^,97^f^LF

8 ^ L^' c

/Ot

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL/iTlON BILL, 1924

HEARING

IlKFORK

SUBCOMMITTEE OF HOUSE COMMITTEE
ON APPROPRIATIONS

CONSISTING OF

Messrs. SYDNKY ANDEKSO.N (Ciiaiuman), WALTICR W. MAGEK.

EDWARD M. WASON, JAMES P. HUCnANAN,

AND CJURDUN LEE

IN CHARGE OF THE

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL FOR 1924

SIXTY-SEVEXTH {'()X(JRESS

FOURTH SESSION

(^^7V ^ 3'

7

WASHINGTOX
COVKUNMKNT I IJINTINC OIIHi;
:.'<..> 1022

COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS.

House of Representatives,
sixty-seventh congress, foukth session.

MARTIN B. MADDEN, Illinois, Chairnum.

CHARLES R. DAVIS, Minnesota.
DANIEL R. ANTHONY, Jr., Kansas.
WILLIAM S. VARE, Pennsylvania.
.TOSEPH (i. CANNON, Illinois.
C. BASCOM SLEMP, Virginia.
SYDNEY ANDERSON, Minnesota.
WILLIAAI R. WOOD, Indiana.
LOUIS C. CRAMTON, Michigan.
PATRICK H. KELLEY, Michigan.
EDWARD H. WASON, New Hampshire.
WALTER W. MAGEE, New York.
GEORGE IIOLDEN TINKHAM, Massachu
BURTON L. FRENCH, Idaho.
MILTON W. SHREYE, Pennsylvania.
CHARLES F. 0(iDEN, Kentucky.
WILLIAM li. STAFFORD, Wisconsin.
JAMES W. IIUSTED, New York.

Marcellus

ELIJAH C. HUTCHINSON, New .lersey.
ROBERT E. EVANS, Nebraska.
L. J. DICKINSON, Iowa.
HENRY Z. OSBORNE. California.
FRANK MURl'HY, Ohio.
JOSEPH W. BYRNS, Tennessee.
THOMAS UPTON SISSON, Mississippi.
JAMES P. BUCHANAN, Texas.
JAMES A. (iALLIVAN, Massachusetts.
JAMES F. BYRNES. South Carolina.
(iORDON LEE. Georgia,
.setts. BEN JOHNSON, Kentucky.

CHARLES D. CARTER, Oklahoma.
EDWARD T. TAYLOR, Colorado.
WILLIAM B. OLIVER, Alabama.
THOMAS W. HARRISON. Virginia.
ANTHONY J. (iRIFFIN, New York.

C. Shield, Clerk.

-V

I I » V-/ '»l

JAMES H. MacLAFFERTY

REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS
6th DISTRICT CALIFORNIA

Q'7W^ (ALAMtDA COUNTY.) .

W:\im

IJlllAL vrilMil'KIATloN lill.L, IXU.

HEARINGS CONDUCTED BY THE SUBCOMMITTEE (MESSRS. SYD-
NEY ANDERSON (CHAIRMAN). WALTER W. MAOEE. EDWARD
H. WASON. JAMES P. BUCHANAN. AND GORDON LEE) OF THE
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS. HOUSE OF REPRESENTA-
TIVES. IN CHARGE OF THE AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT AP-
PROPRIATION BILL FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1924, ON THE DAYS
FOLLOWING, NAMELY:

TmitsDAv. .Ni»\i:miiki{ Ki, I'.'ii'J.

STATEMENT OF MR. W. A. JUMP. BUDGET OFFICER AND ADMIN-
ISTRATIVE ASSISTANT. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

.•^T.VTKMKNT I{Kf;AI{l)l N<; FI^CM, AFFAIF!^ oF DFrAltTM FNT.

Mr. AxDKRSox, We will take up the oflice of the SecietMiv. on
pajre 2 of the Book of f^timates. and Mr. Jump, who is the Bndiret
olhcer of the departnii-nt. will make a preliinin.irv statement in re-
spect to the items in the bill.

Mr. Jump. Mr. Chairman, my remarks will Ik* very brief. Before
procee(lin<r to the detailed estimates I wonld like to submit a state-
ment which the Secretary, knowing: the interest of this committee
in the manner in -which the affairs of the Department of Agrriculture
are conducted generally, asked me to present to you this mornin<r.
This is an excerpt from the Secretary's annual report for the last
fiscal year, which was sent to the printer yesterday and which will
be released, of course, in the usual manner when the regular session
of Congress convenes. The statement deals with the reserves which
were set up from the ajipropriations for the fiscal year 11V2'2 and in-
dicates typical instances of some of the economies which have been
effected in the department. I shall be glad to read it, or I will pre-
sent it for the record, whichever you prefer.

Mr. BrniANAN. It will be satisfactory to me to have it inserted.

Mr. Andfiisox. Without objection, it will be inserted in the
record.

STATKMK.NT KHOM the -XN-NFAL UH-oKT ok THK Sm KCTAKY ok .VliKICll.TFRK KOB

THK KhscAi. Ykau Emiini; .If.ne :iO, 10J::i.

ECOXOMIKS EKKK.CTIU> IN THE DEPARTMENT.

Ill t!i»' ;itliiiinistniti<iii of tlw work (luring' tlu' listal .vear tlie ur;;eut necessity
for wouoiuy in pivfrnniental expenditures luis at all times been kept in niiml
by tlir oniivis an«l tMiipIoytcs nf tin- tiepartniont. In t-onfnnnity witli tbc plan
establisiitnl by tin* liiueau of tli».' Iiu(l;rpt. iv>eivt's anumntinj; to !?1.4<H!,1»84
were set up apiinst the various annual appropriations of tlie ilepartnieut.

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1024

By tlie exi'icjse. of stiitt ec^jivmiv at tlie dose of the year the deiiattfiieiit was
able to Jidd fiu'tli^r, muised bjihiiKvs in the auunint of .$678,740. and this.
tOfiether,'\vith.^|a^..'<;l,40a.fm t'esju-ved. made total savinfi.s of $2.0Sr.,783 turned
hack to-flrt- TiWsur.r in tlie Tonn' of nnexpended hahuices from the annual
appropriations.

In addition to tlie fore.noing a reserve of .^s.inO.oOf) was set np from the so-
falled continniiifr api»ropriations of the department, which are available until
expended. While this money will eventually be expended, it was found ])os-
sible under the necessities of the times to <lefer the expenditures beyond the
present fiscal year, and thus for the r>i"t'sent to save the withdrawal of the
cash from the Treasury.

The cllorts toward reduction in expenditures were not confined merely to
keeping: intact the reserves reported in the fore^oini:. The business adminis-
tration of the department .lienerally has been subjected to close .scrutinv and
specific economies inauguratetl all alonjr the line. The department has i)et'n
actively represented on the various coordinntinjr ajrencies create<l under the
auithority of the Bureau of the Budget. A tratlic manager has been apptiinted
to coordinate and handle the large volume of shipments and extensive jia.s-
senger niovt ments in connection with the work of the department. Careful
attention has been given to economies which might be effected by changes in
organization, and worth-while results have been achieved in this direction also,
.some of which will be mentioned later.

I'articular attention has been given to the purchasing work of the depart-
ment. After a survey of this work was made by an expert detailed from the
Bureau of the Budget, a directcu- of purchases and sales was designated to
coordinate the purchasing work and the dispf)sition of surrilus property.
Chan.ges have been made .in former procedure, llie work has been placed
upon a more businesslike basis by a closer scrutiny of purchase requirements.
By reorganization and extension of the powers of the department board o^
awards competition has been widened on supplies and equipment bought. By
consulting with commodity experts in this and other departments prior to
purchasing the department has kept informed on market conditions in various
lines and has been able to place orders more advantageously. The purchase
of certain commodities has been centralized for Washington and near-by field
stations, enabling the department to secure better prices b.v quantity orders.

Investigation is constantly being made into the availabilit.v of surplus
property fmni other departments and its use wherever econonucal instead of
the purchase of new equipment by the dei>artment. The stocks and equip-
ment of the entire department itself have been gone over carefully, both in
Washington and in the field, and under a system which has been established
a large amount of surplus equipment for which the holding bui-eaus have no
further use is furnished to other bureaus, thus avoiding additional purchases.
Serviceable motor trucks have been secured at nominal costs from surplus
stocks of other departments to replace worn-out trucks in the centralized
trucking unit of the department, making better hauling service available to
the bureaus at lower cost. The revenues from the sale of perisp.able products
from the field stations of the department near Washington have been more
than doubled by a sjiecial order issued during the year centralizing all such
sales in the department's supply division.

To sinnmarize, here, as elsewhere in the service. " Economy with elliciency "
has been the watchword. Tlie constant aim during the year has been to
develop a consciousness on the part of each oflicer and emi)loyee of the dei)art-
nient of the necessity and p(>rs(mal responsibility on bis iiart for (he maximum
efficiency and economy wilh respwt to his own particular work and the items
of expenditure with which he may have to do. Economies and increased effi-
ciency effected in this way in connectbm with the routine business operations
of the department can not be adeqtiately measmed by figures, but they are
of fundamental importance as the sound foundation of the whole economy
l)rograni. The record of the year includes gratifying reports of this ,tyi>p
and reflected increases in the efficiency of the lines of work alTected. A f«'W
tvpical instances are interesting.

Ucdiiction in manufacturers' price of automobiles and tires and tubes for
field use taking plac(> after lu-oposals hav(> b(>en submitte<l to the department:
have been secured by the board of awards calling for ri^vised prices instead
of accepting the bids as originally subndtted.

A department shop f(M' tli(> reiiair of awnings has been established at a
savipg of ai>proximatelv .^.'J.tMM) a year. Facilities for the repair of typewriters

AdlMCl'LTUIlAI, AlMMtorKIATIoN Mll.l,, l!rJ4. , 3

flud hicyclcH Ity tlu> ile|tiirliii«-iit itMolf nvv \H.'\nii i'ntn\»l\H\nHl at iiialorlnl mhv-

lni:s over Hi«' prlc-t's loniuTly |iai)l tn <'))iniiif n-iiil CMiKM-rns fi»r tlu-w »' '
'lilt- iii.Hlitlliitiou of iM'w <i|iil|>iii«'iit ill (III- i-i'iili'iil |Ni\v«*r |iliiiil of tlic '
nil-Ill iidkIi* |>o.s>ilil«> ii i'i'<lii(-tii)ii ill fiirca- of nIx limucii nml one i>iiKliuM-t' iiml
rviliK'i'il till* aiiiiuul I'liiisuiiipti'iii of nml liy up|>r<>.\liiialfl.\ t<M» Iouh.

Ill the tl\(Ml iiitn>Ki>ii rcKi'iirt'h InlMirntory of the dfiiirliiii'iit a rhaiiUf of
t;nit«- Itars in oii«> of tlit> lu>atitm |iiaiits savtMl jKr><Mi a y«>ar on tin- citiil liill.
Ity ifili'slKnlnu t-crtain «-lt'«ii-ii-al )i|iii|iiih'iit t'lioiik'li rhi-nirHJ i-im-i;.'.\ Iiiih Imh'II
savt'il |o opfrati* a Itattfiy of rUn-l rolyllt- f»>llM in cnalilt' tin- laWoralory to
inak«« it« own hyiiroKcn. I'tTt'i-tinK " Kuvinn of iiv«'r. .S-l.txK' a yt-ar In tin- pur-
(■liiiM* of liquid uiiinionla. This l)riin(-h also (>fr«'<1«'<l » MivinK of $1'{.INMI ilurintc
tlit> y«>ar in rtHluctioii of |K>rsoniiel.

A ivvisioii of all of llif inailiiiL; lisis of the iU>|Nirtiii«>iit «-oiidii«*t«Nl with tlie
Mssisuiiut' of tin- InitiMJ StJito I'.mtau of Ktiii-ii'ii<-\ n-siilted in th»» fliniitiation
from lilt' lists of iiioir tiiaii 1<mi,(km» nann's nnd addnssos. iUw liMt of .s.«j(Nj
names whs diKcontlinuMl altogether, suviiiu .'t44.<MKI Covernineiit hulletiiis a year,
or an tinnmii ex|M>iiditiirc of more than .ST.lHMI.

Tilt' iitl<lr<>ssin;; ami diiplit at in;; work ftir ail of Hit* Imreaus has heen <-t>n>
stiliilatcd iiiitlt'i- tlit> division of I'lililiiatioiis. rtsiiliiim in a rednction in |mt-
soiiiH'l ami the rel«'asf of .^liiMX'" worth of macliiiifry |o tlu' (General Supply
( 'oniiiiitti>e for assi;;niiient to other ilepartiiifnts. ISetter inetluHls of manuue-
nieiit applied to the t-oniluct of the ilupliftitliii; woric as a tentrallKeU {activity
havf ri'dutiti Ilif iK'rceiitiit;.'e of wasta;cf tif {niiier hy 7r» jK'r cent.

Tliife separate perlodiial piihlii'iitions. The Market Itt-poitt-r. The Monthly
Crop lieporter. and tin- National Wi-atlier and Crop I'.ulU-iin Wfiv I'omldnftl
durin;; the year into one pehotlit al kmiwn'as Weather, Crops, and Markets, and
marked sjivin;;s were therehy efle<ti'tl. Another periodii-al which duplicated
miici) of the material sent out throu;.'h the rejridar channels was ilisct>n.tinu(Ml
allo;:eth('r. A relatively t'X|«ensive information service to the press was dis-
continuetl ami in its |ila;-t' was suhstitiite<l a more extensiv<« servici' to uews-
pai'cr syndicates at practically no expense to the (Joveniiuent. At the clos«» of
the year the depiirtinent turned into the Treasury from the appropriation for
liriiilin^' und hindiii;: an unexpenticd halance of $183.84.S.

In the I'oivst Service, a hunau having: extensive held operations, an fstimalt'tl
liaviim of :i."» jrt-r cent in its annual tele^'raph lull tdSHMHKi is lieiii;; accomplished
through increased censorship. Throu;:h centrali/x'd purchase tlirect from pro-
duters savin;rs of not less than 1.") per cent are heinj; elTected from an annual
expenditure exceetlin;: $H(MM>tX> on the lairchase of smoked meats, cannetl ;ioo<ls.
and dri(Hl fruits, ami tlie ipiality of food u.sed ftu- the maintenance of tield
partii^ on road and trail work in the forests has at tlie same time heeii ini-
provetl. InsiHM-tion antl administrative trips are planned in acct)rdance with
carefully worked-out .sche<lules in onler to secure for the Government the nd-
vaiita;:e tif specially reduced round-trip rates. liy this means an average
.savin;: is matle t»f .*>."><) per i)erson travelin;; out of \Vashin;;ton for western points
tlurini: the year. In onler that the maximum amount may he availahle for the
jnirchase of essential supplies and etpiipment for tlu> Held operations of the
service, the purchase of ollice furniture has heeu stopped alto;:ether. Seven
thousand dollars have lieen savetl iu this way durin;: the year ami applietl to
the more ur;.'eiit mt'tls of the .service. The headipiarters of the hureau at one
western point has heen removed to cheajier tpiarters at an annual saving of
approximatly .»sl(».(NM).

In the Weather liureau a demand for $ll.:{i:(i additit)nal funds r.-tpiiretl to
meet iuerea.seil rental charges tin exiiirinj; leases was met hy riMlueins the nuui-
her of rooms occupieii hy the flehl ofllces of the hureau invnlvetl so as to keep
within the existing; allowance for rentals. The same situation arose July 1.
llrjl. and was met in a similar manner, notwithstandin;,' the tiflices of the
hureau have heen crowded therehy.

Thectinsolidution of the Hureau ttf Markets and the liureati t>f Crt>p Estimates
tin July 1. T.rjl, resulted in sav,n;.'s of approximately J>:it»,(tUd throufxh the n-^luc-
tion of the |»ersoiinel enu-a;:e 1 on admini.strative work. A similar ctinsolidation
of administrative s<M-vices was elTecteil on Ju'y 1. lt»'J"_'. when the lUinan of
Markets and Crop Kstiinates was further ineireU with the Otii.e of Fsirni
Management and Farm Keoiiondcs to ftirni the new Bureau of Agricultural
Kcoiiomiis, In which the economic work of the department is now ivntnilizetl.
It is estimated that an additional .<.']0.<MM) was saved in overhead expenditures
hy this consoliil;ition. In athlition. the constdi<lntion has made jiossilile the co-
tir<!inai joii <>f tin- wurl; <>f x.-ii-jr.nv tiM-'iiiii-;il flixisiniis of tlic three former hu-

4 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

reaus, thereby eliniiuuting iluplicatiou aud overlapping throughout the economic
units.

In the Insecticide and Fungicide Board the field work has been redistricted,
resulting in a saving of approximately $1,5(K) a year without loss of efficiency.

In the States lielations Service, by the consolidation of the two Washington
(Offices engaged in directing the work of agricultural extension, salaries aggregat-
ing approximately $20,U00 have been saved, and as the result of centralizing
and rearranging the clerical work in the administrative offices of the same
bureau salaries of clerks to the amount of .$8,000 have been saved.

One field office of the Bureau of Animal Industiy was discontinued during the
year and the work of that office consolidated with another, resulting in a saving
of approximately .$4,000. Two divisions of the bureau in Washington were
merged, resulting in the saving of the salaiy of one chief of division and one
clerk, amounting to $.5,070. By consolidating the work of an emijloyee on the
Canadian border with the duties of another inspector, a saving of $1.5(X) was
■effected, and the recall of one inspector from overseas has resulted in a further
saving of $3,300. In the meat-inspection service by reali.gnment of the force
the actual expenditure during 1922 was reduced several thousand dollars, not-
Avithstauding the fact that nearly 1,000.000 more animals were slaughtere<l
imder inspection during the year and almost 300,000,000 more pounds of meat
food products were reinspected, thus avoiding the necessity for additional ap-
propriations. In the work of supervising the preparation of biological products
a saving of approximately $4,000 was accomplisheil through reduced travel.
During the year there wei'e produced 3.037.771 more doses of tuberculin than
in the fiscal year 1921, and this was accomplished at a saving of $20.S8.'5 over
the amount expended during the previous year. The manufacture and distriVni-
tion of blackleg toxin was also discontinued on July 1. resulting in a saving of
$10,000 per annum.

In the office of exhibits the agricultural displays have been prepared in such
manner that they can be used a number of times without replacement, whereas
formerly the department exhibits frequently were suitaVde for use only during
one or two seasons.

In the Bureau of Biological Survey it was possible during the year to use
$20,000 of the money set aside as a reserve to enable the department in coopera-
tion with one of the AVestern States to cope with a serious outbreak of rabies
among coyotes which threatened to spread into other stock-producing States.
As a result of the availability of the money previously reserved, the outbreak
Avas brouglit under control. If the reserve had not been available it would
have been necessary for the department to have asked the Congress for an
additional appropriation in connection with this emergency.

The economii^s listed above are typical of the spirit in winch the department
has entered into the plan to conduct the business of the Government on the
most economical and efficient basis po.^sible.

While, as pointed out in the foregoing, we have been able to make a great
many very substantial savings in money expended through the application of
modern business methods, it is increasingly evident that the largest economies
to be effected in the department are those which come as a result of j>fficient
organization. Such economies can not be expressed in <lollars and cents. They
are measured rather by the lai-ger effectiveness of the work and the amount of
work done for the money expended. The reorganization which resulted in
bringing three imits into one in the Bureau of Agricultural Economics is a
case in point. Th's reorganization effected considerable savings which can be
measured in money, but altogether the laiger savings have i-ome through tlie
Increased elRciency and better tidministi'ation of tlu* work done in this i);irticu-
lar field. I am quite sure that sinular desired results will follow the reorgani-
zation of the extension work. This reorganization has had the careful study
of the Assistant Secretary for a yenr past, and the limil i)l!ni siibmitted is \ho
result of tliat stndy. When imt into effect, as we hope it may bo. it will residt
in considerable .saving of money, but. what is far more imiiortjint. will greatly
incrciise the effectiveness of ilie extension work'ers ;ni(I the (jualit.v of the
extension work.

( O.MI'AiasON OF KSTIAr.XTKS FOR 1'.t24 WITH .\l'l'UOPRT.\TH)NS KOI! llfj.l.

Mr. J I .MI'. The aofiiculdiral ap])f()iiritition act for the fi.st-al your
ending June 80, ll)i!8. curried $;U"),TT4,17;), In addition, the iloiiciency
act of Jidy 1, 1922, carried a supplemental appropriation of $155,000,

AURICULTUllAL APPUOlMtlATlON BlLl^ 1024. 5

luiii^iii^ tlif total for tin- li.Mul yi-ur H'J.'i up t«).S'»0.'J:jJM7.» for tlmt purt
of the work of tlu' (U'juutiiu'iit ordinurily pr<i\i«l«Ml for in tliis way.
At llui vtMV oulst't I \v(nil<l like to invite tlu' attention <»f tlu* coni-
niittoe to the fart tluit the t'stiniates for 1!>24, us uppnived hy the liu-
reaii of the Hnd^ret, cany a total of $:i<>.(Kll.r>i;j for tlie items to
which the re;ridar a;:i icidtiiial act has previously hem fonlined.
This is the fi<;ure coniparahh' to the Jr^Wl.U'JiMT^i tarrii'd for \US.\ und
to which 1 referreil u moment up), and therefore the estinuites f«»r
the (K'partnient proper contemphite jt net i'e(hiction of $h;>7, .'>«»(( over
the ap{)ropriati<tns a\aihilile thi.s year for tlie same purposes. There
are lUcreases proooseil winch total ^l..")01.()40, and increases amounting
to $G()i,()b(), to whicii I will refer lati-r, and in this way the $Hy7..'»G0
net reduction is arrived at. I have undeitaken to explain thi~ in
detail for the reason that in the estinmtes f«>r 1S)'J4 as submitted these
tiirures are not computed, and since thev are reallv of the utmost im-
portance in any consideration of the api)ro|)riations for the re^rular
work of the <Iepartment. it (Hcurred to me that the committee would
dt'sire to ha\e ihi'in he fore it at the outset. As you have undoubt-
edly observed, the total H^iure of the estimates is clianjrt'd entirely
over previous years, and this, of course, is due to a new departure,
namely, the inclusion in the lejrular estimates of the recommenda-
tions for the actual appropriations, pursuant to e.\istin<i aiitli'n i/ti.
tions, for Federal aid and forest road construct it)n.

^^'ith this preliminary explanation I will proceed to a brief discus-
sion of the Bud;_fet as a wh<de.containin<j:. as I ha\e indicate(l. not only
the funds actuallv expended by the department i)Ut the lar^e Fed-
eral funds administered by the department as well, as distiniruished
from those which it actually uses.

The estimates as approved by the Bureau of (lie Hud^et. contem-
]>lates, as tlie committee has seen, the appropriation of ^iSl.'jrjl.ril.'i
for all j)urposes. This is an apparent increase of $18,830,577 over
tlie total of $02,412,030 shown in the estimates as the appropriations
to date for the same purposi^s durin<r the fiscal year 1923. But for
the purpose of i)ractical consideration it is a decrease of S31,H)0.423,
for the reason that while the $r)0,000,000 appropriation authorized
Dv the Post Office a])propriation act for 1923 to be appropriated for
Fe<Ieral aid to the States in lii<:hway construction durinii the fiscal
vear 1U23 has not vet actuallv been made, the lanmiaw of the an-
thorization is such as to empower the Secretary of Ajrriculture to
make apportionments amon^ the States and to enter into contractual
obliirations on that basis. It would seem, therefore, that the $50.-
OOO.tKR) must be re«rarded in the same li^ht as an actual appropria-
tion in reckoninfj the funds for 1923. This would brin^ the total for
1023 up to $112,412,030, which compared with the totalof the present
estimates. SSl.251.()l.">. indicates the decrease of $:M, 100,423 to wliich
1 have referred.

It seems important that this be taken into acconnt, because the
compilations which have been made of the actual appropriations for
this year necessarily place the amount at $02.412.O3«'>. and the esti-
mat«.'s for next year at $!sl,251.013. The $()2,412,(>30 li<rure, of coui*se.
IS techniially correct, but the $50,000,000 authorization for Fed-
eral aid should be taken into account with it, since, pursuant to the
language of the authorization, the apportionments have been made

6 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TIOX BILL, 1924.

amon<r the States for 1923 and contractual obligations have been
entered into. That is not true of 1924 and 1925. but it is true of 1923.

Mr. BucHAXAX. "Will it not be true in 1924!' "Will you not have
some more to charge up to the $81,000,000?

Mr. Jimp. Yes; in 1924.

Mr. BucHAXAX. Then ought not that also be taken into considera-
tion?

Mr. Jump. Xot so far as the j)resent estimates are concerned, for
the reason that the $30,000,000 included in the Budget represents
the amount Avhich will be required to be appropriated for cash with-
drawals from the Treasury during the fiscal year 1924, at the present
rate of expenditures and without interference with thei Federal-
aid program indicated by the authorizations.

Mr. BrcHAXAx. Then the economy' comes from expending a less
amount on the i:)ublic roads ?

Mr. Jump. Xo, sir. The handling of the road appropriations is
the factor which causes the material change in the total of the esti-
mates over previous years, but I was not referring to it with the
object of making the particular point of economy. I simply Avant
to make clear that the estimates as submitted at this time do not
actually contemplate the increase of some $18,000,000 which the
totals apparently indicate, but. on the other hand, contemplate a
decrease. The gist of the whole thing, Avith reference to the matter
of a decrease, is that the items Avhich in previous years made up the
regular Agricultural bill call for approximately $900,000 less than
the appropriations for this year for the same purposes.

ITEMS INCLUDED IN ESTIMATES FOK 1!124.

Considering the Budget as a Avhole, the total of $8 1,2;") 1,0 13 recom-
mended for 1924 is made up in the folloAving manner:

First, as I haA'e explained preA'iously, the items comparable to
those formerly included in the regular Agricultural apjn'opriation
act carry a total of $36,031,613. This is a net reduction of $897,560
below the amount carried for similar purposes in the Agricultural
act and related supplemental acts for the fiscal year 1923.

Second, the group of appropriations to Avhich Ave refer as " Per-
manent, indefinite, and special" funds carries a total of $12.22»).(t00
for 1924, a reduction of $30,000 over the current year.

Third, the committee, of course, is entirely familiar Avith the pro-
vision contained in the Post Office api)ropriation act of 1923. to which
I have referred previously, and Avhich authorizes ai)propriations for
Federal aid to the States in road construction of $50,000,000 for 1923,
$65,000,000 for 1924, and $75,000,000 for 1925. and >^6.500.000 each for
1924 and 1925 for forest roads. Tiie liureau of the Bu»lget has in-
cluded $30,000,000 Federal aid and $3,000,000 for foi-est roads in the
department budget for 1924. The remainder of the authoi-izations
for 1924 pi-esumably Avill be recommended Avhen tbe rate of cash
Avith(b*aAvals from the Treasury seems to retpiire it. This. 1 lielieve.
is the point Mr, Buchanan had in mind a moment ago.

Mr. Andersox. Authorizations only?

AGRICL'LTlTltAI. APIMIOI'KIATION HILU VJClA. 7

Mr. .llMi'. Tlu' pniNiMoii iti Cln- l'<)>t nUirc net i> lo.- an' ii«'ri/.;i-
tions (iiilv. But llu' ilillVrriHi- lu'twt't'ii tin- atithorizatioiiyi for ll»:i4
and 15»"J.V. (til the oiif IiuikI ami \*.i'2'-\ on tin* otluT. is. ax 1 hnve ex-
plaint'd, that for V.t'2'.i the Sfcn'tury is h|HMifi«ally antlioii/iMl to make
:i|t|»or' ioninfuts anion^ the Statrs ami to mt.T into tlir ront ra<'tuiil
ol)lijj:ations.

Mr. AxDKUsoN. As I nmlei-stand it, llir rea.son for thai is that in
nninv Statt's they re(|nir»'. In-fore Stjite fnn<ls can he sfR'nt, that there
must In' an alloinu'nt of KedcM-nl money to cover it i

.Mr. .Ii Mr. That is correct, according: to my nn«lerstandin^:.

Mr. Am>ki{.sox. And the conse(iuenc<' is that the aliotnu-nts have to
l)e made of the Federal money prior to the aclnal appropriation^

Mr. .liMi'. That is corivct. This was done in order that the lc«ris-
latnres mijrht have the U'nelit cd" it in the way you mention. Of
conrse. I am only dealing with this in the most jjfeneral way now; Mr.
.Mcl)(»n:ild, the Chief of the Hnr.aii of Puhlic Roads, will ^o into
this fnllv when ho comes before the committee. I merely want to
iiwv an idea ol" the three ireneral di\isions into which the estimates
may he classified.

s I \ 1 1 MINI sllow IM. ( I ASS1H( AlION OK K.S Tl M \TKS HIR Ilti:* .\M» Al'eKOI'RIATIUNS

lOR 102.°:.

To sinnmarize the whole thin^:, we find that for practical considera-
tion the estimates now submitted, as compared with the appropria-
tions for the current fiscal year, are as follows:

(The table here submitted by Mr. Jump is printed in full, as
follows:)

1

Appropria- Estimates, Rpdu-tion
tion, 1923. 1924. "eauction.

1

Agricultural act and related suppleini'iital acts

$.'16,929,173 $3fi. 0.11. 613
12.2.-)(),0OO 12.?2«).000

$.S97..560

F'crniaiiciit . iudofniite, and special funds

30.000

Incre.vso of compensation ($240, employees' bonus)

Kond work:

Fofleral aid t a States

3,232,863
1 .TO, 000. 000

3,232,S63

130.000.000

20.000,000

Forest roads and trails

» 10,000,000

•3,000.000 i 7,000,000

Total.

112,412,036

81,251,013 1 31.160.423

' The post office appropriation act for 1923 authorizes appropriations for Federal aid in road constnjc"

li -1 ..t < -.i ikNiiido for 192): $»M,(V.)0,Oi)0 for U>24. and $7.>,(»'>,(^)ii for 192.i: and for forest road constnuti'ii'
■'I ■ <' -"I . h for 1921 and 192.i. No ap[)ri)priations have tn^n made imder these auihoriutiions to .l.i;i'
iNi>\. i>., i'.i.'Ji. The Sivrciarv of Acriculiure is authoriz.od to nuiko apporiiinnii'nts anions the >• i:' -
and enter inui contractual otviiViiiions for \K:i <>n the basis in<Ucatc(i tiy the authori/.ailon for that \' ir.
The recoinmendiiti..'. .f .■...r,.,.ri ,i i.,„s df jao.iKio.iNH) for Federal aid and «;;i«"'iii«i f .r ',1,-1 roads I'T
l'.*".'-!, a.iDrdiin: lot; iiic dopurtnient. is hused on an esinn;; hdrawal-

from the TriMsiirj ! isis of road construction imlUaiwl bv 1

) Other anproprlalioiis (ur (orv>i roads and trails arc Included in group i • ■ reruuuicui, ludelinite, and
pecial fimds."

NKKI) OF IXCREASKD .MM'UOPUIATIONS FOR \ ARIOl S HVRKAUS.

Mr. Jump. Now, if 1 may do so. 1 would like to return to a further
brief discussion of that i)art of the e.*;timates which detils with what
may be termed the rei;iilar work of the department. l)esi)ite the net
reduction of nearly $1)00.000 which has been made in this portion of
the estimates provision is made with the approval of the Bureau of
the Budwt for a limited number of items, most of them involving

8 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

very modest amounts, but which the Secretary reorards as of the
utmost importance, because they deal with constructive research
work, which the department — and I feel sure also the members of
this committee — believe to be absolutely fundamental to the future
prosperity, not only of the afrricultural industry, but of the entire
Nation. The work of scientific research, which has been so pro-
ductive in the past, in developingr improved practices and adding
year after year to the economic wealth of the Nation is the basic
work of the Department of Agriculture and the Secretary is very
hopeful that the committee will give the most favorable consideration
to the items in the estimates which provides small increases for cer-
tain lines of work under the heading. When it is taken into account
that less than a fourth of the total appropriation for the rcguhir
work of the department is available for scientific research it is clear
that this is the type of work which must receive increased support
if the progress of the industry is to be assured.

The total amount of increases carried in the estimates is $664,080,
and as I have said before, these are offset, in the estimates as passed
by the Bureau of the Budget, by reductions totaling $1,561,640 below
the 1923 appropriation.

In the Bureau of Animal Industry, for instance, we have increases
requested of $15,680 for animal husbandry investigation and $15,000
for the dairy experimental work at the Beltsville farm.

Under the Bureau of Plant Industry we have listed here 10 proj-
ects which the chief of the bureau will take up in detail, totaling
an increase of $96,100. These particular increases have been selected
with the utmost care from a long list of items which the department
reality regard as necessary, all of which we would feel warranted in
taking up except for the present need for urgent economy in expendi-
ture. These particular projects have been selected as the most urgent
and we have kept them down to the very lowest amounts consistent
with effective work. This may be said with equal force of each one of
the items in the estimates.

Under the Forest Service we have three items, an increase of
$43,000 which we are asking for absolutely necessary improvements
on the forests and experimental work on forest products.

The Bureau of Chemistry items include an increase of $22,500 for
agricultural investigations along chemical lines; $20,000 for sirup and
sugar work: and an increase of $35,000 in connection with that im-
portant food and drugs act. The latter seems absolutelj^ necessary
in order to give the public and the better elements in the industries
affected the protection contemplated by the act.

A small increase of $5,000 is asked for the ilejiartment library
in order to jMirchase books, the lack of which greatly hampers tlie
scientific work. In the Bureau of Agricultui-al Economics a total
increase of $251,200 is recommended to cover only the most urgent
and important tilings which linve ])een selected by the Secret:irv as
those which it seems to him should receive attention at this time
in connection with economic work. As you know, tiie Secretary has
devoted a great deal of personal attention to the economic work in
the time he has been in tlie (le])artment. and the increases asked
along this line seem \itally nei-essai'v at this time, 'i'he increases
referred to for the economic work include $90,000 for the inves-

I

Ar;nicifLTUKAi, AriMiopniATiox nii.L, vr2i. 9

ti;ZHti<ii)s ill (he iiiiirkctiii*: aiiW t|i^tl'il»)ltil>ll (if furni iirrxliicts,
$-jr).(»i)(> for fiii-tluT sticiiirthiMiiii^ flic rn»\) t'>tiniiiliM>_' work, >51.'),(KMj
for tlu' foiri«rn market iii<; invest iL'iH i<>ti><. S'J(),()<K) for the a<lminis-
tnrtion of the wjirehouse act. $l,*jn(» for tlu* starxlanl coiitnincr
act. and S;1(X1,0(X) to co\ci- the incieaMMl (hities ahmjr th«' line of in-
spection of |)»'rishal>U' frnils and vej/etalih-s. es|M'ciaIly to provi<lp
for thi' shi|>j)in;jf point ins|)ection. This hitter increiiw of <ourHe
will he oH'set hy the leceipts from tho fees for the inspection service.

A similai' increase, that is. Iar<xely reinil)Mrsahle to the Ticasnrv
fiom fees, is recommended for the work of the l*'ederal IIoiti<ii(-
tiiral T^oard. namely. $70.(M)0 for the enfoi-cement of th<' plant
(juarantine act at the ports and on the horder in connection with
the importation of plants. protectinL' the Nation a;.'ainst insect pest.s
and the plant diseases, rnder the \\'eatlier Hiireaii an increase* of
S:?:KO(t() is rei'ommended. of which $2.'),(MM) is for .stndie.s of the
upper air ami $S,(M)0 for central office and miscellaneous expen.ses.
Sliirht inci'ea.scs of >i:^.()()(> foi- the di\ision of accounts and dis-
itursi'ments and $11,000 in connection with the operation of Center
Market are also recommended. An increase of iN4H,(K)() is asked for
the important work of the liureau of Entomology in conductinjj its
research to protect the country airainst danirerous inject pests.

These reconuuendations. as I have said hefore. amount to a total
of sr)(>4.()So, and in the estimates as approved hy the linreau of
the HudiTi't they are offset hy reductions which have been made in
items that are carried in (he re^nilar hill totaling $1. HO 1.040. Tn
oilier words, a net decrease of $si)7.r)()0 exists in the recomiii«Mi'lo-
tions for 10'J4 over the.ajipropriations for the current year.

ni:(>i;(;.\M/ \ iio\ <>i ckkt.mv iini-!i«v<

There are two other items in the estimai(> wliicli the department
i-ejrards as of the utm<»>t imiKirtance. One is in the matter of re-
organization within the department. Furthei- ))ro<rre.ss has been
made duriuL' the studies alonjr this line diiriuir the year, and the
Secretary is proi)osin<r for the consideration f)f the committee a
carefully worked out plan involviuir the transfer of certain units,
resultin<f. in brief, in the establishment of the a<rricultural exten-
sif)n work as a .separate service in the office of the Secretaiy. the
separation of the offices of ex]>eriment stations and the office of
home economics from the present extension orpmi/ation, known
as the States lielations Service, with the home economics work to be
established on the basis of a bureau in the department, and the ex-
periment station work to be a sejiarate «tffice under the director of
scientific work, the transfer of the eilitorial and distrii)uti(»n work
of the <livision of publications into the office of the Secretary, and
the transfer of the exhil)it and nn)ti<m-picture work from the di-
vision of juildications into the proj>osed extension service. These
proposed clian;;es will he presented to the committee in a few
moments by the A.ssistant Secretary, Mr. Pujrsley, who has imme-
diate direction of the public relations work of the department.

ADIUTIeNAI. SCIKNTIHC AND TKCHNICAI. EMPI.OYKKS — I.NCREASES IN SALAKIKS.

Anothei- item which the Secretary re«rards as of especial impor-
tance to the administration of the work of the department on a sat-
isfactory basis is the slight increase reconmiended in the numlKn- of

10

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

scientific and technical employees Avho can Ije employed at the maxi-
mum salaries set for these <rrades. Doctor liall. tlie director of
scientific work, will o;ive the committee tlie full details with re<rard
to that item when it is reached.

I helieve the Secretary' has already assured the chairman of liis
willingness to come before the committee in connection with these
items at any time you may desire, and of course he Avill he very
glad to do that if you wish it,

BEDUCTIONS IN STATUTORY KOLLS.

Before taking up the detailed estimate I would like to revert, for
a moment, to the general subject of economy and at the same time
clarify the situation with respect to the statutory rolls, as tiiis is a
point which will come up as we reach the various bureaus in the
estimates. The matter to Avhich I refer deals with re luctions in
statutory places. During the consideration of these estimates it be-
came necessary at one stage to eft'ect a considei-able rechiction in the
total amount involved. The Secretary called upon tlie various
branches of the department to make a survey and report to him the
statutory positions which could be dropped, amounting wherever i)os-
sil)le to ?) Y>ei' cent or more of the total of statutory salaries, tliese
positions, most of them in the lowest grades, to be dropi)ed at the
close of the current fiscal year. The Secretary has had the feeling
that these forces could be reduced somewhat without impairment to
the service, and you will note that accordingly statutory reductions,
amounting altogether to $157,620 and involving 198 places, are pro-
posed all the way through the bill. A great many of the positions to
be droppedare vacant and as the rate of turnover in these h)\v grades
is extraordinarily high most of the places that are filled will become
vacant some time between noAv and July 1, 1928. A summary of this
proposed reduction may be of interest" to the committee, and if you
desire I will insert it in the record. (The statement referred to
follows:)

Statutory positions recommended to he dropped in estimates of ai>f)rof)rinti(ins
for Deportment of Af/ricultnre for fiscal i/ear J!)2.'i.

Name of bureau.

Office of the Soprotar>' (proper)

OfTices of edito'ial and distribution work.

E xleiisioii service

Bureau of Animal Industry

Bureau of Plant Industry ."

Forest Service

Bureau of Chemistry

Bureau of Soils '

Bureau of Kntomology

Bureau of Biolo';ical Survev

Bureau of rulilic Roads..."

Bureau of Agricultural Kconomics

Insecticide and Fiuii-'icide Board

Federal Horticultural Board

Number
of place-;,
dropped.

Amotuit
in\olvod.

17

$ir., MO

12

9,000

i>

■), S.>*0

27

21.920

17

1.^..900

:i-2

21.720

20

14. ino

3

2.MH)

.')

•l.20()

•)

2, 7(K)

^

9. S40

■».■•

:«».2C-0

•)

.«>40

2

1.920

Total places dropped.

I'N

lw.l>2()

I

AOKICl'LTrUAl. AlMMtoI'KIATIOX HILL, lirJ4. 11

KMKIITH KKMM \«ri\iriK.S OK KKI'AtI I M f N I •'<■ """'■■'KK.

Ill r<)iisi«lt'rin<r tin* iiiatttT (»f upprtipriiilimi.s fcir tin* fU'piiiinn'iit
1 l;('li«'\t* tlu' coiiiiiiittiT will also Im* intcr«'st<'i| in tin* latr.st conipila-
tioii of the (lii«rl ri<»ipls to tlir I rrasiiiv in <(»ninrtioii with the
a<ti\ities of the Depaitmeiit of A^ri<nltiire which in all forms
anioimteil to more than 5S><,'MM>.(HM) durin^r the fiscal year ending June
:*.<•, r.t-JJ. I he >tateineMt i-eferiiMJ to was |»repiire(| in c()tuiection with
the iinniial report of the Sc< rrtarv for li'i^J, which will In- released
early in I>e<eml)er and. if I nuiy. I will insert it in the record for
the information of the committee.

(The statement fi-om the annual icport of the Secretary of A^rri-
«Mlliue for I'.'J'J f(»llow>:)

DIKKCT I.NC():blK H< (iOVKK.N M •• NT IN tONNMTION WITH WOKK UK DKPAItTMKNT UV

AllKK 1 I n UK., KlSC.Vr. VKAI! I'.cjJ.

imnlciit to tilt' tlc|i;ir;iiHiit's \\tnk tlur nu' He tiscnl yt-iir I'.'lilj, dircrt locfipts
iimrroirjitini: .<>>.40."{.."^!M.0."» wore covitc*! into flic 'rn-nsiiry. mikI t1ti«»s wrrc '.in-
IHisi';! iiiitl Ju<iirinoiits ncoNiTnl liy llii- cniiris iiiinMHitiii^' to ."<l(»s.T»K>.."!r( in con-
lu'ctioii with tlu' cnlon I'li'.riil l>y ilu* ili-i»;uiiii;'iit ol the ie;:iil;it"i y jmi-^ v hifh
(levolVf upon it for iKhnini^tnition and t'xecuti«»ii, ns follows:

Ki'ii'il Is:

IVpos (»'tl to cnslit oi' niisceliiint'oiis receipts
fund —

rroiM linsliu'ss on the national f(iiest«<-- 5>-4. lijs, jci'. ij

From other sources r>so, iMiii. ;',<»

$.'.. 20f). ^'A. 81

Peposiied to credit of apiauitriation fur reKular work «»f

department 324, OSl. 48

I>eposit»'d to ( redit of Mpproprijition julinin-
istcreil l»y hut not used in pmsrcufn}; rc.'u-
lar work of department —

Keimhuisenieiit for cost of distrilmi in;;
surplus war materials to Stat«'s for use

in road-ciuisti uction work !>.'l-o. ••l.'t. s.".

Itepaynients hy farmers of Si»ptl-Krain

loan^ __i__- (XW. 742. 77

{«»1.7."5'.>. 02

I>ep<»sited to credit of sjkm al luuds of Forest Service (from
business on the national forests) _ 1. S7S, 18S. 14

Total re<eii)ty i 8, 40.",. 304. 05

Fines intpuseil and .iud;:ments reeovpreil l)y the courts In con-
nection w'th vitiations of statutes intrusted to Deparlnicnt of
Ai:ricu!ture f<u- enforcement ^ 168, 7G().3(i

Total dir<"<"t income to (iovernment residlin;: from activi-
ties of ]>epartment of .Virriculttire. . . s. ."72. KkI. 41

OFFICE OF TIIK SKCKKTAKV.

STATEMENT OF MR. R. M. REESE. CHIEF CLERK DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURE.

SAI.AUIKS.

Mr. Kf.k.sk. I will he«rin on the sixth line of the .statutory roll.
The italics indicate the proposed chanires. We are recommendiiij;
the transfer of 14 places fnuu the rolls of other hiu'eaus of men per-
manently needed in the Secretary's luanch and which are carried on
lump rolls, with corresponding^' rednctioii on all the rolls atl'ectcd.

12 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

TRAFFIC MANAGER.

Mr. Anderson. AA here do yon «ret tliis traffic manager at #3,000?

Mr. Reese By direction of the Bureau of the Budget the Federal
1 rathe lioard was created, witli instructions to each of the depart-
ments to appoint a representative on that board. The Secretary
appointed the traffic man of the department as representative on
the board. Ihe business of tlie Federal Traffic Board developed '^o
rapidly, and its results are so useful that the representative of the
Department of Agriculture on the Board Avas designated traffic man-
ager to deal with all the varied traffic problems of the department
to advise shipping clerks of the proper routings, proper classification
° AT ^? ^^' t'oi'rect freight rates, and other traffic problems.

Mr. Anderson. Is there any authority of law for this place I

Mr. Keese. I take it the authority is the Secretary's general admin-
istrative authority under the act of March 4, 1907,' to make appohit-
ments on lump-fund appropriations. This would put it in the law

Mr. Anderson. No ; it would not. That is a transfer.

Mr. Reese. It is a transfer from the lump-sum appropriation for
the enforcement of the plant quarantine act.

Mr. Anderson. What is your next item?

ADMl XISTliATIVE ASSISTANT.

Mr. Reese. The next item is the transfer of one administrative
assistant at $3,000.

Mr. Anderson. Where do you get him from?

Mr. Reese. We take him from the Bureau of Entomoloo-y appro-
priation for pre\'enting the spread of moths. '^

Mr. Anderson. What does he do ?

Mr. Reese. This is Mr. E. H. Bradley.
^ Mr. Jump. Mr. Bradley handles sp'ecial assignments under tlie
Secretary's office. He assists in the preparation of the annual esti-
mates, keeps track of legislation peitaining to the work of the de-
partment, compiles special statements, reports, etc. He has been em-
ployed in this capacity for some time.

Mr. Reese. The next change is the change in designation fi-om
executive clerks to executive assistants, the object being to make a
uniform designation for a group of employees performing resi)onsible
work at varying salaries. There are three positions at $-2,500 each,
two transferred from farmers' cooperative demonstrations and the
other meat inspection.

Mr. Anderson. Are these people employed in the Secretary's office

now ?

Mr. Reese. They are, and Avill be pei-manently employed to carry
on the work of that branch.

HKANCKKS OT WOHK INDKU OIFTrE OK TMK SK('KI:TA1!V.

I should like to say, to prevent any misapprehension i-oncerning
the phrase "the Secretary's office," that it is not limited to the imme-
diate office of the Secretary of Agricultuiv. It means the Secretary's
branch, whicli includes at the present lime the inunediate otlice 'of
the Secretary, the offices of tlu- Assistant Secretary, the directo'- ^''

AORKTLTT'RAL APPROPRIATTOX BILL, V.Ci. 13

scientilif work, iiimI i\w solicitor, as well us tlie oflires of tin- thief
clerk, persomu'l. uiid iiis|H'ctioii. iiKMlianical supfrintc'iKlent, etc. It
is an admiiiistrativt' hraixii \vlii«|j. f(»r lnvvity, we s|M'ak of as the
office of the Secretary, hut I woiihl not like to create the impressi(»ii
that that is the .S-cietary's iiiime<liat«" uljice only. Ihe^e re|iifS4-ii!
the <:ei)eral adinini.stration and operation of the department.

Mr. Andkkson. Is any part of it dependent upon chan^'e in the ex-
' teiision service items ^

•Mr. Kkksk. No; oidy the directoi- id" the ext«>nsi<in service is set
foith ahove. Doctor Pulley will speak to that. \\\mt I have
ileult with, .so far, are the men employed for the wtirk id' the Secre-
tary's hranch.

TKA.NSKKBS KKO.M OTMK.K HIVI.SIO.NS AM) I.C M e-S|-.M ICOI.I.S,

(Soc p. 14.)

The next item is two executive assistants at $:i,'J.")() transferred one
fitmi the .statutory roll of the Bureau of A«;ricultural Economics,
and one at $2,000 from the lump roll of the Bureau of Chemistry: a
private secietarx to the directoj- of scientific work, S'2,'J.">o, trans-
ferred from the lump roll of farmer's cooperative demonstration
work.

There is a mi.sj)rint in the thii'teenth line down after •'.■") at S-j.ooO
each." What should folhnv is "One attornev, $4,000. |one| two at
$.*? 500."

Mr. AxDEKsox. You have heretofore explained the private secre-
tary to the director of scientific work ^

Mr. l\i:r.sK. 1 referred to that. That is a transfer from the lump
roll. There is no other chan<re until you ^et down to the thirteenth
line— five law clerks, at $2 000 each.

Mr. AxoERsox. T understand the remainder of that line fjoes out (

Mr. Reese. Yes.

ADDITIOXAI. EMPI.OYKES.

Mr. AxDRRsox. Next is law clerks, 4 at $3,000 each, 2 at $2,750
each, and 2 at $3,500.

Mr. BrcH.\XAx. That will make two new places, one at $4,000 and
one at $3,500 (

Mr. Kee,se. That is correct, sir.

Mr. Axnpjjsox. Are persons now employed at these salaries in
the solicitor's office?

Mr. l\EEsE. There is one at $^^,500.

Mr. AxoERsox. But the other two places do not exist ?

Mr. Kefuse. The other two j)laces do not exist, and we want to
create them. In that connection it oujiht to he pointed out that
we are droppin<i out of the solicitor's office five at $2,000. $1(1.000 in
all. So that this represents a reduction of $2,500 in that statf. Tlie.
solicitor will, if desired, speak to his needs on that suhject. They
are, in hrief, and we can not secure qualified lawyers for the com-
plicated woik of the depai-tment at $2,000.

Mr. AxDER.sox. There is no statutory authority for the employ-
ment of these i)ersons at these salaries, except the jreneral authority

14 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

of the Secretary to employ persons to do the work of the Department
of Agriculture.

Mr. Reesel That is true. That general authority is found, as to
positions on lump-sum appropriations, in the act of March 4. 1907,
referred to above.

Mr. Buchanan. Let me ask you one question about these transfers.
Are they all transferred to the Secretary's office at the same salary
they are now receiving?

Mr. Keese. Yes. sir: all at the same salaries they are now receiv-
ing. There are no promotions.

Mr. Anderson. The net result of this is that vou drop five law
clerks at $2,(K)0 ? ,

Mr. Reese. Yes; and appoint one attorney' at $4,000 and one at
$3,500, making $7,500.

Mr. Anderson. Are anv of these five places that you now have at
$2,000 filled?

Mr. Reese. Only one.

TRANSFERS FROil OTHER DIVISION AND LUMP-SUM ROLLS.

(See p. 13.)

The next change comes down at the fourth line at the bottom,
transfer of one clerk, class 3, at $1,600, and one clerk, class 2.

Mr. Anderson. Is that a transfer?

Mr. Reese. Yes: these are all the same kind of transfers, from
bureau lump-sum rolls, with rolls reduced accordingly.

The next item, as explained, is in the next to the last line, four
clerks at $1,000 reduced to three. We have changed the designation
of one of those employees to skilled laborer, for the reason that he
is a skilled laborer now carried in a clerk's jilace b}- authority of
the Civil Service Commission. It should be changed to agree with
the actual facts.

In the next place, there are four at $900, reduced from six. One
of those was changed for the same reason, a skilled laborer now car-
ried in a clerk's place by authority of the Civil Service: and the
other is dropped, as set forth later in these notes.

One accountant and bookkeeper, $2,000. is transferred from the
Secretary's office to the Bureau of Agricultural Economic*^, where
he is now employed.

Page 3. one .skilled laborer, at $1,000. is transferred from the Bu-
reau of Animal Industry for the same reason, he is working for the
Secretary's branch ; six messengers or laborers, at $G00. reduced to
four. One is a change in designation to a messenger boy. now occu-
P3'ing the place: the other is dropped.

WATCHMEN AND l.AMOKKHS.

Fifty-two watchmen are reduced to 51 : one j)lace is di'opped.

One skilled laborer at $1,200 is transferred from the Bureau of
Soils, for the .same reasons as the others.

Four skilled laborers iucicased to five. That jjiovides for trans-
fer of the man I iiave referred to above, whose tlesignatiou is changed
from clerk to skilled laborer.

AORICULTrRAL APIMloPIUATIOX BII.U 1024. 1 5

Mr. Andkusox. \\'\\n\ is tliis skilli-tl laboifr at $1/J()(); wlinf 'l-"-
he (lo?

Mr. I\KKSB. The man ifully liu.s u cK'ricHl .status; Ik* is workiii;:
for the Assi.stant S«>(rotaiv.

Mr. A.ni)i;k.h<»x, Hi*, i.s not a niechanical cniphjyi'f ^

Mr. IJkksk. No, Seven messenger hoys increased to ei^ht — that
refers to tlie change ju.st uhove, where one at $(3()() was jhanjreil in
(lesiirnation. Nine niessenwr hoys reihiced to st?ven, at Si^|s(» rarh :
two are dropped.

Charwomen, three at $-t80 are (h-o|)ped: 11 <har\v<mien. $240, re-
(hieed from 10 — ii are dropped.

l*a;;e ('>!) of these notes ri'fers to the list of jdaces (h"opped m the
oiliee of the Secretary a^'jrrefzatin": $10,(>4o.

Mr. Buchanan. Speakin«r of this skiMed lai)orer at $1,*J(K>. now
tU)in^ clerical work, is it practical for the department to put a
skilled lahorer undei- a statutory i-oll doin*; clerical work ^

Mr. Kkese. I should modify that statement, i)erhaps, in this way:
He is not doing exclusively clerical work, but clerical work in ad<li-
tion to his other duties. lie has a clerical status.

Mr. l>i ciiANAN. Is he emiiloyed as a skilled laborer or under Ids
status for clerical work {

Mr. Kkese. He is employed in both ways, if I can make my.self
clear. He does some work as skilled laborer and incidentally cK'rical
lal>oi'. There is no imi)ro])riety from the civil servi<'e in <-arryin<r
u clerk as a skilknl laborer if the employee is willing:.

Mr. Buchanan. No; but is there not impropriety in carrying a
clerk on a statutory roll as skilled laborer?

Mr. IxHESE. No.

Mr. Buchanan. Then you could put all skilled laborers at clerical
work, as I understand it.

Mr. Anoersc^n. Not unless they had a civil-service status.

Mr. Reese. Not unless they had civil-service status. This man
has.

Mr. Buchanan. And employed as such?

Mr. Reese. Partly as clerk and partly as skilled lalmrer. We
couhl not use skilled laborers as clerks uidess they had clerical status,
whiih he really has.

Mr. Buchanan. Of course, he has a hi<rher .status than skilled
laborer?

Mr. Reese. There are quite a few skilli'd laborers at $1.*2(X) scat-
tered through this l)ook.

Mr. Buchanan. I just thoujrht that under the civil service rules
and reirulations that a man has to be one or the other: he can not lie
both.

Mr. Reese. That is a natural and a proper (juestion. The fact is
that he was a skilled laborer and doinj; skilled labor work. He
j)a.ssed the clerical examination, as his work developed, givin<r him
a clerical status.

Mr. Bi*( HANAN. But he was not employed or assigned to any duty
after his examination; lie just j)as.sed it and the department kept
him on the i-olls as skilled laliorer and put him at clerical work?

Mr. Reksk. Mole or less clerical. Tie does not spend his whole
time at clerical work; he does it inciilentallv.

2J02S — 22 2

16 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Magee. He is a skilled laborer with civil service status of
clerks

Mr. Keese. Yes. There is nothing else on that statutory roll we
care to speak about.

Mr. l^rcHAXAN. All of these peojile that have been transferred
from other rolls to the Secretary's branch have been dropped on those
other rolls'?

Mr. Reese. Yes, sir.

Mr. BucHANAx. And no additional employees are i-equiretl in the
department or bureau from which they have been dropped?

^Ir. Eeese. No; they have been working right along for the Sec-
retary's office, and the appropriations

]Mr. Bx'CHANAX (interposing). I mean, in the estimates in force
now there are no additional employees requested to take their places?

Mr. Reese. No.

DECKEASES IN STATTjToRY ROLI.S OF DEPARTMENT.

Mr. Jump. As a matter of fact, Mr. Chairman, the department is
recommending decreases in the statutory rolls in the net figure of ap-
proximately 200 places, amounting to $157,000. During the consid-
eration of the estimates it became necessary to effect a considerable
reduction, and the Secretary required the bureaus to make a survey
and indicate a list of statutory positions amounting as nearlj' as pos-
sible to 3 per cent of the personnel on the statutory roll, these posi-
tions, most of them in the loAvest grades, to be dropped at the end of
this fiscal year. The Secretary has had the feeling that these forces
could be reduced somewdiat, and as a result of that you note these
statutor}^ reductions all the Avay through the bill as the various units
are reached, dropping positions from the routine grades on the statu-
tory rolls.

3IECHANICAL SHOPS AND POWER PLANT.

Mr. Anderson. The next item, page 5, miscellaneous expenses.

Mr. Reese. Referring to page 4 just a moment, if you please : Sala-
ries and comjDensation of necessary employees in the mechanical shops
and power plants of the Department of Agriculture. It is recom-
mended that that proviso be dropped as permanent legislation —
'' that hereafter." That is the only change. The amount is the same.

miscellaneous expenses, department of agriculture.

Mr. Anderson. The next item, page 5.

Mr. Reese. Miscellaneous expenses. There are two things there.
The italic lines indicate authority for maintenance, care, and opera-
tion for aut()m()})ile for official use of the Secretaiy of Agrit'ulture.
It was thought better to get that s[)ecilic aiitliority in this plai-e.

Mr. Anderson. As I recall, under this item last year we authorized
the purchase of an automobile and approi)riated $5,000 for thut pur-
pose.

Mr. Reese. That was done.

Mr. ANDERSf)N. You propose now to drop the item?

Mr. Reese. Yes; the last three items of this paragraph inilicate
the dro])j)ing out of that $5,000.

A(;ni('ULTrn.\h appkdpriatiox bii.i., iir:4. 1 7

I'AYMENT OK DI'TY ON WIKNTIHr AITAKXTTv INflfiTtTm

The only otlicr rliiin<j;t' llinc l•^ llic (IiiIm- 'mi ,iii|mm itil aiiirlc-.
riitlt'i" (In* i)i«'s<'i)t (arilf law the (U'|»aitmrn( will have to pay iliii ..
oil M-ii'iititic iipparatus iiiij»(»rttM| fr<»iii oiIut coiinhif

Mr. Andkkson. ^'oii will liavi* to pay diitirs^

Mr. IvKK.sK. Wv will liavi' lo pay (liilir.s,

.Mr. Ani>ki:s<».\. AN'hat do yon want to drop that lan^naur «»nt for
thon^

.Ml'. Kkk.si:, Koc the rt'Ji.M>n that nndcr the coinplrolh'r .s «U'(j.sions
thosf duties may he paid ont of any hinip-snni aj»propriat ion. The
various hnirans iin])ort sonic of their scientitic ap[)aratiis, and it
makes a hetter aeeoiintin^ system to have the duties paid out of their
own appropriations rath; r than to have it come out of mis<-ellaiU'ous
exp.'iisi's.

Air. Andkhsox. You do not make any diduction from this appro-
priation with "that idea ^

Mr. Kkksk. No; we do not.

.Mr. .Ir.Mi'. You have not liad to pay thesi' duties heretofore?

.Mr. Rkksi:. Xo.

Mr. A.NDKK.soN. You have had the provision, but you have not had
to pay anything under it (

Mr. Kkksk. No. It is a matter of no <rreat importance. AVe
tiiou/zht we could drop this out of here, hut it could stay in.

C0M1M.F:TI0X ok VAII.T KOK INKI.AMMAIU.K XIATKRIAI..S.

I*a«re 7: That paragraph authorizing construction of a vault for
indammahle materials is dropped. The vault is nvarly finished.

Mr. Axi)KU.M)N. You think it will he finished before the end of this
fiscal year?

-Mi-. Rkkse. It will be finished inside of a few weeks.

Mi-. Andkhson. Where is this vault?

Mr. Kkksk. It is constructeil on a knoll just about south of the
department shops.

Nlr. Andkhson. How bi<jr is it?

Mr. Kkksk. It is about -M^ by -25 feet.

Mr. Andku.son. Untler<ii-ound ?

Mr. Kkksk. It projects 2 or 3 feet above «rround. The portion
whi( h ju-ojects above ground will be protected by shrubbery >n that
it will not show at all. There is very little above ground.

Mr. .\xi)Ki{.s«)N. AVhat did the vault cost?

Mr. Kkksk. $2,r)()().

Mr. Am)KKS(»n. AVas it built under contract ?

Mr. Kkksk. Yes. The law limited the cost to '>-2..500. and it was
built under contract for that fi<ruie.

KKNTKl) I!lII.l)IX<;s IN niSTUICT OK COI.VMIIIA.

Mr. AxuKRsox. The ne.xt item, pa^e 8. is rented bnildinjrs in the
I)istrict of Columbia.

Mr. lU.KSK. AVe recommend a reduction of ^5.000 in that appro-
l)riation. AA'e found last year that $r).(M)() was not expended, and we
believe we can .safely drop that amount out this year.

Mr. Maokk. Do you expect to rent the same buildinjis for the li-< al
vcir as last voni"?

18 AGRICULTURAL APPEOPRIATIOlSr BILL, 1924.

Mr. Rf:ESE. Practically. On the 1st of July last year by direction
of the Public Buildings Commission we gave up the building on F
Street occupied by the office of foreign seed and plant introduc-
tion, and moved them into quarters in the auditor's building owned
by the Government. It is quite possible that before the end of this
fiscal year or during the next fiscal year some other shifts of that
kind will be made. But we can not possibly tell in advance what will
happen along that line.

Mr. Andersox. My recollection is that you were rather skeptical
last year about being able to get along with the appropriation you
had.

Mr. BucHAXAx. They have increased the estimate.

Mr. Reese. The appropriation last year was increased.

Mr. BucpiAXAX. Increased over the estimate?

Mr. Eeese. Increased over the estimate, because demands for in-
creased rents came after the estimates had left my hands.

Mr. AxDERSOx. Did you make a new lease on that Forest Service
Building ?

Mr. Eeese. Yes, sir.

Mr. AxDERSOX. What was that made at?

Mr. Reese. $35,000.

Mr. AxDERsox. "What were you paying previously?

Mr. Reese. $22,800.

Mr. AxDERSox. xVnd this was included in j^our last year's appro-
priation— $6,000 motion-picture laboratory. Has that lease been
consummated ?

Mr. Reese. The building is not yet finished : it is under construc-
tion now. We expect to have it finished in the course of the next
month.

Mr. AxDERSox. Have you made a lease on it?

Mr. Reese. We have made a contract to lease it as soon as it is
finished at $9,000 a year.

Mr. AxDERSox. That is $3,000 more than you figured last year ?

Mr. Reese. Yes. That is because of a change in the plan of the
building, an increase in size, and the impossibility of getting builders
to consider anvthing whatever, unless thev get a reasonable return
on the present high cost of building.

RENT OF niTLUING FOK STATES UKI-ATIONS SKKVUK.

Mr. AxDERSox. Then you had $4,000 rent of building for States
Relations Service.

Mr. Reese. The lease on that large building at 220 Fourteenth
Street expired the 30th of last June, and the owner declined to
renew the lease unless ho got a little more monev. All these real-
estate men are putting up the plea that taxes have heavily increased,
and they are somewhat increased : and such of them as are carrying
loans on their buildings say they have had to renew them at higher
rates of interest than they had to pay when they made the original
loan.

Mr. Andersox. Has this lease been made?

Mr. Reese. Yes, sir.

Ml-. AxDKifsox. At wlint rate?

Mv. Reicse. At $24,000.

I

Ar.RKTLTlIRAL APPHorHIATlON BILL, 1024.

19

Ml". Andlkson. W liuL wt'ir you payin;: |)ri'\ iou>ly f

Mr. Ki:k.sk. $-J< ),(»()().

Mr. M.\<iKK. Whv <lo vc»u liifiiiv that vmi iuhsI h'ss nionev for n*iit
with <;ii'iilly incrniwd rt'Utnl.s^

Mr. Kkksk. ( )iu' rcu.'^on I iiu'iiiiom-d jii.>i ukw. W i- li;i\c ^inun uj*
one liuildiii;; on K Stivi-t for w hirli we wfrc payin;: rj;^..")()().

Mr. lit cuANAN. That iurrtMi.'-v wa.s tak«Mi up hy iiUTtMist'd appro-
priation hist year — theiv was over J»J'J*2.0( m ) incrcas** in the appro[)riji-
iiori hi.st year, even over the estiniate. And over (he preei*<lin^ appro-
priati«»n it was more than that — Sijd.OfKt.

Mr. I\KF>K. One of tlie increases estinint^d for hist year was not
used — that is, for tlie inotion-pietiire lihrary.

Mr. Andik.-^ov. lint it will he (hisyear^

Mr. Kki:.-k. It will be this year.

Mr. Andkk.son. So that wonhl not account f(»r any increase in the
appropiiation. We would like to know liow you ell'ect this reilnction
in the appropriation.

Ml'. Kkksi:. The iip|)ropriation toi' this year is $181,000. That is
all al>sorlMMl in rentals with the e.xception of $i3.4r;ii, which we keej)
in reserve for enjer^ency rentals, and an estimated reserve of S.^.noo,
set up this year at (he ie<|uest u\' the Budget liurl'an. That last
S^a.OOO we can cut out, and we aie cuttin;.': it out of this ai^propiiation.

Mr. M.ujKF.. You need less sjjace now than you have needed here-
tofore i

Mr. IvKi.>i:. .No.

Mr. M.\<;i:k. 1 can not just fijzure out myself hoM- you can j)ay these
•rreatly increa.sed rentals with the same amount of money.

Mr. Kkksk. A\'e obtained increjises hist year to piovide for some
of these.

Mr. Mackk. You did not pay them, though?

Mr. lvi:i:sr.. ^Ve have occupied a lot of space in the temp<n"arv
l)uildin<rs durin«r the last year als'K I am afraid I am not entirely
awake to the m formation you M'ant to get.

Mr. Maokk. You are |)ayinir the.se increased rentals with the pres-
ent api)ropriation f

Mr. KF.r.sr:. "\Ve are ])aying them now.

Mr. Andkkson. ^\'hat we aie trying to get at is this: You had an
increase in this ajjpropriation Ia.<:^t year of ^^22,000 or thereabouts,
all of which we absorbed by increa.sed rentals this year. For next
year you are proposing a <lecrease of >^."».<tO(). "\Ve would like to know
how you are able to make that reduction?

Mr. r»i ciiANAN. Maybe that is the $5,000 budget reserve.

Mr. I\KESK. That is t]ae $5,000 budget reserve item. We are cut-
ting that out.

.Nir. .Vndkii.son. Then you di<l not neeil as much money last year as
you asked for. "^'ou have got to take one horn of this i)roi)osition
or the other. Hither you have asked us for more money last year
than you needed oi- else you have d«»ne somethin<r which makes it
possible foT' a rnbi"! ii.ii llii< tmic which vou did not anticipn'c ]:\<t
year.

Mr. Rkksk. It is a fact that we got more money last year than we
estimated for when the estimates were nnide. The demand> for in-

20 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 102-t.

creased rentals came in'after that time. They were allowed by the
Senate and conference committees.

Mr. Magee. How lono: do you make these leases for ?

Mr. Reese. The leases under the law run for the fiscal year, but
we secure in each case the option of renewal by the department for
a certain number of years beyond that— from o" years up to 10 years,
as the case may be.

^Ir. Magee. W liat did you do in the case of the Forest Service?

]Mr. Reese. In the case of the Forest Service we secured the option
of renewal for 10 years: in the case of the other buildincr nt 220
Fourteenth Street, the same, option to renew for 10 years longer.

Mr. Jump. ]Mr. Chairman, may we fro back for a minute to the
statement that we really asked for more mon(>y last year than we
needed? I think the real point is this: If it liad not' been for the
fact tliat Ave Avere able to move offices out of the Homer Buildinjr at
Thirteenth and F Streets, which is. of course, in a very expensiA'e
section. doAvn to a GoA-ernment-oAvned buildinof at Fourteenth and
B Streets. Ave Avould have had to continue payinjr rent at the Homer
Buildiufr. and that would have eaten up this amount, and more.

Mr. AxDEKsox. T\liat were you paving there?

Mr. Reese. $8,500.

Mr. Jump. Tliat explains the whole thino;. We were able to move,
however, from the Homer Buildiufj into the auditor's buildinjr. so
we do not haAC to pay rent for those offices this year. But we did
not anticipate that at the time the estimates were submitted last year.
If that had not been the case, it would not haA'e been possible to make
any reduction this vear so far as we can see.

passexger-carryixg aehicles.

Mr. Reese. Turn to patje 322. This is an authorization, not an
approjiriation, for passenger-carryino- vehicles. It is proposed to
authorize expenditures from the lumj) sums of the department for
the purchase, maintenance, repair, and operation of motor-propelled
and horse-drawn passen<i:er-carryin(r A'ehicles necessary in the con-
duct of the field Avork of the department outside of the District of
Columbia. This provides for purchases not to exceed $32,000, used
only for official service outside of the District of Columbia. The
proviso that the Secretary shall report to Con<^ress showinjr the
amount expended is droi)ped.

Mr, AxDERSox. Vr[\y do you want to cut that out?

Mr. Reese. I «ruess Mr. Jump Avill liavo to ansAver that (luestion.

Mr. Ju:mp. When the estimates Avere compiled it Avas re.<rarded as
permanent legislation, providino; that the Secretary shall on the
first day of each session make a report to Congress, and the report
Avill continue to be made.

Mr. AxDEusox. It Avas never considered so before. It has been
carried as long as I can remember. I do not know of any reason Avhy
it should not be made permanent laAv.

Mr. Ji'MP. In fi'aming tlu'se estimates Ave endeavoi-ed to simplify
them as far as possibl(> and to omit what Avas jvgarded as sui)ertluous
language, which accounts for the droi)ping of this proviso. The
department, hoAvcAer, Avill of course continue nuiking rej^orts. It

A(iKlC Ll/i'LKAI. AI'ri;nlM{IATI<)N lUI.I.. I'.'-l. 21

loillv makes no (lin'orciu-c to tlic ili'partiiiciit wlictlicr ili<- l:iii;;ua;i(>
ri'iiiuins or is stricken onl.
Mr. Andkuson. \'»mv well.

I'MK OK l'ASSK.\(iUI-(AKIlYI.\0 VKHUI.KM TBA.NHKKHItKI) H»)M UAK HKI'AKTMKNT KOU

<>KH( l\l. IM'UroSKS.

Ml-. IvKKSK. TIm' next lanjrna^'t' in italics jji'ovides for untliority
of the Secretary to purcliase fidn> a|)|)ro|)riations made for cooperal-
inL' \vitli tlie Stat«'s in the conslrnction of roads or hi^hwavs of
motor-proptdh'tl passenjiei-carrvin^' \ehi(les to rephice such velii( les
tiansfernMl fiom the ^^'ar Department under- authority of the acts
cited. Tliose arc the acts pro\i<Mn;r for ti:insfer (»f siii-|)his war
equipment to the (h'|)artment throiiirli the Hiu'caii of Pwhlic Road'-.
^Ii-. aI( DonaM will ha\e to explain that in detail. The last provis')
is the one in wliich I am most concernccl. 'I'lie Secretaiy of A^rri-
culture is authori/.iMJ to use fi-om any surplus war mafcr-ial turned
over to iiiin for di.strihution to the States for roa<l hiiildin^' purjioses
such i)assen;ri'i -carryin^j: vehicles as may he necessaiy for oilic iai use
(d' the dci)artmcnt in the District of Colimihia.

I'ndcr the law. as I undeistand it. 10 per cent of tlie material
turned o\-ei- hy the W'dv Department to the Bureau of Puhlic Hoads
may l)e retained for load huildin^ purposes hv the Secivtary of
A«rriculture in the c-onstruction of forest roads an<l trails. Tiic
authoT'itv ]iropo.sed here would authorize the Secretary to use some
of those cars for passen<ier-i'arryin<r i)Ui*poses in the District of
Columhia for necessary official u.se in the department.
* Ml'. .Vnokhson. At one place here you propose to buy antomohiles
to replace the ones alieady jrotten from the Wai' Dei)ai'tment ?

Mr. IvF.KsK. In the field.

Mr. AxDKiJsoN. In the next [)lace you propose to take some of
those automobiles and use them in the Distri<'t of Columbia. Where
do you iret anythinir out of tliat excei)t a lf)t of lanirua«rt'?

Mr. Kkes?:. ^^'e iv.v proposinjr to permit the department to buy
cars to replace those which are worn out in service, which have been
transferred from the 'War Department.

Mr. AxoKKsox. I understand that. Biit if you have irot to buy
cars to replace those, where do you make anything by takiniz some
of those to use in the Disti'ict of Columbia?

Mr. .TiMP. That fii"st i)roviso has to do with the extensive field
woik (d' the Bureau of Public Koads. It has no relation whatever
to the second proviso.

Mr. AxDERsox. I think it has.

NKI I> Kli; ADIliriKNAI. AlTOMOnUJIS.

Mr. .Ir.Mi'. It was not so dcsiifued. for this reason: The sei-ond
provi.so was j)rei)ared at the Secretary's direction, without regard
for the fii-st one, contemplatin<j: that the few machines that are neces-
sarv for use by the department in Washin<rton woidd not be ex-
clian«red for new iriachincs at all. but wouhl bt> old machines taken
from the surplus stocks of the War Dei)artment. which are retaineil
in the department under the provision of the law <roverninii the dis-
tribution of load materials to the States. The two thinjrs are not

22 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOISr BILL, 1924.

related at all. although I can readily see that it might appear from
the language that they are. That can be remedied, of course, by
making the language more explicit.

^Ir. AxDERSox. The two items are not related, but it is all one
proposition, because you either buy one place or another. I can not
see any use of putting in a lot of language and providing a lot of
changes Avhen you have got to l)uy machines anyway.

Mr. Jump. I am not well enough informed personalh" as to all
of the reasons which make the first proviso necessary. ^Ir. ^lac-
Donald will go into that in detail, however, when he comes before
the committee. With respect to the second proviso, however, un-
der present conditions at the department, with the bureaus occupy-
ing some 40 buildings in widely scattered sections of the city, and
with the numerous outlying experiment stations, all of them neces-
sar}- for different purposes, it is absolutely necessary to have ma-
chines for official use in order to transact ])usiness and to accom-
modate people who visit the department on Government business
of such nature that they should not have to spend all day running
around from one part of the city to another to reach the place they
Avant to find and which it is to the Government's interest that
they do find without undue aggravation. It is equally desirable to
provide the department some way of getting out to the experimental
farms. For instance, two members of the Board of Estimates of
the Budget Bureau who went over these estimates desired to make
an inspection of the Beltsville experimental farm of the Bureau of
Animal Industry. The way we handled that was by calling on
the Bureau of Public Roads for the use of on,' of their cars to
take them out there and bring them back.

From time to time during the year we have distinguished visitors
who come to this country, as well as our own people Avho come from
the various States, and their status is such that it is desirable to
show them some of the work done at the outlying experimental farms.
Sometimes the dejiartment desires their judgment and advice. In
such cases we are obliged to go to the Bureau of Public Roads and
ask them to send over one of their cars. „

Mr. Anderson. "Where are j^ou embarrassed by having to do that?

Mr. Jump. We are not embarrassed in making the request on the
bureau, as it is a part of the department the same as any other
branch, and under the direction of the Secretary, but the bureau
naturally is not equipped or organized especially to render that kind
of service for the dei:)artment generalh'. It has work to do with its
machines, and I shouhl say it embarrasses them by discommoding
their work and disrui)ting their arrangements for use of their force
otherwise when we must call upon them constantly to iletail ma-
chines for general de]:)artment purposes.

Another instance: AVe have coming into Washington from time to
time the winners in the boys' and girls* club work from the various
States. They were sent here by their States, a trij) to Washington
being one of the rewards for their outstanding achievements ah)ng
agricultural lines.

The (lepai-tment officers concerned take them to points of interest
in the department, to the farms, etc.. and other activities or work of

AGRICULTURAL APPUOPRIATIOX BILI^ UCI. 23

the lU'iMirtiiuMit. which they shotihl sro, uii*l uii uiitoinohilos is nofcs-
sary to do this properly iiiwl lU :i iiiiiiiiiiiini expenditure of time.
Another instniice: ^^ e need to take xnne pictures. Our men ;;o out
as far as I'lederick or Mount Airy. Md.. to take pictures of chiiry
farms and live stock. There are no machines to carrv photoj^raphers
or to cari-j' the director of the picture or anything ofso, pxeept a.s we
horrou them from tlie Roads iiureau. The (U-parhnent is witliout
l)asscn^M'r-caiiyin<r machines except for these road macliincs taken
over second hand fiom the \\'ar Department. Thi* oidv <»th('r pas-
sen«rtM*-carryin«; machine in the (U'partment at Washin<.'t(»n is the
car used l»y the Secrt'taiy. We lla^e heen handicappj'd so much in
tliis respect that tiie (U'i)ar(nient is askin;r tin- authority to use sevei-al
jif the^e nuuhines continuously for ^'encral j)uri)()ses of an oMicial
miture, and since it does not re<|uire any ai)proprintion at all. we are
hopeful that the re(|uest will he L'ranted. The machines are owned
i»y the (lOM'iiiment and are availahle, and for that K'ason it seems
unhusinesslike not to make the he.st use of them which the puMic
interest indicates.

Mv. lirciiAX.w. 'i'ou mean they tire there hul not in runnin«j:
order ^

Mr. JiM!'. They are there and some are in running order. Thev
are constantly conditioning these machines and sending them out to
the road districts.

Mr. HrniAXAX. Do you w;ui( to pnrch;'>^<' p'^v , ],;,,

changing the old ones^

Mr. Jfmi'. No, sir; not for this purpose. That lirst provisf) has
nothing to do with the second one, ^hich relates to "Washington alone.
The lirst proviso, which relates to tlie ni-'d -"i-vice. ^^•■ >rcDonald
will explain when he is here.

Mr. lUciiANAX. You are talking ahout the last provi.so^

Mr. diMr. Yes, sir. That was put in entirely without regard to
the other proviso, and it does not contemplate the purcha.se of any
machines whatsoever. All we want to do is to use for the department
service the second-hand machines wliich we already have.

Mr. AxDKKsox. I understand it does not contemplate the [)urchase
of any nnichines, hut is it six of one and half a dozen of the other.
If the Bureau of Roads has to purchase machines for the ones which
you take from it in the District of Columbia — and that is what you
l)ro[)ose to do in the other proviso — I can not see any use of putting
in this language. You might as well purchase new niachines for
taking di.stinguished foreign visitors al>out and allow the second-
hand ones to be run around in the mud in the prcness of road making.

Mr. Jr^ii'. Taking distinguished foreign visitcu's around is one
of the snnillest parts of our necessity. I merely mentioned that as
an instance. The machines are more needed in the regular work
of the dej)artment — getting the dej)artment peojile arotnul without
v.aste of time to the l>udget Bureau, to the (iovermnent Printinir
Office, to the experimental farms at Arlington. Bethesda. Beltsville,
etc., down to Alexandria, wliere we have four or five units, and so
on. 'I'hese are the real reasons why the cars are nee<led. and not.
1 nniy say. primarily for taking foreign visitors around: that is
])iirely incidental.

24 AGRICULTURAL APPROFRL^TIOX BILL, 1924.

Mr. Buchanan. Tlie Secretary takes these machines which were
turned over to him by the War Department for the purpose of dis-
tribution amcn<r the States in connection with road buildin<r. This
j-roviso autliorizes him to take some of those machines and use them
here in the District of Columbia for A<rricultural Dej^artment pur-
poses. It seems to me like that provision is in direct conflict with
the statutory law and absolutely new lejrislation, is it not if

Mr. Jump. It niio:ht be so construed. But it is strictly in the
public interest and required for the most efficient administration of
the department. Some of these machines are in use in Washington
already, because the Bureau of Roads has one of its heackiuailers
here for one of its districts. The fact of the matter is that we are
constantly having to borrow these machines temporarily for these
purposes anyhow, and what we would like to do is to luake the use
of them entirely re<;r.lar and under the central control of the de-
l)artn:ent.

Mr. Buchanan. You are asking for these machines without num-
ber, without limitation of any character. Have you any idea how
many you need ?

Mr. Jump. We would say, offhand, from three to six, and we could
make the limitation accordingly if the committee desires. We just
want a small number, and what we propose to do is to put them in
the central garage of the department. All our motor trucks, which
formerly were scattered about, are now pooled under the mechanical
superintendent of the department, who comes directly under the
Secretary's office, and that arrangement has effected a tremendous
saving and put the trucking service on an efficient basis. It will
not be our purpose to assign these cars anywhere. They will be
under the ofRce of the Secretary and each request for transportation
will be closely scrutinized by the man in charge before he attempts
to take care of it.

STATEMENT OE ME. C. W. PUGSLEY, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF

AGRICULTURE.

reorganization or offices under office of the secretary.

Mr. Pugsley. Mr. Chairman, I would like to read just one para-
graph from the statement of the Secretary on the economies effected
in the department during the past year, made a part of the record
a moment ago :

Tlie ecoiioniies listed above iiro typical of the spirit in which the <U'pai-tiueiit
people have entered into the plant to conduet tht> bnsiness of the (iovernnient
on the most economical and elticient basis i)()ssible. \\'bile, as pointed ont in
the foref?oinf?, we have been able to make a f^reat many very substantial
savings in money expended through the application of modern bu.siness meth-
ods it is increasinf^ly evident that the lar^iest economies to be elTected in the
(le|»artnient are those which are a result of edicient orpuiizalion.

Such economies can not be expressed in dollars and cents. They are meas-
ured rather by the larf^er efftH-tiveness of the work and the amount of work
;!one for the money expended. The re()r;i;ani/,ation which resulted in brin.i;-
inj; llirce units into one in the Uincau of Aj;ricidtural Kconomics is a case in
lioint. This rcor;;ani/,alion etTectcd consideralile savings which can be meas-
uredc in mon(\v, but altogether the larger saviuirs have come throu^rh the in-
creased clliciencv and better ailnunistrat ion of the work done in this iiarticular

AfMiK ri/riMAL Ai'rr.oritiATio.N iui.l, I'.a. 25

tlt-M. I am (|(iit(' siiri' thiit siiniliir iliwirtNl nf<iiltK will follow tli«* r«'«>rKHniKii-
tloii of tlu' »»xf«'iisi<>ii w«»rk.

This riHiruMni/.jitloii Ims liinl ilir nin-fiil Htii(|> of lli»» AHMiHtaiit S<*<n*liiry
for II year itnst aiitl tlif lliuil pliiii siil>.iiltl*<<l is )|i«> n'siiit of tlint Htiiily. When
put Into (>rri'(-t, IIS w«' !iop«' it may Ih-, it will rosiilt in roiiHldt'niMf Hiivini; of
iiioiH'V. hut, what i«< far inon- iiMporiiini, will anally Iiuti'.ihi' tlu' »»frf<tiv»«iH«>«s
of th'- «'Xti>nsioii workers an ! tin- <pialily nf tin* oxti'iisloii work.

rO.NNOt.lllATION OK AlillKKHhlMI AKll IIITI irATINU W«»«K.

On tlip .siilijfct of fcxinMiin's which havo lH»t*n luiult' hy jrivin/
attention to f(M»r;^'aiiizatioii «hiiiii;r the past yvnv. the S'l'n-tary
jtoiiits out in this i'(>|)oi-t that in the cotiihination and consoli'Iation
of tin- adtliTssin^j aiul thiplicatin;: woik tlu'ic was rcK'ascil ^l'O.ikk)
worth i»f nnichinciv to tlu- (lent'i'al Supply Coinniittpe for assijrniflcnt
to other (lepaitinents. and, in ad<Iiti(»n, th«> force of peopU' eniph>y('d
t<i operate lho>e machines was consi«h'ral>Iy ledtiicd. Fiirtherniori',
the centrali/.ation of diiplieatin;.' ;;i\rs a check on the nniUijrraph
and niini«'o<:raj)h work of tlie department which can not U' ohtaineil
unless it is centralized.

CONS«U.inATH»N OK STATISTICAL HCRE-M'S.

lie also |)oints (»iit that in the consolidation of the liiireau f»f
.Markets. Biirean of Crop Kstiinates. and the Oflice of Farm Manajre-
ment there was a .savinjr of $.S0.0()0 merely in the ovcrliead in the
operation of what were formerly three onreaus.

KKoIii.XM/ \ I ION OK STVTKS ISKI.ATIONS SKRVICK AND DIVISION OK PUBLICATIONS.

Hy i()nM)lidatin^'^ two exleiisioii offices in the States "Relation Serv-
ice into one oliice for the [)iiri)ose of administerinjr the Smith-Lever
* and other cooperative extension fnnds. there was a savinjr of ap-
proximately $20,000 in the overhead.

CONSOLIDATION OK KXtKNSION WOKK.

As a matter of interest. I thoii^dit yon mi«rht like to he informed
concernin<r the tyj)e of or<iani/ation tliat existed in the offices of
extension in the States Relation Service before the consolidation
was made. This chart represents the or^'-anization of the otKce
of extension work in the South [ indicatin<r |. where !."» States were
administered, and this [indicating] the office of extension work in
the Xorth and West, w here the rest of the States of the Union were
administered. You will note that there are (piite a larjre numher of
snbdivisions in each one. Confusion was i)rouirht about by that
sort of an or<ianization. It was impossible to <ret a united and cor-
related extension j)ro«rram. T'nder the new jjlan there are but two
divisions, aside from the clerical division, with but two heads, who
act as coun.'^el with the chief of the extension office. 'Hiat is whers
we saved overhead and at the same time increased efficiency.

In addition, yoti have a logical type of administraticm of the co-
operative extension work of the department, wheri' it is considered
from the standpoitit of the two problems of administration. I'ntler
the division of proLrrains wjiat is to be taujiht is ccmsidered : under
the division of meth(»ls how it is to be tau«:ht is considered. And,
after all, those are the only two thinj^s that you have to deal with —

26 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

the " what "' and the " liow." It is absolutely essential that we have a
united extension program with the home and the rural community as \

the object of the ajri'icultural extension teachin<r. While the details jj

of the work differs in the local connnunities. the Federal office mus't
inject national and world aspects of the problem.

Mr. AxDERsox. Those statements indicate, apparently, that you no
longer have the country divided up into districts, with district lead-
ers; is that correct?

Assistant Secretary Puoslky. That is correct. Wp .lo not hn\e
separate offices administerin<; the work by districts.

Mr. Anderson. You will <ro into that later, I take it ?

Assistant v'^ecretary Prosi.ET. Yes. sir.

XTiw I Avant to let the point of my remarks run to the proposed
reorganization of the entire extension Avork of the department. Tlie
Secretary asked me to make a s])ecial study of the extension and pub-
lication activities of the dei)artment. and as a result of that study
this is what I found [presenting chart to the subcommittee]. Practi-
cally every bureau in the department is authorized by the laws of
Congress to do research work, many of them to do regulatory work,
and a considerable numbei- of them to do extension work.

To carry out and coordinate the research work and the regulatory
work you*^ will recall that Congress two years ago authorized the
appointment of a director of scientific Avork and a director of
regulatory work. There are^, howeAer, three lines of work in the
Department of Agriculture. To my mind, all the work that is
authorized in the department falls logically into one of three cla.sses:
Research, regulatory, or extension : but up to the present time there
has been no director of extension work, outside of the secretary
himself, who is correlating the extension work of the department.
That is very clear in the chart which you have before you.

You wilf note that the States Pelations Service has the office ol
cooperative extension Avork. In that office is lodged the aduiinis-
tration of those funds Avhich are spent in the States for cooperative
Avork Avith the agricultural colleges. I^ut there is also in the States
Relations Service an office of experiment stations, Avhich deals en-
tirely with research problems, for it administers the Hatch and
Adams funds for State experiment stations. There is likewise an
office of home economic AA'ork doing, in ett'ect, the same sort of work
that a bureau does — research Avork and extension Avork. So you
can see by the chart that bureaus that had experimental AAork that
was done in cooperation Avith the States had to go through an of-
fice in the States Relation Service before it went to the director
of scientific Avork, even after the establishuieut of that director. The
logical place for the office of expci'lnicnt stations is in the office of
the director of scientific Avork.

In the Division of Publications we have tiie editing and i>riuting
of bulletins, the release of ])ress material, and the duj^licating and
mimeograi>hing, Avhicli is closely related to printing. Hut there aiv
also two extension offices — the office of motion pictures and the olVice
of exhibits — both offices for visual extension work. AViien a bureau
Avants to put out a motion picture oi- an exhibit it goes through the
Division of Publications. If it is to be used in cooperative exten-
sion AVork, as IK) per cent of the pictuies are. it must go through

AdlUCULTUUAh Ai'i'lU)PlUATI(»;N Mi.i,. i'.rH. 27

the Stall's Krhitions SiTvice also. I In- j'liart also hIiowm a tlire<'toi*
of iiifoiinatioii. who •<:i\('s sprcial atlniliiin to jxiblicutions. lii'fon*
piiltlicjitioiis lu-adi tin' Sccit'tary's ollirr tlu'V ^'o tliroii^li tin- orij;i-
iiatiii;.' (dlui's of a luiii'aii. tliroii^h tin* iHiiraii cliirf, lliroii;;h tin*
i»(lit(»iial ollico, uml tliroii^rh to the C'liief of tin* Division of l*nl»li<a-
tion>. then to tin* chief of iiifoniiation. and liiially to the S'<Tetary.

The jjidposed roor«^aiii/.atioM of tiu' cxteii.sioii work is shown on
this ihart |('\hihits another chart 1. It calls for the transfer of some
of the other work, other than extension, ns yon see. The Secretary
is asl\in<r for the creation of a director of extension work, anil pro-
poses to ])Iace un(h'r that <lirect(»r of extension work thos** oHict-s in
the depai'tnient which are exten>ion ollices, nuniely, tlie oflice of the
cooperative extension work, now in tlie States Kehitions Service, and
tlie oflices of exliihits and motion ]»ictures. n()W in the Division of
riil>lications. In athlition. he ex|)ects to charge tijat diiector of
extension with the conehition of all the extension work of all of the
various luireaus. askin«r the hniean chiefs to rejjort thronjxh the
director of the extension to him on all matters of extension woi-k.

Mr. Andkksox. Do you expect to continue extension work- iiii.l'-i-
the hureau as well as under this director of extension?

Assistant Secretary Pigslky. Some hnreans are char«rcd with cer-
tain extension work, as you will note as you ^n) throu'rh the appro-
l)riations. In addition, most extension work is of a more or less
technical nature and must have technical direction. But those linens
of extension work will clear throu<j:h the director of extension, so
that they will he correlated, and so there will not he duplication in
the huioaus. At the [jresent time there is'nohody outside of the
Secretary's office who can do that sort of thinjj:. In other words,
these three extension offices of the department are, in effect, the
avenues throupfh which the extension work of the hureau is cleared.
We really have no thin<is to extend except those tiiinjrs whirh <n'v/i-
nate in the .scientitic hureauii of the dei)artment.

The reor<j:anizati<m i)roposes to put under the director of scientifio
work tlie Office of the Expei'imental Stations.

The i)uhlications of the department may appear at first plance to
he extension. They do furnish an avenue throu<rh which the de-
partment can <ret its information to the })uhlic, hut puhlications are
of tluee different types. There are those j)ul)lications which are
hi«rhly technical and which are puhlisheil for the information of
other research woi'kers. The director of scientific work and the re-
search people of the de|)artment are therefore tremendously inter-
ested in that type of i)ul)lit'ation. and in a sense that type of puhlica-
tion is not entirely extension.

Likewise, there' must he puhlished a lar^'e number of re^rulatory
announcements. They do not need to po to the public in <reneral :
they only need to «ro to the re^rulatory offices out in the States.
Those are not extension, in the pMieral sense of the word, and they
shouhl clear throu^di the office of the director of regulatory work.

The farmers' bulletins and po|)ular i)ublications should dear
tlironL'h the office of the director <d' extension work. Rut since this
eililorial work affects the three lines of work in the ih'partinent —
.scientific, extension, and re^ndatory — it has seemed l^est to place the
otlice of etlitorial work in the Secretary's office, where we will liave

28

AGRICULTURAI. APPROPRIATION BILL, 192-i.

direct contact Avitli it and where he will pass on all work finally,
probably throufrh the Assistant Secretary.

Mr. AxDEKSON. If appropriated for separately now. I do not see
anythin<r to prevent you puttin*; it anywliere you pleasx'.

Assistant Secretary Pioslev. The appropriation !)ill provides
that the appropriation for the work in (piestion is a j^art of the work
of some bureau. We are askin<i that the wordinjr of this year's bill
will make the approi)riations run in the direction in which we think
they ought to run for the most efficient organization of the de-
partment.

BUREAU OF HOME ECONOMICS.

The Secretary, I think, is tremendously interested in another
chanire. The office of home economics, under the States Relations
Service, is to all intents and purposes a subject-matter bureau in
the same sense of the other bureaus in the dei)artment. He believes
that the time has come when this office should be made a Ijureau in
fact; and it is his intention, if Congress approves of the proj^osal to
make it a bureau, to place it in charge of a v.onian of st^ientific
training.

Mr. Magee, What do we know about all this theory and red tape?

Mr. Anderson. He is telling you something about it.

Mr. Magee. He says he puts it up to us for determination. It
seems to me you have enougli horse sense to be aljle to put before the
committee the facts, and then we might be able to i-each some re:ison-
able conclusion. •

Assistant Secretary Pixjsi.ey. That is wluit we are trying to do.

Mr. Ma(jee. There is so much long-drawn-out postulations and red
tape that sometimes I think it is almost imi)ossibk' for men in Con-
gress to do any business, as it takes about half of the forenoon to
attend to one little job now.

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. I fully symi)athize with you.

Mr. Buchanan. When was this department reorganized? Was it
not organized a few years ago?

Assistant Secretary Pitcj.si.ey. What department ?

Mr. Buchanan. All this publication de[)artment, bureau of dis-
tribution or publication, whatever you want to call it.

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. The Division of I'ublications has,
so far as I know, never been fixed in its organization by the api">ro-
priations which have been made

Mr. Buchanan (interposing). Was reorganized in the department

Assi.stant Secretary Pi'gsley (continuing). In all of its details
The Division of Publications has been created by the apj^ropriations.
but certain things have been added to and taken from, as Mr. Ander-
son suggested a moment ago, by various Secretaries when they
came in.

Mr. BuciiAXA.N. My <|uestion was, A^^1s not the P)Ui"eau of Publica-
tions and pul)licity work of the deparlmeut reorganized or. at le:>st.
combined just a few years ago?

Mr. JiTMP. About two years ago there were .se\eral lines of work
transferred into the Di\-ision ol' Publications. Tlu>y iin-luded (he
])i'ess ser\ice. motion picture, and exhibits work. .

AORICrLTURAI. APPRr)PRIATlON BILU 1024. 29

Ml*. MAiiKK. riu" wiiy it st tiki's iin' — I tlo not pn'tnid to know
al«)iit it — is that if \v«» had souw practical proixisition upon which
wt» coiihl staml for at least a rcasonahh' Icii^rth of tiiin' without all
th<>s(> cnanj/os and icoi«^:inizatioiis, mid Wdrkiii;/ (»iit of hah*-s|>littin^
flu'oiics all the while, we iiii;^ht a<<<»iMplish s<Miiethin;r,

Assistant Secn'tarv Prnsi.KY. That is just exactly what we are try-
ing to do. and that is the I'easori we think this chart exhihits that
fimdainetal hasis. I do not thiid< yon have ever had presented to yon
hefor*'

Mi-. Ma(!KK (inteiposin«r). I am only ^ivin;; yon my nation ahout
it. If we coid<l "Tct some •rroiind and hnild up on that «rronn<l in
s«)me lo^'ical way. so that instead of hein^r j»resented a new-fan^rled
notion »'v«'ry little while, we conld reach some point where con-
structive Avork was possible.

Assistant Sc<ietaiy l*i <;si.ky. This is just the reason wc are present-
in;: this i)lan of fundamental or;rM nidation.

Mi-. Hrcn.WAN. \\\\\ not this split up the nuhlicity work, or ad-
vertising.' work, instead of consolidatin<r it^ I'ou take the editorial
work and the publication work out of this new oi-^anization you
liave <r<)t,

•Assistant Secretary Pi cslf.y. ^ <>u put in the Secretary's office all of
the printed work of the department, where it can be piven si>ecial
supervision: you put undei- the director of extension all of those
extension activities by means of cooj)erative extension agents as well
as by exhibits and by motion pictures,

Mr-. AxnKiisoN. Is not this what you really do( You propose to
briuL*" the extension activities under the director of extension work,
just as you have reseai'ch under the research director and the regu-
latory Work under the director of regulatory work?

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. Yes, sir,

Mr. Andkkson. Then you ]>r<)pose to put this extension work, to-
<rether with the activities allied with it. like publications, under the
Assistant Secretary, or substantially so — I suppose that means under
the Secretary — so as to «:et a correlation there?

Assistant Secretary Pi (jslky. Yes. snr. But no work in the Di-
vision of Pul)licati()ns. exce|)t the editorial, printiuff. and distribu-
tion work, ^oes into the Secretary's office i)roper.

Mr. ANnERS<ix. Is there anythinjr else there?

Assistant Secretary Ptosley. Yes: motion i)ictures an<l exhibits.

Mr. J I .MP. They do not really belonir in publications now.

Assi.s-tant Secretary Piosley. Do not lofrically belonir there.

Mr. BrcHAXAN. Why do you not do it? This is administrative
business that it is proper for you to do, as I look at it. We did not
oriranize this thinjr the wav von have it now bv act of Con^riess.

Mr. Jimp. Yes; Mr. Buchanan. The wav the bill reads now. the
Division of Publications has in it these two activities — motion pic-
tures and exhibits, which are not really |)ul)lication work. Admin-
istratively, the Secretary can run them any way he wants to, but it
involves all kinds of complications in connection with bookkeepinir
and the accounting work, and the purchase of supplies, and all that:
so that what he woidd like to do is. as Mi-. Pugsley hjis explained,
to do a wav with this confusion and actuallv i)iin<r the>e or^aniza-
tiont>that do not now behrn^ in publications out of it. and to attach

30 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

them to the unit to which they really do belong — lefivinjr the Pub-
lication Division to handle purely the publication work.

Mr. Buchanan. I thoujrht we authorized the Secretary of Aofri-
culture id carry on these activities tj^enerally by act of Conofress,
and that the manner in which he or<ranized them and carried them
on is an administrative function, purely and simply.

Mr. Anderson. Of course, tliat is true. Mr. Buchanan, but what
they are tryinjj to do here, as I understand it, is to <i:et these appro-
priations arran^red in such a way as to facilitate the orofanization
of the department, which the Secretary thinks is the most efficient.

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. Is it not true that if you make an
appropriation for motion i^ictures attached to the Division of Pub-
lication, that in effect places the motion-picture office in the Division
of Publications?

Mr. Anderson. I think so.

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. What we are asking: is that that ap-
proi3riation read to the extension service and that a director of ex-
tension be created, so that we Avill have those things all together.
We are asking merely for the changes in the language of the bill
which will make that possible. It does not cost any extra money.
We believe it will save money.

Mr. Magee. Without submitting things to our approval which we
do not know anything about — at least. I do not feel I do — why not
make reasonable appropriations you need and let you run this busi-
ness in your own way ?

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. Of course, we would be perfectly
willing to do that.

Mr. Buchanan. In this reorganization do you contemplate changes
of men of different positions, and so on?

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. Just what do you mean by that ?

Mr. Buchanan. Do you contemplate putting some new men in
there who are not now in there ?

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. Yes, sir; we contemplate securing a
director of extension work.

Mr. Buchanan. Is that the only new person you contemplate se-
curing?

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. On the extension end of the work, it
is. The Secretary is also asking for an editor in chief, at a salary
which Avill permit him to get some person competent to do a lot of
things that ought to be done in connection with the department
bulletins.

Mr. Buchanan, Are those two men the only two nuMi outside of
the service you contemiilate employing?

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. Those are the only two new posi-
tions Ave are asking for.

Mr. JiTMP. And the amount of money required for these two statu-
tory positions, namely, the director of extension and the assistant in
charge of the office of editorial work, is si)ecifically offset by reduc-
tions Avhich are made in the related appi-opriations, so that there is
no total increase whatever in appropi'iations connected with this
proposed ivorganization.

Mr. Buchanan. You speak of "related appropriations." Do yoii
mean aj)))ropriations under the division of publications?

AGRI(?ULTURAL APPKOPHIATIOX BILU 1*'24. 31

Mr. .IiMi'. As it is now, iiikUt the Division t\u- Pnlili. Mfii.n^ un.)
tlu' Stall's Ri'liitions Service.

Mr, Am»kkson. ^'oii are civatin^ a dirrrtor of extension work, an<l
yon aire piittin*: under that director of I'xteiision work the work
which yon are «K)intr now. with ihe exception (»f that whi< h hi- hccn
«h)ne heretofore under the \arions hiireaus^

Assistant Secretary l*i osijiv. ^'es, sir,

Mr. AM)Kit.s»).\. Tlien. yon will hrinfj into that Hnrcan of Piihlica-
tions the oflice of exhihits and the otlice of motion jticturcs i

Assistant Serretary l*r(;si,KY. Ves. sir.

Ml-. Anokkson. "\'on are takin;: out of the SI;l(e^ Kdations Service,
that is. the extension end of it. the oflice of experiment stations?

Assistant vSecretary Pioslky, ^'es. >ir.

Mr. AxoKKsox. Von are chan^in<; the mime of the office of puhli-
••ations to the <»ffice of editoiial and distrihntion work?

.Vssistant Secretary l*r(;si,KY. ^ es, >ir.

Mr. Andkksox. And tliat covers the whole tliinj:, does it?

As.si.stant Secretary Pigslky. Yes. sir: it d()e.s. except the Bureau
of Home Economics.

Mr. AxDKUsox. And you take out of the extension .service the
Bureau of Home Economics and make a separate hureau of that.

A.^sistant Secretary Pi(;si,ky. Yes, sir: and when that is done
we do away with the Divisicyi of Piil)]ications and the States Rela-
tions Service, as such.

Mr. ANUKH-sttx. All you do in this hill is to make such transfers of
the approj)riations as will accomplish these transfers of functions?

A.ssistant Secretary Pr(;si.F:Y. That is exactly it. No inrieases in
aj)propr;ations are asked and no new lines of work estahlished.

Mr. Iir(H.\XAX. Von have no increases in salaries? AVhat are
those? Just let the record show that.

Assistant Secretary PiosLf:Y. If there are any increases. tliose will
he taken up inuler the iteirs as you come to them. There are no in-
creases in salaries due to the reor<ranization, other than already ex-
plained.

Mr. RrciiAXAX, You have the chief in char*re. at $.'>.00() ?

Assistant .'Secretary Pi {;slky. That is the editorial position I spoke
of a moment a«ro, the man that the Secretary wants to take charge of
;ill the pulilications of the deijaiiment.

Mr. BrcH.\N.xN, That is one increase, is it not?

Assistant Secretary Pi usley, That is a new position by transfer
from a lump fund of the extension service, wh'ch fund has been re-
duced accordingly.

Mr. P>i (HANAN. Then there are jiositions at $3,r)00, an increase of
$:.0O, is there not?

A.ssi.stant Secretary Pit.sley. Xo, sir.

Mr. Jr.MP. That is a i)osition which is now carried as the Chief of
Division of Puhlications. and if tliere is to be no more Division of
Publications. 4»y tliat exact name, the title of the position shouhl l»e
chanjred accordin<;ly.

A.ssistant Secretary Pioslky. There are only two new positions
asked for: One is for a man to take char<re of this editorial work in
2202S 22 li

32 AGEICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

the Secretary's office and the other is the director of extension work.
There is no increase in money asked for.

Mr. Buchanan. What is his salary?

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. $5,000 for the director of extension,
the same as the other directors — the director of scientific work and
the director of reguhitory work.

Mr. Buchanan. That is. the other directors provided for last year
by Con^rress come under that bill, allowino; the Secretary to employ
so many at not to exceed $o.500?

Assistant Secretary Pi(;slet. Xo, sir. That was another matter
and did not refer to directors, but to salary increases on lump funds.

Mr. Magee. So you wanted a lot of chan<jes. and I think that the
committee accjuiesced in them. It seemed to me. then, as if we were
netting down to some fundamental foundation on which we could
build. NoW' , you come along again this year and vou Avant to change
all that.

Assistant Secretar}^ Pugsley. Xo, no ; we want to change none of
that at all. I think Ave are on the foundation with that. This is
something which was not taken up then, and has not been taken up
w4th 3^ou before.

Mr. Magee. You have new ideas as to the director of regulatory
work, a director of extension work, a director of scientific work. etc.
Xow', you will probably come along another j^ear — you may not be
here, and somebody else wants something different : and so we will
keep on changing and shifting and transferring. It seems to me mat-
ters of appropriation ought to be simplified rather than being made
more complex all the time, and that instead of having a volume rep-
resenting agricultural appropriations of 300 or 400 pages, it could
be greatly simplified and reduced in size.

Mr. Buchanan. I have no objection to any system that will im-
prove the service, and I am inclined to aid any system that will make
that improvement. In this reorganization, do you contemplate the
dismissal of any employees now in there or demotion of an}- employees
now there?

GRADUAL ADOPTION OK PLAN OF REORGANIZATION.

Mr. Jump. As I understand the details of this plan, Mr. Buchanan,
they do not contemplate making any great cut, l)ecaiise we have go;t
to go step by step. But we are doing this, and I think this will ap-
peal to the committee and to the Congress as an acUled reason for
making this change. Here, under the Secretary's office, when we
place these other units in operation Ave Avill have six or seven different
branches of the service. We propose to do something at the begin-
ning of the fiscal year that has not been done enough in the (iovcrn-
ment seiidce, and that is phice the oA'erhead Avork for all these
blanches in one centralized accounting office under the immediate
su})ervision of the Secretary. It will do the counting and j)urchas-
ing and all that sort of thing for all these branches. In that i-on-
solidation of overhead, if j^ast experience is to be oui- guide, it seems
quite likely that there Avill be some reduction in the foi'ce.

For instance, evei-y time we have consoli<late(l we have found,
after Ave got running, as Ave did in the addressing ami dupliiating
that the Assistant Secretary mentioned, and economic Avoik, some
employees could be dispensed Avith; and undoubtedly the Secretary

I

ACJIUCrLTimAL APPIM)PRIATI()N BII.I-, 11*24. US

will urtlci- tlitit to Ih> (loiif. lie i.s iu>l <_'<)ili^ to kci'|) oil tlif lolls
oiH' sin;:!*' i'ni|)loyt't' iu<»rf timn is lUM-fssarv. in ^<' •'•r ms u.- . un ile-
ttTiniiu*. Ho ri'ally expt'cts to (><-onoiiii/c.

Mr. lilt iiAXAX. What I was tlrivin^ at is, tliov are piittiii^ twa
lu'w Mini ill. TIh'ii it !(K)I<s iik** you wj-n* putting.' on new mumi aii<l

Idisniis.sinfi oM riii|)l()yft'.^. 1 wouUl likf to in<|iiiit' whellicr il is
sjH'ciallv coiitt'iiipiiitrd to ilrop soiiM' sjHM'ial <un's aii<l put on other
SfMH'ial oiies^
Assistant Srert'tary l'i»i>i.i.v. Mi. r>ii(h:iii:in, we an* tir<'p|nii'^ nn-
plovce.s wluTi'MT ui' litul that tiu-y iiir not rniilt riiiL' -crxi'c au.l
where we tind we can ;;et alonj; w ithout them.

Mr. HrciiAXAN. That is <one<t : that ou;:ht to In- done,

(KNTUAI.IZATIOX OF ACCOt'NTl.NO WOBK.

Assi.^-tant Secretary Piosi.ky. And thi> reorjrani/ation, I think,
will permit us to do some more of that. Mr. .Jump >poke ahout the ac-
counting work. I have he fore me a chart which was prepared by
a special committee appointed to look into the accounting; work
under the |>roposed oiL'anization. and instead of haviiiL'' sevei'al
accountin;! olfices, if ("oii<_Mess appr(»ves the reorganization plan
which I have just suhmitted. we e.\i>ect to liave f)ne accountin«r oHice
for all the follow inir work: The office of diiector of scientific work,
the ortice of director of extension, the office of diiector or re<rulatorv
work — the editorial and distriluition work — the office of the solicitor,
the office of the chief clerk, the offices of ins])ection, personnel, me-
chanical shops, and traffic mana;r^'r: all of which are under the
Sc«rctary now. you see. many of which have sejiarate accountinir
offices at the ])resent time.

Mr. HrcHAXAN. The only reason I asked that question is that you
renieml>er when this item was up last year I was told by four or
five Memhers of Congress that the flepartment contemphited dis-
missinir a certain man. and I aske<l the «liicit<ii- a question — I do imt
rememl)er his name now

Assistant Secretary Pi(;slky, And we told you we did not: and I
can say this, we do not have in mind a dismissal of any individual.
^^'hat we do have in mind is lettin<r ^o such people as can l)e let iro
hy the savinjrs that will he effected hy any reorjranization.

Mr. Brt'HAXAX. That is entirely pro])er. The only reason li
asked the <]uestion was callinir to mind other McihIkms of ('(»nsri'ess
comin;: to me al>out this man. I can not keej) those names in mind.
I did not know him. I just wanted to inquire about that. Congress
is not in session and my other colleajrues are not here.

Assistant Secretary Prcjsi.F.Y. You can assure any of them thai wt*
<lo not have in mind any imlividual to lie dropped.

Mr. BrcHAXAX. No man is more in favor of economizinjr and cut-
tin<r out all the employees you can and at the same time maintain the
efficiency of the ser\ice than I am.

Mr. MA<iKK. How does the numlior of cmj)loyees compare with a
year a<ro?

Assistant Secretary I'icjslky. That I can not answer. I know they
have been cut down In certain parts, and proi)ably adde<l to in others
because of increased a|>|)ropriation- ma«le last year.

34 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

Mr. JuMi'. "We had some new lines of work — the Center Market;
the fixed -nitrotren research laboratory, transferred from the War
Department; and the administration of tlie packers and stockyards
and the wrain futures acts.

Mr. Magee. Can you <rive us a statement on that?

Mr. Jump. In detail?

Mr. Ma(;ee. In the affirreirate.

Mr. Jimp. I can tell you, offhand, there was a sli<rht increase in
the total of the department of several hundred employees dur-
ing the last fiscal year, due principally, of course, to additional re-
sponsibilities i)laced upon the department, such as those I mentioned
a moment ago.

Mr. Maoee. You are talkinof about a decrea>^e. and I was interested
in knowintr to what extent the force had been decreased.

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. The statement of the Secretary re-
latinof to economies in the department, which was not read but which
was made a part of the record, will cover a considerable part of that.

OFFICES OF EDITORIAL AXD DTSTRIBFTIOX WOKK.

STATEMENT OF MR. JOHN L. COBBS. CHIEF, DIVISION OF

PUBLICATIONS.

RKASONS FOR CHANGE OF TITF.E.

Mr. Anderson. Who is going to present this phase of the editorial
and distribution work? First. ^Slr. Pugsley. if you will, I would
like to ask one or two things about this reorganization before we
start in on the details of the statutory roll. Among the other
changes that provides is a change in the name of the Division of
Publications to offices of editorial and distribution woi-k. Now. in
the last appro])riation bill a question arose as to whether a chanire
in name of that sort was legislation. My recollection is that tlie
Chair held that it was. If it was, this change can not be made in
the appropriation bill Avithout legislative authority. In view of
that fact, I would like to ask you wliat importance, in your mind,
attaches to this change of name ?

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. The change in name from division
to offices woidd be in accordance with tlu^ general plan that is now
being considered within the department of nomenclature in con-
nection Avith the names of tlie various bureaus and division^ and
offices. It Avould more clearly represent in the minds of the people
in tlie dei)artment the exact place that they M'ould occupy in the
general scheme of organization and would be very helpful psycho-
logically.

Mr. Anderson. Are there any further questions?

Mr. BroHANAN. I have none.

Mr. Anderson. Are there any other changes of names, except in
the case of the Bureau of Economics, involved in this reorganization?

Assistant Secretary Pi'gseev. That change was made last year.

Mr. Anderson. Yes: but I mean the Buieau of Home Economics.

Assistant Secretary Picsley. No: that is all. We merely ask the
change of name from oflice to bureau.

Mr. Anderson. Then you change the title of the extension service?

AGRi('i*i rri-.M. APpnnr'niATinv i-.ii i., i;ii;i. 35

Assistant StMTftnrv I*i fisLKV. I hr t«rni " i-xtfu-'ioii service" is
nst'«| to iiidicntr the convlatioii of those <»flic»'s that aiv iirvot*'!! to
t'.\lt'n>ioii work.

Mr. Am>ki{S4!N. Inst(<a<l <»f States lichitions^

Assistant Secri'tarv Pujslky. States Hchitions is ilr.)p|)c<l.

HAI.AKIKH.

Mr. A.\in.i{><)N. Wv will take ii|) (he .slutiitoiy roll, on pa«r«' 11. I
think we will perhaps .s;i\e tinn'. in view ol" the fact that this all
apju'ars to he new, if yon would indicate just what places or salarie.s
in the roll ;irc n«'w or rt'present transfers from other hnn-ans.

Mr. Conns. .Vs .Mr. l*n<rsley has lold yon. the piesent division is to
!)«> aholished anil the work it n<»w ini hides is t«) he put partly into
the new oftioo of e.xtension and paitly into tlie new offices of editing
and distrihntion. Tiiose places n(»w on the division roll whicli are
assitjned to the oflici's (»f motion j)ictMres an<l exliihits hav«' heen
transferred to the e.xtension ollici' roll. Tiie roll as presented on
pa«j:e 11 for the editorial and distrihntion work conseipiently shows
only those place.s actually occupied hy people in editorial and dis-
trihution W(»rk, the press service, and the illustrations and duplication
^(•|■t ions.

TK.VNSKKKS KHOM OTUKK DIVISION AM) MM I'-SC M Itol IS.

Ml". Axi)?:i{so\. This roll, then, docs not contain any new places or
clian;j:es of salary ^

Mr. Conns. It contains only transfers from the rolls of other hu-
reaus. I will indicate those as 1 come to them.

The first place, pa<re 11, assistant in char<re of editorial office, at
$."),0<)(), is a transfer from a lump-sum fund of the extensicm .service,
wliich has heen c()rresp()ndin<jfly reduced, and is to provide for a
]>i'!son to take char<ie of the offices of the editorial and distribution
work. The .second place, assistant in char<re of office of distributit)n,
is a new title, beinfr changed from the position of Chief of the
Dixision of Publications. The thii'd place, editor, is a change of title
fiom chief editor of the Division of Publications. That is the place
at $:^,()0(). The executive assistant is a new place in lien of the
position now on the statutory roll in the Division of Publications,
assistant in char<re of information. Tiic next ])lace, assistant editor,
at S:>.-J.-i(», is transferred from the statutory roll of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, with a change of 'title from editor and compiler.

Mr. P>rrn.\N.vN. That is the assistant editor?

Ml-. CoiiHs. Assistant editor: yes.

-Mr. Hi niANAX. That is the lirst one^

Mr. Conns. The first one, at $*2.2r)().

.Mr. Hi ( iiANAX, He comes from where?

Mr. Conns. The P)Ui"eau of .Animal Industry. Now. uiitU-r a>.~i>l-
ants in char<xe

Mr. BrcHANAN. These two at ^2,000 ami one at $l,S(M). what are
they?

Mr. Couits. They aic position.- now en ihc .-(.aiuior\ loll of the
division. Under assislant.s in <har<ie we drop the assistant in char«:e
of distribution, at $2.r>00 — perhaps I should say that the title is

36 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

chanfred from assistant in char<re of distribution to assistant. You
xvill see below that we have two assistants at $2,500. instead of one,
as we have at the present time.

Mr. Buchanan. Let lue <ret that strai«rht. Is this another new
position at $2,500 that you have just mentioned?

Mr. (\)BBS. Xo: just a chanfre in title from assistant in charfre of
distribution, which is the present title, at $2,500. to assistant, at
$2,500.

Mr. Buchanan. That is just one of them.

Mr. CoBBs. And we have one already, which will make two for
the next year. If I may <ro back just a second. I'nder assistant
editors, at $1,800, we have at the present time two. one of whom
is attached to the office of motion pictures, and that position is
accordinofly transferred to the extension office, leavinfr one in the
division.

The next chanofe comes in draftsmen and photo<rrai)hers. at $1,600.
At the present time the division has three places. Two of these are
employed in the motion-picture office, and have consequently been
transferred to the office of extension. Likewise, there is at the present
time draftsman or photo<rrapher. at $1,500, in the motion-picture
office who has been also transferred. Other transfers include an
assistant photoo;rapher. at i^OGO, and a lal)()ratory aid, at $900.

In the clerks, we have now 5 of class 4; two of them are assigned
to the office of exhibits and have been transferred. Three clerks of
class 2, assi<2:ned to the office of exhibits, and 1 of class 2, assigned
to the office of motion pictures have been transferred, reducinc: the
number of positions of that class in the division to 10. Two clerks
of class 1 in exhibits and 1 of the same ^rade in motion pictures
have been transferred to the office of extension, reducin*; our total
to 18. One clerk at $1,100 in the office of exhibits, and two clerks
at $960 in the office of motion pictures have been transferred, with
chan^je in title to laboratory aid.

The next chanfje there occurs, I think, in the $840 messenirer or
laborer ;[rrade. in which one position in the office of motion pictures
is transferred to extension: in the $720 jjrade one is transferred.
A messenger boy at $720 and one at $600, attached to the office of
motion pictures, are transferi-ed to the statutory roll of the extension
office, and this roll has been reduced accordin<rly.

The assistant in char<ie of motion pictures and the chief cinenui-
tographer have been transferred to the statutory roll of the office
of extension work: the assistant in charge of exhibits and the assist-
ant in exhibits, with salaries of $.').000 and $2,000. respectively, have
been transferred to the lum])-suin fund of the exhibits appropria-
tions.

POSITK I.N S EMM I N ATKD.

Now, let me come down to the $060 clerical grade. Five of these
positions have been dro])]-)ed in addition to those which have lieen
IrauslVrred from the roll: in addition, 1 messenger or lal)orer at
$840, 1 messenger boy at $720, 1 messenger or laborer at $720, 2
messengers or laborers at $600, 1 messenger boy at $48t). and 1
oharwoman at $240 luive becui dropped. Those positions have been
dropjx'd in accoi'dnnce witli the secretary's desire to det-ivase the
personnel.

ACRKTLTI'UAI, APPUOPIIIATIOX BILI., 1024. 37

Mi\ BrciiANAN. Now, am th<>s4' positions <iro|>|H'd out of this
or^!Ujizati<^n as it now j'xists, imhIci- the pirsi'nt appropriation?

Ml". C'oHHs. You nit'im for the picsciif liscal year?

Mr. KiTciiANAN. Yes.

Mr. Conns. The totals in the rsliniutr for next year Iinve b«'en
(Iccicasrd.

Mr. Hicii.ww. Arc \]\vy workin^r now oi- not. Thai is wlnit I
want to know.

Mr. (%)nns. Part of those positions ari' lilU-ti at the pre.s«»nt time.

.Mr. lU cnAX AN. What |n-op<til ion of ilieni ar»' filled, and what
proportion of them ai'e dro|)ped ^

.Mr. Conns. I can tell you which of those are filUMl: Messenf^cr hoy
at i^~'20 and one at $(')(►(> are occupied: the charwoman at >'*24o is oc-
<"npied. and one of the hihoi"ei\s' positions at Ssl<> is occu|)ied. Tin*
positions at S'.>()() are \acant. hut a|)pointments which had heen of-
fered to eniril>les Inne l)een ac(vpte«l, so that all of the j)laces which
are to l)e (h(>|)|)ed from the roll i)rol)ahly will he occupied shortly
»'\cej)t or\e nicsscn<rer or lahorei^^at $720. It is not expected that
any clerk will ha\e to he «lismissed on .July 1 as it is thoii^rht that
there will be enoiifrh clerical vacancies caused by resij/nation dur-
ing the remainder of the fiscal year to make up the five position^
dn)ppe(l. The charwoman, laborers, and n)essen*rci" boys will have
to be dropped at that time, unless they can be transferre<l or their
positions have become vacant otherwise.

Mr. T^rciiANAX. TIow many of them?

Mi-. Conns. There are five of those that have been di'opped.

Mr. TirciiANAX. So that savin^r is already made imder the present
bill and the present plan — five positions at $900.

Ml'. Conns. T wotild like to malce this statement there. We have
had a frood deal of difliculty in fillin<r some of these $000 ])ositions.
In fact, the turnover in the $0()() <rrade dui'injr the past year was
in excess of 40 per cent, and we have had a prreat deal of difliculty
in Lrettin«r comj^etent people for our work at that salary, so that we
have hacl a <rood many vacancies throu<rhout the year which were in
{process of beinu: tilled, and two or three which we haven't filled, be-
cause we felt we could *;et alonj; in a ))inch without them.

Mr. Btchaxax. Tf you ha<l wanted to have had some of these
five positions filled, you could have had them filled i

Mr. Conns. Yes: we could eventually have filled them.

Mr. BrciiAX'AX. AVhen you say they were dropped, you don't
mean yo\i dischar<j:ed anybody: they just (^nit. Ts that it?

Mr. Coiuis. Yes. The positions ai'e iu»w vacant or ai'e expect. •.! to
be vacant as a result of turnover in the division.

Assistant Seci-etary Piost.ky. And, I think you jniirht adil, the
inability to iret jieojile to do the work that these positions called foi*
at that salary. Therefore, if ua^ tlion<jht bcftei" not to trv to fill
the positions.

Mv. Conns. It has taken durin<rthe past year anywhere from three
to five weeks to fill those positions satisfactorily. We have had to
do a tremendous amount of coi-respondence with people all ovcm* the
country.

Ml-. AxoKHsox. .\re those jieo|)le machine operatoi-s?

Mr. Conns. No. These are clerical |iosition< I am speakini: about.

38 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Andeksox. The net result of this business is that you trans-
ferred into this item $8,930, you (lrop])('(l places amountin«r to $9,000,
and you transferred out of it to other bureaus $3G,1C0?

Mr. CcBRS. Yes, sir.

Mr.. Anderson. Is there anythinfj further on this item?

Mr. CoRRS. One luachine ojjerator's i:)lace at $1,200 has been added
by transfer from the P>deral Horticultural Board, and one messen-
frer boy's place at $480 from lump fund, extension service. I think
that is all, so far as I am concerned.

GENERAL EXPENSES.

Mr. Anderson. Then, we will take up the item on pajre 13. ''Gen-
eral expenses.''

Mr. CoBBs, General expenses. The lann:ua<re is changed from
"Division of Publications'" to "Offices of Editorial and Distribution
Work," and the total amount of $57,930 has been decreased by
$10,080, which represents that p^t of the appropriation that we
used to knoAv as the extra labor fimd, which was due to the office of
exhibits. This office has been transferred to the extension service
and the exhibits appropriation for that service has been increased by
that amount. That necessitated a chan<re in the amount which is
now available for extra labor and employment, $11,380, to $1,300.

Mr. Anderson. Do you still require all of that lan<ruafre '.

Mr. CoBRS. That was chanfred last year. So far as I am con-
cerned, I would like to let it stay just about as it is. You see, last
year we combined all the various small appropriations we had into
this one large appropriation to <2:ive us greater leeway in handling it.

PRINTING AND BINDING.

M'r. Buchanan. If there are no questions on that item, we will
take up the next item. That is all there is of that stuff, isn't it, ex-
cept printing and binding?

Mr. GoRBS. Shall we talk about that now?

]Mr. Anderson. Yes.

Mr. CoBRs. The language in the bill has been entirely changed in
order to bring it into conformity with instructions of the Bureau
of the Budget in regard to combining all ])rinting expenditures of
the departuient in one appropriation. Tliut is to say, whereas we
formerly liad a lump appropriation which was allotted to the l)ureaus
for printing and binding some of the bureaus which had funds avail-
able for the puri)ose also had what we know as " repay " work done
at the Printing Office. You are i)robably familiar witli that. Tlie
effect of this wording is to bring into one fund all of the moneys of
the department which will be expended for printing, Tlie amount
has been reduced from $800,000 fn- tliis year to $700,000, and tlie
language causes a fui-llier actual decrease, in that, wliereas the "re-
pay" work was formeily paid for from separate bureaus app?"o-
priations, it is now all covered by this item and (he ai>pr()ximately
$39,000 or $10,000 Avhicli thai i-epay work amounlcd to last liscal year
is inchided in the $700,000 tola! asked for here; so that from, we
M-ill say, the $8.")9,000 or $810,000 wliicli the department has avail-
able this year, the ai^oiuit next vear will be reduced (o $700,000.

A(;HI( rMTHAI, AIM'noi'ltlATlON lUI.L, V.Ci.

39

.Mr. Andkk.so.n. Tliis pnuticiilly »lo««s away, iIhmi. with all tin?
*• ivpay " work in tlic (JcpiiiliinMit <

.Mr. ('oims. ^ j's. I think lliat is tlu* |>lan.

Mr. tli.Mi'. 1 1 is (Irsi^ntMl to do away with it alto^rt'tiu'r.

.Mr. Anokicsun. That was my niulcrstandin;:. When \vv had tlu*
iff^islat ivi' hill np on that, my iindrrslandin^ was that wiirn we luul
this hill r(tmplrt('(| the ri'pav work was to Ih- done away with alto-
•rt'tlu-r.

•Mr. .)i Mr. I don't si'c how anv ropav work can he dont' next vear.
\\\' had conft'rcnrt's at tlu' lind^rct Hnreaii, and the lan;rMa<_n' was
di'si^nii'd to that end — to do away with it. It says for "all |)rintini(
of the Department of .V^ricnltnre. ineliidin;: all of its hnreauH, etc'

Mr. ('onus. The oidy thin^i: it doesn't include is eovert'd hy the
jiroviso. whii'h covers the U'eather Hiireau. print in;: of!ircs in the
iield, and the Forest Service ollice at Oj^den.

.Mr. .h Ml'. .Viul it covers stich printing; to Ik- done ontsid(> of AN'ash-
in^rton as may he anthori/.ed in emer^rencies. It rnns around Sa.OOO
a year. That would have to he paid from this fund also.

REDUCTION OK K8TI.M.\TK »V HlMMiET BURKAC.

Mr. Am)K1{son, May 1 ask how this estimate of $700,000 has In-en
arrived at ( A\'as it in coUahoration with the Printing; Office or hased
entirely upon your own H;j:iire^

.Mr. Conns. It is hasted, so far as I know, u])on (»ur own H^jure. Mr.
Jumj) can tell you ahout thai.

Mr. Jump. The department's ori^^inal recommendation was for the
sanu' amount as this year, and this is one of the cuts which became
necessary after the estimates were submitted to the Hud^^et Hureau.
The Department will merely accommodate itself to the cut and try
to ^et aIon<r in the best manner possible with the reduced amount.

Mr. AxDKHsoN. Do you happen to know wliether that cut was made
by the budp't oftii'ers in accordance with estimates submitted by the
Ciovernment Print in;: OIHce. or was it a purely arl)itrary pro])osition.

Mr. Jump. I feel rather hesitant about saying as to that. I do not
know that they consulted with the (lovernment Print in;r Office, but
in anv event I wouUl n()t sav it was arbitrarv. because that might
cast a reilection on the Pudget Pureau that is unwarranted and that
1 don't want to cast on them. My impression is that since cuts had
to be made this was regarded as a good place to cut. In other words,
a cut could be made here, in all jjrobability, with less harm to the
Avork than in some other places. It is one of the hirge luni}) funds,
and th.» department's apparent turnback last year, I think, was a
considerable factor. The department turned back a considerable
funil. altiiou^xh the carrvoNcr to this year was very heavy, antl thev
]jrobably thought the printing business ought to be restricted. Of
course. I am not authori/.ed or (lualiHed to speak for the Pudget
liureau on thes? matters.

Mr. PitiiAXAX. That virtually says that it was arbitrary, so that,
you might just as well have said it in so numy words.

.Mr. Andekmin. ^^'ell. in arriving at these figures two years ago,
1 happened to be on the legislative committee which had the ai)pro-

40 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

priations for the Government Printing Office, and my recollection
is that at that time we arrived at the conclusions we reached as a
result of representations by the Government printer that the cost
of paper, the greater efficiency of the offices, and the general reduc-
tion of expenditures accomj^lished there made it possible to do the
same amount of work for less money, but, on the other hand, if this
means there is going to be less printing done, that is dili'erent.

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. I think it means there will have to be
less printing done than there would be with a larger appropriation,
because it is impossible to do as much printing, even with the reduced
costs, as it would be with the $800,000. On the other hand, we are
constantly making combinations of periodicals and making improve-
ments and changes in the work of the printing, and the Public Printer
is doing the same thing, I think, so that the reduction in the amount
of printing will be less, perhaps, than the reduction in the total.

Mr. Anderson. Well, my observation of investigational research
work is that it is a Avhole lot easier to make an investigation and
get the facts together than it is to get them out and get people to
read them, and nothing is gained by a policy Avhich involves spending
an enormous amount of money to get facts, by research work, and
then cuts at the other end, so that what you do is embalmed in the
brains or in the library of the Department of Agriculture. So, as
far as I am concerned, I Avould hesitate a good deal before cutting
this appropriation below the limit of the useful work that can be
done through the distribution of the publications.

Mr. CoBBs. Mr. xVnderson, suppose I give you just a few figures
which will give you the actual status of the printing fund as to
last year. We had a total of $850,000. We returned to the Treasury
unused, $183,848.79. But we had a carry-over at the end of the
year at the Government Printing Office of approxinuitely $141,000.
That is to say, had we been able to get delivery of the work which
was at the Printing Office we would have had an unused amount in
our printing fund of approximately $42,000.

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. That is, there was work turned in,
but because of the rush at the Printing Office it could not be deliv-
ered until after July 1, and that will have to come from this appro-
])riation. A good many manuscripts were submitted for printing
a<jainst the deficiency appropriation. Mr. Marvin had a nnnii)iM'
of manuscripts he was verj' anxious to get out.

Mr. Anderson. The charge, then, I take it, is not made by the
Government Printing Oflice against the Department of Agriculture
until the Avork is delivered^

Mr. CoBBS. The final charge is not nuide until delivery.

Mr. Anderson. So that while you may have had work in their
office which would have absoi-bed (hat entire a])propriation this year,
or last year, yon have one lumdicd and eighty thousand and odd dol-
lars come back into the Treasury because the work was not delivered
and paid for. and you have got to pay for that $140,000 carry over
this year out of Ibis approi)riation^

Mr. CoBBS. That is the sil iial ion exactly, and some oi" the bureaus —
1 think Mr. Marvin particularly — had a number of expensive publica-
tions which were \^\\\ in early last year and which were not delivered

AfjuK rr/rrRAi. appuophiation bili^ He*. 41

until this ynir, s«» llmf tlu' iillolnu'ut this y«Mir is piiiit; to l)o inute-
liiilly i('»|iirt'«l 1)} this j-aiTV ovrr.

Ml-. .Vndkhson. Alt' tln'iv iiny fpM'stions^

.Mr. HrciiANAV. \<>.

Mr. .Vndf.hson. Dors tliMt tiiiisli you. .Mr. Colili^f

Ml. Coims. ^'('s, sir: I think that hiii.shi's iiif.

.Assistant Srcrt'tary l'n;si,K.v. Thoit' is n stat»'iiu'nt that .Mr. CoIjIh
has of thi' work done hist year. I woiuh'f if you wonhl lik»' to have
tliat in thf rt'coi'd,

Mr. .\ .M>KKs«»x. Yt'S. I'wt ii in.

.Mr. (^»lms. It hrin^ out just a few of the saliont fcatmcs, and I
wouhl like to have it po in as an c.xliibit.

.\('TtVITir> dV ntVI^ION OK IMI:i I( ATIONS.
llu- l>i\i^M>ii III rillilioii iiiliv ;i> I iill>l il lllcil ;ii |ili— (III i.> iiiiil;.;«i| Witll tll«*

duty of (Hlitiii^'. illastratiuL'. itiiiitiii;:. aixl distriliut in;.' nil putillcatlons of tin*
tU'partnu'iit cxct'iit iHTindicjils. .\ liir;.'<' duplii -af in;; soctlori l.s also iiiaintainod
for tlio nso of till' v)irion>; Itiirt'iius of tlio drpartiiiciit.

.Ml pul)li<-Mtions, witll the oxcoption of llio iM-rioditiiis, after ltein;r appnived by
file .Kssi.st.int Se<TPtary in char^io of publication activities, are sent to this divi-
sion for (Mlltin;:. Here they are read for <'orrectness of fart, <lepartni«'ntal
policy, and proper diction and style. The necessity for such a careful and eon-
sfiiK'tive editin;: is sliown by a nunilier of eases in winch more or less s«'rious
<liscn>pancies of fact as well as policy have been ih'teeted during the i)ast .vear.
Kxaniination of this sort prevents the <lepartnieut from beeomini; involved In
controversies or in Issuin;.' statements which can not be sustaineil. The illiis-
rrations are also examined to determine their suitability for the particidar «*on-
dirionx they are supposed to show, and tiie photo;:ra|)hs are prepared for n-pro-
duction. The manuscript is marked fnr the printer, attention b«'in;r pai«l to the
possibility of slu>rteiiiii;: or condensiii;: it to the most economical form of printin;;
consistent with the re<piirenients of the publication. .Ml contacts with the
<;ovcrmnent rrinlin;; ofllci' in re;.:ard to priiitiii;: and fleliwry of publications
arc maile thniUL'ii this division.

\y I .!• • '"', JlI-( )K M HI) w ' '■ ' I ( 1- 1 • \ 11 ^ I I •( I ^ < 1 1 ! r I ■ I r I »v 1 1 \i >•

.\n imiu-rtant aitnity is the sciMitiiiy di an icnns pnnica ny liie dei>aniiient
in an etT(U-t to effect economy. .\ practical i)riiiter. who is an exiM>rt on sto«-ks
of papi'i', is em|)loyed, whose duty it is to determine whether the quality of
paper called for by re([uisitions oriirimitin;: in tiie various bureaus is suitable
for the pur|Hise for which it is intended. This exam'nation results in a eon-
-iderable s:ivini,' of the print ini,' 1'inid each y«';ir, as it is very often foiind jm^s-
sihle to substitute for hi;rli-quality, expensive jiajters sptvitied in requisitions
other muili less expensive pai>er eipially well adapted for the intended use.

I'l'IU.UATH)NS KKCKIVKI) AM) DKLIVEKKO.

\A'hen the publications are delivered !iy the (Sovermnent Printing.' otliee the
dillicul: and inqiortaii't task of seeing' that they jjet into the hands of those
per.>!ons who neiil .and can use them to (he b(>st advaiita^re is earriiil on by the
distribution .se<Mion of the division. I>urin« the i)ast tiseal year more tlian
j:{.(KK>.(MM» copies of publications. indudiiiL' ]ierio<lic;ils. w<'re dislribute<l. This
lejircsented an increase of about .'50 per ceut over the fiscal year 1021. Many
of the jiublications were sent out to the names on mailin;: lists maintaiiu'd by
the various bureaus of the department, lait a much lar;rer number wen* di.s-
iributed to individual applicants who wrote to the division fi»r bulletins in
which they were intercste«l. The ilivi<iou likewise assisted Members of Con-
■_'ress in distribuf ini: more than 1 K<HKt.(MM» f.irmers' bulleiins of the ronirn>s-
>ional quotas. .Ml told. (U.I.^tJf) conununications in retrard to the publications
of the department were rtn-eived and handled duriu".: the fiscal year. These
lijiures ;rive some ideal of the enormous volume of the work involvwl in the
• listribution of department publi<ations. Indeed the distribution worl< is one
of ilie most important meth<Hls of contact with tlu' jiublic which the depart-
ment has.

42 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

MAir.ING LISTS.

One iiniMiiiani part of the distrihutioii work is tlie luaiiiteuaiice i>f the mail-
iiifr lists of the (h'liartiiieiil. As a result of the (llvisimi's efforts in revisiiij:
and liiintrini: these lists up to date last year the nunilier of steneils at the
Government I'rintinjr Otiice was reduce<l hy i)ri,4U(;, and those maintained in
the department hy 20.(KH) names. The diseontinuance in Octoher. 1021. of one
li.st to which all farmers" huHetins had lieen sent as issued resulted in savin:.'
344,(KK) coi)ies of farmers' hulletins, (»r at least in makinj: that many more
availai)le to meet tlie demiinds niaile uiion this division.

The .sectioi> of illustrations, in addition to performing; a eonsulerahle amount
of i)hoto{;raphic field and lai)oratory work f<»r the various hureaus of the
department, prepares the illustrations for department publications.

CONSOLIDATIO.X OF .M)I)HKSSI NO. DIPI.ICATINO. AND XIAII.lN(i WORK.

As was reported to the connnitteo at the hearings on the ajiricultural api>ro-
jtriation hill last year, the addressin?,', duplicatiiifr. and mailing work of tln'
department was consoMdated in this division last winter. .Vs a result or the
con.solidation, surplus materiiil valued at more than .$2.».0(Hl was turned ovt-r
to the General Supply Conniiittee after i»rovision had heen niMde for the needs
of this divison as far ahead as could he foreseen. The dufdicatinj; .section is
equipped with up-to-date machinery and is prepared to perform duplicatinfi
work in lar^e quantities on short notice. Material savinj,'s have l»een effe;.-tiMl
hy the application of basic principles of shop manajiement hy which the output
per man and per machine has l)een increiused. Careful manajrement has like-
w'se rcsv.lted in cuttin.u' the pai)er Vv-iista^e fi'om ai)))ri>xihiately 4 jier cent to
about 1 per cent, while the quality of the work has been materially improved.

At the hefrinnin.ii" of the fiscal year 1921 all the information and pid)licity
■activities of tlie department, inciudin.n exhibits and the i)ress service, were
consolidatwl in the division. The motion-picture work hud since its be^iiniinjr
been in tlie division. The proi)o.sed reorpinization of the extension and pub-
lication work contemi)lates a different line-up. IHirins the i»ast year the office
of exhibits and the press service have been detached from the division and
placed, respectively, in the otlices of the Assistant Secretary and Secretary.
More recently tlie motion-pictui'e work has been attached to the otlict' of tlie
Assistant Secretary. The proi)osed i)lan of reorganisation as subnutted in the
e.stimates for the hscal year 1924 provides for the complete elimination of the
division. The othces of exhibits and motion pictures are included in the pro-
posed extension service, and the press .service 'is attached to the office of the
Secretary. The other activities now conducted by the division are tti be
placed in offices of editorial and distribution wiu'k and attached to the office
of the Secretary. The personnel formerly allotted to motion pictures and
exhibits have been added to the projiosed appro]n-iation for the extension service
and the estimates for the jiroposed offices of editorial and distribution work now
includes (mly those places connected with this work and the ch>rical force of
the press service.

A new positicm. at ^.'.((OO. as assistant in charjj;e of the editorial antl distribu-
tion work by transfer from a lump fund of the extension s.'rvice is requesteil
to i)r()vide someone to take charj;e of these activities. Tiie i)osition of the
chief of the Division of Publications is abolisheil. and there is submitted in lieu
thereof a position as assistant in charjie of the oflice cd' distribution at the s:inK*
salary, $3,r)(X>. The position of chief editor is changed to editor with no chanjie
in salary. These other chanf,'es in title are coMtemi»hiled. as «;h<iwii by the
detailed estimates.

OFFKl^: OF KXPFKIMFXT STATIONS.

STATEMENT OF DR. E. W. ALLEN, CHIEF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT
STATIONS, AND DR. W. N. EVANS. CHIEF DIVISION OF INSULAR
EXPERIMENT STATIONS, STATES RELATIONS SERVICE.

m Tii'S.

Ml'. Andkrson. Doctor, this jippears to he a new item : will yoii tell
u.s about it?

Doctor Ai.i.KN. ""I'he Odice of Ivxperiim-iit Stations has Ween in e.\-
istence in the Department of .V^n-icnUnre for many year.s, rei)r«>sent-

AdRICULTL'KAL ArPI»>IM!l.\TI()N BILL, I'^KH, 43

iii;i ilii' S»Mivtarv of Aj:rirnltiin' in lii> irl;itiitns with tin* t'xpprinipnt
.stations aiitl <an viii;; out tin* provisions tjmt tin* Srmturv shall pn--
sci'IIh' the form of the annual tinanriul statrnicnt under th<> lialch
and Ailanis Ads. and shall ascviijiin (hat tin- cxiM-nditun's ait* in
accordanrc witji the trrnis of thi» appro|)riat ioti. U'c have made nn
annual inspcttion of the cxpcrinifnt stations in each State an<l puh-
lishetl a re|)ort to ("(»n<ri*ess as is provided, ^^'e have also ivndered
various aissistances to the e.\p«M'inient stations in the way of ^'ettiiij;
to;rethei' the status of infoi'uuition on dilferent suhjects that they were
itnestij^atin^'. \\ v Uaw heen puldishin;: the Kxi)erinient .^taition
Uecord. wliich is a record of research work in a<rri<'ulture in this
coiintiy and ahroad.

Now. when the States litdations .Sfrvi<-e was estahlished tlu- ( )l!i«e
of Kxperiinent Stations v as l)i-ou;:lit into that States Relations
Service as represent in«r <>ih* luanch (»f the department's State rela-
tions. Wr liMNe h:nl a fairly distinct |)ersoi;:iel a.ssi^neil to the ( Xlicc
of K.\j)erinient Stations, larireiy te«hnical peoph* selected l»«'canse of
their <|ualitications. and t«> assist tliem a small corps of clerks.

Mi-. Andkuson. Let me ask you. in oidci- to «ret this ri«fht in my
mind. 1 undi'rsta:id that this is the oveihead for the supervisory
force in charire <d' the allotments under the Hatch and Adams Acts
appropriatinir ^7if< •.(>()<».

Doctor Ai.LKN. Tiiat is it; and also the funds which Contrie-^s jrives
to maintain ex|nMiment stations in the insular |)ossessions.

Mi-. .Vxdkuson. 'J'his has n()thin<r tt) do with the funds under the
Smith-lA»ver*Act i

Doctor Ai.LKN. Xothinjr sit all. It is entirely a matter of research,
and therefoi-e in the reor<ranization it is proposed to a.ssijrn this
olHce to tile director of scientific work.

S.VLARIES.

In the appropriation asked for there are no increases and no de-
crea.ses. There are transfers of three clerks, totalinfr $4,400. which
decreases the lump-sum aj^propriation and increases the .statutoi'v
roll hy a correspondinp amount, laisinfr the statutory roll from
>"'J0.:>()(I the current year to S:'4.;^<I0 for the cominir yeai-.

(;kxerai> kxpknses,

Mr. .VxDKitsoN. All ri<:ht. Any (|uestions cm that ^ If not, we will
take uj) the matter on pa^e 19. ireneral expenses. This is tiie Hatch
Act^

Doctor Ai.LKX. This is the Hatch and Aflams Acts — the same for
each State and Territory each year.

Mr. AxDKitsox. The conditions under which this is made is pro-
vided hy the act itself?

Doctor Ai.LKX. Yes. In complyinjjr with the terms of the law wc
have to

Mr. .VxDK.ifsox (interposinrr). »Iiist a minute. I notice you take
out (d" this item here tlie words "and Tenitories." I assume that is
due to the sultse(|uent assignment of the apj)ropriation to the insular
possessions — Territoiies and insular possessions?

44 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Doctor Allen. No, sir : ^hen the Hatch Act was passed there Avere
quite a number of Territories — Arizona and others. Those have all
become States, so that this only provides for continental United
States,

Mr. Anderson. So that that lannfuage is not applicable any more.

Doctor Allen. It is superfluous.

Mr. Anderson. And the same thing is true of the item on page '20 ?

Doctor Allen. Yes, sir; and that second limitation, provitling
that not more than $15,000 should not be paid to eacli State and
Territor}', was deemed superfluous, because it is carried in the Adams
Act itself.

AGRICULTITKAL CX3LLEGE EXTENSION WORK, ETC.

Mr. Anderson. The next item is the one on page 21.

Doctor Allen. That provides for supervision by the Secretary of
Agriculture of these funds under these two appropriations and the
supervision also of the insular experiment stations.

Mr. Anderson. I see you have some language eliminated here. It
apparently eliminates reference to the acts of May 8. 1914, and the
act approved July 2, 1862.

Doctor Allen. That was the original Morrill Act. This May
8, 1914, is the Smith-Lever Act : that has been taken out and put
under the extension office.

Mr. Anderson. Oh. I see. This is all one proposition and takes
out of the operation of this particular appropriation the Vork under
the Smith-Lever Act?

Doctor Allex. Yes, sir.

Mr. Anders4)N. I see. Evidently you are. not spending much
money under this appropriation for supervision of that act.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OUTSIDE CONTINENTAL UNITED

STATES.

The next item is on page 23, " * * * to establish agricultural
stations in Alaska," etc. There you nudve a reduction of S."),000.
If my recollection is correct, last year tiiere was a i)roi)osition which
involved the construction of some buildings in Alaska. Can you
tell us wdiat happened to that ?

Doctor Allen. Doctor Evans will explain that.

ALASKA EXPERIMENT STATION.

Doctor Evans. The situation, Mr. Chairman, so far as the build-
ings in Alaska are concerned, is practically the same as it was. We
did not get the approjiriation we asked for 1923. The oidy building
work that has been done was sonu' repair work at the Fairbanks
Station to render the old log building luibitable and to replace the
root cellar at the Fairbanks Staticm, and one at the Sitka Station,
both of which had fallen in, and it had become necessary to replace
them to take care of the root crops and othei- tilings that luul to lie
kept from freezing during the winter.

Mr. Anderson. Well, this item foi- Alaska, tlu'n. doesn't cover any
new construction for this year?

ACHICULTiniAI. APPKOPHIATION BILL, U»24. 45

Dnctnr KvANH. No, sir. lUr ji|)|ii«>|iri!i(ion r«'«(>iniii«'inl<'<l for
Alaska for 11>'J4 is $r>,(M)() h-ss than tin* amoimt has Imm-ii for the
previous four years.

Mr. .Vndkh.son. What was the iiU'a of iMakiM<.' Sll.siHt inmuMliatrly
availahlc (

Doctor P'vANs. That was put in as a coniproiuisf fi<;iir»' ln'twtM'n
thi' $ir),<)(H) asked for and the ainotiiit artually exiM-iided in dcveh>p-
in;r a new station at Mataniiska. The stati«»n at the latter phwc wns
eslal)lishiMl after the railroad had ;.^otten ah»n<; jiretty well toward the
inteiioi*. and it was asked that $ir),()00 Iw made itnrne(liately avail-
ahle. and it was afterwards made Sll.HOO. which was praetically
the amount spent at .M.-itaiinska diiri!i;Lr the first year of constniction
and develoi)ment woj-k. That item has Keen in the ap|)ropriation hill
foi* a nnmher of years in order to take care of a situation which
sometimes arist»s in Alaska, wiiere the work would he very materially
ham|)e!-('(I if wc didn't have a\ail:d)h' funds for the sprin;.' wr)i-k. and
althou^di the funds ha\i' hei'ii allotted l)y (piarters the ;;reatest ex-
penditures come in the first and fourth (|iia!ters. Conditions have
arisen in emerfjencies where it has Ihhmi <|uite necessary to have it
immediately availahle. That matter has Iteen taken out this year.
althou;rh it was requested it he kv\A in. This last yeai* (heiv has heen
practically none of the immediately availahle portion spent hecause
It was a very late spiMn<r and the field work did not he^in until ahout
a month latei- than usual.

•Mi-. Andkijson. "^'our weather hasn't t-han^ed up there any, and
since it hasn't I can't see any reason for takin«r this thin*; out, if it
was a <;ood thin<r in the l)e<rinnin<r.

Doctor Evans. Doctor (Jeoi-p'son has always maintained that was
a proo<l thin«x, so that the work would not he retarded in the sprin<;.

Mr. BrcHANAX. When does sprin*!: ()i)en up up there?

Doctor EvAXs. It depends on the part of Alaska. Oidinai-ily in
.southern and southeastern Alaska ahout the lOth of .Nfay : in the
interior ahout the •JOth; hut this year it was much later than usual —
almost a month later than usual, and that was also true of a «rreat
deal of the northern part of the country. The sprin^r was very late.

Mr. Jimp. 1 think 1 can clear uj) the reason why that was left
out. AA'hen wc ^rot these estimates all together we disi'overed that for
the first time in numy years we had a set of e.stimates that did not
ie<|uire some money to be made immediately availahle. We thoujrht
it would he a <rood thin<r. in the interest of sim|)licity. to let this
Alaska {provision stay out. The same ar<rument for having it left
in could he applied to any number of lines of work in the depart-
ment— the <rreater part of the work comin*r in the first and fourth
(juarters. That is true of a numlier of different projects.

As we unders-tand it, this man will not have to use his money this
year, and we thoufrht if he could start anew one year, he would
always have, presumably, in his fourth (puirter mcmey enoujjh to do
his work for that year, and we could thus avoid clutterin<r up the
b(H)kkee[)in<r with this thin<rof haviufr money immediately available
every year. The dei)artnjent wants to avoid that as far as possible,
and we have understood that to be the policv of (^)nirress.

Mr. Andkrson. I think it is verv desirable.

46 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Jump. If a vital emergency should arise and the money woidd
need to be expended to protect (iovernment property we woukl be
authorized to deal with it as an emergency, and we would also have
the benefit of the 10 per cent transfer provision. •

ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN ALASKA.

Mr. Buchanan. AVhat are you doing in Alaska: are you getting
any results from these experiment stations^ I have heard various
things about them.

Mr. Evans. The work at the Alaska stations divides itself up into
the work at different stations, where we have been carrying on in-
vestigations— at Sitka, which represents southeastern Alaska, hoiti-
cultural work prevails; at Kodiak, where live-stock experiments are
carried on; at Fairbanks. Avliich is in the interior of Alaska, grain
growing; at Kampart. on the Yukon. Kiver, where we have found a
place exceedingly well adapted to grain breeding investigations; and
at Matanuska, which represents the transition point between in-
terior Alaska, with its intense winter cold, and the coast region where
the temperatures are not so low and where the rainfall is much
heavier and foggy weather prevails. At the interior stations I am
very sorry to have to report to the committee this year that in spite
of the fact that there was a larger acreage planted to wheat and
other cereals than ever before, there will be but little grain, as a
severe frost on the 27th of August practically dehftroyed it all. The
year before — that is, the summer of 1921 — there were 6,000 bushels of
grain grown in the vicinity of ^Matanuska.

Mr. Buchanan. What yield per acre?

Mr. Evans. Various ranges are reported — in some places as high
as 35 bushels i)er acre, dei)ending upon the location, the soil. etc.
The average ranged fi-oni 25 to 35 bushels per acre. But the 3.500
bushels of wheat grown near Fairbanks in 1U2I was grown by the
farmers and not by the station. At the Matanuska station about
1,000 bushels of wheat was grown in 1921. The latest advice I had
from those stations was that they thought they would save enough
for seed purposes this next year, but that there would be very little
for milling.

Mr. BiTCHANAN. Is that the first time you noted frost in August i

Mr. Evans. That is the first time we have had anything like a
great failure of crops since we began work in the interior of Alaska
in 1907. There is an ordiiuiry annual average of lOS days without
frost. This year it was less than 100.

Another thing that made the thing worse was the late spi'ing,
which was followed by an unusually rainy 'hdy, whii-h kept the
grain growing late into the season instead of letting it mature eai'ly,
as commonly.

The other work we are i)utting in at Matanuska and Fairbanks is
prosi)ering very well. The development t)f our live-stock herds is
making it very essential that we shall have more nu)ney for con-
struction of l)uildings and for <'learing and fencing land for pastiu'-
a<ie and <rr<)\vin<j; forests.

AGRKT'LTl'RAL AriMlOPKIATION UILU 1'J24. 47

HAWAIIAN KXPKKIMKNT HTATIO.N.

Mr. AM>Kits<»N. I s(ip|><)S<> the work is •roin^ du in tln's«« othor sta-
tions a.s usual?

Mr. KvANs. TIm'V hi-*' ;,'oin;_'' aloii^r as iiMial. In lia\\aii llii*
hoard of health in llonohihi is still insistin«i: on oiii- foiuu-ctin;; with
their seweraije system there instead of havin;; open privies. That
womM cost about $;i.(MM). 1 would lik«' to ap|)en<l a suinnuiry of the
woik for the past year at all the insular stations.

8TATEMKNT K>:()AKItINU THK WUKK (IK THK liN8l'l^\K K.M'KUIMK.NT BTATIU.NH.

AI.AHKA KTATIONH.

There are five iiKrieiiltnnil exiK»rlnieut statUm.s iiiaintaine<l in Alaska. This
iiiiiiibcr i.s (MinsIdertMi lUKi'.ssjir.v nii art-ouiit «>f tlu' meat ditTereiui? in rliiuate
anil «»iiiK iu lar^ie reitrf-srutativf reninus. Il(>ad(|uart«'rs are niaintaini'd at
.Sitlva. in .soutliea.'Jtern Aiaslva, au<l much of the worlv with veKetables and
.small fniifs is carriiMl on at that station. St«M-k ltree<iiii« work i.s carrle<l on
at tlH' KiHliak .Station, wliich rei»n'.s«'nts the .soutlnvt'sttTii trivless region, and
urain trowin;: at tlu' Kairliauks ami K.impart .Stations in th»' inti'ri«>r of tlie
Territory wlicre there is a liulit rainfall and comparatively hi;:h summer teiu-
IK>ratur«'s. Mixed fanning is believed i>ossihle in tiie Snsitna Valley re>?ion
eontiuruous to the new (Jovernment railroad. an<l as a eon.se<|uen<-e, inve.stiua-
tions with liehl crops, veiretaliles. small fruit, and animal liushandry liave
Ikh'u he;,'un at the Matanuska .Station.

The .sea.«^on throuu'liout .Vlasku was extremely hackward in the spring of
1U'2'2 and jrrowth was slow in be;,'innin^ and was further prolonKe<l in the
interior by an unusual amount of rain ami a irre.it lunuber of cloiuly days.
1 li<-e (onditions letardiMl the ripening' of ;:rain at the Fairbanks an<l Uami)art
Stations to such an extent that most of it was destroyed by frosts tliat occurreil
tlie last of Aujrust. This is llie lirst time since the stations were established
in 1IXJ7 that the majority of the varieties of cereals failed to mature. At the
Fairbanks Station, from ilata collected since 11H)4. there is usually a frost-fre»'
j)erio(l of lUS days.

The vejretable and small fruit work at Sitka is pro;rressiu;r ."satisfactorily.
Tile work with hybrid strawberries is making good pro^rress aud about 2.000
hybrid plants were jrroNMi in the field during; the past season. A large uuniber
of i»pdigreed plants from previous seasims' plantings have been tested further,
and the best have been allowed to form runners and thus increa.se the stocks
for cooperative trial elsewhere. The experiment of producing new see<lling
potatoes adapte<J to Alaska conditions is progressing ami about ITu additional
seedlings were grown this year. The best of the seedlings grown in IDlIl were
planti'd in increase plats this year and they will sf>oii be ready for testing in
other parts of the Territory. An opjiortunity was atTorded the chief of the
insular stations to observe, in .Inly of this year, the reaction that has taken
plac-e in southeastern Alaska since the station was established. In 1SI)7 there
were seen but two creditable gardens in the whole region. In 1922 good gar-
dens were observe^l at every village and town at whicli steamer landings were
made, and many others were reporte«l at i)laces olT the steamer route. In
all the towns local suiiplies of vegetables of excellent quality were found in
the stores, and locally grown strawberries were just <'oming into tlie nuirket
in some places, while raspberries, currants, and gooseberries were pronnsing
large crops.

Livestock work has been taken up and made an important feature at the
Matanuska and Fairbanks Stations in or<ler to develop dairying and meet pro-
duction in tho.se regions. At the Matanuska Station there were 7 milking
Shorthorn cattle, G (ialloways, and H5 shee]) at the beginning of the year. At
the Fairbanks Station there were 3 milking Shorthorns, r? Hampshire pigs. 4
milk goats mid a pair of yak. The female yak <lied during the sununer and
this will temporarily interfere with the ex|H'riment of making reciprcK-al cri>.s.ses
with (Jalloway cattle. The presence of these breeding animals has called
attention to the necessity for more adequate barns to shelter them and more

2202.S 22 4

48 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

cleared and fence<l land for postures and forajre production. At none of the
stations is the area of cleared land under fence adeciuate for the supi)ort of
the stock now on hand and to continue the crop work under the conditions
pertaining in that country.

One of the great needs of Alaska is extension work in agriculture. M«»st of
the honie.steaders were formerly miners, fishermen, or hunhemien, and when
funds are aviilahle it is desired to have an agent who will visit the vjirious
agricultural valleys and instruct the settlers regarding the hest method and
crops found hy the stations.

HAWAII STATION.

The Hawaii station reports progress in its efforts to diversify the agriculture
of that Territory. New forage crops, fruits, and vegetables have been success-
fully introduced, establish, and distributed throughout the various islands. The
value of the Kusaie 1 me and the Macadam a nut has i)een siiown. ami they are
being widely planted. The \ariety of tomato or. ginati'd by the station continues
to be resistant to the Mediterranean fruit tly. and large numbers of plants have
been distr buted for extensive trial. The demand for the station's improved
fruits and vegetables can not be met with the present facilities for the proi)aga-
ti(in of planting and budding materials.

The selection made from Guam corn has proved to be adapted to cultivafon
at low elevat ons and it has ahso been found to be an acceptable table corn, a
dist net acquisition in the Tropics. Breeding experiments with sweet potatoes
have resulted in the development of new variefes of great merit.

Owing to quarantine regulations only a few kinds of fruits can l»e shipped
from Hawaii and there are often supplies in excess of h)cal demands. The
chemist has recently developed imja-oved methods for the utilizati(m of surplus
fruits and ve.geta])les by which nuich material that is now wasted can be used
to a profit. There is said to be a rather conmion belief that locally grown
vegetables are deficient in certain con.stituents. particularly lackiig lime and
iron. A preliminary test indicated there was little basis for this belief, but to
determine it more definitely an experiment is in i)rogress in which vegetables
from the same lots of seed have been grown in two places in Hawaii. ;it the
Arlington Farm, near Washington, D. C, and at Bellingham Wash. The
products will be subjected to analysis to determine whether there is any real
inferiority on the part of Hawaiian grown vegetables. If no inferiority is
shown there should be enlarged demands for locally .grown produce. A sinn-ial
study is in progress of the salt content of irrigation wati'rs and the limits of
tolerance by crops in an effort to extend the irrigation supplies now. available.
In some places slightly brackish waters are found that it is hojied to use to a
profit.

The a.gronomist in charge of the station has been repeatedly called upon for
advice regarding the agricultural problems connected with the Hawaiian Homes
Conunission, wliich is seeking to locate native Hawaiians on farms on the
island of Molokai.

The station is conducting experiments on the slopes of Haleakala on the
island of Maui, where a homestead tract has been ojiened. and it has alreatly
found some crops that api>ear promising for that elevated region, wliich is sub-
.ject to high winds.

The extension work authorized by Congress is progressing satisfactorily.
On the island of Hawaii <me man gives all his time to this work. Kecently
the manager of a large ranch has set aside a lO-acre tract and furnishes all
the labor necessary to conduct demonstrations of agricult\ir«' suited to the
region. Some home demonstration work has been begiui on a part-time iaisis.
This work has reached a consi<lerable number of people reiu-esenting many
races, all of whom apiwar interested in the effort to im|u-ove the home life
of the iK'ople and many re(pi(>sfs have been received asking that the woman
who is carrying on (he work be employed on a full-time basis instead of only
two days a week.

I'OUTO ItlCO STATION.

The I'orfo lUco sfa1i<»n is continuing its i)olicy of agricultural diversification
for the island. .Much attention has been given the live-stock industry, and
through the example of the station the possibility of the eradication of the cattle
tick has lieen demonstrated, and it is believed probalde that an eradication cam-
paign can be put on in a few yeais and the menace of tick li>\er removed from

AGRICULTLTRAL iU'PKUl'RIATION BILL, 1U24. 49

(he Islnnd. Tlie htatlmi built llii- first tlippitm tiiuk iii I'lirtu Kko . •!«*

its 1IS4- fn-i- to all wli<» \v<iui<i liriim ili«ir nitti)'. S«» >»»<(•«•>»« fill wtt^ •■ 'ft

ill iiiipnisiiiK the (-«iiiiliti(>ii of the tattli* tliai llu*r<> ur«' now iimn- ttiuii 1<A>
|>ulilt«- uml iirlvati' ilipplim tiiiikH in llit- l8laii(i. t-'nllnwIiiK thi- «-U*HiiiiiK iiii uf
tirks oil lilt' Ktalioii. (lair.v iiiM'stlKiiHoiis iiHV«> liifii liiki'ii up ami by tli«- um*
ol put-)' bitnl <;ii«>nis4',v sii'i-s till' milk pi-oilm tion uf tin* Htalion bt-nl liii> Imi'Ii
;;n'atl\ iiitims*-)!. Similar work i> iif«'<l«'ii liitou^'lioiit tin* ivlnml to pnMlu<-f
lar;;ci- ami bett«*r milk siipplit'M. 'i'li<* I'litomolo^iMt Ih i-ontliiuiiii; Htii<li«>s on tli«>
llfi' history t>f tlu* tick umlcr I'orto Uico coutlitloiiM, ami lh«* .M-arM' data have
Ikh'ii t-olliH-tiMl oil tlii'ir beliavior uudt'r varlouH conilltloiiH. \iv Ik also luukliiK
II study of iIh' iuMTt t raiismissioii of tin- yellow striiK- disease of sn;;.ir ijiim*.

Tlu" clu'iiiists liiivc found. s<» fur as a siimlt' si-asons work Is i-oiKt-riifd. ilmt
amiiionium siilphatt' iisiil as a fi'rtlli/.«M- ri'dtKcd tlit> sui-ros*- and purity of
sumir I'auf : also, that tin* so-raU»*d straight lu-ad dlsruw of rkv .s diu* to
«'X«n«sslve list' of iiitro;:i'iious fiTtlllzfrs ou iMK^rly «lraim'«l s<»il.s. TU«*
horti4-iilturist and plant bri't'dcrs an* iictivcly cnpipMl In the production of
iii'U strains and varii'tM's of i'<-«iiiomi<- pliints, and s<iiik' v»'ry liiiiKtit;iiit results
liav«' Itffii stM'iirt'<l. TIh' i-xiK-rlnu'iit with vanilla, wldih seeiiuil s«i proiiiisiuK.
has b«H>n ^:lven up on account of the presence of a root ijlsc-ase that destroyetl
nearly all the plant iii>;s at the station. This diseast* and seal* of citrus frultH
iitH'd invest iirat. on. but the station has no plant path<do;.'ist to mnke the studies.
.\s a result of the station's work with vaiiilhi. three coiiiiiiercial phintinys
have b«»en made in I'orto Kico. I'orto Klcu shijis to the mainland L,'ra|»«fruit
and oran;:es to the value id" more than .S"_'.(HH».(KMI annually, but re<-ently large
los.ses have been exiH>rlenced and consiilerable atteutiou is hpii^ niven to some
of the problems connected with the packing' and shiiipinn of litrus fruit, data
having be4'ii collected locally, on the vcs.sels, and in the New York markets.
It is believed that means fiu' avoidinir some of the los.s*>s have been found and
a bullet n on the subject is in course of publication.

With the fall In the price of sii^nr an Interest has become manifest In rice,
and the station has resumed and exteiiU'^l its investlpitions with this crop,
rnfortunately the station .s not e(iu pped with a<hM|uatt' irri;:ation ta<'ilitie."*
for proper work witli lowland ri<e. .\ test was made of a number of varieties
and sati.sfact«)ry yields were indicated for some of them. A strain "f Ib'tidnras
ritv ^owu as an upland cn>p ylelde*! 1.8(.H) pounds i»er acre.

GV.\M ST.VTION.

The «Juam station, with its reduced income, has had to jireatly contract some
of its lines of work. The a^onomist and horticulturist and the extenshai agent
r<'si;:iied. and their places can not be tilletl because of a lack of funds. This
leaves but one .scientifically trained man at the station. He acts as tllrei'tor
of ilie station, disbur.ses the funds, and keeps the expi-rimeiits ;:oiii^. so far as
he is able t(» do so. The stati<»u is poorly etjuipped for economical management
on account of a lack of implements machinery, and work animals, and this
entails a large amount of h:ind labor whi«h must be employed throughout the
year. Again, on account of tlie limited area of the station at I'iti and the
impossibility of .securing suitabN' land near by. much of the work with live
stock is carried on at <'otot. some S or !<• miles away. Tlie statii>n has made
an etTort to Improve the live st«K-k of the Island, and at the b»'glniiiiig of the
year it liiul S Ayrshire. 1 .lerse.v. .">;{ graile. and 17 native cattle in Its herds. It
also hail .'io grade goats and s imre-bred and grade Herkshire pigs, and it
iiijuntaiiis a fitK-k of about l<Mi clii< kens for breeding purposes. A new breetl of
poultry has been matle by crossing the Ithode Island on a native strain, and a
liardy ratv of bird has be«"n obtained that is greatly superior to tl;e native ones.
It also has some pure-bre«l Morgan horses. These auiiuals are all use.l to
grade up the island's live stock, and there is a growini; demand throughout the
island for better stock. <>n account of transportation dithculties this is the
only available source of brttHling stoik. and grade animals are dispo>ed of for
bre«'ding purpo.ses the station keepiiit: the pure-bred ones. With .so many
animals a lar^'e ainotint of time and labor is required for providing pa.stures
ami forage. In addition to the breeding work, some feeding experiments are
in progress to determine the value of available feeils. such as copra meal,
beaus. etc.

.Sin*-!' till' departure of the agronomist and horticulturist the work alonir ihosi'
lines has been greatly reduced, and it now ctmsi.sts of small-plat experiments
with various tropical crops and the maintenance of the «»rchards already

50

AGEICULTUKAL. APPROPRIATIOX BILL,, 1924.

planted. Xo C()Uii»rehensive experiments are possible without a trained agrono-
Jiiist and hurticulturist.

The extension worlv, begun so auspiciously, has suffered on account of tfce
reduction in the appropriations. The work is maintained as well as possible,
but the numbers now in the boys' and girls' club have diminished greatly ami
the value of last year's pntducts is less than half tlie amount earne<I in I'Jil.

The building situation at the station is unsatisfactory and new Ituildings. as
well as extensive repairs to tiie old (mes. are urgently needed. Buildings in the
Tropics, unless of concrete, deteriorate very rapidly, and the agent in charge
i"ei)orts .several hundreds of dollars of repairs as urgent.

VIKGIX ISLANDS STATION.

The Virgin Islands have just gone through a period of two years of deficient
rainfall. This has had a depressing effect on the agriculture of the islands, and
it has most seriously interfere<l with the experimental work of the statittn, as
there are no facilities for irrigation, and only meager supplies for the post and
other experimental work and for the live stock. The rainfall for 1920 was
only about 71 per cent of the normal, for 1921 about 65 per cent, and for the
first half of 1922 less than .lO per cent. There are no streams of consetjuence
in St. Croix, and rain water is almost the only source of supplies. The station
desires to concrete an area of about 10,0(X) square feet on a hillside of gradual
slope to .serve as a catchment basin to aid in filling a reservoir from which an
adequate water supply could be obtained for experimental work and for fire
protection. It is now catching rain water from a combined area of about o.CXX)
square feet, )>ut this is not sufficient in periods of light rainfall.

A change in the officer In charge of the station was made during the past year
and .T. B. Thompson, formerly of the (Juam Station, is now in charge. The
work formerly conducted <<n an extensive .scale is being systematically reduced
and put (in a more definite experimental l>asis. Field work for crop i)roduction
is no longer attempted. r>efore the station was taken over, its main supixirt
was secui'ed in this manner, and it was ilifficult for the former agronomist to
change his methods.

Crop improvement is an important part of the station's work, .sugar cane,
corn, and sweet potatoes being extensively experimented with. A variety of
sugar cane, C. S. 12/4, originated at the station, continues to be the best for
planting on certain types of soil. "With the arrival of the new head of the
station, experiments in vegetable production were taken up. As has been
repeatedly pointed out, there is a scarcity of fruits and vegetabU'S in the
Virgin Islands. Plantings were made from September to Dei^'ember of a
large number of vegetables, and satisfactory results were obtained with «iuite
a large number of kinds and varieties. Insect pests wei'e trouble.some and
plant diseases caused loss, l)ut experiments are in progress to control these
sources of trouble. Some of the experiments wore carried through the summer,
)>ut the entire experiment is to be repeated this fall in the hope that definite
.suggestions for planting can lie made.

The entomologist has made a study of the insect pests of cotton and truck
crops and has prepared bulletins on the principal pests and their control. Ou
accomit of the presence of the pink boUwmm in St. Croix, the growing of cotton
has been abandoned temporarily and all cotton jdiuits on the island have bcH'ii
destroyed. It is exitected that no cotton will be grown for at least two years,
by which time it is hoped the insect will have been starvetl out.

Next to the production of sugar, stock raising is the most important agricul-
tural industry of the Virgin Islands. The present race of cattle is a mixed type
bred maiidy for work jturiioses. .V study has lieen begun of the station ani-
mals with a view to their imi)rovement. Attention will be given not oidy to
the production of work animals, but an attempt will be made to impn>ve the
dairy (pialittics of ctutain promising strains now jiresent.

There is great need for some kind of extension work on the islands. The
former glory and importance of the harbor of St. Thonms has passi«d, and
transshiiiping and supplying vessels no longer furni.sh as uuich employment as
in the jiast. Aside from tho.se working In the cane fiehls, tln> p(>ople aiM>car
quite ignorant of agriculture and ganlening, and they need instruction In the
elements of food jiroduction. Some pn-lindmiry work in pirden demonstration
was begun on St. Thomas last season. l)Ut as the agronomist was compelled to
return to St. Croix and <-(Hdd not revisit St. Thomas for several wm>ks the
experiment was a failure through a lack of understan<llng of the necessity of
further work in the i-ultivation of the sfM-i-.d crops.

I

AfJRirULTrilAI, AF'PnopiUATION lUl.K, 11'24. 51

KXTKN'SION SKia I( i:.

STATEMENTS OF DR. A. C. TRUE. DIRECTOR STATES RELATIONS
SERVICE. AND MR. D. M. GREENE. OFHCE OF EXHIBITS. DE-
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

> AI.AItlK.S.

Ml-. .Vndmkson. Doctor, thi.s stutut«»rv roll ol' the Kxtension StTv-
ifc u|)|)t'ars to !••' \\v\\ . Pi'ihaps you had lu'tt**!- tell us how it is
made up.

Doctor 'I'ltiK. Thai i> iiiailc iij) jiiiiit ipally \>\ liaiisfcr froiu th«
loll of till' States lu'lation.s .S»'r\ ice, hut it iiichi<l('.-« al.s(» provision
for soiuc j»Ia<'i's taken iVom the Divi.sion of I'uhlications. That is
e\plain»'tl hy some notes, copy of which you have.

Mr. Andkk.son. That does not lii-lp the rest of the uiendier.s i>\' the
House. I think you had hetter "rive us a <;eneral statement at least
in the hearing of how the li.st is nuide u|).

Doctor Tia K. There is in this also an ajjparent increase of Jr2-'{,7<M),
hut an actual deci-ease of $.")."2(')(). coveiin<r -^evei-al places dropped
from the statutory roll of the States Kelations Service. Those, as I
understand it. are these: There are three clerks at >?1,1()0 each; total
s:?..''<)(l; one at $1. ()()(): one messen<rer hoy at ShSO. transferred to the
editdiial otlice. and then one messeuL'er hoy dropped.

Mr. Andkkson. Suj)pose you just i)ut tliat statement in the record
and we will let it «ro at that.

Doctor Thut:. AVell. we can do that.

ETtcusioii Scrrirc yformvrly part of States Relations Service) xtaliitor}/ nalaries.

Appiirent luereasf. $2.S.7(Mi; actiiiil decrease, !?.'S.880. as follows:

Places ilroppetl :

4 cU-rks at $1,100 each .S4. 40O

('l«Mk 1.000

Me.s.st«n;rer l»oy . 4S0

Actual ilt'crease 5, 880

Transfers froin statutory roll, oflice of I-Mitorial and Distri-
tion Work (Plvision of ruI>lications). wldcli Inis lu-cn cor-
rt'spondiii^rly reduced :

Assistiint in cliar^'e of odice of motion pictures, with
chanw of title from assistant in charge of niotinn-

I>icture activities .^.S. 000

Chief cinematof^rapher 2. ."tOO

Assistant editor : __- 1,S.^)^^

•J clerks, class 4 'A.CAn)

.{ clerks, class 2 4.200

8 clerks, class 1 3. Ooo

Clerk 1. HM»

2 draftsmen or i>lioto';rn|)hers at SI.OOO each .'^.200

One draftsman or |ihoto;:rai)her 1,.">(M1

2 clerks at .$!M50 each, with change of title 1. {>20

I.ahoratory aid 0<T<1

.Assistant photographer 000

Messenger or lahorer 840

Do 720

Messenger hoy 720

no G(K)

31.160

52

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Transfers Iroiii luinp-fuiid. Extension Service (States Rela-
tions Service), wiiidi liave been correspondingly re<lu('e«l :
Executive clerl< (from fanners' cooi)erative demonstration

work> $2,000

< Merle, class 2 (from farmers' cooperative demonstration
work) 1,400

$3. 400

34.560

Transfer to statutory roll, office of the Secretary,
and the roll reduced accordingly:

Director, with clian>:e of titlel $4, 5(X)

Transfer to statutory roll. ( KHce of lOditorial and
Distribution Work, and the roll reduced accord-
ingly :

!Mes.senf:er boy 480

4. 9S0

29. -.80

Apparent increase 23. 700

Places substituted: Mcssenjrer boy or laborer, at $480, substituted for mes-
f?enuer bov. at $480 : 2 charwomen, at $240 each, substituted for messenjrer hov.
at $480.

Chauiie of title : Assistant in charge of motion-picture activities. $3,000.
chan.ired to assistant in chartie of otlice of motion ]) ctures. $3,0lM»; 2 clerks, at
$9(i0 each, changed to 2 laboratory aids, at $9(!0 each.

INIr. BrcHANAX. There is no increase of salaries, is there?

Doctor True. Xo increase of salaries.

Mr. Buchanan. Xo increase of personnel or salary?

Doctor True. Xo. sir.

Mr. Buchanan. There has been quite a decrease in personnel that
happened this year. Yon do not mean to say that decrease has been
broufrht about by this arran«rement. do you?

Assistant Seci'etary Pugsley. Yes; by the consolidation of the
offices of the Xorth and South.

Mr. Buchanan. I mean to say, under this new arranojement ?

Assistant Secretary Pugsley. Xo; that has not been possible, be-
cause it has not oone into effect vet.

farmers cooperative DEMONSTRATION WORK.

Mr. Anderson. The next item is on pa«re 80, for farmers' cooi^era-
tive demonstration work, whicli includes special investiirations of
plans and methods for more effective dissemination of the results
of the work of the Department of Ao;i-iculture and the a<rricuhural
experiment stations, etc. Your estimate is for $l,'2S4..'5r)(».

Doctor True. Yes, sir. That is a decrease of $15,050 in that
item.

Mr. Anderson, ^^'llat becomes of that $15,000 reduction^ Is it
saved i

Mr. Jump. These are some of the transfers to the Secretary's roll
about which you have been told by Mr. Keese. Tliei'c were tw«) of the
iletaiU'd clerks ti-ansferred from that roll. A reduction of $5,000 is
also made in that I'oll in order to provide for the new place of
assistant in char<re of tiie office of editorial and distribution work at
a salarv of $5,000. This fund !•- icduced in onler to provide tlu'
$5,000 ior that.

AURICITLTURAL AriMUiFUIATlON IJll.U liKli.

53

Ml-. 15i( MANAS. \ nil (iratnl that im'W posilimi al ihr i\|h'Ii.-»- «»I
soriit' otiu'i- fund in aii(»tlu'r jilacr. Is that tnu'^

Ml. .Ii Ml-. Vi's; tliat is it; so we wouhl not huvo to Ix' uskinjf for
any incivasf ()utri<;ht.

(•<M)|'KnATIVK A<Jl{I("lI,TrHAI< KXTKN.SION \V<il(K.

Ml-. Andkksun, The nt'.xt itrin is on \m}H' H2, for <-<M»|M'rativ«' uj;ii-
riiltiiral •'xtt'nsion work.

Doctor I'lciK. That is thr so-calU-d sii|)|)li-iiit'ntarv Smit h-Lt-vtT
(•.\t«'nsion work, and that ha> 1)4tii dt-( ri":isi-d l>y S.Mi.imio. It \<
$1.2r)0,( )()().

Mr. .Vndkhso.n. Wdiihl voii mind tt-llin^ us wIjv V<»u took that

^.Mt.oiiii otr ^

Doctor Tia K. It was ih»nc hy thi' Bud^t't liureuu.

Mr. Andkkson. Ls tliis inonev useil for payment of county atrcnts'
sahii'U's '.

Doi-toi' Tm K. \cs, sir: ahnost entirely. ^Oii will noti(-e a proviso
in it that of the al)ove api)roi)riation not more tiian ^;U)0,immi >hall
lie e.\|H*nded for purposes other than the salaries of county ajrents.
As a matter of fact, the appropriation last year of !t^l,;J()( ».()()(), accord-
in;: to the hud^ets siil>mittctl to us hy the States for the |)resent fi.scal
year, has Sl.lOS.lT^i allotted to c(»unty agents.

Al.l.oTilKNT OF MONKY FROM ALL SOl'RCFS.

Mr. ANDKitsoN. Last year, if T rememher ri^ht, you furnished us
with a statement showing the disi)osition of this fund, the fuml ap
propriated under the preceding item and the funds under the Smith-
Lever A(-t. amounting' to some ei^dit or nine million dollars alto-
gether, as hetween county aiffnts, home economics, s[)e(-ialists. etc.
Have you sU(-h a statement for the next fiscal year?

Doctor TiUE. We woidd not have that for the next fiscal year, but
for the i^resent fis(-al year I have a statement here, which, however,
does not go so nnuh into detail.

Allotnu ntK of Sniitli-L< r< r (iiiriciiltiinil (.rtrn.<ii(ni uitiiroiiriatiouH hjf sotircen of

fundu (iinl lines of irork.

Items.

Total:

19-22-2:1

1921-22

1920-21

.Vflministration:

1922-23

1921-22

1920-21 ...........[.

State-wide fleld a^euts:

1922-23

1921-22

192(V 21

Count V workers:

19i»2-23

1921-22

I920-2I

PiiMitiitions:

19-22-23

1921-22

1<»'20-21

AU sources.

S18,S19,ff94
IS,497..3fiO
IB, XMa, 74.J

1,014, o60

1.009,.'«7

951, 1S.5

.".,573,944
5, 437, 573
9, 259, 430

11,S73,670
ll,740,f..'i7
10,.3,SO,338

.357,711
.309, 2K3
245,802

Federal,
Smith-
Lever.

State,
Smith-
Lever.

$4. .580, 000 S4. 100.000
4,080.000 .3,ii(X), 000
3,580,000 I 3, 100,000

519,090
478,807
464.337

321, 17S
301,448
277,326

2,481, srt<> i |,,'W4,036

2,221,Mi6 1,647,525

1,937,935 I 1,493,099

1, 442. .102 2, 099, .173

l,2f>l..34l ' I.. V* i.e. II

l.OOti.Syt} , 1,24.S,090

138,542 •

114,9.s.i

lll,.^-i6

95.213

ia'),416

81,486

Supple- I Supple- Farmers*

mentary montary coof>erative

Folpral, j State, deinonstra-

Smith- Smith- tion work.

l-ever. j Lever, i

$1,300,000 $1,300,000 $1,027,981
1,500,000 ! 1,500.000 i l.ftTO.754

i,."iOo,ooo i,,joo,oai , i,ir2a.83o

3,007 608 , 10,350

5, 7-29 3. 4.i6 16, 9-20

3,551 89 I 14,»ll

128,127 .V>,a6l — ;i4

46,040 S8,86» .. .•'.r2

58.697 40.690 3'J-J,ri3I

I.ICH. 173 l,242.fi61 709,297

l.4:«t.S43 1,44)7,249 6.57, .'V42

l,*i6,7-2.5 l,4."iS,tv4S 619,278

fm 1,380

8,3-SS 4;U

1.0-27 373 I

54 AGRICUL.TURAL, APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Anderson. I notice under one item here that you have state-
wide field agents for which you made an allotment of $5,573,944.
What are these state-wide field agents?

Doctor True. Thej'^ are people who work a large share of the time
in the counties but who have their headquarters either at the college
or some point in the State.

Mr. Anderson. Are they specialists, commodity experts, or organ-
izers, or what are they?

Doctor True. Two kinds of agents are included in this statement.
(1) a considerable number representing different subject matters,
such as dairying and food and nutrition, and (2) others who go out
to assist the county agents in the organization of the Avork, methods
of instruction, etc.

Mr. Anderson. Is part of the salary' of these state-wide agents
paid by the State as Avell as by the county?

Doctor True. The state-wide agents are paid either bj^ the college
or in part by the department out of the farmers* cooperative demon-
stration appropriation.

Mr. Buchanan. The county is paying M'hat part of the salary?

Doctor True. The county is paying no part of their salaries.

Mr. Buchanan. Can you give me any idea of the division of the
$11,873,670 which goes to county workers, as between county agents,
home demonstration agents, and other people?

Doctor True. Yes, sir; for the county agricultural agents, $8,974,-
806; for the home-de.. istration agents, $2,347,761; and for boys'
club leaders, some of who.^i are men and other women, ^' •">•'> 1.103.

NUMBEB OF AGRICULTUBAL COUNTIES AND AGENTS.

Mr. Buchanan. How many counties have you county agents in
now ?

Doctor True. About 2,100.

Mr. Buchanan. How many agricultural counties are there in the
country ?

Doctor True. We count about 2,650.

Mr. Buchanan. Two thousand six hundred and fifty agricultural
counties, and you have about 2,100 counties Avith extension agents.

Doctor True. We have about 2,100.

Mr. Buchanan. Are there many that have more than one agent ?

Doctor True. Only a few counties.

Mr. Buchanan. How many?

Doctor True. Do you mean by one agent agricultural agent?

Mr. Buchanan. 1 es.

Doctor Tri-e. Probably not more tluui 100 in the I nited States,
Most of them are in some New England States or in counties where
they have plenty of money for extension work.

Mr, BrcHANAN. And they are, I suppose, in the diversified areas
where you have a county agent that devotes himself to a i)articuhir
crop?

Doctoi- Tri'k. Yes, sii-. In New "^'ork, for exanipk\ in the T.(ake
region they have agents who deal with fruit growing.

Mr. Buchanan. How many regular home economic workers have
you doing work in the county as agents?

Doctor Truk. Eight hundred aiul one.

AGRICULTURAL AI»PIU)PRIATI()N BILL, 1J>24. 55

Mr. BurnxNAN. Dot's that cover nil the counties that want this
kind of work and are willin;; to pay for it {

Doctor 1 in K. I woidd say practically so, under pre.MMit coiuiitions.

Mr. Anokhson. I had a letter a few days a;x<» ir«»ni a lady down
in Kloiida who coni|tl:iiiie<| veiy Ititteily hetau.se slu* said that th«
home economics end of the j)ro|)osit ion was not receiving:' the atten-
tion which the county a;rricultural a;r*'»its are. She th<»u<;lit there
should he as much money appropriated for home economic workers
as for county a<::ents. \\ hat do you think ahout it {

Doctor J RUK. I do not think that is a practical prop<»sition. The
counties do not feel that thev are ahle to i-ontriltute heyond what
they are contrihutinj; now. I'here is a con.stant effort on the part
of the colle<xes and oursehcs to sti!nul;ite the women's work, and
wherever there is a favoral)le opportunity to put in a home demon-
stration a^ent it is done.

DISTRinUTTON OK FIKI.I) .\<;KNTS.

Mr. Anuersox. How many of the state-wide Held ajrents con-
tribute directly to the home economic work ?

A.ssistant Secretary Puoslky. All of them who are women

Mr. AxuF.Rsox. That does not answer the (|uestion.

Assistant Secretary Picsi.ky. And many of the men.

Mr. Axi)KR.s<)X'. Tluit .still does not answer the <|uestion.

Assistant Secretary Pr(;sLKY. We have not those lijiures. AVe can
insert that in the record.

Doctor Trik. There are ahout lii") women field afjents de;ilin«j
with food and diet, clothinpf, household ecpiipment, etc.

Mr. Anokrsox. Doctor True, will you put into the record or fur-
nish me with a statement — T do not care which — that will show the
distribution or classilication of the workers employed under tliis as
state-wide field agents ^ I supposed these county workers included
only county units.

Number of e.r tension emi)loyees, Xorcmber, liU2.

CouMt.v-aKent work (men):

IMrecfors and State leailcrs TA

.\s.sist:int Sliite Itadcis and (li.sflot agents 108

Count.v a;reiits and assi.«tants "J. 112

Local ajreiits (colored) 172

Total 2.443

Homo deiiioiistratioii work (women):

State leaders 44

.V.ssistaiU State leaders and district ajrents ©>

Coiiut.v ajrents and assistants 77(5

Local a;renls (colored) 114

Cit.v awnts

City agents Teoloredt _

Total i ^ 1.(100

l?o.vs" and girls' clnl* work (men and women) :

State loaders. 42

.Vssistant State leaders 58

County leatle"S 181

Total — .. 281

56 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRLVTION BILL, 1924.

St!ite-\vi(le .subjwt-matter agents:
Agriculture —

Full time ."47

Part time 1<|"'

Total 'r,-2

Homo economics —

Full time 120

Part time 8

Total V2S

Grand total 4, ri(i4

Doctor True. County Avorkers inchide both ir.en and women.

Mr. Anderson. TIk^v are divided into home and chib and other
Avorkers ?

Doctor True. Yes.

Mr. Anderson. This statement for which $1,014,509 is appropri-
ated for administration shows what? That inchides. I take it,
only the Federal end of the administration of it ?

Doctor True. That is the State end. All those figures you have
represent the moneys that are spent in the States. They do not
include the amounts spent in maintenance of our Washington office.

Mr. Anderson. Of what does this administration in the States
consists?

Doctor True. That includes the expenditures for what is known
as the extension director's office, his own salary and that of his
clerical assistants, accountants, people who are preparing charts
and illustrative material, or who are en<rafred in hnndlin<jf the manu-
scrij^t work. etc. Of course a o^reat many publications are issue* 1 and
it involves a lar^re amount of prei)aration done by routine workers
ofettin<i: the manuscripts in shape and seeino^ them throujrh the press.

DUPLICATION IN PUBLICATIONS.

Mr. Anderson. What is the distinction between the publications
issued under this fund here and the ordinary, rejjular publications
o.f the de])artment?

Doctor True. The publications issued under the Smith-Lever Act
by the collefjes are distinct from the department publications.
There is a special provision for puljlications in the Lever Act up to
an amount not to exceed five per cent of the ai>pr()i)riati()n.

Mr. Anderson. I understand the financial distinction but what I
want to know is the distinction in the character of the i)ublicati()ns
if there is any.

Doctor True. The States «j:et out a laro;er number of special sub-
ject nuitter ])ublicati()ns for use in extension work.

Mr. Anderson. Is there any ell'oit made in this publication matter
to avoid duplication of publications as between those isvsued by tlie
State and tliose issued ])y the Federal (iroverumeut ?

Doctor- TiiiE. I do not tiiink tbere is any duplication.

Mr. Anderson. 1 thiid< tlicre is <|uite a lot.

Doctor TitiE. The dei)aitment issJies only a few publications
especially desij^ncMl I'oi- use in extension work.

Acnnri/muL ArpuopuiATHiN liii.i., 1924. 57

Mr. Andkkson (interposing). Tliiit is wimt I am trying; to jr«'t ut.
If tlu'sf piililications arc <litr«'n'ii( and writtrn for tin* piirpoS4> of
tlio Statt's 1^'lations Simx i«T only, that is a ilistinction.

Ddctoi- Ti.t K. W'r do not all(»\v piildications iind»'r tlii' Sniith-
Iy«'\»'i- Act unli'ss tln'V arc distinctly piilijications prepared for nse
ill i'xtcnsion work.

Mr. ANDKitsjiN. Mow aiv they nscd in i-xti-nsion \v(trk ^

Doctor TiMK. Tlu'V arc disti-ilmtcd vcrv lar^^clv tliron^li the
connty a<;cnts and th»'V arc also sent ont from the collc^res by re-
(]ncst of th»' peoi)Ic in the State, and they are ii.sod in connection
with the extension schools, farmers' institutes, etc.

Ml-. Andk.k.son. Arc thev sent out to individuals hv the collejre
the same us farmers* hidletins arc sent out hy the I)ei)artment of
AL'ricultine i

Doctor Tkik. Yes. Thev are also distrihutcd to individuals l>y
each c(»unty a<icnt. to |)eople who come to \isit him or at nu'ctin^rs.
.Vny extension puhlication that is applicahle to any problem I)rou<.dit
to the comity a«rent is ^iven to the individual who l)rin«rs up tlic
suliject.

Mr. .Vmikh.-^on. ^^'hat supervision do you exercise over the publi-
cation of these publications to make certain that they do not dupli-
cate the publications which are already issued or about to be issue(i
by the Department of A<_niculture ^

Doctor TiuK. The Depai-tment of Ajrrieulture frets out very few
subject-matter publications especially for extension work. Such
pul)lications as farim'rs* bulletins are for freneral distribution. Rut
the number of new farmers' bulletins issued (>ach year by the de-
l)artment is very limited. The States are iiettin<r out many publica-
tions suited to local conditions.

Mr. Anhkrsox. They sjiend ]netty iieaily as much money a^^ you
do. They ouL'ht to jzet out some fanner.s' bulletins for that amount.

Doctor Trik. The extension publications they <ret out are es-
pecially intended for use in extension work.

Mr. .Vndkkson. I'erhaps T am dense, but I would like to <ret a dis-
tinction between extension bulletins and farmers' bulletins.

Assistant Secretary Prts.sLEV. IVrhups I can make a statement on
that, drawn from my own experience in the States as well as in the
deiiartment. The publications of the State a^-ricultural colleires.
iiuliidin^r the exten.-ion ser\ ice and experimental service, are clearly
State publications written for the most ])art by State people; cov-
ering, if they are research bulletins, woik that is done within the
State by the State workers: (•over:n<r. if thev are extension bulletins,
work which may be done there, and if not done there, they are pub-
lications very valuable to the work that is done within the State.
These have the local point of view much more dominant than the
Federal i>ublications. There is no eff(»rt on the pai-t of the Federal
(lovernment to say to a State, " ^ On can not publish a bulletin on
sprin<r wheat in Nebraska for the u.se of your extension worker, be-
cause the Federal (lovernment at AVashin^ton has a bulletin on that
subject." There is undoubtedly some diiplication in the i)ublications
in the department and the States, just the same as there is undoubt-
edly duplication in the experimental work, but most of the money
which is put into the extension pul)rn'ations in the State is State
nionev rather than Federal nionev. There is shown in this state-

58 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

ment not anj^ of the State money that is put into the State publica-
tions other than Smith-Lever offset. The State sjiends much more
for its publications than is shown on this li.~t: many of tlie collejre
publications are extension publications.

Now, if you are directin<r your (juestion to whether or not there is
effort on the part of the I)ei)artiiient of A<rriculture to avoid tlupli-
cation of publications, the auswei- to that is that there is not any con-
scious effort at the present time. But I would like to add the
tliouirht that I think there is little serious duplication, and that it
miirht be well to take the matter up with the State colletres to see
if duplication can be avoided.

Mr. Andersox. Of course, I do not believe the Federal Govern-
ment ou<rht to undertake to censor the pul)lications wliich may be
issued by the State for the education of its own citizens. But I do
think where Federal money is spent in publishin«r documents for
citizens of a State that it miojht be wise to see that that money is
spent in such a wa\ that it does not duplicate exi)enditures already
being made for Federal puri)oses. I think that is as fai- as we can iro.
but it seems to me we can legitimately go that far.

Assistant Secretary Pugslky, The way it works out is practically
like this: An extension director in a State finds a need for bulletins
on a certain subject for use of county workers. He scans not only
the State bulletin list but the Federal bulletin list available for
that purpose; he may find the Federal bulletin on that subject is
not local enough and then he asks for the i)ublication of a bulletin
to cover his territory. Or he nui}' find that the supi)ly of Federal
bulletins is not sufficient to meet the need of his county workei-s
and he publishes a bulletin written by the workei"S of the same
State, in Avliich they incorporate many of the things contained in
the Federal bulletins.

Mr. Anderson. There is no increase in the total amount avaihible
for publication w'ork under the Smith-Lever Act for the next fiscal
year, is there?

Doctor True. No, sir.

Mr. Anderson. That act is entirely matured, is it not?

Doctor True. Yes, sir.

STATEMENTS OF MR. G. I. CHRISTIE, DIRECTOR OF EXTENSION.
PURDUE UNIVERSITY, LA FAYETTE, IND.; MR. B. H. CROCH-
ERON, DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION. UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE; MR. T. 0. WALTON,
DIRECTOR OF EXTENSION SERVICE, STATE COLLEGE OF AGRI-
CULTURE, TEXAS ; AND MR. W. M. JARDINE. PRESIDENT KANSAS
STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

FOR COOPERATIVE A(JRICULTURAL EXTENSU>X WOUK, ETC.

Mr. Andeuson. The ccjmmitlee will returu (his moruing to the
items on pages 30 and 82 for farmers' cooperative demonstration
work and for cooperative agricultural extension work, which were
formerly imder the States Relations Sci'vicc :ind which are pro-
posed in this estiiuiite to be placed under llu' oHit'e of extensions.
We will hear the representatives of the land-grant colleges this
morning.

b

I

AORUTLTl'ItAI. AIMM'.OPIMA riOV FUI.I.. 11)24. 59

Mr. CiiiiisTii:. Mi-. ('Iiainiiiin, \vi« seek iin onjxirt unity this inorn-
iii<; to SUV a word with H't'ricncc to thf sii|)p)(Mii«'iilal Sinitli-Ii«'Vor
:i|)l)ro[>riat ion.

I'his appropriation, as is p»'rha|>s wrll nii(h'rst<MMl, is tlu- rt»Hult
of an attempt to siiitplcniciit the appropriation provi<|(>(| in th(>
M'«;nlar Sniitn-Lcvrr Act. W'v rrcrivfd a year a^^o Sl,.*>iK>.U()<). and
this riirrml year wc arc rcccivin^^ Sl,;>(»i),()uo.

^^'l' nndiMstjind that the Director of the Iiu<l^et luis reconiinen<h'<l
a cut of $.">(l,tK)(). In view of tlie fact that the Sinitli-I.«i'Ver appro-
priation has reached its niaxiiuuni, that the extension work in the
States is not <h'\eloped to its niaxiiniini, and that the (h-niand is
«;reater than ever he fore we feel that (he re<'oninien(hiti«)n of the
Secretary of A;;ri( idt iiri' that the siip[)leniental appropriation ho
fixed at Sl.."»()0,(ii)() shonM rei-eive serious consideration.

INtUKASKH KXPKNSKS DK.MANU I-AIMiKK AIM'ROIMUATIONS.

The unusual conditions which now [n-evail, with hijrher raiU'oad
fares, higher costs of living, and hi<^iu»r cost of operation of auto-
niohiles have causeil the cost of extension work to more than df)nble
since we st;irteil. It is impossihie with present linances to carry out
the phms (hat were in mind at the lime the Smith-Lever Act was
])asse(l.

This sup})leniental appropriation is used to make up for .some of
those unusual factors and conditions and to help out the States in
iloini; the l)ig thinii:s that are needetl to he done.

Anyone acipiainted with the extension work in the States knows
that the farmers are demandinj; more help to-day than ever Ix^fore.
The unusual ec(»nomic situation causes these farmers to seek delinite
helj). The a<;ric(dtural colle<j;es are attempting to do everything
possible throuj^h the county ajjents and through the extension service
to remler assistance to the farmers, and we know that a great work
has l)een accomplished.

Congress decided upon the Smith-LeviT Act not in the heat of
war, not when an emergency was pressing upon the country, hut
when this whole situation was more or less normal. We are trving
to carry out a work outlined by Congress. We sincerely hope that
Congress will give us support at this time to develop the program.
During the past three years farmers have been going througii a very
unsatisfactory situation. As a result of the depression following the
war it has been necessary to modify our whole organization. But
it is impossible to maintain an educational working force if appro-
})riations are witlulrawn. The work demands larger appropriations
rather than less.

•Mr. Andkkson. When this supplemental fund was originally pro-
\ ided the SniithTjcver Act was three years behind in maturity, and
the idea at that time, as I recall it, was to mature immediately instead
of year by year, and the expectation of some members of the com-
mittee was that as the Smith-Lever funds matured the supplemental
fund t'ould be reduced correspondingly. I recognize the fact — and
1 suppose the other members of the committee do. generally — that
there have been increases in operating expenses, which probai>ly
make the course originally intended imi)ossible. r>ut I do not think

60 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

it is quite accurate to assume that at the time this supplemental fund
was established anybody supi>osed that it was to be a i)ernuinent ap-
propriation.

Mr. Christie. I think you are ri^ht, Mr. Chairman. But it was
hoped — and it surely has been the hope of everybody — that we would
return to a more or less normal ba<is. Cnfoi tunately. wt- have not
returned to that basis.

fOrXTV AGENTS AN IMPORTANT FACTOI!.

Then, there is another factor. When the Smith-Lever Act was
passed we had the county a<^ent only. In addition has come the
greatest demand for home demon^^tration work and boys' and jiirls'
club work. It has been necessary to advance those interests and
develoj) that side of the work. Naturally the cost has increased and
has placed a burden on the institutions on that account. Takin*:
these factors all into consideration we can not luuulle all the work
with only Smith-Lever funds. AMiile I understand that Conjiress
hoped that the Smith-Lever fund would meet the needs of exten-
tion work, conditions have chanfjed since the passajie of that act.
If we could go back to the previous situation, with railroad fares at
2 cents a mile, gasoline at 11 cents, with meals from 85 to 50 cents,
as they were when we began this Avork; if we could go back to a
basis of a lower cost of printing and other reasonable expenses, then
we could do as nnich work with the Smith-Lever fund as we aiv
doing with the Smith-Lever fund and the supplemental fund.

Mr. Anderson. I do not fool myself with the idea that tiiat time
is coming.

Mr. Christie. That is the unfortunate condition we aie expi-rienc-
ing at this time. I do wish to impress this fact, that the agricul-
tural colleges, the United States Department of Agriculture, and the
Secretary of Agriculture himself have all given this whole matter
very serious consideration. It is not a matter of supi)orting the de-
partment in connection with the i^erfornuince of this work, or of
supporting the agricultural colleges, but it is a uuitter of trying to
render service to the farmers at this time — service which 1 think is
greatly needed.

PROBLEM OK ORGANIZINC ACiHICll.TrKAl. IMidDli HON.

Ml". Anderson. I would like to ask you one (piestion. if 1 can
express myself so our minds will meet on it. To what extent is the
extension service giving its attention to the j)robU'iM of organizing
agricultural jjroduction i

Mr. Christie. I wontler if you would mind just developing that
a moment.

Ml'. Anderson. AMiat I have in mind is this: 1 am pii'tty thor-
oughly <-onvinced in my own mind that one of the very lai'ge factors
which influence the cost of distribution, particularly, is the fact
that the farmer sells in small (|uantities and sells an uustandardi/.etl
])ro(liict \ery lai'gely. Ihere is no substantial ell'ort made to stand-
ardize the production in areas so that the buk of the pi-oduct goes
into jirimary or teiuiinal markets and thus makes the cost of han-
dling less.

Ar.RIcri.Tl'RAI. APPUOPRIATION Mil. I,, ll»lU, Gl

I Iiml in mind als«> what I think is tlio ncpd, ui>t only in nj^ricul-
liir.il (li^ti-iliiition Init in «list ?-il»iit ion «r«'ni'r;illy. thi* intmsifiiMl uso,
of niiirkcts ('los4> at lian<l instrad of an attciiipt to sprrad tlu> distril)n-
tion all ovvv the I'nitcd States. l>oranse it is cJu'aiH'r to i-eil to a Imn-
dird (iistorncis who livo within a radius of l(M) or 'joo miles than t«>
sell to a himdi'ed <iistoin»'i's scattn-rd all over the I'nitcd States. T
ilo not know that this |>ro|)osition is an extension proposition par-
ticularly: I do not know that we iu»ve a hasis ufxni which it could
he made part of the extension work, hut I think that is the real
a«i'ii(idtural pi'»>l>lcni t«»-day. If we could a|>ply onedniiuli'edth |)art
of what the department of .Vj^ricuitui'c now knows aiiout produc-
tion to that piohlem, we would not ne»'d to make much research
for some time to come.

Not that I think we (Mi^dit (<> sii:p iln' nscaich unrU. l»ul I think
oui" piohleni tiiei'e is one of the ajjplication of known methods to a
far «rreater extent than it is the development of new methods. That.
1 think, is the joh which the extension service has. Hut heyond
tiiat I thiid\ our problem is lar«rely one of orpiniz»'<l pr(»ductifin.
la'cause I can not see very much hope of improxin^ I'ither produc-
tion or di.striltution methods without a sounder or<rani/.ation of
prcMJuction itself. In other words, with the unor^^anized character
of the industry all that, you "rentlemen can do to a larjre extent is
to send \\\) a general harra^e. in the hope that sonu» of it is «roing
to hit .some part of the problem, ^'ou (an handle a *rno(I many in-
di\ idual cases. an<l doubtless you do. but yet a lar<re part of our etfoit.
I tliiidv, is wasted, because we Inne not the or<jani/,ation of pro<Iuc-
tion to make it efrecti\-e. That is what is in my mind.

Mr. C'hui.stik. Mr. Chairman, that is an excellent idea, and one
that I think e\ery man in the a<rricultural collejres will a<:ree to.

Our a<rrieultural colle^'es are doin^ somethin«r al()n<r tliat line.
'\Ve have been handitapi)ed during the war, due to the extremely
]ii<;h |)rices and the wiHin<iness of the trade to receive almost any-
thin<j:. VCv do find in our di.stricts. for instance, many varieties of
wheat, numy of them of |)ooi- (|uality. because the millers have not
been willin«r to stand by the <;ra(le and reimburse a fellow a little
extra for the pood quality. But to-day the millers are realizinjr that
they can cut down the hijrh frei<rht rate if they will use the «rrain
!it home. If they are ;roin«r to use the wheat j^rown near the local
mills, it must be wheat of one (puility. The reason why nniny of
the hnjre flour mills have been able to .sell their Hour in the Middle
AA'est is because they have been able to standardize their flour — one
sack is very much the same as the other. But where the local mills
use one variety of one ijuality to-dav and another variety of another
(|uality to-morrow one .sack is absolutely ditferent from the other —
{]\v bakers can not u.se it.

In our State we have developed a new \ariety of wheat, known
as the MichakofT. by crossing a local variety of <;ood (juality with
a Russian variety, «xettinp a hard, red winter wheat which is as hard
a.s the Kanred wheat of Kan.sas. which is one of our standard jxood
winter wheats.

Our millers to-day are wiHin«r to contract with our farmers, offer -
in«r 10 to 25 cents a bushel above the market price for a period of
five years foi- this variety of wheat. Thev would be able to save

62 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

about 25 cents a^ bushel on freight on hard wheat imported into
Indiana. The Kansas institution has done a Avonderful work in
developing the Kan Red Avheat. Michi<;an has done the same with
the Red Rock wheat, and Wisconsin and other States have put out
many varieties of excellent <^rains.

We are in a position now to do bi«r work, Mr. Chairman. l)ecause
the farmers are realizin^^ they must do something to help them-
selves. There is a spirit to-day wliich has not been present in any
large measure heretofore. California has had that idea in their
cooperative marketing. They recognized the need for good vari-
eties of apples and grapes in large enough quantities to warrant
carload lots. They have given a demonstration of what can be
done. You have emphasized one big point, which must have con-
sideration.

Mr. Anderson. We will be verv ulad to hear the other gentlemen.

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION WORK IN CALIFORNIA.

Mr. Crocherox. Mr. Chairman, I am here primarily in the in-
terest of the AVestern States in this supplemental ^mith-Tvever
item, which we believe should be $l,oOO,0()(). The State of Cali-
fornia is putting $3 into agricultural extension work for ever}'
dollar from the Federal Government. Even the little State
of Xevada, with 90 per cent of its land in the hands of the Federal
Government and 10 per cent of the land paying the entire taxes of
the State, is putting up $3 to eveiy dollar from the Federal Gov-
ernment. NcAv Mexico, with all its difficulties, is still i)utting up $2
to every dolhir from tlie Federal Government. I think it speaks
well for the appreciation of the legislative bodies of the States and
counties involved in the West. The Smith-Lever Act has always
been manifestly inadequate for the needs of the States which had
;i relative^ small rural population. It is true that our pojiulations
are growing and tluit the ninnber of farms is increasing. One-third
of the new farms in the United States between 1910 ami 1920 are in
California. Our farms increased from 87.000 to 110,000 in that
decade. That makes a great burdeh upon our agricultural exten-
sion service.

Of the eight leading counties in the United States in agricultural
production, according to the last census, five of them are in Cali-
fornia; of the 50 leading counties in the {"^nited States, IG are in
California; and yet our proportion of the Smith-Lever appropria-
tion and of the supplemental appropriation, divided in the siamc
ratio, is relatively small. Our States have recognized that and have
clone M'h at they could to help con-ect it. but the fund is still inade-
quate.

The State of California is putting altogether this year a total of
$609,000, from Federal, State, and county sources, 'into the work
and is reaching 90 i)er cent of the farmers in an organized way. Tlu' I
other 10 per cent are so difFused that we can not reach them.

KKSUI.T OK KKDCCTION IN Al'lMtOlMM ATION.

The amount of money involved by a reduction from $1,500,000 to
$1,250,000 is serious, but not pei-hai)s so .serious, to my mind at least,
as is the ('act that the Fedeial ( Jo^eI•nment, seemingly at least, might

AORKlLTrRAl^ APPROPRIATIOX BILL, IW4. 08

he sii|)|)cis(m1 t<» Ik' Icssriiiii^ its suppott of tliih I'lit^Tpri.^*', which tht*
States have so well supported.

The (list'oiini^rin^ conditioMs in tlillerent parts ()f the West wliicli
have Iwen hadly atle<'te<l hy the drought for several ye«»*s; the con-
ditions ill Montana of iinroHerted coiintA' taxes; the conditions in
Ne\a«la, with <:ieat counties witli (jnly a lew farms, and the alteinpl
to make farininjr there successful, and the <attle conditions, which
have been no serious, make it a|>pear that the |)rol)leiii is one perhaps
quite as much of moral a> financial support to this entcr|)risc.

The \N'cstern States have met their |)rol»lem as West they can. 1
do not know whether one always appreciates how ditlicult it is to
carry this assistance to these people who are settling on the land ami
who need help in all phases of irripited farniinjr. They do n<»t
know how to apply the water to the land. They come from the
Middle West aiul Eastern States, and they need help at all sta;;es
of the enterprise. I do not know whether it is fully appreciated
here how ditlicult it is to make this work successful and how much
service they need and what an expensive thin;; it becomes. Take the
fact of the increased cost of transportation. If it is true in the rela-
tively small counties of the highly develoj)ed States, it is certainly
far more largely true in the bi^ counties of the West. In my own
State of California one county is as larpe as the States of Ma.s>achu-
setts and Connecticut put together, and to attempt to have one county
a^ent cover that territory is manifestly imjxjssible. We have had
to put three men in there, and even then we are only scratching the
surface.

EXTKNSI(»N WORK IN KANSAS.

Mr. Jaudixe. Mr. Chairman, I am interested in this item because
the farmers in Kansas — and I have ^one over the situati(m with the
Representatives of Nebraska — are in a serious need of li^ht. They
are in trouble. The farmers of Kansas are looking to the a<rri(Ul-
tural colleges for helj) as they ne\er ha\e looked to them before.
Many of the farm orpmizations that have endeavored to function
in the last four years have had difficulties, and they are coming
back to the colleges for ^ood, sound. ad\i<e. ^^'e did not stampede
them; we tried to state the difiiculties aiul to present the funda-
mentals, and they are coming to believe that the suggestions they
are ^ettinu from us are the ones that they neeil and should i)ut
into use in tiie development of their a^i'iculture.

llefciriiio; to the supplemental fund 1 had the understanding you
have ex|)ressed, that it was merely to tide over the jjeriod until
we could ^et bark to reasonable prices a^'ain. But howe\er that
may be. the costs of oj)eration are very e.xpenesive, and we have not
been able to develop the provisi(»ns of this act as it was intended
thev should be developed uniler the original att.

\\'e have 108 counties in Kansas. We are now servini; <)') of them,
and there is a demand from tlu' other counties for help. We have
only been able to reach the (K'uiand of a few of our farmers. We
ou^dit to be able to reach all of our farmers. If it is ^ood for sonic
of our farmers, for those wc have been reachin^^ the ones who were
.seeking li^bt, we oii^ht to push this out to the others, now that they

64 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924,

are in trouble. When an individual is in troul)le he is more likely
to conie and ask for helj). Tiiat is the case in Kansas, where we are
practicallv at a standstill this year. If this item is iroinir to be re-
duced for next year we must curtail our work, and it will not be
a <rood thinj; to do. If we are ^oin«r to pull ourselves out of the
mire, it will be done by placing the facts in reference to their busi-
ness in the hands of the farmers. I think you hit the nail on the
head, Mr. Chairman, when you mentioned orjranization of a«;ri-
cultural production. I think if we could teach the men who are
producin<r e^ifis. how to pack their e<rjrs properly and brin*; them
into the market in attractive containers, we would be doin<r a jrood
service. Then. I think, we have to ^o to the business men in the
cities and get them to see the li<rht. They must be willing to pay a
premium on these particular eggs.

We must educate the retail men. I am spending some time in
talking to chambers of commerce and rotary clubs. Members of
those organizations are inviting the farmers in to have dinner, with
the idea of talking these problems over, and they are getting to
understand each other better than ever before. We should have a
common understanding between the business men of the cities and
the farmers before we can get what you have suggested. It has to
be done through the business men and the farmers themselves. The
farmers are not going to do it alone. They do not know how. We
must have men who can come in and help us. who know how to
organize, who know how to get the products to the markets, so that
thev can be readily sold. We have to get at the advertisintr men.
I am talking to the advertising men here at noon to-day along this
particular line. They have never taken that proposition into ac-
count. They have forgotten that agi'iculture is producing from
twenty-two to twenty- four billion dollars worth of ])roducts. No one
has ^et thought about trying to sell the farmers" goods, yet the ad-
vertising men have sold the manufacturers' goods, which are sold to
the farmers. I am trying to interest big business men — bankers and
men of that type — in this problem as well as the farmers. It is
more than a mere farmers' problem.

We are at a standstill. I hoj^e and believe you will do anything
you can to strengthen this apj^ropriation and bring it back to a
million and a half. We need to serve more farmers than we are able
to serA'e now. They have come to regard us in a much more favor-
able light than they did five years ago. They are relying on us. l»ut
we can not meet the demands on us. We are sending out our teach-
ers instead of having them give their entire time to tlie instruction
of students. We are carrying the instructions to the farmei-s. and
we are iriving the students the work only in a condensed form as
they need it. If we can not furnish more light on agi-iculture to
the individual farmers, then I do not see any salvation. It is through
education that we will have to do it, and the extension work is an
educational program. There is too much propaganda going on. too
much stull being |)rearlu'd by demagogues. A\'c' need to give the
farmers sound advice now, and we need all the money we can get
for this extension service to carrv on the kind of work we have In'en
dointr ill the last 18 months.

AGRrf'ff.Tfnvi, AprnfiniiATinv nti,i . vrn. Go

Mr. AxDKHsdN, Ia'I uw ask vou or Mr. Christie, or both of voii,
this oJM" (HU'stioii: lins thrn- \)vvu any milicntion of u (liMMclinatioii
on tht' |)art of thr fui'iiii'is in coiuifclion \\itli this work on mconnt
of the ^'cnt'ral desire for rechiction in taxation — any indication of an
intention to tut «h>wn the sahiries or the aniount.s they are appro-
|)riatin;r forconnty a^rents^

Mr. .Iaimmnk. Speaking for Kansas, we have had i-crtain lounty
connni.ssioners who luive always wanted to cut down and nevei* raise.
Hut speaking' for this yeai'. I think' tlieie is a more generous response
tlu»n evei" Ix'forc in omi* State. I know of several counties whicli in
thi' hist two niontlis have inci'«'ased the amount appro|)riated more
than wo even asked for these eonnties. I want to call your attention
to this fact, that eveiywlieie we are puttinfr into tlie counties from
Fe(hMal and Stati' funds the hii'^esf a|)pioj)riations wi- have ever
recei\»>d in our v^tate. 'Flu* county commissioners wei'e oppos4'd to
this proposition two or three years a<ro, hut they are coming hack to
it now. They see the li<rlit and they see where we have save crops —
for instance, throuufh the eHminalioji of <rrasshf)p|)ers. "We distrih-
uted S4 carloads of poison in 'M ditl'eicnt counties, and we ch'aned up
the <;rasshoppers throu«>:h the county or<j:a nidations. AVe liave also
^one into counties where we have eliminated the chinch l>u<r, and we
are workin^r to jxether as never before. The county couunissionei"S
I'ealize the l»enetits of it now. They are tryin^j; to cut down taxes, l)uf
I do not see any evidence of it in this work. We have more sup-
porters for tlie farm bureau tlian we liave ever had before.

Mr. CiiiMSTiK. Of coursi', Mr. Chairman, in some of the Stales w.'
have some people who feel that the way to economize is to cut down
on the county ajjents, but when the matter pets to a vote on the part
of the county commissioners and on the part of the farmers them-
selves the appropriations in most counties aiv sustained. To-day wt'
have in the nei<iliborh()od of SO county a<x('uts in tlie State of Indiana,
and we have appropriations of money available in the other 6 coun-
ties, makinp: the '.)'2 counties, complete. AVhile there has been some
opposition, as naturally would be expected with the unrest which
has prevailed, a majority of the people have come forward and said
that we must sustain this extension work, and it stands in <r<)od favor.

If that answers your (|uestion, Mr. Chairman, 1 would like to have
Mr. A\'alt()n say a word to you.

PKoni.EM.S THAT CONKKONT TKXAS.

Mr. AValton. Mr. (Miairman, I simj)ly want to point out very
I'riefly some of the problems we have in Texas, and to speak also for
the whole southern <rroup of directors.

If T understand the purpose of the Smith-Tjcver Act, it was the
oii<rinal intention whi'n it rt'ached its maturity there would be sulli-
cient funds, if the States would otl'set those Federal funds, to have
a county a;rent for each of the ap;ricultural counties of the United
States. We have in Texas '2^)i^ counties. We have Hui countv agents
and To or 71 home-di'Uionst ration a<;ents, antl about .')() ne<rro exten-
sion workers who are local assistants to the i-ounty apMits. That
leaves a considei'able nmnber of Texas counties in which we do not
have suflicient funds to meet the appr()i)riations of the local boards
of county conunissioners to provide agents where they are actually

66 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TTOX BILL, 1924.

needed and where there is a demand for them. I tliink that the
same situation applies, perhaps, in other Southern States in about
the same j^ercentage on the basis of the counties tliat we have in
Texas.

I think also there is a growing demand — I know it is true in
Texas — on the part of the people of the counties for assistance from
the department in establishing these agents to render service to the
homes of the counties. I know that demand has increased substan-
tially in our State in the last 12 months. "We are having now more
requests for the establishment of the county home-demonstration
work in the counties on the part of the local people, without anj*
effort at all on the part of the institution, than we have ever had.

ECONOMIC SITUATION OF FARMER IN SOUTH.

Moreover, the agricultural situation in many respects in the South,
the economic situation of the farmer, is a very depressing one. Of
the 1,500.000 women who work in the fields of the United States,
about 1,250,000 work in the cotton fields of the South. Somebody
says that is largely a problem of the southern negro. I am a
southerner and have all the prejudices and opinions of the average
Texan on that question, but that is a substantial ])art of our agricul-
tural citizenry, and any work we may do in rural places that helps
to improve that situation certainly helps to raise the standard of the
whole citizenship of our section.

Regardless of what the intent of the Congress might have been or
those responsible for the appropriation of the sui)plemental fund
hreetofore as to its j^ermanency or as to its being a temporary fund,
there is no doubt that we are faced with situations now that could
not have been contemplated or known by those who were responsible
for the passage of the Smith-Lever Act in its original form. Condi-
tions have come about that make it inadequate to meet the situation
if we are to put county workers with a properly balanced extension
staff in all the agricultural counties of tlie United States. That is
certainly true in Texas, and I think it is true the country over.

VALIE OF EXTENSION WORK TO FARMERS.

I understand it is not necessary to argue with this committee on the
importance of the service these people rendei-. I am sure you gentle-
men realize that tlie farmers' situation now is perhaps as unsatis-
factory as it has been at any time for a decade or more, and 1 believe
this service offers the best opportunity of reiulering constructive
service to the agricultural people, and tliat it is a service that helps
to make the whole situation on the farms very much better.

That is all I caiv to say unless there are some (luc-tions you axw
to ask about the situation in the South.

Mr. AxmcRSON. Is there anything further. Mr. Christie^

Mr. CiMMSTiK. T do not believe we should talvi> much niori> of your
time. We want to emphasize the fact that in the 2.S0() counties in (he
TTnited States we have agents in about 2,100 of them. We niight
agree that we do not need agents in all of these, but we do know it
to be a fact that a large numbei' of counties not yet tu-gani/.ed must
have hel]) if we are going to carry out the program which has been

A(iiat;i'LTURAL ArPIU)l»UlATI()N BILL, \VH. 07

set hi'foie u>. riii^ wimK' (jiu-stiuii lius Imm-ii nirrfully ••«»ii.sii|»'r»-tl liy
thi' Sfc'it'taiv of A^rritiiltuiv iiikI lii.s (•«>llfu«:iu's in tin.' *lr|mrtiiu'nt.
uiul it has Ih'oti <-aivfiillv consitU'itMl l)y tin* u^rictilturul «olh'a»;iH'.s
ainl l»y tlu' fount v pt'opU-. aii<l wf frcl that th^Tc is a nood for an
a|>|>ioj)riat ion of SI ..")()().()()() this year. Tht- work will U' lirii»'(it«M| hy
ivci'ivin;: that iiiorH'y, wiiiif, on the othrr haihi. if thf appropiiatioii
is cut tht* work is «;<>in^ to bo soriotisly hanip«'r«'(l. In vit'w of the
meat (h'luautls of a^jriculturc I am sinciToly hopiufx that this <ut
it) tln> ap|)ropiiation will not he made, hut that you will ^ivi* us the
full amount.

Mr. AxDKiLsox. Of course, this is the first vear when there has Ihmmi
anv reduction of the total fund available, i:? it not ^

Nir. CniMSTiK. Ves. Last year the funds were redistrilnitcd on
the basis of the last census. The result was that in Indiana we went
down on our percentajre of rural population, and therefore we ^ot a
less amount from the Smith-Ix'ver fund and the supplemental fund,
niakin«^ the total amount received fi'om both funds a fi'w hundicd
dollars less than the previt>us yeai', even thou^di the Smith-Lever
fund had increased.

Mi-. -Vnukksox, The converse mi^dit be true in other places.

Mr. CiiKisTiK, That is true. When you take States like Ohio,
Indiana, Iowa, and Illinois, some of the bi<r States that are con-
tributinjr in a lar^re way to the agricultural pioducts of the country,
we have leceived for this year but little more money that we received
the year before. So if any cut is made in the supplemental funds the
work will be seriously impaired. If the supplemental funtl is placed
at $l,r>(M),000. these States will receive practically the same amount
of money they had last year. In some of the Western States they
have received a little more money, but they need it. They have
been <rettin«r a few hundred dollars out of the supplemental fund
because of the small rural population, and yet they have a tremen-
dous j)roblem in their development work, whicli is makinjr for better
a«:riculture in the country. We are not c()mj)lainin<r bwause they
have <iotten that money. We hope they can «j:et more. They should
have all possible consideration.

STATEMENT OF MR. D. M. GREEN. OF THE EXHIBIT SECTION.

AGRICULTl KAL EXHIBITS AT FAIRS.

Mr. AxnERsox. The next item is on pa«re 33. to enable the Secre-
tary of A«rriculture to make suitable a<rricultural exhibits at State,
interstate, and international fairs held within the United States,
for which you have estimated $>^r),()S().

Mr. (tukex. I have here a list of all the places at which exhibits
were made durinji the fiscal vear 102'2.

KAIKS AT WMM ir KXHIItlTS WKKK MADK 1)11U.N(; KISfAl. VKAK 11»2.;.

r.illiinrs. Mniit., MiMlaiHl Kiiii>ie Fair. Septt inl)er T.l t<» -'2.
I>iniiin;.'liiiiii, .\la., Alal>aiiia State Fair. October 2 t<» 7.
I'.idse. Idaiii). Malio State I-'air. SepteiiilM'r ^.'i to .SO.
I'.nukton. Mm>.s., r.ruckton Fair, <»(tol>er .'l to 7.

Chelialis. Wash., SoiMliwest \Va><liiii.irt«>n I-'a'r, .Vu^rust '2H to Septetiilvr 2.
Chica^ro, III.. rajreniU of I'roiiress. .Inly L'O to .\u^ust 20.

riiicairo. 111., International IJve Stotk Fx|tosition ( tloor spaee S.74S s<|uare
feet), Deeember 2 to 0.

68 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Cleveland. Giro.. Association of Ice Cream Supply Men. October 17 to 21.

C'olunihia, S. C.. South Carolina State P\iir. October 23 to 28.

Danville, 111., Illinoi.s and In<liana F'air, August 27 to September 2.

Detroit. Mich., Mi<liif.'an State Fair. Se|ttemi)er .*{ to 10.

Doufila.s. Wyo.. Wyoniiiif^ Free State Fair, Septend»er 12 to 15.

Elko, Xev., Elko Fair, September l."» to 17.

Erie, Pa., Erie'.s Bijr Exjiosition. Aufiust 21 to 26.

Frederick. Md., Frederick Fair, Oct()ber 17 to 20.

Fresno. Calif., Fresno District Fair, September 25 to 30.

Orand Forks, N. Dak., tlie (irand Forks Fair. July 24 to 29.

Hafcerstown, Md.. the Haf,'ersto\vn Fair, October 10 to 14.

Helena, Mont., Montajia State Fair. September 2."i to TO.

Honolulu. Hawaii, Pan-American Counnercial Conference, October 25 to 31.

Huron. S. Dak.. South Dakohi State Fair, September 11 to l-">.

Jacksonville, Fla., Florida State Fair and Exixtsition. November 17 to 25.

Kansas City. Mo., Heart of America Dairy Show. June ."> t<> 10.

Kansas City, Mo., American Royal Live Stock Show. November 18 to l.l.

I.,ewiston, Idaho, Northwest Live Stock Show. September 12 to 16.

Little Kock, Ark., Aik;uisas State Fair, October 0 to 1.").

Mandan, N. Dak.. Missouri Slope A.i::ricidtural & Fair Association. -\uRUSt

29 to ;n.

Memphis, Tenn., Memphis Tri-State Fair, September 23 to .'lo.

Meridian, Miss., Mississippi-Alabama Fair. October 9 to 14.

Milwaukee, Wis., Wisconsin State Fair. Auisust 28 to September 2.

Muskogee. Okla.. Oklahoma Free State Fair. October 2 to 7.

Omaha. Nebr., Ak-Sar-Keu Fall Festival. September 12 to 23.

I'hoenix. Ariz., Arizona Fair. October 30 to November 4.

Portland, Ores., Pacific International Live Stock Exi)osition. November 4
to 11.

Prescott. Ariz., North Arizona State Fa'r. October 19 to 21.

Puel)!i) Colo., Colorado State Fair, Septembei- 2."» to 30.

Puyallup. Wash.. Western Washin,irt(»n Fair. October 2 to 7.

Katon, N. Mex., Northern New Mexico Fair. Septeml)er 12 to 1.5.

Riverside, Calif., Southern California Fair, October 10 to 15.

Rochester, N. Y., Rochester Exposition. September 4 to 9.

Rome. (Ja.. Rome County Fair. October 3 to 7.

Sacramento, Calif., Califonna State Fair. September 2 to 10.

Salem, Ores;., Oregon State Fa:r, Sei)teml)er 2."i to 30.

Salt Lake City, Utah, Utah State Fair, October 2 to 7.

Savannah, Ga., Savannah Tri-State Expositicm, October 23 to 28.

Sioux City, Iowa, Interstate Fair. Sei)tember 17 to 2;>.

Si)okane, Wash.. Spokane Interstate Fair, September 4 to 9.

Spriufiheld, Mass.. Eastern States Exposition. September 17 to 23.

St. Paul, M'nn., National Dairy Exposition (tloor space (?..").34 stpiare feet),
October 7 to 14.

Stutt;iart. Ark.. Arkansas Rice Carnival. Nov(Muber 15 to 17.

Tampa, Fla.. South Florida Fair, February 1 to 10.

Timonium. Md., ^Maryland State Fair, Sei>tember 4 to 9.

Toledo, Ohio, National Farmers' Exposition. December 7 to l.">.

Topeka, Kans., the Kansas Free Fair, September 11 to 10.

Trenton. N. J., Trenton Far, Sei)tembi'r 20 to 30.

Waco, Tex.. Texas Cotton Palace, October 21 to November .">.

AVaterloo, Iowa. Dairy Cattle Con;'ress, Sejitember 25 to October 1.

Wlu'clin;;. W. Va.. West Virf^iiua State Fair, Seiitember 4 to 9.

Worcester, Mass.. New En>;land Fair, September 2 to 0.

Yakima. Wash.. Wa.shin.u:t(Ui State Fair. September 18 t,, 123.

Total number of showiiif; points. 00.

Ml', AxDF.nsox. TTow inaiiy ar(> tluM'o?

Mv. (iin:i;N. Si.xty.

Ml-. Andehson. »tiist have thoin included in the ret'ord. That will
be siirticient. Wvvv tlieso all lar^o show.s?

Mr. (iuEKN. Yes. sir: Init most of thciii were State fairs. There
wvvv .several special shows like the International Live-stock lv\[)osi-

AC;ilI(L'LTUUAL APPROPRIATION lUU^ I'JU. 69

tion and tin' National Dairy Kxposition. Imt tlu- majority of them
wcrt' Statr fairs.

Mr. .V.shKHsoN. riii."-; apitropriation a|)|)an'ntly rarrii's an increase
of >;i.'».(iM(». \\n\ had hi'ttt-r <.'iv«> us some n-ason for that.

.Mr. (iHK.KX. The $l.').().s(). as it appears in the estimat**. while ap-
l)arentlv an increa.s*' is actually not >o. The $1().Oho is the cxhihits
portion Of th»' aj»propriation "(Jciu'ral exjK'nscs Division of Publi-
cations— extra hiiior roll." while $.">.(MK» of Uie amount represents tw(»
statutory position.s — one at $2,(KM) and one at $.'1,000. The.se items
added tojrether jjive $l.*»,O.S(), hut make no actual inci*ea.se ov«'r the
lJ>*J.'t aj)propriation.

Mr. .\M)KitsoN. Are you |)lannin<r to make any exhihit at the Na-
tional Dairy Show next year^

.Mr. (JitK.KN. Yes, sir: hut just what it will he next year has not heen
determined. It may vary somewhat in type and desi^rn from this
year's exhihit at St. Paid, hut that will he decidecl later. As Mr.
VuL'slev i)reviously mentioned, however, we could not huild any
lar^'er exhihit than the one at this year's Xational Dairy Show with-
out usin;r more funds and if the.se were taken from our present ap-
propriation it would seriously hamper the exhihit work at other
points,

PKOII.VULK COST I.NTKBN.KTIONAL I.IVK-STXH^K KXHIBIT.

Mr. AxnKKsox. What amount of the appropriation was expended
for the Xational Dairy Show this year?

Mr. (tkkkx. Do vou mean hv that the total cost in makinp the ex-
hihit^

.Mr. AxDKK.sox. Yes: at the daily show.

Mr. (JiJEEX. Approximately $10.(M)(). That includes the mechan-
ical constructi(m of the exhihit and salary of the people durinfr the
time it was l)ein<r huilt.

.Mr. AxDKK.sox. Do you think an exhihit which would ade<iuately
represent the dairy industry of the United States at an international
dairy show could he made for $10,000?

Mr. (lUKKX. No. sir: 1 do not.

Mr. AxDKHsox. Will you tell us what it could he made for?

Mr. (iHKEX. Perhaps $ir).000. hut that would depend upon the
definition piven " ade<juate."' T do not know how nuich of an exhihit
Mr. Skinner has in mind. I do not think it coidd he huilt for less.

Mr. AxDKK.sox. Well. I have a feelinfr that when we have invited
these people over here we oupht to pive them somethinjr for their
money. The exhihit ou^dit to he one that would reflect credit not
only upon the industry hut upon the United States. I would not
feci myself like with holdin<r ^.'i.OOO or $10,000 on a propositi<m of
that kind if it meant an adequate exhihit rather than an inadeipiate
one to picture the industry of the United States.

Mr. (Jia:EX. I do not believe $1.'').()00 would build such an exhibit
as you refer to or one that wouKl l)e in keepin«r with other thinps
that I undei-stantl they will have here at this world's con«rress. I
would say that such an exhibit would cost $2.') ,000 .000, because the
exhibit we put on at the National Dairy Show this year cost us
between $10,000 and $11,000. and I do not think that is exactly what
they want.

70 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 192-4.

Mr. Anderson. I saw that. I think it was very jrood for its kind,
but I do not think that is what they want. I wouhl not think that it
would be in keepin<r with a show in our own country where we in-
vite competition from all tlie other <rreat countries of the world.

Mr. Jump. You will remember the past history on this apjiropria-
tion, Mr. Cliaii-man. You will i-ecall that when the amount was
$100,000. Avhich is the way they started out with this when it was
handled by the other committee, there was a proviso in it that $'2r).(X)0
should be available for the National Dairy Show. That year, as I
recall it, the department spent about $23.0(M) on the dairy -show ex-
hibit. It was next to the last year the show was held in Chicap:o.
The next year the department requested not to tie up all that money
in one show, and the cost of the department's exhibit was reduced to
$10,000. I am under the im])ression that this year's and last year's
exhibit cost even a little under that amount. I presume what you
have in mind now would he an exhibit showin«r modern dairy methods
and perhaps some of the laboratory work, like the makinjr of cheese
and such as that, and that is where the money comes in. where you set
up those temporary laboratories at shows like we had last year at
St. Paul, and the year before at Chicafro. Did you see the show at
St. Paul last year, which included the small bacteriolofrical lal)ora-
tory ?

Mr, Anderson. Xo, sir.

Mr. Green. Dairy machinery, laboratory, and similar equi})ment
is very expensive.

Mr. Buchanan. Somebody oufrht to be able to tell us what it would
cost to ))ut on a creditable exhi])it at this world's con<rress.

Mr. Green. It will cost $25,000.

Mr. Anderson. You cut out this lan<rua<ze " in connection with
the other dejjartments of the Government." That is for show |mr-
poses ?

Mr. (jRFJEN. Yes, sir.

Mr. Buchanan. You never cooperate with any other department?

jSIi". (iREEN. Our showin<rs are almost entirely of an airricultural
nature.

]\Ir. Jump. AVe could still cooperate with other departments if this j

lan<rua<re were cut out, and would do so wherever economical or ad-
vanta<reous. I never did know why that proviso was put in there.

KEASONS FOU DKSIRING TO HAVK Al'PUOl'KI ATION AVAU.AWl.K KOU K .M JM.O Y M K.NT OF

ASSISTANCE IN DISTUUT OK (OHM 111 A.

c;

Mr. Anderson. You projiose to cut out tlie lan<rua<re "And the i>ay-
nient of ivnts '' and insert in lieu thereof "in or outside the city of
AVasliin<;t<)n." A\'hat is the object of that?

Mr. Green. Because the work has been considerably hampered by
havinjr part of our work done outside of the District of (\)himbia
and tlie othei- ]iai"t liere. We have our arts looms and warehouse in
Alexandria and our oflices in Washin<rton. and it means <;oin^ l>ack
and fortli with sketches and supjilies, haulino: material, and takinjx
jx'ople back and forth there wlio wish to inspect the work.

^Ir. Andkkson. As tlie hin<ruao'o now stands you can not pay for
rental in the District?

Mr. Green. No; we can not pay rental or salaries in the District.

AGlUl'l'LTUKAh APl'IUMMCIATION BILL, 1W4. 71

Mr. ,U MP. ^ <»u can jisr tin* small portion. al>oiil >ll.(»(Mi. on tin*
extra lalxn* r«)ll for sularii's, hnl you can nol hm- tii«* cxltiltil fiintl
I>ro|M'r, rt)n.sn|n«'ntly tlu« work has to U* tlont* at Al('\an«lria. We
want to j;»'t tin* work doiu' herv in .sotni* of thrs*' ti'niporurv linil<lin^u,
if wt' can. If wt' cnn not (|«) that, wt' will jro on ut Alc.xantlria.

CFrNKKAI. An.MIMSTWATIVK KXI'KNHKH.

Mr. Anokkson. Tlu' next item is on |>a^e '^'>. for ^^eneral adminis-
trative expenses conm-cted with the lines of work of the States Ke-
latioiis Service. incln(lin«r the ofljces of the director and the chief
clerk. ^ <>u i)roposc to cut out the lan«rua<re which relates to the
lines of work of the States Kelations Service, incliidin<^ the ofljces
of the director, the chief clerk, the olliees in charge of pjihlication,
lihrary, acc<»imts. supplies, and . and insert '* extension serv-
ice " in lieu thereof^

Mi-. Ai.i.kn. ^ I's. sir.

Mr. .Vndku.son. There is no change in the amount here?

^fr. Allen. Xo, sir.

FRn)AY. NoM':MnKR H», 11)22.

STATEMENT OF MR. W. E. SKINNER. REPRESENTING NATIONAL

DAIRY ASSOCIATION.

•»

AfJRK'l LTl UAI. F.XIIIHITS INTKKXATIOXAL LIVK-STIXK EXPOSITION.

.Mr. .\\i>KRsoN. W'c will lic:ir Mr. Skinner. Ynyi ici)resont whom?

.Mr. Skinner. The National Dairy Association.

Mr. Anderson. The committee will take up this morninj; the item
on pa^'e 8.'i. to enahle the Secretary Of Ajiriculture to make suitahle
a<rricultural exhihits at State, interstate, and international fairs held
within the I'nited States, etc. The estimate calls for >!s.").(is(). as com-
pared with $70,000 last year.

Mr. Skinner. Our interest in this thin<r this yeai- more than any
other. Mr. Chairman, is that in 11)2;^ the Con^jress of the United
other. Mr. Chairman, is that the Congress of the United States
requested the President to invite in 1028 the dairy interests of the
world to assemhle here for a world's dairy con<rress. And at that
time we i)urpose makin<r our national show international in charac-
ter, so as to encompass the world's industry, and we are very keenly
concerned over the j^resentation of the industry to be made by the
Department of A<;riculture. that it he sufl^ciently impressive to carry
a messajxe of si<jnificance to these people with reference to our size
and importance and as to our ability to resist any intrusions while
we are developin<.r our own industry. So that T am seekin^r a lar<rer
exhibit, and perhaps one that will carry t() .some extent a different
character of me.ssa«je than that delivered this year at our show in
Minnesota, and we are ur<;ino; ui)on the department the necessity for
j;oin<T into (greater detail so as to enhance the value of our exhibit to
our Own consumin<r j)opulation as well as the |)ro<lucintr interests in
other sections of the country than that occupied by the show the last
two years.

72 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Therefore. I am very desirous that the full amount of this ap-
propriation ofoes tliroufrh for that ])urpose.

^fr. AM)f:i{S()X. You are not uskin<: for an added sum above that
estimated by the department?

Mr. Skinner. $85,000, without any reduction, will prol)alily take
care of this work.

Mr. BrrHAx.vN. You say the President invited the dairy in-
terests ?

Mr. Skinner. Yes. sir.

Mr. Buchanan. Have we extended that invitation yet?

Mr. Skinner. Y"es, sir.

Mr. Buchanan. Has it been accepted?

Mr. Skinner. Yes. sir.

Mr. Anderson. Has the date been set for the show?

Mr. Skinner. Our date is fixed in our by-laws at the same time
this year as last — October 6 to 13, in 1923.

Mr. Anderson. Has the place been selected yet?

Mr. Skinner. Xot jet. sir, no: I am on a tour of inspection now of
several cities.

Mr. Anderson. By whom is the place selected?

Mr. Skinner. By the board of directors of the United States as-
sociation.

Mr. Buchanan. There is $15,000 extra that you want to add to
these exhibits?

Mr. Skinner. I did not know that there was anythinfr extra.

Mr. Buchanan. I mean over the other appropriation the preced-
in^r year.

Mr. Skinner. Over the other appropriation: yes.

Mr. BrcHANAN. How is the appropriation this year? Have you
any unexpected balance, or are you ^oin<; to have any?

Mr. Skinner. That I do not know, sir.

Mr. Jump. Mr. Chairman, the increase in the exhibits item from
$70,000 to $85,000 is an api)arent increase only. The reason for tluit
is that the $15,080 is from the extra labor roll of the Division of Pub-
lications and several statutory ])laces from the roll of the same
division, and that is how j^ou iret the $85,000 fi<rure this year. It does
not represent any increase. It just brin<js to«rether all of the money
for exhibits at fairs, etc.

Mr. Skinner. Will this give us, then, wliat we want?

Mr. Jump. That is something I am not able to answer. Mr.
Pugsley and Mr. Green have more to do with the exhibits. I do
not know what extra exhibits you require, aiul how much they would
cost. The way the estimates stand now the amount passed by the
Bureau of the Budget is just the same as the amount this year. If
they would have to have more monev than they have this year, tluit
is something that Mr. (Jreen and M^r. Pugsley .should consider.

Assistant Secretary Puosley. I think that could be answered best
in this way, that tliere can l)e no increase in the amount of money
put into dairy interests this year if the appiopriatit)!! is the same
aa last vear, uidess some other exhibit work is U'ssened in (juantity
or quality. In other words, if the money is provided as last year,
there will be about as much put into the dairy exhiliit next year
as tliis. But tliere can be no increase unless some other exhibit is
robbed, if the appropriation is the same.

I

ACJRICTI/rrUAI. AI'IMtolMUATION BILL, V-Kli. 73

Mf. Skinnkk. May 1 iisk. tlu'ii, t<» Imvr soiiii* other exliiliit ioIiIhmI^
In otluT words. I want to niak*' sun* altout this.

Mi-. Andkhso.n. That $l.*).(M)(l, I muU'rstainl. ri'pri'st'Hts, as Mi.
flump statt's, a transfor (»f niiothor item into this itnn. So it does
not repri'.MMit an actual incicasr in the sum avaihiltlc for this |tMi-
pose this year, ^^'e will ^(» into the a(le<|uafv of the amount. .Mr.
Skiiniei'. when wc ^«'t tliese ;renth'men u|) liere. and lind out uhout it.

WEATIIKW HUKIvVr.

STATEMENTS OF PROF. C. F. MARVIN. CHIEF OF BUREAU; MESSRS.
J. WARREN SMITH AND W. R. GREGG. METEOROLOGISTS OF
WEATHER BUREAU.

OKXKRAL STATKMENT OK WOIIK.

Mr. AxnKnsoN. The next item is on paire .''7. \\'eathei- I'mieau.

Mr. Makmx. Mr. Anilerson, I think the connnittee understands
uheadv verv fullv the nature of the work of the Weather Bureau,
that it is cliiefly a j)ro<;ram of daily service to tlie people in the
collections of observations and furnishin<r (hiily forecasts in rcL^ard
to the weathei'. ^^'e think there is a «;reat economic benefit in that
service and I would like to read a couple of letters here, very short
ones, in support of that. This i.s a letter from the Broadway Niarket
Co., Detroit. Mich., to tiie local oflicial in ciiarge of this woilv. .Mi-.
Norman li. C'on<rer. and reads as follows:

-NOKMAN B. CONGKK,

Chief of riiitcd States Wcat/icr Hiirrati,

l.U'i MnJcHfir liKildiiiti. Cifii.

Mr Dkar Mk. Conokk : 1 want to itersonall.v, also in lu'lialf of the Hroadwa.v
.Marki't Co.. thank .von very much for th«' infoiniation rriranlin;.' weather lon-
«litions recently jiiven u.s hy y(»u while installing: a new roof on our huildin;:.

The information as niveii us hy you ea<'h day governed our daily work of
remi>vin;: the old roof and installing: the new. It wa.s worth real dollars and
<ents to us and we wish to express our thanks to you pers^mally for it.
Very triily yours,

Thk Hroadway Markkt.
R. S. Whitk.

General Mannficr.

That expression. " was worth real doHars and cents to us," is a
^ood thin<r. We are performinir that sort of service every day all
over the United States. This other letter is si<;nificant, also. This
is from the Standard Oil Co., New York City, dated Octoher 27,
192*J, addressed to the Chief of the Weather Bureau, and is as fol-
lows :

•Mr. Chaki.ks F. Marvin.

Vliiif I'liitctI Slotcx Wfatlirr Bureau,

WaMliiiiotou, I). C
Dkar Sir: I)uriii;: tlie hurricane in the Yucatan Channel and Oidf of Mexico
la.Mt week a numher of our steamers were in i-lose proximity to tlie center of
this disturhance.

l>ue largely to the accurate an<l prompt information which we received dally
from your othce and .Mr. Kimhall. of your New York oflice. we were ahle to
keej* the masters of our vessels fully advi.sed of tlie course this storm was

74 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

takinji, thus ennbliup tluMii it» keep dear of the center of the storm and per-
haps saving the loss of hoth lil'e and property.

\\\' wisli to take tliis opportunity <(f expressing' to you our thanks for the
valued services rendered, wliicli are jrreatly appreciated.
Yours very truly.

Stanuakd Oil. Co. (New .TerskyK
Marink Dkpabtmknt.
RoRKRT L. Hagve, hfanayer.

That is an illustration of the real henefits that come from our daily
work, and every dollar of money in our appropriation. I feel, is pro-
ductive of immediate economic benefit day after day.

I have prepared a written statement here shovvin<r some of the
work of the bureau, which I would like to have placed in the record,
if you please.

Mr. Anderson. Without objection, it <;oes into the record.

BRIKF STATKMKNT OF WORK ANI) SERVICE OF THE TNITED STATES WEATHER BrREAU.

The daily program of work of the Weather Bureau coiuprises a very far-
reachn^ service of direct and inunediate practical and economic benetit to all
the people and all the activities of the Nation. This work is i»ased on weather
observations taken simultaneously and twice daily at about 200 stations in the
United States, so placed ireofrraphically as to cover all sections of the i-ountry,
and from points in Canada, the West Indies. Mexico, Ontral America. Alaska,
Hawaiian Islands. P.ernuida, Euroj)e. the Far East, and a few other points in
the Northern Hemisphere. The reports are received by tele;rrai)h. by telephone,
and by radio, and are charted at tlie district forecast centers which are located
at Washinjiton. Cbicafi'*, New Orleans, Denver, and San Francisco. The fore-
casts and warning's are deduced therefrom and are innnediately disseminated.
The time consumed between the takinji of the oi)servations and the issuiim of
the forecasts and warniuj^s is aitout one and one-half hours. Every reasonal)le
means is utilized to the utmost to secure the inunediate and comi»lcte dissemi-
nat on of forecasts, warnings, and advices of all kinds.

TOPICAL l.IST OF MORE IMPORTANT SERVICES.

(c) Daily forecasts and weekly outlook.

(6) Shii)iiers' forecasts.

(c) Warnings of floods and advices as to stajjes of important rivers.

(<7) Storm and hurricane warnin.'i:s.

(c) Cold-wave warniufis.

(/") Frost warnings for protec-tion of orchards and other cn»ps.

{(I) Fruit spray and harvest weather advices.

{h) Cotton and corn and wheat region service.

(/) Cattle region service.

(j) AVeekly weather and crop luilletin.

(A) Fire weather warning for protection of forests.

(/) Hearch and investigations.

The foregoing services are briefly described in what follows:

(o) Dally fonrastn and ircckli/ <nit](Kih-. — Forecasts, covering periods of
36 to 4S hours in advance, are issued twice daily, S a. m. and S p. m., seventy-
fifth meridian time, and are telegraphed to aitout l.tiOO distriiuiling points and
thence further disseminated by telegrnlih. telephone, radio, nnd mail to seviTal
thousand <ities. towns, ami conununities. They are furnished al.s<t to press
associations and to newsjmpers, and are published in i)ractically every dally
newspaper in the United States. Printed maps ;iiid bulletins contaiidng
weal her re|»orts and forcn-asts are mailed or deliviMcd to commercial, marine,
agricidtural. imlusti-ial. and educational institutions in less than tbri>e hours
after the observations are taken. The manifold uses to which the weather
forecasts and information are applied are iinpracticnble of enumeration. The
life and activity of the wliole iiopulation are affectcMl by tbt^ weather and
re<'eive more or less benetit therefrom.

A Weekly Outlook is issued each Salurd.iy for the six days beginning witii
the ensuing .Monday, and <'overs the entire liiited Stifles, which is divided for
the purpose Into nine zones. The forecasts necessiuMly are couched In general

AGRKM-I.TIHAI, AI'lMKtlMUATfON HILL, l'J24. 75

tcniis. Tlit'y lire ti>let;i*iiplu>«l to tU>Mlcnnt<fl (■<*nt«TH. wliori'nn !!»•>• an* furtlier
«llsst'iniii)it<M| liy t<>l<>urii|>li. tflt>p)i()ii«>. mill iiiiiil nml an- piiIiIInIii>«1 In Siiniliiy
iiikI .Mi>ii(Iii.\ pJiiK'is. 'I'lirsr outlooks orik'iiDilly wero Ititi'iiitt-^j iiiurr piirtlfii-
liirly for a;:rl('Ultiiial InttTcsts l>nl tlu'lr vaiin" was soon r4'<o'^'iil/.<-<| liy iiuitiii-
faftiiriTS, i-ullroa<ls, sliip|i<T<. niid nfJirr < i>iimicn i.il tiitiii-tv ntnl nri- ••Mm
sivt'ly iist'd liy tlu'iii.

(h) ShippCfx' ftH'CfUstx. I''ii|(tj|>l n "I III nil liiiilM i ■•iiijMi ,, I ill i--< ••\|>«-< li-«l

within th** nt-xt 'J4 to \V\ liourH iiri' ina<li- daily tliiritiu tin- \viiit«*r nionlliM hy
olllc lals in ilmrirr of stations l(M-Mt«>il in i-<iiiinn'n'lal cfiitt'Cs for iIm* L;ni>lan<f>
(»f sliipiKTs oi pfiislial'lf |inMiu<'ts. Tla-y arc also issiifd from linn' to time aw
tH'ttision (liMnanils during tli«> Hiimni«>r months \vli«Mu>v«>r tfm|N>ratiii'fs In cx-
(■«'Hs of W^ ari' »'\|H-<-t»il. Shipna'nts of prrishahh' iiriMpii-tH an* n-u'iHafinl
Ity th»>s»' fonsasts t(» a hirpi* dc^'roi". and the savings in I«»hm of fiMMlstnfTM
an<l in rhiinis for damat:i's in transit amoimr to s«*\«'ral million dollnrs an-
nually in siK'li shipping ci-nttMs as New Vori<, Chitapt. and i'lillad<-l|>lila.

(»•) Wnniiixjs f>/ /liioiiti iitxl rrpiHts of rinr Mltii/rM. — Tin' riv«T ami Hood
sfrvlcc of tli«' liurcau siipj>lit's \varnln;.'s of nncomlnK ll<»<Mis an<l danp-roiis
h ;;h \VHt«'r an<l also pivos advlci'S of river sta;:es for mivipafion imhI oih»*r pur-
I>ost's at times ordinary <-onditions prevail. In ilie far N\est snow measure-
ments and surveys ;;ive useful advices eon(i'niin.r snmnier water s)ii>ply for
streani-tlow irrigation, etc.

The IIoimI warnings of the Weather r.urean have resulted in the saving of
thotisands of lives and millions of dollars worth <»f projierty. iMirini: the prent
tlood of the last sprini.' in the Mississijipi Kiver very a<<uralf warninsrs we.e
;:iven from one to four weeks in advance. It is estimated that th»» value <»f
I>ro|H'rty siivtsl hy Weather lUireau Mood warninirs durin;; th s one Hood was
ahour .is.tXNt.tKMi. The total losses as reiwu-ted was ahont .S17.(HM».(MMi. or the
Weather Bureau warninjis deerensod the possible loss l)y approximately .'iO [mm-
c»'nt.

The following aekuowiedjjn'.ents of the efhcieney of our flood warninfT* Indi-
cate the pulilie reirard in whit-Ii they are hehl :

From Davenport. Iowa, Times, of .\pril 2(>. ^'.'^2'2:

"The ^^■eafher Hureau employees stationed n tlie territory from whi<-h data
come on whi<'h to base forecasts of the extent of floods alonir the Mississipi>i
Uiver are to In* con.i:ratulate<l upon the precision with which they foretold the
extent of the rise of the river in the last 10 days. Considerinir the lar>:e
volume of water at swtM'ps southward in tlu' channel of the ndphty Mississijipi,
the precision <if these forecasts is worthy of commendation as evidence of eth-
eiency an<l cooiieration on the part of all employees of the Weather Bureau."

From the New York Herald of April 2!). lO'J-j':

■■ What is to he done with the Mississ ppi is one of the endurin'.z problems of
the South. The \\(tvk of the Federal Weather Bur«'au n forecastinir tlie
water stape at various jioints between Cairo and New Orleans is helpful, as it
trives warniiif: when the peak may be expected. The de^'ree of accuracy attained
by the bureau is remarkable. For examiile. between 41' ."> and 48 fj'et was fore-
cast for Memphis by the end of .March. (Mi March SI and April 1 tlie stape was
4L'.(; feet."

From II. M. ('asaels. Kllenton. S. ('.. on the Savannah Kiver:

•■ Yon can not iniairine how much value your efforts to keei> all of ns i>os ed
relative to rivi-r cond. lions has been worth to all of us. ( »n several occasions I
jHTsonally know where it has saved thousands of dollnrs worth of timber and
stock."

From the M«iline Blow Co., Illinois:

" AVe wish to thank you for the cooperation triven us iluriir.: the rect nt hiu'h
waters he.i" in the Tricities. We apjueciate very mucli the service renderd and
it is really impossible to estimate the savinirs in da!ua:^tHl stock that we we e
able to jn-otect due to waminjrs issued by your deiiavtmenl."

(t1) Storm ami liurriraiif ironiinffx. — Shippin-.; interests on the Atlantic.
Baciflc. and <?ulf coasts and the waters ad.)acent thereto ;ind in the fireat Lakes
are always fully warned of the ,Miii>roach of storms dan^'erous to shippinir. .V
special service is conducted for the puriMise of L'ivin;; warnings of hurricanes
to the coa.st re;,'ions of the South Atlantic and the (Julf of Mexico and to shi|is
in adjacent waters and in the Caribbean Sea. These advi<vs are an important
factor in the naviiratinjr of a u'reat many sliips (Mi,L'a'.re<l in ocean and lake tniirie.
W.irninu's of ;i sinirle hurricane are known to have detained in poi*t vessel.s. in-
ciudinLT their carjroes. valued at over .^l^iKKKt.oiMX With tlie wonderful protec-
tion alTorded hy radio communication siups at sea art" now constantly aware

76 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924. |

of storm coiiditioiis before tlieni, aiul imiuy instances like tlie letter from the
Standard Oil Co. can be cited of the threat economic benefits resulting from the
hurricane warning service of the bureau.

((•) Cold-icarc irarni)i[/.i. — Sudden and damaging low temi)eratures which
fretiuently occur and sweep across this country during the winter season have
acquired the name of cold waves and lihzzards. Forecasts of such are issued
from 24 to 3(J hours in advance an<l are disseminated throughout the threatened
regions \>y means of Hag disi)lays, by telegraph, telephone, radio, and mail.
The.se warnings ai'e valual)le e.specially to railroads in tlie making up of trains
and in the maintenance of schedules, to slupiiers of perishalde goods, public
utilities, stock raisers, citrus fruit growers, fiori.sts. and other innumerable
business interests.

(/) Front learnings for protection of orchards and other crops. — Whenever
conditions indicate the occurrence of damaging frosts, detailed and specific
warnings and advices are disseminated Ity tlie bureau to all localities alTected,
wliere growers are prei)areil to protect tiieir crops l)y the various nie-ans in
vogue. In many instances indu.stries would be too liazardous to be profitable
without the Weather Bureau warnings. This is true especially of early truck-
ing in the South Athintic and (iulf States and of citrus- fruit production
in sections of the Pacific coast. This work has l)ecome .so important in the
latter districts that a trained meteorologist is assigned for a few weeks to
certain localities during the danger se-asou to give warnings of the minimum
temperature during the night and advise as to the extent protective measures
must be taken. The frost warnings also serve for the protection of sugar cane,
alfalfa seed crops, home gardens, flower be<ls, etc. Alfalfa seeds are very
susceptible to damage, and frosts are frequent about the time the crop is nui-
turing. It is estimated that the crop increases in value at the rate of aliout .$.">
an acre each 24 hours during the harvesting period; if cut too early, mucli
loss is sustained, but heavier los.ses may occur from frost if not cut soon
enough. The growers dei)end on the Weather B\ireau in keeping them advised
and vigoi-ously push harvesting operations when a warning is received.

In the efficient prosecuti(m of the fruit frost work extensive temperature
surveys in tlie principal citrus and deciduous fruit districts of the West, par-
ticularly in Arizona. California. Oregon, and Wasiungton. are being made, in
cooperat.J<»n with organizations of fruit growers, as an aid in frost protection.
Severe freezes occurred in tlie citrus districts of southern California during
the winter of 1921-22. which resulted in great loss to fruit growers, but damage
would have been nnich greater had it not been for the special service renderetl
by the Weather Bureau.

In regions where frost protective methods have been mo.st fully developed
and where growers are best organized to profit by the Weather Bureau service,
the work is held in very higli esteem, and local organizations not only write
us many flattering and commendatory letters but are reaily to put up the money
of their organization to carry the work beyond that possible from the limitHl
funds of the Weather Bureau. For example, the fruit growers of soutiiern
California, wishing a more extensive temperature survey and frost service
during the i)reseiit winter than the available funds of the bureau permit have
made a sum in excess of .$S,tMK) available for cooperative work with the
bureau, which in fact more than equals the expenditures in the same locality
from (Jovernment funds.

To remove any doubt as to the real economic benefits of tiie fruit frost
service of the Wejithcr Bureau a few (luotations may be given from letters
from the citrus growers and organizations who depemi uixm fliis service.

Letter by Mr. II. K. Walcott, si^-retarv of the Pomona tCalif.) Fruit (Jrowers"
Fxciiange, dated January 31. 1922:

"We find in the district covered by tlie Pomona I Weather Bureau^ stations
tlnit there are approximately 7.(MK> a<'res equipped for tiring and making us»>
of your forecasts. The value of the crop in this acreagt> is fully .$2.S(Hi.{H)0.
There are witiiin this same territory about 9.(MKt acres not i»repared to protect
against frost. The crop in the unjirotected acreagj' is practically a total lo.ss.
besides severe injury to the trees over a large iiropoition of this uniirotecfed
aci'eage.

" 'i'lie growers having eqniiimeiit and using your .service burned about 1.."IS0.(M10
gallons of oil. and we consider the intormation you have riiniished Ii.ms pre-
vciuted unnecessary burning of a much larger (piantity.

AORK TLTriUI. AFI'UOIMUATIOX BIM-, 11)24. 77

" W'v f«'fl Ihiil Ihc iiivi'MtiKatloii of fnisl |in-vi>tiliuii U-lim nirr\f\ mi Ity
tilt' Wi'iitlirr HiMcaii !■< of urciit iiii|Mirtiiii«c, iiinl wt- lii)|i«> iIuti* will )•«• imtlilnK
to Intt'i-fcn' with tilt' <'<)iiiiiiiiiitii)|i tif ilif work."

Tilt* lo.ssfH of Inst si'tisoii til iiu|)r*iit><'t)-<l fruit in California will iiniUniMtMlly
ffrtiilt in tlit> tt|Ui|i|>lnK of a niiirli liirutT ut-rcaKt* fiir fro^t iirottflltai. ami tin-
(lata Katlit'rt'<l l>.v tlif WcatluT iliiri-aii In itN rt-mitly iiiiiiiKnrati-<| t-xtt'iiMlvf
ttMiii>t>r)itiin' siirvi'vs will Im> in uroit ilfiniinil. iinil llic looixMiitlon \>\ tin-
htirt'iiii will iini|iit>siionalily \h- n>s|iMiisil)l<> for tlif Having of many niillioiiM of
ttollars worth of fruit. This .st'rvicc. prior to Un rft*t'nt «>nlaru«Miifiil nml
i'Xtt'iiNloii, l.s «'Htiiiiatt>(i to liavt' t'lYt'ctttl .savhiKN of fruit of a value of $|,.*i4M»,imni
auniially and .should l>t> iiimli K>'«>iitcr In the futurt>.

I (/ 1 I'ritit Mpiuii ami Imi i < nt n i ulhrr fim itixtx. To mcft iiiufiil rii|UfstH
from |>roKn'.s.«.ivf liort iniltiir st.s ii .sptHJal sfrvht- has lat'ii (-ondiKit'd (or Mt»v-
t'ral st'astins in conm-i-tinn with t>i't-liaril-sprayinu iMtivith-s in tin- apple ;:rovvin;.'
HtM-tions In uortluTn New York and to a niori> limited extent in loi-al.tifs in
rennsylviiiiia ami VirKlnia. The work has lieen carried on in (-oo|M>rat ion witli
State extension and eoiint.v and tarm Imreau aueiieies as a demonstration oi°
the jiraet iealtiilty and value of fon-cn.-'fs of rain on which the siiccesH of the
spraying o|K'rations largely de|iend. l>aiiia;;e from fro.st is not a s(>rlouH menace
to apide >:i"<>^vlnn in northern New York. Serious loss from this cause ocrur.<
on an averai^e of less th;iii om e in 10 years. Scah. a finiLrus diseas*', \n the
worst enemy. The si.ali reiiiahis doimaiit as loim as tlie wealiier is dr\ . The
iipon>8 come into act i\ ity wiien mo stene<l, and unless killtMl |>y s|)ray the trees
may hecoiiie infected within "-M htmrs. The prolilem is to apply the spray Just
hefore a rain. When the rains (K-eur the funyl heyin tt) jjrow and are killed
liy the jioison in the s|»ray. If the spray is applieil and the raiis do not occur
within three days thereafter llie etVect of tiie poison is miiiiiidzed or lost en-
tirely. There are altoiit iL'.tKMi commercial apple jrrowers in .seven counties in
New York who are itiui|>ped for spraying. At least three ajiplicat ions are
neee.s.sary each seastm. It is estiniate<I that the total eost of apple-tree si)ray-
inir for one .season in tlie ^even counties is ahout .S.'?.."><Kt.(MM>. Therefore, accu-
rate and timely forecasts of the cominn «)f rains in tlie sprayim; season are
of ^reat imiiortance to the oidiardists in determiiiiui.' when'' and when the
si>ray shall he applietl. In some of the larger orchards three days are reipiired
for one application. Cou.se<|Uently the forecasts must he for a lonirer period
than is covered hy the re^rular forecasts. The work is of a dilliciilt character
and reipiires the special study and attention of exjierts. The resixmsiliiiity
placefl on the Weallier I'ureaii in ^rivin^ correct information is apparent : if the
forecaster fails to predict rain and the spray is not applied, the trees hecome
ininit>diately affected; if rain is forecast and the spray is applietl. hut the ra'n
fails to materialize, the elTect of the si»rayiiij; is lost entirely or considerahly
rediiceil and heavy losses are sustained liy the irrowers.

The fidlowinix is quoted from a spe<ial reiiort on this work iluriiiK the season
of WYl'l hy Professor Croshy and I'lofessor Horner. <d' the New York State
extension, based on information submitted by lield assistants and county
apents:

"The spe<'lal forecasts for the spray service were sent to flie following eiplit
counties: Orleans, .Monroe, Wayne. (Jenesee, Onondapn. ( 'liaiitauiiiia, and I'lster.
They were u.sed constantly hy the field assistants in timing tlieir recommenda-
ti<»ns for .sprays. In the case of sprays involving fundus diseases these special
forecasts are esi)e<'ially imptirtant .because it is well known that fiinpus dis-
ea.ses are vitally affected by tlie periods of wet weather. Four of the most
important counties harl a teleplioiie relay system l»y means of which it was
possible to warn the growers quickly wlien it was time to apply the spray.
This system was used thrtuiphout the season whenever oeeas-'on tlemanded.
At other times and in counties where the relay system was not usetl circular
letters and jiostcards wer(> used to broadcast the information.

"The number of fruit prowwis reaihed direitly by this service was "J.."!!**).
It is a well-known fact. Imwever. that nearly every grower who receivetl the
service has at least one neighbor who uets the information frtaii him. This
would nearly double the number benelitinji by this service.

" We feel stmn^rly that these sprcinl weather fort^asts are «if ;:reat im-
portance in making the Weather I'lireaii of real .service to our fruit growers
and general farmers, and that detinite provision for the service is essential
for petting the full value out of the Weather Rureau."

78 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

A serviLe for the specijil ln'iiefit i»f fjirnnTs in tlio liaivestin^ of hay. wheat,
and other crops is c-oniUu ted in New York State. This worli als<» is of a ten-
tative and experimental character, and its. development in New York and its
extension to <»ther States will depend on funds heinj; provided therefor. These
forecasts are issu«Ml for the jruidance of farmers in liarvestin); of crops lialtle
to damage or loss if unfavorable weather occurs between the time of cutting:
and shockinjr. The predictions are not for a tixetl period, as is the ease with
the KPneral daily f<trecasts. but for just as long a period as the forecaster feels
that the conditions as shown on the current weather map justities a reasonable
<'Xi)ectatii>n of accurac.v. Sometimes this i)eriod is only for 124 iiours and at
others three or four days. The i)rojinostications are worded ti) apply to the
particular purpose and to convey to the farmer the <lefrret* <(f c(»nfidence that
the forecaster has in his forecasts. Illustrations of these forecasts are: "Con-
ditions excellent for drying weather Wednesday and Thurs<lay ; Friday, mi-
certain." or "Outlook for hiirvesting next two days uncertain: rain ver>-
liki'ly." This work also is condu<'ted in cooperation with county and farm
bureau agents, who disseminate the forecasts by telephone to the individual
farmers.

(h) Cotton and corn onri irJirat rcf/ion serrice. — More than 3(10 special tele-
graphic stations are maintained in the principal corn and wheat and <'otton
growing States fur the collection and dissemination, in the form of daily bul-
letins, of dail.v weather conditions as affecting the development ttf these crops.
The information is given wide distribution, the annual value to the public being
estimated at about $3,325,000.

(i) Cattle repion .ten-ice. — Weekly reports are collecte<l and disseminated,
showing the effect of weather conditions on ranges and live stock over the
great grazing areas of the West. The estimated value to the i»ublic is .S2.")0.(K)0.

(j) Weeklji neatlier and crop huUetinx. — Weekly siinmiaries of weather con-
ditions and their effect on growing crops and farming operations are collected
at the central ofhce and i)ublished in the department i)ublication, Weather.
Crops, anrl Markets. Similar sunmiaries are issue<l in the form of weekly
bulletins at Chicago, covering the princijial corn and wheat region, and at New
Orleans for the Cotton Belt, both issued only during the growing season. In
addition, weekly summaries are issued at the section center i>f each State. The
estimated value of this service to the public is ipi,.'i(X).(M)0.

ik) Fire weather irarni)if/s. — These warnings are issued whenever conditions
indicjite hot. dry winds which are favorable to the inception and siiread of tires
in national forests and other forested regions. They are distributed i>rincipally
to Forest Service officials and others charged with forest i)rotection. and enable
them to assemble crews and apparatus ready for action. The Forest Service,
tire wardens, and F(u-estry Association testify to the great value of these
warnings.

ForeenttH in aid of ariation. — AN'eather is an ever i)resent and important
factor in successftd navigation of the air. A knowledge of exi.sting weather
conditions and those to l>e encountere<l in flight is essential to aviators in the
ac<-omi»lishmeiit of the .iourney and in the protection of tlu> life of the flier
and the machine he is operating. The Wealber Hureau furnishes this infor-
mation to the fullest extent possible with the funds at its conun.Mnd. Flying
weather forecasts of conditions to be exjiectwl at H.ving levels and at the
surfiice are issued twice dail.v for 14 zones into which tlie country is divideil
for this iturpose. In addition, more detailed forecasts are made for the
three model airways radiating from Wjisliiiigton and having termini at Long
Island. Norfolk, and Kayfnn. Advices also are given directly by telephone
and telegraph to individual Hyers who desire information i>er.sonally before
beginning flights. S))ecial advices also ar«> supplied in considerable number
in connection with aviation meets. trjiMsconlincnfal flights, etc. .\viat<irs are
demanding more and more d(>tailc<l weather iiit'ormation and forec.-ists. and
their demands already are in excess ot' wli.Mt tlit> Weather Htireau is able to
sujiply with its present approi»riations.

The need for extensi(»n of the aer<»logi<'al work <d' the Weather Bureau Is
most urgent and should be promjjtly met. In reality years of tin\e are re-
(|uired before s.\s|ems of nieti'orological observations aeciuire their full value
and iisefiilness in f'ormulaliiig practieal beiielits to the public .\t tlie present
time the number cd' stations lor securing observations in tin- free air is lindted
to 0 jjrimary stations an<l about 14 supplem«'nlary stations, which make re-
j)orts oidy of pilot balloon llight.s. These fail greatly to represent tb(> vast

AfJRICULTrRAL APPIU)PRIATION lUU., 11»24. 79

urciiH <'t)V«'nMl l>y i'v«mi IIu- coiitint'iilal rnlltil StiU«*s. nml Ihr pn-fwiit quota
of liash- ri'iM'i'ts availalil«> to tlu; Woatlifr IturiMiii In liiMiilllcU'iit to MaffKUunl
the llvi's aiiil iiroiKTty of tliow now ciiKaKi**! ill uvlatlon.

'I'lii- U'catlicr Itiin-aii Is I hi' oni> ap'iicy of tlu* Covi^riiinriit now |in>pari*<l
to i>\t(>ii)l ami ili*v*-lo|> tills liii|M)rtanl ailjiinct to iId- .saf)* iiaviuatlon of tlit*
air, hikI In its report to ilu> I't-fsltlcnt Miilaiiittlnu ftiiiilaiuciital n*<'oiiiiii«<ii<lH-
tlotiH roiKvrniiiK a national atTonaiitiral |N»licy lli(> Niitlohal A«iviMiry <*oiii-
niitti><> for Acronantii's niakt's tlu- followini; slal«>nirnt :

•' Wlicn traiiscotitliMMilal airways an* otalillsln'*! it will Ik' nti'^'HMnry for tlii»
WtMitlicr Hnr«'au to provliU' a«'ro|oi:i<iil si-rvlc*- iilonj; sufli airways as tlioy
an* I'staltlislicil. 'I'lu* conMnilir*' r«'< onMnt'tnls. tlwri'forr, tiint In tla* *'onsii!)-ra-
tion of any future U'ulslation f<ir tla- rnt'^anaui-na-nt of rivil aviation a<le-
<|uatt' provision of law and appropriation Im- niadr for tin- extension of tli«*
at'rolo^'ical worl< of tin* Wi-alln'r nuieau, without wlilrh tlien* can he no safety
In tlu' air n«»r su<<"es8 in ••ouiniercial aviation."

(1» h'txtiirih mill ill! rut inulioii.'t. -l'\trvviist\uK, hyilrolojry, the inllueuee
«»f weather on crops and agricultural operations, <"liinatoloj;y and the major
phenonieua of tia' circidation nf tlie air are (-((ustantly under stu«ly ity the lead-
ers in the several tlelds and |M)sslldy slow, luit none the less steady ]iro>;ress
has ln'cn matle.

'I'he l'ore<'astin;r work of the Imreau, esptvially is at a Uiah Htaue «»f efUciency
and no frreut storms or disturhanees otrur without timely warning to ail in-
terests.

Intensive studies of the efT«'ct of weather on crops seem to show that the
prolileni is heiii;,' solved, and that it will he possihle to pr«'<lict the yield per
acre of some of the most important crops, l»ased up(Mi a knowled^re of the pre-
vailinj: weatlier conditions.

In addition to tlie direct aiiplicatlon of free air oi)S4'rvations to the needs
of aviati«)n spei-ial studies ami summaries of the data ^ive as nearly comiilete
information as itossihle of the conditions prevailinu at various heights, at
dllTerent tinies of the year and under varyin;^ con<litioiis of surface winds and
weather. I>urin« the past y«'ar there has Iteen piihlished part 1 of "An Aero-
loKical Survey *)f the I'nited States." In It are ^'ivinj:, by m<inths. seafJons,
ami the year, avera;:e and extreme values of pressure, temperature, humidity
and wind for all parts of the country east of the Uocky Slountaiiis and for
all altitudes u|> to .'» kilometers (.'5 milesl. Special attention has heeii uiven
to winds, and these have been (•la.s.sitie<l according to surface directions aiul
their characteristics as to turning with altitude, frequency of diflerent <lirec'-
tions and spwds, etc., have been determined and presenteil in talmlar and
^'raphic form. This i»uhlication has been adopted by the Army as th<' standard
work on frtH'-air conditions. Tlu're is urj;ent need fiu" extending this survey
to the west»'rn jatrt of tlie <-ountry where at i)resent tliere are no upr»er air
ol»servinj; stations.

I>urinK the year there has also been published a report on " Standard atmos-
phere." ba.se<l ui)on the data tints far obtained in this country. This has been
olhcially adopted by the National Advisory Conuuittee for Aeronautics for use
in aircraft tests. It forms the l)asis also for a revision of tables of ballistic
density, temperature, etc., now used by the Artillery and (>rdnan<-e sections of
the Army and Navy.

A study of all available data has been made duriui: the past two or three
years with a view to iH'rfectiiiu a method of constructing; upper air-pressure
maps. This study has progressed to the extent that it is now possible to
make such maps for the eastern i)art of the country. The western part is
still unexplored. In s<» far as the maps are reliable they will be of definite
valtie not only in forecastintr for aviation but also in i>redictinir the tlire<'tion
and speKl of movement of storms ami, therefore, in forecasting; surface weather.
Their reliability must depend in larjie part upon additional and more closely
distributed data.

SAI^VKIES.

Mr. Makvix. The statiitoi-v roll a|)pears on pa^e .'>7 ami coiitaiiis

iKj chun<re in appropriation whatever. There is a change of title

down about the middle of the page where one skilled mechanic has

been added in lieu of an electrician formerly carried in the appro-

2202^—22 G

80 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

priation at $1,200, which place has been dropped. The luechjuiic
was appointed with the consent of the Civil Service Commission
I^endin^ approval of this change in title.

Mr. AxDEHSox. ^Vhat becomes of that man ?

Mr. Makvix. What has happened is this: A mechanic was ap-
pointed to fill the vacancy of the electrician. He was appointed to
a vacancy in the current year.

Mr. AxDKRSox. You do not have an electrician as such ?

Mr. Mahvix. No, sir. There is no change in the language or
amount of appropriations until you come to the bottom of page 39.

Mr. AxDERSox. Necessary expenses in the city of Washington, etc. ?

GEXEKAL EXPENSE.
EXPENSES IN THE CITY OF WASHINGTON.

Mr. Marvin. There is a change there, an increase amounting to
$8,000. That is one the Director of the Budget authorized in the
estimate and is intended to cover the purcliase of additional instru-
ments and equipment. We have a stock of instruments and supplies
and equipment over the country valued at over $500,000. The cost
of instruments has gone up very much within the last few years, and
we have been maintaining these supplies at the bureau for diU'erent
stations by making a great many repairs and alterations and remod-
eling old instruments at the bureau. In some cases we are having
the, work done outside. This material is worn out and no longer
callable of being worked over. An increase for the purchase of new
supplies was asked, and $3,000 was granted. That is the only thing
in the " In AVashington " appropriation.

Mr. Anderson. May I ask you one question i The language indi-
cates that that particular item relates entirely to expenditures in the
city of Washington. Is that correct ?

Mr. Marvin. Yes, sir.

Mr. Andersox\ This is separate from your field work?

Mr. Marvin. Yes, sir.

PIUNTING OFFICE.

Mr. Anderson. All right.

Mr. Marvin. The item for printing is for the jii'inting office in
the city of Washington. That is a little plant we have at the bureau
for j)rinting the majjs and other pul)lications wliich can not be
l)ul>lished at the (lovernment Printing Office without too great delay.

Mr. AxDEI^soN. All right.

Mr. AIarvin. The joint committee has investigated that \ery thor-
oughly and ap])rovetl of it.

EXPENSES OUTSIDE CITY OF WASHIN(iTON.

The next item is for expenses outside tlie city of Washington, and
carries an increase of $5,000. I have prepared a chart here which
I would like you to look over. T^'^nder this field aiijii-opriation relat-
ing to the work of the bureau in forecasting the weathei", etc.. we
have been cariying a personnel of four or five hundred, and btn-ause

!

AC.RU rLTlRAL APlMlol'RlATION BILL, r.'24. 81

of tlu' loss of tniiiu'tl iiu'ii j^'oiii^' ailtroiid timing,' tlu' war wi- look on
nioii" IIU'II llu'ii tliaii tiistoiimix , l»ut tlu- miiiilK'r of iiu'ii hus now l)C'fn
iv(Iii(imI to till' j)n'-\var \v\v\.

NKKI) OK INCHKASKI* ri;H.H< iN N Kl,.

With tlu' ^Mowth of tlu' Nation, the work we are performing' hav-
iii<r increastMl, wi- are met with a «l«Miiantl for increase in |M'rsonn»'l.
The niimher of men in the lield has been kept down to tin- mininiiim
heeausi' of the luiessity of keeping the salary amount within the
appropriatitm. and we lire also ooinpellcd to krep the mimlHT down
in order to maintain an a|)pi'oa(h to fair salaries. The Director
of the Biid<_'»'t has a|)pro\('d an incieast' of ^.'i.iXHt. whicji will l)e
used in increasin<.' the mimher of personnel in the field.

Mr. Hi'cHANAN. Is there any increase of salary in it ^

.Mr. Makvin. No, sir. It is an increase in the nnmlx'r of men.

Mr. Hi ciiANAX. Are you spcndin^^ the total of the sum of s;'..")!».77()
in the other api)roi)riations ^

Mr. Maijmx. The fi;rures you cite have reference to the funds for
statutory salaries carried in the estimates for lt>'2;^ All of that
money is never fully expended. Une.\j)ende(l amounts arise from
lea\e without pay, lai)ses hetween termination of appointments and
lillinjr of vacancies, and places permanently unfille(I. which occa-
sionally arise. Durin;! war times, when it was very dillicult to kee]>
places Jilled. amounts of $ir».(M)() and ^:2(),()()0 have been turned hack
into the Treasury. More than $.'i.()()() went back in 1922. In the
case of this i)articular ap|)ropiiation for out of Washin<rton expenses,
in addition to the $7in.()S() for salaries. $l'i().4T() for s|)ecial oI»s(M'va-
tions antl reports, and $2i)!).4r»() for tele^raphin<r and telephonin<i,
there is a balance in the a|)pro])riation which provides for miscel-
laneous expenditures that is not stated in amount, and that bal-
ance is inadiMpiate for the purchase of supj^lies. payment of ivntals,
and ex[)enses not itemi/eil in the api)ro|)riation. ^^ e iiudce up the
ditference out of the surplus in these other funds. The final unex-
pended balance at the end of the year <roes back into the Treasury.

Mr. HrciiANAX. Is that a considerable amount^

Mr. Makvin. Last year we had a Budjiet reserve set up which
})ractically set aside in our case a total of $20,000 and that was ex-
ceeded by other iinexpended mar^rins that went back into the Treas-
ury. But it meant in those cases withholdinir the doinu of thin<rs.
Part of that, for example, was withholdin<j: inspection of stations in
the field. We curtailed the travelin<r exj^enses to the mininnim.
We curtailed the maintenance and repair and paintinfr of buildinjjs,
which we own and which need i-epaii-. We put rejiairs off for a
vear. Wherever we could save anvthin;; last rear the ])ro<;ram was
to save it. but in a number of cases the necessity for expenditure car-
ries over into this year. Some service was cut out.

There is always a little uncertainty as to the exjienditure for
tele«rraphic communications, bei-ause of einer«rencies arisinu: from
nnusual storms, etc.

Mr. AxDKRsox. How many field stations are you maintaininn^
now?

82 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

Mr. Marvix. We have practically 200 stations, maybe a few more.
That is. reg:ular (juarters which are owned or rented by the Gov-
ernment and manned by commissioned employees; V)ut we pet nianj'
reports from other sources than the rejzular stations.

Mr. AxDERSOX. Pajre 44. next item, for investi<rations. observa-
tions, and reports, forecasts, warninjrs. and atlvices for the protection
of horticultural interests from frost damajre. That appears to have
been eliminated. The amount is $12,000.

FROST WARNING INA'ESTIGATIONS.

Mr. Marvin. That is an item which has been omitted to effect
economy in Government expenditures. If you desire, we are pre-
pared to show you some features of the work we did with that money
last year. Mr. Smith, who has charge of that work, has a few
photographs.

PHOTOGRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS.

Mr. AxDERSOx. Will you tell the committee about these photo-
graphs?

Mr. Smith. Taking them up in their order, Xo. 1 was taken Feb-
ruar}^ 16, 1922, It shows lemon trees in a large grove near Whittier,
Calif., being removed because of damage by frosts of January 10-2G,
1922. Some cracks in trunks and large branches of trees can be
seen in the photograph.

Mr. AxDERSox. Could that have been prevented ?

^Ir. Smith. This (}uestion is answered by jihotograph Xo. i^, which
shows a navel orange grove, near Riverside. Calif., indicating the
excellent condition of trees and fruit which were protected with
40 7-gallon high stack oil heaters to the acre. The entire crop of
oranges from this orchard was graded '" Sunkist," a grade which
must show practically no frost damage.

Xo. 5 indicates the damage done directly across the road from
the grove shown in Xo. 3. Practically the entire crop is on the
ground and all fruit shows frost injury. That orchard was not
protected.

Xo. 7. Date, January 26, 1922: View in orange grove near Pomona,
Calif. Only outside fruit, on outside, or border rows, or trees, show
any damage from frost. Trees protected with HO tall-stack lieaters,^
5 to 9 gallon capacit}', to the acre. Temperature at check station
was 18° for one hour on one cold night. Fruit graded 4.5 per cent
loss by freezing in portion of grove where temperature records were
kept. The work of firing the heaters was very poorly done, and
there is no doubt thei'e would have been no danuigc whatever it' the
work had been efficiently carried on,

Xo. 8. Date. January 26, 1922 : View in same irrove as Xo. 7, show-
ing excellent condition of trees after freeze. Burning reservoir of
heaters is of cast iron; 9-giillon capacity allows long burning time,
which is an impoitant ))oint in such cold perioils as during the
winter of 1921-22, when dangerous temperatures continued for 12
horn's and even longer.

Xos. 10 and 11 show the dillVrence between heated and unheate>l
groves. Xo. 10 shows clusters of oiange blossoms, fresii and unin-

ACWUCl'LTrUAL Ari'l»)iMllATl()N HIM,, I'.KlA. 83

jnrtMl, follow iiij; tin- fit'<'/,r of .Iiimiiuv T' to -J-i, \'.i'2'J. 'l'\\v othrr wais
just across fioiii tlu'iv. No. 11; ito fniit was pickrd from tin* ^Tovf
on ai'coiint of frost injury. Tlir }.M'o\t' was not iiioircti'd l»y licateiH.

l>.\MA(iF: to mils hUllM |lhA\\ MIOMTH.

Mr. .V.NDKK.sox. Ait tin's*' fio.sts heavy t'nouj;li to «laiiia>j:«' tlip trees?

.Ml'. Smith. Not onlinarily. I»iit cvt'i y few years hard fre<'/,es will
destroy a whoU- <rrove <»f trees. However, tlie majority of times they
only dama^i* the fruit.

No. 2*J shows a ^reat deal of frost dama^'e. .Many hMn<lreds of
acres of oran<:es were in tills condition. No. 24 slunvh the elfect of
freeze.

Nos. 20 and 27 sho^v the oran<res damajied near Ontario, Calif.
The team at the U-ft in duni|)in^ a fresh load. This cull fruit is
from a relatively small peicenta^^e of <rroves in this section where
any pickin*; whate\er was done. In most of the ^rroves no fruit was
picked, as an e.xamination showed the loss at 100 por cent.

Mr. .Vndkhson. This picture, I take it, means the fruit that was
spoiled out of that j)icked from the tives?

Ml-. S.Mrni. No. They <ratlu'red it off the "iround and hauled it
off, hecau.se they iliil not want to leave it on the ^roun<l for the effect
it would have upon the soil.

Nds. ."U and •V2: No. 81 shows the slittinjx of hark i)ecause of the
frost ihuna^e, and .'J2 is a «jrove across the road clo.se to the other
where it was protected hy heaters and was in <rood condition.

I'U.MTU Al, CSKfS UK UKATIMi STACK.

Mr. BiciiANAN. This is not the heatiuir stack up there, is it?

Ml". S.MiTii. Yes. Those ph()to^rai)hs show conclusively that heat-
in«r is practical and w ill save the fruit, and the value of i\\e Weather
Bureau's work comes in in temperature surveys which can he made,
showing the <j()od that heatinj;: can do under these conditions.

Mr. Andkkson. How much territory can you cover with $12,000?

Mr. Smith. Do you mean in acreaiie or heatinp:^'

Mr. Andkhsox. I mean in your general way. How expensive is
the protection you wouM get?

AMOT'NT OF TKRKITORY COVKRKP.

Mr. Smith. In the particular territory last year there was some-
thing like 7,000 acres equip]>ed and ])rotected with heaters. Some-
thing like 9,000 were not e(iuipped. Of course, all those that were
e(|ui|)ped with heaters got the warning from the AVeather Bureau.
We nad in there last year three special field agents, who had special
instruments foi- surveying temperature and who were ahlc to ad\ise
the growers, and we only had sj^O.OOO a[)proprinted last year. In addi-
tion to those three men there, they went up to Oregon and Wash-
ington in the si)ring .season, and we had several others in smaller
sections of the country. T do not have in mind how much money
was spent in California to ct)ver those 7.000 acres. l)ut it was not any
considerahle part of $9,000.

84 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL-VTION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Marvix. This $12,000 does not cover sufficiently districts in
southern California to satisfy the enthusiasm of those people down
there, and the}'^ are willin<r to put almost an equal amount to co-
oi)erato with us in extending the work to other districts.

Mr. Axdp:rsox. I suppose these people, when they have these
heaters, get the weather report before the frost as well as they can,
do they not?

Mr. ^Iarvin. Yes, sir.

Mr, Buchanan. Can not they get it without the instrument ?

Mr. Marvin. They can get the general forecast. They can not get
the mininuim-temi)erate forecast until they have men who are
capable of making that survey.

Mr. Anderson. You say temperature survey. Does that have to
be made every year?

Mr. ]\L\RviN. It has to be made sufficiently long to study the condi-
tions, and there must be a man on the ground with special training
to make minimum-temperature forecasts.

Mr. Buchanan. Each year?

Mr. Marvin. Yes, sir.

Mr. Buchanan. You have made surveys in this section. I presume,
in which you have saved the fruit?

Mr. Marvin. Yes, sir: surveys from which minimum-temperature
forecasts have resulted in the saving of fruit.

Mr. Buchanan. Is it required that a man be kept there each year
to take the temperature or to get any information with reference tn
those surveys already made to tell Avhen tlie frost is coming?

Mr. Marvin. The forecaster must have a knowledge of the current
temperatures reported from the orchards in order to advise about
starting fires.

Mr. Bi:cHANAN. Current temperature each day?

Mr. Marvin. Yes, sir; whether he must be in that office or not is
another question.

Mr. Buchanan. I mean did he have to be in that State or that
community to take the current temperature each day?

Mr. Marvin. That is necessary, Mr. Buchanan. The Weather
Bureau man must be there to interpret the general information he
gets in the form of current tenij^eratures from all the orchards.

]SIr. Buchanan. There is nothing to keep tliese gentlemen in this
fruit business from employing a man and in that way cooperate
with you is there?

Mr, Marvin. I feel that would be a very unsuccessful method of
carrying it out. You might say a ship company would pay us

Afr. Bitchanan (interposing). No; suppose he would be under
your men ?

Mr. Mahvin. Tie Avould be under our men. He would not be in
close touch with our district organization, because while these fi-osts
are local in many of their features they are part of a great atmos-
])hei'ic condition over a large area of the country. This uum would
iuive to get his local maps from our reports, etc. The orchardists
are eutlmsiastit- gxcr the sei-\ ice whii'li sa\es a lot of money.

Mr. AxDKRsoN. Peoi)le are always enthusiastic about tilings they
get foi' nothing. Suppose we give you this $12.(V10 and make its
continuance contingent upon contributions by the people fiom out
there, do you think they would do so?

AdRKTLTI'HAL ArPIU)PRlAT!ON BIIJ^ 1924. 85

Mr. Makvin. TIu'v lm\«' iiln'ii<ly rx i«l«'ji<r.l (licir siiuvnty this
yviw l>v puttiiiir iii> alKtiit lialf tin* rin>n»'V tluMiisrlves.

Mr. Am>kh.s4»n'. ()f course' I tliii>k tin* mil «lifli<iiltv about this
item is it is a siM»i'ijil wrvue whi«h applies to oiie inunstrv ami a
rt'hitiM'ly small |)rop<)rf ion of that iii<histrv. I hav«' u fi'iliriL'' that
if ail appropriation of that kind shoiiM Im' tmi<l<' if \v<.iil<l r!<>» !.«•
inappro{)riato.

WONOMU" BKNKKITH I»KBIVEI>.

Mr. M AirviN. I tliink that is .souikI. I want to say. however, tliat
the hiireau was created for this economic henelit. 'I'his as you say
is local. It is local for southerti California wheiv they are lii«:hly
orjraiii/ed and profit by it, hut as tlu' st*ason advances these men
move ii|) into n(»rthcrn (\ilif(U-nia. ()re<r«»n, and Washin^'ton. wln-re
the same work is hein^ conducted, and in (^tlorado. We are jrivin^
the .same information to truck jrarden communities of the South in
Florida, and while it is local in one particular community, we are
«rivin<r similar or somewhat local service all over the country.

Mr. Hi CHAXAX. You are <rivin<jr p'neral information in the South,
as I understand it.

Mr. Mahvix. We are «rivin^ jieneiul information about huiTicanes,
iM'caus' a hurricane covei^s a lar^e area — it is general.

KRORT (MCrRKF.NCES AND REMEDIE.S T.\KEM TO PREVENT D.\MAGEw

Mr. BrcHAXAX. This is a specirtc locality. When the frost occurs
they had better put out their heaters and prevent the frost damajre.
You have to take your daily temperatures, and it requires a man on
the frround to do that.

Mr. Makvix. That taking of the daily temperature is done by the-
orchardists. They furnisli us with these local reports, which are
used, with the telegraphic repoits from the *2(X) stations I sjK)ke of,
in order to make the forecasts and minimum-temperature predictions
upon which successful protection dej)ends.

Mr. AxoKK.sox. Perhaps we have got too narrow a view of what
these people do. I gather from what you said, and Mr. Tiuchanan
did, too, that these fellows went out with their thermometers and on
the basis of that they make a forecast. From what you say. they <Zi^t
these reports from different areas and other points, and they get that
and put them together on a certain date in order to determine what
degi'ee of frost there is going to Ik* at a certain time.

Mr. Makvix. The Weathei- Bureau man examines the reports and
makes the forecast, not the growei-s. The Weather Bureau man
makes the interpretation.

Mr. AxDEHsox. You make numerous preliminary surveys in order
to do that <

Mr. Makvix. AVe make numerous preliminary surveys of local con-
ditions, and it is from the meteorologist's knowledge of atmospheric
conditions that he is able to forecast.

Mr. AxuKR.sox. How often does that frost occur^

Mr. Makvix. This vear we had an unusual vear. as is shown bv
these photographs. Frost is an annual occurrence in this region.

86 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

I think more or less damage is done every year in the most im-
portant fruit districts of the West. Once in seven or eight years tliey
get a frost damage like this.

Mr. Anderson. What I am getting at is what period of time, as a
rule, do these frosts occur?

Mr. Marvin. In southern California in the wintertime, in the frost
season, November to February.

Mr. Anderson. You have to have a man in there, then, during the
entire period of time tliat frosts occur?

Mr. Marvin. Yes, sir; and then up in the northern portions it is
later in the season. They go up there about the 1st of March. Let
me make one point, that this intensive work is not confined to the
region we are talking about. This money is spent partly at some 20
or 25 other points in the United States, only not so extensively as on
the Pacific coast. It is spent in California, Arizona, New Mexico,
New Jersey, New England, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri. Kansas,
Washington, and Oregon.

Mr. Buchanan. Is this amount exclusive of the salaries of the
men?

Mv. Marvin. No ; that is inclusive of salaries.

Mr. Buchanan. Is this $12,000 all you ask for instnmients?

Mr. Marvin. Not all of it. There are some instruments and some
telegraphing that go in it. The fund is for salaries and incidental
costs of travel, instruments, and things of that kind that are involved
in the work.

OFFICIAL TRAVELING EXPENSES.

Mr. Anderson. Your next item is on the same page, for official
traveling expenses. Is there any change in that?

Mr. Marvin. No, sir. That is for the same amount.

Mr. Anderson. The next item is on page 45, for the maintenance
of stations for observing, measuring, and investigating atmospheric
phenomena, etc.

FOR maintenance OF STATIONS FOR OBSERVING, MEASURING, AND
INVESTIGATING ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA, ETC.

Mr. Marvin. That carries an increase and covers investigaticms
the bureau makes in the upper-air conditions as distinguislied from
the service observations about which we have been speaking hereto-
fore. The immediate practical use made of tliis is for flying-
weather forecasting and giving information to aviators.

Mr. Buchanan. Upper-air forecasting?

AIDS TO W AU AND POST OFFICE DEl'AKTMENTS ATR SERVICE.

Mr. Marvin. Yes, sir; aerological work, as we call it. We have
been before (\)ngress for some years since tlie war to have the
amount that we now have for this pur|)ose inci'eased. The $25.()(l()
included in the Budget is but a small part of that really needed to
give us all the information we need concerning upper-air conditions,
and which we shoidd have in order to make a thorough-going serv-
ice, but with the $25,000 we hope to be able io increase the service

A(;UI('ULTURAI. Ari*IU)lMUATI()N BUX, 1024. 87

to tlu' Army ;iii<l Nii\y ami ihr I'osI ( )tlii(' 1 )c|>ui'tiiH-iit mmv iiiaU--
riuUy. I have Iuti' rlmrt.s wliicli show tin- aiiwuy.s o\rr wliiili the
Wur Di'partiiu'iit is now operating from here to New York, to
Ijan^K'V Kit'ltl, and to Dayton, ()hio. Tho second chart sliows the
|)ost-ollic»' loiitc hrtwccn Ni'W York and San F«'iancis<'o.

The \\«'athcr Itiiicau is in position to ^^ivc information untl advice
as to weather conditions ah)n;; uir routes and is doin^ so to the l>est
of its uhiiity.

MII.ITAKY KOIUKS IN OKKAT NKKI> oK MdKK AKKOrXXlKAL IN KOKM ATIO.N.

Army jx'oplc arc u\> flying' very much ol' the time, as you know,
and they need more inlormalion than we arc ahlc to ^iNc them at
tlie flvin<; stations and at posts ut which operations are innu^r on.
Tliis increase will enahle us to <;ive them adtlitional infornuition.

In a re<'cnt conversation witli (Jeneral Patrick 1 was tcHin<r liim
what we would be able to do it' we could ;:;ct mort' intensive s«'rvice;
that is, to get observation al<)n<j: this Lan^dey Field and Boiling
Field airway and to <;o to New York. I have here an extract from
the BulletinOf the Halloon and Aircraft School. Scott Field. Belle-
ville. 111., for November. llt'J'J. which illustrates the value of our
advices to aeronautics.

IKxtiiiii from Hnllciiii of tli«> nalloon anil Aln-riift School, Scolt I'iild, Hfllcvlllf, III.,

November. 15)22.]

AN AIM'KECI.XTION OF THK WKATHKK lUUKAl'.

.\(i iieroniiut ciin fail to :i|)pre<Mnte tlio value of accunite weather informa-
tinii. particiilarly wlicu luMkiii).' jinr.Mie.vs of practical len^rtli. Vet. iiiifortu-
iiately, it appt-ans tliat tiie liunleii <»f c(M)peiiilion, which so evidently rests
with us, is heiiin taken up i)y the Weather Bureau.

Oil tiie re<.'ent trip of tiie ('--, as we have heen informed in a lecture hy
.MaJ. 11. .\. ."Ntiauss, tiie ship's comniandev, the aid received from tlie Weatlier
I'lUieaii was not only iiivaluahle l)Ut was jrivcn whole-heartedly, showiiiir the
iiureau's interest to l)e KKJ per cent. Tlie most detailed stateiiK'Hts. the hest
maps, and the most careful predictions were sent to the crew from Wasliiii};-
ton days in advance of tlie start, and tlie tinal reports were tele;rrai>iie«l to tliem
at the Weatlier Iiureau's expense. The interest thus shown hy the Weather
I'.ureau did not la;; after completion of the westward le;,'. and the same excel-
lent service was rendered on the return trip until the accident which oecurre<l
at San Antonio terminated the flight.

.\n api>eal is made to each of you to familiarize yourselves more fully with
the science of mefeorolo^ry jind to keep in closer touch with tlu> publications of
the Weather Hiireau.

In addititin to this, let's do ou'/ hcst to reciprocate.

Mr. Marvin. I felt that that was si«rnificant of the appreciation of
the service which the aeronautical people feel we are in a position to
furnish them, and I feci it is work which means dollars and cents
returned to the peo])lc.

Mr. BrciiANAN. How lon^' in advance can you make a forecast in
the upper air?

Mr. aIarvix. We tlo not attempt it for more than '24 hours, and
very detailed foreca.sts can not lie made that lonir in advance. It is
for that reason we are askini: for an increase in tlu' appropriation.

88 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

WEEKLY WEATHEK^KOKECASTS.

Mr. BucHAXAN. You are never able to make advance forecasts of
lonfrer than 36 hours, are you ?

]Mr. Mauvin. We are makinjj weekly forecasts for a<rricultural
interests couched in wneral terms. They are <renerallv satisfactory.

Mr. Buchanan. How often do you make them (

Mr. Marvin. Once a week — every Saturday — and they come out
in the papers all over the country Saturihiy and Sunday. We are
hopeful with continued studies to be al)le to extend the forecasts
more than a week in advance. But that is an aml)ition of the
meteorolojrist. Here is an aerolo<rical survey of the United States.
frivin<r a summary of what we have done within the i)ast few years.
W^hen you think of the immense territory of the Ignited States and ■
that we have only six of these upper-air stations you can realize
what it means.

Mr. Anderson. You have only six of these upper-air stations,
have you ?

Mr. Marvin. We have six primary stations makinjr observations
with kites and balloons, etc. In addition to that we have nine bal-
loon stations, sending up little pilot balloons into the upper winds.

Mr. Anderson. What do you propose to add to this $25,000 (

Mr. Marvin. We are going: to put in some additional stations. I
have Mr. Gvegg here, who is in charge of aerological work, and I
think, perhaps, he can answer your questions best.

ADDITIONAL STATIONS URGENTLY NEEDED.

Mr. Gregg. We propose to put in about six stations. The actual
number will depend upon where they are located and, of course, that
will depend upon the needs of the Army. Xavy. and mail air serv-
ices. If the stations can be established at regular Weather Bureau
stations now in operation, the cost will be about $4,000 each: but if
the stations are to be established at other places than where we have
regular Weather Bureau stations, we shall liave to put in fully
equipped new stations costing about $(),()00 each. The probability is,
however, that most of them can be placed at Weather Bureau
stations.

Mr. Anderson. Where they are. do you have to emidoy men to do
this particular work as distinguished from the ground obscrx :ition (

Mr. Gregg. At the Weathei- Bureau stations?

Mr. Anderson. Yes, sir.

Mr. Gre<;(;. AVe would have to assign one extrn uiau with ex-
jx'rience in upper-air work; in addition one (d' the jvgulur men
already employed at a station would be re(juired to learn the work
and assist in the observation. Kach obsci'vation recpiires two men.

Mr. Anderson. How long aiv they in taking it ^

Mr. (lUEGG. On the average an observation takes from an luuir (o
an hour and a half.

Ml". Anderson. Wluit do (hey do the i-j>st of the time?

Mr. (ii{E(;<!. At tlie reguhir \\'eather Hureau stations they do other oljs

work, such as is done at all AVealiiei- liureau stations. \t the |)ri- tlie

mary stations where we do notlnng but acrological work we make

II

AC.RKl'LTrRAL APPFIOPKIATION BIM>, 1024. 89

oltsrrviit ions with kit«'S aiul llial takes foiii- to liv«' ln»iiis «'atli day.
and two ohst'fvat i<tiis with |iil<it hnlNioiis i-n li ihiv. ;ih«iiif ■.m hmir
and 11 hnlf emit.

I may sny, as to the tiiiu> consiiiiird, that it takrs a ;;ood dral of
tiinr to coinpnto or fediicp the infofiiiation to a point whoiT it is
llsahK'. T\\v Ihmii- and a lialf icft-iicd to is consniiifd in tjdcinir ti»o
observations.

Mr. ANnKKsjix. On an aN*'!"a;;»', how hi^h (h) tlit's*- halloons and
kit»'s <;o^

Mr. (iHK«j<j. On an av»'ra;;»' kites ascend to ahoiit l\ or '2 niih'.s:
oecasionally H or 4 miles. TiaIh>ons <ro up on an avera;r«' I shouhl
say 2\ or .'? mih's, hut occasiomillv as hi^rh as 10 or L") miles. Of
e«)urse the hei<.rl»t reached de|)en(ls entirely npon the .state of the
sky.

KKHUI.TS OK OBSKKV.VTIONS.

Mr. .Vndkr.sox. From the.se observations are yon able to predict
the condition of the atmosphere with respect to storms, wind vel<K'-
ity and all that sort of thinir in the upper airf

Mr. (iRK<;f:. That is the primary pnrpf)se of the observation. I
mi<rht sav that all these observations are sent to forecastin<r centers
at Washin«rton. Chica<r<) and San F'rancisro. and forecasts for the
14 zones into whicji the country is divided are made and sent out
twice daily i)y radio.

Mr. ANnKu.sox, Apparently all this has direct relationship to
your daily forecastinjr. What relation has it to research and in-
vestijrJition and ]>ro<rress in meteorolojjical science in <reneraH

Mr. Marvin. Tliat is a matter I wanted to emphasize just before
I asked Mr. (xreofjr to tell ai)out the stations. The free air observa-
tions have <rreat value and these publications are e.\anii)les of the
uses made of them in the study of upper air problems. This service
for aviation is only one of the uses of the aerolojrical work. The
data have a very important bearinjr upon the phenomena of the cir-
culation of the air out of which knowledo:e we hope to be able to
improve our knowledjre of tlie laws of forecastinff.

Mr. Hi ciiANAX. Mow deep is the atmosphere^ How hi«rh ^

Mr. ^^ARVI^^ The hiofhest points are perhaps three or four hun-
dred miles in the atmosphere where meteors become luminous, when
they penetrate the outermost j>ortions of the atmospiiere.

^Ir. Hi ciiANAN. 1 thoiijrht they knew ai)S()lutelv the hei«;ht of
the atmosphere.

.Mr. Marvin. Well, no: it goes on and on. more and more attenu-
ate<l.

Mr. Buchanan. Is not there any limit to it out there — any limit
to where the air extends^

Mr. Marvin. Oh, no: not exactly. It has no definite outer l»<)und-
ary. It is all within three or four hundred miles. This report on
u[)per air pressure maps is one of the studies that has jjeen made of
the free air data in the lower layers. It is one of the most import-
ant contributions to this science and deals with reducin«r pressure
oi)s*'rvation upward instead of reducing them to sea level, which is
the ordinary practice.

90 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

USE OF AIRPLANK.S AND BALLOONS.

Mr. AxDERSox. Are airplanes or re<rular balloons used at all in
making these observations^ Have thev been occasionally or regu-
larly or otherwise used?

Mr. Marvin. Very little use has been made up to the present time
of air})laries for takin«r observations in the free air. We can «ret
better results at less cost by takinji observations with pilot balloons
and kites, l)ecause we have better information as to the position of
the balloon at the time. The instruments carried on airplanes and
moving freely around have not heretofore been made useful in
meteorological work.

Mr. Anderson. I would assume, not knowing anything about it all,
that to be of any value you would have to have a series of observa-
tions. It would be verj^ difficult. I Avould suppose, with an airplane,
and expensive as well.

Mr. Marvin. It is a much more expensive method of getting the
observation.

Mr. Gregg. I may add that the principal element of interest in
aviation is the wind, and it is quite difficult to make observations of
the wind in an airplane.

Mr. Anderson, Which do you consider of the greater importance
under this item — the general research work in its relation to the
scientific study of meteorology or the forecast which 3'ou make for air
travelers ?

Mr. Marvin. With respect to the increase. Mr. Chairman, we would
hope out of that appropriation to derive the greatest immediate
practical benefit from the forecasts to aviation, but I want to say this
about the whole appropriation with its increase. It is the way we
have of accumulating information which must go on for several
years before we get data from which forecasts studies can be made.
The work under this appropriaiton, apart from its benefits to avia-
tion, is a contribution to science and is something the value of which
increases with the accumulation of observations. It is only with the
accumulation of these observations that useful research work can be
carried out.

Mr. Anderson. When you get down to brass tacks, how extensive
is air travel in this country at the present time?

Mr. Marvin. The travel at the present time, I tliink, is limited to
the Army and the Navy maneuvers and to tiie Post Office Dei)artnuMit.
I think weather advices are very important in devel()i)ing aviation,
and certainly this country ought not to be bai-kward in developing
civil aviation, regardless of its great need as a part of the national
defense.

Mr. Anderson. That completes your item does it?

Mr. Mai{\in. Iliat is the oidy remaining \Xow\ we ha\e. Mr. Ander-
son. AVe would like to see this increase as an e\ iileiue of the snppoit
this feature of the work is getting, because we feel it is important
both to practical aviation and to the science of meteorology.

Mr. Anderson. Is tliere any relationsliip at all between these up-
pei'-air ob.servations and your forecast on the gictund^

Mr. Marvin. There is; the forecasters depend upon them every day.
We use these reports that we get from the stations we now have and
chart them in the office on the maps for the different !(>vels and the

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRLVTIOX BILL, 1024. 91

forocasters consults tlu'w charts ovory <l;»y at tlu' tiiiu' of rnttkin*r his
forecast — not only for uppfr-air forecasting; Imt for surface forecast-
ing; as well. I lielieve tluv improvement in the fore<astin^ that has
come ahout in the liusf several years is |»artly <lue to the \ip|>er-air
(lata. I helieve the icsnit- now attiiin<'<| in fni«'.!i~f iii'/ li:i\<' ri<\»'r
been surpa.sseti.

Trf-MI>AY, XoVEMIiWt 21, 11)2*2.

RT^iK.Vr OK ANIMAL INDrSTHV.

i STATEMENT OF DR. JOHN R. MOHLER. CHIEF BUREAU OF ANIMAL

INDUSTRY.

Mr. Andf.r.sox. Doctor Mohler, do you want to make a preliminary
statement before we start in on your statutory rolls?

Doctor .Nh)iii.KK. Mr. Chairman. I have pre|)are(l a <;eneral state-
ment of our work, which, if you car«' for it, I should like f<« ^>il)mit
to the committee.

Mr. Andkhson. Very well, it will <;o into the record.

(J he statement submitted l>y Doctor Mohler is here printed in full,
as follows:)

fjK.NKHAL STATKMKXT OK WoRK.

Tlie I'l-iiicipiil \\<»rk of the lUiii-au of .Vniiiiiil Industry in coiKluctt'd in the
Rt'ld anionj.' fanners and stockmen. Tins lnirwiu jrives its attention chiefly to
live stock and dairy protlnction, tlie lontrol and eradication of conta;;ions animal
disea.ses; it conducts research and demon.strational work. ;ruards our live-stock
inilustry against invasions of fi>rei;;n pln^rues. and protects i>iil)lic health
tiirou;:h insi»ection of animals and their products whicli are intentled for Imnian
fooil.

The hnrcjiu lias in its employ 4,1.')4 i>ersons. of which ."^.742 are assiirned to
duties in the tield outside of Wa.shinu^ton. The l)ureau ori^rinaily consisted of
an odice. a lahoratory. and small exjieriment station, and a personnel of ap-
proximately li.'i persons. At pre.^eiit it consists of 11 main <livisions. an experi-
ment station. 0 smaller <livisions or oflices, ami .several experimental and demon-
strational farms located in sections of the country best adapted to tlie i>urpose
for which they are intended. .V variety of projects heneticial to the farmer antl
live-8toc"k producer are in pro;rress on these farms.

RESVLTS OF KXPERIME.NTAL WORK MADE AVAILABLE TO F.\KMERS.

Wlien research on any iirohlem nives encoura{rin>r result.s. the method of ap-
plying the princii>h's discovere<l are tried in an experimental way under condi-
tions as nearly like those on the average fann as intssible. The experimental
farms are u.sed for this jmrpo.se. When the method is considerwl well develoi»e<l
anil suitahh' for general application it is made the basis for »'xtension work
by the .*-;tates Relation Service througli county agents. This method has been
use<l with success in preventing losses from hog cholera, in tick enulication.
for poultry culling, for lamb docking and castration, in the development of our
<-heese industry, and many other matters of imiM»rtanc«'. The general .se^pieiice
of research, experiment, and extension is us«>d with success by the r>epartment
of .\griculture. and the results have j»roved it to be the logical method of giv-
ing new facts to tlie public. Kxteiision work is supphnnented with literature,
posters, lantern slides, motion pictures, radio, and similar devices.

MATTJatS OF GENERAL INTEREST.

Farmers are encouraged to acquire more knowle<lge on the sulijeot of sanita-
tion and its importance in the prevention and control of atiimal disea.<e.s. They
are encouraged to sitend more time, labor, and money for clean-up and disin-

92 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

fection in proportion to the amount they now spend for drups and remedies of
various kinds and of doubtful value.

Live-stock owners are urged to exeri-ise more care in preventing the intro-
duction of diseases into their herds; prevention is cheaper and better than
cure and eradicati(»n.

The elimination of tuberculosis from our bovine population is being pushed
as rapidly as possible. The area niethod of eradication is the most rapid and
economical. There is need for increasing the veterinary Held force. Lwal
veterinary practitioners have shown themselves capable of participating in
tuberculosis eradication work under the accredited-herd plan, ami it seems
desirable as eradication is extended to turn more of this work over to them.

The bureau advocates the eradication of outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease
through the slaughter of all diseased and ex])osed susceptible animals, together
with the application of quarantine, cleaning and disinfection of infected prem-
ises, and compensating the owners for animals and other proiterty destroyed.

In the prevention of hog cholera the simultaneous treatment presents ad-
vantages over the serum-alone treatment in conferring i>ennanent immunity
and is preferable when properly administered by skilled operators.

The bureau is endeavoring to improve veterinary sen'ice by supervising the
work of veterinary colleges and accre<liting only those that maintain the
required standard. Since the bureau employs approximately 1.4(M) veterinarians,
it is able to exert some beneticial intluence in that field.

The bureau aims to develop activities relating to the breeding, feeding, and
general care of live stock in addition to conducting the disease<'ontrol work.

It is the policy to have persons working on the larger and more imi>ortant
practical agricultural prol)lems to familiarize themselves thoroughly with field
conditions by spending a considerable portion of their time in the field.

Bureau employees are kept in touch with agricultural matters through agri-
cultural pui)lications and the weekly summary of editoi-ials which are circu-
lated through the bureau laboratories and offices.

SOMK OF THE ISIPORTANT WOUK .4I.READY COMPLETED.

A review of the history of the various scientific divisions is convincing that
the standards and policies maintained have resulted in success. The activities
wliicii have been carried to completion include :

The discovery of the nature ot Texas fever: how it is conveytnl from infected
to susceptible bovines by an intermediate host, wiiich is a ti<'k; and the per-
fection of methods for exterminating the tick.

The complete eradication of contagious pleuroitiieumonia from this country.
The I'nited States was the first of the large nations of the world up to that
time wliicli. having been once extensively infected with pleuropneumonia, was
able lo extiri)ate it.

The discovery of the cause of hog cholera, the development of antihog-cholera
serum, thus placing at the disposal of swine growers a reliable agent for pre-
venting losses from that disease.

The eradicaticm of tul)erculosis from live stock in the District of Columbia,
thus demonstrating the practicability of eradicating tui)en'ulosis from iletinite
areas.

Improved methods of making tuberculin for diagnosing tuberculosis in cattle
and swine.

Tile iirompf eradication of I'oot-and-Mionth (liseasi> from the United States
on six occasions.

The impi'ovement through in.si»ection and supervision of metliods of handling
live stock in interstate and export trade.

The exclusion from the United States through the enforcement of (luarair
tine regulations of the serious animal scourges iireseiit in foreign countries
with whiili we hav«' extensive <()niiuercial relations.

The establishment of the most complete antl deiu-ndable national system of
meat inspection in the world.

The development of effective ami economical apparatus and f<u-mulas for
home, laboratory, and factory tise.

The deveJopMient of t>IT»'ctive niedicinal tri'atments for parasites. The carbon
tetrachloride ireatuicnt I'oV liooUwoiius is one of tlic most rei-cnt treatments
develojx'd by the hnreaii.

I

AORICULTrRAI. APPW)PRIATU)N BlIJ., 1^24. 93

1MI1IKTANT WOKK NOW IN l'H«MJK»:«ll.

Aiintiiu tin- inllvltU'« of prmtltiil iiixl populin Interest ni>\v l»«»llij{ ••oiidiicti'*!
Iiv tlu' Itun-au art' llu' fnllnwInB:

' Titk I Kniirolinii. To ilate ap|»r...\liiia'i'l.v 7_' i" i -.i.i ..i li.e 72?»..V»2 wjuare
uill»'» plnei'tl miller i|uaniiit iiie July 1. UXx5. lias Imn'Ii fn>CHl of ratlli" tWkj* ami
rt'leasiMJ. Tlek eradleaiion is prouresslim satisfactorily, hut n-^iiilres ample
llnanelal supiKtrl— at l«'asf an miKli ns In the past -If It Is to Iw eompleie.l
expeditiously aiai «><-oiioiiiifally.

7/w inHitfn-liou of mratx. — Tla* puipi»e ..I" tlu' Finleral ineatlnsiMTtlon servU-e
1h to eliminate <liseas«M| aiiid otherwise untit meat from the p-neral f«MMl supply;
to see that meat and iir<Mlu<ts for human «onsumi>tlon are prepan-d iti a t'leaiily
injinner; to ;:uiird auainst the use of liarmful dyes, preserxatlves. ehemicals. or
other deleterloUH hmr»slients. and to jirevent the us** of fals«« or misleading.'
luimeti or statements on lahels. During the jiast ynir this service was <-ou-
ducted In SW estaldlshnients eui:aK«'d In Interstate and foreijru «-onunerce In
•_'«•.;{ cities and towns. The service covers ahout 7<i per cent of tlu' meat and
moat f(KHl pHMlucts pr<Klu(i'il in this country, at a cost of le.ss than (i ci-nts \n'V
animnl slau^rhtereil.

Ui>{t-rhitU ra irork iitnii»</ f(initrrn. — Ho;:-cholera <'ontrol work is heinj; car-
ried on In cooiM'ratioii with 'M States. Ap|iroximately 5M hureau veterinarians
are enj-'a^'til. In I'.rjl the losses from ho^ cholera were reductnl to '.V.^ '\ ixT
\.tnM) swine raised. In 1!»~ there was an iia-rease to 4S.7 pi-r l.(MM). The in-
ereast' no «louht was due to the inahillty of farmers in some .sections to liave
their hoj.'s immuinzeil. owiiijr to the tinancial conilitions that prevailed i?i the
fanning .s<»ctions.

This increase in mortality shows tin- necessity for continued viu'llaia-e and
a<'tion in cojiin^r with the disea.se. Farmers yet iiet'd advice and a.ssistanie in
tiuhtin^; ho;; cholera, and they, as well as many veterinary practitioners, look
to the represt'utatives of the Department of Agriculture for expert, reliahlc
atdvico. The ho;: is the farmer's most reliahle stand-hy for pn>curln;r naniey tn
jiay his taxes and meet other ol>li;rations. and there should he no decrease at
this time in tln' protection of the swine industry.

Kradictitioti of HnihivK in sfivcp. — The pro.spects are that there will he con-
slderahle spread of the inft>i-tion in Arizomi and New Mexico durin;; this fall
and winter. Kradication is progressing satisfactorily in Texa.s, Colorado, Wyo-
niiii;:. Utah. Idaho. Neva<la. Ore;:on. and California. Durin;: the past fiscal
j-ear hureau emjtloyees in the Held nuule •J4.UKl,0."»(; insiK-ctions ami supervised
8.8t»9..'»8«> (lip|>inLrs. When ;:iven an oi>portuiuty, this disease spreads rapidly
and is very destru<-tive : therefore there shouhl he no relaxation in etTorts to
control and erailicate scahies in sheep and cattle.

I'.rndH'iitinfi cattle nnilii^n. — Rather extensive outhreaks of tills di.sease oc-
curred last winter in Arizona. Vtali. and Nevada, three States formerly not
nffect»il. This di.sease also exists to some extent in Oklahoma, Texas, New
Mexico. Colorado. Wyoniin;:. South Dakota, and Mi>ntana. Last year l.r)0S,924
cattle were inspected in the Held and 4r»3.7()8 were dipi>e<l.

Siiitrni.fiiiii of intriKtdtr tniiniiiortdtion of lire stock. — Last year 20,40*2.270
sheep, 1S.47.")IH»1 cattle. ;^7.441l..")!>4 swiiic, and lO.OS.") horses were insiKvted nt
puhlic sto<kyards and unloading' points. When disease is found tlu' ori;:in of
infecte«l slii|iments is immedately rei)orte<l to the live stock sjinitary ollicials
of the States concerned. Fines amounting to .S17,(MK» were coUectwl last
year for violations of the law.

Hnforccmcnt of the JS-hoiir lair. — The transportation of animals requires
<-onstant attention to prevent cruelty to the animals while in transit. Last
year tines amountin;: to $1U0,(KX^ were c(di«'<tt»<l. api)roxiniately four times the
cost of enforcing the law. '

The cnforccnicut of iiiiaratitiiK rct/ulatioiiK. — Although rinderiK-st. coutacrious
jileuropneumonia. foot-and-mouth disea.se. aial surra have hoMi prevalent in
various parts of the world, our quarantine regulations have proved efftH-tual
in prev«'nting invasions of these ili.sea.ses.

The eradication of bovine tultcrculonift. — Every State in the I'nion Is co-
operatnig with the hureau in this w<)rk. At jiresent there are U>.(K)." herds,
numhering 417.!tl7 animals, on the list of fully a<'credit»^l herds; •_M).").<Hfc?
Iienls. numhering 1 WK»..'72 animals, are In process of heing a<<'redite«l. The
quicker the eradication of this disea.se is accomplished the less it will cost
and the fewer will be the losses in the meantime.

94 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Hog cholera research. — It is known that this work has resulted in a saving
of many millions of dollars to the farmers of the country, and it is h^lieved
that it lias been largely responsible for increasing hog production after it
had reached a low ehh about the time antlhog-<'h<ilera serum was developed by
the bureau.

Inrcstif/fitious of dijtH ntid dininfectantft. — As a result <>f this work thf in-
spection and (luarantiiie work, as well as ti<'k eradication work, has been
placed on a firmer basi.s. Means liave been provided by the bureau for test-
ing the strength at any time of the dip in vats ready for use.

lurculitifilionn of iinatx. — liesi^arch work has been directed toward studies
of the changes in fresh beef during cold storage, the effect of .salting, chemical
studies of the nutritive value, vitamin content, etc.

The production of tuhrrciiliu. — The total amomit of tuberculin produce«l for
the use of its inspectors in the tiehl during the fiscal year 19li2 amounteil in
round numebrs to 7.830,011 do.ses. at a cost of .S24.748. Tlie tuberculin would
have cost api)roxiniately .$2()0,(KX) if the bureau bad been obliged to buy it at
present market i)rices.

The field inrestii/ationft i)i the control of round irorm-'i. — In swine, stomach
worms in sheep, and warble infestation among cattle are being extended.

Jnrestif/dtion af aninial abortion. — This work includes a study of the etiologj'
of the disease, the development of methods of control, tlie difference in the va-
rious microorganisms responsible for abortion among domestic aninuds; an<l
the various chemical agents for the suppression of the di.sease.

Investigation of tuherculositi of aninialfi. — This work includes the study of
the causes on which the spread of tuberculosis among animals depends, studies
covering the tul)erculin test, and other tesis for tuberculosis, studies of the
different types of the tubercle bacillus, their economic significance, etc.

Supervision of plants wliich produce biological products, cspcciullii hog-
cholera- scrum and virus. — r)uring the year 1921 there were producetl 476,-
955,95.5 c. c.'s of antihog-cholera serum and 26.2.52.175 c. c.'s of virus. The
indications are that 9()(>.(Mi(».(K)0 c. c.'s of the seruii^ will be pnMhiced during
the present year.

Butter and by-products. — This project is designed to increase the efficiency
of butter making by the economic utilization of by-products, including the
production of different kinds of cheeses and albumen products.

Condoised milk investigations. — Studies are being made of the factors which
control the connnerclal (piality of condensed and evaporated nulk.

Nutrition of dairg cons and .secretion of milk. — The object of this stutly is
to learn more of the process by which the cow converts the nutrients of the
feed into milk.

Dairg sanitation research. — The object is to study the sanitatiim of city
milk supplies, the factors influencing the commercial cpiality of nulk, am!
devise means for j)roducing and handling milk of superior quality.

Research in animal genetics. — Exhaustive experiments are being conducte<l to
obbiin more definite information concerning the iirinciples of heredity.

The development of an American breed or horses.

The reliabilitation of the Morgan breed of horses.

A 2(l-year experiment to determine how the ndlking qualities of cattle are
transmitted.

Detailed exjieriments on inbreeding of cattle and swine.

Development of a breed of sheep about e<nndly valuable for w<»ol and meat.

Metho(ls of making Swiss, Roquefort, Caniembert. and similar foreign cheeses.

A study of the physiology of milk secretion.

('ontinuons woi'k is being done on stock-poisoning jdants. This problem is
e.specially important on western ranges.

A study of soft pork to ascertaiiy lh»' causes and means of prevention.

The bureau is engaged in many other i>roblen\s which are of scientific and
economic importance, and i)rogress is likewi.se being made in their solution.

SAL.VRIFS.

Doctor M()iii,i:i{. Mi-. Cliaiiimm, the liist chaiijro afTeotiiijr the
Jiiii-eaii of Animal Iiidii.strv is on pajze 47 in tlu* statutory roll.
There has been transferred fioin the statutory roll of the i>uroan to
the statutory roll of the Secretary one editor and compiler at $'2.'jr)();

.1:

»

ACRICILTIKAL AI'IMinpurATloX IUM„ I'd. 95

that is n traiisfrr uf oiu* iimim to tho Secivtary s ollicc who will lie
assij^iKMl ti> tlu> ofVicc of nlitorial and <listriliiiti»»n work.

Ill addition to that cluin/xt', it has \hh'u riM-onuiH'iidrd lo drop 27
dorks, hihoratory assistants, carpriitrrs, skillccl hd)oicrs, nu'ss<'n;:»M'
l)<>vs, and charwomen from the statutory roll, and t!ios«» positions
will 1)0 dropped on the 1st of next .fuly if appro\ed.

Mr. Andkksox. Are there any of tln'm vacant now ^

Doctor Moiii.KK. S(nne of them are vacant now: hut the princijjal
reason for dropping; these positions is on arconnt of the effi<iencv of
the other persons who are in cori-elated positions and of tln> reduc-
tion of work in conse(iuence of some redtictioiis to he made next year.

We conld, no douht, fill these five clerical positions, hut neverthe
less we have reconmiended that these five positions of $5)60 clerks l)e
omitted.

Mr. AxoKitsoN. Ts there :inv otlier chanL^' in the lanpiajje of the
freneral item?

Doctor Moiii-En. No. sir; there is no change there.

OKNERAL EXPENSE APPKOPRIATION.

Mr. Anderson. And the next appropriation item is on .'0 arid ."il,
inspection, quarantine work, etc.

FOR inspection AND QUARANTINE WORK.

D>octor AfoTii.ER. This item is a general item on ins])ection and
(jiiarantine and covers the work we are doin<r on the eradication of
scabies in cattle and sheep, the .supervision of the transportation of
live stock at the various stockyards, the importations of animals
from abroad, and other work, like mallein testinir of animals poin'r
interstate. The amount requested this jear is exactly the same as
that last year.

DH'PING OK CATTXE.

A widesi)read and prolonged drought during the summer months
in Arizona and Xew Mexico interfered seriously with the dipping
of affected and exposed .sheep. As a result the present outlook is
that there will be considerable .spread of infection -this fall and winter
in those States. In Texas, Colorado, Wyoming. Utah, Idaho, Ne-
vada, Oregon, and (California, the other range States in which sca-
bies is quite prevalent, the work has progres.sed in a satisfactory
manner.

A considerable number of outbreaks of the disease has occurred in
the Corn Belt States. The bureau has extended all possible assistance
to the live-stock .sanitary officials of those Stati-s in arresting such
outin-eaks. Additional employees, so far as funds will ijermit, will
be assigned to fi^dd work during the coming spring in the States most
urgently in need of assistance. During the past fiscal year bureau
employees in the ficdd made 24,190,956 inspections and supervised
S,S(;!),:}S(; di])])ings of sheej).

The work will be continued along the same lines as at present dur-
ing the coming fiscal year. Further intensive work will oe necessary
for a number of yc ars, however, before any relaxation of our efforts
can be safely permitted.

2202.S— 22 7

96 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

OUTBRKAKS OF SCABIES IN CATTLE.

Katlier extensive outbreaks of scabies in cattle occurred last winter
in Arizona, Utah, and Nevada — three States formerly not affected.
As soon as these outbreaks were discovered, the bureau took prompt
and vigorous action to assist the State authorities concerned in pre-
venting any further spread of the disease, and at as early a date as
weather conditions would permit detailed employees to inspect all
animals in affected localities and to supervise the dipping of all
diseased and exposed cattle. In Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico,
Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, and ^lontana, and other range
Statis in which cattle scabies prevails quite extensively, satisfactory
progress has bt en made.

In view of the spread of the disease to the three States first men-
tioned, however, it is doubtful whether the situation on the whole is
any better than a year ago. In accordance with the usual custom,
such employees as can be spared from public stockyards work during
the sj^ring months Avill be detailed to those sections where this disease
is causing the most trouble. The inspections and dippings of cattle
for scabies in the field during the past fiscal year were 1,508,924 and
453,708, respL'ctively.

Mr. AxDERSON. Is this on eradication basis?

Doctor MoHLER. Yes, sir; it is on a complete eradication basis.

Mr. Anderson. And you are proceeding consistently to try to get
rid of it altogether?

Doctor MoHLER. Yes, sir. In some States we have not had any
scabies for a number of years. I told you last year, however, that
since the war we have had three or four years of drought. That ob-
tains at the present time in Arizona and New Mexico, particularly,
with our sheep work, and in the Northern Great Plains section —
Montana and through the Dakotas and "Wj'oming — with our cattle
work. When we get these droughts we are sensible enougli not to
insist on the full enforcement of our regulations. The ranchmen do
not have enough water to spare for dipping purposes, and under
those conditions we allow the cattle to go to market for slaughter
without any restrictions, except to keep them from coming in contact
Avith liealthy animals.

Mr. Bi'CHANAN. What causes scabies?

Doctor Mohij:r. It is a small mite or parasite.

Ml". BrniANAN. It is not a tick?

Doctoi- MoiiEER. No, sir. It is nuich smaller than the tick. Vou
cannot see it with the naked eye. The only thing you see is the
effect, where it buiTows in the skin and forms little tunnels under
the surface and destroys the wool of the sheep and kills the hair
on the cattle, Avith resulting anemia and emaciation.

SUPERVISION OK INTERSTATK TRANSPORTATION OK I.IVK STOCK.

Another item in this i)roji'ct is the supervision of interstate
transj)ortation of live stock. TTnder this project all live stock re-
ceived at stockyards iiic insjiected for contagious, infectious and
connnuniciible diseases and M|)|)ro|»riMte treatment, when indicated,
is sii|)er\ised by bureau employeivs in oi'dei' that the animals nuiy
be shipped to country points for feeding, bleeding, ami stocking

AUKICULTUUAL AI'lMU)PKIATION BIIJ^ lU24. 97

purposes. Tlu'ir i> a tiiidt'iu y on the part of inuny .s|iippn> wIm-ii
tlu'.v fiiwl that l\u'\ \\u\v any (lisra^' in their ht-nls to imrm-.liat.lv
load the animals on the cars and ship them to market.

I)is«':is('<l animals dj'tertnl hy rni'ans of this inspection service
are prohibited shipment to country noints. thereby preventing: fur-
ther difi.seiiiinatioii of the (hscase. The <»ri<:in ot infected shipments
is immediately rep<Mted t<i the live .st<«"k sanitary onicials of the
States concerned. In this way centers of infection are hn-ated and
(jtiite often the .spread of the disea.se fi-om the farni or ranch wiiere
it lii-st occuri'ed is prevented. The inspections nia<le and the treat-
ments ill euniplishe(l at the |)nltlic .stockyards diirinp: the past year
in connection with the Miper\ision of interstate transportation
were a,s follows: Sheep. L'(».IC»ii/J70 inspected and (»ver 1.(MH(.(Kki
<lip|MMl: cattle. 18.475.991 inspected and 11.<M)().0(M) dipped; swine,
:{7.()<K).()<M) inspected and MO;?.(M)<» inminni/.ed ajrain.st ho«r cholera.

Mi-. .Vmikksox. Von mean antemortem ins|)e<-tion ^

Doctor .Mom.KK. Yes. sir; tliese are antemort«'m inspections of
live stock for various contagious di.seases.

Mr. .\ni)KI{.son-. Always preliminary to inspection of shipments
out into tlie country ?

Doctor MoHLKi:. Always preliminaiv to shij)ments from the pub-
lic stockyards.

There were lO.fXK) horses inspected and 4.000 te.sted. Iar«:ely with
mallein for the presence of rrlanders.

TWENTY-EIGHT-HOIR LAW.

Xo chan«re is contemplated in the conduct of the administrative
work to .'secure comi)liance with the provisions of the i28-liour law.
Durinir the past year there has been a considerable decrea.se in the
number of violations that have been detected. Enerjietic efforts have
i)een made to brin;; to trial cases coverinjr violations that ha<l oc-
curi-ed durinfj: previous years with the result that fines amountin<r to
about i^loO.OOO were collected. a|)proximately four times the allot-
ment expended by the bureau in enforcinfr the law.

Mr. .VxnERSox. Have you found that anythin<r objtxtionable re-
sults from the enforcinjr of the 2H-hour law? I have understood, for
examj)le. that shij)ments which were comin'r into Chicago, where they
were approacjiin^^ the 2S-]u)ur limit, would be held out at some way
station before beinjr shipi)ed into the yard.s. in order to avoid con-
•restion in the vards or violation of the 28-hour law. In* rea.son of
failure to </et them in inside the limits.

Doctor MtuiLKi:. Xo. ^fr. Chairman, we have not found anything:
like that ; in fact, we have treated this character of shipment you are
leferrin*: to with a jrreat deal of leniency. If the crew hrinjr^ the
trnin of cattle ui^ to the yards. an<l it is merely a question f)f unavid-
:d)le conirestion in front, we do not take a ca.se like that to court. All
(hirinir the <trike which be«ran the 1st of July, we have not stopped
our men from rep>)rtin;r these ca.ses. but when they were reported we
dill not nttempt to have the cases iro to court, as the officials had no
contr.il at nil of the situation on account of the strike on tlu^so rail-
roads.

Our <;reatest trouble just now isthrou<rh tlie Pitts])urirh yards. Tiuit
is the neck of the bottle of all shijiment from the Southwest. West.
and Xorthwest. an<l the roads there at Pittsburiih have not the facil-

98 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

ities for handliiifr the immense num])ers of animals that ^o throujxh
to New En<rlan(l ])oints. and to Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Xew
York from the West.

DISTKIBUTIOX AND PREPARATION OF BLACKLEG VACCINE.

There i.s only one other point I would like to mention in this par-
ticular item, and that is Avith reference to blackle*]; vaccine. The dis-
tribution and preparation of vaccine ceased on the 8()th of last June,
in accordance with the Avishes of Congress.

Mr. Anderson. Is it necessary to continue this lan^niajre to keep
it up?

Doctor MoiiLER. I do not think so. We have that understandin«r.
that we are not going to go into it any further.

Mr. Anderson. I want to ask you about this $15,000 for keeping
up quarantine stations. My recollection is that that has only been
carried two years.

Doctor MoHLER. Yes, sir.

MAINTENANCE OF LIVE-STOCK STATIONS.

Mr. Anderson. And my recollection is that you also had about
$30,000 worth of work you wanted to do ?

Doctor MoHEER. That was three years ago. but you know barns
do not stay in repair three years. We did not have any money for
the repair of those 30 barns at Boston. XeAV York, and Baltimore
for six years until two years ago, when we got $15,000. That money
was used for taking care of most of the work needed to l)e done at
the Xew York station, Avhicli is the most popidar of our stations;
and the $15,000 received this year we are using for repairing the
eight barns at Littleton, just outside of Boston. It will not go as
far as it would have gone three years ago, when we planned for
$30,000. Those barns are affected Avith dry-rot: the AvoodAvork anil
basement are all rotten, so that we can not u.se any of it.

We had to start in at the ground and put in a concrete floor and
sides up as high as 5 feet in order to make any use of the barns.
That Avork is being done noAv. We Avould like to have the station
opened for the consignment of a lot of Scotch cattle that Avill be
ship])ed from (ilasgoAV on the 15th of December. I'lie foot-and-
mouth disease outbreak has greatly improved in (ireat Britain, and
there has not been any of this disease in Scotland for five months, so
we are just opening the ports of the ITnited States to Scotch cattle.
The importers ])refer to come into Boston, Init on account of the
barns not being fixed up for receiving the cattle they will have to
come in at Baltimore. Some of this $15,000 Avill be used to com-
plete the Avork that is noAV under construction in Boston, and the
l)alance will be used at the station at Tialtimore tliat has not received
any attention since the Avar.

Mr. Anderson. IIoav many stations have you wluMe you receive
live cattle?

Doctor MoHi,ER. We receive at those three points nuMitioruMl <»n
the Athinlic coast, which are the oidy |)hii'es where we have (luaran-
tine stations. But occasionally we j)roviiU' for ([uai'antine or cattle

A(iRrrT'T.Tni.\r. APPn<»PRIATU)X MIF I . l'.>24.

99

I

at San Krancist'o. In tliat cast? the iinportor hir*?^ u stabU* uu«l we
kf«M) tin' aiiiiiials iukKt Miporvisifui.

Mr. Andkksiin. riu> sI(kU business in Scotland niu.st 1m* alwnt m
it is lu'ie if thcv can affonl to ship thcni Ikti' at present |»n

Doctor M(>hij:r. It is in just about the same shape 'Ihciv have
not boon any shipments allo\v»'«l out of Kn<;lan<l on account of the

1)revah'iuo of the foot-aiul-iuouth iliseasi» for alxjut 1<> months. We
lave allowed some aninuils to come in froni the Islands of Jers<'y
and (luernsey, the first startin*; about the 15th of October, which is
the only importation that has ^one thn>Uj;h quarantine this year.
Thev came in at New York.

Afr. Andkii.sox. How lon^ did you have to keep them there?

Doctor MoHLwt. Thirty days from the date of arrival. That
pives an additional <j:uaranty of 'M) days t<> the 14 days that the
animals are on shipboard,

Mr. Anderson, what does it cost — is the feedin«r and that .sort of
thinj; borne by the importer?

Doctor MoiiLER. That is borne entindy by the imj)orters. They
have to have their own attendantvS, their own feed, and all suj)plies
must be furnished by the importer; in fact, under present conditions
we are requiring; the importer to m't all his prain and hay from this
side and take it over on the boat tliat he is poinjr to brinjrs the cattle
back on, so that we avoid theirebv the possibility of buyin<; hay
from farms in England where foot-and-mouth disease possibly
existed.

Mr. Anderson. The importation must be rather ex|)ensive and a
tedious job, then, I should think?

Doctor MoHLER. Only the wealthy are importin<r. Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Ander.son. These are show stock, evidently?

Doctor MoHi^R. Yes. They are bought by wealthy people, who
are doing the importing.

ERADIC.\TI0N of TUBERCULOSIS.

The next item is on page 53, which covers our work on tubercu-
losis, its 'control and eradication. You know, Mr. Chairman, this
work has increased tremendously and I have prepared several tables
of figures which I would like to insert in the record.

PBOGRf:SS OF WORK.

Mr. Ander.s<in. I think vou better make a statement: I mav want
to ask .some (piestions about it.

Doctor Mohlf:r. The work on tuberculosis progressed at a more
rapid rate during the last fiscal year than any previous year. During
the 1921 fiscal year there were under the supervision for the control
and eradication of tuberculosis 71,80G herds containing 1,105,797
head of cattle. At the end of the fiscal year terminating June ;^0,
19iJ"2, there were 212.182 herds of cattle containing 2,(')ll'»,39.") head
under supervision, an increase of 140,870 herds and 1.42(),.")1>8 head
of cattle. In other words, the work during that fiscal year more
than doubled.

100

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TTON BILL, 1!'21.

On June 30. 1922. there were 1G,216 fully accredited herds contain-
ing 3G3,y02 cattle, as ajrainst 8.201 accredited herds containing
193.G20 cattle on June 30, 1921. an increa.^^e of 8.015 herds and
170,202 cattle.

Once-tested free herds increased from 49,814 herds containing
643.233 cattle to 101,533 herds containing 1,548,183 cattle, an increase
of 111.717 herds and 904,950 heads of cattle.

The eradication of tuberculosis from live stock by means of the
tuberculin testing of all cattle within a given area is accepted as
the best api)roved method of proceeding against the existence of
tuberculosis in live stock. While this project was a part of the
original program, it could not bo put into effect until sufficient senti-
ment was aroused among the live-stock owners by means of the indi-
vidual accredited herd. But from present indications it is believed
that area work may be carried on at the present time in practically
every State.

The table here shows that the number of claims for the payment
of indemnity for tuberculous cattle increased during the 1922 fiscal
year by approximately 10.000. A total of 19,597 claims were re-
ceived by the department that year.

Siimnuiry of indemnity claims.

Fiscal year.

Number of
claims.

Number of
cattle.

Average
appraisal.

Average
salvage.

Federal
indemnity.

State
mdemnity.

1921

9,925
19,597

38,656
60,320

SU9.6$
111.67

$22. 41

$27,23

S54. 18

1922

17.78

23.54

35. SI

The average appraisal for tubercular cattle was reduced from
$149.68 in 1921 to $111.67 in 1922. an average reduction of $38.01 per
head. Owing to the falling off in the value of cattle, the amount of
salvage for tubercular animals droi)ped from $22.41 during the 1921
fiscal year to $17.78 during 1922. an average reduction of $4.(>3. but.
notwithstanding that fact, the average amount of indemnity paid by
the Federal Government for the 1922 fiscal year was $3.G9«less than
for the previous year.

AID I'KOil STATKS.

The legislatures of approximately 40 States will convene during
the winter of 1922-23, and ina.^much as tuberculosis eradication
work is being carried on in each of those States and theie is a con-
tinued demand for the work, it is estimated that the funds which
will be made availaide for the next bienniuin period will increase
the present funds l)y at least 50 per cent, making a total of aj)proxi-
nuitely $6,500,000 tliat the States will have available for the coopera-
tive campaign.

A campaign for the eradication of tuberculosis of live stock is
well launched in every State. There are, however, a number of
States tliat have made phenomenal progress in the siipj)ression of the
disease. If the work can be carried on for a period oi 10 years, it i>
confidently Indieved that more than half of the States will have
reduced tuJK'rculosis to such a degree that it will no longer be a
hindrance to the development of the live-stock iiulustry. In a great

I!

ACiRICULTl'RAL APPROPHIATION HiLI^ 11524. 101

iiiimv of tlu' Stall's it will Imvo Ihth prarticallv i'.\t<'riuinat«*<l liv that
time, aiul it is a matter of {jjieat satisfartion that in thos*' States that
ai"«* makiiiLT siirh splciitlid |)i(»;,'n'>s they ha\e put up the ItuiTiei's that
will nrecliiilc tin* iuti'tMJiictioii itf tiil)«'r<iilar fjitt !•• Irom oilu-r Statt's.

\\ ith thi' cieanin}.' U|) of om'-half (»f tin- States, roiut'nt ration can
he matle on the halance of the territory in which the infection exists.
an<l hy the contiiiiieil iiiJcrol of the li\t' :-tofk owrieis satisfactory
pioirress can he made until the joh is fully consummated.

Durini; the current year we have nnide a survey of the entire
country and have ti<;»ired on a ma|) the percentage (»f tuhercidosis in
every county in e\'ei"v State. The li;_'uiTs show that in o\er l.«'i(Mi.()(i()
s(|uare miles, or an area of ahout 4<> per cent of the entire country,
there is ().(> of 1 per cent tuherculosis; in 21 j)er cent of the remain-
in<r <'ountry there is 'J.l per cent of tuherculosis: in 20 per rent of
the halance of the territory there is 4. J) per cent of tulterculosis. Tn
4 jx'r cent of the area theie is over 10 ])er cent, while in oidy U per
cent, or 5.^,781) s<|uare miles, is the disease present in o\er 1.') per cent
of the cattle. It avera«res ahout 20 per cent in the ^vors't infected area.

Tt'BEBCULOSIS IN HOGS.

Mr. AxnKKsoN. Has this camjiai<rn reflected so far appreciahly in
tlie reduction of tuherculosis in ho<j:s?

Doctor M()Iilp:k, Xo, sir: it has not. Tn fact, the opposite is true.
There is an increase in tuherculosis in ho<rs, as fi«;ured out hy statis-
tics of the various slauirhterinir houses: hut. on the other hand, there
is a marked decrea.se in tiie amount of tuherculosis in cattle, as deter-
mined hy slauirhterhouse statistics.

Mr. Andkrsox. One of the thin<rs that I supposed — it was hoped,
at lea.st — would result in this cami)ai<xn, was a reflected reduction of
tuherculosis in ho<rs.

Doctor MoHLKu. That is very true, and there is only one explana-
tion that I can make ahout the increase of tuherculosis amonp: ho<rs,
and that is that the hojrs are not frettinjr all theii- disease from cattle.
In the last 12 months we have found a <rreat increase amon<r tuhercu-
losis of chickens. This avian form of tuherculosis was known to ex-
ist in California, Orefjon. and four or five of the Eastern States: but,
as I said hefore. in the last year we have found it to exist in 24 or 25
States. esj)ecially in the Central West — in Iowa, for instance. It is
a welld<nown fact that when chickens die on the farm they are thrown
over in the hog: lot, and the ho<;s eat them. It is eipially well-known
that hoiTs are very susceptible to the avian type of tuherculosis. AVe
have taken tuberculous tissues from ho<rs and have found the avian
form of the <rerm in those tissues, so that it looks to me as if the in-
crease in tul)erculosis amon<; hopfs is due to the increase of tuberculosis
amon<r chickens, and that tlie ho<rs are contractin<r a jrreat deal of
this disease from eating or associating: with tuberculous chickens.

One of the gentlemen attendin<r the c<mference of A^rricultural
C()lle<re workers here this week, told me that they were conductinor
an experiment at the Illinois .Station Avith hoirs housed under the
chicken roosts, with the idea of determining whether the ho^rs would
contract the disease bv merely associatinjr with tuberculous chickens.
There is no doubt but what they can, because we have worked that
out here in our lal)oratorv in Washington.

102

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, ll>2-t.

Mv. AxDERSox. .Will you ^rive us a statement showinfr the allotment
of this fund to the States and the sums spent in the States by the
States themselves and other afrencies?

Doctor MoiiLER. Yes, sir. I have a statement of that kind.

(The table referred to and submitted bj" Doctor Mohler is here
printed in full as follows:)

Indemnity funds for tuberculosis eradication.

Expenditures, fiscal year
1922.

Federal.

State.

Allotment of

Federal

funds for

1923.

Alaska

ArlKona

Colorado

Connecticut.

Delaware

Florida

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky.
Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts . . .

MichiRan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missoun

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire.

New .lersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina. .
North Dakota...
Ohio.

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania. . .
Rhode Island...
South Carolina.
South Dakota. .

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia. .

AVisconsin

Wyoming

$6a5.42

Total.

1,416.13

46. 999. 91
20, 820. 78

1,3.51.79
2,001.38
8,097.iJ9

74. 198. 34
68, 29.i. 70

1:^6,141.11

19, 3H(). 68

17,341.17

20. 669. %

37, 15.**. 30

972. 37

102, 306. 09

29.929.15

2,181,20

42. 205. 92
16, 15.5. 31

70. 022. 35
7.077.98

28,012.25
39,223.6s

1,201.33
■224,782.34
10, 479. 06
14,848.69
41,693.79
11,020.-54
16,53S.93
13,263.60

3.176.98

3, 407. .56
16,017,73

2,086,06
16, 158. 81

6, 175. 88
91,871.03
16 410.76
32,7,12.27

9,627.08
117,567.27

3,638.58

1,445,262.85

$l,3.^5. 13

1,416.13
92, 289. 81
36.923.53

2,75.5. lii
10, 426. .57

8, 097. .59
74, 198. 34
80, 793. 30
157,134.29
43,881.22
44,426.86
57, 827. 81
37. 158. 30

2. 525. 00

213.204.47

59.415.15

4,054.94
42.2a5.92
39,483.18
70,021.91
11,772.65
53.2:«. 15
69,862.46

1,201.33
532.009.66
10,479.06
14,848.69
41,694.20
20, 139. 13
16, .541. 23
20,030.17

6,416.65

3,407.56
27,719.67

4,391.67
16,259.58

6. 175. 88
91,871.2;?
21,422.73
.32,732.30
19,, 372. 15
121,573.31

3.083.03

2,226,711.09

$3,000.00

5,000.00

4,800.00

50,000.00

24,000.00

2.500.00

5.000.00

12,000.00

100,000.00

80,000.00

150,000.00

24,000.00

20, 000. (to

22.00(1. iHV

60, 000. 00

4(1, 000. 00

120, aw. 00

50,000.00
3,000.00
50,000.00
•25,000.00
85, 000. 00

10, 000. a>

40,000.00

40,000.00

2,000.00

280,00a00
20,000.00
25,000.00
50,000.00
30,000.00
2.5,000.00

100,000,00
10,000,00

4,5oaoo

24,000.00

2,000.00

27,000.00

12,000.00

100,000.00
17,000.00
40,000.00
12,000.00

120,000,00

6,ooaoo

1,031,800.00

KUNU.S KOIi OrKK.VriNci KXPF.N.SKS.

JVIr. A>M)EHS()X. How is tlie jiroportioii of the juovision between
operatin<r expenses and indeiiiuitv staii(liii<r up so far this year^

Doctor MoHi-EH. The funds for operating; expenses are ^oinj:
rather fa.st. We have finished one-third of the year, and if we
ke))t up at the same rate we have been ^oin*; we would have a
deficit of $9(),0()(). So what is happening; is that we are now start -
in<r to decrease our forces in order to consi'rve the funds. Other-
wise they would be exhausted in May if we kept on workin^: at
Uie same rate we have been going.

A(JRR'ri/nHAL ArjMtolMUATlON HIM., lirJ4. 108

Ml-. Anih.iis4ix. On the ratio at which you art' ih»w working are
the iiitl(>iiiiiitii's sitniciciit or iiiort* than siitlitii-nt or inii<l«'«|iiatc f

l)o((«»r .NhiiiMU. They will he ina<h'»juatf, hut not nearly >o in-
a(l»'(|iiate a> the o|)«'rat in;_' ex|>ense.s if wt- Uejit mx thn same way we
were running; the first four months of this year,

Mr. ANnKKsoN. U'hat is the inihiceinent to opeiate on the pres-
ent Imsis with the work that is hein;; (h)ne hy tiie States^

l)o(tor MoiinKit. A\'e arc woikin;; now in ail the 4S States of the
liiion, and the Territories of Alaska and Hawaii. California just
eanie in the last year. And we are doin<r a <:reat deal of this area
work — in faet, we are working in 4r»() (onnties. whicli reduces con-
sitleiahly the testin*.; cosi per head as well as the amount of indem-
nity. A whole county is worked on tins area plan. The reactors
are all assemhied at one point. Our men hrin^ in the huyers; there
is competition. They are all sold to the hi;.diest hidder. and the
result has heen a <:reut saving' in the salvage.

So we are saving considerahle in that respect on our indemnity
fund. Hut drives like that reipiire a l()t of men and our operat-
ing expenses are not jioin^ to hold out unless we reduce our force,
and that is what we have heen doin<r the past two weeks. There is,
of course, a great deal of comi)laint from the States where we have
taken off some of our men.

Mr. Andkhson. Did you s|)end all of this sum — $300,000 — which
was made immediately availahle in 10*22?

Doctor Moiii.KR. Xo. sir. Ahout half of that was carried over to
this year.

Mi*. Axr)Ki{s()X. That would mean an increase in the fun<l tliis
year, wouhl it not (

Doctor MoHi.KR. Xo: because the whole amount for this year is
iJ;*2 .020.700, of which $300,0m was availal)le last year.

Mr. .\NnKH.>i<»x. 1 know; but if you spent it lust year you did not
spend it this year.

Doctor MoHi.KR. Xo.

Mr. Axi»uj.«>x. So that duiiii<r the period of next year you will
have more money to spend than you ilijl this year?

Doctor MoHLEU. Yes; by that amount of money — I see what you
mean — we spent ahout one-half of that money, or a little o\er
Sir^o.OOO, that was inimediat»'ly availaltle.

Mr. AxDKiJsox. Will you ^et throu<ih in 1922 without a deticiency?

Doctor MoHLKK. We are froin«r to <ret throujrh without a deficiency.
Mr. Chairman. But whether we are poinj; to have to stop on the
1st of May or not I am unable to say.

Mr. Andkrsox. That all depends, does it not, on how fast you
spend your money?

Doctor MoHLKR. Yes; that is what I referred to a while a;ro,
that we had to take oH' some of our men in order to keej) within the
limit

Mr. AxnERSox (interposing). What is the basis of allotment now.
1 to 3 ?

Doctor MoiiLKR. About 1 to 2. On the 1st of January the.st* 3G
to 40 States will have their le<rislatures in session api)ropriatin«^
additional tuWrculosis funds, and they aiv fXoin»i to crowd us very
hard in the spring; months, but we are not fjoin*; to create any de-

104 AGKICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

ficiencv. We will work alonjr this $850,000 operatinjr fund until
it is exhausted, and then we will have to stop. But we are tryin<r to
spread it out so it will cover over the 12 months and not spend it
all the first six months, for instance.

Mr. Andkhson. You made that statement of the proportion of
the tuberculosis in different territories. Are your operations gen- ^
erally in the territories in which the larger percentage of tuber- J
culosis maintains ? *

Doctor MoHLER. Yes, sir ; speaking generally. We have our largest
force in New York, for instance, and that State has as much tuber-
culosis as any other State in the Union, and they are also appro-
priting the largest amount of monej'. They have this year one and
a half million dollars in New York State alone, and we have tried
to put our $2,000,000 for all the States against the various State
appropriations of over $3,500,000. We therefore have allotted about
$2 for each $3.50 of the State money, and that is the reason why New
York State has received more than some of the other States, because
she has spent more on her own disease control.

TUBERCULOSIS WORK IN TF;XA8.

Mr. Buchanan. Is there any tuberculosis in Texas?

Doctor MoHLER. Yes sir; there is,

Mr. Anderson. Can 3'ou put that map in the record in the form
of a statement?

Doctor MoHLER. Yes, sir: and I shall be glad to do so.

Mr. Buchanan. I did not supjwse that tuberculosis was in Texas.

Doctor MoHLER. It is not at all extensive in Texas, but you have
enough dairy herds near the larger cities of Dallas, Houston, El
Paso, Fort Worth, etc., to give you a small proportion of the disease.

Mr. Buchanan. Around these little circles is where it is supix)sed
to be present?

Doctor MoHLER (referring to map). Where the dots are you have
less than six-tenths of 1 per cent.

Mr. Buchanan. We have it in all sections?

Doctor MoHLER. Yes; but more in certain sections, and so far as
I am informed it is chiefly among the dairy cattle.

Mr. Buchanan. That is Jersevs?

Doctor MoHLER. Jerseys and llolsteins, largely.

Mr. Buchanan. According to this, then, Texas has less than anv
other State?

Doctor MoiiLER. She has very little in propoi-tion to her large num-
ber of cattle and her s(iuare miles of territory, but I shall be veiy ghul
to interpret that map in the form of a table. It shows you how the
dairy sectioas of Iowa, New York, and northeastei-n Illinois are
bur(lened with it.

AORT<'!'T,TI"n\T. APIMtfU'HI ATKiV TUT T , l!»'.'4.

(The table is us follows:)

Extent of boriiic tutjcrrulo»iji in United State*.

105

T

Approxlmntp pxtPiit.

I )"r .'tit or more

\l"rr tlian I, noi more than 3 percent.
M'lro ihun 3, not nmro tliitii 7 i)orcent.
M'iro tliaii 7, not iniiru than lo per cent
M'lro timii 15 per cent

I : rand total

Total Percent

.H<|iiaru itqiiare

mllaa. buIm.

1,673,616

7s<(, SM

ftVJ.tVVt

143, N27

&3,73«

3,604,702

46.4

21.7

26.4

4.0

1.&

Total
cattle.

Per c«ii
cattle.

lull

loiU*.

loao

2H,33H,i'v4

2,9eo,»M

tl.2 :

.'". I

w.u ,
4.3

68,771,700

loao

0.6
2.1
4.B

ia4
as.0

4.0

Ml-. Ri fii.\x.\x. T.s- this connntvl to (l:tirv <'attlo in Texas?
Doctor MoHi.Kij. ^'es, .sir: almost entirely.

KK.VDICATION OF SOITTHKRN CATTIJ-: TICKS.

.^laii' Jimiioriiif.'i \mi;s coimiik leii iii (jmii iiiiiiiieo coumies or j)uii.>iiies
in 7 States as follows: Alai)ania, 4 counties; Arkansas, 9 counties;
(ieor«ria, *J1 counties: Ix)uisiana, 7 pari.shes: North Carolina, 2 coun-
ties: ()klahonia. '\ counties: and Texas. 41 counties. As a i*esult of
the woik accomplished, tlie folIowin<r ai'eas were released from Fed-

At'iil >iii •! i-ti lit I im Itic'f Irani''

€ral (juarantine last year:

States.

Cotmties
or parts

of
counties.

Square
□ules.

OeoTfria - - -

16

4

2

27

5,S73

Louisiana

1,»I6

North Carolina

'.M7

Texas

21,227

1

Total area released

2»,563

Practically all of these counties released from Federal <iuarantine
t-ontained at tlie time of release a few lierds which it was necessary
for State authorities to hold under local quarantine on account of
tick infestation or exposure thereto. This action was ajrreed upon
by the State authorities in consideration of the release of these areas
from Federal quarantine.

During the year final clean-up work in released areas was super-
vised in 10 Stiites in 301 counties which had been previously released
from Federal (juarantine but in which some tick-in fcsted or exposed
herds of cattle still existed in limited areas.

In addition to the .systematic work in quarantined areas and
final clean-up efforts in released areas, a jrreat deal of preliminary
work was done in 29 (bounties. This consisted of community or«rani-
zation, vat buildin<r, and the voluntary dippiiifr of cattle in order
that cattle owners mifjht be convinced of the effectiveness of dipping
and the possibility ot eradicating ticks by uniform effort. In the

106 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

work above outlined 48,089.005 dippinjrs of cattle in arsenical ^lu-
tion were supervised and herd records compiled in the field offices
and reported to the department.

DIPPING OF CATTLE.

Mr. Andersox. You say there were over 48,000,000 dippings of

cattle?

Doctor MoiiLER. Yes. sir.

Mr. Andejjsox. How manv times did you dip each cow I

Doctor MoHLER. Each animal is dipped every 14 days in a sys-
tematic clean-up of a county.

Mr. Anderson. For how many times?

Doctor MoHLER. Thev start in the spring, about the 1st of April ;
and as the ticks are eradicated, the dipping ceases, usually around the
end of September, and sometimes as late as the end of October.

During July and August of the present fiscal year systematic
dipping of cattle was conducted in cooperation with State authori-
ties in quarantined counties or parishes in 8 States, as follows: Ala-
bama, 3 counties; Arkansas, 7 counties: Florida. 1 county: tTeorgia.
15 counties; Louisiana. 3 parishes; Oklahoma. 4 counties; North
Carolina. 2 counties: and Texas, 74 counties. The monthly dippings
of cattle supervised by Federal. State, or county employees are as
follows : July. 9.373.16Y : and August, 9,740,999.

During the first two months of the present fiscal year hnal clean-up
work was supervised in cooperation with State authorities in 330
counties which had been previously released' from quarantine in 10
States and which at the time of their release from quarantine con-
tained one or more herds infested with or exposed to cattle ticks.
Control of these herds was undertaken by the State live-stock sani-
tary officials of the States involved in consideration of the release
of the counties from Federal quarantine.

In addition to the systematic work supervised in quarantine areas
of the States mentioned and the final clean-up work accomplished in
the counties that had been released from quarantine in those States,
preliminary educational work Avas supervised in 25 counties in 5
States. The work was carried on in order that additional areas
might be placed in a proper position and attitude to satisfactorily
conduct a tick-eradication campaign during the coming year.

During the remainder of the present fiscal year systematic final
and clean-up work will continue to be conducted in the areas 1 have
already mentioned.

COOPERATION WITH STATES.

During the fiscal year 1924 it had been contemplated, if the funds
remained the same as this year, that systeu.atK- tick-eradicatuui
work would be supervised in cooperation with State authority in
133 counties in 8 States, as foHows: Alabama, 5 counties^: Arkansas,
n comities: Georgia. 8 counties: Louisiana, 0 parishes: North t aro-
linc, C. counties; Oklahoma, 4 counties: Texas, ^^.^'''^'''^''^''io mo
Florida, G counties. It was estimated that appro.\imatelv 40.000
sciuare miles of area quarantined for cattle ticks would be placed in
condition for release from Federal (luarantine during that year.

AORICULTX'RAL AITIIOPIIIATIOX BIIJ^ 11>24, 107

Tn addition tlictrto tlir tiiuil t-lciui ii|> woik woidd Im' cfiiitiinu'd in
ndi'ascd ureas in couix-cat inn with State aiitli(»ritirs. It was <*sti-
nuitod tliat this work woidd \iv coiKhictt'd in approxiniutcly '22H re-
h'asj'd counties containinix one or nioi-e heids <|iiai'ant inrd on acconnf
of cattle ticks at tlii' time of tlu'ii' iidease fi'oin «|iiarant ine. In
approximately HO counties of this numU'r the work shouM l)e entirely
completed.

Approximately the same amonnf of pi'idiminary work will Im-
necessary durin<j the fiscal year ID-Jl as durin;; 1!>"J.'5 in the Sf:itt< «.f
Arkansas, Flori(hi. Tjouisiana, North Carolina, and Texas.

Mr. Andkhsox. What proportion of the total urea infested has been
finally cleaned u]) i

Doctor Moiim:!:. With this *J!),(MM) s(|uare miles releas«'d during the
last year we have cleaned u|) 7'2 per cent of the oii^inal infested area.

.Mi-. Andkkson. I jud«;e from your statement tlnit you have to ^o
hack and do linal ch'an-up work aftei' you have ;rone o\er a county
once {

Doctor M0111-.KK. ^'os, sir; wo never wait until we kill the last tick
to release the county from <nuirantine. W'v do that t<> «rive encour-
afrement to the earnest men who ha\(' di|)ped e\ery 14 days and have
•rotten their animals clean, ^^'e always have a few '* holshevists " in
each county wJio refuse to com|)ly with the re^idations. an<l we con-
sider it unfair to the pood fellows who have dipped clean to keej)
them fpiarantined just hecause 'J \n'v cent of the stockmen of the
county lefuse to do the work thor<)u<rhly. Hut we relea>e a county
only when the State's officials have sijrniHed their willin«rness to put
those infested herds in local <|uarantine: and they are maintaineil
under the same conditions as if they wei'e under Federal quarantine
We then release the other men that have clean cattle in order that
they may jjo to the free markets without restriction.

Mr. Anderson. AVhat is done to clean up these 1 or 2 per cent that
remain i

Doctor MoiiLKR. Sometimes we have to cjo into court to «ret those
fellows to dip accordinor to State rejrulations.

^fr. ANi)f:HsoN. Then there is authority under the law of the States
to rccjuire them to do it wliere they refused

Doctoi' AfoMLKK. Yes, sir; tliat is true in all the States where we are
workin«r. ^^'e do not have any Federal law that would compel them
to dip.

PKCREA.SE IN WORK.

Afr. Ani)ki{son. To what extent will your work he reduced as a
result of this decrease in the a|)propriation ?

Doctor Moiir.KK. It will decrease the work hy ahout '2.") per cent of
what we are doin<r this year. AVe have taken up the work with the
various States by zones. We have Texas mai)ped out into three tlif-
ferent zones. Arkansas and Lf)uisiana are map))t'd out into zones, and
the same thinjr is true in (ieor<ria and Alabama. Our plan was to do
a certain amount of systenuitic dipi)in<r work next year, having
started educational work in these same counties this year. AVe always
<ro in to do systematic woik one yeai' in the counties where the pre-
vious vear we had been doiufr educational work. A^'ith this decrease
we will be unable to take in any new territory, because the >ir>0().()<M)
that will be available for next year, accordinpr to the proposed bill.

108 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924,

will be needed to clean up the counties we have already prepared.
That is the only work that would be possible — to finish the systematic
dippings and to mop up the territory in the districts that have been
releasetl from quarantine in order to keep the ticks in these indi-
vidual herds from spreading.

Mr. Anderson. Do you mean there will not be any additional work
■in any new counties under this appropriation?

Doctor MoHij^R. There will be xeiy little if any additional new
territory included under the $500 .()()(). It is going to take so much
money to work over the territory that has already been released and
to do systematic dipping in the counties that are receiving educational
assistance at the present time that we can not go into new territory
in 1924. We will have to clean up the counties where we are working
this year in an educational way.

Mr. Anderson. What percentage of the appropriation is used for
the new work each year?

Doctor MoHLER. We have never dividied the appropriation on a
basis of that kind; but you can readily see that we are doing some-
where around 20 per cent educational work in new territory. Then
we are doing a little more than that amount of work in systematic
intensive eradication and are using the balance of the fund in
moi^ping up in this large number of counties that were released from
quarantine during the preceding year or two.

Mr. Andp:rson. I do not just see how that can l)e. I do not see
how it can cost twice as much to mop up the territory that you have
been over the preceding year, as it does to do the new work you are
doing this year.

Doctor MoHLER. For instance, last year we released, as I stated a
few moments ago. 49 counties as the result of the systematic dipping
work of 1921, that many counties being released last Deceml^er. At
the same time we were doing '' mopping-up ■" work in 801 counties
that had been cleaned up with the exception of a few individual
herds in each county, where the States had used their power of local
quarantine. Now, we have to use a great deal of care to prevent the
infested herds in those particular districts from spreading the ticks
to other adjacent districts.

Mr. Andp:rson. I thought you said you left that to the State live
stock and sanitary authorities.

Doctor MoiiLER. We leave the quarantine to the State authorities.
We have our men back there right along to get the last tick. What
we leave to the live stock and sanitary authorities is the method of
quarantine and the regulations to hold the animals in quarantine.
So you see there weie 49 of those new counties released, but at the
same time we were working in HOI counties after their release from
quarantine, because there was some infection left behind. But we
have never figured out and never divided uj) the work so as to know
just how mucli it has cost us to do advance educational work, uov to
do the work in the second line treni'hes where the 14-day systematic
dippings occur, nor have we figured out the proportional cost of
mopping-u|) woik which is the final work before the territory is
entirely cleaned up of the tick.

Mr. Anderson. \{)u must have to go back to .some of this terri-
tory for more than a year, if that is the case.

I

ACntlcn/rrilAI- AlMMUHMtlATUtN HIM., I'.CH. 109

Doctor Mom. Kit. ^ »'s, iiidi'iMl; vcrv oftfii wo <lo. In mhih^ vases
the ticks li!i\»' ^'otJcM on ponies, and tlicv have spn-ad into n-IiMihed
tenitoi y as the result of the horses l»i iii;rin;; in tht" infestation.

We hud u litth' outhreaU in C'alifoiiiia — Californiu was relea-syd
from (|narantine ahont seven years uj;o, hut they ^<tt some ticks up
(here in noitheiii California neai' Sacramento. Theie ueie oidy 11
iierils. hut wo had to put in men to clean that up, and it to<iU us six
months to do it. That is tiie only time the State of California has
heen reinfested; and yet in Lowi'r California alon;; the Me\i<an horder
(here are ticks *ralore, and it has heen a constant source of ti«)uhle
on our part to keep (hose ticks helow the Mexican horder. Some-
how, in some way the ticks p)t into that northern section last year,
and we will always have the possihility of a recurrence of the tick
in any free territory as loniz as the tick remains in the South. They
come in bedilin«r, in numure, hay, straw, and \arions ditl'erent ways
that we can not po.ssibly control.

Mr. BmiAXAX. Vou have a (|uanuitine on the importati(»n of
cattle fi-om Mexico?

Doctor MoiiiJiit. Yes, sir; every head of stock imported into this
country receives inspection alonj; the horder from Brownsville all
the way across to San Die<j:o.

Mr. Andkh.sox. What I can not jret throujxh my mind is. if yoii
have heen doin<r this systematic follow-uj) work why you still have
WX) counties that are partially infested.

Doctor Moiii>i:i{. In some counties there are only one or two herds
left that are infested, and it re(|uire8 a fjreat ch'al more propoi'tional
cost to clean u\) the last few heids in a county than it would a much
lar'rer territory of orifjinal infestation. It is like 100 per cent effi-
ciency in any line; it is relatively clieajjer to hrin*:: uj) any ^Y)rk to
the first TO per cent of elHciencv tlian the last 2 per cent.

Mr. Buchanan. AVhen you relea.se the counties do not the State
authorities mop up those isolated cases?

Doctor MoiiiJ-:ii. They work with ns, but they do not as a rule have
the kind of men that we have, who know just tlie strenixlh of dippinir
>olution required in the vats and are fully informed on the suhject
in generah

Mr. BiciiANAN. It looks to me as if. with nearly a year of dii)i)inir
experience, the State men oujrht to ^et sufficient knowle<lf]:e to l)e able
to make the proper solution ; and after you make the solution it would
seem to be a simple matter.

Doctoi" MoHi.KH. That may he. hut after you have a thousand head
pass throu^di the dippin<r .solution it weakens and you ha\e to have
a te.stinjr outfit to keep the solution at the proper strength to he
eflfective.

Mr. BrciiANAN. It looks to me that if you had a Stati' man there
in the business for ei<j;ht months in a countv he should lie ;d>le to
attend to that moppin<2;-up work.

Mr. Anukhson. Do you have to keep one man han«iin<; around a
herd for ei;j:ht months?

Doctor iloiiLKH. Oh. no; we have one man in charjre of two or
three of these counties. We have only 2*20 inspectors employed in
these 10 or 11 States. The States have 203 ami the counties have
1.047 em]>loyees. ^vho are practical cow men.

Mr, Buchanan. Thev have one in almost every countv?

110 agricultTjral appropriation bill, 1924.

Doctor MoiiLER. The States and counties employ almost 2,000 men,
and our inspectors test the vats, supervise the work, and direct the
laymen who are reportinjr to them. These local fellows know the
owners of the herds very well, but sometimes they do not find ticks
on ticky cattle. Our men are made responsible to see that when a
herd is released the last tick has been cauo:ht ; that is our work. AVe
are making; jrreat advancement in Texas; in fact. Ave have made more
advancement in Texas in the last year than we have in the previous
five 3'ears.

Mr. Buchanan. AYe have a law^ on the statute books that if they
do not dip, suit can be brought against them and they can be fined
or put in jail.

Doctor MoiiLER. That is true, and some of them have gone to jail,
too.

Mr. Anderson. Are you going to have to spend $500,000 a yeai- to
keep them clean after you get them cleaned up once?

Doctor Mohlp:r. That territory has not been cleaned up. Mr. Chair-
man, as I explained before.

Mr. Anderson. Some of it must be. You have been at it for 10
years.

Doctor MoHLER. Some of it is cleaned up. Here is a mai^ that will
shoAV you where it is cleaned up. There are hundreds and hundreds
of counties in these 15 Spates that are absolutely tick free. You are
probably familiar with this map. But there is always a possibility
of reinfecting a cleaned territory.

Mr. Buchanan. Y^ou ha^-e not answered Mr. Anderson's question.
When you complete the job, how much of this ai)propriation will
l>e necessary then ?

Doctior MoHLER. When we complete the clean-up ?

Mr. Buchanan. Yes.

Doctor MoHLER. There will not be any of it required.

Mr. Anderson. That time will never come.

Doctor MoHLER. It came with California. Kentucky. Missouri, and
Tennessee.

Mr. Anderson. If your statement made today is correct, the time
will never come.

Doctor MoiiLER. We were working in 521 counties last year, an«l
220 of them were entii-ely cleaned n\). which loaves only J^Ol for
this current year. It certainly has been true Avith the States that I
referi'ed to. All of southern California from Sierra ^fadre to the
coast Avas infested in 1000, and there has been only one recurrence
of the ticks since that time. We think it is only fair to release a
territory that is 05 or more ])er cent clean in order to give some
encouragement to the men that luiA^e done the Avise thing by dipping
(heir cattle propeily. The only othei- thing we could do would be
to hold a county in quarantine until 100 per cent of the ticks had
been killed, and I do not think any sensible man would bi'lieve
that is the best policy. It costs more money in ])roportion to keep
insj)ection on two or thi-ee infest(>d her(ls in a clean area, but that is
the only satisfactory and feasible thing to do.

Mr. Anderson. If it has cost $500,()0() to clean up .'^00 counties
that you have been over three times

Doctor Mohler. Xo; it has not cosi (hat

Mr. Anderson. It has cost too much monev.

AUIUCULTURAL ArPIU)pllIATION BlLi, 1U24. Ill

I)<Mt(»r Mniii.hut. I SUV it is ^oinf^ to cost $'»(K),(X)<) f«ir the svhUmii-
atic (li|)|)in<; work uikI Hiial dean up in the counties ulreu<ly pre-
prtiv«l unil that wc can not take on any new counties in which to do
educational work, which work wo always phm to <lo a year Ixjfore
we take up intensive Msti'iuatic dippin^Ts.

Mr. lU ciiAXAN. In other words, you are ^oin^ to spend the ap-
propriation in stanipiufx out the tick intensively in certain tounties
and nioppiTii; up in others^

I>(K-tor MuHhKK. ^ es. sir; it will imt do In 1mI<- i.ir moif JliiUi we
could nuisticate.

We will have to stop our advance work and clean up thos*? coun-
ties next year which are cooperatinjr with us this year.

Mr. lii iii.vNAN. ^'oii are only cutting; otF the <'i|ii<atioiuil wurk;
that is all (

Doctor MoiiKKK. ^ es, sir.

FOIl SCIEXTIFIC I.NVF>iTI(J.\TIOXS IN IHSFUSES OF AM.MAI^S.

The next item I will take up is on pa<;e OiJ, " For all neces.sary
expenses for scientilic investijrations in disea.ses of animals.'' This
item covers all the investijjfational work we are doin<^ on animal
diseases, investigations of tuherculin. serums, antitoxins, and other
products, and renuiins the same as for the current year. This is
the item under which we are also conductin<r the work on conta-
<rious abortion.

Mr. 1^1 (HAXAX. Let me ask you if there is such a thing: as con-
ta«i:ious abortion t

Doctor Moiiij^:r. Yes, sir; that is the item which is referred to
liere.

Mr. liucHAXAN. How are abortions contaj^ious?

CONTAGlOrS ARORTION OF ANIMALS.

Doctor MoHUJi. There is a <rerm that is the cause of conta<(ious
abortion. You can isolate klmt ^erm from the afterbirth of a cow
and ^row it on media and feed it to other cows that are i)re<rnant,
and they will al)ort in four or five months' time. The same disease
has now been found to affect pijrs. There has been more swine
abortion in the last six or ei<rht months than we have ever known
before. The same «r<^rm that affects cattle has been found in swine,
producinfr the same results, and we are now doin<r considerable work
on swine abortion. We find that the living abortion vaccine that
we have been workinnf on for the last two yeare in seven or ei^ht
herds is produ<'in<r better results than any other method of treatment.
We are also usin<; various methods for the management of the herd
in ^ettin^ rid of the infectious material from aboitin<r cows. We
now pay less attention to the bull as a carrier, and we are <rPttin<:
very satisfactory results with the combined method of herd manajre-
ment and livintr abortion vaccination.

Mr. Andersox. At the dairy show my attention was directed to
a supposed abortion cure invented by'^a man whose name I do not
recall.

Doctor MoHLER. There have been a number of cures advertised
for abortion. One man in Wisconsin used to j^et a dollar for an

22028—22 8

112 AGRICn:^TUrvAL appropriation bill, 1924.

8-ounce bottle of fluid. AVe examined it and found it was 90 \)0v
cent water and 1 per cent carbolic acid. lie made a <rreat deal of
money sellintr it to the dairy farmers all over the country until
the department published the results. The dairy papers took it up.
and now his business has ceased.

Mr. Ri'CHAXAN. It did no ijood at all?

Doctor MoHLEK. Not at all.

^Ir. Anderson. This man I six>ke of submitted his ])roposition to
youi' people, and they declined to inspect it. apparently on the «rrountl
that it disturbed your scientific work in some way.

Doctor MoHLER. The only thinjsr I know about the case is that one
of our men at the show brou*rht me the advertisement of this fellow,
who I understand has a very prominent dair}' man in the company
with him. "What is his name?

Mr. Anderson. I think his name is Cushman.

Doctor IMoiiLER. The information was broujrht to me from St.
Paul as an advertisement, but he has never submitted, as far as I
know, any request to have the medicine tested, or anything of that
kin^. In those kind of cases we always ask for information as to
the ingredients. "When these manufacturers of medicines submit
their samples to us the}^ usually want a testimonial as to their good
merits, etc., but we always request that the ingredients be told to us
before we make any investigation at all. We get those kind of letters
from all over the country, probably two or three a week, claiming
cures for tuberculosis, cholera, Texas fever, roup, and abortion.
Some of the letters show such illiteracy you can hardly read them,
and yet the writers believe they have absolute cures for these various
diseases. I do not know the merits of that individual case. 'Sir.
Chairman.

Mr. Anderson. I do not know, either.

Doctor INIoHLER. Mr. Cushman is a very good dairATnan and a
very fine business man. I think he is in a bank up there, too.

ERADICATION OF HOG €H0LERA.

The next item is on page 64, " For investigatino; the disease of
hog cholera, and for its control or eradication." This work is being
carried on in cooperation with 34 States.

Eighty-one bureau veterinarians devote their entire time to hog
cholera field work, and, in addition, the inspector in charge of
bureau work in 23 States devote a jjart of their time to it, making
a total of approximately 91 department veterinarians engaged in
hog cholera work in the field this year.

State regulatory authorities, State agricultural colleges, farmers'
organizations, live-stock organizations, veterinary i)ractitioners,
bankers, i)ig clubs, live-stock owners, and any otln'r organization or
individual intci-csti'd and willing to assist, cooperate with us in this
work.

liulletins, articles on the diseases, an*l press notices of outbreaks,
public adihvsses, interviews with farmei's in tlu* hog lot. ixistcrs,
lantern slides and moving pictures, are mediums used in our edu-
cational work.

A veterinarian is assignetl to a district covering a numbei* of
counties. lie keeps in close touch with the hog-cholera situation

i;

AlJUICl'LTrUAL AIMMtdl'tllATION IWM-, l!C'4. 1 I .'i

in his (ii.stric't tlirou^rli ((Hituct with fainiHrs. veterinary practition-
ers, coiiiity ii^rciits. livc-sdK'k markets, repcirts of Itiiieuii inspectors
locatetl at parking; houses, etc.

ItU'AKTMKNT AM) HTATK COOI'K.KATIOV.

The handling of outhreaks of Ijoj; ehoh'ni is hirp-Iy left to the
(h'paitnient and State field \ ctei-iiiariaiis. On reci'ipt of a report
of an outhreak in his disliict the tiehl \t'teriiiarian pro<-ee(|.s to the
farm on wluch the disease has appeared; he diai^noses the troiihU»,
•rives adviee in re<:ard to treatment and the disinfection of tlie |)rem-
ises, traces the source of the outl»reak, notifies other ho^' owners in
the nei«j:hhorli(M)d. and advises them in re^rard to precautions and
the advisahility of havin«r their herds inununi/.ed. and often assists
local veterinarians in immunizin«r the ho«rs. In communities where
there are no re<.Mdar veterinary practitioners our fiehl merj a(hnin-
ister the treatment themselves. .NIany lalls come from veterinarians
who desire assistance in dia'inosis or advice in re^oird to techni(pie,
and the farmer has come to regard tlie de])artment veterinarian
as a reliahle .source of information and advic«' when lie is in trouhle.
The money ai)i)ropi iated for next year will be used to cairy on this
work alon;; the same lines as at present.

Mr. BrciiAXAx. Have you jj^ot any vaccine or any character of
medicine to be administered to ho<rs that will make them immune?

PREVENTIVE SERUM.

Doctor MoHLKR. Yes, sir. There is a preventive serum that was
discovered in the bureau 14 years a<ro. It is somethin<r like the
seium that is u.sed for diphtheria in children.

Mr. IU( iiANAX. Is it certain?

Doctor MoHiJCR. Yes, sir,

Mr. lircHAXAX. Established beyond question?

Doctor MoHi-KR. Absolutelv.

Mr. BicHAXAX. And any person can use it on a drove of hops
an<l make them imnuine?

Doctor M(»ni.ER. Yes, sir.

Mr. Hr( HAXAX. And they can not fret cholera?

D(»ctor MoiiLKR. They can not <ret the cholera if the serum-virus
treatment has lieen properly applied.

Mr. BrcHAXAx. Does it cost much?

Doctoj" MdiiLFR. It costs from 1| cents to li cents a cubic centi-
meter. There are 40 cubic centimeters to a dose for the avera«re-
si/.e pi«r, nuikinjr the cost about 50 to 80 cents for the serum. In
aildition farmers usuall}' emj)lov some one to make the injection.

Ml'. Hi < 11 vxAX. You have to have more than one injection?

Doctor MoiiLKR. One injection of serum and virus is suiricient for
the life of the ho<r. but, of course, when new pi<rs are born they have
to be injected.

Mr. Anukksox. AVhnt is the total cost — $2 a head?

D(Mtor Abuii.KR. It ou<j:ht not to averajre nearly that much. Mr.
Chairnuin. The older the pijr is the more expensive it is. When
they are little fellows, sucklinj^s of 15 or '20 ])oun(ls, they can be
vaccinated for 50 cents apiece. That is what we have been trying
to get the farmer interested in; instead of waiting until the pigs

114 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Avei<rh 80 or 90 pounds, we are tryinn: to <zet him to vaccinate them
when they are small, and then he will save half of his hoj;-cholera
serum bill.

Mr. AxDERSOX. Do they die as a result of the vaccination?

Doctor MoHLEK. Xo, sir. We have vaccinated little pi^ which
v.ere not more than 10 days old, ri^ht into the abdomen — put the
needle through the abdominal wall so that the serum would <zo into
the abdominal cavity, and they get down and suckle their mothers
without showing any discomfort. "We had 270 out at the Beltsville
farm this spring, and })ractically half of them were vaccinated when
from 10 to 14 days old. We did not lose one. The inference has
gotten out among the hog growers that if they vaccinate a pig lie-
fore it is weaned it will not remain innnune. I do not know how
that theory arose, but it is absolutely without any foundation. We
tried to disprove that with these baby pigs at Beltsville, and when
they got to weigh about 00 to 80 pounds we took them over to
Bethesda where we do our hog cholera work. We placed them in
contact with virulent hog cholera and we have yet to lose a single
animal from this infection, showing they were made immune by
being given this vaccination when they were 10 to 14 days old.

Mr. BrcHAXAx. What is the name of the preparation.

Doctor MoiiLEK. Hog cholera serum. You inject 30 to 40 c. c. of
hog cholera serum with 2 c. c. of the hog cholera virus.

Mr. BucHAXAX. They use that virus to give them a mild phase
of cholera?

Doctor MoHLER. Yes, sir. They are then immune forever.

Mr. AxDERsox. How many men have you got working in the field
on the hog cholera proposition?

Doctor ]MoHLER. Eighty-one men work full time on hog cholera
and about 23 work part time. All together it would make about
91 full-time men.

Mr. AxDERSOx. You have a reduction of about $100,000 on that
item ?

Doctor MoHLER. Yes, sir; $103,980.

REDUCTION IN APPROPKIATIOX.

Mr. AxDERSox. Will you be able to take care of the work with
that reduction?

Doctor MoHEER. Not on the scale that we are doing the work at
the present time, but what I plan to do is to reduce the force in
these outlying States, like Michigan, Georgia, and Florida, and up
in Montana. Washington. Idaho, and California. Instead of con-
tinuing 4 men in Texas and 4 men in Kentucky, we will retluce the
number there and concentrate the work on hog cholera in the Corn
Belt States, where 50 per cent of the hogs iu"C being produced.

Mr. Andersox. Is this being carried on on an (Madication l)asis?

Doctor MonEER. Xo, sir.

Mr. AxDERsoN. You are simply taking care of the districts where
that occurs?

A(;iu( ri/miAL AppnopiUATioN bill, iik14. 115

l)o(l«»r .\l<)iii,h:i{. Vcs; in mukmis simI ions. Our lucn ;ii-«' liiriiti-d
ill (lilli'lt'Mt Sf<l i()M-< ami tln-v ari' st'rit in tin- fariii- wlicrr tlir dis-

<'11SI' (H'flll'S.

Mr. Am>ki{s<)N. Ait casi-s prt'lty pr«>iii|»t ly rrporii-d'

I)(i(t<»r .M«tiii,r,i{. \'t'.s, sir. Wv •rot vtTV ^ood n'sult.>. ()v(»r in
Munlaiid \vi' liu\r liixl pioluiMy :^(> or lo oiitlnfaks in tin- lii.st
tlinH» months, and tlu' dist'as*' iH'vcr spiriul from th«' farms where
the outhivaUs occiirrt'd. In Michi^ran tht'ic lias hccn a litth* rnon*
cholera this hist fall than they had last sprin«r: hut in Iowa and
Nt'hiaska tlu' conditions arc much hcltcr. It varies; soinctiiiics yoii
will lind it hetter in one State this year than it was last vear. and in
<»tlu'rs you will find that it was hcttcr last year than it is this year.
Hut wo aiv not losing; to-day anything: like what we did !<» yeais
ajjfo on account of ho;; i-liolera. \ ear he fore last the death rate was
reduced to .SS hojrs jier thousand. Last year it reached 4:^ per thou-
sand, hut that was on account of the financial situation of the fanner
last fall.

Mr. Am)Kks«)x. Vou mean ^i'^ ho^rs per thousand infected?

Doctor M(HiLKi{. No: per thousan<l liead of hojrs in the country.

Mr. AxDKHsox. That is pretty hi^rh.

Doctor MoiiLKH. It has heen as hi^rh as I'M) In^fore this hofj
cholera .seriiiu was used 10 years a<ro: hut the reason for the increase
last fall was on account of the fact that the farmers financial con-
dition prevented him fi-om spending; any money on serum. TI(^ let
liis ho^rs die l)ecause he did not have enou^rh money to pay for their
treatment.

Mr. BicHANAX. For ho(j cholera you fjive them one dose of hojr
cholera seium and '2 ciihic centimeters of virus; is that it?

Doctor Moin.KH. Yes, sir. We have done that in hundreds of
cases. Of I'ourse if the ho^s are sick with cholera Itefore treatment,
they are froin«r to die.

Mr. RicHAN.vN. I mean for tliose that are well?

Doctor MoHLKH. Yes, sir. We ha\e on numerous occasions al-
lowed a numher of exposed hojrs to remain untreated and an eipial
numher to he treated, and you could readily see the diffei-ence. The
uiitit-ated ho^jfs would die, wliile the treated ho<rs remained well.

Mr. BrfiiAX.vx. It is a pretty effective serum, then?

Doctor MoHLKK. Yes, sir.

Mr. AxDKH.sox. Have you any figures. Doctor Mohler, indicating;
what tlie States are spending;, and ;rivin«r the numher of men they
have emi)loyed in this cholera husiness?

Doctor MoiiLKK. They are spendin*; less' than $200,000 a year,
and the numher of men varie.s. They have a ho;; cholera pro;;ram,
wiiii'h is in conformity with our |)r()<;ram. Tf an outhreak occurs
they draw on the men from some otlu'r line of work, if tliev have
no retjular cholera men. The following; tahle contains this informa-
tion by States:

116

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Cooperation of States tcith the Bureau of Animal luitustry in hofi-cholera

control irork.

Names of States.

Alabama .
Arkansas .
California .
Colorado .
Delaware.
Florida...
■ Georgia..

Idaho

Illinois. . .
Indiana..

Iowa

Kansas . . .
Kentucky
Louisiana ,
Maryland .
Michigan .

Approxi-

Approxi-

mate

mate

number

amount

of men

of money

em-

ex-

ployed.

pended.

2

$5,000

3

.0,.5OO

2

4,000 1

1

2,000

1

3,500

0

21,760

/

•20,000

1

2.000

2

5.000 1

3

12,500

2

4,000

2

3,000

2

4.000

2

2.'., 000 1

1

2,000

1

2,000

Names of States.

-Mississippi

M issniin

Nebra,ska

New .Mexico. . .
North Carolina
North Dakota.

Ohio

Oklahoma

South Carolina

Tennessee

Te.xas

\'irginia

West Virginia.
M'Lsconsin

Approxi-
mate
number
of men

em-
ployed.

1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
U
2
2
2
1
2

71

Apijro.xi-

mate
amount
of money

e.ii-
pended.

S2,S00
4,0(10
4,000
2,400
4.500

l,0fjn

4,500
9,000
2.5,000
4,500
4.0CO
3,000
1.500
4,712

195,872

Some State.s produce aiitiliofr-cholera serum, wliile others purchase it and
sell it to farmers at actual cost, including handliuj;.

COMPLETE ERADICATION OF HOG CHOLERA.

Mr. AxDER.sox. You did some eradication work in Texas at one
time. Did that contemplate the possibility of complete eradication
of ho<r cholera ?

Doctor MoHLER. Xo. sir. I do not think complete eradication is
possible under present conditions. I think the cost of completely
eradicatinff ho<r cholera would be so immense under jircsent condi-
tions that it would be extrava<j:ance to try it. It Avoiild cost a jrreat
deal more than probably would be appropriated. The thinjz to do. I
believe, is what we are doin*; — stop the infection where it ori<rinates.
and keep it from spreadin<r all over the country. Ei<rht or ten years
a<ro when an outlireak occurred (m one farm it spread to the whole
community until a snowstorm or some chan<;e of weather conditions
killed it off or it burnt itself out; but to-day a farmer may have hop:
cholera on his farm and it will be kei)t from spi-eadinp to his neifrh-
bors.

Mr. AxDEKSON. Is it transmitted by peojile carry iuL' it on their
shoes ?

Doctor M()iiLEi{. Yes; it is not nearly as infectious a.^ the foot-and-
mouth disease, but it is carried in the same Avay by bird.s, pijreons,
and (lo<rs, on farmer's boots and clothinjr. ami it is also carried by the
wheels of automobiles from an infected farm to other sections. It
is very easily disseminated.

Mr. AxDEKsoN. You have to disinfect the premises where it occurs?

Doctor Moiii.EU. Yes. 'I'hat is one es.sential thin«r. Our inspectors
do not do that, but tlicy supervise the work and tell the ownei"s how
:o do a <rood job. That is the reason our men are so xaluable. be-
cause they cover larfxe territories ^i\in^ advi»-e and supcr\ i-iuir the
control of the disease.

AOnUlLTl'RAL AI'PICOIMIIATIOX BILL, lUi:4. 117

KXTKNHInN WHUK.

liiist yciir with a \uitr vluAvrn force of mo votcriiiarians. there were
luhl 1,074 iiM'etiii^s with mm )itteii(hiM«(« «if r>7.4<)S; i.'MH (h-iiiMnstni-
tioiis ill thi' use of th«' prex I'litive seniiii treiittiieiit were made, with
an atteixhince of '2(».|*JS. At these (lern<»iistiaiti«»n.s H.s,M4<» h<»^'s were
tn'iiteW, 47.1."17 invest i«;at ions of swine disease were rna«h'. 1.4(U in-
ft'cted premises were «piarantin<'d, and rv.» premises ch'aned and ilis-
infected. 1 here were 171.;'>'J."» inteiviews hehl coneeriiin;: hnj.'-cli(»h'rn
pivvention and control. In efforts to assist practi«'in<r veterinarians
:ind improve tlieir methods ami techni«pie, 8t»,7H7 ho<rs were treated,
and. in section^ where veterinary serx iie was not avaihihh*. 'JKJ lay-
nn-n were trained to api)ly the serum tieutment.

\\'itli reference to your earlier <pierv, this decrease in the appro-
priation for ijo<r ('liolera, to my mind, is not ^oin<r to he nearly so
harmful to the work as the decrease in the tick-eradication fund will
he to that work. I think we can ;rct alon^r far hetter than in the lat-
ter case, where tho eradication methods have Iwen |)erfected in such
a way that vou can clean the whole county or the whole State, for
with Texas fever we have an al)solute and uniform method of <r«'ttin<;
rid of ticks. I'niike with ho;j:-cholera ^'erm>, we have an ahsolute
knowled«rc of the life history of the tick and its vulnerahle points, hy
which we can clean up county after county and State after State,
thus <rettin;i: rid of this \('rv heavy hurden on the live-stock industry
of those counties and States. So there is no compari.son, in my mind.
hetween the effect of a decrease in hop-cholera funds and a decrea.se in
tick-eradication money on the live-stoi-k industry, not only of tlie
South hut the North. Kast. and West. We are takin<r feeder cattle
from the South constantly and there are «roin<r to he all k'inds of un-
restricted movements of cattle between the S'orth and South when
the (piarantine line has been shoved into the Gulf.

A\'e had a case uj) in Pennsylvania the other day where ticks were
brought in with southern cattle, the ticks beinj; so small when they
left the South that you would have to have a ma<znifvinp jrlass to
see them, but when the animals jxot up Xorth for slauLditer tho
insj^ei tor found the ticks. I)urin<r the time these cattle were on
the railroad car the ticks had iirown l)i<r enou<;h to be seen on reach-
ing Pennsylvania. So that there will always be dan<rer of spreailin«^
ticks from the .Sotith to the Xorth so lon<j as there is a sinjrle tick
vemainin*; in that section.

Ml'. BrcHANAX. You can feel them, all rijrht.

Doctor Mohlj:r. Yes; that is true.

Mr. BrciiAXAX. How many little ticks can come from the blood
of one tick f

Doctor MoHLEU. Anvwhere from 3.()00 to 4,000 ejrirs are laid at
one tnne by one female throufrh her oviduct, as with poultry. Thest*
e«r,irs later hatch and produce the minute seed ticks, which subse-
«|uently U'come attacheil to the bodies of cattle.

FOR EKAnK'ATTON OF DOI'RINF: AM0N(; horsf^s.

Mr. .VNnKRs<^N. We will now take up the item on pa<re Gl). "For
all necessary expenses for the investigation, treatment, and eradica-
tion of dourine."

Mr. PrcnANAN. I would like to in([uire as to what that is?

118 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

PROGRESS OF WORK.

Doctor MoHLER. Dourine is an infectious disease affectin«r breed-
inJLT horses, and is similar to sypliilis in man. Continued i)ro<rress is
bein<]: made toward the final elimination of this disease. A new out-
break in South Dakota, involving about 2.000 animals, was the most
unfavorable development of the year. A considerable number of
diseased animals are still found on Indian reservations in Arizona,
but even, there the numljer of such animals is bein«r <rradually re-
duced. The work in Arizona has not projrressed very rapidly owin«r
to the difficulty exjierienced by the Office of Indian Affairs in se:ur-
in^r the prom])t slaughter of diseased animals. It is understcxKl
that this difficulty was due, in part at least, to insufficient funds to
indemnify the Indians owning diseased animals. Out of 14,549
horses examined only 243, or 1.6 per cent, were found infected and
Vv'ere killed.

This. Mr. Chairman, you will remember, is the same trouble that
occurred last year. It is difficult to <ret the Indians to carry out in-
structions from the Office of Indians Affairs.

Mr. Buchanan. So you just kill them when you find them?

Doctor MoHLER. Yes, sir. That is the only waj' to stamp out the
disease.

Mr. Buchanan. It is like the kindred disease in the human family?

Doctor MoHLER. Yes, sir: it is.

Mr. Buchanan. You can not cure it?

Doctor Mohler. No.

Mr. Buchanan. Is there any 606 for horses ?

Doctor Mohler, Yes;, but these horses are worth only !i^35 or so
apiece, and while 606 might probably cure them, it is too expensive.

Mr. Anderson. Are we goiufr to ^et rid of this finally I

Doctor Mohler. I expect, Mr. Chairman, that this disease will be
entirely cleaned up in two years' time. Last year I said three years,
and one year has passed, so I have reduced it to two years.

Mr. Anderson. You are still insistent?

Doctor Mohler. Yes, sir.

construction work at beltsville, md.

The next item, the one that occurs on page 67, will be discussed by
Doctor Larson, regarding the Beltsville dairy barn construction.

meat inspection.

The next item is for meat inspection, on page 60. This is the large
work of meat inspection that is being carried out by the dejjartment
under the 1906 law. There is a proposed decrease next year of
$25,000. and we Avill have to absorb that in our overhead.

NUMUIIR OK CA'lTl.K SI^^VCOHrKKKI).

•Mr. .V.NDKHsoN. How d<M-^ the shiughtcr this \'.\^\ year cninpati' with
I)rior years?

Doctor Mohler. Th«' shiughter of last year was 1.3 per cent greater
than the \car licl'dic. hut t his year the slaughtei- is going to lie gi-catcr

M

AGRICULTURAL APPHOPRIATION BUJ^ 1024. Ill)

l>y fur than unv vt'iir we liav«- liu<l. f»vc<>j)t UH'.t. wIum) wi' killed
7(),(MH),(MM) live stock

Mr. AsDKitsoN. Tlu* |)U(kfi>i say they are all nitinin^ helow ca-
pacity aiiil that (hf cotisiiinptirui is awnv <l«)\\ii. liow can you
account lor this incicasctj vluuL'htcf in tlic face of the lower con-
Munption i

l)o«tor Moiii.KK. The only way I can account for it i> that «»ur in-
creasinji^ population is takin«rcare of the increaM-d ^lau^'htcr. althou^rh
the per capita constwuption has decreased. 'I'his la.st year the
slau«rhter totaled (').'l,( >(>(),( KM) animals, and that is alM)Ut 1.3 more than
the ID'JI slau«j:hter. In .lune, .Inly, and August of U>*2'J the slaughter
of hoirs was nuu'h hifxher than during; the same months of any pre-
cedin<i year. There are more hojrs in the country now than there
have heen for several years, and the packers are slaui;hterin^ them,
and also cattle, rather fast just now. So with the prospects of in-
crea.sed slau«j:hter we are going to bo handicapped by the decreased
appropriation for 19*24.

PAVMKNT FOR OVKKTIMK SKKVICK8.

Mr. AxDEHsox. I have a sort of nebulous recollection of some leg-
islation we passed, under which the packers paid overtime for part
of this insi)ection.

DcK'tor Mom.KK. Yes; that is very true. That was in the year
1!>11>. By this bill the overtime of the meat inspectors is defrayed
by the packers, who «j:i\«' their checks to the Secretary of A^n-icul-
tuie, and he in turn pays the inspectors who work overtime. The
inspectors are paid at the rate of one and one-half the regular i)ay
for week days and double pay for holidays and Sundays.

Mi-. Andkuson. Did that only apply for that year^

Doctor Mohi,f:k. No. sir: that has been for e\-eiy y<nir since.

Mr. AxoKitsoN. That is still in etl'ect ?

Doctor MonLEiJ. That is still in effect.

Mr. AxDEHsox. How much was paid by the packets under that
last year^

Doctor MoiiLER. About $-21G.00().

Mr. AxDKRSox. There will be as much as that or more this year?

Doctor Mniii.Kn. It will be a little more than that, beiause there is
more killing being done this fall, and there will be more thi- winter
than there has been for several years past.

Mr. Jimp, According to my understanding of the matter, the pres-
ent ])lan is that in a short time the department will work up an
estimate based upon such realignment of forces in the meat-inspec-
tion force as Doctor Mohler can liring al)out, to be submitted through
the Budget Bureau as a supplemental estimate, to cover the time
beginning with the next fiscal year, of the money necessary to em-
ploy the additional employees that might be re<iuired in the meat
inspection so as to do away with that overtime, ami thus accomplish
the same thing contemplatetl by the bill. We are not in position to
make that estimate vet. but there will be something later.

120 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

Doctor MuiiLER. If this bill were reintroduced, passed, and sijmed
by the President, it would mean that from that date until the 30th
of June our men would have to work overtime and pet no pay for
it, unless we could <ret some remedial le<rislation passed.

Mr. AxoEKsox. They get time and a iialf on week days and double
time on Sundays?

Doctor MoiiLER. Yes. sir.

JNIr. Andkrsox. Soinel)ody wouhl save some money if they did
not have to do that.

Doctor MoHLKu. Tlie packers wouhl. you mean?

Mr. Anderson. Yes.

Doctor MoHLEK. Yes, sir.

Mr. Ani)eks<jn. It would be a savin^^ It must cost considerable
money to do this on the basis of overtime. Do you get your regular
employees to work for I'eguhii- wages on Sunday?

Doctor MoiiLEK. No; not at present.

Mr. Anderson. So you would not save anything on Sunday work,
would you?

Doctor MoiiLER. In case we paid overtime, you mean ?

Mr. xVnderson. Yes.

Doctor MoiiLER. I figure that if we i)aid for the extra work we
could get along with about $180,000 instead of $210,000 that the
packers pay, because the (lovernment does not pay double time on
Sunday or one and a half time for regular day work. We would
employ a man at so much a month, and if the packing house was
occasionally opened on Sunday he would have to be there, so it would
cost the (jrovernment less than it is costing the packers: l)ut 1 do not
believe that it is advisable to change the overtime law until Congress
provides otherwise for the extra work. When the law was passed
the packers had to ])ay for all the overtime, and at first the men
worked many extra hours, but later, with reduction in killing, they
doubled up and were i)aid less overtime. The j^acking-house business
decreased from TO.OOO.OOO animals slaughtered in 1919 to 65.000.000
in 1920, 62,000.000 in 1921. and ('>3,000.000 in 1922, so that our men
have done a great deal less oveilimc in tiie last 12 months than they
did at the l)eginning.

Mr. Buchanan. Sui:)pose this law was repealed and the depart-
ment liad to supjily its labor, would you supply it by means of over-
tiuie or by new emjdoyees?

Doctor MoiiLER. Largely with new employees.

Mr. Anderson. Then your employees would probably cost you as
much as time and a iuilf and overtime, because you would have them
on the rolls all the time, and these oth(>rs wouhl have ju.^t a little
overtime?

Doctor MoHLER. But many of the meat-inspection men who work
so hard dui'iug the heavy slaughter in wintertiuu' are taken otl" tlu'
inspection work in the spring and go out and work on ticks, cholera,
tuberculosis, scabies, and other seasonal work. We would not have
that peak load to carry throughout the four seasons.

AORKULTrRAI. APIMlOlMtlATroN BIU^ iVli. 121

Mr. Andkhnd.n. W'liut 1 un» Irviii;; to ;:»'t at i.^ wlu'tla-r it is most
t'fouomical when y<ni liuvi» a little overtime uiui pay an «'mploye«
that extra, or whether it would Ih' more i><-onomi(-al to have more
employees *

l)octor Moiii.KK. In sueh a i-ase it woiihl \>v economy to pay extra
for that oveiiime. Wv always have a i('<.Milar, nortmij lon-e ami
we would expe«t them to do a little c)vertime in emerjrencies without
t'xtru p!>y. It is not n (|Mestioii of a littN' or occasi<tnal overtime,
hut wheir the ins|>e(tors work lon;^ hours, starting' at 7 in the morn-
ing' and workin<r until 5 or ti or even later at ni;:ht. in the larp'
packin".' reiiteis duiin^' Jainiary, Fehruiiiv. and I)e<eml>er. we woidd
like to take care of them either hy the overtime provision or hy relief
employees.

Mr. AxDKRsox. Does that complete your item, I)<»ctoi .Mohlcrf

KRAHICATION <»F F<M >T-AXn- .MOITII IHSKAHK.

Doctor MoiiLKR. There is one more item on |)a^e ^V21>, for foot-aml-
mouth disea.se, which has been referred to. The a.ssipnment of ex-
perienced veterinary inspectors at public stock yards to make care-
ful inspections for sym|>toms of this disease is U'lntr continued. Sus-
pected cases of animals in any way reseml)lin<^ foot-and-mouth dis-
ease, reported as atfectinj; suscei)tible animals anywhere in the coun-
try, are promptly investijrated by veterinary inspectors who are
familiar with the symptoms of this disease.

At the present time when live stock is bein;r moved from one
country to another outside the usual channels of trade and foot-and-
mouth disease is appearing: in countries formerly free of the disease,
it is most important that extra precautions be taken to <:^uard ajrainst
the introduction of this disease into the United States or to detect
the disease in the event it should obtain entrance into this country.
Under this project an averaije of about >^.').r>()() a month is bein<r ex-
pended, larjrely to pay the salaries of the veterinary inspectors re-
ferred to above at public stock yards.

Last Aujrnst a disease havin«i: certain characteristics of foot-and-
mouth di.sease was reported in the Island of Jamaica. We do not
know how it <;:ot in there, but we fountl out through one of the
reports of the consul at Kin<rst<m that they had a jieculiar disease
which they called calf diphtheria in several of their Provinces, and
we surmised it was the foot-and-mouth disease. "We traced ship-
ments of material from Jamaica into this country and found at that
very time there were three or four hundred hides and several l)ales
of sheep and *roat skins on the docks at New York. In order to
))revent any infection being brouirht into this country we ordert'd the
whole cargo back to .Jamaica, disinfected the d(»cks at New Wtvk
City, and ordered an embargo on similar shipments. Later on. dur-
ing October, we learned that the disease had finally been diagnosed
as foot-and-mouth disease by the Jamaican authorities. Tliat just
shows how close a country can come to U'lng e\po>ed to an outl'reak
of foot-and-mouth disease and yet escape.

122 agricultural appropriation bill, 1924.

Tuesday, November 21, 1922.

necessary expenses for investigations and experiments in

dairy industry.

STATEMENT OF DR. C. W. LARSON, CHIEF OF THE DAIRY

DIVISION.

Mr. Anderson. We will now take up your fii-st item on page 58,
"Necessary expenses for investigations and experiments m dairy
industry," etc.

Doctor Larson. Mr. Chairman, the work of the dairy division is
planned along the same general line as has heen going on this past
year. The appropriations are the same, and the program is the same.
The work is divided into three general classes: Investigations of the
production of milk; second, the manufacture of products of milk;
and third, the introduction in the States of the results of these
investigations.

LINES OF PRODUCTION.

Under the head of production our work is along three lines: First,
nutrition; second, breeding; and third, herd management.

In the nutrition work we have made splendid progress during the
past year, especially in studies along the line of mmeral requirements
of dairy cows. It has been found that the old standards of feeding,
which have included the fat, proteins, and carbohydrates, do not
satisf}' milk production. It has also been found that animals may
not lose in weight and may not immediateh' go down in milk pro-
duction, but we know that some change has taken place, so that even
in the next lactation period there may be a very great reduction in
milk, and for this study it is necessar^y not only to know the milk
produced but to make thorough digestion trials, and for this special
equipment is necessary. We have the organization for tloing this
work. We have a splendid corps of investigators anil we are espe-
cially anxious to have a place in which we can carry on this nutrition
work.

BREEDING OP ANIMALS.

Mr. Anderson. Is this nutrition work carried on at Beltsvillel

Doctor Larson. Yes, sir.

Mr. Anderson. Is that carried along with breetling animals?

Doctor Larson. As far as it can be. In the breeding work we are
now on our third veneration of animals, in which we are attempting
to establish some definite basis of iinproveniont of our cattle. There
is no known process of breeding that wo know will pruiluci' animals
of high production and do it uniformly. We have spurts of high
production, but it has never been uniform, and we have various
theories and we are trying to work oul sonic priucijiies on which w«'
can improve our cattle.

Mr. Andkrson. 1 think there you have three kiiuls of breeding?

Doctor Larson. Yes, sir. We have the coni})arison of liiu* breeding
with outcrossing; second, comjiarison of inbreeding with outcrossing,
and third, the hree(Hng of a pure strain of hi<^h pioihiction hy con-
tinuous use generation after generation of sires that have proven

AGRICULTURAL AI'PROPRIATION BILL, 1024. 123

Ability f<»r liif^li j>r()<lM<ti()n. In other words, we hdicvr tliat it is
possible to us«> sires that luivr l>ceii proven as pn»«lueers of a larjje
number of animals of hi^h prodtit^tion, niul con(!entrat«> that nbility.
We also have a fourth, ui which we are att<'mptinf; to i)r«»vi' or dis-
prove what is known jus the "'nickin*;" theory, by comhinin^ bloo(l
of eij^ht distinct fanulies.

Mr. Andkrson. What is th«' theory^

I)oct(»r LvKsoN. The theory, which is pra<'ticed by most of our
breeders, is that unless you use animals that are faiilv closely related
there is dani^er of reducinj^ the produ<tion of the family. That is the
general practice throuj;hout the country in buyinj^ a sire, to buy one
that is fairly clos(«ly related, or that carries some of the same blood,
and not ^et blood that is from distinctly dilFerenl families. In tlu;
.lersey breeding wo have at leayt eight distinct prominent families,
and wo are mating those in a way that will make it po.ssible to bring
together in the third generation animals with the blood lines of these
eight distinct families in e(|ual pioportions. In each generation we
ean compare these outcrossed animals with the animals that are bred
within trie families and determine whether the "nicking" theory
holds good.

Mr. BiciiANAN. ^ ou mean eight lelat^'d familie^s ?

Doctor Larson. Kight unrelated families that are distinctive
families in themselves.

Mr. BrcHA.NAN. Of the same stock?

Doctor I>.\Rs<)\. Of the same breed. This work will take consid-
erable time, but we think that it is fundamental and will be very
useful throughout the whole country. It is a project that a State or
a bree«ler could not undertake. With our dairy cattle producing a
product that last year had a farm value of .?2,4()0,()0().()()(), and the
efficiency of the cows that produce that product depending largely
upon their inheritance for large production, we believe that these
experiments should be carried out to establish methods of breeding
whereby the itdieritance for large milk and butter-fat production
can be transmitted with greater uniformity.

INCRE.\.SED PRODUCTION THROUGH SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.

In tlie management work it has been shown that by extra methods
«)f care and feeding animals it is possible to increase production (50
per cent. We have now kept a number of animals four years. Tlie
first year we kept them under ordinary farm conditions; the year
after that we kept them under what we call advanced registry condi-
tions, or special care, and the third year we put them back to gen-
eral farm conditions, and the fourth year into the advanced registry
conditions, and we have been able to increase them as much as (50
per cent on the average. Now we are undertaking to determine
which one of the steps in the different care contributes the most and
how much each step contributes to this increase.

Mr. Anderson. vMiat is the different care given ?

Doctor Lar.son. The general farm treatment includes keeping the
cow in the ordinary stanchion, feetling her the ortlinarv feeiling
standard rec^uirement, and milkino; twice a day. The advanced
registry conditions include keeping tne cow in a box stall, feeding her

124 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

three times a day and milkinfr her three times a day, and. in case her
production is ahove 7o pounds a day, milkin<; her four times a day.

Mr. Anderson. How does tlie added production compare with the
increased cost of maintenance on the advanced recfistry basis?

Doctor Larson. We are studying each of these steps to determine
the amount of increase, as well as the net cost. We have gone far
enough to say that in the East, where straw is relatively expensive,
the additional bedding required in the box stall and the labor in-
volved in putting it there and taking it away just about balances
for the increased production. The box stall, therefore, is not an
economical proposition with us in the East.

With feed under the condition of prices that prevails in Maryland,
where we have this farm, and with the price of milk obtaining here
in the East, it is profitable to feed the additional feed that was given
under the advanced registry over general farm conditions. We com-
pared those figures, however, with conditions in one of the western
farms, and it was not economical, because the additional milk did not
pay for the additional feed used. So that the feed proposition de-
pends upon the price of feed and the market, and there are all gra-
dations down, depending upon the price of milk an<l feed.

In a similar manner we are studying the various other problems of
management.

Mr. Anderson. That seems to me rather out of line; an increased
production of 60 per cent, it seems to me, ought to pay for a good
deal of additional feed, unless the cow was starved to death first.

Doctor Larson. It does pay for a good deal of feed.

Mr. Anderson. I can not see, if the additional feed produces 60
per cent, that you would not make any money on the initial produc-
tion of the cow.

Doctor Larson. It is not only the feed that is necessary to get the
60 per cent; I said, the box stall, the milking three times, and some-
times four times a day, and feeding three times a day. In the case
of milking we found that with cows producing a fairly good amount
of milk, there was considerable profit in milking three times a dav
over two times. The increase in milk paid for the additional work
and left some balance.

Mr. Anderson. In determining these costs, how do you get at
them, all on the basis of paid labor?

Doctor Larson. Oh, yes.

Mr. Anderson. It would not necessarily follow that the farmer
who was running his own farm and not employing labor, could not
use a little extra energy and milk his cow three times a day and use
the extra feed required to increase producticm ?

Doctor Larson. No; but these results are stated in terms of unit
requirements; in other words, so many hours or minutes of labor dur-
ing tlie mouth, and the farmer can decitU' for liitnself whether or not
he will do that for 10 cents an hour or lo cents an hour or 20, de-
pending uj)()ii tlie prices he would have to work foi* in order to get
this return. The same is true of feed. That is given in terms of
imits and not dollars, so that he can convert to his own coiuiitions.

Mr. Andkk.so.v. There is a good tieal of possibility of being misleil
in this matter?

fl

AOniClMjTT'IlAI. APPI10PRIAT»0\ BII.I,. 1104^ 125

|)(>ctor LvKsoN. 'IMuTi' is; l)iit rorontly \vr ImkI at the farm a dozen
i)f till' hMidini; dnirvmcn of this coiintrv, atui this inaiia^iMiiont work
Wfts oxphiiiu'd to tlictn and tlu*v won' intenstdy pleased with it, and
are piittinjj it into pnutice. much of it. Not only is it positive,
but we have no;;ative results as well. In other words, peoph' a-»sume
tluit if you put a row in a box stall vou «;et more milk, and ^ome
people are remo<lelin<; their hams ori tlie basis of that. It is shown
that it is not eeonomieal to do that, hut |)eoj)le will do it where they
want to fT'^t »i hifj^h production for advanced re<;istry records.

Mr. Andkiison. Of course, tlmt is a part of the hreedin;^ and .sellinf;
proposition i

(OVI.l iT OK IMI'oKTANT LA II01{AT«)K Y KXTKRIMKNTS.

Doctor Lakson. Yes. sir. In the laboratories we are workin*^ with
various products of milk, including ice cream and cheeses of various
kinds, condensed and evaporated milk, and also the milk itself for
direct consumption. One of the imp()rtant products in connection
with this is the manufacture of forei>;n varieties of cheese. Normally
we have been impt)rtin<; as much as OU, 000, ()()() pounds of cheese,
while we only manufactured 300.000,000, and this cheese that has
been imported is of a kind and varieties that sell at the hij^hest prices;
and in these laboratories they have perfected a method of making
some of these varieties as well as they are made in the foreign countries.

Mr. Anderson. Is it possible to find experienced cheese makers in
this country, plenty of them?

SCARCiry OF E.XPERIEXCED men — CHEESE INDUSTRY.

Doctor Larson. No, sir; especially' not men who know how to make
use of these improved methods.

Mr. Anderson. I have come across one or two cases in my travels
around the country where there appear to have been failures of
cheese factories, due largely to the fact that the people operating
them did not seem to have the experience necessary to carry on the
business successfully, and I thought that there really was not an
adequate supply of experienced cheese makers in the country.

Doctor Larson. No; 1 will say there were not. and especially men
who could make the foreign varieties.

Mr. Anderson. Do they re(|uire any particular (|uality of milk i

Doctor Larson. Yes; that is true especially af Swiss cheese.
The other varieties do not.

Mr. Anderson. They require a higher butter content, or what?

Doctor Larson. No; most of them reauire a low butter content.
Swiss cheese is usually partly skimmed from the normal milk. In
fact, you can not make Swiss cheese from the average milk in this
country, because it is too rich. As far as butter fat content goes, that
can be taken care of, with any of these products. Swiss cheese,
however, rec|uires a particular organism that will develop the eyes
and the particular flavor that goes with it, and the laboratories of the
dairy division have isolated the ori^janism that produces tlie eyes
and the flavor, and by the use of that organism they are able to
change tlie making of Swiss cheese from an art into a science. Up to
this time and at the present time in most of the Swiss cheese factories

126 AGRICULTUBAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

in this country it is entirely an art, and the results are uncertain.
For every hundred pounds of Swiss cheese you buy you must pay for a
certain number of pounds that are destroyed that do not come out.
You must pay for a certain other number of pounds that are sold
below the cost of production, and probably in this country not over
60 per cent of the Swiss cheese is of hi^h quality. But by the use of
this organism they are able to get as high as 80, and in some cases 90
per cent of high c{uality Swiss cheese.

Mr. Anderson. Where does the dairyman go now to learn cheese
making ?

Doctor Larson. The colleges, a few of them, are teaching cheese
making. I can say in connection with this particular work that we
have what is known as the introduction section. The introduction
section of the dairy division is working to put the results of these
investigations into the hands of the manufacturers, and it does it
in this way: They make Swiss cheese, or any other variety. There
are several varieties of Italian cheese that sell at the highest price,
which we are now making in the laboratories. After we have
gone far enough to be satisfied that we can make a particular product
we go to Grove City, where we have a factory under our control,
and we manufacture that product on a commercial scale; and when
we have done that we invite the manufacturers to come there and
send their cheese makers ther^, where they can get all the infor-
mation we have about the product.

Mr. Anderson. How long do they have to stay there to learn it
right ?

Doctor Larson. For one variety it would not take very lono^. If
they are good cheese makers to start with and are willing to cnano:e
from their old methods, in two or three months the men can get in
shape to make it very satisfactorily. We carry that on in this
way; for instance, the State of Wisconsin makes most of the Swiss
cheese, and they say, "Well, now, we would like to make that cheese,
to make a better product, " and so we enter into an arrangement of
this kind. We say to the State of Wisconsin, 'We will put a man
in there for one year or two years to work in five factories, not more.
You put a man there to go along with this work, and at the end of
that time if we have demonstrated by those four or five factories
that this is the proper method, then you take it up and extend it
throughout the State."

UTILIZATION OF MILK AND BY-PRODUCTS.

The work of the laboratories also takes up the matter of the util-
ization of milk and the by-products. We have an enormous quantity
of by-products from our creameries and cheese factories, which
are not now well utilized. An example of what was done in this:
In the past year the men in the labi)ratories have made a product
known as soluble albumen, 'i'his has never been made before, and
has met with considerable favor by manufacturers. This product is
made from whey at cheese factories.

Mr. Anderson. What is it used in?

Doctor Larson. It is used in various food products, some of which
we do not know as yet; but it is used where nlbuincMi is needed.
Persons suffering with certain diseases recjuire albumen foods, and

III

AGRICULXrRAL APPIIOPHIATIOX BILL, U»24, 127

wr lire pivparin^ foods for siicli persons nnd usin^ this product, and
jirc usin^ it in pr('i)ariMl ll«)urs and tliinj^js of that sort use<l for
Cookin;;. In otlwr words, wo arc trying to utihzo niorr products and
make th(^nl nvaihil>h>.

Mr. Andkkson. I notice*! you have some extension items on the
(juestion of cow-testirij; and l>ull-asst>ciation W(>rk.

Doctor Lauson. Yes. sir.

Mr. Andkhson. What rchition (hies that havf t<> \\\r ^^cncrnl ex-
tension work '.

EXTKNMlON VNollk -< u\\ Ih^HllN". AM> III I.I. .\.>«.si)< I.MUjnh.

Doctor Lak.son. 'Phis cow-testin<; and hnll-association work we
liavc h(M>n doin<; (hlFcrs from general t>x tension work in that we do
not extend the rcj^idar association woik in the States except so far
i\s to show the people of the wState how this work can be done. In
other words, in your nci<rld>orhood reccTitly the county ajjent was
not .sohl to tlie idea of a hull a.ssociation. We think that is one of
the best and cheapest and surest ways of iniprovinpr the f^eneral
cattle of this country --throuf]:!! the hull-a.ssociation work, so our man
who is in tlie i)ull-association work <joes to your State extension man
and goes around the county and arranges a survey of the county
and calls on a number of the farmers and he hnds that they are in
terested in establishing a bull association. This county agent did
not know the constitution and l)y-laws. He did not know the diffi-
culties of organization and keeping it going afterwards, but the de-
partment man worked with this man long enough to establish an
as.sociation. He may do it in some other part of the State.

Mr. Anderson. Do thev not have people in the State colleges who
do that i

Doctor Larson. They do after you have shown them how. In
other words, we have men who study bull association work, make it
a special study for a year or two. A college man, if he were going to
drop all of his other work for a year, as would bo necessarv to learn
all the ins and outs of the bull association w'ork, could do it, but he
has something else to do, and our man establishes one or two associa-
tions and goes to some other State. That is the line he is doin^^ —
not to extend it all over the State as the extension work used to be.
It is simply showing the way and letting the State do the rest.

Mr. Anderson. This fellow operates as a specialist, as I under-
stand ?

construction of d.ury barn.

ANIMAL .NUTRITION WORK.

Doctor Larson. Absolutely. I briefly outlineil the work we are
doing in nutrition. This is fundamental work in animal nutrition,
and it is not simply feeding animals in the ordinary sense of the
word, but it is actually determining as far as possible just what
becomes of these feeds and what are tlie precursors to milk. We also
study the blood.

They are discovering proteins, for instance, that are more valuable
than othei-s for milk production. You may take a feed and analyze
it and find it contains a certain percentage of protein, and take anotlier

2*J0-_»S— 122 1)

128 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

one and find that it contains the same amount by analysis, but you
will not obtain the same results, because this diiTerent protein has
various amounts of amino acids in it, and results seriously on the
milk. We have found that some of these proteins are necessary in
some parts of the milk, and in one circulation of the blood as much
as 30 per cent of some these are taken out; in other words, in passing
through the udder. We are satisfied that some of these factors are
limiting the production of our animals. I also said that it is necessary
to get a balance of the feeds. It is not simply a problem of deter-
mining the amount of milk you get out of a cow to-day, but over a
period of time throughout the year. On simply the record of the
milk production for a lactation period it is impossible, we find, to
take that and learn what she is going to do the next period. We have,
therefore, started what we call digestion trials in which we analyze
the feed, the milk, and the urine and feces, and in that way we can
get a definite idea as to what is happening to the feed and milk
during this digestion period. \Miile we are making these careful
tests, it is necessary^ that the cows be kept away from the herd.
Our barns now are used for breeding barns and we have no places
for this nutrition work.

Mr. AxDERSox. Will you have to buy animals for this work?

Doctor Larson. No, sir; we have our animals increasing in our
breeding herds, and we will not reciuire additional animals for nutri-
tion work.

INCREASE IN HERD.

Mr. Anderson. How much has 3'our herd increased in the last
four or five years ?

Doctor Larson. In the herd at Beltsville we have increased, per-
haps, in the last four or five years, from <S0 to l.')0.

^Ir. Anderson. Do you sell any of those animals at all ?

Doctor Larson. L^p to this time only those that have become
sterile or unfit — unproductive. L^p to this year the foundation stock
of the breeding herd — many of them will have completed their rec-
ords. We have gotten the measure of the foundation animals — that
is, we know what they will produce, and we have their sons and
daughters, so that we can dispose of those animals. We feel the work
in animal nutrition is going to be handicapped very mnterinlly unless
we can get a building for it.

Mr. Anderson. S20,()00 ought to build

NEED FOR LABORATORY BUII.DINO.

Doctor Larson (interposing). It is not an ordinary barn; it is a
laboratory. It is the nutrition building, with places for the cattle,
special stalls and devices for making these tests, and the laboratory v
rooms for mi.xing the samples and storing them. This is very iutri-
cate work. We have to be sure we are using the same feed, for
instance, tiirou<^liout a wjiole period. That nu'ans that that feed is
all mixed carelully in thousands of pounds and put away carefully, T
and the same way with the hay and othi'r nii.xod feeds.

Then the urine and feces are collected carefully ami mixed and sam-
pled, all r(>(|uiring safe and special treatment. We have lunnlreds of

AGIUCULTURAL. iVTlMloPUIATION BIIJ^ 11*24. 129

ainplcs and necessary (M|itipineiit nlon^ witli it that will he liaiidlr*!
Ill this hiiil(lin«;.

Mr. Andkuson. If you ^o into this, you will ro<|Miro (juito a large
luiiiiher of additional men too, I supposed

Doctor L vusoN. No, sir; those liave larj^cly hcen provided for
already. 1 hope «'ventuallv we shall

Mr. Andkuson (interi)osin<j). I am skepti<'al ahoul putting any
more hiiildiiij^s on this Mcltsville place.

I)ocfor L.virsoN. Well. sir. this is a lahornlnrv I feel of impoi laiicc -
to learn the methods of feedmg dairy cows j\istifvin<; the SJO.OOO.

Mr. lirni.WAN. How many acres are there in tliat placed

Doctor Laiison. There are l(K) acres, about; and we are renting 120.

Mr. lUcuANAN. One hundred and sixty a(;res owned by the Gov-
ernment '.

Doctor Larson. Yes. sir. That is one of the dairy fanns, ap-
proximately that.

Mr. .Vndkkson. ^'ou have <;ot SI. ')().()()() worth of buildings on it
now \

Doctor IjAUSox. No: we have only spent about half that amount.
I third< we have very simple permanent building's. Notiiing elabo-
rate.

Doctor MoHLF'.R. Th(» farm has increased 100 per cent in value
since we f)tnchased it. It has been a money-making proposition —
no doubt of it.

Mr. Andkrson. I should think it would be fioin the amount of
mc^ney you have put on it.

Doctor Larson. I think the results pay for it.

Mr. Anderson. I think it is about the poorest land I ever saw.

EXPERIMEXT.\L PARM SELF-SUSTAINflNO.

Doctor LARSi)N. Part of it is poor, but we are raising very satis-
factory crops on it now and have been for several years, and I may
say. so far as the farm is concerned, that every year for the last
several years the farm itself has been self-sustaining.

Mr. Andkrson. Do vou mean vou are raising enough stuff to
feed the cattle ^

Doctor Larson. No. sir; I mean we are raising enough stulT to
pay for the cost of producing the feed and running the farm. I mean
the farm itself.

Mr. Andkrson. If you are doing that, you are doing very well
with what y(»u have got.

Doctor Larson. 1 think we are.

Mr, BuciiAXAX. lie is just holding his own— not making anything
or not losing anything, but just standing there.

Doctor L.VRSON. That is right, and. ns Mr. Anderson says, that is
very good.

Mr. Anderson. How big is this barn going to be. Doctor Larson \

D(»ctor Larson. It is going to be a two-storv concrete barn with
ba.sement and (Uie wing.

Mr. .Vndkrson. Fire-proof roof ^

Doctor Larson. No, sir, not a fireproof roof but it will be ceiled
inside so that it will be fairly fireproof.

Mr. Bi'ciiANAN. Ceiled with wood or lumber^

130 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1024.

Doctor Larson. Usually we use metal laths and plaster. This
barn will provide feed storage also. M

Mr. Anderson'. Does the .?20,0f)0 include the equipment *. '

Doctor Larson. Well, there will not be very much equipment
required — just the building.

Mr. Anderson. If you are going to keep all your animals there
and you are going to keep all your equipment necessary to collect
the urine and feces you have got to have some other e(|uipment.
have you not ?

Doctor Larson. We hope to take care of that out of our regular
farm funds.

Mr. Anderson. How many animals will there be in this milk test ?

Doctor L.VRSON. There will be about 24 in the general preparatory
work going into the stalls and perhaps not over 6 or 8 for the special
digestion stalls for certain definite periods during the year.

animal husbandry investigations.

STATEMENT OF MR. E. W. SHEETS, BUREAU OF ANIMAL

INDUSTRY.

Mr. Sheets. The animal husbandry investigations pertain to all
other classes of animal, except dairy animals — beef cattle, hogs, sheep,
horses, and poultry. There are three items — three projects — which are
being emphasized here, for which slight increases have been asked in
the total 12 projects. The first one is that of genetic research. Ge-
netic researcn, up until about two years ago, consisted of work with
guinea pigs almost exclusively, for the purpose of working out certain
fundamental principles in genetics. We believe that these problems
have given us certain facts pertaining to inbreeding and cross breed-
ing that we wish to confirm with respect to the larger animals.
We have two projects — one with swine and one with poultry — which
will require the services of a specialist to keep the technical and
voluminous data on weights, gains, and other information until the
experimental animals are mature. This will enable us to detennine
certain facts which have practical value to stockmen. This item

Erovides only the $3,000 for the salary of a specialist. There is now
eing spent on genetic research $10,065.

The other item pertains to nutrition research, which is divided into
two phases of work. One is for the investigations with reference to
meat animals, including poultry. One line of investigation connects
up with the various phases and studies on soft pork. The other is
for projects other than soft pork, which include poultry, animal
fibers, and certain other nutrition studies to fl(»termiiu> the values of
feed in connection with other animal husbandry projects. It is not
for starting new projects but for continuing projects now under way
just n little further with these same animals which will re(|uire verv
little more feed. In other words, we wish to utilize the aniunils
which we now have in other experiments, and the same facilities,
merely carrying them a step further to get out of them all there is in
the way of iufoniiat ion. This would require $3,SS() for the meat
iuN'estigations, including poultry and egijs. That would be used,
S3.()()() for a specialist and .$SS() for items of ecjuipment and laboratory
suj)[)lies, and $2. 500 would be used for an assistant in the ch(Mnical
liihoratory to assist with the cheinical analyses in the soft-pork work.

AGIUCULTURAL APrilOI'lUATlON BlU^ 1024.

i;n

Mr. A.NDKUSON. How fill' have y«»u ;;<»t with tlu* sufl-pork \y'<^- '
Ilavo you ^ot uiiywlu'n' yet '.

Mi. Sukkis. Wr liavc Ihhmi finikin^ very sul>.staiititil progress.
Thf work Ims Ik'om carricil on in runiUMlion with Id cspcriinrnt
stnlions, also in <-otnu>(tioii witii llic Institiilc of Aincncan Mcut
Packer's. With icfcrerico to results ohtainiMl wo have nuuii' very
suhstautial progress this year. I <lo not state that we have solved
a!iv one phase of the soft pork prohleni hut 1 helieve what Work wo
have tlone will iiave ^one a loni; way m ihrowin;^ I'K''* <"' ^'"' iuatl«!r
when the data is finally worked up. In other words, feed represents
one of the causes of soft pork; and hoj;s which once hecoine soft
harden with <;reat dilliculty. At th(> live stock i'xperirnent farm, at
New Ihcria, La., it w'asfoun<l that the feeding of rice products and nio-
livsses. and at the Coastal Plains vStation, at AIcNeill, Miss., the feeding
of sweet potato l)y-[)roducts had hardenin<^ elFects on soft hoj^s, and
that feeds like peanuts and soy heans produce pork soft in character.

The other item of .SO, ;>()() is for makinj^ slitrhl improvements in the
abattoir and laboratory. That is the abattoir and laboratory where
this work is done.

Mr. A.NDKUSON. Where is it done ^

Mr. SiiKKTS. At Beltsville, Md. That is, the slaughtering work is
done there. The hogs are shipped periodically to this station, three
or more at a time out of each test lot, for shiugliter and general
analyses. The lal)oratory was woi built originally for this work,
merely being converted for this purpose. It is too small for liandling
the work satisfactorily. For instance, if we have a large hog wo
can not hang it up in the abattoir to cool without first cutting of?
its head. \Vhenever one is recjuired to handle two pieces, for instance,
the hog and its head, weighing them, to determine the shrinkage
after cooling, it increases the work and at the same time increases the
possibility of error. What we want to do is to elevate the ceilings
of the cooling rooms about a foot or IS inches so that they will
accommodate the largest hog that is likely to be killeil in connec-
with this work.

There have been no modifications of the abattoir or repair work
done on this laboratory within the last six years.

Mr. Axdb:rson. Where do these hogs come from I

Mr. Sheets. They come from the cooperating experiment stations.
The states that are cooperating in this work at this time are Ala-
bama, Georgia, Kentucky, Indiana, Mississippi, North Carolina,
Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas.

Mr. Anderson. Go ahead.

Mr. Sheets. That covers the three principal items for which we are
asking increases.

Mr. Buchanan. The three increases \

Mr. Sheets. Yes, sir.

CLARK COUNTY EXPERLMENTAL STATION, IDAHO.

Mr. Anderson. Where is this slieep ranch you have? It i< some-
where in Idaho \

Mr. Sheets. At Dubois, Idaho — a special sheep ranch. The
United States Sheep Experiment Station at Dubois nas an area of

132 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924. |

28,000 arres of typical western orrazinor land that was withdrawn from
settlement b}' order of the President in 1015. This area is suflicient
to maintain the 4.000 breeding ewes which were contemplated when
the project was started, but has not been realized as yet. We have !^
at the present time about 1.500 breeding ewes, 50 mature rams, about '
100 ram lambs, and 550 ewe lambs, or a total of about 2.200 head of
breeding sheep on that ranch. We had expected to add about 2.500 d
ewes, to bring this up to a total of 4,000 ewes of breeding age needed t
for the proper study of range-sheep problems, ^^^len we bring this
up the returns will more than pay for the upkeep and maintenance
of the station. In fact, with the 1,500 ewes of breeding age, 550 ewe
lambs, and 150 rums during the lust year there was a gross return
from this station amounting to about S25,000, including cash turned
into the Treasury and the inventory value of young stock added and
of wool on hand at the close of the year.

Mr. Anderson. What was the cost of operation (

Mr. Sheets. The cost of operation is about §28,000.

Mr. Buchanan. That does not mean an}- improvements at all ?

Mr. Sheets. That does not mean any improvements.

Mr. Anderson. Were there any improvements made on the place
last year i

Mr. Sheets. Yes, sir. We are completing the reservoir for the
water supply station which has been one of the things that has
been needed ever since the station was established in 1915. We
built 12 miles of fence and added more room to the laborer's cottage.

Mr. Anderson. If I remember aright this S8.000 immediately
available covers the buildings out there on that sheep ranch. What
are you going to do with this next year { The chairman of the
Agricultural Committee is very jealous about any construction, so
I want to know what the reason for spending this S8,000 is.

Mr. Sheets. There is one item that has been needed and is now
very greatly needed which we have an opportunity to put in in
cooperation with some other ranchmen at a considerable saving of
money, and that is the electric power for lights and for other power
at that station. The neighboring ranchmen — the Wood Livestock
Co., I believe it is — are putting in their poles for this line and with
our participation we will be able to get our power for something like
$1,000 to $1,800, while if we put it in alone it would cost several
times that.

Mr. Anderson. Where do you get the power from i

Mr. Sheets. From the main line between Dubois and Spencer.

Mr. Anderson. Do you use it for electric lights only i

Mr. Sheets. For electric lights, for pumping, for the })repuration
of feeds, for the filling of silos, and for general farm-power purposes.

Mr. Anderson. Are you producing anything on the ranch now
except grass ?

Mr. Sheets. We have been producing some corn and some sun-
flowers. That has been the chief task (here, to get enough feed other
than roughage like hay. In fact, it is the problem of the ranchmen
everywhere, but we huv(> Ixmmi vei-y successful with sunflowei-s and
fairly successful with corn, and I believe as time goes on we will have
gotten the land in shape in the way of stones and other obstacles, so
that it will produce a little more.

Mr. BuciiANA.N. Is this rockv land (

i

AGIU(;ULTURAL AI'IMIOPKIATIUN BlU- 1W4.

133

Mr. Smkkts. Tht'iT nn* plnity of them tlirn-. li i^ voIcumic land
and lava rock is scallt'itMl over a larj^c pari of tho JS, ()()() acrt's. Of
coui*so you can not ouUivatc tlu-ru like you <uu in tho ^roat (.'oni IJolt.

Mr. Andkuson. What would it cost to put this line 'n\ i

Mr. SiiKKTS. Tho closest csfiuinfc is riplit around ."<l,(MH>.

Mr. An'DKRSon. All ri^'ht, that will give y«ui .^T.OOd. \N hat aro you
j^oiiifj^ to do with that '.

Mr. SiiKKTs. There is alxuil I'd miles «»f fence that ou^hl lo he put
up to enahle us to handh' these sheep in ll(»<"ks of the proper si/e. for
tho correct c»)nduct of the hreedin*^ and grazing investigation-*.

One of the greatest needs at that station right now outside these
other items is for a place for tjie niati in charge to live.

Mr. Andkkso.n. 1 have heen hearing that, i think, for four or hvo
years and this item has carried that SS,()()() for I do not know how
long. If that is so imp«)rtant why tlo you not build it (

Mr. SnKKTS. We have never 1iad the authority to out up this
residence for the superintendent. \Ve have put up oiu' lor the fore-
men and we put up one for the lahoroi's — that is the la})orers' hunk
house you might call it but have never had the authority to con-
struct the house for the farm superintendent.

Mr. IkciiA.NA.N. Where does he stay (

Mr. Sheets. He stays in a two-room shack, with a little porch and
an office back of that.

Mr. BrcH.vNAN. Is he married^

Mr. Sheets. Yes, sir. We just lost the superintendent of this
station, and it is partly due to the dissatisfaction of his family with
the conditions. It has been a great loss to the station and the sheep
industry that he left the section.

Mr. Andeh.son. What will this house cost you?

Mr. SnEp:Ts. By usin^ our own facilities, as we can do (we have all
the construction facilitu's and farm labor), we can put up a j'ood
house there to keep a good man there, and there is not any tiling
else to keep him, for around .?4,000.

Mr. Anderson. How many men do you keep employed out there?

Mr. vSheets. During the summer season, including all men and
the man in charge, we have about nine. During the lambing time
we increase that by two or three herders, as necessity demaiuls.

Mr. Ji'MP. Dr. William A. Taylor is here, if the committee desires
to finish these miscellaneous items.

Mr. Ander.son. Does this finish animal husbandry?

Mr. Jump. I think so.

Mr. Ander.son. Does your general statement, Doctor Mohler,
cover the work done under this animal intlustry item^

Doctor Mohler. Yes, sir.

134 agricultural appropriation bill, 1924.

Friday, November 17, 1922.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

STATEMENTS OF DR. WM. A. TAYLOR, CHIEF OF BUREAU,
AND DR. KARL F. KELLERMAN, ASSOCIATE CHIEF, BUREAU
OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Mr. Anderson. We will take at this time salaries. Bureau of Plant
Industry, on page 72 of the estimates, beginning with the statutory
roll.

Doctor Taylor. I have a brief summary statement, summarizing
the general character of the work of the bureau, which it will not be
necessary to read, probably, but which might in the record of the
hearing be helpful, m that it covers any particular points which are
not covered in the explanatory notes relating to the changes in the
appropriation.

Mr. Anderson. Without objection, it will go into the record
without reading.

(The statement referred to and submitted by Doctor Taylor is here
printed in full, as follows:)

General Statement of Work.

The work of the Bureau of Plant Industry is almost entirely of an investigational
character, devoted to acquiring knowledge concerning fundamental principles gov-
erning crop production and crop utilization. The bureau activities include the
improvement of crop plants by selection and breeding: the introduction of important
varieties of fruits, grains, forage crops, and other plants from foreign countries: the
investigation of destructive plant diseases ami the development of methods for their
control: and the carrying on, in cooperation ^vith State.-^ directly concerned, of special
campaigns for the control or eradication of epidemics of unusually serious plant dis-
eases, such as black stem rust of wheat, citrus canker, white-pine blister rust, etc.

The bureau carries on experimental work in all sections of the United States, fre-
cjuently upon land furnished l)y State experiment stations or controlled under lease,
in addition to the permanent field stations, the most extensive of which is the experi-
ment farm on the Arlington estate in Virginia. In cooperation with the Reclamation
Service of the Department of the Interior, agricultural experimentation is conducted
on the irrigated lands of the Government reclamation projects. A seed and plant
exchange service is conducted between experts of foreign countries and .\merican
experts. The bureau supervises the i)urchase and distribution of vegetable, flower,
cotton, tobacco, lawn-grass, and <lrought-resi8tant seeds, and of bulbs.

The complete activities of the l)ureau are too complex for detaileil statement. A
brief selection is here presented to show the general scope of the Inireau's work; this
statement is supplemental to the explanations for increases or other changes that are
presented in the estimates.

CONTROL OI' THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST.

White pine blister rust is a destructive ])lant disease that reached America about
]900. It was inlrodiiccd from Kiiro])e on infected white pine nursery stock, which
was ])laiUe(l in many places in the eastern I'nited States. In l!ll:> it was found attack-
ing nativt; wliitc pines, but its wiilc distril)Uti()n \vas not .^ii.-^pi'cted until the late fall of
1915, wh(Mi the rust was di.scovered on currant and gooseberry bushes and wiiite pines
over a large area in Mius,sachusetts and New Manipsliire. Since then practical mea.><urea
have been (h^veioped for the control of this disea.se untler eiustcrn conditidiis. which
consist of the eradication of curranl and goosclxMry bushes within !M»0 feet of the |)int>s.
'I'lic outstanding feature of the white ])ine l)lister rust situation during the na.-^t \'ear was
the discovery of tliis destructive disea'^e in tlie I'uget Sound region of British t\>luinl>ia
and Washington. The d«'|)artment, in cooperation with State and Canadian authori-
ties, has taken prompt action to delerniine llie extent of tlie infected area aiiti it po--

ACUIC'l'LTrilAI, APPROPIUATIOX niM>, 1(>24. 135

Hil)l<' III <'>iiliii| or <TU'li>at<' llii^* iK'w niilliri'uk ui the <li.'«'Ji.>«- Th«' atjo of ii ' ■\

found on pine lrr«'«< provon the i|i.-<cu.'«' wu^ pn-jwiit in Mrili.Mh Coluinhiu in I' r

to tho rnartmcnt of thr ('unodian hlisUT niHt (|iiarantin<'.

MOSAIC ANn LEAF UOJ.L OV I'fXTATO.

Invfwtipition.s of tho «)-falln<l cU'^onoratinn (liiw>am>M, moMair, |««af roll and to\k*'^\

troiiltlcH of potal(M's wliirh have hcon iti prrn^o.-w for wvcml yiiirM. mHow tl ;|»

of n»ala«li<'M ha-s l)cconi<' the urcafi-Ht hamlicap to |)r>lato irnprovnniMit ami > is

\om aniuially to pro<liic«Ts ihroiijihout ihf conutrv. Tln' out.MtarwIint; fcatMn* of tho
n»aultt* wciircd i.s tlic di.Hcovory that ai»hids aro tho miwt offortivo natural nu'ar»!< in
tho tranHmiHsion of thoso diHoaMo.H. In addition, it has h«K>n found hy an invoMtiirator
of tho Maino K\i>oriniont Station that lh«' prinoiiml ovor^vir»torin^f hoMt of tho |Mitato
aphis in tho rot<o, Ijisl soasons ohsorvations indioatod that hotli .ntroak and curly
dwarf aro closely rolatod to inos;iic and Hiinilar diwuM^'s of tho |)otalo I'iunf.H hocominjf
infoctod during' tho lattor part of tho ijrowin^^ .Hoason. whon further ^fro\vth has prar-
ticallv (••'usod. will not oxhihit anv of tho Hymptomn of imK^aic. hut tho tuhor« from
Huch liills will j)nMluco infoctod plant.s tho following waaon, tho diHoa.s(> lioing moro
jH'vort' if tho alfoctod .Mtock is planto<l in tho South. IasI Hoa.son'H oxporiinontson
control of mosaic hy roijuinf,' coiilirnis pr«'vious n-sidts, (fhowini; that roi;uing undor
ordinary (iold conditions, with mosaic planl.s in a<ljoinin>; |)lotM. will not I'roo such
atock from tho disoa.so, hut will tend to reduce tho porcontago of discasod plants, pro-
vided it is dono thoroughly and continuo<l throti^jhout tho Hoaj«)n.

DEVELOPMENT t\I>ER AltTIKlCIAL LIGHT.

Continuing: tho in vest i):at ions on tho offocts of tho relative lenpth of day and ni^ht
on plant growth, fairly extensive experiments have heen undertaken on the res[K)nse
of woody jV'roiuiials to this factor, especially with reference to such prohloms
hasis of winter hardiness, the natural distriitution of plants, and thoir Jloworii

s[K)nse
IS as the

-- - - ,.— ring and

fruiting hahits. Application of this process to a numher of species shows that initia-
tion of tloworing and fruiting and other charactori.stic responses to differences in
duration of the daily illumination period are brought about as rea<lily with artificial
illumination as with sunlight.

THE PROBLEM OF UTILIZING SUPERIOR VARIETIE.S OF COTTON.

On account of the present organization or lack of organization in the cotton industry,
most of the seed is inferior, and there is no assurance of any general utilization of
good varieties. Methods of bree<Ung and acclimatization have been developed and
demonstrated, but other rofjuirements must be met if a full utilization of superior
varieties is to be se<ure(l. The discovery and development of a series of superior
varieties, including the I^ne Star, Trice, Columbia, Meade, Durango, and Acala,
make it possible to place the different regions of the cotton belt on new planes of
improved production, and all the^e varieties are being grown as extensively as the
available supplies of good seed will permit, but the inadeijuacy of the present systems
of providing annual supplie.-i of planting seed is also being recognized and methods
of improvement devised. Efforts are being made, therefore, to avoid the general
mixing of seed at the public gins, and crossing of the different varieties in the tielda,
which undoubtedly are responsible for the rapid and general deterioration of seed
stocks that tend to keep our proilucing industry on a low plane of efliciency.

RUBBER.

The need of developing home supplies of rubber is becoming recognized, in view of
tho danger of complete deijendence on the remote ICasi Indies for this essential raw
material. It is known that several species of rubber-])roducing jdants can bo grown
in the I'nited States, if practical methods of utilization can be devised. The Central
American rubber tree (Castilla) is considered inferior to the Para rubber tree (^Uevea)
for the pur]x>se of commercial cultivation by methods employed in the Kast Indies,
but Ciistilla may have a s]>ocial vahu- in developing rul)bor reserved in tropical
America. Such reserves of rubber should be available in regions contiguous to the
I'nited States in case of emorgoncies that migh. interfere with communication or with
the production of rubber in the Kast hulies. For emergency use, Castilla wouKi have
an advantage in yielding its latex more readily.

136 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRLA.TION BILL, 1924.

BINDER TWINE FIBERS.

The cooperative work with the Philippine Bureau of Agriculture to encourage the
pro'luction of machine-cleaned sisal and cantala fiber in the Philippine Islands is ^
resulting in a steadily increasing production of these fibers. The machine-cleaning %
demonstrations, conducted during 1918 and 1919 with Government-owned machines,
were followed by the establishment of machine cleaning on a commercial basis.
During the calendar year 1920, the Philijipines produced 707 bales of machine-cleaned
fiber; during 1921, the production amounted to o.lliS bales; and, during 1922, the pro-
duction has been in excess of 1,000 bales per month. With the maintenance of the
present rate of production the Philippines will produce, during the calendar year 1922,
approximately 4,000,000 pounds of machine-cleaned binder twine fiber, or a supply
sufficient to provide binder twine for 2,009,000 acres of grain crops.

SEED TESTING.

During the fiscal year 1922 the seed-testing laboratories of the Bureau of Plant
Industry received and examined 29,()71 samples of seeds. Of these 17.100 came to
the Washington, D. ('., laboratory and 12, .571 to the five branch seed-testing labora-
tories maintained in cooperation with the State institutions. These samples repre-
sent both vegetable and field seeds from farmers, seed dealers, and investigators, to
whom reports of analyses were sent showing the presence of weed seeds and worthless
material, or germination, or both, as requested.

CEREAL IMPROVEMENT.

Increased Welds of wheat, oats, and other cereals, as well as an extension of their
range, have been secured by the introduction of new types from foreign countries
and by selection and breeding work, both by the State stations and by the department.
During recent years the most notable wheats are probably Kota, a bearded, hard red
spring variety, resistant to stem rust; Kharmont, a high-yielding selection of Kharkof
hard red winter wheat, especially desirable under Montana conditions; Hard Federa-
tion and Federation, two varieties of white wheat suitable for the Pacific coast area,
and the rust-resistant Durum wheats, which outyield other varieties in the spring
wheat belt and are satisfactory for the manufacture of semolina, although not for the
production of first-quality macaroni.

BARBERRY ERADICATION FOR THE CONTROL OF BLACK STEM RUST.

The camj)aign for the eradication of the common barberry in order to control the
black stem rust of wheat was begun in the spring of 1918 and is now in its fifth year.
The eradication area conri^rises 13 of the north-central wheat-growing States, namely,
Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Miciiigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North
Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. All of these States now
have enacted legislation requiring the removal of common barberry l>ushes. The
campaign is conducted in cooperation with the State agricultural college in each of
the States, with the State department of agriculture in most of them, and with the
conference for the prevention of grain rust. Investigations of the time, rate, and
manner of spread oi rust from barberries, made during the sunmier, give additional
evidence of the enormous losses directly traceable to individual bushes and hedges.

CORN DISEASES.

Investigations conducted in several States on corn root, stalk, and ear rots show
this group of diseases to be responsible for reductions in yield of marketable com,
ranging above; HO per cent. Control measures are being develo))ed from both the
8tand])oint of seed selection and field management. The most fea.sible control
measures thus far developed are careful field selection of seed corn eare before frost,
proper curing and storing ot these ears, and a further weetiing out from this selected
stock of those ears showing disease in germination tests.

CHLOROSIS DUE TO MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY.

In further work on the significance of magnesium as a constituent of fertilizers for

tobacco and other croi)B it has been found that corn, like tol)acco, develoivs ohanu'ter-
istic pathological symptoms on certain soils when magnesium is omitted from the

I'

I'

AGRICULTURAL APPlU>PKIATIOX HILL, 11»24. IMT

ivTliVi/.i-r . It lia« Ix't-n diHcovcnKl ulik) that jirupiT halunn* l.<t\M< n the miii.tiI^ nf

iiia^n(>»*iiirii and Hiilphiir iit tlu* fortili/.<>r or Hoil \n u fucti>r of iiii ;

;iiiil that thi.M Imhiiui' in liki»Iy to iu- ii:r«'atly ulfiTtiMl hy thr ;■: .1 iii«' -■

lull. In n'laUvf'ly <lry wnwonM Mymnlorii.H of Hiilplitir i|i nn- »!■

wliiN' ill wfi HciwoiiH iiia^MifMium (IfdcH'iicv Ih-coiiu-.m nu>i«- .1

«)f lln' .Mulphur l)rou>;ht into tin- Hnil liy mill, in ••oiijuiirlion wii

learhinf^. An a roHiilt of ti(>l<l )>lat u>!*tH rarrtfil out in tmwt of lti«> imiKirtant

^Towinir HcrtioHH, in whifh rhf-niicnllv ])ur« Halt^ woro iisnl iiiMcad of flu- umi.h < m-

nuTciiil ItTlili/iT matcrialH, it ha." fx-roino rvidrnt that iindfr (-(Ttain ronditn.nfl

niaLrnt'.«iiini di'licii'iiry may n-Hiilt in Horioii 11 tn'wl' i

land, ami the croj) i.Hf<ul)jfft to injury trDiii i <•?<. It 1 1

donionHtmtp<l that the nfro.-wary (jiiantity oi mairntfuum for corr«'<nntf thin d<

niav \u> rcatiily «u]t]»li»'d hy ufini: in the fcrlilizf'r potju-li .Malts cnntainini: ap).;- . ...,.<•

(iuantitit'.s of inairni'sium or by the application of majr'K'^iiini linu'.xtonr' Ui the noil.

It i.H iihviou.M, thcrt'iiiri', that the idnm-nt mairm-xiiim mii.-^t !><• Iak«'n into '

hoth in the jfeneral proldom of liinini; and in tin- pro|>vr chou*«' of commercial !• r

materialH, particularly in the u»*e of hiphly concentrated fertilizer formulas.

HVOAR-rANE MO8AIC.

Moraic di.sease of cane has heen foun<l in each of our cane States and every field has

heen insjM'cted and the deuToe of infertion. if any, has been <lct«TmiiH'd and recorded.
Some of the States are coojH^ratinp with us in the control of the mosaic disea-xe in the
cane areas. The disease has been reduced ])ractically to the point of elimination in
parts of Torto Rico and in the eastern and jieninsula part of Florida, where ro^iiint;
advomted by the Bureau i)t IMant Indu-^try has been jmicticed accordint; to directions.

THE QU,\LITY OF IKKI<i.\TI()N W.\TKIl IN UELATION TO IMrEKMKAIlLK 80II..S.

luvestitnitions liave been continued on the sijrniticanre of tlie salts diwolved in
irrijration water in renderin<,' heavily irrif,'ated .sioilp imiHT\ious. The ai>i)licati(in of
calcium sulphate or jry])sum in small (juantities serves to ]>revent the injurious effects
on the soil of tlie irrigation water that is deficient in calcium an<l majaiesium salts.
The same treatment is often l)eneficial slowly and to a limited extent in correctiuR
conditions of impermeability that already exist. When the condition of imperme-
ability is serious the action of the trypsum is often very slow becau.«e ot the fact that
it is not verj' soluble. For such conditions it has beeji found that aluminum sulphate
is more effective than calcium suli)hate in flocculating the soil colloids and making the
soil more permeable to irrigation water.

CONDITIONING OF CITRUS FRUITS.

It is becoming an accepted fact that some citrus fruits reach their highest edible
<iuality before their color changes from a chlorophyl green to tlie orange or yellow
sha<les of color which the consumer and the public generally have come to associate
witli a citrus fruit in good ediltle condition. If such friiit is allowed to remain on the
tree until it develo]is the desired color, it may lose in edible quality and, besides, it
may l)e possible to market it to much better advantage at an earlier i)eriod. This is
truH particularly of Satsuraa oranges and one or more early-ripening varieties of orange
grown in Florida, (^nsiderable attention has therefore been given to the working out
of j)ractical methods of hastening the development of a ripe color of such citrus fruits.
While this work has been in progress for several years, its commercial application has
been given particular attention during the j)ast vear. The method of procedure is to
conline the fruit in a compartment which can l)e made practically air-tight and to
subject it to the j)roduct8 of incomplete combustion of kerosene or gasoline.

NURERY STOCK INVE8TIOATION8.

In view of the fact that this country has been so dependent upon foreign sources
for many of its fruit stocks, the attempt has l)een made to find out whether American
sources of seed and American-grown stocks may not be produced which will have
all of the merits of the imported stocks. F'or apples, at least, it appears that satisfac-
tory seed sup|>lies can be found, and by a new methtid of propagation from nx'tcd
cuttings it apiwars that very satisfactory tyi)e of stock proiluction fe)r nursery i)ur{>ose8
can be very rapidly developed for wrtaiii purposes, being probal>ly about as eco-
nomical as the oroduction of the seedlings, similar methods aj)i>ear to be applicable
also for rose ami pear stocks.

138 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BELL, 1924.

NEW VEGETABLES.

Work on the introfluction and establishment of the dasheen, chayote, and tropical
yams has been carried forward and many experimenters have been supplied with ma-
terial for propagation. The market for dasheens is growing, not only among our foreign-
born population who have been familiar with the.se vegetables in their early homes,
but also among native Americans. Commercial shipments totaled about ten carloads
last season. About 350 persons are this year growing yams experimentally and for
market, from propagating material supplied by the bureau. The chayote, a subtropi-
cal vegetal)le of the squash family, is now produced in commercial quantities in some
of the Southern States, and the department is cooperating with dealers in northern
cities who desire to bring this new vegetal)le to the attention of the American public.

FORAGE INVESTIGATIONS.

Pasture and meadow investigations are of unusual importance in that they represent
under present conditions the cheapest form of animal feed. Improvements in pastures
and meadows have come largely from the introduction of improved species from abroad.
For example, molasses grass, introduced by the Bureau of Plant Industry in the
southeastern United States from South America, is beginning to be utilized by stock-
men. The Mung bean, velvet bean, and soy bean are well established and adding
materially to the quantity of forage produced in the areas where grown. Investiga-
tions by the Inireau of the relative value of imported red clover seed in comparison
wits domestic clover seed show that, in general, the imported red clover seed is more
liable to winterkillings, and also more likely to die after the first cutting following
the winter season, than plants grown from domestic seed.

DEMONSTRATIONS ON RECLAMATION PROJECTS.

Demonstration work has been conducted the past year on 11 Federal reclama-
tion projects as follows: Minidoka, Idaho; Umatilla, Oreg. : Unconipahgrc, Colo.;
Huntley, Milk River and Sun River, Mont.; Shoshone, Wyo.; North rlatte, Nebr.-
Wyo.; Belle Fourche, S. Dak.; Xewlands, Xev.; and Yuma, Ariz.

SALARIES.
REDUCTION IN NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES.

1

Doctor Taylor. On page 72 of the statutory roll there are changes
which in total involve the dropping of 17 statutory places, covering
$15,900, the transfer out of the Bureau of Plant Industry to the Secre-
tary's roll of two places at S720 each and the transfer into the Bureau
of Plant Industry from the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of four
places at SI, 200 each. This transfer in is necessary to complete the
transfer to the Bureau of Plant Industry from the Bureau of Agri-
cultural Economics of the fruit and vegetahle transportation and
storage investigational work. The lump appropriation for that was
transterred last year, hut, through oversight, the transfer of four
statutory clerical places that helonged witii (hat woik was not made.
This covers that. So tluit tlie net change in the statutory roll of the
Bureau of Plant Industry involves an apparent decrease of .$12,540
hut an actual decrease of SI 5,000.

Mr. Buchanan. These dropped places — 17 of (lieni at S9()(), are
there not?

Doctor Taylor. There are seven at $WM) and six at $840 ^ !

Mr. BuciiANAX (interposing). You need not stiite them, unless you
want to give them.

Doctor T.VYLOK. One at $1,0S0. three at $1,020 each.

Mr. Buchanan. These are not Idled now, are they ^

Doctor T.VYLOR. They are places which have hccn inlernii(t(Mitly
filled and vacated, places where we have had temporary people for

AGRICULTURAL APPIW)PRIATI()X HILL, 1024. l.'^9

parts of tlu' yoiw at vurioiK fiiin'**, ami \vv li«;uri'<l that wp rouKl pro-
tect that intrriuittcnt lUM'd in otlior ways.

Mr. lU'ciiAVAN. In <)tlu»r words, the salaries have heeti low and it
has been hard to keep anyl>o<ly in there, and those phups havr been
vacant most of the time

Doctor T.wr.oit. A fnir proportion of the time; some of th<-ni m<<sit
of the time.

Mr. lircHANAN. AntI you concludetl there wius no u.se in keeping
the places open ?

Doctor Tavi.ok. ^'es, sir.

Mr. liucHANAN. Thev wouhl have been dropped whether you had
any of this reorfjjani/.ation or not (

l)oetor 'rAYi,<iK. They are convenient in that they do not invf>lve
encroachment on our lump fund at the times when we need people.
but we can, we li«;ure. jjet alonj; without them.

Mr. Andkkson. There is one item I want t«» ask you about at the
bottom of this pa<;e 72. You have SS laborers at -STliO each reduce<l
to 86. Those are two that were transferred to the Secretary's roll i!

¥On INVESTIOATIOX OF PLANT DISEASES AM) PATHOLOGICAL

COLLECTIONS.

Doctor Taylor. Yes, sir. Tlie next is p^eneral expenses, Bureau
of Plant Industry, pajje 74 — the subappropriation for investijijations
of plant diseases ami pathological collections, including the main-
tenance of a plant disease survey: There are changes involving an
apparent decrease of So, 000. Actually tliere is no change in the
amount of money that will be available for the work heretofore
carried on. Fifteen thousand dollars is shifted from this subappro-
priation to the next subappropriation, that for the investigation of
diseases of orchards and other fruits, including the diseases of the
pecan, as follows: S10,000 heretofore carried by the proviso in this
subappropriation for research in brown rot and kindred diseases
of peach trees, and So, 000 not specifically provided but added to this
paragraph at the last session for fruit diseases work. The fruit
disease of the department is carried in the paragraph succeeding
this, and it is desirable to have the funds there rather than in this
place. It involves merely the shift of the funds to the unit where
the work is done. Partially balancing this transfer out of Slo.OOO.
there is a transfer into this of SIO.OOO from the subappropriation for
cereal disease control, which it is proposed to drop. That you will
find on page 102.

Mr. BrciiANAX. Let me get this clear in my heafl. You speak of
a transfer. You dt) not mean you transfer an apjiropriation ali-eady
made?

Doctor Taylor. No.

Mr. RrcHAN.VN. In other words, you do not need so much you
have under one item and you knock that off of that item and so you
have that much more on another item (

Doctor Taylor. It is not quite that, Mr. Ruduman. in that these
funds will be used, if Congress approves of this shift, next vear for
exactly the purpose for which they were provided and for which thev
are being used this year. The history of these particular items is
this — on the floor of the Senate two yeat^ ago the proviso of SI 0,000

140 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRL\TION BILL, 1924.

was added for peach disease work centering in Georgia, and it was
added to the wrong siihappropriation through accident presumably.

Similarly the So, 000 which is not covered by a specific proviso was
added last year in the Senate. As it stands it is out of line with
the orderly character of the appropriation, and while we can use it
where it is it would be better to make these changes in the location
of the funds.

Mr. Buchanan". You mean you could use it where it is for the
purpose for which it was intended ?

Doctor Taylor. For which it was provided, yes.

Mr. Buchanan. But now you are attempting to get these aprpo-
priations that were put under the wrong subhead in the right subhead ?

Doctor Taylor. Yes, sir.

Mr. Buchanan. All right.

Doctor Tay'lor. So that the apparent net decrease of $5,000 in
this paragraph, which results from these two shifts, does not change
the amount of money available for the work now being carried on.
It merely shifts it to another place.

fruit disease investigations.

On page 76 the paragraph for investigation of orchard and other
fruits, including the diseases of the pecan: As a result of the shift I
have just mentioned there is an apparent increase of S19.000. And
this S15,000 is that which I have discussed; S4,000 is desired of actual
increase for enlargement of the research work on citrus fruit diseases
in the Gulf States, where the work has been proceeding very effi-
ciently and has yielded excellent results. There is need, in par-
ticular, for a more thorough study of those diseases which aiiect
citrus fruits after harvest, while in transit, anil on the market, in
connection with the Florida citrus industry in particular.

Mr Buchanan. Normally they are free from diseases ?

Doctor Taylor. They are this year probably in greater trouble
than they have been for several years with what is known as stem-
end rot, which is a disease that is not conspicuous while the fruit is
on the tree, but which does produce quick decay after the fruit is
harvested if it is not very ([uickly cooled to a low temperature; and
they have been having some heavy losses in transit durijig the last
six weeks. The matter has been very thoroughly considered. We
have an excellent organization, with a temporary pathological field
laboratory at Orlando, Fla., where we have the equipment and the
personiH'l, except that we need an additional assistant to make this
work jidequately eflective.

Mr. BucHAN.\N. Before you leave that: How long have vou had
this appropriation to investigate orchard-^ and otluM* fniit; this is
diseases of jiecaiis. though, is it not i

Doctor Ta'^ LoK. This is diseases of fruits.

Mr. Buchanan. And diseases of the pecan?

Doctor Taylor. Yes, sir.

PECAN DISEASES.

Mr. iiucHANAN. Have you any bulletin on the pecan?
Doctor Taylor. Yes, sir; in particular bulletins on two or three of
the pecan diseases. The disease causing most apprehension at present

AGIUCULTiriUL APPROPRIATION BIU., 11»24.

141

in the ()r<jiini/(Ml [xm-iiii production lopionM is pocarj smh. a funijus
elisoasc which attacks the lonvcs and the hulls of the nuts. If ofton
causes a (h'fohation of the tree

Mr. hi( MANAN. ^'ou mean the oiiicr hulls ^

J)o<tor Tavlok. ^'<>s.

Mr. Hr( HANAN'. The pecan ha.** two hulls, one of theru (»penin«r.

I)o<'tor Tayi.<)I{. The shuck, they call it. .Vnd where the attack i.s
severe the funi^us catises the l)rownin<; and «lietin^' of the outer skin
of the shuck, and a premature ripeiiinj^ of it.

Mr. lU'ciiANAN. And premature adherin*; of the shuck to the pecan
itself^

Doctor Ta^i.ok. "^'rs. .Viid without lillin;;; the meal docs not hll;
and. wors(» than that, the fruit huds for the next year, if the tree is
hadly defoliated, do not set, so that the elVect on the next year's crop
is had.

Mr. BrciiANAN. !)(» you know the reason wiiy the prcnn is so
stuhhorn ahout hearing onlv every otlier year?

Doctor Taylor. No one knows with exactness. l)ut that seems to
he a clinra<'teristic wliicli practically all of our fruit and nut heariiij;
trees in the forests have. W'e rarely fjet two heavy cr(»[)s in suc-
cession under wild conditions. One of tlie main purposes of orchard-
in<; and of cultivation and of sprayin^; with the pecan, as with otlier
tn>e fruits juid nuts, is to steady tlie production ])y mainlaininf^ a
i)ahuice between vegetative growth and fruiting, so that a heavy
crop does not exhaust tlie tree beyond the possibdity of a reasonable
crop the next year. In orchard trees like the peach a good deal is
accomplished by th(> thinning of a too-heavv crop, reducing the load
and tlie draft on tlie vitality of the tree. NVitli tlie necan tliat is n»)t
pi'acticable. and we Iuinc to acct>mplisli it through more effective
tillage. fei"tili/,ing, and spraying where a disease like scab is involved,
to steady tlu' tree through its full-crop year.

Mr. Bl'(1L\nax. It might need irrigation?

Doctor Taylor. It might need irrigation at critical times in some
places; that is a possibility.

Mr. BrciiANAN. 1 wish you would send me bulletins, if you have
them, on that, and a few copies of these bulletins on pecans, or any-
thing else relating to them.

Doctor Taylor. I will send you what wo have.

Mr. Jircii.v.NAX. A good many of mv constituents are deeply inter-
ested in that, and oui*s is a splendid region for them, and we are
trying to «jrow them.

Doctor r.VYLOR. So that ihe net increas(^ proposed h(>re is S4,000
f(»r th(> enlargement of that citrus-disease work.

CITRUS CANKER ERADICATION.

The next appropriation is page 78, for citrus canker eradication.
I will tisk Doctor jvellerman to discuss that. There is an apparent
increase in it of S.'iO. ()()() over the regular appropriation of last year.

Mr. Anderson. You had a deficiency appropriation of .S KM). 000
last year i

Doctor Taylor. You recall that at the very end of the session
when the exigency developed, there was a deficiency appropriation of

142 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924. s\

$100,000, which made the total amount available during this fiscal
year $130,000. So that this estimate, which is an apparent increase
of $30,000, actually involves a decrease of $70,000 below the total
available for this purpose this year.

Mr. Anderson. We will now he r Doctor Kellerman.

Doctor Kellerman. The only point to bring out in connection
with this item, I believe, is that the decreases that we had recom-
mended in early years were probably made a little too rapidly, and
if we had not cut the work to $30,000 during last year, if we had kept
about $50,000 or $60,000 in that work, I believe it is certain that no
emergency appropriation would have been necessary.

OUTBREAK OF CITRUS CANKER EPIDEMIC SERIOUS.

The epidemic of citrus canker which developed in southern Florifla
at a town called Davie, Fla., was a direct result of inability to inspect
that region for a considerable period of months. That outbreaK is
the only serious outbreak that we have had in the canker work
during the fiscal year, although two other small outbreaks, also the
result of not being able to carry on adequate inspection work through-
out the territory, have occurred — one in Alabama and one in Missis-
sippi. There is still known to be a scattering infection of canker in
Louisiana, and there are some areas in Texas that are under suspicion.
In general, however, the work is now in good enough condition so
that we believe that we can handle it adequately with $60,000 and
also have a very small reserve that can be drawn on in case of small
outbreaks.

Mr. Anderson. Is there any possibility or probability that the
disease can be entirely stamped out in time?

Doctor Kellerman. In time I think that can be done. It can
not be done in the coming fiscal year. The difficulty in eradicating
the disease from areas where citrus is not commercial, like some
parishes in Louisiana and the northern Gulf region of Texas, are the
really serious difficulties in the work. I believe that within the next
two or three years we can complete the eradication work of all of the
areas where citrus is at all commercial; that is, in southern Texas
and the southern part of Louisiana, below New Orleans.

Mr. Anderson. I suppose even if you felt it was completely eradi-
cated that there would oe necessity of continuing the inspection for
some time.

Doctor Kellerman. For a few years it would be a verv wise
investment; it would be in the nature of insurance, and I believe a
very cheap insurance.

CITRUS INDU.STRY PUOFITABLE TO COUNTRY.

This citrus industry has undoubtedly in income taxes, in land
taxes, and in other ways already more than returned to the country
the amount of money that has been expended on it, as well as having
the industry saved to the people who are growing orchaixis in the
wSouth.

Mr. An'Dkkson. Do you find the ownei"s willing to cooperate and
piompt in reporting what they sup])ose to be the canker^

AGRICUL.TURAL APPIU)PRIATTON BIIJ^ 1024.

143

Doctor Kki.i.kuman. Wo have, I think, uiiivorsul rooporation at
the present time. It has been very enthusiastir in the areas in which
then' is a cominrnial citrus iixiuslrv, such as smithern Texas and in
the Mississippi, Ahihania, and Florida regions, when^ round oranj^o
or Salsuina oranges or «;rapcfruit are j^rown.

Doctor Tayu>r. 1 think it wouhl he a fair stuteinent, Mr. ('hair-
man, to say that tlierc has heen a very ninrked chaii<;e of attitude
on the part of citrus growers as this work has pr(»;;ressed. In the
hei^iiuHUi; they were fearful of adverse effect upon Lmd values and
that sort of thinj; as it became known that their j^roves were under
8Uspi<-ion. They have since recognized that secrecy would ulti-
mately result in harm, and they ar«' now very frank and prompt to
brinj; any suspi<-ious <"ase to the attention of the specialists. S<j a
very wholesome readjustment of opinion has developed.

Mr. A.NDKKsox. Is the disease diflicult to diaj^mjse?

Doetor r.vvLou. To distintjuish from tlie widel}' prevailing <itri)s
scab, which is not nearly so serious.

DISEASES OF FOKf:,ST A\I) OKNAMKNTAL TKEES AM) SHRUBS.

On page 80, the subappropriation for tlie investigation of diseases
of forest and ornamental trei>s and shrubs, there is no change. We
propos(^ a continuation of that work as it is.

WHITE PINE BUSTER RUST CONTROL.

The same remark applies to the subappropriation for white pine
blister rust cf)ntrol, on page 82. The only change suggested there
bein(]j the omission of tlie {)rovision of ?.5(),00() to l)e immediatt^ly
availa})le, which was necessary last year to inaugurate the enlarged
educational campaign in the Eastern States, upon a basis of full-
season activity.

Mr. Anderson. I think you had better tell us something of wiiat
vou are dt)ing on this item, in view of the incr(\"i'^e in the amount over
last j'ear.

PROGRESS OF WORK.

Doctor Taylor. This is briefly referred to in the statement that
1 have already submitted, but it would perhaps be well for me to read
the paragraph for tlie committee, it appearing in that preliminary
statement. [Reading:]

\\'hite-pine blister rust is a destructive plant disease that reached America about
l!>00. It was introduced from Europe on infected white-pine nursery stock, which
was planted in many places in the eastern I'nited States. In lit 13 it was found
attacking native white pines, but its wide distribution was not suspected until the
late fall of l!M">,when the rust was discovered on currant and gooseberry bushes and
white pines over a large area in Massachusetts and New Hamptihire. Since then,
in cooperation with the affected States, practical measures have been developed for
the control of this di.sease under eastern conditions, which consist of the eradication
of currant and gooseberry bushes within IKK) feet of the pines. The outstanding feature
of the white-pine blister-rust situation during the past year was the discovery of this
destructive disease in Hritish Columbia and the Puget Sound region of southwestern
Wa'^hington. The department, in cooperation with State and Canadian authorities,
has taken prompt action to determine the extent of the infected area and if jKxssible
to control or eradicate this new outbreak of the di.sease. The latest information indi-
cates that the'disease was intrixluced into British Columbia about 1910, prior to the
enactment of the Canadian blister-rust (luarautine.

21202.S — 22-

10

144 AGRICULTURAL. APPROPRL\TION BILL, 1924.

PLAN OF WORK FOR COMING YEAR.

Now, supplementing this statement and specifically with reference
to the enlarged program now in effect, the plan of work is this: This
applies to the Great Lakes, Xcw York, and New England white pine
territory. Wherever in territory white pine is being encouraged to
replace itself, to reseed itself and be treated as a timber crop for
future harvesting, and the local interests are willing to put their
money into the eradication of the currant and gooseberry bushes
which make possible the spread of the disease from pine to pine, the
department places a blister rust educational agent. He is in a county,
the man who does as regards blister rust control, through ribes
eradication, ribes being currants and gooseberries, what the county
agent does for agriculture. He works with and in many cases is
quartered with the county agent. He devotes himself to the locating
of the areas within which it is advisable to undertake this work
sj'stematically, gets in touch with the owners of the land, acts as a
general adviser and supervisor of the actual eradication work, which
is paid for by the State, the town, and by individual contributions,
that phase of the work being not financed from the Federal appro-
priation at all.

So that the blister rust control campaign now is under way in
approximately 50 counties where white pine has acfjuired the status
oi a crop, to be cared for and ultimately harvested for profit. It
involves the correlation of the interest and activity within those
States of the State forestry activities, the State agricultural extension
activities, and the department's activities, the depar4ment paying
the salary of this special man to lead in that work.

STATES AKD IXDHTDUALS COOPERATING WITH DEPARTME>rr.

Mr. Buchanan. Is that all the Federal Government pays?

Doctor Taylor. Yes. You will recall that previously this work in
its pioneer stages was handled upon a basis oi joint financing of the
eradication work. That plan worked fairly well tlirough the pioneer
stages, but it appeared to us that it had reached a place where there
was sufficient knowledge of the methods that needed to be adopted,
and that the main job from now on is an intelligent, efficient, properly
supervised leadership of an educational campaign, the bill for wiiich,
as regards the actual clearing out of these disease-transmitting plants,
should be borne by the people and the States that would have the
crop saved.

Mr. Buchanan. Are all those county or State local agencies re-
sponding to the terms of that agreement as carefully and fully as is
necessary and required ?

Doctor Taylor. Very satisfactorily. 1 would like to say that we
have not reached the peak of efficiency yet, because such a campaign
takes time, particularly, Mr. Buchanan — I wish Mr. Wason were
here— in a region that is as ruggedly conservative as the white pine
back country of New England, where the ])eoi)le are of the old-lime
stock. The leaders, however, are awake, anu they have come into
line very satisfactorily. The leaders are awake, including the select-
men of the towns, who const itut(» Ihe ndininistrHtive lead»'i"ship in
the localities. We believe the plan is sound, that it is operating satis-

i

AGRICULTURAL APriU)PRIATION BILI^ 1U24.

145

faotorily for u lirst-yoar operation, ami I am drlihrraU'ly coii.serva-
tivc in my expression on that.

Mr. Anukkson. Where lias tliere heen sullieient eraili<'ation in any
locality to demonstrate that the eradieation when it is (•on>[)leted
n'ally docs do the business <

Doctor Tayi-ou. In several of the New lOnj^laiul and northeastern
New ^'ork localities, where the eradication W(»rk was done in areas
of considerai)lc si/e. as mnch as live years aj^o, so tlmt there has
hcen time for new infe<'tions if n»'W infections wer<' ^^oin;; lo «trcur.
TIm" infections that are foun<l in those localities are practically all
infections that you can dehnitely mark as having occurred in 1*.>1/)
or ntUi or 1917. as delcrnuned hy the i^rowtii of the tree since that
infection occurred. Of ((MU'se, if the disease could spread from one
pine tree to another |)ine tree, the mere fact of an infection hein^
there would negative the advisahility of such work, hut with the
ciirnint-i and «;ooseherries out, no infection o<-curs later, and that
initial infection, unless too severe, does not ji'opardi/e the future
timher value of the tree.

Mr. Anukkson. \Miere you have them cut these f^ooseherries and
currant hushes out. is that the end of it; do they volunteer^

Doctor 'P.VYi.oH. A second comhiiif^ of the area will pnthahly ho
necessary 5 to 10 years later to uproot the very few hushes that were
missed in the initial eradication, and the occasional hird-sown seed-
linijs that may come in. The reinspection live years after of those
early eradicated areas, however, iliscloses a surprisinnrly small numher
of hushes needinii;; to come out. Of course, it all depends on the
thorou<j;hness witli which the initial eradication work is done.

Mr. Br( iiANAN. You dm them up by the roots ^

Doctor Taylor. Yes; tne\' have to come out. The small ones in
the looser soils are pulled out hy hand. In clay soils they require
f;rul)hin<r. and in some areas of swamp land some species of the wild
currants are so thickly present that it pretty nearly requires the
denudiiifj of small areas to «]jet them all.

Mr. Anderson. What are you doinfi; in the Puget Sound area <
Is the work being conducted there in the same way i

CONDUCT OF CONTROL WOKK IN' I'UOET SOUND .\RKA.

Doctor Taylok. Not exactly. Doctor Kellerman had a ijlimpse
of that this summer. I think his observation would be helpiul.

Doctor Kkllkr.max. Mr. Chairman, the work in Puget Sound region
has been confined almost entirely to inspection work, the number of
findings of disease ijiside of the rnited States being relatively small,
the presence of the disease in the Puget Sound region, rather than
the amount of it, having been the disturbing factor. At the j)resent
time it is clear that the disease has been in British Columbia for a
considerable term of years. It does not apj)ear that the disease has
been in the State of Washington for a period anything like as long
as in British Columbia, probably not earlier than in 11)17, as far as
Washington State is concerned, and only three disejused trees in-
fected lis early as that have been found. The infections, chiefly on
currant bushes, have all been found on the edge of Puget Sound or
on the coast.

146 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924,

Tliat all goes to show that the infection there is of comparative! v
recent origin.

I would like to bring out that at the present time plans for handling
the Pacific coast region have not been decided upon. It is possible
that the infections are so scattering and so recent that an eradication
campaign could be carried out. That was our hope at the very-
beginning of the season. Then, as more and more counties were found
infected, we became rather doubtful of the feasibility of an eradica-
tion campaign. The continuation of inspection work has not sho\s'n a
very wide spread of the disease, however, not as wide as we had been
led to suppose by the findings of midseason. The question of whether
an eradication campaign may be feasible I believe is still an open
question. An important conierence is now being held, or will be held
in a very short time, in Portland, at which both the Canadian and
Western States' representatives and people of our bureau will review
all of the information available, and the character of support that
could be obtained from commercial holders of pine, as well as to
again review the magnitude of the Federal interests in the national
forests that are likely to be jeopardized; and at that time a more
comprehensive plan for the future will V)e outlined, and if possible
agreed upon by all of the parties concerned.

At the present time, you will recall, that the current appropriation
is supplemented by a portion of an emergency appropriation that is
available during the greater part of the present fiscal year. Approxi-
mately $100,000 of an emergency appropriation given to the bureau
because of this unexpected discovery of white-pine infection in the
Northwest, is available until March of this present vear. giving us in
this item S300,000 to work with instead of the S200,b00 that is shown
in the appropriation bill.

Whether it will appear advisable to ask for funds to continue some
of the general eradication plans that we had at first proposed for the
Northwest, or whether the campaign can not possibly be developed
on an eradication basis and must remain t)n an educational basis, I
think will determine whether the present funds are sufficient for all of
the blister-rust wprk that we need to carry on as far as the Bureau of
Plant Industry is concerned, or whether it Woukl bo advisable to pro-
vide additional funds for taking care of the Federal and other inter-
ests in the Northwest.

Mr. Anderson. How much is going to be spent in this Puget
Sound situation now for inspection and other work 3'ou are doing {

NEED OF INCREASED FUNDS FOR EXTENSIVE ER.\DIC.\TION CAMP.MrtN'.

Doctor Ket.lerman. During this fiscal year anproximately
$100,000 will be expended for blister-rust work in the Northwest.

Mr. Anderson. An eradication campaign, of course, would involve
a considerably larger sum of money ^

Doctor Kkllerm.\n. That would undinibtcdly involve a somewhat
larger sum than weare spending there now. although 1 doubt whether
it would need to be very much greater. 1 would estimate somewhere
between S2()0,()()0 and S-"500.0()0 as nec^essary for an effective erjulica-
tion cami)aigii, which would hav^e to include scouting.

Mr. Anderson. You in(>an for that area alone?

Doctor Kkli.eilman. For the nvon including the .States of Wash-
ington, Idaho, and Oregon.

AOIUCULTUIIAI. ArriU)iMUATUJN IJILI^ 1924.

147

Mr. Andkuson. I <!<> not ijuilc j^ot you. I tlo not know whfthcr
yoii mean l)ctv\«'on $J()().(M)() uml $;j()(). ()()() for tlu' wlioh* ('uinf>Hi^i,
NfW iMi^land Mini

Dorlor IvKi.LKKMAX (intorposing) . No. n»). I nicun only for the
Northw<'st rrf^ion, in luldition to tnc $2(M). ()()() wliirii wc \\n\c at the
prosrnt tinir.

DoctorTAVi-oii. Tlic j'lncrfToncv nppro[)rialion availuMc for llu- \ car
hi'^^innin;^ March 1, li>22. and cxlciitlin;; ihrowj^h .Maich, l'.t23. was
SloO.OOO, wliich covers the whoU' of the jjrowin^ season of 1922 and
tlie winter following;.

Mr. Andkk.son. Well, .so far as \our plans j((>. without the deter-
mination of the (piestion of the policy to he pursued in the North-
west, the sum propo.sed is udecpnite to continue the work f

Doctor Tavi.oic. Yes. This involves a full-speed-ahead pnt'jnim
alon<^ the l,ines that we feel sure of in the territory that is ripe for it.

COTTON A.M) TUL'CK CHOI' DISEASK l.S VESTKJATIOXS.

The next subappropriation on pa<;e S4, for the investigation of
disea.ses of cotton, potatoes, truck crops, forage crops, drug and
related plants: The estimates provide an increase of $10,000 — this
for two purposes -•S2..")0() for work on cotton diseases. The cotton
disease probably causing the licaviest damage l)eing root rot, regard-
ing the cause of which and the methods of combating not much is
known, althougli work has been done more or less during a con-
siderable period of vears.

Mr. BiCHAXAN. It is as old as the cotton plant itself?

Doctor Taylor. It is as old as the cotton plant itself, anil it has
increasingly become evident, as closer attention lias been paid to tlie
classing of cotton at tiie source, that root rot. as well as other factors
which interfere witli the normal growth of tlie plant and the lint
seriously impairs the quality of the lint and reduces the value of
what is harvested and baled.

Mr. BuciiAXAX. Not only that, it cuts off its production (

Doctor Taylor. It cuts off production, and it injures the quality
of that which is produced in the root-rot affected plants. It kills the
stalk, the boll dries up. and you pick it and it has no staple to it. It
causes immature seed and stops production.

Mr. BuciiAXAX. How long have vou been studving that root rot?

I )octor Taylor. In a rather broken way for a number of years.

.Mr. fk'CHAXAN. It is a germ, is it not (

Doctor Taylor. It is supposed to be caused by a fungus, but it is
one of those fungi which has not vet disclosed its full life history.

Mr. BuruAXAX. Has it ever been called to your attention — this
is common notoriety down there that the plant of sorghum planted
in those patches wheiv root lot exists in cotton in two or three years
would destroy it (

Doctor Taylor. Yes. In fact, the only approximate control that
anyone has been abl(> to suggest thus far has been the use of tb.e land
for grasses, including soi-gliuni or other crops not susceptible tt>
disease, in rotaticm for a sullicient time to let tlie fungus measurably
die out of the land.

148 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRLA.TIOX BILL, 1024.

Mr. Buchanan. You know the objection to that, do you not?
This root rot takes possession of a patch of perhaps an acre over
there and an acre over here and another acre over there [ilkistrating],
just in Uttle patches throughout the cotton field.

Doctor Taylcjh. Yes: that is the difficulty.

Mr. BuniANAN. And you would have the grass patches or sorghum
patches scattered all over the field and have the exact line of the
root rot. ^

Doctor Taylor. It becomes a very difficult thing, unless you are *
operating on a basis that would permit the use in otiier crops of the
whole tract that has some bad spots in it.

Mr, Buchanan. But the spots are not sufficient, you know.

Doctor Taylor. And that is not economically sound in many
cases.

I will ask 3^ou, Doctor Kellerman, to tell the committee of one
recent development that you have been in special touch with in
root-rot control that is interesting.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ROOT-ROT CONTROL WORK.

Doctor Kellerman. In the Southwest the root rot has become a
very serious factor in the new cotton areas, especially in these areas
where the bureau has been fostering the production of Pima cotton —
long-staple Egyptian cotton — that is, American Egyptian cotton.

Mr. Buchanan. That is in Arizona and California (

Doctor Kellerman. That is in Arizona and California. The experi-
ments on the control of root rot, I believe, have pro^rresseil further
than they have in any of the older cotton areas and we have had
during the past two years remarkably successful control by treating
infected areas of a field with a solution of formalin — that is a disin-
fectant used widely; it is an excellent fungicide; furthermore, it
breaks down after it has been in the soil a while, so that it does not
injure the soil agriculturally at all.

Mr. Buchanan. Do you apply that to the soil ?

Doctor Kellerman. Yes; to date this treatment has been made
only in irrigated regions, which simplifies the application of the
disinfectant, because the area to be treated can be oankeil up, irri-
gation water run onto it, and the formalin added to the irrigation
work. .

There appears to be no reason, as far as we can see, why somewhat
stronger solutions could not be used in connection with plowing or
harrowing operations, and actually apply either formalin or some
similar disinfectants in regions where irrigation is not practiced. In
any case, it has been possible to check immediately, and, from some
exi)erimental fields, to completely eradicate the cotton-root rot. ■

Mr. Buchanan. Have you estimated the cost of formalin per acre '? "

Doctor Kkllerman. (Jn a field that was bailly infci-ted il would

f)robably not be practicable. We have not estimated it on that
)asis, but on the small cjuantity of land that neeils to be trealeil
when infection is starting it amounts to only a few dollars per acre -
two or three dollars to the acre on the liclds we have had uiuler
consideration. We find that the disease progresses from a central
point.

AtJRIClLTlKAL Al'l'llOPRIATtON ull.i^ I'.rZi.

149

Mr. Blciiaxax. And slowly^

Doctor Kkm.kkman. And slowly; and that tlu- an-a to be trculrd
is only that vth^v of a \ Jird or more that is acliudly killirj^ thf plants,
tliat that is the \}\inc wln-rc the fun<;ns is j^rowitij^ niid domj; its
daiuajjc; inside of that urcu or outside of that area no treatment is
necessary.

Mr. lU ( iiA\.\.\. Down honu- tiie [)at<-hes that die from th< iw.ii i<,t
an* s«)lid patches, p-nerally.

Doctor Keli.kkma.n. That is true, but that is bcrnu.se an infection
be<;ins and spreads over a consi<h'rabIc area, and tlie infecteti cotton
will die as the sea.s»tn continues. Replanted ((•Hon in the center of
the area, however, will not be killed.

Mr. liLtiiANA.N. Are you making any investigation as to the drv
culture in cotton States proper^

D(»ctor Kkli.kk.ma.n. That is one of the main things that we are
anxious to use this additional money for. This investigation tliat
we liave been carrying on has been carried on as a side issue to our
Southwestern cotton work. We have no funds, without seriously dis-
organizing i)tlu'r imj)ortant projects that are yielding important
results, to provide for experimental work in the nonirrigated cotton
areas.

The very active wnik on this disease has not ])een prosecuted during
recent veal's in the Cotton l>elt, l)ecause all of the leatls that have
been followed have not been especially productive, and at the present
lime we have felt that we were getting more benefit out of the money
that we were spending on plant-ilisease control work on other diseases
than on the cotton root rot, sometimes called 'Texas root rot."
because it is a serious matter in Texas.

Mr. lUciiAXAN. I know it is. Is it in ail the cotton-producing
States i

Doctor Kellermax. It is more troublesome in the Southern
States — in the hotter States.

Mr. Br( iiAXAX. Have you ever noticed it is worse in Texas on
black ianil than any other ^

Doctor Kellermax. Yes, it is much more destructive there.

Mr. Bl'chaxan. Changing the subject, is this fund the one that
carries boll weevil?

Doctor Taylor. No, sir; that is in the Bureau of Entomology.

Mr. BucHAXAX. There is no bulletin on this yet, is there ?

Doctor Kellermax. A paper on this subject Ls now being pre-
pared. A ilescription of this work probably will take shorter space
m the paper that is j)repare(l than the way 1 iiave describiMJ it.

Mr. BucuAXAX. It will be printed ?

Doctor Kellerm.vx. It will be printed very shortly,
that you get a copy.

1 will see

IKCRE.KSE FOR POTATO DISKA.SE WORK.

Doctor Taylor. The other S7.500 of the S 10,000 is needed for
potato-disease work. The potato crop is now produced under con-
ditions so widely iliverse and in regions so far apart and so far from the
consumer, who. together with the producer, pays the freight on
potatoes in larger measure than on almost any otlier staple foodstuffs,
because of the watery character of the potato that it nas reached a

]

150 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TION BILL, 1924

point where the ehmination of seed-borne diseases has become
vitally important.

The superficial diseases, the fungi which cause scab and troubles
of that character on the skin, are under measurable control through
the dipping of the seed and the avoidance of limy soils, or the omis-
sion of liming the soils immediately before the potato crop is to be
grovMi. But certain of the most destructive diseases — and these
have appeared in relatively recent times — both in Europe and this
countr}' — their control is much less well understood. They are
knowTi roughly as the virus diseases, which it is now known are trans-
mitted from plant to plant bj^ certain insects, the little aphids or
plant lice; ana it is now known, also, that at least one of these insects
overwinters on the rose. This whole virus disease problem as affecting
the potato is intimately associated with the production of high-grade
seed potatoes.

Much of the more southern portion of the country, including parts
of the Corn Belt and most of the territory south of the Potomac River,
relies on northern seed potatoes for its planting stock — Maine, New
York, Michigan. Minnesota, and Wisconsin.

The strategic place, therefore, of the attack for the control of these
diseases is that seed-potato-growing territory. The problem is acute
also in California, where the source of supply is either the high alti-
tudes of their own State or Oregon and Washington. A very great
interest in this matter has developed under the leadership of the
Bureau of Plant Industry, which some 10 years ago suggested the
idea of field inspection during the growing season as a basis for certi-
fication of seed potatoes, both as to horticultural purity as regards
variety and pathological cleanness. So that there were this last year
over a million and a half bushels of certified seed potatoes produced,
mostly in those Northern States.

But the situation is really critical now as regards the permanence
of the certified seed plan; it is a sound idea, one that we are confi-
dent is the only way through w^liich these diseases can be controlled.
We need more knowledge of the basic facts regarding these diseases
as a basis for the field inspection upon w^iich the certification rests.
A meeting is to be held in Boston tne last week of December of the
potato pathologists and certified seed growers of the States to con-
sider this whole question and endeavor to get together upon a more
harmonious and uniform plan of certification.

Mr. Buchanan. Don't you think the department ought to be
very cautious and very certain before it fjives certificates^

Doctor Taylor. That is realized, and the department has refrained
from giving certificates at all covering cjuality or pathological clean-
ness of seed. We have not specific statutory authority for that.
It is likely that if the name of tlie department appeared upon such a
certificate it would be interpreted as signifying a guarantee of
quality, which, under the j)resent conditions, could not be given;
and, accordingly, the department has studiously and without devia-
tion refrained from certifying seed potatoes or seed of any kind.

Mr. Andkhsox. Where vou have developed the method of control
of the di.sease, do ^'ou lind that the method is generally achtpted
sufficient interest is taken by the peoj)le in the production of the
disease-free potatoes or other commodities, so tliat you methods
are adoj)te(l (

AOBIOULTURAL APPHOPUIATIOX HIM,, l\r2i.

151

Doctor 'IVv^i.oK. If it Ixri.iiifs clcnr llmt it |>a\>.. >oiih- our liu« to
go forward ami <lct that thin;; at tht* iiicrcasi'^l oxix-usr tisiially of
money and practically always of labor, that is involved. Th*- (juiw-
tion of th«' pcrmatUMuc of the a<lo[)tion of such a practice often \h
iiidiieiiccd hy whether very destructive seasims oc«Mir sonjewhat
early in the operation of the plan or not; for example, in the <'aMO of
the control of brown rot of tlie peach in the CJeoi^jfia peac/li district,
a plan of control was worked out and demonstrate<l and adopted
and siicceede<l, and was practiced for several years. A dry season
came alon;; when unsprayed [)each trees yielded jiist as jjood a
product as sprayed ones, an«l there were two or three years in which
the weather was relatively unfavoiMble for the disease. Then there
came, two years a^^o, a continuously showery season in tliat lernlory,
when brown rot conditions were favorable, and tlie crop went bad to
an extent that caused losses that were almost total in the case of
large enterprises and the groweiN were in a mood for adoptioti of
better practices. The work that was put on there as a residt of their
appeals for a redenionstration. with some further improvements
wliich had become possible through knowledge secured later, they
adopted and this y(>ar adhered to a spray schedule in a very satis-
factory way and almost universally. Much depends on whether
early in a campaign a year occurs when the man who does not adopt
the methods does just as well as the one who does, because it is
dillicult to hold him to a sche(hde of increased expc'nditure and action
if he can not see that it jiays.

FOR INVESTIGATING THE PHYSIOLOGY OF CROP PLANTS.

Mr. Anderson. Doctor Tavlor, you can commence witli your next
item.

Doctor Taylor. The next item is on page 86, ''For investigating
the physiology of crop plants and for testing and breeding varieties
tliereof," in which tlie estimate provides an increase of SI 0.000 for
enlarging the date-production investigations in the Southwest.

DATE-PRODUCTION INVE8TIOATION9.

This is applicable chiefly to California, Arizona, and as a minor
feature to tlie Rio (irande Valley of Texas. The industry is coming
along in fairly good shape. The Deglet Noor variety is succeeding
well in the Coachella Valley of California. In the great Imperial
\'alley, in parts of which they have more humid weather tlian the
Coachella \ alley, the Deglet I^oor has not proved well adajited.

There is now a goodly supply of offshoots of an Egyptian date
variety, the .^aidy, which is earlier in maturing and more promising
than Deglet Noor for the Imj)erial \'alley.

We have no experimental collection there and the people are very
desirous of definite date work there. Telegrams came in this week
tendering, without cost to the department, a tract of laiul for that

f>urpose in the Imperial \'alley, in the hope that this work can go
orward.

Mr. Anderson. Well, are vou going out there and start a lot of
experiments on land which is furnished free, and thereby develop a
tract for private parties, or are you going to have to buy it '.

152 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TIOX BILL, 1924.

Doctor Taylor. The arrangement with respect to the use of the
land and the shape in which the work would be undertaken is entirely
open as yet. There is nothing determined with regard to that.
The present holding at Indio is on land which the Government holds
in fee.

The larger part of the commercial scale effort, however, is handled
under contracts for a period of years upon privately owned land,
under contracts which reserve to the (lepartment a share of the
offshoots and protect the department's right for experimental uses.
In most cases the cost of the trees — that is, of the offshoots imported
for those plantings— is borne by the owner of the land, so that the
Government expenditure is for the expenses of supervision and
3xperimentation, such as labor, salaries, and supplies.

Mr. Buchanan. How long do date plants last after they are set
out ?

Doctor Taylor. We have not in this country had them long enough
to know, but in the Old World, barring destructive insect trouble,
anywhere from 100 years upward.

Mr. Buchanan. I did not care anything about any specified length
of time, but just wanted an idea.

COMMERCLA.L SCALE COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS FOR DATE CULTURE.

Mr. Anderson. Where the owner furnishes the land and paj's for
the shoots, or offshoots, or whatever you call them, for a certain
period, then you turn the whole business over to the owners?

Doctor Taylor. Yes. In such cases, the owners bear the entire
cost of the culture and labor and all of that. That is what we would
call commercial scale cooperative contract experiments.

Our variety collection work, however, we do maintain upon land
either owned by the Government or b}* the State, so that the owner-
ship of the trees is in the Government.

Mr. Anderson. Well, what do 3^ou propose to do, to add to the
work you are now doing under this? Do you have any staticms in
the Imperial Valley?

Doctor Taylor. We need one station in the Imperial Valley, and
we need very much an additional man scientificallv trained who
can be out there throughout the entire year. Our field pei'sonnel at
the station has of necessity been headed by what we woulil call a
practical man, a man who has accomplished very excellent results,
but whose full time is occupied with tiie looking after the cultural
details and so on. There are lines of systematic experimentation
that we have to protect through the addition of a man who is trained ■,
to do that work. \u

Mr. Anderson. Are you still bringing in offshoots over from
Egvpt?

Doctor Taylor. We brought some in during this last spring, a
considerable quantity, most of which were financed by the planters
under these commercial scale contracts, although certain of (hem
were brou<;lit in for addition to our varietal cttllections.

AtJRICULTrRAL APPUoPHIATIoN BIM^ 1924.

153

CONBf MITHtS OK rioM KSTlr-<iU(lW S UATKM.

Mr. -V.M»Kic>«».N. T^'^^at is tlu- « <>miiiii<-ial i>n«hirti»»n rxiw '.

Doctor Tavi-oh. I can not ^i\v you the lij;ur«'>.

Mr. Andeuson. Well, it is hcciuuin^ <|uit(' considcnililc

Doctor Taylou. Considerable. althnu«;li not yet larj^e in compari-
son with tlu' v(«ry heavy iniportatinns. And the production so far
is chielly consumed in the Southwest (

The ostimatcd pnuluction of dates in California in 1022 is .'JOO.OOO
pounds. That of 1<»21 was estimated at l.')0.()0() poumls, the crop of
that year havinj; heen curtailed hy untimely rains.

Mr. Andkk.son. It is.

Doctor Tavloii. Chiefly.

Mr. Andkhson. I have n«'ver seen any nn the market anywliere,
and I was wondering whether the ilistrihution had ijotfeu (.uf>ide
of the districts where they are^rown.

Doctor Tayix>R. Secretary Wallace called mv attention within the
last few (lavs to certain jars of fancy packed California dates in a fruit
store at Thirteenth antl F Streets Br(»wnlcy's sl()re.

A peculiar situation exists just at the moment with respect to our
j)rol)al)le date importations this year us a result of the trouble at
Smyrna. Th(> li>j: movement from the Smyrna district, which is the
most important table h;; commercial production di.-.trict of the
world, has been seriously impaired by the destruction by fire of the
packing hou.ses, including; their contents, so that the fig shipments
will be subnormal.

The date importati«)n, which in general is handled through the
same channels of trade and to an extent is interchangeable with

the fig. will nro])ably be materially increased. They come from P^gvpt,
Alsiei-s. anu Mesopotamia, and there is every indication tliat there

^ will nrot)arMy t)e
•s. anu Mesopotai
will be an abnormally large importation of dates to balance this
shortage of imported tigs.

Mr. Anderson. Are there any figs produced in this country?

Dt)ctor Taylor. Yes, sir; the California fig production is increas-
ini; substantially and

Air. BrciLvxAX (interposing). Yes, and all over south Texas.

Doctor Taylor. I beg pardon ?

Mr. BuciLAXAX. There are a great many produced in south Texas,
too.

Doctor Tay'lor. Yes; they are used for canning — chiefly canning
and preserving.

Mr. Blcilvxax. Yes.

SOIL BACTERIOLOOY' AXD PLANT NITRITIOX INVESTIGATIONS.

Mr. Anderson. All right. We will take up the next item.
Doctor Taylor. The next is the subappropriation on page 88:

For tsoil-baotpriology and plant-nutrition investigations, iiuluding the testing of
samples, proeured in the open market, of cultures for inoculating legumes, and if any
such samples are found to be impure, nonviable, or misbranded. the results of the
tests may be published, together with the names of the manufacturers and <>f the
persons by whom the cultures were offered for .sale, $50,000.

Mr. Anderson. Well, we will pass that over without any discussion
There is not a change in that.
Doctor Taylor. No. sir.

154 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1934.

SOIL-FERTILITY INVESTIGATIONS.

The next is the subappropriation for soil-fertility investigations
into organic causes of infertility and remedial measures, maintenance
of productivity, properties, and composition of soil humus, and the
transformation and formation of soil humus bv soil organisms,
$45,060.

That is the same amount as was asked for last year.

CROP ACCLIMATIZATION.

Page 92 :

For acclimatization and adaptation investigation-s of cotton, corn, and other crops
introduced from tropical regions, and for the improvement of cotton and other fiher
plants by cultural methods, breeding, and selection and for determining the feasi-
bility of increasing the production of hard fibers outside of the continental United
States, etc., $132,500.

COTTON VARIETY IMPROVEMENT WORK.

There is an increase asked there of S20,000. The increase is de-
sired for enlargement of the cotton variety improvement work, with
special reference to the southeastern conditions, where, at present at
least, until the prices began to go up. exceeding depression oecause of
boll-weevil trouble and low prices and low yield has existed.

It is desired to develop at some point in the southeastern territory a
nucleuar variety improvement unit for pure-seed production activi-
ties, somewhat comparable with that which has for some years been
maintained at Greenville, Tex., where the Lone Star variety of cotton
has centered, which has become a very important feature of cotton
production there.

The Southeast is disheartened, to an extent disorganized, in its
whole cotton-production effort, and the way out appears to necessi-
tate as one important thing the concentration of the production upon
fewer varities.

Mr. Anderson. Good.

Doctor Taylor. Which can be grown, ginned, marketed, upon a
standard-quality basis, and the time is ripe for that work now, we
feel.

Mr. Buchanan. Do we not have many private individuals engaged
in trying to get such a cotton ?

Doctor Taylor. Yes; and some with distinct success, with very
marked success, and upon a fairly large scale.

Mr. Buchanan. And there are several, even, in tiic Texas territory
that have varieties of cotton that is just as much in demand as the
Lone Star ?

Doctor Taylor. That is quite possible. That presumably will be
so. The department has no monopoly of the ai)ility in tlie country
in the field of cotton imj)rovement or production. The department
has a certain responsibility, we feel, and a certain degree of capacity
to handle and in a measure lead the way in tliat work.

Mr. BuciiAX.VN. 1 was just wondering whether or not in all of these
things, corn, cotton, dates, and everything else, if it woidd not be
more desirable that the tlepartment arouse an interest in the devel-
opment along an improvement, some improvement line, and then
leave it to j)rivate enterprise.

AGRICU1.TU11AL APPROPRIATION BIIJ-^ 1024. 155

Doctor Taylok. 'riu»or«»ticully, timt is tiiiqtiPstioiitiMy triii*. Tlu*
exact time when the child ciiii sjifcly he turned loose in the junjjie is
always a inatt«'r of judgment.

Mr. Brcil.VNAN. Of coui-se. I did not mean !-> -^lop tin- -.hidy of the
prohlem at all. hut to stop those actual farm demonstrations and
larm ownerships, or partnership in farms for demonstration purposes.
I did not mean to stop the stu<lv in the ofFKM' of thinj^ (»f that sort.

l)oct(»r Tavi.ok. I understand you. I think our mitwh meet on
that point.

In a case like this, where it involves not merelv the convincing; of
the leading minds of a country, we will say, as to the advisahility of it,
hut it means the convincing; of the averaf^e <;rower or in some way the
accomplisiiin<; of nractically uniform practice throu^jhout a jjeoi^mnhic
community. It is going to take considerahle time to get that idea
over in this country, wkere we have developed on an individualistic
hasis, and we have not yet learned how most elfectivcly I" << "op-
erate, nor why you cooperate in such things.

Mr. BrniAXAX. Well, in my country I have never seen a hetter
development of enthusiasm for improving the varieties of cott<m
siiue many days, and I have heen foolin*; with cotton all of my life,
raising it, and every fanner of any intelligence is hunting the best
cotton seed and they are iiuiuirini; about tbem and discussing them
and have pamphlets from the dinerent cotton raising concerns sup-
{)oscd to put out improved varieties of seed, etc., antl one is trying
one seed and one another, and there is a well-developed enthusiasm
for improved varieties in my territory.

Doctor Tayu)H. That has been a very marked improvement in
that direction during the last two or three years.

Mr. BicHANAN. There certainlv has been.

Doctor Taylor. And one explanation of that, we think, is the
demonstration in the case of Lone Star, as an example, that it pays,
and also the demonstration there of the practicability of maintaining
upon a large scale, a production of pure seed that is suitable to
plant in that territory.

This does not mean that the Government is going to maintain a
continuous production of seed, but that we have got to demonstrate,
convincingly, that it can be done, and that the essentials are a few
things, without which effort will be desultory and ephemeral and
will not maintain permanent success.

Mr. AxDERsox. It is, I suppose, reasonable to assume that self-
interest in people will lead them to choose the best varieties and
most cfTicient methods, but my observation is that that assumption
is not a well grounded one. So. I suppose we will have to go on with
the propaganda to create intelligent self-interest as long as we have
any people in this country, and that is the one thing I suppose you
are doing under this item.

Doctor Taylor. Yes. sir; especially through proving by means of
varieties and facts a basis for sane propaganda, and discussions. It
is going to take a long time to put it over throughout the whole
territory.

The idea is not restricted to cotton, by any means. It is equally
true with respect to potatoes. It is almost equally true with respect
to wheat, in particular districts, but the idea is sound; that is. it is
economically sound, as well as agronomically sound.

156 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924. V

Mr. Anderson. Do you have anything further on this, Mr.
Buchanan ?
Mr. Buchanan. No.

DRUG and other PLANTS.

41

Mr. Anderson. Well, we will take up the next item.
Doctor Taylor. The next item is on page 94:

For the investigation, testing, and improvement of plants \-ieMing drugs, spices,
poisons, oils, and related products and by-products and for general physiological and
fermentation investigations.

Mr. Anderson. There is no change in that item.

CROP technological investigations.

Doctor Taylor. No. The next item is on page 96:

For crop technological investigations, including the study of plant-investing neina>
todes.

NEMATODE DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS.

The estimates include an increase of .$10,000 for nematode disease
investigation. The need for work here has broadened, as during
the last year it has become ev^ident that many of the root troubles of
peach and other fruit trees in portions of California, as well as with
clover in Idaho, as has previously been known with respect to sugar
beets in part of the irrigated territory, is attributable to nematodes,
which previously have been attributed to soil exhaustion and other
causes.

These nematodes which cause the root rot of the fig and peach in
the Gulf territory, and in some places in cotton, have been proven to ^
be destructive to many other crops.

There is one other phase that has assumed importance which only
indirectly is related to plants, namely, the part tnat these organisms
play almost certainly in the control of certain insects which damage \
crops, like the grassliopper.

It has been found that certain nematodes are apparently the con-
trolling parasites, which hold the grasshopper increase in check, and
reduces in certain parts of the country at least the grasshopper }
damage to crops.

Now, the question that emerges is whether it may not be possible,
through proper guidance and tlirection of these parasitic nematodes,
to accomplish a sufficent control of grasshoppers to reduce the epi-
demic phase of grasshopper injury to crops. Tliat is merely a sug-
gestion. At present, it nas not been put in effect.

Mr. Anderson. I suppose I ought to know, but will you tell us ||
what these nematodes are? Is it a general t<»rm that covers a great
variety of bugs ?

Doctor Taylor. It covers that group of little, l)ut visible, organ-
isms, sometimes known as eel worms, of which the hookworm,
which causes the human hookworm disease, is one. There is a verv
large numher of species of them. They have not been very mucli
studied.

Mr. Buchanan. Are they worms or bugs?

i

AGRICUIiTIJRAL APPROPRIATION' HIIJ,, 1024.

If)?

Dortor 'I'ayi.or. Tlicv arc \\i»rtns, and tiny linvp not boon \n y
miK'li sluditMl until rrct'utly. 'Pli«'\' arc widely [)rcvulrnt in those
parts of tho country whore tlio soil does not freeze deep or hard in
wint4>r. so tlint tliey live throw^h the winter.

They are troiihlesoiiie in j^reerdiouses in the North, and it has he-
come evident during this last summer that they have (►htained lodjrj.-
ment in the open jxround in various plnees as far north ns the (treat

I Lakes n><;ion.
Mr. BrcnANAN. Vou woiild not call a worm that is lar<;e enouirh to
cut a hean stalk down a nematode^

Doctor Taylor. No; these are little fellows. You can liareiy seo
them with the naked (\ve. hut if you want to jjet their foeial expres-
sion you ne(>(l a ma<;nifyinj; j;lass.

Mr. Hi'cifAXAN'. Some are injurious and some are heneficini i

Doctor Taylor. Some live on «;rassho|)pers.

Mr. BrcFf.VN.vx. And some of them eat other thirifrs^

J^octor Taylor. Yes. That phase is very new. If I were not here
this afternoon, I would he in Doctor Cobb's laboratory lookinj; over
some frra.sshopper corpses that he has been workiiifj with.

I would like to remark that in this recent development in coiniec-
tion with th(\se plant-disease orjjanisms, in the work on the iwrna-
todes alfectinj; "grasshoppers there is a close cooperation main-
tained with the Bureau of ICntom()lo«;y, and there is no overlapniuLT or
duplication — -the lUMuatode work beinic done by the Bureau ot Plant
Industry and the insect work by the Bureau of Kntomology.

Mr. Andersox. I do not know whether this is the place to brinp^
it in or not, but I think that a year or two aj^o you made some esti-
mate with respect to some work on clover. I do not know whether
you even ^ot the money or not. But has there been any develop-
ment in connection with clover seeds ?

CLOVER CROWN FROM EUROPEAN .SEED.

Doctor Taylor. There lias been tliis rather startlin*:^ developincnt
during the present sea^(»n, as regards the bi'luivior of clo^ er i;rown
from European clover seed imported from the Mediterranean region,
where lots of seetl obtained as near to definite sources of production
as we could get them without sending a man tliere actually to collect
the seed, W(>re planted in contract with Ajnerican-<;rown seeil plots
at Arlington Farm and in several States, particularly in the corn
belt and lake region, where during the miUl winter of a year ago
there was no perceptible diU'erence in the behavior of the crop.
Gootl stands were obtained at the seeding time in 1!)21. Thev came
through the winter of 1921-22 without material difference in growth
or stand. The first cutting of hay in 11)22 was substantially alike,
and it looked as though one seed was as good as the other. Within
three weeks after the mowing at Arlington Farm, however, prac-
tically every plot of clover grown from the south European clover seed
showed a destructive development of a leaf disease which before the
end of the summer had kilhnl off from half to two-thirds of the stand,
in contrast with the plots from American-grown seed, which stood
through in good condition, although showing some sliglit leaf injury
from tliis disease. This means apparently that we have got both the
question of winter tenderness, wliich had come up before, during

158 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRIATION BELi,, 1924.

severe winters without a snow blanket to protect the plants, and we
have got this summer disease susceptibility to look out for in con-
nection with foreign clover seed.

Of course, the difficultv at present is that we have not yet developed
a home-grown supply of clover seed adequate for our needs, and so
there is a continuing large importation whenever the price differential
justifies.

Mr. Anderson. I noticed this summer when T was home quite a
number of clover fields that appeared to have the leaves covered, or
appeared to be covered with a sort of a white mold. A great many
or some fields were almost white with it.

Doctor Taylor. That mildew was unusually prevalent this year.
It was at Arlington Farm, and was more conspicuous on clover from
American-grown clover seed than on the South European. It does
not, so far as has been ascertained, through feeding tests and obser-
vation, materially injure the quality of the forage. It probably does
reduce the quantity somewhat. It does not kill the plant. It
appeared to be a seasonal, climatic result of weather which encouraged
the growth of this fungus, previously unnoticed or unimportant.

FOR STUDYING AND TESTING COMMERCIAL SEEDS.

On page 98 is our seed laboratory paragraph, in wliich there is no
change in the estimates.

Mr. Anderson. I think you referred last year to some develop-
ment in connection with the buying of this .seed to indicate its charac-
ter, variety, or something. I would like to have you tell us something
about that, whether anything has developed from it.

Doctor Taylor. The practical way of informing the American
farmer as to what the clover seed is that he is buving, as between
domestic and imported seed, appears to be through a requirement
of coloring of the imported seed before entry. Proposed legislation
has been agreed to in principle by the leading representatives of the
importing seed trade. I believe the department has not yet sub-
mitted a specific draft of the bill, but has made the suggestion to
the committee that that would seem to point the way out.

Mr. Anderson. Admitting that the imported seed may be just
as good or even better than the domestic variety, isn't the dis-
crimination of this product upon the sole ouestion of whether or
not it is imported wholly immaterial, and almost a fictitious one i
The man who buys seed is not especiallv interested in whether it
comes from this country or some other. \{ it is just as good as what
he gets in this country. What he is interested in is in getting good
seed, is it not'^

Doctor Taylor. That is his interest. The difficulty at present
is ho has no wav of determining at all what the climatic endurance
of that particular lot of seed is as determined by the conditions under
which it is grown.

Mr. Anderson. Well, as a practical matter, aside from that, it
would give the imj)ort(>r and tne farmer an opportunity to express
liis prejudices, well j'rounih'd or n(»t, against the foreign seed.

Doctor Taylor. Yes, sir.

AGRICULTURAL AI*PIU)rRIATION MILL, r.C4. !.')<»

Mr. Andkrson. And I would iinnj^iup tliat it wouWl vorv mutfriidly
ij'diicc tlic use of imported sr<»d.

Doctor Tayi-ok. It wotild tnid t«) «Mu-oiini<;i> (In- prudurtioii of an
iid('(jMat(' supply Iwrc, flirouj^h tlir drv<>lopincut of prcftTiMiro -intolli-
m'Mt prt'frrt'ucc on tlw part of furuu'rs f(ir liomc-j^rowii s«mm|.

Mr. Andkhson'. Docs this item includt' your rxporinuMitiil iin[)ort><?

Doctor 'I'ayi.ok. The iinporl-sccd law adtninistratiou coinc-i under
this item. This doc-; not include forcij^n seed atid plant introduction.

Mr. Andkkson. That is what I wjinte<l to know. I thouj^ht not,
hut I wanted to be sure.

Vtm I\VK.STr(;ATt<)\AL WOIJK in rflK nfPROVKMKVT OK TKUKALS.

Doctor Tvii.ou. On j)a;4e 10(1 is one nf (he most iniporlani >id>-
aj)pro{)rintions of (he bureau of IMant Industry <>r of the depart-
ment, this heinj; the one which covers the investigational work in
the improvement of cereals, ijicludin;; corrj and the methods of
cereal production.

I( includes th(» investij^ntiomd work on (he disejises of (he cereals
as well as on the a«2:ronomio and plant hreedinj^ experimentation.
It also includes und(>r the proviso the funds for the harherry eradica-
tion campaii^n, now under way in I'.i of the princii)al wheat-«^rowing
States including the sprin<^-wheat States where tlie hlack-stem rust
of wheat has been most destructive.

The change in the estimate* involves a reduction of $150,000 in
the money |)rovitled for barberry eradication, but an increjise of
$2r).()()() for investigational work outside of this proviso and the
transfer from the subappropriation for cereal-disease contrt)l pre-
viously r<»f(M'r(Ml to in connection with the fii-st para^irraph of SI"), 000.
which heretofore has been used in cereal-disease control work, and
it is desired to devote that to cereal-disease research work especially.

The net chan<j;e. therefore, in the money carried by the subappro-

Criation is a decrease of S110,000, all of which comes out of the
arberrv-eradication reduction, $25,000 of new money j^oing into
cereal research.

Mr. Andeksox. Let me ask you if in connection with that $15,000
which is transferred from the cereal disease item on pa<^e 102, do you
expect to continue the same work that was done under that i(em, or
is it merely a transfer of that work i

Doctor fAVLOR. Yes; work in that same jjjeneral field. 1 will ask
Doctor Kellerman to elaborate on that a little, so that it will be
clearly before the committee.

CKI{K.\I.-I>ISEASK WOKK TIJ.\ NSFKKKKD.

Doctor Kkixf:r.m.vx. Mr. Chairnum, you will probably recall under
the cereal-disease control item (here was inserted in the appropriation
this amount becau.se of the discovery of two diseases — flag smut and
take-all, in the Middle West.

The invest i«!;at ions on the seriousness and the general spread of
take-all have indicated that it is a disease that spreads very slowly.
While it is a serious disease, it is a disease that does not need to be
handled as an eradication camj)aign. It can not be so handled, since
it occurs in several wheat areas. 1 1 is a research problem rather than

220l'8— 22 11

I

160 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924,

an eradication problem, and for the last few years has been handled
in connection with our investigational work on cereals, the funds
being retained in this cereal-control item.

In addition to that, the flag-smut problem was first taken up with
the hope of the eradication of flag smut from the one county in which
it was oelieved to occur in Illinois, in Madison County, but it does not |
appear that we will be able to have any reasonable success. We are
planning, therefore, to change that also into a control instead of an
eradication type of campaign.

And in connection with that, also, the research development rather
than the employment of inspectors or scouts is fundamental.

In cooperation with Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana we are carrying
out research phases which have been deemed best here, and we hope
to continue this, with the expectation of establishing throughout this
region varieties of wheat that will yield just as well as those pre-
viousl}" grown but which have a complete resistance to flag smut.

As the situation now stands, it seems to us that that is the only
way that this disease can be checked or that the spread of the dis-
ease can be checked.

Mr. Anderson. Well, can 3^ou maintain along these programs a
program to confine the disease in the areas in which it is located i Is
there any quarantine i

Doctor Kellerman. Federal quarantine has never been placed on
this area. Quarantines on the part of Illinois, in so far as flag smut
is concerned, beyond Illinois, in so far as take-all is concerned, have
been effectively maintained, with the gradual leaping out of flag
smut beyond the quarantine area. It would not appear, therefore,
that the quarantine policy is likely to be of any great benefit. The
opportunity for wind dissemination, the impossibility of safeguard-
ing, even if we knew of the distribution of spores through common
carriers, motors, wagons, farm implements, and other things that are
likely to move in that general section of the country, make it now |
look as though the control of the disease bv the substitution of resist-
ant wheats is about the only thing that is likely to be effective at all.
Quarantines are still under way, but our expectations are that they
will be rapidly loosened instead of increased in severity.

INCREASE FOR INVESTIGATIONAL WORK NEEDED.

I

I

Doctor Taylor. The need for the enlargement of the amount
available for the investigational work upon the cereals, aside from the
cereal-disease work, is acute for the reason that for several years past
the investigational work has stood still, financially, the increases of 1
funds having been for the disease-control work. The result is that
the highly important constructive plant-breeding work has lagged
somewhat behuid.

It is of the utmost importance that this should be built up. The
$25, 000 involved there is desired, SI 0. ()()() for enlargement of the
corn-production work, covering this whole field of varietal improve-
ment and achiptability determination of corn with special reference to
the Corn Belt and SI 5, 000 for the breeding and introduction of drought
resistant and winter haidy type of small grain.

One ver^ inij)ortanl thing in wheat i)ro(hiction is the pushing of
winter-wheat production just as far nortn as winter conditions permit.

cai
of
Co:
ffa
■ 1
era
ite
»'ei

)

tlie

U

H

A(;iU<l'I/riK.\I, AIM'Uol'KIATInX miJ,, ll»24. 10 1

for Nvinlcc wlimts coiiU' rullH-r miId liiir\t'.-l niiil iiir lf.s> Jllv('l\ to !»•
tliuua^tMl liy lit)t winds nr by l)lu(k stem rusl, fin timt matter. It is a
surer crop lliaii spring; wheat and a heavier yiehliiitr <r(»p fjcr u<T(» <»n
tlie avera«;e.

Mr. .VmiKH>«)N . \\ iitl I- li i> ;4i "\\ II III till- N "I I ii, i> il n.ii ii .'111 I ii<u->

it contain a> nui< h ;.'Uiten as sprinj; wheal '.

Doettir TayU)K. It is not as hard as spring; wlieat, hut lias a total
food vahie per acre in exei'ss of the hard sprin;;. It is not to he
expected at all that we ever will hav<> wint4'r wheats that will
entirely displace spiin;; wlu-at in our more northern tt'rrilory. We
do not know of any types t>f wheat that appear to possess hardinea><
sullieient to stand the winters of the northern Clreat Plains nrea
.ifter vou tret up into the Dakotas. up to North Dakota, particularly,
hut then' is reason to helieve that there are cold <'ndurin;^ tyf)es «jf
wheal ill the Asiatic interior that are (|uite beyond anythint^ that we
have vet. The proi^ress that has hcen made in the hrecdin;; work
with the material that we have t>ncouia<^es the hop<' also that matt>riid
increase of winter hardiness can he accomplished in tiic ease of wheat
that would make it possible to push winter wheat production eon-
siderahlv farther north thnii it ev<T has been in this countrv. That
would be an important and very <lesirable ihinj; to uccomplish. On
pa»;e 102. the eerreal dise»i.se control item

Mr. Andeu.son (interposing;). Did you finish this^

Doftor Tavi.oij. I bei; your j^ardon. Do you wish ^omc informa-
tion upon the barberi'v eradicalitm '.

Mr. Andkk.son. I wanted some information on barberry eradica-
tion. Hut I understand that this S2o.l)()() is going to be used entirely
on this wheat business.

Doctor Taylor. On wheat and corn.

Mr. .Vm)KI{S()n. Wheat and corn. I want a good deal of informa-
ti(»n on this barberry eradication plan.

Doctor Taylor. I would suggest that Doctor Kellerman has a
map here that will help you to understand it.

BARBERRY ERADICATION.

Doctor Kellerman. Mr. Chairman, the work of barberry eradi-
cation was considerably enlarged during the past fiscal year, because
of the increased funds put at the disposal of the bureau bv the last
Congress. A very small map that 1 have here will be the easiest
wav for you to visualize, approximately, the progre.ss of the work.

The plans of the activity have been to center the inspection ami
eradication work in those areas where losses have been severe, where
the escape of the barberry, if it oeeurred (piite generally and there
were delays in eradication, would, therefore, result in a very much
harder campaign as each year went by. Accordingly, the most
critical insj)ections and the hea\ iest exi)en<litures have occurred in
the central portions of the area of the 13 States-

Mr. Ander.son (interposing). Will you name the States^

Doctor Kellei{Man. They are North Daki)ta. Minnesota. South
Dakota, and Iowa. The inspections there have been conducted in
about one-half, a little bit more than on(»-half. of the areas that we
think must be very carefully inspiM'ted and inspected on a farm-
to-farm basis before we can assume that the eradication work ha.s-
been accomplished.

162 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

A little bit more than approximately one-half of the areas of tliese
States, more than a half of the areas of Michif^an, Wisconsin. Illinois.
Indiana, Ohio, and Nebraska, remain to be critically inspected.

In addition, we find that the sprouting of the barberries is a very
troublesome factor. Even after a farm-to-farm survey has been
completed, we will probably have to make a reinspection a year or
two later to find the sprouts which farmers are likely to overlook.

The belief in the success of the barberry eradication in preventing
epidemics and destructive epidemics of st<?m rust, I think is now
practically universal.

Mr. Anderson. Well, mv observation does not agree \^^th that at
all. Of course, my section of the country does not raise much wiieat,
but I do not think' that you will find one farmer in ten out there that
takes any stock at all in your barberry business.

Doctor Kellerman. Well, I am very much surprised to hear that
because so far as I am in touch with this, which is, of coui-se, largely
second hand — I have met a few persons from where the work has
been conducted, and those as a general rule. I think, are the larger
farmers, and therefore they may not represent the sentiment of the
farm group as a whole. But taking the Farm Bureau, which is a
fairly direct representation of the sentiment of the farmers, taking
our correspondents, the reports of the barberry scouts who are in
most intimate contact with the farmers, I think that there is no
question but that the men that we are in contact with are most
sympathetic to this work, and the overwhelming majority of them
believe in it.

Mr. Buchanan. Now, let me ask you a question there. How long
have you been fighting this black stem rust ?

Doctor Kellerman. Well, through barberry eradication, you
might say, since 1918.

Mr. Buchanan. How long have you been fighting it altogether —
8, 10, or 15 years?

Doctor Kellerman. Oh, 50 years.

Mr. Buchanan. All right, then, from your 50 years of experience,
has the department arrived at a conclusion that barberry eradication
will eradicate the stem I'ust ?

Doctor Kellerman. Not that it will eradicate stem rust as u
disease, but that it will prevent the destructive epidemics that have
caused such heavy crop losses as occurred in 1916, for exampk\

ERADICATION OF BARBEHRY OK GREAT ECONOMIC VAI-UE.

Mr. Buchanan. Then, has the departnicnt arrived at a conclusion
that the eradication of the barberry bush will be itself justified, from
an economic standpoint?

Doctor Kellermw. From our study and investigation, tluit is
what we generally expect.

Mr. Bu(-iianan. So that whether the farmers believe in it or not,
would not amount to anything except that you would liave tluMr
cooperation in it if they did. and if they did not believe in it yt)U
would not have their cooperation, but it is up to the (JoviMnnient to
go (m with the work and prove it to them.

Doctxn- Kkllkh.man. It would not cliange our belief. We b(»lieve
«o. Wc arc thoroughly convinced of this as a national necessity.

I

AfmicrLTrilAI. Al'lMlol'HIATIoN iiir.i . l;rjj. 183

Mr. BrciiANAx. Vt's.

DdCtor KKI.I.KIfNfAN". We f'ollM iKtt -ih«to<I in a < aiii|mi;,'ri i»f tills
sort witlioul jiliMost tlie uimniinoiis sup|)ort of iIh- finrmr-^ in the
tiTritorv in which we are carrvinp it on.

Mr. Ai(MiAXAN. I ronlizc that, ami I say if thry <!<» not hrlu-vr in
it. tlx'ii it is up to thr (io\ j'riunmt to «;o on ami <l('in<»nstratr it nn«l
prove it to them an«l ronvitjcc thcni of its vahir.

Doctor Kkm.kumav. Ye.s, sir.

Doctor Tayi-ok. Mr. .Vntlcrson. i think the rcsnlts of an wi<|iiiry
made in the iMironran <-ountrics this summer l>y Doctor .Stakman in
I t>nnecti«)n with tliis work which Doctor Kellornian has hoen t^'lling
you of,' would he helpful if Doctor Kellerman will present them to
you.

Mr. A.NDEKsoN. Ail rij;ht; let us liave it.

D(»ctor Kkli.kkman. 'Phis is ri^ht in connection with the attitude
of tlie farmers in Kuropean coimtries toward harhi'rrv era<lication
for the control of hlack stem rust. We have a report here in connec-
tion with that inquiry. It has not heen issued in any formal puh-
lication, hut I think that it is quit« illuminatinfj as to what the con-
census of opinion is in thosi' countrii's where tliev liave l)(>en at this
i()nsi<leral)lv lon<;er than we have in tlieir elForts to c«)ntrol the di.sease.

Doctor IvF.LLKKMAN. Mr. Chairniaii. Doctor Stakman wjis sent to
iMnope

.Mr. Am)Ki:sox (interposiniri. liy th" department d

Doctor Kki.lermax. By the department; yes, sir. He was s* nt
> Europe hec.uise of tlie fe;'lin^ that. aKh )us;h we had the technical
report.s of the work carried on in these countries, the lack of first-
hand knowled«:e was a iiandicap in ex|)lainini; the results in these
foreiijn countries. Denmark. p<irtieularly, had renurte I unusually
favorahle results in control of hlack-stem rust tnrough harhorry
eradication, hut no American representative had ever examined the
con lit ions in that country.

D(»ctor Stakman made a thorou:;h stuilv, in so far as the seasons
permitteil, not only in Denmark hut in f'rance, Austria, Huni^ary,
and Germany, as well as England, and found that the feelinj; in those
countries, in western Kun)pe throujjhout. was tjeneral. not only
amon<; the specialists hut anion*; the farmers as well, that the com-
mon harberry had heen almost tlie sole cause of their .serious troubles
with black-stem rust, but that at the present time the black-stem
rust was not. and for some years had not been a serious (piestion,
because tliron«;h the elimination of thectunjnon barberry, and in most
of the countrie^: you mijjjht almost say, eradication by barberry
eradication laws, black stem rust hatl disappeared.

Mr. AxDKU.sox. What relation is there between bhu-k >tem rust :ind
red rust (

Doctor Keli,f:rmax. There is ju>l a dilFerence in the season of the
year. Well, of course, there is leaf rust. That is a totally tlifTerent
species. It is, tlwrefore, ji little bit confusini; to try to make a dis-
tmction between what is known as black stem rust, whicii is a rust
which is red in the early season of the year, and the leaf rust, whi<h
is commoidy spok«'n of as red rust.

Mr. AxDKHsox. Is the red rust a destructive rust '.

Doctor Kkli.kh.m.vx. That has not been considered a destructive
disea^se, although duriig the past two years, because of climatic con-

1G4 AOmCULTUKAL ArPKOPRIATIOX BILL, Hr24.

ditions and heavy infestation, it lias led a good many wheat growei-s
to beliovo it is.

IMr. AxDKRsoN'. Well, I think that is partiallv responsiMe for the
fcehng on the ])art of some farnuTs that the barhorrv (Tathcation has
not produced results. In otlier words, they make no distinction
whatever between black rusts and red rust. It is all rust and if they
get this red leaf rust and it spoils the crops or damages them, they
make no (hstinction with regard to that at all. They just assume
that the eradication of the barberrv has failed to eliminate rnst.
That is my impression as to one of the reasons why tlu^ farmers are
more skeptical about the relation ])etween bjuherry and rust than
thev would be otherwise.

Doctor Kellermax. I think that is true, Mr. Chairman. There is
one thing further. It is not only a different species of rust, but other
totally different species are considered by them as stem rust. I
know that farmers have considered wheat scab, which does not show
any of the same symptoms except that you get your swiveled grain,
as rust of wheat scab infections. I know that many farmers have
said all of the time that it was nothing but stem rust or black rust,
and as such they have actually considered it. when there was not
any black rust on their plants at all. And there is a very grent
confusion of ideas about these different diseases, but no disease has
sho^^^l the epidemic character of the black rust. There is no disease
of wheat that we have now that has been able to destroy such enor-
mous areas of grain in such a short time as during the 1914 and 1010
epidemics of l3lack stem rust. There have l)een. it is true, hx-al
epidemics even in areas that have been reported as cleaned up during
the past year. As far as I am aware, every one of those areas has
on reexamination been found to have been not perfectly cleanctl.
There is scattered an occasional barberry.

Mr. Andersox. Has it been definitely demonstrated that if we get
rid of the barberries there is not some other plant on which this stuff'
will winter over?

Doctor Keli.erman. Not north of the Nebraska line. I tlank that
it is safe to say that in the average winter the spores will not live
over on other plants. In the southern plains several species of native
grasses will carry the rust over winter, but in the Northern areas
that we commonly refer to as the spring wheat areas black stem
rust can over-winter only on the leaves of the common barberry.
There are two or three species of barberrv and of nndionia that can
carry the rust over winter; these are nil used only as ornamentals.
Generally speaking, the common barberrv is the only plaTit that has
been widely used and the only one that has been planted under such
conditions that it is beginning to s])rei'.(l as a wild |)lant From tlu>
standpoint of the rust-control camj)aign, therel\)rc, the comnion bar-
berry is the only important factor.

Mr. BrcHAN.VN. Is that the north Nebraska line ^

Doctor Ke[j.f.kmax. Yes; the sju'ing wbcat area sliown on this
map [iiulicating] will have enidemics of black stem rust if the barberry
is not completely eradicated. In the South the riist will winter over
on native grasses, but, as you know, black stem rust is not a very
serious facloi" on wiiiter wheat.

Mr. JU'cnANAN. "^'ou say thut you \V(Uild not lind over-wintering
spores north of the Nebraska line <

Af;ni(TLTT'nAr, ArpnopitiATiox nii,i„ u>24. 165

Doctor Kki.i.kkm v\. Y<-<. sir.

Doctor Tayloh. 'I'liis inn|) here will show.

Doctor Kki.i.kiimav. The l.'J States, all of wlurh |iro<iiicc sonic
sprinj; wheat, arc the States in which this campaign i-< of die j^reatcst
iinj>ortarice.

Mr. IJi<iiA\AN. Well, are all of those north of the Nehraska line?

Doctor Kki.f.kiiman. No; Nehraska is included.

Mr. IU( UANAN. Is that the north «tr south Nehraska line?

Doctor Kki.lku.man. In many winters the north half of Nehraska,
I possihly all of Nehraska wouM he clean«'d up through the severity
of the winter. In some winters even the Nehraska hne mi<;ht l>e r
Jittle too far south to he the dead line on spore over-winterin;;. hut
in that general area there is a line that waves up and down from season
to season. In that j^eneral area the eradication of the cf)mmon !)ar-
l)errv is undouhtedly n necessity if wheat j^rowing is to attain its
mu.xiinum productivity.

There is one little ccmiment herein Doctor Stakman's report that I
would like to read:

I)uriii;; a IT-niili' automohilc trip near the Irrn* of Kii^rland not a trace of black strm

liit wa.>* fouii<l I'Xct'pt ni'ar thrcf l)arl)('rry hushes. •\>,'aiii. in Wah-.x, not a trace of the

ist could ho found, after drivinp for a prcat many miles, except on several farma

' '■• there were harherries. In fart, the relation.xhip here was iV) clear that it wa«

le j'a.'^ily to locate ti>e barberry bu.'<he,-* by tracing the ru.^t to it.s source. Most

oi ilie plant patholouist.-^ of Kni;lan<i aj,Tee that black .stem ru.st <an not exi.st there

without the <()inin(in barbi-rry. The same tliini: .<eem.s t<t lie true throuiihout moct of

France.

Mr. Bi'CHAN.vx. In those countries, how do the climatic conditions
com{)are with the climate north of the Nebraska line, or south of the
Nehraska line ?

Doctor Kellerman. The climatic conditions would he pretty
Inuch the same as in Nehraska, except that the extremes are not so
great.

Mr. Bttu w w". Well, does it <iet as cold in Nebraska as it does
there (

Doctor Kellekmax. It gets colder in Nebraska. It gets colder in

[Nebraska than it does in those coimtries. except in occasional areas in

nortliern France. It wouki compare pretty favorably with Austria

antl northern Germany and Denmark. Denmark would be colder

Ithan Nebraska.

Doctor Taylor. Their summers would generally l)e cooli-r than
{Nebraska. They are too cool for corn. They are not as far from the
jocean a.s Nebraska, an(l they, therefore, have less hot weather.

Mr. Broi.vxAX. I understood the chairman to say that there
IVas going to be a delegation down here to ask for a large increase in
[this appropriatit)n. Is this as much as you can use economically
land efticiently ?

Mr. Andeksox. Before you answ(«r tiiat (luestion, let me

Doctor Keller.max (interposing). That, 1 think, is a rather dif-
Ificult (luestion to answer.

Mr. Bl'ciiaxax. That is the question by which we are to be guided
in making appropriations under tliis act.

Doctor Kellermax. 1 think that the question as to the extent to
which it is advisable to expend money is a question that would have
to be determined on other grounds also.

t

166 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Buchanan. It should be determined alone on economic
reasons.

Doctor Kellerman. I think that there is no question but that the
money that we have spent this 3'ear has been a wise expenditure and
that it would not represent the most economic expenditure even yet.
We are practically certain to secure a considerable augmentation to
our funds from various States and possibly private subscriptions.

I doubt if the total that can be assembled from all of these sources
will be a fund that will be so large that it would weaken the organiza-
tion to handle it. It is always dangerous to try to develop an organi-
zation so very rapidly that we can not select the right kind of person-
nel to handle the work. We have not expanded this organization
too rapidly. It has never been expanded at a rate that has made it
necessary for us to take anybody on whom we were in the least doubt
of. It could be doubled easily without any risks of breaking down
the efhciency of the personnel, and I believe that the more rapidly
we get this work done, the cheaper it will be for the country.

Mr. Buchanan. Let me ask you this: Does the Government put
in the actual labor in the field in digging up these barberry bushes ?

Doctor Kellerman. No; but much of it is done by the men,
because they can get the support of the farmers and get them to do
the work more cjuickly by snowing them just how to do it in the
easiest and most thorough way.

WORK PERFORMED UNDER FEDERAL AND STATE SUPERVISION.

Mr. Buchanan. Are these barberry bushes dug under the personal
direction and supervision of the employees of the department ?

Doctor Kellerman. In a very large numl)er of cases, that is the
case. It would be in the majority of cases, I would suppose, that
the bushes are dug up under either State or Federal supervision.

Mr. Buchanan. Wlien you say State or Federal supervision, do
you mean to say that the State or Federal oflicers go out with the
farmers and take a pick and dig up these barberry bushes, or is it
done by the farmers and then do the farmers report back that they
have done it; now, is that the way it is done under tlioir supervision {

Doctor Kellerman, No; in cases of that sort the farmer and his
men go out and he inspects it.

Mr. Buchanan. That is just what I am trying to get at.

Doctor Kellerman. And the inspector goes out with tliem and he
very probably does his share of the work of digging those bushes.

Mr. Buchanan. lie could do a ^ood deal more by supervising them
than sticking a grubbing pt)]e in his hand. ' •

Doctor Kelleraian. Except just showing the men how to do it.

Mr. Buchanan. Yes; so that if you hatl an organization you could
do an immense amount of work in one year, with the cooperation of |
the farmers ?

Doctor Kellerman. I think that we have pretty generally thatj
cooperation. There may be some areas where that is not the case,
but if so we have not had them l)r()ught very sharply to our atten-
tion. So far as I am aware, we have had during the past yearj
enthusiastic c()0])eration from individuals as well as from the Statej
representatives.

ACIUfTLTT'ItAI. ArPiroPlUATION' nii.i., VriA. H'il

Mr. lU'CHANAN. Wi'II, f;rttm<; buck now tn my «»ri^inHl cuM-stiori.
I know nothin<; about thr cnnlication of the l)arl)<'rrv )>unIh's. I am
in favor of tlu'sc aj)j)roj)riations that <'an he «*conomu-ally t'xpciuh'd,
that will be for the bonclit of the nation and the nrotertion of the
nation. I am on this committco and whon I am calu'd on to vol** for
an appropriatiotK I want to votr for that amount of imtnry ihat the
A'^ricultural I)»'i)artiM«'nt during thr li.'^cal yrar can <'ni<i«'ntly expend
with rconomical results to the wheat indu.stry. How miuh is it f

Doctor Kki.i.kicman. I'ntil wc could tell more definilelv h«»w nnich
money we nro «;oin^ to «;et from the Stat«'s. it would be hard to .say,
or state what our limits is. We can expend much m(»re than we are
expendinj; now economically. That I can be sure of. Whetlier it
is the best thin<; from other standpoints for us to spend that nnnh
on this campai<;n is an entirely different matter. We can do a certain
anutunt of work with the money that is estimated for here.

DKSTUICTION OF WIIKAT UV IJLAfK ST1:M RUST.

Mr. Andkr.sox. What ha.s been the maximum destruction of wheat,
estimated destruction of wheat from black stem rust ?

Doctor Keller.max. About 2(H). 000, 000 bushels in one year is tlie
estimate.

Mr. Andf.rsox. Do you know of any place where vou can kill off
any more, or where we can save any more money than that, econ-
omically ?

Doctor Kellerman. 1 think that if we can prevent that kind of
an epidemic, that it is the best that we can do almost any place.

Mr. HiTiiANAX. There was another year when we come very near
efpialini; that.

Doctor Keller.max. Yes, sir.

Mr. BuciLANAN. Another year when the loss was nearly 200.000.000
bushels.

Doctor Kellermax. There were two years when the loss was
nearly that {jreat.

STATE aid I\ ER.*.DICATI0.S WORK.

Mr. Ander.sox. Can anybody tell us what the State lefjislatures
will do ^ Mv understanding is that it is the expectation that the
13 States — that their appropriations will possibly be about $1.')0.000,
wliicli would prol)ably ix' the inaxiniuni.

Doctor Khllerman". Yes; and that as a supplement to the ajipnt-
priation that we have this vear would not represent any more than
an increase in the funds that could well be put into this kind of
activity.

Mr. Bi( HANAN. Why do you want to ilecrease the.se estimates?

Doctor Kei-Lermax. I reijret to answer that we didn't.

Mr. BrciiAXAX. The Budjjet i

Doctor Keli-euman. Well, our recommendation, Mr. Buchanan,
was for the sum we had this vcav. That was tiie sum we believi'd
we should continue to expend.

Mr. BrcnAXAX. S.5S2.000 f

Mr. AxDER.sox. Do you feel that that sum would be adequate with
what you would prol)al)ly obtain fnun the vStates?

168 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 192-t.

Doctor Kellkrmax. We think that that would represent a good
campaign, perhaps as efficient as we couhl liope to make it in this
one 3^car.

Mr. Anderson. I understood that there was to be a conference in
MinneapoHs on the 9th and 10th of November on tliis suf)ject.

Doctor Kellerman. Monchiy and Tuesday of this week.

Mr. Anderson. Was tliat hehl ?

Doctor Kellerman. The}' held it and it was a very enthusiastic
conference.

Mr. Anderson. Did you have any representatives there ?

Doctor Kellerman. Yes; we had three men there and both Doctor
Taylor and I hoped to get to that meeting.

Mr. Anderson. So did I.

Doctor Kellerman. But there were too many things going on in
Washington this week, which made it impossible for us to go.

That meeting was a very enthusiastic meeting in every way. The
Farm Ikireau representatives, State representatives, and representa-
tives of the grain trade, as well as people that have been directly con-
cerned in carrying on this eradication campaign, have indorsed the
campaign to the utmost.

The representatives from the different States, including the Farm
Bureau people, have pledged themselves to do everything in their
power to bring about liberal State support. And the entire confer-
ence, I learned just a few moments ago, unofficially, is urging more
general Federal and State support for the whole campaign.

Doctor Taylor. There is every indication, Mr. Chairman, of wide-
spread agreement in the importance of the work. The various per-
sons and organizations interested hope to reduce the })rol)abilitv of
another 150,000,000 or 200,000,000 bushel epidemic through prompt
carrying through of this eradicating cam])aign.

Mr. Anderson. I have alwa^'s been rather conservative in rapidly
expanding programs of this kind. I was a year ago on this one, {)ut I
feel that if this is ever going to be expanded further it ouglit to be done
this year. We are in a better position to expand now and get throufjh
with it than we ever have been or probably ever will be again, wiiile
I appreciate the need of economy.

Mr. Buchanan. Sometimes economy can be penny wise and pound
foolish.

Doctor Kellerisl\n. I would like to read one other parai^raj^h
from the statement of Doctor Stakman with regard to eradication of
i)arberry bushes in Denmark and SwccUmi. [R catling:]

Barl)erry bushes havo l)non almost com]>lotoly romovod from IVnmark. and then'
haH not hccii a siii<;;l(' serious outhn^akot" rust since I90:?. when most of the luishes wi-re
.removed. The sporadic outbreaks now can easily l)e traced to l)arberrv Imshes which
still remain in wooded and waste lands. Nothin<j; could be more convincing; than the
contrast between the rust situation in Deiunark and that in Sweden. In Denmark
the rust does no dama<j;e whatever. In SwetU'ii. on the otlier hand, it is extremely
destructive because of the tremendous numl)er of barberry ))ushes.

The reports of losses in Sweden are very much like the reports
from year to year that occur in our own spi-iiig wlieal region.

Mr. Andkrson. Now, will you just briefly tell us how this work was
organized this year ^

Doctor KKF.i.KitNt.VN. 'I'hc work is more dt'diiitely corrcbifcd with
the county agents and with the farm bur(>atis than heretofore. It

AtJiU( ri.Trn.vi. ai'imiophiation ihi.i., I'.k:4. lO'J

1ms in«»rr iicnrlv rmclMMl the >^iair«' t^f ii j^nnTiil <*<|ii(hi lotiiil c-niii{>tii<;n
or jin extension cumpjiitrn. iwul liiis lan^oly left l!»(« lii'lii »»f exprri-
moiital <lrv«'l<>|)iin'Ml. \V«' iin*. tln'n'f<»ro. working; and just lis fur iw
p(>ssil)l(> iitili/ui;; the strrnt^tli of th(« countv a^ciit oiyani/alion.
The work is (•(Mit«'r(Ml in n Stuti' Icadrr, an*) that Stat*' l«'a<l«*r in
flirili^li'Ml with lis niMiiv spccinl -cuiits as the fumls av:iihihh' will per-
mit

Tht'st" nuMj arr assi^iu'd lo didfrcnl areas to work «»vrr as spn-ial
supervisors and to coopiM'ntc and enlist the aid of the eounty a<;ent.s
in trying; t(» devehtp supj)h'nn'ntnrv information an<l ^upplementarv
methods of spreatlin;; information. I*«)st<»rs, cartoons, cucuhirs. an<l
motion -picture films are all utilized in trvin«r to LTet as widely spread
as possil)le the information as to just what these nu-n are supposed
to (lo. hv explainiui^ to pe<iple what thev are doinj;. so that their work
ca?i he devoted tc) scoutini; work, and ex|)lainin«.; the hest way of
huntinj; for harherry hushes, showinj; people where tlu'V are likelv to
he concealed, what kinil of a country they can expect to lind them
in. aiul what kind of m(>thods are necessarv to thoroughly kill thcin.

We are doinj; some experimental work m a<lditioii to that in the
utilization of poisons instead of i^ruhhin;; methods, in order to see
whether there are \Navs of makin*; eradication work more lhorou«;h
and cheaper, hut the l)ulk of it is in educatioiud and scoutinj; work.

Mr. Andehson. Do these scouts travel in pairs, or do they j;o alone ?

Doctor lvKi,i.Ki{.MAN. I helieve that they <^o aloiu^ in most cases, if
not in all cases. They can cover more territory in thai way.

Mr. Amjkk.sox. My information whs last year that they were sent
out in pairs, i never could see very much sense in a pair arranj^ement.

Mr. \\i( HA.NAN. Company, company.

Mi-. Andkuson. Well, the way it was explained to nu' was that one
went u}) and enjjaj^ed the farmer in conversation at the front doiw
while another fellow went arf»und to the hack dooi' to see if th.erc
were any harherries around there any place.

Doctor Tavlok. At times and in |)laces it has been found practica-
ble and economical to take several out in one machine and work a
territory v.liich was remote, returning toiicether in the eveninjj, so
that in the morning outbound and in the evening home-bound there
\\(udd be two or three or four -a llivver capacity load.

Mr. Anderso.n. WJl, is this movement of these men, for instance,
in a State, is it directed by State leaders, so that you have a local
leadershi|i there which is familiar with the local conditions aiul can
deal with it from the standpoint of knowletlge of the local conditions f

Doctor Tavlok. Yes, sir.

Doctttr Kkli, HUMAN. We sometimes do not hoar from these men
except from montli to month, but the "^ ate leadeis have reports
from the men from day to day.

Doctor Taylor. In c<uuiection with the experimental work that
Doctoi- Kelleiman mentioned, with reference to the investigational
work that is being done in connection with the cdiemical control or
eradication of the barberries, it should be understootl that that is
chieHy concerned with those sections where there has been a rather
large escape of barberries to rocky, rough land where grul)bing is
almost impossible, and where it is clear that if you ever expect to
kill out the barberries, vou will need to do it otherwise tnan bv

170 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

grubbing. Those areas are not large, but they are very difTicult
where there are rocky, rough phices that are thickly set with barberry
bushes. There are some such in Wisconsin, some in Minnesota, and
some on rough river bank territory in Iowa. In certain of those
places, organized bees, after the style of the farming country, have
been enthusiastically prosecuted by the communities. By the use
of certain arsenical poisons and common salt, in heavy applications,
the eradication appears to be more thorough than in any other way.

CEREAL DISEASE-CONTROL WORK.

Mr. Anderson. The next item is the item on page 102.

Doctor Taylor. The item on page 102 is that for cereal disease
control, one which it is proposed to eliminate by transferring funds
to these other places that have been mentioned.

The next is on page 104, for the breeding and physiological study
of alkali-resistant and drought-resistant crops.

TOBACCO INVESTIGATIONS.

Mr. Buchanan. How about this tobacco item on page 102 >. I>
that all the same \

Doctor Taylor. I beg your pardon. The tobacco item on page
102 contemplates continuance of the work as it is. It is proceeiUn^
effectively.

FOR THE BREEDUNG AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF ALKALI-RESISTANT

AND DROUGHT-RESISTANT CROPS.

The next item is on page 104, for the breeding and j)hvsiological
study of alkali-resistant and drought-resistant crops. Tiicre is no
change proposed in that item. That work is proceeding as hereto-
fore. The same remark would apply to subappr()i)riation for sugar
plant investigations on page 105.

SUGAR-PLANT IXVESTKJATIONS.

Mr. Anderson. Mav I ask you in connection with the sugar-plan |
item if you have observed any extension of the sugar-lxu't area in '
the country within the last year or two '.

Doctor Tayix)R. There has been material reduction of acreage of
sugar beets grown in the vicinities of the sugar factories in most
parts of the country as a result of the unsatisfactory outcome of the
crops of 1920 and 1921, and tiic deflation of price which cauic to a heaii
in the contract price for sugar beets in the season of 1922, which, of
course, was determined hist winter, when the sugar market was at its
lowest and the sugar factories were experiencing very l)(>avv losses
due to the war rate contracts for beets wiftch thoy were cari'ving ami
the low selling price of sugar which they confronted. Tlieiv was ilis-
satisfaction among beet gi-o\V(>rs which ((»ok the form of reduceil
contract acreages so that the acreage for this year in ct)niparison to
that for the preceding three years, 1 would say, without having the
exact figures in mind, is nniterially less. However, there is continu-
ing int(>rest in territory not y(^t ('(juippivj with IxMM-sugar factoi"i(>s in

AcnicrLTrriAr. APiMtopniATiov nn i., v.r2\.

171

(!;r i)(»ssil)ility of <lt'vrl«)|)iii«; .sii«;ar-l)r<'t prtxiuctioii «)n ii urnlv wtiich
would jiisiify fact<»rv crrchoii. Tlint is (nic in |)<»rtiniis of Nrw
Mfxiro. We liHvc a rrcciit in(|uiiv rrj^ardin^ an area llwrv and it
is truo in a nuinhor of sections whon* prain crops havo not pai<l and
where a more intensive croj) is attractive to the farmers as u possible
stahili/in^ feature of their farmi!);;.

In the irii^ated regions i^cnrruiiy, where there is not neniatodi'
infection or curly-top disease, the interest, I should say. is well sus-
tained, with indication of a rather steady enlarj^enient of the heet-
growinj; area of th<' country.

FX>U l.NVK.STKJATION. KTC. OK WII.H I'LANTS, (JRAZIN(J LANDS, KTC.

On pa<;c 107, tile suhapproprint ion. "For in\ <>sti<;alion, improve-
ment, and utilization of wild plants and <;ra/,in;; lands, and for
determinin}» the dis|)osition of weeds and means of their control,"
the estimate provides nn incr(>ase of .•?•'{,(»()() needed for weed-control
invest i<;ational work. The weed problem, esp(>cially in the wlieat-
urowinj; territory, where the weed content of tne threshed crop is an
important feature in determinin<; the jjrade of the *;rain, needs more
thorou<;li and persistent work in the investiirntion of the life history
of some of the weeds that are troublesome and ciiuses penalizations of
the farmer in the fjradinj; of his fjrain.

(iarlic is one of those. In the whole (piestion of j^ariicky wheat,
which results inevitably in the penalization of the (]jrower beyond the
economic or financial damaj^e that occurs, there is neetled fuller
information than we yet have as to the best methods of controlling
<;arlic in the rej^ions where it is established. The same applies for
a very ilifferent reason to the spring-wheat territory with respect to
the so-called wild pea. It is a vetch -a wild vetch that lowers the
grade. It is dilhcult of separation from the grain.

Mr. BicirANAX. It necessarily reduces the yields

Doctor Taylor. It reduces the yield somewhat. Also it is diflicult
to clean out for milling, as well as from seed grain.

Mr. .Vndkilsox. As a general thing the presence of these weeds in
the wheat, for (example, is it or not the result of seed that is not
cleaned or is it a continual volunteering of the seed (

Doctor Taylor. It sometimes is the result of continual growing ol
that |)articular crop on a given field without the rotation of a cleaning
tilled crop, like corn, or more intensive farming, and while we advo-
cate more intensive cullivatitm and tilled crops in the interest of good
farming generally and in the interest of weed elimination, we can not
overlook the fact that under some conditions the farmer just can not
carry a large acreage of c(u-n or of any other tilled crop. He is
practically forced to grow a large proportion of his acreage in st)wed
grains with the labor that 1h' has and the market that he has. So it
is imj)ortant to locate the weak spots in the life history of the rela-
tively few troublesome weeds if that can be done, to develop methods
of controlling them measurably in general grain-growing practice.
That seems to be all that the farmer can do under the existing
circumstances.

Mr. AxnKRsox. To what extent can the situation be corrected
by growing barley, or rye, or crops that mature earlier^

172 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BlIX, li>24.

Doctor Tavloh. Thoro is a possibility there in case of certain of
the weeds that do not mature as earlv as these grains do. In case
of garhc, it is becoming: very troublesome in the Middle West, in
Missouri and Kansas. The St. Tjouis market durini; the lust two or
three years has })een full of jjarlicky wheat, as well as this old gar-
licky country of Maryland, Delaware, and tidewater ^'iro;inia. The
practical control has o^ot to come through deep ploughing in the fall
and the planting of tilled crops with jiractically clean cultivation
for at least one year. The deep ph^ughing results in a freezing and
cleaning out of a large proportion of the bulbs, the clean tilling
killing the remainder; the keeping of the f(>nce rows clean as well .»-
the fields is important, so that there will not be a reseeding of the
field quickly from the fence rows.

Mr. Anderson. How much is the wheat penalized because of
garlic ?

Doctor Taylor. It is rather diflicult to get at that, but there have
been cases where studies have been made on a fairly large scale
where the actua'l penalization that the farmer has carried has been
an^'where from 10 to 15 cents a bushel. There was an estimate
recently made based on a careful study of the inspection of the
ports of Philadelphia, Boston, and Baltimore, where most of the
wheat is exported — the Pennsylvania-grown wheat— and it showed
that the farmers in Pennsylvania had been penalized during tlu'
year in f|uestion something like a million dollars merely on account
of garlic, and Pennsylvania is not an important wheat-exporting State.

Mr. Anderson. Of course, the penalization would pn)bably be
relatively greater in the smaller markets than it would be in the
larer ones ?

dry-land agricultural investigations.

Doctor Taylor. Yes. On page lOS is the appn^priation for dry-
land agricultural investigaticms. The estimates provide an increase
of SI 1,000, and the addition of a proviso removing this paragraph
from the limitations in this act as to the cost of farm buildings. The
reason for the increased appropriation is to make possible the replac-
ing of implements and ef|uipment and the repair of buihlings on the
field stations that are carried under this subappropi-iation. (K these.
2 have been in operation for 15 years; 2 for 11 years: 2 for 9 yeai-s;
1 each for S, 7, and G years, respectively, and during the period
(substantially the period since \\)\-i) there has been necessarily a
postponement of repair and replacements that we now have to make.
Buildings need painting. Implements have been used to the limit
of their efliciency, ami the estimate is to cov(>r that feature.

Mr. A.NDEKsoN. How extensive are the buildings maintained on
these dry-land stations ^

Doctor Taylor. They vary greatly from distinctly important aiul
permanent types of structure at Mandan, N. Dak., where the experi-
ment station was speci(ically providtMl for by (\vngre.ss several years
ago, to a typical building outfit at such a field station as wouhl con-
sist of a dwelling for the superintendent, a bariL a tool Ikuisc in
some places a tlu'csliing building for the handling of numerous ex-
perimental lots of grain five or six frame huildings. which would
r(^[)resent an investment of probably ten or t\\('lv(> thousand dollars.

AOnirn^TrRAL APlMiniMllATIflN iwi.r., l'»2l. 17.*^

Mr. BrciiANAN. Thcsr stntions iirr ('ii;;ii;;o<l in i'\[)rririuMital funn-
in;.'. aro tlirv not (

Doctor 'I'v^ i.ou. Yrs. hi the (Irrat IMaiiis rcjriou. from fhr Catiii-
ilian lionlcr <i()\vn t(» middle wostorn Toxas.

\ \ M t III K l( Ksl I rs c III r s I v. 1^ 1 1 ) in I M i >it \ i t v ii r \ ii m i v. i.

Mr. Andkkson. Ait \vr^i>ltiii«; aiivwlu'ir with this drv-laiid rariiiii)^
proposition '.

Doctor 'rvvr.«)K. Wo aro jjottin^ \ ahiahU> rt'sults tliroii^h this work,
and I say that advisedly, because this work is the spinal 'ohinin
which lar«j:cly sustains all of the experimental work <»f the dry-farminj;
re«:ions. The State if\st itutions are eooperatin<; with tis. supplement-
ing this work with independent stations in certain <'ases. We are
gettin<4 a basis of facts which is ^oinj; to he exceedingly helpful in
the orientation of the aijriculture <»f the future in that territory.
The sad thin^ is that we could nt)t have had this W(»rk done before a
<;ood deal of that country was opeiwd and its farming; bej^un,' as it
was. upon an exploit at ional basis in the earlier years.

Mr. Andkkson. What relation will this dry-land experimental
work have to livestock raisinj; ami f()ra«;e ^

Doctor Tayloh. Exactly this -the development of a permanent
live-stock industry there retjuires a fairly constant supply of planted
forajje as well as ade<|unte fjru/.in*: land and it is j^oini; to refpiire
probably the provision of forage for the e(|iiiv)dent of a winter
IS months lonj;— a part of it hot.

In other words, the nonproductive seasons in which practicallv
no planted crops make a yield. The qufvstion as to the acreaj^e unit
that a farmer can hope to support his familv on, the types of crops
that he can afford to grow, the methods of tillacre that will insure
supplies of forage and grain, all have to be calculated from the data
obtained by exj>erimentation at these stations. The determination
of the frecjuency of these IS months' long periods of light productions
are through these records. They are the places wliere, because of the
continuous maintenance of the work, the facts can be recorded and
made available. Tlien, too, the preventi(»n of irrational exnloitation
of these lands has got to come through the availability of information
of this character to tlie public.

Mr. Andf.kson. It seems to me the production of grain crops in
this section where you have periodic failures and long distances from
markets and great disadvantages in freight rates is ahnost hopeless
unless you can develop a live-stock industry which will reduce the
cost of getting to the market.

Doctor Taylor. The shape in whicli it has crystallized in some of
our minds is about like this: That the farming of considerable areas
where almost sole reliance has been placed on grain for sale will have
to be readjusted to the basis of a live-stock industry based primarily
upon grazing on operating units big enough to maintain a farm family.
Tnis necessitates production of sulhcient supplies of forage to carry
the stock through the winter and to provide a carry-over of either
dry or ensiled forage for tlu' bad years. Grain production is a
scmispeculative })ossibility, the grain crop to be put in when
the spring prospects look right for making a good crop, but grain
for sale not to be relied on for the support of the family. The grain

174 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924,

crops will probably need to be regarded as an occasional source of
cash income supplemental to this basic live-stock operation rather
than as the basic feature of the farming.

Mr. Buchanan. Stock raising country with farming as an inci-
dent?

Doctor Taylor. Yes.

LIMITATION AS TO COST OF FARM BUILDINGS.

Mr. Anderson. I notice this proviso says that the limitation in
this act as to the cost of farm buildings shall not apply to this para-
graph. Is that limitation carried in the appropriation bill or in
the law ?

Doctor Taylor. It is in this bill and it is a limitation of expense
of any farm building erected under the Bureau of Plant Industry
to a maximum of $1,500. A considerable number of these buildings
on these field stations have cost more than that and would cost
considerably more than that to replace in event of storm or fire
destruction. As it stands we would be helpless until Congress
authorized the expenditure in case we have a fire or destruction by
wind storm there.

Mr. Anderson. Wliat would be the maximum cost of buildings
to be constructed there ?

Doctor Taylor. Probably under present costs $3,500 to S4,500
would cover all but three or four. I could not answer that more
specifically than that.

WESTERN IRRIGATION AGRICULTLTIE.

Page 110, subappropriation for investigations in connection with
western irrigation agriculture, the utilization of lands reclaimed
under the reclamation act, and other areas in the arid and scniiarid
regions, covers the corresponding experiment work on Government
reclamation projects.

Mr. Anderson. How many have you ?

Doctor Taylor. I think it is seven, including the field station
at San Antonio, Tex., which is not on the Government reclamation
project, but is devoted to irrigation practices of similar character.

nut culture investigations.

Page 112 is the subappr()i)riation for the investigation, improve-
ment, encouragement, and examination of the a(laj)tal)ihty of
various species of nuts, etc. The increase over the amount carried
by the regular appropriation bill of last year is $10,000, the regular
appropriation of $20,000 having been supplemented by $5,000 pro-
viiled in tiie deficiency appropriation hill of Jiyie 150, to provide for
a field station in the southern pecan territory, the maintenance of
which, together with the other work, will require a net increase of
$5,000 for next year over tiu^ total that is availabh^ for tliis year.

PECAN INUUSTllY.

'IMie increase is needed piimarily for work on the pecan problem in
the South and the wahuit and almond work in the Pacific Cojust
States CaUfornia, Oregon, and Washington. It represents a modest

AfJKlcri.TrilAL APPnoPHIATION IIIIJ,, 1U24. 175

provisidri for this iiifunt typo of onlinnlinjj. wlticli is n<4>^uiniii^ <'on-
si«l(Miil)l(' iinporluiuM" iiiul j)ntinis<>> to Im« of slill mor«' import unci' in
our fiituri' foo«l siipplv. 'rln* pecan in sonu* si'ctioiis of the roiintrv
alrfndy h»s hcroinr a (iotiiiriatil onliard rrop. 'I'hat is s|)»'ri(i<'iillv
true ill soutluMii (ieorjjia and nortlicni Klori<!a. Tlwrr is every
reason to expert that it will heeome of larjjer importance in Ixxiisiana
and Texas where heretofore the wild production has been so j^reat
that the interest in (he plaritin;; of com!n«>r<'ial —

Mr. Hi ( HANAN (inlerposintji. \\ >• :iI|.:hI\ Isni.u till- siiil i«. )idM|>t<*d

to them. Wo 800 the trees tJiere.

Doctor 'I'ayi.oii. Yes. 'Hie hi^t^est {)e<*an trees 1 have seen at all
are. \ think, in tiw Trinity \'alley, up near Hedlcv. Tex. Fiuf one of
the practical things of imjxirtance is the dctcrinnnilion of the adapta-
bility of the particular improved varietios to s|)e<'ial soil typos.
There are some marked difrerences in the behavior of such varieties,
such as the Schh'v, which is hij^hly <lesirable after you };et it, bears
well. brin«;s i^ood prices, etc. It needs the same s(»rt of study as the
apj)le, peach, pear -in fact, all the tree fruits have re(]uired before
tney are shaken down into their permanent production territory.
It is one of the distinctly important infant orcliard features of (»ur
tt«;riculture.

Mr. Bit iiANA.v. I think so too, and I think wo know that the land
is adapted to it. I know so in my section.

J)octor Tayloii. Of course, vou luive there in your section the
natural pecan production to {i^uide you. The surprising; thinjj is that
the commercial pecan orchard in its most intensive form has developed
outside of its natural territory — - —

Mr. BiTHANA.v (interposing). Do you know why it is ^ It is
because it takes pecans too lonj; to develop into somethini; pr(»fitable.

Doctor Taylor. Yes, sir; and that is wny, in the Southeast, if they
wanted pecans, they had to jjo to w^ork and raise them. They could
not go to the woods and get them.

FOB INVESnOATlON AND IMPROVEME.VT OF FRUIT AND METHODS OF

FuriT (;h()WI\(;.

On page 113. the sul)!ipproj)riation for investigation and improve-
ment of fruit and methods of iruit growing, there is an actual increa.se
of §1'),()()0. This is required for the j)rovisi()n of fences, buildings,
equipment for the operation of the two experimental vineyards which
('ongress authorized the purchase of last year, and which are now
government property, but have to be operated by the department
directly instead of indirectly through cooperating owners of the land.
These are at Fresno and Oakville, C'alif. One is in the hot San Joa-
quin \ alley, the raisin territory, and the other in the co(»lcr bay region.

Mr. Andkkson. They seem to l>c g(>ttinir along v(M-v well with their
price without much help.

Doctor Taylor. They have through the unexpected developments
following the constitutional amenchnent, up to this year, but they have
had very severe losses this year through failure (»f the transportation
systems to move the fresh grapes to the Eastern consumers. This
work was begun back in the days when wine and brandy were the
principal objectives of the growers of a large proportion of the acreage
of graj)es.

22028—22 12

176 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Anderson. This increase, I underetand, is to cover additional
equipment, fencing and so on, but does not enlarge the experimental
station.

Doctor Taylor. No; it does not enlarge the area at all. These
vineyards were established as cooperative vineyards, the labor upon
which, the team power, and the buildings used for which, were se-
cured by the department from the growers through reimbursement of
the actual operating expense of labor, material, etc., to the owners of
the land.

Congress decided to purchase the vineyards when the apprehended
catastrophe loomed up and authorized their purchase. These are
now Government-owned property without fencing or buildings and
without operating equipment. This year they have been carried
along under a makeshift arrangement with the neighbors, which it is
not practical to continue.

Mr. Anderson. There are no ])uildings on these properties ?

Doctor Taylor. No, sir.

Mr. Anderson. And no fences?

Doctor Taylor. I believe there is an outside fence along the Fresno
property.

Mr. Andersox. What buildings will it be necessary to erect there ?

Doctor Taylor. It will be necessary to erect a general workshop
and field laboratory building at each, and it will be very desirable to
provide a dwelling for the man in charge as there is no housing
nearby in either place for such a man, and he should be there on the
place at all hours of the day.

Mr. Anderson. How many people do you have on these places i

Doctor Taylor. We have not anyone at present steadily there
except near-by laborers working under supervision of an assistant in
California who has general supervision over them. At certain times
of the year, at the propagating times, and again at harvesting time,
when the fruit is harvested for the testing, there are two or three
temporary employees maintained.

Mr. Anderson. You have no permanent man on either one,, of
these places ?

Doctor Taylor. No; we have no housing whatever on either place,
either for men or for implements.

Mr. Anderson. Do you have anybody who goes out there more
than once or twice a year ^

Doctor Taylor. Oh, yes; we have the near-by laborers, who are
there nearly every day, under the direction of the technical assistant
in general charge of the vineyards.

Mr. Anderson. But you have no superintendent?

Doctor Taylor. No superintendent there; no, sir.

Mr. Buchanan. How many acres have you?

Doctor Taylor. Twenty acres at each place.

Mr. BccHANAN. l*lanted in grapes ?

Doctor Taylor. Yes, sir.

Mr. Br(^iiANAN. All in grapes?

Doctor Taylor. Yes, sir.

Mr. lircHANAN. Is theie any plowing and cultivation of it ?

Doctor Taylor. Yes. That thus far done during the transition
period since the vineyards were purchased last winter has been by
Jiiring arrangements with near-by vinevardists.

AORirrLTrRAI. ArnuiruiATioN FUI.K, 1'J24. 177

Mr. iiiciiAXAN. NN'hnt Is iIm« riMusoii for ('ontiiiiiiil ownrrship of
this hy tlu' (lovornmrtit ati<l oprrutiotj of it l>y tlir «i(*purtiiu>nt f
'I'Ih'IT is nothing luit Id uciys of ^rupfs out tlicn-.

Doctor Taylok. TIu»so two 2()-u(TC vinovanls wliich nre atM)Ut
I'>() inilrs apart and in difrcrcnt rliniati*- rcj^ions (»f Califoriiiu. con-
tain at the present time, \sithoiit dotiht. the most coniprchciisivc
collection of varieties of the Old World type of ;;rape> that e\i>t.>>
in the world. They involve not niorely the tostinj; of those varie-
ties a■^ an ordinary orcliardist or vinevardist doe.s. I*nt the deternjina-
tit>n of the phl<»\illera resistance of tin* stoj-ks on which the \»irieties
are i^rafled and the con<;«'nialily of those varieties to these resistant
stocks.

Mr. BiciiAN AN. Then, in short, this stock is deterinniin^ the
adaplahility of the varieties to this (MUintrv and climate, and < i.ndi-
tions under which those varieties <'an he ;;rafled ^

Doctor Taylor. Yes, sir: an«l the conditions under which the
varieties can l)e ^rown on resistant stocks.

Mr. lii( iiANAN. Il(»w lonj; will it take i.> dcicinrmc that '.

D(»ctor Tayu)K. Prol)al)ly 20 years.

KXPKRIMKNTAL (;AR1)K\S AM) (JROINDS. WASII1N(;T<)N , D. ( .

On pape 115 is tlie pnra«;raph for the maintenance of the *^roun«ls
here in Washington. Tliere is no change.

FOR HORTICULTURAL IXVESTIOATTOX.

On page 117 the subappropriation for horticultural investigations,
which includes also the technical studies of the physiological changes
of vegetables while in the proces.ses of marketing and storage, (•arrie^
an estimate of fl.oOO. wliich relates specifically to investigation of
vegetable transportation work. The questions of primary imjiortance
may be said to be those involved in transportation of northern pota-
toes, the whole <|uestion of production of j)otatoes against harmful
temperatures in transit in winter harmful both through freezing,
through the effect of c(»ld in unhealed cars, and the determination of
the relation of the heated-car temperature to the carrving qual tv of
the product wliere heater-car service is not maintained.

This is needed especially with reference to the northern Mjiine.
Minnesota, and Dakota potato-growing districts, and the potato
producers and shippers have

Mr. Anderson (interposing). We would not worry much now.
anyhow, as to how they behave in refrigerator cars or other kinds of
cars if we could get the cars. We will take a chance on how they
beliave.

Doctor Taylor. Yes; until it gets down to about 2o° or 30° beh)W
zero, then sometimes there come very heavy los.ses on account of
freezing in transit wiien with the transportati()n charges already lying
against the shipment, rnfortunately these destructive freezes do not
always occur in years when potatoes are cheap.

Mr. Anderson. I nt>tice in this item on page 1 l.'i that there is a pro-
vision for the investigation of these physiological and relateil changes
of fruits and vegetables during the process of liarvesting an<l while in
commercial storage, and in the same general item appears this item on
page 1 1."). What is the difTerence ^

178 A(JR1UULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924,

Doctor Taylor. The difference is that the item on page 117 is the
work (lone on fruit, the word "veo;etahle" heing inserted there to make
it technically legal to carry work on both products where necessary
and advisable, and to simplify the financing of it. Primarih- that
on page 113 deals with fruit studies and primarily that one on page
117 deals with vegetables. Generally the products under experiment
are from different sections of the country at any one time, though
not always.

NURSERY STOCK INVESTIGATIONS.

Page 119 contains the item for investigating and cooperating in
connection with State orprivately owned nurseries, methods of propa-
gating fruit trees, ornamental and other plants, the study of stocks
used in propagating such plants and methods of growing stocks, for
the purpose of providing American sources of stocks, cuttings, or
other propagating material. This is a paragraph under which our
experimental work looking toward the development of larger pro-
duction of grafting stocks of fruit trees and ornamental plants in
this country is being done to reduce our dependence upon imported
stocks of this character from foreign countries. Such importations
always, in spite of any guaranties or inspections that can be main-
tained, involve a certain risk of introduction of additional pests, and
in proportion to the completeness of our production of our own
requirements in this country are we likely to exclude such destructive
pests.

Mr. Anderson. To what extent is progress being made t)n the pro-
duction of seedlings used in this country i

Doctor Tay'lor. Considerable, both as to seed-grown stocks and
vegetatively propagated stocks. The progress made gives promise
of perhaps ultimately displacing seedling stocks for some kinds of
fruit trees. For instance, in the case of the apple, through propaga-
tion of grafting stocks of special varieties trom cuttings, so that in
place of a variable lot of seedling apple stocks to graft upon you may
have uniformly vigorous, hardy, and insect-resistant stocks. Very
distinct progress has been made within the past two veal's in that
directi(m, particularly in case of the apple. Some of that work was
done out here at Bell Station in Maryland, and some of it in Michigan.
It is a field in which our men are pioneering in the expectatit)n that
some of the problems will be simplilied — some of the problems of the
nurserymen and the production considerably stabilized.

Mr. Buchanan. Does the grafted or budded tree take on the
hardihood of the tree from which it came or the tree on which it was
budded or grafted? It produces the variety of the tree from which
it was taken, but how about the hardihood, and resistance^

Doctor Taylor. That is a very complicated (piestion. In some
cases, grafting on certain stocks increases the hardiness o[ the variety
that you are |)ropagating. As for exam|)le, the Satsuma orange when
grafted on the trifoliate stock, which is what is calUnl the hartly
orange, which sheds its leaves in the winter and is distinctly hardy,
will endure lower temperature than if grafttul on the sweet orang{>s,
which is the standard stock of the more southern citrus districts.

Ml". Buchanan. Will it endure the same degree of wint(M' as the
other ?

AiJIlICl'LTrUAL API'HOI'HIATIOX BILL, lW>i. 179

Doitoi '1'avi,«)K. No: llu* uii};ruflr<l trifoliate stock lrf<*> urr Imnly
Im'H' ill Wjisliin<;toii. What appears to arrount for the j^n-ator
cold ciMliiraiicc of (Mtrus trees grafted on this stock is the fact that
the tiifoliate stock becomes dtiiniiiaiit in the fall at the time when it
nomallv sheds its leaves and rfniiini> dormanl iinnl >prinji, wlule the
sweet oranjje stock keeps (»n fjrowin^, so the Sntsiima orange graft on
tlie sweet oran<;i' slock is in a state of vejjetative jjrowth much !at»'r
in the fall titan it is on the other.

AKLINCSTON FAKM AND A<;H1(II.TLKAI. STATION.

On pa«;e IJl i> tin* suhapproi>riation un<ler whi<h Arlinjjton Farm
is maintained as an n<;ri(Miltmai experiment statical. Mere Congress
provided, as you recall, last year far a heatinj: [)l:int. $.')(). OOd. This
is now well towanl completion \u construction.

'I'he am<»unt carried ny the Budget is ?2(), .')()(). In our ori<!inal
estimate we asked for the retention of SO. .")()() of the huildin-^ fund
a|)propriation to meet increased expenses of maintenance and opera-
tion imIudinLj the provision of a fence al);)Ut Arlington Farm to pro-
tect it from invasion and imjiroper u-^c.

Mr. .IiMP. Is that not a matlei- which wo should really take ui)
with the Hud^'ct Bureau^

Doctor Tayi.ok. That amount is needed if we are a(le<|Uately to
protect Arlinjxttm Farm as we think we should from encroachments at
ni;^ht for purposes ille«;al and destructive.

Mr. Blc'iiANAN. Well, vou ha\ c Itcen <:etlin»r nloiiir for a lonir time
without this, have you ^

Doctor Tayi.ok. Wo have.

Mr. Andf.kson. Will it take ."?'.). .")<)0 to put a fence around there ^

Doctor Tavi.oij. Our best e.-limate is that vndess we can force or
induce the railroad to fence its riijht of way across the property it
will cost approximately ."^lO.OOO or -S 12. 000 to fence the farm as it
should he. The solicitor has investiijated the title to that railroad
property and we have boon advised that W(« can not f<»rce them to
fence their riu:ht of way. There is a g:reatly increased value of Govern-
ment property on the farm n(»w. in comparis(m with earlier years,
and jjreatly iiu-reased risk, duo to changed conditions.

FOR FOREIGN SEVA) AND PLANT INTRODUCTION.

Page 123, the subappropriation 'for investigations in foreign seed
and plant introduction, including the study, collection, jnirchase.
testing, pr(>pagation. and ilistribution oi rare and valuable seeds,
bulbs, trees, shrubs, vines, settings, and plants from foreign countries
and from our posses.sions," etc., there is no change in that item.

rrucnAs?:, di.stuibition. p/rc. of nkw and karf: seeds.

On page 12."), the subappropriation which ct)vers the ft>rage cn)p
investigational work and the distribution of new and rare field see«ls.
there is a reduction of .■<20.00() in the provi.so whi(:h finances the field
seed distribution, and at the same time there is a proposctl increase
of the amount available for the c.\perinu>ntation in clover work of
So, 000, so that the estimate involves a net reduction «>f .Slo.OOO in the
amount carried l)v the paragi'aph. That reduction is nnule in recog-
nition of the urgent need of economy of expenditure.

180 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Anderson. You are going to economize here at the expense of
we Congressmen, are you ?

Doctor Taylor. We feel that we suffer equally in this case, even
with the Members. This work is accomplishing unquestioned and
material benefit to agriculture.

Mr. Anderson. Well, it is a perfectly hopeless proposition to
spend $115,000 getting new and rare field seeds in here and S20,000
getting them out where they will do some good. I think it is ridicu-
lous. If this new and rare seed proposition is not any good, let us
cut it out; but if it is some good, it ought to be good enough to get it
out to the people where it will do some good. It does not do anv
good to import a lot of stuff down here into the department, or in
parts of the country where it never^ets off the grounds of the Tnitod
States. It does not make any difference to me who does the dis-
tributm^. I think it is ridiculous to spend a lot of money and get
this stuff into the United States and never get it out of the depart-
ment.

CONGRESSIONAL SEED DISTRIBUTION.

Doctor Taylor. On page 127 the subappropriation known as the
congressional seed distribution is not recommended. The explan-
atory note is

Mr. Anderson (interposing). Let me ask you one (question about
this item. In the event that the Congress, in its wisdom, should
conclude that this was a desirable item to continue, would it require
as much money next 3^ear to make the same distribution (

Doctor Taylor. I should have to get closer estimates on the
prospective cost of seed than I have now. I should have to look
into that.

Mr. Anderson. I wish you would give me an estimate of what it
would cost on the basis of this year and approximately what that
would mean in number of packages on the oasis of the quotas this
year ?

Doctor Taylor. I do not think there would be a material differ-
ence unless there is some prospective difference in the cost of labt r,
paper, packets, and supplies required in connection with the dis-
tribution.

Assuming that the cost of seed in 1923 will be substantially the
same as during the current year, it is estimated that a distribution
of 13,000,000 packages (substantially the same as that of the present
year) could be made for $360,000. This assumes that the pat-keting,
assembling, and mailing of the seed could be contracted for at sub-
stantially the present rate of SI. 988 per thousand packages.

This would provide quotas of 20,000 packages of vegetable seeds
and 2,000 packages of llower seeds to Senators and Kepresentatives.
Should the cost of seed and paper be slightly lower than at present,
these {{uotas could be provided with an aj)pr()priati{)n of $300,000.

With an appropriation of $239,410 (as in the fiscal year 1921),
the necessary oveniead cost of the packeting, assembling, ami mailing
being substantially the same as for the larger (listril)ution, a total
distri])ution of S,r)()0,000 packages could bo made. This would
provide (piotas of 13,000 packages of vegetable seed and 1,000 pack-
ages of fiower seed for each Senator and Representative.

AORICULTIIRAI. APPROPRIATION BILI^ 19li. 181

KOK IlIorilYHK'AL I.N VKSTHJATION.

On pnpo 180, tlir itoni for " liinphyHiml invi»H(i<;Rtion " is not
changed.

Mr. Hr( MAN. \.N. What is llmt '. What is hiuphysical invfsti^jjit inn ?

l)(H't(»r Tavlok. Thi.s ha.s rath<>r to <lo with fhr [thvsi( s of hfp.

Mr. HuriiANAN. Of phint lifo^

Doctor Tayi,<>i{. Yos, sir. The phy.sical ft»utur«'s of phiril j^rowth
in contrachsctinction from the rhcinical fcaturos.

Mr. Hi( MANAN. I th(»u<^ht the < ln'mirnl features iletonniiuMl (he
bi«>lo<;i(al fraluros of thorn?

l)o<'tor 'Payf.ok. This has to do witli such fcatiircs as to water
reqiiirvinont, tho transpiration and movoinont of the water supply
of [)hints rather than to their chemical rehitionshij). It is a coine<l
word to cover a type of activity which to a consi<h'rahle extent is
centered around the devisinj; of ecpiipment for the a<'tual measuring
of the physiolo«;ical processes throu<^h which phints {;row. throuf^li
which the water distribution is determined phmt j^rowth and
phenomena.

Mr. Andkkson. This is distinctl}- a technical investij^ation '

Doctor Tayi.ok. A technical investifjation, and is of importance
because of its relationship to several other lines of technical biological
work.

Tuesday, November 29 1022

INSECTS affecting THE PECAN.

STATEMENT OF MR. J. M. PATTERSON. PUTNEY, GA.

Mr. Anderson. The committee will retuni this morning to the
three items relating to the pecan, the first to diseases of the pecan,
the second to insects affecting the pecan, and the third an item
relating to im|>rovefl metiuxls in connection witii th(> culture of the
pecan.

VYe will lirst hear Mr. Patterson.

Mr. Patterson. Mr. Chairman, I am here representing the Na-
tional Pecan (irowers' Association, the Georgia-Florida Pecan (irow-
ers' Association, and the Pa[)er Shell Pecan. Clrowtys' Association. I
think that it was in May of this year that a committee representing
th(»se various associations came to Washington and had a confenMice
in Secretary Wallace's ollice. We had suddenly been confronted
with some discMises and some insect pests which lot>ked very serious
to the pecan industry. W^' came to Washington, and Secretary Wal-
lace invited in Doctor Tusloi', Doctor Quaintauce, Doctor Corbett.
and Doctor Waite, and we had a rather lengthy conference, going over
those matters in detail. Following that ctuiference this committee
submitted to Secretary Wallace provisions covering the matter ami
suggestions as to an increase in the appropriation, which we thought
we could reasonably ask. in order to take care of these troubles.

The two cliief troubles we had were scab and the pecan nut case
borer, either one of which, if it continues to spread in the groves
threatens the almost complete extinction of the industry. Wo

182 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

understand that Secretary Wallace recommended to the Budget Com-
mittee practically the amounts that we requested should be recom-
mended, with, perhaps, one exception. In fact, we have a copy of
a letter here tnat Secretary Wallace -WTote to Congressman Griest
giving an outline of what was recommended. We had asked that
$5,000 be added to the appropriation for the ofiice of Soil Fertilitv,
which the Secretary, eviaently, did not see fit to approve. Jte
recommended $5,000 for the office of Entomology, whicn covers the
insect situation, and So, 000 additional to Doctor Corbett's oflice. and
$2,000 to the office of Plant Diseases. Now, we are here, gentlemen,
just to impress upon you, if we may, very briefly, the importance of
those items. W^e, perhaps, understand that tliere is little use in
talking about the addition to the oflice of Soil Fertility, inasmuch as
the Secretary did not see fit to recommend that in connection with
pecan culture. That additional appropriation was not so essential
to us. The office of Soil Fertility has been doing some splendid
work in connection with the pecan groves, and they have been point-
ing out to us the way of fertilizing to the best advantage in connection
with pecan culture. Therefore, we will not ask for any considera-
tion of that matter,

The two things that are pressing for the pecan growers are plant
diseases and insects. The fungus or scab at first attacked only
one or two varieties of pecans, but in the last year or two it has
attacked every variety in some localities. It has not attacked
every variet}' in one locality, but when you inake a survey of the
pecan territory, so far as I know, there is not a single variety of
pecans that has proven to be immune to the scab. In our section
around Albanj- or Putney the Delmos variety was. it seemed to
me at first, the susceptible variety to the scab, the scab practically
eliminating the Delmos crop after three years. Doctor W^aite's depart-
ment has been experimenting with sprays, and has succeeded in
getting some control of the scab. As I understand it. to put it
brieflv, the appropriation that was in efiect last year was sunicient
to support one investigator on the scab, and with a small addition
to that appropriation of $2,000 they would have funds enough to
support two investigators, because they have the equipment that
the two men could use, and by that small additional appropriation of
$2,000 added to the $8,000 that they have now they could double
the efficiency of the work of the department in that one line of
investigation. The pecan nut case borer began its operations in
the Monticello district some six or seven years ago. Doctor Quain-
tance's department did some experimental work there, and then the
parasites came along and practically eliminated the case borer, and
the work was discontinued. In order to make it clear, 1 will say that
Monticello is about 00 miles south of where I am located, at Putney.

That is in Florida, and the pecan nut case borer did not get up
into our district until this year. It seems that it travels somewhat
like the boll weevil, and we were congratulatiu'' oui-selves that it would
confine itself to the southernmost border oi Georgia and northern
Florida. We thought that it was not going to spread furtlier. but
that pest cam(> up into the Putney district this year. Our orchards
that were farliu^st south suH'criMl t icmcndiioiisly from that. To
give you some idea of the damage, I will say that we have nut groves
in our association from which we gathered last year between 40,000

AlilllCULTl'UAI, AITUOi'lUATION HILU 1KI4. 183

uiul .')(),()()() pouiuls of nuts, lull this year \vr will ^ft fn»iii l\utsv ^lovr^
not Fnorc tliari l..")(l() [xunids. It is only fiiir to say that tin- crop lluil
the trcH'S put on this year was not as hir^i' as it was a yi-ur ajfo, but
tlu' (fof) tliat tlic trees did put on was plnetieally destroyed }ty the;
ease horer. W <> are very anxi»»iis ahoul tlu' ease horer. an<l I)<»etor
Quaintanee ftdly realizes tlu* iiuportaneo of it. It '\h to the iwcan in-
dustry, I think, exactly what the holl weevil is to the cotton mdustrj'.

Mr. BrciivN.vN. Does it at tack the younj,' nut ^

Mr. 1*.\ rTKHsoN. "^'es, sir; it eats rij^ht into the younj; nut. and
when it has eaten out one nut, it p»es into another. It spreu<ls fmm
one <luster of nuts to another.

Mr. IU'< MANAN. You are coinparin«x that pr.^i i<( the holl \se«\il.
Do vou know what you are putting us ii|) a;^ainst '.

Mr. Patpkhson'. I «lo not think it will he s(> hanl to control as the
boll weevil. I say that it is travelin<; like the holl weevil, atid it is
goin;.; after the fruil in its eai"ly stap's like the holl w<'evil does. I
do not believe it will take anythiii«j like the money or tntuble that
is re(|uired in the control of the boll weevil. It j^eti* inside of the nut.
and it is hard to reach it witii a spray.

Mr. BiciiANAN. The boll weevil |)unchos a hole inside of the scjuare.
Does this insect bore a hole into the nut, or does it punch a hole <

Mr. P.vTTKRsoN. It eats right into" the nut and goes insi<le.

Mr. lire HASAN. Like the boUwornW

Mr. PATrKKsoN. Yes, sir; it eats right into it. He gels inside of
one of them and the little ones crawl out and bore into others.
That is about all I have to say. 1 wish simply to say to you gentle-
men that lu'ie is a great industry with millions of dollars invested in
it. This iiuluslry iuis been going along beaiilifully. wiih increasing
revenues, and it has been very largely taking the place of cotton in
certain sections of the South. Then we iind the industry suddenly
thrt'iilened in this way. We do not ask any great sum of money,
and 1 do not believe that is necessary, but we do ask f(»r sullicient
funds to put sullicient investigators m the fields so that they can
arrive at a conclusion as promptly as possible.

I have asked Doctor Taylor if he would come over here, and 1 see
that he is present.

Mr. Lee. Can you give us some idea of the magnitude of the pecan
industry in Georgia and the South (
I Mr. Pattek.son. That is hard to tell, but 1 should say there are
j) from 7.'), ()()() to 1 ()(),()()() acres of cultivated j)ecans in Cieorgia.

Mr. Lek. How jnany trees would that be ^

Mr. Patterson. There are about 20 trees to the acre. T person-
ally liave charge of some (i.OOO acres, with 1 I'D. 000 trees, and 1 can
say to you gentlemen that last year from those groves of which I
have charge we had a yield of something over (500,000 pounds of
nuts, but this year we will hardly get 125,000 pounds, tliat being
largely duo to the scab.

Mr. IUtciiaxan. Does the scab attack the leaf or the tree?

Mr. Patterson. It attacks the leaf and the nut. It just east
into it and stops the (leveloj)ment of the nut.

Mr. Bi'c'iLVNAN. H is altogether dillcrent from the t)ther insects^

Mr. Patterson. This is a fungus. It is not an in.sect at all.

Mr. Br( HANAX. I suspect it is an insect, too.

Mr. Patterson. It may be a microscopic insect.

184 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924,

Mr. Buchanan. Doctor Taylor says it is not an insect, and I am
willing to take his word for that.

Mr. Patterson. If there are no further questions, I do not want
to take up any more of your time.

STATEMENT OF DR. WILLIAM A. TAYLOR, CHIEF, BUREAU

OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Doctor Taylor. T understood that my presence here was to he, in
diplomatic language, merely that of an observer. As to this par-
ticular item not being included in the Budget, or the S2,000 provision
for this particular pecan scab. I will say that we have at present
available for use SS2,000, of whirh $S.0()0 is devoted to pecan dis-
eases. That suffices, in addition to the amount for field expenses
that are necessary for the employment of one pathologist continuously
on that work, and of one or two temporarily during the growing
season. We need one additional year-around man as an assistant,
and it will cost practically .S2,000 to get him. Then we will be in
shape to hit this problem hard, and we believe we will be able to
secure results that are important considerably sooner than we coidd
with our present funds. Mr. Patterson has correctly stated the
urgency of the matter. One fea'ture that may be worth mentionin-j
is this, that in the control of this fungi which, necessarily, must be
through spray applications, we hav^e a very narrow margin of possible
success. We must use a fungicide that is strong enough to kill the
fungi and yet not strong enough to hurt the trees. There is a risk of
defoliaging the tree, with consequent harm to the crop. We want a
fungicide that will answer the purpose under any climatic conditiiMis.
For that reason we will have to continue this work for several seasons
in that same locality until we are sure of the formula and of the
application schedule. It is a very meritorious proposition, and one
that we will be very glad to administer if the fun(h are available.

STATEMENT OF HON. CHARLES R. CRISP, A REPRESENTA-
TIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF GEORGIA.

Mr. Crisp. Mr. Chairman, I had not intended to say anything on
this subject. I am very much interested in this proposition, how-
ever, my district being largely engaged in the pecan iiulusti-y. Judge
Park's district, which atljoins mine, has older orchards. Our peopli'
are confronted with the necessity of learning to diversify, and many
of them have begun to diversify by putting out large pecan orchards.
1 believe very much in the future of the pecan industry, and 1 believe
that if you make the appropriations liere nro|)oseil they will be
instrumental in solving this trouble that has been described to you.
I hope you will give this request careful and favt)rable consideration.

STATEMENT OF HON. FRANK PARK, A REPRESENTATIVE IN
CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF GEORGIA.

Mr. Paijk. Mr. (Iiairmmi. (ho investors in these pecan groves are
not all local people. A great many of them are from Detroit, wh(»
liu\ (' boughl up r)-acre tracts, and a number of (hem are from Chicago,
Pittsburgh, and othei' like cities. There must be between seven
and eight million dollars invested by these people. A good many

AORK TLTl'RAL APPROPRIATION' HILL, 1«24. 185

. r t!u' poopli' who Imvf iiiadc tlirsr invostim'iits uri' sufFfring nlinost
for the lu'cossitios, arid a ^^ood many of thrin. uiulrr llir pn'JM.»nt
conditions, <lo not i;*'! an inconic of nearly as much tut thcv wouhl
ho al>h' to make in factories and thinjjs of tliat kind. T<» afiow thi.s
inthistry to he wiped out for the hi<k <»f a f«-w dolhirs hiok.s hke
poor p«>h<v <»n the nart of the (fovorimient. It is u ra|>idly j;rowinjj
imhistrv, and nearly evervhtxly wants to havi* pecan trees. I uiii
^oini; home to plant out Hi acres myself, and will do a ;;ood deal
of tlie work myself. I helieve in it. rndoid)tedly it i.s the most
nourishing; and most \alual»le nut we have in this country.

STATEMENT OF MR. E. G. HESS. MANHEIM. PA.

Mr. IIi'.ss. I am president of the Keyston(> Pecan Co. and am a
mcmher of the Federal aid committee of the National I'ecan Growers'
.\ssociation.

Mr. Chairman. I conferred with a numher of men in the Depart-
ment of Aj^riculture just a week a^o to-day. and I also saw tin-
' hairman of this c(»mmitte<'. It is l)<>caus(> of the fjreat importance
t)f fxivin^ the Department of Plant Disejises this S2.<)(JU that 1 appear
here to-day. I presented this matter to Mr. Patterson, and that is
why he is here to-<lay. It is hecausc of the need of an additional
scientific man in that department, and he is needed just as soon as
he can he put on the job.

That is all I wish to say.

* Monday, Nove.mukr 27. H>22.

INVESTIGATIO.V AND IMPROVEMENT OF CEREALS.

STATEMENT OF MR. HARRISON FULLER. SECRETARY AND
DIRECTOR OF THE CONFERENCE FOR THE PREVENTION OF
GRAIN RUST. MINNEAPOLIS. MINN.

Mr. Ander.so.n. We will return to the item on pa^e 10(.), " For the
invest i«jat ion and improvement of cereals, including com, and
DK'thods of cereal production. " with a proviso that S2()(),()()0 shall he
set aside for the locatictn and destruction of the l)arl)errv hushes and
other vejjetation from which rust spores ori>;inut('.

Mr. Fuller, we will he gliul if you will take charge of the hearing.

•EUAniC.\TIO\ OF H.VIIBERRY BUSH.

Mr. FiLLKU. Mr. Chairman, last spring, as you know , an organiza-
tion call(Ml the Conference for the Prevention of Grain Kust was
formed, representinsj the agricultural interests of 13 States, including
the area from Michigan. (Miio, and Indiana, west to Montana, Col<»-
rado. and \Vv(»mitig. Representatives of that organization came to
Washington, and as a result of the statements made hv them. Con-
gress appropriated ?;i .')().()()() for the eradication of the common bar-
berry bush, the aj^propriation being increased from tin* former appro-
priation of $147,200. which had been granted by Congress for eacn of
the three preceding years. We come before you now to ask for an
appropriation of S.IOO.OOO for the next fiscal year.

186 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TIOX BILL, 1924,

As a basis for that rp((upst, you already have some knowledge of
what was accomplisheil by the Department of Acrriculture with the
appropriation of SSoO.OOO, and this committee will assume, unles-
otherwise instructed, that you are completely informed with re<ranl
to the manner in which that appropriation has actually been handled
by the Department of Agriculture. In addition to that, of course.
we want to present some general considerations about the accom-
plishments.of the past season from the lay point of view and from tho
point of view of the farmers and grain growers themselves. In a
general way, it can be said unqualifiedly and emphatically that bv
reason of tlie appropriation of S3o0,000 the work of barberry bush
eradication has been tremendously expedited, and that gains were
made in attacking the problem that could not po.ssibly have been
made in three or four or five years of smaller expenditures. We are
now in a position, by reason of the fact that the campaign has pro-
gressed so successfully, to see the end of the campaign, and that. I
tal^e it, is something in which (V)ngress is very much interested. You
have been making appropriations now since 1918. This year 8300,000
was expended, and that has brought the campaign to the point where
we can say that it is very pro})able that in almost all ()f tiie States
included in the barberry eradication area the necessity for any Feil-
eral assistance after two more years will have been eliminated: and
that in many of the States, as some of the gentlemen present will
show you, only one more year of Federal cooperation and Federal
financial support will do the job.

During the past summer the organization of which I have spoken
has been directing its efforts toward the dissemination of general
information with regard to the barberry and the destruction to grain
which it has caused. For that purpose we have put on a widespreatl
publicity campaign, which has brought very tangible results. In
order to give you a practical idea of what we have done. I will say
that we have sent out altogether about 500,000 pieces of publicity,
including informative literature and posters. These have been dis-
tributed to the county agents, railroad-station agents, lumber yards,
creameries, mills, banks, elevators, and to many indivitluals and
other institutions throughout our area of 13 States. A careful check
shows that our posters are being well displayed, and that we arc
getting the message across to the people to whom it Ls directed. In
addition to that, we have succeeded in obtainiiig about "i.oOO columns
of newspaper space. That, of course, is publicity which reaches tiic
individuals direct, and it shows a desire upon the part of the news-
papers to cooperate with the Federal anil State Governments and
with ourselves in this movement, which is exceedingly important.
In addition to that we have provitled a large number of exhibits
showing exactly what the barberry bush is and the damage that it
causes.

With our exhibits we have reached lOS countv fairs, about 30 or
35 State fairs and sectional expositions, and sucli larger expositions
as the Pageant of Progress at Chicago and the National Dairy Show
at St. Paul. The result of our campaign is and we are sincercdy
convinced of this fact that there has been built up a widespread
public sentiment. n\ Inch, as you know, is the most eirective wi'a{)on
m a campaign of this kind. We have succeeded in building up this
sentiment bv reason of (he fad that the FcMleral (lovernment was

AOIUCULTrilAL Al'IMtol'HIATlON IIII.I-, 11»2t, Ih?

niittinj; money iiili) tho catripin^n. Wr siir<-(MM|«Ml iii bmUlin;: it ii[)
l)v Iclliii;; j'xactly wluil tlu* harlnTiy Imsh luw \h'v\\ iloin;; to our
^ruiii rrops, and wr air very anxioiiM to have tiir roiniuit (••«' r«m.sulrr
tin* (Irsinil)ility and liiiaiuial oxpiMlicncv. if ^you ph'us*'. of rashirig in
on that piiMic sciitiincnt. Our manifestation of that puhlir senti-
ment is of immechate and direct interest to yoiir eommittee; We are
fircparrd t«) say now that our assurance of obtaining a[>propriutions
rom tlic States most interested in harherry eradication is very jfood.
We have in practically all of ihos- Slates alii-ady startetl harlx-rrv-
erathcation appropriations on tlieir way. (lovernor Neslos and NIr.
Kitchen, of North Dakota, are callin«; for a $2.'). (MM) appropriation
for that State. Minnesota, us you know, has had an appropriation
of .?'_'().()()() for the last two y(»ar-;, and that appropriation will !»«•
repcateti and. possibly. increas(>d.

'I'he situation in South Dakota is not so defiijite l)eyon<l the fact
that tiie Farm Rureau Federation in that State and the eommis-
si(»ner of a'^riculture aic with us and are <:oinp: to do evervthin«; they
can to obtain an adt'(|Uate State ap|)ro|)iialion. In Illinois, the com-
mis.si()ner of ajjriculture tells me (hat he has already included in his
estimates an item of S'JO.OOO for l)ail>eir\' eradication. In Wisconsin
the commissioner of a.i;riculture has iiicluded a similar item of SI ').()'M).
and is i;«»in>jj to increase it to .S2."), ()()() if it can be increased before the
le^^islature meets. In Michi<:an tiie j)lant patholoj^ists have re-
quested an ai)proj)riation of .S22,()00. In Ohio the commissioner of
agriculture tells us that he is goinj; to put in a refpiest for an appro-
priation of .SIT). 000. Therefore, you can see that as far as can be done
at the pri>sent time, the States are preparing; to make appropriations.
We have admitted from }he very start of this campai«,Mi. of course,
that a lar<;e )ortion of it should be State responsibility, but we have
not admitto( , ami do not now admit, that it is entirely a State re-
sponsibility by rea.son of the fact that it is essentially a regional
problem. The States are now ready to assume their share of respon-
sibility uiid will do so at their next legislative sessions. You realize,
of coui-se, that it would be futile for me to promise that the States are
going to do thus and so. All that we can say at this time is that the
commissioners of agriculture ar<> including barberry eradication itiMns
in their budgets, ami the farm bureaus are doing (everything thrv
can to obtain those ap|)roj)riations.

Mr. Andkkson. Do you know wliat , Slate appropriations were
available for this purpose this past year ^

Mr. FrM.Ki{. For this year the only specific State appropriation
for barberry eradication was that of Minnesota of $20,000. How-
ever, the commissioner of a<:riculture of Ohio tells me that between
three and live tliousand dollars wr.s spent in that State for barberry
eradication out of funds available for that kind of work. The
same thinj; is true in other States. Bv reason of tlie fact that the
approj)riations were not sjiecifically for the purpose of l)arberry
eradicjition, it is very dillicult to make a })rccise answer t(^ that
cpicstion. We know that in Wisconsin several thousand dollars
were spent bv the department of agriculture in cooperation with
the Federal (lovernment. All of the items for next year about
which I have been sjieaking, however, are t<^ be specific appropria-
tions for l)arberry eradication. As you understand, the State
legislatures do not meet until after the 1st of Januarv. and some of

188 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

them do not adjourn until almost the 1st of April, so that the actual
appropriations made l)y the State legislatures will necessarily be an
uncertain quantity until the State legislatures actually adjourn.
You are as familiar with that problem as I am, but we want to em-
phasize the fact that the States are ready to go forward, and the
support is well organized in every State.

The other members of our committee here to-day hicludes the
presidents of three State farm bureau federations, and two plant
patholoo^ists. All of them have interesting statements to make
and, if it is agreeable to the chairman. I will ask Mr. Reed, tlu*
president of the Minnesota Farm Bureau Federation, to make a
statement.

Monday, November 27, 1922.

eradication of barberry bush.

STATEMENT OF MR. J. F. REED, PRESIDENT MINNESOTA
BUREAU FARM FEDERATION, ST. PAUL, MINN.

Mr. Reed. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, Minne-
sota has rather taken the lead in this matter. That was prol)ably
because of the fact that it is a large spring-wheat growing area ami
has seen the damaging results of the ravages of the black stem rust
more than some other areas. We have seen the rapid falling off in
the amount of grain produced in the State ant! the hazard to wiiich
the farmers were subjected. That probably had much to do with the
State of Minnesota two years ago appropriating $40,000, to be used
last year and this year in this work. AVith that apy:)ropriation and
with what the Federal Government has provided we have made very
substantial process. There has been a very lively interest in the
problem, not only on the part of the fanners but on the part of grain
dealers, millers, and others who are directly interested in the matter.
However, the general public or the consuming public of the Stale
was never apparently aroused to the actual necessities of this matter
until 1921.

Much of that interest was brought about through the establisiimeiit
of the Conference for the Prevention of (irain Rust, and, also, be-
cause of the scientific explanations given by the pathologists of the
Department of Agricultui'c and by the pathologists in our own school
of agriculture. Through those means the idea has gotten pretty
well known to the people of Minnesota and to all of our jH'oplt', not
only to those engaged in the raising of grain or the handlintr of it.
or the manufacture of it, but to the consuming i)ul)lic as well, that
this is a very potent cause of a very large loss that comes annually
to our grain production. With that knowledge, a very active cam-
paign has been carried on for the eradication of this bush. In 191S
the section of Minnesota in which 1 liv(>. or the southeastern |)ait of
the State, was sui'veyed by ollicors fi'oju the Departnient of A<. ricul-
ture, and those bushes were removed, or the »»riginal |)lantings.
There has been a very hearty cooperation on the part of the farmers
in this count r^^ and wh('re\-er these hushes (>\ist or two known to

AGRICULTl'lUL APPItoriUATIOX BILL, 1024. 189

exist, tlie fanners art' wry anxious to rooiu'rafr in tJirir <>wi» way
and to (1») everything tlu'V can to remove tneni

There has l>een, and is yet to a limited cxtmt, i ln-ljeve, ij^nurance
on the part of some of our peoph* as to the identi(i<alion of this Imsh,
but much of that has hccn removeii <lurin|; th»' ^)a.st >umm»T hy the
advertisements an<l puhUcity that have been j^iven in the manner
8tat«'d 1)V Mr. FuMer. There is a very hearty cooperation on the
part of tfu' farmers in the neighborhood, on the incbvidual farms, and
on vacant lots and other phices where th»)se bushes liave esejn>ed.
The Minnt^sota Farm liiin'au FeiU'ration, having; unit organizations
in SO counties, has mad«' arrnii^cmcnts tlirou«^h its town units to have
these bushes exhibited, or samphs of lliem exhiliited. and to urtje
their era(bcation. Seventy-three counties luive l)een su^^•eyed in the
State now. That lias been done during the past five years thr<»uj^h
the appropriations from the Federal (lovermnent an<l appropriations
from tiie State, and there has been some re>earch work done. We
think that by the end of the coming year, with such an appntpriation
as we are asking for ami such as I think could be economicallv cx-
pendeti, the State will have been gone over once, and pndjablv all
the olil plantings will have been removed.

No doubt there are some escaped bushes, and there are sprouts
from bushes that have been removed, and it might be necessary to
go over them again. AVt' have in our .State a State weed inspector,
and tlie counties have weed inspectors. It is a part of their duty to
see that these bushes are taken out. Some of them work under the
commissioner of agriculture of the State, and they are given specific
instructions to see that those bushes are removed; that is, either to
remove them themselves, or to see that the owners of the places
where they are found remove them. As I have said, on the part of
the farmei"s there is a very active cooperation, but there is a little
different feeling in the villages and towns. That refers particularly
to plantings in towns and villages where the property is occupied by
tenants. They do not care to do this, but the law of our State makes
the allowing of barberry bushes to grow on any property illegal.
I believe that the State of Minnesota can be lookcu alter after the
coming year without any Federal appropriation. I am sure in my
own mind, from my ow^n observation, that more has been done during
the past vear to clean up the State of Minnesota tlian during the f(mr
3'ears before in which the Federal Government was ijiving assistance.

I believe that with the cooperation of the Federal Goverrmient, as
it has been extended during the past year, and with the correlation
of the State efforts, we can tlo more in one year than we could prob-
ably do in three or four years with a lessened appiopriation. Our
people have found that this is not only necessary tor the State, but
that it is necessary for the increased food production of the whole
country. We are in a very important spring wheat growing area,
and it is an important area in thi' production of other grains. I
believe that it is essential to our agriculture not only to those
engaged in farming, but those engaigetl in handling agricultural
products in the way of milling it. etc., that this bt> done. We hope
that Congress will see fit to make this appropriation in the sum
asked for bv the representatives of the 13 Static that formed this
Conference for the Prevention of Grain Rust.

190 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. BrcnAXAX. How many of those 13 ^States have weed inspec-
tors, similar to those in Minnesota?

Mr. Reed. North Dakota has. I am not advised with regard to
that, but 1 know that North Dakota has.

Mr. BuciiAXAX. It seems to me that that is a higlily important
matter when it comes to the eradication of any specific kind of
injurious bush.

Mr. Reed. Yes, sir.

Mr. Fuller. Ohio has a system under which they have 14 inspec-
tors, or weed inspectors. I do not think that is their title, but that
is their job. They are charged with keeping down phint pests of
various kinds, and they work under the direction of the Department
of Agriculture.

Mr. BuciLVNAX. Has your State a law" by which you can take up
and destroy barberry bushes, even against the consent of the owner
of the land on which they grow ?

Mr. Reed. Yes, sir.

Mr. BucHANAX. Without any court proceedings?

Mr. Reed. Yes, sir.

Mr. Buchanan. You have never met with anv real opposition (

Mr. Reed. No, sir; not to that extent. That lias been usually met
with in the case of tenants occupying property.

Mr. Buchanan. They w^ould not care, and they would not want to
do it themselves. They would not care anything about the pest
themselves.

Mr. Reed. Well, if it is on town propert}", where the bushes have
been planted for landscaping purposes, they may think sometunes
that tlie owner would not want to have them changed, but that
opposition has not been very pronounced.

Mr. Buchanan. The question in my mind is whether they have the
proper kind of organization, such as you have in Minnesota, in the
other 12 States, so that from the State standpoint it can be done.
I make that suggestion because the State authoritv is the onlv one
that can really supervise it if any opposition should arise.

Mr. Reed. Yes, sir.

Mr. Fuller. It might be stated that in Minnesota the law is this:
If barberry bushes are found on a man's property, they can be
removed without court action, and the cost charged against him
like a tax assessment, for which he would become liable. Tiiroughout
the entire area, I have heard of only one court case during the entire
work of the State, and that was in Illinois.

Mr. Buchanan. Do the other States have such laws ?

Mr. Fuller. All of the States have laws of varying (iogrees of
severity with regard to barberry ])ushes. The only law 1 know of
that has not stood up has ])een the Montana law, and they are trying
to get the Attorney General to render a decision that will put some
teeth into that law. In the other States the law has proved effective,
and the only court case that 1 know of was in Illinois. That was a
case where a woman was brought into court and fined $'2'^ for having
barberry bushes on her property. She aj>j)eale(l the case to tlio
district court and the fine was rethiced to SIO, i)ut it stuck.

I will ask Mr. C. W. Hunt, prcsich'nt of the Iowa Bureau Farm
Federation, to amplify the situation in Iowa.

J

ACiUICULTUKAI. AIM'KdI'KIATIoN HII.L, l'.rJ4. 191

M0NI)AY, NoVKMHKIt 27, 1»2'J.

STATEMENT OF MR. C. W. HUNT. PRESIDENT IOWA BUREAU
FARM FEDERATION. DES MOINES. IOWA.

Mr. lllNT. ( iciil IciiKMi, the >il luil mil 111 lii\Mi i> jiO'iui hum. \\ V
huvi' ln'cii working on llu' ciiKlltatiou of burlxMiv Im.slu's siurr IIMS.
In the lii'st four ycni"s coinhinod, liowcver, wo did not acconipli.Hli aM
much as wo have afcomplishcd iti tlic year lOJJ uj) to datr. I think
there are two reason.** for that increase in tlie success of thr work in
19l.*2. one hoinj^ the fact that wo j^ot an increase in l\w Frderal ap-
propriation from §117, ()()() to $:i.')(). ()()(). Anotlier reason for the
increased interest in the work is the association for tlie prevention of
grain rust, of which Mr. Fulh-r has spoken, and of which \w is the
director. In h)wa we have cooperated in the puhhcity work, and
everv county in the State that has a farm hureau has cooperate<l with
Mr. VuUer, and in tliat way we have spread the puhUcity over the
entire State.

We have fjiven a «;reat ihMd of space to it in tlie little paper that we
puhlisii at tne Farm Bureau oflice, j^oinjij into the liistory of the nest,
and showint^ tlie need for its eraclication. Those two tliinj^s nave
made it possible in Iowa to do more wt)rk in 11)22 than was done in
the four years preceding. Tlie (juestion of State laws making it
possible to eradicate these hushes where the cooperation of the owner
of the farm is not given, has been spoken of here. Iowa has such a
law, and 1 think some use was made of that law in two ()r three
instances in the beginning of the work. However, during the last
t w«) years, we have had no trouble with any of the people on the farms,
and the city people generally are getting well accpiainted with the
necessity for the eradication of the barberry bushes. Therefore,
there is the best cooperation all along the line. In the last year. 28
counties in the extreme northeastern corner of the State have been
gone over, tlie bushes located, and dug out. A lot of that territory
along the Mississippi River is some of the worst territory we had to
survey on account of the limestone rock and the difliculty in getting
the bushes out. We used chemical methods in some places, and
• leaned up that section.

With tlie appropriation of S.")0(),000 that we are asking for here.
I am sure we can clean up all the plants in the State of Iowa next
yea/. There are 30 counties yet to be gone over, all being in the
southern and southeastern portion of the State. Some of tliose
counties along the Mississippi River are bad, just as those in the
northeast corner, but we can clean them up and probably resurvey
the territory that has already been gone over, 'nierefore. it wouhi
seem to me that we probablv couhl get along without any further
help after next year. Possibly we might need a little approprialion-
the year following. Of course, all of you understand that we w«)uld
liave a good deal of resurveying work to do. and it would be necessary
to get the sprouts and seedlings as they come on after the original
l>ushes are taken out. The loss from grain rust in Iowa, I might
say, is estimated at $1 .()(»0,()(M). for last year.

Mr. Andkhsox. Do voii mean the current year or last vear ?

Mr. HiXT. That would be the estimate for 1922. Tlie average
loss for six years has been about Sl,ri()(),00(). A big percentage of

22028—22 13

192 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

that loss was connected with the oat crop. Iowa is not a heavy
wheat-producing State at the present time, due very largely to the
damage caused 03- rust. The farmers did not know at the time that
it was connected with the barberry bush, but wheat took the rust
and did not yield. They almost quit raising it, which was quite a
drawback in the rotation of crops, but they did keep raising oats.
They raised quite an acreage of oats, and the loss on oats from grain
rust was very great this year. The loss of wheat, of course, in com-
parison to the amount raised, was in the same ratio.

I just want to cite one fieki that came to my attention, and that
was a 40-acre field of barley. That field was very badly rusted, and
they found in a 4^-acre tract a CTeat number of barberry bushes — I
think something like 1,000 — in that vicinity. That 40 acres yielded
320 bushels and should have yielded 1,400 bushels, making the loss
to the owner of that crop on the 40 acres something like S600. There
are other cases, of course, but that had been brought to my attention,
and I mention it here to show the extreme damage of this plant.

I think that is about the situation in Iowa, and that is all I have
to say, unless somebody desires to ask some questions.

Mr. xVxDERsox. We are very much obliged to you.

Mr. Fuller. The next speaker will be Mr. Hill, president of the
South Dakota Farm Bureau Federation,

Monday, November 27, 1922.

STATEMENT OF MR. W. S. HILL, PRESIDENT SOUTH DAKOTA

FARM BUREAU FEDERATION.

Mr. Hill. Mr. Chairman, I represent South Dakota, which is one
of the big small-grain producing States in the Northwest and a State
which has suffered millions of dollars in losses from black rust. The
work of eradication was commenced in our State in 1918, and up until
the end of 1921 they had covered about 20 counties. During the past
year, 1922, owing to the increased appropriations, they covered 24
counties, so that we have at this time 44 counties which have been
covered.

Mr. Anderson. Was that all new work or does that include some
resurveying ?

Mr. Hill. That, I think, was all new work, Mr. Anderson. The
entire part of the State lying east of the Missouri Kiver has now been
surveyed, but there are still something over 20 counties yet to be cov-
ered.

Mr. Buchanan. Do barberry bushes exist in all portions of the
State?

Mr. Hill. So far they have found barberry bushes in every county
they have surveyed. In some counties there would not be many, but
tliey have found some in every county.

Mr. Buchanan. How many counties have you in the State?

Mr. IIii.L. There are aboiit ()5 in the State. That map will show
what has been covered. This is the part east of the I'iver that has
been covered [indicating], and it leases all this j)art to be covered
[indicating].

A(;KI(L'LTri!AI. .\1'IM»>PIUATH)X BILL, IW4. 193

A Inw was |)ass(>(l iti MU'.» making; it a iiiis<|i>ini-aiior for aiiyoiu'
to l«M'p or liar!>or l)arl>rrrv luislifs on tlicir J)Im<«> aftrr tlu-v Mavi*
boon pointed out t() tlirrn and tlu'V know thi«y nrr pn'si-nt. Tlwn'
is no oppimjtion to tlw work in oiir State; in fa<'t. tlir<>ii;;}i dur farm
bureau we lia\ «> ^iven a j;reat deal c»f publiril y to it and we have tlie
best of roop»«ration from tlie farmers. I believe tluit in another
year, witli the apf)n»priation that has been asked for. the entire
State couhl be ro\en'd and mucli tliat has !)een coNered couhl be
rcsurveyjMl. so tliat it wouM hiok to me as jhoU|;h arn)ther \ear of
vip>rous action wouhl pretty W(dl <dean up the State, and I beheve
it is the part of ee«)nomy and business to keep the appropriation
birj;e enou<;h so that tliis work »an be pushed rather than to aHow
it to tha<;.

Mr. lU'tiiANAN. What part do«'s your State take in the work^
Has your State contributed anythinj; toward it f

Mr. IliLL. So fur tiic Slate has riot <(mlributed anything.

Mr. BrcHANAN. lias it coiitiibuted no bibor or supervision ^

Mr. IltLi,. Of cotn-se th«'v do the work of era<lieatin<;.

Mr. lUcMANAN. They dij; the bushes up ^

Mr. II ILL. Yos, sir.

Mr. lircHANAX. The owners of the hind do di^ them up and the
State compels them to do it?

Mr. Hill. Yes, sir; tlio State compels theiii to <lo it after the}'
have been notilietl that they have them on their phues.

Mr. Buchanan. And if they do not do it after they have been
notified thi\v are subject to prosecution ?

Mr. IIiLi.. Yes, sir; it is a misdemeanor. 1 ihiuk. uadrr tlie law.
The loss from black rust this past year has been nmch less than in
other years; that may not have been altoi^ether on account of this
work, l)ut it is a fact just the same, so that I think we are be};innin<;
to see the fruits of it.

I am (|uile a lari^e grower of wheat myself and have been. I lost
my crop in IDlti, in 1917. in lUl!) and li»2(). and after that I (piit
sowiiii; sprint; wheat. So that the acreai;e has been reduciMl in our
State very materially as a result of the damu<;e from bla( k rust, and
it is (|uite a problem with the farmers of our c(»untry. because the
growing of wlieat fits into the rotation of our crops and they have
not any other crop that will exactly take its place.

Mr. Iii( ILWAX. They have not many other crops which they can
plant, have they <

Mr. Hill. Xo; but, of course, they can plant corn.

Mr. lire iiA.NA.N. Corn, wheat, and Ha.x ^

Mr. IIjll. \Ve have some lla.x. yes. but corn, wheat, outs, rye. and
barley constitute our j)rincipal crops.

Mr. Buchanan. Corn is a little doubtful becau.se of the season, is
it not (

Mr. Hill. No; we are a gooil coin-growing State, but we ii.-.d the
small grains to work into our crop rotations.

I think that about covers the situation in South Dakota.

Mr. FiLLKH. 1 want to ask Mr. Silver to make a statenuMit, ixcause
Mr. Silver is in a position to view the problem as a part of the general
moyenient in which you gentlemen, as well as ourselves, are inter-
ested, namely, agricultural development and the impn)vement of the
agricultural situation generally. Nlr. .Silver will speak as to the nart

194 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 192 1.

of the Federal and State campaign for barberry eradication in its
bearing on the food supj)ly of the countr}-.

Mr. Hill. I wonder whether I might add another thing ?

Mr. Anderson. Yes.

Mr. Hill. I just happened to think of something which occurred
near my own farm. As I stated before, I have been k)sing my wheat
crop and I seemed to be pretty nearly the first one in the neighbor-
hood to discover black rust on my wheat, and when the survev was
made this last summer barberry bushes were discovered witliin a
mile of my farm and which, I am satisfied, have been guilty of spread-
ing black rust on my crops. A survey had never been made in my
county until this past summer.

Monday, November 27, 1922.

STATEMENT OF MR. GRAY SILVER, PRESIDENT AMERICAN
FARM BUREAU FEDERATION.

Mr. Silver. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee:
You have heard the statements of the gentlemen from the infested
areas and are to hear from the technical men who will follow them.
I want to add the voice of the American Farm Bureau Federation
in this plea and call attention to the great economic loss that is
going on and which can be avoided. The taking of plant food from
the soil, the use of the labor and equipment necessary to grow these
crops only to have them lost or wasted, are, of course, serious things
not only for the farmer but for the consuming public, which means
the Nation at large.

The men who have testified do not come here with propaganda
or with idle talk; they are here with a message right from their
hearts, from the grass roots and from the basic source of supply of
foodstuffs of the United States, because these black lands are the
surplus producing sections of the country; that means they produce
all the surplus foodstufTs that are consumed in the cities and ;iway
from the black lands.

When they have gone so far in their home States as to pass laws that
give them the right to go on infested properties and take the action
that is necessary to aid this eradication, and when they have made tlie
progress these men report, it is certainly a very reasonable thing to
ask of the Federal Government that cooperation which will bring
about the complete eradication of this great pest, a pest which is
causing such great economic losses in tiie small grains. These people
are asking cooperation. They are not asking the Government to do
it alone; they are asking cooperation and team work. 1 want to say
that not only tlie farm bureau members from these vStates but from
other States join with those Tueinbers in the itifested States in asking
that you grant this appropriation and in that wav assist in tiiis cause.

Mr. Fuller. We have, Mr. C^hairman, two teclinical experts as
members of this committee. I am first going to a^^k Dr. G. II. (\>ons.
plant j)ath()l()gist of the Miciiigan Agricultural College, to present
some additional aspects of this problem.

ACJKICULTI'IIAI. ArrUorUlATloN MII.I,, UKU. 195

MuNDAV. NOVKMUKIC J7. 1022.

STATEMENT OF DR. G. ItL. COONS. PLANT PATHOLOGIST.
MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLlEGE.

Doctor (\k)NS. I want t(» say. first, ^rutli'inrn. that thr rciiiarks
that those mon who roprosmt farm huroaiis havo iiunh* for their par-
ticuhir Stnti's hohl ("snccially Inn' also for Muhi<;aii. It is not al(mr
thr men who an' on tlic farms who arr intrrrsfiMl in this projiositiorj,
hut I lind from my confai-t with hiisiness mm, who have sonicthinj;
to (h) with a<xri»ultiirr and wlio have sonictliin^ to (h» with tJio hij;
husincss cnttMpriscs of Michi*:an. that they arc 100 prr ccn( liack of
this proposition.

I'his is not nuM'oly foll«)winj; out some futile dream, hut this is n
fijjiit. hacked i)y tin* host technical advice tinit wc <'rtn {jot hold of. lo
<'lTect stal)ility in the production of the NMlion's foo<| croj)s.

Micliii^an is especially concerned with the prosperity ol tlio wheat-
j;n»win«j re<rions of Minnesota. Xortli Dakota, South Dakota, and so
<»n. Selfishly. Michijian wants those |)(M)j)le to continue in tlie wheat
proposition and stay out of the p(»tato l)nsiness. let us say. so tliat
NliclHi;an can produce the |)otat(»es. We have seen, as a result of
these years of lailurc of the sprinj; wheat crop in those Northwestern
States a tendency to jjo into the potato busiru»ss, which is viewed
with a threat deal of distrust and fear by the l):iid;ers. })y the produce
handlers, hy tlie business men. and hy all the airricultural interests of
Michijjan.

I merely mention tliat as a side lijjht to show that here is a proposi-
tion which appeals not ahine to farmers. Barberry eradication to
prevent black stem rust is intensely jjopular with the farmers in our
State, but it is also a thing wbich appeals to our business men as a
necessary, stabilizinfj thin«; to do.

I wisii, however, to speak chiefly as a technical man and as a plant
pathologist viewing this eradication program. Congress has put its
hand to the plow and there is no turning back. If the job is worth
doing it is well that the jol) be d(ni(> (piickly.

You may be interested in a table of statistics on barberry from
our State, reduced to the form of averages per county. I fin<l there
are on an average of 38 city barberry locatu^ns per county and that
there are 43 rural locations per county, so that this is more of a farm
problem than it is a city problem.

Mr. Andkr.son. You mean existing locations ?

Doctor Coons. The locations have been found in the 10 counties
which have been surveyed and all have been destroyed. The figures
show the average situation. There are also in the counties which
have been surveyed an average of 10 escaped areas per county, with
an average of 518 bushes per escaped area. Now, then, if eradica-
tion is to go on and if tlie money which has been |)oured into this
campaign is to accomj)lish its purpose, it is necessary, it is vital, that
all haste be made and that great emphasis be placed on the (piiik
handling of this situation before these esca|)ed areas become so
num(>rous and so large that tlie job of cleaning them up becomes too
large for us.

If this job of eradication is not done in the next two to five years it
is going to be a propositicm that will cost one hundre<l times, at the

196 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRLA.TION BILL, 1924.

very lowest estimate, what it will cost at the present time. I tremble
to think of what is going to happ(*n to the small-grain crops of
Michigan, to say nothing of the northwest areas, if the barberry con-
tinues to increase in our dune lands and in our waste lands, which
occupy so large a part of the northern part of the Southern Peninsula
of Michigan.

Mr. Buchanan. Does it increase rapidly?

Doctor Coons. Around a ])ush perhaps 100 seedlings or more can
be seen readily, which represent the increase of a single year, and if
you can see 100 seedlings in an area the size of this table, who can
estimate the number of seedlings that have been carried here, there,
and everywhere by birds, and which escape detection? So I should
say its progress is extremely rapid.

Mr. Buchanan. It will reproduce from the seed ?

Doctor Coons. Yes, sir.

^Ir. Buchanan. How large are the seeds ?

Doctor Coons. They are about the size of a kernel of wheat an<l
these arc eaten by birds in the winterlime.

Mr. Buch.\nan. Will stock cat them (

Doctor Stakman. There was one rather interesting thing iu
Pennsylvania. They found that cows browsed on the berries in
pastures, and, as a matter of fact, they counted about -15 seedlings
from a single bush.

Doctor Coons. I would like to comment as a technical man t)n the
method of handling this barberry eradication program. I think
Congress has proceeded in exactly the right fashion in giving strong,
central support to this movement, heading up the entire program,
and enlisting the cooperation of all of the States in this grain-growing
area, and proceeding in a vigorous, orderly fashion to cover the ter-
ritory by a definite farm-to-farm survey and not lieing satisfied witli
merely telling somebody else to go and do it. With the amount of
mone}^ that was spent in the first years the progress was, I should
say, slower than the actual increase of the barberry. The amount
spent then was something like $150,000.

With the amount spent this last year in the entire barberry area,
$350,000, the progress has been muck more gratifying, because where
before something like five counties in Michigan were covered per
year by a farm to farm survey, under the apportionment given to
our State, something like 15 counties were covered in this hist year
thoroughly and effectively. While we can not make any such
favorable report as the gentlemen who have prececkHl me as tt)
the end being in siglit in a year or two, at any rate we can say that
the job of covering tlie State of Michigan is going to l)e acconii)Hshed
witiiin a reasonal)k' time and is not going to be (haigged out o\er a
20-year pei'iocL My opinion, as a j^erson (hiding with phmt patho-
logical subjects, is that Congress sliouKI not tliink at all of reducing
tills appr()|)iiation, but should rather think of putting in more money,
putting in as mucli money as can be liandlcd economically, so as to
control this pest iininediately.

My last statement will be a very i)rii'f one. and it will be that the
common concensus of opinion of plant pathologists is that this move
of eradicating the barberry is tlie logical and first step toward the
control of tlie black stem rust.

Mr. Bucha.nan. Is there any second step?

AnUKHTIiTUIlAI. APPROPRf ATFON BIM- IflM.

197

Doctor (Vk)N's. Usimlly we take the »<»con<l step after the firHt step
is taken. b<it this is the fiiNt attd the iinportanf step

Mr. I^iiHAN AN. What I wniit to know is whether tluTe is any otlier
hush eoncernecl except the harherrv hush ^

Doctor Coons. No; tlicre is not.

Mr. Bi'ciiAXAN. Then if we take the first step, ami there is no
second step, and we ccunpietely eradicate it, we are thnui^li with the
prohl(Mn (

Doctor CooN'.**. We will he thnmph with the problem as far as
ereat epidemics, which sweep the c(»untrv. are con<erfied. I <|o not
know whetlicr any(»nc w<»ul«l want to tnnke tlie stnteincnt that the
rust would absolutely disn[)pear with the eradication of the barberry,
hut I do not believe scientists would want to «;o that far. Vou know,
we are conservative.

^fr. lil'CHAXAN. You are catilious f

Doctor Coons. ^'(«s. But we believe that the eradication of the
barberry will result in the st(»pping of the j;reat epidemics which
have heretofore swept over the country, because we are all con-
vin<-ed tlmt tiiese f^reat epidemics start with the barberry bush and
sweep over the country from the momentum tliev derive from this
enrlv start in the sprinj;.

^fr. Fri.LER. The next {gentleman who will discuss this proposi-
tion will give you. possibly, a more specific answer to the <|Uestion
you have just put, Mr. Buchanan, a ipiestion which has occurred to
all of us. namely, will barberry eradication actually accomplish
what we are ciniminf; for it ( Dr. K. C. Stakman. plant patholojjist
of the Minnesota Collej^e of Ajz;riculture. was borrowed last summer
by the I'nited States Department of A<;riculture and sent to Kurope
to find out what had been done over there. His story is of tre-
mendous interest and has a very important bearint; on your con-
sideration of this (juestion.

Monday, Xovkaiblk 27, 1922.

STATEMENT OF DR. E. C. STAKMAN. PLANT PATHOLOGIST,
MINNESOTA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE.

Doctor Stak.max. Mr. Chairman and {rentlemen, the questiim has
alwavs arisen as to whether the eradication of the barberry would
absohitely control the black-stem rust. We did not know exactly
about that situation in this country because the experiment had
never been made on a lar<i;e enough scale. We did know that in cer-
tain areas where the barberry has been for years there had been heavv
rust and that when the barberries were removed the rust disappeared.
But there were no availa})le experiments on large areas. We knew
that some barberry eradication work had been done in Kurope and
that Denmark had solved this problem by eradicating the barberries,
but we did not know much about the situation in the rest of Kurope.
So I obtained leave of absence from the university last year and the
Department of Agriculture asked me to go over there to find out
what had been done in Europe.

I found, in the first place, thai western Kuropean countries had
taken out practically all the barberries from the agricultural ilistricts;

198 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

that is, from the principal grain-growing districts. I found they had
accompHshed that either by law or just simply on account of the fact
that the farmers had become so convinced that thev could not grow
grain where there were barberries that they took tbem out without
the compulsion of law.

In England they have taken out nearly all of their barberries;
they have never had a law, however, and it has taken them a lonj:
time. But to-day they are about 125 years ahead of us on this bar-
berry eradication, because English farmers, about ISOO, commenced
to realize that they could not profitably grow small grains where
there were a great many barberry bushes. So they simply got to-
gether and started to take the bushes out and have been taking them
out ever since, so that at the present time there are practically no
barberry bushes in the grain-growing regions of England.

In Rouen. France, they passed a barberry eradication law in 1660,
but, on account of various other difficulties they had over there that
law was never enforced very rigorously. However, since that time
a great many of the local political units have passed eradication laws
so that at the present time, as the result of these laws, there are
scarcely any barberries in the agricultural districts of France. I
traveled a great many miles by automobile and saw but few barberry
bushes in the agricultural districts. Of course, there are still barberry
bushes in the mountains, in the Pyrenees Mountains, in the Jura
Mountains, and in the Alps. They are still growing some gi-ain there
but they can not grow much. However, in the principal grain-
growing regions there are practically no barberry bushes. The pre-
amble of one of the laws they passed struck me rather forcibly. That
law was passed in 1891. They started it with the usual preamble, in
which they said: "Whereas, it has been amply demonstrated that the
presence of the common barberry is a veritable scourge to grain
fields."

They said it with all of their French enthusiasm and then they went
ahead and passed their law, and as the result of that law there are
practically no barberry bushes in the principal grain-growing regions,
although, as I say, they are to be found in the mountains.

In Italy the same thing is true. There are very few barberry
bushes except in the mountains.

In Greece they are all over the mountains but there are not so
many in the agricultural districts, and the same thing is true through-
out the Balkans.

The old Austro-Hungarian Empire passed a law about 1S9S as the
result of which they have gotten rid of practically all the barberry
bushes in the present States of Hungary, Czechosfovakia, and those
other smaller countries now belonging to Serbia, and othercountries
near there which formerly belonged to the Austro-Hungarian mon-
archy. .The Hungarians were so linuly impressed with the bonelicial
effects of that law that the present State of Hungary simply reenacted l|
the law re(juiring that all of the remaining barberry bushes be taken
out, so that there are practically no baiberry bushes in the territory
which previously belonged to Austro-llungarv. except in the movin-
tains and in some of the waste lands.

In (lennauy the same thing has l)een done. The kingdoms,
duchies, grandduchies, and other political units there passed laws,
beginning appro.ximately about 1805- althougii th<Me had been some

AiiUICULTrilAI, AIMMIOIMIIATIOX HII.I., lUJM.

190

passed Ix'foic that, isoo aiid aluii^ alxMit lliut tiiiio ro(|iiirin(; the
eradication «)f tlu' roniiiinii harlxTiy hiislics.

Denmark, jis we all kimw. passed a haiherrv law in I'MKi. and as
a residt of the bcnelicial elFeds df thai Danish law tlw eoninion
haiheriv has heen eradiealed from that coiintrv. A harherrv law
has heen enaete*! in Bavaria, in southern (lermariv; «>ne has heerj
enatted in Sweden and one in Norway. So that in praetii-allv all
of the countries of w«'stern ICurope there is now le<jal provision for
the eradication of the harherrs .

The (|Uestion in which we are particularly interested is: What \uv*
heen the result of the taking out of these harherrv hushes^ In
Knj^land all of the pathr)lo}^ists and a«;rononusts— and even the
i)raclical farmers with whom 1 talked told me they were ah>o-
lutely convince*! that the hlack stenj rust could not exist in Mn;;land
without the common harherrv hush. I traveled a p^reat many miles
by automobile and the only barberries I saw in Hnj^land proper
wen^ those which a professor of botany at (\iml)rid^'e had kept for
experimental pinposes, and that was the only place also in which
I saw the blacK stem rust in Kn<^land.

They told me this was not an exceptional year; that they had that
same ex|)eiience year after year and that when they wante<l black
stem rust for ex|)erimental i)urposes they had to pt out to those bar-
berry bushes which still exist in Scotland or Wales, where there are
still somi> conunoii barberry bushes. So. in K:i<;l;ind proper, thcv have
eradicated all of their barberry bushe-; from the a»;ricultural districts
and they know very little, if anything;, about the black stem rust
because they simply do not have it. I talked with a prominent
invest itjator, at Cambridjjje he havinf; studied the situation in Kw^-
hmd for several years — antl he told me he was absolutely convin<'ed
that blaek stem rust could not exist in Enj^land witlu)Ut the common
barberry.

In Wales I made a loiif; automobile trip and we could find no black
stem rust whatever for a »jreat many miles, and I bi'came very lone-
some. Finally we stopped at a field and found a little on some wheat.
We asked the farmer whether he knew of any barberries in the region,
and he said he could not tell us. We asked him whether the knew
what barberries were, and he said he did not, but when we asked him
whether there were any prvn melin in that neighborhood that
being the Welsh term for barberrie-^ -he said there were, and he said
the schoolmaster had been k(M'ping barberry bushe-; right across
the road, and we could trace the rust verv nicelv fi"om tho^e bar-
berry bushes on to this farm.

We went still farther into Wales and we could find no black-stem
rust at all. except where we found barberri«'s and where we found
them there was plenty of black-stem rusl. Th(>re was one field in
which it was particularly present and it impn^ssed me very forcibly.
In that field tluM'e was a very marked attacK of black-stem rust, and
although I did not know where the barberry bushes were I knew
they were in that general region. I asked wheth(>r they were over
in that direction and the man to whom I was talking looked around
and said: "That is exactly where they are." He waiited to know
how 1 knew liiey were on that side, ami the way I knew was this:
There was a very heavy attack on that particular'side of the grain;
the grain was literally covered with rust on that side, showing that

200 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TIOX BILL, K>24.

the rust had just simpl v been blown to that side of the grain from those
barberry bushes, which were about a half mile away from this wheat
field, and had attacked that side of the stem. It was a perfectly clear
situation, and in Wales I became absolutely convinced that black-stem
rust does not exist except where there are common barberry bushes.

I found the same thing true in France. I made a long trip through
France, and I could not find any black-stem rust at all until I went
up into the Alps Mountains, where there are immense numbers of
barberries. I have never seen barberries more heavih' rusted than
these were, and this at a time when you could not find rust anywhere
else in France. We stopped at a little town called Briancon, where
they grow quite a bit of rye. There they have not eradicated the
barberry bushes. There I saw a peasant woman, and I asked her
whether they had any black-stem rust. She said they had. I asked
her whether she knew what rust was, and she said she certainly did,
that she was very familiar wdth it. I asked her whether she knew
where it came from, and she said she did, that it came from the bar-
beiT}^ bushes. I asked her whether they ever suffered much damage
from it, and she said they always did. I asked her if it (Hd any dam-
age to wheat, and she replied it did not, for the reason that they do
not grow any wheat there, because it always rusts so badly they can
not grow it. I asked her why they did not dig out the barberry
bushes, and her answer was that they make a very nice preserve out
of those berries, and their rye does not amount to very much an^^•ay.
But the important thing is that in all of the great wheat-gi'owing
areas of France there was not a single bit of black-stem rust, while
in the Alps Mountains and in the Jura Mountains, where there are
a great many barberries, there was a tremendous amount of rust.

Even down in Spain, where one would expect the summer stage of
rust to live over the winter and to be indepon(kMil of the barl)erry,
it apparently is not independent of the l)arl)orry, because there they
have practically no black stem rust or very little black stem rust ex-
cept in the mountains where there are a great many barbei'rv l^ushes.
All of the people with whom I talked in Spain said that the rust ap-
peared earlier on the giain and grass near the barberry bushes, and
that the rust seldom did any damage except in the immediate neigh-
borhood of the barberry bushes or in the regions where there are '
many barberry bushes.

I talked with Italian agronomists and plant patholoo;ists and
made observations myself. They told me that in the southern part
of Italy, where there are no barberry ])ushes. the black stem rust did
not amount to anything, but that in the northern part of the country,
where there are a great many ]>arberry bushes, tlie i)lack stem rust
does a lot of damage. There was one interesting case of barberry
eradication about (iO miles southeast of Rome. In 1914 they found
an outbreak of black stem rust; they looked the situation over and
found some barberries. They removed about half of them the same
year, and the next year there was no rust near the place from which
the barberries had been remov(>d, but there was rust near the nMuain-
ing barb(>rrv bushes. They took out the r(>niainiiig barlxM-ry bushes,
and the next year the rust failed to develop and since then they have i
hav(! had no rust iii thai paiMicular icgion. |

In .Vustria-Ilungarv Ihe farmers and others told me that they had ,
not seen common barberry bushes since about 1S9S, or before that ,

I

ACnirirLTIRAI, AlMMUtPIUATtOV nil.I., I!l24. 201

time, iukI that ilicv f>Miti n<> iii (cMtioii (<» tin- l»l. rii riist. Whon

I jisk«'<l tlu'in wiml th«\v kiirw iiixtiil tin- hlark ^ "i»t thov «nul

ihry (li«l not pay nny attention to it Hn«l «lul not o , it of tniijor

iinj)ortanco at all.

Mr. hfCMANAN. Ilnw al(uul the (iuMatu- foruiitioii> bnni; ihc
- \wr '.

Doctor Stakman. 'Hie climatir rotulitions aro not 0!»<wntiallv «lif-
f«M«'nt from tlioso tlicrr: tlicy liav«« about th«' .same ron<lition.H hm wp
havo in the up[)«'r Missis<inf)i N'allry.

in soutlu'ni (icrinaiiv I looked for rust for a Innj; tinn'. in Bavaria,
particularly. I>ut could not find any at all: ahsolutcly none. Tht\v
tolil inc at flicir cxjx'riincnt station I woulil not find anv and they
told nu' tlu' truth. They t«»ld inc that if I wanted to find rust I
■should «;<> to the numntains. where there were a ;;reat many harlnTrv
htishos. and that if 1 went there I would he pra<'tically sure to find
ru-^t. I did find a <;r(>at man) harherry hushes anri everv place the
hushes existed tiiere were heavv attacks «)f rust. The situation wa.s
lust as clear as it possibly could ))e. In the rest of (iermany they have
oractically eradicated the harherry bushes, and the patholo(;i.st at
ihe imperial Biological Institute, where they do their plant-disease
work, told me that whenever there was a .^I'rious oulhreak of black
-tem rust they simply went to the |>articular farm or farms from which
it was reported and asked the owners where the barberry busiics
were.

If the owners said there were no barberry bushes they simpiv asked
j)ermission to look ar(^)und ami they nearly always locateci the bar-
l)(»rrv bushes. Th(\v cited instance after instance in whieji that very
thin<; had hap[)ened. and that they could actually trace l)arberrv
bushes by the dev(>lopment of serious local out breaks of black-stem

Ill ."swfMlen they now have a law for the eradication of barberry
buslu»s, but it has only been in force for a couple of years, and on
.ic<-ount of the miss;uided entiiusiasm of one or two people the lav.
is not particularly effective. They told me. and I saw with my own
I'ves. that there is a very definite and distinct relationsjiip l)etween
tln' «)ccurrcnce of l)lack-stem rust in Sweilen and th(» millions of bar-
berries aloni; the southeastern coast and up alon*; the east<Tn coast
of .Sweden. There are a great many barberry bushes in that refjion,
and it is th<'re that thev sufTer particularly from l)lack-stem rust.
In this country we think of the black-stem rust damajjinj; wheat.
Imt if anybody thinks that the black-stem rust attacks only wheat
ind oidy does damafje to wlieat he should see the situation in
.^wtMlen. becaus(> I saw oat fields there simply black with rust and
which were very seriously flaina'jcd. at the >ame time the yield
beino; very «jreatiy lessened.

I saw rust over there on blue*.jrass and on varitms other gras.ses on
which we seldom find bla<k stem rust in this country. I have never
seen any rust on oats in this country tt) compare with the severity of
the rust in Sweden. In Sweden, over toward the mountains, there
are no barl)erries. and barberries will not tjrow l)«M-aus(> there is not as
much limestone in the soil over there as is ne<'essary for the {growth of
barberries. For years and years Swe<lish a^^riculturists and pathol-
ogists have gone to see if they couhl find any bhu'k stem rust in that
region, but they have always come back with the report of no black

202 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

stem rust. Then they finally got a report that there was some black
stem rust in one place over there and Professor Henning, of Stock-
holm, one of the most eminent authorities on cereal diseases in the
world, went up there and he found there was a heavy outbreak of
black stem rust and traced it to a number of barberry bushes, and
that is the only place in western Sweden where they have yet found
black stem rust.

In Norway the situation is exactly as clear. Wherever there are
barberries there are very heavy attacks of black stem rust and where
there are no barberries there are no attacks of black stem rust, so
that plant pathologists and agronomists are absolutely convinced that
rust can not exist independently of the barberry.

I suppose the situation in Denmark is about tlie clearest of anv of
them. They had very severe epidemics of black stem rust in Den-
mark in which the conditions are quite similar to those in the upper
Mississippi Valley. As a matter of fact, they started a barberry war
along in 1805. The farmers insisted that the barberry bushes be
taken out but some of the owners of the bushes in the cities ami vil-
lages insisted that they should not be taken out. They had a very
severe epidemic every three or four years and sometimes every other
year. There are records going back to 1888. They liad a very de-
structive epidemic in 1888, another one in 1889 and still others in 1894.
1896, 1897, and 1901. Then they decided they had had about enouo:h
for awhile, so the farmers insisted on the passage of a barberry eradi-
cation law and such a law was passed. Denmark is a small country,
and, after the passage of that law, they commenced the work thor-
oughly and they had practicallv eradicated all of the barberry bushes
by 1904. Since that time they have not had a single serious outbreak
of black stem rust, and that is 19 years. I asked them whether
they would be sure to detect an outbreak of black stem rust if they
had one and they assured me they had agricultural experts in the
various parts of the country who would detect the slightest attack of
rust and that they are all reporting to the central laboratory, and in
all of these years they have been practically unable to find any black
stem rust in Denmark, although in some of the large grain areas
they have found a little bit here and there and they can trace it to
some barberry bush.

I made a long trip through Denmark and found no black stem ru-Jt
on oats or other grains, but finally we came near the C )peahagen
municipal forest and found a trace of rust here and {\\^v? a> we came
closer to the forest, and when we got nearer the forc-it we found it wa^
pretty heavy. We asked the forester whether he knew of any
barberry bushes in the woods, and he said he knew there wow st)me
there. We asked him whether they had been rusted, and he said
they not only had been rusted but they were still rusted. ^Ve looked
for the barberrv buslies and found them, and that was the only place
in Denmark w^iere I could find any black stem rust, aiul the only
damage done to grain at all was near these eomm')n barberry bushes.

So tlie situation in Europe is perl'ectlv clear. In (he lii'st place,
they have eradicated practicallv all their barberrv l)ush(»s from tho
agricultural regions. It will be im|)ossil)le for them (o eradicate
them all from the moinitains, and for that reaso;i thev will never he
absolutely free from the rust, but (hey do not fear it like we do in (his
country. They do not have the terrific e|>idemics we have in this

AcnicrLTrRAi. appropriation BILI^ 11>24. 208

(M>»i!ilrv and Imvr imt had tlinn ■>iinf n ;i<lirntit)f; thoir harl»cnv
blislu's, and wln'ii (liry d<» liiivc llic l»la<k ^Irm nisi flicv friwr if to
barb«Miv l»ii"<h('s.

It has taken tlicin a Ion;; tiinr to ;;«'t rid of llifir roniinoii harlM-rry
bushes. ^and it si-rins to nic it is ;;oin;; to takr us a Ion;; tinu- to ^ct
rid of thnn, altlioii;;li \\c rnu <io{ rid of tluMu if \\v chu ;;o after them
int<M)sively in tho next t\V(» or throe years. If we do thnt we will
cut the niinihei- down to such a [)oint that the weed inspectors and
other State authorities, as well as the children who are hein;: educated
up to tin' needs of the farm, can simply locate and eradicate the
remainin;; hushes.

.lust one or two lhin};s more. I want to emnlmsi/c il»c fact that
Europe has controlled the hiack-stem rust hy the era<lication of the
common harherrv. 'i'hev do not fear the !)lark-stem rust in western
Europe and it seldom appears at all, and when it does appear it is
to»> late t(» do much damafre. If tlu'V can solve their rust [)rol)lem
over there we <an do it here. Tlie (lernum pathoIo;;ists lau;;hed at
mc when I told them we were carryini; on this <-ampai;rn in the
United States, and thev asked me why tlie farmers did not take out
the harherrv l)us}ies. ll told tiiem some people did not l)eli<>ve in it:
at least did not helieve in it thorou;;hly enou;;h to support it very
TifTorously. and that some people tliouf|;ht it was an experiment,
IThev actually lau;j:hed at me and said. ''The thin^; is absolutely settled
in this country: there is nothin;; to it at all.''

I want to enij)hasize the fact that we must not get the idea that this
disease is destruetive only to wheat. In Sweden, in the sprinfj-wheat-
growing re;;ion and in the southern part of the country, it is apparently
as destructive to oats as it is to wheat; it is also dessructive to barley
and rye. and so it ojoes as to all of our common small grains. Not
onlv that, but in Sweden, where there are tremendous numbers of
buslies it was even affecting their pasture grasses. So it seems to
me we are not dealing with an experiment hut we are dealing with a
big prol)lem and one that has bepu solved in Western Europe. It is
a problem that can be solved in this country and I am absolutely and
firndy convinced that the best way to solve it is by attacking it very
vigorously for the next — I will be a little more conservative than
some of these men - two or three years at least, and then after that
we ouglit to get rid of practically all of the bushes, except those which
can be eradicated by tiie children who are growing up. by the weed
inspectors, and by these various other agencies. In cotmection with
that we have got to do a lot of educational work because it is a big
job. I have not a thing to do with the barberry eradicating program
and 1 am simply saying this l>ecause I am so firmly convinced it has
got to 1)1' done. 1 sincerely hojx' financial facilities will hi* provided
iwhich will make it possible for us to go ahead and solve the problem
in tliis way. I thank you.

Mr. Ani)f:rso\. Are you familiar with what has been done in this
icountrv i

|j Doctor Stakman. Yes; that is, I wtis familiar with what has been
done in this country until this summer. I was away all summer, so
that I have not caught Uj) as yet with what has been done this summer.

Mr. Fi Li.KK. I have a great deal of information, in one fotm or
1 not her. with regaril to the work done in the ptust year.

204 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TION BILL, lifH.

Mr. AxDERSox. What proportion of these 18 States have been
surveyctl for the first time ^

Doctor Stakmax. The cities and towns have been surveyed in all
the 13 States, and as far as the country districts are concerned I
should say possibly about half or more; that is. as far as the farm to
farm survev is concerned. May I make just one more statement ? I
just want to point out the destructive effects of a single barberr\
oush. This is a statement made by Doctor Jackson, of Indiana, who
has been one of the most conservative of the plant patholoijists in
connection with this barbeny eradication campaign. He says:

One thing that hag greatlv interested us this summer and on which Mr. Heeson. onr
State leader, made a special study, was an outbreak of stem ru.st that started from on-
barberry bush. It traveled iu one direction, at least, for about 5 miles. The an a
was tiretty carefully surveyed and I have a report here containing figures given li
the farmers themselves on 18 out of perhaps a total of twice that many farms. Thf
total wheat acreage was 963 acres. The average yield due to stem rust was S. 1 busheln
The average estimate of yield had there been no black-stem rust was 21.4 bushels.
The average crop this year was then 37 per cent of what it would have been without
the black-stem rust. The total lost in yield was 12.520 Inisheis or an average la'ss ofV
696 bushels. At a dollar a bushel each farmer lost .?696 worth of wheat. The com- ,-
bined money loss was $12,520. ';

That was very clearly traceable to a single barberry bush in the|
southern one-third of Indiana. I have a great many similar cases/
but I was interested in that because Doctor Jackson has been so
conservative on the thing.

Mr. Fuller. I can answer in part the question which you just
asked, Mr. Anderson. Dr. F. E. Kempton. the leader of the campaign
of barberry eradication for the United States Department of Airi-
culture, made this statement at our recent meeting in St. Paul:

A total of 172 counties were covered, as against 86 in each of the two preceding^
years.

During the entire campaign since 1918 an area of 512 counties has been covered
in the farm-to-farm survey. The total number of bushes found was 5.806.64;V Of
the.se 5,142,843 were destroyed.

With reference to the future he m'ade this statement:

«

A large area remains to be covered by our original farm-to-farm survey. \l the
rate we went this year, it is possible that next season we can complete the survey
in Minnesota. Nortli and South Dakota, Iowa, and Nebraska.

Without knowing how many counties there are to be covered
wc could not give you the geographical proportion which has ah-cady
been covered.

Mr. Anderson. Judging from the map I have beft>re me all ofi
the territory of Minnesota has been surveyed, that sm'vey having
apparently been completed this year.

Mr. Fuller. Not all of it, 1 think, Mr. Anderson. There are a
few counties in this area here [indicating on maji].

Mr. Anderson. But most of those on this map are marked as
probably not needing surveys.

Mr. Fulleh. This is Doctor Kempton's maj). We still have a few
moments of time and I woidd like to make an adilitional statement.'
1 want to tell yon something about the work of the organi/.ation
which we represent. 1 told you what we had done in the way of
sendiirg out publicity material, and it will interest you to know that
we have expended in that work up to date about S.">().0()(): we will
have spent by (he 1st of March about StW). ()()(). and we are plamiing

lit

A(JKI< I I.Tl KAl. Al'l'UOl'KIATIOX Mil, I., lirJ4. '^ii^k

on H l>in!m't of ul)«>ut $7.').()()() for iIm» (alciular vi-iir I'' llmt

mniK'V. yoii uinlcrstHiul, is raiMocI l»y privntc iiiti-rrstM who ixnvv iho
wclfniT of the a;;r'wiil) iiriil n'<;iorH at heart and \vhii«*p prosprrifv is
j<le(u'ruli'ijt (lircctlv upon the anioiinl of ^niin which is pro hu-ni.
|i S«»v«'ral «|ii('stions wcrr ask«Ml with n'«;anl to hivvs in tlio varioUH
-States. If it is the ch'sirc of the cointnitto*' I shall hi* j;hul to (jlr in
llio rrconl a snniinnrv of all the law><.

Mr. Iii( HASAN. I would likr to have it.

Mr. FrM-KK. This is n suniinary of the laws in all tin* Stales.

(Said laws follow:)

T)i<- <'«)iiiiii<>ii liurl>t>rr> is uii outLiWfd pluiil m all <>( th<> l.\ .North (inirul .^tattfi
which th*- <M>\)-riiMit>iit uK«>iitt< ur«> D'Iiiovihk tl><> lui.-h Ku'h Siulc hiix a -iMt lal
Ute or i'X(M-utiv«> onl«>r, with th(> force of law, titidiT which the i''(Kli>rul forcna
k when there i.s uiiy (|tie.stiori of their authority to (ie.Mtroy the hartx-rriei* liift.
■"overe.l 111 their Hur\ey
! \\ hill- the aiilil>url»err.\ laws are el'fectiveaii<i enlorcealih', it seldom in nei-esnary to
Invoke the statutes, .'^late h-adi'iH re|M>rt. The (io\eriiiiieiit uKeiits lni\e lieen in-
!uructc«l to Kct the harherriet* out liy educational inethixls. I>eiie\<ilent crMTcion,
tiul iiionil Huasioii, beiii^ rt'comniended iuHteadof le^jal proce«lure, Owiierwof liusheii
•arely refuse to remove them, hut in case they do the held a-*si.staiit.s hu\«' the iiieanH
:o c«>m|>el action.

The Slate lawt< generally recite the damtiKe cau.sed t)y the commuii harlK'rry hiu-h
M a spreader of black stem rust to small ^rraiiis and then prohibit the sale, tram*|>«)rtu-
ion, planting, or prowin^; of the shrub. The State department of agriculture usually
8 charged with enforcement. Most of the statutes provide fornotifyinj? profMTty owii-
"fhof the pn'.sciKH'of barberries and ordering; their (lest ru<t ion If action is not taken in
I given time, the work then may be underlakeii by the State and the cost charged
ja<k affainst the property in the form of special taxes.

Many of the laws, in i)randinjj the common barberry as a pest, make il {)lain that the
la}Mine.se barberry, which is not a rust -bearing plant, is not included ni this desig-
lation.

The Colorado regulations were announced by the State entomologist by virtue of
luthority veste<l in him by the amended horicultiiral inspection act of I'.il7. He
seued an order establishing a quarantine forl>id<liiig the snipment of common bar-
)erries into Colorado or the traiusportation of lh<' l)ushes within the borders of the
'tate. The order further directed the extermination of harmful barberries wherever
ound. It became effective July 2.">, 1!(1}». Noncompliance with a notice to remove
j)UPhes is ma<le punishable by a (ine of from $•') to l^otM), and the owner also is re(|uired
o pay the cost of era<lication if done by |)ublic ollicials.

I'nder the Illinois plant inspection act of IDIT the State department of agriculture
las i.ssued an oUicial notice designating the c«immon barlterry as a {)est anil ordering
ta eradication. The law re<iuires property owners to dig up their bushes when in-
tructed to do so by the department of agriculture. In case of refusal or ni'glect to
■arry out such orders the State may do the work and the cost constitutes a lien against
he i)ro|K'rty. Importation of the harmful liarberry into Illinois is prohil>ite<l by
xecutive order and violation may be punished l)y a line of from •'?-:)(K) to .$5.U(X). The
iolation of an order to remove im.shes is a misdemeanor and is puni.shable by a fine

from'? 10 to.? UK).

The antibarlierry regulations in Indiana became effective November 29, 191>J,

rough an order of the State department of con.servation, acting under authority of

legislative act ))aased in 1919. Owners of bushes were given until I>ecemlier M,
919, to get rid of their common and purple barberries. Possessing rust-beaiing
nshes now is punishable by a line of from SIO to ^MO, to which may bo a Ule;l jail

rnis of from ,'U( days to (i months.

Phe Iowa law became effective in February, 1919. It makes it unlawful to .sell,

iTKiKirt. or permit to exist any species of the harmful barberry. The State ento-

ist is charged with notifying property owners of the pn>sence of bushes. If they

II' ■! remove them within U) days the State may do the work and charge the cost to

<• pro|H'rty to be collected as a si>ecial tax.

Michigan outlawed the common barberrv in a law pa.sse(l in 1919. The State

iipector of orchards and nurseries is charge! with ordering the destruction of harmful

;irietit>8. If the biishes are found growing wild outside the cor|><>ratc limits of any
ity or village and the owner of the pro|>erty refu.si's to destroy them, the State n>ay ilo
lie work ami charge half of the cost back against the proi)erty. If the barberries have

206 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

1

not been infected by rust spores the owners of all eradicated bushes are entitled to
recompense for the actual value of the plants.

The Minnesota law was passed in 1919. It forbids the maintenance, propagation,
sale, or introduction into the State of harmful barberries and makes it the duty of
property owners or occupants to destroy their barberries forthwith. The State ento-
mologist is designated as the enforcement officer. He is required to notify owners of
the presence of bushes, and they then are granted 10 days in which to remove them. If
thoy refuse or neglect to do so, the work may be done by the State and the cost col-
lected from the property owner by the county attorney. Violation of the act is made
a misdemeanor.

The State board of horticulture is made responsible for the enforcement of Montana's
stringent law. It provides for giving notice of the presence of harmful barberries and
requires their removal within 10 days. If the owner does not destroy them, the State
horticultural inspector may have the work done and the cost charged against the
property in the form of taxes. Violation of the act is made a misdemeanor punishable
by a fine of from $10 to $25. The sale and transportation of the bush is prohibited as
well as its possession.

In Nebraska the antibarbeny law is enforced by the sherif? of each county. The
plant pathologist of the State experiment station is required to inform the sheriff of
places where the bushes are growing. The sheriff then sends a written notice to the
property owner. If the bushes are not removed in 10 days, the sheriff may order the
work done and the cost collected as special taxes. The law was passed in April. 1919.

North Dakota's law was passed in March, I'll?, and carried the first public appropri-
ation ever made for barberry eradication. The commissioner of agriculture and lalx)r
was required to make rules relating to the most convenient and expedient method of
eradicating rust-producing bushes, and .$5,000 was provided for the work. It also was
made the duty of the board of countv commissioners in every county to order and
cause the eradication of barberries. Provision was made for notif>"ing the owners of
bushes who were required to dig them up within 10 days. Failinjj to do so, the county
commissioners or State commissioner of agriculture were authorized to do the work,
the cost of which constituted a lien against the land. Refusal to dig the bushes is a
misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of not more than $25.

The chief of the State bureau of horticulture enforces Ohio's plant pest law under
which barbeiTy eradication is required. The statute contains the usual ]irovision8
prohibiting the transportation, sale, or possession of disease spreading ))lants and
requires remoxal in 10 days after notice from the secretary of agriculture. Provision
also is made for doing the work at public expense if the owner refuses to do so. and
collecting the cost as taxes. Violation of the act is made a misdemeanor with the
maximum fine fixed at $100. The probate court is given jurisdiction over cases
arising and i^rosecutions take precedence over criminal cases.

South Dakota passed a law in February, 1919. making it unlawful for any person to
permit any harmful barberry to exist on his premises or to o'fer the bush for sale.
The State entomologist is required to eiiforce the act as a police regulation of the
State. After receiving removal notices property owners are given M) days in which
to eradicate their bushes. In case of failure to dig th(>m \^^ the State entomologist
may order the work done and collect the cost as taxes. \'iolation of the act is a mis-
demeanor ])unishable by a line of from .*;25 to $500.

Barberry eradication is re(|uired in Wiscon.sin under the terms of the crop pest and I
nursery inspection act passed by the legislature of 1915. The inn)ortiVtion of the
harmful varieties is prohibited by the 1919 statutes. After forliidding the shiiunent,
sale, or growing of the outlawed l)arl)erries the act authorizes the State entomologist
to eradicates the plants. I'pon Ix'ing nolifie-1 the ]»ro])erty owner has 10 days in which
to remove his hushes. After that the State may ilo it and charge the cost to taxes
against the premises. Violation of the law is a misdemeanor. The line ia from $25
to $500.

The Wyoming law was passed in 1921. It contains the usual ]irovision aurainst
transi)ort, i)lanting, and sale of the harmful l>arl)eiries and makes it the duty of the
State hoard of horticulture to causf the eradication of rust-lK'aring varieties, it the
owner of the land on which lh<> l)a'!)('rries are fonnd growing n-fu.ses to nwnove tiiem
within 10 days after reccuving a written notice to do so the State does the work and
follecls for it hy levying s]>ecial taxes against the land. Violation of the statute is a
inisdenicanor and the line is from $10 to $25.

Mr. Fuller. I would liko to call the atttMition of the commit Ice
to the losses fi'om blaek stem rust. You will recall that the static
ment has been made, httsed upon lii;ures prepitred by the plant
disease sinvey, that the average ammal loss [rom black stem rust

ACiRK TLTUIIAL AlMMt(»l»HI.\T!<>N HIM.. IW4.

207

• luriti;: ciu\\ nf tlu* tlin'O years liM'.J. l'.»_'i). ami I'.rjl wh-^ .')(). (MM), («»0
hii-^lu'ls. Tluit i-^ a vrrv clonic approxitnntiori. I have lu-n* an t^U-
rn.ito of the loss diip t4) hiark stom nist in 1022 sluiwinj; an nmi^o-
•xato loss in the area in whifh wo an* int«Ti*HU*<l. <»f fil .U7.'J,0(M) husnoU.
I tliink that statriiimt is rxaj^^rratiMJ o\vin<4 to tin* fa<l that tin*
North l)akt)ta ostiniato is ohvioiisly inurh too lar«rt'. I w«nil«l lik«*
to havo this stattMncnt includtMl in tho rtn'oni. Th<>s«» (i^uros were
pn'{)arr<l hv thr plant disease survey of the I'nited Stat^-s Depart-
nierit of Aiiricultwrt'.

(Sjiid stjitcniciit follows:)

L*>»*t» dut lu blurk flevx nut in I9JJ.

I Production.

Psfccnt*
sitelort.

Buabibkst

-|.

Wheat ...' KIO. la.ooo

B»rtey ' W •■ "

0»ta l.-'-M

Bye , 7a,.-...^-.

4.9
l.K
I. A

. I

ix.w.

Thfso arp simply proliminarv estimates, of courso. and aro subiort to chanRf. of
the l;{ Slates iiirlu<le<l in the area of our <am|)ai<;ii. Colorado, Wyomins;. and Mon-
tana do not report any lo!<s. Th<*9e arc the States in which eradication of the com-
mon harlx'rry Ls practically complete. The other 10 States in our area report Io(W<>s
in the three more BUsceptiblc croj)s as follows:

Wheat.

Baitoy.

o»t*.

Illinnb;

Jtt.noo
i"i7. ono

32.000
2?is.000

l.7arOfln

.■i62,(X10

>33, 24»,00r)

721.000

1,IN6,000

179.000

27,000
274.666 1

It (>o

471, iMj
.%6,0UU

1 ndiaiia

lown

2. 14'.'. 1 "I

Mtchipin

t \(r2 i«»l

\' x

? T''' ' " • 1

', f ill

' J ■. . • 1 1

Ohin ;

J I! 'HI

South Dakota

Mil 1 > 1 1

Wisconsin

l.iM.'..iaai

Total

3S, 418. 000

3,6.10,000

19,817.000

' The tlRiires for losses in North Dakota have bo<>u ntiestioned. and it is dniifiifiil if they will !>■ '.

when final e-stimates are made. It is prohahle that, afthongh the losses In N"--rit> !>iW..t . 'v..r..ii. ;
large, these figures will Ix- materially reduce<l, thus re(hici:ig ihc totals.

In Nebraska. Ohio, and South Dakota there were losses of rye agJ!T«^«jaMaK SS.OOO.
This ficnire. added to the totals for wheat, barley, and oats as piven. makes a urand total
of »il.97:i.(H)0 bushels as the loss during the paist season due to black stein rust in the
an*a which we are tr>-ing to free from t>arberries.

Mr. FuLLKK. 1 should also like to include in the record the resolu-
tions which were adopted jit our nieetint; on the 14th of Xoveinher in
St. Paul, appendinjj: to those resolutions the -^iL'tiMtiires of the -V.)
delej^jites n>piesentin^ the 13 States.

Mr. Andekson. Without objection the resolutions inaiy he inserted
in the record.

(.Said resoluti(»ns follow:)

^^liereas observation and experience <lurinp the past year have strongly reinforced
the fact that the common barberry is the vitjdiy neceseary factor in the dissemination
of black stem rust and have proved conclusively that era>liaition of the common bar-
berry Ls essential to the continued prowinj; of urain in the north central pari of the

22028 — 22-

-14

1

208 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924,

United States, and consequently, to the continued prosperity of the region and the
Nation as a whole; and

Whereas Congress appropriated the sum of $350,000 for barberry eradication during
the fiscal year 1922-23, which, in our opinion, has been most wisely and effectively
used, with the result that tremendous jjrogress has been made in the solution of this
great problem; Now therefore be it

Rejiolved, That the conference for the prevention of grain rust reaffirm its confidence
in barberry eradication as the solution of the problem of black stem rust; and be it
further

Resolved, That we earnestly urge Congress to appropriate not less than $500,000 for
barberry eradication during the ensuing fiscal year.

Whereas enforcement of eradication of common barberry bushes, by reason of the
police power involved, is preeminently State function, and certain phases of barberry
eradication can only be accomplished through State agencies; N'ow therefore be it

Resolved, That this conference earnestly urge every State included in the barberry
eradication campaign to make adequate appropriation through its legislature for these
phases of the work, and to memorialize Congress in behalf of a Federal appropriation of
not less than $500,000 for barberry eradication during the ensuing fiscal year; and be it
further

Resolved, That the delegates to this conference pledge themselves to do all in their
power to promote the most effective cooperation on the part of their respective States.

Delegates in Attendance at the Second Annual Conference for the Pre-
vention OF Grain Rust.

state delegates. •

Colorado: L. M. Taylor, secretary, State board of agriculture, Fort Collins; Dr. \.
K. Peitersen, botanist, Colorado .\rgicultural College, Fort Collins.

Illinois: Frank I. Mann, representing the Illinois Agricultural .Association, Oilman;
O. T. Olsen, superintendent, division of plant industry. State department of agricul-
ture, Springfield; George H. Dungan, associate in crop production, agronomy depart-
ment. University of Illinois, Urbana.

Iowa: C. W. Hunt, president, Iowa Farm Bureau Federation, Des Moines; I. E.
Melhus, station plant j^athologist, agricultural ex])eriment station, .Ames.

Indiana: James K. Mason, director, Indiana Federation of Farmers' .Associations.
Milton; Dr. H. S. Jackson, chief in botany, agricultural experiment station, Lafay-
ette. (Representing Gov. Warren T. McCray.)

Michigan: James Nicol, president, Michigan Farm Bureau Federation, South
Haven; John .\. Doelle, commissioner of agriculture, Lansing; W. F. Reddy, State
leader of barberry eradication. East Lansing.

Minnesota: J. F. Reed, president, Minnesota Farm Bureau Federation; N. J. Holm-
berg, commissioner of agriculture, St. Paul; Dean E. M. Freeman, College of .Agricul-
ture, St. Paul; Leonard W. Melander, State leader of barberry eradication, St. Paul.

Montana: A. H. Stafford, president, Montana Farm Bureau Federation. Bozeman.

Nebraska: H. D. Lute, secretary, Nebraska Farm Bureau Federation, Lincoln; Dr.
George A. Peltier, station plant pathologist, agricultural exi)eriment station, Lincoln.

North Dakota: Gov. R. A. Nestos, Bismarck; Hans (leorgesen, president. North
Dakota Farm Bureau Federation, Niagara; Josei>h .A. Kitchen, commis.-^ioner of agri-
culture and labor, Bismarck; Dean H. I.. Bollev, College of .Agriculture, Fargo: (Jeorge
C. Mayoue, State leader of barberry eradication, Fargo.

Ohio: A. E. Anderson, director grain marketing department, Ohio l-'arin Bureau
Federation: L. J. Taber, director of agriculture, Columbus.

South Dakota: W. S. Hill, president South Dakota Farm Bureau Federation,
Mitchell; Frank M. Byrne, commissioner of agiiciilture, Pierre. (Hejire-seiiting
Gov. W. H. McMaster.) M. K. lieiiedict, a.-^sistaut ('(tmiuissioner of agriculture
and professor of farm economics, College of .Agriculture, Brookings; Di. .Arthur T.
Evans, associate agronomist and crop |)athi>l<)gist, College of .Agriculture, BriH)king8;
Dr. N. E. Hansen, ])rofes8or of horticulture. College of .Agriculture. Brookings.

Wisconsin: (Jeorge W. McKerrow, president Wisconsin Farm Bureau Federation,
Madison; C. P. Norgord, commissioner of agri<Milturt>, Madison: Dr S. B. Fracker,
State entomologist, Slate de|>arlinerit of agriculture, .Madi.son; William .A. Walker,
State leader of barberry era<licalion, Madison.

Wyoming: Dr. A. F. Viuis, professor of agronomj', College of Agriculture, Laramie.

A(iHl(ri.TI ItAI. AIMMIOIMIIATION HIIJ., U>24. 200

DoIoettU* ill laryo: J. R. Howard. |>n«*iili<nt nf thi- .\m«»n<-sin Kann liiin«ti Fi«l«'ni-
lion. (1iinij;i>; IVurikliri M <'r..-liy. 'mpaiiifM. Minnoapolin,

(' (V \Vfl)l>i'r, n'i>n'S4MiliiiK irM|ilfiiictii

Mr. Fi'Li.KR. Ill hri«'f. flic rcsoliiiiims enrfn«stlv iirj;r thai llw i\m-
^irss ji[)|)r<)|)iinto not Irss than $'>()(),()()() f(»r Imrhrrrv rrmlicntion
iliirm;; (Iw ciisiiiii'; llscnl yrar.

If you still liMvr a iiiomcnt to v^ivv us. I want to suininari/r very
luii'lly what \v«« briicvc we luivi' sljown.

In tlw fii'st plact'. w«' have shown tliat harhrrry »Tiuliruti<»n lUu^
mean the control of Mack stem rust in the solution of tho problem
in which wc arc interested.

In the S(>con(l place, we Imve shown that harherry eradication is
perfectly possihle and perfectly nractical)le and that the sj)ee<l with
which it IS accomplished dcpcn(l> upon the enerjjy and tlie money
uscmI in attacking; the prohh'ui.

Wc have shown, and you hav«' also, the statement of the Depart-
ment of Afjriculture hefore this committee, that the $:i.")0.()()() apf)ro-
pi'iatcd for this year has hccn well spent: that it has paid its way:
and that it has been a wise approj)rialit»n on the part of ('on<;riss.

We helievo, and we are sincerely convinced of this fact, that any
decrease in the appropriation will mean, hy the showinj; made hy
Doctor (\K)ns. that much of the money which has })ccn ex[)end«'d
heretofore will he wasted. The imrease in the numhcr of harhcrries
is such that the prohlem must he vigorously attacked and rapidly
attack(>d if the oarherries are not going to get away from us
altogether.

W»« have showni that the States are ready to cooperate and that
they are going to make ade(|uate appropriations for cooperation with
the PYderal (iovernment.

We have shown also that this is certainly thi» time to wind up this
ioh and wind it up in good shape, hy reason of the fact that a great
hody of popular sentiment has been built up and that the peo|)le
themselves are |)repared to coo[)erate aside from State appropria-
tions. We can not t?ll, of course, how manv barberrit's have actually
been removed by virtue of the stimulus of our publicity campaign,
but I venture to say that the number that has come out and will
continue to come out has been increased tremen<U)usly by reason of
that publicity.

We h.ive shown also that the end of the campaign is in sight. 1
made the statement a short time ago that about two years or more
of Federal assistance would linish the job. as fai' a-^ the F(>deral (Jov-
ernnient is concerned. Mr. Reed. ^Ir. Hill, and Mr. Hunt have
stated that for Minnesota, North Dakota, and Iowa one more year
of Federal cooperation will probably do the job.

In other words, the o|>portunity is jir<^sent(>d for the Federal (lov-
erniU'.Mit to linish something it has already undertaken and to hang
up for itself a completetl jol) which has for its object the preservation
or the food supply of the I'nited States, in which we play so impor-
tant a part.

I should like very much to supply the membei-s of the committ4^»e
with any <letailed information they may desire, but unless there is a
re(|uest for it here. I will prepare it and send it around to the various
members.

If there are no other (juesticms. we thank you for this hearing.

Mr. Anderson. We are much obliged to you for your statements.

\'

210 AGRiri'LTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Friday, Novp:.\ibeu 17, 1022.
FOREST SERVICE.
STATEMENT OF COL. W. B. GREELEY, FORESTER IN CHIEF.

AREA OF NATIONAL P'ORESTS — RECEIPTS FROM SALE OF TIMBER AM)

GRAZING FEES.

Mr. Anderson. Colonel, do you want to make a preliminarv
statement before we take up the statutory roll?

Colonel Greeley. I would like to, Mr. Anderson.

Mr. Anderson, All right, sir.

Colonel Greeley. I believe it desirable to orive the committee a
general picture of the situation on the national forests which absorb
the bulk of our expenditures.

During the past fiscal year the area of the national forests was in-
creased by 171,000 acres and now reaches a total very close to 157,-
000,000 acres. That increase has come about chiefly through the pur-
chase of lands in the Eastern States under the Weeks law.

The receipts from the national forests in the past year reached the
highest figure during their administration, or a total of -So, 068.000. A
portion of these receipts should be credited to business handled
during the preceding year; that is, the grazing business for whicli
payments were deferred by act of Congress. On the other hand,
certain grazing receipts that would normally be paid during the fiscal
year just closed were postponed hy authority of the Secretary of
Agriculture until the next fiscal year, so that the grazing receipts
partially balance. The total receipts of over $5,000,000 represent
in an approximate way the growing of the national ftirests.

I want to call attention to the fact that the receipts have now
reached a point where they nearly offset the expenditures for pro-
tection and administration. Those expenditures amounted Inst year
to $5,127,000 as compared with receipts of So.OtiS.OOO. We" are
gradually closing the gap. These figures ilo not include the emer-
gency expenditures for fire fighting but are based up;)n the normal
cost of maintaining the protective organization and handling the
use of resources.

SALE OF TIMBEH.

Thetimberbusinesson the national forests last yearshowodin receipts
and cut sul)slantially the same volume as during the picceding fiscal
year. The cut was a little over 800.000,000 board feet, and the
receipts from sales of timber $1,S28.00(). The receipts during the
year reflected the ups and downs in the luml)er markets of the count rv
and begiiuiing last spring showed a very rapiil inci'ease.

We made during the year 13,087 timber sales with a total of
2,10(),()00,()0() board feet. " This is the largest year's timber business
we have yet had. It represents an incon\e of a little over Jjili.OOO.OOO
whicli will be realizeil mainly within the next 10 years. Many of
these sale contracts extend over j)erio(ls of several years.

During the last six months the saU's business has increasi>d at a
veiy rajjid rate. The cut during the last three months .Iul> ,
August, and September reached nearly 000,000, 000 board feet

I

A(ilM<ri Ti I- \i vfMM:opKlAri"v mi.i \v2i.

211

and ist hv fjir thr h(»Hvicm w»» Imvo liml in any minrtiT. Tho rcfipU

fh»tin«; tli)\t tliMM' rnontlH period I ' ^|i),(MMl, r r

.'{() per cent tin* liusincss in an. \ ms jpi"-' . in. v-4

in<li«att' the p;«''^**'*"^ ^itUrtti«»n- in the hrnhcr with flu*

sawmills of tho coiintrv niovinj; woHtwani. Purtiruhirly iin* i
n<»w inovirifj wo<twanl from the s Jtithcrri |)i?' " .\h Uh

nurnhcf of thorn si'o'<inj; wosI'tij JMr.itin'js irn'ii tcitinfMi!

forost timhor is roniinj* mon* an<l rnoro int<» di'mnnil.

Wo iirr «;rM(hiMllv ronvprtin*^ thi>^ national rr^iTvoir i»f iri [w I

timhor itito op«Matin<» an* »s with a rut of stir np i';r th it nn l<i n -r.-nal
l)iisinr<<s <'t>n(liti(>ns can in* oxpf tol to inrpf isc *J0 to 2'» |mt r<'nt a
year until tho liinits arc nvicho I u hirh mnst not l)c oxroo Ip 1 in or.jrr
to make tho yioll of timhor ponii;iiiont. From tho olo^j-t '»ln'fv wo
oan mako of tho situation, onr timhor cut duritii; this current voir
will ho ahout 1 .()()(),()()().()()<) foot, ropro-iontinj^ an incroaso of 'i.'! por
oont ovor tho former year and an inoomo of somothi'ij; ovor $.'J.O(M).(KM).
Thoro'iffcr propho-:yin<; is rathor uncertain hocausc tho liimhor husi-
noss of tiio West has hccn suhjocl to so many u|)s and downs, liut
the out of timhor in tho Wostorrj Stati»s is hound to inrroaso vorv
rapiilly. I loarn fr >m my frion Is in tho S')uth that ovrry year from
•SO to H) mdU in tho southern pino torrit'>ry aro cut r»ut and «lis-
mintlo I. Their work is done an 1 the capital release I hv tln'se
9')uthorn operations is in largo nuMsure looking for new western loca-
tions. Wo have applications an I i-upiirio-; f«)r national forest titnher
that run int > onorm »us figures, m I'lv of th"n pundv tentative, m mv
of then more or le-s spo ulative. liut there are three or fo-.ir hillion
feet in outstanding applications to-day that represent new business,
which will probably be consummated within the next one or two
years.

INCKEASEI) DEMAND IPON SKRVICE.

Putting overvthing together we face tho certainty of a rapid
in Tease in the demands upon this service for handling the disposal of
national forest timber. 1 am somewhat concerned over our abilitv
to take care of this increased business, not n.s to numbers of moii.
but fully as much as to the (|Uility and experience of our men. We
may he compelled before another year is out to reject applications
until we have gotten an organization that can handle this business
ofTectivolv and get the rosiilts needed in reforestation in the condi-
tion in wliich the ground is left for future timhor irrowth.

ORAZINi; PERMITS.

The grazing business has remained very stabh*. We grazed last
year about 9, 000, ()()() head of sheep and cattle, representing an income
of about .?2. 200, 000. and the herds of 37,241 grazing |)orniittees.
The grazing industry (»f the West has been through a serious slump
financially, which has impos(><l many dilliculties upon the Forest
Service. We have ha<l many re(|Uosts for deferred payments of
grazing fees. Many old users t)f our ranges who were manifestly
unable to raise any further money on th(Mr business or moot their
obligations to the ( i(>\ cnimcnf wire involved.

212 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

We have tried to meet this situation in a human wav and recocrnize
the acute conditions in the industry. Our deferred payments for
the grazing year of 1921 have all been cleaned up with the exception
of S78,000, out of a business of S2, 400, 000; and a portion of that
will be recoverable without legal action. Tlie receipts for the pres-
ent grazing season will probably all be paid by the time limits set,
with the exception of a very small percentage, and the great bulk of
that can be recovered without the necessit}' of legal action, because
the grazing industry of the West is gradually getting back on its feet.

Our great problem in the handling of the grazing business is the
intensity of the demand for national lorest range, arising largeh^ from
the extent to which the old open public range has been taken up
by settlement and the fact that the absence of any regulation of ihc
open public ranges still remaining has resulted in their very serious
deterioration at many points. That is forcing a good many stock-
men to seek new range and it tends to crowd sheep and cattle on the
national forests and make the administration of our grazing more
difficult.

I am going to speak of that again in connection with the specific
item of range improvement because it is a very practical question
we have to meet.

LAND PERMITS.

I want to refer briefly to the land business, something that has not
been mentioned very often in these hearings. We have outstanding
nearly 27,000 permits for the use of lands in the national forests.
They cover almost every conceivable variety of land use. There are
many industrial establishments, sawmills and mercantile institutions,
fish canning plants in Alaska, and that sort of thing, down to summer
homes and small pastures used in connection with grazing permits.

This demand for the use of the national forests in varied ways is
increasing very rapidly, particularh' in connection with recreation.
We issued last year some 1,500 more permits than at any time
previously, arising largely from the demand of the people as they go
into the national forests seeking recreation for permits to use small
bits of land for permanent summer homes. It is a wholesome uso
and I think a use that should be encouraged.

PROTECTION AGAINST FOREST FIRES.

The fire situation during the past season has been what I would call
normal or average. The large fires reported from the Western States
(luring the summer and from ^lijinesota during the fall were not on
the national forests, although the national forests shared in the gen-
eral hazard to a considerable extent. In fact, the national forests
liave fafed very well tills past summer considering the extent of the
losses in the regions around them. That is partly because of our
organization and partly because, as our lands lie usually at a higher
elevation, they fare ])etter in the periods of summer drought than tho
lands lower down and around them.

W(^ now have between 5,800 and (i.OOO fires each season. During
the past two seasons these have burned over about .^70,000 acres each
year, or al)out two-tenths of 1 per cent of the area of the national
forests. I am not satisfied with this showin<r. as I have set the <roal

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILU ^VH. 213

as the reduction of our annual Iohh to one-toutli of 1 jmt vful of the
area uiuler protrctiuii. hrfnrr we ran rc'j^'anl our lirr ha/.ard as uiulrr
ct)nlrol. liif (lanuit^f durin;; tin* past two years has heen <«»inpar-
ativ»«ly small, it was ahout $21 J. MOO last year and alwiut $:i22.(MM»
in the summer of 11)22.

The feature of our firi- [iioicction that disturbs tuv mo^i i> our
einerj^eney «'.\pi'iuiiliires and the fact that we are slill on a «h'h<"ien<*y
basis in meetinp tln'se «Mner»;eneies, In the summer of 19*21 wo had
to spend So.'iJi.OOO in emer«;ency expenditures for (ire fi^htinj; and
we had to «;o to Conjjress for a deiicieiuv appropriation. During
the summer just close<l we had to e.xjH'nd .?.').i!»,00() for emcrjjency
fire fijjhtinj; and must a^ain j^o to the Comnjittec on Approriria-
tions for a deliciency. As nearly as my own jud<;ment is »|»|f to
size up tiic situation, these two summers are what we must c\()cct
as a reijular thin*;, and if we fare better than that in any |)articular
year it will l»e hecause of exeeptionallv favorable climatic condi-
tions. As far as the organization of the Forest Service fjoes, we liave
^ot to take the l'.>21 and the l'.>22 sejisons as normal. That meaus
that we must still remain far too larj^ely upon the emergency basis
in handling; our fire suppre.ssion.

Last vear we *;ot "S per cent of the tires and this year SO per cent
of the tires when they were still one-man size, i. e.. when the patrol-
man gjot there soon enough to put the fire out unaided. But the
20 or 22 per cent of the hres that got away because they were too
big when the patrolman got there, which means in the majority of
cases tiuit we have too few patrolmen, caused these excessive ex-
penditures.

It is impossible to e.xpect the Forest Service to keep down the num-
ber of fires with()ut large emergencv expenditures uidess we can put
a more intensive patrol on all the forests. The emergencv exp«'ndi-
tures can not be wholly eliminated but they can be greatly reduced
by a more aderpiate protective orrjanization. I want the committee
to understand the situation which still confronts us in this respect
and which forces us to return to Congress year after year for deficiency
appropriations. That does affect one of the changes in the statutory
roll and I will speak of it when T come to it.

SALARIES.

On the statutory roll 2'.> phu-es have been dropped altogether and
three other clerical positions transferred to the ('ivil Service Com-
mission, making a net reduction in the statutory roll as compared
with the current year of $21,720. On the other hand, we have trans-
ferred to the statutory roll from various miscellatieous rolls 1!) cleriral
po.sitions. In every case, creating a net reduction in the lump sum
concerned except in one item where a special increase has been recom-
mended. Those W) positicms represent an addition of .SJT.TOO tj> the
statutorv roll, leaving a net increase in the roll itself of S').1)S0.
Comparing the appropriations as a whole and <'onsidering the reduc-
tions in the miscellaneous items, we have cut the total estimate
$21,720, by the :V2 positions droppe<l from the roll or transferri-o vo
the Civil Service Commission.

214 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

TRAKSFER OK RANGERS Tf) LUMP-SUM STATUTORY ROLL.

There are no changes in the indivichial items, no promotions or
any other changes involved except the new language which we ask
to have inserted on page 13o. The statutory roll has previously in-
cluded 590 rangere, at SI, 220 each. These men have all heen em-
ployed for the year-long period and have been employed effectively.
But in endeavoring to meet the situation which I outlined in connec-
tion with the increased cut of timl)or and also to eke out a little more
leeway to meet the summer fire situation, I finally secured the Direc-
tor of the Budget's indorsement on this language, which substitutes
a lump sum of S200,080 in lieu of 164 of these ranger positions. It
provides that these places shall be carried as forest rangei's, guards,
or scalers at the rate of SI, 220 per annum for periods of 12 montlis
or less. The rate of compensation is fixed but leeway is given as to
period of employment.

These 164 rangers heretofore have been employed as assistants on
our ranger districts. We have, all told, about 900 permanent rangea*
districts, each in charge of a responsible man for the year round.
On the bulk of these districts the one ranger must handle the work
the entire year with additional guards or patrolmen only during the
summer season. But on certain of the busiest districts which have
heavy improvement or sales work we have been furnished assistant
rangers to the extent of 164 men. Some of these assistant rangers
will still have to be employed the year round; but in view of the
urgency of the additional timber work I would like very much to
have leeway to reduce the employment of some of these men to 10
months, 8 months, or possibly 6 months and use the money saved
for an additional scaler or fu-e guard during the peak season's work:
that is, during the summer when everything is going full blast, lii'e
protection, grazing, timber, and everything else.

What this language means is that by exercising economy we may
be able to save eight or ten thousand dollars on tlie services of men
who have hitherto been employed the year round and use that amount
to reinforce the temporary men employed during the summer season.
That will have to be chiefly to provide scalers to handle the increased
cut of timber.

Mr. Anderson. You would not get much for S8,000 or SI 0.000.

Colonel Greeley. $10,000 might provide 20 adilitional scalers
during the logging season. This is the only leeway we have got
under these estimates. The Director of the Budget did nt)l find it
possible to allow the additional men I asked for in order to take care
of the timber business directly, and this is the only means of meeting
the situation. It will enable us to employ a few more men where
most needed during the busiest season.

MARKING OF FIRE FIGHTERs' GRAVES.

There is come new language on page 140. That is the first new
language we come to after the item I just discussetl. It authorizes
the Secretary to use not to exceed SoOO of the fun<ls aj>pr()priate(i
for markuig the graves of fire fighters who lost their lives in the 1910
forest fires and are now buried at St. Maries, Idalio, and also for
caring for the graves of another group of men now buried in the
cemetery at Wallace, Idaho.

Aiiiiii ri.i I i:.\i, Aj'i'i:«)ri:iArioN lui.i., i •-'• '^1;)

Mr. Andkkson. How intmy «»f tlifwr nrr tht'rr<

ColonrI (luKKi-KY. Al)(>ut 20 at VVallncp nnd alioiit ."iO in th^

coin«'forv »il St. Miirifs. A |)ri»visior» in flic Mppnipriiition ,iri for
19'2I iuitlii>ri/.tM| (lit* iisr of S'iOO itt nmrk llir ^;ru\('-> ui \V»illin-c nrul
that was doinv Wo luivo suhsiMiiiiMitlv foiuul that thr ^;rnvi»s of
theso fin' (i^jlitrrs at St. Marios. Idaho. )iavr hoon utiinikrkoii, arwl jt
seoins a|)f)n>priato to nso a small ainotinf f>f inoricv to itiiprovi' tho
appoaraiKT »if tho «;rav«'s aixl to },'i\r (ln'm sonic sintahlc niarkitij; in
conunonioration of tho fact that those in<'n lost thoir liroM in tho
puhli*' sorvico in pi-otcct in^ the national forests in that rojjion.
That is tin' purpose of this item.

Mr. lU < MANAN. That may he lc«;islution, but I am in favor of it.

KKillTIN'O ANI> ritKVKNTlN<; FORKST FIRFS.

I Colonel (iiJKKLKY. We lia\(' also asked for rjew lan<;iiaj;e in the
item on pai^e 14<). for fi^htinj^ and prevent inj; forest firos. - No
chnn<;e is proposed in the amount uf this item. althou<;h it hjis hoon
pro,ven inade(juate hy the experience of a fjjood many years. It
rocjuiros us to onorato on a defiriency basis, hut tho conimittoo which
handles the doticioncy appropriations has understood our situation
verv fully and has i;iven us sympathetic support.

We are askinj; for authoiily licre to expend not excoodincj S'io.OOO
of tho amount ajipropriated for meotin<; emerj^encios arising; from
attacks of tind)or-Killin^ insects. Down to 1920. the lan*;ua}xe of
this it<'m authori/.(><l tlio use of the money for "other* unforeseen
emergencies" as well as for li«:htin»; (ires. In the hill for the fiscal
vear of 1921 the ''other unforeseen emergencies" disappeared, and I

jihavo heon unahle to recall. Mr. Chairman, just why that particular

'' language was dropped out.

|| TIMHEK-KILI.INO INSECT IN VK.STKJATIONS.

The situation is this: We do m)t conduct any technical work on
forest insects, as that is done for us by the Bureau of Kntom«»loc;y.
But from time to time we have these outbreaks of timber-destroying
insects. |>articularly the pine-hark beetles, which often assume very
Norious proportions. For example, in southern Oregon a serious
MUthroak of this pest occurred last year, the beetles operatin^: both
on private land and forest reserve land and t<» some extent on Indian
reservations. The situation was such that the State <^f Oregon
passed a law c(unpelling private owners to clean up their holdings
imder certain conditions, and Congress passed a special deficiency
'f S1.')0.0()0 to enable the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary
of the Interior to clean up the (iovornment holdings.
; That particular situation has been provided f«)r, but we have three
I other points to-day whore the pine beetle is liable to become danger-
ous. One of them is on the Kaihah Plateau, on land which lies partly
in theCirand Canytm National Park and partly in the Kaihah National
Forest. The Forest Service and the National Parks Service put their
odds and ends of ai)nroj)riations together last year and succeeded in
getting .?2..")(K) availanle for attacking that outbreak before it rea<'hed
lai'ge proportitnis. We will have to do some clean-up w«)rk there
next spring. Those outbreaks occur at one point or another nearly

11

216 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

every year and the situation is exactly analagous to forest fires.
Ordinarily if these insects can be cleaned up promptly serious damage
is prevented, but if they run on and reach what the entomologists
call an epidemic stage, where the swarms multiplv at an enormous
rate, the damage may run up into figures that equal the damage from
forest fires. We have had that happen. It happened in the Black
Hills about 1900. It would have happened in Oregon had not pro-
vision been made for suppressive measures. So we would like to
get authority to use $25,000 out of this forest fire fighting fund for
such emergencies.

Mr. Anderson. This $25,000 I suppose w^ould be used for the
physical work of suppressing the outbreak and not for technical
investigation ?

Colonel Greelfa'. No; it would be used entirely for employing
labor to cut down infested trees and to carry out the physical labor
of control as experts from the Bureau of Entomology direct it. They
always examine these areas and tell us just wliat to do. In fact,
they usually furnish a man to direct the work of suppression.

Mr. Anderson. I do not want to build up in the Forest ^Service
another Bureau of Entomology. I can easily see that in a work of
these enormous proportions there is a certain amount of physical
work that is done by private owners when ownied by private parties
and the Forest Service must do the same thing.

FOR SELECTION, ETC., OF LANDS ^^^TH^N BOUNDARIES OF NATIONAL

FORESTS.

Colonel Greeley. The item on page 148, the selection, classifica-
tion, and segregation of lands within the boundaries of natitJunl
forests that may be opened to homestead settlement and entry
under the homestead laws applicable to the national forests, etc.,
remains the same. Just a word of explanation may be in point.
The original purpose of this item has to a considerable extent been
accomplished. That was the classification of the lands in the
national forests which have agricultural value and their segregation
imder the forest homestead law, so that they may be entered by
settlers. We have classified to date approximately 143. 000, 000 acres
out of 157,000,000 acres in the national forests and have openeil to
homestead entry in excess of 3.000.000 acres as a result of this
intensive classification. We still have certain areas in Alaska wiiich
must be clas.sified and we have a certain amount of work to do in
investigating appeals or correcting the original classification where
there appears to be reason for reexamination.

This item also covers the cost of making surveys by metes and
boimds in order to permit settlers in llie national forests on lands
which liave not yet been covered by the rectangular surveys of tlie
General Land Office to offer ])roof and get patents. We iiave from
100 to 200 cases of tliat character each year and they cost us about
$200 per case. That is a re(|uirement that will continue probably
for another IWo or six years, and then it wifi gradually disa|)pear with
the completion of the entries nnule upon these laiuls. On the other
hand, the work of handling exchangcvs which is piovided for in this
ite n is (ine that is going to grow into large j)i-oport ions. Last March

AOHICt'LTlKAL AI'IMIOIMIIATIO.N Hll.l,, ItrlJ.

217

■ nj^ress nassiMl a ^I'lirial cxcImiiij;*' law. whirh aiilliori/.cd l\\v Serro-

rii's of llio two «I«'|)artiiu'iits, Aijriniliiirr and IiittTior. to oxrliaiiKc

tioiuil ft>rc'st lands and liinluT or national forr>t IumImt al«inr for an

|iii\al<-nt value of privaU'ly owned land within tite l>oundari(>H of

the national forests. Over J.'). ()()(). (K»0 acres of private land within the

i\teri«>r Ixnmdaries t>f the nalioiukl forests an* availidile for ex«'hanj»e

iiiuier that law. as>iiniin^ the e\rhani;e to he de.sirahle. We are

• levelopiiii^ that work very slowly heeaiise we do not wish to start any

a«;«:erated ideas on the part of owners of tinjher lands in the national

rests (hat these e\chaM;^es are jroin«; to In- made hastilv or solely

•r the piuj)«)se of enahlin^ a Unuher company t<) consolidute its

lioldinjjs. Furthermon". we are insistinj^ on ostahlishinf; a very

iiservalive hasis of valuation. IJut the exchanj^e work is almost

itnin to <;row to hir<;(> proportions atid necessitate iiureascil future

;>proj)riations uiuler this item. For the foiiiitii: \Tiir we can Inindle

e work wo have with this fund.

W

• N>rKr( llON ()!• SAMTAK'^ lAlILlTIKS AM) lOK HHK-l'UKVKNTl VK
•MKASl KKS ON I'l HI.K ( A.Ml' (iKOlNDS.

In the item on pa<;e lot) for sanitarv facilities and fire-preventive
measures on puhlic camp <:rouiids an increase of .?.").()()() is proposed.
This money is spent exclusively in const ructin<; latrines, garhafie pits,
land simple water-supply facilities ajid for cleaninj; up inflammahle
jd^'hris on the nvciis m tlu' national htrests whicii are used hy lar»;e
I iiumhers of j)eople for canipin};. Tlie appropriation tiiat the com-
mittee gave us last year of SlO.tiOO to initiate this work was a god-
i,send and cnahled us to take care of some situations which had
hec(»me not only a menace to puhlic health hut a serious aflront t<»
':puhlic decency. The ann)unt of such work needed is dilllcult to
I ■>tiiiuitc exactly. We have, according to tiie reports of the district
foresters, hetween 900 and 1,000 camp grounds which are used so
.generally that it is necessary to install lire-protection facilities and
jisanitary con\ eniences. Wherever possihle we are making co(»pera-
jjtive arrangements with local communities, chamhers of commen-e.
Jancl local associations of one kind and another that are interested in
Jjthe use of these areas fov camping, under wiiich they assume the
cost of constructing the toilets ajid other facilities neeiled. We are
'cttiiig a considerahle numher trf areas provided for in that way.
There remains a large nund)er on which there apparently is no way
to giv(> the puhlic health reasonahle j)rotection and at the same time
avoid tjie danger of a serious (ire hazard without tiie work heijig
done hy the Forest Service itself. The cost of what we do on the
average camp ground amounts to S\'M) or S140, which limits im[)rove-
ments Iv the construction of usually two or three very simple pit
l„j toilets, a garhage pit of some kind, cleaning up inllammahle dehns,
d throwing up a few rough stone fireplaces to confine the camp
es and reduce the hazard of their escaping.

The increiise of So, 000 will eiiahle us to take care »>f a few more
.these intensively used camp grounds and is very greatly neeiled.

218 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, lf)24.

FOR I'l !{( MASK AM) MMVTENAXCE OF FIELD OFFICE AND LABORATORY

SUPPLIES, ETC.

Thcii" H ii«> rliaii;^'!' in the itoin for supplies on pn^c lol. Tluit
fund is cmiplctcly used in (ho purrhase of firt>-ii<i:hting eouipment.
needed oflice e(|uipment. und administrative ec|uipment like com-
passes, scale sticks, and the like. We have to supplement it to some
extent hy huving ^^iinilur supplies and (Hjuiptnent fn>m other lump-
sum items.

INVESTKJATION OF METHODS OF WOOD DISTILLATION. ETC.

A net ino«rease of -SI. '),()()() is provided in the next item, for invest ipi-
tion of forest products, on |)age 152. The actual increase indicated
in the item itself is .?10.S00, hut it is proposed to transfer three
<-lerical positions previously paid out of this fund to the statutory
roll so that the net increase available for this work will be Slo.OOO.

I take it that it is unnecessary to <;o over the general scope and
character of these investigations. The increase is asked with three
specilic purposes in view. The first is to enal)le the Forest Products
Lahoratorv at Madison to carry through the technical work which
we have been asked to do by a central committee representing
lumber manufacturers and users which the Secretary of Commerce
has been insti-umental in having established, for the standardization
of lumber grades and specifications including nomenclature, dimen-
sions, and grade sp(>cilications. Tlio Forest Products Laboratory
has done a great deal of work bearing on this subject for a good
many years.

.\s an example, on the basis of our mechanical tests of timber, the
laboratory was a]>le to work out a method of grading structural
timbers of southern pine in which the grade reflects the actual
strength and structural value of the timber. It is the so-called
"density rule," l)ased upon the number of rings and the proportion
of heavv ''smnmer" wood which gives the timber strength.

The Departments of Commerce and .Vgriculture are now endeavor-
ing to develop more uniform and effective system of grading all kinds
of lumber. A committee of manufactunM's and consumers is covering
the whole field — factory lumber, yard lumb(>r, heavy structural
tiiubers. hardwood lumb(>r that goes into furniture and t)ther forms
of remanufactures, etc. The Forest Products Laboratory has been
designated as the agency to get the teclmical data. It is a very
large order and represents probably a two or three years' job. The
nroject is a very irn[)or(ant oiu' and we expect to use at least one-
naif of the SI .'),()!)() increase for that purpose.

The other dcNclopments that we have particularly iii mind in con-
nection with this increase are a study of wastes in the manufacture of
paper and a study of improving methods of finishing wood with paints
and varnishes. The paptM* manufacturers of the country who use
chemi<'al jiroccsses for converting wood into pul]). like suliihite pulp
from which newsprint is made and soda pulp from wnich book
paper is nnidc, have been unable to avoid a loss of from 10 to '20 per
cent of the raw material. They know that so many tons of pulp wood
go into their digesters nnd that so many Ions (jf chemical pul|) come

A(JRI( rLTl'RAL AI'I'IIOIMJI ATION MII.U l'»2». 219

out. TIkmt is a loss cvcmi n\ oiVwuui plimts wIimIi will oficii run from
10 to JO jHT mil. 'I'hcrc is nisn ii loss of clu'ruicnls that r>o\v t;o (iff
with tin* waste oIliiUMits but tlu'oretirally «)ii<;l»l to he rccovoraljlc for
further use. N(» one has really been able to {jet to the ))ottom of thi»
j)robl(rn. and the eonnnercial interests parti* ularly eoiirenuMl in it
iire anxious to have the Forests l'ro(lu<ts Laboratory cooperate with
them in a joint attack. They propose U) furnish a consi<lerablo
amount of numev to help, and we wouhl like to have $4,000 or §.').(MM)
t<» tinaiice the (ioverrunent s end of this work. It is a v«'rv practical
matter of conservation be<ause if these htsses can be prevented it
-lu»uld mean a c(>rrespon<lin«; reductii)n in the current drain upon our
tind)er

I want to >.|Hak in this connection of the extent to whi'.h investijxa-
lions of this character ou»;ht to be paid for by the (lovernment and
the extent to which they ou^jht to be |>aid for by the commercial
interests which will benefit from them. We have been developing;
commercial cooperation at the Forest Products Laboiatory pretty
rapidly during the nast two or three years, on the "general principle
I hat as far as |)ossible the industry or the ^roup of nu'n who are^omg
to <;et particular beiielil fiom a (iovernment inve>ti^ation ouj^ht to
pay tiie major porti»»n of ius cost. We now jjet contributions tiii
that basis from commercial concerns amountinj; to between S540.00()
ami .•>."i0.000 a year, whi<h jjoes into tests of boxes, special tests of
paper-making processes, experiments with new methods of preserving;
timber, courses of instruction in lumber seasonini;, etc.. in which a
particular industry or group of men have special interest. We are
ileveloping the idea that the wood-using industries should, to a
reasonable extent. |)ay their wav on investigations at the laboratory
which are of distinct and immediate benelit to them.

We have gone into these two problems, the wood finishes and study
of paper wastes, on that basis. What is required is that certain
fundamental and technical investigations in the cliemistry of wooil
cellulose ami in woiul physics be carried out at the Forest Prt)ducts
Laboratory. For that the use of Government funds is reasonable,
because it is fundamental work having many scientific antl industrial
bearings and possible applications. Other phases of these studies on
the side of commercial praetice. matrnfacluring conditimis. etc..
ought to be financed by the industries immediately benefited.

That is all I have to say on this item unless the committee would
like to see some exhibits. Mere is a sheet of paper made entirely
out of cotton linters, a process developed by tjie laboratory, it
makes a pretty high grade of book paper. Here is a sheet made out
of oat hulls, the waste in the manufacture of oatmeal. The tests on
paper maimfacture from flax straw are going along well. We expect
to have that pretty well worked out within another vear.

We recently produceil a very good paper at the laboratory by
deinking old newspapers under a new process which promises to be
profitable commercially and effect an enormous saving of raw
material.

220 AGRlCl'LTrRAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924,

Saturday, November 18, 1922.
rance investioatioxs.

Mr. Andkhson. Colonel Greeley, we will take up this morning the
item on pa<;e 155. for exjicrinients and investifrations of ran<;e con-
ditions witliin the national forests or elsewhere.

Colonel (iKKKLF:Y. This is the fund under which the Forest Service
maintains its special <;razinoj studies at the Great Basin Experiment
.Station in Ctali and its studies in the practical handling of cattle
ranges in Arizona and New Mexico, where the handling of cattle
un(ler improved methods of rotation grazing and other improvements
in range management is V)eing worked out. The real purpose of this
series of studies is to flevelop the scientific side of tlie use of the open
range lands of the West, to put the grazing industry upon a more
stahle hasis, and at the same time trying to get hetter results in keep-
ing up the j)roductivity of our range lands. A concrete illustration of
what this means, something I had a chance to check up personally
last summer, is working out of a system of rotation grazing on the
individual sheep or cattle allotments. This means that the principal
forage |)lants of the allotment must he determined, tlieir seeding pe-
riod and other reproduction hahits estahlished, and a distrihution of
the cattle or sheep worked out under which each portion of that
allotment will have an opportunity, every three or four years, to
fully re-seed witii tlie more valuahle native plants. As a result of
these scientific studies this system of deferred and rotation grazing,
as it is called, is now in effect on a considera])le numher of the range
allotments m portions of Utah and other States, where the grazing
conditions are most serious and the demand for the use of the range
is most intense.

Another practical result of these investigations has been working
out the proper season for grazing the ranges of different types and at
different elevations, rletcrmining the time of the year when the
forage can he grazed without serious injury. We found, for example.
that a postponement of grazing of only two weeks at the beginning of
the season may liave a very marked effect upon the net returns from
the range and its sustained |)roductivity, because of the better oppor-
tunity given the forage to estahlisli itself. It has also been possible
through these investigations to establish for many of (un- range types
the changes in plants or forage types which indicate deteri(U-a(ion of
(he range. That has been well worked out on a luimber of the ranges
m I'tah where results show that as a range deteriorates from excessive
use the character of the j)lants changes; that the more nutritious
wheat grasses, for example, give way to certain classes of weeds, ami
that as excessive grazing continues these classes of wccmIs give wav
to more inferior weeds, until finally the carrying capacitv of the
range nmy ix' reduced to one-third or one-fourth of what it was when
in good condition. These indicator plants give the forest supervisor
und forest ranger a ready means of checking up on the condition of
Uioir ranges and a.seertaining where overgrazing is showing up.
These grazing investigations are exceedingly const ructiv(> in char-
acter, particularly as ihev are producing many things that the live-
stock industries of (he \Ves( use on (lM>ir private ranges, in methods
of herding and salting, and that sort of thing, as well as results which
are directly used for the hetternieni of the (iovernment ranges.

AGRICUI.TUUAI, APPROPRIATION MII.U "^'24. 221

Mr. BrcHANAN. Th<> items <all for «'X|M'rim<*nls afid inv<»stij;ationp
and I prcstiinc that is all that is (lour, is it not >.

Coloiu'l (iKKF.LKV. TIhto aro scvoral diirrrrut incthods of <-"•-
<lii(tiii«; <'X|)<'rim«'rits. One is tho ostahlisliiiicnt of sample pi

mall ran«j<» areas perhaps as hie as this room, perhaps as large n.s

u (|uarter section. These are olaced under fence, and the actual

conditions of that rauire ami of its use are carefully checked ami

iu(lie«l from year to year in order to determine tlie proj;ri*ss of the

nin<;e upward or downward and why the ehan«;es are taking place.

Mr. lil<nA\A\. Voii would not ikmmI to make much of an investi-
^'atitm as to the weeds, wouhl you. hecause the cattle would eat all
(he trood «rrass and would not eat tho bad weeds, so that vou wouhl
not have to have any study made of them.

Colonel (iKKF.LKY. The question then' is to <letermine ut what
point proper use of the ran«je ^ives way t(» excessive use.

Mr. Bi'<HANAN'. That is determined l)v experience alone, is it not?

Colonel CiKKKi.KV. Of course, any class of stock will eat the most
palatable fora<;e first. 'Hie (piestion we are after is a real chanjje
m the character of the ranj^e as the result of overi^razint; something
wjiich has actually happene<l on a good many of those western areas.

Mr. HrrnANAN. Do you think the need for this appropriation
will ever cea.se ?

Colonel GuKELEY. I douht it.

Mr. Buchanan. Then it is like the brook, it will go on forever ?

Colonel Cihkel?:y. The proposition is so big. Mr. Buclianan. that
it will probably go on for a long time. It affects 12o.0()().()00 acres of
range lands in the national forests; it really affects over SO.OOO.OOO
acres of public range lands outside the national forests, and its results
!ire being used by a great many stock men on their own lands. That
l)eing so, I think we have got to anticipate continuing for a great many
years what we are doing here. Wliile we have our own land imme-
diately in view, we are doing for the range business of the West the
-ame sort of thing that Doctor Taylor's work is doing for agriculture
and that l)itct<tr Mi^hler's wotk is doing for the intensive live-stock
industry.

Mr. Andkk.son. We will next take up the item on page l.5(>, for the
purchase of tree seed, cones, and nui"sery stock, etc.

FOR PrRrilASE OF TREE SEED, ETC., FOR SEEDING AND PLANTING.

Colonel (Ireelky. The next item covers tree planting. There is
no change in the amount and no change is proposed in the general
character of the work. We have about l.oOO.OOO acres of lantl in
the natif)nnl forests which have been denuded by old fires and which,
as far as j>ur j)resent experience goes, will have to be planted in order
to be restored to timber growtli. With shis appropriation we were
able in the past year to plant approximately 9,000 acres and to main-
tain the eight forest nurseries. These nurseries have an annual pro-
ducing capacity of between six and eight million forest seedlings.

Mr. Andek.son. What do you do with that many seedlings^

Colonel CIreeley. We u.se them all; we use about S.000.000 seed-
lings a year normally.

Sfr. Buchanan. Kight millions^

222 AGRiri'TTI-HAT. APPROPRIATION BlIJ., VJ2i.

Colonel Greeley. Al)out iS.UOU.OOO. You see, we plant from 800
to 1,200 soofllincjs per acre, and we have to allow some surplus for
possible losses. I should say. Mr. Chahnian. that small amounts of
seedlings from one of the nurseries in Nebraska are distributed to
settlers under special lej^islation. but the great bulk of them are used
on Government lands.

Mr. Bit HASAN. You say you set out 9,000 acres?

Colonel Gkkeley. Yes, sir.

Mr. BucnANA.N. And it costs you about 818 an acre to set them
out i

Col(»nel Greeley. Well, it would be 9,000 into $125,000.

Mr. Buchanan. Not quite SI 8.

Cidnncl Greeley. It would be about S14.

Mr. Blcilvnan. Yes; that is about rij'ht.

Colonel Greeley. That includes all tne overhead costs, of course,
and some experimental work that is done with this fund where the
best methods have not yet been worked out. We are dcnng some
planting. Mr. Bucluman. for -So an acre in the sandy lands of Michi-
gan. In the Minnesota National Forest we have planted about 6.000
acres with white and Norway pine, at an average cost of SIO an acre.

Mr. Blchanax. If it should cost more than that. I think it would
be justified, and 1 am more impressed with this item than I was with
the previous item.

Colonel Greeley. We have planted to date about 100.000 acres
in the national forests successfully. This appropriation enables us
to drive away at the most urgent points but without making very
rapid progress on the big area that ultimately we must expect to
reforest by this means. Some day I e.xpect to come before this
connnittce with a planting budget and ask for approval by Congress
of a program under which these denuded lands in the national forests
can he planted within 20 or 25 years. For the present we are pro-
posing simply to continue the work on a limited scale.

Mr. A.\i)ER.s(^\. Are the States doing any planting?

Colonel Greeley. Yes, sir; a number of the States have gone
into planting (|uite extensivelv. Pennsylvania, New York, and
Michigan are doing a good deal of planting on their wState forests.
Several of the States, particularly Massachusetts, and also New
York and Peimsylvania, are furnishing planting stock at cost to
land owners within their States, who will agree to plant their lands
and take good care of the plantations. wSeveral of tlie prairie States,
like Iowa, Nebraska, and Illinois, are doing a gootl deal of work in
experimental plantations, working out the species and methods
adiiptc<| to their soil and climatic conditions. All told the amount
of planting done with State aid or under State auspices probably
amounts to 20.000, ()()() or 25,0()(),0()() trees a year and is increasing
pretty steadils

.Mr. .\\i)ERsn.\. l^aiiN phui I iug being done by |)rivate cut-over land
owiier> <

Colonel (iuEELEV. To som(> extent and to an increasing extent
from year to year. There are several paper manufacturers in the
N<»rlheast who hav«« started the policy of planting their cut-over
lantls, and one of them maintains its own nurseries. 1 imagine that
several thousand acres are |)lanted every year by private companies
m iiurlherii Maine. .New Hampshire. N'ermont. and Xew York. La^^t

AGRICULTURAL APPRCJPRIATION blU^ 1924. 223

summer I \ isit«Mi a <»nnnu'r<'ial imrnrrv ut KriMjc, N. II., in thr (mmiIpf
of tlu> New ICm^IuikI wliitr-piiu' hrd. wliicli (iixU a >*hI»' for fmiu
;},()()(),0()() t<» I. ()()(). 000 youii}^ !)iin' tre«v«4 ovory year. hikI tlu'v are
mostly purclmsrd and nliiiitcil l)y commrrcial coimmtiis. Farther
west vou iitui l«'ss and loss of that, hut the iiitrrest is i(i<-r«>asiM)i;.
The coiiimittoo may h»« iutonvst<'(l in h'ariiiii^ that withui this past
voar several of the lar^e redwood manufacturers in ('alifornia have
hecoine conviitced that the plant iii<^ of their <Mit-over lands is a jirae-
tieahle and prolitahle commercial undertaking;. They are starting a
plan tint; pro<;ram on a large scale. That is all 1 have to say ahout
this item.

81LVICULTURAL, UENDROLOOICAL, AND OTIIKR K.XPKRI.MKNTS AND

INVESTKJ.VTIONS.

Mr. .Vnder.son. The next item is on pa^o 158, for silvicultural,
dendrolof^ical, and other experiments and investij^ations, etc.

Colonel (iuKF.LKY. Tliere is no chanjje in that item. That is the
item under which the forest experiment stations are maintained
and the investigations in tree growing; conduct<»d. We now have
six small forest experiment stations in the South and West which
are working out the prohlems of reforestation in their several regions.
Some of these stations have heen in effect long enough to produce
very definite and tangihle results; hut others have not. The latter
are producing reports on particular experiments hut have not as
yet worked out the forestry science of their region.

In the Northwest, for example, the stations in Washin^jton and
Idaho have worked out practical reforestation methods adapted to
those regions, and the results ohtained hy those two stations are
to-day the principal hasis for State legislation and for the impetus
given to forestry hy timher associations and private concerns.
Thev have had a very valuavle part in directing the forestry develop-
ment of those regions.

Mr. Buchanan. If they have completed their work what is the
necessity for their continuation?

Colonel Greeley. I feel there is a necessity for their continuation,
Mr. Buchanan, hecause there are still many questions that we ought
to answer hcforc we can call the job finished. Europe has experi-
ment stations that have heen in existence for 100 years.

Mr. Buchanan. You say they have been in existence in this
country that long?

Colonel Greeley. No; I said Europe has forestrv experiment sta-
tions that have been in existence for 100 years, and I tnink we have
got to expect that most of these stations, not necessarily all of them,
must be maintained for a long period of time to get the cumulative
results in scientific observations that we need to develop our forestry
science.

Mr. Buchanan. You have six in the United States and two of them
are in the Northwest. If they have reasonably accomplished tiie
purpose for which they were established, it looks to me as though you
should move them to other sections and let them study the climatic
conditions there, and other things, instead of letting them stay there,
if they have worked out the problems connected with that siM-tion.
Have they not worked out the major problems of that region i

220Oi<— 22 15

224 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Colonel Greeley. They have worked out the problems which were
of special urj^encv in those regions in order to get things started in the
growing of timber, but there is still a whole lot of work that needs to
be done on the rate of growth, the yield to be expected from second-
growth stands, and the best way to produce timber of different species
and different (lualities. I think it would be a mistake to abandon
those stations for a long time to come. At the same time, there are
other regions where we need to be doing the preliminary work.

LOCATION OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Mr. Buchanan. What station do you have which is nearest
Texas ?

Colonel Greeley. We have a station which covers the southern
Pine Belt with head(juarters at New Orleans.

Mr. Buchanan. You do not have a station in New Orleans?

Colonel Greeley. No; just the headquarters. The field work is
done and most of the men are stationed at points in the forests of
Ix)uisiana; one of them is in Florida; and one, I think, in Georgia.

Mr. Buchanan. What constitutes the personnel of one of these
stations i

Colonel Greeley. One of these stations should normall}- have six
technical men.

Mr. Bichanan. That is. inchiding the overhead?

Coltjnel Greeley. Including the director and his assistants.
There should aLso be probably two clerks.

Mr. Buchanan. Two clerks and three field men?

Colonel Greeley. Two clerks to six field men.

Mr. BccHANAN. And one director, making nine?

Colonel Greeley. That would be eight; the director, five assistants
and two clerks, you mio;ht say, represent the normal organization.
At the present time we have been able to give this southern station
four men and one clerk; we would like to change the staff to six and
extend the scope of their investigations. They should cover the
whole southern Pine Belt. We have another station in the Appa-
lachian hardwood region, with headciuarters at Asheville, N. C.

Mr. BcciLVNAN. Ifave you published bulletins?

Col(jnel Greeley. It has published some short bulletins. Both
of those stations have only been in existence one year.

Mr. Bi(iiANAN. Has the other one published bulletins?

Colonel Greeley. "^Tlie western stations have published a good
many bulletins. For example, we have one station in the Southwest
whicli has published a number of bulletins; and now we have in the
Government Printing Oflice a bulletin which covers all piuises i>f its
10 years of work on the reforestation of the western yellow-pine region.
It is all extremely valuable contribution to American forestry
literature.

Mr. Anderson. There have been several bills introduced. Colonel
(ireeley, providing for the establishment of a forest experimental
station in the Great Lakes region. Can you t(>ll us anything about
the nt'cessity or desirability of a stalit)n in that region ?

Colonel (JiiKKLEY. I regard the (ireat Lakes region as one of the
most urgent places for the establishment of a forest experiment
station because of the fact that it contains about 00,000,000 acres

ACHICl'LTrilAL Al'PnolMUATION BILl^ ll»24. 2*25

of forest land, the urrcatcr part of \vlu<li will |)ri>l)al)ly ulways Ik*
fort'st laiul. It rutw lias o\ «'r 10. ()(>(),()()() acres of cut-ovrr lund. »i
^eat (ion! of which has boon soriously (icnudeil mid ih pructicnliv
unproductive. Kvcryonc in the (Ireat Lakes rej^ion who is in touch
with their lan<l prol)h>in now recoijiu/.es the nec«»ssity for int<'n.sive
<levelopnient of tlie ri>;ht use of their forest lands which are iionu^ri-
cultural in character. I wjus called upon to a<ldress a meeting t>f
the 'Pri-State Development League last winter, which represents
priniarilv the agricultural u>t«'rests and the agricultural boosters of
Michigan. Wi.sconsin. an<l Minn<'sota. While the point of view of
that nieotin*; was primarily for ajiricultural development, it was nlain
that the leaders had come to reali/e that with their a^icultural de-
vcl«»pment ihev must have intelli^rcnt use of the forest lands, which
form 40 percent of their land area, in onler to maintain the ecom»mic
welfare of those States.

The State of Michit;an. recornii^-inj; the same thin*;, has instituted
an intensive soil ami economic survev c»f the northern half of the
State in an endeavor to pet the basic facts as to the ({uality of those
lands and what they should he used for. Michij^an luus awakened to
the fact that in the northern counties she lost 10.2.")0 farms durinj;
the last dec«'miial |)eriod; parts of Minnesota actually lost in farm
population durin*; the same 10 years. This goes to show that the
economics of the land situation in the Lake States demand intensive
forestry alonj; with intensive agriculture. With that enormous forest
land area, largely unused, coupled with the fact that the Lake States
are strategically located to supply the whole central part of the
coimtrv with forest products, an intensive study of their forestry
problems wmdd be very well worth while. In fact. 1 think that a
lorest experiment station is more needed now in the Lake States than
in any other region, with perhaps New England cominoj second.

Mr. BrcH.WAN. Have you no power under this legislation to
establish one there i

Colonel Greeley. We can as far as the bmguage of the appropria-
tion is concerned.

Mr. Ander.sox. All vou need is the money?

Colonel CIreeley. Ves. sir.

Mr. Buchanan. You are not limited to Government land <

Colonel (iREELEY. No. sir. Is that all on this item?

Mr. Anderson. That is all. We will take uj) the ncxi item on
page 160. for estimating and a|)praising timlxT and other resources
on the national forests.

FOR ESTTMATINC AND APPRATSINO TIMBER AND OTHER RE.SOrRC'ES ON

THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

•

Colonel Greeley. There is no change in the item or the amount.
This fun<l of SIOO.OOO is divided between the surveying and appraisal
of timber in preparation for sale and the surveying of grazing lands
where we need an intensive data cm the forage resources of a particular
national forest. We are making fair progress in our timber surveys.
We have about SO.OOO.OOO acres of merchantable timber in the
national forests and about one-fourth <»f that has been covered to
date. L'nder this item we are able to extend this work at the rate o
400,000 or 500,000 acres a vear, and it is only needed in the region

226 AGRU'ULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

where there is an nrtive demand for timher. In many of our large
forest areas which are inaccessible and shut off by topography,
lumber development is still a long way in the future and no expendi-
ture of this character would be justified.

We have applications for stumpage at the present time, many of
them serious, some of them purely tentative, and some doubtless
speculative, up to a total of some 9,000.000.000 feet. A part of
tnese applications cover areas which have been surveyed in previous
years. Approximately 7.000.0()(),000 out of the 9,000.000,000 feet,
however, represent areas that will have to be surveyed and mapped
before we are in a position to fix the price intelligently and make a
sale. The survey of this 7,000,000,000 feet in itself would cost more
than the entire item for a single year. It will be necessary to select
out of these timber applications those which are the most promising
and where a sale would be most desirable from the standpoint of the
condition of the timber and confine our surveys to those particular
applications We can not at the present time keep up with the vol-
ume of applications for Government timber, but we can take care of
the most urgent ones.

Mr. BuciiAXAN. What is your idea as to wh.ether we ought to be
in a rush about selling this stumpage ?

Colonel Greeley. I do not think we should be in a terrible rush
to sell it.

Mr. lircHANAX. I am of the same opinion.

Colonel Greeley. As a matter of fact, during my two years as
Forester I have rejected a number of applications for national forest
timber. In every instance we are limitmg the cut from a national
forest to what it will sustain by growth and after we have reached
that am()unt we decline further business. Take the Coeur d'Alene
National Forest, in the heart of the white pine belt of northern Idaho.
We have found bv a close study that that forest will grow between
4.3,000,000 and 50,000,000 feet" a year and keep it up perpetually.
The annual sales are limited to that amount, although we could sell
out the entire forest in a couple of years if we accepted all applications.

Mr. iiucuANAN. Do you not think the Forest Service ought to
have some study made and some plan evolved by which it could
determine how much ought to be sold and how much ought not to be
sold in order to conserve, as far as possible, through a sufficient
period of time, the timber resources of the United States^

C'olonel Greeley. Our policy is this: We have approximately
590.000,000,000 feet of merchantable timber in the national forests;
and \\v liiul that we can cut up to seven or eight billion feet a year and
nianitain that cut perpetually, probably increasing it in time.

Mr. Ik'ciiANAN. llow much a year J

Colonel (lUEELEY. Seven or eiglit billion feet a year, which repre-
sents what you might say is the interest on the capital investment.

Mr. IktUANAX. And l<eep it up <

Colonel Greeley. Keep it up perpetually.

Mr. lii < HANAN. Is this sonu'thiiig which you have worked out and
deternnned. or are you merely studying it^

Cohjnel (ireeley. it is sonu'thing we are studying and checking
all the time; that is our best judgment to date.^ Our general aim
uiidor this it4'm and \uu\vv the timber sale administration is to select
the arras where cutting is uutst necessary on account of the condition

AdRK'l'LTrRAL APPKOIMIIATIOX HllAs, 1924. 227

of tlic tiinlxT. 'I'ht'so air all virgin fori'sts, and a ^ixhI iiiaiiv «>f them
have rcacluMl a pdiut wIhtc the tiiulu'r is (li'trrioratm^ fmin old ai;r -
tlecavinj; ami whore U> poslpono cuttin^j wcjiild In* n wa.Htc. 'rh<».sc
arc tlic pliict's where we are loeatin^ new eiiltiiit^ operations.

Mr. .V.NDKUsoN. Will this SlOO, ()()() eiiahle y<»u to make the surveys
which ou«;ht to he made to support the sales which it will he proper
to consummate and which it is prohahle will he consummat(Ml '.

Colonel (iKKKi.KY. 1 think luit, Mr. Chairman. In my jiul^ment,
with this item at its present (i;;ure, we will hav«' to curtail the imreaso
in tiinher sales whicn wouhl he desirahle and proper from the stand-
point of the ctmdition of the stumpa^'c.

Mr. BrciiAN.VN. Ahout how many feet have you surveyed and how
much will this survey (

Colonel GiiKELEY. This ."j;l()(),()()() ^

Mr. Br( iiANAX. Yes.

Colonel (iKKELKY. This $l()(),U(J() will piohahl} cover fri^m live to
six i»illion feet.

Mr. HrciiANAN. Then if you had a demand for what you have
already surveyed you would have eiiou<;h to meet your rurrent
demands, that is. enouji;h for you to sell seven or eight hillion feet <

Colonel Creeley. Yes, sir.

Mr. BrcnAXAX. Because you luive over 2, 000, 000,000 feet already
■surveyed (

Coloiu'l Greei.ky. Oh, yes; we can meet the situation partly in
that way. The dilliculty arises, however, that we ought to he able
to extend the surveys much more rapidly than we have been able
to do in advance of these applications, in order to know where tlio
timber is that is most in need of cutting.

Mr. BrcHANAX. The old timber?

Colonel Greeley. Y^es. We have not been able to get a sufR-
ciently broad, comprehensive knowledge of the entire 80,000,000
acres, which is a pretty big parcel of land.

Mr. BuciiAXAX. Does it take this character of suney to deter-
mine the old timber {

Colonel Crkeley. It takes a fairly intensive survey. Mr. Buchanan,
to determine where the old timber is and to get the necessary infor-
mation for a proper appraisal. You see, we are re(iuired by law
to appraise the commercial value of this stumpage, and with the
values of some of these sales running into millions of dollars we
have got to have exact data. It would not be right to sell the
timber without it.

MISCELLAXEOUS forest IXVESTIGATIOXS.

Mr. AxDERsox. We will take up the next item, which is on page
162. for other miscellaneous forest investigations, etc.

Colonel (iREELEY. This is another item which is unchanged. The
fund is used for the preparation and editing of publications, the fur-
nishing (»f information to the public, and some for the preparation of
forestry exhibits. A portion of the fund also goes into the prepara-
tion and printing of maps and the maintenance of statistical records
for all the needs of the service.

Mr. BrcHAXAX. This is used to follow up the work already done?

Colonel Greeley. Yes, sir.

228 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF ROADS, TRAILS. BRIDGES, ETC.

Mr. Ander.sox. Wo will take up the next item, page 163, for the
construction and maintenance of roads, trails, bridges, etc.

Colonel (iREKi.KV. I'nder this item there is provision for an in-
crease (»f .S2.S. ()()() from .§425,000 to S448.000. This is the item
upon which tlie service has to rely chiefly in extending over our
157.000,000 acres of land, telephone lines, lookout towers, quarters
for tlie rangers, cabins for the shelter of forest guards, bridges, and
other improvements needed in protection and administration. "We
are making fair progress in the construction of these improvements.
For example, we have completed 417 lookout cabins or other struc-
tures at tlie points where the lookout watchmen must be stationed
during the summer season. We need about 200 additional structures
of that character to complete the system. We have constructed to
date nearlv 28,000 miles of telephone lines to connect up the field
force and permit of its quick mobilization in case of fire.

We still need about 7,000 miles of telephone lines and have other
urgent improvements to build which run up to a good many hun-
dreds of thousands of dollars. As a part oi good business atlminis-
tration we are finding it unavoidable to spend about 8200.000 per
year out of this fund on the maintenance of the improvements already
constructed which, of course, reduces materially our ability to con-
struct new improvements.

The increase of 823,000 which is requested in this item is sought for
the specific purpose of constructing more range improvements. We
have been anle this past year to put $25,000 into the construction
of fences, either boundary fences or division fences on our range
lands, the development of water on stock ranges which- were not
fully utilized because of the lack of water, and the grubbing out of
poisonous plants from valuable forage land which was not being
used because of excessive losses of livestock from larkspur, loco weed,
and other poisonous plants. I spent the greater part of the past
summer in a personal inspection of our grazing situation in the
regions where it is in its most intensive form. I tab. Arizona, and
New Mexico, and became satisfied, from my own investigation and
check upon the recommendations I had received from many other
men in the service and outside, that the Government ought to do a
good deal more than we have yet been able to attempt in fencing
and inipioving these national forest ranges.

In Arizona particularly we are finding it extremely diflicult to con-
trol our ranges to the extent necessary for their protection. That is
still an open-range country primarily. The outside public range has
partly <lisaj)p('an'(l on account of settlement, and th(> rest of it has,
to a large extent, become seiiously run down on account of exces-
sive and unregulated use. Tliat means, from the verv nature of
things, (bat tlie live stock on the outside are constantly crowding
into theriational forests. The drifting of unperniitted stock from
the outsi<le ranges onto the national forests is a constant problem
whicli we liavc on our bands. ^Ve can control it in part by trespass
u-ocecdings and lliat sort of thing, but we can never control it ef-
'ectively and build up our own ranges to the extent that thev should
)c built up until we do a lot of fencing in that countrv. l" became
p<'rs(»nally c.mvinccd of that fact this past suninier.

I

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILU 1824. 220

Mr. Buchanan. ^ oh can uot control it ut all Wy tronpu-ss proceecl-
iii^rt, can you i If tlu- (iovernnu-nt laiui it* not fonccMl and tnes4' un-
permitted cattle jfo over on the Governnient land, how can you con-
trol the situation hy trespass proceedin<;s f

Colonel (iijKKi.KY. We can <-ontrol it in this way: The stock al-
lowed on the Goverinnent laiul is idl covere<l hv j;razin^ pennits. and
the f^ra/in^ of stock in the national forests without permits is a tres-
pa.ss. It is reco<;ni/ed as such hy the Federal courts. If you can
catch the unj)ermitted stock aiul identify its ownershi|) you have,
theoretically at least, a perfectly jjood trespa.ss ejisc.

Mr. liicHANAN. Thc(»retically you have hut practically- - -

Colonel CiKKKi-KV (iiittTposinj;). F^nl as a prattical proposition it
will not work.

Mr. lUciiANAX. That is hecause there will he a trespass here and
there, and the matters will he so small that they will not he worth
the troui)le (

Colonel (iiiF^KLEV. Kxactly. Another thin<; which I found from
my personal iiispeetion. an<l which has lieen checked up hy our j^razinj;
experts much more widelv. is tiie fact that we still have a {^ood deal
of rantje which is not fully utilized hecause of lack of water. We
still have many fjrazinj; allotments where the stock crowds in around
the water holes and a lot of good foraj^e is not utilized in outlying
parts of the range hecause of lack of water.

RECOVERY OF COST OF OUTLAY FOR GRAZI.NO LAND.

Mr. BucHAXAN. How long wouUl it taKe the average grazing land
to pay hack the appropriations nece.ssarv to make those improve-
ments ?

Colonel Greeley. Under ordinary conditions vou would recover
the cost of the outlay in six to eight years through increased grazing
receipts. There have heen some striking cases where the return has
heen much quicker than that. To give you an illustration, on the
Custer National Forest, in eastern Montana, we found it necessary,
on account of the drift of outside cattle, to practically fence the entire
boundary. We secured a good deal of cooperation from the stockmen
themselves in doing that.

As a result of that fencing we stabilized the whole situation: the
Government range is to-day in much better shape; the permittees
are not bothered by trespassing stock; and we were able to put into
effect on that forest a grazing fee amounting to 20 cents per head
more than similar atljoining range was commandino;. This is,
notwithstanding the fact that the improvement had been partly
paid for bv the stockmen themselves. That forest range grazes
23.000 head of cattle, so that we now get an increased return ecjuiva-
lent to .S4,t)00 a year, because of the construction of those improve-
ments.

W^e have had cases where the investment of -SI. 500 to develop a
spring has made possible a five months' range for a band of 1,200
sheep, range that fromerly was not used at all. There are a good
many cases of that character. In the aggreo;ate. they make up a
situation where I feel that the investment of a reasonable amount
of money in range improvements is one of the most constructive
things the Government can do. It will benefit the live-stock in-

230

AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924,

dustry of the West very greatly. We have had this situation : A large
permittee on one of our Arizona forests, who was in the same sort of
financial dilliculties that many of them have been through during the
last two yeai-s. told our supervisor that in endeavoring to extend his
borrowings from Los Angeles banks he had been told that his credit
could not be extended until his range was under fence; tliis was
because of the experience of western live-stocks banks as to the
security of cattle which are grazed on a fenced range as distinguished
from those grazed on an open range.

That man's range is partly in the national forest. He came to us
and asked how he could get that national forest range under fence.
Wo will probably be able to work out a cooperative arrangement with
him under wliich we will furnish the wire and staples and his organiza-
tion will furnish the labor and get that range under fence. Our land
is bettered by it, his business is bettered by it, and his credit is bet-
tered by it. It is a very constructive thing and 1 believe is thoroughly
worth while. .

We can probably get a dollar from the live-stock interests to go into
this kind of development for every dollar that the Government puts
into it. It is important, however, that these range improvements be
owned by the Government. In the development of our grazing, the
necessity for adjusting range allotments and the need that occasion-
ally happens for cutting do^^'n the large herds of an old user to protect
the range or make room for the small herds of a settler, the owner-
ship of range improvements by stockmen, on Government land, is an
emoarrassing thing. I think our policy should be to do this work
with suflicient Government funds so th^it the title to the improvements
rests un(|uestionably with the Government, and it is in line witli that
policy tiiat I have asked for the increase in this item.

Mr. Buchanan. Mr. Chairman, you will notice there are some
omissions in this item.

CHANGE OF LANGUAGE.

Mr. Anderson. You are omitting the two provisos in the section
because they are ])ermaneut law ?

Colonel Greelky. I think it is a useless waste of paper to put them
in everv year.

Mr. iJicHANAN. That is permanent law?

Mr. Anderson. Yes; we made it permanent law last year.

The next item appears to be on page 167.

APPROPRIATION UNDER ACT OK MARCH 1, 1921.

C(»loncl Ghkelev. The ciiange ])ro])osed in the item a])])caring on
l)ag(' 1()7 is an extension of the amount n])])ro])natcd nn( cr the act
of March 1, 11)11, tiiat may be ex])cn(led in the District of Columbia.
It involves no additional 'a])propriation. The act of March 1, 1911,
is th«' basic act uiKh-r which a])i)ro])riations arc not only made for'
tiic ])urchase of national forests, but also for coo]HM-at ion with States
in (ire jirottiction. Since that act was ])assed a])pi-oi)riations for land
]Hirclia.ses have not increased, but the a])i)roi)riations for cooperative
lire protect ion with tlic States have been more than trebled. That

A4JIUCULTURAL APPROPRIATION BIM-, 1024. 231

inak«'s It luM-essary to incrrusr. to som«* cxii'iit. tin* cxpcndituroM for
administration within the District of Colunihin. For tlmt roHMon we
ask for an rxtonsion of this limit. Wr nmy not find it no<Tssary to
lis*' this full cxtrnsinn during thr )urs«»nt yi-ar. j>aituiihirly nf tho
appropriation for hiiul |)urrhases is k('|>t on thr l»asis r«-<-omincnd(*d
hv the Dirrctor of tlu* liudj^et — that is. the s»irn»' ninount as last year;
but thf leeway would he liosirahle as a matter of good administration.

COOPKUATIVK KIKK IMK^KCTION OK FOUKSTKD WATKKSIIKDS «>K XAVI-

(JAULE 8TRKAMS.

Mr. Andkrson. Y(»ur next item, I believe, is on pa^e '.W.i. coop-
erative lire protection «>f forested waterslie<ls of navi;^able streams.

Colonel (Irkelkv. The amount proposed is the same as during the
current year. .? 100, ()()(). That amount is spent in this fashion: We
have c(»onerative a«;reements with 2(1 States. ea<h «»f whicli must
spend at least as mu<'h as the Fe«leral (lovernment c(»ntributes and
most of which spend a {jreat deal more. These 26 States spent a
total of ?.i7:i,107 of Ciovermnent funds for the personal services of
rangers, lookout watchmen, and patrolmen who are incori)orale<l in
the fire-protection or<;anization of the State. The cost of adminis-
tration amounts to $25,702. There was a balance of $1,100 for
contin<:encies, but since this statement was prepared it has been
entirely allotted to some of the .States in order to meet lire emer-
gencies. The 2() cooperatino; States will expend during 1922 $1 ,S9t).000,
or about four and a half times as much as the Federal appropriation.

Mr. AxnER.soN. Let me ask you there, is that for their own forest
protection (

Colonel Greeley. That is on their own forest protection exclu-
sively, leaving out other forest activities. In addition to that,
private forest owners or as>;ociations of forest owners will expend
this year between 81,000,000 and SI. 200.000. or about two and a
half times as much as the Federal appropriation. In other words,
leaving the national forests out of consideration since this money is
used to encourage forest protection on private lands, the total out-
lay from all sources is now apj)roximately .?;J,827.000 a year, of which
the Federal Government contributes 12 per cent and the States and
j)rivate owners the rest.

Mr. BuciiANAX. Will you furnish a statement showing the allot-
ment of these funds to the States and the amounts expended by
them ?

Colonel Greeley. I will be glad to do that.

232 * -VGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

(The statement rofcrred to follows:)
Cooperative expcndiluns in fire protection under the Weeks law, fiscal year 1922.

State.

Federal.

Stole.

Total.

»42,150.00

8, 7S7. 0.H

4.1.50.00
1 1 . 450. 00

1,05.5.09

4,7.50.00
26, 892. 84

7,9.50.00
27,500.00

3,000.00
16,786.55

6,655.-58

9,506.91
10,381.58
12,600.00
10, .500. 00
143.03
25,000.00
12.650.86
27, 300. 00
100.00

8,746.03
16, 800. 00

3,146.16
24,900.00
27, 455. 3fe
22, 749. 98
2.5,792.12

$228,632.24

45, .526. 21

11.933.62

67,316.11

6. 3S4. .59

17,181.11

163,371.19

34,831.57

512,190.56

6, 722. 79

16, 7.S6. 55

9,186.19

9. .506. 92

11.566.84

:»,771.88

14,(XM.:J5

679. 00

140,367.48

17,:J08.23

2:«.nil.47

7,724.00

15,480.00

39,98.5.95

8, 784. 75

69, 034. 03

107, 649. 63

61,983.17

$270,782.24

New ilAmit'^hirc .'

.54, 313. M

Vermont

16,083.62

78.766.11

Rhod< I ^Innd

7. 439. 68

Con MtTiii'iil ----.-.-.

21,931.11

190,264.03

New JtTsev

42, 781. 57

539.690.56

M&rvlEnd

9,722.79

Virginia

33, .573. 10

15,841.77

North Carolina

19,013.83

Tl'IHU'-iSlH?

21,94&12

Louisiana

.52,371.8,8

Texas

24,504.35

Ohio •

822. 0«

M ichii^D

165,367.48

Wisc'cn-sin

29.959.09

260.311.47

.'^oiith Dakota

7.S24.00

• 24, -226. 03

Idaho, nort h

56, 785. 95

11,930.91

^^ ashin^on *.

93,934.03

135,105.01

California

84,733.15

^5. 792. 12

398, 899. 19
1,100.81

1,896.920.43

2,295,819.62

Unexi>ended balance ,

Appropriation

400,000.00

RESULTS KECEIVED FUO.M COOPERATION WITH LOCAL AGENCIES.

Colonel Greeley. This activity, I believe, is a splendid demon-
stration of wliat can ])e accomplished through cooperation with local
agencies with comj)ai'atively small Federal outlavs. When this work
was started in 1912 the expenditures of all the States for forest pro-
tection did not exceed 8350,000 a year. In the 11 yeai-s during which
this work lias l)een conducted, and to a considerable extent as a result
of Federal cooperation, State expenditures for fire protection have
increased nearly si.xfold, and tlie private expenditures for fire pro-
tecti»)n iiave increased at least threefold. The States cooperating
with tlic FedcM-al Government have increased from 11 in 1012 to 2()
in 1022. That means that in these 11 years 15 States which had no
forest protection system liave organized one and have qualified for
cooperation by establishing wliat, in the judgment of the Forest
Service, is a reasonably ellicient system for protecting their forest
lands. The acreage which is jircttectcnl has increased from about
(il.OOO.OOO acres in 1012 to about KiO.OOO.OOO acres in 1922.

Aside from the increase in expeiiditin-es and acreage, this cooper-
ation has resulted in s(»me striking betterments in the forest laws of
the States. We inaUe a good deal of oui' insj)ection under this law.
We have experienced and competent men who inspect the protective
Work of «>ach of the coopeiating States everv year. The inspector
does a great deal more than simjily check up the elliciency with which
the Federal <-ontribution is Ix-ing expeiuled. He tal<es the good
HUgge.stions and good methotls devel(»ped liy one State to the next

AORK TLTIRAL APPR(»PRIATIOX BIIJ^ \\f2*. 283

^tate; ho is an instructor: ho gots a lino on a oartimhir situtilion in a
Stato that is not hoin^ ofTortivoly hnndltMi and jjivos th« stalo offir^rs
practical sn«;;;ostions an<l advij-o. By usint; oxpcrioncoii and turlful
jnon *n\ this work, wv have hoon al)h' to ^cl ov«'r a ;;oo<| nianv sug-
•jostions which havo h'd to ijnj)rovcnionts iti tho State or;'ani/atj«»ns
and to hotter State hiws (h«ahnj^ with lire protortion and slnsh din-
posal.

' «»<>PKItATI<)\ WITH STATKS.

Ill t\s«> or lliifc ruses hxws Jiave l)Oon roceived which re(|Uire
financial contrihutions to the Slates lire-i)rotection system hy tJio
(twnors of tho hind. Thoro aro ahont half a (lozon Statosln tho country
that now fiavo loj^ishition of that cliaractor in one form or another:
and it represents an important phase of this m(»voment for nation-
wi(h' forest protection, in whicli the Fed«'ral cooperation has heen n
lonchiifj factor. Another thin*; which wo havo ompha-sized in our
inspections everywhere has ])een t!M> poHcy that th<' Federal funds
must not ho used to protect vahiahh' merchantahle timher. which wo
rejjard as an ohh^ation that the owncT of the hmd sh(tuM assumo,
hut primarily to extend tho protection system over the cut-over
lands, the denuded hnuis. and lands containinjr vounjr {growth, in
which tho owner may not have any very <;reat intorost.

Thoro aro enormous areas of such lands in tho country which aro
hoing hold hy tho owners without any very tanjjihlo idea of what they
are winjr to do with them and without much intorost or concern over
what ha])])ens to them. By extending the ]>rotoction system over
these cut-over and second-growth lands we are inculcating every-
where the idea that this protection is for tho sake of future forest
ijrowth. From that standj^oint alone the Federal coo])oralion has
been of very great value. That is all I have to say on this item. We
are still short of what we ought to he doing, hut the times do not
look propitious for securing an increase.

AC'QLaSlTlON OF ADDITIONAL FOREST LANDS.

Mr. Ander.son. We will take uj) tho item on page 315 for the
acouisition of additional lands

Colonel Greeley. The National Forest Reservation Commission
recommends an appropriation of $2,000,000 for forest purchases under
the act of March 1, 1911. The item as it comes to you from the
Bureau of the Budget is the same as for the present year, $450,000.

Up to July 1 of this year a total of $12,577,000 has heen actuallv
expended or ohligatod for tho ])urchase of land under the act of Marcli
1, 1911. In return for this ex])enditure the Government has acquired
title to 2,142,000 acres of forest land, at an average cost of $5.87 per
acre. That average cost includes the overhead expenses, the cost of
the land examinations hy a])])raisers. the cost of tho examination of
titles, which is often high on account of tho exacting retiuiromonts
of the Department of Justice, and the cost of cadastral surveys to
determine tho exact area of each tract.

PURCHASE OF LANDS.

During the last fiscal year purchase agreements wore made covering
241.000 acres at an average cost, for tho land itself and excluding
overhead charges, of $3.31 per acre. I monti<Hi that hocause it is

234 A(}RICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

the lowest nverajie cost for wliich lands have been purchased since
this policy hcjran and because it indicates that the cut-over land
market iii the Eastern States at the present time is distinctly a
buyer's murkct. Wc have to-day the most favorable opportunity
to get l)ar}iains in forest lanil that we have ever had.

The National Forest Reservation Commission up to the present
time has approved 23 purchase units. If the committee is interested
in knowing' just where they are, it can see them on this map. The
j)urchase units in dark green are the ones which have been approved
i)V the commission and on which active purchases are in progress.
Tlie hatching; on each little diagram shows the extent to which the
ownership of that area has been accpiired by the Government. The
units indicated in light green have been examined or are under
consideration, but none of them have yet been approved by the
commission as purchase areas. Before purchases in any locality are
begun, the commission must approve a specific purchase unit therein.
Tlu> apj)roval of the Geological Survey as to the beneficial relation
of the forest cover in that region to the fiow of navigable streams is
also n'(iuired.

Mr. Blcha.nan. Are these all mountain lands?

Colonel Grkkley. These are all jnountain lands. This purchase
unit covers the White Mountains in New Hampshire. This piuchase
unit [indicating] is on the Allegheny watershed, one of the units in
which the i)eople of Pittsburgh and Cincinnati are very much inter-
ested on account of flood control. These purchases [indicating] run
down the crests of the southern Appalachian ranges.

TIMBER GROWTH.

Mr. IkicHANAX. Do these lands have any young timber growth
on tiiem ?

Colonel (iuKKLEY. They have a great deal of timber growth, both
voung and old. As a matter of fact, w^ith our two million one hun-
dred and forty-odd thousand acres of land we have acquired about
'),()()(), OOO.OOO feet of timber. Some of it is inaccessible and some
of it is land from which the i)etter species have been culled. We
have, however, a good deal of timber of high commercial value.
As a matter of fact, we are now obtaining from these national forests
a yearly income of between SDO.OIH) and $100,000 from timber
sales, contiiuiing again the same policy of cautious cutting and keep-
ing within ihr growing capacity of the forests.

VAhUK OK TIMHKIi LAND BOUGHT.

Mr. lU'ciiANAN. What percentage of the S')0,000 or S100,000 does
it take to get the timber out and pay the overhead charges? Is the
work self-supporting >.

('Olonel (iKKKi.KV. Those forests are now about self-sustaining; that
is, aMtocinrent costs for j>rotecti<Mi and administration. Of couinc, to
date Wc have been cautious i;i making s des in these area-^. We !U*e
Nsatching the watershed situation very closely and W(> make no sales
at all until they have been thoroughly considered. The Ciovernnicnt
now ha.s a very valuable tind)er property in those forests and it has
increiiscMJ a good deal in value since the land was bouglit. In fact,
tiur e.xperience in this j)urchas(' work eniphasi/.(>s a rejuark made by

AJiUrci'LTnUL AlMMinlMUATlON HII.U l'*'-^- 235

ji former disf iiii^iiisluMl citizen of votir Stute. Mr. Clmirmnn. tho nldor
Wt'ycrliaiiscr. who 1ms Imm'Ii oillc*! Anirrirn's • lutiil)rr kifi^. " lie
was aski'd whrdior he evor lost money in Imyirj^ tinihiT and he
replied (liat the oidv time lie lost money was when he did not Imy
limherhmd. 'rh«»se forest hinds that tlie (lovernmi-nt has hou^ht
since 101 1 have, in the a«^<;re^ate. aheady a|)|)reciate<| in value to n
considerahle de;;r«»e. Two summers a|;o I itisnected an area in the
Pisi;idi National Forest in Xorth Carolina, wliere we had made n
sale of ohl poplar, auk, and chestnut stumj)a{;e. 1 f(»und that the
timher sale, which cov(>red ahout one-third of one of the tracts
purchased, would return more than the entire cost of the whole tract ,
timher and land comhined. and leave us two-thirds of the tract
still uncut.

Mr. HircH.vNAN. Takin«; all of these pucchnses together, will the
sale of timher pav all the overhead charges as well as charges for
carint; for the Innu (

Cohtnel (.iKKKi-KV. Yes; sir; excluding charges for special improve-
ments, like roads.

Mr. lUcHANAN. Then tiie Government would get free the growth
of timher after reforesting^

Colonel (iKKKi.KV. Yes. sir.

Mr. BucuAXAX. You think it would pay all the overhead charges i

Colonel Gkeklf:v. Yes, sir.

Mr. BiiiiAXAN. And all the Government would lose would he the
interest on the money C

Colonel Greeley. That is all. The Government would get the
further henefit of the appreciation in timber values, as well as the
protection of the watersheds.

In the purchase units which the National Forest Reservation Com-
mission has approved, about 31 per cent of the area has been bought.
It is our policv to have enough purchase units within which lands
may be ouered to maintain a considerable degree of competition in
the offerings to the Government. That is one reason why we have
been able to get these lands at relatively low prices. We now have
outstanding offers in those units which afjgregate 801,000 acres and
between $5,000,000 and Sti.OOO^OOO in tlie oflored price. We can
probably get that land at considerably less than the offered prices
uy making a careful appraisal, finding out exactly what there is,
and then negotiating with the owner for a favorable option, witli the
owner knowin*; that his option will be considered \n competition
with options obtained from other owners in that purchase unit or in
other units and that only what we regard as distincllv desirable
purchases will be submitted to the National Forest Reservation
Commission.

EDUCATIONAL VALUE.

There is another effect of this purchase work that I want to speak
of, and that is its educational value. We find in each of these regions
where we establish a national forest and put into effect a system of
fire protection and a conservative system of cutting tiiiiber, and have
rangers and supervisors on the ground, that inside of six or ei^ht
years you can negin to see the effects upon the local people. The
national forest becomes more or less a center of organizecl fire pro-
tection. We endeavor to cooperate with the owners of adjoining

236 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRL\TION BILL, 1924.

lands and induc-o them to protect tlioir own lands. It is good busi-
ness for us to do so. because if their hinds are well urotected our lands
are safer. Adjoining owners ask to see our timner sale contracts;
they see how our cutting is done; and there have been manv cases
where land ownei*s have copied provisions from Forest Service sale
contracts in the sale of their own stumpage. All of our work has a
great educational value to the locality and the owners of adjoining
lands.

Mr. BrniANAN. I understood you to say that 31 per cent had
been bought.

Colonel Greeley. Thirty-one per cent of the area of these ap-
])roved units.

Mr. Brcii.WAX. Sup])ose the other 69 ])er cent is bought. Is the
work then over?

Colonel Greeley. If the other percentage is bought, the units
would be c()m])lete and the buying in those areas would be finished:
yes, sir. The question then woukl be how far the Government
should extend this policy; but as to those specific units which the
commission has approved the thing will be done.

Mr. IkciLVXAX. And on the 31 per cent how much did you say
was .s])ent '.

Colonel (iREELEV. On the 31 per cent we have spent a little over
$12,000,000. Multi])ly that by three and you get approximately
the co.'^t of finishing these purchase areas.

Mr. BrcHANAN. About .?4(), 000, 000 more ?

Colonel Greeley. We will not recommend 100 per cent purchases
in all of those units, probably not in any of them. There are certain
lands which may be held at such high prices that we could not recom-
mend their purcliase as a business proposition. There are certain
other lands whose owners have put into effect a good system of pro-
tection and management. We do not recommend that the Feneral
Government buy such holdings. You might say that on the average
HO per cent would represent the completion of these units.

Mr. Buchanan. After you finisli tliat area then would it be the
policv (»f the department to go on to other areas?

Colonel Gheelev. 1 think it should be done within reasonable
limits. Right in line with that ([uestion I would like to advance an
additional idea or two. This work has been continued without a
break since 1011 and the initial program has hoon accomplislied to the
extent of 31 per cent. The showing to date makes it very clear that
the outlays for this |)urpose are really investments rather than
e.xpenditures. because the Government is building up a valuable
property and that property is eidiancing in value. We c<ndd close out
this pr(»p<»si(i(>n in a .short time, if Congress ordered us to do so, and
roine out with a nrofit over and above the entire cost of the enterprise,
including what has been spent for the protection of the lands after
t'lev were purchased.

TIh' present is a favoral>le time to make such purchases because the
liruincial depression has resulted in a lowscale of values for forest lands,
particularly cut-over lands. We liave b(M>n able to buy large tracts
in the Allegheny Mountains of l\>iiM.sylvajiia at .'?"J..')()"per acre anil
other large tracts in West Virginia for cttrrespondinn; prices. If the
iM'deral Governineiil intends to i)ursue this policy it probably will
never have a more fav(»rable tim«' to buy forest lands at low prices.

AGRICULTURAL APPRorRLVTION BILI,, l««. "I'M

KXTKNHION I KATl'IlKR.

Now, in roj;ar«l to its cxtorisioii. I'rom tlu* stiindpoint of profoct-
iijf; watcfshjMls, of ^rowin^ fimhcr nml of ^ivin^ a [)rariical diTnon-
stration in fon>strv to tlw people of a rr«;ioii. tlicn* an* (-rrtairi key
areas where a small I-'edeml national forest wouM he very di'sirahle.
We have not covered them all hy any means in this list of approved
units. I think it would he a very desirahle thin^, for exnmple. to
have a small national forest in the Ozark Mountains of Missouri.
That is a re«;ion where there is an enormous area of rouj^h mountain
land not suited for agriculture, where tlie l)ulk of tlie merelumtahle
timher has h(>en ciil and where the land is now more or less liiin<;inj;
in the halance. Much of it is hurried over frecpii'fitlv. is deterioratin}^,
and is producing; little or nothin<;. Somehody. 1 fliink, should j;o in
there and (h»monstrate, in a practical way, what can h(> dotu' with
that kind of land. I think it would he a j;ood thin<^ to have a national
forest or two in the mountains of Kenlu<ky, where we have none.
Of course, it is a (piestion of j^jeneral policy as to how far such |)ur-
chases shouhi be carrierl.

The Government, ohxiously, can not huy any lar^e |)roportion
of the privately owned hinds in the country, hut 1 would favor the
creation of small national forests at points where the three pur-
poses, watershed protection, the {;rowin<; of timber, and the demon-
stration of ^ood forest practice give the Federal (iovernment the
best chance to make a ten-strike.

Mr. Buchanan. Does real timber grow on thc.se mountains or
just scrubby stuff?

Colonel Greklev. Real timber; the finest poplar and white oak in
the world grow in the southern Appalachians.

OLYMPIC NATIONAL FOREST.
DISPOSAL OK AND PROTECTION FROM FIRE OF WINI»-THRO\VN TIMHER.

Mr. Anderson. The next item is on page 341.

Colonel Greeley. That is the item which relates to special protec-
tion on the Olympic National Forest. We have recommended a
reduction from "S33,000 to S25,000 for the ensuing year. We hope
it will not be many years before this item can disappear altogether.
We have been able, by very intensive methods and with fine coop-
eraticm from the State of Washington, to carry this Olympic blow-
dowii through two fire seasons without any destructive fires at all.
That has meant an intensive protection organization over 2,200
square miles of land, which contains more or less blown-down timber,
batches of wind falls being scattered all over it. It will re(iuirc
approximately §22,000 to maintain the present organization of men
and equipment and S2o,000 will give us a leewav of about $3,000 for
keeping up and extending the trails and telephone lines which are
a vital factor in the protection of this enormous area.

I presume the committee understands that what we are really pro-
tecting, in cooperation with the State of Wa.shington, is one of the
largest reserves of timber anywhere in the country, on the Olympic
Peninsula. The Olympic Peninsula contains. I suppose, ninety or one
hunclred billion feet of timber, partly in Government ownei-ship, but
more largely in private ownership. The timber has not yet been cut

238 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

to any extent and it constitutes, by reason of its location, one of the
largest and most valuable reserve areas in the United States. This
blow down went right through the heart of it, and in protecting the
damaged strip we are protecting primarily the enormous and very
valuable timber region around it. With two or three more vears the
growth of vegetation and rotting of the blown-down timber will greatly
reduce the lire hazard, and I hope we can cut this item from time to
time and in the course of no great length of time absorb it entirely in
our regular appropriations.

Mr. Jump. 1: ou will observe that that item carries a decrease of
$8,000 for 1924.

FOR PROTECTION OF OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RAILROAD LANDS AND

COOS BAY WAGON ROAD TRAILS.

Mr. Anderson. The next item is on pa^^e 343. As I recall, this is
a proposition that was taken over by the Department of the Interior
some years ago.

Colonel Greeley. That is work which the Forest Service has
assumed at the re(juest of the Interior Department. The protection
of these railway-grant lands, which have been revested in the United
States, was fii-st provided for in the sundry civil bill for 1916. In the
fiscal vear 1022 the Forest Service assumed it at the request of the
Interior D(>partment, because a large part of the lands are inter-
mingled with the national forests in Oregon. The actual cost of
protecting these lands has ranged from S37.000 to S43,000 a year,
dopending on tlie character of the season. During the last fiscal
year the actual cost was S4 1,000.

An appropriation of $35,000 means that we have got to protect
tile laud h)r less than 15 mils per acre, which is less than we can do,
e.\ce|)t in an unusually favorable season. The cost of protecting the
national forests as a wiiole amounts to 17 mills per acre in a normal
year. We re(|uested the Bureau of the Budget to increase this item
to -SIO.OOO on ti\e basis of the average cost actually incurred during
tlie past live years, but the Director of the Budget thought we ought
to hold it at S35,000. This means that we have got to ask for a
deficiency unless we have an exceptionally favorable summer. The
hind contains about forty or (ifty billion feet of timber and is an
extremely valuable property. There is no question about the need
of sustained pr()tection.

Mr. Ander.son. We will take up the item on page 350. That is
apparently an apropriation already made.

Colonel (iKKKLEV. The item on page 35t) is simply an enumeration
of appropriations previously made.

FOREST ROADS AND TRAILS.

AUTIIOHIZATION UV Ari'lUtriUATION IN FEUKKAl. HUIHWAY AlT.

Mr. Anderson. We will next take up the item on page 359.
forest roads and trails.

Colonel (iRKF.i.KV. The item on pa'^e 359 is an apj)ropriat ion
authorized bv Con'M'ess but not hitherto specilicallv nuule. In
passing the F«Mleral hi«;hway act of November 9, 1921, Congress
defined the general policv that anDronriati<»ns for the e<mstruction

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, Itti* 239

(if ritnds and trnils in tlir nutidnal fon'sts should ^rt^ hand in hand
with iippntprintions for KtMh>ral aid to post roads. That act appro-
priated .<").()()().()()() for tho lisriil year 19'22 and $I().OO0.(X)O for the
liscal year iO'J.i for the construction of roads and trails within (»r
adjjuont to tiational forests. A sul)sc<picnl act, that of Jimc 11>,
\0'2'2, anthorizoil jui apjiropriation of S<).o(M),U(K) ca«h for the li.-jcal
years ll>-'4 and 1925, in pursuance of this Bamo pohcy. The Director
of the Butl^et now re<-onirnends an nppnjpriation for ll>24 of
•Sii.ODO.OOO out of the Sti.oUU.OOO which was autliorized hy Con^rttis.
I do not know how far the ooniinittoe wishes me to fjo into a di.s<Mis-
sion of this road-liuihhn}^ program.

Mr. Andkrson. I wouhl hke to jjo mio it pictis ihoiou^^hK.

Colonel (iKKKLKY. It is a pretty l)i;; sul)ject and has heen tlireshed
out before con^j^ressional c<tmmittees several times, hut I will he very
ijlad to t(>ll you the story if you wish to listen.

Mr. .IiTMP. Mr. Chairman, suppose we defer consideration of this
item until Mr. MacDonald aj)peai"s in connection with the Federal
aid road item?

Mr. Andkrson. That will be satisfactory.

Wednesday. Xovkmber 22. 1M22.

FOREST RO.VDS AND TR/Ul.S.

Mr. Anderson. We will liear Colonel (ireeley with reference to the
item on page 359 for national forest roads.

AUTHORIZATION FOR APPUOFRI.VTIOX.

Colonel Greeley. Mr. Cliairman. as I explained to the committee
the other day. Federal-aid legislation as expressed in the last two
statutes, the Federal highway act of November. 1921, and the act
of June 30. 1922, has recognized the need for the construction of
roads in and adjacent to the national forests as a part of the Federal
road policy. Sums were authorized for continuing the forest road
work in tlie last general legislation dealing with this subject, to the
extent of -SO, 500,000 each for the fiscal vears 1924 and 1925. This
item comes before you now as a part of our 1924 Budget, with the
recommendation of the Director oi the Butlget that $3,000,000 bo
appropriated out of the authorization of $0.. 500, 000.

Mr. Anderson. Was the $(>,500,000 authorized to be expended in
any particular period ?

('olonel Cirkelky. According to the terms of the legislation it re-
mains available until expended. The law authorizes an appropria-
tion for a certain fiscal year, to remain available until expended.
You mean, is there a limit on the period of the authorization (

Mr. Ander.son. Yes.

Colonel Greeley. My judgment would be that this authorization
expires with the fiscal year 1924. The authorization is made spe-
cifically for the fiscal year. Is that your understanding of it. Mr,
MacDonald, as a matter of law ?

2202S— 22 16

240 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. MacDon'ald. I neror thought of that ouestion before. Mv
own behef has been that those authorizations nold until expended.

Mr. Anderson. My recollection is that there was a three-year
authorization in the general program.

Mr. MacDonali). Yes. sir.

Mr. Anderson. That would only carry appropriations for the
three years for which the authorization was made. I was wonder-
ing whether this S6.o00.000 was carried under language which would
Eermit making the appropriation for any one of three years covered
y the general proposition, or whether this only covered one year.

Colonel Greeley. I have here the act itseff. This is section 4.
paragraph 2, of the act approved June 19, 1922, as follows:

For the purpose of carrving out the T)ro\-isions of section 23 of the Federal high-
way act. approved November 9, 1921, triere is hereV)y authorized to be appropriated
for forest roads and trail.«, out of any money in the Treasury not other\\i.«e ajjpro-
priated, the following additional sums, to be made available until expended, in
accordance with the provisions of said section 23: The sum of six million five hun-
dred thousand dollars for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1924. The sum of six million
five hundred thousand dollars for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1925.

Mr. Anderson. That only covers two years.

Mr. Buchanan. It expires with the appropriation for that fiscal
year.

Colonel Greeley. That would bo my impression.

Mr. JcTMP. If it said "during" the fiscal year 1923.

Mr. Buchanan. The very wording of the act, making one appro-
priation for one year, 1924, and another appropriation for the follow-
mg year, 1925, shows that it was intended to have that for each year.

Mr. Jump. Our impression was that they intended to make that
amount of money available until the rate of expenditures required
further appropriations under the authorization.

Mr. Buchanan. It says in accordance with section 23. AVhat is
section 23 ?

Colonel Greeley. Tliat is section 23 of the act of November 19,
1921. It is a section that covers a printed page of the act. I have it
here and will read it, if you desire to have it read.

1 might say, Mr. Chairman, that in accordance with the terms of
that section, to whicli Mr. Buchanan referred, any appropriation made
for the construction of forest roads up to an amount of SO, 000, 000
in any year is divided ecpially between roads of primary service to
the States, counties, or communities in the national forest regions,
and roads and trails of primary service for the protection and adminis-
tration of tile national forests themselves. In other words, the legis-
lation recognizes the two bio; purposes to be served by forest roads;
first, the extension of public hignways. State roads, county roads,
and community roads over the national forests, making them contrib-
ute a reasonable share toward the comnlelion of the j)ul)lic-road
system in their regions; and, second, building on to that public-road
systciii the roads and trails needed |)rimarily to protect the national
fore>its themselves and to develop their resources.

Under the terms of the law anv appropriation up to SO, 000, 000 is
split e<|ually between those two chusses of roails. Our method of ex-
jx-nditurc, as dclincd by regulations of the Secretary of Agi-icultiire,
pn.vijjfs for a cooprralivc working out of highway plans >vith the State

AGRim.TURAI, ArPIKH'UIATION HII-U IW^. 241

hij^lnvny commissions and the liurcnu of l*iil)lic Komls, which Imndh-s
the tochnicjil ciij^iiiccriii;^ fciiturcs of this work throiij^hoiit. We
(U^voh>p a common phiii, as far an nossihh», with th*' .Statrs. niul
(h'sij^mitc im<h'r that tlic roads which lit into these two chisses.

The puhlic roads which form componcJit nnrts of tlic hi^jhwiiy
system of the States or counties arc neccssurilv rou<Ls of tlie hi^hj'r
stanchirds, which re(|uire the apphcation «)f hijjhway enjjineering.
Those roads are huilt t'titirely hy the Bureau of Puhlic Iloads. The
protection and devch>pment roads cominj; tiiKh'r the otiier chissifica-
tion consist huj^elv of rouf^h, inexpensive roatis Imill chcaj)ly to open
up our inaceossihh' rej»i«>ns in tlie national forests. They an* roa<ls
wliicli do not recpiire any particular dej^re*' of technical hi<;hway skill
in their construction, and are huilt hy our field organization ()f rauj^ers
and supi'rvisors.

Anv attempt to estimate the roads needed to complete the |)uhlic
road system throuj^li the national forests and also supply the pro-
tective facilities rcouired on tliese (iovernment properties themselves
are necessarily rou^it and run up into very high figures. We estimate,
however, that nearly l.),0(K) miles will be necessary ultimately to
compl(>t<> the puhlic roads which must traverse national forests.

Those 1."), ()()() miles are estimated to cost in the neigld)<>ih<>(>d of
.?ir_>.00( ).()()().

Wo estimate that the protraction anil development roads needed to
open uj) the national forests will ultimately amount to a little over
14.000 miles, costing about §54.000, 000, "and thai the trails still
needed for protection and administrative purposes will run up to
about 40,000 miles, with a cost of something over §11,000.000. The
whole program of roads and trails nms up to something like SI7S,0()0,-
000, necessarily requiring a long time to build; ami of course con-
taining items of varying degrees of urgency. This represents, in a
rough way, the ultimate system that we must plan for. The work
to date has progressed under former appropriations to a point that
represents a very substantial beginning. I do not know wnether the
committee cares for any of these progress tables showing what has
actually been done.

Mr. Anderson. I tliink it would be a good idea to put them in the
record.

Colonel Greeley. They amount to a total of 4,785 miles of roa<ls
constructed, 6.710 miles of trails constriict<jd, and approximately
8,000 miles of n)ads and trails maintained.

242

AGRICULTrR.\T. .\PPR0PRT.\T10X BILL, 1924.

(The tables referred to are as follows:)

Construction, imjirovemeni, anA maintenanre of roads and trails front forest road appro-
priations and other Federal and cooperative funds, hy Stales.

Calendar vear

1921.

Total to Dec. 31, 1921.

E.\pend!tures to Dec.
s

M, 1921.

State.

f
Roads 1 Trails
con- con-
struct- 1 struet-
ed. ; ed.
1

Roads

con-
struct-
ed.

Trails

con-
struct-
ed.

Rnnds
and
trailii
main-
tained.

Federal.

Cooperative.

Total fund-s.

'Vliibiiniii

Afilu.

mies.

J/ite.

Miles.

Miles.
10.0
37.5

209.0

227.7
4,030.0

137. 8
42.0
80.0

338.9

$73.3.50

485,096.81

845, 736. 87

237, 129. 13

2, 298, 906. 26

1,400, 792. .50

70, -291. 41

116.610.95

2, 134, 207. 01

2,111.51

6, 169. 42

3,263.26

90,798.53

1,312,502.75

8,637.32

177, .378. 5:$

19, 285. 60

820, 185. 75

177,787.71

65.75

6, 230. 81

1,790,199.16

3,356.11

47,310.43

168,691.53

76, 258. 57

856,841.75

31,382.73

1,426,246.31

1,319.54

809, :«)2. 61

•

$733. .50

AliLsIca

22.4

85.2

9.7

79.8

77.9

.2

7.5

139.6

. _

17.2
268.5

28.7
221.5
228.3

428.9

62.6

295.3

78.9

33.3.8

331.2

45.2

8.5

711.2

3.4

57.3
481.1

46.1
619.2
467.6

'32.'s"
1,010.9

$164,806.16
648,892.98

24.184.98
679, 900. 58
433, 4.52. 81

56,600.00

649.902.97

.Vrir.ona

1,494.629.80

.VrkaiiiJas

261,314.06

California

2, 978. S06. 84

Colorado

^KU. 24.5. 31

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Kansas ..

136,891.41
1 16, 610. 95

874,705.35

3,00S.912.:J6
2,111.51

Maine -

30.0

35.0

6. 169. 42

Michigan

Minnesota

Montana

Nebraska

7.1
22.0
29.6
15.0
46.8

2.0
5;j.8
14.4

"'29.0'
29.6

""■79."5"
2:1.0
147.2
14.5

40.4

3a4

230.7

23.8

217.6

,5.0

229.2

51.7

1.0

i86.'05

90,905.11

362, 122. 50

3, 45a 21

29.0
202.9

"m.o

•235.0

464.7

45.5

78.7

316.1

7.0

92.2
246.0
451.8

44.6

ISI.703.64

1,674,625.25

8,637.32

Nevada

New Hanii>shire. . .

New Mexico

Norih Carolina

North Dakota

93,773.75

220.25

179,095.32

31,951.17

271, 152. -28

19, .50.5. 94

999,281.07

309,738.88

65.75

Oklahoma i

26.6
68,5.0

20.0
5.3

26.9
211.0
173.3
322.0
588.0

925.66
1,3&3,813.77

7, 155. 81

Oregon

155.5

180.2

734.1

524.0
20.0

'"'me'

28.5
595.2

50.5
314.0

3,174,01X93

Porto Uico

3,;J56. 11

South Carolina

South DakoU

Tennessee

5.3

23.3

8.0

155.0

i7.'6'

13.0

106.5

5.3

66.1

11.7

709.5

4.0

270.5

11.000.00
90.«;<8,93
64, 5.59. 38

5W,001.06
2,409.91

835,696.29

.58. 310. 43
259, :J3a 46
140.S17.95

Uuh

1,:J89, M2.8I

Virginia

33, 792. 64

Washington

West Virginia

58.7

40.0

2,261.942.60
1,319.54

Wyoming

85.6

1,066.6

284.6

j,265.8

167.5

229,051.32

1,0:?8, 3.53. 9.3

Total

1,101.4

2,9.59.0

4, 785. 7

6,710.7

8,744.3

15, 424, KiO. 21

6,791,893.47

22. 216. 7-23. 68

Mr. Anderson. May I ask you whether the program you have been
(lisrussing is in addition to what has already been accomplished, or
does it include roada already constructecW

Colonel Greeley. The program I have referred to is in addition to
the mileage actually built. These are figures up to December 31.
19J 1 . Tlu're are available for this program, however, certain amounts
remaining from last year's a])i)roi)riations and other une.\i)ended bal-
ances of forest road funds.

Ari'ltOIMMATlON.s .\V.\n.AUI.E.

-Mr. .V.NDKicsoN. Will you make ii)) a statement showing the sums
whicii you aie at hberty to s])end for those voiuU and trails^

Colonel (Jrekley. lliave that, Mr. Chairman. Tiiere have been
four acts of (/ongress making substantial ai)])ro])riations for forest
roads. These are in addition to the provision incorporated in our
appropriation ad severid years ago. which autoinaticidly ai)i)roi)riates
10 ner cent of the gross recei])ts from the national forests for roail
ancl trail building within their boundaries. That 10 per cent item

AGRICTLTURAI. APPROPRIATION BIIJ-., IfiW. 243

amounts now to ahout $.')()(). 000 a year. Asi(lt> from lliut, wliich i.s a
currfnt itt-m and which is almost entirely 'obh^aliHl for the mainte-
nance of roads and trads formerly l>uilt, we had availahle at the lie-
ijinnin^ of this lis( id year a total sum t»f SIT.OOO.OOO for rojid and trail
et)nslruetion. That is made u|> of the unexpendiMJ Imlanees of
amounts for^nerly a|>j)ro|>rialed.

There is the special act of Fehruary JN. I'.HK. the Kcih-ral forest
road <'onstruction act as it is called, who^e npi>r«)priations have
ti'rmmated. hut under which ar> unexpended halaine <if .S7«».').0(M)
remains. Then we had the appropriation of $l.i,000,0()0 carried hy
the Fedeitd hi^diway act of hist S'oviMnher. and the current appropria-
tion which hecame availahle under the post roads act of l'Jl«i. This
act appropriate*! SI. 000, 000 a year for a period of ten years. These
aj)pr(»priations ami balances ^ave us, actually availahle at tiie be^in-
run«; of the (iscal vein- P.fJ.'i. .•? 1 7.000.000, which iip[)lies against the
program 1 indicated. That inonev will he huj^'ely expended (hning
the next two fi.scal years.

Our j)rofrram to date antl the pr(»<;ram of Mr. Ma<I)omdd s orp;an-
izati(»n. which handles the contracts on all of the hi^h-standard
roads. (H>ntemplate an expenditure of about $1 1 .71."i.000 durinj; this
current fiscal year out of the $17,000,000 available at its be«;inninfj.

PLAN OK WORK.

The whole point, as I see it. is this: Work of this cjiaracter. to be
done elliciently. requires a threat deal of [)lannin^. It rocjuires carry-
ing; on the examination of j)rojects, and their cooperative considera-
tion with the State authorities and other local ajjeneies interested in
road buildinj; for at least two years ahead of actual constru<'tion.
We need the resources to carry the forest road program ahead at a
reasonable pace, keepintr the examination of projects normally two
years ahea(l of construction and survevs normally one vear ahead of
construction. No construction shouh) bo ordered witbotit advance
cost estimates based uj)on surveys, so that all of us in the dej)ariment
who are re.sponsible for this work may be assured that the money is
beinfi: spent to the best advantage.

For these reasons wo need to keep two years ahead on our appropria-
tions. That, in my judgment, is the most imp(jrtant feature of this
item. An appropriaticm of S.3. 000,000 for the next fiscal year is
less than half what Congress authorized for this purpose. It was
arrived at by the Director of the Budget from this standpoint, that
the road work must be continued with reasonable provision year
by year, so that it can be properly planned, but that m view of the
present situation of tlie Treasury an appropriation of $3,000,000 for
the next fiscal year is rea.sonable and sutlicient.

I n<ler appropriations at tliis rate, it is going to take us a good many
veal's to complete even the most urgent construction necessary to
<levelop the national forests and facilitate their protection. The
building of these roads not only has a very important relationship to
the protection of the national forests but also to the development of
their income producing business. That was a factor which had a
great <leal of weight with the Committee on Koads. which originated
the ba.sic legislation dealing with this subject.

244 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\T10X BILL, 1924.

We now have one-quarter of the merchantable timber of the coun-
try in tlie national forces. We could cut timber to the extent of
$18,000, 000 a year at present stumpage rates, were the forests acces-
sible. The opening up of tlu'sc regions, through the construction of
roads, is going to enable more and more of our timber resources to be
used and to be used in a rational and intelligent way. ,It is going to
enable the timber cut to be more properly distributed rather than
concentrated at a fcAv points where there is some special industrial
development. Road building is a very important factor in the full
development of these national properties to serve all the purposes
for which thev were established.

That is all 1 have to say. I ask the committee to provide for con-
tiiuiiiig this work on a reasonable basis, because it is the steady,
unbroken pull that counts on a job of this character.

OTHER APPROPRIATIONS AVAILABLE.

Mr. Ander.sox. Are there any appropriations made in other acts
which mature this year?

Colonel Greeley. The act of 1916 carries an appropriation of
SI, 000, 000 yearly up to and including the fiscal year 192G. Under
that act an appropriation of .SI, 000, 000 becomes available July 1,
1924. That is the only continuing appropriation, with the exception
of the 10 per cent of gross receipts which I spoke of and which is
largely absorbed in mamtenance.

Mr. MA(iEE. You are authorized to expend $6,500,000 <

Colonel Greeley. The appropriation has been authorized but not
made.

Mr. Ma(;ee. Is that a continuing appropriation ?

Colonel Greeley. That was authorized for two specific years.

Mr. Magee. If we appropriate $3,000,000 this year what becomes
of the balance ?

Colonel Greeley. Well, it is simply unappropriated. W^hether it
remains authorized for appropriation or not I do not know.

Mr. Magee. That is what I was getting at.

Colonel Greeley. That is a tedinical ([uestion I would not attempt
to answer.

Mr. Anderson. I do not believe it continues.

Mr. Ju.MP. If that is true, I think the Budget Bureau, in passing
on these it<'ms, <h(l not have it in mind. We received the distinct
impression, in our (h-alings with the Budget Bureau, that they hail
in mind, in recommending to Congress that merely a portion of these
atithorizati(»ns be appro|)riated, that the balance could be recom-
mciKh'd, through tht? bureau, of course, and if passed, tiieu appro-
|)riiilt(l by Congress, as it saw lit, under the existing authorizations,
when tlic rate of cash withdrawals from the Treasury made that
ncccssai'v.

Mr. Ani)KI{s<)\. 1 (h) not see how that conclusion can be arrivetl
at under the language of the authoiization.

Mr. .liMi". That (juestion will become much more serious wiien we
get to the next il«'Mi that is. so far as volume is concerned because
there, of the S(i.'),()(n),()Ol) authorized for I'.lJJ. S.i.l.OOO.OOO is deferre<l.

Mr. Anderson. But you have some achiitional language there,
which, as I recall, authorizes you to make contracts?

Mr. .IiMi'. It did (luring l\)'2;i and it is in here for 192 I; that is true.

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILU W2*- 245

Mr. A.NDKUSOX. Of ctiui-xc timl would l>i'<"(>inc a coiitiiiuiu^ (ihli-
gution ill any ovciit. ami un<lor our rulw we could appropriate without
specific authorization, hut in a <'ase of this kind it HtM>nis to me that
under the lanj;un«;e of the act itself it siin[)ly makes a maximum
authorization which is conlroliin'^' upon this committee, at least, in
making tho apnropriation.

Mr. .liMi'. It that is true, that is a very seriou>^ thin;;.

Mr. .VNDKitsoN. From a le^al point of view the ohli^ations of the
Government may he an entirely dilferent (piestion, hut my i«lea is
that so far as the rij^ht of this committee to report an appropriation Is
concerned it is an authorization for oiu' year, and if we ap[)ropriate
oidy a part of that autiiorizjition then the authorization, as far a** it
j^oes, is exhausted hy whatever we appropriate un<ler our rul(!s.

Mr. M.vtiKK. You followed the recommendation oi the Director of
the Budf^et f

Colonel (iKKKLKY. Well, ves; we followed it.

Mr. Andku.son. Or he followed you?

Mr. Ma«ek. vSometimes the man at the har has a very serious
contention with the judjje.

Mr. Andekso.n. 1 rect)<;nize your attitude, hut my feeling ahout it
is that this committee, at least, is not bound by the judgment of the
Bureau of the Budget as to any question of policy; if we tlo not think
it is good business policy to appropriate .S3. 000. 000 we can apprc>-
priate .SI. 000. 000, and if we think it is better business p<)licy to
appropriate .S5,000,000 we can appropriate §5,000,000. Now. if there
are any reasons why we ought to appropriate S.5.000,000 for this item
I would like to have them.

URGENCY DEMANDS APPROPRIATION BE CONTINUED.

Colonel Greelky. Well, sir, may I reopen my statement ? The
only facts I would like to bring before the committee from that stand-
point are these; We have a long program ahead t>f needed roads and
trails of these several classes. Tnere can be no question about their
urgency, both from the standpoint of the national forests as Federal
property to be protected and developed and also from the standpoint
of our obligations to these States and counties to do a reasonable part
toward extending their public road sj'stem over Federal lands.

Tlie Bureau of Public Roads and the Forest Ser%-ice together, each
in their respective fields, are organized to-day to continue this work
on a scale of at least 56,500,000 a year. We expect to put through
SI 1,000,000 of road construction * between the two organizations
during the fiscal year 1923. A drop to S6,500.000 means a very
substantial cut in the product of the orp;anization that is now actually
in existence and built up with trained men, efiuipment, warehouses
for equipment, and all that sort of thing about which Mr. MacDonald
can tell you more than I can. We are organized and, I think,
prettv well organized with personnel and equipment to tlo this work
on a minimum basis of SO, 500, 000 a year. Cutting that appropiiaticm
in two means that the organization will have to be reduced and that
a loss of efTiciency will necessarily result.

I do not know- that I can sav anvthing more than that. On the
basis of §0,500,000 a year it will tal^e at least 25 years to complete
the needed forest roads and trails. If that is cut in two or cut at all
the length of time required to complete these necessary facilities

246

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

will have to he extended proportionately. It is mv personal judg-
ment that a general plan of completing these needed facilities in the
space of 25 years should be a minimum period and that we ought to
adhere to that rather than to extend it. On the contiarv, there is the
viewpoint of tlie Director of the Budget as to what the Federal
Treasury will stand, and, of course, I can not dispute that point of
view.

Mr. Am)ER.<;on. I recognize the fact that it is always a question of
offsetting the needs against the money you actuallv have. I simply
wanted to get into the record the full situation, so tliat the committee
coultl act upon it intelligently from the standpoint of the whole
program.

Ml-. .IiMP. In view of the (|uestion that has arisen about this item,
would not this be the common sense thing for us to do: Between
now and Monday have the department — Colonel Greeley, Mr. Mac-
Donald, and myself — -see General Lord and get a clearer understanding
of what they had in mind. This authorization says there shall be
appropriated for the fiscal year 1923, for the fiscal year 1924, and for
the fiscal year 1925. I think the word '"for'' is the deciding factor.
If it said certain appropriations are authorized ''during" the fiscal
year 1923, I think tliev would have construed it just as you have.
We will go back to the l3udget Bureau and see how they loofe upon the
matter.

Monday, November 20, 1922.

BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY.

STATEMENTS OF MR. W. G. CAMPBELL, ACTING CHIEF: ER
W. W. SKINNER, ASSISTANT CHIEF; MR. H. S. PAINE, IN
CHARGE OF CARBOHYDRATE LABORATORY; AND DR. S.
P. VEITCH, IN CHARGE OF PAPER AND LEATHER LABORA-
TORY.

salaries.

Mr. Anderson. We will take up this morning the Bureau of
Chemistiv, on page 171. Do 3'ou want to make any prehminary
statements l)efore we take up the statutory roll?

Mr. C.v.MPBKLL. I do not think any statement is necessary, but 1
can mj»4i(' statements as we go along in connection with each par-
licuhii- item.

Ml. Andei{son. Then we will take up the statutory roll, in which
tlu'ic apjxMirs to be a decrease of $14,100.

Ml-. CA.MruKj.i.. This is tlue to the dropping of 20 places. The
dni|)ping of these j)laces, of course, is the result of a concerted effort
to mimifcst economy, in every way in the world we possibly can.
\('i\ imtuially. in the development of an organization to meet
<iirrent (((iiditions, which are clumgiMg from lime to time, we en-
(h'avor to make an arrangement by])rigading the work in a fashion
thai will lend itself (o (lu. employment of the fewest possible men.

We have made a strenuous ellorl in that direction and have con-
cluded we can di(>j> 20 of the nlaces that were ])rovide(l for in the
statutory roll of last year, and that will effect a reduction of S 11, 100.

AGRICULTUKAl. AITIMUMIIATION BII.I,, IWI. 247

There is niiotlier ehnnj^e in iliat item. Ai tlir prrM'rjt tiiiu" there is
pn>vi:ij{)ii for nine hihornlory liel])ers und for «»ne skilled luhorcr at
salaries of $S4() each. Wv have ask(>(l that these he ])la<(Ml under one
heading; and «;iven as 10 iahoratory helpers or lah«»rers, without any
ehan«;e in salary at all. Tlu' pui-]>ose of that is to make it im-vsihle
for us to jjet from the civil servue rejjister the type of man that mi^ht
he re<|uired for some work wiiich we have in the Iahorat«»ries. and we
can iret more ellicit'nl men and men to nu'et the needs of lahoratories
in certain sections more readily if we «lo not have the tw»» lists and
can ap])oint them either as Iahoratory heljx'is or lalmrers.

Mr. Andkk.son. Are the places you have dro|)])ed m»w \ aeant '.

Mr. Ca.mi'UKLI,. Sonu* of them are va<ant now and all of them will
he vacant we ct)ntemplate hy the time this hill »;oes into effect.

IXVESTIC.ATION OK AIMM.lCATlON OF CHKMISTKY TO ACiRlC TLTURK.

The next item is for a»;ricultural investijjations. This is the appro-
priation out of which the fundamental a}.jricultural clu'mical research
work is supported. We have various lines «»f chemical activity in the
lield of aj^riculture paid from this fund. All of these projects of work
are formulate<l and promoted, of coui-se, with an vyv to the under-
lying:; economic significance of them. I may say to you. and perhaps
this would he the pertinent place to hring it in. that the work of the
Bureau of Chemistry divides itself naturallv int<^ two primarv suh-
divisions. The first is the research work or investigational worl\. and
the second is the regulator}- work, such as the enforcement of the
food and drug act, as well as tea importation act. Now . the research
work is of two types. First, that work which has to do with primary
research in the field of agriculture looking toward cultural phases, and
second, that work which has to do with the emph)yment of chemistry
in the solution of those prohlems which exist in manufacturing estah-
lishments utilizing agricultural raw materials. In other words, it is
technological rather than cultural, but both of which have economic
importance.

Some of the work in the technological field is supported hy
specific or particular appropriations. Those we will come to later.
Hut all of tne fundamental research work of a cultural kind, in which
chemistry is employed in the whole agricultural scheme, is supported
from this particular appropriation.

Those which have economic significince, illustrated in the most
direct way, of course, are such undertakings as the utilization of
agricultural waste materials for some beneficial purpose. That can
be illustrated by the work which has been done in a stuily of classes
of waste materials and their suitability and value for use as stock
feeds. One of the laboratories in the bureau has been working on
this thing for some few years, and bulletins have been published on
the basis of materials which lend themselves to tiiat use. Of course,
you are familiar with the work we have done, more particularly in
California, in the citrus fields and the utilization of cull oran<jes,
products which formerly found themselves valueless and which, when
they had a sale, would bring nothing more than approximately S'2 a
ton hut which are now being sold regularly and contracte<l for (m the
basis of somethinjr like $30 a ton.

248 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Buchanan'. What use have you found for them?

Mr. Campbell. We have found use for tliem in the manufacture
of oils from the citrus fruits, the use of the peel of the fruit, in the
manufacture of citrate of hme. citric acid, and also their employment
where the fruit is of n nualitv to enable its use, in the manufacture
of a base for marmalade. There are some several well-established
factories in southern California as a result of the work we have
done there.

Mr. Buchanan. What did you say was the difference between
the former price of culled oranges and the price at the present time ?

Mr. Campbell. Formerly, wnen they had a sale at all, it would
be about .S2 a ton. rangino: from $2 to S4 per ton, while now it is,
in roaind numbers. $W a ton.

VALUK OK KESEAIUH WORK.

Mr. BiciLvxAN. Do you attribute this exclusively to the research
work of the Bureau of Chemistry ?

Mr. Campbell. Entirely, becau.se these products had no virtue,
no value at all; they represented a waste material.

The work we are doing now, through the laboratory that has been
interesting it.self in this matter, is that of determining some plan by
which we can detect, before marketing, the extent of damage that
may have been done by a freeze. Periodically the citru.s-fruit growing
sections of the country are visited by frosts, with the result that if
the oianges are frozen there is eventual evaporation to a degree that
renders that fruit unfit for food purposes. You will find it is abso-
lutely dried up, but there is no indication of that fact from an inspec-
tion of the outside of the orange. Now, this evaporation does not
manifest itself immediately. The freezing seems to protluce a con-
dition in the cell tissue of the fruit that brings about this drying out
or evaporation frc(|uently several weelcs after the freezing has oc-
curred. If that fruit could be put on the market immediatelv and
consumed before this evaporation takes place there would he no
()bjection to it, but if the producing industry ships that fruit and
linds that l)y the time it gets to the Atlantic seacoast it has begun
tu eva|)orate it not only sustains a loss which would be visited upon
it through the destruction of the fruit, but in has in addition the
charges of transportation, packing, and shipping. Our effort now is
^) work out some way. if it is practicable, which will make it pos-
sible in this industry to determine, prior to shipment and promptly
after the freezin*^, wliether there had been a damage to this truit that
would warrant its destruction there or the witlmolding of it from
luiirkets as remote as the Atlantic seaboard.

Mr. Bu( ilvnan. You say you are not able to determine, under a
specific temperature, that a particular freeze has been sulhcient to
cause evaporation. Of course, the farmer knows when there has
been a frost.

Mr. Ca.mi'hell. lie knt>ws when he has had a freeze, but unfortu-
nately, .Mr. Buchanan, we fhid that these freezes are not univei-sal.
The cold IciiipcrMlure you will get in a certain section will not be
rrllected in the matter of the fruit that is j)roduced in that entire
Nuality. You will, in .some sections, through a depression in the
surface, find that the fruit will be very materially allected. while in
a mon- clcvntcd Held it will not be nd'ivted at all. Now. tli(> freeze

AC.IUCULTURAL AI'PI{()1>IUATI()N BflJ^ 1914. 249

\vt' liiul in ('alif<»niiji last yrar showrd that this rrtntiition roiihl ho
ns<rihi'<| to certain hxahtios. hut thai there woiihl he iMtints Hoiith
of some of the frozen soctions where there would he no freezing, atul
then points farther south where (here wouhl he. so that [><»s^ihlv the
free/in<j or hu'k of freezin;; depends altogether on the ilepressmn and
elevation of the land. But even where tliere luus heen a freeze, where
they have had a fairly low ten»j)erature and there are indications
that some of the fruit has heeji (faniaged. it does not follow that all
the fruit on a particular tree <»r all the fruit in the grove will he dam-
aged, and the question is the determination, m* promptly »us pcmsihle.
of that which has heen frozen, so that it may he (diminnted.

The only thing that is heing done hy us to detect that condition
now is the employment of a plan which was <levise<l hy the hureiiu
hftsed on the specific gravity of the fruit, hut it is a plan which vou
can not em|)loy until some several weeks have elapsed. That is just
a flotation |)rocess, hecause after it evaporates it oecomes lighter, so
that the heavier oranges under this plan would go to the hot torn
while the lighter oranges would float off on top. But it takes time
to do that; you have got to wait until aft<>r evaporation takes pla<*e,
and that is merely a means of detection after the injury has already
taken place.

Mr. Buchanan. You can do that as well hy opening up your
oranges, can you not ^

Mr. Campbell. Yes: hut our experience is that if you take a ho.\
of oranges antl cut into half a dozen of them and they run had you
can go ahead and cut 25 and they will run good, oranges taken from
the same Held and from the same section.

UTILIZATION OF BY-PKODUCT8.

There is also reflected in the plan of utilization of waste hy-products,
the work the bureau has done on corncobs. I think we have told
vou formerly of the progress we have made and how in that work we
have found that corncobs will produce, in addition tt) ailhesive,
which seems to have commercial value, a product known tis furfural;
furfural is an article which lends itself to the manufacture of certain
classes of products requiring a resinous base.

Furfural was an expensive chemical formerly, but the iliscovery
of a supply of material from which it can be made will reduce the
cost of it. It is now used in the manufacture of printing; plates,
phonograph records, and products of that sort. Our especial concern
at this moment is the determination of just exactly the point at
which the material can be used to the most economic advantage in
the production of these two products, the adhesive and furfural.

We are also studying other classes of products, such as rice hulls,
cottonseed hulls, oat hulls, and that chuss of material which lends
itself to the recovery of furfural.

IV\K"iTI''. ^TI'>V <>(■■ >-Mp<>V AS A rtFVFRAC.F.

Another type of work that is heing done in this same line is the
utilization of casina. I spoke to you last year about this in con-
nection with a specific request for an increase in this bill in the
amount of $5,000 to undertake some experimental work on the use
of casina for the purpose of manufacturing a beverage.

250 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRL\T10N BILL, 1924.

Mr. JJuciiANAN. 'I'liat is the yaupon work?

Mr. Ca-MPBELL. Yes; and I think you said that the discovery of
any utihtarian purpose to which this could be placed would be a
godsend tc) some of the southern States.

Mr. Buc HA.NAX. I said there was plenty of yaupon in the southern
States.

Mr. Ca-mpukll. Yes. We made an arranjijement to establish a
small exj)erim('ntal station near Charleston. S. C, and the work has
been done in an extremely economical way because of our ability to
borrow a lot of material that was reciuired, and we found out that a
very satisfactory beveraji:e can be made from this. South America
very largely uses verba mate as its drink instead of tea. You take
the Argentine Republic, and the supply of yerba mate is approxi-
mately 143,0()(),()l)() pounds. They produce themselves less than
2.000, 000 pounds of that and they depend on the northern part of the
continent for the remainder of their supply. Now. the utilization of
casina, or the yaupon bush, as a beverage of the same sort as that
used in South America has an economic significance which can be
appreciated at once. Very naturally, there must be determined some
plan by which that beverage can be made in an economical way.
One of the reasons for the high cost of tea is the fact that the leaves
are hand picked in a very careful way, and an attempt to manu-
facture the casina product or leaves into a foundation for beverage
making, in a fashion comparable to the production of tea, is some-
thing which is entirely too costly.

Mr. BrciiANAN. You said they would treat them with steam and
then they would break off (

Mr. Campbkll. That is right, and that is what we are doing, but
if you treat them with steam an action takes place which prevents
them from fermenting, so that what we have (lone witli that condi-
tion is this: That by taking the small cjuantity of leaves which can
be obtained by hand picking and running them through the rollers
at the same time the juice that exudes from the leaves which have
not been sterilized or steamed is sufficient to infect the wliole that
you run through the rollers, and thus you make possible the subse-
<|uent fermentation that is desired in order to put the material out
in tlie form (Icsired; it is actually being put on tne market now in an
expeiimcntiil way.

l.KATMKK AM) I'ATEU INDUSTKY.

Out of this same fund we are, in our leather and paper laboratorv.
giving consideration to the leather situation of the country. ^Ve
recognize that there is a l)i*^ lield of work in ft^stering the more
economic employment of leather and hides ami the better utilization
niid prrpnnitioii of these hides. The spread between tlie price the
fariMcr gels for hides and the nrice at which he has to buy leather
has been a matter of universal protest on the part of the farming
industry.

In the last few years we hiiM' issued hulh'tins on the better treat-
ment (»f liitles; how to picpare them in a manner to get the maximum
pri<(' for I hem, and also on the treatment and keeping of leather.
I'here are several lines «»f work that ought to be taken up in connec-
li<»ii with thai. We recognize that in this country the supply of
hides and leather is hy no means ade(|uate for our (ieinands and that

AORK rr,TTTHAI- APPROPRIATIOX BIIJ^ 1W4. 251

tho tamiiiij; rimfn-iuU iImmiispIvos arr instifrHimi. Tlw I. ' '■•r\-
has iiinhT consith'ratioii sul>stitii(«'s for taimiri<; |)ur()«»s»'s, m... ... ^ m

stu<lv <»f tlu' propiT pn'sorvatiotj of tlir liMitluT. Oiu* of the thinu'-
involved i.s the rhiss of jjroases and <»ils (hat arc used for «tiitrm{;
purposes. The life of h'ather «h'peii<ls upon this sfuffiii*;. and its
(Uirahihtv (h'p«'nds up«»n that. Furtherm(»re. the piohU-ms <»f a <-hem-
iral and pliysieal kind inv(dve<l in leatlier testing, hs to dtirahihty
and vuUie whieh the h'ather possesses, is the basis iipon whieh we
control all of our other efT(trts and all of our other uoik.

WATEUHUUOKINJi OF rABRIlH.

Tlie .same lahoratory is now actively concerned in u consideration
of llie waterpn»olin^ of fahries. Tlie.se fabrics that are use<l in tlie
nature of canvas for shock and liay coverings, for horse coverinjj^s.
paidins. and the like, represent in tlieir ajjfjrefjate a very material
expense to the farmin*; industry. Tlie same tliini; is true with re-
spect to that secti<)n wliich uses certain types of fal)rics for tobac<-o
growing in certain areas. The outlay in money is considerable, and
our concern has been to determine some plan by which tliese fabrics
can be made both water and mildew pro(»f aiul prolong the life of
the articles. As an indication of tlie value of that work I may say
that the War Department consulted our bureau in connection with
purchases of fabrics such as we have in mind, and in one notable
instance they called to our attention a saving of .?24.0()() that was
efTected in a single purduuse, not mentioning at all the advantage
thev set out of the material bv reason of more intensive service; that
is. its increased durability.

8TUHY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROTEINS.

This fund also supports the work in our protein lab<uatorv. The
protein laboratory is concerning itself with the study of different
types of proteins. We know that one of the essentials for animal
tissue is nitroojen. and that thev get this onlv through the proteins
they take in tlie form of their food. Formerly it was believed that
all proteins served the same purpose, but we have shown that is not
true at all. The work of the laboratory has demonstrated that there
are different types of proteins and that some of them are lacking in
certain amino acids t)f which all proteins are supposed to be composed.
We found with respect to com that two of the essential acids are lacking,
and that if fed on corn exclusively an animal will not thrive ami not
develop as it ought to. The atlvantage of this is that it gives knowl-
edge as to the defects in certain types of foods and al.so knowledge as
to the particular types of proteins out of which these defects can be
supplied. If you take a corn pioduct and supplement it with soy-
bean meal or peanut meal, you will have a completely balanced food.

There is a tremendous field for development in this direction and
also in the emj)loyment of certain types of our own vegetable oiks,
the fostering of a more intensive use of them and a stuciy of their
chemical compt»sitions. That, and the fundamental work we have
under way on crop chemistry, rpiestions to which Doctor Skinner,
the assistant chief of the bureau, has been giving his particular atten-
tion, 1 would like to have stated in a brief wav bv him, with your

262 AGfllCULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

permission. I want to have him point out the significance of this
work, because we are asking for an increase of S22.500 in it. which, in
the aggregate, will make a small appropriation for the support of the
various lines of work we have under way, especially when vou recog-
nize the scope of the field in which this work should oe carried
on and consider tiie fundamental economic significance of it. Doctor
Skinner, will you make such a statement?

DEVELOPMENT OK THE WORK OF THE CROP CHEMISTRY LABORATORY.

Doctor .Ski.nnkr. A part of this increase will be used in the develop-
ment of the work of the crop chemistry laboratory. This work con-
templates a careful study oi crop composition and is made desirable
and necessarv by recent developments in agricultural chemistry, and
particularly In nutrition, by which we have been made aware of the
significance of some things which have been overlooked in the com-
position of crops, such as the recently discovered vitamins, and the
character and composition of the proteins to which Mr. Campbell
has just referred, and also our greater appreciation of the significance
of some of the inorganic materials contamed in crops, such as iron and
calcium. Heretofore research work in agriculture, especially in agri-
cultural chemistry, has been aimed ver}- largely toward increased
production and without a thorough appreciation of the necessity for
an understanding of what I .should like to term the (|uality basis,
rather than the (piantity basis, of crop production, using the word
"quality," in the sense which I have tried to indicate ; that is, the funda-
mental character of the material used in its relation to nutrition.

It is rather difficult in work of this kind to prophesy or indicate
its economic significance, but such Avork is basic in its cliaracter anil
may be the (letermining factor in great economic developments.
One thing we have in mind to do in this laboratory as illustrating
the possible economic significance is this: There is a prejudice in
Ein*oj)e against American corn. It is believed tliat the flint corn,
which is grown so largely in South America, particularly Argentina,
is of more value in feeding than our softer varieties of corn. One of
the reasons, perhaps, is that in Europe practically all of the corn
is used very finely ground, while in this country we use a great deal
of corn ungiound or cracked. But there is that feeling that our
corn is inferior. In Spain, if my memory serves me correctly, only
about 10 pel- cent of the inijjorted corn comes from America, the
icmaindcr coming largely from Argentina. Therefore we need to
make a study to determine, first, if theie is any real basis for the
alleged superiority of the flint corn over our varieties of corn. If
that is found to be true from this research work, then it behooves us.
either to develop a better strain of dent corn or to undertake the
{)ro<Juction of a larger amount of flint corn, especially for the export
trade. If it is found that there is nothing in the alleged superiority A
of the flint corn, then it will be necessary to undertake educational "
work to suppoit a j)i-opa;;aiula to increase the export of coin. W.-isimI
on actual experimental an<l research determined facts.

Another portion t)f the increase which has been asked lor wiii be
devoted to the wt)rk of the protein laboratory that is. in ex[)anding
that very important work. Mr. ("anipbell has already touchc«i
upon that. TiH' work done l)y this laboratory is the very basis of a
clear understanding of the lu'eds and the development of rational

AQRlCULTUnAI. AIMMIOPUIATION BIIJ-, 1«24. 253

nK'tlioils of feeding. For yraiN we liiivo rr>ranl»'«| thr tliror Inr-_'«-
coinponciits of food i. o. fats. <'ail)oliy<lrat<'s. and protriris as lia\ ni_'
cortain woll-dcfiiiod sifjnifiranco, and rations have l)Pon huilt tip,
and textbooks have hccn written on the std)jeet of nutrition, based
on tliose three proxiniates of food niatermls. It is oidy witliin
recent voars that it has })eon determined that all proteins arc not
alike; t1iat thev vary p*<Mitly in the value of the aniino-aeids eom|)os-
in«; them, l)iit nothing has been done in an attempt t«) ^row crops of
specific j)rotein content.

RE8BAKCH WOKK IN OIIJ4.

Another phase of this research work lias to do witli oils. Here
we cjin point with some definite si»;nilicance to the icsults of research
wt)rk in an economit; way. A <;oo(l many decaih^s a<ro cotton scetl
was almost a waste product, but finally metliods of relitiin;; cotton-
seed oil were worked out by the chemist, and there was made avail-
able a «;reiit source of fat for human consumj)tion. Back of that,
however, there had been reseajch work done looking t«» the substi-
tution in some of the organic acids of certain chemical eh^ments
which would change the character of the oroduct.

The chemist who first determined that hydrogen could be injecte<l
into a molecule of oleic ucid, thereby changing it into stearic acid,
made it possible to change an oil to a solid fat. The significance of
that was not apparent when it was done, but that very thing has
been worth hundreds of thousands of dollars to a^jriculture in this
(•ountry and especially the agriculture of the Soutli. Acconling to
the latest statistics I have, one firm, that puts out Crisco, manu-
factures annually, or did in 1010. (iO, 000.000 pounds of hardened fat.
based on this chemical investigation, which made it possible, throu^'h
a proper chemical reaction, to make liquid fat into a solid material
which could be used for shortening purposes. Of the approxhnately
1,400,000.000 pounds, according to the latest statistics we have, of
crude cottonseed oil. about 80 per cent is now used, either directly
or indirectly, in the hardened fat preparations. This has added
materially to the wealth of the Nation, and particularly to the wealth
of the South, hundreds of thousands of dollars.

STUDY OF THE LOSS IN HANPUNO CRUDE COTTONSEED Oil..

Another project which we wish to expand is a study of the refining
loss in the handling of crude cottonseed oil. The unsaturated com-
pounds of the cottonseed oil would theoretically account for a
refining loss of only about 2 or 2.^ per cent, but, as a matter of fact, it
is nearly 10 per cent, due to the l^act that there are certain physical
and chemical difiiculties in the matter of refining that have not yet
been solved. If we could reduce the refining loss .) per cent, indeed,
if we could reduce it only 1 per cent, on the basis of 1,000,000,000
pounds of cottonseed oil, the economic gain would be enormous.

These are three of the main projects, on which, if this increased

appropriation is allowed, we propose to concentrate. Our plan has

been to concentrate on those things which seemed to have the most

important economic significance, and 1 think this statement perhaps

' covers sufficiently the three projects which we propose to expand.

254 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

CARBOHYDRATE INVESTIGATIONS.

Mr. Anderson. I notice that you are apparently abandoning the
work of the carbohydrate investigations?

Doctor Skinnku. No; Mr. Campbell will e.xplain that.

Mr. Campbkll. There is a special appropriation for the work of our
carbohydrate lal)oratorv in connection with the manufacture of
sugars ami sirups, which we will come to under the particular items
later on. The carbohydrate laboratory has been giving its attention,
largely, to two classes of conditions. First, that which involves
agri( ultural rosparcli primarily on carbohydrate products, and, second,
tlie study of industrial prol)lcms with which the manufacturer is
concerned in the utlization of agricultural raw materials, such as
in the nuinufacture of cane sirup and the manufacture of sugar
itself. Recently the work of the laboratory has been directed in an
intensive way to some of the technological industrial proTilems be-
cause of the urgency with which a need for their solution was pre-
sented. Our force has taken that up actively and has studied on that
to the exclusion of other lines of work in the belief that we could
solve those problems in something like a year. So we suspended
action, temporarily, on the strictly agricultural research in the
carbohydrate field and employed our force on the technological
matters.

If the appropriation, however, is not sufficient to make possible the
study of technological problems in the way we had in mind, very
naturally, a rearrangement of that project will be effected for the pur-
pose of continuing the basic agricultural investigation which is now
supported out of the agricultural investigational fund in a part of the
carbohydrate laboratory.

COLLABORATION WITH OTHER GOVERN.MENTAL DEPARTMENTS.

The lU'.xt item is for collaboration with other departments of the
Governnu'iit desiring chemical investigations. The Bureau is called
on in a great many ways to do work for other departments. The
greatest amount of w^ork we had to do was during the period of the
war, when there was such a heavy demand on the part of the Army,
the Navy, and Marine Corps for the examination of supplies of food
that were l)eing purchased. While that demand is not existent now,
the variation is in degree only, because we do consult with them with
regard to the specifications tliey issue as a purchasing basis and then
make examinations of the food upon delivery to see whether or not
they comply with those specilications and the terms of the purchase
contracts,

COOPERATION WITH POST OKFUK PKPARTMKNT.

Ill addition to that we are working with the Post Ollice Depart-
ment in t!i'« enrorcement of their post id fnnid laws as those laws
rehite to patent medicine preparations particularlv. haiulling those
niallers from the standpoint of the use of the mail for iho purpose
of eirectin-,' their sale. .Most of tilis money, in fact. g«)es tor that
very |)urpose. the Post OlHce Di-partment recognizing that it is not
e<Hiippe,l to give consideration either to the chemical composition

AGRICULTURAL APrilOPRlATION BIU^ 1924. 255

(tr to tlu» extent to whicli there was fniuil involved in the therupi>uti(-
chiiins nuuh' for certain pre[)iirationH und, therefore, the I^wt OHice
Department has caUed M|)on the liineau of CheniiHtrv for uMHiNtanee
in this work. We have appreeinted that it was an iin<h"rtaking
synipatht'tic with the purposi's of tlie food and drw^ act itself and we
have us<'d the hi^jjest portion of this fiiiul for that.

INVESTIGATIONS OF K.\W M.VTKKI.VLS KOK ('OI.(>ltlN«i . IK.

'I'he next item is for tlip investijjation and experiment in the
utih/ation for (•t>h)rin«;. medicinal and technical purposes, of raw-
materials jjrown or produced in tin* liiited States. This is the fund
that supports the work of the color lahoratorv. This af)propriation
was asked at a time when the department or bureau undertook to
assist the color manufacturinj:^ industry in this <-ountrv hy a deter-
mination of methoils by which it would not only utilize the inter-
mediates available but could, in fact, manufacture them and not
be dej^endent upon forei«j:n soun-es for that supply.

That work has chanrjed in its character very materially since then.
You know that some of the work of the laboratory has elfected
tremendous economy in the manufacture of some of these color
products or the basic material from which they are made, such as
phthalic anhydride, and its attention, instead oif being given now so
much to the cjuestion of tonnage production, as was the case origi-
nally, is bein^ directed to some special phases of color work which
the industry itself is not taking up. One of the ti^reatest difficulties
confronting the industry in color manufacture is some means by
which there can be a definite and correct identification made of
colors. It is essential to make that study from the standpoint of
art and the value of those colors for dyeing purposes. We have been
working in the past year upon methods ot identification by which,
upon proper analysis, definite colors could be identified and the
extent of the impurities made known.

IN'VESTIOATION FOR A STABLE BIOLOGICAL 9TAIS.

In addition to that we have also been giving particular attention
to a concern which has been manifesting itself on the part of the
scientific w^orld, and that is for a stable biological stain. This bio-
logical stain is used by bacteriologists, pathologists, physicians, and
veterinarians in staining, studying and identifying disease-producing
or^janisms.

That particular stain was derived exclusively from Germany
before the war. The firm that manufactured that stain went out
of business as a result of tiie war, and, as a matter of fact, it is ni)t
being manufactured at all now. It is no longer available, and because
of the fact that it is not a tonnage proposition, it is a question that
does not in itself appeal to color manufacturers. But the replace-
ment of that particular stain or the tleterniination of some other
stain that will answer the purpose is of the utmost importance to the
scientific world. The Bureau of Chemistry, in cooperation with
scientific agencies that are undertaking to test out the fabricated
dyes for this purpose, is now trying to determine some stain that
will answer that particular service.

22028—22 17

256 AGRICULTUBAT, APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924, |,

MANUFACTURE OF SYNTHETIC THYMOL.

There is another thin*: that is comint; up in connection with the
work of that lahoratorv that I may refer to here and that is the
employment of cymene. whidi is a waste material from paper facto-
ries, as a basis for the manufacture of synthetic thymol. Thymol is a
disinfectant that has l)ccn used extensively by the medical fraternity
in this country and it also has another significant use in the treat-
ment of hookworm.

This product has been brought from abroad exclusively, but we
have found it is possible to manufacture from cvmene a synthetic
thymol which seems to have every attribute that the product that we
have heretofore depended upon possesses. Thymol now sells for
about S4.50 a pouncl and we calculate it can be made in this synthetic
fashion for about .§2. .50 a pound. When you consider that there are
something like 2,000,000 gallons of cymene wasted each year in the
paper factories of this country and Canada the economic significance
of that is apparent. So that our line of work right now in this color
laboiatory is in specializing on matters connected with assisting
color manufacturers in putting outcolors on a tonnage basis not only,
but in giving consideration to those feature of color fabrication and
color identification that are essential but which do not, on account of
the smallncss of the output, give any particularly inviting reason for
manufacturei's to engage in that study themselves.

INVESTIGATION OF METHODS AND MANUFACTURE OF SfRUPS AND

SUCiAR.

The next item is for the investigation and development of methods
for the manufacture of table sirup and sugar and of methods for the
manufacture of sweet sirups b}' the utilization of new agricultural
sources.

We are asking for an increase in this appropriation. I told you
last year of the work that our carbohydrate laboratory was doing
in the South in fostering the use of invertase in the manufacture of
cane sirup as a means oi preventing fermentation, on one hand, and
crystallization on the other. That work has been accepted with an
enthusiasm on the part of the cane sirup producing sections that
exceeded anything we anticipated. In fact, last year, you may
recall, that the demand was so extensive that we felt it should be
submitted to the fiepartment and the dei)artment, in turn, through
the Bureau of the Budget, submit it to Congress. We took it up
with Congress and you efiected an even o:reater increase in that item
to ineci the emergency at that time. In adtlition to the work on
cane siruj) we are also studying, in an intensive way. some of the
technological difiicuhies with which the su^ar manufacturinir interests
of this country are confronted at the present time because of their
failure to get a proper \ ield of sugar from the material out t)f which
they are numufact wring it. You take, for instance, the beet sugar
interests of the country, and outside of the State of California, and
particularly in tlio.se .sections where storage is necessary, there is a
very (lecided diinitnition in the actual yield from wliat Is the actual
sugar in the product itself. Tliat loss, "which is borne jointly by the
farmer and by the manufacturer — and incidentallv, in this instance

AOniCULTUKAL AI'IMIOI'UIATIOX BII.I^ 1924. 25/

the niannfiictiircr Itiiusclf is in most iristaiu-cs ii fnnuor has hrcn
variniisly cstimati'd at from $«'..()()().()()() or $7.(M)().()00 to SI().()(K),(H)0
Hiinuall\ . We have Ixm-ii workirij; on that |>r<)l)lcni in tlio lafxtrutory
and at this point I would like to ask, with your pmniMsion. Mr.
I*ainr to make a hrirf slali'nicnt with r«'<;ard to it

rANE-HUn'l- INnUHTRY.

Mr. Pai.ne. Tho cano-sirup work has for its object the assistanro
of th<^ cane-sirup industry in the South. At the pn^ent time sujjar
cnne is raised ;;enerally throu<^hout Fh»ri(hi. the southern part of
South Carithna and the southern halves of (leor^ia. Alaharna, Mis.sis-
si[)pi. liouisiana. and l'>ast Texjis, J'ractieally the sole use of su^ar
cane is in making cane sirup, outside of Louisiana, at the present
time.

Mr. Andehson. >'(>u >-m\' that in llic^c otiirr >.liiic< if i< t\<>\ \i<r<\
for nnikinj; su<^ar f

Mr. Paine. In liouisiana it is used in nuikin«; su^ar and sirup,
while in the other States it is in f^en(>ral only used for makinj; sirup.

•Mr. BrcjiANA.N. They make suj^ar in Texas, do t\\t'v not (

Mr. Paine. A small amount.

Mr. Buchanan. Are not the bi«;g;e,st refineries in the United States
in Texas ?

Mr. Paine. I tio not think so.

Mr. BrcHANAN. One of the bifjj^est. anyway?

Mr. Patxe. There is a lar*;e one, but I do not think it is the largest.
At the present time cane sirup is made by a lar<;e rnnnl)er of farmers;
it varies greatly in (juality and has no stable and establisluul com-
mercial outlet; it has prinnuily only a neighborhood sale.

One of the objects of this work is to assist cooperative cane sirup
asst)ciations in producing a uniform ^radc of cane sirup that can be
.sold through regular commercial cnannels. We are cooperating
with the farm bureau federations in Texas and Alabama with the idea
of assembling the siruj) at central blending and canning plants for the
purpose of mixing it to uniform irrade and giving it suflicient treat-
ment by the invertase process — wnicb we have developed for prevent-
ing crystallization — and be able to turn out cane sirup of high and
uniform <|uality.

High-grade cane sirup should have tbe following points of {|uality:
Freedom from crystalization, clearness and freedc^m from dregs and
sediment, and attractive color and flavor and standard density.

PLANT AT I.IKKIN. TEX., FOK BLENDINf}, PUOCESSINO. AND CANNINn SIRUP.

This is the j)sy(hological time to do this work, if it is ever going
to be done; and if it is ever going to be done it will have to be
through an organization of farmei"s, and it has only been in the past
year or two that this has been made jjossible through farm bureau
organizations. They have no facilities for the technical j^art of the
work, and thev have asked us to give them the necessary techni<-al
assistance. We have drawn up plans for such a central plant and
method of proce<lure; and this first plant of its kind is now being
erected at Lufkin, Tex., and is expected to be in operation in about
two weeks.

Mr. Anderson. How large an investment do these plants require i

258 AGRICULn'RAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

1

Mr. Pafne. This plant at Liifkin will require about S2o.000 capital.

Mr. Anderson'. What would be its output, normally f

Mr, Paine. They expect to handle about 300.000 gallons of sirup
this year; this is expected to be increased later to 500.000 gallons.

Mr. Anderson. What would that be worth?

Mr. Paine. The}- should get at present prices about 75 cents a
gallon.

Mr. BicHANAN. In this plant you are speaking of, is it for the
manufacture of some substance to keep the sirup from fermentation
and from solidification, or is it to manufacture sirup ?

Mr. Paine. The sirup is made by the individual growers, the
farmers themselves.

Mr. Buchanan. I know, but what is the plant for?

Mr. Paine. The plant is simply a blending, processing, and can-
ning plant. The finished sirup is made in the customary manner by
the growers, and the output of the individual producers is brought to
this plant and mixed on a sufficiently large scale to give uniformity
of quality, which they do not have now; it is then treated with inver-
tase to prevent crystallization and finally canned.

Mr. Buchanan. This plant, then, crushes the cane to get the juice
out of it and then boils tiie juice to sirup; and then you mix it (

Mr. Paine. No; they have individual mills, just as they have
always had.

Mr. BuciL^NAN. The individual producers of the sirup bring it
there ?

Mr. Paine. They bring the finished sirup there.

Mr. Buchanan. Then why could not this mixture, or treatment,
or whatever it is, be maile right at the mill that manufactures the
sirup ?

Mr. Paine. Because the sirup varies in quality as made by these
individual producers. The producer himself at his mill is not able
to turn out the same quality of sirup constantly throughout the
sea.son, and no two growers produce the same quality of sirup.

Mr. Bi'CHANAN. Lrct US scc about that a minute: You take this
cane and crush it and get the juice out of it, aiul then you j)ut it in
the vats or pans and vou boil it, and you have an instrument with
which to determine the sirup-making point to which it should be
boiled f

Mr. Paine. Yes.

Mr. Buchanan. That instrument will determine that, if it is the
same character of instrument in all mills?

.Mr. Paine. Yes.

Mr. Buchanan. You could boil it down to exactly the same
density, I suppose you would call It (

Mr. Paine, i es.

Mr. Buchanan. \\\i\ why would it not be the same?

Mr. Paine. You get the same density, but you do not j^et the same
<|ualily, the same flavor and color, because the flavor aiulcolor of the
.sirii|) varies with the variety of cane, the type of soil it is grown upon,
and the facilities availai)le and care used in making the sirup.

Mr. Buchanan. Do you recommend a treatment of the juice
through sidpluir fumes to give it a uniform commercial color?

Mr. Taim:. .\o.

Mr. Br( iiANAN. Do vou condemn that (

ACniCl'LTrilAL AI'IMIOIMIIATION BIM^ 1024. 'I'yd

Mr. Paine. No; we do not coiuloinn it citlior. btit wi» «lo not think
it is mvossary.

Mr. IU(HAN'\x. You hnvo seen it donr, hav<« youi

Mr. Pain'K. Yes; I nm tlionm^lily familiar with it.

Mr. Hi'CHA.NAN. You know that it gives the sirup a beautiful
color i

Mr. Pai.ne. Yes. IJut a great nuuiy people do not like the flavor,
and 1 <lo not think the chances are vor}' great for extending the
market for sulphured sirup.

Mr. lirciiANA.N. Then it would cost $25, ()()() to make mw of these
mi.xing plants. What do you do ^ In standardizing the sirup, do
you hoil it again <

Mr. I'atne. It is only lu'cessary to hoil it a little to hruig it to the
pn»per ilensity, in case the density is not constant when (h'livered at
the plant. But the princioal object is this, to mix the sirun on a
sudicientlv large scale so tliat vou get a uniform product wnich is
constant In flavor and color. Vou see, by mixing on a large scale,
you e(jualize all tlutse dilferences in the sirup, as made by the large
number of individual producers on a small scale. The cost of the
plant is much less than $2o,()()0. I was referring to the capital
rentiinMl.

Mr. Bi'CHAXAX. Can you not preserve the sirup from solidifying
into sugar or prevent fermentation without all this standardization
that you speak of i

Mr. Paine. This process that we have developed, which is in use
in a great many mills at the present time for preventing crystalliza-
tion, can be used, if desired, at the mill where the sirup is made.

Mr. Bi'CHANAN. You say "for preventing crystallization." How
about fermentation i Tliat is more important than crystallization.

Mr. Paine. We prevent fermentation indirectly by making the
sirup thick. The thick sirup will not ferment as readily as thin
sirup, but the thick sirup would crystallize almost solid if it were
not treated by this method.

Mr. BiTiiANAX. But you prevent the sirup sourincj by making it
thick, and then adopt a metnod to prevent crystallizing into sugar i

Mr. Paine. That is the point.

Mr. Skinner. That is accomplished by the use of invertase. This
thick simp would crystallize.

Mr. BucHAXAX. I know that; I used to make sirup.

Mr. Skinner. This is a method for preventing that.

Mr. BiciiANAX. I see. What do you get this invertase from and
where do you ^et it ?

Mr. Paixe. We make it from beer yeast, a by-product of manid"ac-
ture of near beer.

Mr. BrciiANAN. A man could not have that thing in stock, coidd
he ff [Laughter.]

Mr. Anderson. Is there anvthing further on this i

Mr. Paine. I want to explain why the invertase is iLsed at the
central plant. This is because we are going to assemble all this
sirup there, anyhow, to mix and can it, and that is the cheapest place
to use the process.

Mr. Anderson. How large a production area will a plant of this
size take care of i

Mr. Paixe. It is a question of transportation costs.

260 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Anderson. That is whas I am getting at.

Mr. Paine. Thcv arc trviii": to «rot a rofining-iii-transit rate. Thev
expect to get tliat in Texas, and that will facihtate matters greatly.

Mr. Buchanan. Is it possible to take this invertase and use it at a
little mill in manufaetiiring this sirup and preserve the sirup?

Mr. Paine. Yes, sir; they can do that. A great many mills are
using it that way.

Mr. Buchanan. That is the practical way, and it is the only prac-
tical way.

Mr. Paine. I want to say this, however, that I am convinced that
tlie only salvation for the cane sirup industry is through concerted
action of organizations of farmers who will get tt)gether and furnish
a sufhcientlv large volume of uniform sirup to create a stable com-
mercial outlet. If they do not do that, there is nothing to be hoped
for, so far as extending the market for cane sirup and increasing
the acreage of sugar cane is concerned.

Mr. Anderson. I think you are quite right. A man will wo down
to the grocery store and he will buy some cane sirup. It does not
taste just right. Then he will go down and get another can and it is
all right. But once he ^ets one of these cans that is not right, he will
(|uit buying that kind of sirup.

Mr. BuciiAN.\N. Of coui-se, if you want to pay for sirup produced
at a little mill and ship it to a central plant and remanufacture it in
order to get everything tasting just riglit — -if you are willing to pay
for that, go ahead. But I am talking about the practical part of it
now.

Mr. Paine. I think that is the most important part of this matter,
reilly. In talking to farmers in Texas, a number of them told me
that they would rather extend their acreage of sugar cane than that
of any other crop they grow; that if they can get a reasonably stable
return, there is more money in it than in any other crop thev make.
If they grow 1 acre or so they can sell the sirup to the neighborhood
market and there is no trouble, but if a man wants to grow 20 or 50,
or perhaps 200 acres as one man told me, he has got to have some
stable commercial outlet, and he has got to sell through established
commercial channels. There are a great many people who want to
extend their acreage of cane. There are large areas of cut-over pine
land in southern Mississippi, northern Florida, southern Georgia,
and Alabama where the lumber companies are trying to find some
good ciop to grow on that land. They are paying a great deal of
attention to sugar cane at the present time. There is a tendency to
increase its acreage.

But whiil is (he use of trying to incretise the acreage of sugar cane
or bother al)out the problems of growing it iniless you can sell the
sirup '. And you can not sell it successfully unless you can create a
a uniform article, and if you have not a stable, uniform article you
can not sell it to consumers thi'ough established commercial chan-
nels. That is (he key to the whole thing.

Mr. Anderson. That is the trouble, as I ap|)rehend, with (he whole
agriculdnal si(ua(ion j)roducing .somediing that nobody wants.

.Mr. ni< UANAN. The (rouble with us was that W(» could not sell it
di»wn honu'. and the thing would not keep: i( would eidier becitnu'
sugar oi' sour.

Mr. Skinnek. Thi- uielhod is going to |)reveu( (hat.

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BIIX, 1924. 261

Mr. BrCHANAN. If tlirn* WCIf tun or tlirrr roltl tHMiillis. It would
keep, luit just us soon as llu* Wfatlu'r vT"' hk'"' '' umiiI.I fi-nin'Ht nr
sour. Tliat was tlu» trt)ul>lc' witli us.

Mr. Skin.nkk. W'r have solvo*! that probU-in.

INVKHTKIATION Of BEET HUOAK.

Mr. C.v.MrMKi.i.. \\ on i you sun ■iomcthiiit^, too, about tlio w(»rk at
tlu" l)0(»t-sugjir factorii's, ln'causc tliat is ono of the serious prohloni.s
we have to concern ourselves with. Tell something; about that, since
we are askinjj; an increase on thi-i item.

Mr. P.MNK. This is ici:ar(hn<; the waste in |)ro<luction of beet sugar
after the beet crop is nnuh'. After tlie full expense of raising beets
has been incuiTed there is a loss of something like $10,000, ()()() annually
in destruction of sugar or failure to recover sugar. .V considerabU*
part of this lo.ss is in failure to recover sugar eJIiciently from linal
molasses. In making cane suf^ar they do not recover sugar from
limil or exhausted molasses. In the Wet sugar industry they use
such a process jind if the process they use were perfect there w(Mdd
be no molasses; in other words, after rect)vering all the sugar from
beet molasses which can be obtained by crystallization the remaining
sugar can be extracted by a chemical process. In parts of California
the process used is practically 100 per cent eflicient. In other parts
of the country there is a big loss which is due to the fact that the
sugar beet does not fully mature in hardly any section of the country
except southern California; also, it is stored in other sections. They
must harvest the beets faster than the factory can use them in parts
of the country outside of California, and pile them up, and they
imdergo deterioration in storage.

There is a loss during storage of some 10 per cent of the sugar in
the beet, which is lost \vhile they are piled up. This also unfavorably
affects the process of recovering sugar from molasses, so that the
factories are only able to utilize about 65 per cent of the molasses for
recovery of sugar; the other 3.5 per cent has ti> be sold for whatever
it will bring. The latter has formerly been used very largely in the
manufacture of mixed stock feeds.

Mr. BuciiAXAX. In other ^vords, they are getting only a certain
per cent of sugar out of the beet now, when they ought to get a great
deal larger percentage?

Mr. Paine. That is it exactly. As long as they got a pretty good
price for molasses for stock feed it did not make so much difference,
out the price now is largely nominal and some of it can not be disposed
of at all. We have been studying this problem and have been making
considerable progress. We hope before long to have the means of
making the process j)ractically 100 per cent eflicient.

Mr. Ander.son. Ii you have got to store these beets you can not
stop that, can you?

Mr. Paine. 1 am referring to the recoyer}' of sugar from molasses.
Of course, they have got to store the heels. The only thing they
can do there is to learn more efhcient methods of storage and reduce
the loss there as much as possible.

Mr. Campbell. There are some beets ^rown under certain con-
ditions that lend themselves to storage without as much loss as other
types of beets in other sections. We have already made specilic

262 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

recommendations which will obviate the loss due to the storing of
loeets indiscriminately. Tliis work has been directly under the super-
vision of Mr. Paine.' They have been concerning themselves par-
ticularlv with the removal of those impurities that are in beets or in
the molas.ses as a result of the deterioration of the beet through
storage which prevent crvstalization. Tlie solution of that question
is a complicated inchistrial chemical problem.

We have made splendid progress on it. We have made applica-
tion for a pul)li(' service patent, and we are expecting to effect arrange-
ments bv which the results obtained on a laboratory scale can be
worked out in actual factory production.

FOR EXFORCEMENT OF THE FOOD AND DRUGS ACT.

Mr. Anderson. We will now go to the next item.

Mr. Campbell. The next is me appropriation for the food and
drugs act, page 178. We are asking for an increase in that appro-
priation, ^lr. Chairman. I stated to you last year that while we
were asking for no increase at that period I foresaw that the appro-
priate representative of the bureau would come before and ask
very early for an increase in the fund.

The enforcement of this law is getting more difficult and more
expensive every year. That is naturally to be expected. The
conditions with which we are confronted at the present time in its
enforcement are quite different from those that obtaineil originally.

The forms of sophistication that exist now are more subtle and
more devious than those that were originall}' encountered. The
enforcement of the law does not involve the simple mechanical
operation of going out and collecting a sample and showing that it
had been shipped in interstate commerce and in making a simple
examination to prove that the product claimed to be in that package
was not that product at all. Proper enforcement now requires
thorough study to determine methods which can be emploved by
these laboratories engaged in the simpler form of work, for the pur-

fose of identifying tlie type of adulteration that has taken place,
t is necessary, in those cii'cumstances, to devote some of this fund
to the laboratories that we designate as staff laboratories in the
bureau, which are giving concentrated study to these types of adul-
teration and to the question of evolving some methocf by wliich,
upon tlie examination of an objective sample, this form of adulteration
can be detected.

Of course, that is no simple and no easy matter. And to the ex-
tent that we employ money for that purpose in carrvin^ on those
various studies which are essential and which form the basis upon
wJiicii all of our work depends, to that extent we witlulraw from the
active field opei-atioiis funds that would otherwise be spent in the eiii-
j)loyiiient of inspectors and analysts to be stationed in our branch
laboratories. We have a very material dej)letion in force, from the
standpoint of field activity. We have now less than 40 inspectors
where we forineriy had n staff of al inspectors. The force, as a matter
of fact, if we are to niainlaiii the same standard of elliciency in our
operations, .siiould be increa.sed in proportion to the increasing dilli-
cultie8 that we encounter, but the convei-se of that is true now.

AORK'ULTl'KAL Al'PRoiMUATION BII.U l'.'«4. 263

ISHI'KrTION OK IMI'OUTKIi »«)0|) A Mi l>UI i.h

In addition to looking iiftcr llu> doinoslii- truilir vsc nrv r(><|iiin'd
also, as yoii know, lo ^i\»' allrntioii to import atioiis. The law ap-
plies t«> f)olli import and rxooit Iraliic.

Siiic«» thn war we have hau n'ally more work to do than we had at
any time pnnious to that, with(»iit regard at all to the volume of
food imported into tlie rountry. Hefor«' that tiim- tlirre had heen
something in the naturi' of a ( lassilication or standardization in certain
chusses of food products in certain sections «)f foreign count ri«*s fnun
whicii they came. But that was torn to pieces (hirin<; the period
of the war. and we hav*? found products that seem<'d to he made
formerly in an unohiectionahle way hein<^ od'erj-d for entry in thi.s
country with entirely diirerent composition from that which wo
originally knew.

vSo the work really has increased very materially from tlw standpoint
of imj)ort control. We are not ahh' to m(>«'t the situation at all with
our present force, and 1 do not pretend to say that we will completely
meet it at all if we are «jranted the increase that is asked here.

1 told you last year of a visit that we had rec<Mved from a committee
of importers represenliuf; the import trade in New York, who had
come to Washini^ton for the purpose of seeing you and the correspond-
ing committee in the Senate to ask for an increase to this appropria-
tion, to he applied specifically to the Xew York field, to increase the
force and the facilities there for doing our import control work in a
more expeditious way. After we explained the circunistances to
them they went hack to Xew York. But the industry realizes the
situation and has dealt with us in a sympathetic way on the score of
our limitations.

It is a serious thing when you effect delays in import products
particularly. You take the congested sections in Xew York, where
they do not have adecjuate storjige facilities under Government
supervision, and it is only a very short time until the demurrage
will eat up all of the importers' prohts. vSo it is imperative that such
action as we do take he taken promptly if we are to give any con-
sideration at all to the welfare of the trade; and we do this hv using
our judgment, in so far as our experience will permit, in discrimi-
nating in the class of products that we give atUnition to.

4

M.MNTENANCE OF LABORATORIES.

It is necessary to nuiintain laboratories at certain of the jiorts
of the country for the pui'])ose of e\])edilious consideration of im])ort
shi])ments. The overhead is fixed and definite. But u]) to the
present time we have not the operating funds to make our activity
economical, because it is not at all a(lc(|uate from the stand]>oint
of our existing overhead. If we get this money that we are asking
for here our ])urj>ose is to employ it in bringing the force u]) to some-
thing approaching normal, by the ap])ointment of additional in-
s])ectors and additional chemists.

264 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

IXSPECTIOX OF IMPORTED FOOD AND DRUGS.

Mr. BucHAN'AN. Do you inspect food that is shipped in here ?

Mr. Campbell. Oli, yes; imported in here.

Mr. Buchanan. How extensively do you carry that work on ?

Mr. Campbell. We should ilo it with respect to every importation
that is brought in, but we can not do it. The law itself provides
that the Secretarv of the Treasury in his consideration of products
from the standpoint of the assessment of duties shall tleliver to the
Secretarv of Agriculture samples u])on request of the latter for
examination.

When this is done, if our examination shows the product to be
adulterated, we report that fact to the collector of the port, and state
to him that it is in contravention of the Food and Drugs Act, and
recommend detention of the shipment. But we should do it with
respect to importations of foods and drugs at every port in the
country. That, however, is a physical impossibility, and could not
be done if the fund appropriated were multiplied several times,
when you take into account the entries of all of the border ports,
not only on the seaboard but on the Canadian and Mexican borders.
We do have in cooperation with the customs officials what we think
is a sufficiently well established plan to permit fairly reasonably
adequate control of the importations of all types of foods and druojs.

Mr. BucHAXAX. You merely have an understanding, then, with the
customs officials at certain ports that if any commodity looks sus-
picious to send you samples ?

Mr. Campbell. Our men go to the ports and they attempt to teach
them. As a matter of fact, we attempt to train the customs official
into a food ofKcial. You take a port, for instance, in the nature of
New Orleans, or, say, Galveston, and that port will have several sub-
ports of entry, acconling to the customs scheme of ten-itorial division.
The ofhcer that will be stationed at the Mexican border points, for
instance, will report to this collector or officer at Galveston.

We endeavor to have our laboratories established at points where
the collectors themselves are located, and through their deputies
aiTange for appropriate supervision of all importations of foods and
drug products at these subports, and if they themselves realize the
comhtion of the kind we have described to them they forward samples
to us and liold up tlio shipment and we make the examination.

FOR ENFORCE.MEXT OF ACT TO PREVEXT IMPORT.VTIOX OF IMPURE AND

UNWHOLESOME TEA.

The next is the enforcement of the import tea act. This act and
the body enforcing it was transferred from the Treasury Department
to the .Vgriculturnl DcnarluKMit aixuit two vears aj?o, I think. Fortv
thousand was (lu> aniount that was appropriated at the time it was in
ft)rce in tlu> Treasury D'partment.

We arc asking for an appropriation of -SiiS, ()()(), which is the amount
wr bad last year. We arc using that organization fairly well intact,
attcinoting to hrigiidc it with our food ami ilrug organization so as
(o make the work between the two, as far as it is possible to do it,

Ariinrn.TiFiAi. APPnopitiATiox Rir.u him. 205

los r\|)('tisiv(' (liMii would utln-rwisr lir tUv casj' if thov W<'ro working
iii(h'p('ii(l('ntly.

Mr. BimiANAN. An* you finding anv impure irnportrd \vn*.

Mr. Camphklf,. Oh, yvn; we fouruf iiu)n' im|)un' iii)[)ortpd Ivns
flti-^ \nM year tlinii perhaps has l)een found in stune i\t>7.ru years.

Mr. BrciiAN \\. hoes any of it have any injurious efreds inx.n tlie
human system '.

Mr. ('AMpnKi.r.. .No; we <an not sav that. Mr. IJueharum; attd
examination really has not h«'en ma<le with that in mind. You
know th«' tea import aet is an e.\tremelv arhifrarv law. It gives
tho authority for the creation of statKJanls of different types of tea,
and a lea that does n<tt compare with this standard whi<h has l)een
a»;ree<l upon and set asi<h' eillier from the standpoint of the im-
purities it possesses or frtun the stan<lpoint of the cu[) <iuality it ha.s
IS not permitted entry. So the work really is on that r)a.><is.

\VV\I. STORKS INVK.STKJATIONS.

'Pile next is the item covering; invest i*;at ion of jjradinj;, wei«;hinjr,
handlini;, transpoitation, and uses of naval stores, dednite ty[)e
samph's thereof, etc., and we are askinj; for no increase on tins item.
This is an item which represents somethin*; in the nature of con-
tinuous work. Doctor \ eitch, who is chemist in charge of our
hihoratory having to handle that particularly. I would like to have
make a statement of a few minutes' length to you on that, so you can
appreciate in a general way just what we are doing.

Doctor Veitcii. Mr. Chairman, perhaps I can hest illustrate this
work hy this statement: Ahout a month ago we were asked to join
with the Turpentine and Hosin Producers' Association in the in-
spection and study of a hig lumher plant in Alahama, which for
several years had not been making much money on turpentine and
rosin. A party of us went there and spent ahout 24 hours on the
job, and we reached a unanimous conclusion that due to faulty
methods of operation that company had failed to make ahout $24,000
that it could have made with good up-to-date rational methods of
operation and at a cost of appro.ximately 84.000.

That condition exists very largely throughout the turpentine-
producing belt. Many operators are in exactly the same condition,
and we propose to be in a position to help them to eliminate these
uneconomic practices, to prevent their losses at the still and in the
woods, and to bring their production methods and manufacturing
methods up to the practice of the best operators. That will save a
considerable amount of m(»nev to tlie producers.

On the other hand. Mr. Chairman, we are constantly having prob-
lems presented to us in regard to the use of turpentine and rosin. You
doubtless know rosin is being more and more largely substituted for
fossil resins in the manufacture of varnishes and j)aints. This is due
to the fact that these lesins are becoming scarcer and hi«;her priced,
and we are learning to use rosin more succcssfuUv. modifvinjr it to
take the place of these resins with better results. But every once in
a while somebody hits a snag, and they think that |>crhaps we
can help them out. Here is an example of such a problem [illustrating
samples of varnish to the subcommittee] that has come to us recently.
Here is the nornnil varnish, for instance, that should be produced

266 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TIOX BILL, 1924.

with a normal rosin, but when the paint manufacturer undertook to
make a varnish in accordance with his usual practice from a shipment
of rosin this is what he got [exhibiting another sample of varnish], and
so he asks us to try to help liim solve that problem. We have not
(juite ilone that; we are on the road to it. 1 am just bringing this up
to show you the class of problems that are constantly coming up.
That fact' right there [indicating] injures the sale of rosin. It injures
the utility of tbc rosin to the manufacturer and to the user of the
varnish. A varnish made like that would not be of any use; it would
crystallize right out.

So, Mr. Chairman, just along these lines — of increasing our pro-
duction of rosin and turpentine, preventing losses, demonstration
work in the South, and in eliminating some of the problems in the
production is the way we hope to continue this work. Furthermore,
we have got this (juestion ol adulteration and misgrading which we
are stil! (hiding is exceedingly extensive. We must keep the types of
rosin which we have devised in perfect condition all the time.

Mr. Anderson. Is there any legislation now which authorizes the
establishment for a standard for rosin and turpentine — any method
of enforcing the adherence to standards i

Mr. Veitc'II. No, sir. This item permits the Secretary to devise
standards and types for rosin, but they can not be enforced under it.
They are only adopted by courtesy of the industry. The industry
has approved them and is using them steadily, but it can drop ihem
to-morrow if it wants to.

.\UULTEIIAT10N I\ MA.NUK.VCTUKE OF TURPENTINE.

Mr. Anderson. Is there much adulteration by firms manufac-
turing tliese products?

Mr. Vkitch. It is increasing, Mr. Chairman, due probably to the
very liigli price of turpentine. Turpentine to-day is around SI. 50
H gallon in the South. By the time the individual user buvs it. he
pays around S2 or more a gallon for it. That stimulates adulteration
with stuff costing 20 or 30 cents a gallon, and I am sorrv to say
that it is increasing some in the South, but I do not think it is
increiising in the Soutli anything like it is in the paint-using dis-
tricts. In some States I have found, in asking for turpentine, that 1
have been delivered mineral oil straight, without a bit of turpentine
in it, under the name of turpentine, and other places when I inquired
into the matter it was stated tliat prices were so high that turpentine
was dri\('ii od' the market. Achillcration is lielping to i\o tiiat. <>f
course.

l'AV\ll\r liil' siitvi. iv ItKNIlKUKIt IMUVIDUALS AND »()MPAM1<

-Mr. lU'tiiAN.\N. Wlicn you go out and undertake the assistance of
the |)riva(e indivicbial or corporation, do tlu>y pav any of the ex-
penses incident t(» such help^

Mr. Xkitcii. They heve not. They have olVered to (hi it. Mr.
iiiichiiniin. 1 do not see how we could receive it. We have no real
authority to receive it, and we have (hme this work under our general
authority here as n matter of investigation and for our information
to show what can he (h)ne to improve production.

AGRU'ULTUnAL APl'lUHMlIATION BIl.I^ l'.>24. 207

Mr. Brc iiANAN. This vory appioiJiijitioii suys *' in cooijcratiou with
tlu' individuals and coinpaiiirs, " and 1 was juMt woiulcrin^ if they
oiii^ht not t<i [)ay for tliat service. You leiuhT them u vahiahh'
scrvire when N«m j;<» (here in(h\ i(hjally and sjipervise if and deinon-
strat*' it. I do not mean tliat in jrettin;; out any information or
huUetins tliey shouhl pay for that. liut when you j^o there j)er8on-
allv, or so'ine of your men (h>, you supervise it and you render a very
valuahh' servi«e to them. 1 1 hxtks hke they ou«;l)t to hear the expenses
of tliat tri[).

Mr. Ca.mimiki.i.. Mr. Buchanan, it would he interestn^ to determine
jiLst what would he an e<|uitahlc charge in that matter. We appre-
ciate tliat urnler the authority you have fjiven us nn<l flu' money
you iiavc appropriated for the support of tliat work that a study of
existing coTiditions is imperative on our part, ami when we da that
it is more from the standpoint of the study of the condition of the
industrv as a whole than in respect to some particular individual.
Naturally, you can not j^et a knowledi^e of the condition of the
industry as a whole without takinj; into consi<leration the a«j«^re<>^ate
as it exists on the part of individuals. And in doin<; that, we have
heen f«)llowinj^ out what we thought were the specific pur{)oses under-
lyinj^ this special aj)propriation and were not disposed to consider a
charge.

I daresay that the work that has ])een done is of sufhcient interest
to tlie industrv as a whole that the industry in most cases would he
willin*^ to incur the exj)enses of our service, especially after the
service had ])een performed and the^' appreciate the benefit of it to
them.

Mr. Bi'tiiA.NAN. Would vou have any authority under the existing
law to make any reasonable charge ^

Mr. Camimjell. We do not think we have.

Mr. BrcHANAN. Tliorc is no reason whv they should not pay a
little, at least, for what valuable services they receive.

Mr. Campbell. Of coui-se, that is a matter entirely for Confess.

Mr. \'EiTcn. Nearly all producers who need this help are small and
can not well afTord to bear the expense. The work is practically farm
demonstration work for the turpentine farmer. We have had this

Froposition presented to us within the past two weeks, Mr. Buchanan,
have seen a specification that was arawn concerning the purchase
of rosin, and without our knowledoje of it, that stated: In ca.ses of
dispute concerning the grade of this rosin, it shall be submitted to
the Bureau of Chemistry, and the findings of the IJureau of Chemistry
shall be regarded as final, and the party at fault shall pay such chart^es
as the Bureau of Chemistry may make for that work. The tjuestion
with us is. Have we any authority to make such a charge (

Mr. Buchanan. We have that being done in some other depart-
ments.

Mr. Anderson. There are several acts under which inspections are
made or arbitrations performed, in which one department or another
acts as arbitrator.

Mr. BiCHANAN. There is some shipping act in respect to the con-
ilition of grain or fruit.

I think where a private company receives services of the Govern-
ment they ought to be willing to pay a little part t)f the expense.

268 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

INSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE INVESTIGATIONS.

Mr. Camphkkl. Tlio next is tho item for investigation and develop-
ment of methods of manufacturing insecticides and fungicides. The
work under this item has been devoted to a study of the conditions
found to exist in commercial insecticides and fungicides that are (m
the market now. Certain chisses of insecticides and fungicides or
disinfectants have been tested against a certain organism, upon
which the standard of that product would be gauged. \ ery naturally
we have been curious to know whether or not it would be equally
effective against other cla.sses of in.secticidal or fungicidal attack and
to determine whether or not the standard serving as a basis for the
estimate of the value of this product applied with respect to its
application to all classes of organisms, and we found that it has not
been so in some cases.

We have also found this, that in the class of nicotine products,
for instance, the packao:es containing them seemed after a while to
lose their potencv for msecticidal use: after a while they did not
seem to possess the strength or the value that they were claimed to
have originally, and we found that there was a deterioration in the
product itself' under certain conditions, and gave attention to the
methods under which the products should be prepared in order to
maintain their potent condition for a protracted period of time.

The work of fundamental importance under this appropriation
very naturally is to try to find some type of an insecticide or fungi-
cide that will i)e effective in destroying the parasites but at the same
time work no injury to the plant itself or to man or animal in the
application of them and at the same time have the advantage of
being cheap; that is the ideal product.

Mr. Bl'chanan. It is rather a hard job, too.

Mr, Campbell. It is rather a hard job. It is something that can
not be done in a minute, but, nevertheless, we are working on that,
and we do have right now under way the study of certain compounds
of a chrtnical kind that bid fair to supplant certain types of msecti-
cides we have had, particularly nicotine products, that will have the
advantage of being as potent as the nicotine product itself and at the
same time very much cheaper.

After you work things of that sort out on a laboratorj' scale very
naturallv you have to determine from the standpoint of the cost
involved whether it is a practical proposition to do it on a commercial
scale.

INVESTIGATION OF CALCIUM ARSENATE.

We have just had this experience recently in connection with work
that was done under this fund. Calcium arsenate, you know, is being
manufactured and shipped extensively into the South for the purpose
of ((inibnling I lie boll weevil and it has l)een found that dilferent
shipments acted in dilFerent ways; in other words, the water-soluble
arsenic that was found present has been sullicient to burn the plants
in a great many rases, and one of our men from the lal)oratorv made
a stu<ly of that situation in the South. He f(»und that it was not
altogether cliniati*- conditions that were responsible for this excessive
water-soluble arsenic, but it appeared that some of the mineral
f)roperties which the plant itself had exuih'd and were found to be in

AnRIC;iTLTrRAL APPHOPRIATION BII.U l'*"-*. 209

the (lew seeined to a<M*entuute the clevclupmeul (»f WHter-soiul>le
arsenic or that (MHiditioii which is responsihlr for the hurniii); of the
phmt.

Tlmt oix'iis up ii ftiiuhiinciital (-oiisidcratioii that we had not
particuhirlv thou>;hl of heretofore, and that is that certain phitits
themselves throiijjh indiviihial idiosyncracy will cause certain types
of insect icidt's or fun^i<Mdcs. that may have heen heretofore c«»n-
siden'd lus havinj; a comj)arahle or standiuili/.ed eireci on all cln^^cs
of plants, operate in dilferent ways on difTer«'nt plant-

Our work on this has Ix'en do?ie in a limited way only. Ii has not
heeii devi'loped sullicicntly to speak with finality iihout it.

FOR W(H)I.-srOUKlNO WA.STK INVKSTKJATIONS.

Keft'rrin«; to the item on paj^e ISS for the investijjation and develop-
ment of methcMls of utilizin<j wo(d-scourin<; waste: At the time this
was formulated, it did not appear that we W()uld he ahle to complete
that work hv the .'{Oth of .June, hut since the formulation of this
estimate we liave found that we could «;et the work through within
that time, and the de|)artment htus asked the permission of the
Bureau of the Hud^ret to withdraw this in its entirety.

Mr. Andkuson. We will withdraw it for you.

FOR THE STUDY AND IMPROVEMENT OF METHODS OF DKHYDRATING

MATERIALS ISED FOR FOOD.

Mr. C\\MPBELL. The next item, page 186, for the study and improve-
ment of methods of dehydrating materials used for food. That
work is continued in atti-mpting to determine the technological
prohlems involved more [)articularly with reference to the dehydra-
tion of vegetahles. The work very largely in the past has been done
in connection with fruits. The work nas heen concentrated in one
laboratory, and that laboratory is the citrus-prtxiucts laboratorv in
Los Angt'les. Calif. We have made arrangements that will make it
possible to obtain the fruit at little or no cost. The attempt was for
the purpose of stuilying the best methods for dehydration and to
get concerns that were interested in having products dried to pur-
chase those products, iurnish us raw material, and let us turn over
to them the finished article, so that we could make our study in that
fashion without the expense involved in the j)urchase of the material
ourselves and attempting U) market that afterwards, which ct)uld
not be done in a commercial way bv us, and our whole efforts have
been with the purpose in view of determining what the proper
technological method was. moie especially in regard to what is the
best method for the dehydration of vegetables.

Mr. Anderson. Have you done anything in the way of develop-
ment for a market for these products (

Mr. Campbell. That thing has been urged by the industry itself,
Mr. Anderson, but 1 can not see that that is any part of our business;
and we ourselves have not attempted to do anvthing with that. Very
naturally it could not be (hme with a fund of tbis size, and our concern
is to make available through the investigatiitns that we have under-
way the methods which should be employed for the manufacture of a
standardized article and then (|uit with that.

270 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Anderson. What 1 mean is, is there any real development in
the sale of these products commercially?

Mr. Cami'BF.i.l. In (•crtiiin products there are. Certain products
are beinj:; put out in fairlv well standardized fashion now. and very
naturallv the departmentis getting inquiries all the time where there
is a desire to undertake this on a cooperative plan by agricultural
communities themselves in the establishment of dehydrating plants.
But until the department is in a position to prescribe the method by
which this can be done and arrive at some logical and accurate con-
clusion concerning the cost that would be involved and the type of
supervision that should be maintained, it can not speak in a definite
fashion regarding the financial advantage that would accrue to a
communitv from an undertaking of this sort.

Mr. Buchanan. When you speak of "dehydrating" you simply
mean drying (

Mr. Campbell. Yes.

^ir. Buchanan. Are the markets filled \v\t\\ dried fruits and vege-
tables, or is there any considerable market for dried fruit now (

Mr. Ca.mpbkll. Oli. ves; dried fruit is a pretty well established
industry, but on vegetables it is hardly that, and 1 do not think that
dehydration will ever be an industry actively supported in this
countrv until we shall have determined some plan by which a stand-
ardized or stabilized product can be made. The experience that the
chairman in(licated a moment ago about cane sirup applies precisely
to this situation.

Mr. Anderson. The next is the item on page 187.

FOR PREVENTION OF GRAIN-DUST AND OTHER DUST EXPLOSIONS AND

FIRES.

Mr. Ca.mpbell. That is the item for investigation and improvement
of methods for prevention of grain-dust and other dust explosions
and resulting fires, including fires in cotton gins and cott(m-od mills.
Our work under that anpropriation has divided itself into three ilif-
ferent classes — the wotk that was done and is being done in a con-
sulting way and in an advisory capacity on, firet, the threshing-
machine explosions and fires, and, second, the fires and explosions
that take place in t^rain elevators and in industrial establishments,
and. third, our work on cotton gins and in oil mills.

By devising a mechanical separator or remover for the dust on the
threshing machine, and also oy making provision for appropriate
wiring to remove static; electricity generated in the threshmg opera-
tion and which was the cause of ignition in most cases, these explo-
sions in threshing machines have been reduced to a very material
extent. Our i-eal problem has been in getting an observation of the
precautions we have recommended. This work has been promoted
very largely })y State agencies, especially in the region of northern
Idaho, eastern Washington, and northeast Oregon. There has never
been 'recorded a fire and explosion in one oi the mills where the
devices reconuiu'nded by the nureau have been adopted.

Mr. .\m)KUs<)n. Have any of tiie threshing machine companies
adoj)ted this method or device^

Nlr. Cami'Bem.. They are working with us on that basis, and they
undertake to manufacture the e(|uipnu'nt and install it on their

AOUICULTURAL APi'HOl'KIATlON BILI^ 1W24. liTl

iiirtrhinos and nro (loiti^; thnt in somo rasos pxtonsivrlv, having thoir
own ap'iits advocato the us«> of that in the sah- of all fncsv niachini'H.
Tho insurance, by the way, you will he interest^'d in knowing;, wan
withdrawn on thcsf tnachines in tlial particular r<'<;ion soinr years
a}^o ahsohitclv denied in everv respect; and then wln-n the insur-
ance companies enteretl this held aijain they charged [)rohihitive
rates. Those rates have heen reiluced now to a noint wlu're they arc
fairly reasonahh» if the o[)erator has eni{jioyed tne preventive niean-
ures we have advocated.

KXPLO.moNS AND FIHKS IN (IRAIS EI.RVATORH ASD INUt'HTRIM. PLANTS.

'I'he (|uestion of preventing th(» exolosions anri the (ires that look
place in grain elevators and industrial plants is a much more difficult
one than involved in the threshing machines. We are studying the
causes. That involves analytical study of all these explosions that
take place. We attemj>t to do that just so soon as we f)ossihly can,
with an idea of determining what is the fundamental, responsible
cause for the lire and the explosion itself. It is a simple enough
thing to advocate the construction of elevators, for instance, in away
so that there will be the least possible facility given for the accumula-
tion of dust. But we found that that within itself will not solve the
problem.

You know that dust with a proper admixture with air is just as
explosive as gas and a proper admixture of air. That fact has been
demonstrated by the bureau, and we are concerned now -it varies,
of course, with (lifferent products — in determining just what the sit-
uation may be in a plant; that is, measuring the amount of dust in
suspension in the air in various establishments, to detcnnine whether
or not the danger point is being approached in the atmospheric sit-
uati(m in a particular plant; we have found out that an explosion of
a violent character will take place if you have as much as one-fiftieth
of an ounce of grain dust in suspension in 1 cubic foot of air.

We are working in cooperation with other a^jencies of the Govern-
ment, particularly the Bureau of Mines, througn their special interest
in the prevention of mine explosions from dust, and also on the part
of the Public Health Service for the purpose of health-control meas-
ures as that relates to dust carried in suspension in the atmosphere
of particular places.

We are now perfecting a means for the measurement of the amount
of dust in suspension in the air. If that can be reduced to a simple
proposition, it will be an easy enough matter for the agency itself , for
the industrial organization itself, or for the State agencies concerning
themselves with this problem, to make an inspection of an esta])lish-
ment and determine whether or not there is a tlangerous condition
existing at a particular time, and whether or not attention should at
once be given to the removal of that condition in so far as it is possible
to do so.

There are two— as Mr. Price explained to you last year— explo-
sions at least that are found to take place in connection with these
catastrophes, the first of which within itself is not so violent and not
so signihcant, but it is the secondary explosion that is alwavs the one
that creates the damage. There must bo an ignition of the dust in
some way, just exactly as there is required to be a spark in order to
effect an explosion in a mixture of air and gas.
22028—22 18

272 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL^TTON BILL, 1924.

If that thing, in the first place, could be obviated and removed, it
would prevent the explosion. But so long as you recognize that in
mining operations you are going to find occasionally and beyond
human prevention the presence of metallic products or mineral
products that will of themselves, when (hr(•^\^l against machinery,
Ignite a spark which will of itself be suilicieiit to set off the explosion
in that whole establishment, you can appreciate the difficulty of
attacking it from that standpoint.

One of the things that has been advanced and has been usually
found to be eifective. too, is what we call the inert atmospheric con-
trol. If we could provide an atmospheric situation at the plant
where ignition takes place, for instance, by the use of carbon dioxide,
we would stop in that way the transmission of this flame — through
the conveyor and other agencies that get into the bins where the dust
will be found in suspension and where the extreme explosion takes
j)luce always producing damage.

Whether or Jiot that is a practical proposition remains yet to be
determined, and we are maknig progress m the study of that whole
question through observations that are made and experimental
work that is being done in the laboratories and in the estaolishments
themselves.

I

Monday, November 20, 1922. p

BUREAU OF SOILS.

STATEMENTS OF DR. MILTON WHITNEY, SOIL PHYSICIST

AND CHIEF, AND DR. C. E. MARBUT, SCIENTIST. J,

SALARIES.

Mr. Anderson. Wc will take up your statutory roll as found on
page 190.

r)o(tor WiuTNEY. There are three decreases.

Mr. Anderson. Are the places fdled ?

Doctor Whitney. One position of laborer is filled.

Mr. Anderson. But you can get along without it, I suppose?

Doctor Whitney. Yes, sir.

Mr. Anderson. Then wi' will take up your next item, general
expenses, Bureau of Soils. Suppose you tell us a little about what
you are doing under this item on page 192, for chemical investiga-
tions of soil types, etc.

Doctor Whitney. Mr. Chairman, I have prepared a statement
showing the work of the bureau as a whole and if you like, it can
go in tin- record.

Mr. A.NDERSON. It nniy go in the record.

OENKHAL STATKMENT OK WOUK.

TIh' liun-uu (ii S(iiln (IcuIh with tlic inot<f fuiKliimcntal iiiul lnu^io inaterial in asjri-
cultiirc - the noil. It locatcM and cliiwitirM the dilTcront t*u\\ typet* ami issues reporla
Mliowin^ llic location of thcHc soil ty|H's, the kind oi aj,'rii-ulliirc practiced and crops
lnvNt ^Town upon the dilferenl types'. It studies the coin])osition and j)roi)erlies ()f tlie
auil in order to discovor tlioso most important and corrective means t») lit thorn bettor
for ttjfriculluriil use. It investipato« th.- fundamental jirohloms connoctod with the

!■

A(iRI(ULTURAL Al'lMlolMtlATlOX BILI^ IW24. 273

cheiaicul uiul physical characUTifltic* of t\\o Huil. It titii<iioft r«nurr«>M of iiiutohaUi
.MuiUiMo for iiHo an fcrtili/<TH or noil anien<iiiK'rit<* aii<t atliMiiptH u> 'liftrovor now nourcoa
of rnat4>riul uixl a I)ftt4-r \^H^> of tlioH<> inatiTialH at prffo-nt known.

Soil itnrify. T\w Hoil mirvi'V i« the larijtfit work uii'l<Ttiik<'n l»y thin >iur(>au \
Hurvt'y \\nH Imm'ii iimil<' of ov«'r oix' tliinl the coiiliiH'iiUil area oi tin- rmU-il Su»t«i( ami
the Hotlti liav*' Ihm'I) chu-^tilii'il atxl iiiapixMi and rv]M)Ttn itwiii'ii ri'^rdinK the noil ty|Kti.
This work finhrawjt a hir(j«' U'rritory ami haw corrolated motf M)iln than any other
Hiinilar work in th<' world. Tho noil map, an itwucd by the Hiirvpy, ih of larifp hh«» In
farmort* or to thoMc contfinplatinR pnrchawiii^: fann landu; it fiiniitthott th<-rti with a
basiw ui)on which to ju<1v,h' tin* auriiidtural valiu' of nuch landn. Th*- ■ ' aro

U!<im,' tht'.x*' majw in lar>,'i' numht-r in their devtdoj)m('nt work, and roa<l eh.. . ; - and
Hanil.iry en)fin»'erw are dfrnamlint; them t*) an inereiwinR extent. Th«> fami-loan bank
and the Kedprai rt'SiTvc bankn are nsiny them as a eherk in the valuation rif farm
landH, fon-strr** are fmployin>r them iw a ba^l^< of lh«' value of Hoilw wh«'n tin* timlxT
hiLM bfcn cut. Thi- Kfclamation Ser\iee i.n making; use of the ma]>s ifir di'vdopmfnt
work. |)artieu!arly in proviilin^ ellieient dniina^fe and in the prevention of the ns<' of
alkali: public schools of the country are usinij th<' ma|)« for the e<lucation of th«' chil-
• Iren rt'ijardinjj the physical structure an<l the ai;ricultural wealth of communitiej'.
The Post (Klicv Department and the Department of Justice make use of them for
ruiiiiini; down Iniudulent land caf<es. The War ("ollege and other bureaus of the
War Department have usetl them for the selection of sites for military maneuvers and
other purpows, and investment companies are employinp them in calculatinp risks
involved in agricultural occupation and health conditions.

Durinir the last year surveys were comi)leted and bepun in «5f) counties in 29 dif-
ferent States. The area covered by detail surveys amounted to 27 .'.V.i7 square miles
reconnaissance surveys were (•om|>leted in an area comi)risinp 1S.:{| I stpiare mile.
In carrying; out survey work this bureau has the coo]>eration of 27 Stat«'s. namely,
Alabama. Arkansas. California, (leorpia, Idaho. Indiana. Iowa. Marylaiwl. Ma.H>sachu-
setts. Michigan. .\Iinne.sfjta. Mi3ais8i])pi. Missouri. Nebraska. Xew .Jersey. .\ew York.
North Carolina. North Dakota. Ohio. Oresjon. Pennsylvaiiia. South Dakota. Tennessee.
Texa.-), I'lah. West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

The Mureau of Soils, throtiph its cooperation with th«!se several States is able to
correlate and unify the work in soil surveving as undertaken by these States. The
claKsitication and names of soil types, as adopted by this bureau, have been followt'd
by the ditTeriMit States and this bureau is looked to for pviidance as the leader in this
work. If the soil surveys in the different Slates are to be oi any peneral utility there
must be stime central agency which can correlate and unify them. The experiment
stations are usinp the .soil maps as a haais for extendinp their work in farm manapement
studies and in their advice to farmers as to fertilizer needs and their experimental
work which is carried on in the field. In addition to this repular work of the survey
there has been cooperation with the Department of Justice and other bureaus of the
(.lovernment where iniestions of soil clas.silication and determination of land values
has been involved. The stiil maps are used by several States in determininp (he basis
of taxation.

Fertilizer invest igalions. — For several years attention in the fertilizer investipations
has been directed to concentrated fertilizers, with the object of presenting the pcwsi-
bility of nianufacturiu",' cheaper materials for the farmer. The importance of this
has lieen esju'cially impre.s.-<ed upon us l>ecause of the gradual al)sorption into feed stutTs
of much of the nitropenous material that heretofore has been used in fertilizers. We
are now working along the lines of the [)reparation of high-grade concentrated fertilizers
from low-grade or waste material, or materials not hitherto readily a\tiilable. The
f)rei)arati()n of such materials is dependent upon a new volatilization |)rocess for the
manufacture of ohosphoric acid. With phospohric acid at a satisfactory price, there
may lie prepared compounds of ammonium phosphate, ammoniiun nitrate, ])otassium
phosphate, or ammonium potassium phosphate, which may be mixed with am-
monium nitrate or ammonium chloride from nitro}j;cn lixation products to supply the
farmer with a highly concentrated fertilizer material.

The work on nitrogen lixation with which the bureau has l>een concerned during the
last year, in cooj)erati<m with the Fixed Nitrogen l,al»oratory, has had as its object the
improvement of processes for the removal of ammonia from the gaseous mixture after
its formation in the catalytic chamber. One of the main difhculties in the ojjeration
of the so-called Haber pmcess is the efficient remtival and collection of -the ammonia
afteritsformation.andin our work on this prol)lem we have discovereil certain .solvents
which give promi.se of effectinp this removal more efficiently than has been i>ot<sibIe
before. A small unit, designed for this purpose, has l)een constructed and is being
tried out ex|)erimentally in ct>operation with the Fixed Nitrogen Researdi l,at)oratory.
In addition to the work of the bureau on the fixation of nitrogen from the air. work is

274 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TION BILL, 1924.

being carried on to discover methods of utilizing the various waste, nitrogenoup
products which may take the j)lacp of some of the more expensive nitrogen product?
now going into feed stuffs.

Phosphoric rtriV/— Investigations on the utilization of run-of-mine and low-grade
phosphate material have led to the discovery that these materials may be used in a
process for the volatilization and recovery of phosphoric acid. As already pointed
out, the manufacture of concentrated fertilizer material is dependent upon the volati-
lization proce.x.x of making i^hosphoric acid cheaply, and by the utilization of this run-
of-mine material a cheaper source of the manufacture of this phosphoric acid is assured.
Material heretofore of little value has been utilized for direct smelting in the fuel-fed
furnace. This material carries a low percentage of phosphoric acid and too much
aluminum, iron, and lime to make it available for use in the ordinary manufacture of
superphosphate, but these characteristics which are undesiralde in manufacturing
superphosphates impart a good slagging quality to the charge used in smelting. These
experiments carried out with a small oil-fired furnace have been highly satisfactory
and a larger and improved furnace has been installed at Arlington and is now ready
for experimental runs. The earlier work of the bureau on the volatilization of phos-
j)horic acid was done in an electric furnace. This method was so successfully
demonstrated that the process has been taken up by an industrial concern and furnaces
installed at Anniston. Ala. This company is now manufacturing phosphoric acid la-
this process, although all the product at present is going into high-grade chemicals
and medicinal or food products.

Potash. — The Bureau of Soils is continuing to investigate the available sources of
American potash, although at the present large amounts of German and Alsatian
potash are coming into this country. The former work of the bureau has shown a
numbeii of different sources from which potash may be obtained, and these present a
potential supply of such capacity that the emergency needs of this country could be
met under conditions similar to tho.se prevailing during the war. when the supply
of (ierman potash was cut off. Our demonstration of available American sources of
potash renders the position of this country secure in the event that exorbitant prices
shoulcl be charged for the foreign material. F'urther research may develop more
eliicient methods, so that American potash may compete normally with that from a
foreign source.

A difficulty experienced in the use of American potash a few years ago was the
pres(!nce of deleterious amounts of borax in .the material produced from the Searles
Lake brines. This bureau quickly discovered the source of this undesirable material
and developed methods for detecting and determining the quantities of borax present
in the potash. After our order designating the amount of borax permissible in potash
the companies immediately changed their methods, so that all danger from this source
has been eliminated.

Chemical investigations. — The work of the Chemical Division is closely interrelated
with that of the Soil Survey and at the same time this division is depended upon for
the investigation of fundamental chemical changes taking place in the soil. I think
farmers and all those engaged in supplying the farmer with practical information con-
cerning soil management will agree with me that fundamental soil chemical investi-
gations are recpiired before we can give certain aspects of farm practice the scientific
certainty nt^eded to make farming a less venturesome business. 1 refer particularly to
the adaptation of crop to soil and the u,se of lime and fertilizers.

A large number of complete chemical analyses of soils must be made each year if the
work of soil cliussilical ion by the Soil Survey is to be conducted properly. The com-
plete cliemicai analysis of a .soil is an exacting and time-consuming o])eration. and
although \\i' have developed rajtid petrographic methods for the examination of certain
Boil constituents, soil analysis forms a large ])art of the work of this division. From
time to time also a consideralde amount of chemical soil work on special ]>roblems
inuHl be done for other liurc^aus in the (leparUnent and forother departnu-nts of the
(jo\ernini'iit.

The investigation of fumlamcnlal soil i)roce.s.ses for the past year has been directeil
chielly to th«' colloidal mutter in soils. Nlethods for determiniiig the total ((uantity of
colloidH in soils an- i>eing develo])ed. and we have fouiul that soils tontain from 'i to 'h)
percent of colloidal material instead of I to ?. ])er cent, as some of the earlier .soil scien-
tittls sujiposeil.

Ina-imucli us one kind of colloid may affect one properly of the .soil and another
colloid alferi uiiotlirT property, it is obviously important to develop methods for deter-
mining llie dilfereni kinds of colloids in the' soil, ("erlain colloids niav inlluence the
retention of plant f(M)d. which may bt> with or without much effect (in the i)hvsical
prr>i)(«rtieH of a soil, or conversely.

'I his is a <omi)arativeiy unworked field of soil investigation which gives promiso of
being moHt pnxhK-tiv*' of both scientili*- and practical results.

A(;iiicrLT»'nAi. appropriatiox biij*, uri*. 275

Soil 111 tin- iii\ c-ti^Miioii i>l •xiil phynicM Htu<Ii(f< an- iiunl*- <»| the ph>xi<al

<-hani< ! of thf soil in tlicir rflalimi to th«' optiiiiiini nuil i-onilitioiin (or planl

^Towtii OiH- of th)' iiii|>or(aiit Mludii'H in thiH coiitiiTtion ix that of lh<* iti(M-haiiii-ul
or f«'Xtimil r-onij)o.Mition of the ooil.

Ilfvi'iitly a >rn>at a<lvan<'<» ha*< In-^-n iimWc in th<- ntinly of th«' |)h\^iral roinjjonition
(»f the soil in the n>rojfnition of the vnry important r<M«' which .'«>il <olloi(|n play in it.
A nrw nn'tho(| i> l>cinK Icst«'<l out in whi<h arcount is lukcu of iIm- iitiunlitv r>f cullnid
prfS4'nt Th«' work hits shown that nnuh of th<' nuili'riul fornuTl 1

and silt j:roups ri^:htfully ln>lon>;s in the Kroup of colloids The f' -,

ao-onlinf; to this new method, will cxpri'ss the perr-rtitaKi' of colloid j>r(>(M-ni in the
soil. This will Iw of imi)ortan<T. hccjiiise it ha.H lon^ U-cn rerotjni/.e<i that the phyH-
i«-al londition stiitalile fos tillage or other soil o|MTalions is rIo*<4'|y n-lated lo the
rolloitl content.

KxpiTiincnts have shown that the hearing strenjfth of soiIh varies with thf Chanel's
in the relativ*- amount of <olloid and olln-r >(ra<les of soil material, su( h as silt and
sanci. pp'Sfnt Work is pn)c«HHlinK at prer^ent with a view to c^ftabliiihing the rela-
tions h«'tw<KMi the comp«wition uiuj variations in hearing streiiKth.

In addition t4> the funtlamenlal rest-arches on the physical condition of the <«oi!,
n)utinc analyses of mechanical comiM>sition are carried out on samples of Sfiil collecte<l
hy the .^oi I Survey in order to assist them in determining the claHsilic-ation of the
various .soil typ-s. .\side from the work done lor the soil survey there is considerable
demanil for work by other orpinizations, such a^ the Geological .Survey, the Miflsisflippi
River I.evee CommisKion, the lUireau of I'liblic Roads, and other agencies Cf)ncernecl
with the use of soil material in structural work. The demand from these various
sounvs show the wide applicability of mechanical analysis to the practical i)roblem8
in relat.i«m to the soil.

In this division there are designed and constructed sjjecial ])iece8 of apparatus
re(|uired lor the projier pn)secution of the investigations along .soil lines and which
have wide api)licability in the study of .>*oil problems. One such in.strument designed,
namely, the electrical bridge, h;u» been adopted for use in studying alkali lands, not
only in this country- but in Egypt and other alkali regions.

The pivsi y<'ar has been exceedingly fruitful in bringing together the results achieved
by the lUireau during it.s (|uarter centur>' of existence into a modem concept of the
.•<oiI. its various functional activities, giving us a comprehensive view of the soil, which
has never been clearly understood before.

FOR CHE.MICAL IXVESTKJATIOXS OF SOIL TYPE.S, ETC.

Doctor Whitney. The work of the cliemical inve.stiojation.s has
progressed very satisfactorily. I feel that in the last year or in the
last two years, with the discoveries and investigations Mfe have made
of the soil colloiils. we have a concept of the soil we have never had
before. We have completed the separation of the functional activities
of the soil into its ctmiponent parts. Heretofore the world has been
working along different lines of soil investigation, on chemical lines,
on physical lines, and on practical lines, and we have been pushing
each (if these lines along as far as we can. It has only been possible,
since our work on the soil colloids, to bring them all together and
present a fair picture of the functional activities of the soil as a whole.
We know now, through our investigations, the differences in the
functional activities in this soil [indicating] which is a truck .soil and
not adapted tt) general farming, and the functional activities of this
other soil [indicating] which is the strongest type of agricultural soil
in the country — that is, for general agriculture — and while there will
alwavs be a great deal of work to do to find the spe<'ific faults we know,
in a general way, why these soil types differ.

Mr. Anderson. Can you tell us wh\' one soil is best adapted to
truck while another soil is be.st adapted to grains ?

Doctor Whitney. Yes, sir. We are understanding those things
in our present concept of soils. We have brought all of these things
together, the physical properties, the chemical properties, and the

276 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

biochemical chancres in soils; we have shown their interrelation and
the control we have of them through drainage, irrigation, cultivation,
and cropping. In the chemical investigations we have been studying
the properties of the soil colloids. It is the material that causes soils
to shrink or contract when dry or wet; it is the material that holds
the grains together and makes them plastic or hard when dry, and
it is the seat of the absorbing power of soils for moisture and for gases,
and is the seat of the important chemical changes that ^o on in the
soil from releasing the so-called mineral plant foods and is the home
of the biochemical changes that are essential to a healthy soil.

Mr. Anderson. What direction are your investigations taking
now *.

Doctor Whitney. Well, we have the material out; we are writing
up now and have nearly ready for publication methods for deter-
mining the amount of colloids in soils. Tliat is something we have
never hail before. There are some peculiarities about the methods
due to some peculiarities about the colloids, but we have methods
to propose for determining the amount of colloids in soils. Then the
constitution of these colloids is a subject that will require a great
deal of research.

Mr. Anderson. If I should send you a sample of soil from Min-
nesota what could you tell me about it ? |

Doctor Whitney. I could tell 3'ou the amount of colloids in it.

Mr. Anderson. That would not mean anything to me. j

Doctor Whitney. Well, it would mean a great deal to us in the ?
advice we would give you as to the treatment of the soil and as to
its adaptation. Of course, that is not all. I am not claiming that
this is the one thing that makes soils productive or nonproiluctive,
but it is the missing Uiik that the world has been lookino^ for to
bring all of these properties into their proper relationship. Oi course,
as I nientioneil last year, we have a very small appropriatiiui for the
study of the chemistry of soils. We are not only working on the
constitution of soils but we are working on the composition of soils
at considerable depth below the surface. We are finding more and
more tiiat in onhM' to understand the surface soil we have got to find
out what there is in the deep depths. We have frei[uently heretofore
worked on material at 6 feet oelow the surface but now we want
to go 100 feet or 1,000 feet, if we can get samples. Then we are
doing a great deal of routine work for the other bureaus anil other
di'Mjirtnients.

Sir. Buchanan. Is it your iiU^a that the character of the soil 100
feet deep or ')00 feet deep l\as an inlleunce upon the surface soil?

Doctor Whitney. Yes; we think it has.

Mr. Buchanan. Even though there are watercourses and rock
between them >.

Doctor WinTNKY. Yes. We do not think it has an ellVct to-ihiy,
but we tliink it has had an effect in the past ages in modifying the
present soils we are working with.

Mr. Br< MANAN. In past ages the soil 100 feet ilown might have
i»een surface soil {

Doctor Mauiu t. Doctor Whitney has in mind the fitrmation of
caliche, whiith is so abundantly distributed over Southwestern Texas,
and the question has i)i'(>n legitimately raised as to whether that
caliche, which is now close to the surface and a part of the soil, diil

f It

AORICULTL KAL APPROPHIATION llll.l^ 11»24. 277

not come from very j^reut doptlis. Five lnindnMl foot, of course, is
just u fi^^uro, hut at loust from jjrojil (lt'|)ths.

I)()ct(tr WiiiTNKV. Wv Imvc nlkuli salts which we hfiiovo luive
come from a very {^real drpfli, iinirh di'cpcr ih)in \vc ha\i' t-vrr sup-
posed heretofore.

FOR rilYSICAL INVKSTICATIOXS OF IMroHTANT ri{OI'KKTIE« OF SOII^S.

Mr. Andkuson. We will take up the next item on page 193.
Apparently the only tliin;; which distitif/uishes this from the prec<'ding
item is that this has to do with physical investin;ations ?

Doctor WiiiTNKY. Yes, sir; out re(juirin<^ (liircrent methods and
dilferent men, men of dilferent training, and it supplements the
other. Both the chemical and physical investigations, of course, are
hased largely upon our soil surveys.

Mr. Andkuson. We will take up the next item on page 194.

FOR INVESTIGATION OF FERTILIZKR RESOURCES.

Doctor Whitney. For the investigation of fertilizers?

Mr. Anderson. Yes.

Doctor Whitney. We have had a very favorable year in our work
on flie study of fertilizer stock, and fertilizer materials. .\s I have
explained to the committee, it is divided into nitrogen work, phos-
phoric acid, potash, and miscellaneous soil amendments, such as
lime, etc.. and we have made very good progress. I think I told the
committee last year that we have been working for some time on
concentrated fertilizers. The trade, the farmers, and the experiment
station workers have all realized for a lon^ while that concentrated
fertilizers arc cheaper and more economical. With the introduction
of nitrogen fixation methods, which started in Germany and have
been most largely developed in Germany — in the fLxation of atmos-
pheric nitrogen into ammonia gas — we have got to make certain
products that are not adapted to the chemical mixtures that our
industry has been putting out in the past.

They have been using a great deal of waste products, and they have
been making a rather dilute form of acid phosphate. They have
been making it with Ki per cent, whereas the rock as it is in the
ground carries 32 or more per cent. Their method of converting the
rock phosphate into acid phosphate dilutes it approximately one-
half, so that we get a weaker product than we had in the mine. Then
our method of mining the rock for treatment with sulphuric acid has
been a very wasteful one, because we have only been able to use the
purer form of rock and have thrown on the dump about Go per cent
of the phosphorus we have mined. But with this methotl of vola-
tilizing the phosphoric acid, which we have developed in the bureau.
we are able to use the run-of-mine rock, thus saving the material
that now goes to the dump and cutting out the expenses of the origi-
nal preparation, because we use a lower-grade material.

M^r. Andehson. Is anybody using tiiis new process now?

Doctor Whitney. Yes, sir; there is a concern at Birmingham. Ala.,
which is using it for the preparation of phosphorus, for the prepara-
tion of phosphate salts, first for food products and incidentally as

278 AGRICULTI^RAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

fertilizers, but their attention has been given heretofore to the prepa-
ration of food or chemical phosphates.

Mr. Axdf:rson'. What are you doing in the matter of nitrogen
fixation ?

NITROnEV FIXATION.

Doctor Whitney. In nitrogen fixation we are working in coopera-
tion with the fixed nitrogen laboratory on methods for recovering
the ammonia gas from the gases. We have been working on that for
some time and it appears that we have a very successful method for
separating the ammonia from the mixed gases and one which I
thmk is likely to be of a great deal of benefit in its manufacture. That
has been one of the ^reat difficulties of the past. As to potash, we are
working on the possible methods of extracting potash from our waste
materials, from the iron furnaces and from the cement mills. Of
course, we have dropped the kelp plant, but we are working on some
of the mineral sources.

Mr. Anderson. You /have a method of recovering from cement
plants now, have you not ?

Doctor WinTXEY. Yes; we have the method. We have made a
survey of the entire industry but, unfortunately, they have run into
difficulties in the separation of the potash, which is due to methods of
manipulation. If they collect the dust too near the source of the heat
some of it appears to be bound up and has been reconverted so that
it can not be economically extracted. If, however, we allow the fumes
to escape and we have a dust catcher interposed between the place
where we collect the coarse dust and the fine dust we are finding that
we can get a product that is almost completely usable. So that there
are many things to work out and, apparently, thej' vary with different
localities, and with the different kmds of materials they use for ce-
ment. We are satisfied we have a source of potash in this country if
it can be produced at a low enough cost. Tne whole question is the
cost and tnat means the details oi manufacture.

FOR SOIL SURVEY INVESTIGATIONS.

Mr. Anderson. The pext item is on page 196, for the investigation
of soils, etc.

Doctor Whitney. That is the soil survey.

Mr. Anderson. In this item you have a reduction of $48,200,
What is the idea?

Doctor Whitney. I am unable to answer that question, Mr.
Chairman.

Mr. .Vndek.son. Maybe I can develop it. In how many States are
3'ou working this year?

Doclor Whitney. We are working in cooperation with some 29
States. .VII these States appear to be verv enthusiastic and very i i J
well satisfied. * '

Mr. A.NDKusoN. II(.\v inimy will you hnw lo ciu out as the result
of this retlucfioii ?

Doctor Whitney. Of coui-se, I have made no plans as to this, |
•Mr. CliiiiriUMii. It is a cut of about 2') per cent in our soil survey
api)rot)nation. which would mean a cut of nearly ")() j)er cent in our
fi«'ld force.

' c

A(?HI( ri.Tl'RAI. .XPIMIOPIII.VTIOX MIA^ 1024,

279

Mr. Andkk.son. .Vrc thcsr cot^pcnitiiif; .Statr.s putting up «l«»llur f(»r
(htlhir or more tlmn that (

Doctor WiiiTNKY. On the wholf. tlu'V an* piittin^j up moro, or ju.'«t
al)ont the saiuc, I think. Tlu'V put ii[) mIxhiI $I.')0. ()(»() last vcar.
I think thcii- ai)prt»priation now i.s cio.sc to .?1. ")().()()(), hut not all wouhi
be iis(mI for litMti work, hocauso thoy rcscrvp somr for llu'ir lahoratory
invest ifjat ions and thus supplement our work. They do that the
same as we have to cnrrv a ••eitain (tverhend heri' for the dirt-rtion
and inspection of the work.

Mr. Andkkson. How mucii of this sum is sp<'nt in the field work '.

Doctor Mahiu'T. .Vround :<1 ()(),()()(), or a little more. If you will
allow me. 1 will say that tlu^ rest of that money is spent for informa-
tion that is just as valuable for the soil survey jis is the field work.
For example, a {jjreat deal of that is spent in carrvin}; on investijjation.s
in the field on the soil type for the purpose of determining; the reac-
tion of the crop to the soil type an(l also the reaction of fertilizer to
the soil type. That is the State work and. as I say. of the ?1. ")(),()()(),
which is State money, some is spent for that, but that is just as im-
portant for the soil survey as is the field work.

Mr. Andkk.son. I will try to i;et at these divisions. Of the
.S1()S,2()() of Federal money, how much wjus spent on Held work, how
much on lai)oratorv work, and how much on overhead (

Doctor M VKIUT. The Soil Surv(>y has never e(jui|)ped a laboratory.
The physical analyses of soil samples is done by the Division of Physi-
cal invest ifjation of soils and ino chemical juialysis by the Division
of Chemical Investio;ations of Soils.

Doctor Whitney. We spent about two-thirds of the money in the
field.

Mr. Anderson. I wish you would furnish me with a statement
showing; the amount you spent in each State and the offset of the
State money as a<;ainst that.

Doctor Whitney. \'ery well.

Stdleinent shotring Fe<leral mul Stale Junris expeiukd during Jiscnl year 19JJ in StaUs

cooperating in soil-survey work.

Statp.

Federal
funds.

State funds.

StatP Federal
**"**• fuuds.

State funds.

.Vlahama

Ariirona

$4, 753. .50

».3,9ft5.,3ti

1,267.00

' .5, «». 00

4. 4<W. 1.1

• S, 000. 00

1,020.91

4,9is.i5

' IS, 000. 00

362. .50

9.50. 6;i

769. 07

.5, 172. .53

4, 962. 94

2,044.10

\ 7.56. 60

'7,500.00 '

1

New Jersey $.5, (Hi;<. 2^

New York 3, 709. :f2

S5y60l.8M
1,027.6S

Arkan.sas

4, (X)7. 03
<>, 679. ."v-*
6, 300. 70
1,. 517. .59
4. 46,5. .5.S
10, 779. -29
326.03
.3,9KI..SS

1, 4,57. 43
4, 204. 2.5

2, 939. 60
.5..^57.93
3, 293. 27
5^455.16

North Carolina 7, 3.59. ss

North Dakota 1, 9.5\ 76

Ohio .3,7S«.6«>

OrcRon 3, liJ. 41

Pennsylvania l,;W6. 12

6, 1 13. 44

California

1,7.5,3.70

(ieorgia

Idaho

Indiana

> 4, 001). 00

> 1,.VI0.00
1, 262. 79

Iowa

South Dakota 3, (Wl. S6

Tenne.ssee 2, 470. 29

Texas 17, 722.19

'2,50aOO
2, 1.33. 19

Koiiturkv

.Maryland

IU4(il 6.^

.Ma.'isachusotts

rtah 793. .52

MiohiKan

Minnesota

West Virginia 729. IM

Wisconsin 6,6I2.3S

fifln.00

10,146.36

Mississippi ;...

.Missouri ».w^-

Nebraska »...

« 1-23, -.fli. .54 j 124, I3.S.63

' Ksti mated.

' Actual field expenses only. Does not indnde in»>rliead, ins))cction and correlation, ma|> work, and
work in noncoo|)eratinK States.

280 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL^TION BILL, 1924.

COOPERATION WITH STATES.

(

J

Mr. Anderson. Ajo you now cooperating with all tho States that
have requested cooperation and are willing to cooperate in the matter
of finances as well a.s otherwise?

Doctor VVniTNEV. Yes, sir.

Mr. Anderson. You are now taking care of all the rec}uests ?

Doctor Whitney. We are taking care of them but not as fully in '
some cases as they would desire and not as fully as their appropria-
tions would warrant.

Doctor M.VKBUT. The lack, if we may put it so, of full cooperation .
on the part of the bureau consists largely in our having to employ
cheaper men than the States employ in order to balance up the same
numoer of men that the States have. The States, as a rule, pay
higher salaries than we do and we employ a greater number of young,
inexperienced men to balance up the number of men the States put
in on cooperation. The deficit lies largely in that. i

Mr. Anderson. What kind of people do you use in this work? '

Doctor Marbut. Agricultural college graduates or college gradu-
ates, usually agiicultural college graduates. We have a few men
from other colleges than agricultural colleges.

Mr. Ander.son. Do they have to have any special training in
this kind of work (

Doctor Marbut. They have the special training they can get in |
this kind of work, but there is no pjjfice in the United States where
a man can get training enough for soil-survey work to go right in
the field and do perfect!^' satisfactory work without previous training.
He must learn to do it by doing. |

Doctor Whitney. And it takes two years, at least, with the best ^
man before he can be put in charge of a soil-survey part}'.

Doctor Marbut. Yes; fully two years.

Mr. Anderson. What do you pay men in the field ?

Doctor Whitney. Our salaries range from SI, 320 to about S2,300.

Doctor Marbut. I think there is no man in the field j^ctting^even
men who have been 20 yeai-s in the service — a salary of over S2,280.
Of course, they have an allowance for field expenses in addition.

Mr. Ander.son. Under this reduction what do you propose to do ?
Will you diniinish your work in all the States or will you have to
cut some of them off {

Doctor Whitney. We will probal)ly have to cut a number of
them oil"; we will probably have to icduce and also cut, because this
is a pretty heavy cut, you see.

soil-survey maps.

Mr. liucnANAN. Is the only result of this appropriation and this
cooperation the soil-survey maps you produce?

Do(t»tr Whitney. Well, we produce the soil-survey maps and a
report. You are familiar with the report describing the character
of the soils ?

Mr. MucHANw. It is attached to the maps?

Doctor Whitney. Ves, sir. In addition to that the States are
interested because it gives them a basis for field experiments with
regard to varieties of crons. nu'thods of farming and fertilizer appli-
cation, it gives them a basis for studving that is h.xed and reliable.

AORICULTrRAL AI'lMUiPKIATlOX HIM>, l!r24. 281

Mr. liri ii.WAN. Tln'ri. us I uiul«Tslatnl it. llu* result of this appro-
priation is t!u» |)ro<In<"tiori of innf)s with the urcompMiivint; pxpla-
natious f

Doctor Whiim:^. "l cs. Mr.

Mr. JiiiiiANVN. ( >f rourst', my Slati' is ti cotnparativplv now
State, tluit is. a yoiin<; State from an agricultural standpoint, hut
in tlu'so older States, \vh«*re the land is npjoniinp inipovi-rished hy
eoiisfant use. are they iisini^ these maps to any extent f

Doctor WniTNKY. Oh, yes; they are usirjj^ them in the older States
and in the Western and newer States. Here is a sample map (indi-
catin<;l.

Mr. Bt ( II AN AN. I have seen the maps.

Doctor \\ iiiT.NKY. This is a proi^ress mat) of the soil survey.

Mr. BiTHAXAN. The reason I tusked tlie cjuestion was this: My
county has heen surveyed and I have ahout five or si.\ thousand maps
of it at my httme. 1 have puhlished the fact that I have them

Doctor Whitney (interposin«]j). You <mly had 2. ()()().

Mr. Bi'cHANAN. Well, it looks like five or six thousand. They are
stacked up there, anyway. I puhlished the fact that I have them for
<iistril)Ution. hut 1 ran not jjjive them away.

Doctor Whitney. Have you taken it up with Doctor Younj^hlood.
who is in charjie of the State ( He looks after tho.se thiiiop in the
State.

Mr. Bic HANAN. 1 have not taken it up with him, hecause the maps
are on the crn)und and the people are dowii there on thejrround.

Doctor Whitney. 1 do not know what our requests are for that
particular locality. In what part of the State are you — in the east-
ern or western part (

Mr. Buchanan In the south-central part.

Doctor Marbut. Washington County, is it ^

Mr. BicHANAN. We have some poor land there, too. and we are not
fertilizing; it.

Doctor ALvRBUT. I think you are rather assuming a function for the
Soil Survey that is not its most important function. The real function
of the Soil Survey maps, in addition to giving the farmer certain
information, is to furnish the experiment stations with a hasis for
further study or follow-up. as we call it, of the Soil Survey. The
experiment station, for example, goes on to the soils that are identified
in Washington County

Mr. BuciLvxAX (interposing). The real purpose of the maps, then,
is a scientific purpose and it is for those who are scientifically trained {

Doctor Marbit. It is for a scientific purpose and it is for those *vho
are scientifically trained, yes, and it is used hy those who are scien-
tifically trained as a hasis for further investigations in order to get
information that is directly applicahle to the farmer. That is the
object of the Soil Survey.

Doctor Whitney. It has a scientific basis and, as a matter of fact,
the Soil Survey map is relied upon by settlers who are seeking informa-
tion about new localities. Then, too, it is used by the banks, the
farm loan banks, and the Federal reserve banks. A member of the
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago was in my office last week in order
to complete his list of the maps of their territory, because they find
those maps of very great help to them in connection with the banking
business they do.

i

282 AGRICULTURAL APPR()PRL\T10N BILL, 1924.

Mr. BrciLVNAN. My idea is that tho soil survey maps, as far as the
average farmer is concerned, are a failure. Of course, if they are
supposed to be for scientific men and for the experiment stations of
the States that is a difTerent proposition. If they are produced for
the purpose of enablini; the scieiitilic men and experiment stations
to fij^ure out the character of fertilizer needed for certain lands that
is another proposition, but for the uses of the ordinary farmer they
are a failure.

Doctor Whitney. Take the ca.se of Baldwin County, Ala. Lontj
before that map was issued we had requests for 50 per cent more
than the law allowed us. We fjet 1.000 copies. That means that
the entire edition was exhausted in a week by reason of retjuests
that came to us from other parts of the country, not only requests
from farmers in Baldwin County, Ala., but requests from farmers in
Iowa. New York, or some other section of the country, farmers who
mav be tliinkinjic of moving. All of the department's cjuota goes to
incjuirers of that kind. Congres.smen have 2.000 copies and many of
them use their cpiota and many of them ask for more.

Doctor Mahiut. Mr. Chairman, may I say a word ^ The timber
cruiser goes into a forest and maps the distribution of timber; he
makes a map of it and that map is published. On that map should
he necessarily, in order to perform his function, tell how to perform
the technical work of the milling of that lumber. The Geological
Survey goes — —-

Mr. Buchanan (interposing). Certainly not, and that is hardly a
parallel case.

Doctor Makbut. It is exactly the same thing.

Mr. Buchanan. Xo; that is another proposition altogether.

Doctor Mar BUT. The Geological Survey maps the geology of the
Tnited States; it shows the did'erent formations over the United
.States; it does not, however, go into a technical discussion of either
the quarrying of the different rocks for different purposes, for the
mining or for utilization at all. It is a fundamental thing, and the
same is true of the soil survey. It is a fundamental thing to be
used as a basis for furtiier work.

Mr. Bucilvnan. I would not be surprised if there were not a great ,

many maps published at the expense of the United States which, so |
far as practical use is concerneo, are failures. I do not mean that '

scientilK- men and scientific colleges would not make good use of
them, but from my knowled*'e of the soil survey maps 1 do not believe
that the average farmer malves use of them; at least he does not in
my kcction. and he does not in my county. That may be true as to
fore,stry maps and as to Geological Survey maps, but as far as the
average nian is concerned they are of no use; out from a scientific
standpoint, 1 suppose, they are all right, and it takes a scientist to
UMdt'i'>taM(l them.

Doctor Makbct. If, however, the results reach the farmei-s through
the experiment stations, is that any argument against the funda-
mental work (

Mr. Bi ( HANAN. 1 a(lmitte«l that to start with.

Doctor Whitnkv. You understand that the reason you got those
2.000 copies was because the law says you shall have that many. We
have Jiothing to do with it.

Mr. Br( HA.NAN. 1 am not making any particular complaint about
that, but my idea is that if they are for the use of the general farmer

of

A(ini( II.TIKAL AI'I'HOPICIATIO.V HILI,, Hr_>4. 283

tlu'V arc Wjisli'tl. I Imvi' alrrady stated llmt ihrsr iiin|)> mij^ht bi-
of tis(> t(i sci(Mitilic iiH'ti uiui rxpcriiiiciil stutiotis, hiuI it may l>i' tluit
tlu' maps will t)ulv Ix' iisrful in lutor yours if they an* nrcsiTvi'd.

Doctor Hai.i,. You have Im'ch makiiij; a just criti«'ism, l>craiisc I
l)clicvc those maps are not sent when' they should he. They are
!*cientific maps to he used for «jen»>rati(>ns to ronie, hut instead thoy
are sent out widely and distrihuted amonj; farmers, politieians, and
>torekee|)ers who do n<»t know their value.

Mr. lii(iiA\A\. Then n<»u reco^ni/e mv criticism f

Doctor Ball. Your criticism as to their distribution, ves; but
that distribution is somethin«j over which we have no control. That
distribution is made by reason of a law passed by Contjress and we
have no contfol over it. We would like to have it chanired.

Doctor WniTNKY. That is the point I was trying to nnike. that
they «;o out by law; we do not send them. Let me say that these
soil-survey maps siTve a v«>rv useful [)urpose in the way of stabiliz-
ing; the values of land. A <j;reat many real estate deah'rs throu<;h-
out the country are exhibit injj these maps as a basis for sellinjj land
and they have brought about the salt* of lands at somewhat their
real value. These maps havt* cut out a «ijood many of the fraudulent
sales and misrepresjMitations. Then in some of the States they are
beinj; used for taxinor purposes.

Mr. Bi'CHANAN. It is stranjje that scientific and practical minds
always come in conflict. You say these maps aid in stabilizing the
values of land. There is no way on the face of the earth ()f stabilizin
the value of land or the products of land, because as the products
land go up the value of the land goes up, and if they go down, then
the value of the land ^ijoes down. You can not stabilize land.

Doctor Whitney. Well, relatively you can. If there is a swampy
section in here [indicating] that is shown on the map; the map would
show that there was this swamp there and that much of tne land
was nonproductive, so that now it is very dillicult for a real estate
agent to sell that as productive land.

FOR EXAMI.NATIOX OK SOILS TO AID CL.VSSIFICATIOX OF AGRICULTURAL

LANDS.

Mr. Andf.rson. We will take up the next item on page 19S. for
examination of soils to aid in the classification of agricultural laiuls.

Doctor Whitney. That is for the classification of agricultural lands
and that has been going on just as heretofore. We have been work-
ing T^ith many of the departments, the Reclamation Service, the
Geological Survey, the Pt)st Oflice Department, and the Department
of Justice.

Mr. Anderson. What does the Post Office Department have to do
with the classification of lands ^

Doctor Whitney. Well, they have very important functions in land
fraiul cases. They are calling on us constantly for help in the classi-
fication and examination of lands to see wh(>ther the laws of the United
States hav(> been broken. We havi' had several verv large cases of
that kind that have come up in the last few years. ^^ e have one that
has been dragging for over six or eight years, and the Post Office
Department is still after the alleged fraudulent us(«rs of the mail.

Doctor Mahbut. May I state that that appropriation this year has
been spent largely in reconnaissance work ? For example, in northern

284 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Minnesota we are making reconnaissance surveys for land classifica-
tion at the reouest of the State to determine wEat is forest land and
what is agricultural land.

Mr. BuciLWAX. Is it State land or private land ?

Doctor Makbit. Part of it is State land and part of it is private
land. It is land. We do not inquire as to the ownership of that
land at all.

FOR GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES.

Mr. Anuerso.n. On page 199 you have your general item for
administrative expenses, which is tne same as last year.
Doctor Whitney. Yes, sir.

Monday, November 20, 1922.

Bl'REAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

STATEMENTS OF DR. L. 0. HOWARD, ENTOMOLOGIST AND
CHIEF; DR. A. L. QUAINTANCE, ENTOMOLOGIST IN CHARGE
OF FRUIT INSECT INVESTIGATIONS; MR. W. R. WALTION,
ENTOMOLOGIST IN CHARGE OF CEREAL AND FORAGE
INSECT INVESTIGATIONS; DR. W. D. HUNTER, IN CHARGE
OF SOUTHERN FIELD CROP INVESTIGATIONS; MR. B. R.
COAD, IN CHARGE OF BOLL WEEVIL INVESTIGATIONS;
DR. JOHN E. GRAF, DR. E. A. BACK, DR. A. F. BURGESS, IN
CHARGE OF GYPSY AND BROWN TAIL MOTH INVESTIGA-
TIONS.

Mr. Anderson. Doctor Howard, do you desire to make any general
statement ?

Doctor HowAKi). I have a general statement which I have prepared
for the record, if yon desire to have it incorporated.

Mr. Anderson. It will be inserted in the record.

GENERAL ST.\TEMENT OP WORK.

Tlu' iiiim'icr and sr-rioiisiicss of the prohlcins ooimected with insect tlaniaiie which
thp foiintiv has to confront seem to he incicasinjT an(t demand untirinj; work on the
part of the enloinoloj^iHtH of the Kederal departniont and tho.se connected with the
different Slates. The lnid},'et for thi; li.scal year I9J4 lias been restricted to the lowest
l)a«Hil)Ie limit and shows a decrease of $JUJ from the amount approjiriated for the
current fiscal year. There is an increa.se of .^lli.OOO (re])resented hv the reijuested
increases of $•_'.'). ()(K) for deciduous-fruit insects, $.5,000 for forest ins?cts. and $i;?.000
for truck-croji in.sectsi, l)Ut this is more llian offset l>y a reduction of ?!1,.')()0 in the
statutory roll and $;{!!. J!»2 in the workiu},' funds of the " rreventinp; spread of moths"
appropriation.

WORK ON THE MAIN PROBLEMS OK THE YEAR.

JafxuiiMi />rW/. - Work a;:3iii.st the .lajianese beetle is beinp; vigorously prosecuted,
in coopt :.ition \<,\l\i the .New .'ersey and l'eniis> Ivania State departments of a;;ri-
culiure. ,\ K<-dcral <piarantine (No. 48) and (luarantines liy the States of New .lersey
and I'eiiiisylvania are Ix-in^ operated, refiulatinjj interstate and intrastate traMic.
Necj'MHury ntli-ntion is lieinn jjiven to the inspection of veijctaide products, especiallv
sweet corn, which is most likely to dislrilmti- liie l.cfllcs. l>uriu;^' ihe seiuson of lit.'J,
SOUK- '.;o.'» (MMI li;Hk<t> iif corn were inspected and more than ■|,(ioo l>eclles removed
from within llie tips of the ear-s, some of which numlxr niii^dii oilierwis.' luvv(> been

I

II

f

A(;UI('ULTl'RAI, AITROPIUATION HIIJ^ H>24. 285

(listrihutod uIouk with llio corn l<» |H)intH inoro or l»*fw ri'inotr fn»m ihi* itifiwlcl an-a.
Active BCOiititiK work to dotiTininf tin* limilw of iiif<'?<lution of thi« iM-nt liaA l>oen rarriinl
on. covorinB;.Hoin«» 4<X) H<nuin> inilfM. with thn n'»»tili that thf-n- wax foniul to bo inf«f<t«»«|
api»roximal<'ly 2\'.i 8<|Uiin' niil<'f< in \i«w .Ii'pm'V and .')7 M'|uar«' mil*-?* in I'onnMvlvaniu

AloriK' with the (|uariintin<> work l>ioloi;l«;il Mtiidi** of thf in-o'vt ha\ <• hi-i-ri |' ■ >i

with tnufh Hiicct'HH. Invosiiniitioii."* of iii.««'cticidi>?< and nifthixlM i>i rmiirol )i ■ n

Kiv(>n a proniinont phuv, itictudini; thf tr<' ilnwiit of tlio >;riil>H in the i*oil. u»m- oi ]f\ ■!>
and r('i>i'lhintsHpr.iy«'<| on foliiii;<>. th»> <iiwiruriion of th»> t'rulw hy airriiidtnral n)«>thii<lH.
otr. Muili iitlcntion has IxM'n K'^'f'i ♦" '''•' inHptn-tion of nnrwry Ht<K-k in th«' infmted
t(>rritorv, and proviriion made for moWnK thin wht>n ixxwiblo undor thn qitarantinn
roixuhitioiiH

A liiru'f ninnlxT of panirtitos of llic .lapuni'sr Ix-t'th' huvo lici-n ini|K»rt<-<| from Japan.
Thi\><e aro boini; propa;;at«'<| and cxttMLsivc lilMTationn of the i»anu<ito« will lu- rna<lo
in the Hpring. \n investigation of parasites in other jmrts of tne world than Jafian in
pianntnl. in<-liidini; an many regions as [Kxwildi' whoro tin- .Fajmnfflo JK'etlo or itn nr-ar
rolativ»>H arc known to occur.

Furopfiiii corn futrer. — -In .Xii^Mmt. 1!I21. the corn l>orcr wa*» di.-M-ovcrod to havo bo-
como di8tril)Ut«Hl. probably by fli^rht from Ontario, alon^' tho cut ire Hoiithcrn shore
of Lake Krie in PonnHylvania! Ohio, and Mif-hi^fan. In order to «tudy the infle<-t in
it.s new environment, a tield lal>oratory waw established at Sandusky. Ohio. Head-
cpiarters for the scouting: work and the inspei-tion and certilication of crojifl were alno
eatalili.sheii at ('lev«>lan(i and Toledo. Durini: the summer of 1!''J2 very little chaii>re
hai« occurriMl in the distribution of the insect in fhe regions mentionecl. alfhouirh a
elierht spread into contiffuous tertiitory ha« been ol>served. No rommercial damage
has yet become a])parent there, but it is fearetl that serious damape to the corn crop
will result within a few years if the insect is not kept in check by timely action on
the part of agricultural workers. In the western New York area, near HutTalo. an
extensive eastward sprea<l occurre<l during the fliirht season of the moths this year.
The edpe of this infestcKl area now coincides with the eastern border of Wyoming
t'ounty. A slight increase in the amount of injury to corn was noted, but the losaen
incurred are not yet of a very serious character. In eastern New York little change
has been noted. The spread has been slight and the intensification of injury almost
imperceptiitle.

In Mas.sachu.seltts, where the corn borer has two broods per annum, a very con-
siderable increast' in injury to garden crops in general, an<l especially to celery, beets,
and beans, has occurred. Serious injury has also been observed on certain flowering
plants grown for market purposes, such as gladioli, dahlias, a.-^ters, and chry,«an-
themums. A very marked and exten.sivc dispersion by flight has occurred in New
llamixshire. Khode Island, and Maine during the late .summer a.s a result of the dense
character of the infestation in the areas existing immediately surrounding Boston.

The research work on the corn borer has been vigorously pressed to detcnuine
practicable means of control, and a farmers' bulletin giving the results of these investi-
gations is ill press. This will contain recoinineiulalions lor the control of the pest,
chiefly by means of changes in agronomic practice and the consumption of the infested
crops in a manner to destroy the insects contained in them. Investigations l(X)king
toward the discovery of an elHcient insecticide are being conducted, but as yet do
not promise success. The fumigation of dried crops for possible movement from the
infested areas has received much attention.

The work of introducing the natural enemies of the corn l)orer from Kurope has
progres-'^ed rapidly, and more than 1, ()()(), t)(K) individuals of a single promising species
of parasitic wasp have been liberated in Massachusetts during the past summer. At
present another distinct species is being propagated with similar treatment in view.
Several additional in.sect parasites have been discoveriKi, which it is believed may
function beneliciary when introduced into Ameri<a.

Cotton boll wenil. — Excellent pro^re.ss hius been made in the control of the Im)II
weevil by the calcium arsenate dust. \'ery many planters have used this procees
with prolital)le results during the year, and it has l)een constantly simpliliiHi and cheap-
ened and adapte<I to different regions. Hxperiments have l)een made in the use of
the airplane which show that in this way the amount of iv)ison i-an be cut in half and
which indicate the possible use of this instrument for dusting on large plantations or
in regions of almost continuous cotton culture and suggest that it may come into play
in community service.

The general feeling throughout the regions where the boll weevil has been present
for several vears is one of encouragement. an<l it has been shown in many cases that
by the application of cultural methods recommended by the department even the
small planter on comparatively poor soil may raise cotton under boll weevil conditions
at a profit.

286 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Meciran bean beetle. — Inve^ti^tioos on the Mexican bean beetle have been contin-
ued in the southeastorn United States, jmncipally in Alal)aina. the work being spe-
cially devoted to control methods. Arsenicale of all tvpes have l^een tested and will
l>e continued in cooperation with entomologists of all infested States in relation to
injury to l)ein plants and to the destruction of the insect. Biologic studies liave been
continued, a proinisiiit; tachinid parasite has been imported from Mexico, and efforts
are bein;; ma<k' to colonize it during the next year. The beetle, first reported in
Alai)ama in 1;»20. has since invaded Georgia, Tennessee. Kentucky. Virginia, and the
Carolinas. and. at the present rate of spread, will soon reach Indiana. Ohio, and West
\'irginia, and probably Mississippi. ])esided increasing its range in all of the States
first mentioned. In the Kstancia Valley of New Mexico the ravages of this beetle are
enormous and growers are asking the department 's aid.

Gi/)-iij moth and brotm-tail moth. — At the beginning of the fiscal year the work was
resumed with an a])pr<»priation of $400,000, while $500,000 was really needed to

Srojierly carrv out the bureau s program of restricting the spread of the gipsy moth in
ew Kngland and to follow u]) the exterminative measures inaugurated in the large
infested area in New Jersey, as well as treatment of small colonies in New York State.
When additional funds became available on May 11, the work was at once enlarged
and vigorously j)rosecut('(l. though the results were seriously interfered with by the
abnormal heavy rainfall during June. A colony of gipsy moths found at Greenport,
lx)ng Island, and a small colony at Patchogue, Long Island, were carefully treatetl
and sprayed. Five small colonies in other localities in New York were carefully
inspected and treated and no infestation was discovered this year. It is therefore
believed that the in.sect has been exterminated in these colonies. The nine isolated
colonies in New Jersey ai)pear to have been eradicated as no infestation has been found
in any of them. These areas will be rescouted another season and treated if infesta-
tion develojjs. The Somerville (N. J.) infestation was thoroughly scouted by lat*
spring, though insufficient funds made i# impossible to accomplish the amount of
cutting work desirable on several river bottom areas. While a large amount of spraying
was done in New Jersey it proved less effective on account of almost continuous and
heavy rains during May and June. The work, however, resulted in a sharp decrease
in the number of caterpillars over the previous summer, and in no place in the State
was there any serious ciefoliation by the gh^sy moth. No trace of the insect has been
found in the area jjreviously infested in Pennsylvania.

()n July 1, 1922. the Federal Horticultural Board placed under quarantine for the
giix^y moth additional areas in New England, representing a total of 3,C45 square miles;
on the other hand, several towns were released from quarantine as no infestation was
found at the time they were examined.

Some scouting has been done along the border of the brown-tail moth infestation,
and as a result of this work a heavy decrease in infested areas during the year has been
noted. Two tiiou.sand, three hundred and forty-two square miles have been released
from quarantine, including areas in Maine, \'ew Hampshire, Massachusetts, and
Rho<ie Island.

The parasite investigations have l)een enlarged by the dispatch of one expert
assistant to Ja|)an and one to Kiir()i)e. These men wili make a careful study of gipsy-
moth comlit ions in th('se countries and ship parasites and other natural enemies to
Americ"a. It is hojx'd that information may be obtained as to the causes of the tluctu-
ation of the insect in its original homes, which knowledge may be hel])ful to us. The
parasites and other natural enemies of the gipsv moth and brown-tail moth already
eBtal)liHhed in New Kngland are being found in large numbers in some localities.
Uolonization work has been contiinied ami areas in all infested States received ])lant-
'\n\p^ of parasites where thcne did not occur there before. The temi)erature during the
wint<'r was extremely low in many sections of New Englaml. resulting in the failure
to hatch of many egg dusters of the gii>sy moth. Defoliation therefore has been
less than in previous years, particularly in the localities where the egg clusters were
laiil high on the trees and not protected (hiring the winter by snow or ice,

OTHER INVKSTIOATIONM.

In addition lo ih*- main pests nuntioned al o\e, notable jirogiess has been ma<le in
the «-ttnn»aign for the suppression of th«' |)liim cnrculio in the iieorgia ]>each belt and
also in North Carolina, The u.se of paradichlombenzene for the control of tlH> peach
borer has become (piite general among coniniercial peach orchardisis and has resulted
in larv'e sa\ inu't* in the co.m oi control of this insetl. .Manv practical points have been
discovered in ili<. work on the codling nioth in the Pacilic Northwest, A new sjirav
has lnH-M developed for the San Jo.se scale winch is t'.xjieciallv applicabh- in the Ozark
n»sfion of Missouri and Arkansas as well as in southern Illinois ami Indiana, This

Ai:..i^ 1 l/nilAL Al'l'HOPRIAl M..N ull-l., l.C'l. 287

coiiflistH of a 2 pur cent oll^iuc oil thuruuKhly oiuiilflifKHt with |>oLajili-fiith-oi| noap aiul
i8 u.himI om a dormant trratmnit for (h<< Hcain, coHliiig about oii« half litw than the
Ht^iinlurd liiuc Hul])hur \va.Mh

StudicH of th»' .MorKlmm mid^'«-, tlic xo-callfd (;rt'<«ri \>\ni of {iti-uI jtojih in th<* South
\vt*Mt, and of the n('.'«<ian ll\ , havr Ix-ru contitnu'd with •'xcfllcnt rcttulLi. ( »rufleiho|i|MT
investiRatioiiH w(»r(< i-arriod on in Wyoming, NfonUna, and North Dakota, om wpII a- m
(Iropon, raliforniu, Arizona, and T«'xa.M r'lirthcr provT''"*" ^'nn niado toward tho < "M
trol of th«' alfalfa wi-evii l>v a tnetiuHi of diiHtin^; with arm-nii-alM whirh |iri>rni-4<v-<
.'<inii>l<'r and cheaper control Work ha^ lieen continued with ' in-

cludinj; the horn worm, Ilea lieetle, Innlwonn. an<l toliacio tin .villi

suear-cane in.HCi-t.s

In forcst-iiuM'ct fontn)l, a verv fllriking c«M)perativt' hit of work ha.s heen crarrieil on
in the Northwent a)^int<t th«> yellow pine hark hectic. In thia work the Fore«t Service
the National I'arkw Service, tfie office of In«lian .Vffairx, and JiHsociutioiLs of private own-
ers ha\e ciH)perat«Ml, and diirinj; the .spring; r)f IIL'J coiitml work wa.H carried on in the
Klamath re<;ion of Ore^fon which pronu.><e.H to ^'iv«' resulf.s of ^jreat valne.

The work on the .sweet potato weevil erudn-ation ha.M heen continued in I'Morida,
Cieorgia, Alaiiania, and Mi.'viH^ippi, with very favorahlo rcuulta in the (irHt three
States. In Mi.'wi.s.si])i)i, however, a nund)cr of now infe.statinna have heen reported
The pea aphif, whicti hius hecoine a .^eriouH ju'.st in recent vearH, esiK'cially in New
York, California, ami \\'iHeon!<in, on cannery pea.^, ha.s heen inten-sively .stuilied, an<l
there if< every prwpect of the workinj; out of a cheaj) and satisfactory metho<i for it^
control. A newly imported potato and tomato weevil has made ita appearance in
Mississippi and is heinj; intensively studied.

The experts enj^'^god in the invest ij^it ion of insects a ffectine stored products have
Iteen at work upon the in.sects attacking wheat, corn, and other grains in farmers'
liins, warehouses, p™*" cars, ships, ami elevators. Intensive studies have ln'cn
made of the Angoumois grain moth, or fly weevil, that has done much damage to the
litliJ crop of winter wheat in the Eastern States. Investigations have heen carried
on in cooj)en»tion with the Bureau of (Chemistry to discover a more satisfactory fumi-
gant for grain cars, and studies have heen made of weevils attacking heans, i>eas, and
cowpeas in storage. Inst>cts affecting fahrics made of wool, hair, furs, ancl feathers
have heen stu<iied.

Many important studies have heen continued with reference to hee culture, all the
prohlems of imi>ortance to practical beekeeping being borne in mind.

THE DECREASES SUBMITTED.

The amount for statutory salaries is reduced in the estimates by $-t,000, which is
explained by the fact that five preparator i)laces at $840 have been dropped.

The amount submitt<'d for the investigations of the gipsy moth and brown-tail
moth is $')31,00(), which is an apparent decrease of .ffJQ.OOO from the amount aj»pro-
priated h\st winter. However, as .$100,000 of the amount apj)ropriated last year was
set aside as immediately available, on account of the lateness of the season only
tt portion of it was spent before the end of the fiscal vear, leaN-ingan actual decrease
of $39,292. This, with the decrease of .statutory- salaries ($4,200) is $43,492. which
shows a total decrease of estimates from last year's appropriation of $492.

THE INCREASES SUBMITTED.

Under deciduous fruit insects, an increase of $25,000 is requested, $20,000 of which
is to provide for the strengthening of the work against the Japanese beetle. The ra{>id
spread of this beetle ami the tremendous increase in its destructivene.ss durinj;; the
past year have so increased the i)roblem of its control that an entire reor^r-mization
of the work will be necessary. It is projKwed to abandon the project of certification
and inspection of fielil crops, such as sweet corn, etc. The area of infestation now
includes so many large nurseries that the. expense of inspecting nursery stock will
require all the funds available for in-senction, leaving the increase asked for to provide
for the extension of research work ana the develo])ment of control measures. If the
continuation of the field inspection work is to be considered, this will neOd to be done
on an entirely different basis from that in effect at present and will involve much
larger sums of money than this appropriation ])roviiles.

The other $'»,000 of the $2"),(K)0 asked for will be exjiended in the investiiiation
of pecan insects, especially the green soldier bug and the pecan-nut case borer which
have recently become seriously destructive in Georgia and Florida. This investi-
gation is urgently demanded by pecan growers in the Southeastern States.

22028—22 19

288 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

An increase of $5,000 is asked for forest-insect investigations. Of this amount it is
proposed to expend $2,500 for experiments with methods for iireventing losses from
timber-boring insects, includin;,' studies of tlie treatment of green logs with chemical
mixtures and in other ways, and other practical methods of handling forest products
to prevent insect damages. Work of this character was begun on a small scale in
(ieorgia, South Carolina, and Virginia, and has resulted already in great savings in
limber.

The remaining .$5,500 will be spent in a special study of insects affecting shade trees
and hardy shrubs.

Under the head of insects affecting truck crops and stored products an increase of
$13, (MM) is asked. Of this amount, $4,000 will be spent in an investigation of pea
aphis injury to <"annery peas, which will be carried on at the urgent request of the
National ('anners' .\s.sociation and of many growers of peas for canning purposes.

Three thou.sand dollars will be spent in the study of the new Irish potato and tomato
weevil in Mississippi. This is an insect pest entirely new to this country, recently
accidentally introduced, and it should be intensively studied, since it may possibly
become a serious pest.

Three thousand dollars more of this amount will be spent in the study of insec-ts
affecting textile fabrics. Ver\' little research work on this group of insects has been
possible up to the present time, on account of lack of funds.

The remaining $3,000 will be spent in the study of the effect of low temperatures
upon the life of insects that attack articles placed in cold storage. The department
so far has been unable to give authentic data to business firms making incjuiries in
this direction.

SALARIES.
REDUCTION IN STATUTORY ROLL.

Mr. Anderson. We will take up first the item for yonr statutory
roll. There appears to be a reduction of S4,200 in that item.

Doctor Howard. We drop out five entomological preparatoi-s.

Mr. Anderson. Are all oi those places vacant now (

Doctor Howard. Nearly all of them are vacant, j^es; because wo
can not get anybody to work for that salary.

FOR deciduous FRinX INSECTS INVESTIGATIONS.

JAI'ANE.SE BEETLE.

i

t

The next item, on page 202, calls for an increase of $25,000.
Doctor Quaintance will explain that item.

Mr. Andej{SO\. For what purpose do you want that increase I *

Doctor QuAiNTANCE. Mr. Chairman, that is to enlarge the work. |
and c.s|)('(ially the research features of the work. Tlie Japanese
hectic is proving to be a very troublesome insect. We are carrying
on investigations along various lines and we need additional funds
to successfully prosecute these. We are handling nursery inspection
and scouting work also under the research allotment. The territory
covered l)^- the Ix-ctic is raj)i(lly increasing, being now ahnost twice
as much as last year.

Mr. Andkrsox. This is the bug tliat attacks the soya bean ^

Doctor (.|i AiNTANCK. Xo; that is the Mexican i)ean beetle in the
South. This Jaj)anc.s(' hectic is located around Phihulclj)hia and
itdiacent New Jersey.

Sfr. Iir< nAN.\N. What docs it attacks

Doctor C^iALNTAN( K. It attacks a large variety of plants; it is
especially injurious to fruit and shade trees, and infests certain field
«rops like sweet corn and certain other vegetables. This increase in
funds is needed to increa.s<> the research work and the inspection of
nursery stock, 'i'here are a nuinher of important activities to provide

ACRK ri.TritAi. APPRornrATiox hii.u I'-'i*. 289

for. us additioniil sroutinj; work. In MsciTtiiin tlu» fiirtlior sprrjul of
tin* ins«'ct, Hs wt'll Hs («» iiicn'asr ccrtuiri proji'cts of rrs<«arfli <l«'Hliri;;
with inspcticidcs. disinfection <»f nursery stock, and to cnlnrj;c the
s«>arch for parasites from foreign c(Hintrics.

Mr. Andkkso.n. W here is this hu^ h>cated now '.

Doctor QiAiNTANc K. It o<'curs in the rejjion of IMiihidelphia.
Here is Phihidelphia County i indicating; on map): here is the Dehiware
Kiver an<l this part is New Jersey iindicate<h. The iii'^e<-t is on hoth
sides of the river. This (it)dicatin;;) represents the territory infested
in 1021. 270 .scpiare iniUvs; the i;reen area represents the 11122 area,
which is 773 square miles.

There are several nurserio iii ilial lcrriiur\. ."-"onic of the hir;;e-,t
nurseries in the I niled Stales are near Phihidelphia and are hx ated
wliere those {greenish spots appear on this niaf) < lose to the infested
area. The nui-serynien themselves are very much perturlx-d ahout
the effect this insect may have uj)on their nnrserv husiness, especinllv
in the view of the tyf)e of stock they <;row. They propa;;at«' manv
ornamental plants, especially everjjreens. and these must have aroun(f
the roots a small hall of earth so that they will live when replanted.
Now, this insect, in o!H' of its stai;«'s, is a ^ruh, like the common white
^rul). It mav jret into the soil around the roots of the nurserv .>to<k.
It is almost impo.ssihle to disinfect these balls of earth and ship them
out safely. One important reason for askin<; an increase in this item
is for research work to ascertain a method of doinj; awav with the
halls of earth around the nurserv stock, or of treating them so that
they ean be shipped and replanted with succe.ss. We have installed
in some apparatus that lowers or raises the temperature suddetdv.
We have been putting the plants through that. We have been usiiig
<;ases and solutions of various sorts. We have been doing this in the
hope of showing the practicability of safely replanting coniferous
stock with earth removed from the roots. It is estimated that this
insect will soon afTect nursery interests valued at S 10, ()()(). ()()() or
S20,0()0.000, and we are anxious to do something this year for the
nurserv trade in that section of the countrv.

KEDERAI. AND STATE QCARANTINES.

Mr. Andkksun. Is a (juarantine now maintained against this area ^

Doctor QiAiNTANCE. There are Federal and State (|Uarantines on
now; yes.

Mr. Anderson. How does that operate and what does it operate
against '.

Doctor QiAiNTANCE. It involves the produce likelv to distribute
the insect, especially the sweet com in this area. The adult beetle
has the habit of entering the tip of the ear; the ear ^\ hen pulled off is
sent to market in baskets. We inspect all of the sweet corn from the
territory for the purpose of preventing the spread of this beetle to
distant places, but permit the produce to go to local markets where
the insect occurs. Ninety per cent of this corn goes into the Phila-
delphia market. We have foinul some four or live thousanil beetles
this year in the tips of ears of sweet corn, and if we had not found
them the chances are that some of them would have been .scattered
long distances. Our principal concern is to prevent the long-distance
spread of the l)«'etle, realizing that we can not prevent its normal
spread frt)m year to year.

290 AGRICULTUR-\L APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. AxDERSox. There is no known method of eradicating it?

Doctor QuAiNTANCE. No. The nature of the country in this area
is such that it would be impossible. It is thickly settled with small
properties: it is a suburban district and it can not be done.

^Ir. Andkrsox. To wliat extent has it interfered witli the growth
of truck crops and other crops in that district?

Doctor QuAiXTAXCE. It has caused a material interference with the i
jnowth of peaches and apples. The beetles are out on the wing as j

peaches are ripening and as early apples are ripening; the beetles
collect on the fruit and spoil it for market purposes. Along with that
tliev defoliate the trees, and it is necessary to protect these orchards
bv spraying. To do this, spraying is necessary at a time when it is
(|uite unwise to spray, because the fruit may cany more or less of
ar.senic, objectionable from various standpoints. So there is an |

awkward dilemma; if you protect the fruit from the beetle you may
poison it. At the same time the beetles are attacking shade trees in
various parts of the districl and defoliate them more or less. We are
working on other insecticides which will not be so objectionable, and we
hope we can secure one that will enable us to spray the ripening fruit
and not possibly interfere with its sale.

\

FEDERAL AND STATE CONTRIBUTIONS.

Mr. Andersox. And how" much are you spending on this bug
altogether?

Doctor Qu.viXTAXCE. We are spending at the rate this year of
$100,000, S65,000 for research worK and the balance for this (juaran-
tine and inspection work.

Doctor Ball. You should make clear the change in program next
year.

Doctor QuAiXTANCE. We are planning to spend another year,
SSo.OOO on research work so that tlie entire increase of S20,000 will go
toward increasing that work, and maintaining the inspection service
at S;io,000, the same as at present. The area infested has become so
large that considerable additional money will be necessary to handle
the (|uarantine and inspection of field crops and prevent its long dis- h
tance spread. That item has not been asked for yet; I think you will '*

lind a note to that effect in the Book of Estimates. We expect that the
states of New Jersey and Pennsylvania will support the work liber- \
ally: in fact, we think that Pennsylvania will perhaps appropriate
as much as SoO.OOO. The entomologist and. perhaps, other oliicials
have committed themselves to that recommendation.

You, probably, are not interestcnl in the dillerent plans for handling
this <)iicstioii of (|naiantiTU' of field crops, but bricflv one invt)lves the
throwing of the entire Philadelphia area open to the unrestricted
movement of prtxluce from the infested area. In that way we would
be relieved from a large amount of inspection and all we would have
(o look out for would be the (ranshipnient of the protluce along the
:<»a(ls by tnieks and now and then by rail. Another plan would be to
juaki' inspection of field products in the held at the source, as we have 2
Im'cii doing, which we figure would cost materially more. It is a ques-
tion of tln' relative elliciency of the two |)lans and funds available.

Mr. AxDKU.soN. They are able to produce crops of vegetables and
fruits ovnn with the progress of this bug <

Doctor QiALNTANCK. Oh, yos.

ACHU Tl.TrRAL APPROPHIATION' Hll.l^ VrZl. 291

Doitor Bali.. Its ilHiim«;(' is not so imii-h to the orofiuction of tlic*
(■ro|)s as it is to the sale of tlii'tn on accoiiiit of the (iistril)iitioi) of the
luij;. If we take olf this (|iiaraiit iM(> an<l allow froe tnovpinent thon
its <lama<;t' to the truck crops will luA ho ^^rcat ; its «laitia<;o is to tho
meadow ;;rass»'s in its i^'iiih ^tn;^c and to the fruit, cherries, aj){)I(>H,
|)<Miches. and grapes, and ji lar;;e lunnher of shftd«' trors in the hoctlo
stajje. It does not dainajjce tlie truck to any j^reat extent hut it
daina<;es the sale of it. The a|)[)rc»|)rintion you are heinj^ asked t<»
consi(ler now contains no it<MU at all for Miainlannr><; this «|inirantuie
a«;ainst truck crops hut does contain money to maintain the (piaran-
tine on nursery stock whi<h will jjo all over the I'nited States.

I>KHTRC(TI<>N OP COKN, THKKH, KTI' , HY BKKTI.K.

Mr. lUcMA.NAN. ^ ou say it attacks sweet com: doc^ it ever attack
ordinary corn i

Doctor QiAiNTANCK. '\\> a limited extent.

Mr. BrcnAXAN. Do vou have any rea.son to helieve that it will
hecomc a menace to oroinary <'orn *

Doctor QiAi.NTANCK. I do not believe it will.

Mr. Bi'ciiAXAN. It goes in the end of the ear just like the old corn
w«)rm (

Doctor t^iAiNTANCK. Yes. sir.

Mr. BiHiiANAN. Is it like the old corn worm?

Doctor OuAiXTANCE. Xo; it is a little bronze colored beetle,
about that long [indicating].

Mr. Bi {'iiANAX. Is it a worm i

Doctor Qi AiXTAXCE. No; it is a hardshelled beetle.

Doctor Ball. It is a blue June buo;.

Mr. AxDKK.soN. You say that in the beetle stage it attacks both^
fruit and foliage (

Doctor Qi.uxTAXcE. Yes, sir.

Mr. AxDERSON. To what extent does it eat the foliage i

Doctor QiAiXT.vxcE. It will deft)liate trees.

Mr. AxDEU.sox. Then it will kill them?

Doctor QiAi.NTAXCE. It will kill them; yes. 1 have seen old ap])le
trees almost defoliated as well as the young growth in many orchards.

Mr. Andersox. Do you have any reason to believe that it will be-
come so numerous in the infested area that if not curbed it will de-
stroy all the trees ?

Doctor QiAixTANCE. There is every indication of that. Since the
insect was found in the center of this territory it has been increasing
at a verv ra]>id i-ate. This summer it occurretl literally by the thou-
sands where it occurred by huiulreds last year.

Doctor liALL. In the center of that area they stripped every sinj^le
leaf off of practically every cherry tree within an area of a mile
s<|uare.

Mr. BucHAXAX. If this beetle feeds on leaves, why is it not ea.sy
enough to poison it ?

Mr. C^i AIXTAXCE. it is very sensitisi- to any foreign matter (»n
the foliage, and often refuses to eat.

Mr. BiTHAXAN. Does it feed on a specific kind of trees, or does it
feed on nearly everything?

.Mr. (^rAfXTAX< E. It feeds (.n about everything, including weeds.

292 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TIOX BILL, 1924.

Mr. Buchanan. Has it done any damago whore it came from in
Japan i

Mr. QuAiNTANCE. It is held in check there very well hy climatic
conditions and parasites: we have two of our men in Japan study-
ing it.

Mr. Buchanan. Have they done anything over there trying to

kill the heetle (

Mr. Quaintance. It is not an economic pest there, except locally
and in occasional years.

Doct<>r Ball. Japan has no grass lands. The white grub breeds J
in grass lands.

ATTACK.S KRIITS OF AM. KINDS.

Mr. BrciiANAN. Does it attack fruits of any character except
apples and peaches ?

Doctor Quaintance. It attacks cherries, grapes, and pears, and
probably plums; it will eat almost anything. Our records of its
injuries to plums are meager, because plums are not grown to any
great extent in the area.

Mr. Buchanan. You think, then, if it lives in JapauMt will live in
nearlv every section of the United States ?

Doctor Quaintance. There is every reason to believe it will
spread in every direction.

Mr. Bi:cHANAN. Its greatest damage seems to be to grass: is
that it ^

Doctor C^iAiNTANCE. In golf courses it eats the grass, especially
on the putting greens, where the turf can sometimes be rmled up
like a blanket.

PECAN INSECT WORK.

i

Doctor Howard. There is another slight increase in this of
$5,()UU, Mr. Chairman.

Doctor Quaintance. That is an enlargement of the pecan insect
work in the South — in Georgia, Florida. Alabama, etc. There have
appeared there recently two serious insect pests of the pecan: One
the so-called southern stink bug, which is a green foul-smelling bug
that breeds especially on the cowpeas, grown largely in the orchards
for soil improvement purposes. They cut these peas for forage or
they die down and the bug migrates to the pecan trees and punctures
the nuts which at that time are still tender. The result of the
puncture apparently is to cause dwarfing or deterioration of that
part of the kernel in the shell —the meat — that was puiu-tured: and
last year and the year before there was a very heavy loss reported of
this peculiar charactei". The nuts looked all right and were sent out
to the trade, and then the ct)mplaints came in, and the brokers and «
growers were (|uite at a loss to detect the tr(Ui]>le .'ind stop it. That
is one of the insects that the pecan growers ha\ (> made representatit>ns
to the department about.

Another is a small caterpillar, the larva of a little nu>th, that
appears in the spring about the tim(> th(> little pecans ai"c fornuMl. It
bores into the nuts and the nuts fall, and the injuries have been veiy
severe in the Southeast for a couple of yeaj-s and is on the increase.
This insect has be<>n (|uite bail in Texas and some yeais d(\stroys the
bidk of their crop on the river bottoms. In (Jeorgia we think it <|uit(>
possible to stop that trouble by sjiraying.

A(;Ki( ri.Tl'RAL AHPROPUIATION BIM., H>24. 293

Mr. Ik'CifANAN. Vi»u hav«' ;jot a linni ji»l» to spray jxM'aii tr<»«».

Doctor QiAiNTANCK. Wc would iu>t In- ablo to spray Trxas rivi-r-
bottom trees economically.

Mr. A.NDKKSON. Have you tinisluMl with your increases under this
item i

CKKKAI. AND FOltA<JK INSECTS INVESTIGATIONS AND FOK THE CONTROI.
AND DESTRITCTION OK GRASSHOPPERS.

Doctor Howard. There is no increase itsked for under the next
item nor under the item following that. Of course, if you wish to ask
anv <|Uestions we an^ Iwre to answer them.

^Ir. Andkr.son. Have there been any serious <)uthreaks of the
Hessian lly this last year f

Mr. Wakton. No: there have not been any severe outbreaks
• liirin;; hist year.

Mr. IkciiANAN. Wiiat does it attack?

Mr. Walton. It attacks wheat, rye, and barh'y.

FOR INVKSTKJATIONS OK INSECTS AKKECTINO SOUTHERN FIELD < ROPS.

Mr. Ander-son. The next item is on naoje 20b. investijiations of
insects aflfectinij southern field crops, includint; in.sects affecting cot-
ton, tobacco, rice, supir cane. etc. Does this item on ])at;e 200
include cotton boll weevil *

Doctor Howard. Yes. sir.

Mr. HucHANAN. What have you been able to do with the boll
weevil (

Doctor Howard. I will ask Doctor Hunter to tell you about that.

PROr.RESJ* OK TMK HOl.l.-SVEEVlL I AMI'AliiN.

Doctor HiNTER. Mr. Coad is the man right from the lirint; line,
and he could answer questions more specifically and more directly
than 1 could. However, a large part of the campaign this year was
in testing out poisoning in different localities. A number of jiroblems
have arisen with reference to the local conditions and their effect on
this j)rocess of controlling the weevil by poisoning. In your State.
Mr. Buchanan, of Texas, in 1921 we had a number of ex]>erimental
areas where the a])]>li(ation of the poison was made by our men. In
all cases the results were successful: that is, an increase in the crop
was obtained that more than covered the cost of o]>erfttions.

This year we had no specially supervised experiments in Texas,
but a great many farmers all over the State applied poison. Toward
the end of the season we made an effort to check up, to get some
reading on the practical experience of these farmers.

In every case in our publications and in lettei's anil other communi-
cations we have emphasized the importance — this applies more
especially to Texas, nut applies more or less ever^'^vhe^e — of the
necessity on the part of farmers providing some check area where
the poison is not applied so that they will he able to figure out what
results the}' actually obtained.

In Texas we made an effort to <;et a complete list of all users of
calcium ai-senate. We succeeded through the jobbei's and from other

(

294 AGRICULTTRAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

sources in obtaining a Tmt of 110 users. We liad an agent visit each
one of those farmers scattered throuo;hout the State to find out what
resuhs they had obtained, whether they had provided checks or not. j
Unfortunately in only 29 out of the 110 cases had the farmers pro- '
vided checks.' So there was no direct reading of the results they nad
obtained. In 28 out of these 29 there was an increase in production {
ranging from one-seventh of a bale up to fully a bale to the acre. »

Mr. Buchanan, They did report an increase of a bale to the acre,
did they ?

Doctor Hunter. Yes, sir.

Mr. Buchanan. I am afraid there is another Ananias Club down
there.

Doctor Hunter. Some of them were your good citizens in the
county of Hidalgo. I have a full record tnat I will be glad to place
in your hands.

In the majority of cases the farmers did not provide checks; they
did not seem to realize the importance of doing that sort of thing.

Mr. Buchanan. Does the cost still remain about S6 or S8 an acre ?

Doctor Hunter. It seldom goes as high as that.

COST OF POISON PER ACRE.

Mr. CoAD. The averages from costs from the various points this
year vary somewhat from the States, but around S2 to 85 an acre.
I do not believe we have any over S5 an acre for seasonal treatment.

Mr. Buchanan. Is that poison applied with the big machines?

Mr. CoAD. P^very type of machine available is included in the
records. For example, we have very excellent work

Mr. Buchanan (interposing). How many applications ?

Mr. Coad. Well, it varies even on the same property. For
example, you take a single property and in striking vour average
on the place some land may receive one or two applications and
another part as much as six applications. You wdi find it costs
right around

Mr. Buchanan (interposing). 1 am not talking about the cost per
a(Te of one application or two applications; I am talking about the
cost per acre with one or two applications that are essential to get
the desired results.

Mr. Coad. Yes, that is what 1 was talking about, the season's
treatment, in other words.

Mr. Buchanan. ()n<> or two applications is not a season's treat-
• iK'iit, is it i

Mr. OoAi). It is for some lands; yes. Take, for example, a great
deal of Texas area, and sometimes in Louisiana and Mississippi,
you have some areas adjoining timb(>rland or gins or ))oints of
nibcrnation, from where tlie boll weevils come out after hibernation
that mav rcfpiire four to six apj)lications. Other areas adjoining
those will take perhaps but two to four: other areas infested only
late in the season re(|uire (me or two applications merely to prot<?ct

flw VolU)'/ linlls.

UKVKI.UPMKNT MKTIIODH TO CONTROI- BOI.I. WEEVIL.

Mr. Bu( HANAN. lias the department given any consideration to '
the reconunendatictn «>f this Florida university^ ^

I
I

AORUTLTrnAL APPnoiMUATlOX BIIJ^ lft24. 29r>

l)()(tin Htntrk. Tliat nnnoiinconiont wns riiiul*' v«tv rorontly
and marks a very ini|)«irtant advance in tlw rontrol motluMls «»f ih\'
woovil and hriiifjs up a iinriilMTof (|U(>stioii.s wliidi iiood to b<» invosti-
;;at«Ml with a ;,'rcat dral of ran*, rndoiihtrdly a vrrv imporfant
advance has l)i'('n nnnh' in lliat wttrk. hul (hen- hav<' hccri points
rarsod by the author of the hwlh'tin hirnsolf about tht* apjjhcabibtv
of it to other conditions.

Mr. Andkuson'. What is this new f)ro|)osition ? I did noi -re ihe
buUetin. I <;ot a cinidar on it. but I (bd not p>t th<' bulletin.

Doctor ih'NTKR. In brief, it is simply this: Pbmt the cotton about
the ordinary time, and <b) nolhinfj t<t\vard the control of the boll
W(>evil until about the ")th of .Iuiu\ under Flori<la conditions, wlietf all
of the weevils that have j)assotl throu<^h the winter have einerj;efi
and made their way to the fields. During the weeks immediately
precediufj the oth of June tlu' vast majority of those hibertuitinf^
weevils will die; that is the natural course shown by a very large
numl)er of observations which have been made. C-onse(pientlv,
about the .Ith of June there will bo a very small number of weevils
in the fields, and tlios(> that are there will be (lyin<; rapidly. Some
will be denositinj; their eggs. At this low ebb in the renroduction of
the weevil all such weevils as are in the plants at tliat time are
picked off by hand, and the fruit on the cotton plant is also removed.

Mr. Bi( HANAX. All of it (

Doctor IIiNTKK. All of the fruit, getting the remaining hibernateil
weevils, those that have come over from last year and cutting off the
brood for ne.xt year for that season by picking the progeny, eggs or
grubs in the squares. The third step is to apply a poison to the
plants immediately after they have been stripped of the fruit, the
idea there being to get such straggling weevils as have missed the
process of hand picking.

Mr. A\I)p:kson. Do the fruits set again after being picked off these
cotton plants i

Doctor HuNTEU. Yes. The process in Florida shows that this plan
of strippin*:^ the plants has a remarkable effect in accelerating the
process t)f fruiting a little later.

Mr. Buchanan. That would depend on the character of land. It
might facilitate its going to stalks. On some lands it would be very
injurious — on rich lands.

Doctor Ball. This new method has been very successful .under the
Florida conditions, tliat is, conditions in which they raise a relatively
small amount of cotton per acre. On account of the low cost this is a
method that appeared to be peculiarly adapted to areas that have
smaller production.

Mr. Anderson. I think it would be somewhat expensive to go
around. and pick off the bugs and fruit.

Doctor Howard. It costs about $\.')0 an acre.

Mr. BrciLvxAX. The reason that is not so expensive is that a cotton
plant about that high (illustrating) will have 1 or 2 squares of fruit
on a stalk and a ])erson <'an go along with a sack and pick them off.

Doctor HrxTER. One hand picks easily over an acre a day.

Mr. BrciiAXAX. Oh, yes. 'I here would only be 1 or 2 squares on a
stalk. They do not look at these squares to see whether there are
bugs on them, but just pick off anything in the scjuares. These
squares are supposed to have bc(>n punctured by the weevils which

I

296 AGRICULTUR-'LL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924,

have come out of hibernation. The only question in my mind is that
thev will have to strike the field at the right time or the next square
will be punctured, too. It would not be more than three or four days
until another s(juaro would come on.

FOR IXVE.STIGATIONS OF INSECTS AFFECTING FORESTS.

Mr. Anderson. Now please take item on page 209.

Doctor Howard. An increase of $5,000 is asked for there, Mr.
Chairman, of which it is proposed to spend .?2,500 in experimental
work and mcthcMls of preventing losses from timber-boring ins cts;
the other S2,.50() for shade tree protection. 1 have no argument to
make beyond the mere statement that the funds are required for the
work proposed.

Mr. Anderson. Is there any emergency existing in this timber-
boring matter i

Doctor Howard. Nothing special.

Doctor Ball. It is a subject that has been almost neglected. The
timber is growing rapidly in value. There is a possibility of using
methods which couhl not have been employed when the stumpa^e
was cheap. So there is an opportunity now to save timber that could
not have been saved heretofore.

FOR investigations OF INSECTS AFFECTING TRUCK CROPS, ETC.

Mr. Andfrson. On page 211 you have an increase?

Doctor Howard. There is an increase there of S 13.000. The first
two expendituras under that increase will be $4,000 in the investiga-
tion of pea aphis injury to cannery peas. And one of $3,000 to the
new Irisli potato weevil in Mississippi. Mr. Graf who has just come
from a peji aphis conference, will be able to explain those items.

PEA APHIS INJURY.

Mr. (Irak. The pea canners recently had a meeting at Chicago, and
refjuested the Bureau of Entomology of the department and the \

entomologists of the interested States to attend tliis conference and
tell them ubout the control of pea aphis. The insect has been in-
jurious in, this country for about 20 years, and in that time several
remedies have been tried out. with the result that nicotine has become
the accepted remedy. The cost of nicotine on cannerv peas has been
so great that most of the cannei-s, or growei-s who are gr(>wing the
l)ro(luct for the cannei-s, would rather take a chance of getting part
of their crop through without treatment than the spending of a large
arnoiMit of money for Ireutment in the lields.

The treatment of cannery oeas ])y either spraying or dusting is
very (liflicult where th(>y have l)een broadcastecL ^^ome experimental
work was atlernpled this year in cooperation with tlie vState of Wis-
consin, using (he newly j)repared nicotine dust. The results are of
scientilie value in showing the po.ssibilities of this remedv. but not
enough has been done to show its practical possibilities.

The pea aphis is the most (lillicult aphis to contn^l with either
spray <>r <lust.

Tfie plan for ne.xt year's work, which has been approved by the
canners and by all the entomologists attending the conterence, was to

'4

A(il»ICUI/ri'KAL AFPHOFRIATION HU.U ^^^i- 297

<*urry on cooperative work in Wisconsin witli the VVisronsin Kxpori-
incnt Station, principally alon^ tlir lin(> of a<lai)tit)^ rorncdios for um-
in <Mni)<'rv fields. T he lar«;<'r pari «»f the work would ]u' carried on
in Wisconsin, although the surronndni^ .States Indiana. Illinois.
Michif^an. and Nfiiuiesota are platinin^ to ^ive idl the cooperative
assistance possible.

Doctor IlowAKi). How alxtiit the California work on this same
proi)osition (

Mv. CiKAK. The California work will he continued, but the situation
is entirely different in the W«'sl. Peas are plant<Ml in rows and can
he treate<l with sprays. Some additional l)iolo«;ical work will be
<hnie in an attempt to <liscover the source of infestation in the sjjnn^.
-Vpparentlv* in tlie Middle West the aphis must migrate from wild
fo«)d plants to the peas. In California they are ap|)arently f)resent
on the pea plants just as soon as they (onie out of tin* <;roun«l and
breed up slowly, an<l the work in California will be larj^ely an attempt
to determine if there is not some hope of stopping; the early infestation
ami thus let the peas j;et enou«;h of a start so a crop may ))e jjrown
with few or no insecticide treatments.

COST uy TKKATMENT PKK .\(RK.

Mr. Andkk.son. What is the cost of treatincr an acre of peas with
the nicotine dust '.

Mr. (iHAF. Kowed or broadcasted j)eas ?

Mr. Andkrsox. No; broadcast. How do you do it ?

Mr. (iRAF. That is a diflicult cpiestion. It is just about impossible
to spray these fields with our present ecpiipment. In the ease of
dustiii};. one can use a <luster mountecl on an automobile truck and
equipped with a canvas trailer to hold the dust in the plants long
enougli to kill the aphis. This is the reason we are working on dusts
more than other remedies.

I should say that spraying the broadcasted j)eas would cost about
$4 to $6 an acre and would hardly be effective on account of being
a downward spray instead of underspray.

Mr. Andkrsox. Will this dust get down underneath so as to kill
the bugs underneath the leaves i

Mr. (traf. Yes, sir. We have had very good results so far as the
killing goes. The (mly sticking point has been the cost thus far.
This canvas trailer is fastened to the rear of the truck, and it also
serves t<» drag manv of the aphids out of the i)lants and drop them
down on the ground, where they are readily killed by the dust.

The strength of the wind at the time of dusting is an important
consideration. If the wind is too strong, it sweeps all of the (fust out
of the plants before it has time to kill the insects.

POT.\TO WEEVIL IN .MISSISSIPri .

The other item covei"s tlu' new potato wee\il in Mississippi. This
iiiscct was discovered last spring.

Mr. BrcHAXA.N. The Irish potato^

Mr. (JifAF. Yes, sir. It only exists, so far tvs we know now. in
about lOO square miles in south Mississippi. One of the growers
fi»und that his tomato and potato plants were being entirely de-
stroyed. He could not find the insects causing this injury, since they
feed only at nijrht and hide under clods or trash in t^e daytime.

298 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

They are entirely difiVrent from any insects we have on either of these
plants at the present time. It is apparently the same as the tomato
and potato weevil provint; so destnictive in Australia, and this is the
only place it has been reported in the Tnited States.

Mr. Buchanan. Is it a worm '.

Mr. Graf. No; it is a beetle. But the grub also feeds at night,
like the beetle, and hides in the daytime.

Mr. Bit'HANAN". It is like the old bean worm?

Mr. Graf. No. Eradication was first considered but this was
dropped on account of the difficulty in finding the insects. This
small appropriation is just to start the cooperative work with the
State of Mississippi to try to learn something AV)out the insect so
remedies may be developed.

Mr. Buchanan. The probabilities are that that insect will not
thrive in the cold potato climate in the United States, if it comes
from Australia.

Mr. Graf. It is difficult to foretell how injurious an insect may
become.

Doctor Howard. He does not come from Australia. Mi-. Buchanan:
it is a curious thing that they were imported into Australia from
South America. The in.sect is a native of the slopes of the iVndes in
Peru and Chile, and probably was a direct importation from South
America, |)robably in ship supplies in some ship landing at a Gulf
port.

Mr. Andkrson. Do they raise many Irish potatoes down there t

Mr. (jRaf. No. sir. It has just appeared on some of the smaller
plantings and is not yet in any important potato prt)ducing district.

Mr. Anderson. Do they raise tomatoes ?

Mr. Graf. Not in large quantities, but large plantings exist at
Crystal Springs within easy reach.

Mr. Andkrson. Do you know in how large an area it infests {

Mr. Graf. We do not know much about that. It was found in
about 5 or (i towns. I would say offhand that about 100 stjuare
miles are infested. The difficulty of inspecting makes it impossible
to furnish an exact statement of its occurrence.

Mr. Anderson. Does it spread rapidly?

Mr. CiRAF. We do not know anything about it.

Doctor Howard. There are otlier portions of that S 18,000 not yet
explained. The S3, 000 to be spent in textile libers, and 83,000" on
low temperature studies as to the life of moths in furs and the life
in cold storage. If you wish any further information, Mi". Beck will
tell yon about it.

TEXTILE FABRIC STUDIES.

Doctor Beck. Textile fabrics relates to the work of the injuries by
moths to manufacturers of upholstery and other fabric manufacturei-s.
such as (hose who put (»ut these mohairs, and besides, the silk mills
throughout the country and woolen inamifacturevs. and all those who
store raw wool.

During the past two or three years we found that there had been a
considerable antonnt of damage to raw wool in stiu'age by these
moths. But the demand f(»r information from the fabric, concerns
has increase*! considerably this last year on account of the develop-
ment (»f chemicals fdp inotli proofing fabrics, the attempt being to

I

A(JRI(ULTURAI. APPROPRIATION BII.U 1024. 299

motli })roof fabrics hv pivin^ tlu'in a tn'rttiiU'Ht befon' thcv go out to
bo m»uio up into clotbin^, jukI wo havo spent a pood deaf oi time so
far tbis year in (l«»t«Mininin<; wbat pfToct tbrsr trratincntH bavr.
We bav(» ))(mmi (lnin<; it l)y taking nioncv from certain otbcr approj)ria-
tions.

VVr linvo f«)ini(l tbat tbero arc sonir tivatnu»nts -one trPHlmoni
consists of a combination of abnnitnim salts and electricity, wbicti
seems to l)c verv <;ood: and another one which is h'ss promlsini: but
bcin<; advertised consi(h'rably by <-ertain hrms.

So far we can not <'arry (»n this work satisfactorily. Wo oii^ht to
make 11 lliorou<.jh<;oi?i<; stiidy of all these tests -a thoronph biological
<liidy. and study of contnW meth(»ds.

low TK.MrKKATlUE HTL'DIEH.

I^)w temperature work Inis chiefly to do with the yalue of cold
storaf]:e protection of foodstufTs. The development of cold storage
has, of course, been phenomenal in the past few years, but the depart-
ment has not the information it ou<;ht to have to tell cold storage
firms or brokers or farmers who handle large stocks just how long
tliey woidd have to keep their commodities in cold storage before
they can issue tiiose stocks and guarantee them to be free from living
insects.

Beans and peas are in cold storage now, and we are frecpiently
jisked how long to permit them to stay in cold storage at .30° before
we can guarantee the bean weevils to be killed. We have found that
inf(^rnnition now, but the last call was from the dried-fruit industry to
find out how long these "vSun Maid " raisins should stay in cold storage
at 32° before the insects in them are killed. Of course, it is an ex-
pensive treatnuMit — cold storage -and they would like to remove
them from cold stoarage as soon as they can. Now, practically, they
are held in cold storage throughout the summer, just to protect them
from the insects.

Mr. Andkrson. How long does it ordinarily take (

Doctor Beck. Well, in connection with the insect for dried fruit,
we have not any idea, but judging from the work that has been done
with other insects, we think that at 32° the majority of the insects
ought to be dead in about three weeks. Other forms, which are much
more insistent, we have not information on. The big warehouse com-
psnies want information on the length c^f time they must keep the
<'lothing — furs --in cold storage at various temperatun^s l)ofnre the
moth is killed.

We found, in connection with that, that full-grown clothes moth
will live-may remain alive — ^in cold storage one and a half years,
and come out in fairly thrifty condition.

Mr. Buchanan. What temperature kills them ?

Doctor Beck. That is what we are trying to find out. We kno^v
that many of them will die at temperatures averaging in the vicinity
of 40, but we have had a good many in cold storage here in Washington
for one and a half years at a temperature ranging from 20 to about ."jO
and down, but averaging about 36. It is a very interesting piece of
work, and the information will be very practical to all persons inter-
ested in the cold-storage ct)ncerns.

300 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924,

FOR INVESTIGATIONS AND DEMONSTRATIONS IN BEE CULTURE.

Doctor Howard. The next is bee culture. Mr. Chairman, in which
there is no increase re(|ueste(l.

The work of this section is chieHy concerned with investigations
of problems of importance to practical beekeeping. All beekeeping
practices rest on a knowledge of the })ehavior and physiology oi
Dees and as a result the investigation of the ofhce follow these two
main lines. A detailed study is being made of the temperature and
humidity of the colonv throughout the active period of the year, as
influenced by external factors, comparable to the work done a few
vears ago f()r the winter period. The work on wintering revealed
the desirability of certain important modihcations in beekeeping
practices, and the work for tne active season was undertaken in
the expectation that it also would yield important practical results.
It is too early to report the exact bearing of this work on beekeeping
practice for this part of the year, but it is evident that it will furnish
explanations for certain phenomena now observed but not understixxl.
A study is being made of the factoids influencing the rearing of brood
in the colony in the early part of the year. One of the most impor-
tant problems of the beekeeper is to get the population of the colony
to the highest possible point before the heavy secretion of nectar
begins and this stud}' is undertaken to determine what factors in-
lluence this increase. From the information gained it is expected
that detailed information will be available to the beekeeper which
will enable him to have all his colonies to the desired strength at
the right time. If this can be accomplishetl it will materially increase
tlie production of honey per colony and thus decrease the cost of
production.

In connection with the study of wintering it wjis found that certain
honeys cause an abnormal condition of the bees, commonly known tis
dysentery. To determine the exact cause of this condition a series of
experiments was undertaken to determine the utilization of various
carbohydrates by the bees. It has been found that the dextrins in
honey are the chief cause of this trouble, and as these substances are
found to a dangerous degree only in the darker honeys, it is possible
for flic bcckcejXM- to prevent this condition merely by examining the
color of the honey available to the bees during the winter, as in case it
is dark to supply the bees with a small amount of sugar syrup after
all gathering of nectar has ceased. A change in the behavior of the
bees in storage in the fall which has been observed makes it possible
to |)revent (lysentery without removing the daiigert)us honey from
the hive, l)ut merely by supplying a better food for the period of the
winter, leaving the less desirable honey for spring use, when it is
entirely safe. This will remove a stM'ious source of winter loss which
was not fully controlled by the usual winter care advocated by the
publi<ation of the bureau.

A study has been made of the colors of honevs fiom various sources
for the |)urp()se of furnishin<j information on which adecpiate coU)r
standards for honev may be (lefiiied. This will prevent the confusion
wliich is now so often experienced in th(> wholesale selling of honey.
Till' disease (tf be«>s; still demands attention. Special work has
been done receiitiv t(» determine whethei" the Isle of Wight disease
is present in the (nitetl States. So far it has not been found, and

I

!

a<;rI( ii/riKAL AiTiiorRiATioN BiLi>, iirj4, ;U)1

oil the biLsis <)f tlu»s»' iiii<iinp4 ('<mjrr»'ss Uns i)ii.ssf(l u luw nroliihiling
th(» iin|><»rtati<)n of mliilt Ixvs into the United StMt<»M. The si«Hr<n
for this discax' will he coniiinu'd to mukr sure that tin* (li-^^'asc is
not pnvscnl. Work on tin* fartors inlhuMicini^ the attark of Anirrican
foul hrood on tlu« h«'o larva has h«»cn madt* <hirnij; tin* pa-st yrar.
which for th«' lirst tinio explains thr time of the attack. Thi* <»n-
vironnicntod factoiN which pcrnnt the attack of I'jiropc on foul hnwKi
luivc alstt hccn (jctcrinintHl.

Detailed instnu'tions for the jjatherin^ of the inaxinunn honey-erop
have heen prepared and nid)lisiied for three of the main honi'v region.s
of the l^astern States, the clover, huckwheat anri tulip-tree rejjions.
It is expected that such work may {)rohtahly he done for other hee-
keepinj]j re^jions of the country, thus makinp the recommendations of
tlie department more specific for the various parts of the country.

'I'he demonstration work in heokeepinfj has heen reduced, the
work havin}^ heen turned over to the several States as soon as they
were able to continue without the help of the bureau. Work is now
beinjj continued in only three States. 'Phis work has n»sulted in a
i^reat advance in beekeepiufj in various States and has been a most
profitable line of work.

The work in bee culture deals with those problems which most
closely affect the !)eekeeper in maintaininoj his production. Follow-
ing the recent decline in prices of honey, the beekeeper is in need of
specific assistance in order to prevent a loss of the increase in honey
production which occurred during the war. The work now under
wav is chosen so as to be most serviceable in maintaining this growing
branch of agriculture.

FOB INVESTIGATIONS OF INSECTS AFFECTING CITKU.S AND OTHER
TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL PLANTS.

Mr. Anderson. What is the next item (

Doctor Howard. There is no change in the next item, but we
suggest taking out the item of last year of which S10,()()() will be
immediately avilable for camphor scale.

CAMPHOR SCALE IXVE.STICVTIONS.

Doctor Ui.viNTANCE. Camphor scale was discovered two vears ago
in New Orleans in the shade trees on the streets and in the parks.
It has since been found in Mi.ssissippiat four places in which it has
been believed to be eradicated. But it is also found in the citrus
belt t)f Alabama. Mobile, and Graml Bay, the Satsunia region. The
Satsmua industry in that territory is develupin*; very rapidly. The
scale seems to have come over on shipments of commercial nursery
stock from Japan direct about 1011 or 1912. and has gotten
([uite a start in a few orchards. It kills the small twigs t)f the citrus
trees, l)ut especijiily incrusts the fruit, so that the fruit should not
be marketed. It is practically worthless if the scale occurs in anv
(|uantity. We had a hearing to-day before the Federal Horticul-
tural Board as to the advisability of Federal quarantine on this
scale.

We are having the fullest cooperation with the States involved —
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. The citrus industry of Florida,
Texas, and California is much exercised over this insect and has put
in force effective (juarantine measures.

802 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

The insect attacks some 150 different sorts of trees and plants,
including a gootl many of economic importance, as the Japanese per-
simmon, the pecan, rubber plants, roses, peach, plum, and the like.
We do not know, along with its further spread, whether it will become
an important pest in the Georgia peach belt or not. The insect is
too new to enanle us to surmise what it may do.

We have a laboratory in New Orleans where the insect is being given
careful conj-idcration. as a study of its parasites, its methods, and rate
of spread. Experiments are being made in the New Orleans territory
and also in the citrus area in Alabama with sprays and other methods
of control.

We can report distinct progress in our knowledge of the insect it«elf
and progress in developing control measures.

Mr. BuriLVNAN. What does it attack if

Doctor QuAiNTANCE. It attacks many kinds of plants

Mr. BuciiANAX (interposing). No, no; does it attack the limbs or
the fruit ^

Doctor Quaixtancp:. It attacks the twigs and leaves and fruit
of certain fruit-b(>aring plants at least. It is especially noticeable in
camphor trees. It attacKs the small branches, which die very quickly.
It first was discovered by reason of injury to these trees in New Or-
leans. Our men working in Japan are going to send us some par»isites
from Japan if possible. They have one or two now under cultivation.

Mr. Anderson. Are there any developments under this item worthy
of note at this time?

FOR ADMINISTRATIVE AND MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES.

Doctor Howard. I think not. The next is general administrative
expenses — no increase.

FOR PREVENTING SPREAD OF MOTHS.

Then comes page 211, preventing spread of moths.
Mr. Anderson. There seems to be a slight reduction.
Doctor ITow^vRi). It is reduced from S600,000 to S531,000.
Mr. Anderson. I think you better tell us something about the
status of this moth proposition.

r.vrsY AND HKO\VN-TAiL moths.

Mr. Burgess. The gvpsy moth and brown-tail moth activities
have been carried on along the same lines as during the previous
year, with the exception that some foreign work has been attempted
to bring in parasites to work on these species. As you know, the
work is divi(l('d into tliree sectitMis. One section handles the scouting
and border work to determiiu' the area that is infested and to carry
on clean-up work along the border territory. Practically all of that
work is done in New England, with the exception of the work that is
done in New Jersey, wliere the niotli was found a little over two
years ago.

Tiie New England work along (he border was held up for a time
last spring because our funds were very low until the appropriation
j)assed, and then the force was increased as rapidly as possible, but
mjury resulted l)efore that work coidd be resuuHMJ.

fl

1

I

1

A(;ur(i'LTrRAL appropriation BILU 1924. 308

'Dio New .Jors<\v work whs (*(intinu(><l throughout flu- \vir\f«r nrul
very ^ood n^sults hnvo hoon scninMl,

Mr. Andkrson. Is the Now .lorsrv hiisiiioss on mi oriKhcHtioti haHLsf

Mr. BraoKs.s. Yos, .sir. Only a fow hundrc*! <ntr'ri)illar -.■

found hist .sumnx'r and the scout iuj; work this fall lias not pro- 1

far enough to give a good idea of what will dovol(»p, hut we do not

anticipate as mucli infestation as there was last year.

AfTIVITIKK I!* NFW JRRHRY.

Doctor Howard, i^et me interrupt you long enough to ask Doctor
liall to give his inu)rt»ssions of the clean-up in Now Jerscv.

Doctor Hall. Tiiat was one of the most surprising things I have
over seen in the insect line. There wjis an area there in which they
had killed practically every tree over a large district, and were
denleting the trees around there in a greater circle.

The moth had spread for nearly 200 snuarc miles, atid thev started
in a y»>ar ago, ancl when they sprayed the tii-st time there the cat«'r-
)illai-s fell off and just practically eovered the ground, just made a
)ed of caterpillars on the ground, an<l this year they could not find
<'aterpillars enough to feed the parasites on the whole area. Of
course, this eradication in New .Jersey, as we have told you all the
time, is a hopeful proposition, hut not an absolutely sure one. I feel
very much more hopeful of it than I did before; and unless every-
thing at the present time is deccfitive the outlook is good.

Mr. Andkrson. Do you continue the .-^praying just the same when
you find the caterpillars or not <

Mr. Burgess. The operations in certain areas dei)entl on scouting
work ilone in the winter, and if we find infestation in a locality during
the winter, we spray that locality and a good belt surrounding; it.

Mr. Anderson. Are you pretty certain to find them, if tney are
there i

Mr. Burgess. Reasonably certain.

Doctor Ball. If they were there in any numbers, they would be
found.

Mr. Burgess. If they are in any way numerous, we would find
them. There were also in New Jersey eight outlying small colonies
that came as a result of sliipping trees from these badly infested areas
before the infestation was known. Those have been cleaned up, and
n«> infestation was found in those areas last vear or this vear. We
will follow up the scouting of those areas anotlier year to <hock up so
as to be sure.

There w^ere also three areas where infestations went from that main
area into New York vState, and tliose have been cleaned up in a
similar way.

INPE.STATIONS ON IX>NO ISLAND.

Aside from the New Ent^land and New Jersey areas, there are
two small infestations on Long Island that have been given very
careful consideration this year. I might say, however, that we
depended to a large extent in these infestations on spraying this
spring, and we had a very unfavorable season for spraying. There
was a great deal of rain and we did not accomplish as much by

220'2>i—T2 20

304 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

spraying this spring as in an ordinani' year. The results have been
reasonably good in those sections, however. But we expect to find
some infestation there this fall and will have to follow the matter up.

METHODS USED IN EXTERMINATING INSECTS.

Mr. Anderson. Where did you say you depended on spraying?
Do vou use any other method 'i

Mr. Burgess. We destroy the egg clusters where they are found,
and the egg cluster is about as big as a quarter of a dollar, a buff-
colored patch, laid on the under side of the branches or tree
trunks at the foot of the trees. It is treated with creosote whenever
found. We do not scrape them from the trees, because if we did we
would scatter the eggs, but they are treated ri^ht on the tree surface
with creosote, so that they are killed completely.

Mr. Buchanan. One treatment kills a cluster, does it ?

Mr. Burgess. Yes, sir. The scouting in New England developed
an increase in area in the southern part of the territory, Connecticut
and in the Massachusetts; and with very nearly the same area
infested in Vermont as in the previous year. The infested area in
New England on the western border, the new area, is very lightly
infested, and we are carrying on scouting and clean-up work in a
strip approximately 25 miles wide from Long Island Sound, up
through Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire.

Mr. Anderson. You do not do any spra5nng except along the
border in the New England section i

Mr. Burgess. No, sir. And then in the areas where there is the
greatest likelihood of infestation by wind spread, exposed areas
where the caterpillars might blow long distances, and a great deal of
the work there in these lightly infested areas can be done by creosoting.
There have been this fall two toAvns in New York State over the
Massachusetts border, in one of which there was a cluster found and
another one in which two egg clusters w^ere found, New^ York State
is very much interested and very much concerned as to what the
future developments are going to be.

QUARANTINE WORK.

Another branch of the work consists of quarantine work. All of
the infested territory hi New England is held under Federal (juaran-
tine, and all products likely to carry the moth to other parts of the
United States must be inspected before they proceed.

The New York and New Jersey areas are liold under <|uarantine
ill cooperation with the States; the areas are so small that it is pos-
sible to handle them by an arrangement with the States. It has been
done in thut way and very satisfactory results have been secured.

Doctor llowAKD. The commit t»M' will he interested in hearing you
cover the brown-tail moth situation.

Mr. Iiri{(JESs. 1 will speak of that shortly. The experimental
work (((Vers dilTerent lines of work, designed to develop better field
methods and to bring in and disseminate the natural enemies of the
gypsy moth. A great deal of work of that sort along the i>arasite
line was done a number of years ago, and we secured from Europe
and fr(>m Japan sonu' (»f the most conspicuous and easily collected
parasites. Tliev were brought into New JMigland and have been

A«illIClTI,T!'RAL AI'I'HOIMUATION BII.I., IW4. 305

lilxTiilitl III (iiUcn'iii IdciilHu's in tlu' iiifr^irtl ami Thi'ir lif«' Im-
torv has hrcii sUnlli'd. iiiul \vr liavr ullfinpU'il In takr «'\ t-ry a«lvunlut{«
possible (»f thosi' nnturiil cnoinij's in hrlpiiij^ l<» loduco the trouble.

Mr. Andkkson. Oan y«»ii tell us juiytliiu},' about wlirtluT ihry
have any «•([(•(•( or not (

Mr. liru(JK.ss. Oh, yon. That is (heckrd up. and wo can jjrt u
very (h'linite lino on the olToct of the parasites that attack the •'KJi^'.
because we can make a coMection (»f a (lelinite number of e<;t; (lusters.
We know dednitely the ninnber of e;;t^s and we can <h'termine delinite-
Iv the parasitism i»f tlie e«^{^s. But it is a «;o(»d deal more di(li<ult to
determine the hen<«lit that is derived from parasitism of the <ater-
pillars, because in a «;ood many of tliese cases parasitism is likely
to be (juite local, and there are some species that may be ver\ abiiri-
<lant in one locality and may not Ix' in another.

The parasitism has increased, and there are some elements, such
as the effect of extremely cold winters that reduce the number of erjpj
clusters in (lifferent years. liut. unfortunatclv, the e<;<; clusters that
are protected bv snow or ice are not killed off by the extremely low
temperature.

As 1 said, the most easily collected parasites from abroad have
been secured and broui^ht in. but tiiere are some others that we have
records of that are apparently abundant only at special times -that
is, when the gypsy moth is particularly abundant in some localities —
and those are species that we would like to brin<; in, becaus(» we want
to get all the help that we possibly can, and for that rea.son work was
taken up this summer in Europe antl in Japan along that line and
some interesting information was secured. One shipment of para.sites
was sent over from Japan; it is the most diflicult to bring those
livinsr thintrs through in good condition; owing to failure in the
proper icing between Seattle and Boston the greater portum of the
individuals in the shipment died. But we did secure some breeding
stock, and it has been placed in the field, particularly in southern
Massachusetts aiul Connecticut. We also sent some down to New
Jersey. We have made it a point in that New Jersey work to send
panisites from New England down into that section, particularly
those parasites that can maintain tliemselves on other hosts besides
the gypsy moth.

They will not only be beneficial in curtailing the increase of the
caterpillars, but if there are stray caterj)illars of the gypsv moth, it
will give the species a chance to do some good work and lielj) along
the fu'M work, that we are trying to do.

rilOORES.S ON THK KXTKKMIN ATION OK BROW.N-TAII, MOTH.

Doctor Howard spoke about the brown-tail moth. We have done
some work on that insect. The maximum area or spread of the
l)rown tail moth was in 11>14. It was in about half of NIaiiu'. three-
(|uarters of New Hampshire, one-half of Vermont, three-c|uarters of
Massachusetts, the whole of Rhode Island, and oiu'-third of (\)n-
necticut. al.so a small section at the end of Long Islaiul. This year
our record indicates that there has been a great reduction, from year
to year, which amounts to 07 per cent of the area, based on the
maximum for the year 1014.

Mr. Am)KI{S()\. What is the brown-tail moth ^

i\

306 AORK'ULTrRAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

y\v. BrR(;ESs. The })r()\vn-tail moth is a moth that came over from
Europe. It is ahuiKhint in Europe.

Mr. Anderson. Where is the infestation herei'

Mr. Btrgess. It is entirely eonfined to New Eno:hind. and at pres-
ent it is known only to occur in Maine. New Hampshire, and Massa-
i'lmsetts. Tlu'ie are no infestations known at present in Vermont, .ij
Connecticut. Kiiode Island, or Long Island, so we feel that progress
is being made witli that insect.

Doctor Howard. Those insects are mentioned together in this
item rehiting to moths. We have only two more headings in the
back of the book.

Mr. Anderson. You are providing here a reduction of $69,000.
What is the basis of tiiat reduction (

Doctor Howard. The fact that you gave us SI 00,000 to be made
available last year, and we did not use all of it. and it went in as
$550,000, and the Budget Bureau scaled it down.

PREVENTION OF SPREAD OF EUROPEAN CORN BORER.

Ml-. Anderson. We will take up now the item on pag^ 224. the
European corn borer.

Doctor Howard. We ask for no increase there. The European corn
borer spread into Rhode Island and Maine this past year and made
a slight spread along the southern border of Lake Erie, but the work
we are carrviii}; on is the same as last year, and I do not know if vou
want any further word on it or not

Mr. Anderson. I wt)uld like to know what the status is now.

progress of work.

Mr. Walton. This small scale map shows distribution of the corn
borer. The situation in the western end of this infested area is
much as it wjxs last year. There has been no important change.
There has been very little spread there [indicating on map], although
there has been a little spread in contiguous territory-
Mr. Anderson. Let us finish with that, ^^^lat are you doing to
confine it to this area ^

Mr. Walton. We are enforcing interstate and intrastate ijuar-
an tines.

Mr. Anderson. How is that carried out?

Mr. Walton. This work is carried out by the inspection of all
crops except corn, which is not permitted to move outside of the
infested area in any circumstances, except in shelled condition.
That (|uarantine. of course, is applicable to the entire infested area.

Mr. A.n'der.son. Wiiat is being done in the area to destroy the
insect'? »

Mr. Walton. Very little is being done. The Ohio State peot.le are
• arrving on a cainpaign of education to induce farmers to adopt
niethods which will reduce infestaticm. 'i'his is so very slight at the
present time that it is dlHiculi to get faruu'rs [o do work which seems
\o them lo he umuve.ssarN . There is a very great iliiliculty there
which will he hard tt» overcome.

Doctor lIowAHi). 'I'hey d(» not ii-ali/e the danger, because there is
no commercial damaire.

ACJRlCl'LTrnAI. APPROI'KIATION HILL, IWt. 307

Ml , \V vi.ToN. TIhmt is n«> roinnirnial (liiiiui<ji' tMt*r«' at all at tin*
prtvsi'iit time.

Mr. Am)KUS«>n. 'IMicrr nro very U'W inf«'staln»n> ?

Mr. Walton. TIu'It ar«' very f«'w njf»'stiif i"t.^ x ,.- ^ji

Mr. .VM>KKSt)N. Ar«' tlu'y s<alt«'r(Ml ^

Mr. Walton. Tlx'y are scattrrjMl; yes, sir. I hr infestation, as u
rule, «l(»t's not run lieavier than I |)er rent in a <nrn(ieltl. that is. 1
caterpillar in 1 stalk in HUl. h mtv -.li<_rhl loffvi.ii i.m nn.l it i>
almost iinpiissihle to iiiid it.

To j;o on with the (li>tnl)Utioii of the insect, there ha.> Ix-cii a
};;eneral spread to the noitheast\var»l, in the general direetion of the
prevailing; wind. Most of this has been in eontij^iioiLs territory.
There has been no eommereial spread, or Ion<; jumps, but a spread
bv lli^ht of the moth to the north and northeastward.

In the western end it is negligible, but in the western end of N»-\s
York there has been a considerable spread from the west, extending
to tlie eastward edge of Wyoming ( ounty. The spread tliere this
year eipials the entire area of inf(»station tliat ]ia<l occurred during
previous years.

Mr. Anderson. Is the infestation there light (

Mr. W.\lton. Yes; but it is not as light as in Ohio and Michigan.
There is some apparent injury, for instance one shipment of sweet
corn was taken to a canning factory which had 7 per cent of the ears
infested, but that was from a single farm.

Mr. Ani)f:ksox. ^Vhat would you do in a case of that kin<l '.

Mr. Walton. Well, they rejected his corn.

Mr. .Vnuekson. That did not kill what was in it.

Mr. Walton. There is no way of killing it when it gets in an ear of
coriL e.xeept taking it out and smashing it, but the commercial injury
is so sliglit it is hard to get farmers to act. The New York people are
doing what they can in the way of education, and we are receiving
active cooperation from the State peopU\ the New Y'ork and Massa-
chusetts people.

In the eastern area of the infestation in New ^ t)rk that is shown
by this red area -the injury is very slight indeed, although the insect
has been there for a good many years. These areas, you understand,
are areas of one generation of ttie insect, one generation per annum.

Mr. Anderson. When you sav "these," what do you mean i

Mr. Walton. P^astern N'ew Vork, western New "\ ork, this corner
of l^ennsylvania [indicating on map], the northern part of Ohio, and
th(> soutlieastern part of Nlicliigan.

.Mr. Ander.son. Is that only I year old '.

Doctor Ball. One generation in a year, and over in Massachusetts
it has two.

Mr. Walton. I was <roing to >a\ thai il had two generations in
Massachusetts, so that the insect increases twice as fast in the New
Kngland area as it does in these other areas.

Doctor Howard. There is extraordinary damage in .New Kngland
this year, is there not (

308 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL^TIOX BILL, 1924.

INJURIOUS TO GARDEN CROPS.

Mr. Waltox. In New Eiifjland we have a great increase of injury
to garden crops. At the time tliis infestation be^an in New
England, not when it be^^an, but when it was discovered in 1917 and
1918, there was a great deal of early sweet corn raised in the eastern
New England area, and as the injury by the insect increased, farmers
began to discontinue growing it, because it was unmarketable, and
the consequence has been that the corn borer entered these other
crops- celery, beets, beans, and rhubarb — and at the present time the
infestation in these crops is very heavy. ITiere has been a good deal
of commercial injury this fall.

Doctor Ball. Tell about the injur\' to com.

Mr. Walton. The injury to corn was so heavy that the sweet-corn
farmers have practically ceased producing it, except for local con-
sumption.

Doctor Ball. Tell about the injury to corn in Canada.

Mr. Walton. Well, we had not been discussing the Canadian in-
festation. That is outside of the United States.

Mr. Buchanan. I would like to know what damage it does where
it has a foothold.

Mr. Anderson. Please finish with the New England business
first.

Mr. Walton. I was about to say there has been a ^reat deal of
spread in New England this year, because of the densely mfested con-
dition of the older territory. There has been no clean-up there for
two years.

Doctor irowARi). The weed areas are full of them.

Mr. Walton. The weed areas are full of them, and there has been
a great fiight of the second generation moths, which occurs during
tlie last week in July and in early August, and the insect spread up
the Merrimack \^\lley to the center of New Hampshire, and tliey have
fiown along the Maine coast for a long distance. There is the heaviest
infestation in Massachusetts and New England this year that ever
has existed.

Mr. Anderson. Is there any clean-up work, or anything in con-
templation there?

M^r. Walton. The commissioner of Massachusetts is endeavoring
now to secure funds for that purpose. He thinks he can get
$100. 000, but he wants the Federal Government to help him.

Mr. Anderson. Is the Federal Government doing any clean-up
work at all in Massachusetts?

Mr. Walton. It is doing no clean-up work in Massachusetts. ^
The funds are insufficient for that purpose.

Ml-. Anderson. You are merely attempting to maintain a t|uaran-
tine ?

Mr. Walton. We are merely attempting to maintain ([uarantine,
scouting and limiting the aica of the infestation.

Mr. Anderson. 1 would imagine tlu' clean-up of tiie area in which
the weeds and crops are infested would be a very diflicult matter.

Mr. Walton. Yes, sir. It does not mean eradication. It means
a n'<hiclion of tlie intensity of the infestation to perhaps reduce this
great migration of motlis.

Mr. Anderson. Has any method been worked out by which that
can be nccomplislKMJ (

laRICULTURAL APPROPRIATTOV RUA^ lf>24. 809

Mr. Walton. Yoi*.

Mr. Andkusox. Is it practical^

Mr. Walton. Yrs; it is costly, hut it can \to i\tmo.

Mr. Andkuson. Ploa.sc t<'ll us what it is.

Mr. Walton. liurnini; ovtw the wccil an*a.s at the time when the
woods aro in a dry contiition. That ran Im* (l<»ne.

Mr. Andeijson. Arc thoso words l)urnc(l with an oil humor ^

Mr. Walton. Yo.s; thoy aro liuniotl with oil hurncrs. »ind thoro
also has to ho a liro protection to control tho fire aftor it got.s started.

Doctor Ball. It could ho jjono if thov went at it in a commercial
way, hut tho dostruclion of wo«>(ls wotild ho choapor hy a chomical
process. Burning tho woods will often increase tho crop tin- next
year. If wo do it h}- chemicals it would eliminate that.

Mr. Andkrson. Can they destroy it with chemicals^

Mr. Walton. Yes; sodium arsenite is used, which is very ellective.

INFESTATION IN CANADA DANOEROU8.

As to the Canadian condition, a very intense infestation of the
corn borer was discovered near St. Tliomas, in southern Ontario,
in 1920, and since that time this infestation continued to exist, and
became very much more intensified in 1921. There was very severe
injury to corn. Some of the flint cornfields were an entire loss.
Since then either the insect has spread, or the scouting work has
been mucli more effective, and it has been found that practically
the entire southern half of the Province of Ontario is infested with
the insect. They have the largest single area of infestation on the
American Continent. Tliis year the mjury in the center of that
area is not so great as was the case a year ago.

Doctor Ball. They cleaned up the cornstalks over the heavily
infested area last year.

Mr. Walton. They cleaned up, and the Canadians believe that a
large portion of that reduction of the infestation has been due to
delay in planting corn to a certain date, a date beyond which the
moths will have died off.

They do not raise much com for grain purposes. It is largely a
forage crop. It is raised for silage. They can delay it when it is
planted for silage. \Miether or not that would be applicable to Oliio
and Michigan conditions remains to be seen. Probably it will not be,
except to a limited extent.

POSSIBILITY OF INSKCT SPREADING ALL OVER THE UNITED STATES.

Mr. Anderson. Have we got a prospect of getting this bug all over
the United States in due time?

Mr. Walton. It looks that way, although perhaps the spread will
be slow. In the meantime we are bringing m the natural enemies
from Europe. We liberated 1,000,000 of one species in Massachu-
setts this summer, and several other species, wlucli promise ecjually
well will be liberated later on.

Doctor Howard. We are making a more intensive study of
European parasites than ever before. At the laboratory in the south
of France they are studying the life round of every parasite.

Mr. Anderson. Where does this com borer exist in European
countries ?

STATE COOPEKATION.

310 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, .1924.

I

Doctor Howard. All along the Mediterranean. A

Mr. Anderson. Do they raise corn there? ■{

Doctor Howard. Yes.

Mr. Anderson. Do tliev raise it successfully? \

Doctor Howard. Quite successfully; yes. In Italy, especially,
the com horer occurs in almost every cornfield, and does not nave an
appreciable oflFect on the crop.

Mr. Anderson. Does the spread of the borer vary from year to
year under different climatic conditions i

Doctor Howard. It does; under different seasonal conditions, you
mean {

Mr. Anderson. Yes.

Doctor Howard. It does, unquestionably. We have records of its
damage in Besarabia and Transvlvania which show a severe damage;
but there is no record of severe loss along the Mediterranean, and we
tnink it is controlled by parasites, and that is the reason we are over
there trving to get them and bring them over here and reproduce
the entire environment of the insect in this country.

Mr. Anderson. In bringing them over is there any danger of bring-
ing bugs that are harmful (

Doctor Howard. Quite the reverse. They are so well known in
their habits and relations that there is no danger whatever. In fact,
it might interest you to know that one of the parasites we brought
over for the Eurt)pean corn borer we expect to be a very efficient
enemy of the native cornstalk borer in South Carolina, and it is a t
parasite of the sugar-cane borer in Louisiana, and we have liberated
a large number of them in sugar-cane fields in New Orleans this past
year, and it will serve, possibly, a triple purpose we hope.

4

Mr. Anderson. Will you give us some idea of the prospects of
offsetting funds appropriated by the States next year?

Mr. Walton. 1 can give you the figures on the amount that the
States furnished this year. Perhaps that would interest you. I
liave no (igures on what they may furnish next year.

Mr. Anderson. All right, go ahead.

Mr. Walton. The ^States furnishetl this year, for the cooperative
work, a total of $49,700. This is distributed as follows: Michigan.
$4,000: Ohio, $11,000; New York, $15,000; Massachusetts, $ir).00O: i

New Ilainpshire, $2,000; Maine, $2,000; and N'ermont, $700. *|

Mr. Andkrson. They do not seem to be very scared up there. ^

Mr. W.\lton. Kither that or they are very poor. |

Doctor Howard. Massachusetts' is thoroughly scared now.

Doctor Hau,. It had not been in \'(Mtnont until this year, and only
in the edge of New Hampshire. ' ^1

Mr. Anderson. Is the amount re(|uested sufficient to maintain the v
w»)rk on vour pi-cscnt basis (

Mr. Walton, '^'cs; without the conduct of tlie thorough scouting
work in the Mis.sissippi N'alley States, which should be done to deter-
mine whether the insect is present or not. Tiiat we can not do with
the present fnnds. We hail to lU'glect that during the present liscal
year.

AUHli ll/rUBAh Al'IMUUMUATIo.S MH.U lirJ4, 311

J)i)ct«)r lloUAKi). Tluit is «l(»iM» l)v tlir Stall' ('iiioiiuilo^tNU, U>m>me
extent.

Mr. Walton. Ye>, i.> ^oiiir slight .xuni.

Doctor lIoWAKi). Tiic (iHKiaU an- all aii.\i<iii>> altoiit it tlnTr uru
tlicy not f

Mr. Wai/ion. Yo.s.

Mr. lit ( IIANAN. Have you ever«^ot a parasiti- lliat iirovi'd a -.in<i',-,>
against ai\y of tlu'.se injurious insects or l>u;4s. or wiiatever \ou call
tlieni '.

Doctor How VIM). Oh. yes; a ^reat many times.

Mr. Bi « MVN.VN. That provcnl a succi'ss ^

Doctor Howard. A perfect success; y<*s.

Mr. Andkkson. Wlial do you mean when you say "a [lerO'ct

SUCCi'SS '.

Doctor HoWAHl). ll ahsolutely controls the insect

The most famous one is the Australian Lady Bird, to kill off the
white scale in California. That scale made its ai)j)earHnce through
Ix'infx introduced accidentally into countries all over the world.

It always caused alarm. an<l they have sent to California for the
Australian insect and it stop|)ed the damage.

I ^ot a letter to-day from south France which says that scale is
distributed alon<; the Kivi(>ra. an<l the insect we sent over there to
fi»;ht has done perfi'ct work.

Doctor Ball. Take our native insects, like the fjrass hopper.
Ninety per cent of the c(Mitrol work is due to narasites. After you
have a plaijucv 90 per cent of the et;<:s have often neen found destroyed
by parasites. If it was not for parasites, our native insects would be as
serious a pest as new ones, and that is why the new ones are a very
serious pest, for they leave their parasites behind them, and are
brought in alone. Our native insects, in many cases, are not so in-
jurious, because they naturally develoj)ed a sullicient number of para-
sites to keej) them in check.

Doctor Howard. I have seen 90 per cent of the e^gs of the Army
cotton worm destroyed by parasites.

Doctor Ball. You have seen outbreaks of the (-aterpillar in the
northern country that stripped the leaves off the trees. The ne.xt
year there will not be one. oecause the paiasites wiped them out.

Mr. Bi"( IIANAN. I have seen them to a limited extent. It nuiy be
that parasites hold them down.

Doctor Ball. Plant lice are regularly controlled by parasites, and
if It were not for these parasites we would not have anv plants left
at all.

D(Htor How ARD. You refer to imported parasites ?

Mr. Burge-ss has pointed out that the range of the brown-tail
moth has been reduced by .several thousand s(|uare miles, and that is
partly due U) the work of the parasites we brought over from Europe,
irom 1905 to 1910. This natural method of control is fascinating,
because it is so cheap.

Mr. BrcHANAN. ^es: if we can get it.

Mr. AxDKRsoN. Take up the next item on page '12{\: the spread of
the Mexican bean beetle.

Doctor Howard. Mr. Graf.

312 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF SPREAD OF THE MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE.

Mr. Graf. Any statement we iiiiorht make on our last year's work
with the Me.xiean bean hettk' would he largely a statement of the
progress of tlie insect, rather than of our own. It is still spreading.

Mr. Anders<>n. I think you had better begin at the beginning and
cive us a history, because we will hear something about it later on.

GENERAL STATEMENT OF WORK.

Mr. Graf. 'I'iiis insect is probably Mexican in origin. It has been
in the Rocky Mountain region, in, Arizona and Colorado, for about
,50 years.

In 1920 some specimens were found in Birmingham, Ala., its first
appearance in the East. The insect was found to be distributed in
13 counties, centering on Birmingham, with an area of about 4,500
square miles. The following year 1921 found it in five States, over
an area of 4.5,000 s(|uare miles.

Mr. Anderson. What States did you find it in?
Mr. Graf. Alabama, Tennessee, North and South Carolina, and
Kentucky, but- the main infestation w-as in the northern part of
Alabama, northern Georgia and eastern Tennessee, with just a few
counties in the other States.

At the same time a great many tests were made with various
arsenicals in an attempt to develope a control for the insect. It
was necessary to work out entii-el}' new dilutions of poisons since
humid climate in the East often causes severe plant injury.

Our standard arsenical, lead arsenate, caused a great deal of
injury to the j)lants. We found calcium arsenate and magnesium
arsenate w^ere relatively safe; the only trouble with calcium arsenate
was that it was unsafe to apply the arsenical strong enough to con-
trol the insect. Where many insects are present it is difficult to
save the plant with any poison and much additional work is necessary
to obtain a safe and sure remedy.

This year the work on insecticides was continued. Scouting was
stopped on account of lack of funds and we have no exact iaea of
the mfestation except that it is within about .50 miles of the Ohio
River and moving north rapidly.

This blue line [indicating], which shows the infestation for 1922,
is very inaccurate, because we depended on correspondence almost
altogether. If the insects spread durino; the past year in the same
direction that it spread in the two previous years, it ought to be in
WVst Virginia. \\ e are not saying it is in West Virginia. It has not
been so re|)orted, i)ut it is continuing its spread very rapidly.

As far as recommendations for control go, we hesitat<' to recommend
magnesium arsenate, because of its injurious eftect on peach foliage.
Mr. Andkrsox. What do you mean?

Mr. (iKAr. It caused much injury to peaches. It ])urns the
leaves.

Doctor Howard. The peach is extremely susceptible. Is a bean
as suscei)tible as (he peacli i

Mr. ditAf. It is to some but not to others. We have always
believed that (he soliibU* arsenic contcMit of a poison is what causes
the damage, but tlie other chemicals in the insecticide also have some

I

II

AGIUCULTI^RAI. AIMMtdlMllATION 1111, I^ MrJ4. 313

action on tli«' plant. 'V\w loud arid iiia;^iiosiutn have a jjrral jlcal l<»
<l() with it. an<l it is rathrr (liflicult to sny a poison will hnrn on<» plant
h(MHUs(> it has hiirru'd some other plant.

The hcan is supposed to In* more lender to arsenirals tlinn n pi-ni h ,
hilt as far as Mia<;nesiuni is eoneerned it is more hardy.

Wo have made arranjjements to havo magnesium arsenate tester!
under all conditions this year in the West and North, and should have
some* additional information on this point soon.

Ma<;nesium arsemite is only manufactured hy one company, and
it is (louhtfid if a stahle formula has l)oen developed. Tliis work
re(|uires many tests in different districts in order to he certain of
inse<"t control without plant injury.

The insecticide |)hase of the (piestion is still larjij«'ly unsolved. A
man was sent to Mexico this year to continue investifjations of
parasites, and he ('(dhn-ted and slnpped a hirf:^e numher of the |)arasites
of the Mexican heun hcelli' from near Mexico City. Ahout ;i, ()()() of
these heneficial insects have been received and an attempt will he
made to colonize them next year. It is still too earlv to predict
results. This material was carefully watched and nil secondarv
parasites were destroyed.

Mr. Graf. wSecondary parasites are the ones that kill the beneficial
parasites.

Mr. Andkrson. .Vre the infestations on the edges of this center
as heavy as they were in Birmingham?

Mr. Graf. Yes, sir. One of the most noticeable things is that
the most complaints come in from the north boundary of the insects.
As it goes further north it is becoming more injurious.

Another thing is the infestations along the southern edge is becom-
ing weaker, but whether it is the level country, the absence of hills
for hibernating the insect, or whether the climate is not suitable, is
something we can not tell.

Doctor Howard. Does it fly away to a distance to hibernate ?

Mr. Graf. In New Mexico, it was found in the woods 7\ miles
from the nearest beans, and that is as far as w^e looked. T would
say 20 to 40 miles would be within easy reach.

Mr. Anderson. Does it attack anything except beans?

Mr. Graf. In the East it feeds on all cultivated beans, cowpeas,
soy beans, and other legumes, and to a limited extent on the flowering
beans, but it is a primaiy j)est only, as we think now, on cultivated
beans.

Doctor Howard. Does it not affect the w^ild cucumber?

Mr. Graf. Xo, sir; that is another insect. The insect is apparently
changing its habits a great deal. We thou<^ht we knew something
about it after it had been in here a year. We thought it would be
possible to grow early beans in Birmini;ham this year. The Italians
tried it the previous year and (piit. The beetle was two or three
weeks late last vear, and some of the people grew early beans suc-
cessfully. The Italians noted the success and tried to plant a verj'
large crop of beans slightly later and they were all destroyed. In
the fall it was expected the insect would be injurious until the 1st of
September, but it had disappeared from the fields on the 1st of
August, when the weather was very favorable for further develop-
ment.

314 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

We found them hibernating in the woods, under the moss and leaves,
when the temperature was 82° in the shade, at a time when they had
in the previous year caused serious damage.

Doctor Howard. Isn't tliat oliaracteristic of tlie family^
Mr. Graf. Most of the hitlyl)irds hibernate early, but they did not
do it in Birmingham the previous year. They changed their habits.

PKOPOSED .\CTIVITIE8.

Mr. A.NDKKSox. "VMiat arc you proposing to do next year?

Mr. Graf. We arc proposing to continue tlie work, following it
noith a great deal more closely. We about concluded from our
insecticide tests on beans that it will be necessary to develop a sepa-
rate formula for beans in different latitudes. We think we can use
a stronger poison on beans in the Northeast than in the Southeast.
If that is possible, it will be easier to control. It is dangerous to
j)iit the arseiuite (m the plant in a high concentration: that is. high
enough to kill the insect —at the present time. We planiu'd to do
some work in the West, but it appears that part of the appropriation
is stricken out, so we can not carry that out.

Mr. Anderson. What do you mean "in the West" (

Mr. Graf. In the Rocky Mountain regions. New Mexico, and Colo-
rado. The beans are a lower-priced crop there. Injury occurs over
a short period, and water is so scarce that they can not spray con-
veniently, and the wind is so hifjh that they can not dust.

Mr. BrcHANAN. He got 3"ou there.

Mr. Graf. He has, unless we can develop some mechanical control.

Mr. AxDERSox. Go ahead in relation to that.

Mr. Gi{AF. The main producing States of the North arc Michigan.
Wisconsin, New York, and New Jersey. New Jersey produces
mostly green beans; that is, beans for canning, and from the present
trend of infestation it threatens these and other States. The States
further west will be free a great deal longer than New York and the
rest of the States on the eastern seaboard.

NEED FOR I\CKE.\SEr) AI-1'I!()1-KI ATIONS.

Mr. AxDKHsox. If you had more money, what could you do with it ?

Mr. Graf. We woidd start work in the West principally on a
mechanical control. Those people out there are fighting a hopeless
fight. They can not choose tlieir planting time. They have to
plant when the moisture is in the sod; they have to plant so as to
})(' sure of avoiding frosts. They have to phint in certain fertile
valle>s near the sunounding hills, which furnish hibernating quarters
for the insects.

There is apparently no way they can avoid having a great deal of
insect dainatre.

The crop value will average in New Mexico about $12 per acre over
the cost of production. That means that direct control with insec-
ticides is jiisl about out of the (juestion. We are trying to figuiv out
a Jiiechamcal contrivance to knock sonu' of the beetles off the plants
in the course of their cultivating the crop. They cultivate from two
to four tiines a season, and if we couhi reduce the beetles to some
extent, withoiif any extra expense, it might prove suflicient to save

AGRlCUI.TrRAL AI'PHr)i»ltIATI(>X HII.U V.f2i. 315

\\w crop. Tlu' ln'uiis lUiiturc rapitlly. Jirnl if tho Ix'otlrs an' only
[mrtinlly nMliirtHJ the bciins ini^ht f)ass the rritiral pcrijxl siifcly unci
a (■(•mmcrcial crop would he jissurcMl.

Mr. A.NDKUsoN. W'v luivc had thciu a loiij; tiiur out thon-. What
can \v(» r|o to sto[) thcni from ^cttiu^ in thr hcari producinir sections
<»f Mirhi<;an f

Mr. (iHAK. \\v cixu not stop tht'ni. Wo have jjivon up l\\v idt-a of
that.

Mr. Andkkso.n. What can wo do t<» find out i What can wo <lo
when thoy pot thero^

|)<ictor FIowARD. That is what we aro doin«; un(h>r this a[)propria-
tion.

Mr. Anderson, llavo you nionoy onou«^h l(» do it?

Mr. (iKAK. In the oast tho work couM ho oxpoihtod with a(hlitionai
funds h(»th as regards the (h»volopinont of rcinochos a>id tho survey t<»
dotonnino tho l)osl locaHtios for «;rowin^ hoans.

Mr. Anderson. You fool your work in tho oast is as offeotivo as you
can do it (

Doctor IloUAKD. .S2.").0()() is onou<;li, it >ccnis t<> nic to I'ollou up
our studios, altlunij;h a lar<i:('r amount would «»f c(»urso p(>rmit more
oxtonsivo research.

Tlksday, November 21, 1922.
BURKAU OF BIOLCXilCAL SURVEY.
STATEMENT OF DR. E. W. NELSON. CHIEF OF BTTREAU,

salaries.

Mr. Anderson. Is there any preliminary statement you want to
make. Doctor Nelson, before you start on the statutory roll ?

Doctor Nelson. The work of the Bioloc^ical Survey has to do with
the wild birds anil nianinials of the country, the gjeneral conservation
and utilization of the useful species and the control of the harmful
ones, includino: tho administration of the Federal jjame laws.

Mr. Anderson. We will take up your statutor}' roll, on page 229.
There seems to be a small increase.

Dt)ctor Nelson. There is an increase of the statutory roll, which
IS compensated for by a correspondini; decrease on tho lump fund
apnr<)j)riations; it is merely a transfer.

Sir. Anderson. All of these changes involve transfers?

Doctor Nelson. Yes; except two which we dropped as noted on
page 44 of this explanatory statement.

Mr. Anderson. Then there is a not decrease on the statutory roll i

Doctor Nelson. Yes; of $2,700 through dropping two clerks;
then tlioro is a change of tho title of photographer, changing it to
photographer or clerk, with no change in salary. Otherwise, the
salaries stand as thoy aro for tho present year.

Is anything further desired on that item '.

Mr. Anderson. No: I think not.

316 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL'VTIOX BILL, 1924,

MAINTENANCE OF THE MONTANA NATIONAL BISON RANGE AND OTHER

RESERVATIONS.

Doctor Nelson. The (irst tippropriation item is that covering
game and V)ir(l reservations, page 231.

This is for the maintenance of the Montana National Bison Range
and other reservations, (39 birds and big game reservations, of which
five are mostly, at least, for big game. We iiave about 40,000 acres
under fence. These 40,000 acres are distributed in live reservations.
Within these fenced areas we have on the National Bison Range in
Montana 402 bison, 325 elk, and 75 deer of two kinds, and 14 moun-
tain sheep. On the W^ind Cave game preserve. South Dakota, we
have 92 bison, 149 elk, 20 antelop; on the Niobrara Reservation in
Nebraska, we have 41 bison, 54 elk; and on the game preserve in
Sullys Hill National Park, N. Dak., 11 bison and 50 elk and 5 deer.

A large number of these reservations are without regular warden
service. Some of them are so small that they do not warrant it, and
as to others the funds available do not permit us to maintain a warden.
We have wardens on the more important ones, and in the mainte-
nance of the big game reservations we have the upkeep of resident
wardens' quarters and of fences, with necessary repairs. In some
places new fences must be constructed to take in unfenced lands as
the animals increase in number.

WINTER ELK REFUGE.

In the winter elk refuge at Jackson Hole, Wyo., we have about
2,000 acres of land, largely under fence, where we provide forage for j tb

the southern Yellowstone elk herd in the winter. This herd lives in
the summer in the southern part of the Yellowstone and adjacent
national forests and in winter tne animals come down into the Jackson
Hole country, in the valley of the Snake River. Formerly these elk ' sti

used to pass on south into the plains of Wyoming, but that country La

has been occupied by settlers and by stockmen, and is fenced. At
present the elk are stopped when they get down in the foothills, as
they have no outlet. The result is that they have insufTicient winter
range, and in order to keep the elk alive they must be fed hay during
severe winters. That is the object of this reservation, where we
cultivate about 300 acres of hay land, raising between 600 and 700
tons of hay a year. Occasionally we have to buy additional hay.
The elk. in numbers running anywhere from 4.000, (i.OOO. or nuu-e.
come down into this valley in winter and are fed during hard seasons.

Mr. Anderson. Does this appropriation cover oidy these five
refuges or reservations?

i)(Kl«»r Xelson. It covers those and the (i4 bird reservations.

W.MtUKN SEKVICE.

Mr. A.ndkrson. How do you police these bird reservations?

Doctor Nki.so.n. liy wardens. At tli(> more important ones we
have a wiirdcn service.

Mr. AsDKKSo.N. liow do you police the ones where you do not have
the warden service #

Doctor Nki.son. We simply visit them occasionally, and secure the
cooperation of the Slate gniiie wnrdeiis. In Louisiana, for instance,

t

AOIUCULTURAL APPIIOPRIATIOX BILU 1924. 317

tlu* State i^unu' olluinls Imvc a Woat cniisinf; unMiixi the mouth of
the Mississippi, and us some of our reservations lie off the e(»ast in
tliis vicinity, thoy have very kindly ajjreed to help police' them durin>»
the hrcedin*; seasoji.

Mr. IIkndkuson. A iiumher of Kechmmtion Service men nrc )iUo
made deputy wardens witlnmt salary

Doctor Neuson. Ves; the Keclamuti»)n Service has men in charj^e
of the reclamation reser\'oirs. a number of whicli are hird reserva-
tions. an<i tliey act as wardens. We <;et (piite a lot (»f cooperative
sprvice of that kind to help out.

Mr. Andkrson. On these hird n^servations, for example, 1 under-
stand that it is not jiermissihle for a man to have u fjun. ammunition,
or any other firearms of any sort; is that correct '.

Doctor Nelson. That is, you moan the people are not permitted
to fjo on

Mr. A.NDERSON (interposing). Yes.

Doctor Nelson. No. there is no shooting permitt^'d. e.xcept at two
places

Mr. Anderson (interposing). Not only no shooting j)ermitted. but
you do not let them on there with a gun at all (

Doctor Nelson. No; a man is not permitted to go on there with a
gun, unless he is a Government hunter killing predatory animals.

Mr. Anderson. Is that done by law or regulation of the depart-
ment i

Doctor Nelson. That is by regulation. The Secretary of Agri-
culture is authorized to make proper rules and regulations to pro-
tect the reservations and to make them fulfill the purpose for wnich
they were established.

Mr. Henderson. The law prohibits interference with the birds on
the reservations, their nests and eggs.

Doctor Nelson. We do not interfere with the fishing, for in-
stance, as long as it is done according to the State laws. The Big
Lake Reservation, w^hich is one of our important reservations in
Arkansas and a very great resort for wild fowls during the migra-
tion sea.son, is also a very popular fishing ground. There is a lot
of commercial fishing tiiere, and we give anybody a permit to fish
as long as he complies with the State fishing laws. 1 might say, in
this connection, that the work of our wardens on the Bi^ Lake Reser-
vation has brought about an observance of the State fishing laws of
that locality because as soon as a man violates the law we revoke his
permit.

This affords a strong incentive for the fishermen to avoid violating
the requirements of the State laws.

INCRE.\8E IN G.\ME.

The big game on these fenced reservations is increasing rapitUy.
We are now working out a system whereby we can take care of the
surplus, and the indications are that there mav be a surplus of game
to DC marketed which eventually will fully tal\e care of the expense
of caring for these places.

Mr. Anderson. Have there been any apparent increases in the
number of |jame birds (

Doctor Nelson. Migratorv game birds, vou mean '.

318 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr, Andersox. Yes.

Doctor Nelsox. \'erv great increases. That we will take up later,
when we come to that item.

Mr. AxDERSox. The next item is on page 232.

SULLYS lULL XATIOXAL PARK GAME PRESERVE.

Doctor Nelsox. For Sullys Hill Reservation. X. Dak., there is an
appropriation of .So, 000, which has been continued for some years, for
purpose of caring for this reservation and for making certain improve-
ments needed for its proper maintenace. These improvements are
now in an advanced state, and the place is very popular with the '
residents of tlio surrounding country. Owing to the fact, of which '
you probably are all aware, that North Dakota is a rather flat countrv
and here is n little hilly region bordering Devils Lake, with a small
tract of woodland on it, it makes a very popular picnic ground and
resort for the people of all that region. I am told that they come from
as far as 200 miles away to have picnics at this place, and on pleasant
days hundreds of people coiue there. In addition to maintaining the
game there we are trying to accommodate the people. We have built
a woman's rest house. We are also putting in a little water service,
so that the people who come there can get water easily, and a parking
place, as well as other simple improvements.

Mr. Ik'CHANAX. Is this Government land ?

Doctor Nelson. Yes; it is owned by the Govemment.

Mr. BucHANAX. Do you call that a game reservation?

Doctor Nelson. Yes: it is a game reservation.

Mr. BucHAXAX. Whnt sort of game (

Doctor Nelson. Buffalo,, elk, and deer.

Mr. Buchanan. Is it fenced?

INCRE.\SE IN NUMBER OF BUFF.\LO.

Doctor Nelson. Yes. It might be of interest, before I leave this f
game reservation matter, to state that in the United States at the
present time there are nine Government herds of bison containing
1,140 animals. There are also a considerable number of private
herds, so that the bisoji. all told, in the United States number about
3,527. In Canada they have over 6,000, so there are now in existence
in North vVmerica approximately 10.000 bison, whereas a few yeare
ago they were on the verge <^>f extinction.

Mr. Andersox. They are not very far from it yet — 10,000 is not
verv many.

Dortoi' Xki.so.n. Well, it is enough to be encouraging, in view of the
fact that the bison breed in captivity just as freely as cattle. They
have increased from a little handful to 10,000 in a comparatively few
years, and they are scattered over Canacla and various parts of the
Ignited States, so that the future of the bison is practically assured.
They can be maintained ami will be maintained.

.Mr. BrniANAN. Do thev get as gentle as cattle^

l)o(t(»r Xki.son. Nt>; thoy are rather dangerous. For instance,
up in (»ur Montana bison range, where we have nearlv r>00. they let
you ri<le u^) to within a short distance of I hem. but if you get on" foot
they are bUely to conu' after you, particularly some of the cows.

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BIIJ^ M»24. 319

Some of t\w old cows are more vicious tlmri th«' bulls. Wo have
found that on several of the reservations where there are hi«on the
cows are inclined to he more sava<je than the hull<.

Mr. Hi'iiivNAN. If they were liandl«M| properly lhr\ \s<nild j;et
gentle like <attle (

Doctor Nkl.hox. Oh. yes; they wouM; they could he made tjontle.

I"<MH) MA HITS <»l UIKDS AND VMM MS

Mr. Andkkson. We will now take up the item on page 2.15, inves-
ti<;ation of food animals, \orth America.

J)octor Nf.i.son. riie main w(»rk under this appropriation i-. that
of eontrol, lessening; the losses due to depr«'dations (»f predatory wild
animals, such as mountain lions, wolves and others, on live stock,
and the destruction of cro|)s and foraj^e hy rodents. There is a p^reat
vnri(^tv of thc^c imininU,

PKKIIATOKV AMM.VL WOUK.

In our predatory animal work, which I will take uj) fii-st, we are
maintaining]: an orjjani/ation throu<;hout the western I nited States,
with an inspector in charge in eacii Slate, and under him we have
employed hunters who are poisoning and trapping and shooting
these predatory animals.

During the last year we actually took the skins or sfal|>s of nearlv
31,000 of these animals, in addition we j)Ut out an enormous number
of poison baits, which, judging from the number of animals subse-
(luently found by stockmen in the ranges, undoubtedly resulted in
tne killing of more than 00,000 additional coyotes and bobcats.

Mr. BuciiAN'AX. You do not spend any money on jack rabbits
and ground squirrels ?

Doctor Nelson. Yes; and later on I will take that up.

Mr. Buchanan. All right.

Doctor Nelson. Our men put out 1.229,000 poison baits during
the year in their campaigns against the predatory animals, and the
number killed was very great. We received from the skins of these
animals, which are Government property, S34.202, which, added to
that previously received, make a total of §283,000 that we have
turned into the Treasury for the skins taken by our hunters.

Mr. Anderson. How many animals do you say you killed this
year ?

Doctor Nelson. W'e actually took the scalps and skins of 30,986.
and in addition the use of more than a million poison baits resulted
in killing an enormous number of additional animals, of which we
get reports from the stock men who tind the dead animals scattered
over tne range. The reports in many places are that the coyotes
and other stock-killing animals have practically disappeared, so that
stock men are able without losses to run sheep, for instance, in open

grazms

Witn respect to our work in western Texas Mr. Hudspeth informed
me that he considers that the predatory work in that region has
added $") or more an acre to tln^ valueof the land, owing to th(>freed(mi
with which stock can be grazed. It does not require the same number
of herders as when predatory animals are present.

22(y2S — 2*2 21

f

320 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL^TION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Anderson. Has this work jjot to be kept up on its present
basis indefinitely (

Doctor Nelson. Apparently it has, at lejist until the animals are
destroyed. Just as quick as you stop this work the annuals breed
back and become so destructive that in many places it puts the stock
business out of commission. In northern California, for instance,
thev had stojiped orrowino: sheep in some sections owing to the depreda-
tions of coyotes. Since we began working there they have started
again to grow sheep, and we have reports from various places that if
this work was not being carried on it would be impossible to con-
tinue growing live stock, particularly the smaller stock.

COOPERATION OF STATES.

Mr. Buchanan. Before we went into that business, some of these
States were taking care of themselves. Now, the Federal Govern-
ment has gone into it, and they just withdraw and turn the whole
thing over to the Govermnent?

Doctor Nelson. No; the States are putting up money: for instance,
their cooperative funds for 1922 for this work in the States amounted
to $196,405.

Mr. Buchanan. Prior to that they had rewards offered at so much
per scalp ?

Doctor Nelson. Since we have shown the superior effectiveness
of the work as we are doing it, many wStates have ceased to rely upon
the bounty system.

Mr. Buchanan. That is just what I told you.

Doctor Nelson. I beg your pardon.

Mr. Buchanan. That is just what I said, since the Government has
taken it up they have stopped.

Doctor Nelson. But they are appropriating money in place of the
bounties.

Mr. Buchanan. Oh, yes; two or three dozen States appropriate
$100,000, but we appropriate S502,000. f

Doctor Nelson. The $502,000 is not appropriated for the preda-
tory-animal work alone. For the predatory-animal and the rodent
work combined the Government puts up about $400,000, ami the
States are putting up approximately $1,000,000 in cooperative funds.
They are contributing practica'ly two-and-a-half times as much as
the Federal Government.

EXPERIMENTS AT DENVER LABOR.VTORY.

We have established in Denver a laboratory where experiments are
being made in developing an improved type of poison, which is com-
bined in such a way as to make it palatable to predatory animals.

Tiierc has been great dilliculty in the use of strychnine, which is
the main poison, owing to its l)itter taste. The predatory animals
are very acute in detecting it, and wheji thev take the bait in the
m(»utli and notice the slightest bitterness tliey droj) it. We are
working out a method whereby the particles of strychnine are coateti
and disgjii.sed in such a way' that the development of the taste is
delayed until the iiiiinuds swallow it, and we are getting exceeilingly
ell'fctive results. We have found that th<> plan on which we started
the trapping of predntory aiumals re(|uires too large a body of men.

L

ACItlcrr/miAL Al'IMCnJMtlATloN HII.U H*"-*. M'2 1

Tlir nniiimU arc so aWiiinlaMt and tlu» territory is ko vast over wliicli
tliov roam that if would take afi armv to roiitrol tliciij in tins wav
hut 1)\ (Irvrlooin^ the |)oison nietliod wr have aln'adv srfiir»'d vl\-
(•oui'a»;in<^ rcsnlts. Those i-esiilts indi<'ate that with a cotnnarativelv
small force and with the cooperation of the .stockmen and the local
f)eo|)le with whom we are workin"^ \vr can cover irii enormous territor\
ver\' much more cheaply. The future control of the predatory ani-
mals will he hased largely on the increasing effectiveness of our p«»ison
campaigns.

Mr. Hi< iiANAX. Do you run acntss any species of wolves out there
that wdl not eat poisoned meat, which are too snuirt f<»r- \ on '

Doctor Xki.sox. We have not found any yet.

Mr. liiciiANAN. Do you not find those which will not eat meat ^

Doctor XfJ-son. I do not think we have ever run acmss one that
would not take «^ome h.iif. We have poisoned a numher <>f old
w<»lves.

Mr. lit (MANAN. Lohoes ^

Doctor Xf.I.son. Yes: that liave luti for niaii\ yeais.

Mr. BrtiiANAN. Some (»f them are so smart that they will tiof i;i(
dead meat: it has «;ot to he warm.

Doctor Nelson. These little haits that we put out are li.\ed up ui
a temj)tin<; way. just a little hit that is drop|)(>(l. very carefully pre-
pared, and they will pick it up. A wolf that will not touch a (h-ad car-
cas.s is likely to pick up one of these baits.

Mr. -Vndeh.so.n. Mow many men have you got employed in this

work now in the field (

Doctor Xhi-son. We have HiO in our regular organizations, and
11 1 •

the numher runs over 200, accordmg to season.

Mr. BrtiiANAN. Two hundred altogether^

Doctor Xelso.n. About 200.

BOU.VTY SYSTEM FOR PREDATORY ANIMALS.

Mr. .Ir.MP. Going back to Mr. Buchaiuin's cjuestion of a few minutes
ago. he may want you to put in the record a statement of the obser-
vations of the de'partment which have demonstrated the lesser degree
of effectiveness of the bounty system in com{)arison with the system
which you are usin^

Doctor N^ELSON. The bounty system against predatory animals Inis
be<Mi in vojrue ever since the early settleiN came to the eastern United
States, and it has always been honeycombed with fraud. It gives
op})ortunity for the rankest kind of frauds and it never definitely
controls predatory animals, because it is for the interest of the bounty
huntei-s not to exterminate the animals from which thev jjet a return
eacji year.

Mr. Anderso.x. Thev had to leave some breeding stock?

Doctor Nelson. They did. Our trappers have found many
coyotes with a trap mark high up on one leg. showing that they have
been caught and freed. A mark high up on the leg of a covote indi-
cates that that animal has been caught and turned loose: and our men
have caught many female coyotes with that mark on them. Many
of the trappers have told us that they never killed a female, because
that would he cuttintr off their business.

322 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Montana in 18 years paid al)out SI 25.000 a year, which made an
u^orregate (tf about §2.000.000. and at the end of that period it had
practically as many wolves and coyotes as it had at the beginning.
The expenditure of that amount of money ought to have killed every
pnMhitorv animal in the State of Montana.

Mr. Ju.MP. The bounty hunters also get the least destructive
animals '.

Doctor Nelson. A bounty hunter can not afford to persist in tning
to destroy the very cunning, experienced predatory animals, particu-
larlv wolves and certain coyotes, which have become very suspicious
and have evaded capture for years. We will, when necessary, keep a
man for months on the trail of a notorious stock killer until we get
him. There have been bounties offered of SoOO on a single wolf, and
the bounty hunter goes in and spends a month or so and quits, because
he can not afford to keep after him. But we put one of our men in
there, and he follows that animal until he gets him, and in that way I
we have destroyed in South Dakota one wolf that had a record of
about S25,000 worth of live stock it had killed on the range.

Mr. Buchanan. How much was the reward offered for that wolf I

Doctor Nelson. They had offered up to S500 reward for hun. ^

Mr. Buchanan. I have heard of even as high as §1,000 being \
offered for a big lobo wolf. ^

Doctor Nelson. Our men have killed a lot of those notorious old
animals; and last spring they killed a big grizzly bear near Williams,
.^Vriz., that had a record with the stockmen of having killed during its
life some §25,000 to §30,000 worth of stock.

CONTUOL OK RABIES.

In addition to hunting the animals because of their destruction of
stock there is the control of rabies. Rabies started in the West in
1915, when it spread to five States — northern California, Oregon,
Idaho, Nevada, and Washington

Mr. Buchanan (interposing). You do not mean the first rabies
started in 1915 in the West ^

Doctor Nelson. Oh, no; I mean this epidemic I* am speaking of.
It became so severe that those five States urgently asked for an ap-
propriation to do something to help control it, and an appropriation
was made. We organized the work along the lines mentioned, with
inspectors and paid hunters, and before we got thorouglily going
rabies had spread into Utah, but we stopped it there, and we have
held it ever since.

There have l)een several outbreaks. Last year there was an out-
break in Washington, and it started to spread again, but we concen-
trated hunters there and suppressed it. What we do is concentrate
a lot of iiunters with tray^s and poison to kill the predatorv animals.
In that wav we dean Uj) liu" animals which serve as carriers of the
disea.se in that distinct, and that stops the spreatl of the rabies.

Mr. IkcHANAN. Wolvt's, j)rinci|)nlly >.

Doctor Nel.son. (\\vot«'s and wolves; y<'s. But evoiv earni\ erous
iiiiinml has it skunks have it, cats and dogs have it, and they pass
it on to cattle, sheei), and horses, all kinils of live stock.

Mr. Bi( n.\N AN. if you kill out the jack rabbits, you will not have
anv remedv for rabies an\ cure ^

%\

AGRJClTLTlHAr. APIMiriPlllATIOK UlhU 1024. 323

Doctor Xki.son. WhyV

Mr. IhcMANAN. W«« iisc thi' jack nil>l>it in nnlcr tf) curr» it.

Doctor \ki.son. Wc tis(> pois<»n; that cures it.

Mr. lii < iiAN.VN. Oh, no; poison docs not cure a man or a person
who is hit ten, who contracts rahies.

Doctor .Xkl.son. 'I'hat i.s cured hy the I'asfeur tn-atnient.

.Mr. HrciiANA.N. They use the jack rahhil for thai Ireatinent.

Doctor Xf:i..s()\. In this (tuthreak I have ju.st spoken of. which we
have suppressed, there is an ollicial record of 2.154 peoph' that have
heen hifteti hy ral)id animals in that territ»)ry. 5?) of whom died.
The wav it was ^oiiii; the disease would have sjiread over the entire
K(K'ky Niountain re^^ion. a.nd utdess it has heen successfully headed
off the munher of peoph* hit ten and the losses would have hern
t remendous.

Mr. lii ( ii.vNA.N. Do you know it is the last thin^ in the world when
we lose n case of rahi(>s if the person will <]jo to the institute ri^ht
away ?

Doctor Xki.son. I know it. The trouhle is that people have a
little wound, and they <l<) not think anything of it, and they let it
go until it is too late. But they have learned their lesson in this
territory, and they do not lose any time in gettinj^ to a place where
they can he treated.

WILD .\NIM.\LS COMINfl OVER BORIJEU.

One thing you alluded to, Mr. Buchanan, is the fact that in south-
ern Xew Mexico and Arizona — I am not sure whether the same thing
happened in southern Te.xas or not — wolves are constantly coming
across from old Mexico. The stockmen along the horder report to
our inspector the arrival of wolves. During the past season in
Arizona over 80 wolves came across, and were reported on the stock
ranges hordering ^^exico. Our men killed all these e.xcej)t one
which got away and returnetl to Me.xico. Xot one of them got more
than 2.") miles north of the horder. That I consider was a pretty
effective reconl. They actually got the skins of these animals.
They came in [)acks. one pack consisting of seven, and they cleaned
them up very promj)tly.

You see these animals make kills and leave tracks, and the stock-
men find them right away after they come over. There is a very
hig reserv(»ir of wolves in the Sierra Madre Mountains of old Mexico,
and if they were not stopped they would keep Arizona and all that
southwestern country full of wolves. We are l^olding them down
hy killing them promptly after they come across the horder, hefore
they have time to hecome estahlished and hreed.

In addition to the saving of live stock, the ])redalory animals are
also extremely destructive to game of all kinds and, natmally, the
killing of such a large number of them saves a very great amount of
game and has a great influence in increasing the supply.

In Michigan, the conservation commission askeil u.s for assistance
in organizing a predatory animal service under the State game
commission, to help suppress the w'olves which were destroying
deer on such a large scale in the northern part of the State. We
have had a man there, and the ollicials appear to be very apprecia-
tive of the work he is doing in teaching tne State wardens, wlio are

324 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRL^TION BILL, 1924

special men appointed to work with him. They learn how to handle
tne work of kdlinfj the wolves, by trapping and poisoning. With
this instruction and direction of its men the State is enabled to
handle its problem.

DESTRUCTION OF RODENTS.

The destruction of rodents is a part of this work. The losses from
rodents of difrerent kinds amount to about 8500,000,000 a year,
according to the estimates that have been made after careful inves-
tigations, and there are many sorts of rodent pests in every State in
the country.

In the West, where the dry climate is especially suitable, the in-
jurious rodents are much more abundant than anvwhere else — prairie
dogs, jack rabbits, gophers and cjuite a variety of others, and various
kinds of gi'ound scjuirrels. The organized campaigns, with the special
methods of poisoning that we have deveh)ped, have convinced the
people of the effectiveness of the work to such an extent that during
the last year about 105,000 farmers and stockmen cooperated, and
S799.974 was expended as cooperative funds in these campaigns.
They put up for this rodent work about five times as much as the
CTOvernmcnt.

Mr. Anderson. It must be more than that, if it is S 700. 000 ?

D(»ctor Nel.son. Yes, it is S799,974.

Mr. Anderson. According to vour figures here, von arc spending
about .S12S,000 on that.

Doctor Nel.son. On the rodent work ?

Mr. A.N'DEusoN. Yes.

Doctor Nelson. Yes; the cooperative funds amount to about six
times as much. Some of the States are makhig direct appropriations
which have to be spent in cooperation with the Biological Survey.

Wc used 1,000 tons of poisoned o;rain, and 757,000 pounds of
bisulj)hide of carbon, a fumigant whicli is put in the burrows. That
was used by the cooperators and the survey combined.

During the course of the work we have poisoned over 10,000,000
acres of Federal lands, and under j)ersonal direction or in cooperation
over 93,000,000 acres of private land.

Mr. Anderson. That is altogether, during this period of operation ?

Doctor Nelson. During the time since we began in 191(>. over
103,000,000 acres, in which the majoritv of these animals have been
destroyed; they have been either ground squirrels, pocket gophers, or
prairie dogs. .

JACK Il.\HUITH AND FRAUtlK DOaS VERY DESTRUCTIVE.

Mr. Buchanan. What is your objection to jack rabbits?

Doctor Nelson. They arc terrilically destructive, where thev
increase as they do, and in one instance we killed over 1,000,000 jack
labbits in eastern Oregon by poisoning.

Ml'. HrcHANAN. Destructive of grain, you nu»an ?

Doctor Nelson. They concentrate on the grain. When the grass
(h-ies up iji the summer and the grain is growing in the ariil West, that
will be the one green spot in the whole region, and th(>v concentrate
for milw around, and in nnmy places they have actually destroyed in
ji single night n man's crop. Where a man has liad something like

i

AGIUCULTl^RAr. AIMMIOPUIATION MII.I., I'J'H. 325

30 or to or ')() acn^s thov huvo just simpiv clcHncd it up in .me ni;;lii.
'llic jack rabbits in tiorthrrii Nevada and also in Ks«jibintt' \ allcv, in
Utah, liavc actually caused the settlors to abandon their ranclies;
t}ie\ coidd not raise crops.

Mr. BiciiANAN. 'J'herc has been many a one there.

Doctor Nki-.so.n. After the ])oisoninj^ campaign in northeni Nevada,
the peoi)le have gone back and there is a i)ros])erous community there
now. \Ve have ])oisoned the rabbits and shown them how, and thev
are abl(> now to <;o ahead.

In the case of ])rairie doji^s, thev concentrate about the farms and
are e.\ceedin<jly destructive, and tliey also occupy an immense area.
Over 100, ()()(), 000 ac-res are occu])i(Ml by prairie <lo{;s in 12 western
States, and they probably destroy J.') ])er cent of the forap; in the
country they occupy. In some places they take it practically all.
They concentrate about the cultivated areas to such an extent that
they often destroy the fields, and occasionally they clean up so that
the man abandons the cultivated lands. In other ))laces tliey take
anv-Avhere from .5 to 50 per cent of the crop, and in many places,
before we poisoned them, they were unable to p^row cro]>s at all.

It will interest you, no doubt, to know that we have made a final
clean-up of the prairie dogs in one area in southern Arizona, about
1 10 miles long and 15 to 20 broad. It was a very rich valley bottom,
in which the prairie do^p were enormously abunflant. and it was like
a desert. They had destroyed everything and kept the vegetation
right down to the bare ground.

Mr. BuciiAXAX. I know all about those creatures. They are
fit for nothing on earth except to ruin the country they make a
town in. They have a regular city of prairie dogs.

EXTR.^CTS PROM LETTERS OF PER.SONS BENEFITED BY THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST

PRED.\TORY ANIMALS.

Doctor Nelson. Mr. Hugh Campbell, president of the Arizona
Wool Growers' Association, wrote a letter August 3. He says:

On June 23, 1922, the last prairie doji was exterminated from the counties of rochise
and Graham. This was a result of three years' united effort on the part of over 800
stockmen and farmers cooperatinji with two experts of the Biological Surrey. An
area 120 miles lon?^ and from 10 to 20 miles wide was actually cleared of this pest.

Throe years atjo when I visited this <listrict I rode throujrh miles and miles of
prairie dog infestation, and bare, denuded lands lay on every side. To-day, after
these pests have been exterminated, the gra-ss i.s knee high. Fat stock and fertile
farms are to be seen on every hand and a prosperous community is in the making,
where heretofore at least 0.000,000 prairie dogs had their way and forever held in
check the development of that fertile valley.

It is estimated that the increased forage now made possible will support at least
50. (XK) head of sheep, and farmers are now growing alfalfa and grain on ground which
was formerly so heavily infested with prairie dogs that it was quite im])ostiible to
raise anything.

I think there is a good example of direct benefit derived from
that work.

We have also cleaned up four counties in Kansas. We organized
there, or suggested to the State agricultural college, which is cooper-
ating with us, that they begin on the eastern border of the prairie-
dog infested area in Kansas and clean one county after the other,
moving west each time, in order that they mav make a final clean
up. They have been fighting prairie dogs in Kansas ever since the
farmers of the State went in there, and thev still have them. Bv

326 AGRICULTrRAL, APPROPRIATION BILL, lf>24.

this method of startint^j in definitely on tlie eastern border and just
going west they will finally eliminate them from the State. Wlien
they get a county cleaned it is cleaned; there is no way of reinfesting,
except from the west, and they will keep pushing that line to the
west. As I say, during the last year they cleaned up the prairie
dogs in four of the Kansas counties.

In northwestern Arizona for some years now — the last 10 years
or more- the prairie dogs have been extending their range several
miles a year into new territory, going west. We have cleaned up a
belt along that western extension border of over 50 miles long and
about 5 miles deep, and are going to stop that western extension.
At the same time we are carrying on the general work of destroying
the animals elsewhere.

Mr. Charles Springer, who was chairman of the Council of National
Defense in New Mexico during the war, and who is one of the largest
stock and land owners in the State, became very much interested in
our work at the time of the war. In the food-saving campaign he
backed the intensive work we were doing in helping to destroy prairie
do^s in crop areas. I asked him in a letter if he had ever made any
estimate of the effect of prairie dogs on the grazing industry in New
Mexico, and he wTote that he had; that when he oecame chairman
of the Council of National Defense for New Mexico he had taken
it up with his county chairmen, and they had made a survey of the
State. He states here that —

In the 50,00U-acre unit now being investigated and treated —

That is where our men worked —

in the Moreno Valley in Colfax County, the prairie dogs destroyed nearly all of the
grama grass and I believe the damage to that range amounted to 75 per cent. Gen-
erally the damage done by prairie dogs in the infested areas with which I am familiar
ranges from 40 to 50 per cent to 100 per cent. I have seen in Rio Arriba and Sandoval
Counties, and in some of the other counties, large areas rendered practically worthless
for grazing |)urpose8 by these pests. It is safe to estimate that the annual damage
made to ranges in New Mexico has amounted to destroying the grass on more than
f),0(H(,(X)0 acres of the very choice grazing land of the State, the areas selected and
infasted by prairie dogs being generally the best grama grass flats and draws. Opinions
differ as to the nural)er of acres of grazing land re(|uired to support one head of cattle.
In Colfax <'ounty on the grama grass ranges, where there is much rough, unpro-
tluctivc land, we generally estimate that it re(|uires '20 acres, one year with anotlier.
for each cow or grown bovine animal: and as the lands infested by prairie doijs are
\ery niuch lictter than the average, I believe it is safe to estimate that the 6,000,000
acres rendered worthless bv them would sui)i)ort 400.000 head of cattle or more
than 1,500,000 head of sheej).

That indicates his opinion as to the damage. Considering the fact
thiit New Mexico is one out of 12 or 13 States that have prairie dogs,
if you get rid {»f the prairie dogs in all of the States we figure that
you could add more lluiii 1, ()()(), ()()() head of cattle to the range in
the West from the increased forajre alone.

111 tins <-(>ntn'cli()ii, I have here a |)hotograpli of wheat from a
s(|uar(' yard (if hind from which the prairie dogs have been poisonetl
le.xhibiting photograph to the subcommitteej, and here (indicalingl
where the |)r!iiri(' dogs are operating, which is also a sipiare yard of
production, 'i'hc prairie (htL's cleiiiU'd it up and left the stubble
fexhihiliiig niiotlicr photograph to the connnit teej.

Here in nortlierii .\rizona we fenced a small area with prairie dog-
proof fence. Then we put stock-proof fence on another area ri»]:ht
adjoining, keeping the stock oil", but leaving free access to the pran'ie

I

AGRICl'LTrRAIi AFPROIMUATIO.V lilLI^ lin!4. .'i27

(logs. In llu' urea in wliicli tin* i)ruin<' *it»j;s wrn* fciiml out thorc
was tlio jjrowth of tlu* fornjjt' (iiulicutin^ <»n photo^^ruplil. ami Iuti* on
thooutsiiU*. wluMC tlu' prairie <Iosj:^, l>ut no rattle, were permitted, that
was the i;ro\vtl» |in<li(atin«;l. That is a prjuf ical illustruti«»n <»f what
these animals do.

Mr. Bi:cHANAN. There is absolutely no (|uestion hut that pruirie
dof^s. when thoy have a .settlement or town they call them prairie-
do«? towns are al)sohitely destructive of u^ricultural vi'j^etatioii, and
they render the land practicallv useless. 1 have seer) vast territory
just al)andoned on ac<'ount oi prairie do<js. There is no (piestion
about that.

Doctor Xki.son. The object of this rodent work is to control, ami
eventually eliminat(>. those {)ests. and it is a lonj; job, because tliey
cover such a trenu'udous area. It is a job that simply has to be
continued, and while it looks like a Ion"; job there is one encoura<;ing
feature, however. Vou have tiiinj^s like in.secl pests which are so
numerous and which are soread over such an area that their extermi-
nation becomes a i)ractical impossibility. All that can be done is to
try to hold them (lown in their destnictivene.ss. The prairie <lo<; can
actually be eliminated and done w ith forever. The only thin«; is, it
requires a long, coiitinued, patient, organized campaign.

CAMPAIGN FOR CONTROL OK HOISE RATH.

House rats: We are also having a lar«:e campaign for the control
of house rats all t)ver the country, and tliere is a very great interest
in that work. At the present time there is a campaign going on in
Portland, Oreg., under one of our men, which is getting very good
results. They not only destroy the rats but they establish methods
of rat-proofing and start rat-proofing campaigns and cleaning up of
trash piles antl eliminating the [)laces where these pests live. In
that way they inaugurate a permanent riddance.

In Texas in one county last year — Denton — there was a campaign
against the rats led by one of our men. and by actual count 253.000
rats were killed. There is a population there of about 36.000 people,
and evidently the rat population was very much more numerous
than that of the people.

The rats are exceedingly destructive of crops and food of various
descriptions as well as goods of every kind, mid ai-^n ourv diseases.
and are a menace from that point of view.

I might state, in connection with the rat work, that during the
last year we had 325 requests for information and assistance from
42 States in regard to rat work and 76 reouests to help in campaigns in
26 different States for the suppression oi the rat nuisance.

Fi :k-kakmin<: INVE8TK;ATIo\«

We are also carrying on investigations into fur farming, and have
an experimental fur farm in New York State. The fur-farming
business has increased aiul become very prolitable, and there are
now over 500 silver fox farms in the United States, with about
12.000 foxes, and an investment of about .'JS,000,0OO. There are
fur farms in 25 vStates; there are also about 200 or more fur farms in
Alaska.

828 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

We have experts at work investigatinoj various phases and fur-
nishing the information which is needed to help the peoph> handle -
this business in the most effective way. It is an entirely new type of |
business and the people going into it naturally have no accumulated
knowledge to fall hack on, and we are tryinc; to assist them. Judging
from the appreciation that they are showmg. we are proving very
helpful in building up the business along the best lines.

Mr. Anderson. Are voir getting any action out of this knowledge
obtained at the experimental farm i

Doctor Nelson. Yes; we are getting a great lot of information on
the handling of the parasites and diseases and methods of taking
care of tiiem. and one of the interesting things we have discovered
there is the breeding season of the marten, the American sable.
Heretofore, for years they have been trying to breed martens with-
out success. They had the idea that martens bred in January and if
put together at any time except the breeding season, one of the pair
would kill the other, and so they held them apart. So they would
keep them apart all the year until January and then put them to-
gether. They got no results.

Our man tried putting them together in the summer, and they
mated, and two different years we have got voung. They appear to
mate in August and carry their young for about ei^ht months, that
is, so far as the present indications go. A neighbormg fur farmer in
New York tried the same experiment and got the same results.

We thus appear to have solved w^hat was thought to be an impos-
sible matter; that is, the successful breeding of the marten in cap-
tivity. We have had three successful breeding seasons, and there
seenis to be no doubt but that they can be successfully bred in cap-
tivity. So the marten is one of our valuable fur animals. This is
quite an important piece of information.

INVESTIGATIONS OF FOOD HABITS OF BIRDS.

Another item under this same appropriation is the investigation of
the food habits of birds, and the experiments and study to control
losses to agriculture by bird pests, such as blackbirds, crows, and
others. In some places they become tremendously destructive. The
work that the Bit)lou;ical Survey has been carrying on ever since its
origin, of studying the contents of birds stomachs in order to deter-
mine exactly what the birds eat at different times of the vear, has
formed a basis for a large part of the protective legislation for useful _
birds tliroudiout the United States. All the States base their appre- |
ciation of the value of birds on these researches, which are still going
on.

There is a curious thing, and yet a thing not unexpected, and that
is that birds with the changing conditions and changes in agriculture,
cliange their habits frequently, and birds that are usually harmless
may become quite harmful at certain seasons, particuhu'ly in con-
nection with (he (Icstruclion of fruit.

There are other protected birds, such as herons, that destroy fish
on a large scale.

I'tider the law, as regards migratory birds, the Secretary of Agri-
culture has the authority to issue peiiiiils to destroy j^rotected birds
where they aic destructive to ii<:riculture or other interests. We

A(;UI( ri.TlUAI, .\I'1'IU»PRIATI()N BIIJ^ UCi. 329

iuvrsti};nt<' <'()inf)lairits, aiui where WHrrnut«*<l, the S«»rretiirv whuos
tlie necessary permit for the ilestruet ion of these f)ests.

Soiiu' of the <|U«'stioMs are e.\<«'e(liu^Iy <lilli(iill to settle, lil^ • ' ? of
tlie <h'stni<tioii of <;rain in the Ininerial \'aMev in son: .rn

Cahforrna. where th«' hhi<kl)inls tiHseinnh' hv hundreds of thoiiMandK,
and eat the niih) niai/e and other i-ro|)s of thtit eharactiM'. J hhw one
fiehl of ItiO acres that tht'v had actually (deaned up •"• 'h*- owner did
not rut the crop.

Mr. BicnANAN. How do you destroy those hirds f

Doctor Nki..s()\. We have tt(»t heen ahle to find how to lUt it
sureessfully.

Mr. lUcniANAN. 1 e.\pe<'t 1 havi* seen a niilhon in one drove; the
wlioU' coiintry hhick with thetn

Doctor \ki..s<)\. Occa-sionally \\c can p<»i>oii these hirds on a
considerahU' scale, as our nnin <iid in studyin<; them tiiere. lie
poisoned .several thousand in one cjise. liut it Ls just good luc'k.
necnuse the flocks are irrejjular in their movements, and there is no
tellinj; where thev are »roini: to come next: it is n sheer acci<lent
if they cctme to u poisoned field.

Mr. BrciiANAN. Do you ever poi.son any ducks ^

Doctor XKi..sr)\. \V(> poison the <xrain.

Mr. BicirwAN. 1 know, but did you ever put out poison for ducks i

Doctor Nelson. Oh, no.

Mr. BrciiAXAN". They do in some places, do they not (

Doctor Xkl.son. 1 never heard of it. Wild ducks 'f

Mr. BrciiA.VA.N. Yes.

Doctor Nelson. I never heard of it.

Mr. BicHAXAX. Ducks do go into the fields and tear the shocks
down.

Doctor Nelson. 1 never lieard of poisonin*; them.

Mr. BicHANAN. I heard they did in Canada.

FOR inOLO(JICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

Doctor Nelsox. The next item is for biological investigations,
which cover the technical, scientific investigational work of the
Imreau. forming the fundamental basis for our economic work. It
is necessary to study the various animals from a tecluiical point of
view in order to determine what they are, the different species of
birds and the difTerent species of mammals and their distribution and
characteristics.

In connection with that, one of the forms of activities we are
pushing is the banding of migratory birds to study their (light — their
lines of travel. A greaf many people are doing this work volun-
tarily. I think there are over 400 in difTerent parts of the I'nited
States who are ihung this voluntary work. We supply the bands and
the blanks for records, and thev do the work. They trap the birds in
wire traps or nets, antl put an aluminum band on one leg of each bird.
This band has an inscription on it to return t() the Biological Survey,
Washington, and when anyone gets one of these birds, the band is
removed and mailed in.

Mr. Anderson. The band having a serial number, or something of
that sort i

330 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Doctor Nelson. Yos, sir; they have a serial number. It is prov-
ing most interesting. We are getting very extraordinarilj- interesting
results, which will increase, of course, year by year, because of the
accumulation of the birds banded.

We get t|uite as une.xjK'cted information as we did in regard to the
ducks batided near .Salt Lake, in Utah. Afterwards one of those
ducks was taken in central California, another one was taken over iu
Kansas, another one in Arizonsi, and another one in Alberta — at every
point of the compass from that center. The ducks went east and
west across the mountain, which was (juite surprising. That was
something we hud not suspected, and is very significant, because it
moans that these great marsh centers, such as the Bear River marsh,
at Salt Lake, form reservoii"s" from which ducks start and supply the
surrounding States in every direction. Before that we had always
supposed ducks flew north and south; we did not suppose they were
Hying at right angles to that course.

Among the scientific researches are investigations in response to
inquiries from different governmental departments and from the
States, and we have the cooperation of a large number of people in
connection with that work.

INVEBTIGATION8 RELATING TO FORAGE OF LARGE GAME ON N.\TIONAL FOKESTH.

We are also investigating the relations of large game to forage on
the national forests in order to work out a system whereby a certain
amount of large game can be maintained without seriously interfering
with the grazing industry. At its last meeting the National Live
Stock Growers' Association passed a resolution asking that the Bio-
logical Survey and-wState officials handling matters of that kind insti-
tute an investigation in order to determine what can be done in the
matter of maintaining game in connection with the grazing industry.
We are carrying out that work as rapidly as we can.

We have recently investigated the situation on the Kaibab Plateau,
in northern Arizona, which is a Federal game preserve and national
forest, where the deer have increased tremendously. There are now
not less than 20,000 doer there, and our men have made the recom-
mendation that about 2,000 bucks bo killed next fall, if possible, in
order to relieve the pressure. The deer are increasing to a point
where before long they will oat themselves out of forage. Thoy will
not only oliminato the live stock, but will eliminate themselves, and
st)mo ])ractical outlet must bo found to take care of the sui'])lus.

Mr. Andeusox. We will now take up the next item, on page 210.

lOK FAI'()IU'i:.MKXT OK THK MlCRATOin UIIH) TKK.VTV ACT.

Doctor Nei,.son. The migratory bird treaty act. to enforce the nro-
toction of mi<^ratory birds. We \u\\v 2S fully paid, full-time wardens
and several Inmdred wardens on a nominal salary who <-an be used
whenever called (Mi. They received no pay e.xcopt $\ a year unless
actually employed in the service, in which case they receive J^.fU) a
<lay and their expenses, 'i'hese men are inaiidy deput v State game
wardens. We have the cordial cooperation of practically all the
State game services in the country, and in that way are able to accoui-
plish much mon' than would he otherwise possible.

A(JIU( ILTI'IIAI. AIMMUH'IUATIOS BII.I^ 11124. 331

I'ntlcr tlu' i»(liiiiiiisimii»)ti nf tlir nuj;rnl<»ry bin! trnity ACt, lli«'

ruiinlxT of mij^rntory wild fowl ducks and ^rosr Unvv \w < '

vjTV •jrciitly. \V»' hii\r Irltrrs from all parts t»f tlu- I'liitiMl ~ ..
an<l it is pul)lisln«<l in the sporting inapi/.ine.H rcpeutcMily, thnl tlu*
result of tlu' lui'^iiilory bird treaty act has l>een a very «;reat in<T«
of wild fowl. The nund)er of birds id)serv(Ml eaeh year is much j;reni < t
tlum it was before that act was passed, and that increase ha> l»een
due to the fail, larijely, that we stopped llie shootini; of birds in the
sprin;^ and stopped the sale of <;aine.

The (k'struction of j^aine i)V wliolesale scale was ended, and breed-
in;^ supply of birds which had survive<l the fall hunting and the
winter were enabled to j^et back to their breeding; ^roun<ls.

The need of protection of this kind is shown by the fact that the
binls were decreasin<j very rapidly at the time tliis treaty wjls ne<;oti-
ated and the law passed. The sportsmen of the country realiz<'d that
unless somethin<; of tliis kind wjis done the migratory wild fowl would
be exterminated in a comparatively few yeaiN.

Last year there were more than 4, ()()(), 000 hunting licenses issued
by the difTorent States. Adding to that number those who hunted
in States where a license is not re(|uired -and those who are exempt
from taking out licenses through ownership of land or other causes -
it is estimated that a total of over (),t)()(), ()()() people hunt each year in
the United States. It is obvious

Mr. Anderson. The woods are full of them.

Doctor Nei-son (continuing). That the game has to be protecte<l.
because in some places it is fairly mobbed. It is generally conceded
among sportsmen and those accpiainted with the subject that this
migratory bird treaty act has been one of the most successful con-
.servation laws ever passed by Congress. It has demonstratetl its
effectiveness in the recognized increase of birds.

IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN BIRDS .\M) MAMM.M-S.

In connection with this work, we also supervise the importation
of foreign birds and mammals for the purpose of keeping out de-
structive species, and we are successful in tliat. The mongoose is
the most (langerous of all animals if it should get a footing in the
United States. It is a little animal from India, weasel-like in its
habits and terrifically destructive. They were importeil into Jamaica
and into the Hawaiian Islands, and wherever found they wreak havoc
with all ground-fre(iuenting birds. Many of our ground-frcijuenting
birds are game birds, and they would be wiped out if the mongoose
became established in this country. They would do well in the
southern United States anil they would wipe out all (juail. gruu-^e.
and wMld fowl that nest in the ground.

Mr. Anderson. How do they get imported into the country '.

Doctor Xei.son. People bring them in. They know that they are
great rat killers, and so people, ignorant of their habits and what
they have done in the countries where they have been introducetl,
think it would be a fine thing to have them kill rats.

There is a real danger that these animals might be introduced in
some areas and spread all over the tropical and other warm parts of

332 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

the American continent. We are constantly oruanlincj against their
importation. They are coming in every little while, and when thev
come in we switch them off and either have them killed or sent back
to where they came from.

IXVESTIGATION OF REIXUKF.R INDrSTKY IN ALASKA.

The Chairman. We will now consider the next item, page 442.

Doctor Nklsox. Those are investigation experiments in connection
with reindeer and the protection of the land fur-bearing animals in
Alaska.

The reindeer in Alaska were fii-st introduced in 1892. and U]) to
1902 they imported a total of 1,280 animals. There are now 200.000.
perhaps, reindeer in Alaska, in addition to 100,000 or so that have
iDeen killed — the offspring of that one thousand two hundred and
odd. This indicates that conditions in Alaska are extremely favor-
able to reindeer growing. They were im])orted for the benefit of
the Eskimos, but gradually they have, of late years ]>articularly.
drifted to some extent into the hands of white men. So that at
the present time two-thirds of the holdings in Alaska belong to the
natives and about one-third belong to the white men who are begin-
ning to develop the business on a commercial scale and to export the
carcasses.

Up to 1920 nothing had been done in the way of scientific study
of the reindeer business in Alaska or of conditions on the range —
what the range would support and how' it should be handled. In
1920 Congress ^ave an appropriation to the Biological Survey to
begin investigations of that character, and I went up to Alaska with
some ex])erts and established them at an ex])erimental station on
the coast, where they are now conducting investigations. The
preliminary results have been published in a bulletin published re-
cently, which is the first bulletin of the kind. It contains a com]>re-
hensive survey of the reindeer business and ])oints out what is needed
to conduct it successfully. The conditions under which the reindeer
business was conducted in Alaska were very crude, but they have
already begun to take advantage of some of our suggestions and
report sur])risingly good results as the outcome.

We have found that there are at least 120, 000, 000 acres of land in
Alaska that are suitable for reindcei- grazing. This area would
acconunodate in the neighborhood of 4,000,000 reindeer. These
aninnds breed very rapidly. They begin having young when they
are only a year old, and at 2 years nearly always have young, and •]
they raise a large per cent of calves.

The meat is of excellent tpuility, but the animals are small. The
carcasses of the animals that have been shipped average about 150
pounds each. In Alaska there is a large wild caribou, which is
another- name for (he wild r<Mndeer. individuals of which are said
fi('(|uen(ly to dre.ss by aclual weight fiom .jOO to 100 pt)unds, in <'on-
trast witli 150 pounds in the case of these imported reindeer.

We comph'ted in August a trap corral in McKiidey Park, Alaska,
where we |)ropose to capturt' some of these big young bulls and put
them with the r«'in<ieei- herds for the pur|)ose of grading them up

AGRICULTURAL APPROIMU ATH).N lill.U H'24, 888

This wild blood will ^ivr stainiiin to thcin and >it tlu> snin<> tirno will
;^ra<l(' tlioin up in si/p.

Occasionally in Alaska tlioc ohimiIc nujljoii l>ulU have ^onc with
the herds and ( lie offspring an- hi^' atninals. 1 1 is said tlmt hv lookinj;
at a rein<loor herd you can toll the half hrcciis hy their standing
up above the others. There is no cpiestion that bv proper selection
the n'indeer proiiably can b«' brought to double tlieir meat output
per annum. That is on«' of the experiments we are conducting.

We have a small power schooner with headciuarlers at Nome that
our men use to visit the reindeer herds alonj; the coast «»f the An'fie
and southward. They are also makin<^ a delinite, careful study of the
forage plants use<l by the reindeer and the distribution of these
plants. At the same time they are stu«lying the characterLstics of the
country, in order to work out a method of all»»tment of grazing land,
for the jmrpose of allotting these reindeer lu'rds delinite areas just as
is done on the national forests. They alrearly have that w<irked out
over a consi«lerable area, and as soon as Congre.ss passes the necessary
legislation allotments can be made. That will be a very great help
to the business, because at present they are almost walking on (!acli
other's feet, and herds are interfering in a very detrimental way.
There is a lot of mixing up of reindeer belonging tt) different owners
and this results in heavy losses.

In aildition we have the supervision of land fur-bearing animals
in Alaska and are maintaining warden service. We have a patrol
boat in southeastern Alaska and are trying to prevent the overkilling
of fur-bearing animals.

The fur-l)eaiing animals from Alaska aflFord a return of more than
SI, 000, ()()() a year, jind it is of great importance that the killing by
poison and killing out of season of these animals be restricte<l in
order that the output can be maintained.

Mr. Bi ( HANAN. Ought not killing by poisoning be prohibited (

Doctor Xelso.n. It is prohibited.

Mr. BrciLVXAN. You used the wortl "restricted " unintentionally,!
suspect.

Doctor Nelson. About poisoning^

Mr. Buchanan. Yes.

Doctor Nki.son. We restrict the killing, but stop the poisoning
wherever we can. No poisoning is permitted.

Mr. Bi'( iLVNAN. I did not want the record to go down that way.

Doctor Nelson. Is there anything further in regard to this item '.

r'OP. ADMIMSTRATTVF. I'XPKNSKS.

Mr. Anderson. 1 think not. Now take up item at pa^je 244.

Doctor Nelson. There is no mcrease here. It is just the conduct
of the routine business of th«' ofhce. I'nless you have some irKjuiry
there, I do not know that there is anything to be said about that.

334 agricultural appropriatiox biix, 1924,

Wednesday, November 22. 1922.

DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.

STATEMENT OF MR. A. ZAPPONE, CHIEF OF DIVISION AND

DISBURSING CLERK.

Mr. Anderson. You have an item for salaries for \vhich you are
asking S50,42(), and you have some increases in this roll.

Mr. Zappone. Mr. Chairman, before taking that up, I have a
brief statement here in regard to the work of the division which I
would like to put into the record.

Mr. Anderson. You may read it. I

i

general statement of work. ^

Mr. Zappone. The Division of Accounts and Disbursements, in
accordance with law and regulation, pays accounts submitted by the
various bureaus, divisions, and services of the department. Ac-
counts are examined to ascertain that approvals are genuine, that
extensions and additions are correct, and that there are appropria-
tions out of which they are legally payable.

A cashbook record is maintained of all individual payments, and
ledger records are kept of disbursing and appropriation debits and
credits of all funds of the department. Through the use of a card
index duplicate payments are prevented and a ready reference to

ftaj'ments is avadable. The division also supervises the placing of
unds to the official credit of temporary special disbursing agents
and other fiscal officers of the department, and after making a record
thereof transmits their accounts to the General Accounting Office.
It receives and accounts for all moneys due the department from
various sources; makes advances of public funds to employees for
the payment of their expenses while traveling on official business;
maintains a record of liabilities and disbursements in connection
with purchases of lands under the Weeks forestry law; keeps the
departmental record of amounts withheld from employees' salaries
under the provisions of the retirement act of May 22, 1920, and.
under the direction of the Budget officer, assists in compiling the
annual estimates of appropriations. Miscellaneous financial reports
are prepared from time to time as required. During the fiscal year
1922 this office also received and deposited in the Treasury all the
(U)llections of farmers' seed grain loans, and maintained the file of
notes and mortgages and a dctiiilcd record of tlu> repa^'ments tliere-
under.

salaries.

There is an increase in the estimates of .?.'i,()0() to provide for three
additional em|)loyees at $1,200 each. The salary roll has increased
unlv .S9, (■).')() (luring (lu> nine-year period from 1915 to 192;i, inclusive,
with ai| increase in the nundier of employees from ;^2 to 38, most of
which increase was allowed by this conimittee during the last two
yeai^s. Duritig I lie smnc period the npj)r()priations of the dcjinrtment
(•arried by the agri<-Mlluriil net have increased from S;20,0()().()()0 to
nppro.ximately .S.'JC). ()()<),()()(). In addition there have been large ap-

AflRlCULTURAL AITROPRIATIOX BI1J-, 1934. 385

)r<»priations <ariiiMl in snrcijil acts that havr iMM-ri pa-^scd \tv (\m(

nropnaiums <ariUMi in snrcial acts tliat luivr itvcu pa-^scd hv ( ni
from tirnr t<» tinu*. such as the pcrniariciit nppr<ij)riati«)ri for moat
inspection, for the a<(|iiisition of hinds umlcr the Weeks fon«jHtry hiw,
the seed j^rain h>ans act, and the acts for F«'deral aid to the State*« in
the construction of roads, amounting annually to millionM of dolJarH.

Mr. Andkkson. Are those cleared throufjli your of!i«-e <

Mr. Z.MM'ONK. A record of tlnni i- JM'pt in m\ oIVkc nn.l ill ..f ili..
accounts arc paid there.

Mr. Andkkson. For Federal aid for roads ^

Mr. ZaiM'ONK. Yes. sir. For Federal aid lo i<»ad-. The Xntes
iiuike the payments in the first plac«' and then the accounts arv
submitted and refunds made hy tho Government for 50 per cont
of the work done. That work is ccntralizeil hy the Bureau of Puhlir
Roads in Washinfjton. and the n<-counts are scheduled to me for
payment like other accounts of the de|)artment.

Nir. Andkkson. Is that true in the ca.sc of the aid ^iven through
the Smith-Lever .Vet ?

Mi-. Zaim'onk. I'hat is not true in the case of the Smith-I^'ver »iid.
'i'hos(> appropriations are advanci'd directly to the States hy the
Secretary of the Treasury and payments are made by the States.
However, the re(|uisitions for funds pass throu<;h the Secretary of
A«;iiculture to the Treasury I)ej)Mrtment as re(|uire<l hy the law.

Mr. Anderson. The bo()kk(>ej)inf; that is done in connection witli
those funds is not handled in your olfice ^

Mr. Zapponk. Xo, sir: except to .set up tlie amounts in my ledi^er:
all tiu' work is conducted by the States Relations Service. Thev
have a detailed record and must have in order to keep in touch with
what tlie States are doincj. and to enable them to prepare the annual
report wliicli they have to submit to Congress in regard to the
funds.

NKW ACTIVITIE.S RKQt'lKI.Sr; ADDITIONAL HELP.

Tlie additional appropriations mentioned liave added largely to
the work of the onice. The accounts and checks have increased
during the past year about 10 per cent. The number of (>m|)loyees
in the department during the past year has also increaseci about
1.000. from about 19,000 on October 31 last year to about 20.(WX)
on October 81 this year.

Mr. Andkkson. \Vhere does that increase come in: under the grain
futures act '.

Mr. Zapponk. A large part of it was in the liureau of Agricultural
Economics, due to the grain futures act and other new activities,
also to additional legislation Congress has passed, such as the packei^s
and stockyards act. operation of the Center Market, and the seed
grain loans act. Then the fixed nitrogen laboratory was transferred
to the Department of Agriculture from the War Department.

REVENUES OP THE DEPARTMENT.

The revenues of the department are also increasing annually.
During the fiscal year 1022 the revenues for miscellaneous receipts
alone amoimted to about So. 000. 000, and repayments to the appro-
priations about .S3.000.000. making about .^S.OOO.OOO in all.

Mr. Andkkson. I wish yt)U woukl give us a stat<>ment of the receipts
and the sources from which they come.

22028—22 22

336 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRLITIOX BILL, 1924.

Mr. Zappoxe. Such a statement has been inserted under the office
of the Secretary.

CLASSIFICATION OF ALL EXPENUITUHE8.

Mr. AxDERsox. Anything further ?

Mr. Zappoxe, During the present fiscal year a new activitj' has
been added to the work of my office; that is, the classification of
expenditures in accordance with certain objects of expenditures pre-
scribed by the Comptroller General in Bulletin No. 1 issued by his
office on May 11, 1922.

The Secretary felt that he would like to haye a centralized record
in the department of the objects of expenditures as prescribed, and
to do this I put in four punch machines, a tabulating machine, and a
distributing machine similar to those used in the Census Office for
compiling the census. The youchers are coded by the bureaus and
are sent to my office for payment. After payment, they go to these
machines, and the yarious objects of expenditure are recorded.

In two or three years from now, I hope to be able to make state-
ments of expenditures under any class or object of expenditure, as
prescribed in the bulletin, for the entire department. That is the
adyantage of a centralized record.

The bureaus are keeping a similar record, but they only show the
bureau end of it. That is all that they will have. For instance, if you
want to know the amount of the expenditures for fuel for the entire
department, or for ice, or for stationery, or any of the fixed charges,
it can only be obtained by calling on the various bureaus for it.
But sometimes this information is required quickly, and, by means
of these machines, it can be turned out in a few hours. You simply
run the cards through them and there are no mistakes. They are
practically infallible. The cards are run through twice, an^ the
results balance. If they do not, there is something wrong. I think
that is all.

STATUS OK WORK.

Mr. BucHAXAN. What is the condition of your work now; is it
current i

Mr. Zappoxe. It is not current. My work is slightly in aiTcars
just now. It is due to the stress of work at this time and more nar-
ticulurly to the large number of financial statements and other data
that we have had to prepare, most of which has been for the informa-
tion of the Budget Bureau. In conducting its work the Budget
Bureau nec«'ssariiy re(|uires considerable data and this bus imposed
additional work on my office and other offices of the tl('})artment.

Mr. BuciiAXAX. The reason that it is not current now is not due
to a lack of two or three employees, is it ^

Mr. Zaim'one. No; I asked for more l)ut that is all that was allowetl ;
however, I hope to get up the work with the three employees recpiested
and such additional heln as I may be able to get from the bureaus in
the way of temporary Jletails.

Mr. Ul (iiA.NA.N. So you asked for more employees than are in tiie
estimate and the Bureau of the Budget cut themOff ^

Mr. Zappo.nk. Well, thev were not allowed.

Mr. .Jr.MP. The truth of the matter is that with n>ference to the
Division of Accounts. I ha\ c never seen a year since I have been in

AORlrULTirUAr, AP1»IU)PUIATI(»N IUI.I^ 1924. 387

th«' (Icpartnirnt tluil then' lun hrcn ho iiiiirh cvirii work of tlii-. tvjx'.
W<' arc rmdiii^ it inHM'Hsnry cojistnntly to cull npnri tin-* ilivi-^ion l<»
rornpilo stntomonts of varioiH kinds, in-arly nil of ihoni ronmlicalwl
in <-luvrjict«>r hihI somo of them trfinctulous in vohiiin', iirjd I c|o not
sro how his oilier has don*' the work with thr for<<« that if hit"*. Ah n
r\\\o the Division of Accounts Ims to hear the hrunt of ;»cttir)i; "p
tiiat typo of W(»rk.

Mr. Andkkhon. \Vc will take up tlu* (picstion «)f tlu' hhrary.

INTKRCIIANOE (IF AIM'UorFlIATIONS.

Mr. «Il MP. Mr. Chainuan, hcforc prococding to tho iif)rury do you
wish to ask any (juostions as to item on paj;*' 310 '' IntcrchuuKO of
appropriations' i Tliat is tho 10 por cent transfer provision rolutinj;
to the i^eneral expense items.

It is merely a renetition of the lan«;ua^e carried in this year's hill.

Mr. BuciLVNAX. You hud that up last year ^

Mr. Jr.NfP. It is tlie same thin<^. The same laimua^*' is suhmitted.

Mr. Andkrson. I think that tliere is no necessity of <;oin<^ into that.
My recollection is that the chairman held it in order last year, so that
1 think there will be no question about it.

REPORT ox PKR DTKM RATKS ().\ TRAVEL.

Mr. .Ir.Mi'. The rc[)ort on per di(»m rates, etc., on travel — ^<lo yo»i
wish to ask any (|uesti(»n-; on that '.
Mr. Anderson. No.
Mr. Jump. That is all. then, before we come to the library item.

Wednesday, Novkmhkk 22. I'>i2.

LIBRAKY.

STATEMENT OF MISS CLARIBEL R. BARNETT. LIBRARIAN.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SALARIES.

Mr. Ander.sox. The first is the item of salaries. Your statut«»ry
roll this year calls for the same amount as last year^
Miss liAitNETT. Yes. sir. .
Mr. Ander.sox. The next item is:

( Jcnoral o.\pon.so.s. Iil)rary: For book.s of rcforoncc;. law I)ix)k8, technical and scientific
hooks, npwspapprs and ]»orio<Hcals, and forex])pn808 incurro«l incompleting imiwrfect
serira.

And so forth. You have this vear $25,000, and vou are jvskini; f(»r
.S30,000 f(T 192 J. which is ;m iticrease of $5,000.' Will you tell us
about that increase, pleased

oexf:ral statemext of work.

Miss BARXF/rr. The reasons are (piite fully j^iven in the ex|)lamit(»rv
notes accompany inji the estimates, but 1 have prepared an a«lilitional
statement wnich 1 shouhl like to give, if vou nave time for it.

338 AGRICULTURAL APPR()PRL\TIOX BILL, 1924,

Mr. Anderson. We will he voiv ^rlad to have it.

Miss Baknett. The lilnaiv of the Ueprtitiiieiit ol' Aijiiculture is a
scientific and technical lihrarv. It comprises approximately 105,000
volumes and receives currently 3.000 periodicals. The subjects
which it covers are the subjects under investigation hy the depart-
ment. The question is sometimes asked, Why is it necessary for the
Department of Agriculture to have a library '. Why can it nt>t get
all the books it needs from tlie Library of Congress i With all its
great resources it is impossible for the Library of Congress to care for
all the special needs of the various departments. Its resources must
be supplemented by the libraries close to the work of the departments
and bureaus. A very large part of the l)()oks contained in tlie library
of the Department of Agriculture are not available in the Library of
Congress nor in any other library in the country. This is especially
true of foreign agricultural books, for the Library of Congress tloes
not attempt to cover in any adequate way the fields in which the
department is especially interested, namely, agriculture and the related
sciences. But even books on these subjects, if contained in the
Library of Congress, are not duplicated in the library of the depart-
ment unless they are fi-ef|uently needed or are of special interest. It
must be borne in mind, moreover, that the Library of Congress serves
a very large clientele and that it would be decidedly unwise to delay
the work of the department because of the inability to obtain promptly
the use of books which are essential in its investigations. However,
the resources of the Library of Congi'ess and of other Governnieni
libraries are always taken into account, and it is the policy of the
lil)rarv of the department to avoid unnecessary duplication.

All the civilized countries of the world have made great progress in
agricultural research and instruction during recent years. It be-
comes more and more important for the investigators of the Federal
Department of Agriculture and State institutions to keep track of
this progress. This necessitates a constantly increasing expemliture
for books and periodicals in which the results of such work are given.

NEED OF .\l)E(jrATK I.IIJR.\KY K.\III.ITIES.

The im[)ortance of ade(|uate library facilities to a research institu-
tion such as the Department of Agriculture can not be too strongly
emphasized. If tlie library is weak or inedicient becaus(> of inade-
(luate resources or by reason of an insufbcient or poorly trained staff.
tne work of the department is bound to sutler. All efl'ective research
must be based on what has ahead v been iU)ne in the same lieKl,
unless a great deal of wasted effort, loss of time, and duplication are
to result. Testimony bearing upon the importance of ade(|uate
library facilities in research work is given in a paragraph of a recent
icjxiit (»f the Denartment of Agriculture of the I'nion of South
Africa deploring tlie lack of proper librarv facilities in that depart-
nu'iit. it says that "in many ca.ses members of the staff of the de-
partment who have to investigate particular inijiortant problems
find their work doubled by lack of data already publislieil in coiinec-
li(»M with siiuilar important problems in other countries. In many
cases they luiNc to spend si.\ months of salarieil time and considerable
expeiimental funds on an investigation which could have b(»en done in
three months and at half the cost if a W(>ll-e«|uipped library had been
within reach.

AliKll l"i;n ILVU Ari'K<M'KIATI(».\ lill.I^ I!rj4. 339

To inal«* tlu> r<>sultM of pnst iiivrsti^iitions hvhiIuMi* il is nprcAAary
not only to have at hand l>ooks in which fX|M'riiiicnlM htivf tH*on
nM-or<li'«i. Ixtt ill iiilditioii th<> iiialrrial in lhl'^<^ honks tniHl hr made
avaihihh' (liidu^^h cat aloj^in-, and iimU-xcs. Kcw in\ c%t ijjatorn hii\c the
time to keep records of tlic hteratnre ccmcerrunj; their own HixM-ialtiit*,
njiich h'ss <m aUied siihjects which they nuist often ron.Hith'r in con-
nection with their experiments. They are coming: ninre nn«l int»re to
(h'pciid upon lihraiie> not only f(»r supplying them with hnoks hul
also for otfjanizintj these coUections and for sysU'niuti/.in^ and put-
tin;; in permanent form in the shape of <'atal»»<;nes, hihlii>^raphioH,
etc., informntion conci'rnin^ puhhshed research, so that it mn- '"■
avaihil)h' when needed in conn«Mtion \Mth special invc'st i<_'at ion-

HIHUOOKAI-HICAL WORK.

Mr. Andkhson. Let nie. ask y«)U then-. Miss Barnetl, «h» ytni do any
bihh«»^raphical work (

Miss n.M{.\KTT. Yes; we (h>. As an ilhislration of the kuid of
hihhot;raphicaI servi<'e that llie catahtgues and indexes enahh* the
lihrary of the »U'partment to ^i\o may he cited tlie r6suni<^ of the
resuhs of price lixin^ through 4(i c«'nturies. i)re|)are<l by the librarian
of the liureau «)f A^ri( ullural Kcon(»mics, wnicli was especially useful
in connection with the National Aj^ricultural Conference last year.
That is just one of a number of examples we could <;ive.

Mr. Am)FJ{S()n. You i;»'t re(|uests from people in the department
to work out all material in the library, specifying; mateiial upon
sjjecial ((uestions, or relating to particular investigations^

Miss Bah.nett. Yes; that is what wc try to do. We maintain a
cataloiiue of more than 1 ,()()(),()()() cards, which of course, is the liasis
for all of our biblioi^rapiiical work.

Mr. A.\I)f:ks().\. 1 suppose that includes, of course, subject indexes
and author indexes (

Miss B.VRNETT. Yes; both subject and auliior intU'xes.

'Hie library is an essential and important part of the e(|uipmenl of
tiie department and as such can not be impaired without serious loss
to tlie work of tiie de})artnu'nt . It must keep pace witii the growth
of the depaitment and keep in close touch witli the growth of agri-
cultural Work all over the world if the- investigations of the depart-
ment and of the afhliated State institutions are to be carried on to
the best advantage.

COST OF PERIODICALS.

I nfortunatelv the support given the library in the past few years
lias been most ina(le(|uate both for salaries and for books. In order
to make this clear it is (mly necessary to review briefly the library's
appropriations for the past seven yeai"s, from HH7 to date, a period
in which the work of the department has greatly expanded. In 1918
the (h'partment appropriation was S'i.'j.tJ'J^.j l.'i. For l"»"_':i it is
.'?;i(l,774.173, an increase of 'M) per cent. In 1917 the total appro-
priation for salaries and general expenses of the library was Sp.»..')20.
For the year 1923 it is $57,600, an increase of only $1,140 for salaries
and $7,000 for general expenses.

The total increase in tlie library appropriation timing the seven
years amounts, therefore, to only $8,140, or approximately 17 |>er

340 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TION BILL, 1924.

cent. On the other hand, the cost of books, periodicals, supplies, and
equipment during this period has increased from 30 to 200 per cent.
To give only one or two examples, the Rand. McXally & Co. atlases
have increased in price in the past seven years from SIO to S3.>a copy,
and the Official Railway Guide, for which some 30 subscriptions are
needed in the various offices of the department, has increased from
SO to.? 18 each.

Mr. Ani)ER.son. Is that paid out of the library appropriation?

Miss Barnett. That is paid out of the library appropriation.

Mr. Anderson. Whv sliould it be paid out of that appropriation?

Miss Barnett. Well, you see, under a law passed by Congress in
1898 it is illegal to use any part of any appropriation for the purpose
of purchasing books and periodicals which does not specifically men-
tion books and periodicals. The library appropriation, with one
exception, is the only appropriation for the department which can be
used for the purchase of books and periodicals.

For the reasons that have been explained, the increase of $7,000 in
the book fund in the past seven years is more apparent than real. It
is in fact insufficient to cover the loss in the purchasing power of the
dollar. Furthermore, due to the present system of business operation
in the department the library is now called upon to pay from its
appropriation for services which were formerly rendered the library
by other offices of the department without charge. It must now pay
for expressage, for its trucking service, for its multigraphing and
mimeograph work and for itsshopwork, all of which work was formerly
paid for from other appropriations of the department. These ex-
penses have still further decreased the amount available for books.

NEED FOR ADDITIOXAL ASSISTANCE.

While the estimates for this year include no changes in the statu-
tory salaries, it is necessary to say a word in regard to them, as they
furnish additional reason for the increase in the book fund. In the
appropriation for 1917 there were 33 positions on the library statu-
tory roil. In the appropriation for 1923 there are only 28. Seven of
these positions were cut off in the appropriation for 1922. and no
provision for tliem was made by an increase in the fund for general
expenses. In fact, this fund was decreased by .SCOO. In the appro-
priation for 1923 two additional places were restored to the statutory
roll, making 28 in all, as compared with the 33 in 1917. As the worn
of the library has much increased in the past seven years, it was quite
impossible for it to carry on the work required of it with a decreased
force.

It was also imf)(»ssil)le to provide for all tiic positions which were
(h'opjx'd from the statutory roll l)y carrying them on the fuiiii for
the general ex[)enses of the library, without reducing the book fund
to such an extent as to hamper scrit)usly the work of the dej^artnu'nt .
In the emergency it was necessary for the library to ask tlie help of
the bureaus in carrying tlu' salaries that were not j)rovi(letl for on
the statutory roll. 'I'lieir help has also been necessary this year.
It will be seen, therefore, that the ?7, ()()() increase in the |)ast seven
yeai-s has been entirely ina(l(>(|Uate to cover provision for the five
positions dropj)ed from the statutory roll, for the increase in the cost
of books, periodicals and supplies, for additional shelving that is

(

AORICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BlfJ^ \Ki. 341

lUMMkui tiiis yt'iir, uiui for tlu> iiirrruscti lii'iiiundH iiiiulc ii|><mi iI>-
lihrary due U) tlir jjrowtli in thr \vt»rk of thr (li>[>iirtiiirnt.

For tlie reasons thai have he<'H stated a much larjjer |>iin-hn«e
fund for th(> Hhrarv is urj^cntly ner(h>d if fhi* «h'piirtnient is r * 'i/.e
in (he most eirM'imt manner the mom-y Mppropriale*! for lu -,^'u-
tions and he in a position to coopjTate e(u»ctively with tlie Stnto
institutions. Nvhi<h naturally h)ok to the Department of Apneulture
as h«'a(h|uartei-s hu- information on ajjrieidture and the reahrd artM
and seiences.

FOR I't KI'IIASE OP HOOKS A\l> I'KKIODICAI.M.

The So.OOO inerease in the estimates us approved by the Budget
is SIO, ()()() h'ss tlum the estimates presented ])V the department. On
aerount of the <;reat need for a(hhtiomd fumls it is ur;^entlv reeoni-
mondetl, with the approval of the ofliee of the Seereturv of Aj^rirul-
ture, that the foHowinf; provision he inserted in the library appro-
priation:

I'rorulfd, That hereafter additional funds from any appropriation of the <iij>;if uin-nt
for general expenses, may with the ap|)r()val of the Seiretary of ARriculture, \>e tran.H-
ferred to the appropriation for the Reueral uxpcnsef of the library for tlip purcham? of
hookf and p«}ri<Mli(aIs.

Such a provision wt)uUl supplement the Hhrarv aporopriation and
make it possible to meet the special, unforeseen and extraordinarj'
needs of tlie bureaus for books anil periodicals. In other words,
when a new line of work is undertaken by the department the litera-
ture on which, as represented in the library is inade(juate, it would
be possible for the bureau to transfer to the library some of its funds
for the purchase of additional books and periodicals needed in the
work. For example, it would be possible to transfer funds for the
purchase of extra copies of such reference books jis atbises and
dictionaries and the Ollicial Railway Guitle, neetled for office use
which do not however add to the permanent resources of the library.

This provision would be of «;reat service to the ilepartment aind is
earnestly recommended in aiUlition to the S'"),(IOO increase contained
in the estimates. The bureaus have often expressed dissatisfaction
over the fact that they can not buy books and periodicals from their
appropriations, especially when they have greatly needed duplicate
copies of reference books which the library with its limited appro-
priation was unable to buy for them. They have stated that tney
would be glad to use their funds for the purpose, but they have
been unable to do so because of the law previt)uslv referred to which
makes it illegal to purchase books and periodicals from any appro-
priation not specifically mentioning books and perio<licals. The
proviso recommendetl for inclusion in the library approj)rifttion would
make it possible to meet the needs of the bureaus and yet would
not destroy the present unity of the library organization of the
department.

BUREAU BRANCH I.IBKARIKS.

Mr. ANDEitsox. Are libraries maintained by any bureaus of tlie
department (

Miss Baknkit. The books are purchased by and recorded m llu'
main library, but the dillerent bureaus maintain what wo call brunch
libraries. They pay for their assistants.

342 AGRICULTUBAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Anderson. Woll. y(ni have brunch icforonce libraries in some
bureaus ?

Miss Barxett. "^'es.

Mr. AxDER.soN. In all '.

Miss Barnett. Not in all of them.

Mr. Anderson. Not in all of them?

Miss Barnett. In some of them.

Mr. Anderson. And where you have them, the cost of the library,
if you have one. whatever it costs, other than the j)urchase of books,
in conneetion wnth its maintenance, is borne by the bureau itself?

Miss Barnett. Yes.

Mr. Jump. But the books are all catalogued in the main library.

Mr. Anderson. I understand that. Hoav is your appropriation
for t;eneral expenses now divided between the purchase of books and
the employment of personal service ?

Miss Barxett. At the present time?

Mr. Anderson. Yes.

DETAILS PROM OTHER BUREAUS.

Miss BaRxNETT. We estimate from this appropriation Ave will have
to spend about $3,000 for personal services, because the other bureaus
now are carrvinsr assistants for us that we can not carrv.

Mr. Buchanan. $3,000 for personal service ?

Miss Barnett. Yes; for personal services. We are keeping down
just as low as possible the expenditures for personal services from the
book fund.

Mr. Anderson. Now, w^ith regard to this $5,000 increase which is
proposed in this item, do you expect to use it for additional service or
for the purchase of books %

Miss Barnett. I would like very much to have that reserved just
for the purchase of books and periodicals, but unless we can get help
again from the bureaus in carrying some of our present salaries it will
bo necessary for us to use some of it also for salaries.

Mr. Anderson. Are there any details now from the bureaus in the
library?

Miss Barnett. Yes.

Mr, Anderson. How many ?

Miss liARNETT. At present we have seven, as follows: One from the
Secretary's office, at $2,000; one from the Division of Publications, at
$2,000; one from the Bureau of Public Koads, at $1,000; one from the
States Kelations Service, at $1,400; one from the Bureau of Biological
Suivey, at $1,200; one from the Division of Publications, at $900;
and one from the Secretary's office, at $1)00. The amount of the
salaiies carried last year by the bureaus for the librarv was approxi-
mat(^ly $8,000.

.Mr. .Vnderson. Is that in addition to the people they '-arry in their
own libraries ?

Miss Baun'KTT. Yes; but of the olliccs tjiat are now carrying |)()si-
tions for the library only the Bureau of Public Koads and the Stat(>s
Kelations Service maintain branch libraries.

Mr. .lu.MP. Do you not think that it would be a gocul policy, Mr.
('Imirmun, to have an undei-standing that if the increase of .$."), 000
is grunted to tin- depurluient, that it is to be used for books exclusively

AGRICULTIRAI. APPROPRIATION BIM^ iy24. 343

iiiui that next yvtir in the cstiiiiHU^s wr will r(M|uost |iiii>iHii>M f>>t
tlicsr sjilnrios now rarrird hy ilctail.

Mr. Andkkson. 1 Imvr always frit timl tliiH ilrtail hii.mncHs whm
unsoiiini. I think it is had. Nuhstafitially. it ainoiiniH in tmint; nri
appropriation f«)r the pur|)os<« for which it wa«j not if*<>''<'tr I
rrcognizc that very j^n'at lu'cossitirs, iirrhaps, anni* s«»nii thnt

tnakc it nocossary, hut I tliink that it is had prartiro. and so fnr ns I
am personally conrvnu'd. I would Ncry inurh prcfrr to mm- this item
carry whatever amount was lu'cessary to take care of this husim>ss
in the lihrary and cut out these details, and to carry it us it is. I
suppose that we will have to do it this way for the next year, hut nn
soon as possihic. 1 would like for you to ^et this on a ruisis which
repnv^ents what it actually is. I think thnt thnt wouhl \u- tin- hrst
thin*; for cyervhody concerned.

Mr. Ji'Mi". ()f coui-se the appropriation for such a small or;;ani/.H-
tion does not allow due flexihility as in the lar<;er hureaus. If an
emert^ency arises hi're. they do m)t have any lar<;e lump >um to turn
to, and conse(iuently details are iipccssary. Nloreover, the lihrury
is a service unit for all of the other or«;anizalions of the de[)artnient*
so that it does not seem improper to use the lum|) funds of the hureaus
to this small extent for payment of a dircM-t seryi<'e to the same
bureaus.

Mr. Andkrso.s. I can appreciate that there mi<:ht he occasions
where details would be necessary, perhaps, umler some cinumstances:
but where you have a permanent detail, as you appanMitly have here,
curried on the rolls of other hureaus, I think it is had practice.

Miss Ii\KNKTT. rnfortunately. they have not been permanent.
Sometimes the details have only been for a period of three months.

Mr. Andek.sox. Well, it amounts to the same thing, except that
the money is scattered around a little more, and just that much is
used anx-Avay.

Mr. Jimp. We liave been able to do it like this. Mr. Chairman:
In the division of publications, for instance. \ve had an editor who
went on leave of ansence for several months, due to illness. Now,
we had a library employee we were able to carry on detail from
publications by using the statutory place of that man while he was
on leave without pay. Our being able to detail that position helped
to just that extent in this particular branch. Of course, we have
luul a number of lines of worK added without corresponding increases
in the funds available for the library service. I refer to such addi-
tions as the packers and stock yards act. the grain futures act. and
fixed nitrogen research laborafory. which, as its name implies, is
particularly a r(>search branch, and so on : and all of these things that
nave been added have increased the demand on the library, and it
has been very helpful, really necessary, in fact, for us to have this
much leeway.

However, next year we can come to the committee, if you desire,
with a complete revision of that situation and provide for these
employees.

Mr. Andkr.son. I would like to see \vhat it would l«)ok like.

I

344 agricultural appropriation bill, 1924.

Wednesday, November 22, 1922.

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS.

STATEMENT OF MR. THOMAS H. MacDONALD, CHIEF OF

BUREAU.

Mr. .Vndehso.n. We will now take up the Bureau of Public Roads
statutory roll, on pao;e 250.

Mr. MacDonali). Before taking that up I have here a statement
.showing the general character of work of the bureau which I will
insert in the record.

GENERAL STATEMENT OF WORK.

The operations of the Bureau of Public Roads are administered
under two major divisions -lirst. the highway division and. sec(md,
the agricultural engineering division.

Under the first division the major activity is the administration of
the Federal highway laws and the appropriations which have been
made for carrying on cooperative road work with the several States.
The construct i()n of highways in the national forests in cooperation
with the Forest Service is also handled under this division, as is the
research work in highway engineering and highway economics, the
distribution of war surplus, and the informational and educational
activities incident to, and a necessary part of, the responsibility of
leadei-ship in the tremendous program of highway improvement which
is going for\\ar(l in the United States. This division is operated
through si.\ subdivisions, i. c., hi";hway administration and engineering
tests and research, war materials, highway transport and economics,
informational and educational, and control. Tliis last subdivision
handles all of the accounting and fiscal records required in connection
with the appitrtionnu'uts to the States and the disbursements to
them for work which has been performed, and all other fiscal records
of the bureau.

Under the second division, agricultural engineering, the major
activities are those in connection with carrying on research in the
fields of farm drainage, farm irrigation, and other engineering prob-
lems in connection with the utilization of land for agricultural pur-
j)oses; studies of the proper design and research in the principles
underlying suitable faini structures for ellicient farm service, and the
proper housing of farm animals; the distribution of the results of
research and investigational studies upon these subjects through
technical and farm bulletins, farm power studies involvinjj; both
animal and mechanical power; the use of explosives for land clearing
and ufili/.ntion. This division is administered through three sub-
divisintis drainage, irrigation, and farm engineering. Practically
all farm engineering problems and services for the Department of
Agriculture are grouped under this division, and the opportunity i
thus given to cooperate to a greater or l(»ss e.\tent with many other
bureaus nnd divisidiis (if the department. Then* are numy research
problems engnging the attention of the department, whicii involve
sometimes in a major and sometimes in a minor way, engineering
principles. e(|uipMient, mul design. The attention of the committeo

s

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION' nil.U H»24. 345

is directed to the fart thut thi» most iiolahlf ndvaiircs which have
l»«'(>r» iiuulo in ajjrioiiltiire liave \hh>u throu(;h the ut*o of iiwohapiral
rfjuipiin'iit and thr suhst itut i«»ii (»f |)<»w«t. either atiiinal or riiethan-
ical. for mail liilxir. The prodiMtioii of the iij«)'!- ■ '•■ d ||fm been
iinrease<|, whih- his expenditure of niiiseuhir lahor h • deereuH4>4i.

The improvement of hind through ilrainape in the humid reponn,
the re< lamnt ion of hmds in the arid areas, the <level<>f)ineiit «»f me-
<-haiii(al e<|uipnient for and apphcation to farm co?-!') "f- }iave u\\
heen hnnifjht ahout tluouj;|j tne ap()h<'ation of ei ' pnnci-

ph s There is a hirj:*' Hehl of prohh^ms having to do with theeflirirnt
and economical pnxhiction of fjirm crops, their storaj^e, (hstrihution,
and utih/ation. and tlu> handhn>; of the hmds themselves m hoth
the humid ami arid re«;ions whi<li involve the principles which may
be j^rouped generally under the designation " a};ricultural eiip-
neerin<;. Within the past decade tliisijroupof prohlemshasattra<ted
the <;eiu'ral rcco<;nilion due the important heann;: each luus upon the
jreneral advancement t)f airricultun*. The work of tliLs division in the
de|)artment lias not been expanded in keepin*; with its importanre.
The appropriations are beinij maintaine<l at a dead level, which will
not allow its expansion, and because of the increased cost of carryinjj
on work now as compared with the pre-war level it is impossible
to produce results consistent witli the needs of the times. Many
hi>;nly important researches are being carried on without ade(|uatc
personnel or facilities.

Among the outstanding results which have been or are being
secured tlirough the activities which the bureau is carrving on.
eitlier through cooperation with the individual States or independ-
ently, the actual completion of roads is perhajis the most important.
Dunng the past fiscal year more than 10,000 miles of highways of all
tvpes were i)rought to completion. This does not mean that all of
tlie work on the 10,000 miles was done during the year, but that this
mileage was brought to actual completion during tlie year.

The progress in highway researcn has been notable. Tlu' bureau
has carried on an important series of tests on the impact on road
surfaces, and other studies at .Vrlington, and a number of cooperative
research projects have been instituted with State highway tlepart-
ments. State educational institutions, and other agencies. The
bureau is cooperating with and supporting the National Research
Council, in establishing a national research proj^ram on highway
engineering and economic problems, which shall oe so coordinated
that attention shall be given the major j)roblems, but tliat duplica-
tion of effort shall be eliminated. The bureau is also cooperating
with the State highway departments through the American Asso-
ciation of State Highway Officials, in the work of deyeh)ping and
standardizing specifications, design, and practices for modern bridges
and highways.

The attention of the connnittee is directed to the fact that in
highway transportation we have a tremendous new force in the
econ<»mic and social life of this Nation, which has not yet be<>«)me
stabilized, wiiose limits are not yet known, aiul whose ramifications
touch the whole fabric of our agricultural, industrial, antl social life.
The building, maintenance, and operation of our highways are an
integral part of liighway transportation and. in fact, become the
controlling element of the utilizati<ni of this f(»rin of transportation.

346 AGRICULTUR-\L APPROPRIATION BILJ., 1924.

The carrying on of extensive and detailed studies of the present and
possible uses of the highways, and the accumulation of essential
economic data must be considered a necessary and vital part of the
activities of the bureau.

It is my personal judgment that the major problems now con-
fronting us with reference to the highway program are, first, the
annual rate at wiiich new construction should be untlertaken. second,
the financing of the costs of construction antl maintenance, and the
distribution of these costs, and third, the relation which highway
transpoitation should occupy and maintain to other forms of
transportation.

SALARIES.

Mr. Anderson. There is an apparent decrease of $9,840 in youi-
statutory roll (

Mr. \fAcl)oNALi). That decrease, Mr. Chairman, is due to the dioj)-
ping of these places, all but two of which are not now lilled.

Mr. Anderson. Can vou get along without these employees that
have been eliminated without any detriment to the service (

Mr. MacDonam). All but two are places which maybe eliminated.

FOR ROAD MANAOEMENT AND ECONOMIC STUDIES OF HIGHWAY

CONSTRUCTION.

Mr. Anderson, ^'our next item appears to be the one on page 253:

For inquiries in regard to systems of road management and enonomic studies of
highway ronstru<"tion, operation, maintenance, and value, either independently or in
cooperation with the State highway departnicnt.-i and other ae'-iu-ies. and for gi\ ing
e.\pert advice on these subjects, .$()(>, 800.

Mr. MacDonaf.d. The bureau is asking for no change in that item.
Mr. Chairman. We are asking for the same appropi-iation that we
hatl during the previous year. Last year we did not use all the fiiiuls,
because we have been carrying on the work largely with personnel
employed part time by the Universitj^ of Wisconsin. This year we
have organized it on a full-time basis and expect t(^ use the entire
fund.

Mr. Andkkson. Will you tell us something about what you ai-e
doing and pi-opose to do under this item ?

Mr. MacDonaf-d. I'nder this item the bui'cau ]ir(»j)(ises to lariy on
a study of highway ti'ansportation extended along the same lines we
have already begun. For example, in Connecticut we are carrying
on a fidl vear's study of the traffic over the hijrhwavs. The plan
(jovers the whole State, including the traffic entering and leaving the
State, as well as the local tralfic within the State. In detail, it is
organized by <listricting the State tributary to certain roads over
which Irnlfic passes. Tlicn key stations are estal>lislied in each one
<>f these districts, and full data of the traffic units is taken l)y the
field counting party.

Mr. Andf.u.son. "What do you mean by " units'" (

Mr. MacDonai.I). I mean' by that, each vehicle, the purpose for
which it is Ix'ing used, I lie number of passengers which are being
carried, (»r the freight and the character of the freight that is being
carried and its destination.

*

AORlCULTrHAL APPUOPHIATION HII.U 1024. 347

Mr. Andkhsos. Wrll. you lUfiin that you rstnlilisti som<-)><*«|\ nlon^;
tho.>«' roads and Owy slop rvorylxxly tluit conu's alon^ ^

Mr. M.\( DoN.vi.i). Vi's. When we aro making the count, wc tnke

tlu- (iitirc data with icfcn'iicr to thi> tralfio that is 1,'oin;; ovjt tlir
nunls. Thost' counts MIT takrii in cooiMM'ation \sitli the Stulo lu^jh-
way dr[)artnu'nt. which hius authority over thc» trnffir, but wi» have*
systematized the operation to such an extent that it is nossihie to
take the data very (piickly. This rehites to the takinj: of the traflir
eoinit. There are othei' stations estahhshe<l, f«'\ver in niunhrr. at
\\hi<'h tlie trallie is n«'tually divorte<l across scnh's and wei^jhcd to
«'stahhsh fa<tnrs which will (h>terrnine the weight when appUed to nil
other units of trallie in the State.

Mr. .Vndkkson. Do you <^ot any objections on the part n{ people
who are held up and diverted and are asked for information '

Mr. M.vcDoNAi.i). Piactici\lly no ohiection from tliosc who u>c the
road in a proper manner. There has r)een some objection from tlu»so
who desire to overload the trucks, but the traffic census and wei^hin^
has had a very salutary effect in the regulation o( such traflic on the
roads. For example, we found in the first traflic census tluit perhaps
7.") pi-r cent of tiie commercial truckers were t»verloadin<; their trucks:
that is, beyond the rated capacity, and they were doincj that appar-
ently as a nuMins of in«'reasin<x their compensation without regard to
the detrimental effect ujion the roads. Since scahvs were installed and
the traflic count has Ix'cn goin<^ on. the overloading has decreased
to a lar«;e extent. In other words, it has resulted in restraining the
ti-aflic to the le»;al loads, aiul a|)parently the investijiation has fiained
favor from the better class of truck operators and truck owners.
Truck manufacturers particularly are upholdini; it.

I may say that the scales are installed by the State. We do not
c(»ntril)ute to this expense. Half or more than half of the expense
of the census will be paid by the State.

Mr. Andkkso.n. In how many places is this trafhc census being
taken '.

Mr. M.vcDoN.vr.i). AVe are carrving on this complete count m
Connecticut. We have an informal agreement with the Ma.ssachusettii
Highway Department, aiid we have been carrying on a less extensive
survey there. We have during the year taken trallie counts on the
county basis in Tennessee, and we have an extensive State-wide traffic
census now going on in California in cooperation with the California
Highway Department. We expect to add during the coming vear
similar studies in one or more typical agricultural States. Tliese
studies when completed we feel will give us a fair picture of the various
typical trallie conditions which exist ii\ the Inited States.

Sir. Ander.sox. Wliat is this investigation the basis of — 1 mean,
what do you exj^ect will come out of it in the way of concrete results *.

Mr. M.vcDo.NALi). Two very essential thinj;s will be nuitured out
of such studies; first, the princijiles of regulation of traflic on the
highways, so far as the use of motor transportation for the movement
of commodities antl {Passengers is concerned; and. secoiul. the fees,
(»r licenses, which may fairly be charged for the operation of tn..ti»r
vehicles upon the highways.

These are two immeiliately important mattei-s in connection with
the operation of our highways, the on<> of loading, spt'cds. ami other
|)r()per regulations, and, the other the fair charges for tln' use of

348 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRLVTION BILL, 1924.

the roads. Yet, this and other simUar studies are basic in hwin^
the foundation far the whole consideration of the economics of high-
way transportation.

Mr. Anderson. Has it 1)een shown tliat the overloading of tiucks
beyond their rated capacity has had a detrimental eflect npon the
roads, as well as upon the trucks?

Mr. MacDoxald. Yes; in my judgment, that has been shown,
as applied to the heavier trucks; that is. the detrimental results
to the road are more pronounced if the heavier trucks are over-
loaded than if the lighter trucks are overloaded, but in any event,
there is a more detrimental effect from overloading a tinick of any
capacity, than from the same load carried upon a truck properly
designed to carry that load. This is due to the impact, of heavily-
loaded wheels upon the roads. It is po.ssible to multiply the static
load, that is, the load of the truck standing still by seven, if a large
obstiTiction on the road surface occurs, which drops the load on
the highway. The average equivalent impact of the moving
truck measured by the load of truck, stationary is about four times
the latter and it does not recpiire a very large obstacle to produce
a very considerable impact, varying with the speed of the truck.

There is a long and involved task ahead of us to detrmine the re-
lation between the motor vehicle and the road, but during the past
year much progress has been made.

Mr. Anderson. Well, it would seem from that statement that the
smoother the road and the better condition that it is kept in, the le.««
will be the upkeep ?

Mr. MacDonald. That is very true, sir. That is one of the reasons
why road maintenance becomes so absolutely important. An
accurately circular smooth wheel passing over a |)erfectly plane
road does not produce impact, but even a half-inch difference in the
surface of the road, with a solid rubber tire produces considerable
impact. On the Bates experimental road test in Illinois where the
weaker stretches of road were actually tested to destruction, after
the break started, it progressed along the road as much as 30 feet a
day. Up to a certain point, the road carried the load, but as soon as
the first break occurred, then the breaking down of the section
occurred at the rate of 30 feet a day.

In addition to the traffic studies under this item, which we pro-
pose to carry on, we are making an analysis of highway linan<"e.
including the problems of the raising and expenditure of funds for
highway purposes in the States, to determine the j)rinciples uniler-
lying the proper distribution of the cost between (iu> s(>veral sources
of revenues.

LAWS Ui;(H;i,ATlN(i TKAI'Kir.

Mr. Buchanan. Let me get back to your (irst proposition for just
a minute. You are taking tiie census of the amount of trallic going
over the roads in certain States, the weights of the trucks, with an
idea, 1 suppose, of a law limiting the amount any truck can carry
or any vehicle ran ciiri'X' ^

Ml'. .MacDonai.I). 'I es, sir.

Mr. !iu(;iiANA\. Have any of these States got such a law ^

Mr. MacDonai.I). !*iactic*allv all of the States have regulatory
laws.

[

AORICUr.TURAL APPKUPRIATION BlIJ^ 11124. 349

Mr. liucHANA.N. I mil tiilkinj; tihout thr wi'i^'lit of tru(-k.H iu»w.

Mr. MacDon.m.I). Yvh, sir.

Mr. HrciiA.NAN. 'Vlwy pr.-K i i<iilly all have n lnw with n-^Mr-! '
the weight of trucks ?

Mr. MacDovaM). Yos; practicully all «»f tin* Stuti's have rofjulii-
lorv laws on tlu- \v«M>jht.s of trinks.

Mr. Hi ( HANA.N. Tlu'ii, it i.>^ |)nu-tirally up l«) llu- Stuli; to lirU-r-
uiiiu" wlu'tlier any of its citi/.ons, or any •>tlier ritizms violatr any
law, ami prosecute thciu for it '.

Mr. M.vcDoNAi.i). V«>s, sir.

Mr. Bi « iiANA.N. riuil is a criminal stalulf, i.s it not <

Mr. MacDonaU). Yes, sir. No, if you take the cold law for it,
I supj)os(' that would not he true; hut these laws are not the result
of investif^ations and scientific deterniiiuitions, but simply opinions
that were written into laws. The de-^ire-^ of the Slates are to secure
a law that is based ui)on careful and accurate studies.

Mr. BrciiANAN. Then, this is true, is it not, that you are taking
a census of the traflic, and so f(»rth, with a view or arriving; at what
oueht to be the law f

Mr. MaiDonald. Yes, sir.

Mr. Bi'CHANAN. Now, does the department j^reinid to have any
power itself to j)rescribe any rules and regulation- for the trallic,
or as to what shall be the loads for these trucks^

Mr. MacDon.vld. It is a part of our duty under the law to investi-
i;ate and make rec(mimendations as to the retjulations which should
be made ef lee live.

Mr. Anderson. Yes; you have got that power.

Mr. BiTiiAXAX. That i.s what I am trying to get at.

Mr. AxDEUsox. "^'ou have that power.

Mr. BuciLVXAX. What I am trying to get at is as to whether yon
have anv power to prescribe traffic regulations or not.

Mr. ^^\('DoxALD. No, sir. Not to prescribe regulations.

Mr. AxDKnsox. You have power to make investigation and recom-
mend regulations as to what the rules and regulations ought to be.

Mr. MacDox.vld. Yes, sir: that is true.

Mr. Bi'CHAXAX. Now, you say you have no power; that is. unless
that power is conferred by an act of Congress. Do you think that
this is a subject as comes under the jurisdiction of a Stated

Mr. MacDoxald. We have no power under an act of ('ongress to
prescribe these rules.

Mr. Bi'cHAX.vx. Mav(» you ever tiiouglit of the (piestion, then, of
the Federal (lovernment regulating the traflic loails on roads where
Federal money goes into the road ?

Mr. M.vcDoxALi). \'ery seriously, sir. I have given it serious con-
sideration, yet 1 hesitate to place anything in the record at this time.

Mr. BuciiAXAX. There is no use of hesitatintj. We have got to
face it sooner or later. It is a matter that we nave got to consider
sooner or later, and there is no use of hesitating. We might just as
well come right out and consider it imw.

INIKOR.M TRAKFir REOCLATIUN s on hKPKKAL Ml> l<iiM'^.

Mr. Mac'Doxali). Under that a.ssumption. it is with the idea of
ultimately fixing uniform traflic regulations, that we are carrying
on these studies in the vaiious parts of the countiv. We believe

350 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

that those regulations will necessarily vary with different sections of
the country. For example, in an agricultural State — I have recently
been over a number of miles of roads in Texas, wliere, I believe,
heavy truck traffic should not be allowed: that is. the heavy truck
traffic necessary to the industries of the New England States is not
necessary in large areas of Texas, where on many miles of liighways
there are sparsely settled agricultural communities only.

Mr. BirciLWAX. Certain stretches of highways that are not built
for heavy trucks ^

Mr. MacDoxald. No; and even though these roads were built for
heavy truck traffic, there is not the traffic to demand heavy trucks,
but rather trucks of the lighter type. Tlie passenger car traffic is
important.

Mr. Buchanan. And the heavy trucks result in serious injury to the
roads ?

Mr. MacDonald. If they are loaded to the point of causing a break
in the surface, and then every vehicle becomes a destroying agency:
but until that break does occur the road serves the traffic without
serious deterioration.

Mr. Buchanan. Then, my understanding of these studies that are
being conducted, both with regard to the weight of the trucks and the
amount of traffic, and so forth, is with the ultimate object of pre-
senting to the people, or to Congress, the (juestion as to whether or
not there should be rules and regulations established by the Federal
Government, either by Congress or by the department, with the
authority of Congress, as to what traffic is going to go over the roads
that the Federal money enters into the construction of throughout
the Union ?

Mr. MacDonald. Yes.

Mr. Buchanan. With an idea of uniformity of traffic regidations so
far as possible.

Mr. MacDonald. Yes, sir; but 1 should like to (pialify it to this
extent, that we are approaching that end by these cooperative
studies with the State highway tlepartments of some of the States in
which this problem has become acute, with the idea of establishing in
those States, as nearly ideal laws as possible, in order that through
and from actual experience the proper legislative authority will be
able to fix wisely regulations in all States.

Mr. Andeh.son. In my part of the country, which is, as you know,
largely agricultural, the thing that is tearing uj) the roads more than
trucks, }>erause we do not have a great deal of truck traffic at present,
is the l)ig busses that run up and down some of our highways, making
regular runs of 1.50 or 200 miles a day, carrying l.'i or 20 or 25 people.

Mr. MAci)()N.\LD. Over gravel roads, particularlv in dry seasons
of the year, tlie action of the tires of heavy, fast, i>usses is to ravel
the top surface very rapidly.

Mr. Buchan.\n. You are s|)eaking of gravel roads ^ lias the
department come to any definite conclusion as to gravel roads being
biiill hy hoiid issues hy counties, the bonds being issued for 30 or
40 years; is that not absolutely uneconomical^

Mr. MacDonald. \Vc do not think such practice is good. We
think that it is very had practice.

Mr. Bi(M\\\\ "Thnl K all that 1 waul to know, all of which
agree with.

AORICULTUKAL Al'l'llOI'HIATION HILU l'-**. 361

MATRRIALM UHKD IN ROAU COMITMI tTION .

Mr. MacDonai.h. 1 may say. Mr. ('Iiairiimii, ihnt wp have a gn^al
many iiiilos (tf gravel and inaradain roads ir> tlip variotiA StiiloM that
art' sudicicnlly .strong; to carry tliis |)ri'srr>t trnflir, |»tii ihr ^rpat««t
(lett'rioraliou, as you su«jj^('st, is tho ravcliiii; and sul)sp<|iirnt low of
mttterial from tfie surtarc; particularly nurinj; drj' soa-soriH. In
some nlaccs, a toj) of hiltiminous material i.s Ix'inj; used sii<-<'t»ssfully
over tlu' old j^ravol or macadam road.

Mr. Andkkso.n. That pntduccs a n)ugh surfa'-c when it hiyitm to
hroak up, doesn't it i

Mr. Ma( Donald. You are sneaking of the odc<l gravel road-., I
believe. Tlie oiling of gravel has generally not proven successful.
As soon as the surface begins to ravel, it be<-omes very rough. I
referred to the practice of laving down an inch and a half, two inche«.
sometimes four inches of l)ituminous material on old compa'tcfj
gravel or macadam roadways. However, it is doubtfid if wc wUl be
able to use that construction in the northern States where there is
much moisture and frost. In Texas, and in some of the southern
ami southwestern States such as Arizona, where tliere is no d»'cp
freezing, combined with a great deal of moisture in the grourul, that
type of construction is preserving old gravel and macadam roa«ls at
a very reasonable cost as compared with the cost of the modern
paverf highways.

That. 1 may sa}-. is one of the objectives that we are continually
striving for. the building of cheaper types of roads that will economi-
cally yet successfully carry the traffic.

^ir. BrcHAXAN. Well, don't you think that the sooner we come to
concrete as a base of public roads, the better for the .States, counties,
and Federal Government, and that these (three) other types of roads
never last half the length of the life of the bonds that are issued, and
that in case of bond issues for construction, that any road that does
not last for tlie life of the bond, is a failure ?

Mr. MacDonald. But there is a great di.screpancv now existing
between the mileage of improved roads in the several States and the
number of automooiles and motor vehicles that are needing to use
them. You see, our registration of motor vehicles has passed the
ten million mark, and it has only been within the past four years
that we have carried on a large program of highway improvement
and the task of bringing these roads up to a fit condition for the
motor vehicle to use is a tremendous one. To give highway service
it has been necessary to recognize the ^reat demand for road mileage.

Mr. BrciiAXAX. tVell, what is your ideal road; concrete?

Mr. MacDo.nai.d. No, sir; I do not think that concrete is neces-
sarily the ideal road, because I can not disassociate ideal features of
road construction frt)m their cost, and if we can get a cheaper typo
of road that will serve tlie traffic

Mr. BiCHA.VA.N (interposing). Let me put the question differently.
What would be the best road, regardless of the cost <

Mr. Anderson". Regardless of the cost ?

Mr. Buchanan. Yes.

Mr. Anderson. That is not a fair quevStion.

Mr. Buchanan. I do not mean an impracticable road or a road
being built in a community that is not able to maintain it. or I do

2202H—22 23

!f

352 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

not mean an impracticable, theoretica) Utopian road, or an ideal that
can not be realized.

Mr. MacDoxald. There is no single adequate answer to that
question.

Mr. Buchanan. Well, there ought to be.

Mr. Anderson. Would not the answer to it depend upon the
locality, the quality of the soil, and drainage ?

Mr. MacDonalu. Yes, sir.

Mr. Anderson. And the amount of traffic would be one of the
elements that would enter into it.

Mr. MacDonald. To answer such a question fairly and practically
I think that you would have to ask it about specific roads.

Mr. Buchanan. No; can vou not make a concrete road, on any
ground, and can you not without any great cost ? It will cost a
little more on some grounds than others for the foundation, but I
can not see anything impracticable about the question. Here is a
county that may issue two or three million dollars worth of bonds
on the determination of bettering their roads, and I would like to
know whether it would be better for them to put in a concrete road,
a gravel road, or make — take the road that you were speaking of a
while ago— gravel road with a surface on it. Now, that is not an
impracticable question.

Mr. MacDonald. Let me answer that from the viewpoint of
practical experience. I do not care to put any particular county in
the record.

Mr. Buchanan. You can put my county in if you want to. We
recentl}^ had that problem up, Washington County, Tex.

Mr. MacDonald. There is a county that issued bonds to build
roads. They issued bonds in large amounts — $2,000,000 or 83,000,000
on two different occasions. They have constructed concrete roads
only, and they are very good roads, but they have located some of
them close together, within a half mile of each other.

It is my judgment that in that county — and we find now. with
the prices of agricultural products dropped to a fraction of what
they were when the bonds were issued, the people are finding the
taxes to support the cost of those roads, alon^ with the other expenses
of the land itself, a difficult financial problem. I have been over
that system of roads, and it is my judgment that they were right in
building concrete roads on their main arteries, but that every traffic
demand could have been satisfied on their side roads if they had
built gravel or some lesser cost roads.

Mr. Bl'chanan. That is the answer to my question, the main arte-
ries should have been built of concrete. You feel, then, that the
earth roads are not satisfactory ?

Mr. MacDonald. Not for imi)ortant roads, except in what we
might call the plains regions where there are large areas, which are
dry, are not subject to the action of frost, and wiiero the soils are
Ban«ly.

Mr. lircHANAN. In other words, except in the regions where we
have natural roatls?

Mr. MacDonald. Well, 1 think that is a very good answer for it.
WJH'n th»' trallic is too heavy in such localities for tiie natural soil
1 believe that a crushed stone or gravel road j)rotecteil with a bitumi-
nous surface will prove satisfactory.

ACilUcULTURAL APPKOPIIIATION UII.U 1^4, 353

Mr. IkciiANAN. Wluit Would you rp«oiniiu'iul to ^o on u roiirrctc

road (

Ml". Ma( l>i)\\iii Niiihuic' imlt'-'v (Mill iHiiil >-Minr surfiiciri" (-

(l(>IUiltl(l('(l.

Mr. lU'ciiANAN. 1 ask tliat (jucsiion for inforMiution. In uiy own
roiinly w«> luivf l)uilt ."VJ miles (»f cdncn't** ruail a« lu-^s the (-ituniy
wliicli is just l)t'iii«; <()MipK'tf»l now. and 1 jusl wanlfd t.. kiii>w
wht'tlur you lli«>u^lit it wiis osscntiid to Imvr anv surfa<«'.

Mr. Ma( DoNAi.i). No, sir. If a ron<r«'t»' roatl is proi^rlv Innil
and MuiHitaiiM'd tlicrr ouj^lil lo he lo yrars ' wrar, |)t'r(ia[)s tiiurh
lon;4<'r, in tlu' ^urfncc heforc tlu'rc is any nrrd for a nru top.

Mr. Anukk.son. I have iM'vrr sim'u h concn-U' road, and 1 Inivo
traveled »)ver a «;ood many miles of them, and I liavc* iH'Vor Hccn
one that would stand up ft)r 1.") yonrs without a surfaeo.

Mi-. .M.v< Donai.d. There is a very consideralde mileage in (.'ali-
fornia, huilt in liHJiJ, is still carryiuf; the trallie, hut it is als(» true
that some of the roads then' have heen retoppe<l. The first con-
<Tete roads were not t)f the sanu' (jualily as the hest ones are now.

Mr. Am)K1{.s()\. Well, 1 have not done any traveling; in Californiu,
which is pi'rhaps the reason 1 have not s{M»u any. 1 have never seen
one that has stood up for 1.") yeai-s, and I have traveleil 70. (MM) miles
of hi;.;hway durinj^ the last S years.

Mr. MAfDoNALi). Mr. Chairnnin. if we are nt»t m'ttin;; l.> years'
service or more out of the modern type of paved roads we are not
huildinj; as <;ood roads as we ou<j:ht to build, and as can he huilt
with the material whi<'li we have to use.

Mr. Buc'HAXAX. All ri*;ht ; 1 have taken up too nuicli time on this,
I *;uess.

Ml-. MacDo.nai.I). 1 tliink that covers, in u general was, ilus
topic. Mr. Chairman.

FOR I.WESTIGATING KOAl) BU1LI)1.\(J AM) .MAI.NTENANCE.

Mr. Anderson. Your next item is;

For in vest ipat ions of the best method.'^ of road making, e8p«»eially by the uw of
local materials; for studyiiifj the types of incchaniia! plants and applian<M's ns«'d for
road Imildiiij,' and mainlenance; for studying methods of road repair and maintcnuQce
suited to the netnls of different localities; and for furnishing export ad\'i«-e on these
subjects, $77,OpO.

Perhaps you had better make a complete statement on that, a->
to what you are doinij and expect to do.

Mr. MacDonai.I). I'nder tliis item we have been makinj; a number
of studies of the use of local road materials, for exampl(>. in the
Southern States, the use of sand-clay roads. We have found in the
Southern States the need of a threat deal of pioneerin«j work, that is
the cleaning, j'rading, draining, putting in the subdrainage where
necessary and l)uilding the bridges and cidverls. This character of
work has recjuiied the available funds and has necessitated our using
local cheap nniterials for surfacing, such as the sanil clay and top
soil. We also have been cooperating witli the State of California,
and the Cohnnbia Steel Co., in the I'ittsbingh, Calif., tests. In that
project a circular track was constructed, mid Kmiled trucks operated
over the track. Different designs were used and both plain and
reinforced concrete sections. The trucks were operated over the

354 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TIOX BILL, 1924.

track until sections of it were destroyed. A bulletin is now in process
of preparation which will probably be ready this month, giving the
results of the tests.

The State Highway Department of Illinois, also, built an experi-
mental stretch of highway and raw truck traffic of controlled weight
over it. The results of such tests and studies are leading to very
material modifications in designing paved roadways and these
modifications I believe will result in better roads, at perhaps a lower
cost. It is estimated that new principles of design adopted in Illinois
may save Sl.oOO per mile in the cost and yet result in a more satis-
factory and stronger road. The Bureau will cooperate with the
IlJinois Highway Department in carrying forward this study.

FOR INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF

ROAD MATERIALS.

Mr. Anderson. The next is on page 257, '"For investigations of
the chemical and physical character of road materials, ior conducting
laboratory and field experiments and for studies and invest igatit)ns
in road design, independently or in cooperation with the state high-
way departments, and other agencies," and so forth. This is your
laboratory item.

Mr. MacDon.vld. That is the laboratory and also research item
and we are omitting it from the appropriation requests of the De-
partment now because under the Federal highway act. provision is
made for carrying laboratory testing and investigational under our
administration fund. The allotment of this item comes out of the
administrative fund this year. I shall be very glad, if you wish, to
go into tlie character of work we are carrying on.

Mr. Anderson. I think that we would be interested in your
statement about what is being done under this.

Mr. MacDonald. We must recognize the fact at this time that
the whole science of modern road building is in the making, and
because of this fact we are proceeding on tne theory that the more
extended the investigational and research work that the States and
the Federal Government carry forward during this period the more
efficient will be our use of the materials which are available for road
buihfing and the better will be the results which we obtain from the
use of those materials. The science of highway building has many
phases, all involving technical and detailed studies from which the
practical results may seem to be only slowly developing. Not only
IS this true of the bringing to life of new principles, but also in estab-
lishing procedures to insure the application of knowledge already
secured. For example, to control tne (|uality of the matei-ials going
into Fi'deral-aid projects (he l)ureau does not attempt to make the
tests in a central laboratory, but in cooperation witii the States wo
do attempt to insure uniform standards of laboratory tests and
practices, then uniform specifications for testing materials and the
making of check tests. Tiuit is, tlie bureau keeps in close touch
with all of the State laboratories in which the actual tests "of road
miileiiiils are made, and by constant cooperation and fre(iuen(
ciieck tests lielps to keej) tiie work of tiie State laboratories on a
uniform basis. The bureau and the several State laboratories
fre()uently make tests of the same material to compare methods and

.\<;KHl'LTl'RAL. APPUOPRIATION' BILI, IWI. 355

results. Also trstiiif; j'n^inorrs frnin thr hiimni vi»il tin* State
lalxirntorios and tlir Statr testing <'H^iiH't'rs visit lln» lal)orntori«»^ of
the l)iin'aii. Ill this way a lUMCsmiry result is Immh^ ^radiiully
secured whirh we mav call (he Htandardixation of t««stin^ lahonitorint.
Af^airi. the hurcati )ias in procc'ss n l«>n;r s«'ri«»s of tests and r- 'i

stutiics on hitiiininous materials. Tnder that an a major ii<..<;i..^'
we are studying; the shovinj; of bituminous {>av(>ments and other
properties (»f hituminous surfa<es. \Vc are workin«; on tcwtM for thi?
volatilization of petroleum products, the <'onsistencv of tars, and other
tests which we are trying to hrin;.; down to the pomt of slandaniuu-
tion for fxeneral use all over the country. Most of this work is in
conjuncti«)n with the A. S. T. M. These are oidy imlicalive (»f the
^reat man\' paths there are to follow durinj; thi>^ perioil of dcvelop-
miMit of modern road huiidinj;. The researches of the hureau on non-
bituminous materials an<l methods of testinj; jure extensive and include
the studies of the resistance to wear of concrete a»;^re<;ates. the deter-
minati<m of deleterious substances in concrete a^}.jre^ates. the ai-tion
of alkali upon concrete, the use of blast-furmice sla;; for concrete
aj^re^ates. and a very extensive study of subfjrach's ajid sub;,'ra<le
materials.

RESE.VRCH STUDIES IN HIOHW.W FNOINKKRINO.

The bureau has endeavored and is endeavoriiif^ to stimulate re-
search in the lield of hiochway engineering, and in this connection has
affiliated with the National Research Council, whose activities we
are supporting in its efforts to establish a national program of highway
research.

From the National Research Council there is a bulletin ju>t now
available which outlines a very long series of tests and researches
which are now going forwaril all over the United States in the highway
field, a complete census of highway research projects. In most of
the maj<»r research projects tlie Bureau of Public Roads is either
cooperating or is carrying on the tests independently. The bureau
has taken the nosition that there exists in the State highway depart-
ments and at the colleges and universities of the country hd)oratories.
plants, and e(|uipment which are being used only to a partial capacity,
and that without large additions to alreatly existing plants and
e(|uipment it is possible to obtain a greater output from these labora-
tories. In many of them assistants are available who are not em-
ployed during vacation periods or who may be employed only part
time with the colleges. In order to stimulate research and to make
use of existing facilities the bureau has entered into cooperative
agreements wnth a number of universities, including Purdue, Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology, Iowa State College, and other
univei-sities: also State highway departments, including the Connecti-
cut State Highway Department, the California State IIi;j:hway De-
partment, the Illinois State Highway Department, and others.

It is our judgment that the funds which are being used for research
purj)()se'; are perhaps the most productive and that this work should
go forwartl on an increased scale continually. It is only lhr<»ugh
painstaking and exhaustive research that we shall arrive at tleter-
minafions of the best de-igns for highways anil the best u-e- tt> make
of materials in their building.

356 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Anderson. I have noticed a very considerable variation in
the character of the roads resultino^ and the methods adopted in
putting gravel on tiiem. Have there been any experiments which
nave developed the relative strength of the road resulting from
different kinds of gravel or methods which are more successful in
putting tliem on, or do you simply use what you can get '.

Mr. MacDonald. The bureau has been making a very extensive
series of studies of the behavior of gravel roads; in fact, some very
good studies are now ready for j)umication. It is true that in the
building of gravel roads on many of the main highways we have
used the local materials which could be secured at the lowest cost
even though not first class in quality. In such cases it is not ex-
pected to maintain the gravel surface hulefinitely. but it does pro-
vide a temporary wearing surface while the newly built road grade
is becoming compacted. As soon as the road bed is ready, or as
soon as funds are available, paved surface is placed. If it is the
intention to maintain the gravel road, more care is used hi selecting
and preparing the material.

Up to the present time in most of the States the Federal-aid work
has been almost entirely on the main roads of the country, either con-
structing or reconstructing them. It is not physically practicable
and funds are not available for building only paved roadways,
thus we have been carrying forward the grading, draining, and pre-

faratory work in advance of the more durable forms of surfacmg.
t is possible to do this type of improvement on a larger mileage each
year than it is to follow up w^ith the construction of paved-road sur-
faces. Also, it is in general better engineering if traffic conditions can
be met to build the roadbeds some time in advance of the surfaces, and
that plan has been widely used in all of the States where it is possible
to obtain local materials for interim use, such as gravel, sand, clay,
and similar materials. The difference in the service to the public and
the saving in the cost of maintenance is considered to offset the cost
of applying materials of this character.

The probabilities are, Mr. Chairman, in answer to your question,
that the differences in results which you observe on different gravel
roads, while partially due to the kind of materials used, are in a
greater percentage of cases due to variations, first, in the character
of the subgrade, and, second, in the traffic.

FOR MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS OF EXPERIMENTAL TIIOnWAYS.

Mr. Anderson. Your next item is for maintenance and repairs of
experinicntal liighways. I imagine that is a good ileal of a misnomer,
is It not {

Mr.MAcDoNAi.D. No, sir; our expenditures last year were nil on
ex|)eriniental highways that we had built, although our principal
cxpnidit lire was on the Mount N'ernoji road leading from tbe paved
road inl(» tlie grounds at Mount X'ernon. That road was originally
built as a surface-treated grav(>l road, and we have foinid it necessary,
with tlic heavy trallic which has l)een developed, to iegra<le and
icbiiild a part. It is true tliat the gravel road is g(»ing to be an ex-
pt'iisive type t<t iiiiiiiitnin, but it would not be possible within any

AGIUCULTUIUL AITUOI'IUATIOX BIIX» Utt4. .'ioT

small <'.\p«'H(litun' lo inipn»vt' tlu' type up l«i llu- imint whrn' the
inaiiitcriHUcr uouM l>o i^rrnllv Irsscni'd. So wi' hnvr coimiilcriMl
i«M|iu'stiii<; all appiupiiatiori for refuiiMin^ not only llml sortiuii <if
tlu' road, l)iit tt» rchiiild all scctiniis of the road Itrtvvorn \V '

and M<»unl \ crnuii thai arc mi>1 iiovs improvod wiih a pu\«';

on the tlu'oiy that Mount Venuui is u iiutional instittilion, and that
a road oiii;h( to be Ituilt connect iii^; Washington. tlu» National
('a[)ital. and Mount N'criion that wouM adc<|ualclv care for the Iraliic.
which is incica-siii^ at a trciucndous rate.

FOK INVKSmiATINMi AND KKI'«)KTlN(i fl'O.N THK ITILIZATION OF WATKR

IN I AUM lUKKJATION.

Mr. Anderson', Your nj'xt item is for invest i^atintj and rei)ortin;j
upon the utilization of water in farm irriijation. incTu(lin«; tne hest
methods lo apply in practice. et<-.

Mr. Ma( DoNAi.o. The work in irrij^ation is carried on under the
Division of Ajjcricultural Kn«jitu'erin<j, and in the estimates suhtnitted
to your committ(M^ there are no increases in any of the items allowed.
The appropriation for carryini^ on the work in irri;;alion is the same
as the amount we had last yoar, and is practically the same amount
it has been for the last live years. It has averajjed about $7().()()0
per year.

I may say in connection with all of our work in agricultural enpi-
neerinij we are endeavoring to get away from the class of activities
which may be termed service or extension, such as the sending out of
engineers to give advice on specific problems and to concentrate on
the research problems entirely. In future probably To per cent of
our activities will consist of research work and only 25 per cent of
service or extension. During the war there was a large demand for
service work, but since we have taken the position that State organi-
zations, where the States maintain organizations, should do this
work. We have cooperative agreements with several of the western
States, including (\uifornia, Nevada. Utah. Xew Mexico, Colorado
and Texas. There will always be the exception of givin<? advice or
help where there are large problems involving the specialized know-
ledge developed tlirough research and investigational studies. To
abandon these lines of activity entirely would throw us out of touch
with the practice and problems of new irrigation and drainage develop-
ment anti render it difFicult to plan and carry out research work m
such a wav as to be of the greatest benefit to water users.

Mr. .Vndku.sox. If my recollection is correct, this item does not
have to do j)articularly with the mechanical operations, but rather
with the agricultural operations i

Mr. MacDonall). It has to do with the agricultural operations;
that is. a study of the use of water in irrigation. It does not coidlict
with the work of the Reclamation Service. In fact, it is the only
service of tliis character which the Federal Government is remlering
the very large number of people who are operating irrigated lands
that have not been developed by the Federal (lovernment but In-
private or community enterprises. I believe that the Federal irri-
gation projects include about 10 per cent of the total irrigated lands.

358 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924,

STUDY OF WATER REQUIREMENTS OF CROPS.

One of the projects which we have under way now consists of a
study of tlie duty of water, or the water requirements of crops. We
are making; a comprehensive study of the results which have heen
obtained over the past 10 or 15 years, with the idea of publishing a
series of articles on this particular subject, which, in my judgment,
is the most important subject we have to deal with. A large amount
of unpublished data has been and is being accumulated, the publica-
tion of which will prove valuable to State officials in apportioning
the flow of streams, to courts in settling rights to the use of wat^r,
to engineers in determining the capacities of irrigation channels and
structures, to canal managers in framing water-right contracts, and
to farmers in growing crops.

Another project is the percolation of water through earth dams.
Any loss of water through the retaining structures, if it can be avoided
ought to be avoided, and this project involves research in reference
to the best types of earthen dams to build, the kind of core walls,
and the pavements and drains necessary as a part of those structures.

Another subject is the water-holding capacity of irrigated soils.
This subject involves a study of the movement of water downward
through soils and subsoils by the action of gravity and also the dis-
tribution of soil moisture in all directions by the action of capillarity.

There are also studies now in progress dealing with drainage struc-
tures for irrigated farms. This will embrace the principles of design
which practice and results of experiments indicate to be the most
satisfactory in reducing cost and increasing efficiency of the various
structures used in drainage systems.

HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENTS.

In cooperation with some of the States we are carrving on a number
of hydraulic experiments, chiefly for the purpose of cleveloping instru-
ments for water measurement and also lor measuring evaporation.

Mr. Anderson. Has there been an}'^ development of economical
piimpin"; machinery?

Mr. McCrouy. We have made a study of the cost of pumping and
have also a bulletin on the subject of pumping from wells for irrigation
ready to submit for publication. There has been a considerable
increase in the efliciency of deep-well pumps in the last 10 or 1.5 years;
in fact, irrigating pumps generallv have mcreased in efliciency con-
siderably in the last 10 years. Fully 30, ()()() pumps are now supplying
water to more than a million acres of land, much of which is in crops
of yi'vy high value. We estimate that not loss than 70 per cent of the
irriguli'd lands of the coastal re<ijion of southern California, comprising
the highest priced agricultural lands of the W^est, are watered by
piinif)iiig plants.

Mr. M.vcDoNAi.i). W(> have been niakin«j: a study of the cost of
devehming irrigated farms to the point oi ])rolital)le returns. The
cost of storage works, distributing systems, and other features of the
irrigation systems of the West, and the average cost of such con-
st iiut ion, as an acreage cost against the lands served are definitely
known. Our study is bringing out the interesting fact that the
original cost of placing water on the land is only a portion of the cost
of l)ringing that farm up to a stat(> of productivity.

\

AORFCin.TT'RAI. APPROPIUATION BIIJ^ 1024. ^'.'•

FO|{ KMCM DKMNAIJK \M> DUAISACK OK SWVMI' Wfi WKT I.A\I>H.

For farm draiiin^o wr aro asking the «amo appropriation thai wo
have for tliis year. In oiir rrspjirrli work wp aro af
the outstandiii}^ prol>l»Mns those which an' Hit- foniKhii .■., ..; . ;;, . ; , > .
and economical (hainapo.

Tho work in Minnesota with rcfjard to tho efrprt-^ r>f soil alkahes nnd
a<Mds upon the <hirahihty <»f concrete tih- is h«'in«; continued i?
eration with the CoUei^e of A<;nciiltiire of the I'nivei-sitv of Miri'
and the State <lepartment of drainaj^e and waters. Definite p:
is heinp made on this project. Larpelv as a result of this work m
MintU'sota concrete tile nianufacturerl m the State has improved in
([uality When tlie w<uk was l>e«jun lar^^e tile did not me«'t the
absorption recpiirements of the American Society for Testing Mate-
rials, i. e., 11 per <"ent. Tests of \'i4 tile made Uy 17 plants during
the past year showed that ahout one-half of tlu'se plants are now
niakni}; tde averafijinj^ hetwtMMi t» and 7 per c«'nt al>sor|)tion. 'I'he
work we are doinoj in Minnesota is receivinj; the cordial support of
the tile manufacturers, who fully appreciate the necessity of research
in order to improve the <|uality of tile made.

Durinp^ the last fiscal year an en<;ineer was statione<l at Cape
Girardeau. Mo., to make a systematic study of the flow of water in a
lartje lloodway that is a part of the Little Hiver draina«;e district.
Valuable information was secured as to the elements that affect the
flow of such channels. The use of flood ways in connection with
larg:e drainaoje undertakings undoubtedly will increase and reliable
information as to the flow in such channels is essential to their proper

(lesiOT

The effect of tile upon the ground water table has received the
attention of the bureau for several yeai-s. The purpose of these
investigations is to accpiire an adetpiate basis for determining the
proper depth and sj^acing of drains in the various soils. A study ^yith
regard to the effect of tile in the sandy soils of the coastal plain of
North Carolina was completed last year and a report prepared. The
opportunities for study along this line are as numerous as are the
types of soil and the variations of rainfall, and the work should be
continued.

The study of the use of sedimentation basins as a means of pre-
ventinoj the deposit of silt in main drainage channels in the Michlle
West has been continued. The j)urpose of such basins, ^vhich are
constructed in branch drains, is to cat(;h and retain silt washed down
from the hills before it reaches the main channels. The subject is a
very important one as it is believed that the proper location and
construction of such basins will help to solve the silting problem
which at present is a very serious one.

At the refpiest of interested landowners a study was made as lit
the possibility of draining successfully <'ertain impervious soils by
the use of tile in the Yazoo Delta. Miss. The buulowners claimed
these soils could not be successfully drained. Our investigations,
however, shcm-ed that the difhculty was langely improper ilesign and
construction.

In cooperation with the Office of Farm Management and Farm
Economics, a study has been completed of the economic results that
have been obtaine<l in two drainage districts in North Carolina.

360 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

The behavior of (htiinage pumping phmts in Texas and Louisiana,
the operation of which had previously been studied by the bureau,
was investigated in order to determine how the different types of
phints were working, wliat diflicuUies were encountered, and what
changes shouUl be made in the recommended practices.

In our drainage work we are emphasizing research — the study of
the basic probh'ms of farm drainage. I feel that the instruction of
the individual farmer in his specific problems is a matter that can
now well l)e left largely to the State Extension Service. We are.
nevertheless, carrying on some extension work in cooperation with
certain States that agree to bear a part of the expense of such work.
This year we have such agreements with Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia,
North Carolina, West N'irginia, and Tennessee.

FOR IXVESTIGATINO FARM DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY AND DR\IXAGE

DISPOSAL.

Mr. Anderson. Your next item is for investigating farm domestic
water supply and drainage disposal-.

Mr. MacDonald. That recjuest remains the same as this year.

Mr. Anderson. What is this item particularly directed to I

Mr. MacDonald. I should say the major studies we wish to carry
on under this item are two — researches with reference to farm build-
ings, particularly barn ventilation, and storage houses for different
kinds of crops; and farm power studies.

We beheve that, from the agricultural standpoint, one of the
greatest advances that w'e will have to make in the future is in con-
nection with the storage of what we regard now as perishable crops
over a length of time so as to depress the peak and distribute such
crops over a longer period of time.

Mr. Anderson. Do you have reference to farm storage or com-
mercial storage ?

Mr. MacDonald. Particularly to farm storage, but I assume the
principle would be applicable to either. I had reference particularly
to farm and conununity storage, such as tobacco barns, and potato,
apple, and fruit storage facilities. We have made considerable
progress in the successful storage of sweet potatoes, and the tobacco
crop seems to offer similar desifable fields for study.

The bureau is concerned in establishing the principles of design
which should underlie the construction of buildings for special
agricultural purposes, believing that if these principles are established
any architect or builder can use them in producing satisfacti)ry
buildings.

Great yearly losses occur in tobacco barns during the firing and
(Miiing of the crof) due to improper ventilation or improper construc-
tion. There is also room foi- improvement in the arrangement of
these barns by which considerable saving in lai)or may be made,
it is expected that this work will be done in cooperation with the
liureau of i^Iant Indiisliy and with one or more of the agrii'ultural
<"<»lleges in tdhncfo-growing States.

VK.STIl-ATIO.N OK DAIKY ANU OTIIKK 1«AUN8.

Iti the ventilation of daiiy and other barns there is need for further
investigation. We have already prepared a bulletin based on

AClRlcrLTlRAL AFPIlnPHIATION BII.U 1«H. 361

invi'stigutinns iiiu(li> to (U'lrrinliit' wlmli nn* tlir VHriuhlf iiml <'4»im(ant
factors I'litfiiii;; int<i tlu* proMcin. \\ «• nrv now plurtiiiii^ further
study with a view to (h'ttMiniiiinL; tlic hiw's which jjovom ihww
variations, so that they may he a|>[)lic(l in the (irsi^nitij^of vonlihttintf;
systems.

We are constantly asked for inf(»rmation re^ardinj; the Htoru^c of
notatoes. apph-s. and other pr«»duets. In cooperation witit tho
Buri'au of IMant hithistrv we have prepared material indieatin^
the projx'r construction of common apple storage iiouses for the
nortliwest. It is e.\pe<tcd that th«' investigation will he carri<>d
further in order to determine the proper construction f(»r other
sections of the country and to devehip >imilar mfornuition with
resnect to the stora«;e ()f other crops.

.vnother investi«;ation which is thouj;ht advisahic is that relatini;
to silaj;e pressures. The si/e and hei;;ht of silos have "greatly increa>^e<l.
introducing; new })rol)lems in the desi»;n of silos which will with>tan<l
the increased pressures. At present tliere is no definite information
with respect to this. There liave heen failures due to improper
construction: in other instances an unnecessarily expensive desi^i
has heen used. The development of sila<;e packei^s has made il
possil)Ie to store a ^eater (|uantity in the same silo hut this means
an increased hut unknown pressure. In view of the fact tliat silos
are increasini; in numher at the rate of from twenty to forty thousand
a vcar, the result of this investi«ration should hrinjr ahout a re«luction
in the nimiher of failures and a savinoj in materud.

The transportation and handling; of fruits and ve^jetahles involve
many en«;ineerin{; prohlems which are yet to he solved. It is thoufjht
the precooling of fruits offers a means of reducinij losses in transporta-
tion and storagje. In cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Inmistn*
it is expected to continue investigations now under way in order to
determine the eflfectiveness of precoolini;.

It is planned also to undertake further investigations relative to
the factors that govern the design and operation of car-heating sys-
tems, with the ohject of developing a more ellicient system of heatmg
cars used in the transpt)rtation of perishahle foodstuffs, and to thus
reduce the heavy losses which occur at certain seasons. The prohlem
of a satisfactory heater car is of great importance to potato growers in
the North and to fruit and vegetahle growers throughout the country.

Similarly the refrigerator car. so necessary to the successful trans-
portation of perishahles during warm weather, is still susceptihle to
great improvement, although a great deal of work has heen done
along this line. It is helieved that the losses which occur each year
justify a considerahle expenditure to reduce them.

The farm power studies outlined hv the farm power committee of
tho department have hei^i continued. In c(Mtperation with the
Bureau of Animal Industry and the Oflicc of Farm Management ami
Farm Fconomics a study of the cost of power on farms in the winter
wheat helt in Nehraska. Kansas, and Oklahoma, was made. Uecords
were secured from '^'^4 farms where tractois were used, and from S.')
farms where horses only were used. A complete record of the work
do?ie with hoth horses and tractors during the year pre<'eiling the
investigation, and information from which the cost of using the
tractors and horses coidd he determined, were ohtaine*! from each
farm. A record of the changes in the operation and ongani/.ation of

362 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

the farm after the purchase of tractors, and statements from each
farmer concerning tne advantages and disadvantages of a tractor on
his farm, were obtained. A summary of this investigation has been
published.

Several vears ago information in regard to the experience of farmers
with motor trucks was secured from truck users throughout the United
States. The experiences of farmers in the Corn Belt and in the New
England States were compiled as department bulletins. During the
last year tlie farmers whose experiences were reported in these publi-
caHons were again circ-ularized. and the information secured is being
prepared for publication as farmers' bulletins in order that the expe-
riences of these farmers with motor trucks, which now extend over
a period of several years, may be available as a guide to other farmers
contemplating the purchase of motor trucks.

In cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry a study is now
in progress which has for its object the determination of the amount of
power developed by horses and the ways in which this power may
ne utilized most efficiently in farm operations. It is kno^^-n that
many of the hitches used at the present time result in a waste of power,
and it is planned to determine the effect of various factoi-s on the
efficienc}- of hitches and. if possible, to develop better hitches. The
importance of increasing the efficiency of animal power may be bet-
ter appreciated when it is known that with some comuKMi hitches
used for plows the work of one horse is used, overcoming side drafts.
The amount of horsepower used on the farms of the Ignited States
is equal to 80 per cent of the total horsepower used by all other
industries combmed. Information of great value to all farmei^s could
undoubtedly be secured if these investigations could be prosecuted
vigorously with an ndecpiate force.

The investigation now being carried on in cooperation with the
Bureau of Entomology relative to the control of the cotton boll
weevil will be continued. A new phase of this work is the introiluc-
tion of the airplane in dusting the cotton fields with poison. Experi-
ments already made indicate possibilities that make it highly desir-
able to continue the investigation. Results of an unexpectedly
gratifying character have been obtained, but whether the airplane
can be used commercially is yet to be determined.

SURPLUS WAR EXPLOSIVES.

Mr. Anderson. Your next item is for supervising the prepaiation.
distribution, and use of picric acid, trinitrotoluol, trojan powdc!-,
and such other surplus war explosives as may be made avMilai)l(> for
use in clearing stum])s and stones from agricultural lands.

Mr. MacDonali). During the fiscal yeat- 1922, 3,2()4,S0() pounds of
cartridgcd picric acid were distributed. This distribution we expect
to continue as l(»ng as the supply holds out, and we ha\t' obtained
nothing but favorable reports from the farmei's who have used the
material.

Mr. Andkkson. I undeistand this material does noi (l(>t(M-iora?e ^

Mr. M.\( Donald. That is indicated by our (>\i)eriiMU'e after it is
cartridgcd. It is tested, before cartridging, for the moisture con-
tent, and the carti'idges are j)Mial!in<«d, so the explosive ought to last
for a conNidcrnhIc lime alter it has been received. Picric acid

I

A(iIU( ri/nUAI- AIM'IUIIMIIATION Hll.i^ I '-« .'163

r(>(|Tiir(>s a soinrwluit heuvior (it'toiintor tlinii T. N. T. or other coiii-

iiuTcial oxplosivrs.

All iiitcrcstiiii; .si*l<- li;;lit lui tluit <li^tril>utiuii i-. ihr fii<( ilmt thut
supply luis Ih'cm availuMo to the furiturs iit n very luuniiml <-<>st,
i) otMits for tartritl<;iii«; uiul not over I rent for haixlfiii^. nhi** frt'i^^ht
(-)iar>;«'s, and that has anparrntly \rt\ to a rcniarkahh* <irop in thw
price of coinnuTcial r\plosiv«>. Ihe pri<i*M have r«»nu- down U» a
{)oint now that we are (in(hn>; some uidieultv in (iispo>,ni^ of thm
supply at a prieo around 7 cents f. o. b. The avaihihihty of thm
•-upply to the farmers may l)e only one of the muss's, hut it is true
that the [)riees of ctimmercinl e\|)|(».ive> ha> (Mine down t«i verv
nuK'h h»wer k'vels.

Mr. Andkhson. How much of lliis e.\ph>sive i.s h-fl '

Mr. Ma( Donald. It is now ahout I.OOO.OOO pounds.

Mr. Andkk.son. At the rate you have heen p»inji y»»u will ^vi nd
of it in about a year or two i

Mr. MacDoxali). Yes, sir.

KOH r,?:NERAL AD.MINI.STKATIVE KXPENSES.

Mr. A.NDEKSDN. There is no chunj^e in y«)ur item for {general ati-
ministrative expenses?
Mr. MacDoxalu. No, sir.

EXCHANGE OF PASSENOER-^ARR'i^XO VEHICLES.

Mr. Ander.son. We will next take up the item on pa^e 322, and
particularly the proviso which relates to the e.xchanjje of pa.s.senj;er-
carrving vehicles.

\fr. ^IAcDox.\LI). With reference to the authority re<iueste<l under
this item to e.xchange used pa.ssenojer-carryinj; veiiicles or partes for
new vehicles, we now find oiiiv;elves confronted with this situation:
I'nder the acts of Congress which turned over to tlie de|)artment f»>r
distribution to the States certain surplus war equipment suitable for
road-building purposes, the department is authorized to retain for
use in its roaci work not more than 10 per cent of the e(|uipment.
That inclutled all kinds of eijuipment. such as trucks, automol)iles.
tractors, tents, and miscellaneous e(juipment of all kinds. All of the

f)a.ssenger motor vehicles which wore taken o.ver had heen used. We
lave received only cai-s which had been used tt) a considerable
extent and that had not been well maintained, as ytm would exnt'Ct
under the then existing conditions, so in attempting to use these
vehicles— and I may say that the distribution started nearly four
vears ago — we find tliese vehicles liave deteriorated to an extent that
It is very expensive to maintain them.

We have no authority to trade these in for new vehicles tliat
could be operated at less expense, and no authority to pay the
difference between their trade-in vahie and the cost of new cars.
We have also taken over from the War Department a considerable
amount of spare parts. All of the nonstandard motor vehicle
parts were declared surplus by the War Department and turned
over to the Dcj)artment of Agri<'ulture f<»r distribution. There had
been large purchases made of spare parts, so that along with the
motor vehicles, .spare parts ])ecame surplus .sometimes out of propor-
tion to the number of vohieies to be maintained. We now find that
some of the manufacturers are rather aiLxious to trade for soiue of
these spare parts in exchange for new motor vehicles; that is, an

364 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

exchange at cost price can be made. Whether that is due to 'the
fact that the companies are no longer making these i)articular parts
and need them for the repair of the ohler models still in use or not I
do not know, but the proposition would be in the interests of econ-
omy.

USE OF MOTOR VEHICLES IN ROAD-BUILDING ACTIVITIES.

The use of motor vehicles is absolutely essential for the econ(miical
and eflicicnt conduct of the road-buihfing activities of the bureau.
The number of engineers assit^ned to each State to give general
inspection to the conduct of the Federal aid road projects is very
limited. and each man is expected to cover a large territory- and
keep in personal touch with all the projects in that territory. Also,
the building of forest highways is dependent upon motor trans-
portation. Many projects are built far away from railroads and
from the necessary supplies. The efficiency of the work of field
surve}' parties, inspectitin engineers, superintendents of construction,
and, in fact, of the whole organization of the bureau engaged upon
road work is predicated upon adequate transportation over the
highways. In Washington and at several points in the field we have
established shops in which we are attempting to repair and reha-
l)ilitate these used machines, so that they can be distributed and
used in the service where needed. Many of the machines taken
over are fit only for such salvage parts as may be secured from them.
Our principal use is for cars of the latter type, such as Fords and
Dodges, except where it is necessary to send out a larger party on
surveys, and we believe that a real saving can be made if authority
herein re(| nested is granted.

The number of cars in actual service varies from month to month,
depending upon the amount of road building that is going forward,
the number of sur\''ey parties in operation, and the number of forest
highway construction projects. Our November report shows in
actual operation 64 Fords and 63 cars of other makes in use on gen-
eral operations, and 48 assigned to specific projects. Because of the
age and the use which has been made of these cars, we estimate
there siiould be at least a 30 per cent replacement during the fiscal
year, and we request therefore specific authority to expend not to
exceed S29,()()0 from the administrative Federal aid fund for this
purpose.

Mr. AxDKHsox. Do 1 understand tiiat tiiis proviso applies only to

Fiassenger-carrying vehicles which were turned over by the War
)epartment ami retained by the Secretary of Agriculture for use in
connection witli liigiiway work ^

.Mi. .M.\( Donald. Yes, sir.

Mr. Andeusox. Were there any passenger vehicles turned t)ver to
tlieS(»ites^

Mr. .MacDoxai.d. Yes, sir.

Mr. AxDKKsox. But this does not apply to them f

.\Ir. MacDoxai.d. No, sir; such vehi<les belong to the several
States mid are subject lo tlie jurisdiction of the State highway
dennrtnients.

Sir. AxDKUsox. ('an you give us an idea as to how many machines
are involved in this proposition^ As far as this laiiiruajre goes, thev

nil'' j^ r. J-.

uu'olved.

1 can see where machines which have i)een oocrated for two or
three yeai-K, and probably were not very good when vou got them,

AOIU( TLTIRAI, APrKonUA TFOX BII.I^ 1«:4. 305

liiivc (It'tcriidatrd to a point wliorr t\\v iipkorp Ih very (freat. Now. it
would cost loss money, pmlxihly. to trad*' Home of lluwio miichinf*ii

in tliarj it would t(t sinipjy drivr tlirrn off itilo a difrh and U'ave
tluMu, lnM-ausc \'ou should j^rt as nuicli salvap' value as there is in
them. That is a perfectly undeiNlandahle proposition.

Mr. Ma(I)oxali). I should like to have in the reeord. ttMi, the fnet
that this trnnsp(trtati<»n is ahsolulely ne<'essary for the rarrviri;,' on
of our Work. I ha\t' just invest i;;ated some of our ojjerations in
New Me.xieo, for e.xnmple. and in order to eover the Federal aid
projects we have there now, hy the use of aut«im«>hil«»s. we have
arrnnj^ed four lri|)s which re<|uirc two weeks each, that is, it takes
ei<;ht weeks to eover the j)rojecls which are ;,join^ on there now.
Those projects could not be covered if we nttempte<l to u.se trian serv-
ice. because it does not e.xist. The same thin;: is true in the ruitiorud
forests. The ranijes of mountains, as you know, run largely north-
east and southwest, an<l the forest areas occupy largely the mountain
ranges, while our transcontinental highways run from the east to
the west, so that we have inherited with the national forests the
liability of building through the worst sections of land that are
encountered; that is, ero.ssing the mountain ranges; the valleys
Iving in between are not in the forest reserves, but the forest resen'os
lie on th(> mountains and we are running at right angles to them and
crossing them at the best passes we can hnd. So that transporta-
tion is not only absolutely necessary from the standpoint of carrying
on the work, but from the standpoint of saving as mueh time as
possible, especially where \hr roads are open for otdy a few months
throughout the year.

Mr. Anderson. Are these ears used by your supervising engineers
inspector's, etc. ?

Mr. MAfDoNALi). Yes, sir.

We have been administering the Federal road a<'t sinee 19 H) and
we bave never bought one new automobile for that purpose.

Mr. Anderson. \Ve understand what vou are trying to get at and
when we come to write up the bill we will put in what the committee
is willing to carrv.

What is to be said about the second proviso (

Mr. JcMP. When Mr. Reese was here he fully explained that |ir<>viso
and I will merely reiterate what Mr. Reese said the other day. We
would like to secure authority to u.se several of the seeond-haiul ma-
chines which the Bureau of Roads has taken over from the War
Department for the ordinary work of the department in Washington .

Monday, Nove.mbku 27, I'.fJ-'.

COOPERATIVE CONSTRUCTION OF RURAL POST ROADS.

Mr. Ander.son. Mr. MacDonald, we will take up the item on page
360 with reference to the construction of post roads.

Mr. MacDonald. Mr. Chairman, under the various Federal aid
road acts the department has been carrying on cooperative road
building with the several States, and the mileage of highways which
have been completed and paid for under the several acts providing
Federal funds, bv States, by types, and by fiscal years, is shown on
the table which 1 am submitting f(U' the reeord.

(The table referred to follows.)

366

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

s

■§

s

2

o
a

1

<**

n

i

i

fi

r*

-rt~x

-

3

«

■«

i

X c

i

CS

11

f~3srj X c X
«d r: ■■T ;3; p4 r^

«
^

o

^

u4

rf

rf

i

Si

cj

cc m •»• o •
sj c-i OS •-■; •

s

tan ;

51

5

C4

c4

S ' °

M •

pi

-

-

— :

s

(N

N

e«

Water-bound
macadam.

3

2^

90

i

U5

-ion

US

N

M

2j

i—

t~

M

«

U5 •

ei •

Gravel.

1

ac

n '•

cooo

M
1

M — oix — «o

1 ■*
1 n

S

N — «3

^
«

■V ■

n '•

o

oo

— « ^« — CC o

1

i 1

o

O

Si

e

OW5

12 !5

e? to
n-a

i

o

«3

2

re
CI

t.'S X

— c5

c

CO

c

>>

"3

"5

3

n

a6

o

n '•

1

■*
t^

3

n
ri

n •
n •

1

i

00

X

•6

o

u:

f^

s

Ol

o>

5

5

—

-^

—

-

—

-

-;

—

e
S

d

•o
a

09

1

1

i

el

«

«

vn

<o

5

n

to

r^

S

«

OS ^ h- O ■^ *C PO

§.

1^

s

o
in

§

n

M

s

3«

si

© ;

3

o
d

o

o
o

1

>

•S

C

'J

1

'J.

1

c
e

ll

t

t

1

.

5

C
•

3

c

ii

1'

1

>

\

•1

if

&

y

.a
'I

§

a.

]

c

\

y

I

c

C

1

1

1

is

1

y

2
r

3

1

1
eg

a

1

a

99

:4

AORK'ULTI'IIAL AI'IMIOIMIIATION BII.U IW4.

867

3

p i3

1 "^

0
^

;

;

J.

o

•M

• i ■

ir

' . ; ;iri ■

■<i

• •

•

11

•

tl*

1 : :*.

'

-;-

i

,"7

—

PC

ft

— 3»N

^ :

o
3{

Km

S2i

CO M

yro

■5 •
1» •

•10 ■

iS

■ ■J

9

i

N

i^ :

id (J

ft

«C«^ •

.M

t-

'"'•

"•»<

■a

•4

-

-;

-^

-

--

:

i'^

e4

V

« «

•

1

CO

*

h>atQea

^2^i

i

i

air-
— r»

m

« — ■N f-

—

^

^

on6k ■

"2

t, — o —
^^ ri - 35

•r l"(0 f-

90ra

d4

8i

O.C0

«0

MO

S5^

M

sg

wm

w
z

h-O —

-^h*

j^«i

<6

96 l«

9g

lO —

<o

MO

^

^

r*

4

o

—

—

*■
^

to'

"

CO

d

(O

d

at

i

5 :

cooe

CO

1

S :

■*

?§

cooo

00

to VH *4

5

I

CO "^

d '-4

CO •

o

— <

CO ;

0> ;

o>

■«co

*

d

d

«
^

-co .

2

oiSc4

-« ."
S :

n
2

M
S

MOO

''■3

CO

o>

ec — "5 0 N r» ■* N

■0

•*r"«o

ao-i

0> ■

CO

8

CO

CO

5

C^

^

0
2

CO

gc r* t^ 1^ 0 1^ -^ 0

^4n_:r>:;0 M ■ 0
eoeoM-n — rs fJ

CO »*

2^S|

to

CO

CO

8

1

OOCOCOO

r-
c4

CO

4

Oco 0
oddjjl

CO
^4

'«ooe>

CO

to

O

x

5

3i-

• a

• c

'i

i c

t a

c

"c
• b

1 a

= i

^ 3

s

s

3

V.

a

i
J;

u

i

s =

il

S3

s

»

5

c
s

k

j

<

• «

■;

a

a
c
0

1

9

i

t
5

z
^

*

: a
■ 5

S

a.

5

a

is

if

. a
1
• ^3

i

22028—22-

-24

368

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

o

C

a
o

■»»

»5

^

B

00

00

Si,

T;
%>

C3

!:

a
^^
u
o

•I

1

-Si

8

00

I

V-

I

a

T

3

o

•c

n

pa

§

c

s
s

n

09

O

o

a
o

o

P3

o

13

s

8

91

00

^■3

8

a
S

id

i

03

O

g

2

^1

I ?1

CM
8

§1

CI II C4

c<

gi

^CSQC'^'C —

at mac c ;coc

OS « «' T: — 1^

(e>«os>a'0

5 P

S?

2

U5

"2"

oc

e< M «■ -1"

M X <B

i

1 1

s?

•a

X to

g

s

gs?S

00 W-H

wo

li

— «C OlfflX

X 5t sr^

^O *r CO eo

— cj N x" — ■
>-- X ts o X

CO C — T

OS c& ''^ OS CO

M OS e; o c

OS -r« —

s

•* II o
m ci

CO II —

Os' M

r*^ OS

0>!N t~

potoci

?

<cao

ffiosot^xcoi !|o
-r 35 c — ■ ■;■ x' c I ' ■■£

c**osc^r*x-rt^ |[C4

^■' cc '^' ^ -T »:: Q I ®

o". ^ I'- X »-"t »* ^ 1 25

t-t'T — — •-* — — l^

o>o OOcO

OS r- 00 X o

O OS iC CO Q
to t^'^t~©

COt^'T <Ot^ II -^

r>-' ■>i'* oi « CO '«•
esi t^ C5 >5« j~

CO OS ^ • iC II OS

CO CO • CO

t^O"C0

c^?4oi6cd

oico«

CO

t -

^^ OS

o!

-I CO

CO CO CO OS

x c^' o
•^ — -^

OS -on

«

1

.a <3

= ~^ q ZK> o e-S ^ 3'5«c»; ^ ^'O.?

S S ^ g

Sg^S

m CO cs CO

csooe^iQ
oo aoj

50CO

"5 ■* II ""

o ^ II ^
"--"MO

— O II CO I M

— CO O CO

I

I

i

•CO

Ic5

•CO

<-I — 1^ ;£

i

t

•■O C4 CO o

^OSC^If

"j!— ' oco5

t

A(JRI< ILTIRAL AFPIIOPKIATION MII.U it»24.

309

m^

-i^Mf*

551

mm mm

M

i

aii^it^

ill

ii^Si^^^^ff^l^^g

V^

^ar2«5-augi»^-

^ i

^ ■^— ./^l^«»ft■^

^•4 -^

dod

:d

fc

•rf<>i

5^

aa w

d e' d

dd

d-:

aei

O-mOk

^

1»C*mm

d>^ —

?4 X X

drew

Si5

"S g

n?!;;

OS

o II -

0O74

S = ^

\?i

■3

X 3>

SJ

ujirf

6«

S °
5 c

«3 -•---'. = : -s

s

c -• c

5 = = -:;• = i =- ? - a-= r c -s N-:: > _

t; J' ■* r_

» ^ S £

370

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1!»24.

TOT.VI. MILE.\OE COMPLETED.

Mr. Anderson. What is the total mileage ?

Mr. M.\cDoNALD. The total mileage of all types completed during
the fiscal years 1917 to 1922, inclu-sive, is 25,844. Of this 13,355 is
for projects completed and entirely paid for, 4,362 for projects
completed hut for which final payments have not been made, and
8,127 which is the equivalent completed mileage of projects under
construction. I also submit the following summary of the Federal
aid road mileage of all types completed by fiscal years, and of th-^
payments made to the States during these years, with totals to
July 1. 1922.

(The statement referred to is as follows:)

Summary of completed Federal aid road mileage and of paymetits made to Stales.

Fiscal year.

.Miles com-
pleted
during year.'

Federal aid

paid during

year.

1917

4.2

305.8
1.3.SR.0
4.979.0
9.781.0
9.386.0

None.

1918

1425,466

1919

2. 702. 24S

1920

19,583.430

1921

55,974,305
88.216,123

1922 -

Total to July 1, 1922...

25,H44.0

166,911.552

> Includes projects completed and equivalent completed mileage of projects under construction.

Mr. Anderson. Can you tell from the material before you the
total mileage of completed highways, the total mileage under con-
struction, and the total mileage under contract upon which con-
struction has not yet been commenced ?

Mr. MacDonald. On October 31, 1922, that being the last state-
ment I have, we had 14.706 miles of road under construction, the
total estimated cost of which was $261,330,000; the Federal aid
allotted amounted to SI 15.214,000, and those projects under con-
struction were reported as being an average of 59 per cent complete,
varying by States from 32 to 83 per cent. The projects which had
been completed, but on which final payments had not been made,
amounted to 5,129 miles, of which the estimated cost was §76,151.000,
and on which the Federal aid amounted to $34,172,000. The proj-
ects on which construction had been completed and all payments had
been made amounted to 16,235 miles, at a total estiinatetl cost of
$283,330,000 and on which the Federal aid amounted to $120,046,000.

Mr. Anderson. What 1 am trying to get at is how you arrive at
this estimate of $30,000,000 for the next fiscal year. Suppose you
tell us what the situation is and what the requirements are and tlien
you can ligurc out tlie $30, 000, 000 aftenvards.

Mr. MacDonald. Mr. Chairman, I will endeavor to boil this
down to 11 iciilly comjx'ehensiblo statement. There are two (|uestlons
invohcd. One is the necessity for authorizing the a|)portionment
to the States of the $65,000,000 which have be(>n aulhori/.t>d for
npproprintion for the fiscal year 1924. The other tiuestion relates to
the iiiiiking of an iippropriat i«m to apply on the authorization.
Iiric(l\ ihc sliilii-; (if the funds is as follows:

ACrRK TLTURAL APPROPRJATIOX BII.I^ 1U24. Mi

Thrvo appnipriiitioiH f«»r FihIituI aid rouil work have hvoii made;
the fii-st on .lulv II. 1910. Utr $7').(MM).(MK). tlir wroiul on Frbruiirv 2H,
\\)l\), for S_'( )(),()( )().()()(). an. I ihr tliini on Novrnil.rr U. IU2L for
$7.").()()().()()l). a t»»tal of S;i;,().0(U).0(H). Kroni tin* (irMt Iw- ••'' ''■-■so
appro|)riati(»n.s an athninisiration ftind of .'{ per rent, or ^ n,

WHS autlii)ii/.(>(l l>y tli(> mia and was drdiuttMl. UMivin^ a lialanrp of
$'2r)('), 7. ■)().()()(), wlih'h was app«uii»»ncd tn the Stah-s. Tin- art of
NuvtMuhrr '.). I'.t21. <luinj;fd tin- a(lnuni.slruti«»n piTcrnttm** from
3 .to 2i por rent. Tliis 24 per <««nt »»f llio $7 '),()<>< ).()()() an»<»unl*'d lo
$i,.S75.()()() and loft 873, 1 2.'), (UK), which was api)<»rti«tniMl to iho
States. So that, of the anproprial i<»ns niadr to dat*-. $.{.{*.».s7.'».(M)0
have h(»cn apportioned to llu* States and •"? 10. r2."),()0() retained fur t h«»
a(hninistration exj)enses of the hureau. As of Junp 3(t i ' '2,
?I(i().in l.r).')2.1S of the apportioned funds had been paid l«» the
States and $4.t)4S,;iiiS.;i() had l)een spent for achninistration expenses
of (he Biiieau of I'uhhc Koads. h'avin*^ on that (hit<' a hidanee in the
apportioned appro|>riations of S172.1)();^447.S2 and in the achninistra-
ti(»n fund of ?:),47(l.(Wil .70.

'rht> act of rhine 10. l'.)22, made no ap|)ropriat ion. It atithorized
an appropriation oi $.')(). 000. 000 for the liseal year 11)23. $(i.'».000.(MM)
for 11)24. and §7.").000.000 for 102."). It autlio'ri/ed the Secretary to
make a|)j)ortiomnent for 1023. This act also directed (he Secretary
to act upon projects suhmitted a<;ainst the 1023 apportionment and
stated tnat "his approval of any such project shall be deemed a
contractual obli»;ation of the Federal Go vermnent for the payment of
its proportional contribution theret(^."

Contractiud oi)li<;ations of the sort referred to in the [>rece(ling
paragraph have already been entered into with many of the States,
and with the exliaustion of the appropriated funds apportioned to
these States there will be no funds to pay vouchers rcMidered by
them on account of construction work done tmder the terms of these
contractual obligations.

It would appear at first thought that tlie apportioned balance i>f
nearh- SI 73.000.000 shown above siiould be sulIicicMit to make pay-
ments to the States for a considerable period. However, the «-ash
l)alances to the credit of the individual States are not in such amounts
as to permit this, the laggard States having ndatively large balances
and other States which have been more active in ntad building
having small balances. Under the law. as interpreted by the solicitor
of the department, the balances not immediately needed in some
States may not be used in other Statics. For <'xam()le. let u^ take
the States of Arkansas. Georf^ia, Idaho. Illinois. Iowa. Maine. Mary-
land, Minnesota. North Garolina, Oreiijon. Pennsvlvania, and West
\'irginia. On .luly 1. 1022. Idah(> had a cash balance to her credit
of SI .l')3,()()0 and Jiad completed work unvouchered to the amount
of about .Silo, 000, wiiich if paid would reduce her balance as of that
date to a little over -SI ,000.000. During the fiscal year 1022 she
was paid in roun<l numbei-s Sl.tiOO.OOO from the Federal Treasury.
If durint; 1023 the State does a similar amount of wiuk we shall lack
over -S.jOO.OOO, or about SO per cent (»f her 102.3 api)ortionment . of
having enought to pav her or a larger amount if tne unvouchered
amount is reduced. Tn Iowa this is 100 per cent. In like mantnT
we sliall luiv«> insuflicient funds to pay Illinois. Maryland. Minnesota.
Oregon, and the otlier .States menti(»ned. and in «trder to pay during

372

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

the fiscal year 1923 the States in a position to render vouchers for
practically the full amount of their 1923 apportionment we need an
immediate approporiation for all the States of the $50,000,000
authorized for 1923; althougli in the States of Alahama. Indiana,
and Missouri alone we liail a total balance on July 1st of nearly
$21,000,000, a balance which judging by our records of the past will
not be entirely used in these States until some time during the fiscal
year 1926, and under the law as interpreted none of this balance
can be used in any of the other States. I have here a blue print
showing the condition in each of the States which I would like to
insert in the record.

State.

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas ,

California ,

Colorado ,

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

<ieorgia

Idaho ,

Illinois

Indiana ,

Iowa

Kansas ,

Kentucky ,

Louisiana

Maine ,

Maryland

Massachusetts. .

.Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi ,

Missouri

Montana ,

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina .
North Dakota . .

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania. . .
|{lio<ii' Island. ..
Soulli Curolina.
South Dakota. .

Tennessee

Texas

X'X&h .,

Vermont

N'irniiiia

Washington

West \'irKinia..

Wisconsin

Wyoming

ToUl

Unexpended

balance of

appropriation

July 1,1922.

»5,
2,
2,
6,
3,
1,

3,

2,

1,
i,

*5,
4,
o,
3,
1,
1,

?'
5,

2,
3,
8,
3,
4,
3,

2,

3,

13.

2,

4,
1,
4,

2

3!

lo!

2.
1,
3,
1,

1.
3,

2.

306,000
118,000
.582, 000
990.000
441,000
360,000
352,000
227,000
727,000
1.M, 000
177,000
928,000
437, 000
400.000
948,000
656,000
480,000
753,000
082,000
7.34,000
776,000
462,000
542,000
632,000
083,000
222,000
493,000
743,000
:J65. 000
982,000
672,000
707,000
991,000
.540,000
26.5,000
787,000
431,000
329,000
083.000
119,000
888,000
831,000
043,000
.58.5,000
146,000
293, 000
9:14,000
IM.OOO

Unvoueh-
ered bal-
ance Fed-
eral aid
earned.

$498,523
205,245
.507,975
1,863,008
563,596
1 10, 814

710,313
2.55, Ha
11.5,824
230, 361

1,382,914

2,040,093

1,193,228
753,593
444,169
435, .556
94,623
613, 748
573,207
291,787
609,823
410,219
148,532

1,144,584

322,820

58,568

38.5, 418

4:11,378

1,14.3,475
652, 716
296, .329
:J51,891
413,963
8,86:1

1,140,308

13, .526

:i9 1.907

4:14, 8S6

990,104

2, 448, .582
.5:18, 8.51
129,645

.5.58, xa
12:1. sao

41.5,4.53
tM8. 720
550, 898

172,059,000 27,048,583

Net balanc-e.

Paid dnriiiR^

fi.^cal vear i Estimated
1922. ( Esti-< net balance

mated as ! Julv 1,

same for
1923.)

$4,807,477
1,912,755
2.074.025
5,126.992
2, 877. 404
1,249.186 1
351.493 i
2,516,687 I
2,471.1.57

1.037.176 i
3.946.639 .
5. .545. 086 I
2,:196,907 I
4.206.772 i
3. 194. 407 I
1,211,831
1,044,444

658.377
2,468.2.52 I
5, 160, 793
2, 484, 213

2. 852. 177
8,131,781
3, 483. 468
2,938,416
2, 899, 180

434, 432
2, 357, 582
2, 933, 622
12, 838. .525
2,019,284
2,410.671
5, R19, 109
4.126.037
1.2,56,137
:l,t>46.692

417,474
1.937, 09:1
2.W,s. 114
4,12H,.S96
8,439,418
2,292.149

913,:i,V)

3. (r.>6. [m

1.022,140

877, .'►47

3, 285. 2,80

1,613.102

145,310,417

$671,347
1,565,578
2,235,459
1.972.801
1.344,894 I
641, 175 :
130.182 I
:i6:i,210
2.623,896 i
1.561,531 !
4, 199, :125
1.467.S20 :
3,927.8ai ,
2.926.702 '
1.6.'y9.S04 I
1.120,328
1.359.434 I
800,408 I
1.113.715 '
3,01.3.677 I
2. 768, 8:15 1
1.791.942 '
2. 4.5:1, 844
1.607.045
1,2.52.548
462.136
2:14, .331
t)08, 151 ;
1.121.910 •
3,105,032
2,264,343 [
1,8:10,060
4,219,322 I
2,819.836 I
1,77,8,9.12
5,292.767 I
310.803 '
1,431.877 ,
1,670.116
2,;i01,446
5,91.5,046
651.613 I
.380.700
1.97:1.642

.5:16,34.3 •
I.OIC, S70
3,119,215
018.328

1933.

$4, 136, 130

347, 177

-161,434

3, 1.54. 191

1.532.510

608,011

221.311

2, 15:1, 477

-1.52.739

-524,35.5

-252.6,86

4.077.266

-1.5:10. >N'96

1.280.070

l,5.54,6ai

91,. 50:1

-314.990

-142,031

l.:i54.537

2.147,116

-2M.62J

1.060.235

5.677,937

1.876,42:1

1,685,868

2,4:17,044

200. 101

1,749,431

1.811.712

9, 7;«. 493

-24.5, a59

.5,80.611

1,419,787

1. ;«)«>, 201

-.522,79.5

-1

646. 07.5

106.671

505, 216

977, 99s

1..S27.4,'>0

2..524.:i:j

1.640. .v Mi

.5:1:^. ii.v>
i.avi.iv.'i

4.S.5, 797

- i:i9. :iii
166,065
994,774

88,216,122 I 63,011,300

For the lisciil year 1 92 I conditions similar to the above will riMuler
necessary an appropriation of the full amount of the 1921 fiscal
year authorization lor payment of vouchers (hiring the fiscal year
1921, assuming that Congress, in th(> meantime, authorizes the appor-
tiomiu'iit of th(< 192-1 amount already authorized l)y it to be appro-

AOIUCULTURAL Ai'l'Kul'RIATlON BIM, l«4. 'M'A

nriatfd. The .$.'iO.O()( ),()()( J propusnl to !)«• iippiupriultMl wiali-r lUv
l)ill in>w uiidiT <»»ii.sult'r»iti<»n should cimblf tlif • ■• ■■" • • f vourhrrs
suhiniltt'd up to .lununrv 1, 1921, firovidcd tli. i for lUL'.'i

is sul)so(|urntly uppropnntcd.

Kclativc to tilt' (|U»'stioii of nut hon/iit loll for tlir apportiorunrnt <if
the St).'), 000. ()()() authorized to he a[)proprijit('d f'" i'-- ' -< al vrnr 1924,
if it may bo stated that on July 1 , 1922, of the -^ lOO. the total

aj)portioiuuent to date (which includes $1S,7')0.000 for 1923 appor-
tioned })ut not vet appntpriated"), $91 ,('•00.079 remained unohlijjated.

Durinj,' the Aseal year 1920 S109, 127.000 in Federal futuls wore
oblipited to thevStates. durinj; 1921 $84,115,000, un<l during the fisral
year 1922. $49,000,000. Had not progress l)een rei)res>,ed during
1921 hy the approachinj; <'xhaustion of apnortione<l finids the ohli-
jjation (hiring that year would undoul)tedly nave pjissed $100,000,000,
Again during the fiseal year 1922 it is estimated that Federal aid
road work was represse<l to the extent of apj)roximatelv $.">0.0OO.0(M)
because of lack of a congressional aj)propriation to r-orjtiinie the work
at tiie same rate as in 1920 and 1921. This is indicated (piite plaiidy
in the chart which I have here showing '' Progress of Fecleral aicl
road work."

The best evidence we have indicates that the States would nor-
mally easily absorb approxiuiately $100,000,000 a year in Fe<leral
aid witli a yearly appropriation of this amount an<l at the rate at
whicli funds liave been obligated in the past the funds now appor-
tioned will all be obligated, averaging all the States, considerably
before the end of the present fiscal year. Any delay there may be
in authorizing the apportionment of the 1924 funds will act as a
repressive influence. On October 31 of this year the States of
Maryland. Wasliington, and Oregon had oldigated practically all
their apportioned funds and must await further apportionments
beft)re tney can proceed with their nornuU Federal aid road program.
The chart also shows conclusively that construction parallels obli-
gation at an average interval of approximately six months which
IS the time taken in the survey and preparation of plans and esti-
mates.

As an explanation of the term obligated which I iiave used I will
state that the initiatory step for the improvement of a Federal aid
road project is by the otate in the submittal of a project statement
wherein is adequatel}' described the location, nature, and expected
cost of the improvement proposed. This statement is submitted
through the appropriate district office of the bureau and from the
district office alter proper field and office inspection and examina-
tion, it is forwarded to bureau headquarters in W»vshington. where
after further scrutiny it is transmitted to the .Secretary of Agricul-
fure for action. If favorable action is taken by the Secretary notice
of it is sent to the State highway department and upon such favorable
action it is considered that the Federal Government is obligated to
the extent of the amount of Federal aiil stated in the approved
project statement. The aggregate of these approved statements
in a State, as modified by any amendments there mav be made as
the work proceeds, constitute the aggregate of obligations against a
.State's apportionment and when tlie total of the obligations reach
the total of the apportionment the normal process of the State's
Federal aid road activities is of course interruntod until a new anpor-

374 AGRICULTUR.'yL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

tionment is made. This interruption means a serious disturbance
in the organizations of the State highway departments; a reduction
in force and dismissal of trained men who may not be avaihible when
the program is resumed.

STATE REQUIREMENTS.

Mr. Anderson. Is there any way of knowing whether any one

f)articular State expects to put on an average program or more or
ess than tliat ?

Mr. MacDonali). Yes, sir; we obtain estimates from the States as
to their retjuirements and as to the program which they expect to
put under way. While we secure these estimates from them, we are
governed to a large extent by our own records of what has been done
m the past. We maintain for each State a curve similar to the chart
I have shown for all of the States combined, which shows the progress
at which their work is put under way and completed, and by extending
those curves which snow a rather constant performance, State by
State, we are able to arrive at approximately what we think a State
will do in the way of putting funds under construction for the suc-
ceeding vear. We are willing, of course, to admit that one State, or
two or tliree States, may rise above the line of the curve by making
an unusual effort to put a large amount of work under way, but the
48 States are so balanced in that respect that we find our figures are
quite dependable. By running out the curve on the 48 States, and
making a composite of the whole, we believe that we have a very {

accurate forecast of what we will need from the standpoint of total !

funds for the succeeding year, and, in fact, we have projected what we i'

believe the total program wiD be for the next two years. We have
done that from a careful study of the curves of past performance.

Our conclusions as stated above are that there should be an imme-
diate appropriation of the SoO,000,000 authorized for 1923, an imme-
diate authorization to apportion the $65,000,000 authorized to be
appropriated for the fiscal vear 1924, and an immediate appropriation
ot S30,000,000 from the §65,000,000 authorization to be followed by
an appropriation of the balance of the authorization by January 1,
1924. This program, however, will not enable the States to proceed
on so extensive a road-building program as they have been carrying
during the last three fiscal .years. |

Mr. Anderson. Even with the $30,000,000 appropriated ( I

Mr. MacDonald. With the entire $65,000,000 appropriated, there "

would not be a sufhcient amount to pay the ^States the sums that we

Eaid them durin«^ the past fiscal year. Tluit is, there is no ([uostion
ut what a nmnber of States, proceeding as in the past, will need to
(haw their proportion of the entire $65,000,000.

Mr. A.NDKUso.N. Tlie (luestion seems to be whether we are to leave
in the Treasury a consiilfrablc sum of money which is not drawn by
some of the States, while there may be a deficit in the amount which
will be (hawn by others.

Mr. Mac Donald. That, of course, would automatically take care oi
itself at the end of each three-year period. Tliat is to .say, Congress
has fixed a three-year period during which States can take up each
appropriation. I my.self think that is rather too long a period, and 1
ojjposed that lengtli of time wlien the legislation was pro|)o.seil. 1 ilo
not ktj(»w why it was lixed at tliree years. States which do not take

A(iKl( I I/l L i:.\l. AriMtdl'KIAl ION lUl.U IWM. 375

up tlioir fuiuls witJj ronsonahlf proinptiu'Ks rHii.HC (Vnijrri's.H to )n>Iicvo
that there an' avnihihlr funds for cnrrvin^ on a pn»^rain mMirnillv all
over the I'nitrd Statrs. whilr, as a rnatt»T of fart l|n>^«> tuilaiircs uri'
actually available for the most part withui a verv few SluteH.

Mr. lirniANAN. \a*[ me hco if I understand v«»u: ('on^jreH« Iih-h
adopte<l a thn-e-year |)«'riod as the average, and t1ie States ran lake
their proportion of tin* money approf)riated within that period of
time '.

Mr. MacDona!,!). Yes. sir.

Mr. BrcHANAN. We will say that hve Stales during; the first vear
fail to take up Si .00(1. ()()() (»f their respective allotments for that
vear: Then then* will aeeumulate m the Treasurv for ihr fiiNt vear
i;5.()()().()()(). for the second year $.').()()().()(>(). auiifor the third year
S'). ()()().()()(), making at the end of the thn'c-year period S;1.'».0((().(M)(»
that would revert to the Treasiu'V, if the States faile«l to take up those
amounts durini; that three-year period. Is that true^

Mi-. Ma('I)().\ali>. No, sir.

Mr. Bl cilANAN. Then what would heconu* of that moneys We
will say that live States fail to take up .SI .ooo.ooi) ea«h of their
allotnuMits for the three-vear perio<l. and I want to know what
becomes of that SI. ").<)()(), ()(')().

Mr. MacDonai.d. \\ the en<l of the three-year period, the first
S"), 000, 000 wouUl <;o hack into the 'I'reasurv, and he reapportioned
ainonfT the States that ha<l jjone ahead. It wouhl be lost for that
individual State, but not lost to the total fund.

Mr. Bi'CHANAN. Then the S-'>,000,00() wouM rcMiain in the Trt-asury
for three years (

Mr. MacDonali). Yes. sir.

Mr. BrcHANAN. Before it would he allotted to the other States^

Mr. MacDonali). Yes, sir. Then the next S."). 000. 000 would be
available for the next three-year period.

Mr. Buchanan. Then it would be reallotted at the end of the
fourth year ^

Mr. MacUonald. Yes. sir.

Mr. Blxhanan. And the last $5,000,000 would be reallotted at
the end of five years to the other States that took their appropria-
tions (

.STATES TAKE LP ALLOTMENT BEFORE THREE-YEAR LIMIT E.\PIRE».

Mr. MacDonald. Y^es, sir. What actually happens is that the
States can he three years behind, but if they put in their project
agreements and have their contracts sijjncd up by the end of the fiscal
year durinj; which that particular allotment would lapse, they
can continually hold on to their funds. They can work two years
behind the average, and still hold their funds. There have been no
funds to lapse for any State yet. ami I do not think there will be.
because all of them are proceeding at a sulJicicnt rat(> to comi^ within
the three-year limit.

Mr. Bi'CHANAN. The provision recpiiring that procedure is em-
bodied in th(^ law ^

Mr. MacDonald. Y^es, sir. Taking the balance which we should
have in the Treasury at the end of this fiscal year, and a.ssuming that
all the States draw all of the Federal aid that they have earned,
and we think thev will earn as much as thev did hvst vear. we would

376 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

have a total of S63.000,000, but here is Alabama with $4,000,000,
California with $.3,000,000, Indiana with $4,000,000. and New York
with $9,000,000. or pretty nearly haU of the funds in those four or
five States, the rest of it being distributed in small balances. These
balances are based upon the assumption that the payments during
1923 will be the same ixs for 1922.

Mr. Anderson. They will ncU do that, because your authorization
for this vear is not as large.

Mr. ^fAcUoNALD. The authorization for this year does not have
anything to do with what the States are going to draw. Of course,
it has something to do with it. but a large part of the program for
whicli tliey actually pay out the money is based on former apportion-
ments, and out of the apportionment that will be available for this
year of $.')0. 000,000. I assume that probably $26,000,000 will go over
for the program next year.

Approximately, we estimate that there are 20 States that will need
their apportionments of the $65,000,000 during the fiscal year 1924.
Those estimates are as close as can be made without knowing whether
the States will take up the entire amount of our indebtedness to
them, or whether they will carry on the same-sized program as they
have on an average during the preceding years. If all the States
were operating on the same basis, then any balance which we have
remaining in the Treasury would all the time be prorated to the
States in the same proportion as the funds are originally appropriated,
and then the total balance would mean something, but as it is, the
total balance means nothing whatever.

Mr. Anderson. You are dealing with two things here ^

Mr. MacDonald. Yes, sir; that is true.

Mr. Anderson. One of them is the authorization. Now. it seems
to me that you have language here which continues your authoriza-
tion, but so far as this committee is concerned, we have nothing to
do with that except as the authorization creates an obligation which
has to be paid out of the Treasury this year. What we want tt) get
at, if we can, is this, 1 think: Assuming that this authorization will
be made in accordance with the provisions of this section of the
law, what additional sums will be drawn from the Treasury in addi-
tion to those already appropriated, and those which must be appro-
priated for this year^

Mr. MacDonald. It is this fiscal year that we are talking about.

Mr. Anderson. I mean the next fiscal year.

Mr. MacDonald. Assuming that that authorization would carry
sulUcient authority over intt) the succeeding fiscal year, or that
the Appropriations Committee could appropriate the balance of it,
I believe that the $30. 000, 000 would be sufficient until January 1,
1924, but 1 can not guarantee that it would be.

Mr. Anderson. Of course, that is not a matter of very great con-
secjuence, perlia|)s, because the next session will be next December,
if we do not have one earlier, and, as long as you can create obliga-
Uous, the mere iippropiiation of the money is relatively a small
thing.

Mr. MacDo.nald. I agree with you thoroughly on that. However,
to get some safeguard, if it were specified by the committee that the
$.30, ()()(), 000 could he used (o (aUe up obligations as they vnmc in,
it would be well.

I

I

AC.RICULTIIUK .U'IMIOIMIIATION BILU 1"2<. 877

Mr. Anderson. L«*t mo awk y«»u tlu» (|Ucstioii that I aMkrnl Mr.
.IiMuj) a whilo tt^o. which question did not ^o into tho roronl, but

wliich, {)<>rlui|)s, will clarifv the sittintion. Thr f]' I wnnt

to ask is tliis: Sunjujsc thcro is aiitlu»ri/.('<l to ho oxpoip " '"""' 'WK)

for the noxt Hscal your, and you H()portion that to thi- hv

croatinp un ohli^atioii on tlio Tro»wurv for its payinonf. and supponp
we appropriate .$.'i( ).(»()( ).()()() as hoin^ tho sum whirh will h. Jlv

witiulrawij from tin* Troasiirv as a ronso<nionco of those ohi.^... . ,ns:
now, must that $.'{().()()().()()() ho apportioned in tho same ratio nn tho
original $ti').(M)().(HH) was apportioned, or ran that $:i() .()()() .000 be
dra\\n upon in the proportion in which the States have aetually (h)no
then" work i

Mr. M-vrDoNAU). Well, I would jud«,'e that un<ier our present pro-
eoduro wo would only pay out in i)roportion.

Mr. .\m)KI{so\. There is this distinction hetwoen what you have
boon doinj; horot<ifore and what you are doin^ now: Heretofore you
have had tho actual money appropriated.

Mr. MacDonaM). Yes, sir.

Mr. .Vndf.k.son. Consequently, there was no distinction between
the appropriation and the authorization, but it was all (ino thinj».
If you did not spend it in one year, vou could take it up in the noxt.
Now. we have made a chanj^e in that situation somewhat. an<l wo
have made an authorization upon which you can create oblijiations.
The (juestion which arises seems to be perfectly simple. If you take
the mimey out of the Treasury in the ratio in which you have made
the allotments to the States, then you are ojoing to have a certain
amount of money in the Treasury that lies there obli«;atetl until it
is expended. In the other ca.se. you have States that will have money
coming to them that you will not be able to pay, although it was
all()tted to them under the authorization, because you have not the
cash. The (luestion is whether this $.30,000,000 can be allotted as
a fund out of which you can pay obligations that arise this year,
without respect to the allotments created under that authorization.
If you can, it will take much less money than would be reciuirod the
other way.

Mr. MacDoxald. My own judgment is that that is the wa}* it shouhl
be handled, and I know of notiiing that would prevent your putting
language into the law that would allow that procedure.

Mr. Brcii.vN'AN. How about the law on the books now or tho
regulations of the department? Can vou not do that now? Suppose
we gave you .S^O.OOO.OOO in the way tlie bill reads, and suppose some
.States enter into contracts and c<)mplete them, while some other
States do not. Could you not take all of this money an<l pay the
obligations of States that did cimiplete their contracts, leaving tho
others that did not complete them obligated under the balance of tiie
$0.5,000.000 '. Does the law provide that the cash aporopriation shall
be allotted in accordance witii tho original allotment of the
$60,000,000 i

Mr. MacDonald. I think thai ii would he rather heller u> make it
clear in the law, if possible.

Mr. Bi'CHAXAX. This is not a legislative committee.

Mr. MacDoxald. I think the Secretary should have authority
within his discretion to so use tho appropriation.

Mr. Andkusox. It seems to me that it gets down to a fairly simple
proposition. We have authorized $65,000,000, and we must pay

I

.

378 .UJRICULTl^RAL APPROPRIATION BFLL, 1924.

that some time, but we are only goinor to pay $30,000,000 of it this
year. It is not quite as simple as that, because you have some hang-
overs, but that is what it amounts to in the aggregate, is it not ?

Mr. MacDonali). Yes. sir; 1 believe that it would be possible to
provide for the use of the fund in that way. The total $65,000,000
to be apporti(med, and $80,000,000 appropriated to apply to all of
that apportionment as the obligations come in.

Mr. Andkrson. Yes. that is the proposition.

Mr. MacDonali). I suppose there is no possibility of getting any
assurance that Congress would act promptly when we had expended
the $30,000,000.

Mr. Anderson. I assume, and I think it is a perfectly sound
assumption, that Congress, having authorized the Secretary of
Ao-riculture to incur certain obligations which mature in the future,
and Ccmgress having appropriated in its best judf^cment and in your
best judgment the amount which would be reciuired for this fiscal
year uncfer that authorization, if the developments were such that
a larger amount was roriuired. it would recognize that clearly as a
defici'encv under our rules. If your department were to spend
more than $30,000,000 during the next fiscal year upon that authori-
zation already made, it seems to me perfectly clear that that would
be a doficicncv.

Mr. MacDonali). Assuming that that plan could be carried out.
I think it would be preferable to piling up the appropriation.

Mr. Anderson. There is no use in appropriating $65,000,000 (U*
."5;5().000.000 for the next fiscal vear if vour actual obligations will
call for only $30,000,000 or $35,000,000. "

Mr. MacDonald. I agree with you and with the Director of the !

Budget on that.

Mr. Anderson. 1 suggest that you put some of those tables iti
the record, so we will have complete data before us.

Mr. MacDonald. I will do so.

PROVISION FOR OBLIGATION OF BALANCE OF AL TIIORIZATION.

Mr. Buchanan. You have a provision here in this bill which pro- '
vidcs for the obligating of the balance of the $65,000,000 that we are
authorized to appropriate. Now, that $65,000,000 has been allotted i*

in a certain proportion to the different States. What reason have ^

you to believe that all of those States will be ready to enter into obli-
gations such as wouhl continue the power of (\)ngress to appropriate
under the original authorization^ Some of them may not be ready
within the fiscal year, and, that being the case, we would lose the
|)ow('r to appropriate under that original authorization the $(55. -
000,000 that is. if some vStates were not ready to enter into obliga-
tory contracts within the fiscal year.

Mr. MacDonald. It is my understanding of the language of this
ad that it chnngcs that status in that we are authorized to enter
into contractual obligations.

Mr. Bi'cnANAN. The proviso reads:

I'roritM further. Thai thti Sccrptary of Agrii-iilf iirc ^hall &<•{ n\nm projoctH submit ti'd
to him iiiKHT hif* a|i|Mnii<»iimciit of this authorization, aiui his approval of any such
project hhuli 1)1' (icciiic(i a conlra<tiial ol)li>,'alioii ol tlic l-Vdcral (iovcrmiu'iit lor the
puymcnt of iln proixtrtioiiul coutributitm thcri-to.

AORKILTURAL AIMMinpUIATION BIM^ H»24. 379

S(» tliat (In- Statrs. or all (lir Stairs, will liav«» t«» Uv prf|>nr«'<| anil
ready to suhinit to thr StTrrtury of A^rir'tiltiirr a propomiion for tlie
iinprov(MiuMit of [xihlic lii^liways, arul you must l>r rendv to do it
within this liscal vrur in order to hold our authoritv to appropriate
the rest of the .•$(•.."..(»()((.()()().

Mr. MAtDoNAi.i). in or<ler to he ahle to annwer that (pieMtion
et>rrc('tly. I would have to know if that is the view|)oint of this <-oni-
niittee toward such an authorization. I was jjoin^ on the theory
that if tlu' SCi."). ()()(), 0(10 is apportioned as the authority wouhl he
^iven tnxler this act, and a considt-rahle portion of iIm" Stntrs will
aetuallv {)la<e their full apportionments, or their full share of the
apportionment, under contract, and that the S«»eretnrv approves
their projects, or if. say. half of the Slates di<l that within the liseal
y«>ar, then the remainder of the .?<).'>. 000. 000 nnist h»' ap|)roj)riated
either durin«; the fiscal year or durinjj tlu* following fiscal year, tir
else we hrcak faith with the halanc*' of the States.

Mr. IJrciiANA.N. That is true; it uiusl be either durintj the fiscal
year or the follow in"; tiscal year, hut suppose it is not ohlii;ated during
the fiscal year, will Contjress then have the power to approf)riate
under that orii;inal act authorizing !?()'), 000, 000 for this fiscal year ^

Mr. MAtDo.NALi). I am a.ssumin^ that Congress will have, having
authorized the Secretary to enter into contractual ohlii^ations.

Mr. BrcHANAN. They must actually enter into contracts.

Mr. Andkhson. But not within the fiscal year, necessarily.

Mr. BicjiANAN. You may ht* ri»^ht about that.

Mr. Jump. This mornint; \lr. MacDonald and I raised that tjuestion
with General Lord, and he called in Judj^e Warwick, the former
('om|)troller of the United States, who is now a member of the Budjjet
staff. While it was recofjnized that the (piestion was solely one per-
taining to the rules of the House, concerninfj which the executive
officers of the (lovernment are not authorized or com|)etent to ride,
the opinion of .Iud<;e Warwick, informally expressed to us, of course,
was tiiat this proviso in the estimates al)()ut the SU.jjOOO.OOO appor-
tionment and subse(|uent obligations to be entered into uncier it
would perpetuate the authority to report out appropriations in later
fiscal years, whereas the original act, as we understand your view of
it. might not do it.

Mr. Andeksox. Kntirely aside from the question of the time it is
obligated, my impression is tliat where Congrt'ss has autliorized the
Government to enter into an obligation, and that obligation lias been
entered into as a fixed continuing work, under our ndes no (juestion
would arise under this provision at all. I do not think any question
would arise under it at all.

Mr. Jimp. In other words, it does not seem that Congress would
authorize the Secretary of Agriculture immediately upon the passage
of this act to apportion the full authorizaticm of .?().'). 000, 000 among
the States and tluMi do other than iionor the obligation. regardh»ss
of whether the fiscal year had expired or not.

Mr. BrcHAXAN. I do not know what would be the construction of
this lantruatre, but 1 do not believe that this provision extends one
iota the j)ower of (\)ngress to a|)proj)rMite under this authorization
unless the j)rojects have been approved within the time that ('ongri>«
authorizes the making of the appropriation.

Mr. Jimp. That is the whole (juestion.

380 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRL^TION BILL, VJ2i.

Mr. Buchanan. We can not authorize a department to enter into
a contract after the time has elapsed when we are authorized to make
the appropriation.

Mr. Jump. Do you not think you have extended the time ?

Mr. Buchanan. If he approves the project, he can extend it to
eternity — that is. if he approves the project during the time that we
are authorized to appropriate.

Mr. Jump. If there is anv doubt, why not put in an additional
sentence sj)ecifically exten(hng the time of the authorization ?

Mr. Buchanan. Possibly it should be extended for the three-year
period.

Mr. MacDonali). We have a general law providing that funds
apportioned under the federal highway act are available for three
years.

Mr. Chairman, the other day we had a hearing or a partial hearing,
on that provision of the law. authorizing us to exchange passenger
vehicles, and I am prepared to insert the figures, or to go into that
question, if vou desn-e it.

Mr. Anderson. I do not think that will be necessary.

Mr. MacDonald. I find that it will be necessary for us to have foi-
the next year or two, and, perhaps, longer, in the neighborhood of
S29,000 to replace cars, or authority to use up to that amount. This
is in addition to the amounts now shown in the bill. We have 175
cars in use.

Mr. Anderson. I suggest that you have the solicitor or somebody
draw up a provision authorizing you to use that amount out of some
appropriation.

Mr. MacDonald. 1 will do so.

Monday, November 27, 1922.

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS.

STATEMENTS OF DR. H. C. TAYLOR, CHIEF; MR. LLOYD S.
TENNY, ASSISTANT CHIEF; MR. WILLIAM A. SCHOENFELD.
DIRECTOR OF MARKETING RESEARCH; MR. WELLS A.
SHERMAN, SPECIALIST IN MARKET SURVEYS; MR. W. F.
CALLANDER, IN CHARGE OF DIVISION OF CROP AND LIVE-
STOCK ESTIMATES; MR. J. CLYDE MARQUIS, DIRECTOR
OF MARKET INFORMATION; MR. H. S. YOHE, IN CHARGE
OF ADMINISTRATION OF UNITED STATES WAREHOUSE
ACT; MR. C. W. KITCHEN, SUPERINTENDENT OF CENTER
MARKET, AND MISS EMILY E. CLARK, JUNIOR ASSISTANT
IN MARKET INFORMATION.

GENERAL CILVRACTKK.

Doctor Tavlok. Mr. Chninuan, the I'lircau »tf .Vgricullural Iv/on-
oniics comprises the elements of the old Bureau Of Markets, the
Bureau of ('loj) Estimates, and the Ollice of Farm Maiuigcnicnt
Mild Fiuiu IVdiKHiiics, whicli have been consolidated into oii(> 1)U-
i<'jiii. This udik of coiisolichitioii has been going on for about a
year mid a half in accordance with the authority in the approj)riation

I

AORICUL.TURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1024. 881

hills for \\r22 and Wri'.i. \> iimIk lUrd in tin' stnt. ■- <.f la-.l

v<'ar, the lii-st <'oiis()li«lHti<»ii, tluil of llw Hiircmi nf M niid l\w

liuronii of (Vt>n Kstiiiiat«»s, nui(l«» poHHiblt* tin* throwing; logi-thiT of a
{mrt of the ndmiiiistrativr sections last \M'Hr. that is. of iimil and
iiU's, acroimts, lilnarv, «'tc., wln<'h altop«thrr iiuulr posMihli- a naviiij;
of al)oiit ."<;{(),()()(» in the fjoiuTal <'X|>rnsr of operation. Then, whon
the OITuT of Farm Manaf^cmont and Kami Kiononiics wan con-
solidated with the Bureau of Markets aiul Crop Kstiniat**^, a Miiiiilar
savintj was made thn»n{;h the further consolidation of thone sersu-e
units of Farm Management and Farm Kronomies uith the larjjer
or{;anizati(jn; so that there has been a savinf; in the jjrneral over-
lu'ad 1)V those two steps in consolidation of approximat«'ly .1ir.O.(MK>.
A part of this was taken out of the statutory roll and a part of the
savin*; was offecteil hy transf<>rrin}; <ertain employees who had par-
ticipated in the fjcncral administration of the bureaus to scientific
work.

CONSOUDATIMN OF in lu M ^'

More important, howevor. than the financial savinps is the incroaso<l
efficiency or elfectiveness of the market in^r work of the department
thidujih this consolidation. Tiiere are three ways, at least, in wliich
this consolidation has increased the effectiveness of the work. In
the first place, that has been done by brinf^ng together the working
units of (Vop Kstimates and Farm Manatrement. For example, the
crop estimating; machinery of the old Bureau t»f Crop Fstimates has
proved exceedingly useful to those who are workinsT on farm-manage-
ment problems by providing; a means of gathering some general in-
formation to supplement the detailed informatii»n that was being
gathered directly from the farmers by those working on the problem
of cost production and farm organization. Detailed cost accounting
work has been earned on on a large number of farms in different
parts of the L'nitetl States for the purpose of securing the basic
elements of cost in terms of the materials and labor entering into
the cost of producing crops. Those figures become of greater per-
manent value when supplemented from year to year by specific in-
formation that can be gotten through crop estimators with regard to
the changes that have taken place in the cost of those material
elements of cost — that is. changes in the cost of labor in the produc-
tion of wheat, and of supplies, such as binding twine, etc.. that may
change from year to vear. Another example of the benefits derived
from this closer coordination may be illustrated by the work in live-
stock estimates and live-stock marketing.

By bringiiig the live-stock marketing se< imn in dose conjunction
with the live-stock estimating section, they have proved to be
mutually helpful, and are cooperating very closely, so that the infor-
mation that is secured in Chicago, for instance, by the live-stock
marketing division supplements material that is collected in the field
by the live-stock estimating group in making a determination of what
has actually taken place; that is. what comes into the market is a
check upon estimates of what was behind the market. Furthermore,
the materials that are gotten through crop estimates with regard to
what is probably behind the market this year is very helpful to those
who are interested in that problem from the marketing point of view.
and who arc interested in knowing what is coming into the market
during a given season.

382 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

.\nother way in which the consoUdation has proved especially
helpful is by bringjiiij^ toojether the people working on the economics of
of production and the economics of marketing and talking over the
various problems that they jointly have to work upon, eacn gets the
point of view of production and of marketing, and not simply the
point of view of production or the point of view of marketing. We
come to see more and more that many of the problems of marketing
arise out of c(mditions in the field of production and. on the other
hand, many of the questions that the farmer needs to have answered
before deciding what to produce have to be answered by those who
are working in the field of marketing. The biggest change that has
been brought about in the work of the combined bureaus and,
particularly, with regard to the marketing work, is the introduction
of more economic research.

More effort is behig given to the thorough understanding of the
economic forces that influence the market movement of farm crops.
A study is being made of what happens to each of the principal crops
from the time it leaves the farm until it reaches the consumer. For
example, take wheat: We are interested in making a study of what
happens to wheat at the local station as the farmer and the local
buyer get together and agree upon a price at which the wheat shall
be sold, and the extent to which careful gratling of the grain is taking
place. Then, we are interested in the financing as well as the actual
movement of the grain, both in the local and in the central markets,
following through in detail everything that happens to this wheat,
including the financing and the grading of the wheat, from the time
it leaves the farm until it reaches the mill, with a view to making a
clear picture that will be a basis, first, for educational work, and
second, for a proper adjustment of our grain grades, in order that
through a proper adjustment of grain grades and through the edu-
cation of the farmer to look after nis own interests, the milling value
of the wheat may be more perfectly reflected back to the farm. An
example of one thing that has received a ^reat deal of attention
is the 'Know your wheat" campaign, which has for its purpose
teaching the farmer to know what he nas to sell in order that lie may
sell it iiu)re advantageously. It has the further oflice. however,
of stimulating him to produce a thing that is of higher intrinsic
value in the market. Work along this same line is being carried
on in the field of cotton marketing. In the past it was the rule for
cotton of (lifl'erent grades anil staple to be sold, b}^ the smaller farmers
in particular, at the average price in a given community without
regard to the did'ereuces in value.

Educational work has been carried on jointly with the extension
services in the various States, to help the farmers to know the value
of what they are producing;, and, in turn, that has had a very bene-
ficent influence upon the inrniers in selecting varieties of cotton to
grow tlml will tU'niand better prices. We hope to organize the
research v, ;»rk in such a way as to form the foundation for improving
all of tiie services and the regulatory work. In a general way, Mr.
Chairnian, the effort has l)(>en to make tiie r(>s(*jirch work of the bureau
follow u|) and nctually further the work that was so well begun in
the field of marketing and credit by the Joint Commission of Agri-
cultural ln(|uiry.

AORI(;ULTURAL APPKOIMUATIOX BILI^ 1024. 383

rrUUIKM MAUK BY Vr.UKHAl. TKA1>C (OMMINMION.

Mr. AxDKiisoN. To wluit pxt^nt arc you nhlr to iimk*' >>-•• "f *}}f
studies iniuh' hy tlic KtMlrral Tradr Coiutnissifin '.

Doi'tor Taylor. In onrh of tlu» inv«'stij;ationH tlmt wr mnko, for in-
stance, in tho rnarkctinj; of wheat, we p't tojjetlier the h<'arinjrH
before tlie Feth'ial Tiath- Conunission, and us«' that nuiterial in so
far u8 it answers the (|uestion that needH to be answrreil. Take, for
exainph", th«' (juestitm of tlie extent to wliiefi ^rain is a<'ttially soUl
by <;rade at tlie h)eal stations. We find information there, but we
fe»'l disposed to ask ciM'tnin ((lU'stions with re<;ard to that information.

VVlien the statement is made in one of tnoso hearings that jjrain
is {generally purchjused on tlie basis of United .States standard**, wc
want to know what actually trans|)ires at the local station-; whether
all of the necessary work is performecl to ascertain a<curafelv what
tlie «;rade is, or whether they muj^hly «letermine it as U. S. N*o. 1 or
V. S. No. 2. Om- impression is that, while it is (piite generally buujjht
on the basis of thos(> ti;rades, in many instances the j;ra<les are not by
any means accurately determined at the local stations.

Another way in wbich the work is benefited by the consolidation is
tbrou<;h our publications and out news services. By const)lidatinoj
the news or information services of those three bureaus into one,
and keej)in<x the farmei-s informed about the economic problems of
both production ail marketinrj all the time, we are able to make the
work more effective. It is true that it is ver^- often not production
news so much as marketin<j news that the producer is interested in,
because he is adjusting his production to market conditions. Fur-
thermore, it is often true that it is not so much what is happening in
tlie market that the market man is interested in. as in what is hap-
pening behind the market in |)r()(luction, and we are keeping the
whole field of marketing and production before our minds in sending
out information. We believe it is more efl'ective than where those
wlio are interested primarily in production are giving out informa-
tion for the producer and where those who are interested in marketing
are giving out information for those who are interested in the handling
of farm produce.

With tins general statement, I would like to pass on to the .specific
items of appropriation.

SALARIES.

Mr. AxDERSox. Suppose we take up the statutory roll on page '2iy9 ?

Doctor Taylor. I would like to have Miss Clark cover the statutory
roll.

Miss Clark. We have .?0()r),440 on the smiutory roll now. There
is an apparent increase on tliis item of SI 1.990. but an actual decrease
of .S30,2G0. The aj)parent increase is caused by the transfer of 40
employees, with salaries aggregating .?IS.70(). from the lump-sum
roll to'tlie statutory roll, and the transfer of one accountant and book-
keeper from the oflice of the Secretary to this bureatL

Mr. Anderson. Where did those transfers come from (

Miss Clark. The^- came from various lump-sum rolls of our
bureau, and I have a second ta])le here covering that. The transfers
were as follows: From farm management and |>ractice. SO. 720; from
market distribution and farm production, S 10,780; from cn)p and

2202^—22 25

384 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

live-stock estimates. $18,000: from market news service, ?3.600; from
enforcement of the United States cotton futures act, $3,000; and
from the administration of the United States warehouse act. S3, 600.
Mr. Anderson. What I want to get at is how those places arose
under those lump sums '.

Miss Clark. Those places are new appointments made since the
last transfers to the statutory roll, but they are very largely offset
by the places we are dropping. Tliey are offset, first, by the tran.s-
fer of one executive clerk at §2,250 and one telegi'aph operator at
$1,400 to the office of the Secretar}'. Four clerks of class 1 are being
transferred to the Bureau of Plant Industry, which were omitted
accidentally last year. Then there are dropped from the roll 45
places with salaries aggregating $30,260. All of those places are
either vacant or are filled r)y employees whose services can be dis-
pensed with by the end of the present fiscal year.

Mr. Anderson. What I am getting at is this: You set up a
situation last year which made the statutory roll and the roll under
the lump sum. The supposition at that time, I assume, was that
the statutory roll that was then set up was set up with reference to
the clerical recjuirements in connection with those lump sums. Of
course, if that assumption is not correct, we must come to a different
conclusion. If it is correct, w^hat I want to know is where the
occasion for those clerks arose. In other words, if the statutory
roll, wheji you got those aj)propriations, was properly apportioned
to your lump sums, there would nave been no occasion for appointing
new clerks to be paid out of the lump sums.

Miss Clark. We increase the statutory roll only by transfers
from the lump sums — that is, by the transfer from the lump sums
of clerks who are already in the bureau.

Mr. Anderson. I understand that, but that is a continuous
process, apparently.

Miss Clark. It is a continuous process. This looks like more of
an increase however than it is. There is a net increase of only
§11,990, and we are droj)ping more places than we are creating new
ones. There are 45 places that will be dropped, and only 40 new
places to be created. That makes this readjustment necessary.

Mr. Anderson. Wliat was the total increase in the Bureau last
year, exclusive of the statutory roll ^ Do you recalls

Miss Clark. The total increase to the bureau was approximately
$136,000, and of that just about $36,000 was on the statutory roll.
There is a need for readjustment as the clerical roll is constantly
changing. We lost nearly 25 per cent of our total clerical roll by
terminations, through resitrnalions, and otherwise, anil we have had
new appointments. For tliat reason we have difficulty in keeping
the clerical force adjusted to the statutory roll. Every year tnere
are apt to be some new transfers. When there is an increase in the
appropriations, it has not been the custom to ask for new statutt)rv
places. It has been the policy not to ask for statutory j)laces until
the clerks aic in the bureau, workitig on a perninneiit basis. Then
we ask for the statutory places in the estimates for the coming year.
There is only one other change in the statutory roll. We are a.sking
that the <lesignation of nine machine oj)eratoi-s be changed from
machine operators to machine operatoi-s or clerks. There is no
change in the salary that is re(|Uested. It will give a Jit tie more

LH

AGRI( I'LTX'RAL APPRomiATlO.V BII.I^ 1024. 385

flrxibilit V t(i tlu" roll, aixl will iTinhlr lis to usr thi»sr places for rlerlcH
(»!• nuK-liiTM' (t|)«'r»itor8 as thr needs of the sorviro dirtato.

FOn (JENKKAI VDMIMSTKATIVK KrPKV'^K'*

Mr. Anderson*. Your next item seems to be the penernl u(iruiniji-
trutive item, in which tlu-re does iio( iippear to he any rhan^o.
Dtxfor 'rwi.oi:. Thrrr is iki chnnt^'c in Hmt

nut l.MriU)VEl) MKTIIODS OK FAKM M.V.N A(i KM KXT AND KAKM

ri{A(TI( T..

Mr. A.NDKKsoN. The next item is on page 273, t«» investigate and
encourage the athtption of iinproviMl metliods of farm nuiiuigement
and farm practice.

Doctor Taylok. There is a decrease in tlie hnup sum. hut a corre-
s|)on<hng increa.se in the statutory roll, so that tne total amount
tlie same.

Mr. Andkkson. Suppose you give us a brief >latenuMit of what i.s
being done under tliis item now.

Doctor Tayu^h. The work covered by this item includes the ovo-
iiomics of agricultural production. This is included imder two clas.ses
oi" iieadiiigs, first, the study of the basis of piodiiction. and then the
organization of production. Under the head of the bases of produc-
tion we have the stiidy of land economics or the land bases of pro-
duction, farm population and country life, and agricultural finance.

Under the head (»f land economics we are proposing to ex|)end the
same amount as for the current year, which is S().'). ()()() for the lump
sum and $27.S2() on the statutory roll, making a total of S92,820.

I..\Nn VALUATION.

One of the lines of work of very great importance at the present
time, covered by this subdivision, is the (piestion of land valuation.
The work has been done on the basis of (piestions tliat were put in
the last census schedule for the special benefit of our bureau, and In-
special studies in the field, with a view to determining the way in
which land is being valued and the relation of land values to the earn-
ing power of the land, as well as to increments that have been added
to tlie value of tlie land. The joint-stock land banks, the Federal
farm loan banks, and the farm mortgagi' bankers have been very
much interested in this piece of work in the last year, becaii.se the
question of the size of the loans rests back upon a proper valuation
of laiul. They recognize that there has not been any scientific
method of land valuation «leveloped in the past and this effort to
develop a scientific basis of land valuation arouses a very great
interest on the part of these money lendeis. It is also of very great
value, if applied properly, to those who are buying land in ortler that
the prices paid may properly correspond to the earning power of tho
land.

Mi-. Anderson. Has this item any relati»»ii to the cost ul juodurium
studies (

Doctor Taylor. Yes. This has a very important application to
the cost of production studies, because in the past we have luul to
take the land values given bv the farmers.

386 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. AxDERSox. I did not mean particularly this land valuation
item but this item of farm management.

Doctor Taylor. Yes; because whether or not you are goin^ to
operate a farm for profit depends upon buying the land at a right
price and being able to borrow money on it up to a fair valuation.

STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN LANDLORD AND TENANT.

Another problem that is beino; covered in this section of land
economics is the question of the relation between landlord and tenant.
Since two-fifths of the farms of the United States are operated by
tenants this becomes a very important matter, because tne relation
between landlord and tenant has much to do with the type of farming
and what the tenant is free to do in the management of his farm.

Mr. BucHAXAX. Do you mean you are making a study to ascertain
what that relation is ?

Doctor Taylor. Yes; and the relations w^hich are successful and
lead to good agriculture as well as the relations which tend to retard
good farm management.

Mr. BucHAXAX. Then you propose to publish a bulletin on that ?

Doctor Taylor. Yes; a bulletin has just recently been published
on the relation between landlords and tenants in the black prairie of
Texas.

Mr. BucHAXAX. Does that bulletin state what the proper relation
should be, in the opinion of the department?

Doctor Tay'lor. It shows the relations which are proving successful
and profitable.

Mr. BucnAXAX. Have you found a general class of relations that
are successful ?

])octor Taylor. Well, of course, there is more than one factor.
It is a proper form of contract along with good people that makes the
success.

Mr. BuciiAXAN. Have you found, in the relations between landlord
and tenant, where a good tenant is not successful all the time i

Doctor Taylor. There are certain methods of renting land that
discourage good tenants, so that a good tenant will tend to disappear
or go some place else if the methods are not proper. So you usually
find the good tenants and the good methods of renting going together.

Mr, BucHAXAX. What I want to get at is this: What general
service is rendered by this investigation ? Do you hope to change
certain of the relations between landlord and tenant that have hereto-
fore existed, or what?

Doctor Taylor. To give the best possible information to those
who make in(|uiry and are studying the problem of improving the
relations between landlord and tenant. Hundreds of people are
continiinlly asking (Hicstions on this subject, and what wo are dcung
is biinging togetlier tlie information which is useful to those who are
wanting to improve coiuhtions. Where there is a good system of
tenancy there is a better chance that the tenants will be able to rise
to the position of land owning farmei-s in the coui-se of tinu\

Mr. liiciiANA.N. I fear it will be a long time.

Doctor Taylor. Of coui-se, in the Soutli it takes a good deal longer
with one class of population than it does with another. .

AORK'T'T.TT'RM ^ FM'Hnfi!! ATfo\ BIIJ, I'C'I. ;i^7

The (iiH'stion of coloiii/.utioM has luM'n tak«'n up. Ah a lar^o niiinl)or
of [)('o|)l(' an' rontinually x'ckiu^ to smirc fann>« f<»r thnn-- '

turn to tlu> possibility of p-tlin^' rhcap land in rr^jions n«»( i

pi(»<l, and larp* nuinl>('i>4 of farini'iN havr Uvru indu('i><| t<» Iruvr
rofjions vvIut*' fanning is s«>ttlf(I and ^<» into rf^ions \vhi»rc it iit nti
cxpcrirnont and in many rasfs wIuto flwrr is no fiitiirc oppor'
Tlic ("llort is to <;('t tof^i'tlicr (lie farts with rr^ard to opjiorti....
in the difTrrmt parts of tlio I'nitrd Stntrs ami tlu« mothfHls of -M'tf!'
incnt tl»at arc proviTi"; sticccssful. Studios arc brinjr nnuli* in tin*
pro<;n'ss of .'settlers in (lifr«'n'nt rc^jions wliicli show whjit ihr j)n
arc. All of this has for its purpose a mor«' intcllij^mt hn-is of i

on tlu» part of farmers who arc sockin*^ opportunities to pel the uso of
hmd as a I>asis for prtxhiction.

STUDY OF KAKM POPl'I.ATION.

Another paraUol hno of study, which is basic to farm or«;ani/ation.
is the study of farm population, which lias been carried on within the
last few years with a view to ;;cttin;; the facts with rc^arrl to the con-
ditions in the country. Particular attention duriti;; the past year
has been jjiven to an analysis of the farm p(»pulation. I'ntil the
last census, the census of n>2(). we had never had any information
with re»;ard to farm j)onulation as such. Rural population, which is
a very <liflerent thin<;. has l)een tabulated. By special arranj^ement
with the(Vnsus iJurcauaii indicatorwas put in before the name of each
person to tiesigjnate whether or not they lived on farms and wlu'ther
or not they worked on farms.

On the basis of this an experinu'ntal study has been made in »'i^ht
counties in the United States for the purpose of sh<»winf; what is true
of the farm population in comparison with other j;rouj)s of popula-
tion. This <;ives the same facts with rej^ard to the peoj)le on farms
that we have been <;etlin<^ in the past witli re<^ard to the city poj)ula-
tion, and also gives essentially as good information w ith regard to the
people on farms as it docs with regard to the live stock on farms.
Now, we luiv(» been hearing a great deal from time to time about the
shifting of population and how the maintenance of the rigiit type of
people on the farms is e^ssential to the future of good agriculture.
This for the first time gives us the beginnings of the detailed facts as
to wliat is tluTc and, on the basis of future studies, it will show the
trends tliat are taking place.

Mr. Anderson. What does it show in general, so far as you htive
gone ?

Doctor T.VYLOR. These tabulations are just being thrown in shap««
now; they arc just getting through the machine work on the tabula-
tions. They show, for instance, in Dane County. Wis. — one of the
counties chosen — facts as to the question: "Is illiteracy more com-
mon in farm families tlian in otlier families i" Ami it lias been shown
that there is six-tenths of 1 per cent less of illiteracy on farms than in
the country as a whole.

Mr. Anderson. In tliat county ?

Doctor Tayix)R. In that county, yes. It shows the (Hcupations of
tlie people wJio live on the farms, and a rather high percentage of
people living on tlie farms who work at other things and bring income
into these farm liomes. Of course, that ijicludes tlie .school-teachers.

388 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TION BILL, l^rli.

It also shows the ages of the people on the farm, the extent to which
the work is done by women and children, and the extent to which
the work is hired.

Mr. AxDEUsoN. That is all very interesting, but what I uni trying
to get at is: What do you do with this information when you get it,
and of what practical value is it?

Doctor Taylor. When we are studying the question of farm pro-
duction through a series of years and want to get at the trend of
what is taking place, and if the trend is in the direction of depleting
the human basis of agricultural production and we want to know
what steps to take to maintain the human basis of production, then
this analysis is helpful.

Mr. Anderson. Well, to discover trends you have to have some
information over a series of years ?

Doctor Taylor. Yes; but in the meantime it is important to know
more than we do about the people who live on farms.

Mr. Anderson. Do you expect to continue this over a series of
census periods ?

Doctor Taylor. The expectation is that when this is tabulated
and put in shape so as to show the significance of it — and it has not
3'et arrived fully at that stage — the probabilities are that there will
be enough people who want this information that the Bureau of the
Census may be asked in the future to include this analysis in their
regular work, and if that can be brought to pass

Mr. Buchanan (interposing). Then, is it the purpose to do this
work through a series of years and have the Bureau of the Census
make it more complete ?

Doctor Taylor. No; that is not the idea. This work is being
done now in cooperation with the Bureau of the Census in order to
ascertain whether or not this will answer the questions that many
people arc interested in having answered, and if it does it will get
infornuUion that will be wanted. It is considered very much more
economical to experiment in eight counties at relatively small cost
and have the experimentation carried forward bv people who under-
stand what thev are trying to ^et than to start m at once and make
the whole tabulation without the preliminary experiments.

Mr. BUCHAN.A.N. How much of this appropriation is spent on the
census proposition ?

Doctor Taylor. This whole question of farm population ?

Mr. Buchanan. Not the cost of production, but on farm popula-
tion i

STANDARDS OF UVINO .\ND THE ELEMENTS OF COST IN THE FARM FAMILY.

Doctor Taylor. $2.5,000 is beinfj expended on the whole question
of farm population and country life, nut only a small amount will
be r('(|uir('(l to complete this census study of farm population.

Another line of work which is beiiig carried on under this same
heading of farm population and country life is the stanchml of living
and the clcnicnts of cost in tiic farm family.

Such a study is just being completed in Livingston County, N. Y.,
which shows tlie elements of flic farmei's' standard of living, the cost
of food, clothing, rent, and various pei-sonal expenses, and general
expenses f(tr education, advancement, etc., and the part of this which

At.lUC Ll-iLKAl, Al'i'lUil'UIATlOX UllA^ I'J^i. 36^

is furnishoil diivrtly l)y ihf furin and tin- part llml im paui out in v^U.
It <«>rupHn's owiuTM and UMianl.n in lluvm* rrganlH. In Livint^l4>n

County, for rxMinplc. it JM found that tin- «>u '' ' td a lota!

oxpcnsf p»«r fannly of SI.<JS.i. and of this $1 .. aitlnv uikI

$730 niatnial furnishoil din'<tly by the fann and not ra.sh oiitluv: t) m
is. rent and fo<Kl cotnin;; (hrrrtly from the fann: and that the
farmers had n total living' cost per family of $J,(iMs. of win '
was cash outhiy and $727 was furnished hy ijje fann, »li

,i« ' i '

. 7 — — * ---- ........ .,., ^ .,

apnreciahle differeiice iii the cost per funiiiy of tenantn and owners.

Air. iirt'UAXAN. It costs the temmt.s more t«i live than the land
owners {

Doctor TavU)K. Sliglitly in these instances.

Mr. Bkiianan. Tliat must mean hij;<;er families i

Doctor TvYLoit. That is prohaitly true, hut I have not the detaiU
on that. Tlie av»>ra»;e fanuly in tins survey amounted to l.I wlirn
we took the wliole family, hut when we took the whole houseliold. m-
ciudinj; tile hired help, it amounted to 4..S per family; hut it is the 4.1
tiiat is concerning; us.

.\(iKI< I I.Tl K.\L K1.\.\N< K.

Another basic line of work is that of capital or aj^ricultural finance.
In this division, in which ?•_'."),(»()() is asked from tlie lump sum. the
topics covered include a study of (ire insurance, hail insurance, and
the various kinds of crop insurance— the fonns of insurance and the
cost of securinj:^ insurance of these difFerent forms. Al.so a stu<lv of
the different forms of credit. Particular attention has been <jiven
to the credit associations in the various States. There are now l.'J
States that have laws providing for credit associations, and there
are some 300 cretlit unions now operating in the United Stat<'s. but
comparatively a small proportion of them among farmers. A study
is being made, particularly in North Carolina, to get the results of
what has happened there and to learn to what extent credit associa-
tions have been beneficial. Studies have also been made and reports
published on bank loans, mortgage loans made by bankers to farmers,
and then bank loans made to farmers on personal credits. The at-
tempt in this division is to get together the best possible information
on f|uestions of credit and insurance as they affect the farmer. There
are many demands made upon the men in charge of this work for
information and for help by the farmers' cooperative insurance com-
panies in the different parts of the country, especially at their atmual
meetings, where the representatives of large numbers get together
and talk over their problems.

COST OF PRODUCTION AND FARM ORGANIZATION STUDIES.

Now, Mr. Chairman, having covered briefly these studies of the
instruments that are basic to production we come to the question of
cost of production and farm organization, which is the gathering of the
facts which are basic as to the right organization of the farm. Under
this heading we are expending .?S.').027 from the lump sum for the
cost of production work and S.53,'200 from the lump sum for the farm
organization work. While 1 speak of these two items as separate. »ts
a matter of fact they are very closely associated and the work is
being carried on in the closest possible relation, because the major

390 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

f)urpose, as we see it, of cost of studies is an analj^sis of the farm
)usiness as a basis of better farm or^nization. although it is recog-
nized that studies in connection with the cost of production and
marketing are important with robition to tariff studies, and the Tariff
Commission is asking us for the results of our cost of production
studies and cost of marketing studies as a basis for some of their
work.

Mr. Anderson. Are these cost of production studies being carried
on in tiie same way as formerly^ ' . *

Doctor Taylor. Yes, sir; the cost of production studies are being
carried on in the various parts of the I jiited States, and. so far as
possible, in cooperation with the States, so that each dollar we spend
on cost of production work results in $2 being expended for work in
this field.

I would like to give you a brief statement of what is V)eing done
in the way of cost studies. We are making beef cattle cost stutlies
in a number of ])laces, the cost of fattening beef-cattle on corn farms,
the cost of fattening cattle on the ])astures of Kansas, and also the
cost on ranges. All told there are 750 farms and ranches on which
these beef-cattle cost studies are beino; made.

Mr. Anderson. Do these figures snow any substantial reduction
in the cost of production as compared with, say, 1919^

Doctor Taylor. A ver}- marked reducton in cost due both to
the fact that the feeders are bought at a very much lower figure
and to the fact that the feed is very much chea])er at the present
time than it was.

Mr. Anderson. Do the figures show that any considerable ])ortion
of the stock on these farms is produced at a loss ?

Doctor Taylor. The figures for the last winter are showing very
satisfactory profits but the figures for the earlier jieriod, when the
feeders had oeen bought at higher prices and sold at lower prices,
and when very high-priced corn was being fed to them, show definite
lo.sses, but those figures, when put in the form of returns for the corn
fed to them, simply show that the man did not get as much for his
corn when fed to cattle as the market ])rice for corn indicated he
might be selling it for, although we recognize that if all of it had
been put in the markets the price of corn would have been different.

Mr. Anderson. I have the general impression that the farm situa-
tion to-day is worse than it was a year ago, but if your statement is
correct — and I assume it is — that general impression would not seem
supported by the facts.

Doctor Taylor. The impression that the farm situation is \st)is('
than it was is based upon tlie fact tiiat while the elements of cost in
the producing of cattle are lower, so that when you figure the relation
between cost and price there seems to be a margin of profit, it is yet j
true that the purchasing power of the farmei', based upon a comj)ari- '
.son of the prices of tlie various things the farmer has to sell with the
prices of the things he has to buy, is down in the sixties. The studies
also inchidc farm j)ractic(>s and feeding practices on these farms, .so
that tiic studies aic not confined simply to the (piestion of the ele-
ments of cost.

Mr. Anderson. To what extent, for example, are the feeiiing prac-
tices with referenc*' to hogs fairly standard {

Doctoi' Tavj.or. There is a wich' range of practice and you get
(fiffen'rices in cost corresponding more or less to those ranges. Some

A(;RICULTURAI. APIMli)PIUATH)X BII-U ^Vi*.

.191

farinors us«' a vtTv j^rrat <lottl of puMtiiro in mnnertion wilh the
raising of thoir lii>;:s an«l a <'<)rn»>»fMiiHlin^ Hinall«>r aiuouiit of i-om:
»»tli<Ms iisr a inuxiiiiiiin «if loni aitd a iiiiiiiintiiii of ' ' i

pMslurr. and the li;.nin's .>lin\s luj^lu-r ctist-^ nf rnirlv |ii;-.
tliero is a inaxitnuiii (if corn and a inininiuin of tlirnc ot.

Mr. A.NDKHsoN. lias anyWody arrived ut a j(id;;rni>nt a.H to what an
idral l)ar<»n lio^ (»u<;hf lo \v«'i^|i. f(»r example (

Doctor Ta^iok. I tlinik tlic pi-opic m Denmark have. The
economic <juestion with repml t<» that matter in this country in
whether or not it |>ays the farmers «>f the Tnited Statos. with the
amount of feed thcv liav(> aviuhihlc. to prodiK'e a hacon hoi; of the
Danish typ<\ or whether they can not j)ro«luce the hinl typi* of hoj;
and sell it for the price they <-an jjet for it and make more money
than they could hy attempting; to [)roduce a hacon lui;;. We are
hopin*; to j;ct hasic lii;urcs here which will show what the situation
is in that re«;ard.

Studies are being made of tiairy farm management and cost of
milk producti<»n on a huge iiuiid»cr <»f farms, altogether l.KM) fm-
in theClreat Lakes legion. including New York and the westcnt •'
belt; then UiO farms in California and 200 farms in Mississi[)pi

Mr. Andkr.son. Tliis is somewhat afield, hut is this the item under
which farm power studies have been made ^

Doctor .T.vviA>i{. This general item of farm management and prac-
tice has carried the farm power studies — that is. jointly — witii two
other bureaus.

USE OF TItAi rOKS ON K.\KMS.

Mr. Ander.so.v. Have you reached any conclusion as to the
ec«)nomical use of the farm tractor?

Doctor T.VVI.OK. The figures for the Corn lielt and for the Wheat
Belt show that the actual cost of getting the work d<»ne — the {)low-
ing. the pulling of binders, and work of those classes — is somewhat
frreater when done by tractor than when done by horses on the
oasis of the price of horses and the cost (»f feeding that has obtained
in the last two years and the cost of tractors and the cost of oil,
kerosene, and gas'>line as thev have obtained in the last two venrs.
A comparistm, when made, shows that unless there are economies
and advantages in getting the work done more (|uickly and just at
the right time in order to counterbalance this extra cost, it would
look as though it were better to use horses.

Mr. Andkksox. Is not the situation, as a practical matter, usually
this: A man has about so many horses which he uses, and when he
gets a tractor he is not able to reduce his horse power very much i

Doctor Taylor. I believe that one of the reasons why the tractor
has not proved more profitable to many farmers, particularly in the
corn belt, is that they need their horses for cultivating their ct)rn and
at threshing time and that there are too many horses standing idle
when the tractor is at work. We expected, when we went into the
wheat belt, that the facts would show up somewhat differently, but
there thev have to have their lun-ses at threshing time. and. as a
matter of fact, they have not reduced the numbi^r of horses on the
farms as much as would seem t<t be necessary to reduce the t«ital <<>st
where thev have tractors. The facts seem to indicate that where
they have tractors the total farm power cost is greater thaii where

392 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

they do the whole job with horses. We asked questions intended to
bring out the compensating advantages, but I think the studies we
have thus far made do not properly measure the question of com-
pensating advantages.

Mr. Anderson. 1 suppose there is some compensating advantage in
the greater speed with which certain operations are performed, and
perhaps the conseciufnt savings in losses of crops duo to that fact.
Suppose a man has a wheat field that is ready to cut and perhaps it
is overrcady ; ho might save some loss if he could get at it quickly with
a tractor. But I doubt very much whether those advantages offset the
increased cost in most cases.

Doctor Taylor. It seems to me that the way in which the farmers
have registered themselves on the question of tractors in the last
year, and the small number they have bought, seems to check pretty
well with the results we secured and published.

COST OF GROWING WHEAT STUDIES.

Other lines of cost studies that we have carried forward are the
cost of growing wheat in the principal wheat regions, including studies
of 900 farms, and the cost of producing cotton on 640 farms hi specific
localities of the different parts of the Cotton Belt, and the cost of grow-
ing tobacco in Virginia and Kentucky on 180 farms.

Mr. Anderson. Do these studies develop any advantage from
feeduig grain crops to cattle and hogs as compared with straight
grain larming i

Doctor Taylor. You mean a comparison of that kind ?

Mr. Anderson. Yes.

Doctor Taylor. In the Corn Belt of Illinois and Iowa during the
period of very high prices for grain the profit went toward tj;rain
farming, but during the last two years it has been distinctly in favor
of those who were feeding their crops to live stock, owing to the
wide difference between the price of^ corn and the amount of pork
or beef that could be produced from the corn. That, of course, de-
pends upon the trend of the prices of the two things, but this is true;
in comparing Iowa or central Illmois, for example, experience has
shown that to the extent that the corn is sold the farmei-s, in the
very ricii counties of central Illinois, have seemed to hold up their
yields pretty well from year to year, and by reason of being close to
the Chicago market they find it is more profitable to sell their crops.

Mr. A.NDHitsoN. That is probably due to the freight rates ^

Doctor Taylor. That is one important item, anil the reason tliey
can continue to do it is that they have a very rich, deep soil there
that will stand that kind of thing for a long period of years. On the
other hand, the yield per acre is better in that country on the farms
where they have been keeping cattle. Take the large farm that used
to bo owned by Sam AUerton, and owned by his son at the present
time. They continued to feed cattle there much longer than their
neighbors because they were interested in the cattle business, and
yet they finally broke over and commenced selling corn because it
made them more money, and the yields from their land are ap-
preciably higher because they stayed longer in tiie cattle business.

it is (loul)tful whelhei- in any of these cjusi's aile(|uate considera-
tion is iK'ing given to the (luestion of permanency of yields and that
a too short time point of view is taken by the farinei*s.

ACIUClTLTinAr. MMMtMPIMATION BIIJ^ 1024.

Ml-. lUlJIANAN. \\ llMl <l<» \UUr »lU(il<>H .shtiw IH ihr f<»l of tllf
pnxillrtloll of cot toll '.

Doctor Tavlok. I can not unswiT tlnit n>;ht off. Thai uouM !>«•
for last yoar. and on the hasis of the hasic cliMurnls of cont whirh wi*
have hccn ;;athcrin;; throii;;h n series of years and hv ^eltnij;. jn '
at the (dose of this veni's cotton |)ickin;;, the eh'nient-^ of co«<t, l;i.
wajjes, sa(ks. and all of the •>ui)|)lies thev use in ronntn-tion with
cotton picking;, it is oo-sjMe, witlnn a relativ«dy short time, t<» make
a statement as to what this cotton crop has cost. On the h* '

the figures that \vei»' secured in the past we showed the (|Mii:
of lahor and suj)plies r('<|uire<l am! the present cohI of laf»or and
supplies and the yield.

Mr. lU ( iiA.NA.N. So that \our li<;nres will In* hased iijton mfornia-
tion j^athered one year as to certain eh'ments of cost and tlwn parHv
hased on the yield of another year ^

Doctor T.VYi.()i{. ^('s. If We know the hihor requirement- oi me
crop

Mr. HitHAXAN (interj)osinj;). As you know, in some years it takes
a <:jreat deal more to cultivate cotton than it takes in others, aeeordini^
to the seasons.

Doctor 'J'ayi.ok. Ves; hut there is a check on that. We aie carryinj;
fonvard each year a certain numher of studies in the different refjions
to give us a lino on that. Unless we can get our hasic ligures in shajie
so that we can use them as the hasis for calculating ])resent costs and
as a hasis for chanjjes in elements of cost the figures are always old.

Mr. Brc'iiANAX. l)o vou figure wheat on the same basis as cotton*

Doctor Taylor. Yes; each rear we figure on the cost t»f wheat —
but 1 have not the figure with me although I can get it for you for
this past year — by the same method.

Mr. BmiANAN. If you have figures at the office on the cost of pro-
duction of wheat U)V this year, cotton, tobacco, and any other staple
commodity you have been investigating, 1 wMsh yt)U would jmt them
in the record.

Doctor Taylor. 1 will be glad to do so.

Trend of prnrliiction cosl-s/or mleckd staple farm produrts.
[1013 cost per imit equals 100.|

Product and State.

1913.

Cotton: South Carolina.

Yield.

Cost per unit.

Actual.

235 pounds $0.M jkt jinund

'■ "" J)ushef

Wheat (winter): Kansas, Nebra.ska, Missouri ' l.') biushels ll.cKipor

Wheat (spring): Northand .South Dakota, . Minnesota, .j I2bu.'ihels 10.99 per bushel

Hogs: .Mis.souri t7.22 ikt 100 pounds.

1920.

Cotton: South Carolina

Wheat (winter): Kan.sas, Nebra-ika, Misssouri

Wheat (spring): North and South Dakota, Minnesota. .

Index.

too

100
100

too

Ootnpulfd.

2fiO pounds ■ 10.27 per nound .

l."> hushols $2. 13 per bu.shel. .

9 bushels $2.99 per bushel

Hof;s: Mi.ssouri I tJM per 100 po*Mid>

1922. I !

Cotton: South Carolina 134 pounds ' |0 .' I

Wheat (winter): Kansas, Nebraska, .Mi.s.so»iri U bu.shels $1.

Wheat (spring): North and South Dakota, Miiuiesota..' do ; 11 p'-r i ii-n-t

Hogs: .Missouri j | »7.95 per lUUpMUtds

in
aoB

106

i'U

no

394 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Studies are also being made on the cost of producing rice on 200
farms in Louisiana and Texas, and the cost of producing sugar beets
on 200 farms in the State of Washington and on 75 farms in Colorado.
Studies this year for the first time are iK-ing made on the cost of
producing cane on 50 plantations in Louisiana.

Mr. Buchanan. Sugar cane, I suppose?

Doctor Taylor. Yes; sugarcane.

FA UM-OPE RATIONS STUDIES.

Mr. Anderson. To what extent do these studies cover the cost of .
farm operations and the farm as a plant unit? 1

Doctor Taylor. They include a complete statement of the in-
ventory— that is, the land and the ef|uipment — and of the labor that
is put in, so that we have a complete statement for every one of
these farms showing the total expenses and total income and tlien |
the part of this that is expended upon the particular crop in (|uestion,
like rice or sugar beets or cane, and the income from these particular
crops.

Mr. Anderson. What I am interested in finding out is this: Here
is a farmer who is running a diversified farm operation, feeding cattle
and hogs and producing the necessary feeil, etc. Now, is the whole
operation, the way he is conducting it, a profitable operation or is
it not? If it is, does it pay him a return on his investment and a
reasonable return for the labor risk and management or does it not ?

Doctor Taylor. Well, that varies greatly. There are some farm-
ers who are making very satisfactory incomes in terms of dollars, as
good as they made before the war, while there are others now. as
then, who are producing at a loss, and you get a very hu'ge range in
cost from those who show a loss and from those who are getting a
very satisfactory profit.

Mr. Anderson. Are these differences traceable to differences of
methods or are they due to a diflerence in managerial ability (

Doctor Taylor. I should say that fundamentally they are due to
a difference in managerial ability which manifests itself in the way
in which he carries on his business.

Mr. Anderson. Have these experiments been conducted on spc- ^
cific farms for some vears ? f

Doctor Taylor. Ves.

Mr. Anderson. Where these studies have been carried on on one
farm for a series of years do they show any improvement oi metlu>il
and managerial ability resultin«i; from the studies? In other words,
do they take these studies and as a result of them improve their
])racti('es so as to get better results (

Doctor 'l\\Yi.()i{. 1 can not answer that (juestion ofl'hanil. If I
lia«l Mr. Wilcox here he could probably answer it.

Mr. Anderson. I have assumed tliat information in regard to cost
on a specific farm ought to lead to the elimination of waste and the
use <»f Ix'llcr methods which would, at least, product" for the farmer
a more uniform income year in and year out. I sui^pose a farmer is
like any (tther business man and that tliere are certam consith'rations,
such as prices, weather cou(htions, etc., which make his net return a
mailer of more or less ups and (hnvns, but it wouUl be natural to
suppose tiuit the inv(>stigation and definite determination of costs,

AORIi TI.TrRAI. Al'PnolMMATinV lUI.I^ W24. 395

arisint]: from the use of rM-rtain |)rarti(o«<. wrniM rrmilt in a morp xini-
foriii income for the farmrr rnfhrr than a lan/or jx-n-ontftiri' of rotiirn
ono year and loss in anotlirr.

Doctor 'Payf-oic I think that is n very j)ro|)tr assumption.

There is one ;;roiip of farms in Ohio where we have Htn«iie<l the
samp farms for S or 10 vpars. Onr objective is not simply to stnrlv
the cost of production. l)ut the organization of those farms, and we
have fjone hack every vear and <;iven a (h»monstration of the results,
showin<; the way in which the men wer»' farmin<; who were making
the most money and the way in whieli those men are farming who
are makinrj tiie least money. 1 liave seen letters from men in that
refjifMi maKin<x statements as to the very j^reat henefit thev have
received, and I think from that region or the Indiana rej^ion, where
similar studies have been made, it would be perfectly ca.sy to work"
out n statement of the pro<j^ess; but there are a ntmiber of items
that June to be taken into account, namely, the trend of affairs with
regard to the elements of cost and tlie prices the farmers are getting
for their products, which would make it rather difficult to show sta-
tistically just how much the farmers had benefited.

Mr. ANDF.itsoN". I am far more interested in this cost of production
business from the standpoint of farm organization than I am from
the standpoint of arriving at an actual or more or less theoretical
determination of what it costs t(> raise a bushel of wheat. Such fig-
ures as apply to the wliole country, I assume, would l)e more or less
instructive: but the practical application is that of farm organiza-
tion and farm management, anti if as a result of a series of cost
studies there has been no development of farm methods which en-
ables a farmer one year after another to get better returns than for-
merly as a result of better managerial methods, then there is nothing
in it.

Doctt^r Taylor. \^'Tiat you say is entirely true, but, as I say, I
liave not the statistical measurement of that benefit. However, 1
have no question about the benefit and the benefit is not simply to
the farmers on our farms; the records are kept and analvzed and this
material is the basis for tiie educational work c-arried forward by
county agents for the benefit of all the farmers in a community.

Mr. Buchanan. No proper study of cost production could bo
made unless based upon proper farm management. They go hand
in hand; they are linked together, and no cost of any standard com-
modity would be of any value unless that cost was computed upon
the basis of proper farm management. The question is: VVhat ought
these tilings to cost to produce under proper farm managemcFit ?
They have got to go hand in liand to be of any value whatever.

Doctor Taylor. You will be interested to know that in the study
of the cost of production of cotton, in Sumter County, Ga., for
instance, the cost was found to be very different on difTi'rent farms,
:uid the practices different on different farms. F(»r instance, the
cost of production of cotton was less on farms where thev were pro-
ducing more velvet beans and more h<»gs and had introduced these
other elements.

Mr. BiciiANA.N. That is all true; but the question is what is tho
cost, the average cost, of the production of a pound of cotton, under
proper farm management, farm organization, or what does it cost

396 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TION BILL, 1024.

to produce a pound of cotton or a bushel of wheat under proper
conditions, the average cost tliroughout the United States, under
proper farm management and farm organization. Now, that would
be a valuable fact.

Doctor Taylor. We are trying to ascertain that, and also what
would be the proper type of farm management. I take it that
that is in line with vour remark. <

Mr. Buchanan. Ves; so that they can improve their methods.

INVESTIGATION OF MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTING OF FARM PRODUCTS.

Mr. Anderson. We will take up the next item on page 275. '' For >
acquiring and diffusing among the people of the United States useful
informafion on subjects connected with the marketing, handling,
utilization, grading, transportation, and distributing of farm and
nonmanufactured fruit products, and the purchasing of farm sup-
plies," etc. i

Doctor Taylor. I shall ask Mr. Tenny to present the statement
on this item.

Mr. Tenny. This appropriation corresponds somewhat to the one
that Doctor Tavlor has been discussing, in that it is an appropriation
for the study oi the whole field of marketing and distribution of farm ,

products. i

There is an apparent increase in this appropriation of S79,220: but t

due to the transfer of eight employees to the statutory roll with total
salaries of $10,780, there is an actual increase in the item of S90,000.

n

PROOKESS OF WOUK. |

This appropriation is used to cover the research studv of the
processes of marketing and distribution, beginning at the farm and
moving through to the terminal markets, or practically all of the
work that is (lone in methods of marketing. The work that is done
in studying the costs of marketing, and practically all of the work
that is done in standardization of farm products and live-stock
products, is done under this appropriation. This is chiefly a research
field, but the language of the appropriation is sufliciently broad, so
that in connection with the extension service we do a considerable
amount of extension work also under the ap|)ropriation. This work
is divided into a number of very well-di'iined projects, and to get
the story of the wiiole appropriation it is necessary to take up the
individual projects.

The first one is entitled "Cooperative j^urchasing and marketing."
There is no change in the amount of the allotment that we are pro-
posing for this project. The nature of the work in cooperative
marketing, as I think was brought out last year, has been consid- ^

(•ial)ly changed within the last tw(» yeai's. and now we are devoting
pi'actically all of this allotment t(» what might l)e termed economic
studies of cooperative nuirketing.

These studies took the form first of an investigation of the legal
})hases of cooperative marketing, and that work has been earned
on and brought pretty nearly to a <-on(lusion. with a bulletin that
has just recently been published on the legal pha.ses of cooperative
associations. There has been a very wide demand for this l)idletin.

k

AORlCl'LTrRAL APPHOIMIIATIOX Bfl.I^ 1024. M97

uimI 1 aiiticipHtc tlmt in spito of tlu' fiirt timt it Iuim Imth inmiiMl only
six weeks, we will he out of the firinlM in u very xhort lirm*. Thw
study cousichMN such institutions us the Floriihi C'itnis Kxrhn
and the ohh'r coinpanifs that havr h«'en futiclionin^j for n h>fi^ tiim-.
jin<l the cooperative methods used in their or^^atn/ation.

This study will he contiinied so that so fur as the lepal phases are
<'oncerned, we will have a very complete set of facts ami a very jjoo<l
hack^jround for the administration of the Capper- Volst<>ad Act, if
the se<'retary should find it necessary to lake any acti(»n under thftt
law.

Mr. .Vndkkson. To wlml extent are ihe vaiious .States enacting;
special laws which estahlish the le<;nl ••nfitx of tin-,.. (•i.ii|)..rMtiv .-.. mti'I
tne liahilities of the memhers^

Mr. Tennv. \V\\y. 1 should say that durinj? the last three years
aipiiroximately 20 States have passed new lefjislation defining; the
lield (»f cooperati^e marketin<; associations. Many of the other
States had satisfactory laws prior to that time, an<l, as I recall, there
are only a very small numher of States now that have not pood hasic
laws for the operation of cooperative associations.

Mr. liiCH.w.w. Do those laws exempt the individind miMuhers
from individual liahility '.

Mr. Tknw. Vou mean state the duti<'s (tf the associations^

Mr. Hi'cii.WA.N. Are they nut on the same hasis as corporations '.

Mr. Tkn.n'v. Yes: practically.

Mr. Ik'("iiAX.\.\. ^^ith a corj)oration, individual memhers are not
individually responsihie f«»r tlie acts of the corporation. What I
want to know is do tlmse laws exempt th(> individual memhers of flic
cooperatives from individual liahilitv^

^l^. Tennv. Yes; in practically all cases, especially the newer laws.

The second line of study hein*; institute<l under this cooperative
work is what mi^lit he termed " economic study." We are collecting
information regarding the 100 or more outstanding successful coopera-
tives, and hy "outstanding" I imply especially those that have been
operating for a comparatively long period. And we are getting a
great deal of valuahle information regarding these associations —
whether they are stock companies or nonstock companies; the
numher of members that they have; the annual turnover; the kind
of contract tliat they have between the member and the association;
their sales policies and methods of financing; and all other factors
that enter into the successful operation of their business.

We are collecting that, first, ny corresj)ondence; but we are taking
a few, as the nn'U are able to take them up. and making a very care-
ful analysis of them and publishing these individual studies.

Tlie first one is on the press now, and that is on the American
("lanberry Exchange, which is an old organization. We have made
a very careful economic study of that organization, as to how it
functions over a period of years and what it has accomplished, and
1 feel that these individual studies will be of very great assistance to
(tther people who are intereste<l in organization work.

A sec(»n(l study is n»)w being put in final form, that of the Cali-
fornia Fruit Growers' Kxchange. California. That has operate<l for
20 years, or thereabouts, doing about $2"), 000, 000 of business annually.
And just as fast as we can we want to take up some milk-marketing
studies, some cooperative tolnicco anti c<»tton associations, live-
stock associations, and studies covering the entire agricultural field.

398 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRLVTION BILL, 1924.

STUDY OF COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS.

In connection with this project we are making; for the first time
in the history of the (k-partiiienl wliat luij^ht be termed an asso-
ciative statistical and historical study of cooperative associations.
Emphasizing what Doctor Taylor said in the beginning by taking
advantage of the consolidation, we use the crop estimate people in
collecting these data. Through this organization we have people in
practically every town in the United States who have sent us the
names of every agricultural cooperative association in their district.
We got about 3o. 000 names from these reporters. Then we circu-
larized those, and we reduced the number to approximately 10,000
by elimination, where we found any duplication — where locals are
branches of centrals, and so forth— so that at the present .time, we
have a list of approximately 10,000 associations in the United States.
That work is not completed, and we do not feel that that is necessa-
rily the total number. And then we are getting more information
regarding the amount of business that these associations are doing,
and other information of that character.

The third project that is also economic, under cooperative market-
ing, is the study of cooperation abroad. We have had a man for six
months in Denmark studying the big developments of cooperative
marketing in Denmark.

Mr. Anderson. That is about the eighteenth time that has been
done.

Mr. Tenny. It has never been done by the Department of Agri-
culture.

Mr. Anderson. It has been done by a lot of other people.

Mr. Tenny. The changes in Europe especially in connection with
cooperative marketing have been very rapid since the war. That
would apply more particularly to the other powei-s in Europe than to
Denmark, but it applies also to Denmark.

This economist is now in England finishing his studies of the rela-
tion of the English market to the Danish cooperative movement.

Mr. Anderson. Is he studying the cooperative buying organiza-
tions in the labor unions ?

Mr. Tenny. No; simply studying the distribution of Danish
agric ultural products in England.

We have also had a man working on information available regardmg
cooperatives in Russia. He speaks and reads Russian fluently, and
has been able to get a great deal of valuable information tluough so
that we are actually getting a very up-to-date picture of the coopera-
tive movement in Russia.

Mr. BrcHANAN. Do you think that you can get any information
from Russia^

Mr. 'I'enny. Russia has some of the very largest cooperative move-
ments in the world, and it is the concensus of opinion now, even
among Russians, tliat the cooperative movement nas been the one
thing that has held Russia together even to the e\tt>nt that it has
been h(»ld together. 'I'iu' Russian cooperative movement has func-
tiour-d during practically the entire time of the Russian dilliculties.

Mr. Ih (iiA.NAN. it must !)(> a good one, then.

Mr. Tknny. I tiiink that will bo sullicient for those projects unless
llu^rc arc souu^ (piestions.

AORirULTURAl. Al'i'ROPRlATHi.N UlLI^ llC4. 809

Mr. Andkkson. Wrll, this (ooprrutivc luurkrtiii); in Hiisxa, I lake
it, is not tlu' liolsliovik muvuinciit ut nil <

Mr. 'I'kwv. No; tlu* <«u»pi'iutivr nii»vcimiii ut !' m

fxistciicf Ion;; Id'foiT till' Bi>l>lirvik m»vrrnau'nt. i .. .j . . ik
jjoviMnnu'nt took over the prodiu-ts from thr coofHTulivi's for u <*om-
pariitivoly short nrriod. 1 think uliout u vfjir up» thry turniMl the
inanii^cnicnt of the ro<ip('rnliv«'s hiick to tlw ••oopmitivi'j*, und thev
havr Ik'cii functioning uuh'pfiuh'nt Iv for the hi.>t \rar.

UAIIKKTI.NU FKL'ITH \Sl> \ HU KT A lllttt .

The second project is one ontith-d " Marketing fniits and vpj;o-
tal)l<'s," in wliich wo luivc an iiurcMisc of ?t(»,f)(M) in oin* r-^tuuatcs
for lO'JI. We, arc spending $1."),()(K) in that project at tlic prcM-nt
tinu'. This |)n)jcct covers practically nil. as 1 have said, of the
researcli worK in connection with the niark«'tin<; of fruits and vejro-
tahles. This has been lar^'cly in the past rcscanh work on standardi-
zation, and all of our staiulards on fruits and ve<;etal)!es have hcen
worked under this appropriation. A verv nnirked increase in the
use of these standards has been noted in tfie past year, especially on
such conunodifies as potatoes, where there has been a <xood deal ()f
dilliculty in tinanciji^ and delivering; the crops. We are now askinj;
for the increase larjiely for the economic lines of work. We are
inakini; a complete picture of the handling of a nund)er of our fruits
and vegetables from the producj'r to the consumer, studyini; especially
such cjuestions as in one particular case, the use of the public auction.
We are in that case makin*; complete studies of all phases of tho
auction trade in the lar^rer cities: the relati«)n of the auction and
receipts at terminals to the financing of the crops and methods of
tiinmcin^ in their relation to the methods of marketing, with the
idea of ultimately having a very clear picture of all of the thiiiirs
involved in so far as we are able to work them out In connection with
our bi^ fruit and veojetable crops.

Mr. Anderson. To what extent does this study enlighten you as
to the terminal-handling situation ?

Mr. Tennv. In this particular project we are not spending a great
deal of money in connection with the terminal handling. In coopera-
tion with the farm people we are studying finances. In this project
we are in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, especially, and also to
(|uite an extent in Washington, studying terminal facilities an<l termi-
nal handling. That is largely being linanced, however, through the
cost of market studies.

MARKET PRICES AND TRANSPORTATION.

The fourth project is market price trends and transportation. I
am omitting tne costs of marketing and will come back to it. \\ ^
are now doing the same work that we have been doing in the nature
of ser\'ice work for the rest of the department in that contracts must
be made with a large number of railroad people in order to get the
information that is needed for market movements and market prices.

In connection with our live-stock movement, which is being devel-
oped to a much greater extent than it has been heretofore, our trans-
portation man is now in the field making those contracts to get the

ooQo.S 22 2G

400 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BUSL, 1924.

information that is needed with regard to the movement of hre stock
and live-stock purchases. We have also undertaken during this year
some increased work on the relation of transportation to agriculture.
We are getting, of course, some very marked changes in agriculture
in different parts of the country, due to the increase of transportation
charges, so we have selected one man. a trained economist, to devote
his entire time and attenticm to these studies on the relation of the
change of transportation rates to agriculture.

There is an apparent decrease of S2.500, or thereabouts, in this,
but there is a transfer of two statutor}- positions that will make the a
same allotment for next year that we have for this year.

Mr. AxDEKsox. Are you able to get enough data with regard to the
relationsliip of prices to transportation and location of agricultural
products to arrive at conclusions?

Mr. Texny. I would say that the work has not progressed far
enougli yet for us to determine that fact. I believe that it is safe to
sav that a considerable amount of data can be made available that
should go a long ways toward answering some of those questions.

COTTON HANDLING AND MARKETING.

"Cotton handling and marketing" is the only cotton project in
the bureau in which we are asking for an increase, and in that there
is an increase of $10,000. This is the item under which we aim to
have a campaign on "know your cotton." through cooperation with
State extension services. We have a large number of groups of
farmers in the various parts of the Cotton Belt that employ a grader
themselves. We cooperate with them in selecting the grader and in
seeing to it that he (loes grade the cotton and give the staple on it
according to the United wStates grades. This is a means of training
the farmer to know the actual value of his cotton.

Mr. RrcHANAN. To know the value of his cotton (

Mr. Texxy. To know the value of his cotton, and wo think that
with the big cooperative mevements in cotton, whether they are
successful or whether they do not succeed, the farmer must know
what he is producing and the value of the thing that he is producing.
This also goes back to the point of showing where our marketing
work links up very closely with our prochictive work.

Mr. Bi'CHAXAN. Let me ask you one question there. Have you
ever given any thought as to whether or not the department ought to
make staple an essential ingrecUent in its "grades instead of making it
solely upon trash and color of cotton, or loreign substance and color
of cotton i

Mr. Tennv. That matter, of course, has been giv(>n very careful
consiih'ration.
• Mr. BrcHAXAX. Staple is the most valuable element in cotton.

Mr. Tenny. But, of course, cotton is sold now not only on its
grade hut on staple.

Mr. BrcHAXAX. Yes; cotton is sold on sta|)le. Now, the buyei"s
have been buying from the farmer, disreganling staple and buying
the cotton on "the color and foreign matter in it. By that method the
farmers imve been beat out of millions of ilollars, the cottt)n farmers,
tenant farmers and others. I can name a lot of them right now that
have been beat out of a lot of money. They are getting wise to it

AOnn TLTURAL APIMlOIMtlATlON HII.I^ IWI. 401

aiul lire froo to admit it. In thi* pa.st, rvrry Vfur, tlirv havr Uwn
\wn{ out (»f millions of dollars and tlwy know it, and iho cotton
huvt'is arc ln'cominj^ rich at llu> fjirmrrs' rxpnisr.

Sir. Thnw. 1 havf a little note 1ht«' tluit llii-. la>i v.ju, uii.n i ini-*
appropriation, appntxiinatdy 1 lO.OOO lml«*s of cotton wen- clu<«>cd for
the farmers, or by tho farmers' own repres«Milativc. The increase iii
price to th«' farmer in market irj;;, not ordy according to the jjnule of
their cotton, hut hy staph', which thi'y do now under this m<*th(ul
of s(>llin<;. ran<;ed from one-half a cent a |)ound up to as hi;;h ha (>
cents a pound.

Mr. A\i)Ki:s()\. How « an now tlciciiiinic llmt '.

Mr. Tkn.n^. W V know what the cotton sold for because they hIu)W
that and we have rejjular reports fnNii all of these fiehl men, and we
know what the same jjrade of cotton, unela.ssed and unj;ra«led. by
the farmei-s' orj^anizatiotis sold for in similar districLs.

Mr. A.SDKKso.N. 1 see.

Mr. Bic HASAN. Not only that, but the farmers perhaps have had
their cotton classed ami then <;o around without lettinj^ the buyers
know that they have had it classed, and ask tiie buyers what they
will irive them for it. to make them a price, and then aflenvards they
will sell it at this hij^her price, after lettinj; the buyer (piote them a
price. Tlu'v have been swimlled for vears and years on that.

Mr. Tk.nnv. There is no (luestion about the truth of that.

Mr. IK.NNV. 1 liere is no (lues

Mr. HlCHANAN. AbsolutiMV II

not.

WE.\THEKING AND UANDLI.VG OF COTTOM.

Mr. Texxy. The second study that is beint' conducted under this
project is the one on weatliering and handling. vSo mucli of the
cotton is handled at the production points, especially, without ware-
housing facilities, that we are anxious to know not only the physical
loss, but what sj)inning losses are.

Mr. Ik'cnAXAX. Well, you have a great many facts on tliat
alrcatiy, because in past years you liave been giving tliat considerable
study.

Mr. Texxy. But we are still conducting those experiments and
especially emphasizing the effect on the spinning quality of that
cotton.

The increase will be very largely used, if granted, in studying the
economics of the cotton market.

The cooperative movement has progressed very rapidly throughout
tlie C\)tton Belt, and we desire to get a complete picture of the cotton
marketing and the place that the cooperative is playing in it at the
present time and that it proposes to play in it.

Mr. AxDEUSox. I do not know verv much about col tun, but where
tliese cooperatives handle considerable (juantity do tliev sell on the
exchange or do they market direct to the spinner ?

Mr. Texxy. They market direct, not only to the spinners, but to
the cotton factors. To the best of my knowledge, they do not sell a
pound of it on the excliange. •

402 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

MARKETINT, LIVE STOrK, MEATS. AXD WOOL.

"Marketing live stock, meats, and wool" is our next project.
There is in this project also a small increase. The marketing work
in live stock has progressed very rapidly during the past two years.
It has been a tremendous task to arrive at the grading of live stock
and live-stock products, especially the meats. This work started
with the meat end of it — what constitutes the higher qualities of
meats — antl from tliat end has worked back to the kind of animal
that produces that meat. We are now getting the manuscript in
final form to put out these first statements on the grades of live stock
and live-stock products.

The same thing is true with wool. We have for the last three
years done a great deal of preliminary work on wool grading. We
are now having public hearings in connection with our tentative wool
grades. We had two public hearings on this last week. At the hear-
ing in Philadelphia on Thursday of last week the fact was brought
out that we must do some additional research work, as there was a
very strong demand there for the grades to show, at least, the English
Bradford count system. Inasmuch as 60 per cent of the wools that
are used in this country are imported, they felt that it would be
very greatly to the advantage of the American wool industry if the
same grades could be adopted for at least the mill end of the busi-
ness in this country.

Mr. Anderson. What is this Bradford count sj'stem '. What is it
the basis of ?

Mr. Texxy. Theoretically, it is based on the number of hanks of
yarn that can be spun from a pound of wool. That idea, however,
has been largely lost, and 80's will actually not spin 80 hanks of yarn,
but the wool originally classed as 80's is still called 80's. , The system
runs from about .32 's up to 90's, the coarser yarn being 32's and the
very fine yarns bein^ about 90's. We recognize that the English
system probably would not do for the producing sections, but we are
in hopes that they will at least try the arrangement. The suggestion
was made by the mill trade that we can bracket certain of the groups
into fines, quarter-blooils, half-bloods, three-eighths, and so fortii.
so that we can have a comparison between the orrades suited to the
needs of the mill, which are very complicated and which very closely
resemble those of the English system, and the grades that the pro-
ducers know now.

That is going to require some little additional work before we
are ready to put out our tentative grades of wool.

I Mjiglit say in connection with our live-stock work, we are really
hoping that the grades of live stock can be so specific that buying and
selling may be done through specifications as well as through pei'sonal
inspection. A number of cooperative associations in the eastern
half of the I'nitcMl States that buy large nunii)ers of feeders every
year, even during the Inst year, bought their feeders on specifications,
and thev have been entirely satisfied with the practice, and. of coui"se.
it saved the travef e.\j)enses ami salary of a man going out into the
western ranges and selecting the feeders for finisiung work in the east.

We are al.so doing a great deal of work in the field of retailing
meats, some in cooperation with other agencies and some of it inde-
pi'iuh-ntiy.

ACJUUTLTritAI. Ari'irnPKIATlON' HI! U V2i. lO.'t

MAKKKTINU UAlltY A\U l^>l't/THV fKtMiUt M.

Miirketinf; «lairy niul jxniltry proilucts lius not boon inrroa>*<Ml in
tlu'sc estimates. There are no rhanjjes what4»ver. Thin work '»
l)('in«; rnrried nlon^ on nafionni line'^ at the ()reseut timf. \Vr an*
studying much more «arefully than \\c have i-ver >tinh«'«l hi'forr the
fnnetioiis of a coopen^tive assoeiation in eonneetion witli dairy mar-
ket in<;. Here is one of the projects that is n-allv stiidyinjj r«K>pera-
tive iimrketin*; that is not heinj: financed !)ark in the proj«'<t men-
ti«)n«'d ahove. Then* are vrvv <hstinrt steps in the dr\ clopmrnt of
tlie various cooperative associations. There is the har^^niinnj; OMO-
ciation that does not liandle any of the farmers' dollars, hut 'dimply
niake^ harjjains for him.

Then, there is the association that not only makes bargains hut
collects fn»m the wholesaler. Phen, there are others that dt» that
and in addition manufacture the >urplus themselves. .\nd tluMi
there is another <;roup that do all of the retailinj^ and distrihutioii
f«>r the fanners and make all the collections, and carry the jhocchs
all the way tlu^ough.

Now, we are irakin»r u >tU(ly of these dillerent ;^rou|)>, roniHTaiivt!
iu<s(K iations, under this project with the idea of seeing; Imw they
function, how far eat h asso( iation jjoes, and whi(h iu^sociation can
or will lie nearer torrect in these functions. It is a difh< ult line.

Mr. Ander.son. Are you familiar at all with the effort to e->t>»l)li>li
Minnesota hrands and bring the butter produrtion by tiie coopcDi-
tives up there all under one head?

Mr. Texny. Yes: and the division head ha> been in tou« h with
these j^eople. has been out there and had a number of ( onferenct's with
them, and I think has been in New York also.

Mr. Andkrson. Are they making any headway (

Mr. Tenny. I have not heard a thing about it for the la>l three
or ft)ur months. I am not sure whether that is going through or not.

Mr. Anderson. I understood they had some dilliculty owing to
the fact that some creameries were making very higlwlass butter
and getting a ])remium for it, and they fell that if that was e>tablished,
the effect would be their premitim to the average of the wli>'l<' '^':ite.
That was one of the retarding influences.

Mr. Tenny. Early in this work there was a man in charge of our
daily marketing division who was strongly impi-essed with the idea
that they could not attempt to actually sell in New York, but that
they should have their representative in New York to handle car-
loa<l shipments, so that they would get advantage of the large salc3
operations an<l then tliey could still have the advantage of the tlifTer-
ent concerns, in case there was any premium, but let the actual scllir»s»
of the butter come along as a later deveK)pnient ; but at that time
there was (juite an element in the associations out there that were
not satisfied without going the whole way.

STANDARDIZATION OF EGGS.

We have been doing much work in the last year in the standard-
ization of eggs. Aery little work has been done up to this last year
on that, but this year we have done a great deal of work on the
standardization <»f eggs. We have gotten the egg slandardizatimi

404 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

work to a point where we have been able to grade eggs by our ten-
tative standards. Under a cooperative arrangement made with the
State of Missouri, a number of egg graders are employed bv the State
of Missouri, but under our general direction, as our grades are being
used, and 90 carloads of eggs were actually graded at the various
shipping points in Missouri. We were thus able to tell how the ten-
tative grades worked out, and we have found that they worked out
satisfactorilv under commercial conditions. We want to continue
that work and go further with it, and see just what the additional
processes involved are in carrying those standards for eggs through
to the terminal markets. That work has not been done yet.

MARKETING OF HAY, FEED, AND SEED,

The eighth project is entitled. ''Marketing hay, feed, and seed."
That project is increased this year in our estimates due to the very
great demand to the markets for the standardization of hay. We
have been working on standardization of hay for two years and have
completed standard grades on timothy, clover, and clover and
timothy mixed hay. Hearings have been held in the last three
months, and beginning: with the 1st of January, nearly all of the
large hay associations in the eastern terminal markets have agreed
with us to present to their membership, with considerable assurance
that it will be adopted, the plan of having hay sold in these big
terminnl markets according to United States standard grades.

So while we have no compulsory grading law on hay and are not
asking for any, we feel that the grades on hay are going to be adopted
almost universally in a comparatively short time.

All of this work has demonstrated the need for additional work on
such hay as the western hay, alfalfa, particularly, and wire grass hay,
of the West, but the appropriation up to the present time, has allowed
only for that being done on timothy, and that must be continued.
We must do a great deal of work also in getting ready for our hay
grading classes, because all of these cities will employ, jointlv with
us, official hay graders, so that the hay will be graded according to
the United States standards.

Now, it takes about five weeks to train these men in grading hay.
according to United States Standards, and it retjuires a great deal of
hay to use in their laboratories.

Mr. AxDERsox. Arc you making any investigations as to the
marketing conditions of hay?

Mr. Tknn'y. Yes, sir.

Mr. Andeksox. I have heard a great deal of complaint.

Mr. Tkxxv. T do not have them with me, but we have two or three
])ull('lins on hay marketing that have been very well received indeed.

Tliis allotment is also increased with the idea of doing some little
work on the iniprovenuMil of the Uhh\ market. There is a great deal
of interest in the staiubirdi/ation of feeds and the standardizjition »>f
methods of selling feed, and the human aspect of it, and they are
very impoi'tant in addition to the biologic aspect which we recognize
should be taken care of by Plant Industry.

^

AiiRICULTUlUL AiTKurUlATIoN Bit. I., 4(Jj

MAKKKTISO MFATlMTIia.

TIk' next project that is s<-IumIu1(m1 in the hook ia known hs 'Miir-
kctiii^ Statistics," wlu<h wjis tmnsfcrnMl to "(Vop and Livestock
Estiinnfcs. " hist year and will he discussed under that appropriation.

MAKKKTtSO INrORMATIOS.

The next item is entith'd "Market information." $17.U(J(). which is
just tlie same as hist year. There is an apparent (h'crease of $.'{.()()(),
as a rcsuh of transfers to statiit«»rv poMtiori>. Tliis i-^ tin* j)roje<-t
from whicli \v»' liaiidh' all of our editorial v^ork. It is simplv routine
work in connection with editorial work in the hiireuu.

COTTON HTANll.MUl^* .\M> TKSTIN*..

'"Cotton standards and testinfj," is the next item. Tliis really
should he mer*;ed with the other projects on cotton, as it is admin-
istere*! all in the same (hvision. It is the continuation of the wctrk
that we were discussing there. One of the things that lias heen stud-
ied, for instance, under this nroject, is the possihilitv of improving
th(> sampling of the hale, or tne classing of tne hale. ))y taking sam-
ples at tlie gin. Tlie hasis of tliis work is checking up, reallv, the
method of taking samples from the hale, and we are finding that it is
possihle to get a more accurate idea of what is in the hale if it were
possihh' to grade it at tlie gin.

Mr. Ik( HAN AN. Furtlier than that, it prevents a great deal of loss.

Mr. Tenny. Yes, sir.

Mr. HrcHANAN. The practice of ripping a ])ale of cotton that htpg
[indicating] and tearing out two or tnrce pounds not only results in
the loss of cotton, hut a lot of foreign substance gets into it. and
causes tliat much tare, I believe, or loss.

Afr. Tenny. Yes. This work is also the line of work that we do
in cooperation with Plant Industry in the production of new varieti(*s
of cotton, where our bureau conducts the spinning tests on those
new varieties.

As I think we announced last year, work was started on new stand-
ards for cotton, certain groups of new standnrd-^. Tlmvr will be
effective in August, 1923.

We are making spinning tests also of all those new standard^ and
determining the percentage of waste or loss in the diflerent standards.

STATE COOPERATION IN MARKETINO WORK.

'State cooperation in marketing work," is the next item. As I
outlined a year ago. our program in this project has changed very
materially. Oiigiiudly. this was a project for the employment of
joint agents in various States. The idea of co<^perating with men
ditl not prove successful, and. therefore, we began about IS months
ago to change this over, and we are now cooperating with the
States on projects. We are entirely satisfied with the new ar-
rangement. That project is conducted very largely in coop«»ration
witli our other projects. It covers research and extension work
especially. It gives us a fund from which we can make experiments
where a Slate manifests a desire to cooperate on some one of our

406 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRLA.TION BILL, 1924.

various projects. Now, that may be in the cost of marketing; it
may be in a study of terminal marketing, such as we have in Mas-
sachusetts; it may be a question of standardization of tobacco, as
is the case in about six oi the t(>l)acco Slates, where the States are
very much interested in the continuation of the work and where we
have a special fund that we can cooperate with the States on those
various projects. I do not think that it is necessary to go any further
into that, because it is not a project by itself any more.

nilAI.V IWESTUiATIOXS.

The next is "Grain investigations,'' which is the last of these, with
the exception of one which was transferred to Plant Industry last year.

Standards have been arrived at for corn, wheat, and oats. That
has been done in the past. Standards for flax anti rice are being I
worked on, and they are practically completed. Standards for rye
and barley are also being developed. That work is all of our stand-
ardization work.

Our research work is paid from this appropriation. In addition
to that standardization work, there are three lines of work that we
have given special emphasis to in the last year. One is the grain
cleaning work, and if you do not mind looking at these samples, I *
would like to have you see the results of this cleaning work. This
[exhibiting sample to committee] represents on the left the wheat as
it was originally threshed, and it has been sold through the channels
of trade in practically all the Northwest. So, our idea has been to
develop a cleaning machine which can be attached "to the tliresher,
working automatically with the thresher. The second sample of
wheat shows what is accomplished by the cleaning method, and the
other two small squares show the material that has been taken out.

Now, those three different types — 3'^ou will notice the information
at the bottom of this one [indicating] that as the wheat has been
threshed, there is 9 per cent dockage on which freight was paid,
and on which all the marketing processes w^ere paid. After using
the cleaner, that dockage had been reduced to less than 1 per cent
in this particular sample. The percentage of foreign matter in this
?;ample [indicating] is reduced only slightly. The total foreign matter
before cleaning in this sample [indicating] is 9.6 per cent. The total
foreign matter after cleaning is 1.3 per cent.

Now, on the basis of these, and on the inspections that were
made in Minnesota inspecti(m points, we have estimated that in the
course of the year 1921, 9,500,000 bushels of foreign matter entered
into commerce.

Mr. Andkuso.n. What is the effect of this cleaning on the grain,
on the wheat 1^

Mr. Tknny. Well, up in the right-hand corner, you will notice
the change.

Mr. Andkhson. I see. That is what I was looking for.

Mr. Tk.nnv. In this particular sample, after cleaning, No. 1,
which weighed oS^ went up to '>*) j)ounds. Often it raises the grade.

Mr. liiciiANAN. Ordiiiaiily, w hat is the didcfcucc in price bctwtM'ti
No. '2 and No. .> wheat (

Mr. 'I'k.n.sy. The difference in price between No. '2 ami .No. :\
wJieut averages between 2 and I cents per bushel.

AOItlCl'LTIRAh \»'l*l;«'i'i;IATH)N HII.U HrJ4. 407

Mr. Andkksox. Is this ii luboratury pro|M>Hiti«>ii, or havo vou

rnilly dcvrloprd this imic-liinr ^

Mr. 'I'knny. Tin* iimcliiiu' has hi««Mi «lr\ rhiprij ami !.■, Immii^ iiKslullcd
to he iisril very f^riuTjilly this luvxt vrar.

Mr. A.Ni»KKs«)\. Has it Iwrw adopted hy aii\ hirj^i* Hcpnritlor
liiamifnctiirrrs '.

Mr. TkNNY. ^ OS. >ir; 1 tht iiol hjivr thr inililc. IhiI 1 know il ittin
)u'vn ailoptj'd hy ono of the hir«^rst oiu's.

Mr. Am>kus<>n. Is there a puhhc-srrvire pal<Mit «ni thi«, or whut-
ever xoii rail them (

Mr. rKNNY. 'I'he hasie |)riii(iph* of this wius pjiieiiied pn*.. ,., .»ur
doinj; the work, hut the inarhiiie was not a sueees-s m pruetiee an
it wa.s too lieavy, so we liave w«>rked out a very much hijhter iiiaehiiie
that meets the reqiiiremetits of tlie thresher: ami. as I reeall il, the
patent could not he issued; we couhl not »»htain a ptihlic jiatenl.

Mr. Andkk.son. Is this attached to th«' separator, or is it uii addi-
tional machine i

Mr. Tknny. No; il i> !iUache<| to the thrc-hci'.

Mr. lUcii.w.w. It is made a part of the threslier^

Mr. 'Phnny. It is attached to the thresher; yes, sir.

Mr. Andkuson. What does it cost to pmduce ono of these <

Doctor Taylor. .Vj>pr<)\imately ?.5()().

Mr. Tknny. This machinj' \\('i«jhs appro.ximateiy (>()() pounds.

Vou can see that this wjis an important part of our ' Know your
wheat " cnmpaiErn. and it is important to the farmer in improvinj^
his wheat after he does know the imperfections in it.

Now. a similar line of work is hein^ carried on in the southwestern
territory, where we had heat dama<;es whic-h we have found during
the last two years has increased to a point where it affected the nnirket-
in<; of the wheat very seriously. Our lahoratory ex[)erimenls show
that this is due primarily to the fact that wheat is heing cut and
threshed and in the farmers' hams before it is cjuite mature. It is
apparently mature, and when we cut it an<l j)ut it in handles it hatl
an opportunity to ^o throu<ih that last ripenin*: f)rocess.

Now. since they have adopted the hurrv-u|) methods, in order to
[>ro(lu<-e another crop after cutting the wheat in that country, this
iieat damage is developing.

Mr. BiciiANAN. Tliev do not leave it in the shock long enough (

Mr. Tenny. No; and they are tleveloping methods of threshing
directly in the field, topping and threshing.

Mr. KccHANAN. Clipping it (

Mr. Tenny. Yes, sir. Of course, all of this wheat work we carry
throuojh our haking tests, and determine the efTeets of heat tlanuiges
and the relative amounts of heat tlamage on the bread, by baking,
and we have arrived at a point now where we can sav that wheat
that is damaged above a certain amount, is practically useless for
bread making at all and must be used for feed ourposes.

The third study is our economic study, wliich Doctor Taylor
touche<l upon, and which probably needs no further elaboration.
We are maKin|ij. and during the ne.xt year, we propo.se to make a com-
plete study of the marketing processes involved in the hamlling of
wheat, particularly.

408 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924,

COST OF MARKETING.

Now, I would like to ask Mr. Schoonfeld to cover the one project
that we have omitted, the cost of marketing. Mr. Scheonfeld is in
charge of our research work and this costs division is operated almost
directly under his supervision.

Mr. J^CTioEXFELD. Doctor Taylor has outlined the lines of study we
think are necessary in the marketinj^ processes.

Before we can attempt the solution of prohlems encountered in
the marketing of agricultural products, it is absolutely necessary that
comprehensive studies be made of the various steps, processes, chan-
nels, and functions involved in the marketing of commodities. Along
with such steps it is necessary to measure the costs of these various
steps and to ascertain from tliese studies which are economic or not
economic, the very items pointed out in the cost production studies.

Before it is advisable to make such detailed cost studies it is de-
sirable to study margins or charges exacted, rather than to plunge
into detailed cost studies, which are time consumers and expensive
and which do not always yield what is wanted.

After we have studied these margins and have segregated them so
as to be able to see the margin for the man who handles the com-
modity at the point of shipment, the fransportation agency charge
and the terminal marketing margins, then we are in a position to
approach the whole problem of costs in a more logical manner.

During the present and last fiscal year, a comprehensive study of
the costs of marketing live stock was started in the corn belt and
was continued into the present fiscal year. This study has been
extended so as to include the territory in the South and West. The
data secured is now being tabulated, and is practically ready for
publication. We have found, however, in these data, certain
factors which were entirely unlooked for in our preliminary cost
studies. It will be necessary to go back and determine just what
the causes and conditions were back of these factors.

For example, in our live-stock marketing study we find that
where there are mixed shipments of hogs, shinments in which cattle
or sheep were in the same car, that universally the number of crip-
pled hogs and dead hogs was higiier in such shijiments. We find,
also, tiiat the number of cri]>])led hogs is higher in the winter months
and late fall months than during May, June, and July. It will be
necessary to ascertain the reasons for these losses, and, as pointed
out by Mr. Anderson in his reference to our cost of production
studies, cost studies should indicnte the losses with re(H)mnu'n(l!iti(ni>;
as to how to avoid or reduce them wiiere possible.

We have found, for exam]>le, that where it is popularly assumeil
that marketing maigins of certain agencies were high, that these
margins might be low in c()m])arisoii with other agencies tliat take
a larger jjroportion of the spread between consumer and producer.

Mr. Anuekson. ilow fai- have vou gone along with this margin
Study ?

Mr. ScTioE.NFELi). Ill some commodities — potatoes and onions,
apples, and in some of (he dairy commodities — we have merely
coinph'ted su<li studies of margins from the j)rodu('er to the con-
sumer. I'rcjbubly 2") or .'{() commodities are now being studied in
this manner. We have retail margins on some conunochties covering

I

AOIUC ri.Tl'KAL, Al'l'HOl'lUATlu.S llllX, 1W4. 409

a lon^ period of tiiiir; tliut Ih, h porio<i of a year and a half tu twu
years. I am coming to tin* [)art which will prohahly aii-swrr your
question. There is «jreal diHirulty in jjoiri^ hark to original reronJH.
if there are any. This a tiMie-<<»nHiniiinj; |)n»<e?«.s. One of the
prohlenis we have is tu pick out retailers who are open-iiiindpd
enou«;h to open their ho(»ks. aixl if they <io not have hooks, or roconlM,
or papers, j^ive us information s<» that w«' can use their data from
wiiicli to derive service mart^ins.

Mr. Andkhsox. When you attempt to get tljese (igurcH, do you
take th«' individual dealers. <»r do you attempt to get volume trariA-
action whicli will give you a general averaged

Mr. wSciioKNFKi.i). Yes; we are getting at it in that way. We try
to take typical estahlishments. I will use as an illustration a study
on which we are now working. In Boston we have taken exclusive
retail trade stores; the middle type of retail estahlishment and the
low-priced cash and carry; chain and hargain counter estahlishments.
We take this as being typical of a cross-se(;tion of the retail business.

Mr. Andkuson. That is in the meat trades^

Mr. ScHOEXFKLi). No; we are making the studies with fruit and
vegetable and dairy products retailers. In Boston we have started
on the meat trade, and also in Chicag(». I will dwell on this later on.
In Chicago wt« are working with the Ketail Jiutchers' As.sociation
and are cooperating with it in getting costs «)f retailing meat.

As 1 have pointed out, we are having dilliculty in getting satisfac-
tory records. Where retailei-s are willing to cooperate, we find that
their records are not in such shape that they ran be use<l. For
instance, they will record a sale of apples. That may mean anything
from western boxed apples to eastern barreled apples, or it may
mean ungraded apples. Records are seldom kept of the grades or
stantlards.

In the Pacific Northwest we are making a study of the cost of
marketing boxed apples from the time they leave the orchard to the
terminal end. We are getting cooperation in Philadelphia ami Bos-
ton, Chicago, and New York City from some of the local research
agencies in the study of the terminal distribution of apples and other
fruits and vegetables.

This work is necessary, nfiore necessary than sonn^ other typos of
market research. We can not ^o to a library or to a <lelinite agency
and collect this information. It is necessary to go to the books of
various marketing agencies, work with them, and over a long [)eriod
of time. For such type of work it is not advisable or practicable to
use untrained men. It recjuires men with a large amount of tact who
can handle rather delicate situations constantly arising antl %yho can
see the facts when they appear. The ordinary man traine«l in
accounting is not completely fitted for this type of work, lie must
have in addition to his training in accounting a broail. common-sense
training in business practice. He must see things that an ordinary
accountant would overlook The accountant usually sees lUo
figures before him and does not always see the related facts. I* or
that reason we find it necessary to engag*' a well-trained, high type of
personnel.

After we have maile margin -tuilics tiuii \sc hope to proceed with
rather detailed cost studies. We are continuing some of the stuilies
in the recent marketing of live stock. At the request of the Master

410 AGRICULTURAL APPR()1*RL\T1()X BILL, 1924.

Butchers" Association of Chicajjo we are cooperatincr with the North-
western Univei'sity in makinfj detailed study of the accounting
methods and systems used })v tlie retailers of Chicao;o.

Mr. AxDEJJsox. To what extent is tliis done in connection with, or
do you use tlie fjtjures of. Harvard rnivei-sity?

We are matcing cost stuches of the niarketinj^: of ^faine, Wisconsin.
Michigan, Massachusetts, and Minnesota potatoes, which are con-
tinuations of the work startetl hist year. We are covering the entire
costs from the time the commodity leaves the producer to the time
it reaches the consumer. We are iinding (|uite a little interest in this
suhject. and are getting plenty of offers of cooperation, some of which
we iind it necessary to turn down. In some places agencies that are
anxious to do this work are too anxious to prove that certain types of
middlemen are entirely unnecessary, wrong, or dishonest. That
condition of thought is disastrous in good research. Where that
occurs, of course, we have to decline the ofl'er of cooperation. We
are trying to get others to cooperate with us and to look at facts as
they are.

As Doctor Taylor pointed out. it is contemplated that a complete
study of marketing agricultural crops, such as grain, fruits, vegetables,
dairy products, cotton, wool, and live stock, will shortly be made.
Along with such study should go the study of costs of marketing. The
marketing picture is not complete without such studies. The ap-
propriation increase of $28,000 is to cover the study of market
margins and costs of these commodities.

TERMIXAL HANDLIXCJ OF FRUITS. VEGETABLES, AXl) OTHER PERLSH-

ABLES.

To give an illustration of some of the things which cost studies are
fleveloping: In cooperation with the port authorities of Xew York
City we are making a study of the terminal handling of fruits, vege-
tables, and other perishables. We have found, by studying the
costs of handling of commodities, after unloading on the Manhattan
terminal piers of the Pennsylvania and Erie railroads, that the cost
of handling of crates of commodities from the piers to the roadwaj',
or marginal way, as it is called, tluit the charge may be as great as
the entire freiglit cost fi-om the point (»f pitHJuction to the Manhattan
piers.

Mr. Andf.r.sox. In( ludiny; the fieij'ht '.

Mr. ScnoENFELD. The charge for hauling from the pier to the road
way, a distance of 400 feet, may he as great as the freight charges
from the point of production in the West or the South to the Man-
hat Ian piers.

Mr. AxDKR.soN. 1 do not douht it a hit.

Mr. ScHOENFELi). That has forcibly brought out expensive prac-
tices. The port authorities of Xew York City are very mucn in-
terested in thiit )>oint. It hiings out the necessity of regulations for
the ternurud iiandliii^ of fruits and vegetables in New Vork City.

Mr. ScjioENFELi). Harvard has dime nothing in the retailing of
nieats.

Mr. AxDKRSoN. 1 know, hut they have done a lot of work in other
retail work that could he used in coiuicction with the retail of nu-ats^

AfJRK TLTrRAI, APPRmPRIATIOX BILU 1024. Ill

Ml. S< HoKNKKiJ). That purtiriilnr study in ('Iiichj;o i-, with the
nuustor hiitchcrs. I ini«;lit siiy in that ronnodion thiit mnnv of tho
nu'ii now working on [Uvhv cost nml rrlntcil stiithps of pnHhirr ami
vrf^ctahli's an* Haivjinl men. trainr«l in fhr (rtnthintr Sihool of
Husin(>ss Adiiiinist rat ion ati<l in W^ inrlliocU.

Mr. Andkkson. Do you fiiwi any hutrhors that \ui\o nny rtTorilM ♦
Mr. S( iioKNKF.r.i). \'ovy few. Wi* found, on tho othor hiiml. a
jjn'ftt d(>sir(' on thoir [)arl for an a»fount injj systi'tn. ntirl wo havn
worked out form.s that will !)«• for ^.alc l»y the PuMir I'nntcr. 'I'hi-st*
will he used hy certain meat ictailep* in Chicago and other phiecs.
In ex(han<;e for that service on otir part the meat ri'taih'rs are to
ccMtperate with u.s. This shows a liel()ful attitude on their nnrt to
cooperate with us in our stmlies. Proper accounting should help to
reduce tho costs of retailing nieat<.

Tl l.vDx'i, .\»)\ |..Ml;l,i: _ -■
FOR (KOI- AM) I.IVK-STOCK KSTI.MATES.

Mr. A.NDKUsoN. What is the next item ^

Mr. Callandku. The next is the I)ivisit)n of Crop and Live Stock
Estiinatos of tho lUiroau of Agricultural Economics. Tlie total
allotment of lump funds to this division for tho current year amounts
to S-U)!. ()()(): an apparent increase i>f >>7, ()()() is included in the estimate.
Tlioro nro some transfers to tho statutory roll which makes the real
increase in tho estimates f(»r this division S2."),()()0 for tho lisoai your
1!>24. This division is a part of the old Bureau of Croi) Kstimatos.
The part of tho work of the old hureau relating to foreign statistics
has hoon put irvto another di^ ision. which will he taken up immediately
after I got through. This division is coming to bo tho principal data-
gatheiMUg machine foi' the whole luireau. It is not oidv ffoing the
regular crop estimating work, hut it is cooperating with the Kami
Managomont and otlior divisions in gathering economic data. There
are now in the division 174 persons. 84 in Washington and '.H) in the
field. Of the !)() persons in the field, about 4S are agricultural stati.s-
ticians who have been appointed as a result of civil service examina-
tions: 2 are live-stock specialists, atid there aro about 40 clerks.
The division lias oflicos in 42 States at the present time.

The New England States aro combined: Kentucky and \Vt»st
Virginia are considered as one unit, ami Utah and Nevada are con-
sidered as another unit. In each of the other States the division has
an ofhoo with a statistician in charge. There are now about 2t')().()(M)
volunteer crop correspondents altogether. That makes an averjigo
of about 10 for every agricultural township in tho Cnitod States. Of
that number, 2(),()00 are township correspondents- that is, one in
each township, who makes monthly reports direct to Washington.
There are 2S, ()()() correspondents called field aids, 1 in each township
practically, who make reports to the field statistician in each State,
riiere are 2,700 county correspondents. 1 in each of the agricultural
counties of the rnited States, and in some of the more important
counties there aro 2. Each of those countv corrosjxmdents has a
corps of reporters who report to him. and lie compiles his reports
from what thov send him and seiuls them to Wasnington. There

412 AGRICULTURAL, APPROPRL\TIOX BILL, 1924.

are 30,000 live-stock correspondents. This is a new work that is
bein^ developed this year, and we expect eventually to build the
number up to 60,000 live-stock correspondents. This does not
include the 300.000 farmers who are roportino: through the rural
carriers of the Post Oflico Department. Then we have 50,000 other
correspondents whom wo call individual farm correspondents. They
report to Washington for their own farms only, covering acreage,
production, and matters of that kind. We have another 50,000
farmers who report in the same way to the field men.

This duplicate system is used so that one may be used as a check
upon the other. There are 6,300 s])ecial cotton correspondents,
3,800 honey bee correspondents. 7,500 .special data correspondents,
2,000 maple-sugar correspondents, 13.000 truck crop correspondents,
also 2,500 canners' associations correspondents who report everv year
the total amount of fruits and vegetables canned. Practically all
canners are on this list. During the present year. 3,000,000 schedules
were sent out from Washington, and at least 3,000,000 more from our
field offices. From these returns, during 1922, about 48,000 separate
and distinct estimates were made on various factors relating to the
crops and live stock.

Six thousand of these estimates related to live stock, and 12,000 to
prices; the balance related to acreage, condition of crops, and yields.
The truck-crop work in the field is carried on b}" two truck-crop
specialists. Tne work on truck crop in Washington fits in with the
other crop work, and is done by the same people, so that the cost of
it here in Washington is relatively small. Nearly half a million
truck schedules were sent out this last year, and 79 separate and dis-
tinct reports were made on truck crops.

COOPERATION' WITH THE ST.\TES.

All of the work of the division, wherever possible, is done in coopera-
tion with the States. We already have arrangements with 28 States.
The States are Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho,
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, all of the New England States,
Maryland. Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey,
Michigan, New York, North Carolina. Oliio. Oklahoma, Utah, Vir-
ginia, and Wisconsin. Tlie States are i)utting into this crop reporting
work somewhere between S75.00() and §100,000 a year. That is an
estimate, of course. Some of the work is mixed in with other State
work, so that it is hard to tell how much tlie States are putting in.
These cooperative arrangements are extremely beneficial in two ways:
First, they have eliminated duplicate reports in many of the States
and the single report that is now made has been stivngthened. It
lias been j)ossible to merge the clerical help, the reporters, ami the
furi(l>. In practically everv State where these cooj)erative relations
are in effect the work is gomg along in a very satisfactory way, and
we are able to get much niore detailed information concerning each
individual State than was possible before these cooperative arranj'e-
iiients were made. vSecond, it has kept down the expen.so to tlie
Fe«leral (iovenunent of doing the crop-reporting work.

AORirULTrRAI. APPR(n*RIATION BII.I^ 1&24. 41.'}

I.IVr-MTfXK HKI'OHTISO PH«MI»«"T

F(»r tlic currt'iil \ i-m linn- i>- im iririra>-r in inc I iiihI> of t Ins iii\ i.-inin,
prjKl i«'all_v all of wliirli has Ix-cn ijs<m| for stniiiii^ tin* livr-^loi-k rv-
portiu}; project, wliich is now jjrttinK umlrr way in jfo<Ml Mhupi* mul
alr(Mi(h' showing some rcsMJIs.

I iiHj;lit say that up lo this yrar thr livo-stock work of ihi- un i-.m.ii
has l)«M>n very liiiiiird and very unsalisfartory to the livi»-slork
iiitorrsts ill that thestalistics havonot Ihmmi instifliciont dclitil tofiirni.Hli
th«' iiifoiiiiation (hat the livj'-stock inton'sls rHTfJiMJ. 'I'lir work
ituliKicd up to this year simply an annual rstimali* of (he nuinhcr of
live stock on farms, hascd on a pcrccnta^'c method of estimating,
taking the census as a hasis. The mortality (»f live stoi'k has uUo
l)eerj estimated, the i-ep(»rl hein;,' simply an index numl)er showinjj
the relative mortality from year to y«'ar. The numher of hrood stock
on farms on the 1st of Ai)ril has Ixm'H estimated on a percentajje luiHiM,
and the numher of stocK hoj^s on farms on .Septi'inher I. That ron-
resentod all of the live-stock work. When we hei^an lo |>hin for tne
new Work it was found that there wore so niaiiv deniantls for work it
would he necessary to limit it to certain fields in order to pet results,
or the work would he spread out so much that nothing; would he
accomplished. Two conferences were held, one in ("hii-afro in Nfav,
an«l the (ttlu'r in I)env«'r in .July, at N\hich wrvr present a luunher of
live-stock producers and representatives of live-stock associations,
railroads, and otluM* orjranizahons.

In addition a number of men who cotdd not he j)resent, like re[)re-
sentativcs of the Texas Cattle Association, for instance, send letters
su<;<;estin«; what they wanted in the way of service, and based on the
meetin<j:s in Chicaj^o and Denver a rather elaborate prof^ram of what
the live-stock rej)ortini; service should inchnle was outlfned. We
ascertained directly from the peoj)le who are raising stock what they
wanted. Mr. Bi.xby, Mr. Tondinson, and some of the other live-
stock association men told us what they wantcMl, and our proi;ram is
lar»;ely based on what these men said was needed. The program as
nt)W outlined includes the following things: First, an effort will
be made to make the January 1 estimate of numbers on farms more
accurate and have it give more details than in (he past. Heretofore
the ilivision has siinj)ly rejjorted the number of cattle and milk cows,
sheep, swine, and horses, but nothing a*; to age or sex. This year
will l)e the first attempt to separate the classes of cattle into steers,
bulls, and cows and calves, and. if po.ssible. make an estimate as to
the number of steers of did'erent ages. The information will be
gathered in several ways, the principal one of which will be to get
reports from thousands of individual ranches and farms, telling just
what they have on their own farms, in the way of stock of various
classes and ages, and from those re])orts W(trk uj) ratios which will be
apj)lied to the totals.

Four regional live-stock men have been j)ut into the lield and sev-
eral avSsistant live-stock statisticians have been addeil. We now have
a live-stock statistician in Texas, a regional live-stock statistician for
Arizona and Now Mexico, a regional man in Denver, with an assistant,
one in Wyoming, who covoi*s the Wyoming-Nebraska-South Dakota
area, one in the (Jreat Bjusin area, with hoad(iuartoi-s at Salt Lake
City, and through an arrangement with the Live-Stock Marketing

i

414 AGRICULTURAL APPITOPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

Division one of them in California will do considerable of this work
in California in addition to his work on the marketing end.

Then a live-stock specialist has been put in Iowa, one in Illinois,
and a reorional live-stock specialist lias been stationed in Chicago, who
lias his ofKce with the marketing division. The live-stock reports
are to be cleared through the Chicago office to a large extent, where
they will be combined and fitted in with the marketing reports, so
that the whole project of reporthig on the markets, reporting on the
receipts of live stock at various stock yards, and the estimates which
this Division will make will be one and the same project. There will
be close co(»[)ci:iti()ii between all the lines of live-stock work, which,
we think, will improve the service. Then an arrangement has been
made with the Post Ofhce Department to make a semiannual pig survey.
One was made last spring which was very complete. The returns
from the 17 states in which we made the survey included about 10
per cent of the farms, and from the statistical standpoint a sample of
that size is abundantly large enough to give a picture of the whole:
in fact, we think the number of reports could probably be cut
down to o per cent, which would be much less expensive and still
obtain a very exact picture of the whole. At the present time an-
other survey is in progress, and we already have in about 200,000
schedules from all over the country. I noticed this morning that
something like fifteen or twenty thousand have come in from Iowa.

Mr. Anderson. Are these schedules pretty accurate and do the
farmers make them out carefully i

Mr. Cat.i.endek. They are made out for the most part by the
rural carrier himself; he asks the questions and fills in the answei-s,
just like a census enumerator. Those are the instructions, at least,
which go i)ut, and each carrier is instructed to pick a section out of
his route of 10 consecutive farms. He is instructed not to select his
farms, but to take every farm as it comes, regardless of size or owner-
ship, until he gets 10 reports. From these reports we hope to be
able to work out the ratios. For the first year the information is
not particularly valuable, because we have no comparisons that are
satisfactory; hut beginning with next spring's survey we will have
comparisons, and I feel that these pio; surveys are going to be of
great assistance in showing trends in liog production, and I think,
based on these surveys, it will be p()ssiV)le to forecast very accurately
and a o;o(k1 many months ahead what the supply of hogs for mar-
keting is going to be.

I believe these estimates can be made very accurate, because we
have as a check the receipts at the stockyards as well as railroad
movements, and we are arranging now to get from frtie stockyards
and from independent packing plants which do not get their stock
throiigli tile yards direct the state of origin of all the stock coming to
tlu'ir plants, so that we will be able to forecast how many pigs Iowa,
for instance, will produce and check the forecasts from the actual
records of what go to market. Based on the surveys and checks we
will be able to forecast after this coming year, I think, how manv
pigs we may exjx'ct from any Stale during a season. I (loui)t if we
can estimate very closelv the number to be marketed in any one
nKMJth, hut for a season ( think we can forecast {|uite accurately.

That covers what is being kV^wk^ on tin- pig survev. If continued,
I think it will jlcvelop into one of our most im|)ortant pieces of live-
stock reporting work.

Ar,nT< I'lrrrLM, APiMiopniATiox bii.u vci. 415

lOvory month. hnseA on returns from Mo.iMK) farnirn*. wr aro rrpctrt-
in«; the nioiillily cliMnj^oH in niinilnTs «>f liv«' jjtnrk on n r«ti<» l)n>iiii.
This work was slaitcd oxpcriniontallv nhmit four yrurs ap». liul we
have startod into it on n much wiifor scah* huwo tho HrHt of .luly
under the new appropriation. These monthly ••hanj/t-.

Mr. Am)i;i:s<)N (interposinj»i. ho yoti mean monthly <inin^eH m
hog piochietion (

Air. Callanukk. Ves; we report the monthly ehan^eH in hoj? pro-
duction, as well as for cattle an<l sheep. Here is what we do: We
have tlu'se .■>().()()() farmer^ who report to us once a month how many
«attle, sheep, ami swine they have on theiv farms on the 1st i»f the
month and how many at the close «)f the month; how nniny wore
horn duriiii; tjie month, how many were sold, and how manv were
slau«;hti're(i. and how many died. From that we are ijettm;; an inde.x
lunnher show in<]j the ratio of tlu' number horn, died. sold, purrhased,
and slau»;htere(l hears to the total numher on the farm. It is really
a sort of hookkeepincr account. Tliis work will he expanded <'ventu-
ally to include ahout tit), ()()() farmers rep()rtinj^ onc«' a month as to
what happens on their farms. That will j;ive us a very splendid
index oinl oven the exnerimental data tliat lias come in so far lias
been very valual)le on lioi^s, Ixmu*; home out hy the receipts at the
stockyards. ^V(> also ask hoAv nuiny sows are hrcil each month, and
we have found fpiite a correlation between the numher of sows bred
and what goes to market some months later. We feel that is going
to become a very important index for tlie future and enable the live-
stock producers to get a picture of what is happening and thereby
determine whether they should increase or decrease their herds; in
fact, some of them are already using the data, but we are not giving
much j)ublicity to the work until we can dev«dop it further.

Mr. Anderson. When tliey get to using it, tliat will modify your
returns, will it not ?

Mr. Callander. Tlie thing about it is tliis: A great mass of farmers
will probablv not pay much attention to it. at least for some years,
but there will be fjuite a percentage of the farmer's who will profit by
it from the start; enough to tend to stabilize the movement to
market.

lAKM PRICES OF LIVE STOCK.

Then we are estimating the fann prices of live stock. We have
been doing that for a great many years and. of coui"se, will continue.

We are also planning to make and we are making right now — the
report output will come out on December 10 — an estimate of the
number of sheep

Mr. Ani>erson (interposing). Before vou go into that, 1 have
always had a great deal of doubt about the accuracy of your intimate
of farm prices, and I would like tt) know how you get at them i

Mr. ('all.\ndet{. We do not say tlu\v represent actual prices, but
our contention has always been that thev give us the trends from
montli to month and from year to year. They are gotten in this way :
We have a corps of price reporters and the number runs up to 1 .000
])er State: in souk^ States we have as many as 1. ()()() reporters who
report the average farm prices that are bieiig received in their terri-
tory. Now. what makes the figures a{)pear to be off sometimes is
that these figures come from importing areas as well a.s from areas
o'jQo^ 22 27

416 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

of surplus. In otlier words, hero is an area — and I will take potatoes
as an example — that only produres a])out one-fourth of its potatoes
and has to import all the rest: the price of potatoes in that area is
very much higher than it is in another area which ships out potatoes
and that naturally raises the average State price. We have been
thinking for some time of trying to work up a system of price reporting
which would give us the price in surplus areas in addition to State
averages. You see, now there is one average for a State which also
includes the prices in areas which import. Whether we cnn work
out something or not I do not know, but that is what causes the
prices to seem too high when you take an averat^e for a State.

Mr. Anderson. How do you weight these prices when you come
to get an average for the whole country?

^lr. { ALLAXDER. We weight by production. The prices for eacli
State are weighted by districts for .some crops and by counties for
others; we use nine districts in each State for weighting purposes,
and we weight the price for the State according to the importance of
those nine districts, and then we weight the price for the United
States b}' relative importance of eacn State. Of course, greater
accuracy could be secured — but it would involve a great deal more
work — if we weighted each State by counties for all crops. Most of
the prices for the principal crops are weighted by county.

Mr. Anderson. Do those weighted figures continue the same every
year '.

Mr. Callander. No: they are adjusted from year to year.

Mr. Anderson. To the production (

Mr. Callander. Yes, sir. Returning to our live-stock work, as
I just stated, we are going to issue on about the l(3th of December
the first estimate as to the number of cattle and sheep on feed in the
Corn Belt, and in the case of sheep the number, also, on feed in the
Greeley and Scotts Blufl area in the West. Our men are working on
that now.

PA.STURE AND FEED CONDITIONS ON THE RANOK.

We are making monthly reports on pasture and feed conditions
in all the range States; also on the conditicm of live stock and live-
stock prices on the range. Those reports are coming out once a
month. We began in September — ana we are about half through —
to compile a complete record for three years back, from railroad data,
of the ninnber of head of cattle shipped out of each station and
shijiped into each station in all States from Ohi(» west. A nund)er
ttf railroads have been kind enough to furnish the data free of cost
but for some we have paid the actual clerical expense required in
ct)nipiling the information. We feel we must have the.'^e data as a
l)asis before we can make intelligent live-stock estimates, because
we are planning, as soon as we cam get these data worked up. com-
piled, and thrown into counties nnd regions, to estimate live-stock
supplies and ft)]('cast the probable nuuket movements of stock
fr(»m different areas.

Mr. Ander.son. Do you expect to get these railroad data every
year^

Mr. Callander. Yes; we hope to be able to make such an arrange-
ment with tlie railroads, in fnct, a nund)er of them have alreadv
agreeti to furnish it to us monthlv hereafter. We have that matter

ACJRU'VI.TURAL APPIUHMUATIOX BIIJ^ 1W4. 417

u|> ii«)\v with tlic ruilrtMuiH iiifurinully tind <|iiili' u nuinlMT of tho Ui^
HMiiis have a(;r(>(Ml tt> furnish this infoniiation to um monthly horc-
aftrr; it iii(iiii> (iiiito a hit of I'XfX'Uso t«» thrm hut thrv havi* aj;r<««I
to furnish it. The railroad and stockyard diita will atfonl a ha«is
which will cnahlc us to forecast thnt <»ut of a certain area there in
<;ouii; to he shinped; so nniny head of eattlo or »<» many hea<l of
stock of any otiicr knd; in addition we will have the suhseciuent
railroad and stockyard records as to the actual movements i<» use
as a «lieck ajjainst our estimates, an<l we ouj;ht, as time j;oes on, to
miikc more and niore accurate forecasts of the movement.

RPRINO MOVKMKNT OP HHRRP AMI I.AMRN.

One little pie«'e t»f work whi<h has attractcjj (|uite a hit of attention
un<i interest is om* plan to estimate the prohahle spring movement
of sluH'p ami lamhs from California, Ariz<»na, Kentucky, Tenne.ssee,
West Vir<;inia. and \'ir^itiia. The movements fn>m these areas c«tmo
very <'lose to<;ether in the spriiij; and early sumiiicr. mid whin tlnv
overlap thev hurt the sheep market.

We will fn"st show how many head arc likely to come out of each
of these areas. We have the ma' hinciy in motion and I think we
are «;oin«; to he ahle to make rather ace urate estimates. Then wo
will report when the movement starts from California, for instance,
an«l when the movement starts from these other areas, and arninf;©
with the sto( kyanl companies and railroads to make weekly rep<»rts,
if they < an. a.s to what is moving;, so that the people in Kentucky ami
Tennessee (an avoid t;ettint; their stock on the nnirket when stock i*
comin«; from California or vice versa. There is a ^reat deal of interest
in that |)arti< ular project at the j)resent time, hecau.se when that sto( k
all comes in at the same time, espec ially into the Jersey City market
which hapjicns frecjuently, the price goes to pieces.

Another report on the proj^ram is an estimate of the calf and hunh
crop in the range States, so that we may have a long time view of
what the future supplies.

1 might say that in all this work we have the live-stock associations
hack of us; they are helping us. their memhership is reporting and
their leadei-s are hacking us ui) in the work.

Mr. Anderson. Prohahly tliey will feel differently about it when
they find out what vou are goinj' to do?

Mr. (^ALi-ANi)EH. The things I have mentioned are the things the
live-stock people have asked for and we are trving to shajie our
projects in the West and Middle West to give the producers what
they want.

SPECIAL REPORTS.

Then there are a great many other special reports relating to
localized areas that we are planning to make, hut it is hardly worth
detailing them here. For instance, an estimate of prospective move-
ments of grass-fat cattle from southern Texas will he made in Feh-
ruary: an estimate of lamh crop of California and early lamh crop of
Arizona, also Idaho and Colorado, will he made in March: report on
con<lition of |)asture in Kansas Flint Hills slu)rt-grass aresis will he
matle in March, that is very important to the people who hrin^
cattle from Texas and put them on the Flint liills pastures; the

418 AGRIcrLTrRAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

movcmont amounts to about MO. 000 or 250.000 head, that l)eing the
numher brouficht in tliere in the spring. The prospective movement
of grass-fat sheep from west Texas will be estimated in March.
Another report (^ the condition of Kansas Flint Hills and short -grass
pastures will })e made in April. An estimate of fat cattle movement
from California will be made in May- An estimate of number of
cattle which have gone from the Southwest States to Oklahoma.
Kansas, and other northern pastures will be made in June; that
will give an index as to what fat stock will come from those areas in
August, September, and October. Estimates of the probable number
of ifat and feeder lambs available for shipment from Arizona. Idaho,
Wvomins:. Montana. Colorado, and Xew Mexico during July and
August will be made in June; that will give an index as to the supply
of feeder lambs for the corn belt.

A estimate of the number of grass-fat cattle coming from Montana,
Wyoming, and South Dakota, etc., to market. That will be a general
inquiry which will be made in July. An estimate of the calf crop of
Texasj New Mexico, and Arizona, which will be made in September.
I have already mentioned, I think, some of the other things we have
already started and I will not go into them again.

COOPERATION WITH LIVE-STOCK ASSOCIATIONS.

I have also mentioned the cooperation we have with the live-stock
associations, and I might sav that we have been directly helping these
associations. We are helping through our work to put the feeders
in the Middle West in touch with the people in the West who have the
feeders to sell. We are doing the work in this way: We get these
men to report to us and tell us how many cattle or sheep of different
kinds they have; we are turning that information over to the asso-
ciations and the associations are drawing it off and sending it out and
then handling the business themselves. Just recently we have helped
to locate pastures in Texas and some other areas for the cattle which
were starving in New Mexico. We have done quite a bit of that in-
directly and as an incident to our other work. We do not consider
it a part of our work but we help wherever we can.

Mr. AxDERSo.x. The information is there, and there is no reason
why they should not have it?

iJlr. Callandkr. That is true, and we are making the greatest
possible use of the information we are gathering.

CnOP-WOHK srUDIKS.

T hav(> not mentioncvl anything about our crop work, but that has
gone on about the same, and we are spending about the same amount
of money this year as usual. However, I might say this: We have
just j)ut into the Washington odice one of our experts from the field,
who lias made one of the best records lus to tlevising new methods and
better methods of croj) estimating.

During the last year or two we have devised improved methods of
estimating aereage, which is our greatest prol)l(Mn m cro|> estimating.
If we can g<'t the acreage accuiately, the rest is rather easy.

So we have, within the last year or two. been exj^erimenting, an<i
now we have woiked out two or three ncnv methods of estimating

AGRICVLTIRAL AI'IMUHMtlATlON BII.I-, 11124. 419

Hcrcujjc. wliicli arc Ix'iu^ put iiitn piju'licr which will luivr u vitv
important rfrcct on our ostiinatin^ w<»rk of tin- future. If vou arV
intcrt'sti'cl. 1 will nuMition thoni. One is hv jirttinj; ciinii);!! ukIivhIuhI
farmci's to rrpoit what tlu'v thnnsrlvcs )iavr ;^n»wu ami pr«*(lur<><|,
so that whni we <;rt a rjrcat many tliou»»an<ls of thi-sr n>jMtris put
to<;«*tlu'r w(> will liavc a fair samph* of tho whole rountry. Wi» havr
ma<le somi' stjidirs as to how many wr iummI to do that, and our
studies s(» far would indicate that if we «-ould ^et ahout 2 per cent «»f
the farmers of the country to tell us exactly what acrea;je thev have
in oro|)s we woidd have enou<;h t») jjive us a true pirturi' of what is
ha|)penin<r. We have done that this year in everv State, and our
revisions for Decemher will he hased larj^ely on those studies. Then
wo have encoin*a}4ed the developm«>tit of the assessor's census, u> you
tnif^ht call it, and in ahout 1') or 20 States the States have pH.s.s<><|
laws which r»'(|uire the assessors, at the tim«' of makini; their annual
assessments, to take n crti^us of the ncreML''' "fid tnindier^ of live
stock.

In ahout four States the data have heccune so accurate that we feel
it is renllv hetter than th(> Inited States census so far as acreajje is
concerned. That is ««speciallv true in \Visc(»nsin ; in Minnesota this
year thev are taking it for the first time and it is extrenielv satis-
factory; Michigan has an annual assessors' census as well as Iowa,
Nohraska. Missouri, and Colorado. \\v are anxious to see and arc
encouraging the pa.ssage of State laws which will give a census in
every State. Then we have also, following out the suggestions made
by a statistical committee of experts who investigated our system
last winter, started a system of field counts, as we call it. that is. each
of our field statisticans takes a certain line of railroad or certain road
and he covers that same area each year. The arrangement now is
that he will take enough of those r»)a(ls in his State to give a goo<l
cross section of his State and will count the number of fields of each
kind of crop along those roads, makin<c an exact record every year of
what changes have taken place. In tne case of fields that are not of
good shape or ar(* of odd sizes we are trving the experiment of counting
the kind of crop that is opposite each telegraph pole. We find the
field count is a very satisfactory way of estimatmg the changes in
acreage from year to year in the East and South, but it is not so
satisfactory in the West.

Some of our men are quite enthusiastic about the accuracy with
which changes in acreage can be determined by coimting the fields
from year to year over exactly the same area. In a State like (leorgia.
where it has been tried out to the greatest extent, it takes about
4.000 miles oi road, covered year after year in exactly the same
way^ to determine the change that has taken place during the year.
I might say that last year in South Carolina our statistician covered
about .3,000 miles of road and estimated the ct)tton crop base<l on
his survey. His estimate was about the same as that finally deter-
mined in December after the ginning returns were nearly all in.
All of the other sources of information gave a much lower acreage
than his survey, but as it was a new experinu'iit he wm'^ to tru<t the
results.

420 AGRlCULXrRAL APPROPRIATION BlIJ., hrli.

INCREASE USED FOR LIVE-STOCK WORK.

The increase for tlie coming year will be used im part to strengthen
the livestock work. The (livision simply can not begin to meet
the demands on it for livestock information; it is expensive to get
railroad! data and other information of that kind, and we want to
put on about two or three more men to strengthen the service in the
Corn Belt States. We were only able this year to put on two live-
stock men in the Corn Belt besides the regional men in Chicago.

We have allowed extra money for clerical help and the travel
expenses of our Corn Belt men but we had not enough money to put
on more assistants there this year. There really ought to be four
more men in the Corn Belt States. Another man is needed in Texas.
We find that one live-stock statistician, with an assistant, is not
enough by any means to cover the State of Texas. There are two
or three well defined live-stock areas there and we want a new man
to put in the Panhandle area, and at the same time have him cover a

Sart of Oklahoma. We also need a man in the western part of
ebraska and South Dakota, as well as eastern Wyoming, to help
the regional man there So we are estimating we will use about
$14,000 of this, if we get this increase, on that part of the work.

We can not undertake dairy work this year because the funds will
not permit it. To start on a project of estimating milk production
and changes in dairy needs would take as much more monev, probably,
as it would to handle the meat animals, to which we are limiting the
work at the present time. An increase of S 11, 000 is asked for to
strengthen the Washington office. We have put one more man in
this year, but our weakness, if we have any — and, of course, we all
have that — is that our W^ashington office has not had enough trained
statisticians to handle the information that comes in from the field.

Mr. Anderson. Do you mean you want these men to act as
interpreters ?

Mr. Callander. I mean that we need additional men to interpret
the information that comes in, to study its weaknesses and improve
the methods of getting it. We need a cotton statistician in the
Washington office who will help and who will study new methods of
estimating cotton, which is a tricky crop and it is very hard to get
good results. He will {2;ive his whole time, practically, to a study of
whit we have been dom^ in estimating and to the devising of new
methods. He will also visit our various cotton States and help the
field men improve their estimates, and he will also be in a positicm
to furnii^h aiiylhiiui; iji the way of cotton statistics which may be
needed at any time.

Mr. Anderson. What do you do in securing statistics and what
is the diderence in what you do and what the Department of Com-
inerce does {

Mr. Cali ANDER. The Department of Commerce simply reports
the amount of ((ttton ginned. They begin in September and period-
ically iiiak*' ref)orts until the 1st of December. They have paid
reporters who go to the gins and report the actual number of bales
ginned. Wc begin estimating in rhine; we estimate the condition on
the 1st of .June and then on the 1st of July we estimate the acreage
of (•otlon.

Mr. lirciiANAN. Do you not start in by estimating the acreage
planted in cotton i

AORICUI.TI'RAK AI'IMIOIMMATIO.V lUI.U 1^4. 421

COTTON AVHUAUr. KMTIMATKn.

Mr. ('allam)KK. \\v do not mako a rotton ncrcaf^p c«itininti> until

ubout tlio 1st of .Inly; tliut is tlic first lumijjp estimate; then we
ostiinntt' the coiiditiorj, ntid from these two fa«t<»rs fon'mst what the
[)n)hjihU' production will \h' , we make a prodnetion e>.timate about
the 1st of July, the 1st of Aujjust. the Ist of S««pt<Muher. and the 2d <»f
October, and that is the bust forecast w«> make. Y<»u see. nearly all
these reports have been made before the Department of Commerce
has bei^un to nuike ^^itmin;; reports in the fall. Then a final otunate
is made in December, about the IJth of December. We have Wen
accumulatin<j data for several vears with a view to makin;; another
forecast in Novemlx'r. and 1 tliink we now have sufficient data to
be«jin tiiis comiji*; year to make one more additi()nal cotton forecast
in November of each year. There has been (juite a demand for that
because there is (piite a ^ap between the estimate made oji the 2d
of October and the final production estimate will be in December.

Mr. Andkrson. I understantl it costs about $270,000 to get these
cotton f^innint; statistics. Do you think vou couhl do it any cheaper
than tliat ?

Mr. Callandkr. Well. I tiiink we have the macliinerv .mil tlt.it
we probably could if it were given to us.

^ir. BrciLVXAN. The most of that is paid out in wages to the cotton
statisticians in each county, is it not i

Mr. (\vLLANDEK. I think so.

Mr. Buchanan. Have you anybody now employed who could take
up that work without much extra expense?

Mr. Callander. We have men in every county and I think we could
probably arrange to get it. Of course, we have a head man — a
statistician — in each State who is familiar with conditions in his
State, and we get that sort of information from other sources, that
is, not on cotton, but we get similar information on some other pro-
<lucts by getting reports direct from the people who are doing the
work through our State statisticians. As it is now. the ginning re-
ports are, in a way. a check on the other, and it is very desirable to
have not only an estimate of what the probable production will be,
but a report of the actual amount ginned. We have estimated that
we could make the ginning reports for about -SI 00.000.

Mr. BuciLVNAX. WTien you make your estimates after tlie ginning
statistics come in you have those ginning statistics to take into <'on-
sideration in making vour estimates ?

Mr. Callaxder. We only have them for one report and that is the
December report. At that time we do take into considerati(»n the
ginning statistics, because the crop is pretty well ginned by that time.
as a rule, and this ye^r a great deal of it is ginned.

In addition to tliis cotton statistician we want to put a grain man
in the office who will specialize on grain statistics and methods of
estimating wheat antl corn. Up to this time we have only had Mr.
Murray, tne chief statistician, and one other man, »vs statisticians in
the W^ashington office. The information comt^ in from the field and
it has to be rushed through, and there has never been enough trained
people in the Wa.shington ofhce to properly handle the material.
We want, if po.ssible, to strengthen the Washington organization by
putting in at least two more statisticians than we have at the present

422 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924,

time, and we feel that the results to the whole service will be very
beneficial.

I have already mentioned the fact that since the amalgamation of
the bureau with crop reporting the machinery, the field men and the
volunteer correspondents, are now being used for other purposes as
well as crop reporting. We are not using the same people, but we
are building up lists of men who report only on special subjects
because we do not want to overburden our regular crop reporters.

MARKETING STATISTICS.

Doctor Taylor. Mr. Tenny will discuss the item relating to mar-
keting statistics.

Mr. Texny. This is the item I mentioned 3^esterday as being
transferred from the marketing and distribution funds last year.
$23,400. This is used exclusivelv in the compilation of fundamental
marketing information. It includes holdings in cold storage; it
inchides me movement of cars from shipping points, and some price
information as to the various commodities.

Mr. Anderson. Do you get figures yearly, weekly, or monthly
as to the loads and unloads of fruits and vegetables i

Mr. Tenny. In the larger cities we get daily reports as to the
loads and unloads of fruits and vegetables.

Mr. Anderson. That information, I imagine, gives 3'ou a fairly
good index?

Mr. Tenny. Yes; it does. In addition to that we have cold-
storage reports on 35 commodities. To show the completeness of
these reports, we are circularizing monthl}^ 1,206 cold-storage plants.

Mr. Anderson. Do you include public and private cold-storage
plants ?

Mr. Tenny. Yes; 1,191 of the 1,206 are giving us replies monthly,
leaving only 15 out of 1,200 that fail to reply, so that we feel our
storage reports should be ver}'' nearly accurate.

Mr. Anderson. Are these reports ever checked up?

Mr. Tenny. Through personal visitation?

Mr. Anderson. Yes.

Mr. Tenny. Occasionally an individual one. but not universally
so. The man who has this in charge is right now making a visit to
six or eight of the larger cities for the puqjosc of getting in touch
with these cold storages and finding out how well their reports are
made. Of course, that does not mean that he goes into a storage
house and makes a count t)r gt)es through their books, but he is
en(k'av()ring to get the attitude of the peojile who are making the
re])orts, how they are making them an(l the data from which they
draw off tlie re]>orts. We are also making cold storage re])orts on
fish. One liundred and ten concerns are on the mailing list and the
average for the last six months has been 107 reports, leaving only
three that have failed to re])ort.

We are making cold storage reports on apples, butter, cheese, ofi^f:^,
(ish, ice cream, lard, live stock, live-stock slaughters, cold storage
holdings of meats, coiuhMised and evaporated milk, oleomargarine,
and the cold stora<jc holdings of ponltrv, as well as (juarterly rejiorts
on wool. We arc handling a portion of the wool rej)orts, the remain-
<ler being handled by the Department of Commerce, and we are

AGIUCULTl'IUL Al'IMUiIMMATlON IIILU »U2». 4'J.'(

isstiinjr H joitjl ro|)<»rt, tin- \M'ik ln'iiiif <l<>ii»- roop. I' in-

formalion. in tin* iiiuin, is piil>li>li(M| u> -irm^ht . ... i:na-

tioij, niul we are having a j;reat<T mil thari ever IwfKrf for the hnrc
statistics. n«»\VfviT. we ijo huuw tHhiilaliiii; nii«l an ' of thpHo

reports, and fniite a larire niunher of niiniff ■• '■ • - ticij

with a brief siMuniarv of the situation ni < _ ,,iih

months and previous years. I think there is notlun^ furthrr on that
item tiiat I care to mention.

roKKUiS MAItKKT IN VKNTl4;ATION-f<.

The hist item in tliis anpnipriation is that rehitiii^ mi i-m i^n ..-m-
petition and (UMnand. 'Ihis year we have S()'>,(H)(), whi<-h is handh-d,
a*} I recall, as a proviso. That is true, Miss (Mark, is it not f

Miss ('i,AKK. ^ es; it is a proviso to the appropriation for crop atid
jive stock estimates.

Mr. Tk.nxv. We have rec|uested a change in the provi.so, that is,
to make SHO.OOO available instead of $0").()0(). The work connoctecl
with foreign compctitiitn and ilcniand is exactly what is cf»vered
in that headin<; and naturally divides its(>lf into two lines of work,
forei<i:n competition and forei«;n demand for American productn.
At the present time we have live regular men in the foreitjn field.
Mr. Foley is in L<»ndoii. wher(> he is in touch with reprt-sentatives
from the whole of the British Empire. In aildition to keepinj; in
touch with the developments in the British Empire Mr. P'olev has
made several other studies. Last year we had a request from the
almond industry for information re<rardin<; competition in the
almond industry and this mimeo<;raphed circular r«'port was t;otten
out. We have in the files a number of letters from the almond
a.ssociation of California commenting most favorably on that report
and tellin*; us it is just the information they want in shaping; up
their industry and their sales policy. Mr. S(juires is now in Germany.
In Germany we are studying the development and comeback of tlie
live-stock industry there, with especial reference to the relation of
the German live-st<K-k industry to lard substitutes. Germany was
one of the largest buyei"s of lard before the war and we are now
studying, in a rather critical way, the lard substitutes that are being
used in Germany, with especial reference to the question of demand
for our own products.

Mr. AxDEitsox. IIow is this foreign work organized f Do you have
representatives in the foreign countries who stay there the year
around (

Mr. Texxy. These I have mentioned are in tiic foreign countries
most of the time, but not necessarily in any one countrv- Mr.
Squire was originallv in London. Mr. S(|uire was in the tnglish
countries with Mr. Kolev, and when the need arose for making a
study in Germany we sent Mr. Scjuire to Germany. lie will also go
into Poland and cover a number of those central lOuropean countries
in making the special studies we want made. Mr. Michael is still
in eastern Europe, in the Balkan countries, and has been making a
very careful study of cereal production. We have this month. No-
vember, issued a report on cereal production in Yugoslavia, and that
report indicates the character of the studies these m»'n are making.
Mr. Bullock is still in Argentina, but will return very shortly to the

424 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Washington ofTioe. Mr. Bullock has been studying particuhirly the
statistical work in Argentina, with the idea of getting better statis-
tics out of that country, which are very important from our stand-
point, as it produces much of the same products we are producing
and those products come in competition with our agriculture. He
has also been studying the live stock industry in ^Vrgentina to a con-
siderable extent. Just recently we have sent Mr. Lively to
Manchuria.

Two things are particularly in our minds in this work in Siberia
and Asia. First we want to get a clear picture of the competition
that is coming from there on cereal production, and then we are
proposing that he shall go over into certain parts of China to study
the cotton production in that country. Something over 1,000,000
bales of cotton enter into commerce from China, and it is our desire
to know more about where this cotton is produced, the conditions
under which it is produced, the labor conditions that make the crop
and the whole economic aspect of the production of cotton in China.

Mr. Anderson. What I would like to know is whether that is
something which will become a mere matter of history and which
can be embalmed in some library, or has it some relation to what we
are doing i

Mr. Tenny. Through our press service these reports are being
given the very widest distribution and they are angle from the point
of view of being of assistance to American agriculture to-day and in
the future, but primarily with regard to the development of our agri-
cultural policy for the future, because if China has the possibilities of
producing a certain type of cotton and not another particular type
that fact is of very great importance in all of our agricultural work in
developing the cotton business in this country. I am usin^ that sim-
ply as an illustration. The review I have given covers the work of
individuals. In addition, we are getting a great deal of statistical
information direct from the countries, analyzing it and issuing it in
connection with the crop reporting information. We feel it is just as
important, with the channels of trade open as they are now, for us
to know what is being produced in foreign countries and what is
being done with it as it is to know what is being produced here and
what is being done with our home production. So all of these men
and all of our correspondents are working from the angle of being of
the greatest benefit, from the statistical point of view, to our agri-
culture.

Mr. Anderson. What is the situation now with reference to
securing prompt statistics of European production and consumption ?
My recollection is that those statistics have come in as a rule six
months or a year after they could have been of much use. I am
interested in knowing just what is being done with a view to getting
those statistics more promptly.

Mr. Trnny. The statistics of crops and live stock antl live-stock
products that we are able to gather from initial sources are cabled,
and are handled just as expeditiously as our o^vn crop and live-stock
reports.

Mr. Anderson. Do they come directly from the country concerned ?

Mr. Tenny. Yes, sir; we are getting them that way, and wo are
also getting them two weeks or so later from the institute at Koine.
Wc linvc a miiiibci' of other reports. W(> ari> issuing weekly this

AGRlcrLTrHAL APPROPRIATION BII.I^ 1W4. 425

F«»ri'i«;ii Crop and Maikrfs. whirli is u riiiiniMi^^raplifMl iirmlnr tliAt
siimmarizrs tlic infornuif i<»n that «MiMrs m ilmitjir the wti>k tmin
f(»r(M«^n count rirs.

Mr. AvDKItsoN. How (Itirs tliut ronnrit Up witli ulial tlw l>«*pnrt-
inc'it of Comnion'r is doinj;?

Mr. Tknny. Mv in)prrssi<»n is ilutt it tUws not conilirt at all with
what tliov Jiiv <l(»in}j:. Tfiis is wholly supplommtHry to anvthin^;
that th(\v may ho «loin^. 'Phi< is fhr anj^lc. as I hnv«' Htnt»'<l hcforn:
It is done fn»in the viowpdint of hnn^ of the urcnti'sl a.s.>«iMtnnri> in
shupinj; our own aj^riiultiirr. and is lUH-ossary in ordiT to iii'volop
th<» ("orroct nj^rirultural pra<ti<«v llrrr is a report from Mr. S<|uiro
on (he (juostion of Danisli hncon displa<in«; flw .Vmrrirari pr<»dti»i in
British markets. 'Phis report is issued hy Mr. Foley on the British
apple market, and it has l)een used l>v prartieally all of the a|)()le
exporting concerns of this country a.s tlie very latest information on
the British appl(> mniket.

Mr. .\\i)Ki{S()\. How many people have you in your division f

Mr. Thnnv. There are live or si.\ scientilic people and 12 rjerkft
workin;; on the prol)lem of analy/jn<; this material that is cominir in
from foreif^n countries and j^ettin;; it out from week to week so that
it may he useful.

Mr. Andkrsox. Hmv many people have you in foreijjn countries?

Mr. Texnv. There are five.

Mr. Anderson'. Are they all in lOurope f

Mr. Tewy. No, sir; there is one in Asia, and one in South
America. The others are in Kurope.

FOR mark?:t inspection of perisharlk Foons.

Mr. Anderson. We will take up the item on pajje 2H1, for enahlinp
the Secretary of AjTriculture to invest ijjate and certify to shippers and
other interested parties the quality and c(»ndition of fruits, veiretahles,
poultry, butter, hay, and other perishable farm products.

Mr. Sherman, ^fr. Chairman, we have here an estimated increase
<^f -SIOO.OOO, which it is proposed to expend in the following propor-
tions: For the inau<;uration of hay inspection work. $4(),()()(); for
poultry and eggs inspection work, -SS.OOO; and for further w«»rk in
the inspection of fruit and vegetables, §.52,t)00. The hay work will
be entirely new. The anpronriation, however, for the last three
years, I think, has carried authority to inspect hay along with those
other products, but no addition was made to the amount carried in
the appropriation and no hay inspection work has been done.

HAV INSPECTION SERVICB.

Ilay standardization work has gone forward, as Mr. Tenny ex-
plained to you. under the marketing and distributing item, or through
an allotment from that item, and now the department is in a
position to p) ahead with the actual inspection work. The hay
exchanges of the country have taken a most lively interest in the
work, and apparently have been entirely converte<l to the idea.
Thev now have men in training with the department who are to be
used as inspectors to be cunployed jointly by the hay exchanges and
the department. They are to l)c em|)loye(l untler the supervision

426 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRLVTIOX BILL, 1924.

of the department in the application of the recommended grades for
timothy and clover mixtures.

Mr. Anderson. Will any charge be made for those inspections?

Mr. Sherman. Yes, sir; a charge will he made for the inspections,
but how nearly it will come to making the work self-supporting, we
can not tell in advance. It will have to be tried out. We will have
to experiment with that as we go along, just as we did in the case of
fruits and vegetables. As you will remember, the fruit and vegetable
inspection work during the first year was a free service. In connec-
tion witli the fruit and vegetable work, during the fiscal year ended
June .30, 1919, 14,493 cars were inspected, and no charges were made
until October of that year. Then we began with a fee of .S2.50 per
car, and that fee was continued through the next year, or the year
ended June 30, 1920. During that year 25,488 cars were inspecte<l
at a fee of 82. .50 per car. Then the fee was raised to .S4, and the
interstate limitation was put on by Congress. Then the number of
inspections dropped to 23,877. Then in the fiscal year ended June
30, last, the inspections went up to 31,207, at a fee of S4 per car.
Therefore, as you will see, we have progressed from no income at
the beginning to a point wliere we have returned to the Treasury in
the last fiscal year $128,627 out of an appropriation of §17.5,000,
making the service about five-sevenths self-isupporting. We are
running at just about the same rate this year in our work in the cities.
That is a digression from the discussion of the hay work to a discus-
sion of the fruit and vegetable work.

Now, the same policy is to obtain in the hay-inspection work that
has obtained in the fruit and vegetable inspection work — that is. to
start with fees that the people will pay and then work it up as nearly
to a self-supporting basis as possible. When we come to the (|uestion
of the inspection of fruit and vegetables, I would like to go into that
matter further, and see whether the committee has the idea that we
should raise the fee so as to make the work entirely self-supporting,
or until we reach the point where the decrease in business balances the
increase from higher fees, or whether we should aim to keep the work
)opular, even at the expense of a small part t)f the appropriation,
t is a f|uestion right now whether we should raise that fee to $5.
If the fee had been $5 last year, and if we had had the same number
of inspections, we would have been only $10,000 short of turning in
the full amount of the approj:)riation to the Treasury.

Mr. Anderson. If I understood Mr. Tenny correctly, those hay
standards arc still in a somewhat experimental stage.

Ml-. Shehman. They necessarily aie in an experimental .>^iagc until
they reach the stage of demonstration in actual practice. '1 he hay
associations of the country have generally accepteil and approved
this proposition, and wish to jMit their business upon the basis of the
recommended bay grades, so far as timothv and clover mixtures are
<'onceined. Most of the work lemains to be done with reference to
prairie hays and alfalfa, so that the hay-insjiection work contempUted
under this item will be conlined very largely to the Kastern cities.
'Ihe men actually in (raining n«iw are expiH-ted to work in lioston.
New York, Philadelphia, an<l Richmond, \'a., with one operating
here in Wasliin<;tori, who will be available for inspection work at
Washing((»n and in .Mexandria, wheie the hav laboratorv is located.

1'

I

ACiHu ii.Tri!Ar, xfrMti'PniATiox nii.u 1024. 427

Mr. Andkrhon. Will yoti have any liav in«*portion at KuiiMUtCitrt
Mr. SiiKHMAN. I |)r('«<iinH' it will n-arh Chicaifo, KniiMAx Citv. ami

(incimuiti ln'forc the end of flu- floral vrar if this ;

prialrd. 1I(»\V('\ «'r. then' lia> Immmi ^mjiu- (jtii-stion n, ,......, ,..

should have Imy itispri'tion nt Kati^nx City iinfil wr nn* r«*a<lv lo
iiispt'ct prairio hay and alfulfji

Mr. .VsDKItsoN. How do yoii arn\r nt that 5 ju,uuu r

Mr. SiiKHMAN. That is purely an rsiiniate.

Mr. Andkksov. Is it just a irurss. or do you have anv idrn what
you will do with it ^

Mr. SnKltMAN. \V<' h:i\. .1 i.i . 1 1 ^ - I idea «)f wlml \M- \Miuld Uki-

to <lo. I hclicv*' that .Mr. \Vln'«'It*r will handle the details of that
work, and ho is not hero. I thifik that the SlO.OOO will take eare of
the work in Boston, New ^'ork. I'hiladelphia. \Vashin;:lon. and
|{i(hiuon<l. \'a.. and also at certain shipping; points in New York
State, where State funds can he used in cooperation with us in
making; this service availahle at the shi|)pins: end. It may also be
used in CinciinnUi, ('hica<;o, and Atlanta. Now, I am not ready to
commit the tlenartment to the statement that the work will he
carried on in all of those citie^s durin*; the entire fiscal year on this
$40.0()(), hecause it would seem to me that that would he m(»re tlum
we could reasonahly hoji«» to carry out, hut those points I have
mentioned are j)oints where we e.xpect to hejjin worK, and it will
he (fone pretty nearly in that order, so far as the money will j^o.

Mr. Andeusox. I think you had hetter furnish us wit)i a statement
showiiif^ wh(>re you propose to put those men. what salaries you will
pay them, and ^vhen you expect to put them on.

(The statment referred to is as follows:)

Estimate cotering hay inspection.
Salariop:

1 chiof inspector ( hoadiiuartera, W'ashiiiijton. D. C.) $.i, juo

3 supervising inspector.-* at .'ji:i,0(Xt (I at \Va.«hineton. D. C, to cover
ca-^torn markets: 1 at Chicago to cover the Middle West; 1 at Atlanta

to cover the South) 9, 000

1 inspector (Kansas City) 3,000

("lerical assistance (temi)orary clerks a." needed 1 2, 700

30 inspectors on cooperative basis ;it following points: Boston, New York.
I'hiladolphia. Haltinioro. Wiv-^hiiitrion. Riclunond. Pittslmrgh. .\flanla.
Jack.sonville. lUrmingham. ('hattanix)ga, .\a.>«hville. Mt-mphi.-", Nrw
Orleans, St. Ix)uis, St. Joseph. Ix)uisville. Cincinnati, Columbus. Ohio,
lndiana])olis. Chicago. Milwaukee. Omaha. Minneapolis. St. Paul.
iHduih, shipping ]>oints in New York and Virginia, and also in Ohio.

Indiana, and Michigan, if possible '" "Hi

Stationery and office 8U]t])lies 1 . mh)

Telephone. telegrai)h. freight, express, drayage, etc 1, 760

Traveling ex])ense8 •'>. 1 tiO

R.Mit of ollice 8i>ace 1 . h n)

Scientific ami other ecpiipment 1, '"OO

Miscellatieous items : 390

40.000

If this appropriation is granted, arrangements will be made to start men in traininf;
for inspectors on July 1. and within six weeks of that time, the departnu-nt will be
ready to gel the service under way in all of the cities shown above.

Mr. SnEit.MAN. There are five men in traininj' now.

Mr. Ten.nv. The only arran<;ement that will be nnule until the
1st of July will be to put these men in at SI per year, which is simnly
a nominal salary arrangement, hecause we have no funds. Alter

428 AGRICULTURAL. APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

that time, if the funds are availubk*. we would like to pay them not
less than $100 per month, and in some cases it will be a little bit
more than that. All of them will be tooporative men.

Mr. Anderson. That is, partly paid by States ?

Mr. Tennv. In some cases partly paid by States and in some
cases partly paid out of inspection fees that are collected by hay
exchanges.

Mr. Anderson. I do not see how you can charge an inspection
fee on the side of the Government where the men are partly paid by
the Government and partly paid by the States.

Mr. Tenny. The way it is handled is that the fee will be charged
and collected through the hay exchanges, and the part of the salary
that is not paid by the Federal Government will be paid out of those
fees. In addition to the amount that will be paid these men out of
the fees, a part of the fee will also come to the Federal Treasury to
cover the approximate cost of the service to the Federal Treasury.
We will have to pay our proportion of the salaries out of the appro-
priation, but out of the fee will come into the Treasury an amount
approximately equal to the amount paid from the Treasury.

Mr. Sherman. Gf course, if such agreements are made, you can
provide for the reimbursement of the Treasury with much more
accuracy than from the fees, which, in turn, are dependent upon the
flow of 'business. We have a rather profitable arrangement that I
would like to explain to you a little later with reference to shipping-
point inspections of fruits and vegetables, in which the States guar-
antee to us a return of the salaries that we have to pay.

POULTRY AND EGG WOUK.

It is the purpose to allot $8,000 of this increase to poultry and vg^
work. Mr. Tenny has spoken to you with regard to the progi-ess
that has been made in the develoj)ment of ogs^ standarrfs. The
people who are handling tiie poultry and o^^i; work realize that it is
of very little use to recommend t^gg standards or grades unless you
are ready to put on the inspection service and demonstrate whether
or not they are being used and lived up to. If you simply recom-
mend certain grades, they will be adopted in both the western markets
and the eastern markets, but you will still have those questions and
difl'erences of opinion between shippei"s and receiACi's until you put
on Federal insjK'ctoi-s. Therefoi'e it is expected that if this increase
is granted ab(»Mt ."§S, ()()() of it will be used for j)oultrv and egg work.
That work will be done in the big cities, like New York, Boston,
Philad('lj)iiia. and Ghicago. In New York City, we will say, there
will jjrobably be a certain innuber of ins|)ections of live poultry.
They will have the same old (juestions that have been agitating the
poultry trade, of the overfeeding of poultry before nutting it on the
market. 'I'hev ai'e still having a gi-eat deal of diliiculty with that,
and they want Federal iiis|)ection to determine whether or not
poultry arrives in a proj)er condition to be placed upon the market.

iN.sPErrioN WOUK i\ i lu its wh vk<;ktahi,ks.

Gut of the .SlOO, ()()() in«ica->c askcil Tor, it is proposed to allot
$.'>2,()00 to the e.xonnsion of the inspection work in connection with
fruit and ve«jetal)les. I have just reviewed the work to date. .Vs
it has been nandh'd in the past, the inspections have grown from

ACiRKTI.Tl'RAL AI'l'llorMtlATIflN HII.U I'^I*. 429

14,()()() rars in tlir (ii-s( yvnr up to 31.207 in iIh' pii.st yoar, or in the
y«'iir wliicli riMUMl on .liiin' 'M) lust. 'Plir <'ilv work is riiiinin;; jiwt
iil)(»ul llic same, t)!" at tin* uvcraijr ratt* of last yrur, for tin* frw iiioiiihM
we liavr passt-d through of tliis lisrnl Vfur. Tin* only now work
that lias (M>nio on us in tiu* citirs is tlio iiispiTlion work that we
liMvr h«M'n askcil to (1(» for the Army and Navy hospitals iti the
\iciiiily (»f the port of Nrw York, and \vr an* now just (-oiiii)lflin^
an arran<;(>niont to inspoct all the fruit and v«>i;clal>l«> supj>li(*s for
the (IiM't under the control of the Shippin<; lioanl. which will involve
the cnii)lovincnt of one or two additional men in New Y«irk. How-
ever, tliey will he paid for hy transfer of funds from the Shipping
Board's appropriation to ours, just as is done in the vnsp of the
work that we do for the Navy. We have ei^ht men rmw ^jivinjj
full time to the inspection t)f siipplit's for the Navy, and the salarioH
of those men are reimhursed to us hv a transfer of fumls from the
Navy appropriations to ours. For that reason, if you look ut our
pay roll, it mi^ht appear (hat we are t-arrvinj; n rather larj^'e force
for the amount of inspection work we are doin^', hut a numher of
those men are really Ixmii*; paid hy the Navy, and they constitute
no drain upon this af)propriation.

dust at the present time there is an extra (iemaiHJ m the poit of
New York on the part of expoiters f(»r the inspection of commodities
^oin^ ahroad, particularly of apples, which work we liave not heoJi
al)le to do, hecause of our inahility to put on any more men. The
inllexihility of the service is a verv serious liandicap in some respects.

Last \ear, as you aie aware, tin' House aineiMled the hin^^ua^e of
tliis item, providiiij; that inspections nii^ht he made of those products
when ofTered for interstate sliipment, or when received at such im-
portant central mark«>ts as the Secretary of Agriculture may from
time to time tlesi»riiate, etc. I am not sure wliether the committee
realizes just what they <li(l to us when that chan«;e in lan^ua^'e took
j)lace. or whether they thou«rlit they would multiply our held hy It).
20. or 100. As a matter of lact, you multiplied our field very nearly
«>ne hundredfold, hut as you know, there was no increase made in
our appropriation to meet it. 'I'herefore, we have lind the delifjhtful
outdoor sport of seein<]; 1h)W many hricks could he made witlu>ut
straw. You may he interesteil to know that from the 1st day of July
to the loth day of Novend)er we Iiad inspected at shipping: points
35,900 cars of Iruit and vegetahles, of the a^'grejjate value of some-
thing over ?24,0(i0,0()0. Tliat is to say, we liad inspected more cars
at the sliippin*; points hetween July 1 and No\ emher lo than w»« luid
inspected in the course of the entire preceding; hscal year.

Mr. Andkilson. How did you do it (

Mr. SiiKH.MAN. On the 11th day of June 1 >larted myself on a tour
of the State ca()itals, visiting; the commissioners of a«;riculture and
the people who have authority to do those things in the States, anil
also those who have some money to spen«l. antl especially tlmse
who have authority to use the money that they may make in such
enterprises. 1 was fortilied hv a series of o|)inions from the solicitor's
ollice as to what sort of hargalns we could enter into uiuler that item.
I had a series of conferences with commissionei-s of ajrriculture. the
market men in the States, and a «;ood many with the attornevs
general of the States, to see how we could lit the .State law into tho
Federal law and work up a cooperative agreement under which thiii

(

430 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILI., 1921,

work could be done. In some of the States they had unexpended
balances in their aonicultural appropriations that they were jjlad
to put into this work as a matter of experiment and as educational
work. They were willing? to do that whether they could get the
money back or not, and in those cases that was the measure of the
amount of work that could be done. In other States tliey were
already operatinu; inspection services, and they had authority to use
fees for tlic support of such work. In those States we had a rela-
tively simple propo.sition.

We worked out agreements witli IS States. Some of them have
operated for a few months, or until the State money was gone, and
some of them will operate throughout the fiscal year. As I have
said, we have 18 cooperative agreements with States for shipping
point inspections, and in many vital particulars absolutely no two
of those agreements are alike.

Every one is different from any other — that is, as to the method of
making application of the funds, the division of the money, the
method of employing the men, etc. However, in every case we held
to two or three basic principles. We have held in each case that a
reasonable fee must be charged and collected, approximately sufficient
to cover the cost of the service rendered. We have allowed the States
that wanted to put money into it to fix the fees, and in some cases
they have put in a scale of fees that would not make the work self-
supporting, but in those cases the States were willing to invest a
certain amount in it for educational purposes. We have also in-
sisted that the inspections should be on the basis of United States
grades, and that the form of statement concerning any matter of
grade should be a form that we approved.

We hope next year to bring about an almost absolute uniformity in
the form of the certificate and in the nature of the statements made,
and we expect to do that b}^ having all of the certificates printed here
at the Government Printing Office. They will be printed in such
manner that each State can run in the State name under that of the
Dej)aitment of Aa;riculture, with sufficient room alongside the citation
of our authority tor them to cite the State authority.

Mr. Anderson. How is the certificate signed?

Mr. Sherman. It is signed by the inspector, who states that he is
autiiori/ed by the acts cited to inspect and certify both on the part
of the State and of the United States. He holds a license card
signed by the Secretary of Agriculture and countei-signed by myself,
or by the supervising inspector, authorizing him on behalf of the
Secretary to inspect under this act. Therefore, all of those shipping-
point certificates are joint State and Federal certificates. Where no
one in the State has authority to do this work, we can not operate,
i>ecaiise we have no money. We liave the authority i)ut iiave no
money. If anybody in the State has the authority and the money, ^
we can coofx'rate with them.

Mr. Andekkon. How are those shipping-point inspections carried
out? 1 suppose that in the case of many coiuincxhties it is a seasotud
proposition.

Mr. Sherman. Yes, sir; in some cas(»s it is seasonal, and tlu'r(> will
be no occasion for the work except (hn-ing a few w(>(>ks or months. In
those cases there will be no permanent State organization to hanille it.

A(ini( 11,1 I ItAI. AI'l'H<>l'l(IATION llll.I., I'.rji. 431

Ml. Am»i:ks<)N. WIu'Iv you Imvt' shi|>|>iii(;-})t>int iiiH|N>rlioiiM, tlv
voii inspect rvcn tiling that t^uvs out of n rcrlniM point, or whal
kind of an*aii>;«MU(>iit tio you havr for that with thi' Hhipprrsf

Mr. SiiKitMAN. This is iusprrtion at riMpn'si, with rrrtniii oxro|»-
tious. For instance, thp Stnto of ('oh>rn(h> hiw phsmmI n hiw m which
it i>; n>H(h' the (hily of its hiirciiu tif inark«*ls to ■ ul

of fruit and vc^ctahlcs ^tiui;^ out of tlu' Stale, i ,..,.. rr

for business n-asons they can not reach the conunothtv, nml then
thev must issue a reh'ase so as to ch'ar the shipper if it i« shippofl
without State inspection. The ('o|ora<h> hiw does not [irescri* '.»it
a man may ship or what he may not ship, and it does not | ibu

any tirade that he must conform to, hut provi(h>s that he must have
the inspection nuuU' and the certihcat(> put in the car showing the
resuh of the inspect ion. For th<* pur|)oses of this insi)e<-tion. the
State l)ureau of miirk<»ts has adopted all tlie j^ra«les we nave re<-om-
meinU'd for fruits and vei^etahU's, and they have dniwn up their
own where we have not made reconunemhit ions.

Now, the hiw havinj^ re(|uircd the Stat<' a<;encv to (h> this work, we
reco*;nize tlie wState as an interested party witli reference to every
sliij)ment of fruit and vejjetal)U's maih' out (»f the State, and our a«;reo-
ment with the State hureau of markets in Colorach) provith»s that we
will jointly with the State, and at its rcfjuest, made a Federal inspec-
tion of every car of fruit and vejretahles tiiat the State ajjency in-
spects. The State authorities have divided up the territory into six
districts, under six supervisors.

Mr. Andeksox. Do you mean hy that that you have two in>-p<'<'-
tions made?

Mr. Sherman. The same man makes the inspection, and there is
oidy one insnection. There is one operation and one certifi<ate is
issued. In that case legally we do not know the shipper at all, and
we only know the State of Colorado. The shipper must submit to
the inspection and the shipper is delightetl to have the Fe<leral cer-
tificate added to the State certificate, wliich he must accept and
pay for.

Mr. Andeh.son. I should imagine that it would be a pretty expen-
sive proposition to make an inspection of every carload of fruit and
vegetabh^s shipped from the State of Colorado. Are those cars con-
centrated at gateways?

Mr. Shkrman. No, sir; they have a complete system covering the
entire State. They have divided the State into six districts under
six supervisors. ()ut of the fees that they ct)llected last year fri>m
this service they sent the supervisors of those six districts to Chicago,
and we gave them there our regular course in inspector training, say,
for a month. Then we made them cooperative t'mployees under the
State law. Unfortunately they could »)nly be paid S1..")(H) a year,
and it is not to be expected, of course, that thev can hold good men
at that salary. Therefore we made those six district men coopera-
tive employees and added S3()0 a year to their salaries. We matle
them I nited States food products inspectors untler the law and
authorized them to inspect commodities received in their markets,
just as our men do in New York and Chicago. For instance, they
can make inspections of shipments coming into Ciran<l Junction from
points outside of the State. In that connection, we were able to

22028—22 28

432 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

reestablish the Federal inspection at Denver, which we had to take
out of the State after the war. Therefore, as I have said, we have
those six well-trjiined men, jind under them there are inspectors who
are inspecting: tlio cars from day to day. Tliose six men are travelinij;
over their territory all the time. The local inspectors under those
men inspect practically all the fruit and vegetables that come out
of Colorado and issue t'nited States certificates ahtng with the State
certilicates.

The State pays us §s our share of the fee collected 25 cents per
car. The State of Colorado has inspected, or we have inspected
jointly with the State of Colorado, between the 1st of July and the
loth of November, 13,342 carloads, or a little more than one-third
of the total shipping point inspections in which we have participated
have been right there in the State of Colorado. The State, having
statistics of the shipments over a ptM-iod of yeare, knows just about
what it has to do. and can apportion its men in such a way that
they can handle the work. They can take men on and drop them
off so as not to have a large idle force. They have adopted fees
running from S3 per car on potatoes up to So on boxed iruits per
car. On that scale of fees, the work is entirely self-supporting, and
the 25 cents per car that they pay us returns to the Treasury just
about twice the amount of money that we are putting in the State
in the way of contribution to the salaries of those supervisors. There-
fore, we will come outof the shipping point inspection work in Colorado
with about from three to five thousand doUai-s a year above our
expenses.

Mr. Anderson. Under this increased appropriation, then, you
would continue to make cooperative arrangements with the States^

Mr. Sherman. To some extent. Let me explain another cooper-
ative arrangement that we have with the vState of California, where
the work is entirely voluntary. There is no State law retjuiring
anybody to submit to inspection, although that is not exactly true
with reference to apples. They have a special mandatory law with
reference to apples, which makes inspection almost compulsory, or
the shippers think so anyway. Generally speaking, the inspection
in California is on a purely voluntary basis, and the State is out
soliciting business all the time for its inspection service. In Cali-
fornia, by the way, we inspected 9.407 cars between July 1 and
November 15, that being the second largest number of cars inspected
for any State. In California we also have an agreement that our
share of tlie lee is to be 25 cents per car. That State will make no
mspections witliout the participation of the Federal (Jovernnient,
ami we have made three men in California cooperative employees
and have contributed to their salaries. One of them is the chief
of the bureau of standardization of the State department of agri-
culture, and lie represents us in the supervision of that work.

basically, tiiat is not a desirable arrangement, and we shouhl
have a man who is u full time and full salaried Federal man repre-
senting us m California in the supervision of that work, and working
jointly with the State men. The State men, of course, should be
paid entirely by the State.

It is not a healthy arrangement to have the Federal supervision in
any territoiy entirely in the hands of a man who receives the major

AOlUC ILTinAI. APPimPKIATloX BILL, 1U24, 4M\

pint of Ins Miliiiv lioin llir Miilr. 1 lliink \ mi will uilli liir

tliiil tlial is l)asn'all\ iiiuh'siraMr. and an urran;,'riiii :.. ..n jusi u^
well 1)0 iniulc to provide for full-time Kednal iiirii and at the Miiriir
time return to liie Federal 'rreasiirv a proportion of the f««<'» wliieli
will take eare of the portion of the eost tliat \\v fiirni>li in llie wav of
salaries.

My idea is. if we are jriven this in<Tease of ."<.V_*.(MM). to hire out of
that at least 1(1 or I'J men who will he. on the average, ahout $:{.(NM)
men. and who will he iis«'d as supervisors in the ^hippin;;-poini int|N*e-
tion work. One of them nniy he emph>yed in the (iiilf .Sinirs for two
or three months durini; the slii|)pint; sea.<-on. and then taken off
there and sent to West N'ir^inia and Ohio. It can he so ai ranged
that a man can work in three or four States in the «ourse of the y»*nr,
hut he will always he scMvinj; on a full salary as a Federal sU|HTVi.sor
in eharjje of the work, and always answerahle to us. I ean s<»e no
reason now why we can not return to the Treasurv fully as lar;_'e a
proportion (»f this .S") "J, (•()(• as we are now relurnin;; of the j)re-ent
appropriation, and I should hope to do a 1 ttle hetter than that.

ISSIHTIOV POINTS.

Mr. Andf-Kson. To what extent is use heinj; made of this new
hui«;ua«:;e authorizing; inspections at points wjiich may he conveniently
reached (

Mr. SiiKii.M.VN . We simply notify the trade in all of those eitic.s
that there is no l<)n«;er any limitation as to places, and that our in-
spectt)rs will «jo anywhere within a day's journey of the places where
tliev are located when thev are wanted. We make it a i;»'neral nil*
that the inspector will not go so far away from his post as to keep
him overniiiht. In several instances it has heen necessary to send
a man out from Chicago, for instance, on work that will take a lon^'er
time than that, hut, as a general proposition and as an administrative
matter, we say that they may go anywhere within a day's journey
of the j)laces where they are located.

Mr. Anderson. Is there considerahle insDectioii work of that ^>>rt

:ed poi
deal o
fairly well concentrated. I would say. For instance, the Atlanta
man seldom ^joes out of Atlanta, hut the Clevelaiul peoj)h' oftt'ii go
to Akron. The Detroit inspectors go to Toledo, and the Toledo people
are exercised over the fact that they have to pay the carfare of the
inspectors from Detroit down to Toledo and hack again. The New
York inspectoiN make inspections all around New York, and up into
Connecticut particularly. The Chicago office also makes a good many
inspections outi^ide of Chicago.

Mr. Andeu.son. Do you have any inspections made of shipments
out of the larger cities as well as inspections of shipments in '. Fi»r
instance, at Chicago, do you have shipping p«)int inspections of ship-
ments out of Chicago as well as inspections of sliipments coming into
Chicago (

Mr. Sheu.man. I do not think we have had much «»f that this year,
hut we have had that sort of inspection work at Chicago in two or
tliree past seasons of Wisconsin I'ahhage coining into Chicago and
heing stopped there for inspection, and then heing sold in the Smith

' 11 is I

at points away from the designated points:

Mr. SiiER.MAX. There is a good deal of it in the aggregate. l)Ut it is

4'M AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

on the basis of llie inspection at Chicago. We inspect a great many
onion sets also in Chicago. There seems to be large quantities of
onion sets produced in the areas close to Chicago, and they are shipped
out through Chicago houses that handle them. For that reason we
have a good many onion set inspections to make there.

We had cooperative agreements, for the inspection of potatoes
only, with the vStates of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana,
each of those States having a certain amount of money available in
their agricultural appropriations with which they were anxious to
secure inspection work, largely as educational work, as well as a
service work. In each case, the service was offered until the State
money was gone, and then it was dropped. For instance, in North
Dakota we inspected 222 carloads of potatoes, in South Dakota 306
carloads of potatoes, and in Montana only 70 carloads.

The machinery was set up, but, as you realize, this year has been
an exceptionally hard year in which to support a thing of that .sort
in the case of potatoes, because everybody had to consign his potatoes,
and, of course, the man who consigns his potatoes does not care much
about the inspection of them, because he knows that when they get
into the market the buyer will form his own judgment regarding
them anyway.

In normal years, I think, the potato inspctions at the shipping
points would be by far the largest single item, as potatoes are by far
the largest single item in the market. This year, outside of Colorado,
where everything has to be inspected, I presume the inspection of
apples will run almost as heavy as the inspection of potatoes, although
in Idaho, where the inspection work is entirely voluntary, we have
inspected over 6,000 cars of fruits and vegetables, rr\ore tlian half of
which consisted of potatoes.

Mr. Andersox. WTien you inspect a car of apples, do you open all
the boxes ?

Mr. Sherman. No, sir; all of the inspections are made by sample.
Usually in a car of apples that will mean about 10 boxes if they are
of one variety and size, but if you have four or five different sizes in
a car, or four or five different varieties in a car, we have to inspect the
usual run of samples for each size and for each variety before we can
issue a certificate covering the car.

In the case of a carload of sacked potatoes, the rule is to inspect as
many as eight sacks, and if from tliat inspection we find the con-
dition running fairly uniform, we will assume that we have the aver-
age of the car — that is, provided we have taken the eight sacks from
all parts of the load. If we (ind an irregular condition in the potatoes,
we go a little further. When we find a range of as much as 12 per
cent between the Ixvst and poorest sacks of potatoes in a car. we do
not certify that as a first-grade car, but we say it is an irregular car.
We may say, "A majority of the sacks up to grade, with some show-
ing 1.") per cent defects," or we may say that they do not meet the
re(|uin'in('nts of the Cnited States No. 1 grade on account of the ex-
cess of ([(ifects. We may say that they run from 3 per cent to 15 per
cent defective, oi- njostly 12 per cent dcfeclivi', or something like that .

In New York we had a situation in which the State thought that
they could put up about $2, ()()() to do this work. They were to em-
ploy three men, and we were to furnish a supervisor. The fees were
<livided between us, we taking 50 cents per car and taking chance

!

AGRICULTURAL AI»lM;«iililAi iu-n uHJ., WH. -i.JJ

oil wliut it WdiiM tiiniuint to, lotting the StuU* (nk<« tlir other $°J.o<).
Our of the points at whirl) insnrrtiori wuh oiFrnMl whm Avoca, nixt
I hitvr hrrr n htlrr from (ihMihill tV. i'titnaiii iliic). who haridli*
[>otato«'s for an association. Thrv arr uriliti;^ partKiihirly iihoiil n
car on which thrv ha<l a rrinsprrtion. I want to (|uoto two para'*
^'raphs from tlir h'ttrr, as follows:

Jiitt w) I'tuv' «•< ynii iirr favoriiii.'
.xcr\ i<(\ wt> want every cur of jMii

are |ilu<-iu>; th<Mr (inierx with uk wuh ui!«truclior)ii lu itetul iii.«|MMiion > ii

the invuice. uti<l the tiiae is tieur ul huiid when we will In* uiittiilt> lu Umk'- m' u •!• uln
until we ran furnit<h the (iovernnient inH|MMiioii cerlilii'ate.

In othri words, thr hiiyrrs are rapidly hrcomiri^ rdurutiul to
kiKtw what that ins[)rclion srr\ i<r mrans, and thry plarr thrir ordcre
ac( «)rdin<^ly. Thr last para^^raph of thr Irttrr rrads:

We itiuierstaiKi that there ha.M Ix'en no {troviHioii made for inH|M'( tiun r-< i uif,

t«Tritory after .lannary i. and we want to><uy tn yuu that it im the i«leaof our i on

that curtailment of thJH service i.« ImiuikI to work a ."
to the usual pn)<«Hlure, our crop ho.-' not rno\cf| in ;
is a hirv'*' crop of [mtalocs to Ik- handled here, an<i it im out opinion that tfii!« )»tuit will

all move after .I:H1U;1I\ I ainl tlliU MkiIi' ||i;Mi I'V.T «1I| Hi- rciiiiiii. ll... i iw|>... t i..t,

.•service.

That is rxactly thr situation in North Dakotti. whrre cvervttimp i.s
full that can hr Idlrd witli potatoes, aixi that hif; movrmrnt is comJnj;
on after thr Statr has rxprndrd all of thr monry that it has for thr
work hy puttine; on 10 salari<'<l mrn. In othrr words, the monrv is
^one, while the husiness is there, and there is no way by which those
irrs can tiow hr colK'ctrd and thr rxprndittirrs rrcouprd. In Colo-
rado, California. Idaho, and llir Slatr of Washinejton whrrr thr work
is supported by the fees collected, we have suflicirnt elasticity to take
care of the business as it comes. Of course, that would be n thor-
ou<;idy satisfartory situation in places whrrr wr havr a prrsonnrl that
wai\ts to cooprrate, hut in other places whrrr thr frrs can n(»t be
reexpended we run right up against this situation of getting the trade
educated up to the service and making the business men drprndent
on thr srrvicr, and thru having to withdraw thr service. Tluit is the
oidy ground on which we are open to any honest criticLsm.

Congress has asked us to go into this business and to render a
business service. This is a service that can be s(»ld like lifr insur-
ancr, but you must show that it is a goo«l thing. Afirr the business
man is shown that it is a good thing, hr wants it. Then the business
men begin to build up their business upon the basis of this inspection
service. Then if thr condition of thr mtirkrt is such that it becomes
rasy to srll at the sliipping points, it becomes exceedingly im()ortant
for those people to be able to get the service.

As we are situated now, we are utterly helpless, and I think you
must rralizr that, as a practical proposition, wr must mortgagr or
obligate nearly all of our appropriation within the first three months
of the fiscal year. We have prrssurr now from cities like Toledo,
Ohio, Des Moines, Iowa, Hartf(»r<l. Conn.. San Antonio. Tex., and
Wichita, Kans., whrrr tiirrr is a demand for inspection, and thrv are
too far from points where wr havr inspection srr\"icr already
establishetl.

As a practical matter, we must lay out «»ur program at tlu> begin-
ning of thr liscal yrar and provide for the exprnditurr of most of
our monrv.

436 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Then, when a situation arises like this export situation in New
York, where there is a volume of business that we should handle,
if we are to handle this business as we would handle a i)nvate business,
or if we are to make an inc ome when it is possible to make money,
we should have the funds available. We should handle our business
in just that way, so as to take advantage of the conditions, but our
pay roll is su( h and our balance is such that we do not dare to put
on two men in Now York, even though they will earn a profit for the
Treasury. That i< in a ])la( e where we have rent already paid and
where we have statutory dorks assi^i^ned, and whore we have every-
thing ne< essaiy. ex( opt the additional men to ilo the additional work.

'1 his shipping point situation in western New Yt>rk is duplicated
right now in dozens of places all over the (ountry. Men say to us,
'We aro ready to pay for tliis service." They ask, "What do you
* do with the fees?" We can only say to them that we put them in
the Treasury, and if we tell a good enough story to the committee
they may add something to the fixed amount that we can spend
next year.

Mr. Anderson. We seem to be keeping pace with you as it is, as
nearly as I t an figure it out.

Mr. Sherman. 1 do not think we can find fault with the way the
committee has treated this project. We are placed in a situation
where we have to compete with private agencies. We have private
agencies competing with us all the time, and we have had a private
agency to take some railroad business away from us this year. Last
year it was our service, and we inspected 5,196 cars in Philadelphia
last year.

Mr. Magee. What did you charge for that inspection ?

Mr. Sherman. S4: per car.

Mr. Magee. Wliat does the private agency charge?

Mr. Siiek.man. The private agencies will charge whatever price
they have to make in order to get the business under contract. We
were oil'ered the business of one of the large railroads.

Mr. Magee. What do they charge for that service (

Mr. Sherman. Tliey charge all that the trafHc will bear.

Mr. Magee. That does not mean anything. What do they
ordinaiily charge ?

Mr. Sjier.mw. So far as I know, they have no ordinary charge.
They make contracts.

Mr. Magee. Tiiat does not indicate anything at all. Do you
know wliothor thoy charge $10, S25. SI, or S2 as compared witii your
charge of $4 per car? 1 ask for that as a matter of infttrmation, and
if you can give it, 1 would like to have it in tiie record.

Mr. Sherman. In some cases one agency is inspecting for S2.o0 per
car.

Mr. Magee. What is the highest amount that you know of any
private agency charging?

Mr. SiiKHMAX. 1 would nut like ti> (|uoto anyl)<»dy because w i- are
ilopondout upon somebody s wortl for it.

Mr. Ma(!Ee. You have a pretty good idea of it, have you not i

Mr. Smkr.man. There is a man inspecting at Minneapolis

Mr. .M.voKK (inteiposing). What is the maxinunn charge that you
kijnw about and what is the miuinuiui charge that you know al)out
made by |)rivate a";oncies ?

Mr. Shei{m.\.n. Vruxn $\.!S{) to $5, where no arbitration is involved.

Al^Jillf LiUJtAI, Al'l'iitii'KlAiMi.S IWU., iiU4. 46l

Mr. M.vciKK. Vhc |)i)iiit 1 hail in iiiiriil wus tiiis, timl uiulcr thi*
Federal art it is pntvhlnl that thocrrtificati- i>i.suc(| |>v llu' authnriM*<i
aj^t'nt (»f llu' th'partmi'iil sliall l)c rr<i'iv«'(l in all of tin- riiit4><l

Slalt's as prima f iri.' ex id..,. .. ..f d... iiuth nf 1 1, . axMiU'iil.t tlnTt'ln
coiitaiiicd.

Mr. SiiKicMAN. If v<'ii (ii<i not ^iv»» us that, we <oiiM ii<»t do miv
hiisiricss at all.

Mr. MA(iKK. With thai pnivi-i-in in tl.ii.. ! .1,. u..
could huv(» any couiprtilioii.

Mr. Shkii.mas. Wo j^ct coinpctiiion, bin-au.sr, as a piai Ii'mI niatior,
most of those coiit rovei^sies are not taken info Fedcr.d <i>

.\lr. .\l \<.i:k. liul tiiey may bf taken into the Federal <• .

Mr. SiiKUMAN. As a pruclioul mutter, if a man wants to hrin;; null,
he will hriiifx it in a Stato or city court, when> lie can ^et <{uieker
action, and th(> testimony of the man who hioked in the cat door and
who says that the things were all smashe<l to pieces will he Worth just
a.s mucli to him in the Stato or city court as the cortificate that we
issue wouhl he. One advant ijje that the privjit icy has ovor us

is that they furnish men as witnesses, and the ... j,. rtor uv' ■■ his
inspection for the person wjio hires him and not as a di-iin d

a<;(Mit. If ho is hired by a railroad to make that inspection, he looks
in t!ie ear. makes his c(M'tifical(» to the railroad, whi'h <;ives the rail-
road idl that there is to he said on it- -id.' ..f l!"- '•■•-■• ''f ''!■• '.mi.-.-
voi"sy is carried into court.

Mr. Anderson. I g'^ined tiie ijupression .somehow that some of
tliese peope who make contracts coverinf^ a certain largo number of
iiispoctioiis made tiiem as low as SI per car.

Mr. SiiKK.MAN. I think very likely they do. I do not knovs- what
tlie j)rivale atjencv oflered to do the work for the B. Si O. Uailroad for,
i>ut the B. cV: O. ftailroad practically odered us a j]^uaranty of S ),')()(>
cars a year in Philadelphia and New York if we would make a sub-
stantial reduction in the fee. They expected to get it done for $2 per
car or loss. We und(>rstood tliat this private agency had oU'ered to
inspect SO, ()()() cars at Philadelphia und New York for ??1..') ) f)er car.
I will explain to you wliat sort of insnectit)n that moans. If they
lind out that we have inspected a car, they go in and look at our cer-
tilicate, and they will always trail us. Thov will never make a state-
ment which disagrees with our inspection. \nil their inspection is for
the purpose of furnishing evidence to the person who employs them.

Mr. ^1AGEE. I understand that, but I view it from the standpoint of
the shij)ner and not the transporting agency. It seems to me that,
with a leo of S4 a man who exorcised ordinary prudeji..' u.nil.l
hardly take the chance of mi.ssing a Federal cortilicato.

Mr. Sherman. That is true. 1 think I am safe in saying tltat liiese
private inspection agencies have almost no business from the pro-
tlucors and are almost never omnloyed hv a siiipping association.

Mr. Anderson. It is practically all railroad inspection '

Mr. wSherman. It is railroad nispection and mspection for the
receiving interests.

Mr. Ma(;ke. That is the way it impressed me, that you would not
have much competition from the producers.

Mr. SuER.MAN. No; not at all.

Mr. Ma(;ee. But what the transporting agency might ilo is an<»ther
tiling.

438 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. SiiERMAX. We have no (ompetition at the shipping point.

Mr. AxuERSOX. I am not (juite satisfied as to this liay business,

Mr. vSiiERMAX. Mav I say one more word on this matter of elas-
ticity, ahliough I tliink you see the point all right ^ 1 was <.oing to
sav that it is not necessary to make all of the income from the service
reexpendable in order to take care of that situation. The first
•SIO.OUO, .S20.()()(), .S3(),(H)(). or §40,000 of fees could be held in the
Treasury as an emergency fund, not to be drawn upon to increase the
permanent salary roll but for the specific purjjoses which vou mi^ht
designate, in order to take care of work tnat would develop dunng
the vear.

Mr. AxDERSox. You will have to settle that with the Budget officer.

Mr. Shkkmax. Of course we never put it up to him.

Mr. AxDERSOX. 1 think it is the policy of the Appropriations Com-
mittee, and I presume the Budget Bureau too, to oppose revolving
funds. We could not do it without its being subject to a point of
order any way, and I think it is a rather bad policy.

Doctor Taylor. Mr. Tenny will say something more about the
hay situation.

HAY-I.\.SPECTION WORK.

Mr. Texxy. All I can say is that the demand for the hay-inspection
work is verv stron*'. As Mr. Sherman has said, we have simplv
estimated, to the best of our ability, what it is going to cost to take
care of the cities which have already indicated a desire for hay
inspection work. We have estimated it on the basis of carrying a
substantial portion of the salaries of the inspectors in these diH'erent
cities and then have provided for from two to four supervisors,
dei)ending on the number of cities that actually take the work.

Mr. AxDERSox. In how many cities do you think you will have
inspection '(

Mr. Texxy. At the present time Boston, New York, Philadel])hia,
Chicago, ami Richmond have written us, and we have practically
arrived at a tentative agreement to undertake ins])ection work in
those cities. Cincinnati, wSt. Louis, Atlanta, Baltimore, and Pitts-
burgh have been considering the matter but have not arrived at any
definite decision.

Mr. Andersox. Then you have five cities in which you feel confi-
dent you will be able to establish it i

Mr. Texxy. Yes, sir; five cities that have assured us that they
want the ins])ection work, and the matter has gone so far that men
re])resenting those cities have been and are in the city taking thehay-
in.s])ection course we are giving.

Mr. AxDERSox. Will you be able to get this started immediately
after the 1st of .Inly ^

Mr. Tenxv. Yes.

Mr. AxDEUHox. We will next take up the item relating to the
nuirket news service.

.MARKET XEWS SERVICE.

.Mr. .M,\KQi js. The nnirket news service appropriation involves no
iiicrea.se, as you will note, but there is an appnrent decrea.se, due
to Iran.sfer of three clerks to the statutory roll. That fund is devoted
to niiirkcl news projects in four principal lines, live stock and meats,

AORICl'LTURAL APPnoPRIATlOX IIIU., 1 4£9

fruits tiixl V('«;rtal»l«'s. iliiirv ami poultry pnnln' • ••' ' • ' ' 'tf|

>rc<ls. Tlu* division of the fiiiul, as shown I ,i\

with that of tho provions y»»ar. in fart, this w«»rk in ffom^; nionjf
st(MnliIy «)n the sntur ^^rnrrnl phin with the cvxrrption that in thi" InHt
\ct\r there was a sniall increase ;;iven ajuJ a eorrespon«!'"" •■vpan«*ion
In the collection an<l (list rihtit ion end of the ne\s^ ••. The

present statement, theroforo. eoneonis pnrtiefthirlv the wny in which
this fnnd is \isih\. what this service 18, what cluin;;o.H have taken
phjce. and the results ohtained.

In the first place, this market news service is the collecli<»n and
• lissemination of news concerning; prices, movements of pnuhicts to
the njarkets, marki't conditions, and other inea>Mres of <;o«id iudjj-
Mient on market in<; to Ix* transferred particularly to tlie proifucer,
also to serve the trade, and also inform that |)art <if the trade which
is close to the consumer. The or;;anization involves, first, a means of
ciillectin<; the information and keeping; in tou<h with the markets.

The hi^^cst item of expense, aside from that of its tiM-hrncal
personnel, is the matter of communication, which is maintained by
means of a lease*! wire service. This leased wire servi<'e is the oul-
Lfrowth of tlu> experience of th«^ Bureau of Markets over five years,
het^inniiif;. first, with rommercial teh'^^rams. later devt-lopinj; a siM-ciul
arrantjement with the teiej^raph companies to lease a wire at half the
cost «)f commercial rates and to utilize this wire to the maxinmm
unih>r the suj>ervision of our own staff. This wire at the present time
connects the piincijuil agricultural markets, hei^inniiiLT with Boston
on the east, New York. Trenton. Philadelphia, a connection to
Lancaster and Harrisl)ur<;, Baltimore. Washington, Bittsl)urj;h,
Columhus. Cincinnati. ('hica»;o. and Madison ami Fond <lu Lac,
Wis., Minneapolis and St. Paul in the Northwest. Then there is
a st)uthern and "western branch connecting St. Louis. defTerson City,
Kansas City. St. Joseph. Mo.: Omaha and Lincoln. Nehr. Since
.September I. an extension of the leased wire conne<tion has
been made to Fort Worth. Tex., and on to Austin. There is no
leased wire .service to any other points than those I have named;
there is no connection to tlie Southeastern States or farther wi'>t than
Lincoln. Nebr. You may recall that during the war, at the maxi-
mum ex{)ansion of this service under the emergency funds, a complet*
national system was laid out.

Mr. Andkrson. Wliere <lid it go in ihe .Soulheasi i

Mr. M.vHyiis. Here is a map showing the maximum development
on December .'iO. 11)1 S. At that time there was a branch which
went from Washington to Atlanta, a branch to dacksonville and
Orlando, Fla.. an<»ther branch t(» Birmingham and Memphis, the
main line passing on to New Orleans and thence to ll«uis(on. the
connection between Kansas City and into Texius coming to Fort
Worth only and not going on to Austin. Then on the western
circuit the leased wire went west from Kansas City to Denver, to
Salt Lake City, to San Francisco, .south t<) I^os Angeles. tou«-hing
at F>esno tvnd Turlock in California, with a branch to Sacramento;
then in the northern loop, to I\>rtland. S|)okane. Butte. Idaho
Falls. Greeley. Colo., and hitching in with the other cinuit.

Mr. AxDKUso.N. But that service was maintaineil for only u rela-
tively short time ?

440 AGRICULTURAL. APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Marquis. That was maintained for about a year and a half
and was (Hscontinueil when the appropriations were readjusted at
the end of the war. Here is a statement which shows the amounts
carried for the work. It readied its maximum development in
1919, when the omer*^encv funds amounted to Sl,114,0U(), combined
with the reguhir funds of S254,580, making a grand total of $1,368,580.
In 1920 there was a reduction to S497,920; in 1921 another reduction
to 8103,920: then in 1922 to 8390,100, and last year there was an
increase of 820.000 to 840.5.000. and then this year it is the same
The ligures represented in this appropriation are 83,000 less, due to
changes in the statutory roll.

DEMAND FOR NEWS SERVICE.

Mr. Anderson. Is there any demand for the extension of the leased
wire service ?

Mr. Marquis. During the past year there has been a strong demand
for the market-news service. As we have observed, the demand for
market news is greatest when prices are low or falling. Farmei-s are
not particularly concerned about prices as long as they are high and
satisfacto y. They are not searching for a market, and they are not
so much interested in the choice of markets witli reference to which
will pay the best pric s, but when prices begin to go down, then comes
tne call for more market information. The result is that we have
had a greater call for infomiation of this cliaracter during the past
12 months than in the past, due to the Ioav prices. The farmers
seeking markets wished to Know the difference in prices at various
markets, the. best time to s 11, and the danger of gluts; also to know
the r.lative prices for various fjualities of products. All of these
tilings have tremendously increased the call for tliis sort of informa-
tion, with the result iiiat we have had frequent reriuests to extend
tnis service into areas that are removed from our regular lines of
communication.

Mr. Anderson. Is this service maintained with respect to all these
various commodities —live stock, fruits, and vegetables — or only as
t) so. lie of tliem i

aL-. AlvRLiLTS. A-ll of t;i3 four principal lines, live-stock meats,
fruits and Vv.>g3ta)les, d dry and poultry products, and hay, feeds and
sjeds, are in luded, and t.iat includes a variety of reports which go
all tae way iro.ii tne spread hi price quotations to market movements,
tie entire range oi various Kinds, grades, and qualities, and any other
nows tn.it bears upon tiie mar .vet situation.

Tne leased wire furmsnes tne most reliable means of connecting
our o.licos lOr tne coUectioa oi" inforiUation, and 1 would like to sliow
you tne way tuat is us.hI most eil'ectively. On the leased wire con-
necting tiiese points, wnicii now amounts to 3,300 miles, 2,000 up to
SeptcMiher 1 and tnen 700 added for going into Texas, we have 32
br.mcii oiliccs. Tnesi' ollices are in constant com.nunication for 12
houi-s; .)3 tch'graphers are on tiiese circuits, and messages go over
tnesc wires by code in tne most contlensed form possible. Here is a
record showing ttiat from o o cIock in tne morning until (i p. m., and
every minute during tne day, tnere is a series of code messages of
various .sorts going tlirougli. vV'e maue the best pi>ssible use of the
ti ne. These messages are not sent in mil but in code letter and

o

AORK TLTniAI. AI'PltorRIATlON IlIU^ 1024. HI

(i<;urcs \vlii<*li ^ivo thr cMitiiv inforinHtion wlu-n it is rrniriUMl *n\ ttm
sporijillv propnnMl forms in all the (WlircH thai arc on tlicwiroal thai
tmu'. This method is used in onh'r to jji-t as mii<h matiTial im
|)()ssihl(' over the win-. We an* hmitcil in ihr (piaiitity of i-rrtniri
( lussrs of nows that \vf can distrihiito l>y thr ijipmiiv of thi'^ win*,
nlth(»iJ«;h in sonic cases <lunn^ th«« war there were two pandhl wirrn
whicli <-ouId he nscd. or the time was ('xti'mh-d ami more operatont
w«Me on duty in order to carry the news.

Now. this information j;oes through not iit tiie ortler of comni<Mlitie«
hut in the onler in whi( h it is ( olle<ted. For instance, tho live-Ml«M-k
informaticn from St. Paul was the first on the wire on thi-^ piirti' uhir
i\i\\ in this rc' ord. At various limes durni^ tlie day iIumc i.-» put on
the wire short code messajji's in order to kecf) the news ui> to <lat<»
and at < ertain jieriods in the day there is a lot of market iniormati )ii
to he sent a- ross: < < iisecnu ntly we have io condense in ttrder to Ik*
ahle to <;ct that inaterial over the wire in time to Im* ux'ful in the
mnrlets. wliere it is posted immediately and ^\\vx\ to the trad«'rs in
the markets. It is distrihuted also to others who are interested,
cither i)y telecjranh or hy radio.

'ihe s< ope <)f tliese reports is increased eonsiderahly hy the lem-
j^orary field stati< ns which are mainlainetl prin ipally hy the fruit
!ind \(<:etahle (li\isi(>n. In this last year there were 'M'> of these
field stati( ns whi< h operated over a period of from one to .seven
UKntlis. 'Ihese field stations were located in 25 of the various
>tates. They had to do with the movement oi particular < rops in
the harvest so as< n. < ollec ting infornuition as tt) the late of harvestinj;,
the lale of ^hij nunt inul the (lualilics of the g(n)ds j^iung t»ut, and in
tiiin liinging bai k inlormatitn from the gi neral marKet to these
>hippers t.nd inloiniing the farmers as to general conditions. Some
idea td the s« (,pe of the work of these field stati' ns is indicateii by the
ni ii 1 er (>t ie)U)rts issued i n fruits and vegetables.

In the general market stations about five and a (piarter million
reports were issued, and in the field stations about one and a half
indli )n roports. making altogether appri>.\imately 7.(H)0.(H)() rep(»rts
distributed. These rei)orts are sent out not only in mimeograpli
form, which are mailed, such as these samples show, but are release<l
at various points to the press. Our service ties together all of the
various means for the distribution of news, and we have particularly
liail increased demands from various publications for market infor-
mation and market reports. Within the past fe^- months we have
been asKed to furnisli to tlie Associated Press additional reports
which heretofore tliey have gathered from their own sources. Ttiey
tell us that the Federal Government reports are now being regarded
as standard; that the public has come to regard them as unbiastnl
and as being tlie best source for general market information. There-
fore they prefer, wherever possible, to take our repi)rts and distribute
them rather than to collect information through their own market
reporters.

1)EM.\XI) K01{ IJAUIO e<J>IMLM(..MION.

There has also been a greatly increased demand owing to the
development of radio communication. Since a year ago, wfien some
preliminary tests were being made as to the use of radio in ci»n-
neetion with the post oflice radio stations, this work has developed

I

442 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TIOX BILL, 1924.

until there are at the present time eoverin^ tlie United States some
forty-odd broadcasting stations which take popular market news
and distribute it direct to the peoplo" who have receiving outfits,
and these broadcastinjj stations — which broadcast by telephone
rather than by telegraphic code — in turn are rapidly developino;
until thev can pick up tne general market news which is distributed
from higli-powered naval stations. Through cooperation with the
Navy Department we are sending from the high-powered naval
stations at Arlington and the Great Lakes station at Chicago, at
several hours during the day, ctmdensed market reports whicli are
picked up by these iforty-odd stations throughout the I'nited States,
turned into telephone radio reports, and given further distribution.
This map indicates the manner in which the country is being covered
by radio, on a regular schedule, at the present time.

This radio communication has greatly extended the possibilities
for the distribution of market news to the producer and to the small
)rimary markets. It has not as yet proven so valuable in the col-
ection of information, because witli radio thf're is no chance to check
back doubtful messages or to confirm any points that may need con-
firmation. On our leased wire, if there is anything that appears to
be doubtful, the operators can easily get in touch with the sending
station, confirm the message, and be sure of the result. With radii)
that is impossible, but for very fjuick service at the very minimum
of cost it is unequaled. We have i^een able to distribute our news
to hundreds of thousands of people throughout the country by means
of the radio that othenvise could only get it through the expensive
method of either telegraphing or telephoning. Consequently we are
continuing our work in a more or less experimental way. and these
experiments are relatively inexpensive because of the cooperation of
other branches of the Government. The Bureau of Standards has
lent its aid in the development of receiving apparatus and in tests
of receiving apparatus to encourage the use of radio. The Post
Office Department very generously loaned its facilities in order to
make them of use. All of this radio work has been conducted at
the very minimum of expense and the maximum of promise of results.
There are yet many problems to be worked out, and the States are
going at those local problems. All of the work being done has for
its end tiie securing of eftective distribution over certain areas.

Of all the elements of cost involved in this work the greatest,
of course, is that for the technical men who gather the news. The
gathering of market news involves the use of men trained in a knowl-
edge of the particular product they are covering, whetiier it is live
stock, fruit and vegetables, or dairy products. It involves a knowl-
edge of grades and standards in order that they may know what
they arc (pioting prices upon. In many commodities, which we have
not yet begun to (|Uote fully the |)rol)lem is, first, to gel uniform
standards to apply in various markets in order to determine what
is a comparable price of one market with another. Things which
have the same names are not always the same thinjrs in our agri-

III « '

cultural inarkets; consc(|uently. the price of a prime article in one
market i.s not the price of a prime article in another, so that the
[)roblem in a pmper news service turns on the (piestion of cla.^ses,
names, slandaids, and designations; conse<|uently this work improves
us the men improve in experience an<l as our grade and standard

A(JRICULTl'KAI. .\!MMti»PRI.\TI(»X HII.I., 1U24. 4 l.'t

work im[)rov('s, aixl it tics tn^i>|li«>r nil of tlio ••\|MTion«i' of the
workciN ill the Imrcaii.

We linvo in tlu* live siiwk miil ineal news Hon'ice 17 te<hturiil
iiK-n; in tin* fruit iitui vc^rlnhjc s^-rvice al)oiit 10; in the <iuirv an*!
poultry service S. niul in the hay. feeds, utnl seejls work 'i.

Mr. AvDKiisoN. Are these men hnMiteil in the priiKipal inarkrU f

Mi. MMtgiis. They arc prineipally in the hirpT nmrkctM mn-
Iircted hy the leased wire, ^neh ii>i Ko>ton, N'rW Volk, PhdHdelphill.
Pittshurj^h, and Chica^ro. Tliev niauitaui olliees there with men
who are familiar with various lines; tliev po into the market and
collect the reports from persojial i»hservntion and iswue them durin);
the day as the reports arc <;ather«'d.

The entire system is <-onstanlly hein«; revised and adapted to the
slow hut steady ehani;«'s in market methods. Wo have to meet the
chan«;es in the trade, <'han<;es wiiich the tra<le often thinks are very
minor ami yet they sometimes have far-reaching iidhn-nces. All of
these oflices are frecpiently visited and inspc<-t«-d hy reproentativiti
from Wasiiin^^ton with the vi«>w of chanjjint; and adapting the service.
None of these reports, 1 mi«:ht say. are ti.xed. hut are >uhje<-t to
revision at constant intervals. Mailinj; lists are made up for the
field stations, for instance, at tln» hejjinnitif; of a season, tnose listn
heinj; made up of people who make application for the service.
When the season is over those mailing; lists are liled and are not use<l
a*;aiii, hut new lists ar(> made out for the next season. We are con-
stantly revising our lists and sendinj; our material only to the people
who re(|uest it. In that way we avoid the waste involve<l in send-
injX material to people wlio have no jiarticular use for it.

One otlier point whicii 1 mi<;ht mention is that the commercial
organizations arc showing a growing interest in the value of market
reports gathered by the Federal department. I might cite as an
instance th^U in one of the large live-stock markets the commission
men were, up to a few months ago, each tlistrihutmg once a week
a market review of his own preparation, but they have recently state<l
that they would like to all join together and through their organiza-
tion send out one market re[)ort prepared weekly by the market
reporting service, and have that report coincide exactly with the
Government reports which producers are receiving by radio and
otherwise. As soon as this broadcasting station was developed there
came a call for market news, hut privately collecte<l marKct news
broadcasted generally and without any check upon it was regarded
as of less value than a Government report which they could state in
broadcasting was the official Government report, and thereby »reate
confidence in the material that came through the air and where
there was no opportunity to check back. The result is that nwKst of
the market reports that are now being broadcasted, dealing with
commodities on which we collect complete reports, are Government
reports. However, that does not apply to grain in certain localities,
where we do not have a complete grain market reporting service. It
does not apply to some other c<mimo(iities which are reported l(»cally,
but in a general wav the reports <;athered bv the Fe<leral (i«)vern-

I * 1 t

ment have shown an increase in favor in the past year on the part of
the press a.ssociations and commercial organizations.

\Ir. Andersox. If there are no (piestions we will take up the next
item, enforcement of the United States ct)tton futures act.

444 AGRICULTURAL APPR0PRL\T10N BILL, 1924.

FOR EXFORCEMEXT OF THE COTTOX FUTURES ACT.

Mr. Tenny. This is an apj)ioj)riation for the enforcement of a
definite law. No increase is asked but there is a slight transfer to
the statutory roll, leaving the amount actually the same as the
appropriation of this year. The only thing of very great importance
in connection with this appropriation is that there is an unusually
heavy demand on the department for the preparation and distribu-
tion of official cotton standards. For the last year or more we have
been developing some new cotton standards on some of the main
grades of cotton. Those have been promulgated to be effective in
August, 1923, and naturally all the people who are going to use
those standards are going to want new sets of standartls. We are,
therefore, securing a considerable amount of cotton and equipment
for the purpose of getting these sets ready to go out.

Simply to show the progress of the work, the })oards of examiners
at New York and New Orleans have classed 234,148 bales of cotton.
During the year requests for reclassifying were filed on 43,384 bales.
Of these 43,384 that were reclassified the grade was changed some-
what on 3,724.

We are maintaining the same machinery in the Cotton Belt for
arriving at the price of cotton at points of origin and the differences ,
in price of the different grades of cotton as provided for in the law.

Mr. Axdersox. Are 3'ou doing any investigational work under this
item i

Mr. Texxy. None.

for EXFORCEXIEXT OF the GRAIX STANDARDS ACT.

The next item is for the enforcement of the United States grain
standards act, and the same appropriation is asked for the coming
year that we have for tliis year. During the present year we have
not quite as much money as we had last year, which has necessitated
the readjustment of our work somewhat. We have eliminated 4
field offices, having now 34 field officers instead of 38. We are taking
care of the work in one of these places. Atlanta, Ga., through the
office of Federal grain supervision at Nashville. In the other three
cities where offices have been eliminated a Federal employee has
been left to supervise the inspection, but without expense to the
(iovernment other than his salary.

This is a compulsory piece of legislation and this appropriation is
used entirely for the enforcement of the law. The enrorcement of
the law necessitates two lines of work. First I might say that the
inspection work is not done by the Federal (iovernment in this grain
standards work. I

Mr. A.NDKUso.N. Is that universally truc^ '

-Mr. 'I'knxy. '^'es. 'J'he original inspection work is not done b\'
the Department of Agriculture.

Mr. .V.NDKitsoN. Do you have any inspectors who are not licensed
by States or boards of trade (

Mr. Tknnv. No; we have none. The work we have to do is,
first, to supervise the inspectoi-s who aic eniploved by the States
and boards of trade. Second, the law piovides that if any shipper
receiver, or interested party desires to jippeal from the grade assigned

AQRICULTrRAI. APmoPRIATIOJf BII.I., 1!»24, 445

by 11 licensed ins[)e<ti>r, Iw nmy «l<) no. niid we Imvr In pr«»vitl«- tJn»
ninchiiierv for (jiKiiif: siintples under thcisc ronditionM nnd for n;
\\w inspections. The ap|)enls have ^niwn trcnuMKhni.-lv simo the
work WMs started. I would like to havr iti the ncord for vour
information the nppcaU since I'.MS, when the uork uas hrst uiider-
laken. In that yt'ar. which wn.s the lirKt full yenr. them uit^ i \:,s
app«'als; in IMIO there were r),<i')I, an increase of M.')»i per cent; ui
ll»'JO thtM'e wen* 1().*.M>() app<'als. or an increase over the fir • • '■■■r of
t»')2 f)er cent ; in I021 the niunher remained up|)ro\iinately me,

;dthoui:h there wjis a slight incren.se to Il.tllT. or an increiwo <»f
(»'I7 p«r <ent. over 1*.)1S, hut in 1'.>J2, «iur Inst yenr, due to certnin
conditions, the appeals incn'iised to IiI,(iSi), (»r an mcre(i>^e of soiuo-
thin<; more than 2.(K)() per ci'Ut over HMH ami an increa.'^e of almost
MU) per cent over last year.

Mr. .\nI)KI{S().\. I do not i-eeall thetxnct melhfid of making these
apj)cals, hut are these nppenis to the <iifn'r\ i^nrv or nii- ilii'\ nptwul^
to the Secretary ^

Mr. Tk-NNV. rh(\v an* n[)peals to the Secretary of Aj^rK'uiture
tiiroui;h h»cal oliices of Fedend f^rain supervision.

Mr. .Vm)KI{s<).\. Do the li;.ui('s which you have r«'adily ohtainahle
show the number of eases in which the ^rnde wns raised and the
numlx'r of cases in whicji t)ie grade was l(>wered '.

Mr. Thnny. Yes. sir.

Mr. .Vm)KI{s<).\. I would like to have that information.

Mr. Tknny. \'erv well, we will furnish it for the record. This in-
(U'eased number of ap|)0)ds is simply an indication that the party in-
terested tiesires a Federal certificate.

(.){ tlio tnfal nuinl or of appcaKs (r(2,:575) to tlio Secretary of .V^riciiltiire tliroiigli Im-al
Kedoral grain ^'ul)('rvif^(>rs for true graile (letermination.i iinrU'r tlio t'nit«'(l ."^'tatiti
trraiii .standards act. from July 1. 1917, to.liine :'0. 1922. tlie li«-«'n.-o<l iiL^peetnr
was chanijfd in 25.71(1 (•a.«es. or 41.2 per cent of \ho niiinlier tiled. Of the luii; i

ciifles in which the gradi-y were changed, in 5.31!) ciu?es, or 20.8 per cent, the iH-eFu-n-d
inHpoctor's niimt'rical grade was rai.-^ed: in 8,872 ca^e.'*, or 34.5 p<'r cent, the licenw'ti
insi)octor's numerical grade was h)wered, and m 11,495 ca^es, or 44.7 per cent, the
licensed in.«>jH>ctor\«< numerical grade was not changed, hut the 'ixrade (!• i.n"

wa.'^ changed because of a differt-nce hetween the inMj)ector and I'edcra! l |<4'r-

visor on factors of grade dt^ignation such iu>^ cliu«s. sul!clai<.s, ctilor. treated grain, etc. In
3r),»;.')9 of til" anpeals, or 58.8 per cent of the number liletl, the licensed inspector's
grade wa' founn to be correct.

Of the fi2.375 appeals filed. ;W,012, or 48.1 per cent, were taken from "inbonnd* in-
spections, and 32.:{().i, or 51.8 percent, fnmi "outboun<l' in.-^pections.

All of tbis appropriation is u.sed for the enforcement of standards
of shelled corn, wheat, and oats; we bavc other fjratles that are ready
for pronudfjntiou but they can not be ollicially promulj;at«Ml with(Uit
the enforcement act forthwith becomin*; operative, entailin*; unon us
the need of doint; the supervisory work and the appeal work, but
which we can not do.

Mr. Andkh.son. What are the grains for which you iiave standards
but which have not been promul<!;ated '.

Mr. Tenny. Rye, milled rice, jjjrain sorj;hums, barley, and flax.

Mr. AyDKRSoy. Are there men (lualified to make these inspections
in the event they shoidd be promulj^ated '.

Mr. Bksi.ky. if 1 understood your (|uesti(»n. it was whether the
inspectors in the country are ready to take these standards and
apply them.

Mr. AxDKRsoN. Yes.

446 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Besley. Yes. sir; they are, with the exception of milled rice
and with an additional reservation on the grain sorghums. In the
markets where they handle grain sorghums extensively they a;'e
equipped, but in certain other markets they would not be.

Mr. Andek.sox. Do the standards which have not been promul-
gated require specialized equipment?

Mr. Besley. Only to a very minor extent. For example, the sor-
ghums would have to have a special set of sieves of certain sizes, but
that is practically (he only additional equipment.

Mr. Tenxy. We have a number of urgent letters from foreign gov-
ernments for grades, particularly on rye. I have mislaid those letters,
altliDUgh I have them with me. But one is from the German Gov-
ernment to the embassy here and one from a large importer in France,
particularly urging that grades be established on rye, so that the
importations can be made on the same basis as these other grains.
They claim that the present methods are unsatisfactory and that
they are not geting uniform deliveries.

FOR ADMINISTRATION OF UNITED STATES WAREHOUSE ACT.

Mr. Anderson. We will next take up the item for the administra-
tion of the United States warehouse act.

Mr. YoiiE. This estimate, which is for administering the United
States warehouse act, carries an increase over last year of S16,400.
We shall quite likely use this additional money to place an additional
man in our Raleigh office, from which office we cover Virginia and
the Carolinas; one additional warehouse inspector to work from the
Atlanta office, which serves Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi,
and Tennessee; and an additional inspector in the gi'ain territory
extending from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains. Then it is
contemplated to open an office at Memphis, which will mean placing
one additional inspector and taking from the office or inspection force
of the Dallas and Atlanta offices certain men and adding them to the
Memphis force. It also provides for adding four clerks, two of whom
will (juite likelv come to the Washington office, due to the increased
amount of work, which I will show you before I finish; and one to the
Denver office, which is to be opened. W"e now have a man working
from that city but have not established any office headqiuirters.
One clerk will be needed in the Memphis odice, which will be opened
probably after the 1st of July.

It is hiirdly necessary for me to tell this committee what the pur-
pose is of the warehouse act. It was passed six years ago. Prima-
rily its purpose, in a wt)rd, is to aid in orderly marketing and in pro-
<lucing or bringing forth an instrument which can be used for credit
purposes when the pi'oducts arc in storage. My understanding of the
history of this act is that in the first few years after its passage this
committee, and (-ongress in General, was (luite discourageil with
what was being done under it; discouraged witn respect to the manner
in which tiie fanners themselves, who were su|)posed to be using it
and f(»r whom it was passed primarily, were availing themselves of it,
and discouraged also with respect to the manner in which the ware-
housemen w«>re responding to it.

To (h'velop a credit instrument properly and mak(> it of the greatest
use— and in this instance it hnj)pens to be the \varelu>usi> receipt it

}

AGiticui.rtn.vi. Aiii..a-uiAri(o' iwu,, lyji. 447

is ncocssjuy to have at lotist lUrw .liirrrcnl purine inlorc-^ilnl lo no
Hniiill (Ic^'icr. First cf all is thr iinxliiror. who iim^ tho wurc-luuiiM.-
secomi is tlu; warrlintiscmnri. mid tliini tlu- ' ' 1, tlii> nmti who will
list' tho credit instniiiu'rit mxl iiiak<> l(.nii-. . u.

Xatiirally it takoH soiiio time t(» t*ol thwe thriM* <lifriTcnt i>h*iii(>iit«
nitcicsltMl to sucji an rxtciit that flu«v will rradilv i.-,(..,iul and avail
tiu'inselvos of the act. llow.-vcr, wo hdicvr wr liavc rrarh.ui the
place now whore this coinmitloe must fed iiiij)n'.>H,.d with the fact
that the educational work is a thiiii; of tho past and wiiere demands
are heinLT made almost faster than thev can he answered. A few
fijjurcs in connection with liiis dcv»«I«.pment will reinforce th< • : r.
l^ to April 1, 1020, which wius almost four yeai-s after the | _e

of the act, we hatl hut 23 cotton warehou.sos licensed, with a <apacity
to accommodate K), ().')() sah-s. and .") irrain warelu.uses. with a
canacity to accommodate 1 .■)(),( too hushels of ^'rain. We had no
tobacco and no wool warcliousos licensed. One year thereafter we
had 2.'iS cotton warehouses, with a capacity to accommodate rj!».y7.5
hales; oO <rrain warehouses, with a capacity to accorniiKMlatc' 2. lOS JOO
hushels, and .J wool warciiouses, witii a capacifv i<. .m. .■intiKulale
approximately 24,375,000 pounds of wool.

Up to the 1st of May of this year the li«;ures showed 20.s cotton
warehouses, with a capacity to accommodate I,2()I),»i!>.") bales; 2f. ' u
warehouses, with a capacity to accommotlale approximately 1 4,.V . j
hushels of <^niin ; 18 wool warehouses, with a capacity to acconimodate
27,500,000 pounds of wool, and for the first time we had licensed
tobacco warehouses^ — 14 — witli a capacity to accommodate ai)oiit
68,000,000 pounds of tobacco. Those ligures are as of Mav 1, iUJ2.
1 have taken occasion to brinj; them practically to date— November
20— so that tlie committee miu'ht see that pro^n-css is still l)ein.i,' made.
We have now 400 cotton warehouses, with a capacity to accommodate
2,000,000 bales of cotton- 218 grain warehouses, with a capacity to
accommodate 14,000,000 bushels of gnun; 23 wool warehouses, with
a capacity to accommodate 25,000,000 j)ounds of wool; and 52
tobacco warehouses, with a capacity to accommodate 225,000,000
pounds of tobacco.

TERMINAL WAUEHOLSKS.

Mr. Anderson. Have any of the warehouses whicli have been
previously licensed withdrawn from the system i

Mr. \onE. Oh, yes; there are cases of witiidrawing, suspending,
canceling, and pcnnitting the licenses to expire. A license is onlv
issued for a period of one year. It may interest you to know just
why warehousemen permit their licenses to expire or why the}' are
suspended. Conditions change from year to year with respect to the
advantages to be gained in storing or not storing products; also the
development of the cottcm cooperative movement and other coopera-
tive movements has some edcct upon it. You will notice from tho
figures which 1 gave you tiiat we have about 2.500.000 pounds less
ot licensed capacity for wool tlian we had on May 1. That is due to
the fact that one of our licensed warehousemen, who was operating
live large wool warehouses in Chicago last year, found that this year,
with the increased price of wool, that the farmei's were selling their
wool quite freely aa it was clipped and there was im .xra^iixt »'■ -'(»rc,

UL'OliS— IK 21)

448

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

and as these warehouses which he had Hcensed were in leased huikiings
he decided he couhl not afford to take the risk of a loss this year, so
he did not renew his licenses when they expired: in fact, he asked that
some he canceled. The same thing is true of grain. In grain we
had one case where a warehouseman had 68 licenses last year and this
year, due to cooperative movements in that particular section and
the movement of grain for export, he difl not renew his licenses on
more than about 34. His warehouses were in leased buildings and
he could not afford to take the risk of a loss.

Mr. Anderson. Are these terminal warehouses as a rule ?

Mr. YoiiE. No; they are practically all at comitry points. We
have not gone into terminal territory as yet. We have one rather
large wareliouse, which is terminal in nature, at Davenport and an-
other at Fort Worth, with a capacity to accommodate about 1,000,000
bushels. We have one at Mansfield, Ohio, and we have now pending
an application from the Mill and E)levator Association of North Da-
kota for the licensing of the warehouse at Grand Forks, which has
a capacity of about 2,000,000 bushels. If we once begin to get appli-
cations from these terminal warehouses, it is going to make very
heavy inroads into our appropriations, because it will practicallv
mean that we will have to station one man continuously at such
terminal warehouses.

I do not know whether the committee would care to see how the
work is going with respect to the large warehouses, but your inquiry
with respect to termmal warehouses prompts me to place in the
record some figures with respect to how the large cotton warehouse-
men are availing themselves of the act. As you probably recall, in
the first few years most of the cotton warehouses were o\^^led by
small operators, but now we have a ^reat many ranging from 4,000
bales' capacity up to 165,000 bales. I shall be very glad to give the
clerk the figures to place in the record.

(The figures referred to follow:)

Number and capacity of warehouses.

Number of Number of ,
warehouses , warehouses , Capacity
May 1, I Nov. 20, in Dales.
1922. 1922.

14
7
3
1
3
1

11
1
1
1
1

10
21
8
6
2
5
1
17

4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
7,500
8,000
9,000
10,0(X)

io,r.oo

11,000

wjm

12, (MX)

i:{,(MX)

II, (MM)
1.">,(MM)
115,000

Number of

warehouses

Mav 1,

1922.

Number of

warehouses

Capaiitv

Nov. 20,

in bales.

1922.

2

18,000

1

18,500

1

19,000

4

20,000

2

22,000

1

25,000

3

26,000

1

29,000

3

30,000

1

35,000

1

40,000

1

.52,000

1

»l,000

1

75,000

1

165,000

'*. I

!

ACTIVITIKH OK COOPERATIVE AHROCIATIONa.

Mr. YoiiE. I might state tluit the tremendous increase in this
work in the last two years, and j)arli(ularly in the past year, is due,
in a measure, to the influence of these cooperative associations. Take

A(;nicuLTriiAj. appropriatiox hill, 1914. 449

the I>)ng Staple Cotton Association, at (iroiMiwooil, Miss, It nilopied
us its policy, before the organi/ation was nratticaily «<»mpl«'t«'4l,
that all of its cotton should he stored in federally licenseil warehoiisrs,
and t(» show how ri<;idly it has a<lhered to its pnh<v. it has > ' I
to phuc any cotton with any warehousemen iinles,s thev i.. ...c
licenscil. One warehous«Mnan hehl out, an«l after there had heen
something; between ")()() and 1, ()()() hales of cotton placed with him,
on the assuni|)tinn tiint he would hecome licensed, he still refused,
and the pri'sidcnt of the association sent a raft down the river, or
some kind of a llathoat, and put ')()() hales of cotton on the Ixmt; ho
put a sif^n on it readin<;, "doinj; to a federalized warehouse." and
shipped it up the river. The result was the waridiousenian win-d to
he licensed as soon as we possibly could nnike arranj^ements. 'I'lmt
association has absolutely, durinj; this year and last year, put all «)f
its cotton in licensed warehouses, 'j'lie same tiling is true of tho
North (\irolina Cotton (.Jrowers A.ssociation, and the Arkansas
Cotton Cirowers Association, and practically every one of tin- asso-
ciations are in some measure usin«^ licensed warehouses, although
some of them have not adopted the license<i warehouse as their
exclusive policy.

WAR FIN'.\NCE CORPORATION I.OAVS.

The work of the War Fuiance ('(trporation in this connection has
undoubtedly been exj)edited considerably as far as nnikin«; loans to
these cotton associations have been concerned. This year the War
Finance Corporation has had applications for loans fnim practically
every one oi the cotton <;rowers' associations. The Xortii Carolina
Cotton Growers' A.ssociation has applied for SIO, ()()(), ()<)(): the South
Carolina Cotton Growers' Association has ap|)lied for SIO.OOO.OOO;
the Geor^ria Cotton Association has apnliecf for Sa.OOO.OOO; tho
Alabama Farm Bureau Cotton Association has applied for $8,()()().000;
the Staple Cotton Cooperative Association has applied for ?7.0()(),()()();
the Arkansas Cotton Growei*s' Association has applied for .?7, 500.000;
the Arkansas Farmers Union Cotton Association has appIi(Ml for
$1,000.00(1 ; the Texas Farm Bureau Association has ajiplied for
$9,000,000; the Oklahoma Cotton Association has applied for S<i,()00,-
000; and the Arizona Cotton A.ssociation has applied for SI. 200,000.
In each one of these applications, and as n part oi the aixrcement with
the War Fiiumce Cornoration, the stipulation was made that as
collateral for loans tne War Finance Corpj^ation would accept,
without further question, Federal warehoiLse receipts, but that if
receiptxS issued by any warehousemen who were not opt'ratiiii; under
the federal act were presented as collateral the War Finance Corpora-
tion would reserve tne right to inspect and pass upon the receipts
issued by such warehousemen. In other wortls, it placed the Fwleral
warehouse receipts at once on the basis of being an accept abh^ piece
of paper to the War Finance Corporation without aiiv hut her con-
sideration.

Mr. Andehsox. If I remember correctly, all commodities that are
placed in P'ederal warehouses have to be inspected and classed beforo
they go in i

Mr. YoHE. The law originally proNntled that the gratle should bo
stated on every receipt. Then a year aftenvards, I think, it was
amended to read that the grade should be stated on every receipt

450 AGRICULTUR.VL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

issued for nonfunsjible products unless the depositor renuested other-
wise, leaving it optional with tlie depositor as to whetlier the grade
and class should be stated. In that connection it is interesting to
note that the depositor is fast getting to the place where he is having
his grade phiced on the receipt, but it should be pointed out that the
option is only with the depositor and not with the warehousemen;
in other words, if a depositor says nothing with respect to grade, it
must be noted on the receipt.

Mr. Anderson. Do these warehousemen maintain inspectors for
determining the specific grades or do they have Federal inspectors ?

Mr. YoTiE. No; they have their omti graders and inspectors; in
fact, we will not license a warehouseman until he has satisfied us that
he has someone who is capable of grading under the law, and provision
is made for licensing inspectors. The same is true with respect to
graders.

In administering this act and in our relation with the War Finance
Corporation we have recognized that, of course, the War Finance
Corporation could not very well say it would not accept as collateral
any form of warehouse receipt urless it was issued by a federalized
warehouse, and to meet the War Finance Corporation in that respect
we have assisted in a great many instances by giving information with
respect to the warehouses which might be used but which were not
licensed, as well as information as to the -management and financial
responsibility of the warehouses, and in a great many instances we
have undertaken to supervise and inspect nonlicensed warehouses
which might be used by different associations.

APPLICATIONS FOR LICENSES PENDING.

Mr. Anderson. How many applications for license have you
pending now not acted upon '

Mr. YoHE. I should imagine not more than 15 or 20 that have
not been acted on as far as we can act. By that I mean to say that
a considerable number of other papers must be filed besides applica-
tions. These are cases where the application had been fded, and we
have not had an opportunity yet to make inspections of the plants,
or where the warehouseman has not been able to file a bond, or
because there is some other difficulty in the way.

WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS.

It has occurred to me that, perhaps, I can best show the growth
of the work and tlie result of the work of the department with the
bankers, in getting them interested in tliese federalized warehouse
receipts, and getting tliem to the place where they fully appreciate
what the receipts mean, by reading to the committee a few extracts
from tlie minutes of the American flankers' Association, wliicli was
in session the other week at New York. This part of the minutes
is a part of some resolutions prepared by a subcommittee of the
committee of commerce and marine of the association. It reads in
part as follows:

IlcaU/.inc; tho groat iin]>ortanro of pnal)liiif? (ho (armors to markot thoir crops nioro
or(l<>rly aiifl in closer relation to the consuininjj; nootls of tlie country, your conunission
han (ieoiiied it appropriate to consider and coiunient briotly upon iho I'nited States
wariihouHo act passed by (.Congress in lillG.

•■m

•hi

'I*

1 t ^ f .

•t;.

V

•4

li
.1

\„

1

t>M

it«

AUKICULTUllAL Al'l'Koi'UIATKiN BIIJ., 1^2*. 4jl

At this point tlu' cominittt'(> iDclu'lfMl some fijftiR's Hhowiii^ llu*
profjross that had boon mado, and it jjoes on to say:

These MMrclumxt'H for the I: ,«!

thiTi'lDrc ilirc<(|\ s Tviiii; lli _ . . ixn

making; it more (iesirahh' collatnral in tho inoiioy rpnlcm and prnvidini; a wulor fifld
for itM U!t(>fiihi(t9s.

The rapiilily with which tho cix>ppnitiv(> tnarkolinira'iNx-ialioiu) urc lif>inff nrvanizMl
thri)ii^:h(»iif lh<' fuuiitrv uml the variei
into this iH'W scllinu nlun i.-< niakiiiK it i •
cun-ful ••ousidcrution !>> lioth hiiiikor an<l larinor.

Tho I nit(><l Stitti'.s wurehoiw ii<l in just now «'o'i<!t>" 'x^i"
the hunker, aiul the public jieiierully will he p
legislation Certainly it ha** oi)ene<l a t'
would nol otherwise have hail ami il .
hmns with warehouse receipts eoverini; airriculinral pnxltn

Your committee wishes to commend the act to your i"on
many advantatros will ho of prrowinK benefit to thn country

In tliis connection, to show tho committee how closely we have
worked with the War Fiiiniice Cot j)orati<»n, I wotd<l like to include
in the record Ji letter si<;ned hy tlie inana<;in<; direct. .p <>f tl... W-ir
Finance Corporation, reading as follows:

1 wish to take this op])ort unity to thank you for the valuahio servirc* whirh your

hureau has ren<lered to the War Finance C'or|>i>ratir)'i in connc ' le

by the War Finance <'or)>oration to c(X)perati\e niarketintj a- it

the Initefl Stales.

These loans have been made as you know on the security of warehoiis*; n-eeipta
representiufj the eomnuHlities to be marketed, audit has been of prime iniportanco
that such commodities be j)r<)perly warehoused. In a lar_" ity of ( ■ o-

orative as.sociations obtainini: advances from us have ;„nven ;i iiy rere; -d

by federally licensed warehouses, licensed and supervise*! I)y your bureai. Tho
fact that a warehouse is so licenced and supervised has given us added feeling of
security and an assurance that our interest in the security was beinp properly cared
for. and the integrity of the warehovi.«K^ receipt re.-<pected.

From my ex])erience in the work of the \Var Finance Corporation. I believe that
the safeguards impo.sed under the licensing svstcm of your bureau a i?ly to the

value ol a warehouse receipt as security and works to the advantu_ . iie {N-rsona
or institutions which lend money on warehouse receipt securitv, of the owner of the
commodities, and of the warehouse which assumes res])onsibihty for the r •

We have found the form of warehouse receipt refpiired by your bureau • ly

valuable in connection with our loans. In connection with our cotton or

instance, the warehouse receipt issued by federally licensed warehouses i ■ • i«n
its face not only the number of bales, but the weight, grade, and staple of the i-otton.
Such certification adds greatly to the value of the receipt as collateral.

Mr. Chairman, it is not necessary, or I do not believe it is necessary,
to hurden the record to show tlie progress we have been making
under this piece of legislation, but as you can easily appreciate the
usefulness of it will depend in large measure upon the attittide \\hi<'h
the bankers mav take towjird the federalized warehouse receipt.
Therefore, 1 woukl like to put into the record |)art of a letter from the
recent governor of the Federal Reserve Boanl, reading as follows:

I think it is recognized by banks and other fuiancial institutions that se

receipts representing readily marketable nonjM^ri.shable agricultural <^i :ie«

properly warehoused are a desirable kind of security for bank loans. It is apparent,
of course, that some warehouse receipts are more desirabU- than otl ' ' ho

degree of desirability is dependent upt)n a number of factors, inclu.. h

are the form and legal effect of the receipt, the (|uestion of whether or not the i.-«suin(f
warehouseman is licensed, bonded, and operated under Fetleral law or a .^tate law
furnishing proper .safeguards, and is supervised and examined by conipt>tent otiieials
with a view to the protection of the public, the reputation and finan<-ial responsibility
of the warehousemen, the physical conditions affecting the warehouse, the (juestion of
insurance, etc.

452 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TIOX BILL, 1924.

Generally speaking, there can be no doubt, I think, that warehouse receipte i^ued
by warehousemen licensed and bonded under the United States warehouse act will be
considered by bankers as more desirable collateral security than those issued by ware-
housemen who are not licensed or bonded under any State or Federal law.

There are a great many other statements which I mi^ht place in the
record, but I think these will suffice to show that the Federal reserve
banks, the War Finance Corporation, and all those who have to do
closely and intimately with the granting of credit to farmers based
upon products when they are in storage are fast reaching the point
wnere they respect more highly the Federal warehouse receipts than
almost any kind of receipt issued by warehousemen.

INCREASE IN WORK.

Mr. Anderson. You appear to be anticipating some increase in
this business. What is tne basis upon which you anticipate an
increase ?

Mr. Yoke. The basis of our anticipation is the realization of the
past two j-ears, and the further fact that we know that there are a
good many warehousemen not now in the system who expect to come
in next year. I am quite confident that we shall see just as much of
an increase in the licensing of cotton warehouses, or in the demand
to be licensed, next year as we have had in the last two years. We
have been told that the Tobacco Growers' Cooperative Association
of the Connecticut Valley intended to use licensed warehouses ex-
clusively this next year. We are quite confident that there will be
a big increase in the licensing of grain warehouses between the Missis-
sippi River and the Rocky Mountains, as well as in the Northwest.
In fact, the estimate which is before the committee is not in line
with our anticipation of what the needs will be. Our anticipation
is based entirely upon what has taken place in the last two years,
and upon what we liave pretty concrete evidence now in delinite
expressions of intention on the part of those who have warehouses.

Mr. Tenny. The committee should realize that this work involves
the making of reinspections, and the more warehouses that are
licensed, the more reinspection work has to be carried on.

FOR enforcement OF THE STANDARD CONTAINER ACT.

Mr. Anderson. The next item is for the enforcement of the
standard container act. The current appropriation for this purpose
is S3, 800, and the estimate for 1924 is S5,000.

Mr. Sherman. The estimate for the enforcement of the standard
container act is So, 000; SI, 200 of the amount previously appropriated
or allotted from the original appropriation of $5,000 was set aside
for one statutory pla(;e, and the lump fund was reduced to S3, 800.
That has been tlie amount of the lump fund, I believe, for the last
two seasons, j)erhaps. That is no longer sullicient to carry the salary
of one techmcul man in charge and his necessary travel, if he is to
do the work that he should do under this appropriation. As a matter
of fact, another man from the grades and standard work has been
obliged to give a part of his time to this work.

Mr. Anderson. You have only one on this job?

Mr. SiiKKMAX. Only one man is giving his whole time to this job.
There are hundreds of manufacturers making these containers, all of

A<;HI< TLTIRAI. Al'PUonilATION BILL, 1W4. 46$

whom are urulor the provisions of tlir art, hikI tho lut, of rourH<», in
order to be effective, must lie enforced at the factory. Now. the
factories are not making us any troubh». because the fa<tori<'« that
are inakin*; these Muckii^cs that arc used in iutersfnfe rornruene want
to couioly witli tlic hiw. It is entirely a matter (»f testing thi* new
forms that tliey put in. or of testiii}; the samples that thev nend in
to us. and in visiting the new men and in visiting the factories at
times wlien they nut in new machin(>ry, witli whicJi thev have trouble,
and witli which llicv aic not turning out strictly standard ri.ntMir)'-r>i

Mr. Andkuson. What does this container art (rover f

Mr. SiiKUMAN. It covers grape biuskets, berry boxes, and tills.

Mr. Andkusox. That is all (

Mr. Smkkman. Yes, sir, that is all. but , as a matter of fact, the same
manufacturers wlio are making Climax graj)e baskets arc also manu-
facturing strawberry and raspberry boxes and tills, anri a g(K)d many
of them arc also manufacturing the round stave bushel basket,
whi( h is coming into very general use. Thev send tis all those pa<k-
ages in order that they mav know whether they are nuiking stan<lard
bushel baskets, or not. lliey do not want to make nonstandard
packages, espec iallv those covered by ponding legislation.

Mr. Anderson. In this work you have to cover containers that
really are not covered by law at all (

Mr. wShekmax. We have to do some work on containers that are
not covered by the law itself, antl the same man is working on both.

FOR COMPLETION OF WOOL WORK.

Mr. Anderson. The next item is on page 294, for the completion
of the wool work.

Mr. Sherman. Under this item we are asking for ."53.000 less than
you gave us last year for this work. The collection and <listributi«»n
of excess wool profits have reached the point where our speed is de-
pendent entirely upon the sjieed of the courts. We have distrib-
uted practically all of tlie money width we have <()llecte(l, that can
be distributed, except certain funds that were paid under protest,
and which we can not disbui-se until the courts have decided certain
pending cases. We have actually disbursed and sent back to the wo«)l-
growers between three and four Inmdrcd thousand dollar's, and in
doing so we have accumulated an undistributable fund in the Treas-
ury, for which no growere can be located, amounting to over .$100,000,
which amounts to more than all that has been spent in the entire
course of the collection and tlistribution.

Mr. Anderson. How much have you in process of li(|uitlation or
held up by suits?

Mr. Sherman. We have over -SSOO.OOO in sight thai has not been
collected, but it is not all in suit. That is, in some of those cases wo
still have assurances that the amounts will be paid whenever the
amounts can be arrived at. In some cases there are estates to bo
settled, and the executors assure us that they will settle with us
whenever they get through settling for income taxes, etc.

Mr. Anderson. Suppose you fjive us the exact status of the matter,
or furnish a statement showing now much money has been collected,
what amount has been disbursed, etc.

Mr. SHER.MAN. I will tlo that. We have that statement every
week, and I can give it to within seven days of this time.

454 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TION BILL, 1924.

PRESENT STATUS OF THE COLLECTION" AND DISTRIBUTION OF EXCESS WOOL PROFITS

TO NOVEMBER 25, 1922.

Net excess profits collected $650, 682. 15

Amounts mailed to j^rowers $.i60, 066. 41

Undistributable (growers unknowu) $106, 798. 37

Total number of checks mailed 105, 576

Balance in hand is held under ])r()te.st or is comjxjsed of partial pajTnents on pend-
ing cases or .sum.'' in process of distribution.

Total excess profits ascertained and uncollected $816, 056. 07

Total excess in hands of .solicitor or Department of Justice 615. 198. 87

Excess pending uncollected in our hands 200, 857. 20

This sum is covered by excess profits due from estates which are in course of set-
tlement, the executors of which have promised settlement without suit; cases in
which ])artial pajinents have been made and notes given for balances due; and a
few in which attorneys for the dealers have assured us that settlement will be made
without suit whenever the exact amounts due under the regulations have been
agreed upon. A few of these cases are still open because of unusual conditions sur-
rounding the dealers' business which caused him to deviate from regulations in
handling the 1918 clip, resulting in eiToneous audits of the reports originally sub-
mitted. There are in all only 21 pending cases, which have not been passed to the
solicitor for legal action and their number is decreasing almost monthly.

More than 5,000 dealers participated in the handling of the 1918 wool cli]). Final
settlement has l)een made with all but 78 of these firms. Among these 78, however,
are several firms whose excess profits were large. From one of these firms we are
demanding over .$295,000. Their attorneys have stated that they will appeal this
case to the I'nited States Supreme Court before they will make paynnent.

Three United States district judges have overruled demurrers entered by de-
fendant wool dealers claiming that the regulations were invalid and that the Gov-
ernment was without right to bring suit for the recovery of these so-called excess
profits. Three other United States district judges havp heard arguments on similar
demurrers. One has rendered no decision, another has expressed the opinion that
the Government has a legal and binding contract with the dealers but that it is mis-
appr()])riating the moneys received or is recovering them for an illegal ]>urpose. He
has withheld decision as to whether this fact established a condition which is open
to demurrer. The third judge expressed the verbal opinion that the contract,
evidenced by the acceptance of a permit, was binding, promised to render his judg-
ment on a stipulation of facts submitted by the (tovernment and defendant and, at
the request of the Government, to put his opinion in writing, which thus far has
not been received.

Mr. Anderson. Have any of the lawsuits been tried ?

Mr. Sherman. In several cases arfjjument has been heard on
demurnM's. In nearly every case the defenchmt has (Unniirretl to
our complaint, and has alleged that the Government had no rii^ht to
maintain a suit. There have been three decisions by I'nited States
district judges, the decision in each case upholding the Government's
right to sue. Argutnent on similar demurrers has been made before
three other judges, who still have the matter under consiileration and
liave not hantknl down decisions.

Mr. A.NDEK.soN. You have had no adverse decisions?

Mr. Sherman. No, sir. We have, however, an expression of
opinion by Judge Maitin, o! lioston, that in his mind (here is no
doubt that the Government has a legal ami binding contract with the
dcalei's, but that there is no doubt in his mind that tlie j)urpose to
wbicli the money is being devoted is wholly illegal. So he alloweil
the (juestion to be reargued as to whether (he illegal piupose for which
the money was being collected and expended was a matter open to
demurrer. On thai point he has no( rendered a decision.

Mr. A.NDEK.SON. \N'ha( is (he basis ol" this reduction <

Mr. Sher.man. The basis of this reduction is the release of auditors
from the work.

AGRIClTLTrRAL AI'PROI'RIATION BIIJ^ 1024. 455

FOR OrKRATION AND MANAOKMKNT OF CKNTKK MAKKKT.

Mr. Andkrson. Wv will take up llus ( ViiUr Murkft it4<ii) on pa|fo
i) I.').

Mr. KrrciiKN. Tlu* appr(>|)riati«>n for tlio Ontir Market, Mr.
Chainnnn. rovers nn cstiinHtr for \\ic (intt time thnt the (tovcrn-
nuMit \\t\s over nctiiallv opcrntrd the plnoc. 'VUc law i ' mjj

(lie pro|)crty to [\w (iovrrium-iil wa.s p&sstMl nn Muci ;. . Jl.

'Dint net provided that a C(>ninii.><Mion should Im* uppomti'd hv tho
I'rcsidont to make a valuation of tlic |>hysi<-al iniftroviintnt.H on
\\\v land. Jind the roninii.'^'^ion was appointed on tlic Ith of Orfohor.
1021. The conniiission conipietf'd its work within six ninntiis. as
re(|uired by law, and tiled its award on the 3l9t of March, 1922.
Tlu' award amounted to .51 M»(),'J .')(). On the 1st day of April of this
M'ar. the Department of Aj^riculture ttssunied control of the properly
ami took over the management of it. W v are operalinj^ a larp- busi-
ness institution. Before takinj; it over, we had U* draw rules and
rejjulations. which we have done, and we had t<) chan;;)' the a<-eounting
system so jis to conform to the liscal n*f|uiremenls of the Treasury.
We put all of the tenants under lejuse. and other contracts were made.
One of the diflicuit thinj^s that we had to handle was that at tho
time we took o\ cr the proj>erty llie cold-storage warehouse was prac-
tically filled with perishable commodities. All of those accmints
had to be liquidated, and the storage <lue the market company had
to be paid to the market company, and that due the Government
had to be collected as it became iluc.

SANITARY CONDrriONS I.MPROVKD.

We started out in the operation of the market itself, first, to
improve the sanitary conditions, and we have had a general clean-up.
A\ e liave painted the ceiling in tlie interior court of the B Street wing,
ami we have naiuteil the interi(»r of the bowling alley completely and
the side walls of the auditorium. We have also remodeled the
public toilet facilities at considera})le expense. In connection with
the sanitation work, we have issued regulations covering the handling
of meats, and have employed a meat inspector by transfer from the
Bureau of Animal Industry to protect the public against the sale of
impure or unwholesome meats. Tlie duties of that inspector are
also to make sure that the utensils and equipment used in handling
meats are kept in a thoroughly clean and sanitary condition. The
ct)ld-storage warehouse is operated on as nearly a commercial basis
as is practicable under Government control. We receive commodi-
ties for storage from tenants and from outsiders, and the storage is
j)aid on the basis of the established rates.

OPEIL\TION OF HLSINKSS S KLK-y I ri'OK 11 N ( I .

I am glad to inform the committee that the operation of this
business by the Government is entirely self-supporting. 1 have a
statement here covering seven months, or from the time we took the
property over, showing our receipts annnmt to SI 30.2 P.). 23, against an
expenditure of ?100,OS7.o6. The expenses show a balance in the
Treasury of about S30.000. At the present rate of expense and
income we will take in about $240,000 this year. Our appropriation

456 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

is S165,000, and barring unforeseen accidents, we probably will not
expend over $155,000 for the reason that we have been asked to
set aside about $8,000 as a reserve. Of course, that may be spent
in case we have serious accidents.

Mr. Anderson. How does that $240,000 receipts compare with
the receipts of the market under private management ?

Mr. KiTCHEX. As nearly as I can find out, it compares almost
exactly. You may remernber that when I made a statement before
the committee before, we estimated that the receipts would amount
to $258,000, but I am not now prepared to say that that was correct.
The Market Co. operated the Center Market and the Washington
Terminal Storage Co. as one corporation, and in the appraisal hear-
ings, considerable difficulty was encoilntered in separatmg the activi-
ties for the two plants.

We have issued our leases for the same rates. Our storage rates
in some instances have had to be lowered, because they have lower
rates, and we have had to meet their competition.

So I make a conservative statement that our income probably
would not be more than $5,000 less than theirs, and a margin of
that kind could be accounted for by natural changes in business
conditions.

The handling of the auditorium under our management is more
productive than it was under theirs.

Mr. Anderson. You are still maintaining the auditorium ?

Mr. Kitchen. Yes,

Mr. Anderson. Is there any change in that situation ?

Mr. Kitchen. We have kept the auditorium and rent it for special
occasions, so that it can be available for use by the department for
any purpose desired.

AUTHORITY NEEDED TO PAY CLAIMS.

We have run into some difficulty in operating a business concern,
due to the regulations of the Government, and wc will have to ask
for a little additional authority to carry us through.

Since the estimates were made we nave presented to the comp-
troller two small claims for damage to goods in cold storage. One
is for $12 and one is for $17. And when we drew this law in tlio
first place we inserted the word "claims," but the comptroller
feels that payment of these claims is unauthorized, so I have some
language lieic which I will present for your consideration.

Mr. Anderson. Well, this committee, of course, has no legislative
juriscUction. There is no objection to it being submitted, but I do
not think that we can do anything with it.

Mr. Kitchen. Well, how are we going to pav the claims?

Mr, Andkuson, You will have to ask the authority of Mr. llaugen's
committee, the Committee on Agi'iculture, 1 guess. Well, go ahead
and present the proposition anyway, and we will deal with that
latci' on.

Mr. Kitchen. Well, the proposition is this, that we would like to
have made a pari of the appropriation authority the following
language. After the word "made" insert the following:

and td pay in arcordann* with ictjiilatiDns of the Secretary of .VtrrifMiltiirc any rlaiins
for <luMia>^M> lo ^'(ki(1h wliik- in wlora^c in Ccnlor Market tluit Inivo ai-iTUotl or nniy atcnui
at uny liuw during,' the upurutiun thuri-of by the Secretary of Agriculture. .

AlSRICULTl'RAI, APmoPniATIOX BILL, 1924. 457

It in almost n nhysiml impmmMlity. Mr. Chnimiuii. t<» ojMTnto n
business of that kind withotit some provision to mc»««t thono Hmnll
<lamaf;«' clnims. It is nistomarv in thr ofwration of mmniorrinl
st<»rHj;o houses tlint if iiiiy «;<kmIs are dainnprd hv the netjht;eiire of
the <-oni|»itiv tltat the ronipaiiy will inake ^ood, and I ferl that
having; handled several hurnlred thousand dollars worth f>f j;<mx|« in
an<l out of stora^(>. duriri<; the last seven months, and having pre-
sente<i claims amounting to only $!'*.> that we are doinj; very well.
And if we are not «;iven authority to pay theso little elainm the«(»
fellows will sav that the (Joveniment is not responsible ami thev will
take their business soniewhere o\sr. and w<' will lose moncN . 'I'hat is
the argument for payinj; the claims, aiul if this is not the pr«»per iom-
mittee to present it to, we wouM b<> ?lad to have it j;o before the
proper committee.

.\ir. Andf.KSon. \Vt>ll. as I >a\ . w »• t hcorcl i< ally and [)raciicallv «lo
not iiave any le^ri^ljitive jurisiliction. If thai lan«;ua^e can be sup-

fjorted by the Ian«rua«;e of the art itself. I suppose we can appropriate
or it. The real (juestion from our point of view is whetluT the lan-
j;ua«:e of the acts authori/.in*; the operation of the market by the
Secretary of Aijricullure furnishes su(li<'ient basis for ai)pronriatir>n.s
to pay claims of this character. 1 would imajjine that it did.

Mr. Magke. Are vou given power to take goods in storage <

Mr. AxDER.soN. Ves.

Mr. Mac.ee. I should think that there would be the impli<'d power
to pay for any damages.

^^r. Andeksox. Let me jisk this ouestion: Is the comptrollers
decision baseil upon the language of tnc appropriation, that it «loes
not give authority '.

Mr. Kitchen. No; the principal argument is this:

The fionoral policy of the laws of the I'niteil States \? against a.HHunn)tion of lia-
bility for (lamatres indefinite as to amount. If damaj»o claims prowing out of ■• -"f":!
acts or negligence of omi)loyce8 operating tJiis cold-storage plant are to be r< i

and paid, there .shoidd be specific authority of law for such i i

restrictions and limitations a." Congress may see fit to impose. A~ ^

payment of the claims is unauthonztnl.

I just got this on November 2.3. It has been pending for some time.

Mr. .Tr.MP. Mr. (^hairman, could not this language go in in the form
of a limitation as to the amoimt of claims which the Secretary coidd
pay ?

Mr. Anderson. 1 should think so.

Mr. .Tump. It could specilically provide that the amount 'sliall not
exceed" so much.

Mr. Anderson. I judge from what has been read that the comptrol-
ler's objection is that the language of the appropriation does not
authorize the payment of the claims.

Mr. Kitchen. The basic law. however, gives the Secretary of
Agriculture the following authoritv:

The Secretary- of Agriculture is hereby authorize*!, out of appropriations mado by
Congress from time to time for that purpose, to employ such |M«rsons and v ''-'-•
such materials as may be essential to the operation or maintenance of jwid ;
and for the proper management and control thereof. (41 Stat. UJl. sec. 2.

It seems to me that the payment of these claims would be a proper
authorization bv the comptroller.

Mr. Maoee. What is the specific amount of the claims?

458 AGRICULTUR.VL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Kitchen. We have oiily had two claims, and thev amount to
$29.

Mr. Magee. You recoo^nize that amount as just i

Mr. Kitchen. Yes. We secured all of the necessary supporting
statements before they were sent to the comptroller.

Mr. Anderson. The whole question is on the legal aspect, as to
whether you have authority to pay them, rather than upon the
validity of the claims (

Mr. Kitchen. They are absolutely good claims and I recommended
that they be paid; but these being the first ones, naturally we made
a test case of them, and put the proposition up to the comptroller.
We can not afford not to pay these claims.

Mr. Buchanan. Have you any records upon which you could base
an estimate of the total amount of claims that might be allowed
during a fiscal year, or what they would amount to i

Mr. Kitchen. Well, these two claims occurred in May, I believe,
and we have not had any since. Now, if everything goes well, we
ijiight go through a year and not have a claim. On the other hand,
some experienced man might quit and we might get more claims in a
month tnan we had had for two years.

Mr. Jump. Something might happen overnight, and we would have
more claims the next morning than we might have in two years with
good luck.

Mr. Kitchen. Yes. A serious mechanical accident might produce
large claims.

I believe there was some other language, also.

Mr. Anderson. There is some new language proposed in the
estimates.

PURCHASE OF NECES.SARY SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT.

Mr. Kitchen. Yes. The other change that we would like to have
is after what I have just suggested. We would like to have the
words —

Provided, That the Secretary of Agriculture may purchase necessary supplies and
equipment for use at Center Market without regard to awards made by General Supply
Committee.

We have felt justified for asking for that for this reason, that we
are operating a business institution and competing with other busi-
ness institutions, and in buying supplies and materials we fretiuentlv
fhid that we can buy cheapei" in the open market tlian we can tlirough
the General Supply Committee contracts, and for that reason we
would like to have authority to buy either through the General Sup-
ply ('onnnittee or in the oj)on market, whichev(M- we beli{>ve to be
most advantageous to the Govrrnment; but in doing that we would
not be released from any of the laws or legulations of the department
re(niiriiig competitive bids. Any uurchase under the Department of
Agiieulture amomiting to more than S")() has to be pmeliased by
open bids.

Mr. Mauek. Open bidsf

Mr. Kir< iiK.v. I'es. Thi.s language is merely to place the (Jovern-
ment on an e(|iial footing with [irivate industry in the o|)eration of
til is plant.

Mr. Ma<;ee. Where you purchase supplies you get them all through
the General Siipply Commit lee?

I

A(5ni<;iLTrRAT. AprmirniATiox biix, UM. 459

Mr. KiTciiKN. YoH, sir; uiilrsM tlwv mu not fiimiMh tlM'>«
Mr. Ma(»kk. Thon. how rl<» yoii j»''' v«nir «4Upf)lir«* t

pptitivf bidding '.

Mr. KrmiKN. If there is timre ilmii >.•<• inxtMved m tiu' piirrhaMe*..

Mr. Mackk. Does the hiw provide that i

Mr. KiTriiKN. Yos.

Mr. MA(iKK. Thi.s \v(»iiM he in «hrert eoulhet witlj tile law tiM it now
stands if you wanted to purchase anything in exeess of ?.'»() f

Mr. KiTciiKN. No; this does not sav that. This merely \fivif* uh
authority to piurhuso either throu^^li the (ienoral Supply C-om-
mitteo

Mr. Maoee (interposing). Well, what 1 am talking alxtut is thni if
3i)U did not >vish to pureha.s(> through the (leneral .Supply Com-
mittee, you could go into the open market and make your purrhaMes
in excess of §50, without coinpetilive hids <

Mr. Kitchen. Well, we rould not unless

Mr. M.voEE. (interposing). Well, if Congress should atlopt thi.s
language, you could.

Mr. Kin HK\. It is my understanding that the basic law of the
Agricultural l)e])artnu'nt

Mr. Jump (interposing). Both the law and the regulations of the
department re(|uire that we obtain competitive bids for any purchases
in e.xcess of $')() in the Department of Agriculture in \Vasbington,
e.xcept in cases of emergency or cases where competition can not bo
obtained.

Mr. Magee. And if Congress shoultl adopt this language, you
would not hayo to do that?

Mr. Jl'.mp. The language proposed would not affect tliat at all,
because the regulations promulgated by the Secretary* of Agriculture
and wliich are in the hands of every j)urchasing officer provide that
any purchase in excess of $'A) must be by competitne bidding,
except as I stated a moment ago. The only thing that this language
does is to avoid the necessity of purchasing under the General Supply
Committee contracts so far as Center Market is concerned.

Mr. M.vGEE. I do not sec where this has anything to do with the
regulations of the Secretary. It says:

Providtd, That the Secretary of Agriculture may purchase iioc<^ssary supplinfi and
equipm Mit for use at Center Market, without regard to awards made by General
Supply Committpo.

Mr. Jump. They would not be relieyed by this language from the
restrictions imposed by the Secretary, because they would continue
to be enforced and are not affectetl by the proposed change.

Mr. Magee. You do not think that the regulations of the Sc(;retary
of Agriculture affect the law as enacted by Congress ?

Mr. Ju.MP. Not if the two are related. l)ut in this instance you do
not have that. This merely relievos the (Vnter Market fn»m the
obligation it now has to purchasing all of its supplies po<<il>l.> il. tough
the (ieneral Supply Committee's contracts.

Mr. Ma(;ee. .Vrc you a lawyer ?

^Ir. Ji MP. Xo, sir.

Mr. Ma(;ee. Well, 1 am, and I think that I can tell what the
English language means when it is clear. This language reads:

Provided, That the Secretary of .Vgriculture may purchase necessary Huppiies and
equipnu'iit for use at Center Market without regard to awania made by the (ieneral
Supply Conuiiittce.

^

460 AGRICULTI'RAL APPROPRIATIOX BIIJ., 1924,

My legal judgment is that if Congress enacted this language, that
you could make all of your purchases without regard to the terms
laid down either by the General Supply Committee or anybody else.

Mr. Andersox. As I understand, the regulations of the department
require competitive bids for all purchases in excess of SoO, under de-
partmental regulations, and that those regulations are based on the
statute. Is that correct ?

Mr. JcMP. They are based on the statute; that is correct.

Mr, KiTcnix. When we talked this over with the solicitor, when
this appropriation was being considered there, he stated that if this ^

were approved by Congress that we would be bound by the SoO limit
and we would have to secure competitive bids for any purchases over
that amount.

Mr, BucHAXAX. But the position taken by my colleague is that this
is legislation in this bill and that it modifies the statutory law and
should come through the proper legislative committee.

Mr. Magee, Yes,

Mr. BucHAXAX. New legislation.

Mr. Magee. New language.

Mr. AxDERSOX. There is no question about that,

Mr, Magee, If this is put in, then the amounts in excess of $50
would not come under existing statutes.

Mr. BucHAXAX. That is the regulation.

Mr. Magee. I understood him to say that it was a statute, that
there was a statute requiring them to secure competitive bids where
purchases exceeded S50 in amount.

Mr. AxDERSox. That, of course, is where the purchases are not
made through the General Supph" Committee.

Mr. Magee. Whether it is a regulation or a statute, I do not know.

Mr. Kitchex. I do not know whether it is u regulation or a statute ;
but 1 know that we have to do it before we can get purchases approvinl.

Mr. Ju.MP. The law, the regulations, and the policy of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture are not to permit any purchases in excess oi^SoO,
without competitive bids, unless there is an emergency or .some
other extenuating circumstance, which makes it necessary to pur-
chase a certain item. I will have the law covering the matter looked
up and a statement inserted in the record.

Tlie law (Rev. Stata.. sec. 3709. p. 733) roads a.s follows: '\\\ purchasi^s and con-
tracts for Hupplics or services, in any of the department's of the (iovernment,
except for perHonal services, shall be niatle by adverti.siug asulHcient time previously
for y)roposals respectinjj the same, when the public exigencies do not require the
immi'diate delivery of the articles, or ])erformance of the services."

Tliis j)rovision of the law wa.s amended on March 1, 1S!)9 (30 Stat. L. 9.57) by pro-
viding "That hereafter section 3709 of the Revised .Statutes of the I'liited States
shall n()\ be construed to apply to any purchase or .service rendered in the Dejnirtment
of Agriculture when the aggregate amount involved does not exceed the sum of $50,"'

Mr. Magee. The point that I am making is that Congress enacts
any legislation which is in conflict with the existing legislation, and
it IS nece-ssary to construe the language of the act, the last enacted
language would rescind llie prior eiiattment. Now, if wo are going
to adopt this law lierc piovidiiig niitliority for you to iJinrhase in this
manner, you mi{.jht still piu'chase through the General Supply Com-
mittee, if you did not have aiitliority to nnike these purchases in
excess of $o{) without competitive bidding.

i|

ACI'.K ri.TIKAI. AI'I-nopKIATlOX BIU^ 1924. 4G1

Mr. A.NDKKsoN. WrII. is thcrr anvtlimt; fmilirr on thin Irini^iiAri- ^
Mr. Kit* II K.N. \\c \\n\v snj^p'stotl oiip inorr minor <'liaii(;<> in <
in'ction with this: After the word-* " (• per rt-ntiitn pi-r iiiunim," wo
wouhl like to insert tlic words " iindrr such rules as the .STrelnry of
A«;ri<ultiire may preserihe." That is morrly t«» rhirif\ that.

Mr. Andku.son. Vou |)ioposo an increiuso under this nppropriution
<if about -SI I.OOO. What is that for'

IN'CRKAHi: IN APrHOIMIIATION.

Mr. KlTciiK-N. 'rhepriiuijml purpose for which that will he used will
he to remodel, modernize, and im]»rove stands in the market ami to
j)urchase some small items of <'(|uii)ment. Those stands in the nun
some of them. wen> hudt when tlu- market was <-onstrueled in ls,j,
and ahout half of them have heen remodeled and hrouj^ht uj) to <late,
hut none of them are as modern as you will find in the hest rfjuippeil
markets in tin* country. We have constructe<l three since we nave
heen there, and I think all of that inci-eM.ie (.f .51 1. ()()() would he used
j)rimarily f«)r that pumose.

Mr. Andkr.so.v. I'ndor ncw^ e(juij)ment f

Mr. Kttchf.n'. Wherever we imprt»ve the stands and improve the
e(|ui)mient. we increase the rent JO ])er cent.

Mr. Ma(;ee. And you say that you are taking in S2 lO.OOO and your
expenses amount to ahout SHiO.lioO^

Sir. KiTCHKX. A])proximately SKIO.OOO.

Ml'. Ma(;kk. AiuI the (lovernment owns the ])roperly ^

Mr. Kitchen. I wouhl like to add to that statement that

Mr. Maoee (interjxjsing). Does the Government own the property i

Mr. Kitchen. Yes.

Mr. Mache. Buildings and all (

Mr. Kitchen. Yes.

Mr. Ma(.ee. Have you made any allowances for depreciation or
anvthinuj of that sort (

Nir. IvjTdiEN. If we take in §240.000 and spend $155,000 for oper-
ating:; ex])enses. alterations. im])rovements, we would have left
$85,000. The taxes on the land and the huildinj; and the water rents
formerly ]>aid by the private corjioration amounted to $25,000. and
addin<x that to our o])erating ex])enses would bring them up to
$180,000. leaving $60,000. And then I figure on the amount of the
awaril, which was $9()0.000. interest at the rate of 5 ])er cent, which
would amount to S4S;000. and still leave us a surplus of $12,000. I
figure that he improvements that we have made to the building will
onset the de])reciation.

Mr. Ma(;ee. What about repaii^s as necessar}' ?

Mr. Kitchen. Weil, I say tne repairs and iniprovements which wo
make would add to the capital account and offset depreciation.

Mr. Magee. Do you figure on anv insurance, too i

Mr. Kitchen. We have not figured insurance.

Mr. Ma(jek. Wiuit wouhl your insurance amount to?

Mr. Kitchen. 1 do not know what the insurance would amount to.
but the figures certainly <lo show that we can make a return of
between 4 and 5 i)er cent on the amount expended by the Govem-
ment, allowing for taxes and all.

Mr. Magee. Taxes and water rent would be how much ?

462 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Kitchen. Twentv-five thousand dollars.

Mr. Magee. That would make S155,000 plus $25,000.

Mr. Kitchen. Which would be SI 80,000, subtracted from $210,000
would leave SGO.OOO.

Mr. Magke. The interest is how much?

Mr. Kitchen. Forty-eight thousand dollars.

Mr. Magee. You figure that at 5 per cent?

Mr. Kitchen. Five per cent on S960,000 would be $48,000. Sub-
tracting that from 860,000, leaves SI 2,000.

Mr. Magee. Do you know what your insurance would be ?

Mr. Kitchen. No; but it certainly would not be more than that.
We will check that item up, though, to make Sure.

Note. — As nearly as can be ascertained, the amount of the fire insurance premium
paid in the past on' the Center Market property was approximately $5,000 per annum.

Mr. Tenny. I want to make one statement about that $11,000
increase. If we have anything to do with the market we are going
to get that baked goods stufi' under cover and

Mr. Anderson (interposing). That what?

Mr. Tenny. Baked goods, pies, cakes, that is now handled out in
the open market. That has got to go under glass cases, and we are
very anxious to have an increase to take care of the amount of im-
provements necessary.

Mr. Anderson. How much would be involved in that?

Mr. Tenny. Mr. Kitchen, can you give an estimate i

Mr. Kitchen. We have not prepared an estimate on that. Stands
already built have cost us about $1,000 apiece.

Mr. Magee. How much?

Mr. Kitchen. About $1,000 apiece.

Mr. Anderson. You said that you increased the rent 20 per cent
when you made improvements. Twenty per cent on what?

Mr. Kitchen. Over what it is now, to reimburse us for the im-
provements. I fed that it is only proper if we improve a man's
facilities to let him pay a little more. It is only fair if we improve
a man's facilties that we should be reimbursed gradually for those
improvements.

Mr. Anderson. Are there any further questions? If not, we will
take up the next item.

Mr. fJuMP. Doctor Ball and Doctor Langworthy are here to present
the estimates of tlie Bureau of Home Economics.

Tuesday, November 28, 1922.

BUREAU OF HOME ECONOMICS.

STATEMENTS OF DR. E. D. BALL, DIRECTOR OF SCIENTIFIC
WORK, AND DR. C. F. LANGWORTHY, CHIEF, OFFICE OF
HOME ECONOMICS.

Mr. Anderson. The next is the Bureau of Homo Economics:

SalaricH, riorks— ^two of flasa throo, one of class two, one $1,:}20, ono f 1,2()0, aovi'ii
of «la.>w 011(1, three, at .til.KK) «'uch; mi'ssonKor b»iy at iitSO; messpnucr hoy or laborer,
I|fl8(); (^Imrwonieii— throe, at if 170 eadi; two, at *L':i() ea«-h; in all, $Jl,7(iO.

AORICULTI'RAL APPROPRIATION HILL, IVC*. .lJi3

PLAN or RK0K(JA.M/AT10N.

Doctor Hall. 'Vhv drpartinont is n.skini; as a part of itn riH»r"""Jfa-
tioii plan that the sricntifir and rrsoarrli w<irk wliuh wa.H : Iv

incorporated in the States Kolat ions Service l>e removed and that the
work in home economics he made afj independent hiireau.

In askin{^ this the <h>[)artmeni i> r>ot ready at this lime to oiithnr
what the hnal reortjanization of the homo economics work will !><•.
It is the intention of the department to call in n comnnttee of experts
on tlie (liU'erent phases of the suhject and to ask them to conswh-r tho
orj^anization of a proj^ram of development of this work and to trv
and (it that work into the present or;;ani/.ation of the Department of
Af^riculfure. In its hroa<lest aspects a home e<-onomics drpartinerU
would he as l)i<; as the whole Department of A^ricidture, htit it would
cover practically the same lines of work the department !U)W d<M's;
so instead of or<;anizin<; home economics as a hureau coverinj^ all of
those phases (»f the work the idea W(»uld he to make the Hureau of
Home Economics the center or<;anization wiu«h would cooperate
with the other hureaus to make the full and complete field of woman's
work.

For instance, wo have in the Puhlic Hoads a di\ i^ion of airricullunil
eni]:inoerini;. Tlu' Dci)urtment of Home lOconomics, jis fully devel-
opetl, would have a (livision that would consider equipment of the
h(»me. especially the machinery of the kitchen, and that work could
he hamlled in cooperation with the Scientilic Enjjineerin*; Division
with special applications to the woman's prohlems. The same thing
is true in the nutrition work. There will he certain phases of the
nutrition work whicli will he purely related to the food of man. hut
in a very larj;e percenta<;e oi nutrition pn>hlems there will he no
difference iYi method or application hctween the studies carried on
for the henefit of man or the domestic animals. Therefore it is
prohahle that most, if not all, nutrition w(»rk. except special adapta-
tions in foods and cooking, would he hamlled ro.MXM-.itiv.K under
the Hureau of Home Economics.

In the same way we would fin<l that as vou organize and develop
the home economics work, comhining it M-itli the work of jigriculture.
you would find a very small amount of it needed to have sne<ial
developments of its own. It simpiv means organizing that work and
applying all of it to the prohlems of the home. There will he certain
other pluises in which tliore will he no change needed and tin* work
will he continued as at the present time.

Mr. Buchanan. What phases are not receiving attention now t

Doctor Ball. 1 would not say that there was any particular phase
receiving no attention; but take, for instance, tiie e(|uipments,
which is probably one of the phases in which substantial advances
could be made

Mr. BiH'iiANAN (interposing). E(|uipment for the horned

Doctor Ball. Equipment for the home: the mechanical appliances
in the home are receiving practically no attenti<m at the present time.
The major research problems of the Office of llome Economics up to
the present time have been the nutrition problems and the textile
problems. This work restetl largely i)n the utilization of agricul-
tural production and so, of course, the nutrition and textile pn»hlems

22 028—22 30

464 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 192-1.

came to be the major feature of the work. Home economics from
the standpomt of our institutions, from the standpoint of building up
rural communities, has a much broader scope than that. The agri-
cultural economists would like to have us change the name and make
a division of home economics, involving the economic factors.
This is a phase of the work that has had little development.

Mr. Magee. This is new >.

Doctor Ball. This will be one of the features to be developed,

Mr. Magee. You do not have an office of home economics now?

Doctor Ball. It is now under the States Relations Service.

Mr. ^LvGEE. Then 30U would take it out of States Relations
Service and make a bureau of it %

Doctor Ball. Yes; take it out of States Relations Service and
make it a bureau. The Secretary has already announced that he
proposes to put at the head of this work a woman of outstanding
research, ability, and of national reputation.

Mr. Magee. You are asking for the same appropriation for this
year?

Doctor Ball. Yes: and in asking for this we do not wish to be
misunderstood. We are not ready at this time to outline any
program of development of this work. This is a continuation of
the work that is now going on, with the hope that we will be able to
strengthen this work where it should be strengthened, and probably
eliminate certain work which should be eliminated.

The work, you understand, has been developed under States
Relations Service, and the development of it has been along the lines
helpful to extension, but the Secretary is coming to feel that the
real function of the Department of Agriculture is in the research
field, as the .States now have well-developed extension pn\grams.

Doctor Langworthy will discuss the organization of the bureau
and the work to be done.

GENERAL STATEMENT OI' WORK.

Doctor Langworthy. Speaking for the present organization: As
1 recall it, Mr. Chairman, the appropriations for the Oflice of Home
Economics have been made to enable the Secretary of Agriculture to
study the use in the home of the agricultural nroducts for food,
clothing, and other purposes, and labor incident tnereto. The work
of tlie ollice has been organized along those lines.

Nearly three-fourths of the total sum appropriated for the Office
of Home Economics — $.50,000 for each of the last two fiscal yeai"s —
has been expendetl for work concerned with food and its uses in
the home. Aluch of this is technical laboratory work and all of it
generally recognized as highly desirable. Some of the work is an
ai)|)liciition of statistical methods to problems of dietetics, with
the result that rational or "balanced" food selection can now be
offered to home makers in nontechnical as well as technical terms.
In other words, food selection and meal planning can now be easily
discussed with an accuracy foriiu'rly dillicult except for the e\j)ert
student. Sucli a geiierali/ation has been oftcMi att(Mnpted, but never
in so workable a form as that provided by the Ollice of Home Eco-
nomics. Attention has been given to Revising graphic methods of
summarizing and presenting such data.

AORICULTrilAL APIMlopilIATIOX BIIJ., 1U24. 465

Followinjj the usual custoui of tlic DrpurtinriU of \.m ,. ..If ..re,
results of this work with food huvf hroii iiunh- puhlir in U -ui

pr(»f('>sintiiil pnpcrs atid also, when suilahic for ihi* purpose, in n non-
tt'clmical form useful to thr woinm in tlw honir. T! ' ' .-n

ust'd iilso to a very ^n'at extent in answennj^' uuiuirie tn

houst«keep«>rs and others int4'reste<l in luune prohlcni

The studies of raiiriin;;, drviii;,'. and other nirthod, of pii<MTvui^
food In household nirthods. and of prohlonis of eookuji;, «»f tl- o?

fuels, etc., arc or<^ani/ed Ut supply <lelinit4> data on whuh s.. ul

practice must rest, and also to nrovide reliahle diroetions mt ntnU'il
that they can he readily followed hv the housekeeper. (' ' '.h*
research work imd other material has heen reporte<l in |»..,,. . ,, ;h-
lished in professional and technical journals, in neeordaneo with
<lepni(rnent j)rocedure.

Studies of tiu' f h(»rouiLjhness of diL^e^iinn of fdmU Iia> mUm Immmi
continued. Research in household hd)or prohlems has heen con-
tinued, the respiration calorimeter heini; used for determinations of
enerj^'v expenditure. The results provide exact data not liitherto
avaihihl<» ref^ardin^ the demands on a wonnm's strenj;th which
household tasks involve. Without such data one can not dixcuss
in definite terms the important (piestion of work in the home. The
meth(»ds followed are also admirahly adapted to the studv of the
relative value of householil appliances intended as lahor savers,
hi fact, it is hard to say how such (piestions can he studied ns they
shoidd he without sucli measurements.

The use T)f housidiold efpiipment for the purpose of savins; lahor
was included in tliis prohlem. the outcome heinj; that a working
surface too low^ or too lii^h to fit the housekeeper was found to cau.se
a greater expenditure of energy than the use of one tlie right height;
that is. one on which the hand will rest lightly when the arm is
dropped to the side and the fore-arm raised to an angle of l')'^ from
the hody. The manufacturer of sinks and kitchen tal)les has heen
(juick to take up this conclusi(m, as have the housekeeper and the
teacher. Besides this there is, of course, a field in household lah(»r for
the engineer and the mechanician. The j)Ian of work in the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, as Doctor Ball has pointed out, provides for
this elsewhere, along with prohlems pertaining to central heating,
water supply, sewage disposal, and otiier engineering questions re-
lated to the home.

There are other phases of household management regarding which
we have heen collecting information, partly from lahoratory studies
and partly from surve3's and statistics of actual home practice.
Closely related to these are the prohlems of economics in the home.
These have heem studied chiefly hy means of surveys and the analysis
of statistical data which are provided hy them. It is difficult to sep-
arate the farm and the home in considering these questions of the
management of income in the farm home, and so it is natural ttuit in
survey work and interpretation of statistical results we should have
been working in cooperation with the Bureau of Agricultural Kcon-
omics.

The wise use of money is an important household management
prohlem, and this question has received consitieration, particularly
with respect to the wise selection, suitable care, and repair of w«>aring
apparel, furniture, and other articles of personal niid JKnist^hold

466 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRLATION BILL, lft24.

equipmont. In so far as possi})le. laboratory studies have been made
oi the materials and operations involved, and critical examination
made of available literature, and as a result some information has
already been made public and considerably more awaits publication.
A practical outcome of such work is that it enables the housekeeper
to save mone}' by prolonging]:, without undue labor, the usefulness of
clothino: and household equipment. For example, good household
ways of mending china and wood have a technical as well as an eco-
nomic interest. To learn why some cements, for instance, are superior
to others in mending porcelain \vill take one far into physics and
chemistry.

STUDIES OP THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOME AND ITS EQUIPMENT.

The Office of Home Economics has done considerable work in the
collection of material for the discussion of important problems such
as the origin and development of the house and its equipment, of
the manners, customs, ana social usages, since these in great measure
determine the distribution of the income in household expenditures,
and are equally important in the discussion of the whole question of
household management. The time available for such work has been
limited, but nevertheless it has been carried on to such an extent that
some generalizations at least can be made.

Special equipment, such as apparatus for the study of accelerated
wear, is a necessity if one is to study the question of relative durability
or wearing quality of textiles and other materials. I believe that all
who are familiar with the problem would a^ee that the development
of such devices is time-consuming and costly and that nothing of the
sort has yet been provided which is entirely satisfactory; and,
furthermore, that it is not possible to discuss such ciuestions except
relatively until such measurements are possible. It is a step forward
in the march or research to reach a point where one can see the way.
That point has been reached and useful work can be done. The cost
will be considerable in terms of mone}', and it seems to me that the
development of such equipment might suitably be a cooperative
project in which several Government agencies should unite.

In the experimental work carried on with food, mention should be
made of the stud}' of food storage problems in which the respiration
calorimeter is used, a kind of work which is highly technical. How-
ever, it provides data immediately useful to those interested in
comnu'rcial cold-storage ]n-ol)lems, and also which will prove very
imj)oitant in the questions of farm and home storage. The case is a
parallel with that of canning, pickling, and brinhig, and dehydration
of food, projects which doniaiid and are receiving special study fn)m
the wholesale or manufacturer's standpoint, from the household
stand])oint, and in some cases, at least, from the farm stanilpoint as
regards (uiantity. While it is true that in such cases the fundamental
biological, chemical, and physical principles can be studied inde-
pendently «)f the aj)])li(ution, wherever facilities are available, the
application of the j)rinciples ant! e\])erimental study of the pro-
cedures re(juisit(^ in each case are of ijreat value. Since procedures
and e(piij)m('tit desirable dinVr with the (piantities of material used,
there is as distimt a held for such stiuly and research on home
])roblems as there is. for those which concern the large manufacturer.

AUHICliyrURAI. APPIIOPKIATION BlU., 1924. 467

So in the cuko of thrsc n'snirutioii ciiloriiiu'tf'r MtU(li().s of Htonige
pi-ol)l('ms tluMV will l>c a i'n'Ul for thr hoiiu' worker, even if it hIiouTiI
(•(>iii(> jilioiit (lint those intrn'.ste«l in roinrnercial prohlciii lij

mlopt these methods for their own imrticular line of work. I \<

no (loiiht that thev are applieahle to prohlnns of lionie Mt<M >f

such |)ro«luets as potatoes and t)tlu'r vejjetahles and appU-s Hn«l other
fruits so eoniniordy stored for winter use in the farm hoine: and
that thev have a reiatinr) tn flu- \. .nf ilnf i.>i\ find li.ii,,l!ii,.f ,.f »?,,.
household refrij^erator.

lu'search to bo sueeessful depends not only on thr intiividiiai
problem studied and th(> means emploved for that studv it enllH
also for a hrotid outlook, vision, and uiulci-standmj^ in onler to s<'lr<'l
th(» problems. The ollice of home economics trieil to shape il«
work with this hroader end in view and 1ms endeavored lo ;»et llu«
maxinuim of residt oi)tainal)l(' under the eonditi»>ns in which it has
worked. It has tried s<» far as in it lies to j;ive the housekeeper the
information which she has asked for and to serve also tlu' pnift-s-
sional worker. It has also endeavored, as have all hranclie-. of the
Department of Aj];riculture, to contril»ute to the extension service of
the dej)artment in such ways as it could. But over an<l heyiunl thi:i
has been the (h^sire to add to the sum of knowhMl«;e bearing on the
home and its problems, in order that the housekeeper may the more
easily achievi' a better result.

That we have been successful in some of our efforts I think is borne
out by this simnle illustration.

The stu(fy of food preparati(»n has not had for its [)urpo-e the
preparation of delectal)le dishes, allhouj^h that is somelhin;^ that wo
couhl always do and plea.sc a very large |)ublic, but it has had this,
to find the principles upon which the preparation of food shojd<l he
based, not only that a palatable di.sh nniy result, but also tluit a
larger part of the food value may be conserved.

And we liavc also tried to find some way of making sure that the
housekeeper could choose the foods to form a ''well-balanced" diet,
as pe()pl(> like to call it. so we could give some advice to the house-
keep(>r which would not require detailed information in phvsiologv
and chemistry of food and nutrition to enable her to pick the foods
to enable her to take care of her family, and not result in ill health.

Mr. lU'CHAN'.VN'. There is administered under the Department of
Labor the maternity bill, that carries on work along the sanu* lines
that you have outlined. Is there any duplication of work as between
your departments?

Doctor Langwouthv. There is always friendly relations between
this w^ork and that we have carried on, but we do not do anything
that is as intimate in the relation to the home as the maternity bill,

Mr. Brf hanax. Do they take advantage of the information that
you are able to give them i

Doctor Lax(;wokthv. I am sure I am right in saving that thev
take advantage of such information as we have published, but before
it would reacli the person to be benelited, under the maternity bill the
facts wouUl be restated.

Mr. Buchanan. But what I am trying to get at, I would like to see
whether these investigations, or what not, scientihc facts, trutlis,
with regard to nutrition as aj)j)lied to the young mother and the child,
or young mother, during the prenatal daiys before chihlbirlh, 1 would

468 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

like to find out whether your l)iireau is undertaking to cover that
suhject, or that })ureau is' undertaking to do it, or whether the two
bureaus are undertaking to cover the same subject.

Doctor Langwohtiiy. No, sir: we have never done that.

Mr. Buchanan. Well, it has been done in other instances, and I
was wondering whether there was any duplication of that work in

your bill.

Doctor Langworthy. It would not be done in the office of home
economics because all of those problems are involved and are con-
nected with the study and practice of medicine; and we would not
undertake work in such a field. So far as I am concerned, that work
would not be considered in connection with the office of home eco-
nomics. The work in connection with the feeding of the expectant
mother, and the feeding of the young child, and the feeding of the
mother and her child after the child has been born, has so far received
attention in the Children's Bureau — all that it has received in the
Government so far as I know, unless the Public Health Service may
have done something.

That reminds me: There has been a publication, that I recall,
Mrs. Max West is author of a bulletin on feeding young children.
In it she made some statements yviih regard to general nutrition,
and she sent the manuscript down to us to see if she had stated them
well. As a special subject of research I am sure that I am safe in
saying that there has not been any such duplication as 3'ou fear.

Air. Buchanan. My object was to ascertain whether or not in the
event that would be gone into, if you have the facts alread3% whether
they would get the facts from you, and use the information you
have already collected.

Doctor Langworthy. Yes, sir; the Red Cross is an organization,
an independent organization which has always worked with us in the
way you suggest.

Mr. Buchanan. The Red Cross is not trying to build up an organ-
zation, especially, like some of these Government bureaus are. I
think without any question, some of them are, and I would say that
all of them are.

Doctor Langworthy. I can only speak, of course, for myself. As
1 say, if you left it to me to decide, I should not want to take any
of their functions, in any way, and if I had a piece of information
and they asked for it, I would give it to them. Would not that be
about what you would naturally expects

Mr. Buchanan. That would be wnat I would expect.

Doctor Langworthy. Yes; that would be just the way I would
feel about it.

Mr. BircHANAN. I guess it is our duty to see that there is no
duplication.

Doctor Langworthy. We have always thoufrht that the relation,
the friendly relntioii between individuals and between bureaus in
u department, and between dillerent departments, was one of the
very satisfuctory lhin;.s about carrying on the work.

h\»r instance, tiie study of tiie usi> of home e(|uijunent and textiles,
which is carri(>(l on to som<' e.xtent by the BurcNiu of Stauihirds, but
for entirely dillerent purposes — they liave instituted it from a manu-
factinin<^ and trmle slaiidpoiiit has yieldiMl material which could be
inf('tj)i('ted in household terms, and that we have tried to got and

Adlllcri.Tt'IlAI, API'UolMtlATIOS HII.I., 11«4. 409

tried to uso. The HiinMiu of Stninlimls Ims Imth px' . willinij

to work witli us in that way. Wo had on.» uwrv of .....irh work
soino years ajjo on rloaninp silvrr for which thr depart nimt had no
e<|ui|)mont and for wliicli the Itiirran of Stanjlnrds ha«l ffpnpniont,
nnd a rooprraf ivr arran^'cnicnf n\ as arriviMl at hv \\hi«h ojw workrf
from tho niirrau of Standards and onr from the ofjirr of M..i... |'>i>-
nomics studied tlio prohh»m nt the RuriMiii of Stun<hinl.'- ih we

obtained material f<»r n useful puMication nn<l tl»e Iturenu of Stand-
ards, throui^'h that rooprration. developod a!i entirelv n<w hne of
researrli which proved very vahiahh* to it. I can inultiplv instances*
of that kind. 1 would rather, if I couhl. j;ivo you ftn idea as to the
spirit under which we luive tried to do the wort.

SAf^RlKS.

Mr. Andkuson. \'ery well. Now. on pni^e 207 vou )mvr itory

roll, whicli I assume is made U|) cut in) \ fr<»m tin" transfers li-,,, elates
Relations Service.

Doctor Laxowortmy. It is the same in content ns has l>oen in
States Relations Service. There is no essential chanfje and it covers
the same projects.

Mr. Anderson. Now, you propose in your «;eneral lan^uajje. in
the Bureau of Home Economics, to eliminate the lan<;u»ipe, 'Cooprra-
tion with otlier bureaus of the department." Whv do vou cut that
out '.

Doctor Ball. Simply because it is unnecessary. .Vll liureaus
cooperate. The lanjijuajTe is not necessary. It mip^ht be necessary
in providing for cooperation with other departments, but it is not
necessary here.

Mr. Anderson. If there are no further questions on this item, wo
will take a recess until 10 o'clock to-morrow morning.

Wednesd.w, NovF\fnFR 20. 1022.

ENFORCEMENT OF INSECTICIDE AND FINGR IDE ACT.

STATEMENT OF DR. J. K. HAYWOOD, CHAIRMAN OF THE

BOARD.

Mr. Anderson. Doctor Haywood, we will take up your item on
page 300, for the enforcement of tlie inse<'ticitle act.

Doctor Haywood. Mr. Chairman, I have a short prepared state-
ment, which presents this matter in a concise wav. and 1 believe it
will make the discussion shorter if I am permitted to submit it.

GENERAL STATE.MENT OF WORK.

Mr. Anderson. You may proceed with vour general statement.

Doctor Haywood. The insecticide and fungicitle board, composed
of four scientists representing the Bureaus of Chemistry. Plant In-
dustry. Entomology, and Animal Industry, and working in coopera-
tion with those bureaus, wa.s organized in the department to assist
the Secretary of Agriculture in the enforcement of the act.

470 AGRICULTURAL APPR0PRL\T10N BILL, 1924.

The insecticide act places upon the department the responsibility
for preventing the nianufacture. sale, or transportation of insecticides
and fungicides (including disinfectants) which are below the strength
claimed for them, which will not accomplish the results promised,
which are injurious to vegetation when used as directed, or those
wliich fail to comply with any other provision of the act, the purpose
being to require that labels shall contain only truthful statements
and that the materials shall not be adulterated. The products de-
signed for the use of farmers, fruit growers, market gardeners, and
stock and poultry raisers constitute the most important class which
comes within the purview of the act. Products used to rid the house-
hold of insects, and disinfectants, germicides, etc., used to kill or
combat bacteria, also come within the scope of the work.

The act has been in effect since January 1, 1911, and its enforce-
ment has resulted in greatly improving the quality of proprietary
insecticides and fungicides and in making the labels truthful repre-
sentations of their elliciency.

The industry regulated by this act has experienced a tremendous
growth, with a consequent increase in the work of the board. It has
developed from a side-line business to one attracting the investment
of a large amount of capital and the erection of many plants for the
manufacture of an increasing variety of preparations. Through the
efforts of scientific investigators new methods of controlling insects
and fungi have been developed and the industry is of constantly
increasing economic importance. The overcoming of losses to crops
and animals through the application of proper remedies has come to
be regarded as an important part of commercial farming and stock
raising, and the use of the materials controlled by this act has conse-
quently become more general and the tonnage entering interstate
commerce is now very large.

Another important result of the enforcement of this act which
should receive considerable emphasis is that it has pn)ved to be a
potent aid in the endeavor oi the department to introduce new
remedies. By invoking its provisions it is possible to materially
assist other bureaus of the aepartment in the introduction of new
methods of control treatment, by preventing the sale of materials
which purport to be of the standard recommended by the depart-
ment, but which, in fact, are less efficacious and sometimes posi-
tively injurious. By inspecting tlie material ofl'ered for sale in the
localities where other bureaus are attempting to introduce new
control methods, it is possible to prevent to a large degree the failure
of the contrf)l treatment, which would follow from the use of materials
not up to the standard.

The board is giving special attention to:

(1) Campaigns designcfl to improve the cpiality and labeling of
Bordeaux mixtin-e and Bordeaux-lead arsenate mixture.

(2) ('ani|)aigns against hitherto uninspected ins(>cticides and
fungiridcs falsely claiming to control the cotton boll weevil and
falsely claiming to control many insects and plant diseases bv inocu-
lation into the tn'e or by absorpti(Mi through the roots or seeds.

CA) Campaigns ngainst insect j)o\V(lei' iidulteratcfl with j)owdere(l
daisicB.

(4) (\im|)aigns against disinfectants which are adulterated or the
labels of wliich bear false and misleachng claims.

AORICULTl'IlAL AITIIOI'KIATION BlIJ^ lltti. 471

I .'») Campaigns against rHlciiiin ap^Muitc which in .J.r:- j.-m jf, nrtive
iri<;n'(li<'nts or <'(HitaiMs in^riMlioiits injurious to vr, n

(6) ('am|)ai;;ns against so-calh'il pino oil liisinfixtnniH nixl ronl-tar
dips and disinfi-ctants which nrr adult<>ral<'d with mineral od.

A niindxT of scicntihr invcslij^ations urr undtT way r«-l'''^'- '"
cah-iuni arsenate, hirkspur srrds, nii'otino soapM. ni«'otini*
pin*> pnxliict (Miiulsions, paradi*ddoroh(>n/.in«>, liordratix nii
«lnsls. (h'v linic-sidphnr. and inscfticidrs rocoinnirtidrd
on animals, intestinal paiasitrs, and inanp', to drtniiiin
nt'cossarv in the cnfon-tMniMit of lh»» provi.sioii.s of thr in

For several yoars ?iow' there has heen sijeh a marked in
niimher and tonnajje of inseetieitles and funj^icides to 1
that it is only hy an exercise of the striet4»st e<onomv in all
tures that we have heen ahle to j^ive even a fair «le<;ree of prol<><*tion
to the eonsumirif:: puhlic. The time has come when we feel that we
would not he doin<; (»nr duty if w<' did not frankly state to you that
under our present api)roj)riation and exereisinj; the nif)st rij^id
economy, we do not feel that we are able to f!}yo that dem-ee of pro-
tection eontemphitcd hy the law f>r ri;;htfully expecte«l by the con-
suiiiin*; puldjc.

SALAUIF.S.

Mr. Andehsox. I want to ask you one or two (piestions alnmt the
statutory roll, covered hy the item on pajje .'iOO. The item a('
to he the same, with the exception <»f the (Ironnin'j of otk^ inr-
b(»y at S4.S0 and one at S3(;().

Doctor Haywood. Yes, sir.

Mr. A.XDKRsox. Are those places vacant now <

l)(»ctor Haywood. They are tilled now. hut we will have to drop
those boys.

Mr. Anderson. There are no chaiifjes in your general expense
item (

Doctor Haywood. There is no change whatsoever in the rest of
the appropriation.

Wednesday, Xove.miikk l'O. 1022.

FEDERAL HORTICULTURAL BOARD.

STATEMENT OF DR. C. L. MARLATT. CHAIRMAN OF THE

BOARD.

Mr. Andek.son. Doctor Marlatt, do you wish to make a general
statement before we take up your statutory roll i

Doctor Marlatt. We were aske<l, Mr. Chairman, to present a
statement of the more impt)rtant work of the board, particularly
with reference to the items of the appropriations. I have such a
statement here, which I would like to submit for the record. It
contains information that may be of use to the ct)mmittee. covering
the general work of the board in its more important phases.

Mr. Anderson. You mav submit that for the record.

472 AGRICULTUPvAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

(The statement referred to is as follows :)

GENERAL STATEMENT' OF WORK.

The Federal Horticultural Board is the agency for the administration of the Federal
plant quarantine act of August 20, 1912. This act has for its objects:

(1) The prevention of entr>' into the United States of new and important insects
or plant diseases injurious to agriculture, horticulture, and forestry.

(2) The ])re\ention of spread in the United States of any such pests which may
have gained more or less limited foothold.

(3) The control and, if ])racticable, the eradication of such pests, either directly
or in cooperation with the bureaus concerned.

To give such protection now involves the administration and enforcement of some
22 foreign and 15 domestic (quarantines.

A somewhat detailed record is given of these activities in the annual report of the
board now in press. This special report for the information of your committee covers
the subjects of more general interest and of immediate importance. These are:
(1) Control of important new plant pests, such as the pink boUworm, corn borer,
pine blister rust, etc., and (2) the port inspection service for the enforcement of the
various foreign quarantines.

CONTROL OF IMPORTANT NEW PLANT PESTS.

The Department of Agriculture is now attempting to prevent the spread and in
some instances to eradicate a number of important introduced pests which still have
a rather limited foothold. These include, among insect pests, the pink bollworm
of cotton, the I^uropcan corn borer, the gipsy and brown-tail moths, the Japanese
beetle, and a number of minor enemies. Among plant diseases similar control is
being attempted in the c:ise of the potato wart, white-pine blister rust, citrus canker,
and certain diseases of small grains. The present status of the more important of
these will be briefly summarized.

The pink bolhrorm. — This is probably the worst known enemy of cotton, and had
gaine I limited fo()th"ld in Texas, Louisiana, and New Mexico. The possilnlity of
eradicating this pest is better now than ever bef )re. No infestation by it was found
in 1921 in l.ouisiana, nor has there been any reappearance determined so far this year,
and Louisiana may be looked upon as substantially, if not entirely, freed from the
pest.

In Texas, as to the older infestations in eastern Texas, but a single infested boll
containing a single larva of the pink bollworm was found in the large Trinity Bay
distrii t in 1921. There has been no return of the pest in the Ilearue distrii t since
the original cleanup in 1917, and this area may now be released as absolutely free
from the pest. In the western areas of infestation in the Pecos \ alley and in the
Rio Grande X'alley near El I'aso, noncotton zones have never been estaUished, and
the pink l)nllw(irm reappeared very scatteringly in 1921, as was to have 1 een expected.
As 1 mg as the outcome in eastern Texas was uncertain, neither the iilanters nor the
State auth )ritie8 have been willing in these western areas to abandon the growth of
cott >n in an effort to comi)letely eradicate the pest, but if it can be held to these
western areas, which are separated by wide and uncultivated and fairly desert tracts
frim eistern cotton cultivation, they will present very little greater risk than occurs
fn^ra the pink IjoUworm in Mexico.

The situation in New Mexico in the Rio Grande Valley and in the upper Pecoe
Valley is similar to that in western Texas.

The only new outiir(!aks.l)y the jnnk l)ollworm during 1921 were two very incipient
infe.statiniis in Ellis and (iraysnn Counties in northern Texas, originating from shijv
inents <>t sac. 1 from ('arlsbad, N. Mex., made j)rior to the determination by the de| art-
nuMit iif infestatinn at the latter i)oint. These new outl)reaks were immediately
and vigorously taken hold of by the i^tate and Federal autlu)ritie8 and thoroughly
cleane 1 up, and noncotton and surrounding regulated zones estal lished for 1922.
No infestation of the crop of 1922 noar these (loints has so far developed. They present
a situation no more serious tlian was liearnc in 1917, which was coini)letely eradicated
with one year's cleanup.

Up to < )ctt»lier 1, l!>22, the only recurrences of the i>ink bollworm which have been
•letermined have been in three fields on the Rio Grande in the Great Bend district.
.Noicssarily in this area, with the possibilities of reinffstation from Mexict), the jnnk
bollworm may lie ex|i("teil to occur in greater or l(\s.s nnml ers any year. Fortunately,
thi.4 urea is a very unini|>oitant cotton district and is isolutod from other cotton regions.

Ah a ba-MiH for the knowledge of the prestuit status of this post, very intensive in8i)ec-

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BIIJ., 1924. 473

tion bafl hocn carried out (luring (hi> )irot«ont M<a««>n in '>••• <^t.i«.-« ..( j . ..,;..,,.. ^ v^.^
Mexico, Oklahoma, ami Texjw, involvintr a total of r

insjx'Ction will n.ntinun thrfMiRliout thin yinir ami it m |>r"r.ni.ic mat aiu' uu

of iiift>Htatioii nmy l>r> liit«T ilcti-niiiMf><l

Am u rf.-<iilt of irit<
fairly tult'iiuatp Sta:. ^ ^ _ I

with th«>so States in this iMlort at •Tniiicatinn.

The real danjjer will conie juMt at thi« iK>ri»Hl when the in -. ■ "..

oliminatod, ami j)lantere and othen* may come to the fal-*' '

nere«Hary to contiiuie the work and (ciKt Th«- i

toirv and should he ppweeuted with more int< i

ultmiate suc("<'.>v is to l)«> pained.

Inci<lentiilly, it may l)e said that fhi« effort at eradication ha/« re»tii''"' ... >»... . . -.
lection at a comparatively trivial cost of the cotton crop not onlv of t
concerned, hut pmhahly of the entire South, and what<>ver the outomii; oi un t;iijrl
has lieen tremendously worth while from this stan liN.jnf al<irn>

In the ca.se of the ]nnk hollworm we ari> now af '

in the case of the holl weevil in spite of the poi ^ i : ._ . . :.._3

department at that time, nearlv :$(• years apo.

The scientific and res«'arcli plia.'H's of the Bubject have boon conduct' ' ~ ' •'

in the l.apuna district, Mexico, and very imnortanl inf'innatir)n '

obtained relative to the habits and control of tne yt-^t. One in

come of thLs work is the determination that the ^)ink boUworm

surN-ive in moL«t soil. This determination has an important bearing on the ■

operations practiced by thus department in Texas and other Stat«-s -i. e., the

tion of all standing and scattered cotton and bolls has undoubte<lly had mu

succe-ss from (he fact that any remaining larv;e and bolls '

have i)erished in the moi^t soil. It ha.H been shown that \\ . ;

from flo to 00 per cent of the larv.-e die. This work Ls beim; conductinl on a ver>-

small appropriation ($5,00(ij, but it is ver>' dc'^irablc to con.siderably extend it, and

a fund of $10,000 was requested for next year (1923-4). This incrcaae was not

approved by the Budget Bureau.

TIic corn borer. — The administration of the corn-borer atipropriation has l>oen
assigned to the Bureau of Entomology, but in cooperation with this board as to quar-
antine features. There has l)een no new outbreak of the corn borer this year. In
other words, this pest is still limited, so far as is known, substantially to the area.s deter-
mined last year, these representing for the most part areas of original infej»tation
from Europe in 1900 and 1010, namely, the New England area, the eastern and wpst-
ern New \ork areas, and the Ontario area, from which latter it has ap^
a-i determined la'<t year, to the southern and western shores of I.aM
has I eei during the year a local but limited natural 8|)read of the insect in the case
of each of these areas.

It would appear from this record that the quarantine and control m<
guarding the movement of products from the known infested area have pp
wi 'e jumps of the insect, 'i he funds available, however, for this work haw ,

entirely inadequate for general surveys of other States or areas and no tHi*>iii\e claim
is maile that the department now has information as to the existing distribution o(
this pest in the United States.

It IS very important that the corn-borer work should be continue<l. ' '
question at all as to the imimrtance of this pest of corn. It is a new pe.st
an adilitional burden on this crop. During the present year it has niaintauied ii^-if
about in the same status as pre\nously in the known areas of inl«'slation, ther. t. it ,'
certainly no increase of damage in the western areas of invasion in New York, I
vania. Ohio, and Michigan, and, in point of fact, in the.s«' areas no comnur '
has ever resulted, 'ihe extensive damage which the irusoct frequently ■
the New ?^ngland area seems to be explainable by the fail that the in.-'
double-brooded and that the cultural and croj) conditions are pfHi:!i.ul\
its multiplication. The Canadian authorities report that thedn (»ntano is

very much less than in either of the two previous years, 'l his is .-^uji . .-» vl to be duo
to better cultural conditions and tilivt to the late i>lanting of corn.

'1 he menace of this pest to the main corn areas of the country i
It may prove to be a ven,' serious pe.«t when it rea<hes the <ji'
ticularly when it gets into the more .southern regions of corn culture. It i

always have a very serious phast* in connrn-tion with table corn lor initu'

sumption or for canning, ami in exceptional seasons with flint and {Kiwibly other
corn, unless efficient control bv natural I'uemies or other nieans •' '
therefore every reason to continue and ade<iuaU'ly supi>orl the i
prevent spread.

474 AGRICULTURAL iU'PROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

The effort during the current year to divide the cost of the work between the States
<?oncerned and the Federal Government has been only partially successful. Fairly
adequate support and cooi)eration has been obtained from ai^proxiniately half of the
States concerned and varyin<i gujiport more or less inadequate from the other States.
It becomes, therefore, a question to be seriously considered whether in a menace of
this kind, which affects the wliole country, protection should Ije jeopardized by con-
ditioning the neces8ar^■ fiuarantine and inspection work on the support of any State
or States out of a series": in other word.'^, the neglect or failure of any State may negative
both the efforts of other States and of the Federal Government.

The situation is very similar to that in Texas 30 years ago when the boll weevil
first appeared, and when it wa.-^ neither pos.^ible to arouse the Texas Legislature nor
the farmers to take protective action whirh at that time would have been a fairly
easy and simple proceeding. In other words, it has repeatedly proved difficult to
get a State where an insect has not yet reached the stage of caiLsing material damage
ito become sufficiently interested to cooperate in funds and work. It would seem
clear that the necessary control measures should lie instituted in connection ■with
such State until stich time as the State has become fully aroused to the need by edu-
cational and other means.

The Japanese beetle. — The .Jai)anese lieetle quarantine fund is also being admin-
istered by the Bureau of Entomology, the board cooperating in quarantine features.
It seems desirable here to emphasize the belief of the board that this pest is one of
the most dangerous insect introductions made in many years, and threatens large
future losses, particularly to fruit and forage crops, to the latter as a grub infesting
the soil. This beetle seems to be still limited to the original ai-ea of infestation, except
for the natural spread of some five miles a year. In the center of this area, where the
insect has become most abundant, the damage to foliage and fruit is very alarniing.
The ease with wliicli the insect may be carried with produce is also a very dis(juieting
feature: for exam])le. during ]!)21, out of some 200,000 baskets of sweet corn moving
out of the district and subject to insi)ection, upwards of .5,000 Ijcetles were removed.
The insect may be canied l^y almost any of the farm, garden, florist, or uurserj'
products moAdiig out of the district and in addition is a strong flier.

The quarantine and control work against a pest of this kind can be justified only by
the repres.'sion of spread and lessening of damage secured. There is no question at all
but that this pest will in time spread throughout the United States. The prevention
of spread is of immediate value and gives a period during which the insect can be
studied and its means of control more fully determined, and more particularly affords
opportunity for the introduction from its original home of natural enemies. From
this point of view the department would seem fully justified in maintaining for the
present the quarantine and other control of this pest which is now in operation.

The (jipty and brovn-tail moths. — -The quarantine control of the gipsy and brown-tail
moths is in cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology of this department. The
(piarantine on account of these two i)ests has been twice slightly modified during the
year. The quarantined area has been extended with respect to the gipsy moth, but
with respect to the brown-tail moth it has been possible to reduce very materially
the area quarantined on account of this insect.

The new areas determined as infested in Xew Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania
in l!)20-21 remain as fi)rmerly under the control of State quarantines, no Federal
action having been taken, inasmuch as these State quarantines are beinj^ administered
in active cooperation with the officers of the Bureau of Entomology of this department.
The scattered points of invasion in Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey, which
resulted from the big central colony at Somerville, N. J., have been apparently eradi-
cated. The Somerville colony has been subjected to thorough clean-up and control
work now for two seasons, and the outlook is good for the eradication of this pest in
New Jersey.

Two new points of infestation weie detemxined during the year on Long Island and
the c!ean-uj) of tliese areas is actively underway in cooperation with the State oHicials.

Inspection of i)roducts likely to di.-<seminale the giii!<y moth has been continued in
New England and in New .Jersey in cooperation with the State authorities and ship-
ments have been safeguarded by careful examination.

'J'hc pine hlixter rust. — The Federal riuarantines on account of this disease are being
adminiHlered in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry. The ini|)0!tant
<le\ch(|)nienl in the while |)ine l)lister rusl situation was the discovery in the fall of
l'.)21 of tiie estal)lishmenl of this disease in .souihwestern Brilisli ('oiunibia and in the
Pugel Sound region of W'asiiinglon. Tlie department in cooperation with State and
Ciinadiun autliorilies look i)rompt action to determine the extent of the infected area
ami to control or eradicate this new outbreak. The condition of the infested pines
indicttteH that the disease must have been present in British Columbia as early as l!ll I,

Adr.IClLTrKAI. \IMM:<»prtlATI«»N BII.I., 1024. 475

Tho infoi-lion in wi<l«>lv diclribiit*'*! on n«ti\i* witrtirn w\ut- ^nr%f ami >-«tlti«-at«4

hlark (iirrant-H in !lriti.H|i <'ohiiiit>ia, tin- iihxI irni" '

uhoiit \'2U rnilc.M tinrtli of tlii> SiaK* of liiulio T
iiifcctrii with tli<- ni.Ht huv«- Imtii fnutui in W

San Jiiun. Sku>;il. I.hIuikI, ('lulluni. I'ncilir, »n<l .1-.. ;

tnfmtimln\ w&h f«>untl at HIaiiif. \Vtt»»h In IW.'I two ■mall pin»^ 1 r

runt w»'n' foiMnl in a nupM-ry at Moum V< r ■' •

A K<M|<'nil i|uaniiiiuu- wti- i^i.iI.IwIh : i»h »h«' Wa-hinr'^n •*♦«♦*»

niiui^iiliiH-. atnl inclmlini^ tin- known 1: i

fiv<'-I«'ttf«'<l pino!« an<l iiirrnnt ami i:«K>M«'l.ir
lyinp wt>»«t of the HUiunut of tin- riiM4-»».|f M

Ah to tho ojmtorn an-aM of MiKtcr-niHt in\n?<iciii 1 .ci. i.u
hihil.s till" ino\'cnicnt of l>li,'<t«'r-r\i.M| liof<t iilantH fr<in» S'
Minn<f<ofa. Iowa MixHonri Arkan.-a- ;iu<l I <■
niiarantiiif liin'. Im.'< Ix-f-n continip-il ti. |ir<-\<

fli.'M'tts*' into uninforti'd ro^jionn. In th«' <'iilori<'nii'nt of thin cjn.i 1

HhipnuMits of nnrsHTV stork weir cxainini-d for l>lb>l<T-ruKt hottt i)|:<-*-
ycnir. Thcro wt«re int«'rr<>pIo<l i:i'» f<hi])nii>nt!< in violation «»f tn«
niit of which wrr<> ri'tiirnod to tho confiijrnor ' '
Mjin'o or Statr otlicials. 'I'hc numh'T oi \ ,■

from Si por rent in thr spring of l!»_M to :a) jmt mit in lh«' v in-

rrtnuxiii^ ciicctixoiu'ss of tho <{iiarantin(- it* shown hy thiw niarkt<i .• ... "»-

ber of vi<)iatioiu< l>v iiurat'ryinon. Practically all violations l»y niirm'r
to result from nc<:fp<'t or ••arclc.'<.>inrst< on tho part of niirwi '

tion hiU"* l>c«'n corrcclcd through iniprovcHJ nictho«ls when
nunM>rymon. N'iolation.'' liv individualn not in tho nun- ar<- in

commiltc<l through hick of knowledge of (|uarantino r« _ ^ In < "i

((uarantine inspt'ction work the department has recoive<l excellout
from the Post Ollice Department, common carriers, nunt'rymen, and ^'

The potato wart. — The Kuro])ean ))otato wart is still res^lricti'd in th^
to aI>out8<X) gardens situated entirely in mining villagis in "
West Virginia, and .Nhiryland. Nearly all standard Amt >

been tested for reaction tti wart and many immune varietie."< have been determined
80 that this di.sease does not now have the menace to thi.s country which it ori •' ■• 'Ms-
had. In the inva<led di.-tricts these immune varieties are now for the m.
being grown under regulations enforced by the States concerned and the iUui;i;r
from these di.slricts is tiius being very greatly minimized.

A large volume of work has been acannpliahed in a slmly of thus disea.- "^o

the technical standpoint of the disease itself and its control and also the <h ; . ■■ •■»

of the reaction of varieties of potatoes to it as U) immunity. It is projHifled. :i
vear, to <liscontinue much of the research work which Iuuh hitherto !•
Iiy tho board in cix)j)eration with the Hureau of Plant Industrv \'
for the board for the next fiscal year has been iusked for of oiil

in quarantine work ami for some essential survey work. It .. ..^'

Bureau of Plant In<lustry' will continue such technical research work in connection
with the di.sease as may be nece.ss;iry.

The board does not ieel, however, that the time has come when it i« either n*»*'»«#-
sary or desirable to oj)en the port« of the United Suites to thi' im:
p<itatoes from countries known to be invaded by this diseas<>. ^ .1

probably result in the extension of this disease to practically all tl - in

the I'nited States, and might very shortly involve a very serious c<'ii.-*t'qinii. «• Hiiere
the nonimmune rural group varieties are the main dejH>ndence.

DATE SCALE ERADICATION"

There are approximately 20,000 imported date palm- ii..» {tlanttnl in orchards in
California, Arizona, and Texas. These special dau^ districts include l'«»achella and
ImjH'rial \alleys in (.'alifomia, Vuina, and Salt Kiver \alleys in
small g-arden at Laredo, Tex. In addition to the.-**- niantod orchanl.-
12.000 offshoots recently im(X)rted from Algeria and Kgypt. now being grown in tour

quarantine nurseries — two in Indio. ("alil., one in Yuma. .\rix.. and one i" ''"' ^

Ariz. .Ml together there are aj)])roximately 200 date planUitions in the I'n
of w^hich 14 are still infested with the Parlatoria date .scale. Several of (!•.

' OwinK to a r<vpnt rlmiiKo in tho N\ .
extend the FelenU ii'iAmiuine to the i: ■' ' ■'

west of itio summit of the Cascades.

476 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

orchards have been almoBt completely cleaned up during the year, but others are
still seriously infested, and among them are half-a-dozen orchards which contain
large-sized palms which require rejx'ated treatments over a considerable period to
thoroughly eradicate the 8cale.

The 12,000 recently imported offshoots are all under close observation, and many
of them are likely to" develop scale infestation later on, even if they are now appar-
ently (lean, and these plantings must, therefore, be kept under observation for a con-
siderable period of years before the plants can be taken out of quarantine and dis-
tributed.

More than 100 of the date plantations in the United States have been completely
cleaned up within the past eight years by the methods now being followed, and it is
believed that the remaining infested groves can be similarly cleaned up within the
next few years.

The Parlatoria scale is so destructive to the date palm that the experts of the Bureau
of Plant Industry and all others who have studied the matter agree that dates can
not be grown in this countr>- profitably unless the Parlatoria scale is completely eradi-
cated. The whole future of this promising industr>-, which is so admirably adapted
to the irrigated valleys of the Southwest, is, therefore, tied up with the success of the
Parlatoria eradifation work. Several million dollars have already been invested in
date culture and the industry' is a rapidly growing one.

During the past year a very efficient corps of date scale inspectors has been trained,
and rapid progress is being made in the work of eradication of the scale. The State
and county officers of California and Arizona ha\e given most thoroughgoing coop-
eration in this campaign of eradication.

PORT INSPECTION SERVICE.

Of particular importance at this time is the strengthening of the port of entry
inspection service for the enforcement of the various foreign quarantines. This
service is the first line of defense and represents a very important and rapidly growing
activity. The enforcement of foreign quarantines must primarily he carried out at
the ports of entry of the United States. It involves the inspection, in cooperation
with customs officers, of vessels arriving from foreign countries for the purpose of
excluding plant pests with plant material brought as cargo of such vessels or In'
passengers or crews. In the case of Mexico, it involves the control of freight and
other traffic between that Republic and the United States, ^nd control to a much
less extent on the ('anadian ])order.

Two States, California and Florida, on account of their very important fruit inter-
ests, are giving most valual)le cooperation and aid in such port inspection work. The
State of California is spending in this work approximately §100,000 a year to protect
her great fruit industry, and by collaboration this department gets the advantage
of this work at trifling cost. Florida is in a similar status. No other States are
taking this same sort of action and the protection at the other ports of the United
States is practically limited to work of the Federal Horticultural Board of this de-
partment.

The imjjortance of this work may be illustrated by the following typical instance:
The examination of the personal baggage of a jja-ssenger landing at Baltimore from
Brazil disclosed in one of his l)oxes some fifty-odd packages of Brazilian cotton seed
all infested with living pink l)ollworms. The owner proposed to take the material
to the cotton section of Mississippi for planting. Jlad there been no insjiector at
Baltimore, this entry would i)robal)ly have resulted in the establishment in that
State and in the Soiith of tii(! Wdi-st known enemy of cotton, and would iK>ssil)ly
have nullified all the effort which has iieen going on now for several yeai-s at great
cost to control and erailicate this j)est in its present rather limited foothold in Louis-
iana, Texas, and New Mexico. This is only one illusti-ation of hundreds during the
year of the interception of {)ests threatening many of the major fruit and lield crops
of the Nation. These intercciptions have included such important pests as the corn
l>orer, <-itrus canker, i)ink bollworni, various fruit llies, including the Metliter-
ranean, jtolato weevils, and many others of both known and unknown possibilities.
A total of ;{it7 dilfercnt kinds of insect ju'sts have been thus intercepted and identi-
lied, together with IT.'j others, the specilic identilication of which it has been iniptw-
eible to make. This service is now much undermanned and long hours are involved,
and at itn|)()rtant j)orts oidv partial inspection cun now lie made, and other ports are
without any protection of this sort wIiuIi'mt.

In conrii-ctioM \silli llii.M inspection ol iniporled plants and plant |>ro(huls it is very
ini|iortaiit that jirovision be made for cooperation with the Post Oflice Department for
the examination of parcel-post packages from abroad. The postal inspectors are not

AORKl'I.TrRAL APPROPRIATIMN BIU., iWi. 477

trainoil to muk<- Much in ux. aii'l

U) ottituin tin- vi-ry |m>; u lh«' •!• ;

from tliirt ri)Uijlry uri'XHTiiiiimtf. anil i;

tiitcriur |>oiiifH f,,r < •

inciuu'«>. 'IMpti' ai

|>arci'l-|><*(| !ta<kai:i-< in tin- I iiiif<l Mat«f>. I

tinn with iitlHT port diitii* at only tt ,,f Mi.-.

of acontitmiiiis' imtiirouirl iniiNt Im* •

fop', on a tlit'ffri'nt ha^iM frotii work « :i

Ik» r('Hinn''il lator. In olh«'r wonh n-r

^'l\'-Ii ;il>\'' Woulil ru.1t ill' irjj

init'i.liii I |.iiis can !»<• lar};i-l_

TIh' i>ort inspection wrvice ai* n>w Ih-ih
of Haltitnon'. lio<«tMn. Now OrW-an-*, l'hilu<l"iiM,, . .
Xhv insp»'<lion of tin* ocean coinin>Ti'<' <'nt<'riin» fiv

very ina>ie<|uate at ail of th** Atlantic p<irt.H lifted uitU nitouUl U- f&U'UtU'«i u> oUmtt
Atlantic ami Culf port.><.

An additional very important featnn* of the in.<|>«-< tion «"Tvirr of t'

insi)cction at the qnuranline honMe uf the department of i.ix.i »

fnwn all (imirters of the world under flp<'rial iK-rmitK. and ai
plantvX and s«'eds made l)y ihi.-* ilepartment. In conn' ■
iL'.TiVJ .■<hi])ment.'< of i>lant.'» and plant prodticf< wer<> >'\..
service nf ilw l>oard. ( >f this niiinlxr 12«> rf|. resented ."Im < ml pi

tations under the provisions of (juarantine :{7. The (»ihen< re| , „

imixtrtAtion.s. or inspection and c^'rtilicatiou of plants and plant prtxluct^ of •!
ori'zin arriving in or leaving the T>i.strirt of Columhia.

Nearly 2,(KK) of these shijiments came throujjh the parool post.

THE MEXICAN BORt*ER fONTHOL.

The Mexican border control to prevent the entry of the pink l»ollworm from ^'- " ■ ■
an<l for the enforcement of various fruit and ^rrain ipiarantines aeain.^t M-
j)roporly a part of the general port in«pecti.in work
special and additional i)o\vers authorized in the Ian
for the ]»urpoee. On account of the relation.ship t)t this work to the p-ner

tralive work of the lx)ard in conne«-tion with. such |)ort of entry control, in tli

for the li.scal year Iffil. the appropriation for the Mexican iKyrder work an<l the lan-

^'iiajje authorizinir it have been transferred from the central pink 1 "

tion to the administrative appropriation for the l)oard. It is :,

lans,Mias:e pivint,' specilic authori/alion for the exclusion of cotton stn'd and the pink

hollworm should i>e retained in connection with this item.

The prevention of the movement of cotton and cotton Boeil from Mexico into the
United States in connection with railway cars and other vehicles, fr^ ' • • -
baiT-^ace, and other materials from Mexico has involved for the liscnl v ■
'M, 1922. tlie ins{H»ction of 35,747 freii,'ht cars, of which number
At Del Rio, Tex., where there are at present no railr<ja<l coiiih

of various descriptions were examined, 69 of which were fumigated on account oi the
presence of cotton seed at the time of ins|)ection.

In addition to the control of freii^ht and other traffic, the insp<^ction at the footbridnw
in ctKiperation with the customs oliicials located at Br- ' " ; •■ •-

and El I'xso, Tex., as well ai< on the boundary line at >

interception of a total of 5,511 pieces of contraband material durinj; the last fiscal year
as follows: Avocados, 13,422; com, 4,971; cotton, 1,797; prajK-fruit, 519; puava^t, 2,M2;
limes, 2,106; mangoes, 1,550; oranpes, 8,073; peaches. 8,037; plants, 5,tX)l; pluma,
882: potatoes, 951; sajKites. 142; sugar cane, 3.967; sweet p '

TIh' amount of car fumigation and other work involved iii ereaf ly dnrine

the last liscal year, due to the improved conditions in Mexiiu, an<:
increa.se in freight and other tratlic In'tween Mexico and the I'l
result of this, it bec-ame necessary to call u{>on Congress for a suppl' 'i»-

tion, and ?'>0,00() was so appropriated in connection with the - "

approved March 20, 1922. As noted the moneys s«» ex|K'nde<l \ >
to the Treasury of the I'nited States from the charges math- i ■! Mit ,. , .i
fumigation — charges based on the cost of chemicals and labor involved i
fees amounting to !j:i26,350.50 were collecte<l and turned into the Tn-asury.

478 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

SALARIES.

Mr. Anderson'. We will take up your statutory roll on page 304.
It appears to be the same as before, except that you drop one clerk
of class 1, and one messenger or laborer at $720.

Doctor Marlatt. That effort to reduce the statutory roll, I think,
has been explained.

Mr. Anderson. This was in accordance with the general policy?

Doctor Marlatt. Yes, sir; it was in accordance with the general
policy.

FOR PLANT QUARANTINE WORK.

Mr. Anderson. We will take up the item on page 305.

Doctor Marlatt. The portion in italics on page 305 is transferred
from the pink bollworm appropriation, which comes later on under
the miscellaneous items.

Mr. Anderson. It brings the language of the appropriation up
into this general item ?

Mr. Marlatt. Yes, sir. It is very important that this language
should be preserved substantially as it was, because it is under this
language that we have authority to control the border situation
between Mexico and the United States. We have not that authority
anywhere else. We do not have it, for example, under the plant
quarantine act.

Mr. Anderson. There is no change in the language. It is the same
as it was in the other paragraph.

Doctor Marlatt. Yes, sir. It should be changed very slightly in
the way of punctuation, as I have indicated here in my copy. The
item includes a series of statements separated by semicolons, and this
addition should be separated in similar manner by a semicolon. I
have insei'ted the words "provided that" here [indicating] to make
the statement a little more logical. If there is objection to these
verbal changes you can accomplish the same correction by simply
putting in a dash instead of the semicolon following the word

thereof." Then there would be no change in the language at all

Mr. Anderson. I do not think there will be any difliculty about
that.

There appears to be an increase of S70,000, as shown on page 57
of the notes.

Doctor Marlatt. This increase is explained in part in the notes
submitted with the estimates. The increase of S70.000 inchides really
two items, one an increase of S50,000, for the Mexican border control
explained in note (b), page 59 of the "explanatory notes and state-
ments," antl the other $20,000, explained under note (a), for the
extension of the port,-inspection service of the board.

INCREASE FOR PORT INSPECTION SERVICE.

The ar{i;umont for the port inspection service, I think you know.
This service is a very essential part of the administration and en-
forcement of soinc^ 30 <niarantinos. 'J'lie |)rincipal item of expense
is in connection with tlic cnforcc'inent of ioreign ([uarantines at the
ports of entry in the rnit(ul vStates. We have to maintain at these
ports inspectors adecjuate to carry out the inspection necessary

i

AOHlrrf.TfUAr, APPROPRIATION BIIJ^ 11124. 479

under tlir (|imnintinps, an<I partiruUrly in rolntion to prrxlurtii thnt

jiro iini)()rhMl in (|u»intitirs. For instniu-p. w«» irisprrt nml
till imported cotton, uiid timt lius umoiitit<*d to nmrlv (iOOo..., duhs
in one year. The nvcnifijc is alxmt :{()(),(>()() Imlrs u vrur. It m oiio
of the huj^e items of import of the I'nited Stiites. All of that cotton
must l>e disinfected under our sii[)crvision. Similnr i- nn

applies to nil otiier foreijjn plant products that are under r».,,,. ,,.,n.
It mcludes nursery stock, a threat many fruits, some j^rams. c«.rn. and
cereals from the Orient, all of which recpiires insi)ecti<>n and some of it
disinfection. We have had to supplement the fiujds f(ir that pur|M»<«)
hy usiii}^ pink hollworm funds on thai work, that hein;; dom- on the
pound that u portion of the inspection had relati<m to the pink
oollworm.

Mr. A.NDKKsoN. It seems to me that the c«>mhinin;,' of tii...,. tw.»
appropriations is a rather donhtful proposition. I suppo>r ilnre is a
certain amount of relation hetween the border control work and llio
general inspection of importations of nursery stock, hut I think it
would be better policy to maintain this whole border business us a
separate item.

Doctor Maulatt. That is a matter about which I do n(»t feel very
stronj^ly, Mr Chairman, but the arj^ument for the change is a perfectiv
good and logical one. The bonier control work between the Lnited
States and Mexico relates not only to the pink hollworm but to a
number of other quarantines. It is paid lor out of the pink boll-
worm funds, but the men are there, and enforce locally other (puiran-
tines, such as quarantines against corn, Mexican fruits, etc. These
men, who are being paid out of the pink hollworm funds, are, as a
matter of fact, enforcing along the border half a dozen other quaran-
tines. A considerable percentage of their work has relation to the
general port of entry enforcement, and the rest is closely related,
and that makes it entirely logical and proper to transfer this whole
Mexican border work to the administrative work of the board. It is
work in port that will necessarily have to go on even after the pink
hollworm work has stopped.

Doctor Ball. If we get rid of the pink hollworm, this work of in-
spection would have to go on just the same.

Mr. Anderson. I understand that, but it would be upon an entirely
different basis.

Doctor Ball. Do you mean the work on the border ?

Mr. Andkuson. Yes.

Doctor Ball. It would be very much the same.

Mr. Anderson. Including all this fumigation of railroad cars, and
that sort of thing ?

Doctor Marlatt. It would reduce the expense very much.

Mr. Anderson. But that is distinct from the pink hollworm propo-
sition.

Doctor Ball. Suppose we sliould eradicate the pink bi)llworm, and
it looks as if we would, we would still have to maintain the border in-
spection, including the fumigation of cars and everything »>f that
kind. \Vhat we would like to do would be to have our bookkeeping
show the amount of money spent in the eradication of the pink holl-
worm. but after that work is hnislied. we must continue forever at the
work of keeping pests out of the country.

22028—22 .31

i

480 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Doctor Marlatt. This work of port inspection involves all the
United States, but the cost as to California and Florida is borne
by those States. California is spendin<r al)out S 100.000 in port
inspection work, and tiie Federal Government gets full advantage
of it by using the CaHfornia men. FU)rida is spending about one-half
as much as that in protecting her various ports, and again we get
full advantage of lier work in the same way. These expenditures
indicate the importance which these States attach to that sort of
protection. They do it on account of their great fruit interests,
which are, perhaps, the OTe'atest in the world — certainly, those of
California. Other States nave not the same reasons for port inspec- ^
tion in an immediate menace to fruit or nursery interests, or at least \
do not realize it in the same way. The result is that few of the other
States arc doing much, if anything, in that sort of work, and the
Federal Government is carrying out most of the port inspection work
that is being done outside of (California and Florida. We are not
covering the gi'ound by any means. We cover certain Pacific ports
north of California, New Orleans, and in connection with the pink
boll worm, some of the Gulf ports of Texas and the Mexican border
ports. We cover also the principal northern ports, such as Boston,
New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. We have one man at
Philadelphia, and one at Baltimore. The work is undermanned,
and the men are working overtime, frequently 12 or more hours per
(lay. They are enthusiastic young fellows and they are able to to
do it. It is hard work for them, and we ought to liave more men.
They realize the responsibility of their jobs and are trying to keep
plant pests out of the country.

As an illustration of the value of this work I want to tell you of an
inspection incident that happened last spring. A gentleman return-
ing from Brazil, through the port of Baltimore, brought with his
Eersonal baggage among other things a- small box. Fortunately, we
ad a man at Baltimore, and the box was opened and found to contain
a lot of small plants and wood specimens and some 59 packages of
seed cotton an(l cotton seed. Practically every one of those packages
contained living pink bollworm larva?. This man's purpose was to |

take these packages of cotton seed to his home in Mississippi for
distribution and ])lanting. The carrying out of his purpose — it would
have been carried out if it had not been for the department's in- _

spector — would have caused a vast loss to the cotton crop of the i

South through the introduction of the pink bollworm. It would

frobably have amounted to hundreds of millions of dollars, and when
say hundreds of millions of dollars 1 mean two or three hundred
million dollars annually. That would have been the cost to the
cotton crop of the South. We have many other eciually typical
cases. We are intercepting that sort of thing all the time. At norts
like New Orleans, where many interceptions are made, mid wiiere,
on account of the favorable climate the danger of establishment of
new pests is great, the inspectors go through the passengers' baggage
and examine it along with the examination of tne customs service.
Examination is also made of the storeroom on the ship, where the
.ship's stores are kept, and of the pei-sonal ellects of the crew. Various
fruits and vegetables are often found, and in them fniit (lies and other
pests. Such suj)i)lies and stores nuist be promptly destroved, and
Kometimes it is nece.ssary to disinfect the ships. Tliis work "does not

I

A<}Rll?irLTl'RAL APPROPRIATION BIIJ^ 1M4. 481

(•t)sl vi'iv much. l)iit the snvinp ofTortiMl throii^li lh>' ■'■ ? -• nf a

singU' puckaj^c Hk** iJuit in Baliimon" hl^t >i>nn^ ihr

cost of tliis work iiulclitiitcly.

Wo want to «'\t<Mi(l this work and niakr it a<h«|iiiiii<. \\ «. do
rxjx'ct ut this timt" to tlovrhip insp(M'lion at all |K»rt>' '-^ .-..ir. i.,,.
want to extend it to a nuinher of portM when* the di
We have demands from surh southern port« ti< Savatuuih. CharleH.
ton, and Norfolk, and we «iu;;ht to have men at all of those ph:
We ou^ht to have two or thn-e m<»re men in New Y«»rk City. i
work sliould he stren<^thened. We do n«»t noo<l anvthmp for (
fornia or Florida, heeatise tluve States are doing the work ndefpinl*
The e\|)enditures of these Stat«*s are over twie<' the amount of tin
Fe<leral expt'nditures in this work, and we are •jetfiri',' tlir h.n.lif <<f
their inspection.

inckka.se poi{ mexk an bokdkr work.

The other item involved in tliis $70,000 incren.se is diseu.s.se<i under
exphination (6), ptigo 59. That has relation to the Mexican honlor
work. The cost of tliis work, as has heen «'Xf)laine<l in previous
3eai"s, is dependent uf)on the amount of tradic that jjoes thron«;h the
various ports. The very much imi)roved situation in Mexico in the
la.st year or IS months has «;reatly increase<l that traflie, which
means that so many more cars, so much more freijjht. and so nnich
more passenjijers' hajjga<je crossinjij the horder must he examined and
safofjuarded. The cost of this work, so far as any necessary disin-
fection is concerned of frei<;ht cars, freijijht, and ha};j;age, is covered
by charc^es made for the work. The price is fixed to cover, as do- ''
as we can estimate it, the cost of tlie lahor involved in operaii;g
the fumigating plants and the cost of chemicals. The hig <'ost is
for chemicals, sulphuric acid and cyanide, which we buy in carlofd
Jots. That cost, however, is covered back into the Treasury, so thtt
it does not represent an actual loss to the Government.

Mr. Anderson. Have you any figures as to the receipts from this
fumigation and inspection work last year or so far this year?

RECEIPTS FROM INSPECTION SERVICE.

Doctor ^^ARLATT. I think they are given in the statement which
I submitted. They amounted to Sr2(),000 for last year. We had
to get, as you recall, an emergency increase of S.jO.OOO to carry the
work through last year, and this year again we will have to as1v for
an emergency ijicrease of So0,000, and to avoid that next year. 1021,
the increase is now put into this appropriation.

Mr. Anderson. And that makes the appropriation f(»r this par-
ticular work the same as the amount expended this year?

Doctor Maklatt. Yes; the same as the amount expended last
year and the amount that will be expended this year. I have
drafted an item for an emergency increase to cover the balance t»f
this year. The work now is a §.30,000 bigger job than it wm>. two
years ago.

The thing I want to emphasize most in connection with the" com-
mittee's hearing to-day is the need for strengthening the port of
entry inspection for the enforcement of thcije many foreitrn plant
quarantines.

482 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Buchanan. Have you any specific insects or injurious animals
for which your inspectors are looking and have you any specific ones 5

by name ? '.

Doctor Marlatt. Yes. Each one of these quarantines relates to
a specific pest, that is, most of them relate to one pest.

Mr. Buchanan. According to what country they come from?

Doctor Marlatt. According to the country and the product.
For instance, we have grain quarantines against pests that are
prevalent in trans-Paciiic countries, and we control tne entry of all
grain from trans-Pacific countries on account of various grain diseases.

Mr. Buchanan. What do j'^ou watch for at the eastern ports?

Doctor Marlatt. At the eastern ports we control the entry of
cotton on account of this pink boUworm. We control the entry of
all the fruit which comes to us — that is, we regulate it and see that
proper safeguards are taken in connection with its entry — all of the
fruit that comes to us from the countries and islands south of us,
that is, from Cuba, the Isle of Pines, etc., and from all the Central
American countries.

Mr. Buchanan. In other words, they have some injurious pests
in connecion with fruit in those countries which we do not have 'i

Doctor Marlatt. There are two or three quarantines involved in
that. Some of them relate to certain fruit hies which occur in the
West Indies, Central America, and in Mexico; others relate to other
insects — for example, one to what is knowTi as the black fly, which
is prevalent in Cuba and the Central American countries and which
would be a very serious pest to all the citrus cultures of the south
and, perhaps, to the Pacific coast later on. Ihese quarantines,
therefore, have for their object the prevention of the entry of some
known specific pest or pests. Incidentally our inspectors are on
the lookout all the time for things that are not Known and not
expected.

Several of the worst pests which have come into this country are
pests that we did not know anything about beforehand; they come
on us as a surprise, but if our men are there they are competent to
detect many such pests. For example, the chestnut bark disease,
the citrus canker and corn borer were surprises of that kind, but if
we had had our existing quarantines in force 15 years ago instead of
10 years ago we might have excluded some six first-class pests, such
as the citrus canker, potato wart, oriental fruit worm, Japanese
beetle, European corn borer and the camphor scale. This last is a
new and very dangerous scale for the South; not only for camphor
and many other plants but for citrus orchards. It got in during the
period during which we were trying to get plant fiuarantine legisla-
tion. It took four years of effort to get this legislation, and during
that period the six very important pests enumerated got in when we
had no control and no means of keeping them out.

FOR EXTERMINATION OF THE POTATO WART.

Mr. Anderson. We will next take up the item on page 307, to
enal>le the Secretary of Agriculture to meet the cmcrj^oncy caused
by the establishment of tiie potato wart in eastern Pennsylvania,
and to provide means for the extermination of this disease in Penn-
sylvania or elsewhere.

AORICULTUIIAL APPRfJPRIATION BIIJ^ IflM. 483

Doctor Maulatt. The potiiUi wiirt in ono of llip pottlM that got in
during; tliut period just rrforrod to; iim n in tit tor of fnrl, it cnine in the

your ln'fon' tlu* l«»j;islaf inn wjis (xismcmI I»v < <«. Thin v,'m» a

disease wc knew about ; it was one of tin- <!• »iiir|j ■ •■ - I

in tlie act ns one of the reasons for the 1 i. hut : ,

camo a litth» too late. The plant i|uarantine net became law in
Aufxust, 11>'2(), |)ut this pest j^ol in (hiring' the |)rfMrrdin<^' winter
thr(»u<?h a hirf^(> shipment of potatoes from (lermanv, whirli were
distributed to niinin«; districts in Pennsylvania. West \'irKinia. utui
Maryland. This disease has been un<ler investigation by the board
since n>J(> un(h»r sp«M'ilic appropriations. So far as the work of ih«»
board is concerned, it is now possible to relincpiish the a))[>ropruition
except for a very minor item. This is d<me for the reason ihnl we
have completed what we believe is the necessary investigational and
control work which should be done by the department at this tir
The work that should be carried forward now is su<h work that < .
States can take care of, and they have expressed their willini^nrHs to
do that. If they did not do it we would have to keep tlu« work jjoi- -
but Pennsylvania has her own internal (piarantine which is -
as much protection as we could jjjive with a similar Federal (|uai .
Marvland has promised to take similar action. The experimental
work under this appronrialion has been carried to such an extent
that it can be very mucli reduced, but it is necessary, as stated in l^ •
exphuuition which yon have before you, to continue certain ph.i . -
of the work, and for this purpose $5, ()()() is asked.

Mr. Bi'cHA.NAN. Are you dostroyin<j the wart and <;etiin<; vni <.| it '.

Doctor Maulatt. The wart has proved to be a less dan«;en»us
disease than was anticipated. I do not want to be misunderstood in
that. It is just as dangerous as we anticipated for a certain jjroup
of potatoes — i. e., for what is known as tlii' rural i;roup of potat' . -
which jirc growni largely in the central portion of the countrv; lu.ii
is, in New York, Ohio, anil through that tlistrict. It is very destruc-
tive to this rural group of potatoes and that includes many of our
best potatoes, grown over considerable areas. Most of the v.- ' -
of potatoes in this country, ln)wever, are immune to the di-
that is, other than the rural group, and particularly the potat<x»s
grown in the northern sections, in Maine, northern New York,
Michigan. Minnesota, etc., and the potatoes grown in the S>uth.
During the course of these years of investigation practically all the
potatoes grown in this country have been tested and many important
varieties — I should say 70 or more— are substantially or absolut '
immune to the disea.se. That has very much simplified the cont..-,
of the disease, and it has also relieved a great deal of fear which the
disease gave potato growers when it first came to this countrv.

What the btatcs are doing now in all these districts -and they are
all rather limited districts and not commercial potato-growin^; dis-
tricts— is to require the householdei-s to grow immune varieties of
potatoes. The experts do not believe that it is possible to entirely
eradicate the disease by that means, but at least it ]>ractically elimi-
nates the risk of the carriage or spread of the disease.

Mr. Anderson. This disease is carried in the soil i

Doctor Marlatt. The disease remains for several years in the soil,
and it affects also other plants than potatoes. These other ]>lants are
affected much less than ])otaloes, and this disease may not be tie-

484 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

tected in them, and yet the disease may be there, just as doctors tell
us that we have all the germs in us that most people die of, but we
do not die — all at once, at least.

It is possible that this disease may attack plants and not be recog-
nized, but it is known that if susceptible potatoes are planted m
an invaded district within eight years the disease will probably appear
again: in other words, when you once get it into a district it is very
doubtful whether you will ever get rid of it. We do not feel that the
time has yet come — and we have not done it — to open our ports to
foreign potatoes from countries where the disease exists, because
that would mean that the whole country might be flooded with
potatoes that might carry the disease. We are maintaining our
potato quarantine against foreign countries where the disease is
known to occur, in spite of the fact that we know the disease exists
in limited districts in this country. These districts are, however, not
trade districts from which potatoes are exported and thej^ are of
little danger to the country as a whole — that is, immediate danger.
Furthermore, the movement of potatoes from these districts is pro-
hibited and controlled under State quarantines.

Doctor Ball. That is exactly the same policy which England and
France are carrying out at the present time; they have such disease
districts and they are holding the disease there.

rOR ERADICATION OF THE PINK BOLLWORM OF COTTON.

Mr. Anderson. We will next take up the item on page 331, to
enable the Secretary of Agriculture to meet the emergency caused
by the existence of the pink bollworm of cotton in Mexico, etc.
Doctor Marlatt, I think, perhaps you had better tell us, somewhat in
detail, what the status of this pink bollworm is, as we want to keep
track of this fellow.

Doctor Marlatt. I have covered that subject in the statement I
have submitted, but I will be glad to abbreviate it and repeat it. j

I have a very hopeful report to make on that pest. I am sorry I can I

not say, as 1 did of the potato wart, that we have found any cotton 1

that is immune to it or any district in America that is going to be <

immune from that pest. In other words, the menace of this pest to :i

the American cotton crop is the same that it has been before, and it
is therefore worth our while to continue every effort humanly pos- ■

sible to keep it out and to complete the eradication wliich now seems
to be in a very favorable status. i,

Last year, and I mean by that the crop year of 1921, but a single
pink bollworm in a single boll was found in the large Trinity Bay (lis-
trict, where the insect first got its big foothold. A considerable
portion of that district was maintained as a noncotton zone in 1921,
but a considerable portion of it was planted, and in the planted area —
all of wliicii was under thorough inspection — but a single infested boll
was found containing a single j)ink bollworm. That was mighty en-
couraging, and that result has come about from the work the depart-
ment htus done in that district since 1918, aided, in large measure, by
very favorable clinnilic coiulilions, which have helped out the fight.
Even when the State failed to come forward, as it ilid for a year, with
full (cooperation, it so happened that that year was a year of floods
throughout that district and cotton failed to grow; it wa.s drowned out

II

A(SRI(;U^yUIlAh APPKOPKIATIO.N lUM., 1&24. 1-..

and destrovnd, so tliut lUcro w»im vorv litfli* nrrnii;!' in rotten ••• ••■"
district. Thftt was a lurky liafiprnin;; and jimt at llu- tinir u
was ncMMlod. One of thr results of our nwcarrlj work in M«'m< .. mid
I mention it horo simply Imvumsp it af>|)li«'M to thisiTadifation plun is
that if you remove all of the cotton iilunts and all of ihr »,iirfn«i.
nmterial you ran pot and burn it. wliicli in the oph e-^s wr follow, tin-
only remainin': pink hollwonns in the fields will ho tluise thai are in
the soil.

Thev are pressed in with some holl that falls down and j;ets crowded
into the «;ronnd or they may rrawl into the proiind. The experi-
ments in Me.xico. referred to. indicate that the fiink hollworm larvae
will not survive in moist soil hut will survive in drv sfol. In r '■ -n
Te.xas. durin*^ the winter, there is more or less rairj and the :,

moist .so that with the elean-up and the snl)se(juent cleath in the Roil
of the })alance of the larvae, due to moisture, it is po.ssihie to do pretty
cffe('tiv(> eradication work as the results have seemed to demonstrate.
The only unfavorable factor in that year, 1020, was the discovery of
two new points of infestation in two counties in northern Te.xas.
Immediate steps were taketi to clean-up these districts and the
State havinoj — ui the meantime jjiven us a i^ood law ami pood coop-
eration— established noncottcm zones in these counties, and full <'on-
trol was immediately put into effect.

Mr. BrciiAXAN. Have you traced the origin of the infestation m
those counties i

Doctor Maulatt. Yes; we know the origin of it in those places.

Mr. Buchanan. Where did it come from ?

Doctor Maki.att. It came from seed from Carlsbad, N. Mex.,
before the infestation atf that point was determined. Not only <lid
that seed go to those two place but it went to many other places in
Texas and everyone of these places has been under the most tnorough-
going inspection for two years, but no pink bolhvorm has been found
at any otlier place, so that by this time we feel prettv sure that these
two places were the only ones where it got a foothold. In expla-
nation it may be said that the infestation at Carlsbad was just
beginning, and the chances are that practically all of the seed from
Carlsbatl was uninfested.

COTTON ZONES FREE FROM KUKTHKR INSPECTION.

Mr. RuciiAXAN. You started this work in lOlS and at that time
vou did not have full cooperation but since then you have had it.
Now, have any cotton free zones been relcjxsed under your inspection
zoning system or transferred from the cotton free system to your
inspection svstem ?

. Doctor Maiilatt. A good many; most of the zones which have
been established have been so transferred, and I will come to that in
a moment.

To complete what I was saying about these two counties, aiul the
present status in Texas, no infestation has been found the present
year, 1922, and the inspection hjis been so thoroughgoing tnat we
Delieve we are safe in relincjuishinj^ all noncotton zones in Texas
for 192.3 but still maintaining the districts under regulation so that
we can control the movement of the cotton. It is all shipped out of
the country. There will be a clean-up this fall in the two northern
counties as an additional precaution.

486 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924. j

Louisiana, as you recall, had three parishes under noncotton zones
for two years, that is, in the southwestern part of the State, and
there has been no reappearance of the pink bollworm in those parishes d

during that time. Tne discovery of the insect at Shreveport was the '

only other point in Louisiana. We investigated other points under i

suspicion, but without finding any infestation. No reappearance of J
the worm has been found in the Shreveport district for two years; |

in other words, we have had two years in Louisiana without the pink |

bollworm, and for 1923 the formerly invaded districts will be under J

regulation only. '-^

Texas, as already noted, has been free from the pink bollworm
with the exception of one speciment last year, now for two years.
But this applies only to the eastern area. There is a western area, i

which is entn-ely separate, in which the attempt to eradicate the pest
has been postponed, not necessarily abandoned, but postponed for ')

reasons I will mention later. The outlook is now most encouraging ',.

where work is being done, both as to the main portion of Texas ana '

as to Louisiana. The danger comes just at this time when the work
seems to be approaching completion, namely, to have it undei-stood
that the cost will be fully as great now as before, because it is essen-
tial to keep up the same amount of inspection for one or two years
more. To materially reduce or to relinciuish inspection work because
success seems in sight would mean the loss of tlie opportunity to
eradicate this pest. I do not think I need to enlarge on that because
you can see it as plainly as I can present it.

This appropriation is for 1924. which means the crop year after
the next, and we do not know what we will have to exjjend but we
have every reason to believe we will have»to maintain inspection,
and this is the chief item of cost, even if there are no new outbreaks,
in the most thoroughgoing manner for at least that period. There- |

force, we are asking for the same amount we had last year, less the
amount that has been transferred. We look upon that appropriation,
as I have said before, as an insurance fund, and I do not use that
term in its ordinary signification, but as a fund to be used if needed
and we believe it probably will be needed. We have turned back
into the Treasury, in former years, ver}' condideral)le sums, where
the money was not needed ; in other words, we only use what is needed.

You understand, I think, the arrangement which is made in this
appropriation for the cooperation of the States with the Federal
Government as to reimbursement to farmers in noncotton zones.
The amount of such reimbursements this year is not very great.

Mr. Anderson. Is that now permanent law ?

Doctor Marlatt. It is in the language of the appropriation act.
You will find that at the l)ottom of page 333, "of wliich sum not to
exceed $200,000 may be available for reimbursement," etc.

The nature of the reimljui-sement is specilied in Senate joint reso-
lution No. 72, approved August 9, 1921, and 1 think perhaps that is
continuing legislation.

Doctor Ball. It is as it apj)lies to the pink bollworm, but it would
not be available for any other insect.

Doctor Maulatt. Oh, no; and as it is tied up with this appro])ria-
tion, if this appropriation should lapse I suj)pose that resolution
would be functionless.

Mr. Andkrson. What is the difreicnce helwcen llu- approj^riation
carried on page 331 and the appropriation cariied on page .333 <

AGRICULTURAL APPROPKIATION HIIJ^ 1924. 487

Doctor ^fAIlI.A^T. Tlu' pink hollworm u))|>n)f>riHtion in iiivi(i<>(l into
Kovornl items. Tlicro was ori^iimlly the item f|>. XW) vovenng ll»«>
Mexican holder sitiinlinn, then there is an item on |>at;e 'V h

eoNci-s the surveys to (h'ternune the actual (h^trihutmn of i... ,.,uk
hollvvorin in Mi'xico and to exterminate lo< al inh'station-* in Mcxi«o
near the honler of the I'nited States. This appropriation wits ori^-
nally §2'), ()()(). We have never used a hir<;e amount «tf that appro-
priation, and it was redui t<l several years a^o t<» SS.IMM). Another
appropriation is to investipnto in Mexico or elsewlnTe the pink holl-
worm as a hasis for control measures. That <-overs the i al

resean h wctrk whi< h we are ( arryinfj en in the Lacuna ui-im I,
^h'xico, whei'e the pink hollworin is nin>t uhiindant. Thut i-i it^
center in Mexico.

Mr. A.NDKRsoN. And the inspeition work is paid for out of tho
item carried on |)a<;e '.V.i'.i i

Doctor Maiu..m"1". Ivxactly.

Mr. Anpkkson. You did not finish your statement witli n's|>eet to
the infestation in western Texas.

INFESTATION WORK IV WESTERN TEXAH.

Doctor Marlatt. There arc four points or districts of infestation
in west Texas and New Mexico, namely, the important cotton pro-
ducing area in the Pecos Valley in western Texas; a similar area much
farther north in the same valley in New Mexico in the vicinity of
Curlshud; th(> unimportant Greut-Bend district, the growth of cotton
in which is conhncti to a few trivial fields at the hases of the hills;
and the much more important and recent cotton development in tho
Kio Grande N'alley southeast of El Paso in Texas and northwest of
it in Now Mexico.

The invasion of the Pecos district in west Texas was due to cotton
smuggled across the horder from Mexico in the Great Dcnd area.
The invasion of the Carlsbad district was apparently from seed from
the Pecos \'allev in Textus, and the invasion of the Kl Paso region
in Texas and New Mexico is traceable directlyto infested cotton seed
brought to the immediate horder at Juarez in freight cars and in
connection with traflic, and probably chieily by flight t)f insects
across the river. These sources of invasion, particularly for the
Great Bend district and the El Paso region, will continue as long as
the insect is abui'dant in Mexico, and no permanent control can be
certainly cflfected until cooperation with Mexico leads to joint action
by that country with the I'nited States. The establishment of
noncotton zones, therefore, as to the districts along the Kio (irande
immediately bordering Mexico is a rather useless proceeding under
present conditions. The establishment of noncotton zones and
attempted thoroughgoing cleanup areas in the Pecos N'alley in Texas
and >few Mexico would be possif)le but the planters of these areas
have not been willing to forego the one crop which is their main
staple and the State has not been willing to enforce a nonctdton
zone as to these areas. As long as the whole project of the eratlica-
tion of the pest in eastern Texas was somewhat on trial there was
perhaps some justification for this point of view.

As a result of conferences held in Texas, on which are based the
present control operations in eastern Texas in full coooeration with
the State and under adequate State law, it was decided that for the

488 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

present these four areas in western Texas should be excluded from
the effort at eradication, but that these areas shoukl be quarantined
and thoroughly controlled and all cotton produced therein should be
fully safeguarded both as to local utilization and with the require-
ment of export under safeguards of the lint.

An important consideration in reaching this decision is the fact
that these four areas are all widely separated from the great cotton
areas of central and eastern Texas by stretches of semidesert or
grazing country, and these areas, therefore, represent perhaps no

freater menace or risk to eastern Texas than does Mexico itself,
'heir control places them, therefore, practically in the same status
relative to other cotton production in the United States as though ,
they were part and parcel of Mexico. Ultimately, when the full
clean-up of eastern Texas and Louisiana has been completed, it would
seem to be highly desirable to take up certainly the Pecos regions
in Texas and New Mexico for similar clean-up. Any permanent
eradication of the pest along the Rio Grande in the Great Bend
district and westward, as already indicated, must be dependent on
the cooperation of Mexico in similar work with respect to the con-
tiguous cotton areas in that Republic.

Mr. Anderson. Can the movement of the crop be controlled with
any certainty from the regulated districts ?

Doctor Marlatt. Mr. Chairman, I think we have methods of con-
trolling all the movements of cotton grown in these western districts;
at least, there has been no mfestation which has come from any such
movement, and we think that it ife pretty adequately safeguarded.
It amounts to the prohibition of an}^ movement of cotton seed or
seed cotton whatsoever from these districts. The cotton lint is mider
control until exported. It moves from El Paso or from the Pecos
district or any of the other districts directly to the port of export and
that means usually the nearest port of export, Galveston, Texas li

City, or Houston, and these are also within a regulated zone. If it re- I I
mains at these ports for any length of time it is kept imder control in ^ ^
licensed warehouses until it is shipped abroad. Some of the cotton
that is shipped abroad may come back, but if any of the cotton from
regulated cfistricts comes back to this country it is treated like foreign
cotton and must be fumigated as a condition of entry unless it can be
shown that it is more than two years old. The insect will not remain
alive in the boll over the second year; that is, beyond the second year.

KEIMBURSEMENT TO FARMERS IN CLEAN-UP CAMPAIGN. 4

Mr. Andkrson. I would like to ask you if you can give us any idea
how mucli of the $200,000 which is available for reimbursement has
been expended or is likely to be expended this year?

Doctor Marlatt. I have a statement which indicates the expendi-
tures under this item for the year 1922; that is, the one that is just
c()rn|)lcted. We spent $20,000, taking just the large figures, in clean-
up work, at a cost of $4.50 an acre; that was the average cost. That
compares with a cost of about $9 or $10 an acre during the war * i
period, when labor was scarce and high. We have been able to reduce ^
this cost largely by contracting for the work with fanners, which
was not possible^ in tlio old days because the i)ovs were all away and
wo had to hire labor, transj)ort it, feed it, and house it. The cost

Auiat I i.ii K.\i. Ai'iUDrm.M i<t,N hiij., i :t 4ftU

in 1922 is nixuit Imlf uhnt it iisimI to !>«•, umi ih<> t<»tHl rx|)on(litiirr
for rlran-up duriiif; that year wti» $20.(MMI.

I'lulor the Item for nMnilmrMOinrnt . ihr (lr|>ui(iiifiii is ftullinn/^'il
to I'Xpeml

not to oxcwmI $'J)().00() for rrimlmnx-ini-nt to (f>tliw-ttrowini; St«i«-« for fxpetumit in-
rurr(><i \>\ thorn in rtmiip^tion with loMMft liiif to i'nfor('i>«i nonproiiu* lion oi ii>iioci in

<ortain roni-H

Wo spent in cooprrntion with l^xiisianii in H)22. $11. (KM), nearly
$12,000; in cooperation with Texas. !<(ilO. There were hir^e non-
cotton z»)nes in I><)uisiann at Shrevep<»rt aixl in three southweHtom
parishes, and the expeiKhtun* in Loiii>iMiia means that tl tc

spent twice as nuicli. I think our <'xpendilure. us I recall. .. .., ;..it
to exceed $.'» an acre, or one-third of wliat the State spent. In
Texas tlie $(30 does iM)t mean that Texas only spent $1,220, but
Texas made most of her reimhnrsemont of planters nefore this resolu-
tion was passed and it wa.s decided that it was not retroactive, so
that Texas failed to receive a lar^c payment which otherwise would
have heen necessarv under this resolution.

Mr. HiTiiWAX. Vou say you spent $42,000 in Lnui-iuna for rcnn-
hursement in connection with losses <luc to enforced nonpnxliiction
of cotton i

Doctor Maulatt. Yes; that wtis reiml>ursement to the fanners
and represented losses due to the establishment of noncotton zon(*s.
That means that the vState must have spent twice as much under the
terms of the resolution. I will be very glad to submit this data for
the record.

(Said data follows:)

Expenditures under the eradication itew, Jixcal year Ib^i.

f 'leau-up work ($4.50 per acre) . $20, 1 15. 78

Cooperation, I>oui.siana 41,971.84

Cooperation, Texas filO. 00

(ieneral roaen'e loripinallv $KO,(KX)) .'i. 000. 00

Halance July 1, 1922 8, 216. 13

Total ~ •}

General expenses 3j ii

Total 400. 000. 00

Doctor Marlatt. The plan for 1923 is not to declare noncotton
zones for any of the old districts in Texas next year, but all will ho
maintained as regulated zones. We are going to make the try-out
of growing cotton in all of those areas next vear.

Mr. Anderson. Tlien is it gomg to be iiccc^>arv to contmuo this
$200,000 ?

Doctor Marlatt. New infestatitm may be determined between now
and January. This is tlie best season for survey work. We are
doing very intensive surveying work throughout these Slates just
now, and that work will be continued until the lantl is plowed up
for next vear's planting, and there may be hndings between now antl
then. Tlie designation of that sum for reimbui-sement is of no spe-
cial signilicance, bccau.se it is spent, as iiulicated. only where nee<k'd.
For instance, this year we spent $42,000 out of thV S2(X),0{)0; the
rest is available to go back into the Treasury if it is not needed for
other purposes.

490 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILI., 1924.

1

Practically the full amount of the appropriation is needed for con-
tinuing work, and if all of this S200,000 had heen spent for reimburse-
ments it would have been necessary to come to you for a deficiency
in order to carry out the other work. In other words, that §200,000
could not be ehminated from this appropriation and allow us to do
other necessary work. 4

Doctor Ball. There was no appropriation; that was simply an
authorization to spend that much out of our regular appropriation.

FOR ERADICATION OF THE PARLATORIA DATE SCALE.

Mr. Anderson. Your next item is on page 338, eradication of the
parlatoria date scale.

Doctor Marlatt. You will find a full statement of the work on the
parlatoria date scale in the explanatory statement which I have sub-
mitted. Briefly, this work has for its purpose the eradication of the
parlatoria date scale.

This scale came in with date palms many years ago, before there
was any date industry and before there was any realization of such a
possibility and before there was any realization that there was any
danger from such an insect — in fact, it came in unknown and un-
heralded. It is now believed that the success of the date industry
in this country is dependent on the eradication of this scale: in other
words, if this scale persists and becomes a burden on the industry,
it will prevent its growth and establishment. The experts of tno
Bureau of Plant Industry, who have been especially interested in
the matter, believe that this scale can be exterminated. There were
some one hundred infested plantations at the beginning and there are
14 now. The work of eradication is being pressed to the fullest
extent of our means under the appropriation, and the outlook is very
favorable for the extermination of this scale. The department is now
supervising and making the importations of new material from
abroad; all of this new material must be safeguarded and held in
quarantine for a period of years before it is distributed to planters.
That is all covered in this work and the continuation of this appro-

ftriation for the completion of this work is apparently essential for the
uture of the date industry — an industry for which the department is
peculiarly responsible and in which it is much interested. It has been
a department project from the beginning and is very promising.

Tuesday, November 21, 1022.

DEMONSTRATIONS ON RECTA ^rA'n()^ rHO.IECTS.

STATEMENT OF DR. WILLIAM A. TAYLOR, CHIEF BUREAU OF

PLANT INDUSTRY.

I)()(!tor Taylor. Under the head of demonstrations on reclama-
tion pi-()jectH the agricultural develojiinent work on the (lOvernnuMit
reclamation projects is prosecuted. This constitutes the general
aj'riculturul extension work there, comparabl(> with the type of work
which within the States is carried on under the Smith-liever Act.
From tlio beginning this work has been maintained by the Federal

-^

AtSRICULXrRAL APPIU>PRlATION BILL, IflM. 49X

Government l)e(au.se (.f tl>e relation <if the Hettlern on iho projcrU
to the Federal (Jovernnient oh dehtorM to it for tho ron.stnirtion ctmi
of the irriu'ation works. The approfiriatiiin for the carrying on c»f thui
is S.'ii),()()(), and there is no in<rease estimated for the rominu Vear.
Tho work is under way on some 10 of the i)rojc'rtH. On rrrla'in of
them it is only for a part of the year, thos^ heinjj the newer projertii
of the Milk River Valley se<'tion of Montana, where a ^nhhI deal of
difliculty has heen experienced in >;ettint^ settlers ntarterl ■ •— • tion.

The work rovers to a ronsiderahlc extent the eiw ,1 of

live 8to<-k utilization of crops ;rrown on the project. It developed
rather early in the occuf)nti<m of the projects that the pr- ' n of

perishiihle crops, such as potatoes and fruits, while succ» ...,., from
the standpoint of quantity, was unprolitahle hecausc of the long
distance from the markets. Settlers were therefore eneoura^jed to
swin<: hack to the production of alfalfa and other fora^^e <T' d

concentrate these into dairy |)roduc(s and oiImi' hij^lu-! , , !
commodities, such as heef, mutton, and wool.

Mr. Anderson. I luive understood that people on these projects
are principally men without means and thev have had considerable
difliculty m procurinj^ money or credit <

Doctor T.VYLOR. That is true, to a certain extent, hut business
men and hankers as a rule have come to a realization of the .soundness
of live-stock development there and better credit con<litions now
exist. As the projects become more fully occupied and prolitaiblo
credit improves, as it becomes possible for settlers to pay their bills.
The demonstration work is very useful in this field. It is producing:
excellent results and the proposal is to continue it on the saine basis
during the coming year.

FOR EXPERIMENTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS IN LIVE-STOCK PRODUCTION
IN THE CANE SUGAR AND COTTON DISTRICTS OK THE I'NITED

STATES.

Mr. Jump. On page 317 is the next item, for experiments and
demonstrations in live-stock production in the cane sugar and cotton
districts of the United States.

OENERAL STATEMENT OF WORK.

Doctor Taylor. The paragraph on page 317 for expenment.s and
demonstrations in live-stock production in cane sugar and cotton
districts of the United States is a feature of work which has been
under way for several years, which had as its objective when inaugu-
rated, the encouragement of live-stock pnnluction especially in the
cane-sugar territory iu the State of Louisiana. The cane-sugar dis-
trict is essentially a one-crop district. If climatic conditions are
adverse to cane tHe farmers are left in bad shape. If sugar prices are
low the cane growers suffer. The most promising nietluHl (»f diversifi-
cation there to get the region off «)f the single crop basis has appeared
to be through live stock. The problem is a ditiicult one from tho
live stock standpoint, for two reasons: One, the wetness of the larger
portion of the acreage available, which lies low and the other is tho
prevalence of live stock di.seases and live stock damaging insix'.ts. It
IS a territory where live-stock development has not occurred except

V

492 AGRICULTt'RAT. APPRf>PRTATIOX BILL, 1924.

to a restricted extent in the form of semiwild cattle, which range on
the cane brakes and paiUe (inne or maiden cane pastures of the low-
lands along the southern Louisiana coast. It is a line of work which
the department and Louisiana Experiment vStation have prosecuted
in cooperation, and the department has considered it a worth while
work looking toward the future relief of the sugar territory from the
single-crop handicap which it carries. In its present location the
work is expensive per unit of operation and per unit of achievement
thus far.

The site of the field station where the work is located was made *
available to the department by the State of Louisiana, it being a
portion of one of their penitentiary farms of which they operate
several in the State. The place is well equipped with buildings. It
is well stocked with mules and hoi-ses, cattle and hogs for the experi-
mental work that is being prosecuted, but it is expensive and in the
interest of rigid economy of expenditure the estimates proposed the-
determination of that work at as early a date as it can be done
advantageously.

Mr. Anderson'. Is it so expensive as to indicate that live-stock
production in that section is likely to be, under normal conditions, so
expensive as to be unprofitable '.

Doctor Taylor. I think not, under rather better soil conditions
than those which exist on this particular site. There is a great deal of
comparatively unutilized land in the region which will afford range
for supplemental feed. There is also in the region much land better
adapted to forage crop production under tillage than is this particular
site. However, there has developed during the past three or four
years a strongly marlvcd tendency under the prevailing economic
conditions to substitute rice for sugar cane, these wet lands proving
more profitable in rice than they have in sugar or in the forage crops,
than it is necessary to grow for silage or for hay.

Mr. Anderson. Does the Government own the buildings?

Doctor Taylor. The Government owns the buildings. The title
is in the form of a deed from the penitentiary board of the State
which holds the penitentiary farm, to the Government of the United
States for use for this purpose.

Mr. Anderson. Conditioned upon your use?

Doctor Tay'LOR. Conditioned upon that use as far as the lands
themselves are concerned. The other property would be disposed of,
I take it

Mr. Anderson (interposing). They would not be of much value
without the land, would they?

Doctor Taylor. Apart from the land; that is true. The above
statement applies, I believe, except with regard to a little entrance
plot deeded to the Government by the parish m order to give entrance
to the experiment farm without having to go through the peniten-
tiary inclosure. This wt)uld also revert.

Mr. Buchanan. As a matter of fact, these buildings are not of
much value to anybody, l)ut they are fine buildings?

Doctor Taylor. For the purpose for which they were planned.
They would not be of nuuh value except for that purpose.

Mr. iJucHANAN. And that purpose is a failure?

Doctor Taylor. I would not oe willing to acknowledge that Mr.
Buchanan.

A(iHI( LLTlHAh AI'IMtnpUIATHiN BIIJ., 1W4. .|«»3

Mr. BccHAXAV. I am.

Dcutor Tavuhi. The pioixmiil of tlie esliinutc U to tcrininalc Uiiii
work, pn.vidiiij; $.*).(Ki(( ii\ ailjiliN' nft«'r tlu> l.st of July in onlrr U> iiiako
cortaiii thai lUcvo could \w .i ihorouKli tliwinj? up of the work, withutil
waste.

Mr. Andkuso.n. Is there any pro.spect that you will l»e utile Ui di*.

|K»se of it satisfact»»rily ^

Doctor Tavlok. Tliere luis hrcu tm uejjolju, ,.,,, .,. .m, imhuiii^
congressional action.

The live stock, and presuniahly certain of the implement** ami
e(|uipmcnt. would he avnilahic for u.s<» at other field statii»n.s of the
departnu'nt and the lan<4ua«;e that is in.serte<i propos<-, to nuthori/o
tlie transfer of tiiat.

Mr. Anderson. 1 understand the water is pretty close under the
soil there {

Doctor Taylor. The primary difliculty is the very obstinate
retention of water through the wet times' and the tough an<l f|uick
haking of tlic soil in dry times.

Mr. BrcMANAN. Does salt wal<'r get up tlierc enough to holher il i

DoKor Taylor. It lies sulliciently ai)ove and sulliciently far from
salt water so that there is no trouble of that character.

Mr. Brc'iiANAN. You have no drainage?

Doctor Taylor. There is drainage enough for an ordinarv (|uality
of agricultural soil, but this is a very tough, tenacious, and stubborn
soil to handle except when the season turns just right.

Mr. Buchanan. Is it black land ?

Doctor Taylor. Yes. but not black waxy. It is very diiiereiit,
diliicult sod, except the areas along the bayou frontage whi( }i nro
very productive, whether in crops or in pasturage.

Mr. Andkr.son. How much land is there in that tract '.

Doctor Taylor. In this tract approximately ■')()() acres, with ')00
acres of the penitentiary farm adjacent used for a rough pasture
under a lease contract.

Tuesday, November 21, 1922.

experiments in dairying and live-stock production in semi-
arid and irrigated districts of the w estern inited states.

STATEMENT OF DOCTOR C. W. LARSON.

Mr. Anderson. Experiments in dairying and live-stock production
in semiarid and irrigated districts of the western I'nited States.

Doctor Larson. For the dairy work we have two stations -one
at Huntley, Mont., ami one at Ardmore, S. Dak., and we are asking
for the same as for the past several years. In addition to these dairy
farms the Animal Husbandry Division is carrying live-stock work at
these two or three other farms in this same general region. I have
a statement here of the actual »'Xj)erijnental work going on at Huntley
and at ^\j-dmore. I can put that in the record, if you want to save
tliat time.

Mr. Anderson. All right: put it in.

494

AGRICULTURAL. APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

HUNTLEY FIELD STATIC K.

The Huntley field station, established in 1909, is located on the Huntley reclamation
project, near the town site of Osborn, Mont. It comprises 300 acres of public land,
of which 140 acres lie above the irrigation canal. The work of the farm is under the
supervision of the office of western irrigation agriculture, the office of dry-land agri-
culture, the biophysical laboratory, and other offices of the Bureau of Plant Industry,
the dairy • divi.sioii and the animal husbandry division of the Bureau of Animal
Industry; and the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station is also cooperating in
the investigational work with field crops and hogs.

The dairy work at Huntley began in 1916, and consists of investigations of problems
encountered in establishing dairving in the irrigated sections, particularly with
reference to the effective utilization of the forage and grain crops produced in those
regions. A herd of purebred Holsteins established in 1917 now numbers 50 head,
and the animals are being used in the dairy cattle breeding experiments. In this
connection bulls are loaned from this herd to farmers on the project with the object
to determine the transmitting ability for production of these bulls. At the present
time 34 farmers on the Huntley project, owning over 200 cows, are using bulls from
this herd.

The following are some of the experiments conducted at this station:

(1) The maximum carrying capacitv of an irrigated pasture for dairy cows. To
determine the number of dairy cows that can be maintained on an acre of irrigated
pasture. Four plats of one-quarter each were seeded with a mixture of smooth brome
grass, orchard grass, tall fescue, perennial rye grass, Kentucky blue grass, white clover,
and alsike clover. The four plats are fenced into two half-acre lota which are pastured
alternately.

(2) A comparison of the carrxing capacity of three mixtures of pasture grasses under
irrigation for dairy cows, the following mixtures being used:

Awnless brome grass

Orchard grass

Tallfesc-ue

Perennial rye grass. .
Kentucky blue grass.

White clover

Alsike clover

Seed per acre . .

Rate per acre of seeding,
pounds.

Mixture
No. 1.

21

Mixture
No. 2.

17

MLxturo
No. 3.

16

i

One-half of these plats are being top dressed with manure each year and compared
with those \vithout top dressing.

(3) '^ he feeding of dairy covs on roughage alone as compared \rith roughage with
liberal grain feeding, and with limited grain feeding to cletermine the economy of
production of these tvro methods of feeding.

ARDMORE FIELD STATION.

The Ardmore field station was established by the Bureau of Plant Industry in 1911
and dairy operations began in 191(5. '1 he work on the farm is under the supervision of
the oflice of dry-land agriculture, the dairy division, and the animal husbandry divi-
sion of the Brucau of Animal Industry. 'J here are 1,200 acres in the farm, of which
353 are used bv the dairy division for corrals, permanent pastures, and crop land.
The dairy work consists of investigations of problems encountoretl in establishing
dairying in dry-land sections, particularly with reference to the effective utilization
of forage and grain crops produced.

The herd of pure-bred Holsteins established in 1917 now numbers 41 head, and
they are being used in the dairy cattle breeding experiments.

'I'he following are some of the experiments in progress:

(1) l'a.4turo expcTimeiits: (a) Native pasture composed of buffalo grass; grama, and
wheat grasses; (6) sweet clover; (c) brome grass; (J) slender wheat grass.

ii

aoru;i:ltiiial ai'imidphiation bim., i .» -a^o

('2) Th«> f«-4-<iiiii; of hitmo-Kniwii niunit m < iiiii|>tirr«| with h< >«

«iipi»l«Mm'nt<Hl \>y |>un-haM><l coiui'iitnitifi m Ow iN-niMiniy ui ■imik aifi i>u-i. -;at
prtMluctioii.

(;i) Tho dntorinininK of what muriw iiuiy \h' iiuidr thmiiKh thr »Uiiry (or honM»irT«>« (•

(4) DittoriniuinK tho cost of fiMHiiiit; < alvtw ami dairy rown umlnr kii-ml (iwdinK cttt%

diliotiH.

Mr. Andkrson. Well, these stations cover l>oth the <lry Urxl ami

irrigated propositions do they?

Doirtor Lauson. Yes, sir.

^^r. An1)KI{S()N. Bolh of tliein havt* rchilion to *hiir\-ini' nml
animal hushanihv, do they not f

Doctor Lauson. Yes, sir. Tliere is no ( lian^e m this iimi.

Mr. Andkkson. Is this work done in colhihoration with the Biirtuu
of Phmt huhistry ^

Doctor Lauson. Oh, yes, sir. They j^row the crops and the farian
were originally estahlished hy that hureaii.

FIELD STATION .\T WOODWARD, OKLA.

Mr. Andkusox. On pn<,'o 321, you propose to ahandon the held
station at Woodward, Okla.?

Doctor Larson. Yes, sir.

Mr. Anderson. Will you tell us why ?

Doctor r^AUsoN. In view of the necessity for ni;id economy «>f
expenditure the discontinuance of the livestock work at Woodward,
Okla., is contemplated, except to the extent that it can be done
in connection with tlie adjacent dry-farmin«^ field station maintained
by the Bureau of Plant Industry under its sul)appropriation fyr
investigation and improvement of methotls of crof) pnxluction under
suhhumid, semiarid, or dry-land conditions.

Mr. Ander.son. Is this staticm at Woodwards

Doctor Larson. This station is at \Voodward. Okla.

Mr. Anderson. Was this pn»position originally intended to bo a
separate station i

Doctor Larson. This Woodward station?

Mr. Anderson. Yes, this live-stock pntposition '.

Doctor Larson. Yes, sir.

Mr. Anderson. Let mc see if I undei"stanil tliis. You have got a
>lant at this station now. Tluit is, this proposition was to dc a
ive-stock proposition in addition to that ^

Doctor Larson. Yes, sir.

Mr. Anderson. Separate from that *

Doctor Larson. Adjoining it and nuiintainctl i)y the department
imder the supervision of the nuin in charge of the dry-land farm.

Mr. Anderson. Tluit is exactly what you propose to do anyway,
is it not ?

Doctor Larson. No. The idea of the wording of this sUiicnuni
was to provide for the possibility of carrying this on on u smaller
scale and perliaps in cooperation with the State.

Mr. Anderson. What will you do if this goes out i

Doctor Larson. We will lie obliged to move the herd elsewhere
and dischar<:e the herdsmen, and tlie farm will revert to the city of
Woodward, Okla.

2202S— 22 32

496 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Anderson. Where is your nearest lives-tock station to Wood-
ward ?

Doctor Larson. Tlie ones at New Iberia or i\j-dmore would be the
nearest, so far as dairy cattle are concerned.

Doctor MoHLER. There are only about fifteen cattle there now,
are there not ?

Doctor Larson. Fifteen head. This was a special item put in in
1921.

Mr. Anderson. I never was for this farm, but it is there and unless
the work which would be done there anyway is done elsewhere there
mig^lit be some reason for continuing it.

Doctor Larson. The particular region is different from the other
dry-land regions where we are worKing. They have a particular
situation in there, pasturing of their wheat crops and information
along that line is important at the present time, to know whether or
not it is advantageous to pasture their wheat crop in the winter
time — winter wheat — and that is the experiments we have there now.

Mr. Anderson. Can it be maintained on its present basis for
$12,500?

Doctor Larson. Yes, sir; it can be maintained for less if necessary.

Mr. Anderson. That was your estimate for last year; S6,500 is
what you expended.

Doctor Larson. That is what we are running on now. It can be
run on that another year.

Wednesday, November 29, 1922.

enforcement of the packers and stockyari>s act.

STATEMENT OF MR. CHESTER MORRILL, ASSISTANT TO THE
SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE AND IN CHARGE OF
PACKERS AND STOCKYARDS ADMINISTRATION.

Mr. Anderson. W^e will next take up the item on page 348, for the
enforcement of the packei-s and stockyards act.

Mr. Morrill. In onlcr to put ])efore the committee an accurate
statement and one of which it can make use, I have written out a
brief statement which brings the work of the packei"s and stockyards
administration up to (bite from the point where the fii-st annual
icport leaves off.

general state.ment.

The annual report has not yet been released for publication, but
the Assistant Secretary has authorized me to furnish tg each member
of the committee a copy of the annual report, whicb will show from
the beginning of the work under the packers and stockyards act
the methods of organization, the subject matter covered, the extent
of tlu! work that wr have to do, and what we had done up to the end
of the last fiscal year. The subsequent statement in typewritten
form brings it uj) j)ractically to the present time, and I will furuish a
copy of it to each member of (he committee.

Now, at the j)rcscMt (inic we have 7'.> j)ublic stockyard markets in
71 cities in the United States that are subject to the jurisdiction of

AORICULTIKAU .MTKOI'IUATIOX lUU^ llCI. 497

the Sorn'tary of Aj^nrulturo l>y rfuson «»f luivin^ hovn fourul nmh u|H*n
invcsti^ution un<l hnvini; )>«><-n |>oHt4'<i as hucIi markrU. In tlumo

rmii'krts We luivr foiimj hy thr roijistrat inn n; ' 'i

(It'altT.s and l.OOO nnirkct a^<*n<it's. Slost of ilir i. ....... , ..

cominission men. atui thr nnirkct a^rncics. inrhntniL; the <

men. aro suhjort to n'<jiiirrnn»nt« that Ao not appfv to tlir •

business. 'Plic nnirk(>t ajjrncios mr u class of > .

ncss nrintipally on the connnix-^ion hasis, and ..

file with the Se<Totary of A^ricnlluro tlicir schc<luh's of rati

and sucli iidcs and regulations as they ohsc'rvo in carrying on ificir

husiiu'ss.

In a hroatl way. it may bo said that thev are subject to the Hnine
sort of jurisdiction as the raih'oa<is ar(> suliject to under the inter-
state coininerce art with respect t<t their practices. That is to sav,
with fespe<'t to their j>ractices. they must be nondiscrimirnitorv and
reasonal)h>. and with respect to their nites, they nuist also be non-
discriminatory and reasonable. The Department of Ajn'if'ilture
does not nnike the rates in the bc<;inninj;. They file the rates and
publish them, and they are subject to investiijation. e\j>larnition,
arul modilication. as the facts fnay re<juire. The same thnj<; is true
of the stockyard companies as well as of the market aj;encies. In
order to deal with the physical asj)ccts of the marketinj; of live
stock, as we found them at the st<K-kyards, we have supervi.sors at
20 of the cities where there are stockyards. Those supervisors are
resident in those markets, but from time to time, bv assij^nment
or special instructions, they '^<i to other yards for the purpose of
deahn*; either with s[)ccial <jucsti(>ns that nniy arise, or for the {)ur-
pose of remainintij in the markets for a lon<ier time in order to become
thorouf^hly acf|uainted with the conditions an<l to see that the
various agencies subject to our jurisdiction thoroughly understan<l
what we are expecting of tlioni uixlcr the packers and stockyards
act. We have so thoroughly organized the supervisor force that
during the month of October all except seven or eight of the public
stockyard markets of the country were visited by su|)ervisors. In
atldition to the stockyard comj)anies and market agents and dealers
operating at the stockyards, we have, of course, the packers, who
operate l)oth within and without the yards.

So far as their operations in the yards are concerned, they arc
dealt with in the same way as other operations in the yards are dealt
with. Then we have certain other operations that must be dealt
with si)ecially, such, for example, as you will note from reading the
annual report and that supplemental report. For instanci', there is
the question of discrimination in butter fat prices, which arose during
this year, several complaints having been made ajjjainst one or two
large packers upon the ground that in their buying operations at
country points they had discriminated between country points and
had also been guilty of unfair competition. Such matters as that
require special investigation. So far wc have found the complaints
to l)e unfounded. In one particular case that I have in mind the
man that made the complaint was found to be the man who starte«l
all the trouble. He started a rate cutting.-war and did some improper
advertising, and the packers simply met the comnetition. Other
aspects of the packer work, other than those special matters. c«>me
up from time to time, more particularly the matter of studying their

498 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TION BILL, 1924.

accounting systems and arriving at an ability to determine what are
ths true costs in the packing industry. In that we have been delayed
for several reasons :

First, because during the first year of our operations, we found
that we wore in competition with almost everybody else to get
auditors, and it was virtually impossible for us to get more than just
a few auditors to deal with the pressing questions m connection with
commission rates and similar matters. It has only been during the ]
last two or three months that we have been able to go into the field j
of accounting to the extent of getting enough auditors to organize 4
a force that would look forward to a studv of the accounting systems. <
It seems that durmg the past few montlis there has been a sort of )
let-up in the demand for accountants, partly due to the summer ?'
season and partly due to the commercial depression, and through the
medium of civil-service examinations we have been able to get hold of
a number of men who seemed to be v-ery competent, so that the work
of studying the packers' actounting systems is now started. We
have been under a good deal of pressure in the last few months, and
are right now, on account of complaints having been filed as to
commission rates. We have ta^ken those complaints and have been
working up the information, but at the present time we have the
question of reasonable commission rates to determine at Chicago,
St. Paul, Omaha, Kansas City, Fort Worth, Denver, and Portland.
We have also the question of certain stockyard charges to determine
at Peoria, 111., Omaha, Nebr., Chicago, and Milwaukee, and in a
number of yards the companies have taken up with us informally the
matter of certain changes in their rates, knowing that if they were
to present the proposed changes formall}' they might rmi up against
susjjensions.

During the early part of the administration of the act there were
a num])cr of reductions in stockyard rates particularly, but recently,
on account of the very great advance in corn, there has been an
attempt, which looks almost like a concerted movement, to raise the
rates on corn in the stockyards generally. Chicago, Milwaukee, and
Buffalo have proposed an increase of 15 cents per bushel. We have
suspended the Chicago and Milwaukee increases, and they are await-
ing a hearing now. At Buffalo there is a slightly difl'erent condition
of affairs, because of the fact that when they mcreased their corn
rate, -they reduced their hay rate, and it may be that they have an
equity that is different from that of the other yards. In addition, a
number of the yards have introduced a new charge this year that had
not previously boon made, called a "rewoigliing charge." That is a
charge which is imposed upon speculators operating in the speculator
division for the service of weigliing their animals.

That is sometimes known as a reweighing charge and it is some-
tmies known as a second weighing charge. That is to say, the specu-
lators buy the bulk of their animals from commission men, and in the
past the stockyards have been supported almost exclusively from
yardage ciiarges and feeding ciiarges imposed upon the first handling
throu<^h commission m(>n, plus a feeding charge to the s|)oculatoi*s,
but without auy yardage charge to the speculators at all. The stock-
yard (ompanies have conceived the idea that that is a discrimination,
and it also means a possible increase in their revenues. The question
that we are trying to work out now is how to deal with the reweighing

AOIUCLLTUILVL Al'IMlOl'KIATlON BIIJ., lirj*. 499

(liur^o SO ns to do o(|uity tiiuon^ uU the |)«M)plc inv<ilvi'<l. Not all of
tlu' stockvurtl (-oinpaiiii's luivc iimdo tlu* clmrp'. Soiiw «ff tliciii lake
tlu' view that tlic spcciilutoi-s' division is soinrtliiii^ t«) In* iii; (h1

in the lutirkots, and that they un> justified in not iinpoHin^ i,,. ,,itui
charges upon speculators tliat lliev <lo upon other''. ThoM- who are
proposing to increase tlie rate take the other view that i.s, that the
support of the yjird shouhl roine from all alike, regardle^^ of whether
they are necessary to niainlain tlie market or not. All of that wiirk
in connection with commission rates han simply taken all of the time of
the auditors that we could get together, plus a good many ti'mporary
peo[)le to get up the necessary statistical information on market ron-
ditions. It will he sonic time hcforc wc cmii (lisf)ose of nil i.f t!M>->i-
cases.

CO.MNtlSSIOX MKN AM) I'KODlC KKs" <)K<iAM/,.\TH)NS.

Fortunately, in one respect we have hrought ahout a condition of
alTairs comparativelv recently where for the first linu'. so far as wo
know, the conunission men and the producers' t»rganizations have
been willing to get together in the same room and talk over the
commission rates. They are doing it because we are placing our
representatives in the conferences for the purpos«» of participating
in them. Formal complaints were filed, as a matter of fact, hv the
Western Producers' Association at si.K of those markets. Whep
those formal complaints were filed, we took up the matter with all
of the organizations concerned for the purpose of getting them to-
gether on a methotl of procedure which would eliminate the technical
re(|uirements of what would be almost a court hearing; in the pre-
sentation of the evidence, as well as the employment oi lawyers and
thinjis of that kind, and within the last two ttr three davs w«' have
received advices from nil the markets except one, saying that they
will join in this informal method of having two of our representa-
tives, the head of our rate division and the head of our trade practices
division, act virtually in the capacity of arbitrators. The idea we
have is to deal with the subject from the purely practical standpoint
and to have the procedure stripped of all technicalities and of all
the legal ref|uirements that lawyers might impose, for the purpose
of getting down to what will l)c a commission rate that will be
acceptable to everybodv ct)nceined, as a purelv practical matter.
We think that that will go a long ways toward getting rid of the
commission rate question in the future when it is worked out, because
one of the conditions of the stipulation that the parties are agreeiiig
to is that the commission men will accept whatever conclusion is
reached as a result of that conference, and that they will put it into
effect without appeal to the courts.

TRAINING OF PERSONNEL.

In building up the kind of organization that we have in the yards,
of course we have had to build almost from the bottom, taking mem
who knew nothing about the packers and stockyards act, but who
were acquainted with ]iractical marketing conditions in the yards.
We have had to train them U]). and. in order to bring about soliilarity
and uniformity in the organization we have a system by which every

500 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

supervisor reports once a week on everj'-thing that he has done,
on every question that has come up in his experience, and either the
disposition he has made of it or the disposition that he wants to make
of it. The reports of those activities have been summarized and fur-
nished to all of the other superivsors once a week, so as to kee]) them
in line with every thing that is going on. During the last two months
we have. summarized and used the reports in the Department that
could be given out to the public without a breach of confidence, or
without starting any trouble with any particular yard. The state-
ments in the monthly summary, of which I have the last one here, are
framed in such a form as to describe just exactly what we are doing
at the yards during the month. I have brought copies of the monthly
summary, because from that you can better visualize what we are
trying to do.

Mr. Anderson. Wlien a question arises as to rates, would the
parties have to come to Washington for a hearing, if the ordinary"
procedure w^ere followed ?

Mr. Morrill. No, sir; we hold the hearing in all cases in the market
where the (juestion arises. We do not hold hearings in Washington
at all. I do not see where that would do anybody any good.

Mr. Anderson. I do not either, and that is the reason I asked the
question.

Mr. Morrill. In other words, we want to get the facts, and the
place at which to get the facts is in the market where the question
arises. You can hold a hearing at the market, and bring in every-
body you need and hear what he has to say, and then send him back
to his work, just as you do here in your hearings. He can remain if
he wants to, but he can go about his business as soon as he has said
what he wants to say. The Government bears the expense of its
own travel, and the market agencies are relieved of that expense.
They get their hearings right on the ground where they have the
evidence and the witnesses. If the hearings develop that they need
something else, they can go out and get it. For example, we held a
hearing in one market recently, and the man who made the complaint
presented a case which seemed very meritorious. It was a thing
that involved a question that was fundamental in the making of rates
in stockvards, but, as a matter of fact, for various reasons the people
who had a like interest decided that maybe it was not the best thing
for all concerned. They had reasons for thinking that it was not
good business. When our people arrived at the yard and found that
condition, they simply went out and got the people who knew the
facts and brought them in and had them make their statements so
that we would be able to decide the case on its merits. We resort to
just as little formality as possible to get along with and keep the
record clear for legal purposes.

Mr. Anderson. I tliinK that is a very sound practice.

COMMISSION RATES.

Mr. Morrill. The amount of the appropriation provided for by
this estimate is precisely the same as we have for this yeai-. There |
is no change in it. If you do not mipd my taking your time, I might
mention one thing that wo are doing, or have (h)ne, in comiection
Avith those commission rates that is of a good deal of interest to us
aiul is going to be of a good deal of interest to the commission men.

1

AC.RirULTURAL APPROPKIATlON BIIJ., lf©4. 50l

Before we know tliat those romplnints wouM he JIIimI, w - -•--...i:rt

to analyze the eonunission nirn's oprrations in five typ

for the purpose of detenninin}; just how they K"^ their revenues aiid

for what purpttscs they expfodrd thrir tnnnrv. havinif in iiiind th««
ohjert of joiiiparin},' th(»s(> (hlfemit markets and utdi/.in^ the infor-
mation in arriving at sound prmeiplen to eover our future rate «|c-
tenninations. What w«> would hke to do woidd f)e to have nonie
fundamental facts that will shorten thf rati* work later on. For that
purpose we s«'le<ted Pit tshurj^h. St. Paul. Omaha. Fort Worth, aufl
Portland. All of them exeept Pittshup^h were su))se<|uentlv hroU::ht
into the «(tmplaints. so that the time was well employe<l w)ien thono
markets were selected.

Now, hy takinj^ the eonilitions at those markets an interestinij eom-
)arison ran he nnuh*. We will take Pittshtir<;h. F'ort Worth, and
*ortland; and, rouiihly spenkini:, they are in one i^roup, while St.
l*aul and Omaha arc in another ^roup. At Piltshur^di there — "»
commissi(ni ajrencies, at Forth Worth 1.'^ and at Portland S. of ,

6 were in continuous operation durini; 1921. At St. Paul there are 31
cominissioiT agoiicies and at Otnaha 54. In looking; over tli<:r
fijjures we find that at Pittshurj^h their averaire net return to llie
owners is 60 per cent of the income, at Fort Worth 0 per cent, at
Portland 37 per cent, at St. Paul 27 per cent, and at Omaha 38 per
cent. Omaha and Portland operate on practically the same pei-
centa^xo. We took the averajre net return to the owners without
rejjard to the percentaf^es. and we have an avera<;e net return in
Pittshurjjh of .?23.nOO, as against only SI6.000 in Omaha an«I SI. <>'•')
in Fort Wc^rth. Now, as a matter of fa^t, in exsinininf; th

we find that Pittsburj^h, for example, accompli.-hed tiiose ne; i

largely by not spending so much money as the others or not spon 11 n,'
so much money in advertising, s')licitation, or anything else har My.
Practically all of the items of expense v ere greatly behnv those of any
other market. Now, of course, all of those things are affected by the
volume of business, and we have not completed our statistical informa-
tion on the volume of business. That is ]>eing worke 1 up nov. so as
to apply those figures to the volume of business. An interesting
thing about that is the wav thev distribute their income when thev

f^et it. Among other things, in the course of this comparison, we will
)e able to show just how the cooperative enterprises working in the
same markets get along as to expense, and as to cost per ear, per heti I.
or per pound, as compared with the old line agencies. In othi r
words, we will probably get something that is fact rather than con-
jecture on those points.

Mr. Anderson. Of course, to really furnish much of a basis for
comparison, I assume that those figures would have to be divided
into volume of business in some way, so as to get at the cost per car,
per head, or per pound.

Mr. Morrill. 1 es, sir; ajul we are taking all three of those things.
We are going to work it out per car, per head, and per poun«l, and
then we are dividing it by species, of course. Then, we are takmg
into consideration just how much money they spend for eacli class
of expense. solicitatit)n, advertising, etc. Some of thetn spend a
great deal more for advertising than others. For instance, in some
markets a fjjreat deal of money is spent for market pai)ers. The
secretary of one exchange told me last winter that many shippers

502 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TION BILL, 1924.

get seven or eight copies of the same market paper from commission
men. Of course, things of that sort ought to be ehminated.

Mr. Anderson. It is not the commission men alone who are doing
that sort of thing.

Mr. Morrill. Of course, we happen to be deahng with that par- j^

ticular problem. I do not contend that that is the only place where j

we will find it.

Mr. Anderson. Will you use the entire appropriation this year?

Mr. Morrill. Yes, sir; it will be used this 3'ear. We did not use
the entire amount last year. We used $174,000 out of the $200,000
provided, but this year, on account of all of these things coming up
at once, and the necessity of employing a great many temporary
people, we will use the whole amount.

PROCEEDINGS TOUCHING THE PRACTICES OF PACKERS. |

Mr. Anderson. Have there been any proceedings begun touching
the practices of packers ?

Mr. Morrill. No, sir; there have been no formal proceedings
except one. There was a proceeding instituted by the Kansas City
Livestock Exchange against Armour & Co. and the Fowler Packing
Co., of Kansas City, on account of the fact that Armour & Co. op-
erated a yard know^n as the Mistletoe yard at Kansas City, not far
from the public yard, where they bought live stock that had been
shipped direct to the Fowler Packing Co. at the Mistletoe yard, and
not passing through the open yard. The operations in the Mistletoe
yard were limited exclusively to hogs, and to persons or shippers
out in the country who were in a position to supply the kind and
quantity of hogs that the FoM-ler Packing Co. needed for its operations.
The Fowler Packing Co. is largely an export slaughtering plant. In
that case, it was complained that the maintenance of those yards
operated as a depressing influence upon the public stockyard, and, j

also, that the yard was, in fact, a public stockyard market and that
it ought to be brought under Title 3 of the packers and stockyards
act.

We held quite lengthy hearings on that matter at Kansas City.
Twelve days were consumed in the presentation of the evidence on
both sides. We found that there was no possibility of the two sides
getting together informally, because there was a question of principle
mvolved, and it was looked upon with a great deal of concern all over
the country as involving the question of whether packers might buy
direct from the country instead of through the public yards. We
fdlmd, in the fii-st place, that the Mistletoe yards were not, in fact,
public stockyards, nut simply receiving yards for shipments sent in
irom the country yards, where the grading, docking, or pricing took
place for the purpose of closing the transactions. The prices at the
Mistletoe yard were based upon the prices of the same day in the
public stockyards market of Kansas Cit}'^ One of the complaints
was that because of tiie fact that the Fowler Packing Co. was owned
exclusively by Ai'mour & Co., and, therefore, was merely a depart-
ment of Armour & Co., the receipt of those hogs in the Mistletoe yard
took that amoimt of hogs out of the pu1)li<' yard and gave the buyers
of Armour & Co. a certain power that they should not possess in the
public yards. There was not any evidence brought forth to sub-
stantiate that. We were unable to find facts in the evidence to

I

Aullll l Kll 1:a1. AI'l'ltorKIATloN HIIJ., 1924. 503

substantiate tlw rontontion that llu> <»p«THtn»HH <.f Armour & Co.,
I)V reason of the operations of the .Misth>t4M> vanl. ileprewed the

market.

On the other hatxl, there \va> a pretty j,'oo(| ar;;iiment, if y«»u want
to theorize on it. that taking that many ho^'s out of the pul»h<- VHriU
ini^'ht possihly he henelicial to the vanls. As a matter t>f fnrl. a
comnarison h<>t\vcen the prices at Kan>as City ami tht.^e at other
markets showed that (hirin«^ a ««m.si«hriihh' part of the tune KunniiH
City was the hi^lier market. We did hnd certain improjH-r |)rartir«'H
in <'»>nne(tion with the Misthloe yard. We found, lor examfih*.
that tlie FowU'r I'ackiii*; Co. was encotira^inj; nomnnipetition he-
tvveen (lilVereiit shippers i)y a system of wlial was jaUed |)rotertuiK
the shipper. In other wonls, if one shipper tried to get into another
shipi)(M's territiuy, he w»»uhl |)rohal)ly h>se liis ri«;ht to ship to the
Mistletoe yard. We also found that there was diserim'; — >n
between shippers with respect t() the feedinj^ of ho;;s in the M m^

yard. Some of the shippers j^ot their ho«;s fed, although the FowU^r
rackinj; Co.'s announced policy was not to fci-d any liogs up<»n
arrival. We ordered tho.se things stoppcil, aiul the order has b«'en
complied with in every respect.

There have been no other formal proceedings against the pack«'rs,
and the other matters that liave come up have been informal. For
instance, there lias been the matter of the butter-fat di.serimination,
and also the matter of the amount of butter placed in butter carton.s.
There was a complaint that a big packer was putting 15 ounces of
butter in an ordinarv pound carton and simf)lv stamping I't ounces
over the pound on the label. There was no dilFerence in the size of
the carton. We ^ot together all of the big packers and repn>senta-
tives of the American Creamery Butter Manufacturers and others on
the question of whether that was a desirabh' business practice. They
agreed that it was not and tiiey stopped it immediately.

Mr. Anderson. Was there any difference in the price of this
15-ounce package and the pound packaged

Mr. MoinuLL. There was not, so far as we could find, liy that 1
mean that while probably the packer sold it at a price slightly less,
so far as we could ascertain, tne retailers might or might not have
sold it for less. The grotlnd of complaint seemed to be that other
people who were trvino; to sell straight pound packages were not able
to make a go of it, and were complaining that it was unfair competi-
tion for somebody else to sell lo-ounce pa(*kages. Not only did they
agree that that particular practice should be stopped, but they agreed
upon the principle of the standard size carton — m other wonls. that
there should be no deviation from the quarter-pound, half-j)ound.antl
pound sizes. Recently I made some inquirv regarding it and I am
unable to find th^it the agreement has been departed from anywh<'re,
although, from our understanding, there were several million pounds
sold previously in that manner. As I have said, we are attempting
to work on the matter of the accounting systems now.

ENFORCEMENT OF TlIE (IR.VIN FUTURES ACT.

Mr. Anderson. The next item is for the enforcement of the grain
futures act.

Mr. Morrill. The giain futures act. as you have it before you,
takes the place of the future trading act of August 24, 1921, the

504 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

I

operation of which was virtually susponded before its effective date.
In May, 1921, the Supreme Court held that that act. which was passed
under the taxing powers of Congress, was unconstitutional as to its
regulatory provisions, leaving in effect the tax on puts and calls and
leaving in effect the section authorizing the .Secretary of Agriculture
to carry on investigational work, without power, however, to compel
members of exchanges to disclose their books or to make reports.
Immediately after that a new bill was introduced in Congress under
the interstate commerce power, based upon the theory that those
transactions on the Chicago and other boards of trade are so closely
inteilockcd with interstate commerce that they are inseparable from
it ill effect and that anything whicli operates adversely upon the
price on a futures exchange — and by "adverse" I do not mean
necessarily downward, but either downward or upward, contrary to
tlie normal operations of the law of supply and demand — would
necessarily operate adversely upon the cash grain business of the
country. Upon that theory the bill was reintroduced and was passed
the bill containing,' as to its substantial provisions, virtually a
repetition of the provisions in the act that was declared to be
unconstitutional.

Mr. Anderson. Did the second act repeal the taxing provision
of the first' act ?

Mr. Morrill. No, sir.

Mr. Anderson. That is still in force ?

Mr. Morrill. Yes, sir. That section of the first act was not ^

affected by the decision of the Supreme Court. That has been
virtually self-operating, because the exchanges have stopped that
practice so far as we know. If they are doing anything of that
kind now, it is under cover. 1

Mr. Anderson. I judge they have, because they are making such
an awful holler about it.

§

CONSTITUTIONALITY OP NEW LAW BEFORE COURTS.

Mr. Morrill. By reason of the similarit}^ of the provisions of the
two laws, outside of the legal question, the same exchanges are sub-
ject to the new law that were subject to the old one. There are 11 of
them — 2 at Chicago, and 1 each at Milwaukee, Duluth, Minne-
apolis, Kansas City, St. Louis, Toledo, Baltimore, Los Angeles, and
San Francisco. Not all of them deal in all kinds of grain, and some
are more limited than others. The Chicago, Milwaukee, Duluth,
Minneapolis, Kansas City, and St. Louis exchanges brought suits
to test the constitutionalit}' of the new law, but all of them have
been suspended in the lower courts now, remaining in their original
status as a temporary stay against the Government, except the
Chicago suit, where, when the question of granting a temporary
restraining onh^r came up before the district court a few weeks ago,
the court on its own motion (Usmissed tlu' bill of complaint of the
Chicago Board of Tijuk', dcnicil the injunction, and granted au
appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, and on Monday
of tiiis week a motion was presented to the Supremo Court to advance
the lieaiing of that case. Tlie Govenunent, oi couise, is very anxious
to C()()])erate in getting it (h'cided ])r()nipt y. The other cases will
await the disposition of the Chicago Board of Trade case.

A(;Ri(ui/rrRAL appropriation ihij^ mm. 505

Mr. Anokuson. Do I uiiiirrMtniul y<ni to say »' •• •■ ^ ^r

as tluMvvclmnp's yoii Imvc rnMiiHTnliMr uilh th»' < '

arc concrrruvl. is iiioponitivo noN\

Mr. MoKini.i.. It !>; inop^'nitivf jii>i now. \\ .• nliii nu
tho Clu<a^'o Hoanl of Trado rns«« whuli pn'-smUul our ; .. ^j....;.;,
for tlio reason tluit wc woro in douht whrtlicr the (i«iv«Tnnwnl roiilH
affonl to admit any of the aIN'pitions in thr Will of f-on)()lHinl UUni
l)V the ('hi<'a^o hoard of 'Prad<\ aiul h('<-ansr tin* ('ln«iii;o I'.. ' f
'1 rndo attempts in its hill <»f complaint to nejjutive tin- nlli
in the act itself as to the nature of the hti.siness. thii.s rni^in^ i
of fact; but annarently tlie rourt at ('hira^;o took the view that it
nii'jht he possil)l(' for the Supreme (Vmrt of the I'nitcd Stnt«-< to take
sufii<ient judicial notice of the facts to pass upon the hill of conipluuit
without a iiearitif;. As a matter of fa<'t, a liearin^ in the lower court,
involviuj]^ tlie takinj; of evidence at every turn, would he n <piite
expensive and (piite ion<^ drawn out matter. Wc have rontinu'>t: '
♦ lurinjj the past year kept a num at (Mncapo and Minneap«»lis. in ai>
ipation either of litijjation or of enforcement of the law, pettrng
to«]^ether all tlu> information that he could «^et n.s to tlie operation <»f
hoth of those hoards of trade, usiti}]; the n'cords of the Hurcau of
Internal Revenue to a c()nsiderahle extent, and thus geltinj; ac-
quainted with the various commission men and otlier traders on the
ex^hano;es, their lines of husincss, tlii-ir sources <»f husiness, the
metho(is tluit they employ in doini^ husincss, etc.

Mr. AxDERSON. To what extent has tiie prohibit ion of puts anti
calls reduced the number of transactions or narrowed the market?

Mr. Morrill. We liav(» no record (^f the lunnher of puts an<l (alt-
hut that does not affect tiie transactions in the pit at all. The put
and call transactions were outside of the pit. I do not see that the
elimination of puts and calls has in any wav narrowed the market,
nor that it has in any way operat^^d to the disadvanta«;e of the
market.

Mr. Anderson. I have recently had a number of men to complain
very bitterly because of the allecjed effect of this act on the market.
But 1 do not see how that could possibly happen.

EFFECT OP ACT OM THE MARKET.

Mr. Morrill. I have some concrete facts on that subject that I
think will answer your (juestion. Or men have been at work j^ettini;
facts, and I think somethinpj can be said about that. Takinji the
Chicago Board of Trade, the total number of bushels of wheat
futures sold during the eight-month period in 1922 — that i.«i. during
the first eij^ht months endintr with Aujrust -were S.OSH. 122,000. as
compared with 7,784,822,000 bushels for the same perio«l in I"''
That is an increase of approximately .^00,000,000 bushels diirinir tl
eight months. ''M'

Now, as a matter of fact, our figures up to date wulicali* th.ii m all
futures — that is, including corn, oats, and other grains there has
been some decrease in the volume of trading up to date this vear as
compared with last year, although the first eight months <li(l not
show any decrease in wheat, but, on the contrary, showed an incrc
We think, however, that that is not due to the law. We think :
that there are a good many things being said about the law by pets -

506 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

who have, perhaps, not read the law at all, and who do not know
what it provides. As a matter of fact, what this law does is to say to
those exchanges. '" You must operate under the supervision of the
Federal Government, and you must see to it that the prices on the
market are not manipulated or controlled, that there are no attempts
to comer the market, that there shall be no dissemination of false
and misleading information about the crop and market conditions,
that vou keep ade(|uate records showing all the facts of transactions,
and that you shall make such reports as the Government may require
from time to time showing how the business is going on, plus a
requirement that you must not discriminate against cooperative
associations of producers solely upon the ground that they are paying
patronage dividends.

I thinlc that is a fair statement of what the law requires, and I do
not know of any reason why anyone should look upon that as an
extreme exercise of governmental power, or as giving power to do
anything that ought not to be done. The gram futures act is a
means by which the Government will be enabled to say what are
the facts as to the amount of business, and how it is conducted on ^

the exchanges, and will be able, if necessary, to formulate a basis
upon which to prepare legislation that will get at the real needs. In
other words, it puts the Government in a position to get the facts.

Last year the case that was brought before the Supreme Court was
taken up in December and decided in May, and this year it is up in
November, and I see no reason why the Supreme Court should not ,

decide it as soon or sooner than it did last year, particularly because
of flie fact that last year it was apparent that the decision was delayed ^

by reason of the child labor decision. j

Mr. Anderson. That would mean, then, that if the decision was ]

favorable to the Government's contention, the enforcement of the ]

act would begin about the time the appropriation for the fiscal year
covered by this estimate would be available ?

APPROPRIATION FOR 1924.

Mr. Morrill. Yes, sir; it should be in full swing by that time.
The estimates presented to you now are precisely the same as those
for this year.

Mr. Anderson. And your plans will be the same?

Mr. Morrill. The same plans will also apply. I see no reason
to alter the plans, because there has been no alteration of the condi-
tions that would require a change of the plans. We are expending
approximately S30,000 tliis 3'ear on investigational work and in
getting up all sorts of information that will be of use, both in con-
nection with tlie Htigation in the Supreme (\)urt and in connection
with giving the work active supervision when that time comes.

Mr. Ma(;ee. Do you expect to spend the appropriation of $103,600
for tiiis fiscal year ?

Mr. Morrill. I drew up the estimates, at the time tlu\y %yere
drawn up, upon the basis that the same estimates would be required jj 1

from the standpoint of giving supervision to the principal markets
and getting up the information that will be necessary from the
investigational standpoint to support the conclusions that the
Secretary of Agriculture might draw from the economic standpoint.

Mr. Maqee. Tiint does not answer my (juestion.

AORKTLTrRAI. AIMln •lui \ i iu.n him., i-r^i, 507

Mr. Andkhsox. f iindrrstcMHl you to Hay that of iU«> appropria-
tion for this year vou (>xp<><tiM| to Hprnil aiNiiit $30. (NN)

Mr. Mouitii.i.. I tlioii^lit yoii wi-rc Hpcakin^ al»oui ihr i*Mtiiiiati><i
for this vj'jir.

Mr. Ma<ikk. No; I nin tiilkin^ ahout thr up|>roi)nation for 1«.»J.{.

^fr. M()i{i{ii.i.. We <>x|MMt to .spend npproxiniHlely $30,(KK) of thai
npj)n>priiili(»n.

.\fr. M.\<iKK. liiif. assuinir)<; that you shouM not p't a rliNiMion hv
th«> Supremo Court rij;ht away on that question, how much woulil
you spend ^

Mr. Mouuii.i.. Of (((Ui-sj' that would drhiv pJittiijj; m the organi-
zation that the estimates eontemphite. We woulil iii»t put in the
orjjanization that the estimates contemplate iinleHs the Supreme
Court should lioM tlu' law to he eonstitutional.

Mr. M.vcKK. ^ ()U couhl hanlly justify the appropriation of anv
amount of money until the eourt rendered its decision. <ould vou?

Mr. Moinni.i.. Oidy in the way we are cloinj; it now, hy putting;
ourselves in a po*;ition to hold our own in the litigation and in
layin*; the hasis for the supervision that may take place ne.\l vear.

Mr. Mac.ke. Supnose the eourt should reiwier its decision l>ofore
the end of this fiscal vear, would vou need this ."<1(K1, ♦)()<) to take care
of tiu^ act for 1924^

Mr. MoiuuLL. Yes, sir.

Mr. Maoee. Suppose you should not get a <lecision (

Mr. MouiuLL. If we should not get a decision, it would he lessoned
l)V the length of time that the decision was delaved.

Mr. Macjke. If the decision were atlverse, you would not nec<l
the money at all ?

Mr. Moinui.L. No, sir. in that case we would not spend the
money at all, because if the decision should he adverse, I am inclined
to think that it wouUl wipe out the whole law. That was not tiio
case in the decision on the other law.

Wedxksuay, Novkmijku 20, 1022.

collection of seed-chain u^ans.

STATEMENT OF MR. LEON M. ESTABROOK. CHAIRMAN SEED
LOAN COMMITTEE, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE.

GENERAL STATEMENT,

Mr. EsTABROOK. Mr. Chairman, continued drought in the North-
west over a series of years caused such financial distress, especially
to the farmers who were unable to make crops, ami who found it
necessarv to mortgage all of their assets, that in the spring of 1021
many of them were without seed or money or credit with which to
buy seed. Congress made an appropriation (»f ?2. ()(>(). ()()() in the spring
of 'l921, and a further appropriation of .$1,.')()(),()()U in the spring i»f
1922, to meet that situation. Of the $2,000,000 available in 1021
there were loaned about .$1,045,708 to l.'?,0:i.") farmers in the States of
Idaho, Montana. North Dakota, and Washington. In the spring of
1922, from the .Sl,.>OU,l)UO appropriated for seed-grain loans, there

508 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRL\TION BILL, 1924.

was loaned about $1,481,787 to 11,968 individual farmers in Idaho,
Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Washington.

Mr. Anderson. What was the maximum loan allowed under that
law?

Mr. EsTABROOK. $300.

Mr. Anderson. In both cases ?

Mr. EsTAHROOK. Yes, sir. Most of the loans were for consider-
ably less than that. The applications were scaled down to make the
money go as far as it would. In the autumn of 1921 an attempt was
made to collect the loans that were made that spring, and again in the
autumn of 1922 we have carried on a most energetic campaign to
collect as many of those loans as possible. Up to November 4,
1922, we had collected of the 1921 loans $822,007, or 42.3 per cent
of the amount loaned in 1921. Up to the same date, namely, No-
vember 4, 1922, we had collected of the amount loaned in the spring
of 1922, $450,662, or 30.4 per cent of the amount loaned in the spring
of 1922. If those figures are totaled it will be found that in 1921 and
1922 we made 25,903 individual loans, amounting to $3,427,494, of
which there has been collected to November 4, 1922, $1,272,666, or
31.1 per cent of the total. That leaves outstanding and unpaid and
yet to be collected $1,123,703 of the 1921 loans, and $1,031,125, of
the 1922 loans, or a total of $2,154,827 for the two years, or 62.9
per cent of the total amount loaned j^et to be collected.

I have here a statement showing the number of loans and the
amount collected in 1921 by States and counties, and a further state-
ment showing the amounts loaned and the collections to November
4, 1922, by States and counties for both yeai"s, with a summary of
all.

Of the $2,000,000 appropriated for seed-grain loans in 1921,
$1,940,002.20 was loaned to farmers, according to this statement,
and $52,464.98 was used for administration expenses in making and
collecting the loans, leaving an unexpended balance of $7,532.82 to
go back into the Treasury. Of the $20,000 available for administra-
tion expenses of the seed-grain loan appropriation for 1922, $19,509.4S
was actually expended; $2.61 remains as a liability, making the total
expense $19,512.09, with an unexpended balance whicli will be
returned to the Treasury of $487.91.

INTEREST ON LOANS.

Mr. Anderson. Do these loans carry any interest?

Mr. EsTABRooK. They carry interest at the rate of 5 per cent.

Mr. Anderson. Have there been any instances in which interest
has been paid '.

Mr. EsTABitooK. There are a good many instances in which in-
terest has been paid. A complete record o\ that is kept in the seed-
grain loan oflicc at (Jrand Forks, N. Dak., but the statement from
that ollice to which 1 referred does not show the interest collected.

Mr. Andkrson. What chance is tiiere of collecting the remainder
of this money, or some ])ortion of it ?

Mr. EsTAMijooK. The collections are coming in at tlie rate of
$15,000 j)er day. At the prrscnt time they are running around
seventy or eighty thousand dollars ])er week. It varies from week
to week. We had ex))ected much larger returns because of the good
croi)s. The North Dakota crops this year were 27 per cent better

AORirULTlTRAI. APPItoPRIATlON HIU^ 1021. 509

than they had Worn for n s4Ti»»8 of years, and ihi- rrri|>H m Montana

were Ix'ttcr (liiiii tlioy have Umti for nian\ n- nrv vm

reasons why the rolU'ctioiis are ronunij in -..».* • '

tlie riinipctUion (»f othiT rn'<litors. Thr rnstcrn m\.

loaned money out there and the hanks, irnplmirnl i-oni|mnH*M. ami

local nicrrliants tliat arc rrr<ht«trs of thrs«. fnrtncrs fi-i-l ji s

is the only ^'ood ( rop yi-ar tht-y havr had for sotnr tinir. nui\ t

is the hest time thry will have t4) e«ille<t on ihnr «h l.ts. Of

the ])orrowrrs havi' thrir ilillieulties. Their crop of wiu>at i> i;;

at rrlativcly low prices, or iironnd SO or s.'> rents prr I ' ' >•

went in heavily on p(»(atoe>, particularly in North i> i

sprini;. and we have hump<'r croj)s of potatoes throughout <1

States. There is very little market for their p«)lat<M«s. The war«^

houses are full, ami tluTe is a car shorta;^e. Thev can ri * h

or storai^e for them, and buyers arc not on the ;;rourHl. Ti jt

interested in those potatoes, and they will not bring 20 cent.s n
bushel. Lots of them will never be sold. Therefore, it is hard for
many of those farinei-s to raise cash, and unfjuestionablv the l«>nj;er
we i)ostpone the collection the more tlillicult it will be to collect.

Mr. AxDEiisoN. If I remember correctly, those loans were made
upon seed-«;rain niortijafji's.

Mr. EsT.\nK(K)K. Tliey were covered by sec«l-grain niortga^es.

Mr. A.NDKKso.N. In every ca.s<' ?

Mr. EsTAnR(K)K. Yes, sir.

Mr. Andkkson. In that event, it wouUl seem that where a man
made a crop sullicient to pay the loan, the m<»nev could be collected

Mr. EsTABRooK. We can enforce tho.se 1022 mortages, because wo
have the 1922 cron to fall back on, and we are pre.ssin«; those very
vitjorouslv. It will be much more diflicult to collect the unpaid

1921 loaiis.

Mr. Anderso.x. Of course, there the security is gone.

Mr. EsTABRooK. Yes, sir. We tried to ^et as many renewal
mort<;a«;es on tlie 1922 crops cov(»rinj; the 1921 loans j\s we could,
but many of the. 1921 hoi-rowel's did not respond, failed to arrange
for the extension of their 1921 loans with a mortgage on their 1922
crop.

Mr. Bi'< HAN.w. How much of the monev loaned in 1921 have vou
collected in 1922 ^

Mr. P2sTABR(K^K. 1 can not give you the e.xact figures. We have
the seed-grain loan oflice at (Irand Forks to telegraph each Monday
morning their collections for the week, and they follow that up
with a written statement. The weekly collections for the week
ending October 14 ran .?31,31G for 1921 seed-grain loans, as com-
pared with -Sf) 1,000 <m 1922 loans, or about half as much for 1921 as
for 1922. For the week ending October 2S there were colUn-ted
practically $27,000 on 1921 loans, and $71,000, or more than twice
as much, on the 1922 loans. For the next week the collections were
$37,000 on L921 loans and $71,000 on 1922 loans. It is amning at
about that rate, or about twice as much is being collectetl on the

1922 loans as on the 1921 loans. Wherever we can. we are applying
any remittances that come in on the 1921 seed-grain loans, with
the idea that we will stand a better chance to n^new the 1922 loans
with security than the 1921 loans.

510 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

i

Mr. Buchanan. A great many of those loans in each year were
made to the same people, were they not?

Mr. EsTABROOK. Some of them were, but it is hard to say just
how many.

Mr. Magee. How was the 1921 crop? 1

Mr. Estabrook. The 1921 crop, as a rule, was a partial crop
failure.

Mr. Magee. What was the percentage ?

Mr. Estabrook. I do not recall just the percentage, but there were
several thousand farmers out there who made no crop at all.

APPROPRIATION ASKED FOR COLLECTIONS OF LO.\N8.

We are asking for an appropriation to continue the work of collec-
tions in the next fiscal year of S20,000. It is a question of just how
vigorously Congress wants the department to press these collections
next year and how much money it will take. We had an emergency
appropriation of S50,000, beginning with Julv of this year, for collec-
tions. Up to June 30, 1923, we have actualliabilities and estimated
liabilities amounting to $37,846.

Mr. Anderson. Out of the S50,000 ?

Mr. Estabrook. Yes, sir.
. Mr. Anderson. This is in addition to the S19,000 you spent?

Mr. Estabrook. Yes, sir. Apparently we will have about SI 2,000
to turn back from the 1923, but S20,000 will not enable us to carry
on as vigorous a campaign next year as we are carrying on this year.
At the present rate of collections we will exceed §1,000,000 in the
next two or three weeks, so that for every dollar we spend in main-
taining a force of field agents up there and in sending out circulars we
get back many dollars in collections.

Mr. Buchanan. Next year you will not have any security what-
ever, will you ?

Mr. Estabrook. We are preparing to renew loans where the bor-
rower can submit satisfactory evidence that he is unable to pay his
loan, and in such cases will take a mortgage on the 1923 crop.

Mr. Buchanan. Will 3"ou renew the mortgages?

Mr. Estabrook. We will extend the loan and take a mortgage on
his 1923 crop.

Mr. Buchanan. So that you will have some security next year to
proceed on ?

Mr. Estabrook. Oh, yes; surely.

Mr. Magee. Provided thev will give security?

Mr. Estabrook. They will not get an extension of their loans
unless they give a mortf^^age on their next year's crop. We are
meeting with this little difliculty: The banks are pressing for pay-
ment and pointing out to the borrowers the fact that the Government
only charges o per cent interest wliilo the}* are paving a very much
higher rate on their other loans, so that it is to their advantage to
payoff their other debts and let the Government indebtedness stand.
Then, too, there are many people who advise the borr()wers to simply
hold buck, saying that it is only a (juestion of time when Congress
will cancel these loans and they will not have to j^ay them.

Mr. Buchanan. It was pretty late when we made that appropria-
tion. Do you know what percentage of the farmers had already neen

A(irU(lJLTl'IL\L Al'I'ItnpKlA/IlOX IlIU^ ISM. 511

supplied with hvvAh at the cxponsp of iMinkir, mh.I !...vi i..... t. ..f {},i^
money went to the hunkers <

Mr. KsTAliuooK. I rould not siiy, liiil rvi-rv ap|»hrati(Ml Wi- rr<«>irr<J
contained u liniinciul showinj^ t(» thr ririrt t • ' .• wim iiniihlc to
buy seed wjis unuhlc to j^rt credit and had ii

FUID.W, DKCEMrtKK 1, I

nF,()Kf;AVi7ATin\ or y,xTV\<ii>\ work.

STATEMENT OF HON. HENRY C. WALLACE. SECRETARY OF

AGRICULTURE.

Mr. Anderson. Gentlemen of the committee, the S«MTetAry of
Agriculture i.s hero thi.^ morninfi:, and I am sure the committee* will
be very i;lad to hear any statement that he cares to make with re»pecl
to the Budget or any items in it.

Secretary Wallace. Mr. Chairman, I have not come with the
thought of takiiijj: uo nuich of your time. 1 gather that vour hear-
ings have been satisuutory with the various people from tlic d ; ••
ment. They have gone into the matters in which they are \>..
larly interested and about which they are well informed with respect
to the details. I will not undertake to go into those nuitters, but
there are one or two sui)jects that I want to mention. The hr^' \^
th(T reorganization of our extension work. I simply wish to say i:
we have not submitted that plan to you without very full considera-
tion of it oui-selves. That is to say, we have not casually looked
over the present organization that we have there and decided that a new
one would make it a lot better, and worked up a scheme from that
standpoint, but we have given time to this plan which is now sub-
mitted, and we arc very much convinced ttiat it will bring about
economv in the way of expenditure. It will not only result in econ-
omy but in very greatly increased efficiency in the administration of
the work. That is really the chief argument for it — the increasetl
efficiency with which the work may be conducted, rather than the
amount of monc}' saved, although there will be some very substantial
savings as the result of that better system of organization.

I am very fully persuaded tiiat that reorg:uiizali«»n plan is a v •
one. You will notice that we are asking for two places with salai .
of $5,000, one for the director of the extension work, and the otl.
for •he chief editorial man. That proposed <lirector of extension
work would correspond to the director t)i scientific work and director
of reguliitorv work, which positions you have already authonzed.
Under tiie close personal ilirection of an efficient nmn, our extension
w^ork can be immensely strengthened. We have had the major
attention of such a man on that W(»rk during the past year. and. as a
result, I think we have made a very substantial improvement in the
administration of the work. That' has been done, however, largely
through the close personal attention given to it by Assistant Socretuiv
Pugslev. Much more could have been accomj)Hshed with tlr- *• -^ of
organization we are now asking, lie IkkI had large exp' •■ in

liJUliS— 22 33

512 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BILL, 1924.

extension work before he came here, and, ui fact, that was one reason
why I was particuhirh- anxious that he should come — that is, because
of nis experience in extension work and pubhcation work as well.
He has given tlie major part of his attention to that Avork. and, as a
result, we have made real progress under the present plan, but it has
been working toward this reorganizetion all the time.

or<f;.\NizATiox of a stkonc pum,n ation seuvice.

\

The other position for which we are asking a salary of So, 000 is
for a man who will be, you might say, a managing editor or editor in
chief of the publication organization. Our work in that respect has
never been as strong as it should be. The salary for that position ^;

has been, as I remember it, but S3, 000, and when you reflect upon ;

the amount of money we are ex])ending and the tremendous im- i

portance of our publication work, the manner in which the publica- f

tions are put up, and the manner in which the material is presented, .^

I think 3'ou wilt agree with me that we really ought to be able to pay I

$20,000 or $25,000, if necessary, to get the right sort of man to do "^

that work. Even at that, he would save us money. I suspect that
if we can get a really capable man for the amount suggested here,
and I think we can, and give him six months or a j'ear in which to .j

get thoroughly acquainted with it, we will be able to make a saving
of from $50,000 to $100,000 a year in our })ublication work. That
would be just my guess from my knowledge of the publishing business.
He will be able to save on what you might call the mechanical side
of the work, but, more than that, he will be able to save in the manner
in which the various publications are presented. He will be able to
save in the matter of pages.

We have made several substantial savings, for example, during
the past year just from understanding the mechanics of the business.
The Printing Office can print most economicallj^ in certain units
of folios, and we found that there had been a great mass of waste
through the sending out of publications that might run over that

fjrofitable unit just one page. In that case, it might be necessary
or them to add three other pages, or, in some other cases, seven
pages, and all because there had not been close cooperation between
the one who prepared tlie manuscript and the man who did tht
actual printing.

Mr. IJucuANAX. That is, in the matter of printing units ?

vSecretary Wallace. Yes; in the matter of the mechanical printing
units, and the editor is the man who should look after that, ^or
instance, we will say, a publication would make 17 pages, but a
competent editor could rean'ange it and cut it down so as to get it
within the unit of 16 pages; or, if it should run 19 pages, he might
print a 20 or 21 page pamphlet as a result of that arrangement.
There is great waste in that respect. There would be a ([uestion
of whether it could be reduced to 10 pages, or, if that could not be
done, how those additional pages could be used to tlie best advantaj^e
so as to get something out of them instead of waste paj)er. It is
inij)ortant that we have a capable man at the head of this editorial
work, andl am verv anxious that this position shall be authorized.
I know that it would be in the interest of economy and of the efficient
conduct (if oui- husiness as well

AdRKHJI/nilAh AIMMSOPHIATIOX lillJ,, IU24. 513

AUTIIORITV TO l^^K Af TOMnMir.KS ON omci VI IllHlvrs^

Tlu'ic is iiiiotluT linn lu wliwli i woulil like to cull \mir . ,n.

I «l() not know wlu'tlici you liiivr ^iv«'n it -;■'•' ••■• •
should like to nu'iil ion it DOW. That is n i

to iis(» live or six jiutoniohih's in the orHinary ron/hirt of th. of

the l)('|)iulin«>nt of A;^Mi(iiIliirr. Inking' them fn.ni

are tuincd ovci- from tin- wjir surphu !<• lh«' I'u;

Yon uncU'istaiul how .scattered our huihlini^s an* hvrr, uni

moans tin* savinrj of tinir, ospccinlly on tho part of our nion* highly

paid men. If W(» luid a half a do/-on <ars in our < ' ■ a

pool, so that if a nnm should want to j^o ovrr to Alex ...^_>«»n,

up liore to tho Capitol, to Bothosda, lioltsvilh". or to any of our out*
lyin}j^ points, ho oould uso one of thoso cars and mako his trip much
moro (juiokly, and in that way savo a p^roat <loal of valtiahic time.

MAXIMUM 8ALAKIKS PAID To SCIKNTIKIC MKN.

In tho inattor of maximum sularios. you ^cntlcmi'ii lit-i \...:
authorizod an inoroaso in tho maximum whioli might \n' paid to
sciontifio mon. I securod this morninp: a memorandum of the uhc we
have mado of tliat autliority, and I liiul that under it wc aro carrviri};
only 6 mon at So.oOO, 18 at" §.'>,()()(). an<l •.> at $t.S()(). From that'yoii
will soo tliat wo have not ahusod tho authorization that vou gave
us. Tho effect of this has boon tromondously helpful. It was notice
to tlio pooplo all down tlu' line that there was an opportunity to ad-
vance up to SG.oOO, as they hocame oualiliod to fill th»»se positions,
and it has contributed in a most helpful way to build up tho morale
of the department. In tlio first place, tlio mere recognition of the
importance of scientific work by the increase of this maximum has
liad a very fine effect on all of our <lo|)artinont people. A lot of them
have felt as if Congress and tho lioads of tho Government depart-
ments had just gone away and forgotten them. A lot of them nave
been giving their lives to scientific work, and tliey look ujxm tlio
action you took last year as a recognition of tiie importance of their
work. Doctor Ball will speak to you more in detail about that. I
want to express my appreciation of your action in regard to thiJ*
salary limit and my acknowlodgoni(>nt of tho helpful effect that it has
been to us.

I think our budget <arries a request to authorize us to incn^ase
slightly the number of places to whicli wo may pay a few of the higher
salaries, and Doctor Ball will sp(\ik to you about that aNo.

WORK OF THE DEPAKTMENT.

On the wlu^le tho dej)artment people during tho past year have,
I believe, done very meritorious work. Wo have not been able t«»
come to you and make reports covering a number of definite things
completed, or as many tilings (•om|)Iete(l as wo would like to report,
but our work is of such a diaractor that wo can n«)t th) that. We
can not go out and at tho end of a calomlar year say that we have
completed so much this year, for much of our work Is of a continuing
character. A man miglit work 1 year, li years, rt years, or 10 veaiN
on st)me agricultural problem befoi'c it ci)mes to tho period of fruition,
but I liave been very much pleased during the past year with the

514 AGRICULTrilAL APPROPPaATlON BILJ., 1924.

manner in which our people have carried on their work. I think we
have expended the money that you crave us last year to good advan-
taoje iiTid to tlie benefit of the country.

I thijik that is all I have to say, uidess y(ju wish to ask me some
questions.

Mr. AxDKRsox. ^fr. Secretary, I would like to ask you one ques-
tion: As you have observed the development of the department and
its relation to agriculture generally, what is your opinion with respect
to the probable necessity of larger appropriaticma to reduce the
hazards to plant life from plant diseases and msect pests ?

INCREASED APPROPRIATIONS.

Secretary Wallace. Gentlemen, I think you had as well make up
your minds now that there will be a necessity for probably steadily
increasmg appropriations for such purposes as the chairman has
mentioned. That is to say, as our population grows and our agricul-
ture becomes more intensive, and as the means and necessity for ] \
communication with the outside world increase, the number of
injurious insect pests and plant diseases will increase right along, and
we are going to nave a constantly increasing fight against both plant
diseases and insect pests. That probably means steadil}^ increasing
appropriations for this purpose, or for eradication and permanent
control measures.

Mr, Buchanan. Is there not a mistake made in the department in
recommending only certain amounts, about as last year, especially
in places where you have educated the public sentiment up to the
point where there is enthusiastic cooperation on the part of the
people in your eradication work? Where such a public sentiment
exists, would it not l)e a better policy to use all the money necessary
while tlie sentiment is good, because then the department could use
its funds much more efficiently in stamping out or eradicating the
insect pest or disease, rather than to continue it from year to year?
If it is continued over a long period of years, will it not cost a great
deal more money? For instance, in the matter of black rust in
wheat, our hearings show that the sentiment is in fine shape to
cooperate with the department in stamping it out.

Secretary Wall^vce. Yes; but that is a little different from other
campaigns, because in that case the eradicati(ui program is clearly
indicated. In other cases it becomes largely a matter of continuing
control, or in effort to clieck or retard the spread of the pest rather
than to eradicate it. In the case of black rust in wheat, we have a
straight eradication program.

]\lr. Buchanan. '^Fhose are the cases of which I am speaking, or
those in which there is a reasonable hope for eradication.

Secretary Wallace. Tiien it becomes a question of how much
money, assuming that you have the money available, can be spent
in a thorougldy efiicient manner. Ti\iit is tlie only question to be
dctennined. there.

Mr. Buchanan. I entirely agree with you.

Mr. Anderson. We are very nuich obliged to you for ctuning up,
Mr. Secretary.

Secretary Wai.i.ack. 1 am ghid that 1 have had the ojjportunity
to come.

ACRICt'LTritAL Al' .M 5

Fuihav. !)».« r .«iw

MAXIMl'M hAI.AIlIK»(.

STATEMENT OF DR. E. D. BALL. Dlirrrrnp nr SCIENTIFIC
WORK, DEPARTMENT OF . :tE.

Mr. ANi>i.K><>\ W t" will i.ii.f w|) ihi' itriu

iclatiw to luuxirmitu .«^iiluri«'s, and tlir cuMiinii

I^ill on tlurt it«^m. Supposo you tell us what ymi hiivi«
this itciii tliis yc^ar and what you prop«)».<' to dii

Doctor li.vi-L. In tho r«)nsi(h'ration of this ilr.n m ii
\vi' ui;iO('d that ono-half of the positions (hat yoii havr jid
should ho xi^vil for laisinjx the sahirio.s of the outstanding; rt->ran'h
MU'n of tho (K'partincnt, ^o tliat wt* wouM h(» nhh- to hohl tl. n

that we ah.sohitrlv must haN c in t)r(h'r to he «'fhcirnt. and ii;. ihr
otluM" half shinihl \w res<»rv«<d for hrin^in;^ in nuMi from thr out'itir f<»r
positions in which wo <lid not havo in tho doi)artnu>nt the loadornhip
that wo do-sirod. As tho Soorotary has tolii you, up to tl«o prosi-nl
timo wo havo not used any of tho $(),">()() maximum positinr\>, Ix • •• ■•
wo liavo not boon ahh' to (iiul tho mon wlio had I ho <juahly «»f I. .
sliip on tho outsi(h' who woro willing; to como into the doparlnient
for .?(),50().

I do not moan to say that wo will not <;ot tho^o mon. hu;

lindinii; it exooodingly difhoult to indui'o ni«>n to ot>mo to tho depart-
ment won at $<),50(), and tho same thini; is true of the S"). .'»()() posi-
tions. The men whom wo havo oonsidoro«l that wo oouM ofTer
§/)..")()() to havo found it vor\ dillioidt to make up their minds to ( .m.'
to the department at that salary. 'V\\o reasons for thit are t
Fiist, tlicit the salaiy standards of tho J)o|)artmi'nt of A«;ri<'ulturo are
not yet oomparahlo with tho salary standards of tho odu<'ati<»n.d
institutions from whi<'h wo must draxs those mon -that is. from lh«'
loading univei-sities and a^^rioultural schools. In the .second pi««i\
tho retirement privileo^os in the Goveniment service are not in ar.y
way oomparahlo with the retirement privileges of tho avera.' '••
tional institutions. Tlio maximum retirement pay of a -
niun in the Department of Agriculture at this time is S7l20 a yea! .
wliilo tho average retirement pay for a professor in an institution is
about one-half of his salary th.it is. it i< sometimes inio-iialf of his
salary at the time ho is retired, atul it is s(>motimes one-fourth of the
sum of his s»Uary at the beginning of his professoi"ship an«l at the end.
In any event, it is much higher than tho retirement p.-iy in tho
department.

In oflering those advanced p(>siti(ms to men on the outside, they
must, of course, be men of relative maturity, bocau.se they must havo
already developed h'adership. That means that they h 'eady

acquired a considerable interest in the retircnu-nt |i- .. ^^ It
means, in other words, that it will not bo long before they will bo
able to utilize the retirement privilege which begins in the m>titution
usually at GO and sometimes at ()"» yoais of age. while the (lovernmont
service with our smaller retirement pay. it does n«)t begin untd 70
veai-s of lige. Tho thini factor, and it has been the detormininjj
Victor in several cjvs(»s, has been that when they come to Washington

510

AGRICULTURAL. APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

to investigate the cost ol living they decide to stay where they are.
I want to put this before you smiply so you can understand the prob-
lem we are facing. If the Department of Agriculture is to use
efficiently and economically the money that is appropriated, we must
have men of vision, men of ability, and leaders in their lines to caiTv
on the work: so that this one little item here on this last page is
more important from the standpoint of the future work of the depart-
ment than much that precedes it. T hope and anticipate that that
situation will be finally relieved by the reclassification system, but
the Department of Agriculture can not afford to simply mark time
until sucli time as the reclassification becomes available to us.

Mr. Magee. Does the reclassification bill take care of it?

Doctor Ball. The reclassification bill, of course, would abolish this
legislation.

Mr. Magee. Will it give you sufficient salaries to get the men
whom you have in mind?

Doctor Ball. That, of course, I can not say, because the reclassi-
fication bill has not been formulated yet.

Mr. Magee. But there is a reclassification bill pending, is there not?

Doctor Ball. It is pending, but with three changes in salaries, so
tliat none of us have any idea what the provision will be.

]\fr. Magee. How do the salaries there compare with the salaries
provided in this section of the bill ?

Doctor Ball. As reported out of the Senate committee and under
the consideiation of the Appropriations Committee of the Senate at
this time the salaries would be very helpful to the department. I
thmk they would reasonably meet the situation.

Mr. Magee. How do they compare m particular instances with
these salaries ?

Doctor Ball. They are very much better than these, because j'^ou
have here a limitation of So, 000, and in the present bill there are
only 1 1 positions above that.

Mr. Macjee. Wliat is the maximum?

Doctor Ball. SO, 500.

Mr. Magee. I mean iii the bill.

Doctor Ball. I can not tell you exactly. It is above S6,500.
probably above .$7,000 as a maximum for scientific workers, and
approximately S8,00{) for administrative heads. They recognize
administrative heads above scientific work.

Mr. Anderson. The Secretary made a statement in regard to the
number of places that had been used. Have j^ou those figures?

Doctor Ball. I Jiave them in detail. The Secretary had them
summarized, and 1 will put the summarv in the record.

i?

$6,500

$5,.r0O

$5,000

$4,800

niirc&ii of Aninml Industry

1
•)

2

1
6
4

1
•2
•>

2
1

2

Hun-aii of Plant Industry

o

Hurcjin of Ai;riciiltnral Kcononiics

0

Korcsl SiT\ icf

5

Huniiii of ('hcmislrv

1

0

Hurcuu of Kntoniologv '......'...

0

HiiDiiii of I'lililic lionds

0

Total niidiT liniip fiiiii|>

Nono.

6

10

9

\

I

A(iliici'LTn:AL AiMMioiMtiATrnv f.tf I i-'; r»17

We art' iiskiuj^ for wlmt wo coiiHidor to \w u vrry iii<><lt>rulo iiirrraJM'

ill the mmihcr of tlirsr positions, with tin- i«l«'ii timt if ' '

ivcoj^iiition by ('oii;;rcss us tlio uctuul numhrr of po i

!)(> liclpfiil (o us nt this tiiuf. It is not llu* oxart niiiuhcr of >
places, l)('<aius(> with ;{.()()() scientific w«»rk«Ts tin* %(\jAHi iAm'oh lio
not mean much in themselves, hut it is the re<-o;;nition of the fnrl
hy thos(» in charj^e that those places are neetleil tin<i (hut tfi.v iir.«
re(|uinMl. Thnt is more important. We have not liUeil
§(■».')()() place, hut those $(),.')()() places imve slren)4t!iene«| thr work of
the Department of A<;ricullure tremendously, hecuuse th<- ' ■ •• hei»n
to tlie scientilic people of tlu> country, as the Secn'tjiry h 1 you,

an indication that scientific work is being n'cognized and that tlioro
may he hoj)e in the future that tlu> pay of scientilic workrrs in ihi*
department will a>;ain he put on a l(»vel with that of scienidi«- w«»rkerH
in other institutions. The scientific workers of the (h'partment <if
Ai^riculture were paid ei^ually witli the scientific workers in the lead-
ing educational institutions If) years aj^o. The departnicnt, until
last vear. had had no raises durinj^ all of the period in ul.i.l. ii...
mendous advances had been made in other lines.

They were j^etting seriously di.sct)ura«^cd, and to the p(»int where
we could not attract from the institutions even the youn<; men at
very much hij^lier salaries than we were justified in payinj^ tt» men of
that character, because there was no future. To illustrate: We had
a maximum of $4.r)00 uj) until last July. We ofTered five well
trained and thorou<;hly i|ualilied youn;; men SI. .')()() last year to enter
the service of the department and take the leadership in dilferent
lines, but every one of those men refused to accept such a position
because S1..')00 was the maximum and there was no future for them.
They would rather stay in an institution at .S;i. .")()(), in which there
was an opportunity to work up to S-SOOO or SIO. ()()(). However, this
year a number of those same men have accepted those positions at
the same salary simj)ly because tlie Government had at least indi-
cated that there would be an oj)portunity, in the future for them.
The result of this work has been to help us materially in "^ettinj; gooti
material to start in the lower places and that, as you recognize, is
what will determine the success or failure of the work of the T)epnrt-
ment of Ajjricultuie in 10 or 20 ye!!r< fr<>ni n<>\v.

(OMPAHI.SON OF SAl.AKIES WITH Ol TSJDK I.NSTITLTIOXS.

During the war period we have hopelessly failed to get the right
type of men to enter our service, and this salary in( rease hius l>een of
great benefit in this respect. The small addition we are asking is
not at all what is necessary to meet the situation but will simply be
an indication of the sentiment and will be helpful to us. I ^ave vou
last year compari>.ons with a gootl many of the eilm-atiomil institu-
tions. I do not think it is necessary to repeat them except to say
that in the leading educational institutions, the endowed institutions
and State universities, the average salary of pnife.^sors is about $1,500
above what we can pay in the Department of Agriculture.

Mr. Anderson. What is that averaged

Doctor Ball. The average salaiv (

Mr. Andkksox. Yes.

Doctor Ball. About So, 500, and we only have eight j>o>itions. you
see, at that. That average is mnde up of salaries that run from

i

1t

518 AGRICULTURAL APPnOPRIATION BILL, 1924.

$4,000 to SI 0,000. Now, averages are deceptive, because it is not
the average man who leads the work, it is the exceptional man, and
all of these institutions have maximum salaries which are up to
$7,500, $8,000, and $10,000, and they arc therebj^ enabled to hold the
exceptional men by using those maximums.

During this year we have lost a number of our strongest men to 1 \
other governments and to other institutions. On the 1st of January '

one of our strong scientific men is going out as the dean of one of
the agricultural schools. That is good. We want to have the Depart-
ment of Agriculture workers change back and forth with the State
institutions; it should be so. But we want to be in a position to
take them the other way. We offered the dean of a college a posi-
tion with the department, but we could not get him; we simply can |
not get the leadership we want under the conditions that exist. '

We have no hope of getting a man who holds the position of dean in
an institution, and yet those institutions are in a position to offer
positions to our men. Five or six of our men have had an oppor-
tunity to accept deanships, but the fact that recognition was made
of the possibilities and opportunities in scientific work in the depart-
ment this year probablv saved all but one of those men from accept-
ing the ofi'ers, while if our maximum had ramained at $4,500 we
would have lost several of those men. %

Mr. Wason. Do you not think that if we made the salaries in your S

department comparable with the salaries of the large endowed i

institutions of the country you would still find the same embarassing
situation of being unable to draw leaders from those institutions
that 3'^ou find now ?

Doctor Ball. We would have diflTiculty, but we would be able to
draw leadership from those institutions not quite as favorably
located as to salaries. There is a wonderful opportunity for a man
in taking charge of a great national project, but that does not make
up for inability to keep his family m decency and comfort. If we
could pay enough so that a m.an could live in Washington comfort-
ably, just reasonably comfortable, the same way he can live in these
other places, I would have no fear of our inability to get that leader-
ship, but we must reach that point. We do not need to bid against
commercial salaries and that would not bo ne'cessary. Then, some
day we must consider the question of better retirement privileges
for scientific men.

The present retirement act, as j^ou understand, is entirely based
on the great body of clerks; it was not intended especially to cover
scientific men. It is fairly adequate for the average salaries of the
clerical force, but it is absolutely inadequate as to scientific men, so
that the first need is a gooil salary and then good retirement privi-
leges. Wlien that day comes, the Government will have no trouble
in holding leadership. I hope that the day will come when men will
be moving back and forth freely between colleges, universities, and
the Department of Agriculture, ])ut we must have the day come when
it is not all a movement out and not a movement in.

Mr. BuciiAXAX. JIave you any ick'a as to how many scientific
investigators you have in the department?

Doctor Ball. We have ajiproximately 3,740; at least, that is the
estimate made a year ago. On that same basis of figuring, all the
other Government departments together luive about 3,200.

AiiiMct'bTlKAi, Ai'iMtoi»uiAiMi.> laia^ i-^:*. 610

iNCRKASKi* Arrnoi'KiATioNs rem krahh'atiov uohk

I I' r>t M 11 1 C 1|

t ro-

Voiir <"linir(iuili ask«Ml a <|ii
cronsin«:i: ju)i)r()|)ri.ili<)ns for pests mul <li- i

whiit the Srrrrtnrv sa'ul in iT{janl to th«» opportunity of c\
these ovcrhends tlinf nrr now uttiiekinj,' n^'riniltiin-. n-
that Tin(|uosliorial>ly will he hrou^lit into lliis eoiinti'
tlu' ciroits wp nuikr in tho fnturo. It sh«»nM also he
while yon arc considerinp thoso thinpi, that that money ia wonder-
fully \M'II rxprtidcd and that while it is a splendid irr

appropriations must not he nnide at the expense of th .,..

of the denartnu'tit. which makes such thinp< ns that po-sihie .
future. Vour harherry eradi<'ation, which was referred t<», hnn Iktii
a woiKJeiful example of what a small amount of ip '

rcseanh has l)e('n ahle to accoinphsh in the wav of < ..
reHr>f to the agricultural people, nut the whole )iar!)erry e
eampaiijn could not p()ssd)ly have heen undertaken unles
searcli had heen earned on. So practically every eradi * un-

nai<:^n is tlie residt of research that must he earned on ; .nd.

Then wlien it comes to a point where yon can eradicate a. pest or n
(lisease, the people arc readj' to support tlie method pre

Take tuhercidosis eradication. Tliey are putting: uj* >•• "nO.fXX)
and SS, 000, 000 at this time for tuberculosis eradication without as
much effort on the part of our department or of your committee as
there was to get ?2(),00() to investigate the possil)ility of tuhereulosis
eradication some seven years ago.

So 1 want to emphasize at this time that this is a ven*' mu<*h reduced
budget, reduced as compared with last year and verv much re<luccd
as compared to the growth of work in agri<ulture in the Nation — that
is, every 3ear aCTicultural production is increasing; it is increasing in
complexity, and it is increasing fi*()m the standpoint that each addi-
tional law passed by Confess looking toward the relief of agricul-
tural conditions has placed added duties on the department, so that
at tile same time the budget of the department is increased it is
increased by the addition of new duties much more largely than it
has been bv an increase of work in connection with the hues already
being carried on. So in this budget we have tried all the way
through, by as much reorganization as possible, to emphasize the
research feature, to hand over to the States the demonstration and
extension work and to keep that which is absolutely essential f<»r
national development in the way of maintenance of n'«;cairch intact.
While this does not represent a l)ud<;;et comparable with the develop-
ment of agriculture us a whole or the complexity- of agriculture as a
whole, it does represent what the conditions at this time warrant.
I think that is all 1 have* to say.

Mr. Lee. You ha^ e discovered that the barberry is not the only
source of rust, have you not i

Doctor Ball. No: it is just the contrary. Tiiey iiave alway> he-
lieved, up until within the last 10 yeai-s, that while the rust went from
the wheat to the barberry and back to the wheat that it aJso lived
over the winter and was able to go right from the wheat to the wheal,
so that the barberry was not necessary. The fundament id discovery
which was made was that in the northern part of this country, from
Kentucky and Kansas north, in the great wheat-growing region, this

520 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1921.

II

Friday, Decemuer 1, 1922.

new ibeklv (la.) experimental station.

STATEMENT OF HON. W, P. MARTIN, A REPRESENTATIVE IN
CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF LOUISIANA.

Mr. Anderson, 'Vho coininittoo will return to page 'M7, the item
relatinoj to experiments and demonst rat ions in live-stock produetion
in the eane-sujj;ar and cotton districts of the United States, for the
piirj)()se of liearin<^ Senator Kansdell and r^onjj^ressman Martin, in
whose (hstrict, I assume, this station is loeaTed.

Mr. Martin. Yes.

ii

pest was not able to live over the winter and infect the gi'owing wheat
except as it went through the barberry.

Mr. Lee. Then if you destroy all the barl)erries you think you will
have no more rust '(

Doctor Ball. If we destroy absolutely all of the barberries in the
northern region, then all of the rust they could liaAC in the northern
wheat-growmg section would be what blew up from the southern
region, where it can live over the winter.

Mr. Lee. There was something said here last year to the effect that
some other growth or host plant caused the rust.

Doctor Ball. That is in the South. The funny thing is that in the
South the barberries do not carry the rust because, you see, it lives
over on the wheat and does not ordinarily form the stage that goes
to the barbemes. So that in the Sijuth the barbemes are not the ,||

carriers, but in the North they are the only carriers of rust. That is *

something which was not known before and it is the revei'se of what
was taught us in the beginning.

Mr. Buchanan. A gentleman appeared before us who had been
sent to Europe to study this condition; he made a very thorough
investigation, as the result of which it was demonstrated that in tne
colder climates the rust is carried only through the barberries.

Mr. Lee. I was in doubt about that because there was something
in the hearings last year to the effect that they thought they had
discovered some other plant.

Doctor Ball. All of us thought that, but it has now been demon- i

strated that the barberry is the only carrier in the northern section 4

of the country. There are hundreds of other opportunities to take
from agriculture overheads it is now carrying, liKe the rust, as soon
as our scientific work is carried to the point where we feel sure we
have the method necessary and the money necessary. We are hoping
to be able to obtain money very soon to make a test of the possibility
of getting those warbles out of the backs of cattle. There is no
question but what it would not cost much more to take those warbles
out of the backs of cattle than is represented in the damage they do
in one year, and if we expended that amount of mone\' for two years,
or possibly three years, we would be rid of that pest forever. That
is only one of a large number of plant diseases and insect pests which,
when the time becomes ripe, we will be willing to say we will under-
take to eliminate.

.■♦

■>

I

AORICULTrRAI. APIMK iFMtlATIf > V nir i I. i 52 J

Mr. AsuKKSON. \Vr will U- ;;lu.l to lu«ar vi»ii, Mr. Mnrliii.

Mr. MvuTiN. Mr. Clminmiri. I want to t'' ' ' i,,

opportunity to Jmvr this liearm^^ at tins i i

that unless I was thorotijrhly <*oin inr«'<l that it uo»il.l !>«. ,
discoiitinin' this stock farm in [..ouisiana. I woiijcl not n«*k for ihw
ln'ariii};. I am entirely eonsri«>ntioi!s in the ?: r

I want to state that since this matter en, _. last vr ir I Khv^

instituto<l a thorou«;h inveslioration as to the work that k*

hy (his station and I think it would ho a rnlnmity to tin* riiiirr <»ulf
coast if this station were discontinued.

You jrentlemen, of rourso, are familiar with the history- of it. li
was eatal)lished in !<»14, at the time the rnderwood hiU'waM pajM«d
and suirar was put unon tlu' free list, it was thou;rht at t" nt*

that our peo[)lc would have to po into hom(>thini; i'l.s«' ! • ir

raisin«; of su«;ar cane. At that time hundreds of our |. at

into tlio business of cattle raisinj; and they have continued in it erer
since. Some of them are raisin}^ cattle alone and an* n<»t cti^raj^ed in
any other husiness: others are raisin;; cattle in connection willi the
cano industry, utilizing the highhnuls for the raisinj; of cane and iho
lowlands for the raising of cattle. My invwtifjation showed m«»
that since 1".)14 between 10 and lA dairies have been established in
that section of the country.

Mr. Andkuson. Do you mean creameries^

Mr. M.vuTiN. X(»; dairies for tlie juirpose of ship|)mp nulk and
butter. J5y that I do not nn'an that people luiv«» S or 10 cows and
utilize their surplus for the purpose of supplying the markets in the
neifjhborinor towns, etc., but I mean genuine dairies whid^ have
been erected at a cost of thousands of dollai"s. under tlie supervision
of the boartl of health of the State of Louisiana. Many of the build-
ings are made of concrete and they have from 'ioO to 300 cows.
Their butter and cream are shipped to Houston, to Galveston, and
to New Orleans, those places being the markets for them. In ad<li-
tion to that there are from oOO to 1.000 people directly inten^sted in
tbe raising of cattle. I want to state that last year, at the time
the discontinuance of this farm was threatened, there was a mass
meeting called in that section and they pass(Ml a set vf < ' is.

That mass meetin^r. I want to sav, wa< titt.Mideil In ."oo ' nl

they passed the following resolutions:

NSTioreas the Xationsvl ConsTess at \Vai»hinpt<.»n. Iwinp ini|>rcfMHl with the im'

forwcuriiisrexjH>rlmental ijata on the livf'-sfock iiuhistrv ill

tt>rriton- of the South. estal)Ii.<hetl. .-joine six yc.irs a'_'i>. lui '^

.^0() acres of huid donateil for that imn^o'*'* ''>' the State of I

Bayou Teche. between Jcanerette an<l New Iberia; an<i sim. ....

fix years of its oixration. has put uj> a scricH of buil'liiiir' for |»r< >n

investitrafions in oeef cattle, cjairyinu'. ho'_' raisinira- ' ' ' >n

of mulef!. u.-'iim in tliis work lomije rroj>t' an-l the by ; n;

and

Whereas these experiments are now well under way for !»<•. nrjn- tin- m. *.t \aIiiaM»'
data for the cane, riee, and cotton Bection of the South: Th

Rcxnlird, That we expre.'»f< t" the Federal ('i)nt:re.xs our anpr.'. la; i v

that has leeu rendered in makini: this< work a fiu< .-ss. and that w.> 'ir

veryjjreat h »pee for .s.-rurint: re.-<ults tliruuj;h thi.-< work that w «e

to the iHjople of the South. The results of cxperiment.H iii 't

pasture crops, silage, and f<»ra£:o that ran be most pn'titaldy u.^1 i n the

rabinw of hi'jjs and steers, has rreated a jrreat interest in this w ■■' •»!

l>eople who have seen the results*. There is no data at this time < i»t

which is now being secured l>y the Iberia Live Sto«k Kx|H>rimenf tarui lu tsUiiiJih-

522 AUllUULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1!*24.

ing the feeding value of the by-producta of rice, sugar cane, and cott<>n in the pro-
duction of live stock and live-stock products: therefore he it further

Resolved. That we earnestly request our Representatives in Congress U> urge upon
that body the necessity for placing the Iberia Live Stock Exj^eriiuent Farm on a basis
that will insure a continuation of these investigations for at least several years to c<>me

These resolutions were passed too late last year, Mr. Chnirman,
for me to present them to the committee.

Now, fjontlemen, 1 want to call your attention to some of the
work that this farm is doincj. I have in my hand the livestock
'Reporter that is printed at Fort Worth, Tex., and I want to read
this to you for the purpose of shoNving that Texas is directly inter-
ested in the maintenance of this farm. It is the only stock farm
on the Gulf coast; they are making studies in ot«her portions of the
country but there is no other farm of this kind on the Gulf coast.

TEXAS .STEEHS, FINISHED IN LOUISIANA, THEN SOLD HERE, MAKE BIC. KETCRN.

Iberia Experiment Station sslls two cars of cattle on this market at .|8.7.5. Louisiana
offers good field for cattle business.

Two cars of fed steers from the Iberia Experiment Station at Jeauerette. La.,
finished for the purpose of determining the food value of «liffercnl rations an<l also |

to afford a comparison in gains between native Louisiana cattle and those of better
breeding from other States, were sold on the Fort Worth market late Saturday at
•^8.75, a new top for the year.

Mr. Anderson. Wliat is the date of that paper ?

Mr. Martix. The date of the paper is Monday, May 1, 1922.

The steers averaged 962 pounds and were purchased by Swift A Co. All were de-
horned.

J. R? Quisenberry, live-stock specialist in charge, who accompanied the shipment
to market, explained that one car consisted of Hereford cattle purchsTd last spring
from the Scharl)aiier Cattle Co.. of Miflland, and the other load wa^ made un of native
Louisiana steers produced from grade cows bred by Hereford bulls.

Results of the experiment were favoral)le to the native Louisiana cattle. At (he
completion of the test they outweighed the Texa;? steers, and they made faster gains il

both when on grass and when on feed. However, the Texas-raised cattle made j|

splendid advancement, regardless of the fact that they were taken to strange pastures '

where conditions were much changed, the country being low and marshy, and their
performance was most creditable as well as profitable. The experiment tends to show
that Texas cattle are well adapted to the Louisiana climate, and, when properly
handled, will make gains similar to those of the native Louisiana steers. After all
expenses had been figured, freight charges from Midland to Jeanerette and then l^ack
to the Fort Worth market included, the Texas steers produced a profit of around !f4
per head.

That was the result obtained from steers shipped to the Fort Worth
market after having been fattened on this farm. [ want to state iu
(connection with this, that during this same year they had something
of a drought in Texas and hundreds of cattle were shipped to the low
lands of Louisiana and put on what is known as paye Finne hay,
wliich grows wild iu the lowlands. They were all taken to Louisiana,
fattened there and sold on the market at a good prolit.

In connection with that I want to tell you about some otlier- work
that is beinj; done there. The sugar farms of Louisiana are cultivati^d
almost entirely by what is known as the Kentucky and Missouri
mule. I do not know whether jmju know them or not but they are
vciy large nudes, unci it takes a very large mide to break up the stitf
land where cane, corn, and cotton are grown. The price of tluxso
mules runs from $2.'')0 to $800 apiece, so that this farm has been ex-
|)erinienting in the raising of nudes and they have found that just as
line intdes can l)e raised ii> thai section, just ais large and give just as

AGIUCULTUIIAI. AI'PllOI'RIATIOX nilJ., IVU. 58$

jijoiul n-sults. as run Im» raised in Kcntiirky aiui Nfi*cs(iiin. Ifrrr- i/n
picturo of one of thr mulo ntlts and n ••oupic of miili-H pn
};rown. Those were rai><«Ml upon tluit fnnii.

In addition to that, Mr. Chairnian, thry havi* mnrff^ ; '

raisiii'^ hoj^s. Heretofore we thouj^ht that th»' ordv \'. i

raise no^s in tho South and in I.ouisiana was by feedit » corn:

that was rather expensivr. hccauso nu»st <»f the •

utilized for the purj)ose of fcMMhng the nud«».s, nnt\ v.

raise enon<^li corn on n wupir farm to feed the niulrs. W
one-third of a phmtation is j)hir)ted in eorn and tw«»-thirdH in eji
but that ono-tliird will not feed thr rnnles. It takrn frc.m Hi f.. jd
niulos to cultivate 100 a<Tos. Tiiey frcd all of tlu! corn rai-^ed l>tf<.r>'
the end of the your and then have to buy some feed of H<»me ki '
It is usually a mixed feed; they mix tlie feed and titili/.c their '
nroduet of hlackstrai) for the j)ur[)(»;e of mixin;^ it with thr f
i^ut they have found (hat wo <-an raiso plenty of hoj^s by utili/
the by-products of rico and fora<je an<l not using any eorn at all.
This picture shows soTn(* of the hoj^ that luive been raised on that
farm in that way and, «;entlemen, you <an see the condition they arc
in.

Now, Mr. Chairman, I want to direct your attention to tho wav
in which the results of the experiments on this farm arc dissomitiutcd
amiwii; tiie farmers. It is done in two ways. In the first pla< «>,
about twice a year they hold what they call a field day: people from
all over that section gather on that farm and the superintendent
of this farm and Doctor Dodson, who is a memlxM' of the commi'
appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture to help run the fa;.;..
exhibit the rattle, give lectures to the farmers, and tell them <»f the
results of the* experiments. In addition to that the State of Louisiana,
through its experimental station, jiuts out a bulletin two or three
times a year givin<j the results of all of the experiments as to the
feeding and the raising of cattle that have been conducted on Ibis
farm, and the.se bulletins are generally distribute<l throughout the
cattle-raising section. Besides that tlicy have bovs' clubs that are
interested in the raising of cattle and pigs; they bring them down to
the farm and lecture to them. Here is a picture of one of the boys'
clubs on that farm. Here are some more of the cattle that are on it.

Now, Mr. Chairman, I want to make this statement: When T ^ I

that the Department of Agriculture had recommended the
tinuance of this farm Senator Brou.ssard, Senator Kansdell.and myself
went to see the Secretary of Agiiculture, Do<'tor Mohler, and Doctoi
Taylor, to find out whetlier they had made such a recommendation.
Every one of these gentlemen said most positively they had not;
that thev had included in their recommendations the experimental
farm at Iberia and that they were stronglv in favor of its co-

that it had done good work, but they said that when they \\i .. .-

the Bureau of the Budget they were told tliey had to cut down certain
items. Among those they had to cut down was the ap{)ropriation
for the cattle tick and the appropriation for hog ch(»ler!i: then they
were told that tliey had to cut down certain of these experimental
farms, and they said thev recommended the discontinuance, I be-
lieve, of two, one in Oklahoma and the farm at New Iberia, for the
reason that the financial returns of these farms were not equal to
those of otlier faiins in tho couiitrv.

.

524 AGRICULTURAL APPR(3PRL\TI0N BILL, 1924.

Now, 1 want to state that so far as the New Iberia farm is con-
cerned the returns have averaged between S7.000 and S20,000; the
average, I should say, was between SIS.OOO and $14,000 from that
farm, and I think \-ou will find that in 1922 there was an appreciable
increase in the returns, so that this amount must be taken from any
appropriation that is made by the conunittee because that amount
is returned to the Treasury. But, Mr. Chairman, the good tliat that
farm is doing in that section of the country is certainly worth more
than .?20,000 or S2o,000 to this country. I think if 3-ou could see
the interest the people in that section are taking in stock farming
and the great number that have gone into the cattle business — and 1
have stated that there are between 500 and 1,000 actually engtxged
in the business — and the dairies that have sprung up all over the
country, I do not think you gentlemen would entertain for a minute
any suggestion of its discontinuance.

Now, Mr. Chairman, if there are any questions that you gentlemen
desire to ask in regard to the operation of tliis farm I a^tII be very
glad indeed to answer them.

Mr. Andersox. I have the impression that the people not only
in Louisiana but tlu-oughout the coastal plains area of the South
ought to have considerable help with their stock problems, but along
with that, so far as this particular station is concerned, I have the
impression that the station is not well located.

Mr. Martix. Well, I know how jou got that impression, because
you were kind enough to tell me last year, but I want to state that
that is a mistake. To begin with, I want to describe to you the
country down there. This is located on Bayou Teche. Our country
is all alluvial. The highest point there is not 10 feet above sea level.

Senator Raxsdell. He means land that has been made b}' the
overflows of the Mississippi River.

Mr. Martix. Allien you begin at the Teche the land is rather high;
then it begins to slope back and reaches what is known as the swamp.
The front portion of that land will grow anj^thing in the way of corn,
hay, oats, alfalfa and clover. jj

Mr. Magee. Is it black soil ?

Mr. ALvimx. No; that is sandy soil; but when you go back you
gradually get to the black soil that is subject to overflows. That soil
grows a hay which, in food value, is way beyond eitlire alfalfa or I
clover. It is a hay known as pave Finne. It grows in abundance '
where the soil is damp; it grows wild down there but it can be trans-
planted. You can dig it up by the roots, transplant it, and it will
grow ver}^ well in other places.

Mr. Lee. Is it anything like Bermuda grass ?

Mr. Martlv. No; it is not. Tlie cattle will go up to their stomachs
in mud to eat this paye Finne hay and get fat on it in the winter.
Vou do not have to feed them when they eat paye Finne hay; you
do nol liave to feed them anything at all but let them feed on this
paye Finne hay, because it grows as well in the winter as in the
suuwner.

Senator Ka.vsdell. Tell them about the factories which are making
paye Finne feed.

Mr. Makti.n. We have two factories down there which, since this
experimental station has established the value of tliis paye Finne
hay, are manufacturing a mi.xed feed the base of which is paye

'P!

AtiKK lI.rrilAI, AI'PIIOPKIATIOX BIIJ,, IW4. 526

Kinno hay. iind tliosc fiithn ii> mr si-llm;^ it nil ■.

Thoy mv usinj; this jmyi' I'^iimr- hn\ ; Uh'\ hic iihih;; ii ..; . .,.;

great deal of hhu-kstrap iiml thoy nrv inakiii»» n iiiix«m| f«»*Hl

of those thitif^'s and are scllin;^' il nil ovrr tin* roimlry for diiii h

and it is hnn<; vrry t'X(«'iisiv(>lv uso<l. So it Hcnt' • m

nothing' to the arj^umrnt whirh the ApH-iilliiral I' , ■ ■*

forward with n'j^ard to the htnd hi-inj; loo low. \V»» ran i
lliinjjj else on tlu' hi;^hlands. Imt thr lowlands ar< 1

to cattle frcding, and all of thosr cntlh' I spokr -i „-, ., n

Fort Worth. Tex., hroiight tlu-rr and fattmrd np and
were turned out on this paye Kinne ha\

Mr. M.vciF.K. Did yon say how nwiny acnvN thrrr an* ui f n ?

Mr. M.vuTi.N. 1 will j^ivi' you the acrea^*' exactly, Tht "'la

Lej^islature on .July 9, 1014, transferird .')()(• u<-n\s to the A ,d

Department for this farm:

On l"\l)niiiry 7, liUS, l.fi'iS acroH of Iniui were dciMlfd t«( tin- r

K. Saiulaj/cr for th<> |)nri><)H<> of HUpplyiiiK an rn<n»>i. ■• i.. thi- i.;,,, .,, ,.,;.,,(«•

hichway.

I'ndrr ilatc of .\pril 1"), 1()1'>, a j>lof of 20.1.') a< n - oi i ' • U) thf (|op«rt-

aiont for a<l<litioiial |>a.sturc loUs, tniH Iraw to run until J

Durinir tlio month of Manh, l!tl7, tho ({••jnirtinnit, under m with tho

Luui»iana Stale Kxpcriim'ut Station, wok ),'iv«'n thi' ii-«. f.ir . u..rl of

500 additional acres of land occupie<l l>y that station

So there are ap|)roximately 525 aeres.

Mr. Magf.k. Was this deeded to the Government outright or jusi
given for exp<M'imental purposes^

Mr. MAimN. It is given hy the vState for just as long as the (lov-
ernment wants it, free of any charge.

Mr. Maokp:. Are these 500 acres or more made up of >andy land
and alluvial laml i

Mr. Maktin. This farm takes in hoth.

Mr. Maoee. In what proportion (

Mr. AfAKTix. I shotdd say that about .'iOO acres aie >aiidy and
about 200 acres in the lowlands. The Bayou Teche runs for a great
many miles. I made a mistake in the number of acres in this farm.
It is 1,025 acres but the proportion of black and sandy land is the
same.

vSenator Buoussard. It rims for 80 or 90 miles.

Mr. Maktin. And this same stretch of land goes right along there.
All of our country is built up of bayous— Havou Teche, Bayou I^
Fourche, or some bayou; the land being on the bank of the bayou,
runs back and linully readu's the swamp. The live stock,' Innldings,
and machinery on that farm are valued at about $70,000. There are
some very linc^ buildings on it, and these woidd have to be torn tlown
and would iro to waste in the event tlie (Imn frmnent «li-.oiitmii<wl
the farm.

Now, Mr. Chairman, 1 have taken un about as mucii time tvs i
feel I ought to. Senator Uansdell has been on this farm and seen
the work; Senator Broussard lives within a mile of this farm and is
him.self a cattle raiser. He has a cattle farm within a raile or two
of this one. where he has 250 or :i00 cattle, and he can tell you the
results he has obtained from this farm.

Mr. BrcHANAN. Do they raise these cinps (»ti the high (tr low Ian«l.-»l

Mr. Mahtin. They plant in both.

526 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Buchanan. Is there any question or difficulty about the
drainage of these lands?

Mr. I^Tartin. I know there is not in connection with the land on
which this paye Finne liay grows, because that raises itself. As
to the other land, there is natural gravity drainage back toward the
low lands; the drainage is toward the swamp and not toward the
bayou.

Senator Raxsdell. Has it not the same drainage that the sugar
lands in that entire section have ?

Mr. Martin. The same kind.

Senator Ransdell. As I understand it, these londs have the same
kind of drainage that the lands have which are adapted to the growing
of sugar cane and other crops.

Mr. Martin. Dr. W. R. Dodson, the dean and director of the
Agricultural Experimental Station in Louisiana, and who is one
of the committee in charge of this station, has wired me that he has
forwarded a statement setting forth the important work being done
by this farm. Let me say that Doctor Dodson is most highly thought
of in the State of Louisiana and has done a great deal in the way of
getting our people interested in cattle raising. His statements can
be absolutelv relied upon.

I would now like to have you hear from Senator Broussard.

STATEMENT OF HON. EDWIN S. BROUSSARD, A SENATOR
FROM THE STATE OF LOUISIANA.

Senator Broussard. I do not know what particular facts you
would like to iuquu-e about, but I would be pleased to answer any
questions the committee desires to ask.

Mr. Lee. Tell us about your farm.

Senator Broussard. I am very familiar with this particular land;
in fact, at one time this plantation, before the State acquu'ed it,
was owned by my father-in-law. This land is just alongsicle of and
was taken from the convict farm, what we call the Hope State farm,
which is a convict farm.

Senator Ransdell. How far is your home from this farm ?

Senator Broussard. I live at New Iberia, which is about 6 miles
from there, but I was born and brought up just 4 miles from there,
in another direction. I might say tliis, that the Hope farm is the one
farm belonging to the State that has always paici; it pays money
every year, when other farms have lost money occasionally. There
is some black land in this farm; in fact, if you understand the alluvial
formation, the highest points are next to tlie streams and all the
lands drain away from the streams. The land close to the streams
is usually very sandy and then it changes until in tlie rear it gets to
be, in some places, black soil.

Mr. Lee. The black soil is more productive, is it not?

Senator Broussard. It is at certain seasons of the year, when you
get much belter results than you will from sandy soil.

Mr. Anderson. The diilicult v the department presents, as 1 imder-
stand it, is that this Idack soil, particularly at certain times of the
year, is very wet, and that it is very difficult to get on it in order to
do the necessary work in prejiaring it for crops, and that it has a
tendency to Ix'conic very hard when it dries, and that the consetjuenco

AOIU< TM Ti J5M. M>nto|«KI.\TtO.\ IlILl^ l«4. 627

of thiH situation iius horn that tlw fnrni Uns nol |iriNluri<<| rnmij^h l4>

support the nnmluT <»f < uttlr tliay hnvr lia<i tin
ini))()rtati()n of a < ouNJdrraltlr amount of fisMJ. v
station vorv oxprnsivo to maintain. That, an 1 i
sum and sul>stan<-o of tiic proposition for discontinuing; it

Senator Bkoissakd. If you air faiinliar with ihr •! u of

thi' hind th(MT, all tht- pastJirt's hic on thr |...v i> fi-i.n; il|

thcsandysoil. If any >andy soil was sought t : ;ldlN>i< .'<d,

and you ( ould have your sandy hmd undrr rullivntion. or a part of
it Miidor rnlti\ ntion. As 1 rciiicmlM'r thr farm, all ihr havou fr • •
and what is the most sandy |>art, is in open, pusturc laiitl. Of- •■
it has hcon planted in ditlerent ^ra>ses. mid 1 think it h on <*

fincBt pastures I oversaw in my life. It takes u few yearn to do ;
in that eountrv. hut you <an have |)asture peeii all the year riiuiui.
and that pasture is <^ieen all the year round.

Mr. lilCHAXAN. '1 hen why should thev have to import f<MM| for the
stoek?

Senator Bkoissakd. Well. n<»w. 1 (t>uM ii... mii-nv. . ihni. -n

Mr. Lkk. I'rohably you have too mu<h stock for the acreaj^e.

Senator Broi'ssakd. I am satisfied that land can i)ro<iurr as much
as any land in that vicinity, and the Department of A^ri< ultun' will
show you that those lands are the most pnxlurtive lands in the ^' •<>

Mr. Anderson. How nun li land is there in this section win .f

the same general character as this farm '.

Senator Broi'Ssard. All of it is of that same t;eneral char: m

that side of tiie bayou. On the other side tiie san<ly foi;........ii

extends up to what was formerly an old lake bottom that has been
drained, and all of that is sandy.

Mr. Anderson. Your statement that all of it is of th' il

character means something to you because you are fan ;..e

territory, but of course it does not convey anything to me becaus*' I
am not. In acres or square miles ho%v much of that territory is of the
same general character f

Senator Broussard. On thnt --iilr i>f th<^ 1>;i\mii f Nhnnld >;rtv it is
all of that character.

Mr. iVxDERSON. I do not know whether that side of the bayou has
4t) acres or 40 s<piare miles.

Senator Broissard. What are yon trviiuj to «ji*t ' The area of
land of that kind in the Stated

Mr. Ander.son. In general terms; yes.

Senator Broissard. Or do you mean m thai « wuni \

Senator Kansdell. He means in the State.

Mr. Axdersox. In that general section how mu<h territory would
there be i

Senator BroI'ssard. If I coveretl tiie State 1 would ha\c i.. give
vou a larijer liirure than if 1 covered th<> county or parish. Do you
want to know what proportion of tin' lands in that country art» that
way (

Mr. Anderson. That might be hel|)ful. p«Mha()^.

Senator Broissard. I can not give figures unle» 1 have a basis
upon which to estimate, but I should say that |>ossibly one-third or
one-fourth of the lands are that way.

22028—22 :<1.

528 AGPJCCLTURAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Buchanan. About how much is that in acres ^ Just guess at
it in acres or square miles.

Senator Bkoussard. In the parish i

Mr. Buchanan. In the parisn and in the State.

Senator Broussard. I would not know about the State, but in
the parisli I have given the proportion of that character as one-third
or one-fourth.

Mr. Buchanan. Would that be 1,000 acres?

Senator Broussard. There are something like — I do not recall
now tiie exact acreage of that county.

Senator Ransdell. Are there not a great many acres of land of
that character in adjoming parishes ?

Senator Broussard. Yes, sir.

Senator Ransdell. Thousands and thousands of acres of the same
general character?

Senator Broussard. All through the State, but I would not know
the proportion in the different parishes.

^U'. Buchanan. You can readily see our idea. You want to have
an experimental farm on a certain character of land in oi-der to see
what it will develop, and it is necessary for us to know about how
much land there is.

Senator Broussard. I think Mr. Martin has already testified that
there are about 300 acres of this land, that is, sandy land, and that
the other 200 acres are black lands. Now then, I would say that
possibly one-third or one-fourth of the lands of that parish are just
of that character, I mean, of the character of the ])la('K lands.

Mr. Buchanan. How. large is the parish ?

Senator Broussard. It is about ten miles long and about eight
miles wide.

Senator Ransdell. May I say that fully one-third of the lands of
the State of Louisiana are of this same character, and the same
problem you have in raising cattle on jthis farm is the same problem
they ha\^e all over southern Louisiana.

Senator Broussard. Not only as to the black lands but it is the
same problem they have on the Gulf coast. We have different types
of land; we have these alluvial lands and then we have hill lands, of
course, which are not included and they are red clay, l)ut this character
of land would apply to all the land along the Gulf coast.

Senator Ransdell. Taking this section as a whole, is it not a fair
type of the sugar-cane lands throughout Louisiana ?

Senator Broussard. As I said before, I have known this land for
years, my father-in-law having owned it, and he made crops on the
land which now forms this farm. These 500 acres were taken out
of the Hope farm, and the State has given it over to the United
States Government fice of charge. This is the best paying farm the
State has and these are just 500 acres taken off (he western portion
of that j)lantation; there was no selection made but just a line drawn
and dial many acres given ovei' to the Govei'nment. However, the
Slate is cultivating lands nuich farther back than this farm land,
lands that have been reclaimed since the convincts were there. When
thcie is nothing else to do they go out in the woods and clear this
land; it is then j)ut undei" cnltivation and it is productive.

Mr. lk-cjiA.\A.\. Docs this land extend to the sea or the Gulf ^

Si'nutor Broi'ssakh. No: it ih on tUv op|. of the \>

from I ho srji.

S'liMlor Kansdki.i.. Biir tukinj; ii ... .. whole <«
tion fairly wril iT|»rr«««M)t tin* rhiinirtrr of t
Ijouisinlin '.

Soiiiitor liiMM ss \i:i». AI)-o|iit<lv If \<)ii ittkr ' ' »r

insdint'o. or any «>f thf othrr huyoiis nlon^j tln"
land hoinj; };ra/«Ml and <Miltivato«l. and «>n that ;

bayou thr (-hararfcr <»f tho land is a lit tip diffon'nt than it w orer on
tho otluT <id(».

Mr. Hi < HAVAN. Thrn. fhrrr rnimf ho mmir iTii^!n,tiiai'i'iiii-!it ..f ilii.
farm.

Senator Bimm ssaijd. I think not, hiil ii max hr tlmf id
«;ono into a^xricultinv ox tor) -lively onou;;h. Tlioy oorlandv su«)ui«i uv
ahio to raiso thoir h'o«l.

S<»nator Kanshki.i.. Yon aro onpmed in raltlo raisinj; in thnl -mv--
tion, aro you not '.

Sonator BitorssMti). I havo two sttwk fjiriu^.

S<^nat<»r Kansdki.i.. Ilmo you I)o<mi IxMiolitod inaloriallv hv thr
cxporiinonts carriod on at this fann i

Sonator Bhoissakd. Woll. I will t«'ll y»(u what imtu' 1\

aftor this farm was ostahlishod. We got llu' :- ' • " n.,<, ...t;*

that woro vaoant and othois that woro not pavi U. Two

or throo of us jjot to^othor and hought. tho yoar aflor \\\\n farm wa.H
ostahlishod. two cniioafls of Durham hull«< W«> hov«' iint' " a
nunihor of tho finost broods that this country afr<»rds and ou. ;.. jjIw
have ^ono into this. 1 wont into it immodiatoly aftor that anrl I I'nn
nanio fifty poopio in inv irrunodiat<* looality and othors ns far as 'I
This is tho only farm on tlio (inlf ooas!. :m<l at thr hi-;t i y

thoy had, last summor. 1 could n<>t ^o, but thoro woro j)s , jC.

so 1 am informed, from To\'fl.*« clean up to the Mi<>;'ssippi line and •<Mino
of them froni Mississipj)i.

Senatf»r Kansdki.i.. About »»n»' th<tu>:uid j)i'npic w.-n- tiuic:

Senator P^HorssAia). Yes, sir; and thov have >toi k of the fint>i
kind, which they started to raise after this farm was pstablished. bo
that it has been of immense benefit to our people

Senator K.vnsdkm.. Are you familiar witli tho [<•>■<( \ :iin ... I'd*'
Kinno hay *

Senator Bkoi'ssari>. The Departnu'nt of A^rioullure has issued a
bulletin in which they compare it to alfalfa.

Senator Kansdku.. How does that }:jrow i

Senator Bkoissahd. It «;rows in tho lowlands, in the wet lands, and
is fjreen the year around. It is now boinj; baled, or experimonl> arc
being made now to euro it so as to bale it. It «;rowi all throu«;h that
ocmntrv.

Mr. \Va.so\. That is n native or wild grass ?

Senator Bkoi'S-saud. It is a wild grass: it gmws all winter anti llie
stock will remain in th<><o lands all winter. Nfy own stock xv " ' ve
tho highlands in tho month of Xovomber and wo never --ct • nt

until tho 1st of March, unless we want to sell them.

Mr. Wason. What nn»portion of tho entire aeroajje of \-
would you say is of tlie same typo of land as «»n this pxjhi.i

to

• ..r

f rm^

530 ACiRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BIL^, 1924.

Senator Broussard. I will answer that })y first eliminating the
liill lands, which will not compaie at all in fertility or production, and
are altogether of a different character; bnt all of our alluvial lands —
I mean by that south of tlie Jied Kiver, and on the east side of the
Mississippi, soutli of Yazoo ('ity, tliere are some places where there are
alluvial lands, but all of the lands on our side of the river, south of the
lied River, are lands of this type; they are lowlands; there is not much
elevation there, but they are very fertile. The lands fronting (»n the
streams are sandy because of later deposits from the Red River, but
the black lands aje always lands of the character described. Most
people prefer the black lands under certain weather conditions.
Wlien you have extreme drought vour crop is fine on these lands, but
if you have too much rain it is hard to work them; that is the difTiculty,
but they are more productive and year after year will average more
than your sandy lands.

Mr. Wason. ^or my benefit, and perhaps for the benefit of the other
members of the committee, will you state the percentage of alluvial
lands — and I group the alluvial lands and sandy lands together— and
hill lands as compared to your entire acreage?

Senator Broussaud. When I said one-tliird or one-fourth awhile
ago I did not mean that is the total area of black lands as compared
to sandy lands; but the people usually work the front lands as they
are more easily drained. If you want the proportion of black lands in
the alluvial section as compared to the sandy lands I should say that
over half is black, but as to cultivation I should say there is one-
third of it in cultivation. All of the fields in the rear are black lands.

Mr. BucHAN.\N. But taking your State as a whole and count mg
the alluvial lands and the black lands that constitute the section
whei-e this farm is located as (me unit, how would that compare with
your State as a whole — one-fourth, one-fifth or one-eighth (

Senator Broussard. I suppose one-fourth or one-fifth.

Senator {{ansdell. I am pretty familiar with that l)ecause 1 have
specialized on Hood ccmtrol. We have in Louisiana around 14,000
s(|uare miles of lands which are subject to overflow from the floods
of the Mississippi River and all of tliat haul is the kind of land which
Senator Bi-oussard h.as described. Now, we have a considerable area
in and along streams — we have a great many streams in the State —
and much of that is of the same general character. The whole State
is between 4(),000 and 47,000 s(|uare miles, but there are some 14.000
square miles of the same genei-al character which the Senator has
described. 1 am fainiliar with the whole State.

Senator Broussard. This black land extends as far as the Arkan.sas
line along the river, while the hill lands are in the northwestern part
"of the State and are pine Jands. That character of farm lands ex-
tends along the (uilf coast, and this farm is not to be considered
merely for our immediate locality. We have always viewed it as
one for expeiimental and demonstration work for all of the people
along the (Julf coast. This is tlie only one in that area. About one-
third of the State is of that character of land.

Senator Uansdell. Do they not have in all that regiou this stiff
land that may be benefited by the <>\|)erinuM\ts on the farm ^

.Senator Brokssaiu). "i'es; it is of the same formation. The land
along the Black and Ouachita Kivers, in upper Loui-; ana, are of the
same formation as this. There is a number of bayous and rivers up

Anillcr'I.TlRAI. AIMM{M|»IMATIf»S lUI T . 1 ■ i &3I

thoiv. iiK liitlinir tin- Oiuirlntii. llir 1 himI lh<* K«il Kivrn*. sncl

all «»f tho-o IiiikU ar«' <»f tin* sniiir f«.ii.;

Mr. Wahon. That a<j:nvs with thr ^i nt of S4>nator |{nn«*«!t'll

that inoic than ono-thini of tlir acroa^o of LoMimniin i- of i!
of lat)(l.

Sftiator Bi{or.ss\i{!). Vr-. sir; it is ronMi(irrnl>t\ "...r.. 1I..1. it.-i

Mr. Wa.m^x. \iu\ that is typical of iinuh iiior«-
\var<l and wrstwanl into other Stati"> nlonjj the (miff

Senator Mit<>rss\ui>. Yes. it is of the same fo' o

there was no <listni<ti»m niaile \>\ nature in the fo; . ,*

lands. 'I'hev are all of that formation, exiendinj; n ' If

ooa.st from tlu' Kio (iraixle t<t Florida.

STATEMENT OF HON. JOSEPH E RANSDELL. A UNITED
STATES SENATOR FROM LOUISIANA

.Senator livNSDr.i.i.. Mr. Chairman, the snl»ji«i has Im. i,
covered h}- Contxressman Martin and my <'ollea;;Me. .Senator Br« I,

that I do not know that 1 ean add inueh to the disruwion. I live m
tt district of this same formulioti. in the extreme nort'
of the State, ne.xt to the Mississippi Kiver. where u, .....
troTihlc with overflows, just as they do iti the l«»wer pait of tli
I mijjht say in passint; tlmt if it were n<»t for the levees on the l>.
of the Mississfippi River the <:real <'ity of New OrleaTis w ' .•
overllowed atui an area occupied hy considt-rahlv more than ■ .. '

of the population of the entire State <»f Louisiana would U* >■
flowed. Therefore, when 1 speak of the territory subject 1
flow, you must hear in mind that that includes a frreat d- ' :i

point of p(»pulation than iialf the State of Louisiana. Ti

includes a vast territory, and we want to d(» somethini; to take
of the a<j:riculture in that preat alluvial territory, and not alone m
our State, hut covering tlie coastiil plain in the States *■ '' ■
Missi.ssippi. Alahama. and Florida.

1 saw Mr. Quisenberry, the chief of this farm, about two w«M»ka
ago. I spent a day there, and went over the farm. I had h«*ard a

freat tleal about the farm and was very much intiTo^ted in ■• ' •*•
had never seen it before. I asked him about the con<litioi
and I found that the experiments bein<: made there wen* applicable
to the entire coastal plain of the State beyond <p: I asked

him if what he was doinj? therein the way of bei ^ the live-
stock industry, particularly relatinj; to cattle, mules, and hojjs
would be applicable to all of the CJulf Coast section, and he .snid he
saw n(» reason in the world why it should not be. I ' a

very great area of land of like character in all of th<'Ci ... ...

where the conditions are very similar to the conditions at tin
Gentlemen. I went over that farm, and I was delighte<i and

f)rised at what 1 saw. The buildings there are vrry fine. 1;,.%
lave a splendid group of silos, for instance, ami immense bailie ani!
they are modern, up-to-date barns. Then* are snlen<iJil amr
meiits for the handling of dairy cattle, and ideal hou.ses for I

or for breedinir hoirs. I do not see how th«> - '••■ '

much more advanced or much more favorable ii *

farm. I went out among the cattle, and there must have been 75
or 100 of as beautiful animalu as I ever saw. They were ready

I

532 AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION BELL, 1924.

then for the market, and Mr. Qiiisenberry told me that they had not
had one pound of feed except what they got on the natural pasture.
I went out in the pasture, and out on the black lands in the rear,
that so much has been said about. I found there a beautiful growth
of Bermuda orass. Some of you know what Bermuda grass is. In a
portion of it tliere was a wondei-ful growth of white clover. It was
fine, and certainly the cattle had thrived upon it. They had gotten
very fat. and were in splendid condition on the native pasture.

"i ou will bear in mind, gentlemen, that the trouble on these low-
lands does not occur for usually more than 00 days in the spring of
any year. The}^ had some trouble last spring, which you heard about,
from the great overflow in the Mississippi River. A large area of
land in the vState was overflowed. There was a break of the levee in
Concordia Parish, and there were two breaks below New Orleans.
We had a great deal of destruction there. The high water backed up
on some parts of this farm and did some damage, but it was only
temporary damage. The grass continued to grow. Water does npt
hurt Bermuda grass, and I have seen the most beautiful crop of Ber-
muda grown on land that had been overflowed for 60 days and
sometimes for 90 days. As a matter of fact, the grass is benefited
by that overflow, and you must not be bothered about that. You
must bear this thought in mind, that this farm was put there origi-
nally to help the people of the sugar section on the Gulf to combat
this condition and to help them make a crop of some kind in addition
to cane on the lands subject to overflow. When a sugar plantation
is overflowed and the seed is destroyed, it costs a good deal to reseed
it. You do not put sugar cane seed in the ground at an expense of
one or two dollars per acre, as can be done in the case of most other
crops, and some of them for less than that, but it costs a very large
sum. I can not tell you how much. 1

Mr. Bucii.\.\AN. You must get the cane and plant it.

Senator Ransdell. Yes, sir; you must get the cane itself and put
it in the ground, and that is cjuite an expensive proposition. Further-
more, the people with statesmanlike vision, wnen in 1914 they were
threatened with the absolute destruction of the sugar industry in
Louisiana, realized that something else must be produced. That
applies not only to Louisiana but to a portion of Texas, and it is
something of an industry now in Florida. They felt that it was
necessaiT to do something in that section to build up a live-stock
iiulustry. They felt that any genuine agriculture must be based
upon live stock anyhow. It was then we asked Congress to show us
how to raise cattle in Louisiana in the sugar-cane section, so that if
the sugar planters were put out of that business they could do some-
thing elso that would he prolitable. They were also extremely
anxious to have some kind of industry carried on on those heavy ^

black lands which are on the rear of every plantation practically in
that c(tuntry. I have them on my place, and everybody has them,
('ertain portions of this area would be very line for cane, other por-
tions for corn, or, perhaps, for cotton. In many sections the lands
were (in(> for rice.

We wanted to have some kind of agricultural industry inthatcountry,
in addition to cane, cotton, or rice, and we ditl nt)t know how to get
at it. We had been a one-idea peo|)le in my section of the State,
where cotton was king. In western Louisiana sugar was king, and

41

I I

AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIOX BIU^ 19U. 5SS

in anotlur MM'tioii rirr wnn kinj;. Wi* ilrxirnl • •' ■" ' —

culture, ami tho Guvornmonl «««tahlishiMl ilmt f;

Hssistiuj; in tlu« ostaMislunrnt of othrr kin«ls of nin^niliurr^. I want
t<» sav to yt»M that it l^n•^ l»rrn V4TV ln-lpfiil, niiii it ' ' "
i'stuMisluMl. Wluii I was at tin- (ntin. I a-l. .1 tl
you found out ail you cari <" FI«« rcpluMl

not." Tlu'v sIionv«mI nir sornr »<f t' ^i^^

1 said. "How alxMit \hv niiili' l>i, ..• \.,u i: '

thor(»u«:ljly that it ran hv nimlr a f ' i|<. r-

we have proved that wo can raise mules here mm chmplv am w«» r«n
buy them, hut no chenper. We have had «erliiin in

the foalin«: of our nmres. and we must work on. iiu-.
We have had a numi)er of things that were dillirult. mid -
have not yet satisfactorily determined." He snid. *' Wr fcol that
the catth' business is extremely promi-iii'j niid we feel that the h«ig
business is extremely pr«>misin;_', and ^"' I. l. < .• i}int the mule busi-
ness will be."

Clentlenion. if vou should be carrym^ on a farm in one of the
suirar sections of Louisiana, or in any of the sujjar se<'tion«< ' '

Gulf tuasl. and in those other Stales 1 have mentioned, \
realize that this service is worth incomparably more than i
sum of S2(). ()()() or S2.'). ()()(). 1 <lo not know what the exact r4wi w,
but it would be most unfortunate to stop those experiment-^ while
they are ri«;ht in the midst of thinj:js. It would be most unfortimuie
to f^ive up this very extensive plant that has been establLshed there.
I am thorouirhly convinced that it is a »;oo<l thin<::. and I h«»|M» you
gentlemen will carry it on. in ac<"ordance with the wishes of the
Secretary of Agriculture, of Doctor Mohler. the Chief of the BurcHU
of Animal Industry, and of Doctor Taylor, the Chief «)f the Bureau
of Plant Industry. 1 have seen all of them, and they approve it
and want it done; but, of course, they had to c«)ncur in the neiion uf
the Budget Bureau.

Mr. BuciLVXAX. How many more years will it Im» ne<*essary to
carry it on '.

Senator K.vnsdkll. 1 can not tell you; hut Mr. t^uisenberrv -••'•!
it would require at least live or six years. Howevt«r. I do n«»t I
it would be an indefinite thin}j. It should j;o on for a reasonable
number of years.

Mr. Wasox. I tlo not know much about ytuir country, and ihij*
is probably a foolish (piestion to ask. The ne«'(^>sity for mule pro<luc-
tion there is for farm j)ower ^

Senator Kansdki.l. Yes.

Mr. Wasox. Is there any substitute for mules there f

Senator Kaxsi)f:ll. We are usint; tractors very extensively. I
use a tractor on my plantation, and it is a very valuable thinj;; but
we can not dis|)cnse with the muh". If we were to j:et rid of the
mule, we would have to {jive up t!ie ne;^ro. The nejjn* aiul the mule
go together. Xejjroes have never <lisplaye<l the requisite intelli-
gence to operate tractors successfully, liesides. there is a j;rent deal
of cultivating which must be done with the aiil (»f work aiiiiiiaU.
either mules or horses. We prefer mules to horses down there, but
we arc using tractors quite extensively.

Mr. MAtiTiN. The tractor is used a great deal for the hi
land, but when it comes to the cultivation "^ . .n.- .m.I t
the same, you must use mules.

534 AGRICLTLTrRAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1924.

Mr. Anderson. Is this station operated in cooperation with the
Stated

Senator Kansuell. I do not understand that it is.

^fr. M.\RTi.\. There was a conunittee of three appointed. I do
not know wlio the meinhers of tlie committee are, })ut I think that |

Doctor Taylor is a memher, and Doctor Dodson. who is in charo;e
of the State experiment farm, is on that committee. Doctor Dod-
son does some work for that station, and ^ets out bulletins.

Mr. Anderson. The State does not contribute anythincr toward
the maintenance of the station? ,

Mr. Martin. It only contributes the land. 1 want to state that
I have a telegram from Doctor Dodson here, that came this morn-
ing. I wanted a statement of the work done by that farm, and he
teregra])hed me on the 29th that he was mailmg a statement regard- •]

ing live stock. When that statement comes in, I would like to 1

submit it for insertion in this record.

Mr. Anderson. That may be done.

Senator Ransdell. We thank you very much for this hearing.

Mr. Anderson. We are much obliged to you for your statements.

(Doctor Dodson's statement is attached hereto.)

Baton Rouge, La., November 28, 1922.
}.1i. W. P. Martin, M. C,

Washington, D. C.

Dear Mr. ]\[artin: I haA'e just received your letter of the 24th stating that the
Budget ("ornmittee had recommended the discontinuance of the Iberia live-stock
farm and had recommended an appropriation of only §5,000 for helping to dispose of
the equipment.

I think it would be a serious mistake to stop this work at the present stage of its
development and I ho])e that the Appropriations Committee may favor a continua-
tion of the work now in progress until such a period as the most important projects
now under investigation may be fomj)leted.

l^ouisiana donated 500 acres of land to the Federal Government for this work. The
experiment station rented 500 acres additional and turned it over to the Iberia live-
stock farm for three years. Since that time the rental has been donated by the State
penitentiary board.

When the experiments were begun the soil was very much depleted from the con-
tinued harvesting of cane and rice, b\it it was representative of the type of land that
will be devoted to live stock or agricultural ])urposes other than the production of
sugiu cane and cotton, as we develope new enterprises to supplement these two chief
industries.

There have been a great many difficulties to be overcome; for instance, in getting
good i^astures, in ( ompletely eradicating cattle ticks, and in other ways that represent
pioneering work along the lines jirojeeted when the station was established.

The major projects undertaken there have been along the line of growing and feed-
ing beef cattle, the establishment of a dairy herd, the breeding, grazing, and fattening
of hogs, and the production of mules. Coupled with each of the four major ^iroj(>cts,
of course, has liccn (lie problem of pnuhning crops most suitable to the animals to
which they would be fed. .\uy one of th<'se projects will require the results of several
years continued operation l)efore dependable conclusions can be drawn.

!.,ast year, for the first time, we were able to market a considerable number of beef
cattle that had l)i'en develo|)ed wholly on the < roi)s grown at Iho station. Tliis
year the second croj) of calves will soon go on the feed and we are just now reaching
the f);>inl where valual)le dala \vi 1 rai)i(lly accunudate, if the work i-* continued.

In the growing of mule colts we have encountered many ditliculties that were not
aiiticii)at(!d, l)Ut the experience is such as to indicate means of overcoming these
didicuitieH, and the continuance of the work ought to give some \alual»le re.'-ulls in
two or three more yoarsliial will be well worth all the expenditures that we have made
on liie cxixMitiienlH.

'i'lic results that have Ix'cn .sfcured in the feeding of rice by-producta to hogs dur-
ing the pa.st two years liave given us a great deal of valuable information, but tlu'v
ought to be n'peat««d for at least two or three years more to make the data most
dependable'

i

AtmiCULTrilAL AI'IMinPKIATloN UM.I^ 535

Ks t)><> |iroc(<tw of fliiiiiimtinii wo An- fnwlin.' tlio iw..im iti>i •>» l„^t ^.:a^i .. . , ,
ii«M>(lr<, uikI time <*ii<)ii>;i> out;ht to Ix* al . , |.««

hut liuvi> H(M>in«> I III J»i' i! ' • !'
ii.M iisila^*' inip, fi'i'tlinu' i
illUH(N)tii l.(MM)|>.
we cniilil .M<Tur)' .1 •■

from com .sila^f. It iiMik n mu^i umiiy <*t|x nd

out tlUH fiK't. or at \i'Sknt what m-ciiim to Im< a i.i- < i,--i.i i < *,,

Ko on How aii<l liioroii^'lily vorify com Iiimoiik that <>»■>
'i«Hull« of till' pufi \«'ur

1 have hciinl tliat Kom** Htul«'incnl« hnvp Un-n ina>li- to ll»r fffert thit •
have not taken a .xiilhcii-ntly active inleri-ni in ih' ' tin* T

were very mu«-l« interi-wtetl at the time of tlje !■. .. . < •

patiently waittxl for r**ult«. Tliey liave iin<h'i

(o Ik' t>x|M*ctei| ami that they («houI*l not juiuj- ai < •iiLiii-fiLJii.-' iruju lUv rtsulLr .4
sinijle lest.x.

At the liehi (lay mectinu' la.-il -prniir ^v li li i l-»r;.'«' .if
ami farmei>t from s«»uth hmi im i .xud a l<w irom I- \ i
inteusolv interi'ste*! in the i of the work tlm

attemled a nieefin;; tliat pn.-v-'- i ti~o|iilion.'< comm'-nuin,- hm v.rK tiiir«' ^U'S i«Mii^
for the continued .support of the {'ejeral ( iMvernineni

\ ! I!.'!' investment is tii-d ny now in In: 4l

will l)^' almost a complete |i>,-w if the work i 'i ir-

nish n ^reat deal of valmihle information if the ex|Hrim<'i. Iw

tlata refjanlinf: them up to date will he very incomplc't<.< an<i •• ^ ..mnn. n d. -^
is flopped now.

It is ii<«edlest( |o remind you of the deidorahle <•<<
sujjar iudu-^lry w<Te to Ik' dtf^troyeil Ix'fon' we ha\'

information to sorvc an a fuiHidation for hnilding up a new ai^iruhun* la i1h> dull
coast region.

The (iovernmcnt i.^ wpendinj; a larjie amount of money fj»r iiivivt: I irork

calculated to 1h» of service to otht'r ' • 4,„l (fj^. amiiin! dial w«

are a.skin^ for is not more than we 1

I very much hojH' vuu will Ix- al>le to coiivuicw the (.'omiaittoi' that the work of the
Ilxria live stock farm shoidd Ik" continued.

I am sorry that I was not ahle to attend the f>»nferenct* of ofliciab* il

and mechanical colleges rocontly held in Washiufjion, .so aM to have o'-i 'i--»ii tiijg
matter with vnu at that time.

Mr. QuesenWerry pr.)mis<'d to .semi an outline of tli.
under way and sime ])hotographs of the live st'uk on ' '■

to him over the phone, and Iw says he will gel these off to you at oucr.

With most cordial ijiKid wishes, I am.
Very truly youn<.

INDEX.

Page.

Accounts and diabursements, di^'ision of 334

Agricultural Econooiics, Bureau of 380

Agicu tu"al finance 389

Center Market " 345

Coa33 i iation of bureaus 381

Cotton futures act, enforcement of 444

Crop and live-^tock estimates 411

Cooperation with States 412

Cotton acreag3 estimates 421

Far.ii price? of live stock 415

Foreign market investigations 423

Farm mana:jement and practice, foi^improved methods of 385

Farm population, study of 387

Federal Tra le Commission, studies made by 383

General administrative expenses 385

General character 380

Grain standards act, for enforcement of 444

Land valuation ^ 385

Marketing and distributing of farm products, investigations of 396

Cotton handling and marketing 400

Eggs, standardization of 403

Fruits and vegetables, marketing of 399

Grain investigations 406

Marketing, cost of 408

Weatherin* and handling cotton 401

>rarket inspection of perishable foods 425

Fruits and vegetables, inspection work in 428

llay-inspection service 425

Inspection points 433

Poultry and egg work 428

Radio communication, demand for 441

Market news service 438

Salaries 383

Standard container act, enforcement of 452

Terminal handling of fruits, vegetables, and other peru<hables 410

Tractors on farms, use of 391

Warehouse act, administration of 446

Wool work, for completion of 453

Alaska, reindeer industry in 332

Allen, Dr. E. W., statement of 42

Animal Industry, Bureau of 91

.Vnimal hu'ibandry investigations 130

Beltsvillc, Md., construction work at 118

Clark (bounty experimental station, Idaho 131

Dairy barn, construction of - • • • 127

Dairy industry, necessary expenses for investigations and experiments in . 122

Dourine among horses 117

l-'oot-and-inouth (liHcase, eradication of 1-1

(leiicral cxpciisc appropriation 9ii

(ieneral statement 91

Hog cholera, eradication of 11-

Inspection and <|uaranrine work 95

Meat inspection 118

Salaries 91

Scientific in vest igat ions in diseases of animals Ill

536

ISDK.X.

Aiiiiiiul IiiiluKtry. n(in>ttii of -<'oiitiiuii-<l

Soutlii-ri) ratlli' (i« kf«, iTa<lii-atiuii of.

Tul»<Trul(>«i.-«, i-rudii-atiiiii nf
Ili(l<-n)liitv fiituli fi>r, ntn'
Ar!, ' •- ■

\.,. ,
Aiiloiiiultiliv, iii'«^l tiir adiiitional >l

n

l'.;H'k. I >r K \ , .■•lahiiii III Ml

Kail. K I> . Hlati'Dunt of

Uarlx-rry I inilirjitioH \<.

llariK'tl. Mi.shC. I{., »t«tvnieni <>(

ItoltMvillr. Md., farm

niolo'^ical Survey, liiirrati of ,

Adiiiiiiihtrutivi' rxixMLitf :.;i

I'i ■ 32»

l'>i ^aliititof. .lit

Mi',TaU>ry l>ir<l ir<'aiy art, for ••nforrcnifiii of ihr «

Montaaa national bi.Hon ranp*. ina'-' •trict'of.. .!C

Uoinilf'cr iiitlu.xtry in \liL«ka, iir. .nof. : ;•*

Salariiw

Sull\"K Hill National Tark (r<t>n(> i>n'!w»r\«-

llroii.s.s:ir(l, Hon. l\. S.. Ht-.itr-tm-nt of

IluiMinir* nwitcil in Di.-'trict of Columliiu

Muorf««, Dr. A. F.. ntatomont of J**

Callan.U'r, \V F.. .•'fat4Mnfrit of. >n

Cami>t)cll. W. G.. atatirniiii c.f 'i<.

Center Market

Chemi.-^try, I'liroau ot

('Iu'uu.><try to a^'ririilturi', invostiK^tion of applinttion oi

('ollahor.ition wiili other p)verrinieiital <le; •* Z^

IVhylratini; nialerial.s u.«e<l for f«K><l. f.ir tls and improvement of

metho<lfl of 9M

Food an<l drucs art, for enforcement <>i .'"'i

(Jrain du.-it and oth«'r dust exjilofions and fires*, for prevention oi >♦

lmiH)rteil food and dniL's. in^iK'ction of J(il

Im]>ure and jinwholesoine tea, for enforeement of art to prevent 'w\

tU)n of .''•<

Insecticide and funinri<le in vefltigation.s -'•>■"»

Xaval .><tores in ve»<tipUiona -'»>•'»

Raw maU^riaLs for coloring, etc., invcwtigations ot - '•'»

Salaries of - ''>

SinijkH and .xuirar, invitJtipifion of nK-thcMlx ami uianufactun* ol -'■«•

WooU(H."ouring wai<te inv(!siiKatiun.H. . . -'■'-*

Ohriytie, (i. I., (Statement m" >"*

('lark ("oiinty, Idaho, e\|M'rimental station. ' 'l

Clark, Mi.ss E. E., .statement of '►•*«

('.oad. 15. R., .'rtatement of '"'*

(^bhs, .lohn L., Htatument of ^'

ConuresKional m^ed ........ •""

Ooonn, Dr. <i. H., Btatement of li»i

Cooperative asn'icultural exiennion work W

Cotton futiire,>» act, enforcenu'ni of ♦^^

<'ri8p, Hon. Charles R., statein<'nt of — '"^
<'rocheron. R. li, stateraont'of. .

Date scale, < ; >u oi. .

Divi.sion.s, H""! iont»f.

D

E.

ijt

Editorial and di.-ftrilmlion work, oit'uxv of

(icneral ex|»en.ses -

Print' ! binding ''^

538

IKPKX.

Employees, additional ecientitic and technical

Entoraolopy, Bureau of

Administrative and miscellaneous expenses

Bee culture, for investigations and demonpl rations in

Cereal and forage insects investigations and for the control and destruction
o! grasslioppers

Citnis and other tropical and subtrojncal ])lant8, insects affecting, for inves-
tigations of

Deciduous fruit insects investigations

European corn borer, prevention of spread of

Forests, insects affecting, for investigations of

Mexican bean beetle, control and jjrevention of spread of

Moths, preventing sj)read of

Salaries

Southern field croi>s, insects affecting, for investigations of

Truck croi>s, insects affecting, etc., for investigations of

Eradication work, increa-sed appropriation for

Estabrook, L. M., statement of

Estimates for 1924 and a})])ropriations for 1923, statement showing classification.

Euroijean corn liorer, ])re venting spread of

Evans, Dr. W. N., statement of

Exhibits at fairs

Experiment stations, office of

Agricultural college extension work, etc

Agricultiiral expeiiment stations outside continental United States

• Alaska exj)eriment station

(jiuam station

Hawaiian ex])eriment station

Porto Rico station

\'irgin Islands station

Duties of

tieneral expenses

Salaries

I'xtension service

Agents^, number of

Agricullunil exhil)its, International Livestock Exposition

Agricultural extension work in California

Allotments from all sources, statement showing

Cooperative agricultural extension work

Exhibits at fairs

Extension work in Kansas

Farmers' cooperative deraonsti-ation work

Farmers in South, economic situation of '.

Field agents, distribution of ,

General administrative expenses

Salaries -^

Value of, to fanners

ICxtension work, reorganization of

( 'onsolidation of

K.

Page.

9

284

302

300

293

Mn

288

306

296

312

302

288

293

296

519

507

7

306

42

67

42

44

• 44

44

49

47

48

50

42

43

43

51

54

71

62

53

53-58

67

63

52

55
71
51
66

511
25

I'V'deral Horticultural Hoard 471

Date scale eradicat ion 475

Mexican border control 477

Parlatora date scale, for eradication of .^ 4!M)

Pink 1>()I1 worm from cotton, for eradication of . . . . .* 484

Ex[)enditureH, statement of 4M)

Plant (|uarantine work 178

Port inspect ion service ' 471!

I'otato wart , cxicrmiriat ion of .' 482

Salaries 478

Work, general statement of 472

l-'iscal affairs. Htatement reganling I

l'"ood and (h'Ugs act , ebforcemeiit of 2«>2

I'ood and (biig.s imported. ins|tcction of • 2<»4

l'"orejited watersiiedH of luivigalilc streams (ire |)rotcct ion of 231

.

?

11

i

iN'PKx. 639

Kon<Hl Sits iic 2I0

Appropriation uiuIit act nt M»n-h I. 1921. 131

«"liut. ■ •

I'^p■ proti'Ttion. ntatiinftit nhnwm •

I',\I>iTun«'ni . liM-niinn 1)1 r.'i

I ^ i.i.-l.(n I, ..; .....

I !it> aixi luUtnitory mipplif>!i. etc., far ptir u<l uuin

I'lrr • ■' .' ;

Fore •• ""trtmnw. ror>iMT»ii

I'lirt'tl liri-j* .iinl pri Ji't

I'orfrtI laml." .. tii>'i •<> ;_il. ZXi

l-'ormt miiis ;tii<! 23S

Fiind.H for i. • , , . 2,2

l4indH within >««• i ,'1»,

Ml-tO'll.l' lOllrt. . . JJ .'

Natlniul : . J!"»

Nationul fort<at«. for mtinuitin;: and upprau<iiiv; tiinlMf and other rrMxin-c"

on

Olympic National Korwit

()r(>;on and California railroad landn an«i (oom Kay waKon rosul traiU. (ur

j)r<)t'M tion of

I'ulilir camp in"ound(». coivslruction of f<:initar)' facditicv, et«-

lliniri- inv.-.-ititfationfl

KomIs. trails, lirid^cw. etc., confltnictton and maintenance of. . --'■»

S.ilarii>!s

SilvicuUiiral. dcndroloKif~.il and other pxpcrinaont? and in "■■ ■

Tinilicr-lsillini; iiiM'Ct ii lont*

Tinilxr .sale of, and v'n*- ' ■- ■ •■'. rcceiptn from _i"

Tnf (H'cd, etc., for purdiawc of, for wH'dinp and plantini; 221

WcHxl distillation, etc., inve;<tigalion of methwls of. ?is

Fuller, llarri.son, etalenicnt of ' •

r,

tiraf. Dr. John E.. statement of. 284

Grain futures act, for enforcement «>i •M\

Gniin ntandard.s act , enforcoinenl of 444

Greeley, Col . W. H., statement of 210

Greene. D. M.. .statemi-nt of ' ' 87

Greuv. W K. statement of TS

IT

Uavwood. .1. K . .'itatemeut of.. \H9

Heia, E. <;.. p.t of iHft

Hill. W. S.. .^ ;u of i'»2

Home Economics, Bureau of "J2

Ueor>rani/4ttion. plan of i<»3

Salaries »«>

Work, jreiu^ral St on • 'M

U.manl. I)r L. t)., ,~ .; of 2H4

Hunt. C. \V , rtlatement of 191

HniU'T. Pi W H statement oi -**'4

inorciiistMl approivriation!*, need of ~. •'»'4

Ias«>cricid(' and fiiii'^icide act, enforcement of.. 469

Japanese l»eetle -^

Jardine, \V. M., .statement oi •**'

Jump. W. .\.. statemont of I

K

Kellerman, l>r. Karl F., .HtaU-tnenf m l-M

Kitchen. C \V.. statement of ^'^

540 INDKX.

L.

Lan;;worthv, V. F., stau-ment of 402

Larson, Dr! C. W., statement of 122, 493

i -ibraiy 337

General etatement of work 337

Salaries 337

I/ive-stoek protlurtions:

Cane-8iii,'ar flistrirts 49 1

Western irrigated districts \\i:i

M.

Ma.Donald, T. H., statement of .' 344

MuilMit, Dr. ('. E., statement of 272

Market news service 438

Marlatt, C. L., statement of 471

Marquis. J. C, statement of 380

.Martin, Hon. W. P., statement of .')20

Marvin, ('. F., statement of 73

Maximum salaries 515

Mechaniral shops and |)ower ))lant Hi

Mexican bean l)eetle, preventing spread of 312

Migratory bird act, enforcement of 330

Miscellaneous expenses 10

Mohler, ])r. .John R., statement of 91

Montana national bison range 310

Morrill, (-., statement of 490

Moths, for preventing spread of :tt)2

N.

National forest, area of 210

Naval stores, investigation of 205

Nelson, Dr. E. W., statement of 315

New Iberia, La., experimental station 520

O.

Olympic National Forest

Oregon and C'alifornia railroad lines, etc., protection of 238

P.

Packers and stockyards act, enforcement of 490

Paine, IL S., statement of 240

Park, Hon. Frank, statement of 184

Parlatora date scale, eradication of 490

Passenger-carrying ^■ehi(•les 20

Transferred from War Department, use of 21

Patterson, J. M., statement of 181

Pink I)oIl worm, eradication of 4S4

Plant Industry, Bureau of 134

Alkali-resistant and drought-resistant crops, breeding and physiological

study of 170

Arlington farm and agricultural station 179

i'arberry bu.sh, eradicutioii of H>1-188

Piophysical investigation 181

( 'ereal disease-cont rol work 170

Cereals, for investigational work in the improvement of 159-185

Citrus canker eradication ; 141

Conunerci il seeds, for studying and testing 158

Congressional seed distribution 180

Cotton and truck croj) disease investigations 147

Crop accliiMali/.aliiin 154

('rop plants, for investigating the physiology of 151

Crop leclinologicul investigations 150

Drug and other i)lanls 150

Dry-land agricultural investigations , 172

i'ixperiniental gardens and grounds, WaHhington, D. C 177

l''oreign s(M'd and pluiit inlnidiictinii 179

I'orc'Mt and ornaniciu.d trees and slniilis, disea.'^es of 143

l'"ruit and inelhods of fruit growing, for in\(>8tigntion and inipnivemonl of. 175

IN'DEX. 541

riant liuliiftrv. !<ur«*aii o( romiini«'«l, •'••■-

Kruit .' ti^ulioa- I tO

• it'lH't.i: ....: 1 ■•

llorticiilitirnl in\<

N<"W lUiH t ' (jiHirinmi"!!. <•

Nun««Tv -'

Nut « 1
IV<nin.
Plant «liM>aa(<H uiul patholo^riRil iY>llnctionii, for invcwtigat ton "i

SalariuH •.■.■••. ....-.■

S<iil hartojiolinry and pUnt nutrition in\catiK*ti<(nii.

Soil iVrtilily i- - I

Sui:ar |il.iiit i- • '•

Tohan'o ii lonn. i • "

Wewlrni ill.- i. aprirultuH' '•'

WliiMi, <l«'«tru«-ti<>n of l>v Murk BtcMn rum i'-

Wliit. . • • 1 11.

WiM ]■ .•..(orinvwtiinitinn.pt* ..( i:i

I*rintiiii; and IiiikIiiii; '•'*

l*ul>lii-atii>ii tHT\i<f ■!-

PuhlicatioiL-*. dui>li('atiun in. W

Pul.lic lloads, Hiiroau of _ Ml

Chcniical ami plwMical rharactor ofitwrl inatorial*. inventifpitionfl of '.I

Kx|H'riin( nt;'.l tiiirliwavM. inainfoiianrc and r<' ■'-♦;

Kann di>ine--<ti<' water supply and draiiia'je di ; inv««lit!ntinn -.1 'O

Tanii tlrainajjc and dniinai:*' of nwanip and wot lantU ■ •

General adnuni.'^trativc cxponece ■'

(ipnor.d Htatcuiont of work 'I

lii plctoil Ml fhowini: '•«■>

111- iiioeriiii: ■ lifludicsin '>

I.IIWS ri"^'ulat ini; tradic > "^

Mat«»riaJ.>» used in road construction ■ 1

Mileai:*' conipleted, total" '>

Oldiufatioii of l»alauce of auth" ■ i. proWsion for. >«

Pa.st^nj:er-<arryin^ vehicle.-*. I .of '■ I

Koad liiiildiii^ and nmintenanee. invei»tii:alion of . '.l

Koad nianapenient ami economic 8tudie.s of highway coiwtruction !'■

Rural post roa«l.s, c<K>|>erative construction of

Salaries

State re<|uiroment8 *

Suri)lu:< war expltwives -

I'tili/^tiou of water in farm irrigation, for investigating and reixirtinc

Pup^ley, r. \V., sitatement of - '

(Juaintance. Dr. A. L., statement ot. '^ »

K

Ilansdell. Hon. J. K. .statement of '>.'!

Rec<'iptH from activities of II

Keclamation i)n)ject.«. demoastration on ''"'

Reed, .1. !•■ . statement of i -

Ree.-^e. It M . .-^t.itcmt'nt of 11

Rein<leer indii.^try in \la.-*ka '^^^'-

Rent of huildiii'.^'^ ' "

S.

Salario.*. com pari.-* «n with ont.«ide institution.*

Schoenft'ld, \V. A., t<tatemeiit of

Scientific men, maximum salarii^ |>aid to •' •

Secretary. I'Hice of th«' I'

.\dmii.i.<trative a.'«istant. '-'

Kmploy(M*(. additional I*

Reorjjanization of oliice:< under. . . J ». ;IJ

•Salaries 11

Traffic manager 1-

Transfers from other divisions l-"^

Watchmen and lalxirera H

542 INDEX.

Page.

Seed grain loans, collection of 507

Sheets. E. W., statement of 130

Sherman, W. A., statement of 380

Silver, Gray, statement of 194

Skinner, \V. K., .statement uf 71

Skinner, W. W., .statement of 24(t

Smith, J. Warren, statement of 73

Soils. Burean of 272

Agricnltnral land.s, for examination of soils to aid classification of 2S

Fertilizer resonrces, for investigation of 277

Phy.sical inve:<tigations of important properties of 277

Salaries 272

Soil type.s, etc. , for chemical investigations of 275

Survey investigations 278

Funds expended, 1922, statement showing 279

Survey maps 2S0

Southern rattle ticks, eradication of 105

Stakman, Dr. E. C, statement of 197

Standard container act, enforcement of 452

Statutory positions recommended to be dropped, statement showing 10

Statutory rolls, reductions in 10, 1(5

Sallys liill Xational Park game preserve •. 318

Surplus war explosives 362

T.

Taylor, II. ('.. sluteJiient of 380

Taylor, Dr. W. A., statement of 134, 184, 490

Teuny. L. S., statement of 380

True, A. 0., statement of 51

Tuberculosis, eradication of 99

V.

Vault for inflammable materials, completion of 17

Veitch. Dr. S. P.. statement of lM(>

W.

Wallace, II. ('.. statement of 511

Waltion. W. R. . statement of 284

Walton. T. ()., statement of 58

Warehouse act, enforcement of 446

Terminal warehouses 117

Xuml)er and capacity of 448

War Finance Corporation loans 449

Weather lUireaii 73

Expenses outside city of Washington 8tt i

Frost-warning inve.stigations 82

General expenses 80

General statement 73

I ncreasod personnel . need of >* 1

Photographic illustrations 82

Salaries

Stations for observing, etc., for maintenance of ^'i

Traveling «>xpense8 8(!

White pine l)li8ter rust, control of 143 ,

Wiiiliiey, Dr. Milton, statement of 272 (

Woodward, Okla., lii-ld station 495

Woolwork, for comph'tion of 45?

Work of departnu'Ut .... 51:

V.

V. ill.-. 11. S. statement <pl' :'8(

Z

/.appone. .\ . stiili-nicnl of M

o

NON-CIRCULATING BOOK

lessc'