skin, becoming yellow
and ruddy ; in one part of the State of Indiana, on lime-
stone, it IS gibbous, round, often very large, and covered
with a rich cinnamon russet, while on the coal measures,
west of the center of the State, it is smaller, regular, and
distinctly striped deep red on red, with very little russet.
Specimens from Rochester, 'New York, have been shown
with scarcely a trace of russet, and having^ the stripes as
distinct and almo&t as beautiful as those oif a Duchess of
Oldenburgh^ so that no southern or western man would
have recognized it for his home favorite. The distinctive
leather-cracking about the eye was present, however, in all.

628

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Tree thrifty, growth upright, twiggy, attaining large
size, productive when old ; Shoots slender, reddish olive,
speckled ; Foliage scattering, folded, grayish green ; Sub-
ject to leaf-blight.

Fruit large, globular-oblate, often unequal ; Surface
greenish, or dull red, striped, russeted ; Dots numerous,
]ar2:e, gray.

Basin shallow, regular or plaited, leather-cracked ; Eye
small, closed.

Cavity shallow, acute, often lipped ; Stem medium.

Fig. 242.— prtor's red.

Core round, regular, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds
numerous, angular, pointed ; Flesh yellow, tender, melt-
ing, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich ; Quality
best ; Use, table, kitchen ; Season, December, February.

Red. Russet.

Origin Hampton Falls, N^ew Hampshire.
Tree very vigorous and productive ; resembling Bald-
win in almost every particular.

CLASS III.* — ROUND APPLES. L IL IIL 629

" Fruit large, roundish, conic ; Skin yellow, shaded with
dull red and deep carmine in the sun, and thickly covered
with gray dots, and an appearance of rough russet on
most of the surface; Stalk rather short and thick, insert-
ed in a medium cavity, surrounded with thin russet ; Calyx
nearly closed ; Segments long, recurved, in a narrow, un-
even basin ; Flesh yellow, solid, crisp, tender, with an ex-
cellent, rich, sub-acid flavor, somewhat resembling Bald-
win\ Season, January to April." — Downing.

This fruit is rarely seen in the West. It has been
thought by some to have originated as a sport from the
Baldwin.

Rolen's Keeper.

Received from H. N^. Gillett, Lawrence County, Ohio.
Origin not given.

Fruit medium, round, regular ; Surface rough, splashed
red on russet ; Dots scattered, small, white.

Fig. 243.— ROLEN'S KEEPER.

Basin shallow, regular, leather-cracked; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular ; Stem long, slender.

630

DESCEIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Core roundish-ovate, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds
very numerous, short, plump ; Flesh greenish yellow, fine-
grained ; Flavor acid, rich ; Quality good to very good ;
IJse, table ; Season, March, April.

Very promising as a keeper.

Riistycoat Milam.

Fruit medium, globular, conic, regular ; Surface russet-
3d; Dots minute, prominent.
Basin narrow, abrupt, shallow ; Eye sniall, closed.
Cavity acute, regular ; Stem medium to long.
Core medium, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds numer-

Fig. 244.— RUSTTCOAT MILAM.

ous, pointed, plump ; Flesh greenish yellow, breaking,
fine-grained, tender; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality
good ; Use, table ; Season, December to February.

CLASS ni. — ROUND APPLES. II. I. I.

631

CLASS III.— ROUND APPLES.

ORDER II.— IRREGULAR.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.

SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED OR BLUSHED.

]fIote's!i STv^eet.

This seedling from the Stillwater Bmeet^ grown by L. S.
Mote, of Miami County, Ohio, is quite an improvement
upon its parent, which has obtained a high reputation as

Fig. 245.— -mote's sweet,

a choice autumnal sweet apple. Tree round, spreading,
vigorous; Shoots 'pale; Foliage large, wide, finely ser-
rated, and rather pale.

Fruit large, globular, somewhat flattened, or conic-trun-
cated, rather angular; Surface very smooth, greenish yel-
low to whitish, with a rare faint blush ; Dots scattered,
gray, often rosy, whitish bases.

632 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin medium, alorupt, wavy ; Eye medium, long, closed.

Cavity deep, wide, wavy ; Stem long, yellow, curved.

Core medium, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous, angu-
lar, pale; Flesh yellow, very fine-grained, almost melting,
juicy ; Flavor very sweet, pleasant ; Use, table and
kitchen ; Quality best ; Season, September. One of the
most delicious sweet apples.

J^ortliern S%i"eet.

Origin unknown ; supposed to be Vermont. Tree suf-
ficiently healthy and productive. Not generally nor ex-
tensively cultivated.

Fruit large, globular, somewhat flattened, angular or
regular ; Surface smooth, v^ry pale yellow, rarely blushed ;
Dots minute, with white bases.

Basin deep, abrupt, regular ; Eye long, closed.

Cavity rather wide, regular, green ; Stem medium.

Core very small, closed, almost clasping ; Seeds numer-
ous, short; Flesh whitish, breaking, juicy; Flavor very
sweet ; Quality pretty good ; Use, baking ; Season, Sep-
tember, in Northern Indiana and Illinois. Downing says
" rich and excellent ; September and October."

Origin on the banks of the Hudson, in New York State.
Tree vigorous, spreading, productive ; Shoots stout, dark
colored ; Foliage large, curled.

Fruit large, form variable, being sometimes flat, where
unusually developed, generally roundish, somewhat flat-
tened, more or less angular or flattened on the sides, but
not ribbed; Surface not smooth, often rough, greenish
yellow, bronzed, becoming a dead golden yellow when
ripe ; Dots large, numerous.

Basin medium, wide, regular ; Eye small, not long,
closed.

Cavity wide, regular or wavy, green ; Stem long, curved,
pretty stout.

Core medium, regular, heart-shaped, closed, clasping ;
Seeds numerous, angular, pale ; Flesh very heavy, yellow,
fine-grained ; Flavor very mild sub-acid, or sweet, very
rich; Quality best ; Use, table and kitchen ; Season, March,

CliASS ITT. ROUND APPLES. ^11. L II.

633

Fig. 246.— swAAR.

CLASS III.— ROUIsrD APPLES.

ORDER II.— IRREGULAR.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.

SUB-SECTION 2.— STRIPED.

From Wyoming County, New York. Tree vigorous,
productive.

Fruit large, round, sometimes flattened, sometimes an-
gular or ribbed; Surface smooth, mottled, mixed and
striped deep red ; Dots numerous, large, gray.

Basin narrow, abrupt, regular or folded; Eye small,
closed.

27*

634 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Cavity regular, acute green ; Stem long.
Core rather large, turbinate, open, clasping; Seeds
numerous, angular, dark; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-

Fig. 347.— BAILEY SWEET.

grained, juicy ; Flavor very sweet, rich ; Quality good to
very good ; Use, kitchen, table ; Season, October.
A very valuable variety also for stock.

" Origin unknown ; good grower, and very productive.

" Fruit above medium, roundish, approaching conic,
sometimes elongated, angular; Skin greenish yellow,
shaded and splashed with crimson,. sprinkled with gray
dots ; Stem short, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity ;
Calyx closed, set in a small corrugated basin ; Flesh yel-

CLASS III. — ROUND APPLES. II. I. IL 635

lowish, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet, and excellent; Season,
September, October." — ^Downing.

Hull Slossoiii«

This is an Eastern or European variety, which I have
not seen in the West. Specimens from Massachusetts.

Fruit small, roundish-truncate, or flattened, uneven ;
Surface smooth, yellow, mixed and striped^ carmine ; Dots
large, yellow.

Basin shallow, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, wavy ; Stem short.

Core small, closed, roundish, meeting the eye; Seeds
large, pale ; Flesh yellow, fine-grained ; Flavor sweet ;
Quality good to very good ; Use, table, kitchen ; Season,
November.

STreet PeariMLain.

" This variety, according to Downing and Thomas, is
the English Sweeting ; but, according to Manning, the
English Sweeting is the MamsdelVs Sweetitig of Downing.
This fruit is extensively grown in Central Ohio, and
further West, suiting well the rich soils ; keeping finely
all winter; highly valued for baking or eating."

" Fruit medium size or often above ; Form roundish,
slightly angular ; Color dull red, rougt^ russet dots, and
blueish bloom ; Stem long, slender ; Cavity deep, wide,
open ; Calyx woolly ; Basin medium ; Flesh yellowish,
tender, moderately juicy, sweet ; Core medium, with outer
or concentric lines; Seeds ovate, pyriform, dark brown;
Season, December to March." — Elliott.

I am not familiar with the above, but find a very strong
resemblance in the characters to those of my Red Winter
Fearmain^ Class II, I, 2, 2, from which, however, Elliott's
outline would exclude it.

ll^Illis Sweet.

This apple is supposed to have originated on Long
Island, where it is highly valued for baking.

Tree vigorous, productive ; Fruit medium, round, some-
what angular, striped red, very sweet and rich ; Use, bak-
ing and stock.

636

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

CLASS III. -ROUND APPLES.

ORDER 11. —IRREGULAR.
SECTION 1.— SWEET.

sub-section 3.— russet.

None.

CLASS IIL— ROUND APPLES.
ORDER II.— IRREGULAR.

SECTION 2.— SOUR.

SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED.

Amei-ican dJolden IPippin,

GOLDEN PIPPIN, of Downing.— NEW YORK GREENING, &C.

Haying mislaid my notes of tliis apple, I am obliged to
quote Mr. Downing's description of this fine fruit, which

Fig. 248. — AMERICAN GOLDEN PIPPIN.

is believed to be American ; cultivated in parts of New
York, and found to be profitable.

CLASS III. — ROUND APPLES. — IL IL I. 637

" Growth strong, similar to that of Rhode Island Green-
ing, but less drooping, making a round, spreading head ;
does not bear young, but very productive when a little
advanced, and a popular fruit where known."

" Form variable, oblate, globular or conic, angular or
ribbed ; Stem stout, short, inserted in a deep cavity ;
Calyx closed, set in an irregular basin ; Skin fine golden
yellow, thinly sprinkled with dots, sometimes slightly
netted with thin russet ; Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy,
nearly melting, with a rich, refreshing, almost vinous,
aromatic flavor ; Core rather large ; November to Feb-
ruary."

Broolce's Pippin.

" Origin, Essex County, Virginia. The original tree is
very large, bears regular and large crops of fruit, which
is always fair, of the largest size, keeps well till May ;
Flesh fine, yellow, juicy and rich, and of the finest flavor ;
young trees grow very thriftily." — [H. R. Robey, Freder-
icksburgh, Ya.]

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conical, obscurely
ribbed, greenish yellow, faintly blushed.

Basin small, shallow, wavy, sometimes furrowed ; Eye
medium, closed.

Cavity deep, wavy, brown ; Stem short, thick.

Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, fine-grained; Flavor acid,
spicy, rich; Quality very good; Season, November to
March.

As grown in Indiana, both tree and fruit resemble the
Newtown Pippin in appearance, and may prove identical
after further trial.

Ciiamplain. .— [Do w»?n?i^. ]

PAPER— PAPER-SKIN.

This very delicate fruit was exhibited before the Ohio
Pomological Society by A. L. Benedict, of Morrow Coun-
ty, as the Paper apple. He obtained the cions from the
celebrated apple region, Grand Isle, Vermont, where it is
sometimes called Charaplain, and where it had been intro-
duced from Rhode Island, without a name, by his friend
Macomber. My friend Benedict informs me that " the
growth of the tree is strong and stocky, and that the fruit

638 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

never scabs nor rots on the tree. It is increasing in es-
teem as it becomes better known, and is preferred to the
Hed Astrachan^ ripening with it. When sent to J. J.
Thomas, he thought it synonymous with the Primate^ but
Jos. Newcomber, having both varieties growing side by
side, assured me they were quite unlike, and that the Pa-
per was much the better apple of the two."

Tree medium size, vigorous, stocky.

Fruit full medium, globular, rather conical, angular ;
Surface smooth, yellowish green, slightly blushed ; Dots
minute, indented.

Basin small, abrupt, folded ; Eye small, long, closed.

Cavity acute, wavy, green ; Stem long, slender.

Core medium, round, slightly open, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, angular, dark ; Flesh white, tender, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic, delicate ; Quality best;
Use, the dessert especially ; Season, August, September.

Fig. 249.— DBAP d'ob.

I>rap d.'Or.

VBAi DBAP d'or. — [Dahamel.]

This is an old French variety, respecting which there is
some uncertainty among cultivators.

CLASS III. — ROUND APPLES. — II. II. I. 639

Fruit large, globular, but variable, being conical-trun-
cate to oblate ; Surface smooth, pale waxen yellow, rarely-
blushed.

Basin wide, plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, brown ; Stem long, inclined, yellow
or red, angular.

Core large, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
angular, long ; Flesh pale yellow, breaking, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality good to best ;
IJse, market, kitchen, table ; Season, August, September.

For the table its place is supplanted by the Ptimate^
Dyer and others.

I>ye]r, oi* Poiuine Royale.

POMME WATER, in Illinois.

Believed to be a French apple, but named Dyer by the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in the belief that it
was a seedling of Rhode Island.

Fig. 250.— DYER, OR POMME ROTALB.

Tree of moderate vigor, spreading, not very productive.

640 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit medium to large, globular, uneven, somewhat an-
gular ; Surface not smooth, pale yellow, vein-russeted ;
Dots numerous, minute, dark.

Basin medium, shallow, folded or plaited ; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity deep, acute, lipped, brown ; Stem long, slender.

Core regular, round, open or closed, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, plump, short ; Flesh yellowish, very tender,
very fine-grained, very juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic,
rich, delicate ; Quality best ; Use, the dessert ; Season,
September, October.

]N"ot attractive in appearance, but very fine for the
amateur.

Origin Pennsylvania. Introduced by Dr. Brinckle in
his ad-interim reports to the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society. Mr. Waring considers it a valuable winter ap-
ple. Tree vigorous, handsome grower in the nursery ;
Shoots erect, dark colored ; an early, regular bearer.

Fruit large, very handsome, roundish, rather angular';
Surface smooth, yellow, with clear bright red in the sun,
not striped ; Dots numerous about the base, greenish.

Basin medium, narrow, plaited ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity medium, acute ; Stem short.

Flesh tender, fine-grained ; Flavor acid, becoming mild,
aromatic, sprightly ; Quality very good ; Season, Febru-
ary to April.

Oolden Ball.

A favorite Maine apple. Tree vigorous, productive,
hardy.

Frut large, round, ribbed; Surface smooth, greenish
yellow; Dots few, distinct, white bases.

Basin deep, abrupt, folded ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity narrow; Stem medium.

Core indistinct, open, clasping ; Seeds defective ; Flesh
yellowish, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich ; Quality
good ; Use, table, kitchen, market ; Season, December to
March in the North.

CLASS III. KOUND APPLES. II. II. I. 641

Origin unknown. Sent from Morgan County, Illinois,
by Professor J. B. Turner, of Jacksonville.

Fruit large, globular, somewhat flattened, irregular,
ribbed, uneven ; Surface smooth, greenish, marked with
gray striae, rarely a faint blush ; Dots white, large.

Fig. 251.— MORGAN WHITE.

Basin abrupt, ribbed ; Eye small but long, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy ; Stem short to medium.

Core small, very wide, open, clasping ; Axis short ;
Seeds numerous, plump, short; Flesh greenish white,
breaking, tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor acid to sub-
acid, agreeable ; Quality good ; Use, kitchen and table ;
Season, September to January.

Peck's Plea<sa,itt.

This fine fruit is credited to Rhode Island. The tree is
healthy, spreading, moderately vigorous, but productive,
and a regular bearer. This apple is said to resemble the
Newtown Pippin, but I have never been able to trace any

642

DESCEIPTIONS OF APPLES.

resemblance, except that both are green ; at any rate there
is no danger of the merest tyro in pomology confounding
the two varieties. There is, however, a remarkable diver-
sity in the fruit arising from the different soils and climates
in which it is cultivated, North and South, and while, like
many other varieties, its size is greatly developed, its
texture and flavor are depreciated in the migrations
southward.

Fruit large, flattened, globular, somewhat angular, or
flattened, sometimes having a shallow sulcus or furrow on

•'^V^\

Fig. 262.— PEGK*S PLEASANT

one side ; Surface smooth, yellow or orange, being some-
times faintly blushed ; Dots gray, with white bases.

Basin rather shallow and folded ; Eye small and open,
calycinal segments being short.

Cavity wide, but often lipped, brown ; Stem short, very-
thick, clubbed or knobby.

CLASS III. — ROUND APPLES. ^IL II. I.

643

Core large, closed, clasping the eye ; Seeds numerous,
angular ; Flesh yellow, tender, breaking, fine-grained ;
Flavor sub-acid and somewhat aromatic ; of first quality
in the Korth ; Us'e, table, kitchen or market ; Season, De-
cember to January, or later.

Primate.

This delicious table apple has strong claims upon our
admiration, on account of its good qualities as a dessert
fruit, for the extreme delicacy of its skin and flesh render
it unfit for market ; it is therefore not profitable for the
commercial orchard.

Tree thrifty, stocky, vigorous, strongly branched, pro-

Fig. 253.— PRIMATE.

ductive ; Shoots stout, short, light olive ; Buds prominent,
foliage pale green.

Fruit full medium, globular, angular, irregular ; Surface
smooth, greenish-yellow, becoming almost white, some-
times faintly blushed ; Dots minute.

Basin abrupt, folded ; Eye small but long, closed ; Seg-
ments reflexed.

644

DESCEIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Cavity acute, wavy, green; Stem medium to long,
thick.

Core medium, round, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
angular, long, dark; Flesh greenish-while, very tender,
fine-grained ; Flavor mild sub-acid, very agreeable ; Qual-
ity best; Use, the dessert ; Season, July and August.

Progress.

!N"ot having had the good fortune to study this apple, I
qucffce the description given by Downing ;

" A native of Middletown, Connecticut. Tree a moder-
ate grower and forms a handsome head, bears early and
very productive.

''Size above medium, rather globular, inclining to conic,
sometimes oblate, somewhat angular ; Stem short, insert-
ed into a round cavity, surrounded by russet ; Calyx large,
partially closed, set in a shallow, open basin ; Skin smooth,
yellow, with a sunny cheek, sometimes a few scattered,
gray dots; Flesh solid, tender, crisp, juicy, Avith a very
refreshing, vinous flavor. Ripe October until April."

Fig. 254.— QUINCE.

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. — II. IT. I. 645

Quince.

cole's quince.

This does not appear to he exactly the same as that de-
scrihed hy Coxe, and later hy Downing. This fruit is not
very extensively cultivated. The specimens described are
from that precise pomologist T. T. Lyon, of Michigan.

Fruit full medium, globular, angular, ribbed ; Surface
smooth, greenish-yellow, pale.

Basin narrow, folded, plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, wavy ; Stem medium, yellow.

Core oval, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds numerous,
angular, plump, brown; Flesh yellowish-white, tender,
fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality
good for cooking ; Season, November to January.

Septemljer.

This apple is highly esteemed by Mr. W. G. Waring,
of Center County, Pennsylvania, where it originated.

Tree hardy and vigorous, a good and regular bearer.

"Fruit large, globular, somewhat depressed, slightly
conic, angular ; Skin yellow, slightly shaded and thinly
sprinkled with brown dots ; Stalk short, inserted in a deep,
abrupt cavity, surrounded by thin russet ; Calyx partially
closed, set in an open basin ; Flesh yellowish, tender,

f'uicy, with a very agreeable sub-acid flavor ; October." —
Downing.]

Slueepiiose — of Mvars.

This substantial little apple was presented by Wm.
E. Mears, a zealous horticulturist of Clermont County,
Ohio, where it is considerably cultivated. Origin un-
known.

Fruit medium, round, slightly conic, irregular ; Surface
smooth, greenish yellow, white striae about the base, like
White Winter Pearmain^ which it resembles in some other
respects ; Dots minute.

Basin shallow, wavy ; Eye long, closed.

Cavity acute, narrow, bronzed ; Stem medium, knobbed.

Core roundish oval, irregular, open, clasping ; Seeds nu-
merous, plump, dark; Flesh yellowish-white, breaking,
tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality good ; Use, table
and kitchen ; Season, December to February.

646

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

SiimnLer Pippin.

A favorite apple about New York — ^not known exten-
sively. Tree vigorous, forming a beautiful head, a regular
and good bearer.

Fruit medium to large, variable in form, sometimes ob-
long-oval, or inclining to conic, angular and irregular; Skin
pale waxen yellow, shaded with a delicate crimson blush.

Fig. 255. — SUMMER PIPPIN.

and sprinkled with green and grayish dots ; Stalk varies
in length and thickness, inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity ;
Calyx closed, set in a deep, abrupt, corrugated basin ;
Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, with a pleasant, re-
freshing sub-acid flavor ; Valuable for culinary uses ; Rip-
ens in August and continues a month or more. — [Downing.]

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. II. II. I.

647

Transport.

Another of Keuben Kagan's Indiana seedlings. Tree
])oor in the nursery — good in the orchard. Very produc-
tive.

Fruit large, globular, flattened, angular; Surface
smooth, pale yellow, blushed carmine; Dots scattered,

Fig. 256.— TRANSPORT.

green, with white bases, becoming purple where exposed ;
Bloom white.

Basin medium, plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, brown ; Stem medium to long.

Core irregular, closed, clasping ; Axis short ; Seeds dark,
pointed, imperfect ; Flesh, yellowish- white, tender, melt-
ing, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, rich; Qual-
ity good to very good ; Use, table, kitchen, market ; Sea-
son, December to February. 'Not very profitable.

IfFliite Pippin.

The origin of this valuable fruit is entirely unknown,
and its history can only be traced to the nursery of Silas

648

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Wharton, who may have brought it with him from the
East. For a time some of our leading pomologists
thought it was the Canada Reinette^ but this idea has
long since been relinquished, and all agree that it is sui
generis^ though it may have had a different name. In
some of its external characters it more nearly resembles

FiiJr. 257.— WHITE pippin.

the Yellow Newtown Pippin than any other fruit ; but,
whi^e it lacks the high, spicy flavor of that apple, it is
found to be much more profitable in the orchard.

The tree is remarkably thrifty, vigorous and produc-
tive, upright, with very dark shoots, covered with down,
bearing large leaves that are quite downy beneath, and
deep green above.

Fruit large, variable in form, angular, sometimes lop-
sided, generally fair, free from scab; Surface smooth, green
or greenish-white to very pale yellow when ripe; the
skin toward the base is often marked on the uniipe apple
with indistinct wavy stripes of white, the interspaces are
sometimes colored by exposure, and assume a pink or pur-

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. IL II. I.

649

plish hue, making the fruit appear to be striped ; Dots
very minute, and surrounded by green bases that are
most distinct before the fruit is perfectly ripe ; these and
the white stripes are very characteristic.

Basin deep, abrupt, regular, wavy or folded ; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity wide, deep, wavy, brown and green : Stem short,
sometimes thick.

Core small, pyriform, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
angular, pale brown, pointed ; Flesh white or yellowish-
white, breaking, granular, juicy ; Flavor acid to sub-acid,
not spicy ; Quality good ; ITse, kitchen rather than table,
cooks very well ; Season, December and January ; not a
very good keeper ; may be preserved until March.

The origin of this variety of. the Newtown Pippin, whicn
has obtained such a world-wide notoriety as the " Ameri-

Fis:. 258.— TELLOW newtown.

can Apple," is very uncertain. The distinction between
this and the Gfreen Newtown^ as described under Class III,
I, 2, 1, was well known to Coxe.

28

650 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Tree resembling that of the Green variety, slow grow-
er in the nursery, having rough bark when old, not an
early bearer, but large, spreading, and productive, and in
suitable soils profitable. From some cause, however, the
orchards of both these apples are much less satisfactory in
their results than formerly in many parts of the country.
Still it is often seen in great perfection, and I am compil-
ing this description from outlines and notes of a large
number that were very fine.

Fruit large, round, more or less modified by being cyl-
indrical, truncated, lop-sided, ribbed, and irregular, some-
times even conic ; Surface smooth, yellowish-green, some-
times bronzy, becoming yellow when ripe, like the White
Pippin, it is marked with gray strisB near the base while
green ; Dots minute, scattered, whitish bases.

Basin large, folded, ribbed or plaited ; Eye medium,
rather open.

Cavity deep, acute, brown ; Stem medium or short, rarely
long.

Core medium, oval, regular, closed, meeting or clasping
the eye ; Seeds pointed, brown, sometimes imperfect ; Flesh
yellow, firm, breaking, juicy, not crisp like the Green va-
riety ; Flavor acid, aromatic, rich, very agreeable ; Quality
best ; Use, table, kitchen, market and cider ; Season, March.

CLASS III.— ROUND APPLES.

ORDER II.— IRREGULAR.

SECTION 2.— SOUR.

SUB-SECTION 2.— STRIPED.

Renoui.

This handsome and delicious early apple is a native of
Dedham, Massachusetts. Its good qualities have caused
its culture to be widely extended, and it appears to give
very general satisfaction ; though not so early as some
other kinds, for the dessert especially, it is indispensable to
the amateur.

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. II. IL IL

651

Tree small, upright, close, productive, early bearer;
Shoots slender, brown, leaves thin, long.

Fruit small to medium, round, truncated, somewhat an-
gular, irregular; Surface smooth, yc41o\v, covered mixed
red, striped scarlet and carmine; Dots minute.

Basin wide, abrupt ; Eye large, open or closed.

Fig. 259.— BENONi.

Cavity acute, wavy, brown ; Stem medium, green, often
stout.

Core small, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds angular,
dark; Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor rich, sub-
acid, spicy ; Quality best ; Use, dessert, kitchen and mar-
ket; Season, July and August. Delicious and profitable.

ISi*emia;iii a.iL •

This fine apple, from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania,
was reported on by the ad interim Committee of the
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and was brought to
my notice by Dr. J. K. Eshleman, of Downingtown, in
whose beautiful orchard I had an opportunity of studying
the variety.

Tree large, spreading, vigorous, productive, said to be
hardy.

652

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit medium to large, round, somewhat angular; Sur-
face smooth, yellow, nearly covered with stripes of bright
rich red.

Basin deep, wavy ; Eye closed.

Cavity large, brown ; Stem short to medium.

Flesh whitish, breaking, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid, agreeable ; Quality good, especially for cuhnary
use and market ; Season, August and September.

Cliroiiicle.

This is a famous long keeper of Indiana origin. The
honors of its discovery are divided between the Sigersons
and R. Ragan.

Tree vigorous, healthy, productive, said to be hardy.

Fruit full medium to large, globular, truncated, cylin-
drical, irregular, flattened at the sides or angular ; Axis

Fig. 260.— CHKONICLE.

inclined in some ; Surface yellowish-green to yellow, mix-
ed and striped dull red ; Dots large, scattered, yellow, in-
dented.

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. IL II. n. 653

Basin, wide, deep, regular or wavy ; Eye small to me-
dium, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy or acute, sometimes lipped, brown ;
Stem medium to long, sometimes thick.

Core small, closed, meeting ; Seeds numerous, pointed,
plump; Flesh greenish to yellow, firm ; Flavor sub-acid, not
spicy ; Quality scarcely good, except for culinary Use and
for mnrket ; Season, March to May. Keeps sound even
when bruised.

l^oiiiidliiig'.

" From Massachusetts. Tree moderately vigorous,
spreading, productive." — [Downing.]

Fruit medium to large, round, flattened at the ends, an-
gular or uneven ; Surface yellowish-green, mixed red,
splashed deep red; Dots minute, indented.

Basin wide, abrupt, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy, green ; Stem short or me-
dium.

Core large, wide, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous, small,
pointed; Flesh white, tender, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality good ; Use, table ; Season,
September.

Specimens obtained from Mr. Warren.

Jersey Black.

BLACK APPLE of Coxe ?

This admirable but unpretending fruit has extended its
way quietly through the country, along the parallels 40^
to 42°, without ever having had any extra puffing, such
as has given notoriety to some of its competitors for places
in the orchard. ISTobody speaks about this apple, nor
writes about it, and yet it is everywhere to be found. This
cannot be the Black Apple of Coxe and Downing, being
quite different in some of its strong characters. Origin
unknown , supposed to have been introduced into the West
by Silas Wharton, of Warren County, Ohio, as it is found
with the White Pippin and other favorite sorts of his in-
troduction, and is in his published list.

Tree sufficiently vigorous, but does not grow large,
spreading, often drooping when old, branches open, always
fruitful, either well distributed hi a light crop, or crowded
in a full one.

654

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit full medium, round, angular and irregular, some-
times ribbed ; Surface smooth, completely covered with
deep red, striped darker, giving a purple, almost black
hue to the fruit, often covered with a thin bloom ; one va-
riety is always lighter, stripes more distinct, and the flesh
more stained ; Dots numerous, minute, indented, purple.

Basin mostly shallow, folded and plaited ; Eye small to
medium, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, brown, often wavy or folded ; Stem
short, medium or long, usually stout, sometimes knobbed.

Fig. 261. — JERSEY BLACK.

Core medium, regular, generally closed, clasping the
eye ; Seeds numerous, short, plump, pointed, dark ; Flesh
yellow, crisp, fine-grained; juicy, often stained pink or red-
dish ; Flavor rich, mild sub-acid, aromatic, not spicy, sat-
isfying; Quality good; Use, table, kitchen, cider and for
stock ; Season, December, January ; keeps sound. A good
market apple.

CLASS III. — ^EOUND APPLES. — ^IL IL IL

655

King.

KING OF TOMPKINS COUNTY.

This Splendid apple, which has attracted so much atten-
tion of recent years, had its origin, as is supposed, in
Tompk'jis County, N^ew York, where it has been much
cultivated.

Tree vigorous, healthy, large and spreading, an abund-
ant annual bearer.

Fruit large, handsome, globular, irregular, somewhat

Fig. 263.— KING.

conic, angular ; Surface smooth, yellow, covered deep red,
marbled and striped ; Dots numerous, gray, large.

Basin shallow, folded ; Eye large, short, closed.

Cavity wide, shallow, wavy ; Stem short or long, thick .
or slender, red.

Core very large, turbinate, regular, closed ; Seeds im-
perfect^ angular ; Flesh yellowish- white, tender, breaking ;
Flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality best ; TJse, table,
kitchen and market ; Season, December and longer.

656

DESCEIPTIONS OF APPLES.

JVIissouri Keeper*.

Specimens from I^orman J. Colman, Esq., Editor of the
Rural World, St. Louis, Missouri. Origin unknown.

Fruit medium to small, round, irregular; Surface
smooth, shaded, mixed, striped red; Dots numerous, large,
white, distinct.

Basin abrupt, regular ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity narrow, regular ; Stem medium to short, knobby,
thick.

Core regular, closed ; Seeds numerous, long, plump, an-
gular; Flesh yellow, breaking, tender, fine-grained, juicy ;
Flavor sub-acid ; Quality good to very good ; Use, table,
market and kitchen ; Season, January to July.

Specimens cut and described on the 25th of June were
in perfect condition.

Pig. 263.— NONPAREIL.

r¥oiipa.i*eil.

The history and origin of this nice autumn fruit have
not been ascertained, and it may prove to be an old va-

CLASS III. ROUND APPLES. — II. II. II. 65T

riety with a changed name — considerably grown in Nor-
thern Illinois. Specimens from Dr. Geo. Haskell, of Rock-
ford, are here described.

Fruit medium to large, round, somewhat conic, angu-
lar, ribbed ; Surface smooth, waxy -yellow, splashed crim-
son ; Dots minute.

Basin shallow, folded and plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy, sometimes lipped ; Stem long
to medium, thick, green.

Core wide, regular, open, meeting the eye ; Seeds nu-
merous, angular, brown ; Flesh white, tender, fine-grained,
juicy; Flavor acid, aromatic; Quality quite good; Use,
table ; Season, September and October.

SteTrart's Nonpareil — ^Local Name.

This early apple is quite a favorite in Clarke County,
Ohio, and may prove to be the Tetofski, or some other
known variety, when it comes to be more thoroughly ex-
amined. Fruits received from my brother, J. T. Warder.

Fruit medium, roundish, conical, irregular, angular ; Sur-
'face smooth, yellowish-green, splashed carmine ; Dots mi-
nute, scattered, indented.

Basin small, abrupt, folded ; Eye very small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, narrow ; Stem long, slender.

Core large, oval, open, clasping the eye ; Seeds numer-
ous, brown ; Flesh white, tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Fla-
vor sub-acid ; Quality good to best ; Use, table and kitch-
en ; Season, July and August, in latitude 40"^.

Tetofski.

This little foreigner was brought from Russia, and seems
as well adapted to our climate and tastes as are its com-
panions from the same region.

Tree vigorous, hardy, productive, upright, leaves broad,
pale or light green.

Fruit small to medium, round, flattened, somewhat conic,
angular; Surface smooth, yellow, striped, splashed car-
mine, white bloom.

Basin shallow, folded ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, or deep, acute ; Stem short, yellow.
" 28*

658 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Core large, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous, plump,
brown ; Flesh yellowish-white, breaking, fine grained,
juicy ; Flavor acid; Quality good; Use, market, kitchen;
Season, June, July — before Early Harvest.

CLASS III.— ROUKD APPLES.
ORDER IL— IRREGULAR.
SECTION 2.— SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 3.— RUSSET.

OoldLen Harvey,

BRANDY APPLE.

This highly flavored English apple is often referred to,
but is rarely seen in American collections ; but as it may-
be interesting to some, I quote Downing's brief descrip-
tion :

" Fruit small, irregularly round ; Skin rather rough, dull
russet over a yellow ground, with a russety red cheek;.
Flesh yellow, of fine texture, with a rich sub-acid flavor.
The fruit is apt to shrivel."

Tree of slender growth.

CLASS IV.— OBLONG APPLES.
ORDER I.— REGULAR.

SECTION 1.— SWEET
SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED.

l>OYriiiiig;^s Paraig^on.

Originated at Canton, Illinois. Tree upright, bears an-
nually, productive.

Fruit large, round, but appearing oblong, regular •, Sur-
face smooth, yellow to golden, slightly bronzed or blushed
when fully ripe ; this and the dots can scarcely be seen
while the fruit is immature.

CLASS rV. OBLONG APPLES. ^I, L I,

659

Basin deep, abrupt, plaited ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, irregular ; Stem long.

Core very small, oval, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds

Fig. 264.— downing' s paragon.

numerous, plump ; Flesh very tender ; Flavor sweet, rich,
aromatic ; Quality good ; Use, table ; September to De-
cember.

Honey.

Native of Pennsylvania. Tree very erect and an excel-
lent bearer. Fruit rather small, oblong or oblong-conical,
greenish ; Flesh tender, juicy. If this apple ripened in
October (apple butter season) it Avould be more valuable.
— [W. G. Waring's MS.]

Pennsylvania. S^n^eeting,

Found in Southern Illinois. Origin and history un-
known.

660

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit large, oblongs regular ; Surface dull greenish-yel-
low; Dots numerous, dark, discinct.

Basin deep, abrupt, regular ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, irregular ; Stem medium.

Core irregular, large, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous.

Fig. 265.— PENNSYLVANIA SWEETINQ.

small ; Flesh tender, melting, fine-grained ; Flavor very
sweet ; Quality good ; Use, baking and stock ; Season,
early winter.

CLASS IV, OBLONG APPLES. — I. I. I. 661

Wells' Sweeting:.

Origin and history unknown.

Fruit medium, round or oblong, regular; Surface
smooth, white, some blush ; Dots scattered, prominent.
Basin wide, regular, leather-cracked ; Eye large, closed.

Fig. 266. — wells' swEETme.

Cavity medium, regular, green ; Stem medium.

Core pyriform, closed ; Seeds numerous, angular, plump ;
Flesh white, firm, juicy ; Flavor sweet ; Use, baking and
stock ; Season, October and December.

662

DESCRIPTIOISS OF APPLES.

CLASS lY.— oblo:n^g apples.

ORDER I.— REGULAR.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 2.— STRIPED.

Black €rillifloTvei-.

An old variety, which cannot be very highly praised,
for it is but an indifferent fruit, and yet, on account of its
productiveness and keeping properties, it is considered
profitable for orchard planting.

Fruit rather large, oblong-ovate, regular ; Surface near-

Fig. 267. — BLACK eiLLIFLOWER.

ly covered with stripes of very deep red that make it look
nearly black.

Basin very shallow, often plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, brown ; Stem long, slender.

CLASS IV. — OBLONG APPLES. — L I. II. 663

Core very large, oval, regular, meeting the eye ; Seeds
numerous, plump or imperfect ; Flesh whitish, dry ; Flavor
only sweet ; Use, essentially market, may be valuable for
stock ; Season, November to March.

Mother.

Origin Bolton, Massachusetts. Tree rather slender, but
productive.

Fruit medium to full medium, oblong, regular 5 Surface

Fig. 268.— MOTHEK.

smooth, shaded red on yellow, with close, fine stripes of
red ; Dots minute.

Basin medium, regular or plaited; Eye long, small,
closed.

Cavity acute, regular or wavy ; Stem long, slender.

Core medium, turbinate, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds
numerous; Flesh yellow, crisp, very fine-grained, juicy;

664 DESCEIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Flavor sweet, very rich, vinous, aromatic ; Quality best ;
Use, dessert ; Season, October to January.

RaiiiNdell's Red.

Origin Connecticut. Tree vigorous, upright, many
branches, productive, early bearer ; Shoots slender, red-
dish ; Foliage rather light green.

Fruit medium to large, oblong, regular, truncated ; Sur-

Fig. 269.— ramsdell's hed.

face smooth, yellow, hidden by bright red, mixed and
striped ; Dots numerous, yellow, distinct.

Basin rather deep, abrupt, wavy ; Eye small to medium,
closed.

CLASS IV. — OBLONG APPLES. — L IL 1. 665

Cavity deep, acute, wavy ; Stem medium to long, often
red.

Core large, oval, closed, clasping the eye ; Seeds large ;
Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy; Flavor very sweet, rich;
Quality very good ; Use, baking and stock ; Season, Sep-
tember to December.

CLASS IV.— OBLO]!^G APPLES.
OKDER I.— REGULAR.

SECTION L— SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 3.— RUSSET.

iVlansfield. Russet.

" Brought into notice by Dr. Joseph Mansfield, of Gro-
ton, Massachsetts. Tree vigorous and very productive.
Fruit small, oblong, inclining to conic ; Skin cinnamon
russet ; Stem long, inserted in a deep, furrowed cavity ;
Calyx partially closed, set in an open basin ; Flesh not
very juicy, rich, aromatic, saccharine, vinous ; Keeps un-
til April and May." — [Downing.]

CLASS lY.-OBLONG APPLES.

ORDER L— REGULAR.

SECTION 2. -SOUR.

SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED.

Itailey^s Oolden.

" Origin Kennebec County, Maine. Tree productive ;
Fruit large, oblong, flattened at base and. crown ; Skin
yellowish, slightly russeted, with a warm cheek ; Stem
short, surrounded by russet, in abroad, deep cavity ; Calyx
large and open, basin shallow ; Flesb white, with a pleas-
ant sub-acid flavor ; January to March." — [Downing.j

666

PESCEIPTIOIfS OF APPLES.

Carolina Red. June.

Origin southern, though long extensively grown in the
North, and everywJjere in the West a favorite early fruit.

Tree hardy, vigorous, healthy, upright, early bearer,
productive ; Shoots slender, dark ; Foliage dark.

Fig. 270.— CAROLINA RED JUNE.

Fruit small to medium^ form variable, but generally ob-
long-ovate, regular; Surface smooth, deep red on white,
nearly universal ; Dots minute.

Basin shallow, folded, plaited ; Eye small, closed ; Seg-
ments reflexed.

Cavity narrow, acute; Stem medium or short.

Core oval, open, meeting the eye ; Seeds numerous,
small, plump ; Flesh white, very tender, fine-grained, juicy ;
Flavor sub-acid, not rich; Quality good; Use, table and
markdl ; Season, June and July — one of the earliest.

CLASS IV. OBLONG APPLES. 1. II. I.

667

There is a striped variety, the Striped June^ from Vir-
ginia, similar in every respect except the external mark-
ings. It is, of course, quite different from the" Virginia
June, — (Q. vide p. 500.)

Cra\^iord. Keeper.

This fruit was received from H. IsT. Gillett, Lawrence
County, Ohio.

Fruit large, cylindrical, oblong, lop-sided ; Surface
smooth, purplish red ; Dots numerous, fawn colored.

Basin wide, shallow, wavy ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, regular, rough, brown ; Stem medium.

Core regular, open; Seeds numerous, brown; Flesh yel-
low, breaking, tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid,
rich ; Quality good to veiy good ; Use, table ; Season,
February to April. Yery desirable.

Fig. '^71. — CUMBERLAND SPICE.

668

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Ciim1>erl£uid. Spice.

Origin JsTew Jersey; not very extensively cultivated,
for, though sometimes excellent, it is not found to be a
profitable sort.

Fruit rather oblong, contracted toward the eye, or
ovate, regular ; sometimes the Axis is inclined ; Surface
pale yellow ; Dots large, brown, scattered.

Basin shallow, regular or folded ; Eye large, partially
closed.

Cavity deep, acute ; Stem generally long.

Core large, round, very open, not touching the eye ;
Seeds numerous, large, pointed ; Flesh yellow, tender,
breaking, juicy; Flavor acid to sub-acid, rich, aromatic;
Quality good to best, but uncertain ; Use, table, kitchen,
not profitable ; Season, October to December.

Curtis Oreeiiing-.

This fruit was found in Illinois ; origin uncertain.

Fig. 273. — CURTIS GREEIflNa.

Fruit medium to large, cylindrical, oblong, truncated;

CLASS ly. OBLONG APPLES. 1. 11. L

669

Axis inclined; Surface yellow, bronzy; Dots numerous,
dark, indented.

Basin abrupt, wide, regular ; Eye large, open.

Cavity deep, acute, regular ; Stem short.

Core small, iig-shaped, closed, clasping ; Seeds numer-
ous, small, plump ; Flesh yellow, breaking ; Flavor sub-
acid, rich ; Quality good ; Use, table and kitchen ; Season,
January and February.

I>aTvsoii's Cliisfei*.

From Clark County, Ohio.

Fruit full medium, oblong-truncate or ovate, regular ;

Fig. 273. — DAWSON'S cluster.

Surface smooth, pale yellow, blushed lightly with brown;
Dots scattered, gray.

Basin abrupt, regular ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity very acute, wavy ; Stem long, with a knob.

Core medium, heart-shaped, regular, closed, clasping ;
Seeds numerous, plump, large ; Flesh yellowish- white, fine-

670

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

grained, tender, juicy; Flavor sub-acid; Quality good;
IJse, kitchen, but chiefly recommended for cider ; Sea^n,
November. An enormous bearer.

IFra/iikliii Oolden. *

hughes' AMERICAN GOLDEN PIPPIN.

Tree thrifty, upright, moderately productive ; Fruit ob-
long, cylindrical ; Surface smooth, yellow ; Dots distinct,
gray, not numerous.

Basin wide, shallow, finely plaited ; Eye long, closed.

Cavity medium, greenish ; Stem long.

Core small, pyriform, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds
plump, pointed ; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy ;
Flavor acid, rich ; Quality very good ; Use, table ; Sea-
son, mid-winter.

A choice dessert fruit.

Another apple of similar and equally high character.
Origin, Brooke County, Virginia. Introduced to the
State Pomological Society by our zealous fellow member

Fig. 274.— GRIMES' GOLDEN.
* Fall Butter, on page 617, l:}elong:s here.

CLASS IV. OBLONG APPLES. — I. II. L

671

S. B. Marshall, Massillon, Ohio, wlio obtained it from IST.
Wood, of Belmont County.

Tree vigorous, healthy, spreading, productive, bears
early ; Shoots stout, dark ; Foliage abundant, dark green.

Fruit full medium, cylindrical, regular; Surface yellow,
vein-russeted ; Dots numerous, minute.

Basin abrupt, folded ; Eye large, closed.

Cavity wide, regular, green ; Stem long, curvea.

Core small, pyriform, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, plump, brown ; Flesh yellow, firm, breaking,
very fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatio, s{)icy,
rich, refreshing ; Quality very best ; Use, dessert, too
good for aught else ; those who have tried it say that it is
excellent for cooking ; Season, January to March.

Kirlcl>i-iase \riiite.

This fruit has been pretty extensively cultivated in
some parts of the Western States, and sometimes mistaken

Fig. 275.— KIRKBRIDGE WHITE.

for the Yellow June, Tree of moderate growth, bears
early, productive.

672

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fruit small, oblong-conic, regular ; Surface smooth,
pale yellow or white ; Dots minute, gray, scattered.

Basin small, shallow or abrupt, narrow^, regular ; Eye
small, closed ; Segments reflexed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown ; Stem long, slender,
green.

Core medium, pyriforra, regular, open, meeting the eye ;
Seeds numerous, plump, pointed, brown; Flesh white,
fine-grained, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality very
good ; Use, table, market ; Season, July, August, after
Early Harvest.

Fig. 276.— ORTLET.

CLASS ly. — OBLONG APPLES. — 1. U. I. 673

Ortley.

WHITE BELLPLOWER, And Many Others.

This excellent IN'ew Jersey apple has been cultivated
very satisfactorily over a great extent of our country, and
is still seen in some Western collections, exhibiting all its
peculiar beauty, but in many places where it was a great
favorite but a few years since, it has become so defective
from scab and bitter-rot that it is rapidly disappearing
from the nurseries and orchards.

Tree vigorous, healthy, upright, becoming large and
spreading, very productive ; Shoots stout, dark, bearing
limbs brittle, and often broken by the fruit.

Fruit large, oblong, conic, truncated, regular ; Surface
smooth, pale yellow, rarely blushed light carmine, and
red spots; Dots minute, indented, white bases seen only
in the unripe fruit.

Basin medium, regular, plaited ; Eye small, very long,
closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown ; Stem long, slender.

Core medium, oval, regular, open, meeting the very long
eye; Seeds numerous, short, plump, pointed, dark, easily
loosened, when they rattle in the large open capsules ; Flesh
yellowish, tender, breaking, juicy; Flavor acid to sub-
acid, sprightly, refreshing ; Quality best ; Use, table,
kitchen ; Season, November to January.

The threatened failure of this fine fruit is much to be
regretted. Its tissue is so fine as to suit even the invalid
or convalescent, who could not safely partake of a more
solid apple.

Porter.

Native of Sherburne, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous,
healthy, productive.

Fruit rather large, oblong, somewhat conic, often trun-
cated; Surface smooth, yellow, often faintly blushed;
Dots few, sunken.

Basin abrupt, folded; Eye large, closed.

Cavity acute, wavy, brown ; Stem medium.

Core medium, oval, regular, closed, meeting the eye ;
Seeds numerous, plump ; Flesh yellowish white, breaking,
tender, juicy ; Flavor acid to sub-acid ; Quality good to
very good ; Use, kitchen, table, market ; Season, August
to October.
29

674

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fig. 277. — PORTER.

Spark's.

spark's late.

Fruited by Jas. H. Grain, of Undulation, Pulaski County,
Illinois, on trees received from J. W. Felt & Co., Crystal
Springs, Mississippi.

Special origin unknown, but believed to be southern.
Tree vigorous, upright and productive ; Shoots stout.

Fruit full medium to large, oblong, conic, regular, hand-
some ; Surface greenish-yellow ; Dots numerous, rather
large, gray and rough.

Basin shallow, small, regular ; Eye very small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, green; Stem medium to
long.

Core medium, oval, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds nu-
merous, plump ; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich, very aromatic ; Use, dessert
especially ; Season, December and January ; Qualitv best.

CLASS IV.— -OBLONG APPLES. 1. II. II.

675

Fig. 278.— SPARK'S.

CLASS lY,— OBLON^G APPLES.
ORDER I.— REGULAR.
SECTION 2.— SOUK.
SUB-SECTION 2.— STRIPED.

"A seedling of Center County, Pennsylvania. Large,
oblong, inclining to conical, delicately mottled, and striped
with red on yellow ground ; Stem short, thick, inserted in
a deep, acuminate, russeted cavity ; Basin deep, moder-
ately wide; Flesh yellow, juicy, sprightly, refreshing;
Very good ; February." — [Ad interim Reports.]

676

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Mr. Waring, of Tyrone, Pe insylvania, writes me that
the Boalsburg has not proved to be productive, and that
he has discontinued its propagation.

Cannon !Pesii*niain.

A southern apple; probably from ^NTorth Carolina.
Grown to some extent in parts of the West, where it
proves a substitute for the Ben Davis, keeping longer.

Fig. 279. — CANNON PEARMAIN.

Tree vigorous, healthy, productive when old; Fruit
medium, round, oblong or ovate, regular ; Surface smooth,
yellow, shaded red, faintly striped ; Dots large, yellow,
gray.

Basin deep, abrupt, regular, rarely wavy ; Eye small,
closed.

Cavity acute, often lipped ; Stem long, slender, red.

Core medium, regular, oval, closed, clasping; Seeds
numerous, long, pointed ; Flesh yellow, firm, breaking ;

CLASS IV. — OBLONG APPLES. 1. IL II. 677

Flavor mild sub-acid ; Quality only good ; Use, market,
kitchen, table ; Season, January to April.

Cooper's Market.

" Tree vigorous, upright, with long, slender branches ;
productive and a late keeper.

" Fruit medium, oblong, conic ; Skin yellowish, shaded
with red, striped crimson ; Stem short ; Cavity deep, nar-
row ; Calyx closed ; Basin small ; Flesh white, tender,
with a brisk, sub-acid flavor ; December to May."—
[Downing.]

Fall Butter.— [i. Jmes.] *

There are many apples with this name, but ray good
friend Lewis Jones thinks this is the only genuine kind,
and deserving the name from its adaptation to the making
of apple butter. Found in a seedling orchard of Eastern
Indiana, and a distinct sort.

Fruit large, handsome, globular ; Surface smooth, green-
ish-yellow ; Dots minute, prominent.

Basin regular, abrupt, brown ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, narrow, green ; Stem short.

Core medium, round, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
short, plump, dark ; Flesh yellowish-white, breaking, fine-
grained, juicy ; Flavor sweet ; Quality best for table, bak-
ing and apple butter ; Season, December and January.

Hag'ii.e.

Introduced by Lewis Jones, Wayne County, Indiana.
Believed to be a seedling.

Fruit large, roundish, oblong, cylindrical, truncate ;
Surface smooth, greenish yellow, shaded more or less
with red, striped and splashed deep red ; Dots numerous
or scattered, large, distinct, yellow.

Basin medium, regular ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown ; Stem short to me-
dium, curved.

Core large, heart-shaped, regular, closed or open, clasp-
ing ; Seeds numerous, short, pointed, plump ; Flesh yel-
low, tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic,
rich ; Quality very good to best ; Use, table, market ;
Season, December to February. Worthy of attention.

* See page 670.

678

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Fig. 280.— HAGUE.

Herman.

Tie

'' From Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. Tree vigor-
ous, spreading, quite prolific.

Fruit medium, oblong, conic ; fine red, striped on green ,
Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, and high
flavor ; November to April" — [Saml. Miller, in Downing.]

Indiana Beanty.

This beautiful Indiana seedling always attracts attention
by its external appearance, but it is not destined to be-
come a general favorite.

Fruit large, cylindrical, oblong, unequal ; Axis in-
clined ; Surface very smooth yellow, partially covered
mixed scarlet, splashed carmine ; Dots numerous, small.

CLASS IV. — OBLONG APPLES. — L II, II. 679

Basin deep, abrupt, folded ; Eye medium to large, closed.

Cavity acute, wavy ; Stem medium.

Core small, oval, closed, clasping the eye; Seeds nu-

Fig, 281. — INDIANA BEAUTY.

merous, long, pointed, imperfect; Flesh yellowish, breaking,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality only good ;
Use, market, kitchen ; Season, September, N ovember.

Joiia.tIia.li.

Origin, Kingston, New York. Described by Judge
Buell. A very superior dessert fruit ; good for all pur-
poses, and seems to do well everywhere. Its excellence has
caused it to be called, particularly, a gentleman's apple,
though quite acceptable to the farmers' boys.

Tree of rather slender growth; hence top-grafted in
. the orchard and stock-grafted in the nursery to produce

680

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

early results ; Spreading, rather drooping, productive ;
Shoots slender, light brown, buds small ; Foliage rather
sparse, grayish.

Fruit medium, round or oblong, conic, truncated, regu-
lar ; Surface very smooth, waxy yellow, wholly covered

Fiff. 283.— JONATHAN.

brilliant dark red, mixed and striped ; Dots minute, rus-
set-veined.

Basin deep, regular, russet-veined ; Eye small, closed,
green.

Cavity acute, deep, regular, reddish brown ; Stem long,
slender.

Core medium, roundish-oval, regular, closed, scarcely
clasping the eye ; Seeds numerous, large, angular ; Flesh
whitish yellow, tender, breaking, very juicy ; Flavor sub-
acid, aromatic, equal to Spitzenberg ; Quality best ; Use,
dessert, cooking, &c. ; December, January.

Should be in every orchard.

CLASS IV. OBLONG APPLES. 1. II. II.

681

Kaiglm^s Spitzenberg-.— [Cbxe.]

From Gloucester County, New Jersey. Tree spread-
ing, very pi'oductive; Shoots slender.

Fruit large, handsome, oblong, slightly conic, truncated,
regular ; Surface smooth, yellow, striped crimson ; Dots
minute.

Basin deep, abrupt, folded or regular ; Eye medium,
closed ; Segments reflexed.

Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown ; Stem long, slender,
red.

Core large, pyrifonn, regular, clasping, generally open ;
Seeds numerous, plump, angular, loose; Flesh yellow,

Fig. 283.— kaighn's spitzenberg.

breaking, juicy; Flavor acid to sub-acid, rather rich;
Quality good for culinary use ; Market and drying ; Sea-
son, November, December.
29*

682 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Kiioi;rIes' Early.

A favorite early apple about Philadelphia. Origin sup-
posed to be Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

Tree medium, thrifty, very productive, early bearer.

Fruit small, conical, oblong, striped dull red on yellow.

Basin shallow, plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity acute, regular ; Stem medium to long.

Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy ; Flavor mild sub-
acid, aromatic, agreeable ; Quality good ; Use, table,
kitchen ; Season, July and Ausust.

IjOU^ Island. l*eai*iiiaiii. — [Coxs.]
AUTUMN PEARMAiN, Thompson, according to Downing. — ^winter pear-
main, Western markets.

An old variety found in all the early orchards of Ohio
and Indiana, that were within the influence of Silas Whar-
ton's nursery. A good, profitable variety that has been
overlooked in the rage for novelties.

Tree large, spreading, very productive ; Fruit full me-
dium, round, elongated, tapering slightly from the base,
always truncated at the apex, regular ; Surface smooth,
yellowish green, covered with dull red, and striped maroon ;
Dots numerous, minute, gray ; russet-veined towards the
base.

Basin regular, wide, rather deep, slightly leather-
cracked ; Eye medium, open ; Segments long.

Cavity rather wide ; Stem long.

Core medium, heart-shaped, regular, closed, not clasp-
ing ; Seeds numerous, large, plump, brown ; Flesh yellow,
breaking, firm, not very juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic,
rich, agreeable ; Quality good ; Use, family and market ;
Season, November till March.

Rlarston^s Red liVinter*

As I have never seen this fruit, I again quote from
Downing :

" I received this beautiful apple from Nathan Norton,
of Greenland, New Hampshire, who said the original tree
was more than a hundred years old, and still standing.

" Tree hardy, of moderate growth, great bearer, and
keeps as well as Baldwin, and by many preferred to that
variety, and is a popular fruit in the neighborhood.

CLASS ly. — OBLOXG APPLES. — ^IL L L 683

" Fruit above medium size, oblong, oval, inclining to
ovate ; Stem three-quarters of an inch long, rather slen-
der, in a narrow, deep, compressed, slightly russeted
cavity, sometimes with a lip ; Calyx partially closed ;
Segments long, in a deep, corrugated basin ; Color
whitish yellow, shaded and striped with bright green and
crimson, thickly sprinkled with minute dots ; Flesh whitish
yellow, very juicy, tender, sprightly, sub-acid flavor; De-
cember to March.

MifiliiL Kin^.

Origin Mifflin County, Pennsylvania. Fruit small,
color of Rambo^ perhaps a trifle more red, oblong ; Flesh
remarkably tender, juicy and pleasant; First rate. —
[American Pomological Society's Report.]

CLASS IV.— OBLONG APPLES.

ORDER I.— REGULAR.

SECTION a— SOUR.

sub-section 3.— russet.

None.

CLASS IV.— OBLONG APPLES.

ORDER II.-IRREGULAR.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.

SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED.

STreet Bellflonf^ep.

This apple is supposed to have originated in the neigh-
borhood of Dayton, Ohio, and is cultivated chiefly in the
adjacent regions, and when found elsewhere is traceable
to this source.

684

DESCKIPTIOIS^S OF APPLES.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, angular ; Surface uneven,
greenish yellow, becoming creamy yellow, very rarely
blushed or bronzed ; Dots minute, indented, surrounded
by green in the unripe fruit.

Basin medium, folded ; Eye small, closed ; Segments
long, reflexed.

Cavity acute, wavy, green ; Stem long, slender.

Core regular, roundish, open, meeting the eye ; Seeds

Fig. 284. — SWEET BELLFLOWER.

numerous, plump, angular, imperfect ; Flesh white, fine-
grained, breaking, juicy ; Flavor very sweet ; Quality
good to very good ; Use, baking, table ; Season, December.
]^ot equal to Broadwell.

CLASS IV. — OBLOIS^G APPLES. ^11. I. II.

685

CLASS lY.— OBLOIsrG APPLES.

ORDER IL— IRREGULAR

SECTION 1.— SWEET.

SUB-SECTION 2.— STRIPED.

Ha^rnisli.

" From Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Fruit medium,
oblong, oval, slightly angular ; Skin mostly shaded with
dark red, and sprinkled with grayish dots; Flesh com-
pact, tender, not juicy, almost sweet, pleasant; Septem-
ber to October." — [Downing.]

Illinois Pumpkin Street.

This apple was found in Illinois. From the orchard of
Mr. Montagu, who esteemed it very highly.

Fig. 285. — ILLINOIS PUMPKIN SWEET.

Fruit medium, oblong, ovate, angular ; Surface mixed,
splashed and striped with dull red ; Dots scattered, dis-
tinct, yellow.

686 DESCEIPTIOXS OP APPLES.

Basin abrupt, folded ; Eye medium, closed. .

Cavity acute, folded ; Stem medium, inclined.

Core medium, pyriform, re<yular, closed, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, angular, plump ; Flesh yellow, rather tough in
winter, but " becomes melting in June " ; Flavor very
sweet ; Quality good, Montac^u says best ; Use, kitchen,
table; Season, January till June.

CLASS IV.— OBLONG APPLES.

ORDER II.— IRREGULA.R.

SECTION 1.— SWEET.

SUB-SECTION 3.-RUSSET.

None.

CLASS IV.— OBLONG APPLES.

ORDER II.— IRREGULAR.

SECTION 3.— SOUR.

SUB-SECTION 1.— SELF-COLORED.

Oenesee Cliiet*.

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblong, ribbed or
angular ; Surface smooth, pale yellow, sometimes bronzed ;
Dots scattered, minute.

Basin shallow, medium ; Eye small, but very long, closed.

Cavity narrow, pointed, green ; Stem medium, knobby.

Core very large, round, clasping, very open ; Seeds
•numerous, defective, angular, brown ; Flesh white, tender,
breaking, juicy; Flavor acid, thin ; Quality second rate —
good only for cooking ; Season, August.

CLASS IV. OBLOi^G APPLES. ^IL II. I. 687

Fig. 286. — GENESEE CHIEF.

HeiiTFOod.*

A seedling of Indiana. Brought into notice by Lewis
Jones, of Wayne County, who has frequently exhibited
the fruit, and distributed grafts of this excellent apple,
which may compensate for the failure of its reputed parent,
the Ortley,

Fruit large, oblong, conic or ovate, often angular or
ribbed ; Surface smooth, pale yellow, rarely blushed ;
Dots scattered, dark.

Basin shallow, often abrupt, folded or plaited; Eye
small, closed.

688

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy ; Stem long, slender.
Core rather small, round, regular, open, meeting the
eye ; Seeds numerous, long, angular 5 Flesh yellow, ten-

Fig. 287.— HENWOOD.

der, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor acid to sub-acid, rich;
Quality very good to best ; Season, December to February.

Kes^vrick Codling;.

An old English variety, which has greatly pleased the
people of our country, who find it a valuable market and
family fruit, particularly desirable in the North and
Northwest.

Tree vigorous, hardy, productive, an early bearer;
Shoots branching in a peculiar manner, dark.

CLASS IV. OBLONG APPLES. II. II. I. 689

Fruit medium, oblong, conical, truncated, ribbed; Sur-
face smooth, pale yellow ; Dots scattered, minute.

Basin medium, folded ; Eye medium to large, closed.

Cavity acute, regular, browned ; Stem long, yellow.

Core large, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous, angular ;
Flesh greenish yellow, iine-grained, tender, juicy ; Flavor

Fig. 288. — KESWICK CODLING.

acid ; Q^iality good to very good for its use — cooking ;
Season, August to October.

The fruit may be cooked in June,

690

DESCRIPTIOi^^S OF APPLES.

NeTrarlc Pippin.

Origin, N'ew Jersey. Tree not large, orushy, limbs
crooked, twiggy, drooping, not very productiye or satis -
factory.

Fruit above medium, oblong, cylindrical, truncated very
abruptly, slightly angular ; Surface smooth, rich yellow
when ripe-; Dots minute.

Basin wide, regular ; Eye large, open.

Cavity wide, regular ; Stem long, slender.

Core large, oval or pyriform, regular, closed, clasping ;
Seeds numerous, angular, plump ; Flesh deep yellow,
breaking, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic,

Fig. 289. — ^NEWARK PIPPIN.

rich, sprightly ; Quality best ; Use, dessert, cooking ; Sea-
son, December to February.

CLASS lY. OBLONG APPLES. ^11. II. I. 691

A delicious fruit for amateurs, but its place is supplant-
ed by Grimes^ Golden^ which is a much better tree, with
fruit of similar good qualities, and better.

Rock Pippin.

RIDGE PIPPIN, LEMON, &C.

This admirable long-keeper has claims upon the atten-
tion of the commercial orchardist, on account of its

Fig. 290.— ROCK PIPPIN.

soundness and beauty in the spring. Tree very thrifty,
large, productive; Branches open, spreading; Shoots
stout, dark ; Foliage large, scattered.

Fruit full medium, oblong, ovate, angular, often ribbed,
truncate at the apex, sometimes unequal; Surface very
smooth, very rich yellow, blushed bright carmine when
ripe ; Dots few, small, dark.

692

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

Basin shallow, plaited or folded ; Eye small, short, closed.

Cavity acute, often lipped ; Stem medium.-

Core medium, pyriform, open, somewhat clasping ;
Seeds numerous, long, brown ; Flesh yellow, breaking,
rather dry ; Flavor acid to sub-acid, rich ; Quality only
good ; Use, market and kitchen ; Season, December to
May ; of most value to sell at the latter period.

Cooks well all winter.

YelloT^ BelllloT^er.

This noble and valuable constituent of our orchards came
from Burlington County, ISTew Jersey, where it was first

Fig. 291. — YELLOW BELLFLOWER.

described by Coxe. This apple has succeeded in almost
all parts of the country, North and South, and has proved
remarkably hardy. The quality of the fruit varies with
the soil, being best and most highly flavored and colored

CLASS IV. OBLONG APPLES. — ^IL II. I. 693

on exposed ridges of rather thin soil, while those on rich
low bottoms or prairies are slow in bearing, and then pro-
duce very large fruit. The crops, however, are not al-
ways satisfactory in such situations, though the trees be-
come very large ; the blossoms are often destroyed by
spring frosts.

Tree vigorous, thrifty, hardy, large, spreading, drooping ;
Twigs slender, brown ; Foliage abundant, long, wavy ;
Blossoms very large, on long stems, exposed to the weath-
er and not protected by the leaves.

Fruit large to very large, oblong, ovate, angular, ribbed ;
Surfice smooth, rich yellow, sometimes blushed ; Dots
scattered, gray.

Basin shallow or moderately deep, plaited or folded ;
Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute or wide, wavy ; Stem long, curved.

Core large, oval, open, clasping ; Seeds dark, large, an-
gular, imperfect ; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor acid to sub-acid, aromatic, very rich and
satisfying ; Quality best ; Use, table, kitchen, market ;
Season, December.

One of the finest culinary apples in the catalogue.

York Iiiiperia.1.

From the neighborhood of York, Pennsylvania. Ex-
hibited before the State Society at the meeting in Lebanon,
1855. Tree said to be healthy and productive.

Fruit large, rather oblong, somewhat angular ; Surface
smooth, mixed bright red on greepish yellow.

Basin wide, plaited ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, wide ; Stem short.

Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic;
Quality quite good ; Use, market, kitchen ; Season, Jan-
uary, February.

694

DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.

CLASS IV.— OBLONG APPLES.

ORDER II.— IRREGULAR.

SECTION 2.— SOUR.

SUB-SECTION 2.— STRIPED.

Clyde Beauty.

" Origin, Wayne County, N^gw York. Tree vigorous,
upright, very productive.

" Fruit large, roundish, conic, angular ; Skin greenish,

Fig. 293.— CLYDE BEAUTY.

oily, sprinkled and mottled with dull red, and bright red
in the sun • Stem short, slender, inserted in an acute cavi-

CLASS IV. — OBLONG APPLES. — II. II. IL 695

ty ; Calyx closed, set in a small corrugated basin ; Flesh
white, tender, juicy, with a brisk sub-acid flavor ; October
to January." — [Downing.]

!Fra>iil£ ov Clieiia.ag'o.

CHENANGO STRAWBERRY.

This beautiful apple has been called also the LoM
Strawberry, So, to avoid confusion, perhaps, it were bet
ter to adopt its local name Frank, It is a native of New
York.

Fruit medium to large oblong, tapering, irregular; Sur-
face smooth, beautifully striped on waxen yellow.

Basin folded and plaited, abrupt ; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity acuminate ; Stem medium.

Flesh tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality
very good ; Use, dessert ; Season, autumn.

Jfliiiister.

This New England apple was introduced by Mr. Man-
ning ; when he brought it before the American Pomologi-
cal Society, it met with so much favor from the members
of that body that it was adopted and recommended. In
the Western States it has failed to give satisfaction and is
generally discarded, but further North it may do as well
as in New England. In Ohio it becomes an autumn apple,
and is only used for cooking, when we have plenty of
others that are preferred.

Tree healthy, vigorous, early bearer, and constantly
productive.

Fruit full medium to large, oblong, tapering to the eye,
ribbed, irregular; Surface smooth, yellow, covered bright
red mixed, splashed carmine, often handsome; Dots minute.

Basin very narrow, folded, plaited ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity deep, acute, sometimes brown ; Stem long,
slender.

Flesh yellowish, breaking, juicy ; Flavor acid ; Quality
only good ; Use, kitchen ; Season, September and later ;
not a winter fruit in latitude forty.

696

DESCRIPTIOKS OF APPLES.

Striped €Jilliflo\i^ei%

Fruit quite large, oblong, conical, truncated, ribbed ;
Surface smooth, yellowish white, mixed red, splashed car-
mine ; Dots rare, gray.

Basin abrupt, folded ; Eye iarge, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, brown ; Stem short, curved.

Core large, round, very open, meeting the eye ; Seeds

Fig. 293.— STRIPED GILLIFLOWER.

small, plump, black; Flesh yellowish white, breaking;
Flavor sub-acid ; Quality scarcely good ; Use, market
only ; Season, September.

Less ribbed than the Scalloped Gilllflov^er.

CLASS lY. — OBLONG APPLES. — II. II. IIL 697

Toccoa.

"From Toccoa Falls, Habersham County, Georgia.

"Fruit rather large, conical, irregular or oblong; Skin
whitish yellow, considerably shaded with carmine, and
sprinkled with a few brown dots ; Stem short, inserted in
a deep cavity ; Calyx partially closed, set in a rather large
basin ; Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant, mild sub-
acid ; November to February." — [Downing.]

Perhaps not an early bearer; my trees, set six years,
have not yet fruited.

CLASS lY.— OBLOI^G APPLES.

ORDEK XL— IRREGUIAR.

SECTION a— SOUR.

SUB-SECTION 3.— RUSSET.

!Boiii'i*a<«$ssi •

Foreign. Said to do well in the Korth ; have seen it
handsome at Detroit.

Fruit medium, oblong, ovate, somewhat angular and
ribbed; Surface yellow, coveied lightly with a rich red
russet, giving it an orange hue.

Basin small ; Eye small, closed ; Segments very long.

Cavity deep, acute, wavy ; Stem long.

Flesh whit*^, or stained, tender; Flavor acid, spicy, aro-
matic; Quality pretty good, but apt to be tough and
wilted; Season, i^ovember to December.

Not worth trying in the South.

30

CHAPTER XYII.

FRUIT LISTS.

EVEET PLANTER MUST JUDGE FOR HIMSELF AND OBSERVE THE SORTS
THAT SUCCEED IN HIS OWN NEIGHBORHOOD — ATTEMPTS TO MAKE
LISTS FOR GENERAL CULTIVATION ABORTIVE — STATE AND REGIONAL
LISTS MAY APPROXIMATE USEFULNESS — SO MANY ELEMENTS IN MAK-
ING A DECISION — OUR TASTES DIFFER — REFERENCE TO THE LISTS
OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND TO THOSE OF LOCAL
SOCIETIES — PRESENT A FEW SELECTED LISTS — THE QUESTION OF
HARDINESS IS OF GREAT INTEREST — LISTS OF HARDY AND TENDER
VARIETIES — LISTS FOR CIDER.

Every orchard planter who examines the extended va-
riety of fruits presented to him in the books, and by the
nurserymen, must feel greatly embarrassed when he comes
to select the varieties for his own orchards. Almost
every one of the long lists is recommended for some good
quality, and the number of h6S% which he is apt to con-
clude means indispensable for him, is wonderfully large.
Some persons are bewildered by the array presented in
the catalogue, and fall back upon their own slender stock
of information, selecting only one well known variety ;
but most persons commit a far greater fault by attempt-
ing to grasp all the varieties that are offered and com-
mended, which is very well for some one person in every
region to do. It is a labor of love for the benefit of his
fellow townsmen ; but it is far better for him who is about
698

FRUIT LISTS. byy

to plant an orchard, eitjier large or small, to determine
which varieties are best adapted for his purposes. For
the small planter, who is providing for the wants of his
family, a number of varieties that will ripen in succession
will be best, and the sorts should be selected with regard
to their qualities for household uses. The planter of exten-
sive commercial orchards, on the contrary, will need but
a limited number of varieties, which should be selected
with a view to the wants of the markets he intends to
supply, as well as to the productiveness of the fruit, and
its ability to bear transportation. While it is desirable
to have but a few well selected varieties in such an orch-
ard, it must be recollected that even wlien there is a gen-
eral failure of the crop, there are always some sorts that
bear fruit, and this is an argument against making the
list too small.

All attempts to make out lists of fruits for general cul-
tivation over the great extent of our country have been
abortive. State and regional lists are made by the Pomo-
logical and other societies, which are useful in rendering
approximate information; but, at last, every planter
should observe the fruits that succeed in his own neigh-
borhood, and upon soil similar to his own, and select his
varieties for planting accordingly.

In making up our judgment of the excellence of a fruit,
there are many elements that enter into the question of
what constitutes a good apple, and so much depends upon
the tastes of the individuals who have the question to de-
cide, that at last every one is left to make up his own
niind as to what will be best for his particular case.
The American Pomological Society, many years ago.

700 AMERICxiN POMOLOGY.

attempted to make out lists that would be applicable to
the whole country, but it was very soon discovered that
their recommendations were by no means of universal
application, and that what was valuable in one section
was worthless in another. The State and local societies
took up the work, and the result of their labors has been
of great value to persons similarly situated. In some
States, regions, with peculiar soils and different under-
lying rocks, were found to be more or less fitted for the
production of different varieties, and partial or local lists
have been made out upon this principle. The greater
value of the data thus obtained commended' itself to the
IN'ational Society, which has since collated these lists so
far as possible in a tabular form, which shows the relative
appreciation in which many varieties are held in the sev-
eral regions that have reported ; to these the reader is re-
ferred.* At present I propose to present a few lists which
have been given by eminent pomologists, in different parts
of the country, as the result of their extended observa-
tions, and applicable in their several districts.

Henry Little and others recommend for Maine :

Baldwin,

Blue Pearmain,

Bough,

Dan vers,

Duchess of Oldenburgh,

Fameuse,

Golden Ball,

Golden Sweet,

Gravenstein,

Hubbardston,

Jewett's Fine Red,

Minister,

Mother,

Northern Spy,

Porter,

Red Astrachan,

Rhode Island Greening,

Ribstone Pippin,

Roxbury Russet,

Sops of Wine,

Tallman Sweet,

Vandervere (Newtown Spitzenberg),

Vermont,

Williams' Favorite,

Winthrop.

* See Reports of American PomMogical Society.

FEUIT LISTS.

701

The following list was furnished by C. Goodrich for
Yermont :

Baldwin,

Bough,

Duchess of Oldenburgh,

Early Harvest,

Esopus Spitzenberg,

Gravenstein,

Newtown Pippin,

Northern Spy,

Porter,

Red Astrachan,

Rhode Island Greening,

Roxbury Russet.

Recommended by Thomas Hancock for New Jersey ;

Monmouth Pippin,
Newtown Pippin,
Rhode Island Greening,
Summer Rose,
Striped Harvest,
Tewksbury Blush,
White Seek-no-further.

American Golden Russet,

Bough,

Early Harvest,

Fall Pippin,

Hagloe,

Juneating,

Maiden's Blush,

Wm. Parry, of Burlington County, INTew Jersey, an
excellent judge of market qualities, recommends, after
thorough trial, the following for profit :

Bachelor's Blush, I Hagloe,

Bough, I Maiden's Blush,

Jno. Diehl gave this list as desirable for Delaware :

American Summer Pearmain,

Baldwin,

Bough,

Caleb,

Danvers' Winter,

Early Harvest,

Early Red Margaret,

Early Red Streak,

English Russet,

Fallawater,

Fall Pippin,

Gilpin,

Greening,

Mr. Robey, of Fredericksburgh, recommends for that
part of Virginia :

Herefordshire Pearmain,

Lady,

Maiden's Blush,

Newtown Pippin,

Rambo,

Roman Stem,

Smokehouse,

Summer Golden Pippin,

Summer Queen,

White Juneating,

Yellow Bellflower.

Abram,

Baltimore Pippin,

Bowling Sweet,

Brooke's Pippin,

Carter,

Garden,

Gloucester White,

Green Newtown Pippin,

Hollady,

Ladies' Favorite,
Leather Coat,
Limbertwig,
Milam,
Ogleby,
Pry or' s Red,
Rawle'B Janet,
Red Cathead,
Robcrson's White,

702

AMEKICAN POMOLOGY.

Eusset (?),
Spice (Va.),
Strawn's Seedling,
Slimmer Cheese,
Summer Golden Pippin,

Vandervere,
Waugh's Crab,
Winesap,
Winter Cheese,
Winter Queen.

Daniel K. Underwood, Michigan, gives the following
extended catalogue :

Early Harvest,
Early Joe,
Early Strawberry,
Golden Sweet,
Maiden's Blush,
Red Astrachan,
Sweet Bough,
Sine-qua-non,
Summer Queen,
Summer Rose.

Alexander,

Daniel,

Duchess of Oldenburgh,

Dyer,

Fall Pippin,

Fameuse,

Gravenstein,

Hawley,

Jersey Sweet,

Keswick Codling,

Late Strawberry,

Porter,

Rambo,

Cayuga Red Streak,

Fall Wine.

Baldwin,

Belmont,

Black Detroit,

Blue Pearmain,

Bourrassa,

Cornish Gilliflower,

Domine,

English Russet,

Esopus,

Green Newtown,

Golden Russet,

Herefordshire,

Hubbardston,

Jonathan,

Ladies' Sweeting,

Lady,

Northern Spy,

Peck's Pleasant,

Red Canada,

Rawle's Janet,

Roxbury,

Swaar,

Stone,

Twenty Ounce Pippin,

Rhode Island Greening,

Vandervere (Newtown Spitzenberg),

Westfield,

Yellow Bellflower.

J. D. G. Nelson, President of the Indiana State Society,
an extensive orchardist at Fort Wayne, presented the
following list as the result of long experience in ]N'orthern

Indiana :

SUMMER.

Red Astrachan, less profitable.
Early Harvest, less profitable.
Duchess of Oldenburgh, more profita-
ble.
Keswick Codling, more profitable.
Sweet Bough.
High-top Sweet, for profit.

FAJLL.

Maiden's Blush,

Porter,

Rambo,

Trenton Early,

Dyer,

Lowell,

Hawley,

FRUIT LISTS.

703

TALL.

Golden Sweet.

WINTER APPLES FOR EXTENSIVE CULTI-
VATION FOR MARKET.

DARK.— Ben Davis, 500 trees.

Smith's Cider, 300 trees.

Jersey Black, 200 trees.
LIGHT.— Belmont, need careful handling

Wagener, •' ""

Yellow Bellflower, "

SWEET.— Bentley Sweet, keeps well.
London Sweet, "

Talman Sweet, "

AMATEUR LIST.

American Summer Pearmain,

American Golden Russet,

Evening Party,

King of Tompkins County,

Swaar,

Newtown Pippin.

Dr. Cornett, of Versailles, Indiana, advised to plant

American Summer Pearmain,

Bohanon,

Carolina Red June,

Cooper,

Early Harvest,

Fall Pippin,

FaU Wine,

Golden Russet (American ?),

Newtown Pippin,

Pryor's Red,

Rambo,

Rawle's Janet,

Winesap,

Yellow Bellflower.

Messrs. Lawyer, of South Pass, Union County, Illinois,
recommends of 1,000 trees for profit :

250 Ben Da^is,
100 Early Harvest,
50 Nickajack,
50 Pryor's Red,
150 Rawle's Janet,

160 Red Astrachan,
50 Rome Beauty,
50 Smith's Cider,
50 White Pippin,

100 Winesap.

Parker Earle, President of the Illinois State Horticul-
tural Society, an intelligent fruit cultivator in the South-
ern portion of that State (called Egypt), recommends the
following list as being well adapted for profit :

Ben Davis,
Buckingham,
Carolina Red June,
Early Harvest,
Golden Sweet,
Jonathan,
Keswick Codling,
Newtown Pippin,

Rambo,
Rawle's Janet,
Red Astrachan,
White Pippin,
White Winter Pearmain,
Winesap,
' Yellow Bellflower,

Wm. C. Hampton, Hardin County, Ohio, recommends
for a select list of winter apples :

Broadwell,
Huhbardston,
Michael Henry,
Ortley,

Rome Beauty,
Seedling Jersey Sweet,
Yellow Bellflower,
Yellow Newtown Pippin.

704

AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

H. B. Spencer, of Rockport, Cuyahoga County, Ohio,
recommends the following :

Peck's Pleasant,
Red Canada,
Roxbury Russet.

Baldwin,

Baltimore,

Belmont,

Esopus Spitzenberg,

Mr. G. W. Dean, ot Welshfield, Geauga County, Ohio,
gives the following list of ten :

Baldwin,
Baltimore,
Canada Red,
Hubbardston,
Ladies' Sweeting,

Peck's Pleasant,

Rambo,

Rhode Island Greening,

Swaar,

Westfield Seek-no-further.

Recommended by M. B. Bateham, Seci-etary Ohio Po-
mological Society, for the Central and Southern portion
of the State :

American Summer Pearmain,

Bough,

Early Harvest,

Early Pennock.

Early Strawberry,

Golden Sweeting,

High-top Sweet,

Keswick Codling,

Red Astrachan,

Summer Queen,

Tetofski.

AUTUMN.

Cooper,
Fall Pippin,
Gravenstein,
Jersey Sweet,
Lowell,

Maiden's Blush,
Ohio Nonpariel,
Orange Sweet,

Rambo,
Smokehouse.

WINTER.

Bullock's Pippin,

Domine,

Fallawater,

London Sweet,

Milam,

Mount Pleasant Sweet,

Newtown Spitzenberg,

Pryor's Red,

Rawle's Janet,

Rome Beauty,

Smith's Cider,

Tallman,

Western Spy,

White Pippin,

Willow,

Winesap,

Yellow Bellflower.

Select lists from H. N. Gillett for Southern Ohio, West-
ern Virginia and Kentucky :

SUMMER VARIETIES.

Benoni,
Early Harvest,
Early Chandler,
Primate,
Pound Royal,

Red Astrachan,
Summer Rose,
Summer Queen,
Summer Seek-no-further,
Sine-qua-non.

FRUIT LISTS.

705

FALL TARIETIES.

Corse's Favorite,
Cooper,
Favorite,
Fall Pippin,
Fall Wine,
Fallawater,
Gravenstein,
Maiden's Blush,
King of Pippins,
Porter.

WINTER VARIETIES.

Ben Davis,
Black Coal,
Broadwell,

Buckingham [Autumn],

Bullock's Pippin,

Carolina Red [Nickajack ?],

Defiance,

Harrison,

Hewes' Crab,

Lady,

Pryor's Red,

Rawle's Janet,

Red Cedar,

Rolen's Keeper,

Rome Beauty,

Roxbury Russet,

Smith's Cider,

Winesap,

Yellow Bellflower.

By Henry Hefflebower, an extensive orchardist at Mont-
clovia, Lucas County, Ohio:

American Golden Russet,

Baldwin,

Bellflower,

Belmont,

Bough,

Early Harvest,

Fallawater,

Fall Pippin,

King of Tompkins,

Maiden's Blush,

Newtown Pippin,

Newtown Spitzenberg,

None Such,

Porter,

Primate,

Rambo,

Rawle's Janet,

Red Astrachan,

Seek-no-further,

Smokehouse,

Summer Queen,

Summer Rose,

Swaar,

Sweet Bellflower,

Tallow Pippin,

Twenty Ounce.

HARDY AND TENDER.

After the sad experiences in many portions of the
Northwest, where in some severe winters whole orchards
of trees and extensive nurseries were ruined by the cold,
it has become a most important question for planters to
ask whether the varieties recommended are hardy. The
testimony of some of our best observers has been col-
lected, and will be of value, though it may be observed
that there is some discrepancy as to certain sorts.

The following list of hardy and tender varieties was
prepared by Reuben Ragan, Putnam County, Indiana, and
has since been carefully revised. Soil a rich argillaceous
loam on lime stone :

706

AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

TENDER.

Baldwin,

Bullock's Pippin,

Early Harvest,

Esopus,

Fall Pippin,

Gravenstein,

Michael Henry,

*Newtown Spitzenberg,

Ortley,

Pryor'sRed,

Rambo,

Rawle's Janet,

Rhode Island Greening,

*Roxbiiry Russet,

♦Summer Queen.

Fall Queen.

Fall Wine,

Farley Red,

Hannah,

Hoops,

Horse,

Lewis (of Ragan),

McAflTee,

Newtown Pippin,

Northern Spy,

Pennock,

Pottinger,

President,

Priestley,

Ragan' 8 Red,

Red Astrachan,

Red Streak,

Rome Beauty,

Sine-qua-non,

Transport,

Vandervere Pippin,

Winesap,

Yellow Bellflower,

yellow Juneating.

American Summer Pearmain.

Carolina June (Red),

Carolina June (Striped),

Chronicle,

Danvers' Winter Sweet,

Early Strawberry,

A. L. Benedict, of Monroe County, has taken great
pains in making out lists of those that were entirely
destroyed, partially injured, and slightly affected by the
terribly severe winter of 1855-6 :

Black,

ENTIRELY DESTKOYED.

Baldwin Sweet,
Blue Pearmain,
Cheeseboro Russet,
Egg Top,
English Russett,
Esopus Spitzenberg,
Fall Pippin,
French Pippin,
Lowre Queen,
Newtown Spitzenberg,
Red Juneating,
Rhode Island Greening,
Robinson,
Romanite,
Spice Sweeting,
Wing Sweet,
Yellow Vandervere.

PARTIALLY INJURED.

American Golden Russet,
Belmont,

Bough,

Butter,

Colvert,

Detroit Black,

Early Harvest,

Fall Wine,

Golden Sweet,

Gray Vandervere,

Hoops,

Kaighn's Spitzenberg,

London Winter Sweet,

Newtown Pippin,

Ortley,

Peck's Pleasant,

Pennock,

Pine,

Rambo,

Raritan Sweet,

Roxbury Russet,

Scallop Gilliflower,

Streaked Vandervere,

* These suffered in the aursery especially.

FEUrr LISTS.

707

PABTIALLY INJURED.

Swaar,

Sweet Gilliflower,

Tift's Sweet,

Tulpehocken,

White Pippin,

Winesap,

Yellow Bellflower.

MARDY OR BUT SLIGHTLY INJUREDi

Bethlemite,

Black Gilliflower,

Blockley,

Gloria Mundi,

Grindstone,

Harrison (Newark King),

Jersey King,

Maiden's Blush,

May,
Molasses,

Pennsylvania Red Streak,
Pound Pippin,
Pumpkin Sweet,
Red Winter Sweet,
Roman Stem,
Saint Lawrence,
Saner' s Early Sweet,
Summer Queen,
Summer Rose,
Sweet Yandervere,
Tallman Sweet.
Westfield Seek-no-further,
White Rambo,
Whitmore's Sweeting,
Yellow Newtown Pippin.

M. L. Comstock, of Iowa, gives the following list of
apples that are found to bo tender in that region :

Baldwin,

Esopus Spitzenherg,

Fall Pippin,

Fameuse,

Gravenstein,

Golden Russet,

Hubhardston,

Jonathan,

Ladies' Sweet,
Newtown Spitzenberg,
Peck's Pleasant,
Pomme Grise,
Rawle's Janet,
Red Canada,
Rhode Island Greening,
White Winter Pearmain.

F. W. Landon, Janesville, Wisconsin, thinking the
hardy list would be too long, gives the following as tender :

Autumn Strawberry,
Baldwin,
Cloth df Gold,
Early Strawberry,
Esopus Spitzenberg,

Lady,

Newtown Spitzenberg,
Northern Spy,
Norton's Melon,
Westfield Seek-no-further.

J. C. Brayton, Azatlan, Wisconsin, gives the following
list of hardy and valuable fruits for the rich lands in the
western part of the State :

SUMMER.

American Summer Pearmain,

Benoni,

Early Harvest,

Early Pennock,

Early Red,

Fall Stripe,

High-top Sweet.

AUTUMN.

Bailey Sweet,

Fall Orange,

Fall Winesap,

Fameuse,

Late Strawberry,

Red Streak,

Roseau,

Saint Lawrence,

Sweet Pear,

Trenton Early,

Utter's Large,

708

AMERICAN POMOLOGY.

AUTUMN.

White Gilliflower.

WINTER.

Broadwell,

Domine,

Flushing Spitzenberg,

Golden Russet,

Hoops ?

Limbertwig,

Northern Spy,

Perry Russet,

Rawle's Janet,

Red Spitzenberg,

Tallman's Sweet,

Wagener,

Westfield Seek-no-further,

White Winter Pearmain,

Winesap.

Yellow Bellflower.

HAKDY, IP TOP-GRAPTBD.

Autumn Swaar,

Belmont,

English Russet,

Fulton,

Golden Sweet,

Herefordshire Pearmain,

Jonathan,

Lowell,

Maiden's Blush,

Red June,

Sops of Wine.

SWEET APPLES FOR BAKING AND FOR STOCK FEEDING.

With many persons the consumption of sweet apples
becomes an important item of household economy ; for
the feeding and fattening af stock sweet apples have
deservedly attracted the attention of intelligent farmers,
and they may yet be much more extensively planted in
many places where the land is not well adapted to the
production of grain and othei* staple crops for the support
of man and the animals under his care.

With a view to aid the planter the following lists have
been collated :

Sweet apples to be planted for stock feeding. Recom-
mended by T. S. Humrickhouse, of Coshocton, Ohio, in
Ohio Cultivator, vol. vi, page 283 :

SUMMER.

*Duling Sweet,
Golden Sweet,
♦Jersey Sweet,
Pumpkin Sweet,
Red and Green Sweet,
Summer Sweet,
♦Summer Sweet Paradise,
*Sweet Bough,

AUTUMN.

♦Haskell Sweet,
♦Kinsey's Sweet,
Lyman's Pumpkin,

Ramsdeira,
Spice Sweet,
♦Superb Sweet.

WINTER,

Baldwin Sweet,
Broadwell,
Butter Sweet,
♦Danvers' Winter,
Honey Sweeting,
♦Ladies' Sweeting,
Late Pound Sweet,
May,
McKay's Favorite,

FRUIT LISTS.

709

♦Phillips' Sweeting,
*Tallman's Sweeting,
Wells' Sweeting,
Winter Sweeting.

ALSO, LESS KNOWN,

Acid Sweet,
Akeson's Sweet,
Beauty of the West,
Cash Sweet,

Charlotte Sweet,
Climb Sweet,
Ling Sweet,
London Sweet,
Merritt's Sweet,
Mt. Pleasant Sweet,
Morgan's Favorite,
Red Sweet Pippin,
Stone Sweet.

Planted by A. L. Benedict, Morrow County, Ohio, in a
lot to be devoted to hogs. The numbers of each might
be varied :

2 Bough, 8 Raritan Sweet,

3 Golden Sweet,* 17 Spice Sw^eet,
6 Jersey Sweet,* 1 Tift's Sweet,

16 May of Myers, 19 Tallman Sweet,

10 Moore's Sweeting, 30 Whitmore Sweet,

32 Pumpkin Sweet, 14 Wing Sweet.

L. Hampton's listf for a succession through the year :

Bentley Sweet, Kentucky Sweet,

Bough, Paradise Winter,

Broadwell, Scarlet Sweet,

Fall Sweet, Simpson's,

Federal Sweet, Smith's Sweet,

Golden Sweet, Sweet Favorite,

Hightop Sweet, Winter Sweet.
Honey Greening,

For Illinois, by W. Cutter, in Prairie Farmer :

Ramsdell Sweet,
Sweet June,
Sweet Nonesuch.

Broadwell,
Golden Sweet,
Paradise Winter,

Sweet apples arranged in succession for stock. Those
marked T. are also fine for the dessert ; those marked B.
are superior for baking :

Hightop, B.
Bough, T.

Golden Sweeting, B.
Victuals and Drink, B. T.
Jersey Sweet.
Lyman's Pumpkin, B.
Bailey Sweet, B. T.
Ramsdell's, B.
Mote's Sweet, B, T.

Stillwater Sweeting, B.

Higby Sweet, B.

Dr. Watson, T.

Molasses,

Fall Queen, B. T.

Buckingham,

Baltimore,

Fallawater,

Michael Henry,

*My friends write that they would have preferred more of these sorts, and that
they planted such trees as were at hand at that time,
t Ohio Cultivator, vol. vi, page 269.

no

amekica:^ pomology.

Broad well, T. B.
Sweet Bell flower,
Sweet Janet, B.
London Sweet, B.
Winter Sweet Paradise,
Jersey Black,
Ladies' Sweeting, T. B.
Tallman's, B.

T.B.

Holton's,

Moore's Sweeting,

Gilpin,

Campfield,

Sweet Vandervere,

Red Winter Pearmain,

Swaar,

Black Gilliflower,

In giving selections of Cider Apples I will begin with
the veteran G axe's list:

American Pippin,
Campfield,
Cooper's Eusseting,
Gloucester White,
Golden Reinette,
Hagloe Crab,
Harrison,

Hewes' Crab,

House, or Gray-House,

Red Streak,

Roane's White Crab,

Ruckman's Pearmain,

Styre,

Winesap.

A select list of Cider Apples that may be found in many
collections, all good bearers :

Campfield.
Gilpin.
Harrison,
Hewes' Crab,
Newtown Pippin,

Priestley,
Rawle's Janet,
Waugh's Crab
Winesap.

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

EXPLANATION.

The first column presents the name of the apple, next its size, then its
origin ; or, if in brackets, the place where the variety is cultivated and
was found. The Roman numerals indicate the Class and Order to which
it is referred, and the Arabics, the Section and Sub-section^ according to
the classification adopted in this work. After this comes the season of
maturity. Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring, and the estimate of qual-
ity, from very best, best, very good, good ; good ? meaning almost good ;
poor ? meaning rather so, and last plainly poor, when considered decid-
edly inferior. The names of v^arletics described in this volume are given
in full tUced. type, with reference to the pages, while synonyms
are printed in Italics. Abbreviations will explain themselves.

Name.

Abbott Sweet.
Abram

Size. Orig.

small

large
small
large.

Adams

Agnes

Ailes

Akeson''s Winter Sweet

Alabama Winter

Albemarle jlarge

Alexander ^ jlarge

Alexander 'large

Allen's Pippin Imed.

Allen's Sweeting med.

All Summer I

All Summer Sweeting !

Allum jmed.

Alsace j

Amber Crab small

American Beauty large

American Black small

American Black med.

Am. Golden Pippin med.

Am. Golden Russet med.

American Maryjj:old

American Pippin small

Am. Sum. Pearmain.. med.

A ngle Svreet med.

Anglo-American med.

Annette small

Apple Butter small

Aromatic med.

Aromatic large

Ashland large

Aslimore med.

Ashmore Striped med.

August."

Augustine large

711

N. H.

Va.?

Penn.

Penn.

Penn .

South

Ala.

Va.

Russ.

Ga'.

Mass.

N. C.

Eur.

Mass,

Am.
Am.

N.J.

?
Can.

Va.

?
South
Car.

?
Am,
Am.
Ohio
Am.

Class.

n. L 1. 2.

I. I. 2. 2.
III. I. 2. 2.
I. 1.2.2.
I. II. 2. 2.
X. 1.2.2.

III. II. 2. 1.

II. 1.2.2.

III. II. 2. 2.

II.
III.

I.
III.

I.

n.

II.

III.

I.

I.

I.

I.

\ II.

I. 2. 2.

I. 1. 1.

I. 2. 1.

I. 1. 1.

II. 2. 2.

I. 2. 1.

I. 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

III. II. 2. 1.

II. 1.2.3.

1.2.1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. n. 1. 2.

I n. II. 1.2.

I III. II. 1. 2.

I. 1.2.2.

I. 1.1.2.

m. I. 2. 2.

I. 1.2.2.

n. II. 2. 2

III. I. 2. 1.

ni. I. 2. 2.

ri.'n.i.iV

Season. ' Quality. P.

Winter

Spring

L.Wint.'

Autumn

L.Wint.

Winter j

Winter ]

Winter

Summ'r

Autumn

Autumn

Winter

Summ'r

Summ'r

Spring

good

good

good
good
good

good
good
good
good
good

419

510

'good

Autumn good
Winter good
Wint'r ? good
Winter good
Winter v. good
E.Wint. bpst

Autumn

Spring poor

Summ'r best

jWinter good

Autumn v. good

Winter v. good
I Autumn good

■Summ'r good
[Winter good
I Autumn good
■Autumn good
Summ'r good
Summ'r poor

521

420

582
4T6

566

712

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

Name.

Class.

: Quality. P.

Au,?nst Stripe

August Tart

All 1^-11 St Vaudervere. .

Aunt Anna

Aunt Hannah

Aunt's Apple,.

med.
med.
large
med.
large
large

and.)
Ohio

Mass.

?
Am.

II.
II.
II.
I.
III.
I.
III.
I,

Autumnal Bough !med.

Autumnal Paradise |

Autumn 8eek-rw-further. Synonym of Dr. Watson.
Autumn Sivaar, see Pall Swaar of the West

Autumnal Sweet .large

Autumnal Sw, Swaar large

Autumn Pearmain. ,
Autumn Sweet.
Averill

Saccaliiius.

med.

large
small

Conn.
South

Bachelor is Equineteley,

Bachelor's Blush [large IN. J. 1

Badger's Bellflower large Ohio ?1

Baer Ismail IPenn.l

BagJ)y Russet^ Synonym of Egyptian Russet.

L I.

LIL
IV. I.

I. L

II. II.

III. I.

I. I.

Bailey's Ooldeii.

Bailey's Spice ,

Bailey's Sw^eet.

Bake Apple

Biker ,

Baker's Sweet ,

large
med.

large

small

med.
large

Maine
N. Y.

N. Y.

(N.Y.)
Penn?
Conn.

large
large

Mass.
N. C.

I.
IV.

in.

rv.
II.

2. 2.
2.1.

2. 2.
2.2.
2. 1.
2. 2.
1.1.
1.1.

1.1.

1. 1.

2. 2.

1. 1.
2.2.

2. 2.
2.1.

2.1.
2. 2.
2. 2.

, in. II.

II,

III. I.

III. I.

III. I.

I. I.
III. II.

L I.

ni.

Baldwin

Baldwin, N. C

Baldwin Sweet

Baitimore, Synonym of MammotlT Pippin.

Baltimore, (Elliott) med

Baltzley ,

Barbour

Barrett

Bars

Bartlett., Synonym of Priestley.

Barton I iPenn.i

Basom Sweet ...;.. III. I.

Bassett Sweet. .♦ Ismail lOhio.l 11. I.

Bastard Geneton., Synonym of Wright's Janet.

med. Penn.
med. (Conn,
large 'R. I.

m.

I.

I.
II.
III.

2. 2.
1. 2.

1.2.

1. 2.
1.1.

2. 2.
2. 2.
2.2.

Battlefield. .

Beard's Seedling

Beaufin Norfolk

Beauty of Kent...

Beauty of the West

Bedfordshire Foundling

B(;efsteak

Beeler's Russet. . .

Belle et Bonne

Belden Sn^eet*

Bellflower Pippin

Belmont

Ben or Eustis

Ben Davis

Ben Harris

Benoni

med.
med.
large
large
large
med.
med.
large
small
large

large

large

large

small

South

Ohio

Engl.

Engl.

Am.

Engl.

Mass.

(Ind.)

Conn.

Conn?

Ind.

Va.

Mass.

Ky.

South

Mass.

I. L

ni. II.

I. L

m. I.

III. I.

IV. II.

L 1.

ni. I.

IV. I.

II. II.

III. I.
n.n.

in. II.

IV. I.

m. I.

IV. I.

I. I.
m. n.

IV. I.

1.1.
1.1.

1.1.

2.2.
2.2.
2.2.
1.2.
2. 1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.1.
1.1.
2. 1.
2.1.
2.1.
2.2.
2. 2.
2.2.
2. 2.
2.2.
2.2.

Summ'r
Summ' r
Summ'r
Autumn
Winter
E.Wint.
Autumn
Autumn

Autumn^

Autumn

Winter

Autumn

Spring

L.Wint.

good?
:ood
poor
good ?
good?
good ?
good
good

good
good
good
good
good

good

504

471

I Summ'r good
Winter good
I Spring I "v. gd.'

L.Wint. good
Autumn good

Winter good

Autumn good ?

E.Wint. good

Winter good

Winter good
Winter good

Winter good

665
633

421

good

Winter good
Summ'r good

lAutumnlgood

Winter

Winter

Autumn

E.Wint.

Winter

Winter

Winter

E.Wint.

Winter igood

Autumn good

E.Wint.

good

poor

only gd.

poor

good?

poor

£^

good?

E.Wint.
Winter
Winter
Summ'rj

good?
good

[best

t

584

621
526

529
585
650

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

713

Beiitley Sweet large Va. ?

Berkely Red South

Berry Ilarge jVa. ? i

Betlilemite 'med. Ohio

Betsey's Fancy med. ' ? I

Better tliau Oood med. Penn.!

Bevan's Favorite med. N. J. !

Beverley Red I

Big HM, Synonym of Pryor's Red.

Big JRambo^ Synonym of Western Beauty.

Big Red Sweet | iSouthl

Bigger's Late Red South

I.

J I-
\ III.

i!
I.

IT.

2.

o

2.

2.

2.

2.

2

2.

2.

1.

2.

2.

E. Wint. good

)■ Winter |V. good

Winter good
E.Wint. good
Summ'r good

423

400

III. I. 1. 2.

Birmingham |med.

Blacky Synonym of Jersey Black.
Black's Annette imed.

i Penn? I I. I. 2. 1. [Autumn good

Blackburn.

, ilarge

(Ky.)
Ky.?
Can.?

Black Canada Imed.

Black Coal ;large

Black Detroit ilarge Can,

Black Eyeft, Synonym of Cheese,

n. II. 2. 1.

III. I. 2. 2.

I. I. 2. 2.

IL I. 2. 1.
III. I. 2. 2.

n. II. 2. 1.

jSumm'rlv. good

Autumn good ?

:E. Wint. good ?
jWinter good ?
.Autumn poor

large
small
small
med.

Black Gilliflower

Black Jack

Black Lady Apple

Black of Michigan

Blackshear

Black's Late Sweet

Black Tom

Blakeley

Bledsoe

Blenheim Orange,

Blockley

Blockley Pippin, Synonym of Blockley

Bloiidiii large Ind

med.
large

med.

large

large

Ohio

Eur.

Can. ?

South

South

Md.

Vt.

Ky.

Eng.
Penn.

IV.
I.
I.
I.
J.

LI.
LI.
1.2.
L2.
1.2.

I.
III.

]i/r.

I. 2.

1.2.

1.2.

L2.

LI.
II. 2.
n. 2.

1.
1.

1. \
1. (■
2.

u

Spring
Winter
Winter
Winter

Winter
Autumn
Winter

Winter

Autumn

Winter

poor
poor
poor
poor

good 5
good

Bloominsr Orange large Eng.

Bloomington med. Ills.

Blue Bloom med. ?

Blue Pearmain large ?

Bluff Sweet med. Ind.

Boalsburg'li large Penn .

Boas or Kelter Penn .

Bolianon med. Va. ?

Bonum med. N. C.

Boravitski med. Russ.

Borsdorffer small ;Germ.

Boston Russet, Synonym of Roxhury.

' ni'.
I III".

IV.
IL
HI.

III.

IV.

I.
I.
I.

III. IL

I. n.

2. 2.
2.2.
2. 2.
2.1.
1.2.
2. 2.
2.2.

1. 1.

2. 2.
2.1.
2. 1.
2. 2.
2. 2.
2.1.

E.Wint.

Autumn

Winter
Autumn
Autumn
Winter
Autumn

Boiig'Ii .

large
large

med.
med.

Bourrassa

Bo whack Sweet

Bowker

Bowling Svreet..

Brahant Bellflower 'large

Brace's Seek-no-further, Synonym of

Bracken small

Bradford's Best

Brandy w^ine

Brennaman

Eur. ?
Ohio

Va.

iHoll.

White

III. 1. 1. 1.

IL L 1. 1.

IV. II. 2. 3.

Autumn
Autumn
Summ'r
Winter

Summ'r
.Winter

good

V. good

good
good ?
good?
good
good

V. good
V. good
poor
good

good
poor

I. II. 2. 1. Autumn good
III. I. 1. 2. Winter 'good
IILIL2. 2. E.Wint. good?
Seek-no-further.

I. n. 2. 1. I Summ'r jv. good

586

662

568

478

424
424

548
675

400
424

494

697

1-

med. |Del.
large Penn.

I I. I. 2. 2.
1 III. I. 2. 2.
III. IL 2. 2. Autumn v

Winter igood?

good 651

714

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

Name.

I Size, i Orig.

Bricrg's Auburn med.

Brittle Street med.

Broadwell large

Brooke's Pippin large

Brown's Superior large

Bruce large

Biicliaiiaii's med.

Buckiii^'liain largo

Buck Meadow large

Buck's County large

Buff V. lar. N. C.

Buffington's Early small Penn

Busii large Penn

Bush's Beauty med. Ohio?

Me.

Ohio

Va.

Ohio?

?
Ohio
Ga.
Conn.
Penn .

Class.

1. L2.

III. 11. 1.

III. I. 1.

III. II. 2.

III. II. 2.

IL L 1.

I. I. 2.

II. II. 2.

III. I. 2.

I. II. 2.

I. II. 2.

I. II. 2.

III. I. 2.

II. II. 2.

Bullock's Pippin, Synonym of American Golden Russet.

Butter small [Ohio

Butter large 'ind.

Butter med. iPenn ,

Butter |large ?

Butter Sweet i I

Button I ;

Button Core 'med. Mass.

Byer's, Synonym of Equinetelee.

I.
III.
III.
IV.

I. 1
L 1.
L 1.
L2.

I.
III.

LI.
L2.

Cabashea

Cabin

large ?
med. ?

Cache

med. (Ills.)

Cake

med. jConn.

Caleb

med. ;Penn

Calville White Winter

Camaclc S^veet

med. Fr.
med. N. C. ;

Oampfleld

med. N. J.

Canada Black

large Can. ?

Canada Red

large i •'
large Eur. ?
South

Cauada Iteinette

Cane Creek Sweeting

Cann

Canon

large ?
med. South

Canon Pearinain

Capital

med. Ya.
med. Ind.

Capron's Pleasant

med. : ■ ?

Carbage

large | ?
large Ohio

N.Y.

large Ohio

Carey's Pippin v,.

Carmell Sweet

Carnahan's Favorite

Carnation..

med. South

Carolina Bald^i^in

Carolina Greening

large South
South

Carolina Horse

large South
large South

small N. C.
med. N. C.

Carolina Pippin

Carolina Red June....

Carolina Rasset

Carolina Striped June

Caroline

Caroline Watson

small N. C?
med. N. J.

Carpenter's No. 1

med. Ohio

Carter

med. Mass

I. II. 2.

I. I. 2.
II. IL 2.

L L2.
IIL LI.
III. II. 2.

L L 1.

L LI.
IIL I. 2.
IL L2.

I. II. 2.
IV

II.

I.
IV.
III.

I.

II.

m.

I.
III.

I.

I.

I.
m.
III.

jIV,

Ll.
LI.
I. 1

L2,
L2,
L2.
L2.
L2.
L2.

II. n. 2.

i III. I. 2.

i L.L2.

(IV. L2,

n. II. 2.

I. II. 2.

HL L2.

IIL L2.

Carter, Synonym of Patton.

Carter i N. C. l

Carter's Blue I South;

Carver j '

Cary's Summer ilarge ? i

jm. L
\ III. n.

Season. Quality. P.

Autumn

Autumn

Winter

Winter

Winter

Summ'r

Spring

Autumn

Winter

E.Wint.
Summ'r
Autumn
Autumn

V. good
v^_good

iv. good
good
good ?
good ?
V. good
good
good
good ?

V. good
poor

634
549
037

426
537

4.S«
568

Autumn good
Winter Igood
1 Autumn good
Autumn good ?

Winter 'good ?

Winter

Winter

L.Wint.

Winter

Summ'r

Winter

Spring

Spring

E.Wint.

Winter

1 Winter

poor

poor

good

good ?

good

poor

good ?

poor

poor

be^^t

V. good

Winter

Autumn

Spring

Winter

Autumn

winter'

good ?

good
good
good
poor
V. good

Autumn
Winter

good

Autumn

good

\

\
\

Summ'r

L.Wint.

Summ'r
Winter

good

V. good

good
good

\

Winter
Winter

good
good

549

581
382

4T9

676

587

L L2. 2.

iWinter |

IIL I. 2. 2. Summ'r good 588

666

587

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

715

Name.

Orig.

Class.

Quality,

P.

Cash Sweet med.

Catalino- ;

Cathead Sweet large

Catline,
Cat's-head.
Cartel ,

small
large
small

Catfell. Synonym of Ohio Nonpareil.

Cayuga JHledstreak.

Caywood

Celestia

Centers

Cliallenspe

Cliamplaiu

Chandler

Charlotte Sweet

Chattahoochie Greening..

Olieese

large
med.
large

med.
large
large

Cheese

<'lieeseboro

Cheltenham ,

Cherokee Red ,

Cherry Crab

Chestatee ,

Chester ,

Chester Red

Chillicothe

Chillicothe Redstreak . , .

Christiana

Cliroiiicle

Churchhill Greening

Clark's

Clark's Greening

Clark's Pearmain .

Claybank

Clayton

Climb Sweet

Close Set, (Lindsley)

Cloth of Gold....

Cloud

Cluster

med.

large
large

small
med.

Cluster Pearmain med. Ind.

Md.

I Ohio'

Conn.
N. Y.

Ohio
N. C.
Ohio
(Vt.)
Conn.

Ga.
Va.

(Ind.)

large
large
med.
med.
large

med.
med.
large

med.
large

small

South

?
South
Penn
Sou. ]
Ohio
Onio
Del.
Ind.

Va.

N. C.
Ohio
Ind.

(O.)
Eur,
South

Clyde Beauty large N. Y,

Codling Keswick, Synonym of Keswick.

Coggs\rell. .

Cole

large
large

med.

Cole's Quince

Columbia

Columbian Russet small

Columbus Red med.

Colvert large

Companion

Conant'sRed med.

Congress

Connett Sweet med.

Conrad's Eating

Conway med.

Cook's Favorite med.

Cook's Greening ■ large

Cook's Red.... r I

Cooper large

Cooper's Early White small

Mass?
Engl.

Mass?

N.Y.?

South

Ind.?
Ind.

II.

II.

II.

I.

III.

1. 1.

2. 2.

1. 1.
2.2.

2. 1.

II. I. 2. 2.

L L 2. 1.
II. II. 2. 1.

T.

II.

1.

1.

III.

I.

2.

1.

III.

11.

2.

2.

I. II. 2. 1.

i I. I. 2. 2.

( I. II. 2. 2.

I. L 2. 1.

II. I. 2. 3.

III. II. 2. 2.

III.

I

2.

1.

II.

II.

2.

1.

I.

I.

2.

1.

L I. 2. 1.
II. I. 2. 2.
III. I. 2. 2.

III. II. 2. 2.
I. II. 2. 1.

IV. II. 2. 1.
L L2. 1.

IL L2. 2.
L L2. 1.
IL L2. 2.

iii'iLV. 2.'

IL IL 2. 1.

L L2. 2.

L LL2.

IIIL L2. 2.

i L L2. 2.

IV. IL 2. 2.

III.

I.

2.

2.

III.

IL

2.

2.

HT.

11.

2.

L

IV.

IL

2.

1.

III.
III.

I.

I.

I.

I. 2. 3.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
L 2. 1.
L 1. 2.

I. L 1. 2.

L L2. 2.

I. IL 2. L
IL IL 2. 1.
IIL L2. L
IL II. 2. 1.

L L2. 2.
.1. I. 2. L

Autumn poor

Autumn poor
E.Wint. good
Autumn good ?
Autumn good

Autumn good
Spring good ?
I Autumn best

'.Antumn V. good
lAutumn good
'Winter v. good

510

530

472
637

E.Wint. good ?

[Winter good
E.Wint. poor

Autumn good

E.Wint. ""good'

Winter

Winter

Autumn

Spring

Winter

^ood

good?
good

Winter good
Autumn V. good
Winter Igood

652

511
511

Autumn good
Autumn good

Winter
Autumn
Autumn

good
V. good
good

Autumn V. good
Summ'r poor

Autumn good

Winter
L.Wint
Autumn

V. good
good

Winter igood
Winter good

622
427
393
394

Winter igood
Summ'r good
Winter Igood?

I

Autumn ^SgD
Summ'r good

716

CATALOGUE Al^D INDEX OF APPI

Name.

! Size. \Orig.

Class.

Season. [Quality. P.

Cooper's Market med. | ? ] jy

Cooper's Hecllmg, Sjnonyra of Cooper's Market.

Cooper's Eusseting ^small IN. Y.

Cope's Red Sweet.- Ismail

Cope's Sweet Ismail

Cornell's Fancy med.

Cornfield |

Coriiflelcl jmed.

Coriiisli Aromatic med.

Cornish Gilliflower.
Corse's Favorite.,
Cos

Court of Wyck.

Court Pendu Plat

Cracking

Cranberry Pippin. . .

Cranberry Ru«set. . .
Crawford's Iteeper. .

Creighton

Crib..

med.

Ohio

Ohio

Penn .

South

Ohio

Engl.

Engl.

large
small
med.

large

. large

med.
med.

N. Y.

Engl.
Eur.
Ohio

N. Y.

Ohio
Sou.

small 'Ohio
small I Ohio

IV.
IV.
III.
IV.

I.
IV.
Ill,

II.

I.
III.
I III.
III.

I.

! III.
; I.

I.

IV.

I.
m,

12 2

I." 2.' 2.

I. 2. 3.

I. 1. 2.

I. 1. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 1.
II. 2. 2.

I. 2. 1.
II. 2. 2.

I. 2. 3.

I. 2. 1.

Winter good

II. 2. 1.

Crooked Limb, Synonym of Watson's Dumpling.

I. 2.
II. 2.
II. 2.

I. 2.

1.2.

1.2.

Cropsey's Favorite..

Crow's Egg

Crow

Crownest

Cullasaga

Callavvliee

Culloden

Culp

Cumberland Spice

Curtis <)Jreening

Curtis Pippin

Curtis Sweet

Dahlonega

Daltou

Dana

Daniel

Dan. Pe«rma5n

Danvers Wint. Sweet

Darby Pippin

Darlington

Davis

Davis' Ortley

Davis

Danrson's Cluster.

Day

Deacon's Pry or , . .

Deal's Red

Dean's Sweeting

Defiance

large
large
med.
med.

large

Degruchy

Delasure

Deliglit

Democrat

Demurry

Derry Nonsuch

Detroit Black

Detroit Red

Devonshire Quarrcnden .

med.
med.

large
med.

small
med.
med.
large
large

small
large

med.
large
large
med.
med.

large

med.
med.

arge
large
large

Ills.

Ind.

South

Ohio

S. C.
South
South
Ohio
N. J.
Ills.
Ills.
?
South
Ga.

Ind.

Mass .

Penn.

Penn?

Mich .

Ind.

Miss.

Ohio

Ind.

Ky.

(Ind.)

(Ind.)

Ga.

South
South
Ohio
(O.)
South
N. H.
Can. ?
Can. ?
small iEugl.

III.
IV.
IV.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.
II. 1. 2.

III.
III.
III.
II.
III.
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.

I.

I.
III.
III.
III.
IV.
III.
IV.
IV.

I. 2. 3.

I. 1. 2.
II. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 1.

I. 2. 1.

I. 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.
II. 1. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 1.
II. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 1. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 3.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 1.

IV.

I. 2. 1.

JIT.

I. 2. 2.

III.

II. 2. 3

T.

I. 2. 2.

ITT.

I. 2. 2.

IT.

II. 2. 2.

11.

II. 1. 2.

III.

I.

2.

1.

T.

IT.

1.

1.

n.

I

■2.

1.

IV.

IT.

2.

2.

IT.

II.

2.

1

IT

IT.

2.

1

1.

I.

2.

2

Winter [good
Winter 'good
Winter igood ?
Autumn [good
V/inter
Winter
Winter
Winter

Winter
Winter
Winter
Autumn

Winter

Winter
Winter
Summ'r
Winter

good
good ?
'^gd."
good

good ?

good ?
-gd."
good
poor ?

Winter
Winter

good
poor?

Winter
Winter

good
good

E.Wint.
Winter
Winter
Winter
Autumn

good ?

good

good

good

good

Summ'r
Autumn
Winter
Winter
Winter

good
V. good
good
good ?

Winter
Winter

good
good

Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter

Summ'r

good

good?

good

good?

good

good

winter
E.Wint.

good
good

L.Wint.
Autumn
Autumn
Autumn

good
good?
good?
good?

513

^1
569

623

401

491

mi

590

624
559

480
668
668

402
487
591
591
550

669
591

473

505

533

CxVTALOG-UE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

7n

JSfavie.

Size. I Orig.\

Class.

I Season. Quality. P.

Dewees imed.

Dewitt, Synonym of Doctor Dowitt.

Dick's Seedling j

Dillaways j

I>illiiigliaiu med.

IJjid.

Ohio
Ohio

n. 11. 2. 2. lE.Wint.'good?

Disharoon med.

Doctor Dewitt

Doct. Fulcher

I>oct, Watson

Dodge's GHinson, Sjaionym of

Dodge's Early

Dole's Red

l^oiiiine

Downing's Paragon. . .
DowTiton Pippin

Drap d'Or

Drumore

Oa.

Penn

Ky.

Penn^

large
med.
med.
Ashmore ?
•med. ?
Imed. Ohio
llarge N. Y.
large Ills.
small jEiigl.

large lEur.

m.

I. 2. 2.

]

i ITT.

I. 1. 1.

) TT.

I. 1. 1.

i

( if.

I. 2. 1.

f

im.

I. 2. 1.

I.

I. 2. 2.

ITT.

I. 2. 2.

F.

I. 2. 2.

ITT. I.

III. I.
I. I.

IV. I.
III. I.

j III. II.
\ II. II.

2.2.

2. 2.
2. 2.

1. 1.

2. 1.
2.1.
2. 1.

Duchess of Oldenburg large Em\

Duckett large | South |

Duffield Pippin large iPenn.

Duling Sweet i !

Dmiielow llarge lEngl. I

Dumpling., Sjoionym of Watson's Dumplino

Dunlevy (O.)

Durable Keeper large (Ind.)

Durham Winter Pearmain . .

Dutch Codling large Eur.

]>utcli Mignonne large Eur.

Dyer large Fr.

Early Chandler small ?

Early Cider med. '•■ ■-

Early George, Synonym of George.
Early Harvest largo N. Y.

I.
in.

I.
III.

I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 1.
1. 2. 1.

m.

1. 2. 1.

Early Joe 1 med.

Early Longstem 'small

Early Nonsuch small

Early Pennock large

Eai-ly Greening med.

Early Red Margaret med.

Early Redstreak, Synonym of Harvest Reds
Early Red Stripe, Synonym of Red Stripe.

Penn?

N. Y.

Am.

Penn.

Engl.

Early Ripe.

Early Straivberry.

Early York

Easter Pippin

Eaton

Egg Top

Egypt Red Summer

Eg>T)t Red Winter

Egyptian Russet...

Elarkee

Eldorado .

Elgin Pippin

E-licke's Winter

Ellis

Ellwill's Late

Emersine Sweet

Emperor, see Alexander.

med.

med.
med.
med.
med.
med.
med.

med.
small

med.

Engl.
N. Y.

(Ills.)
(Ills.)
(Ills.)
South
South
Miss.
Penn.
Conn.
South
Ohio?

IIT.

I. 2. 2.

III.

I. 1. 1.

III.

II. 2. 1.

III.

I. 2. 2.

11 r.

n. 2. 1.

I.

I. 2. 1.

II.

I. 2. 2.

1 I-

I. 2. 1.

\ II.

I. 2. 2.

) I.

I. 2. 2.

IV.

II. 2. 1.

TIT.

I. 2. 2.

jIII.
IT.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I.

I. 2. 2.

i J 111-
11 IT.

n. 2. 2.

n. 2. 2.

treak.

IT.

I. 2. 2.

III.

II. 2.2.

I.

I. 2. 1.

IV.

I. 2. 2.

TV.

IT. 2. 2.

IIT.

I. 2. 2.

T.

I. 2. 2.

IT.

I. 2. 3.

IT.

I. 2. 1.

III.

I. 2. 1.

II.

I. 2. 2.

I.

I. 1. 2.

III.

I. 2. 2.

I. 1. 1.1.

Spring

E.Wint.

E.Wint.
¥/intcr
E.Wint.

^ood

good

ood
ood
. good

592
421)

Summ'r;good
Winter igood ?
Winter |v. good 430
Winter good !658
Autumn good j

Autumn V. good 638

Summ'r good

Autumn good
Winter iV. good o70

Winter Igood

Spring poor ?

Autumn good ?
Autumn good ?
Autumn best
Summ'r good
Summ'r, good..

I Summ'r I best

.Summ'rbest

Summ'r good ?
I Summ'r good

Summ'r good?

ISumm'rl

Summ'r good

Summ'r]

Summ'r V, good

Summ'r! ,

Spring Igood?
Winter *good
E.Wint. poor ?
Summ'r good?
Winter good ?
Winter v. good

593

639

403
513

5^

Winter v. good
Winter jgood ?
Spring good ?

Winter I

Winter Igood?

523

ri8

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

Nmne.

Size. Orig.

I Season. Quality. F.

Emperor large (111.)

Emperor, (Dickson's) Scotl.

Eue's Winter Sweet... mod. Kj.

Enfield

Enfield Pearmain small ?

English Codling large Engl, i

English Golden Pippin Engl.

En^l. Groldeii l£tis.«»et.. med. Engl?

English Pearmain large ?

English Redstreak large (I"cl.i

E..glish Redstreak large Engl.

English Red Sweeting Engl.

En^^lisli Rui^set med. Engl ?

English Sweeting Engl.

Epse Sweeting, Synonjin of Danvers.
Epsy small Vt.

Equinetelee I Ga. ?

Ernsfs Pippin, Synonym of Ohio Pippin.
Elsopus Spitzenberg... med. N. Y.

Esten large R. 1. I

Eustis, Synonym of Ben.

£ veiling Party.

E:walt

Excel

Exquisite

Fairbanks

med.

large
large

small
med.

Fair Maid

Fair Winter

Falder

Italia water

Fall Butter

Fall Chandler

Fall Oenetiiig..

Fall Greening

Fall Harvey. . .

Fall Orange

Fall Pearmain

Fall Pippin . . .

Fall Pippin

large
lari-'e

large

Fall Queen

Fall Seek-no-further

Fall Swaar of IVest.

Fall Vandervere

Fall urine

Fall Winesap

Famense

Family.

Fanclier

Farley Red...

Farrer's Summer.
Father Abraham. .

Faust

Favorite

Fay's Russet..

Penn.

Penn.
Conn.

Ills.
Me.

Penn.
Penn.
Ind.

large
large
large
large

large

large
large
large

large

med.
med.
med.

large
small

small

small
small

Conn.

?
Mass.
Mass.
Conn,
Am.

(Ky.)
South
(Con.)

(O.)

Am.

<■)

Can.

South

South

Ky.

N. C.

Ky.
Vt.

L

I.

I.
III.
III.
III.
Ill
III.

I.

I.
III.
IV.
III.
II.

II. 2. 2.
II. 2. 2.

I. 1. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 1. 2.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 1

Winter good

Winter good

384

2. 3.
I. 2. 2.
1. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 1. 2.
I. 2. 3.
I. 1. 2.

iWinter
Autumn
Winter
Winter
Autumn
Winter
.Winter

good

good

good

V. good

good

V. good

good?

IL I. 1. 1.
L I. 2. 2.
I. II. 2. 2.

IL IL 2. 2.
IV. IL 2. 1.

Winter poor

Winter Igood
E.Wint.

625

Winter Ibest
|Autumn|good

i L

1 I.

III.

1.

] I:
\ li:

I.

III.

IV.

II.

IV.

II.

II.

I.

I.

III.

IL

III.

\IV.

1lII.

s n.

liv.

I.

\^\:
U

I.

III.

III.

II.

III.

JUL

I IV.

III.

Ui.

III.

IL

II. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.
IL 2. 1.
II. 2. 2.

I. 1. 2.

1. 2. 2.

L 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

L.2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

L L 1.

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 1.
II. 2. 1.
II. 2. 1.
IL 2. 1.
II. 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

L 2. 1.
II. 2. 1.
II. 2. 1.

1. 2. 2.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

L2. 1
II. 2. 1

I. 2. 2.

I,

1.

I.

L

I

I

I
II. 2.
II. 2.

1. 2.

L2.

I. 2.

L2.

L2.

2.2.
2. 2.
2. 2.
2. 2.
2 2

1. 1.

2. 2.
2.
1.
2.
2.
1.
1.
2.

1. 2. 3.

Winter

^

Winter
Winter

good ?
good

Autumn

V. good

Autumn

good

Winter
Winter
Autumn
Autumn
Autumn
Autumn
Autumn
Autumn
Autumn
Autumn

poor ?
good

good

good
good
good
best

Autumn

good

Autumn

V. good

Autumn

good

Autumn

good

Autumn

good

Autumn
Autumn
Autumn

good ?
V. good

Autumn

good

Winter

good

Summ'r

Spring

good

Spring

V. good

E.Wint.
Spring

good
good

433
640

495

()7T

482

571 .

572

434

595
515
550

404

X CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

719

Name.

Size. Orig.

Glm?.

Searnn. Qualify. P.

large Ohio?
large N. Y. \
large Ky. |
med. Fr. "

Fay's Sweet

Federal

Felt's Strawberry

Feiiley

Fenouillet Rouge

Fenton Sweet, Synonym of Trumbull Sweet,

Ferdinand ilarge Va.

Fink small Ohio

Fisk's |med. N. H.

Flamingo : South

Flat Sweet [large Am.

Fleiner large Eur,

Flora I South

Flower of Kent 'large Engl.

Flusiliing Spitzenberg. ;med. L. Isd

Focht Ilarge

Ford large

Forest Sweet |med.

Fort Meigs Imed.

I.

III.

11.

I.

III.

T. 1. 1.
12 2
I*. 2. 2'.
L 2. 1.
I. 2. 1.

Penn.
N. Y.
Ohio
Ohio

Fort Miami |med. Ohio

Foster ;med. Ohio

Foundling large Mass.

Fourth of July., supposed Synonym of Tcto

Foxite large (Ind . )

Frank or Chenango. ..large N. Y.

Franklin |

II. II,

I. I,

I. L

IIL I

I. II. 1. 1.

IV. L 2. 1

I. I. 2. 2,

III. IL 2. 2,

II. I

I. II.

III. 1,

I,

I

j II. II,

( IV. I.

I. I.

S III, II

Franklin Golden large Am.

Freeze and Thaw Penn?

French .

French Pippin jlarge

French Pippin .

(Pa.)
(Pa. ?,
.V large N. J,

French Pippin jlarge (O.)

French Royal med. ?

French's Sweet large Mass ,

Fronclin !med. Penn

Fuller i Sou^ :

Fulton jlarge Ills.

Fulton Strawberry Imed. Ills.

Gabriel imed. ?

Gabriel \ South

Gallup's Russet jlarge (O .)

Galusha imed. (His.)

Garden large (O.)

Garden Royal j small Mass .

Garretson's Early..

Gatch

Genesee Chief.

George

Germanite., Synonym of Jarminite.
Ge wiss Good med.

small N. J.

med. Ohio,
large N. Y.
med. Ohio

III.
IV.

II.
II.
Ill

III.

Hi.

II.
II.
III.

I.
III.

Winter good ?
Summer '^ v.gd."
Summ'r good
Autmnn

. 2. 1.
. 2. 1.
. 1. 2.
, 1.

2. 1.

2. 1.
I. 1. 1.
I. 2. 2

2. 3

2. 3.

2. 1.

2. 2.

I Winter good ?
Spring good?
JAutiimn good

538
406

I. II. 2. 2. S

Winter

Summ'r

Summ'r,

Winter

Winter

E.Wint.

E.Wint.,

Winter '

Winter 1

Winter

Autumn

Autumn i

good
poor

goo'd ?

good

good

good

good?

good

V. good

good

good

I. 2. 1.

II, 2. 2.

L 1. 2.

I. 2. 1.

1. 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

L 2. 1.

IV. II. 2. 1.

L I. 2. 1.

L II. 2. 1.

IV. I. 2. 1.

III. I. 1. 1.

III. I. 2. 2.
I. II. 2. 1.
L L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 3.

L 2. 1.

L 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

j L n. 2. 1.

I III. II. 2. 1.

II. I. 2. 2.

IV. II. 2. 1.
L L 2. 1.

Autmnn good?
Autumn good

Winter good
Winter j

Winter 'good
E.Wint. igood
E.Wint. I V. good
Winter {poor
Autumn good
igood

Winter
E.Wint.
Autumn

good
good
good

Winter poor
Winter good?
Autumn !v. good 435
Autumn; good

MX
653

406
515

Penn .

Giles med. Conn.

Gillett's Profusion \ Ohio

Gillett's Sweet Bellflower lOhio

Gillett's Winesap Ohio

Gilpin med. jVa.

Gilpin Seedling med. Illls.

Giltner's med. I ?

Gladney Red j jSouth

Glendale large lOhio ?

Gloria Mundi^ Synonym of Mammoth Pippin,

I.

1. 2. t.

HI.

I. 2. 1.

II.

L 2. 2.

jii.

1.1.2.

ni.

I. 2. 2.

I.

1. 2. 2.

IL

II. 2. 1.

III.

I. 2. 2.

Summ'r igood

Winter 'good?
Summ'r ! poor
Summ'r Igood

> iWinter good
I Autumn "v.gd."

482
686

: Spring good?
I Spring good ?
Autumn good

! Autumn good

r20

CATALOGUE AXJ) INDEX OF APPLES.

Name.

Size. Orig.

Class.

Gloucester Wliite med. Va.

Goff , . large Ohio

Golay med. Ind.

Golden Ball large Conn.

G'dden Drop, Synonym of Court of Wyck.

Golden Drop \ South

Golden Harvey small Engl.

Golden Pearmain ; email ; ?

Golden Pearmain |small '(Ky.) !lIL I,

Golden Pippin small En, " "

ni. I.
ni. n.

( L I.

i II. I.
\ ni. II.
jnL L

2. L

2. 2.
2. 2.
2. 2.
2.1.
2.1.

(J olden Pippin— American | I Am.

I i

Golden Eeinette small

Eur. !
Sou. ?;

! '• '

:Mass.i
jMo. !
iConn

Golden Rose ;

Golden Russet med.

Golden Russet of Mass med.

Golden Seedling large

Golden Sweet large

Golden Winter Sweet !

Good Russet med,

Gordon's Seedling med.

Governor large

Gov. Morrow jmed.

Grandfather large

Gixind SacTum. Synonym of Black Detroit.

III. II.

III. I.
2.

III. I.
( LIL
1 III. II.
S 1. I.
'\ III. I.

I(N.Y.)

^ (O.)
N. C.
Vt.
Ohio

N. E.

Granite Beauty.
Granniivinkle. .

Gravensteln

Great Keeper

Green Cheese

Green's Choice

Green Crank:

Green Domine..

, I large
jmed.
large

iMass .
|N.J.
I Germ.

JTenn.
Pemi .

m.
III.

I.
III.

I.
III.

II.
m.

I.

j LIL

\ III. II.

IV. II.
I. L

med.
med.

large [South

med. Ipeu.

I

1.

1.

II L

* L

'/ III.

I

Green Everlasting., Synonym of American Pippin.

n.'
n.

Green Plat

f;

Green Flour

Penn.

Green Gilliflower

Green Horse

. . .(South

Grceji Mountain Pippin

Green Newtown Pippin

Green Pearmain.

med. jGa.

large L. Is.

Sou '^

Green Pippin

Green Russet

Green Seek-no-further

Green Skin

large (Ind.)
large N. C.
large L. Is.
me"d N C.

Green Sweet.,

med Mass^

Green Winter

large (0.)

2. 8.
2. 3.
2.1.
1. 1.

1. 1.
2,3.
2.2.
2.1.

2. 2.
2. 2.
2. 2.

2. 2.

1. 2.

2. 2.
2. 3.
2. 1.
2. 2.
2. 1.
2.1.
L 2.

2. 1.
2. 1.
1. 1.

G'-i'^.gsori., Synonym of Catlin.

Greyhouse' (mod. ! ?

Griest's Favorite I tPenn .

Griffith. Sjaiouym of Clay Bank.

Grimes' Golden med. Va.

Grosh Penn .

Grosser Erdbeere med. Eur.

Gulifctt 1 i

Gully ' IN. C.

Gully., Synonym of Mangum.

GiiUy 'small |Penn.

Hagloe.. large |N. J.

U:

m.

I.
m.
m.
n.

I.

I.
n.

ni.

IIL
IV.

i.
m.

m. L2. 2.

I Season, j Quality. P.
573

436
640

Autumn good

[AiTumingood

.Winter good
Winter good

2. 3.
2. 3.

1, or?
2.1.

2.1. i

2. 1. I

2.2. i
2. 2. \

2. 1.
2.1.
2.1.
2.1.
2. L
2.3.
2.1.
2.1.
1.1.
1.1.

2.2.

2.2.

2.1.
2.2.
2.2.

Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter

Winter
Winter

Winter
Winter
Winter
Summer
Winter
Winter
Winter
E.Wint.
Winter

Autumn

good ? 65S

good

v. good 625

good ?

jood
:?ood '?

good?
good
good
good

poor ?
good
good
good

Winter |good
E.Wtnt.good
Summ'riv. good

Spring

Winter jgood?
Su-mm"rjgood

jWmter good

I Winter 'good?

394

487

Winter
Winter

good
V. good

Winter
Winter
Autumn
E.Wint.

good

good
good
good
V. good

I Winter I poor 'i

Winter best

Summ'r good?

I Igood

Summer Igood

407
551

670

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

721

Name.

j Size. Orig.

P.

Hagloe Crab small

Hague large

I
Hain large

Halleck's Favorite med.

Halliday !

Hall small

Hamilton

Hamilton's large

Hampton's Honey med.

Hampton's Red Winter Sweet med.

, small

Hampton's Russet..
Haiinali

Engl.

Ind.

Penn
N. C?

(O.)

Ya.

N. C.

South

(Ind.)

Ohio

Ohio

Ohio

i large

Harnish . . .

Harper Sweet.

Harris

Harrison . .

'med. Penn.

med. Ills.

large jN. C.

med. iN. J.

Hartford Sweet med. Conn.

Hardest Kedstreak large Penn .

Haskell Street -large Mass.

Haiirley

Havi^tlioriiden

Hayboys

Hays., Synonym of Wine.

Hector

Heister

Helen's Favorite

Hemphill

Henley

Henrick Sweet

Henry

Henwood

Hepler

Herefordsbire Pearm.
Herman

Hersey Keeper

Hess

Heiires' Crab

Hick's

large N. Y.

large Scotl.
large (O.)

Hlg:by Sureet

Highlander.

Hlg-btop, (Jones).,
HIgbtop Sureet..

Hiker's

large

med.
med.

med.
large
large
med.
med.

med.
small

med.

med.
large
small

med.

med.
large
large
large

Hill's Favorite

Hilton

Hinesley

Hoary Morning

Hockett Sweet /

Hockins: ilarge

Hodge's Limbertwig Imed.

Hog Island Sweet jmed.

Hog Snout imed.

Holland Pippin ..... large

Holland's Red Winter I

Holland's Sweet med.

31

Peim .
Penn
Ohio

N. C.
Sou. 1

Vt.
Ind.
Penn
Engl.

Penn.

Penn .

Va.

Penn.

Ohio

Yt.
Ind.
Con. ?

Ky.

Mass.
N. Y.
and.)
Engl.
South

West?

N. Y.
K C.

lY.
ilY.

I in.

11. 2. 1.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.

in. LI. 2.

I.
I.

in.
in.

n.

I.

I.
m.

I.
III.

II.

lY.

I.
I.
II.

H

I.

] k

I.
I.

L 2. 1.

L 1. 1.

L 1. 2.
11. 2. 2.

L 2. 1.

L 1. 1.
II. 1. 2.

I. 2. 3.

I. 2. 3.

I. 2. 2.
11. 2. 2.
IL 1. 2.

L 1. 2.
II. 2. 1.
II. 2. 1.

L 1. 2.

L 1. 2.

L 2. 2.

L 1. 1.

L 2. 1.
n. 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

L 1. 1.

Wint. ?
Winter

Winter

Autumn
Winter
Winter

good?
good

good
good?

677

Winter
Winter
Winter

Winter

)■ Winter

Autumn:
Autumn
E.Wint,
jWinter

I" Winter

- Summ'r
Summ'r

y Summ'r

■Autumn
Summ'ri

good
good
good?

good?

good

good?
good
good
good

good

good ?
good

^^

good
Igood

(O.)

lY. L2. 2,

III.
III.
IL
I.
II.
lY.
I.

ni.

[lY.

( IL
IIL
III.

in.

I. 2. 2.

L 2. 1.

L 1. 1.

L 1. 2.
n. 2. L
n. 2. 1.

I.'2. L

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

IIL
IL

I.

I.
III.

I.

in.
in.
in.

I.

I.

IIL

I.

IL

I.
m.

II.
in.

L 1. 1.
L 1. 1.
L 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
L 1. 1.
I. 2. 2.
L 2. 2.
II. 2. 2.
L 2. 1.
I. 1. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
LI. L
I. 2. 2.
L 2. 1.
L2. L

n. LL2.

Winter " v.gd.'

Winter
Winter

Winter
E.Wint.
Winter
Winter
Winter

Winter

good

Winter
Winter

•v.gd.'

Autumn

Autumn
Winter
Summ'r

Spring

Summ'r
Autumn
Winter
E.Wint.

Summ'r
Winter
Autumn
Winter

Autumn

Winter

■ v.gd.''
good

good?
good
V. good

ood ?

636

597

685

482
534

436
385

410

410
385

687

598
678

good

good
good
good

good

good
good
poor
good ?

437
55:i

good?
good
good
good ?

good? ^506

722

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

Name.

Class.

Hollow Crown med.

Holly South

IMman^ ? Synonym of Nickajack

L

in.

2.2.
1.2.

Holston Street.

Hommacher

Horaony

Hovey

Honey

Honey Greening.

Honey Pippin

Honey Sweet

Honiker

Hooker

Hoopbole

Hoops

Hoosier

Hoosier Red

Hoover

med.
large

large

large

large

Penn.

South

?
Penn.
West.

small

med.
med.
med.

large

Penn.
Conn.

(O.)
Penn.
Ind.
Ind.

S. C.

m. I.
in. I.
i n. I.

I IV. II.

L I.

IV. I.

iv. n.
II. I.
III. I.

1.

2.

2.

2.

1.

1. 1.

1.1.

1.2.

1. 1.

2.

II.

: III.
i!

IV.

III.
II.
m.

HopMrCs Bed Cheek, Synonym of Monmouth Pippin
" ...South " -

2.2.
2.2.
2. 2.
1.2.
2. 2.
2. 1.
2. 1.
2.1.

Hopper. ,

Horn

Hornet

Horse

Horton Sweet

Ilousum Red

Howe's Russet

Hoyle's Nonpareil

Hubbardston

Hubbardton

Hughes'

Hughes' Am. Golden Pippin*.

Hull Blossom

Huiige

med.
large
large

large

large

large
large
large
small
large
med.
med.

Hunt

Hunter

Hunter's Sweet..
Huntsman Russet
Hunt's Russet jsmall Mass

Hurlbutt |med. Conn.

Hutching'' s Seeching, Synonym of Sugar Loaf Pippin.

Ga.
Penn.
N. C.
(O.)
Penn.

Mass.
Sou. ?

N.H?
Penn.
Am.

N. E. ,
N. C.
Ind.
Penn.
(O.)

1?: I.

LIL
I. L

'.\

(in. L

[ IV. 11.

2.1.
2.1.

[IV. L

IV. n.

LH.
LIL

in. L

I IV. L

in. II.
in. I.
III. I.
ni. II.
in. L

I. L

in. L

2. 2.
2.2.
2.3.
2.2.
2. 2.
2. 2.
2. 2.
2.1.
2. 1.
I. 2.
2.1.
2.2.

n. I.
n. L
I. I.

LH.

2.3.
2. 3.
2.2.

Hyatt's Wonderful

Ice Cream Imed.

Illinois Greening med.

Illinois Pippin med.

Ills. Pumpkin Sureet. . Imed.

Sou. ?
Ky.

His.
Ills.
Ills.

Imperial Bussef., Synonym of Spice Russet.

Y. I.
I. I.
m. L

HI. I.

IV. n.

Indiana Beaiity. " large

Indiana FaTorite med.

Indian Prince med.

Indian Winter.

Innes

Ma, Synonym of Equinetelee.

Irish Peach

Iron

Iron Mountain.

Iron Pippin

Isom

Ind.
Ind.
Am.
South

IV.
I.

in.
n.
I.

in. II.
in. I.
in. L
m. I.

I. L

2.1.
2.1.
2.1.
2.1.
1.2.

2. 2.
2. 2.
2.1.
2. 1.
2.' 2.'

2. 2.
2.1.
2.1.
2.2.
2.1.

E.Wint. good

Winter
Winter

good
good

good

Winter
Winter

good

Winter

Winter

Spring
Winter
Winter

Winter

553

659

good

good

poor
good
good ?

good ?.

Winter
Autumn
Autumn

E.Wint.

good ?

good

good

E.Wint.

Winter

Spring

Winter

E.Wint

Autumn

Winter

Autumn

Winter
E.Wint.

■'v.gd.'

good

good

good

V. good

good

good?

good

good

573

600

635
574

good
good

Autumn
Winter
Winter
L.Wint.

good?
good ?
good ?
good

685

E.Wint.lpoor
Winter good
Autumn good?

Summ'r

good?

Winter
Winter

good
poor

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

723

Name.

Size. Orig

Class.

Season. Quality. P.

Jabez

Jackman's Sweet..
Jackson

Jackson

Jacksonian .

Jarmiiiite

med.

med.

Conn.
Penn,
Ga.

Penn.

med.
med.

med.
small
med,
large
med,
med.

med.

large
med.
large

Jeflferies

Jefferson

Jefferson County

Jenkins

Jersey Black

Jersey Greening

Jersey King

Jersey Pippin..

Jersey Sn^eet

Jewetts Best

Jewett's Fine Red

John Carter

John Snepp's, Syaonym of SneppI,

John's Sweet med.

Johnson large

Johnson's Sweet med.

Jonatban med.

Julien med.

July med.

Junaliska large

June med.

Kalglin's Spitzenberg large

Kane m*ed.

Keepwell small

Keim med.

Keiser.

Ohio
Penn.
Ky.
N.Y.

Penn.

N. J.?
N. J.

Eur.

N.J.

Vt.
N. H.

(Con.)

N. H.
Conn.
Ohio
N. Y.

N. C. -j

(O.) i'

N. C. ]

Va. 1
N.J. I
Del. :
(O.) I
Penn.

Kelsey med.

Kelter, or Boas ^ j

Kennedy lurge

Kenrick's Autumn large

Kentish Fillbasket large

Kentucky large

Kentucky Cream .med.

Kentucky King !

Kentucky Streak

Kentucky Sureet med.

Kerry Pippin. ; med.

Kesurick Codling large

Ketchum's Favorite. . med.

Kilham Hill large

King large

King — Newark large

King of Pippins med.

King of Tompkins. . . . large
King Solomon.

med. Ohio

Penn.
Penn.
Ga.

Kingiaey :. med.

King's Winter

King Tom med.

Kinsey's Sweet

Kirkbridse TTbite small

Kirke's Lord Nelson large

Kitchen med.

Kitchmor's Favorite med.

Engl.

Ky.

(Ark)
Ky. ?

Irel'd
Engl.
Vt.

Mass.
(Ind.)
N.J. .
Engl. !
N.Y.
South
N. Y.

in.
III.
I.
[ II.
in.

IIL

'4:

m.
m.
.m.
III.
III.
11.
ni.

I 11."

I.

I.

m.

IV.

III.

IV.
IV.

\ n.

I.
I.
II.

IV.

I.
III.

IV.

H;

I.
III.

m.
m.

IV.

ni.
II.

1.1.
1. 1.

2.1.
2. 1.
2. 2.
2.2.
2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I, 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
L 1. 1.
11. 2. 2,
L 2. 1.
L 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
L 1. 2.
L 1. 2.
II. 2. 2.
n. 2. 2.
II. 2. 2.

L 1. 2.

I. 1. 2.

L 1. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 3.

L 2. 1.

L 1. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 1.

L 1. 2.

L 2. 1.
H. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

L 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 1.

I. 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

Winter
E.Wint.

good

"v. gd.'

Winter
Summ'r

good
best

440

II.
IV.
IV.

n.

m.

I.

IV.

I.
m.

Mo.

II.

Engl.

IV.

III.
I.
II.

Winter
L.Wint.
Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter

Summ'r

[Winter
Winter
I Autumn

good
•'v. gd
good
good?

?
good

good

good
good
good?

L.Wint. good ?
Summ'r good
Winter good
iWinter joest

Summ'r good

Spring 'poor

Summ'r

Winter good
Autumn V. good
Spring jpoor?
""inter v. good

Winter {good?

L.Wint. V. good

L 1. 2.

L 1. 1.
II. 2. 1.
IL 2. 1.
II. 2. 2.
IL 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

L 2. 2.
II. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.
■L2.1.'

I. 2. L

I. 2. 2.

L 2. I.

IL 2. I.

679

411

681
411

Autumn
Autumn
Autumn
Autumn
Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter
Autumn
Autumn
Winter
Autumn
Autumn
Winter
Autumn
Winter

,good ?

good

poor

good

good?

Winter
Winter

Summ'r
Autumn
Winter
Winter

good
good?
good
:ood
poor
poor

good
poor

good

441
502

good

poor

good
good?
poor
good?

724

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

Kittagesgee

Klaprotli

Knickerbocker . .

Knight's Red June

Kiioivles' Early..

K. II ox's Russet.. .

ivolb's Winter

Kratz

rowser.

liBcker

Ladies' Ear Drop..
liSidy

Lady Blush. .

Size. \Orig.

Class.

med.

South
iPenn.l

med. jN. Y.

med. jKy. j

small jPenn.l

small Penn.l

Sou. ?|

Penn.

L I. 2. 1.

L L2. 2.
( ni. II. 2. L
i I. II. 2. \.

jiV. 'L2.2."

|in. L2. 2.

Ill I. 2. 3.

med. iPenu.

IjIIL L2. 2.

• I "i II. I. 2. 2.
med. iPenn. I. I. 2. 2.
med. N. Y.l IV. IL 2. 1.
small iFr. I. I. 2. 1.

South II. II. 2. 1.

Lady Finger Hppin, Synonym of Red Winter Pippin.

Season. Quality, P,

Summ'rgood 442
Autumn V. good 575
Summ'rgood 575
682
626

Winter
Winter

Winter

Winter
Winter
Winter

good
good

good

good
jood ?
good

Lady Healy's Nonsuch I med.

Lady Washington |large

lEngl. I

^ iynonym of Fall Queen.

Ladies' Sweeting large N. Y.

Lake small Ohio

Lake med. jOhio

Lancaster j | ? .

Lancaster I (Va.)

Lancaster Greening med.

liancaster Sweet med.

Landon med.

Laudrum med.

Lane's Redstreak large

Lane's Sweet med.

Lanirendorflfer !

l<aiislnsbuFg'li. med.

l.a r. Striped Pearmaiii large
Large Bough .large

Late Chandler jmed.

Late Golden Sweet med.

Late Pound Sweet '

Late Strawberry med.

Laurence ilarge

Lawrens' Greening I

Ledge Sweet

Leland Spice

Leming Sweet. .

Penn.
lud.

Vt.
Ga.

Ills.

Mass.
Eur.

N.Y.?

?^-
Am.

large

large
large

Lemon, Synonym of Rock Pippin

Lemon Pippin.
Lester Sweet.

Lever , .. .

Levert's

LevFis

LeAvis, (Ragan's)

Lewis Jones' Seedling.

Lexington

Liberty

Limber Limb

Limbertivig

Limbertwig — Summer. .

Ling Sweet

Linsley's Favorite

Linsley's Swact.

med.

N. Y.
Ohio?
South

N. H.

Mass.
Ohio

Engl.

Mass.

Ky.

med. Ind.

med. Ind.

large Ind.

large Ohio

large (O.)

med. South

med. South

Ohio
01)io

I.
III.

I. 2. 1.
I. 2. 1.

[Autumn [good ?
I Winter )good

L 1. 2.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

L 1. 1.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. X.

L 1. 1.

I. 2. 2.

L 1. 1.

I. 2. 2.

L 1. 1.

L 2. 1.

II. II. 2. 2.

in. L2. 2.

II. L 1. 1.

j IL IL2. 2.

\ III. II. 2. 2.

TIL L 1. 1.

m.

I.
i II.
I IV.

III.

IV.

I.

I.
III.

II.

II.

I.
III.

II. II. 2. 2.

III.

in.
I.

L 1. 1.
L 1. 1.
I. 2. 2.
L 1. 1.

Winter
Autumn

V. good
good "

good

L.Wint. good ?
Autumn good
L.Wint. 'good
Autumn good ?
Autumn good ?
Winter poor

Spring
Winter
Summ'r

Winter

Autumn

Autumn
Winter

Spring good ?

Autumn good
Summ'rgood

poor
good?
good
poor
V. good

poor ?

IL L2. 1.
L LI. 1.
U. L2. 2.

ni." i." 2. 2.'

i I. I. 2. 2.

I III. n. 2. 1.

L L2. 2.

IV. II. 2. 2.

m. L2. 2.

in. L2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

n.

I.

LijrpencoWs Early, Synonym of Summer Rose.

L 2. 1.
L 1. 2.

Winter
Winter

poor
V. good

!

Summ'r^es)
Winter v. good
Winter poor

Spring
Winter
Spring
Summ'r

good
good
good
V. good

Spring

601
443
411

540
601
494

540

692
443

604
516

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

725

Name.

Lipsey's Russet med.

Little Pearmain small

Locy med.

liOgan Berry large

Liondoii 'sweet large

Lioiig- Island Pearmain med.

liong, lisland Pippin large

Long Inland Russet med.

li. I. Seek-no-furtlier.. large

Long Limb large

Long Stem.. med.

Long Stem, (L. Jones) med.

Longstem med.

Longstem small

Longville's Kernel small

Lopside med.

Lorick's Cluster

Loriug's Sweet med .

lioudo-n large

Loudon Pippin^Synonym of Loudon,

Loure Queen |large

Lovett's Sweet med .

Size. Ong.

Ohio
Ohio

9

N.C.

Ohio

L. Isl.

N. Y.

L Isl.

L. Isl.

Ohio

Ky.

Ind.

Mass.

Penn.

Engl.

Ohio

Va.

} Season, j Quality. \ P.

IV.
III.
III.

L

I.
IV.
III.
IV.
II.
III.

I.

I.
III.
III.
IV.

I.

Va.

Ohio ?

Mass.

liOivell..

. I large Am.

Lucombe's Seedling large Engl.

liyinan's P'pkin Swt. v. lar. Conn.

med. (Ky.)
. large Mass.

Me.

. '■ ?
Mass.

Lynn

liyscom ^. .^.

Macomber med

Madison Red

Magnolia med

Magnum Bon.um., Synonym of Bonum

Maiden's Blusli i large N. J.

Maiden' 8 Favorite med .

Major jlarge

Malamuskeet jlarge

Male Carle f

Mammoth June j

Mammoth Pippin v. lar

]Vlans>:uni
Manomet.

Mansfield Russet,
Mar;L»il
Maria Bush.

Market

Marks.

Marshall's Sweet Favorite
Marstou's Red Winter|large
Mary Chester
Mary Moyer.

Mary Womack Imed

Massey's Winter 1 1 South

Mattfieiv Stripe, Synonym of Lyscom.

Maverick Sureet large S. C.

I. 2. 3.
I. 2. 3.
I. 2. 2.
L 1. 1.
I. 1. 1.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 1.
I. 2. 3.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 1.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.

I.
I.

I.
II.
IIL

in.

III.
; II.

an.

I.
III.

I.

I.

I.

I.

IV.

I.
I.
I.

L 1. 2.
II. 2. 1.

L-2. 2.

L 1. 1.
n. 2. 1.
II. 2. 1.
II. 2. 2.
IL 1. 1.
II. 1. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.
IL 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 1.
II. 2. 1.

L 2. 2.
II. 2. 2.

L 2. 1.

in.

I.

in.

IV.
IIL
III.
IIL
IIL
II.
IV.

I.

I.

I.

IL 2. 1.
II. 2. 2.

L 1. 1.

L 1. 3.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

L 1. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

1. 1. 2.

May, (of Myers) . .

Mayberry Seedling..

Maynard'sNo. 1

May Queen

McAdoiv's June. .

McAfFee

MoBiide's Waxen,

med.

small
small
large

Va.
Va.

(O.)
(O.)
South

i L
IIIL

(in.
Iiv.

IL 1. 1.
L 1. 1.
L 1.1.
1. 1. 1.

I.

JUL

I II.

III.

II.

IWinter jv. good
jWinter jv. good
Winter good'^
Autumn good
Winter .good
Winter [good
Winter |good
Winter I good
Autumn V. good'517
Winter Ipoor

Winter I

Autumn good
Autumn 'good

387
1682

1575

Winter
Autumn
Winter

good
poor
good

Winter good
Winter v. good

[Winter good
Winter good?

- Autumn v. good

Autumn good ?

■ E.Wint.good

I Winter good
Autumn good
i Winter good?

527

Autumn good?

Autumn, V. good
Winter 'good

605

413

Winter good?
E.Wlnt. good ?

Summ'ri

E.Wint. poor
Winter jV. g'ood488
Autumn good I
L.Wint. good? ;665
Winter good 605
Autumn good

L.Wint. V. good

Winter

Winter

good

Autumn good ?
Winter |

iWinter good
Spring good

L 2. 1.
L 2. 1.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
n. 1. 1.

Summ'r good
Summ'rgood
Winter good?

473
553

576

726

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

Name.

Size. Grig.

McCloud's Family. .

McCormack's

McDauiel

McDowell's Red

McDowelFs Sweet.,

McHenry

McHenry's White..
McKay's Sweeting..

McKiiiley

INIcLeau

McL-lan

South

large Ohio
med. Ohio

Va. ?

. South
Ohio
Ohio

med,
med.

large lud.

Meacli

jMciid's Keeper..
Mear's Seedling
Meister

Melon

med. Penn,
large Vt.

small Ohio
small Penn.

large N. Y.

Melt in Mouth

Melville Sweet

Menagere

Merritfs Sweet

Methodist

Mexico ,

Michael Henry Pippin
Michenor's Red Sweet

Micliigan Oolden. . .

Michiiiran Winter Pippin

Middle

Mifflin King

Milam

Miller

Miller's Apple

Miller's^ Synonym of Powers.

Milliken's Sweet ,

Milwood Green

Minister

Minkler

Minkler's Molasses

Missouri Keeper

Molasses ,

Molasses ,

Monarch

med. Penn.

med. Mass.

lar. Eur.
med. ?

med. Conn,

med. Conn,

med. N. J.

med. Ohio ?

large Mich?

large Mich?
med. N. Y.
small Penn.
small South
large Penn.
large N. Y.

large

Monl{:'s Favorite —
Monmoutli Pippin.

Monroe. .

large
med.
med.
small
small
med.

med.

large
large

Ohio?

Mass.

Ills.

Ills.

Mo.

(O.)

N. C.

(W.)

Ind.
N.J.

(0-)

Momtrom Pippin, Synonym of Mammoth Pippin,
Moore's Greening large Conn.

Moore's Seedling.
Moore's Sureeting.

Morgan Wliite....

Morgan's Favorite

Morris

Morrison Red

Morton .large , Ohio

Moseley Sweet I '

Moses Wood imed. Me.

large
large
med.

Ohio

?

His.?

large (Ills.)
med. Mass.

Mote Sweet 'large 'Ohio -j ^jj'

Mother med. Mass . IV.

Mountain Belle i South III.

Moufhtcdneer, Synonym of Mount Pleasant Sweet,
Mountain Pippin., Synonym of Fallawater.

II.

II.

2.

1.

i.

I.

2.

2.

m.

II.

t.

2

I.

II.

2.

2.

I.

I.

2.

1.

I Winter good
Autumn V. good

443

III.
III.
I.
III.
III.

I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
L 1. 2.
I. 1. 2.
I. 2. 2.

Autumn good
lE.Wint. good?

Winter v. good

I.

ni.

I.

II.

I.
III.

I.
III.
IV.
III.

II.
III.

in.

III.
I.

IL
IV.

II.
III.
IV.

IL 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 2.
II. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

L 1. 2.

L 2. 1.

I. 1. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

L 1. 1.

L 1. 2.

L 2. 1,
II. 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

L 1. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

>• Winter

Autumn
Winter
Winter
Autumn

> Autumn'

Autumn
I Winter
j Winter
Summ'r
Autumn
Autumn
I Winter
'Winter

I" Winter

Winter
jWinter
'Winter
I Winter
Autumn
'Autumn

good
good?

606

good
V. good

V. good

good

good?

good?

good

good?

V. good

good?

good?

good

good
V. good
V. good
good
good
good

607

507
688
503

III. II. 1. 1.

IV.

I.

I.
III.
II.

I.

i II.
IIL

in.

II. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

L 1. 1.
IL 2. 2.

L 1. 1.
II. 1. 2.

I. 2. 2.
IL 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 1.

pin.
TIL

I. 2. 1.

III.

I. 2. 2.

I.

L 1. 2.

HI.

L 1. 2.

lU.

II. 2. 1.

Winter

good

Autumn

Winter

Winter

Spring

Winter

L.Wint.

good ?

good?

good?

good

good?

good

Summ'r

good

Autumn
Winter

good
V. good

Winter
Winter

Spring

Winter

I. 2. 3.
II. 2. 2.

L L L

L L 2.

I. 2. 2.
IL 1. 1.
IL 1. 1.

L 1. 2.

I. 2. 2.
or Weaver Sweet.

Winter
Winter
Winter

good
good

good

good

good

good?

good

Autumn
Autumn
Autumn

695
444

607

577

641

554

good

V. good 631

V. good 663

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OP APPLES.

727

Name.

Class.

F.

Mountain Sprout

Moiintaiii STireet. .

Mount Pleasant Sweet. .

Mount Swaager

Mouse

Mrs. De Caradeuc

Mudd's Market

Mudd's No. 1

Muiison S iveet

large
large
large
med.
large

N. C.

Penn.
Ohio
Mass?
N. Y.
South

large
med.

large

Ills.

Mass.

Mass.

II.

I.

I.

III.

IV.

I.

II.

III.

Murphy Red

Musgram's Cooper, Synonym of Western Beauty.

Muskingum Keeper I med. i Ohio | I,

Muster Imed. llnd. I I

Myer's Nonpareil, Synonym of Ohio Nonpareil.

Nantahalee Ilarge Ala.

Neat Russet small (W.)

Ned IPenn.

Ne Plus Ultra 'v. lar. Ga.

Nequassa Ilarge jN. C.

Neverfail (of Tenn.) I I

NeverfaU. Synonym of Rawle's elanet.

Neversink large

Ne"%varlt King large

Neivark Pippin large

Newcomer

New England Red large

Ne^irtoivii Pippin Gr. large

Neijftoivn Pippin Yell, large

^ewtown. Spitzenberg large

NiclLajack large

Nix's Green Winter I ..*... .

Noble,

Nonpareil

Nonpareil — Old

Nonpareil — Scarlet. .

Nonsuch ;

Norfolk Beaufin....
Northern Spy..
Northern Svreet..

'I*

small

small
med.
med.
large
large

Penn.
N.J.
N.J.

(Va.)
(Ky.)

L. iBl.
L. Isl.
L. iBl.

N. C.
Ga.
(O.)
(W.)

Engl.

?
Engl.
Engl.

Norton^ 8 Melon, Synonym of Melon.

f.mediN. Y.|

small

large
small

Oconee Greening 'v. lar.

Nutmeg

Nyack Pippin..

Oats Harvest

I

(Ind.)

N. Y.
Ohio

South

Va.

Oglehy ,^.

Ohio Beauty, Synonym of Western Beauty.

Ohio Nonpareil

Ohio Pippin

Ohio Redstreak

Ohio Winter

Ohlingcr.

Old Dapple

Old English Codling

Old Field

Old House

Oneida Chief

Ot'ange, Synonym of Lowell.

large I Ohio
large Ohio
V. lar. I Ohio
med. Kills.)
IPenn.

I r

Engl.

Conn.

Penn.

N. Y.

med.
large
med.
med.

II. 2. 1.

L 1. 1.
II. 1. 1.

L 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

L 1. 1.

L 1. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

II. 2. 2.

n. 2. 1.
I. 2. 3.

I.
I.
II.

III.
III.
IV.
I.
III.
III.

r,:
H

II.

In.
III.
III.

I.

I.
II.
III.

IlIL

I.

III.

III.

I.

I.

' 1.

III.

ni.
II.

IV.

I.
I.

II. 2. 1.
I. 1. 2.
I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 1.

I, 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

1. 2. 1.
n. 2. 1.
II. 2. 1.

L 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 2.
n. 2. 2.

I. 2. 3.

I. 2. 2.

L 2. 2,

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 2.
n. 1. 1.

I. 1. 2.
L 1. 2.
I. 2. 2.
L 2. 1.
L 2. 1,
L 2. 1.
I. 2. 1,

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.
n. 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

Autumn
Winter
Autumn
Winter

good
good
good
poor
good ?

j Autumn
iE.Wint,

Autumn

good
good?

good?

I Spring [good?
1 Autumn I V. good

iSumm'rgood
: Winter good

Autumn
iWinter

good
good?

Winter
Winter
Winter

Autumn
Winter

Winter

Winter

Winter

Winter

Autumn

Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter
Spring
Autumn

• Autumn

Winter
Summ'r

V. good' 608
V. good 608
V. good 690

:ood?

best
best
poor?

good

good?
good
good?
poor
V. good
V. good

V. good

good
good

Autumn I V. good
Winter good
L.Wint.lgood
L.Wint. good

E.Wint.
Autumn
L.Wint.
Winter

poor
good?
good
V. good

445
445

656

541
632

446

447
484

728

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

Name,

Q'\

Class.

Season. \ Quality. P.

Orange large N.J. I L L 2. 1.

Orange Penn . I. 11. 2. 1.

Orange , [large Conn.! III. 1.2.1.

Orange Sweet, Synonym of Golden Sweet.

Oraiiige Sweeting.. ...... large (Mas.) ITT. I. 1. 3.

Orndorft". mod. Ohio III. II. 2. 2.

Orne's Early large Eur. III. IT. 2. 1.

Ortley large N. J. IV. I. 2. 1.

Osboru's Rambo med. Ind. III. I. 2. 2.

Os burn Sweet j ? III. I. 1. 1.

Osceola med. j Ind. \^^' f | g'

Oslin small iScotl. L 1*. 2! l'.

O^ erman's Sweeting med (Ills. II. I. 1. 2.

Paper, Synonym of Champlain.

Paradise Siiiiinier jlarge iPenn. | III. 1. 1. 1.

Paradise Winter large Penn. III. I. 1. 1.

Parrot Reinette I large lEur. I III. II. 2. 2.

Patterson Sweet, Synonym of Bailey's Sweet.

Patton

Pawpaw

Peacli Pond Si«^eet..

Pearmain Russet

Pearson's Plate

Peck's Pleasant

Pennington

Pennock

Autumn good

566

E.Wint.'good

Winter [good?
Autumn V. good
Autumn good
Winter v. <2ood 673
Autumn|v. goodi

i Winter v. good 448

Summ'r good
W^inter good

iSumm'rjgood
[Winter good
I Winter Igood?

555
556

Pennsylvania Redstreak, Synonym of

PennsylTaiiia S^sveetg,

Penn. Vandervere

Penn. "Winesap

People's Choice

Perkins

Perry Russet

Peter

Petit Api Noir ,

Pfeiffer

Phillippi

Pliillip's Sweet

Pickard's Reserve.

Pickman

Pie

Pigeon Hill

Pigeon Rouge ,

Pine Apple

Pine Apple Russet

Pine Strawberry

Pink Sweeting

Pittsburgh Pippin

Polly Rriglit

Pomme Orise

Pomme Royale

Pomme \¥ater. .

Poplar, Bluff

Poppy Quamp

Porter

Porter Spitzenberg

Pottinger

Po ugltkeepsie Russet.

iWinter
iWinter

Autumn

Winter
Winter?
Winter
Winter

Winter

V. good
good ?

V. good

V. good
V. good?
V. good
good?

poor

large
small

large

med.

largo
large
large
large
med.

Winter
Winter
Winter

poor
good
good

Winter

good

Winter
Winter
Summ'r
Winter
Summ'r
Winter
Winter

good?
good
poor
good?

good?

Winter

V. good

Winter
Autumn

good?
poor

Autumn
Winter
Autumn

good?
good?

Autumn

good

Winter

good

Autumn
Winter

good

best

Autumn

V. good

Autumn

good

Autumn
Autumn
Winter
E.Wlnt.
Winter

poor
V. good
good
good?
poor

610
476

641

449

659
449

477
418

517
469

639

610

673

450
5^

CATALOGUE AXD INDEX OF APPLES.

729

Name.

j Size. I Orig.

Pound Royal large (W.)

Pound Royal Ilarge ' ?

Pound S.weet Ilarge Mich?

Pound Sweet. jlarge (Ind.)

Powers large

Povvnal Spitzenberg 'med.

I*remiiifii Imed.

Premium I

Prci?ident Ilarge

President large

President

P^erf^^

Press Ewin^

Price '

Priestly

Priest' 8 Sweet..

Primate

large
large
med.

Prince's Fall Pippin

Prince large

Princely

Prinz

ProjgTess

Prolific Beauty.. . .

Prolific Sweet

Prother's Winter

Pryor's Ked

Pumpkin Russet..

Pumpkiu Sweet. . .

Purple Siberian Crab. . .
P&tnam Keeper.

large
large
med.

Ohio

Ohio
Ala.

Mass.
Mich.
Penn.
Ky.

Penn.

Eur.
Penn.

Penn.

Con. ?

Ohio

Conn.
South

Va.

N. E.

?

Eur.
Ohio

Class.

Season, j Quality. | P.

II. II. 2. 1.

III.
III.
III.

I.

I.
II.

L 2. 1.

I. 1. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

L 1. 1.

E. Aut. V. good 535
Winter good
Winter good
j Winter jv. good
Autumn V. good 4
jWinter igood
Autumn good

III.
III.
IV.

I.

I.

2. 2.

2. 1.
2. 1.
2.2.
2. 2.

j Winter 'poor
Autumn good ?
iWinter igood
L.Wint. good?
Winter v. good

Putnam Russet, Synonym of Roxbury Russet.

IV. II. 2. 2.
III. I. 2. 2.

\ m. II. 2. 1.

I II. II. 2. 1.

III. II. 2. 1.

IV. 11. 2. 2.
L L2. 2.

; n. n. 2. 2.

IV. II. 2. 2.

in. IL2. 1.

; L L2. 2.

III. L2. 2.

IL LI. 1.

II. IL 2. 1.

iIIL L2. 3.

I IIL II. 2. 3.

IIL LI. 8.

IL LI. 3.

L 1. 3.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

Spring
Spring

Summer

Autumn

Putnam Sw^eet

Quaker

Quaker Harvest

Quaker Pippin

^uake r— Vi rginla

large

Ohio
Penn. I
(O.)
Am. !
Va.
Quarrendefb—Red, Synonym of Devonshire

I.
I.
I.

I.

I.

I.

IV.

ni.

poor
good?

best

good

Autumn I good?

Winter
Winter
Winter

L 1. 2.
I. 2. 2.
1. 2. 1.
L 1. 1.
L 2. 1.

Winter

Autumn

Autumn

Autumn
Spring

Winter

good
poor
good?

C^uiuce

Quince — Coles . .

Rabum

med.
med.

?
South

Raman's Red

large

Ind

Ragan's Seedling

Ind.

Ralph

Ram bo

Rambour Franc

med.
med.
large
med.
large
large
med.
large

large

large
large
med.
large
med.

Penn.
Eur

Ramsdell Red . ..

Con 9

Randall's Best

Ohio'

Raritan Sweet.

Rasche

N.J.
Mo

Rawle's Janet

Va

Rebecca

Red and Green Sweet : . . .

Red Astraclian

Del.

V

Red Bellflower

Fr. ?

Red Canada

Mass

Red Cathead

Va

Red Cedar

Ohio?

Quarrenden.

V. good

good?

good?

good
poor

good?

452
407

451

Summ'r
Autumn

good
poor ?

Red Cheek Pippin, Synonym of Monmouth Pippin.

III. IL 2. 1,
I. IL 2. 1.

III. L 2. 1.

IV. IL 2. 2.
IIL L2. 2

I. IL 2. 2.

L L 2. 1.

I. I. 2. 2.

I. II. 2. 2.

IV. L 1. 2.

m. LL2.

L n. 1. 1.

L L2. L

II. I. 2. 2.

L L2. 1.

II. n. 1. 2.

IV. LL2.

I. I. 2. 2.

IL IL 2. 2.

IL IL 2. 2.

in. IL 2. 1.

IIL L2. 2.

. I

Autumn
Autumn

E.Wint,
Summ'r
Autumn
Winter
Winter
Winter
L.Wint.
Summ'r

Summ'r

Summ'r
Winter j
Winter |
Autumn
Spring

good
good

V. good

V. good

good?

good

good

good

good

V. good

good

good?

good

loor

.est
'good ?
Igood

044
454

027
566
504

397

645

611

454

664

517

456

730

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

Red Detroit

Red Gilliflower. .

Size. Orig.

large
large

Class. j Season, j Quality. P.

Can. ?:
South!

II. II. 2. 2.

II. I. 2. 2.
IV. II. 2. 2.
IV. I. 2. 2.
IV. I. 2. 1.

Autumn poor
Winter good?

Red Ingestrie small Engl. |

Red June small Car. |

Med Jufimting, SjTionym of Early Red Margaret.
Hed Lady finger. Synonym of Red Winter Pearmain.

Red Ox I IPenn.l

Red Pound Sweet. jv. lar. | ? | II. I. 1. 2.

Bed Quarrenden, Synonym of Devonshire Quarrendcn,

jSumm'r
Summ'r

good?
good

Red Ranee small

Red Republican ilarge

Red Robinson I

Red Kusset large

Red Seedling Ilarge

Red Streak !

Red Streak— English large

Red Stripe med.

Red Sweet Imed.

Red Sweet med.

Red Sweet Spice jsmall

Red Warrior '

Red Winesap imed.

Red. l¥iiit. Pearmain med.

Reine des Reinettes Imed.

Penn.

N. H.

Ohio

Eur. ?

(Ind.)

Ohio

Ohio

(O.)

South

Penn.

South

Eur.

large
med.

large ,Mass,
Mass,
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio

lar^e Ohio

IV.

II. 2. 2.

I.

I. 2. 2.

TIT.

I. 2. 2.

ITT,

I. 2. 3.

T.

I. 2. 2.

ITT.

I. 2. 2.

TIT.

I. 2. 2.

j II.
IV.

IT. 2. 2.

II. 2. 2.

1.

II. 1. 2.

ITT.

L 1. 2.

I.

L 1. 2.

( II.

I. 2. 2.

\l^.

I. 2. 2.

II.

1. 2. 2.

TV.

L 2. 1.

I.

II. 2. 3.

1.

IT. 2. 2.

I.

I. 2. 1.

III.

I. 2. 2.

I.

I. 2. 2.

111.

L 2. 2.

I Autumn j good?

|Winter Igood
E.Wint. poor

Eeinette du Cc^tada, Synonym of Canada Reinette.

Reinette Triomphante large Germ

Reinette Van Mons small Eur.

Republican Pippin large Penn

Rliode Isl. Crreeniiig. . . large R.Isl.

Ribston Pippin med. Engl,

Ricliard'is Oraf t large N.lT . ?

Richardson

Richardson Winter

Riclimond

Richmond's No. 1.
Richmond's No. 4.
Richmond's No. 5. .
Richmond's No. 6.
Richmond's Red...
liich Pippin.^ Synonym of Rock Pippin.

I.

I.

III. I

III, II,

III. I,

III. I.

III. I,

L 2. 1.
L 1. 2.

1.

2.

2.

2.

2.

.2.
.2.

. 1.
. 2.

. 1,

. large

Ridge Pippin... .

Riest

River . , med.

Roadstown Pippin large

Robertson's Red med.

Robertson's White med.

Robey's large

Robinson Stripe med.

Rock Apple large

Roclc Pippin large

Rock Sweet med.

MockJiiU Summer, Synonym of Red Stripe.

Rockport Sweet Imed. IMass . I

Rolen's Keeper med. Ohio?

Rollin Imed. IN. C. I

Romanite, Synonym of Gilpin and of Pennock.

Penn.

Penn.
Mass .
N.J.
Ky.
Va.
Va.
(O.)
N. H.

?
Mass .

II. II. 2. 1.
IV. II. 2. 1.

III. n. 2. 1.

IV. II. 2. 2.
L L2. 1.

IV. L2. 2.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

IV. n. 2. 1.

L LI. 2.

IV.

III.

II.

I,

E.Wint.

Winter

Autumn

E.Wint.

E.Wint.

Autumn

Summ'r

Winter

Autumn

Winter

Autumn

Winter

Autumn

Autumn

Winter ]

Sumrn'r'

Summ'r

! Spring

Winter

E.Wint

E.Wint.

Autumn

Winter

Spring

Autumn

good?

poor ?

good

V. good

good?

good

good

good?

V. good

good

good

good

good

good

good

|v. good

good ?

good

poor

good?

V. good

poor

good

poor

good?

I.

ni.

L 1. 1.
L2.

L L2. 2.

iL.Wint.lgood
Spring good
|E. Wint.lv. good

Roman Stem.

Rome iieauty

Ross' Green

Ross' Nonpareil.

med.
large

small

N.J.

Ohio

(Va.)
Irld?

III.

L 2. 1.

1.

I. 2. 2.

nr.

I. 2. 2.

T.

L 2. 1.

II.

I. 2. 3.

Winter
Winter

good
good?

Winter v. good 534

542

519

414
612
457

397

536

091

579

468

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OP APPLES.

Nairn.

Size. Orig. \

Rosy Red med. Ind.

Roxbury Russet large Mass.

Royal Peariuain large

Eoj'^al Pearmain large j(0 . )

Boyal Pippin, Synonym of Day.

Royal Pippin large i Va.

Royal Red med. jllls

Season.. Quality. P.

II. I.

i I. 11.

I II. I.

I. I.

III. II.

Ruckman's Pearmain med.

Rackman's med.

Rum Apple imcd.

Russet Pearmain 'med.

Riisticoat Milam small

Rymer.

Sailly Autumn

Saint Iia\irreiice

St. Louis Ortley.

Salem Seedling

Sam Young

Santa

Santauchee

Sassafrass Sweet

Sawyer Sweet

Scalloped Gilliflower.

Scarlet Nonpareil

Scarlet Pearmain

Scarlet Siveet

Seager

Seaver,

Secrisfs

Seedling Janet

Seedling Gilpin

Seedling Neverfail

Seedling Paul.

med.
large
large

small

?

N. C.
Vt.

Eur.
N. Y,
Can. ^
Mo.

Ire'd
South
South
Va. ?

med. jEur.

small |(0.)

med.
med.

med.
med.
large
med.
med.
med.

Engl.

Ohio

Mass.

Ohio

Ind.

Ind.

Ills. ?

Ind.

III.
II.

III.

I.
III.
III.

I.

I.

I.
IV.
II.

I.

IV. II.
11. II.

11. II.

L I.

II. I.

II. I.

III. I.

II. II.

III. I.

L I.

II. II.

III. I.

I. I.

I. L

Seek-no-further— Autumn, Synonym of Dr. Watson.

Seek-no-further— Summer large ? HI. II.

Seek-no-further — Westchester large ? II. I.

Seek-no-further— Westfield. .. . med. Conn. II. I.

Seek-no-ftirther— White large L. Isl. III. II.

Seek-no-further — White large ? I. I.

Selby Bellfiower large ? III. II.

Selma med. Ohio I. J.

Selma large Ala. IV. II.

Seneca Favorite

September. large

Shaker, Synonym of Early Pennock.

Shaker Redstreak | large

Shannon, Synonym of Ohio Pippin.

Sharkers Greening

Sheepnose, (Sigerson)

Winter

Winter

Winter
Winter

good

good?

good
V. good

491
580

III. II. S

IV. II. S

I n. L2. 2.

Sbeepnose, (Mears)

Sheepnose, (Ohio)

Sheppard Sweet

Sbia\irassee Beauty...

Shipley's Green

Sliockley

Shop

Shreem, Synonym of Hannah

Siberian Crabs : i

Cherry 'small

Double Flowering small

Lady Crab -small

Mo.

med. Ohio?

small ' Ohio?
med. Conn.

med,
med.
med.

Mich.i
Penn . \

n, I.

II, I,

I III. II.

IV. II.

II. I.

IV. II.

I. I.

III.
II.

m.

in. L
m. II.

I. L

Spring

Autumn i

Winter

L.Wint.

Winter

Winter

Winter

Winter

Autumn 'good

Autumn good?

Winter good

good

good?

poor

good

good?

good?

good?

poor "^

Winter

Summ'r

E.Wint

Summ'r

Summ'r
E.Wint.
Autumn
Autumn
Winter
Winter
L.Wint,
Winter

good?

poor

poor?

good

good

good

good

V, good

poor

poor

good

543

Summ'

Autumn

Winter

Autumn

Autumn

Winter

E.Wint.

Winter

good
good
good
good
V, good
good
^'v, gd
"v. gd,

[ Autumn igood
I Autumn Igood

I Winter \

• Winter good

I Winter good
I Autumn good
Autumn v. good
iWinter poor ?
I Spring good

j I

'Autumn good
" ipoor
I " Igood

646

732

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

Name.

Size. Orig.

Season. Quality. P.

Siberian Crabs:

Larg-e Yellow

Montreal Beauty.

Powers'

Yellow

Sigerson's Ortley. ,

Si Idler's Pound

Sigler's Red.. ..

... small I

. ..small

. . . ■ small

. . . small

...large Mo.
.. . V. lar. Ohio
...med. Ohio

Sillix ' Penn,

Sine qua non

Skumk

Sleathe's Ivory

Slingerland Pippin.

Slug Sweeting

Small Black....

Smalley

Smairs Pippin

Smitli's

. large L. Isl.

.large N. J.,
.'small Ohio
. large N. Y.
. med. R. I.
. I small I ?
.jmed. Conn.
. I small ' ?

.large Penn.

Smokehouse

Smokytwig

Snepp's

Somerton Sweet ,

Sops-of-Wlne

Sour Rambo

Southern Golden Pippin..

Southern Greening

South Mountain

Spaflbrd Russet —

Spark's

Speckled Oley

Spice .'

Spice

Spice Pippin

Spice Russet

Spice Sweet '.

Spice Sweeting

Spice S^v^eeting

Spiceland Sweet

Spitzenberg— Flushing. . .

Spitzenberg— Red

Sponge

Spotted Pippin

Sprague

Spring Pippin

Springer's Seedling

Stack

Staiiiiard

, large
. large
. med.

. med.

.med.
. large

. med.

. large
. imed.
. !med.

. med.

.imed.
.Imed.
. rmed.
.'large
. large
. small

Penn.

Ky.

Ind.

$?•)
Eur.

(O.)

South

Ga.

Penn

Ohio

South

Penn

\9-)

Ya.

(O.)
(O.^)

and.)
East.

Lid.
L. Isl,
(Ills.)

(nis.)

.'small
.med.
. large

Stanley's

Stansill

Stark

Steele's Red.

Steele's Sweet

Stehley

SteventJon's Winter

Stewart

Ste%vart's Nonpareil.

Stillman's Early

Stillwater Sweet

Stockade Sweet

Stock Sweet

Stone ...

. large
, med.
. med.
■large
, imed.

Ohio
Ind.
N. Y.

South

South
Ohio

Mass?
Conn .
Penn .

Miss.

in. 1. 2. 1.

III. I. 2. 1.
L I. 2. 1.

III. II. 2. 1.

IV. I. 2. 1.
L II. 2. 1.

III. I. 2. 2.

( IV. L 1. 1.

I III. I. 2. 1.

III. I. 2. 1.

L n. 2.
L L2.

I. II. 2.

II. n. 1.

III. I. 2.

I.
IV.

;m.

I IV.

I.

'small (O.)
small N. Y.
large Oiiio

^Mich.

1.2.
I. 2.
L2.
1.2.
1.2.

■ v.

L 1. 1.

1.

m.

I. 2. 2.

III.

L 2. 1.

I.

L 2. 1.

II.

I. 2. 3.

TV.

L 2. 1.

III.

I. 2. 2.

III.

IL 2. 1.

III.
II.
II.

Autumn good

Winter 'good ?
E.Wint. good ?
Autumn good

Summ'r

Autumn

Winter

Winter

Autumn

Winter

Autumn

Winter

Winter

Autumn

Winter
L. Aut.
Summ'r

Winter good

Winter |

Winter good.
E.Wint. V. good

Winter good

.2.

. 2.
. 2.
. 1.
. 1.
. 1.

III. n. 2. 1.

I. II. 2. 3.

L L 1. 1.

III. I. 1. 1.

i I. II. 1. 2.

I III. II. 1. 2.

IL LI. 2.

IL LI.

II. II. 2.

III. I. 2.

III. I.

IV. I. 2.
L2.
1. 2. 2.
1. 2. 2.

II. II. 2. 2.
; IV. 1. 2. 1.

II. I. 2. 1.
III. II. 2. 1.
IIL L2.2.

II. II. 2. 2.

III. II. L 1.
I. II. 2. 2.
L L2. 1.

II. II. 2. 2.
III. IL 2. 2.
IIL L2. L

IL IL 1. 1.

IL LL2.

v. good

poor

jgood ?

'good

good

good?

good

ipoor

'good ?

good ?

I,

614

V. good
good

Winter jgood
Winter v. good
Autumn jgood*

Autumn

Winter

Winter

Winter

Autumn

Winter

Autumn

Spring

Spring

Winter

Winter

good

'good

good

poor

poor

jv. good

good?

615

525
674

474

poor
good
good

544

Winter good
Winter gqod
Winter good?
L.Wint. good
L.Wint.j

Summ'r good
Summ'r good
Autumn good
Spring ,

657

Winter

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

733

Name.

Stone's Sweet.

Stonewall

Straat

Strandt

Strawn's Seedling

Stribling

Striped Ashmore

Striped Bellflower

Striped Oilliflower.

Striped Jnne

Striped Sweet

Strode' s Birmingham

Strother

Stnrmer Pippin

Styre

Siidbnrv Sweeting

SuffolkBeaiity

Sugar

Sugar and Water

Sugarloaf ,

Sugarloaf Pippin

Sugar Sweet ,

Summer Bellflower

Penn.
Engl.

Mass.

N. Y.
Penn.

CVa.}
Engl.
Penn,

Summer Bellflower

Summer Cheese

Summer Golden Pippin

Summer Green

Summer Hagloe, Synonym of Hagloe-

Summer Jane^ med. Ind.

Summer liimbert^vlg.. med. jVa.
Summer Pippin, ;. med. N. Y

Summer Queen med. N. Y.?

Summer Ramho Sou. ?

Summer Red South

Summer Rose small N. J.

Summer Russet small i ?

Summer Seek-no-further large (O.)

Summer Sweet large Ga.

Sum'r Sn^eet Paradise large Penn.
Sumnum Bonum., Synonym of Bonum.

Sunday Sweet large |(nis.)

Superb f. med N. C.

Class.

Superb Sweet.

Surprise

Susan Spice

Sutton

Sutton Beauty.

Sutton's Seedling,,
Siraar

large
small

large
large

large

Sw^eet and Sour

Sweet Bellflonrer

Sweet Bough, Syiionym of Bough.

Sweet Fall Pippin Targe

Sweet Gate med.

Sweet Gilliflower med.

Sweet Gilliflower med.

S^veet Janet large Ind.

Sweet Jime, Synonym of Hightop Sweet.

Mass.

Eur.

Penn.

Con.?

Mass.

South

In. y.

I ?

Ohio

N. Y.

(O.)

Mich.

IV. II. 2. 2.
IV. I. 2. 1.

I. 2.

L2.

I. 2.

1.2.

L 2.
IV. II.
IV. II. 2.
IV. L2.
m. LI. 2.
IV. I. 2. 1.

illL
I II.

IIL
II.

III.

x\utumn
Autumn
Autumn
Summ'r
Autumn
Autumn

Season. Quality. P.

Autumn
Autumn

V. good

good

poor ?

good

poor

poor

Spring

E.Wint.

Winter

Autnmn

Winter

Summ'r

m. L2. 2.

L L2. 2.

(m. L2. 1. )

i IIL II. 2. 1. f

II. II. 2. 2.

I. I. 2. 2.

IILL 2.2.'
III. I. 2. 3.
ni. II. 1. 2.
L LI, L
IIL LI. 1.

Summ'r
Winter

Summ'r

Summ'r

Summ'r
Summ'r
Summ'r

Summ'r
Summ'r

Summ'r

Summ'r

good?
V. good

good?

good

good

good

poor ?

poor

good?
poor ?

good

V. good

good?
good?
V. good

good?
good

good

V. good

good

Summ'r
E. Sum.lv

Summ'r

Summ'r good
Summ'r good ?
Summ'r good

I.
I.

I III.'
IIL

L 1. 1.
L 2. 1.
L 1. 1.
L 1. 1.
I. 2. 1.

IIL L2. 2.
i III. I. 2. 2.
( IIL II. 2. 2.

III. I. 2. 2.
j III. II. 1. 1.
i L L 1. 1.

L n. L 1.

IV. II. 1. 1.

Winter
E.Wint.

Autumn

Winter

Winter
Winter

E.Wint.

good
V. good

good

poor

good
good

V. good
poor

I.

I.

III.

IT.

illL

I 11.

L 1. L
L 1. 1.
L 1. 2.
L 1. 2.
I. 1. 2.
L 1. 2.

Winter good

Autumn [good
Autumn good?
Autumn 'good
Winter [poor

Winter good

616

646
545

616

390

632

475

734

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

Name.

Sweet — Kentucky med.

Sweetmeats small

Sweet Pear med.

Siveet Pearmaiii 'med.

Sweet Ramho med.

Sweet Romaiiite med.

Sweet Russet

Sweet Russet

Sw^eet Sponge

Sweet Vandervere. .

Sweet Wine

Sweet Winesap

Sweet Winter Pennock.

Sylvester

Symmes' Harvest

Tallman's Siveet..

Tart Bough

Taunton

Taylor Red

Tender Skin

Tennessee Red

Tennessee Wilding

TerralPs Late

Tetofski

small

med.

med.

med.

small

med.

large
med.

Tewksbury W. Blusb i

The Cook's Favorite.

Thos. Gatch

Thomas' Late

Thurmond, '^ynowYVd of Julien.

med.
large

Ky.

Ind.
Ohio

(O.)

Penn.

West

Ky.

(W.) ]

Ohio

Pen. ? -j

(O.)

N. Y.

Va. I

R. L !

Ohio?

South

Ohio?

S.Car.

Tenn.

Tenn.

South

Eur. j

N.J. ]

(Ind.)^

Ohio

South

n.
II.
11.

III.
J II.
1 II.
( 11.
III.
I.
II.
I.

HI.

III.

I.
II.
III.
III.
III.
m.

I.
III.

I.
III.

II.

IV.
IV.

III.

II.

I.
III.

II.

II.

I.

L 1. 2.
IL 1. 3.

L 1. 1.
IL 1. 2.

I. 1. 2.

I. 1. 2.

L 1. 2.
n 1. 3.

L 1. 3.
IL 1. 3.
IL 1. 3.
IL 1. 1.
IL 1. 1.

L 1.
IL 1.

L 1.

LI.

LI.

I. 1.

L2.

I. 2.

L 1. 1.

I. 2. 1.
IL 2. 2.

n. 2.

L2.

LI.
IL2.

I. 2.
11.2.

1.2.

L2.

L2.
II..2.

L2.

L2.

Tift's Sweeting..

Tinmouth

Titus Pippin

Toceoii

Topal

Townseiid

Trader's Fancy.

Tranham

Transparent

med. iMass.

large Vt,
large lOhio?

large Ga.

med. jPenn.
med. 'Penn.
. . . South

large | ?
. . . |Ohio

. . . South

South

med. Ohio

Transport

Trenton Early. . .

Trenton Pippin

Trippes' Horse

Trippes' Railroad

Trumbull Siveet

Tucker

Tudor Sweeting

Tuft's Baldwin ilarge Mass?

Tulpehocken, Synonym of Fallawater.

Turkey Greening jlarge Conn.

Turner's Green med.

Turn-off-lane [med.

Tuscaloosa

med. Lnd.

. Penn,

L L 1. 1.
IIL Ll.l.

L L 1. 1.

IV. I. 2. 1.

IV. II. 2. 1.

II. II. 2. 2.

L L2. 2.

I. I. 2. 2.

L L2. 2.

L

T.

1.

L

TIL

II.

2.

1.

n.

TI.

2.

1.

IL

II.

2.

1.

Twenty oz. Pippin — large

N.J.
Ala.

(W.)

I.
II.
I.
I.
I.

good
good
good

good?

good?
good

V. good

good

good

Winter
Winter
Winter

E.Wint.
Winter

Winter
Winter
Summ'r

Winter good

Autumn good

E.Wint. good

Winter poor ?
Autumn good

Summ'r

Winter good
Summ'r good

Winter good?
Winter v. good
Autumn good
Winter good?
Winter good

Summ'r good

Spring good

Autumn good
Summ'r poor
Winter i

635

564
527

475

617
557

Autumn -good

Winter
E.Wint.

Summ'r

Summ'r
Winter

( II. II. 2. 1.

( in. I. 2. 2.

ni. II. 2. 2.

L LI. L

m. LLl.

m. Ll.l.

I. II. 2. 2.

poor ?
good?

good

good
good

Winter
Autumn

good

best

Autumn good
Winter i

L 2. 1.
L 2. 1.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.

Autumn Igood?

poor
poor
good

Winter
Winter
L.Wint.

Winter poor

416
536

697

460
461

647
536

390

1461

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

785

Name.

Size.. Orig.

Class.

P.

Twitchell Sweet. .

Union

Uri Manly

Van Buren

Vance's Harvest.

med.
med.
med.
large
small

N. H,
Ohio
(Ills.)
Ga. ?
Ills.?

II.

I.
III.
III.

I.

VaJidervere, Synonym of Newtown Spitzenberg.

Vandervere— August.

Vandervere — Fall

Vandervere— Pennsylvania.. .
Vandervere Pippin....
Vandyne ,

Vanglin's W^inter

Veineal Russet.

Vestal, Synonym of Maiden's Blush,

Victuals and I>rink large

Vincent Sweet med.

Virginia Oreening large

Virginia June med.

Virginia June med.

Virginia May small

Virginia Q,uaker small

Voss' ^Winter large

WaddellHall

l¥agoner

Walker's Greening

Walker's Pippin

Walker's Yellow

Wall, Synonym of Berry.
Wallace's Green Pippin.

Walpole

Walworth

Ward

Washington Royal

Water

Wateree

Watson's Dumpling large

Waugh's Crab small

Waxen, Synonym of Belmont.

Weaver Sweet large

Webh's Winter

large
med.
med.
large
large

med.

Ind.
(O.)
Del.
Penn,

?

Ky.

small (Ills.)

large

med.

V. lar.
large

N.J.

(O.)

Va.

Va.?

(Ind.)

Va.

Va.

(Va.)

South

N. Y.

South

South

Ga.

Ky.

Mass.
N. J.
Ohio

Mass.

Wellford's Yellow small

Wells med.

Wdls, Synonjmi of Domine.

Wells' Siveeting

Westbrooke

Westchester Seek-no-farther. .
"Western Beauty.

W^estern Spy

Westfield Seek-no-fur,

Weston

Wetherill's White

Wharton

Wharton's Favorite

Wheeler's Sweeting

Whig

White Alexander

White Apple

White /.strachan

White Baldwin

White Beauty

White Doctor

small

large
large

large

med.
med.
large
large
large

South
Engl.
Va.

'9\

south
Va.

Md. I

N. Y.

Va.
N. Y.
Ohio

Ohio

Conn.

Mass.
N.J.
Ohio?

?

med.
small
med.
large

large

South

Ky.
Russ.

(O.)

Penn.

I.
III.

I.

I.
III.

'ni;

11.
ni.

I.

II.
III.
III.
III.
III.

IV.

I.

I.

III.

II.

II. 1. 2.

I. 2. 2.
L 2. 1.
I. 2. 1.
I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 1.
I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 2.
I. 2. 3.

L 1. 1.
L 1. 1.
L 2. 1.
L 1. 1.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 1.
L 2. 1.
I. 2. 1.
I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 2.
L2 1.
I. 2. 1.
I. 2. 1.

III.
III.
IV.

I.
11.

I.
III.
III.

I.
II.

III.
(in.

I. 2. 2.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

IL 1. 1.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.
I. 2. 2.

L 1. 1,
L 1. 1,

:\

II.
I.

( L

III.'
III.
III.
I.
IV.

II.

I.

IV.

III.

II.

in.
I III.*

L 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 1.

I. 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 2.

L 1. 1.

L 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.
II. 1. 1.

L 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

I. 1. 1.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 1.

I. 2. 1.

E.Wint.
Summ'r
Winter
Winter
Summ'r

Summ'r
Autumn
Winter
Winter
Autumn

Winter

Autumn

Autumn
Autumn
L.Wint.
Autumn
Summ'r
E. Sum.
Summ'r
Winter

good
poor

. good
jood ?
V. good

poor
good
good
good
good

good

poor

good
poor
poor
good

Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter

good
good?

462

462

463

499

416
500

580
580

good

good

Winter
Summ' r good

E.Wint.
Spring

good
good

Winter good
Winter good

Winter good
Winter i

Spring good
Winter good

E.Wint.

good

Winter
Autumn
E.Wint.

good
V. good

Winter

poor

Winter
Autumn
Autumn
E.Wint.
E.Wint.

good

good

good?

good

good?

Summ'r
Winter
Summ'r
Autumn

good?

poor
poor

Autumn

good?

661

464
485
520

r36

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.

Name.

Size. Orig.

Class.

Season. Quality. P.

Wliite Fall Pippin
Wliite Juueatiiig...

White Paradise

Wliite Pippin

VFhite Pippin

White Rambo

White's Long Keeper

White Seek-no-further

large
small
small

large

med.
largS
large

med.

med.

White Spitzenberg

White Sweet

White Sweeting

Wiiitewater Sweet med.

White Winter small

\¥li. \¥int. Pearmain med.

Whitmore med.

Whitney Russet small

Wiley's large

Willey's large

William Penn large

William Penn large

W^illiams' Favorite med.

Willis Russet.

. small

Willis Sweet large

Willow Leaf. large

W^illow. large

Willson small

Wilson Harge

Wilson Pippin jned.

ll'ilson's Volunteer large

Winchell Seedling large

Wine, or Hays large

Wine— Fall med.

Winesap.

Winfield ....

med.

(Ky.)
lEngl.
Ky.

?

(Ky.)

Ohio?
Ind.
L. I.

Penn.

Me.
N.J.

Ohio
Penn .
Am. i
N. Y. i
Ills.?

?

Ind.
Penn?
Vt.
Mass.

Mass.

L. L I

(O.)
Va.
W.Va
Mich. I

(Ind.) :

med.

large
large
large

large
large

med.

Wing Sweet

Winn's Russet

Winslow

Winter Bough

Winter Brook

Winter Cheese

Winter Green

Winter Chrixon^ Synonj-m of Catline

Winter Harvey

Winter Janet

Winter Maiden Blush.

Winter Nonsuch

Winter Pearmain

Winter Pippin

Winter Pippin

Winter Pippin of Mitih.

Winter Pippin

Winter Queen

W^inter Rambo

Winter Red

Winter Strawberry

Winter Sweet— Dan vers'

Ohio
(O.)
Del.

N.J.

N.Y.

Me.
Va.
N.Y.

South
Va.

(O.)

large
med.
large
large
large
V. lar.
large
med.
med.

(Ills.)
(Ills.)
N.Y.
Ind.
?
Vt.
Va.

(S.Ill)

large Mass,

\i.

IV,
JUL

i1:

III.

III.

jIV.

Im.

I.
III.
III.
III.

11.
III.

I.

II.
III.

I.
III.
III.

Ki

I.
III.

I.
III.

]4:

I.
j II.

1 n.
III.

m.
III.

n.

I.

I.

11.

II.
ni.

II.

I.

II.

I.
ni.

I.
in.

I.
in.
III.

IV.

III.

2. 1.

2.1.

2.1.

2.1.

2. 1.

2. 1.

2. 1.

2.1.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

n. 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 1.

L 1. 1.

I. 1. 1.

L 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 1.

L 1. 1.

II. 2. 3.

II. 2. 2.

n. 1. 2.

I. 2. 2.

IL 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

L 2. 3.

II. 2. 8.

II. 1. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

L 2. 2.

L 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

II. 2. 2.

Autumn
Summ'r
E.Wint.
Winter

Winter

E.Wint.

Spring
Autumn

Winter

Autumn

ood?
good
poor
V. good

good?

good?
good?
good

good

good

417
417

41S
647

2. 2.

2.2.

2. 2.

2. 2.

2. 1.

1.2.
L 1. 2.
I. 2. 3.
I. 2. 2.
L 1. 1.
L 2. 1.
I. 2. 2.
L 1. 1.

n. 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 1.
n. 2. 1.

L 2. 1.
II. 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.
II. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

L 1. 1.

Autumn
L.Wint.
Winter
Autumn
Winter
Winter
Summ'r
Winter
Winter
Summ'r

Winter

Autumn
Winter
L.Wint.
Winter
Winter
Winter

E.Wint.

Autumn

;E.Wint.'

Autumn

Winter

good
good?
iV. good
good
jv. good
poor
good ?
j"v.gd."
V. good
'good

good

'good
[good ?
good
V. good
good
good

'good ?

V. good

good

best

good

>• Autumn good?

508

618
470

619
465

620
466
546

477

418
46t

good

CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APrLES.

737

Name.

ize. Orig.

Winter Sweet— Golden i

Winter Sweet— (Milwads) I

Winter Sweet Paradise large

Winter Sweeting j

Winthrop Greening jlarge

Wintlirop Pearmain large

Wonder

Woodbum Spi'zenberg.

Woodland

Woodside Cider

Wood's Greening

Wood's Sweet

\roolfolk»

World's Wonder

Wormsly Pippin

Wreston's Prolific

Wright's Apple

\rrlglit9s Janet. . . .

(N.Y)

Penn.

med.
med.
med.
large
med.

med.

med.

med.

large
large

Yacht .»

Yadkin

Yahaula

Yankee Russet

Yates

Yellour Bellflower.

Ydlmjo Crank, Synonym of Green'^Crank,

Yellow English Crab . . .

Yellow^ Foster

Yellow Horse

ITellour Ingestrie.

Yellow June

Me.
Me.

South

(Va.)

N. C.

Ohio

N.J.

Vt.

Ky.

South

Engl.

Ky.

Vt. .

Mo.

Penn.
South
South

■>outh
N.J.

Yellow Meadow

Yellovr Neivtown..

Yellow Pearmain ' .

Yellow Siberian Crab

Yellow Vandervere

Yocomb's

Yopp's Favorite

York Imperial.

med.
large
small

Engl.
(0.)
South
Engl.

small

?

large
large
med.
small
med,
large

South
L.I.

South
Eur.
(0.)
South

large

Ga.

large

Penn.

Yost.

Zieber

Ziesler'B Sweet.
Zaar Greening. .

med. Penn.
small |Am.

IPenn.

iOhio

L LI. 1.
iii.' LLL

IV. L2. 2.
III. I. 2. 2.
II. I. 2. 2.
L L2. 1.
L II. 1. 2.
IL L2. 1.

iii.'i.'i.'i.

I.

in.

1.
m.
III.

I.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

I. 2. 2.

L 2. i.

L L2. 1.
IV. II. 2. 1.

York Busset^ Synonym of Pumpkin Russet.

. m.

I.
I.

m.

u

III.
II.
in*

HI.

\i

III.

L 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

L 2. 1.
II. 2. 1.

I. 2. 1.
II. 2. 1.

L 2. 1.

L 2. 1.
IL 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

L 2. 1.

I. 2. 1.
II. 2. 1.

I. 2. 2.

L L2. 2.

HL L2. L

L Ll.L

Season.

Quality.

P-

Winter

Winter

Winter good

Autumn'good
Winter igood

Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter
Autumn
Winter

good?

good?

good?

good

good?

509

Autumn

poor

Autumn

good

Winter

good

620

Winter
Autumn

good
poor

621

E.Wint.

best

682

Autumn
Autumn
Summ'r

good
good
good?

418

582

Summ'r

good

E.Wint.
Winter
Wint r
Autumn
Winter
Summ'r

good
best
good
good
good
good?

V. good

649

Winter

good

693

Winter igood
poor

468

1

GENERAL INDEX.

For Index to the Varieties of Apples see page 711. The names,
^iven below in small caps, refer to headings of chapters.

Animals in the Orchard 248

Apex, Definition of , 359

Apple, Botanical Character of 29

" Etymology of .' 27

" History of 26

" Native Country of 30

*' Original Sorts of Great Britain 30

Apples, As Food for Stock 18

'• Gerard's List of Seven 33

'^ How Introduced 19

" In Bread Making IT

" The Putnam List 25

Axis, Definition of ' 362

Bark Grafting r. 84

Basin, Definition of 359

Budding, Advantages of 102

" American Ill

" Conditions Requisite 107

" Manner of Operating 110

" Philosophy of 103

' ' Ring 114

" S. S. Jackson's Method 112

" Season for 106

Buds, After Treatment 116

Growth from 53

" Individuality of 53

" Removing 113

" Tying 114

Callus 58

Calyx, Described 360

Cavity, Described 361

Cell Growth 52

Characters of Fruits 350

Classification of Fruits 366

Cleft Grafting 79

Clover in Orchard 228

738

GENERAL INDEX. 739

Cordon Training 149

Culture of Orchard 242

Cuttings, French Method 61

" Of one Eye 62

Planting of 131

" Preparation of 57

Description of Apples 381

Diel'e Classification 369

Digging Holes .221

" Nursery Trees 125

'' Trees 2a3

Distance to Plant 237

Diseases 160

Disease, Apple Blight 177

Bitter Rot 178

Black Knot 188

'' Cracked Fruit 179

'■ Dr. Kirtland's Views 179

' Effects of Frost 166

" Effects of Moisture 164

" Induced by Insects 185

" Induced hy Wounds 185

" Influence of Soil 167

" Lankester's Classification 163

Mildew 179

" Parasitic Plants and Fungi 173

" Pear Blight. . . ._ 174

" Poisonous Gases 171

" Rot and Mildew on Grape 195

" Sunshine in Winter 171

Dochnars Classification 374

Draining 214

Dwarfing 144

Dwarfing the Apple : 156

By Pinching 152

" By Root Pruning 156

" By Uncongenial Stocks 150

Dwarfing-Stocks 145

Espaliers 148

Eye in Fruits 360

Flavor 365

Flesh, Character of. . . , : 364

Forms of Fruit 352

Frozen Trees. 234

Fruit, Influence on Health. ... .- 16

" Legislation concerning 15

Fruit Rooms 290

Gathering Fruit 282

Giradin Side Graft 82

Girdled Trees 85

Grafting 74

" By Approach 83

Bark 84

740

GENERAL INDEX.

Grafting, Charlatan 31

Cleft 79

" Natural 77

" In the Nursery 87

" Physiological Limits 75

" Ring 84

" Root 88

" Saddle 83

Side 81

'' Splice 78

" Virgil's Advice on , 34

Whip 78

Grafting Wax 97

Grasses and Grains in Orchard 343

Growth from Buds 53

Heading Root Grafts 94

Ileeling-in 235

History of the Apple 26

Hoed Crops in Orchard 243

Home Nursery 136

Hybrids and Crosses 38

Illinois Experiments 44

Inarching 83

Indian Orchards 20

Inoculating 102

; 294

Insects .

-^gerians *. 341

^geria exitiosa 341

" poiistseformis 344

" pyri 344

" tipuliformis 344

Alypia 8-maculata 341

American Blight 318

American Currant Borer : 299

American Forrester 341

Anomala lucicola 304

Aphides 312

Aphis cerasi 316

" lanigera 318

" mali 314

" persicse 317

" prunifolise 316

*' rihis 318

" vitis 317

Apple Bark-beetle 301

Apple Bark-louse 310

Apple Leaf-louse 314

Apple-root Blight 319

Apple-tree Borer 298

Apple-twig Borer 300

Arctia phalerata 325

Arma modesta 321

Aspidotus conch iformis 810

Bark-lice . . . . .^ 310

Beautiful Wood-Nymph 332

Beetles ..297

Blister-Flies 305

Bostrichus bicaudatus 300

Bound Tree-Bug 321

Brachytoenia melania 338

Buffalo Tree-Hoppel- 321

Bugs 309

Calosoma scrutator 307

Canker-Worms 336

Carpocapsa pomonella 338

Cecidomyia grossularise 349

Cecropia Emperor Moth 329

Ceresa bubalus 321

" taurina 322

Chaetochilus pometellus 340

Cherry Leaf-Louse ,. 316

Cherry-Tree Borer 299

Chrysobothris femorata 299

Cicada septendecim 320

Clisocampa decipiens 327

Coccidians .310

Coccinelidae 367

Codling-Moth 338

Coleoptera 297

Conotrachelus Nenuphar 301

GENERAL im)EX.

741

Currant Borer MA

Cuiirant-Moth 337

Cut-Worms 334

Datana ministra 332

Delta-Moths 337

Desmia maculalis 338

Biccrca divaricata 299

Diptera 345

Eight-Spotted Forrester 341

Erythroneura tricincta 322

" vitifex 322

" vitis 322

'' vulnerata 323

Eilopia ribearia 337

Eudryas grata 332

" unio .. a32

Eui'yomyia Inda 3<'2

Fall Web-Worm 325

Gartered Grape Vine Plume 340

Gastrophaca Americana 329

Geometers 336

Gooseberry Midge 349

Grape Vine Borer 344

Grape Vine Feeders 340

Grape Vine Flea-Beetle 303

Grasshoppers 308

Green Tree-Bug 321

Haltica chalybea 303

Hand-Maid Moth 332

Harnessed Moth 325

Hornet-Flies 309

Hemiptera 309

Horn Beetle 300

Hybemia tilliaria .336

Hymenoptera 345

Hyphantria textor 325

Lachnostema fusca 302

Lady-Birds 307

Lappit-Caterpillar 329

Leaf-Rollers 337

Lecanium persici 311

" pyri ; 311

" vitis 312

Lepidoptera 324

Leptostylus aculifonis 301

Loxotaenia cerasivorana 338

" rosaceana 338

Lucanns dama 300

Macrodactylus subspinosus 364

Mamestra arctica 335

May Beetle 303

Miller 325

Modest Tree-Bug 321

Nest— Caterpillar 327

Neuroptera 345

Noctiise 334

Ohis myron 340

Orygia antiqua 325

" leucostigma 324

Orthoptera 363

Otiocerus Coquebertii 323

Owlet-Moth 334

Paleothrips mali 320

Palmer-Worm 340

Peach Bark-Louse 311

Peach Tree Borer 341

Peach Tree-Louse .317

Pear Bark-Louse 311

Pear-Blight Beetle 300

Pear Blister-Fly 302

Pear Slug 347

Pearl Wood-Nymph 332

Philampelus satellita 341

" Achemon 341

Pelidnota punctata 303

Pemphigus pyri 319

Pentatoma ligata 321

Penthia oculana 338

Plant-Lice 312

Platysamia cecropia 329

Plum Leaf-Louse 316

Plum Weevil 301

Pomphopoea Sayi 302

Procris Americana 341

Prenocerus supernotatus 299

Psylla pyri 319

Pterophorus periscelidactylus 340

Raphigaster sarpinus 321

Reduvius trinotatus 323

Rose-Chafer 304

Rustic Vaporer Moth 325

Saperda bivittata 298

Scolytus pyri ' 300

Selandria cerasi 347

" vitis 348

Seventeen Year Locust 320

Span-Worms 336

Spilosoma Virginica 325

Spotted-Winged Sable .338

Single-Striped Tree-Hopper 321

Tent-Caterpillar 327

Thelia univittata 321

Thick-legged Bupestris 299

Three-banded Leaf-Hopper 322

Tomicus mali 301

Tortrices *. 837

742 GENERAL INDEX.

Tree Hoppers. 320 Vine Dresser 340

Tree-Pruners 304 Vine Leaf-Hopper 322

VaporerMoth 324 White Grub 302

Vine Aphis 317 White Moth 325

Vine Bark-Louse 312 Woolly Aphis 318

Vine-Destroying Leaf-Hopper 322 Wounded Tree-Hopper 323

Introduction 9

Johnny Appleseed 20

Kirtland's Experiments 40

Layering the Grape 67

" The Quince 67

Layers 66

Manures 219

Manuring the Nursery 127

McKnight's Experiments 36

Mulching 227

" In the Orchard." 246

Nursery 120

" Animals and Insects in 140

" Culture of. . . 130

" Grafting in 87

" The Home 136

" Laying out 128

" Manuring 127

" Orchard 138

" Preparation of Soil 128

" Site and Soil for 123

" Trimming in 134

" Winter killing in 138

Nyce's Fruit Preserving House 291

Ohio Purchase 22

Orchard, Aspect of 203

" Belts and Screens for 205

" Old, Eegrafting 85

" Preparation of Soil 213

Site for :M98

Soils for 208

Packing Fruit 288

Philosophy of Pruning 251

Pinching Root Grafts 94

Planting.. 223

Age of Trees for 135

" Cuttings 131

" Distance 237

" Mixed. 238

" Quincunx 240

" Root-Grafts 93

" Season for , 226-236

Plowing ♦ .216

" In the Orchard 245

" Old Orchards 250

Pomatum 34

Poultry in the Orchard 248

GENERAL INDEX. 743

Prepaeation op Soil for an Orchard 213

Preparing Trees to Plant 224

Pronged Hoe 131

Propagation, Sect. I , 52

Propagation, Sect, n.— Grafting 74

Propagation, Sect, m.— Budding 102

Propagation, Sect. IV.— The Nursery 120

Progagation by Cuttings 57

" " Suckers 63

" " Layers 66

" " Seeds 70

Pruning, Objects of 252

" Season for 260

" Summer 259

'• Young Trees 256

Puddling 233

(Quincunx Planting 240

Regrafting Old Orchards 85

Richard Side Graft 82

Ring Budding 314

Ring Grafting 84

Ripening and Preserving Fruits 275

Roots Affected by Soil 123

" Fibrous, Desirable. ..t 124

Root Cuttings 58

Root-Grafting 88

Root-Grafts, Planting 93

" Treatment of 94

Root-Pruning 124-147

Saddle Grafting 83

Scions , 100

" Time to Cut 100

" Preservation of. .' 100

Season for Planting 236

Seedlings, Treatment of 72

Seeds, Forms of 364

" Preserving 70

'■'■ Sowing 71

Selection and planting 229

Shrivelled Trees 236

Side Grafting 81

Silas Wharton 24

Site for an orchard 198

Size of Fruits 350

" of Trees. 230

Skin of Fruits, Characters of 356

Small Fruits in Orchard 238

Splice Grafting : 78

Stakes 221

Stem, Kinds of 362

Stocks, Dwarfing 145

Stock-Grafting 95

Stool-Layering 68

744 GENERAL INDEX.

Storing Fruit 280

Subsoiling j> 218

Suckers 63

Swine in the Orchard 248

Thinning 263

Thomas' Classification 367

Trees, Age for Planting ; 135

Tree Digger, Harkness' 126

Trenching 216

Trimming in Nursery 134

" Root Grafts. 94

Tying - 79

Value of Orchard Products 10

Van Mons' Theory 40

Varieties Running Out : 4T

Warder's Classification 3T9

Wax, Grafting • 97

Whip-Grafting 78

Winter-Killing 206

*^ In Nursery 138