Class_2 7 ud Book 19€ M8*%- OFFICIAL DONATION-. a «ul > e Ú The High Commissioners of the National Exhibition having resolved, as proposed by Commendador Joaquim Antonio de Azevedo, to reprint and to translate into the English language the pamphlet I wrote for the Exhibi- tion of 1872, I thought ¡it advisable to enlarge and to correct it, and at the same time to substitute the title by another, in my opinion, more appropriate in form and in substance, and better adapted to the ends to when this work ¡is destined. DR. NICOELAU JOAQUIM MOREIRA. Rio de Janetro—October, 15875 oi tnoiiavs al NN a Ai my: insolente os. ink blo a, pato 5 SAN or) aria 01 hen Ao 0) alos A Se ololas bs. AI a SN, On, sobr 4 suit if. oy ut» ym e sléneiabin 6 bye Y STELLA avi] e LA e do lada oe AR ad ¿Y UN ld sisido (aja Mi 3 o q Ne E A Ñ 2 ye hr: a ' NES E t Ab ' e Ñ 10 ¡q WA, PAIR a | " e Da, V Md o NA es 0 o We ANA ' dj dee AA hb ÓN RM pa y 5 ”_ 158 y ida Mo Le A dl 7 Tk m4 " y ( oa DAR 15 Depp pe Ale ¿0 1 0d j 44 ha y y E NA > pe NN MU in ay ] MAT Alo) Ñ y ce Mal h JN ! pd h ' K A ONO A AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THOSE WHO MAY EMIGRATE TO BR A 211 4 FIRST PART GENERAL OBSERVATIONS, As Brazil is almost wholly situated to the South of the Equator, the greater part of it being still covered by impene- trable forests, 1t enjoys a much more moderate temperature than other countries placed under the same latitude in the northern hemisphere. The height of its mountains, the vastness of its surface, and the abundance of its waters, favors Brazil with a variety of climates, which, joined to the nature and fertility of its soil, give undoubted proofs of the fitness of this vast portion of South America for all branches of agriculture; its prodigious productive power is displayed in those immense forests which still extend for hundreds of leagues and which the devastating arm of civilized man has been, as yet, unable to annihilate; their depths contain choice products and at sight of them the most eminent European naturalists are filled with rapture. “* Their delicious freshness (writes Hooker, contemplating E o the Brazilian forests) enchants the traveller who admires at the same time the prodigious dimensions of the giants of those forests, the unheard of vigour of the luxuriant vegetation and the extraordinary variety of vegetable forms which they present. “Not satisfied with producing this colossal vegetation nature also has dressed them with numerous parasites and flexuous climbers, which mingle their flowers and foliage with those of the trees that support them. “Whilst European forests present a monotonous aspect, from their insignificant variety, the virgin forests of Brazil offer us a multitude of trees of different species, all varying not only in their dimentions, shape and aspect, but also in the shades of their leaves and the colours of their flowers.”. And certainly the distinguished naturalist, whose words we quote, had good reason for thus describing the impression caused by contemplating the enormous coesalpinez, the mon-. strous laurinaceze, the tall icicee, the elegant bertholeciz, the proud araucarise and the immense variety of shady palm trees, whose tops penetrating the clouds defy and disdain the tempest. The importance of the Brezilian forests, however, is not only represented by its gigantic trees but also by the value which each of them possesses with relation to the arts, to house and ship building, to food and to medicine. It is in the midst of this splendid emporium of most useful timber that the naval arsenals find the tapinhoá (Silvia naval- ¿um), the peróba ( Aspidosperma peroba), the sucupira ( Bowdichia major), the pequiá (Aspidosperma eburnea), the paracaúba (4m- dira), the saboarana, the grapiapunha, (4puleia polygamea), the taxiuba, and the guarubú (Peltogyne); that civil engeneering meets with the bitter and the stony angelins (Macherium an- dira), the different kinds of canella, the graúna (Melanoxylon), the merindiba (Zerminalia), the oily grucahy (Moldenhaurea), the tabaco ipé (Zecoma) ; that cabinet makers find the jacaran- dá (Macherium incorruptibile), the vinhatico (Echirospermum), satin wood (Aspidosperma), the sebastiño d'arruda (Phylocalym- ma), the jequitibá (Carianiana), the goncalo alves ( Astronium po, ¿RE Fraxinifolium), and the tortoise-shelled muirapinima (Brosinum Aubletu); that the arts extract oils, gums, resins, dyes and beautiful textile fibres; and medicine obtains valuable thera- peutic resources, true succedanea of the agents of foreign ma- teria medica (*). If from the spontaneous products of nature, we turn to those due to human labour, still Brazil does not yield to other coun- tries in the fertility of its soil. Thus it is that whilst in Europe wheat and oats bear 20 for 1 and in Asia from 8 to 12 for 1,in Brazil they produce in cleared lands 60 for 1 and in prairies 3o for 1. In some soils, 1,963 acres will give the following products in the proportions indicated : sio ya a paa de ero horda ge a np 826 to 918 kilos LL ep a pl: Uca ll ARS q ed 4385 eii a cy decada La ¡os cagon ia e od 2.181 litres A E Mao INE e ERE. ENTE HIRO Maise generally yields 140 for 1, beans 80 and rice 1,000, and whereas in the United States one acre of land gives 925,6 kilos of cotton, our poor lands produce 1,469 kilos and the best 4,407. Some 375 years since an exhaustive system of culture was adopted everywhere, the axe, the firebrand and promiscuous se a loa due es e lil pls tio Lidl ro Ps (*) Amongst the plants which furnish oils, butter and wax and which serve as food or are applied in the arts or in medicine the following are worthy of note : The bacabeira enocarpus bacaba, 30 p. e. of oil; the indaiá-assú attalea compta, 20 p. c.; the macaúbeira acrocomia sclerocarpa, 30 p. o.; the Lent cocoa tree, cócos flexuosus, 60 p. c.; the pindobeira, diplothemium caudescens, 56 p. C.; the pindahyba, wilopia cericea (10 kilos of the fruit yield 130 grams of edible aromatic oil); besides the andu-assú, anda-gomesu; the bicuiba, myristica bi- cuiba ; the copahyba, copahyba nitida ; the wild mamono, mabéa festuligera ; the carrapateiro, ricinus communis; the nhandiroba, feuillea cordifolia ; the pao bal- samo, myrospermum erythroxylon; the piqui, caryocar braziliensis; the carnaú- beira, corypha cerifera; the ucuuba, myristica sebifera, etc. etc. For the manufacture of paper and for caulking purposes, the trees of Brazilian forests furnish excellent material, especially the following : the as- trocarium, the acrocomia, the bactris, the mauritia, the atlalea, among the pal- macoe; the bromelia, the bilbergia, the tillandsia; among the bromeliace:; the cecropia, the urtica, among the urticeoe; the agave, of the liliaceoe; the musa of the musaceoe; the urena, the myrodia, the hibiscus, of the malvacece; the bom- bazx, the eriodendron, the carolinea, of the bombacex; the bertholetia, of the lecythidacese*e; and many of the anonaceo, apocynacece, asclepiadecece, furnish- ing textile substances of different values,and which can substitute, if not rival, cotton, hemp and flax. e clearing extracted from the fertile lands of Brazil the elements of greatness and prosperity of future generations, but for all that the fertility of our soil has never deceived the hopes of the intelligent agriculturist who employs the proper method to ob- tain food and the means of contributing to the inexhaustible resources of the State. The exportation of 54,474,126 kilos of cotton, 154,815,149 kilos of sugar and 148,385,454 kilos of coffee, of the total veri- fied value of 151,562:591$000 in 1874, (*) is a sufficiently valid proof, if such were needed, of the fertility of Brazilian soil. Brazil therefore possesses a sufficiency of natural elements, to raise 1t to the rank of a first rate agricul.ural nation; but, the vastness of its territory, its sparce population, the want of capital, which is absorbed by commerce, the absence of profes- sional knowledge, the immobility of large sums employed in immense tracts of uncultivated land and the difficulty of com- munication, has retarded the progressive evolution of these elements. Fortunately however, private enterprize, so full of good results in all branches of human knowledge, commences to ap- pear, and the beneficial influence which the law now allows the Government to use is also being felt. The opening of roads, the exploration of important rivers, and the locomotive whistling in the midst of our forests, penetrating into the interior of the country acompanied by the electric te- legraph, conquer time, diminish space and join producing centres to consuming markets. Model farms, proving the necessity of abandoning the pres- ent method of agriculture which exhausts the forces of the agriculturist without yielding an adequate amount of products; agricultural institutes, proclalming the advantages to be obtained by uniting theoretical teaching to intelligent practice; asylums, where destitutes orphans are received, obtaining food for the body and for the mind, by means of an education which en- ables them to become excellent overseers and the true agents between the sm all farmer and the rich agriculturist; agricultural (*) Report of the Minister of Finance in 1875, e Mi reviews, published by associations for promotion of national in- dustry, propagating information respect.ng the progress of other nations, the invention of new machinery and agricultural imple- ments, and investigating questions interesting to agriculture and the arts; discussions on the creation of agricultural banks where planters may obtain capital at a moderate interest aud for long dates; /azus respecting limited liability societies ; the reform of our mortgage law of September 24th 1864 and the respective regulations which followed, as a preliminary step to the establishment of territorial credit; the establishing of greaf colonial mucled in the centre of the provinces and of small agriculturists in the neighborhood of cities; the ascendency which 222% farming, which endows generations, is gaining over the priímitive which enriches the fathers to the detriment of the children; the recognition of the necessity of the division of labor, by separating the operations relative to the cultivation of products from those which concur in its preparation and ex- portation, obtaining, by this means, better results both as to 1ts perfection and as to its commercial value ; finally private enter- prize, in combination with government, promoting the introduc- tion into the country of the proper kind of industrious immi- grants,—are the precursors of the day when the sun of Brazil will shine on the reform of our old system of agriculture and manufacture, reform the more important as the notion of spreading instruction throughout all classes of society has set a hold on the public mind, and the promulgation of the s2/ufa»), beneficial, and highly humanttarian law of September 28th 1871, that dried up the sources of slavery, which were incompatible with a country of liberty, dignifies industry ánd causes society to look upon the operative not as a mere tool, but as a man who, living by his worth, whilst he employs his physical force, makes, at the same time, efforts to free himself from the fetters of ignorant labor in order to employ rational activity. Besides those promoters of agricultural progress which we have noticed, there are others not less important, whose bene- ficial influence will shortly be felt, such as: the creation of central mills for the preparation of the products of agricultural or extractive industry; the establishment of agricultural banks o" E that shall furnish planters with the capital which they require to improve their estates, by advances on the immense immov- able value of their vast rural property; the authorization to grant to the banks that shall lend money to planters, in accord- ance with the law of September 24th 1864, an additional inter- est of 2 p. c. per annum, on the sums thus lent at an interest not exceeding 6 p. c. with a sinking fund of not more than 5 p.c.of the capital; the reform of the system of public teach- ing, by diffusing agricultural instruction in all its branches, the exemption from duties on machinery and agricultural imple- ments, as well as on seeds and rare plants of all kinds, and lxstly, the offer made by the Government, to import for account of the planters, plants, seeds, machinery and agricultural im- plements of the most perfect kind, which they may wish to em- ploy on their estates, or domestic animals of the best breeds, wherewith to improve the existing ones. On the other hand, the system of rotation of crops followed by farm yard manuring, which are the first steps towards hig% farming, commence to attract the attention of planters who, whilst taking advantage of the knowledge acquired by exper- ience and by practice, recognize the salutary principles taught by physics and by chemistry ; it is not therefore surprising that many planters should now use the plough, the harrow and the turbine, as well as other instruments and apparatus which modern science employs to obtain in a shorter space of time a larger crop of better quality. Nearly 13,000,000 square kilometres (*) and consequently one fifteenth of the surface of the globe, constitute the fertile territory of Brazil. Its geographical position, its 1,200 leagues of coast and its 42 ports give it the indisputable right to be considered the great commercial centre of South American continent. Brazil, as an agricultural country, is divided into two great zones—the tropical and the temperate; such however is the na- ture of its soil, the elevation of its mountains, always covered (*) Brazil represents an area of 290,047 square leagues or 12,634,447 square kilometres, with a population of 10,380,000 free individuals, 1,400,009 slaves and 2,000,000 aborigines. A with luxuriant vegetation, that not far from places influenced by a high temperature, others are found which enjoy delightful and temperate climates, we cannot therefore be surprised at meeting in the extreme north of Brazil products pertaining to the southern provinces. Thus cotton, which grows luxuriantly at Maranhíáo and Per- nambuco, is seen equally vigorous and beautiful in the open land of Sorocaba, in the province of Sáo Paulo; coffee, which enriches the planters of Minas and Rio de Janeiro, flourishes on the mountains of Baturité in Ceará and also on the banks of the Amazon and at Rio Grande do Sul; the sugar cane is spread all over the Empire, and cocoa, which appeared unable to cross the limits of Pará bears fruit in Bahia, in Rio de Ja- nelro and in many other provinces. Of the immense territory of Brazil barely 256,886 square leagues are cultivated, with only 46 inhabitants for each league, there being, according to the last census, 17,454 agricultural establishments in 13 provinces. If Brazil without those means which will shortly by placed at 1ts disposal, could present such an imposing quantity of pro- ducts, we may fairly assume that a large increase will appear when all the germs of prosperity which it possesses are de- veloped. Improvements in the culture of cotton and sugar cane, the former of which is already well known in Europe as superior to that of many countries, and the latter which will shortly rival that of the French colonies if planters continue to apply agri- cultural chemistry and mechanics; thé preparation of coffee, this most important element of the wealth of Brazil, the quality of which is such as to make it undistinguishable from Indian or Asiatic coffee in European markets; the proper manipulation of our tobacco, which has been known in Europe, since the reign of Dom Joáo V, where its active principles, agreable taste and smell are acknowledged; the culture of ¿ndízo which was en- couraged by the Marquis of Lavradio, but is at present almost forgotten, although our fields abound in ¿xndigofera anil, solanum ceruleum and many other plants which supply this valuable coloring substance; that of cochineal, introduced into this a” country by Dom Luis de Vasconcellos, and which finds, growing spontaneously in the woods of Brazil the urumbeba, the peculiar food of the cocus cactí; the culture of zuheaf, the most import- ant of all alimentary cereals, and which, from the centre of the South of Brazil, finds a most apropriate climate for its develcp- ment, as was proved by trials made in 1817; that of varnlla, which is in every respect superior to that of Mexico ór Bolivia, especially with regard to weight and aroma; that of fax which grows exuberantly in our southern provinces ; that of ¿indigenous silk, the practical study of which brought a pecuniary remune- ration to Paulo Fernandes Vianna and Antonio José Vieira da Victoria in 1817; that o the bombyx mort, commenced in Per- nambuco by Maurice of Nassau and at present progressing at Rio Grande do Sul; that of the víne, already acclimatized here and the produce of which is commencing to be apreciated on account of the perfection to which it has arrived; and lastly, of the many and beautiful especies of vegetable textile fibres, which latcly obtained so much praise in Europe, being consid- ered superior to cotton and jute and rivaling Cairo flax, will necessarily greatly increase the value of our exports. Brazil possesses 1530,* 78 of railroad under traffic and 699 kilometres building, besides 1,568 kilometres in concessions granted to 11 enterprizes with a provincial and general govern- ment guarantee of interest. There are 6,580 kilometres of electric wire laid on, covering 4,600 kilometres with 82 stations, besides the sub-marine lines of the Brazilian E Western Telegraph Company and those which unite the North to the South of the Empire, and the capital to the Republic of Uruguay. There are several well established cotton manufactories giving employment to many hundred Brazilian and foreign operatives of both sexes and all ages, consuming a staple product and worked by water and steam power. Sundry agricultural institutes have been created. There are in operation: one in Bahia, one in Pernambuco, under the inspection of the respective presidents, and another in Rio de Janeiro under the minister of agriculture. Schools of practical agriculture are been organized in the first Ls two. In the latter, under the direction of Viscount of Bom Retiro, these is already advantageously established a model farm in charge of Dr. Glazl; an agricultural asylum under Commen- dador J. A. de Azevedo, and a mauufactory of Chili hats made of the fibre of the bombanassa, cultivated in the Botanical Gar- den, where also more than 27 species of manioc may be seen, besides 14 varities of sugar cane, Havanna and Djebel tobacco, Moca, Bourbon and Murta coffee, sarracen wheat and thousands of other useful and ornamental plants, whilst in the chemical laboratory, annexed to the institute, analyses of soils and agri- cultural products are constantly being made. There is a scheme of a zoological garden the beneficial effects of which will influence zootechnical studies. The Acclimatizing Society which was founded November 1zth 1872 through the suggestion of Commendador Joaquim Antonio de Azevedo, under the direction of Viscount of Itaúna corresponding with similar European and American societies and presided by Councillor José Liberato Barrozo, is daily gaining strength and doing good service to the country. There is besides, at the Pedro II colony, very near the city of Juiz de Fóra in the province of Minas Geraes, a school of agriculture where the various branches of agricultural science are taught and the advantages of rational agriculture are shown by examples. - Amongst the publications that undertake to propagate the true principles of agriculture, the following are the chief: Review of the Rio de Janeiro Agricultural Institute, edited by Dr. Miguel Antonio da Silva, and the Auxzl1ador da Industria Nacional, under the menagement of Dr. Nicoláu Joaquim Moreira, organ of a patriotic society which for 40 years has done good service tO agricultural and manufacturing industry, not only by regularly publishing a Review, but also by printing several important manuals relating to the various branches of rural economy. The idea that only Africans could be profitably employed on Brazilian states has fortunately completely died away. Free labor is making its way, slowly but surely through all the provinces of the Empire. Since the cesssation of the slave E EN trade, 28 years ago, the mortality among slaves and numerous manumissions have diminished our slave population, neverthe- less the export of coffee, from Rio de Janeiro, which in 1838 amounted to 4,339,830 kilograms, have increased to 137,449,797 kilograms; S. Paulo which at that time exported only 2,665,045 kilograms, sends now to market no less than 62,173.385 kilo- grams. Pernambuco, Ceará and Maranháo are in the same position. Brazil then, considering its vastness, the fertility of its soil and the salubrity of its climate, must necessarily become an attractive point to industrious emigrants and colonists who wish to work and explore for themselves the elements of wealth which Providence has so liberally scattered over this portion of South America. And truly in no other part of the world will the immigrant meet with the advantages offered by Brazil. All the products of Europe, Asia and Africa thrive on this blessed soil as in their native land; no rigorous winter ener- vates the arm of the agriculturist, no intense cold blights his plantations; on the contrary, a perpetual spring produces fruit- fulness; the seed is multiplied a hundred fold and the planter's efforts are well remunerated. With a view to attract intelligent immigrants in order to expand the several branches of industry and especially agri- culture, Government has employed every effort proportionate to the means at their disposal, not only directly promoting im- migration and colonization,but also protecting private enterprize and propagating in Europe the knowledge of the economical, social and and political condition of Brazil and taking measures tending to improe the condition of immigrants and the wealfare of colonists. An official colonization agency has been established in the city of Rio de Janeiro, with a view to guide the first steps of the newly arrived, assisting them in those affairs which they, owing to their ignorance of the language and customs of the country, are unable themselves to manage, to advise and give them any information required to hear their complaints, and, when just present them to Government; it also reports on o AA projects for introducing immigrants, makes the respective con- tracts and despatches the immigrants to their destination. In the provinces, by order of the minister of agriculture, committees are named to assist the presidents in the reception of immigrants, and they employ means to obtain for them a friendly reception and means of livelihood by agricultural work or by the exercise of other trades. Every immigrant that arrives at Rio de Janeiro, whether spontaneously or for government account, has a right to board and lodging, those who remain in the city of Rio de Janeiro during eight days and the others till an opportunity occurs for them to proceed to their destination. At present, no sooner do the immigrants reach the capital than they are sent into the interior to the high lands, there to be acclimatized. With the laudable intent to create a uniform regime for State colonies and to guarantee the welfare of their inhabitants, the following regulations were approved by Decree No. 3,784 of January 1gth 1867 and signed by Countillor Manoel Pinto de Souza Dantas, at that time minister of agriculture. REGULATIONS FOR THE STATE COLONIES, CHAPTER 1. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COLONIES, THE DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AND THE CONDITIONS FOR THE GRANTS AND TITLE DEEDS. Art. 1. State colonies shall be established by Decree of the Imperial Government; the respective names being indicated, and the colonial district having been previously chosen, meas- ured and marked out by a government engineer. Art. 2. Every colonial district shall contain in its perimeter en area equivalent to, at least, a territory of four square leagues, or 174,240,000 square metres, divided into urban and rural lots. the most convenients position for the township having been previously chosen. e Art. 3. The engineers in charge of the works belonging. to the colonial establismentes, shall draw up a general plan which shall contain, not only the designation of the lots measured and marked out, the direction of projected roads, bridges, rivers and large streams and every other topographical indication, but also the lands reserved for the township and which, with the assent of the Director of the colony, shall have been allot- ted to streets, squares, common schools, churches, cemitery, administrator's house, jail and other colonial buildings. Trhee copies shall be made of these plans, one for the archives of the colony, another for the presidency of the Province and the third for the Directory of public lands and coloniza- tion. Art. 4. The rural lots shall be divided into three classes: those of the first class, shall contain an area of 125,000 square bracas or 605,000 square metres, those of the second, 62,500 square bracas or 302,500 square metres, and those of the third 31,250 square bracas or 150,250 square metres, equivalent to 12, Y and %8 of the lots of 250,000 square bracas or 1,210,000 square metres, mentioned in Art. 14 $ 1st of the law of Sept- ember 18th, 1850. The urban lots may be divided into differents classes, and the frontage may vary from to to 20 bracas or from 22 to 44 metres and the depth from 20 to 50 bracas or from 44 to r1o metres, according to the position of the land reserved for the township. All the above mentioned lots shall be indicated on the plan of the colony by a number. Art. 5. The price of the square braca (4.48 square metres) both of the rural and the urban lots shall be arbitrated by the Director of the colony, the fertility, the situation and other circumstances of the land, being considered, according to the descriptive memorial of the engineer, and in proportion as the clearing of the colonial lands shall proceed. This arbitrament may vary between the limits of 2 and 8 réis for the rural and of ro and 80 réis for the urban lots; after the approval of the president of the province, these shall also be indicated on the plan. Art. 6. Colonists may on arrival freely choose their lots, is paying in cash the price fixed, according to the respective clas- sification. An additional 20 per cent on the price marked shall be charged to those who buy on credit, and this payment shall be made in five equal instalments to count from the end of the second year of their establishment. If however the colonist pay before the instalments are due, an abatement of 6 per cent shall be made on the whole of the instalment or instalments anticipated. Art. 7. Thesons of colonists over 18 years of age shall have the right to choose lots on the same conditions, and to settle separately if so willing. Art. 8. The rural lots shall be delivered with the respective frontage and depth measured and marked out, and with a path of from ro to 20 bracas or from 22 to 44 metres in length, at both the lateral boundaries, indicated by three posts. These lots shall contain an area of 1,000 square bracas or 4.840 square metres cleared, and a temporary building large enough for a family. : Art. 9. There shall be two kinds of title deeds for the col- onists, namely: provisional deeds, or those which indicate the lots, and definitive deeds of the property, passed according to the annexed models No. 1 and 2. The former, signed by the director of the colony, shall be delivered to the colonists who may buy on credit; the latter, signed by the president of the province, shall be given to those who shall have paid their debit to the public treasury. Both the provisional and the definitive deeds shall be given gratuit- ously to the colonists, within three months from the day on which they shall take possession of their lots. Art. 10. When the colonist buys on credit, he shall not be allowed to subject either the lands or the improvements on them to any real eocumbrance, as one and the other are mortgaged to the public treasury as a guarantee of his debts to the State and of the fines he may incur. | t is understood that the foregoing clause does not compre- hend legitimate or testamentary inheritance or legacy, in which Bi cases the property shall pass to the heir or legatee with the encumbrance. The provisional title deed, mentioned in Art. g, shall be re- gistered in a special book, each page of which Shall be signed by the director. Art. 11. The definitive title deeds shall contain: 1Ist, an exact description of the boundaries of the lot; 2nd, the extent and direction of tho divisory lines with the declaration of the needle; 3rd, the area and the name of the adjoining pro- prietors; 4th, the conditions and encumbrance to which, in accordance with these regulations, the purchasing colonists are subject. Gi When the lot shall be of an irregular form, the engineer shall design and sign a small map of the same on the title deed. Art. 12. Every colonist who, within two years the date of taking possession of the lot purchased, shall not have established on it his habitual dwelling and effective culture, shall loose his right to the same, and, after the necessary advertisements, 1t shall be sold by public auction. From the proceeds of the sale, there shall be deducted; first, the amount which the negligent colonist may be owing the State; and secondly, the amount of any other proved debts, which he may be owing; and if any sum remain it shall be deliv- ered to the said colonist, or, in his absence, immediately paid into the provincial treasury. The same steps shall be taken, at any time, with respect to rural or urban lots of lands, whose owners shall abandon them for more than two years. CHAPTER Pr THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE COLONIES. Art. 13. IntheState colonies, there shall be a board compos ed of eight members, namely: the director, who shall preside, the medical assistant, and six others, chosen from among the colonists who shall have paid their debts to the State. Art. 14. Those colonists who shall be soonest free from their debt, shall be members of the first board; and when more AG than six individuals are in the same position the president of the province shall choose from among the names proposed by the directors, those colonists which he may consider most fitting. The duration of this provisional board shall be for only one year. | Art. 15. At the expiration of this period, the director shall send to the president of the province a list of the names of twelve colonists who, to the condition above mentioned, shall join intelligence and good conduct; to the list there shall be annexed such information as may guide the president in the choice of the six members of the permanent board. Art. 16. This board shall be triennial, and the director, three months before the expiration of that time, shall make the necessary proposal for the new board, which shall be installed on the first day of the following year. Art. 17. The board may pass resolutions when the presi- dent and four other members be present. Art. 18. In urgent cases, when meetings of the board may be difficult and, through delay the decisions become prejudicial to the interest of the colony, the director may resolve alone, explaining his reasons for so. doing at the first meeting of the board to be noted in the respective book of the proceeding of the board. Art 19. If from the continuance of the meetings, of the board any detriment arise to the colony, the director may adjourn them. Art. 20. The director may also suspend the execution of the measures resolved on by the board if contrary to law or to the clauses of these regulations, or 1f detrimetal to the colony. In this case, as also in those mentioned in the two foregoing articles, he shall immediately inform the president of the pro- vince of the steps taken by him. Art. 21. If the president of the province approve his act, then the president, 1f he thinks proper, may dissolve the board, and order a new proposal to be made for the nomination of another, after consulting the Imperial Government. Art. 22. So long as the colony shall not contain a sufficient number of colonists, in the above mentioned condition, to A form the board, the director shall exercise all its functions Art. 23.. The colonial board may decide with respect to the distribution of colonial revenue, which shall be applied only to the following objects: 1st. The construction and repairs of buildings destined for public worship, schools and the administration, of roads and bridges. 2nd. Opening colonial roads, building temporary bridges and houses for the reception and establishment of colonists, measur- ing lots and clearing lands. 3rd. Giving ordinary assistance and making advances to the colonists, in accordance with these regulations and the orders of the Government. 4th. The acquisition of good breeds of cattle, of plants and seeds, as also making experiments on the culture of certain plants, which may best thrive on the lands of the colony. Art. 24. The board may also : 1st. Decide respecting the annual revenue and the expen- diture for the objects and service mentioned in the foregomg article, taking into account the expenses of administration and and others ordered by Government. | 2nd. Resolve, in accordance with these regulations, on the sale of lots of land belonging to those colonists who may leave them uncultured or abandoned. 3rd. Resolve, in like manner, with respect to those cases, in which the colonists ought to be warned, deprived of the favours guaranteed or excluded from the colonial district. Art. 25. The revenue of the colony comprises : 1st. Those sums which the Imperial Government may con- tribute towards lts expenses. 2nd. The proceeds of the sales of the lots. 3rd. The advances made to the colonists, and the fines that man be imposed on them. 4th. The discount up to 5 p. c. which may be made on the wages of the workmen, according to Art. 35. Art. 26. Besides the before mentioned, duties and obliga- tions of the director, he is bound : 1st. To superintend and manage all the business and service of the colony. 2nd. To receive all the revenue and apply it in the manner indicated by the board. 3rd. To see that newly arrived colonists are well received and established. 4th. To distribute the lots of lands, deviver the title deeds, make the advances and offer the assistance and favors gua- ranteed by these regulations. sth. To give employment in the colony, on wages, to those who may require this assistance, preference being given to the newly arrived. 6th. To watch over the execution of these regulations and to impose on his subordinates the penalties they may incur. 7th. To carry into effect the decisions of the board. 8th. To present in due time the accounts of the colony, and the reports under his charge. Art. 27. In the State colonies, parties may authorize their arbitrators to decide, by (085019) VJ) UPUBIrEr 2 PABLO IRA TER Quino a o ES apa iodo a | pd 10) BO q 1 “MU E > *“BQAUYBIL, O'PoL A O O A A O ES O Sequtara A 3AÁ9ALMS ASPUM "Y “Y JUADUI ID ; O6Er | | 3'8€l A gc A IS "TUBQBIOIOS E 028 0'c3 a MA a YQRIOend Y 01 E O wm A A IL RES | 20000 CCAA) BSOORO Y OBS | cc0c* E E E ORO. | Es e 222 "Wu A3oyr ay seuiduieo | A A A 0'06 [A 0'68 A o E TN MM A 0'66 se TD o ce A Le sodule() Y IYPIBA | A sodueg Y JUBIBA EA A 099 A 7 "RU LPÍ rn Ar BLUBN ¿18 Y 09.ID0qua A + PUALPIBA BLIBN “BIS 0£€ RES o cd **==* OIBU y OJUBS Y ]eyide;) | OLOJU Y OJURS d 0'931 de > A o A [o o do *YJOIBZEN Y ende A 020000 RN A A : SUTppinq "HU Y [E 1DUILAO0s A 0'E9€ 0'E9€ A “-ySseno)-RÍBIBOo) 9P OLUOJUY OJUBR | corcorocrtos IOWMBJL Y BIOPEN AS E OvOr | | A | SS epedeuo y ONO OS Oro e ... NETA AS Pret dinos | : ¿Sup “Y CH 1UA9u9:) 8'61 a Sh 8'61 “"SOYBH SOP OÑOXIY 2) OLÁUOLOf *f A CA “== =ulapI | 0.92 0 =opeg *S o U£3 A ENE a A E META ÓN AR E O "BOBA Z "ua pI 6/09 OA A OBIseqag *s 7 soduie;) wap] “Oct 03 ---*(U01J09S 98/) SIA9N PY ÁQIONHN | cortoccccooos soduie) y SolaquiN wapI ' Oca E e E NA a A ES v19pT O'OcT cap | ODA Y PAON=BrIrAa. |. Io ces O ONIUB( 3P OL LE £l o [E * aqueqog y ¡edeo " PPpUIO pana. | cotcccctoos ie: uopI e od _68'91 AR E O Y AJLDIH | A ARO *"-""pÁUeXxe() es “== -09MQUIBUIIJ A ES ZEl 6 NETAS O pd O a MS SS Sra euequl e AT SE AR "HIPA 008 | q) bs A A | e ICAA pavo) O'OT ty 19 pude QU. 1 A segdely » 22084 07 pousdo 3411 3413 JO JaBd YA “Y "Y [POLA OA Y 0'6EL ISO AA a Spa *£yB1pun f 29 SOJUES SS Lqerpunf 2) soJueg opned :S O'8Ir | 0'89 09% |" (SUN) HH YJUES 2 VAON-01104 A a oa | nd 611'p MER A O SOD9BIBIA 2 UOYBIANI A A vwapr uLapr 16€ 5 (a ca 0T£ Ulea 1 A (O/0B 1 "S) PALSOYIEO Y BIE o IA vuapT | muoapr a AAN ca A ls an OXON-OJLO] FP SOLH-DAUR | cronos DUB. 01pa, | , E E ] S au (y9ar.1q) 11 opod | vopI pactó dd SIL TEL <89'có8 ¿QUBI A *S 30 SN AO A O (una) 11 01pad OXMS9UB [' 9P OLH ñ 0rS Al e3s1A-R0g y ¡ende ODSIDUBIA *S 00NQUIBUIA 081'68S PLET'99P A o di oxnezen( 29 1eyide() =****OMIZBNf nueg ¿pea 07 pouado 901( 249 JO ¿AU YITA “Y “Y JUANI ANT AO : NS ] do E E muoxar | ATAUAS DNI OMIAVAL VIOL YIANA “QUO | YJUNA » SNOILV LS TVNIAHYUH.L SUNVN SHAODNIAOAA JAONVILSIA DIALANOTIM ; “IIZVA,A HO SAVOXIVA HAL YO HISHVI $911:681881 | Sure: 188'B10 ] SIPSZRCO6L > qe $ere:bporz |r=c* rms 4 Pr PS PA PA. .: . “L96'6 $ $06L*P33'9 | MEA MA AE == =sjonpold Lapung cea o A SE9E6:F | SOSFER | 960$T S6P9EES | OLOTLIS LEO$T | SPD [> SE PUVISUP PIO $319:90€ F0€'918 Le$ $08:00e * 996'E29 9818 pia ea $ Lipuis [22 aquey San mg A LUBRD E ns Ta 9y8:60€ ec. $ PIGES | L9'008T | 6EC8 A cai 1004 es (SS... | Prosiece | ssertoset | PIAR $O8CiLZO'P | PCC GBELL | 0828 S -oyeuL BAH er90LlEe | 86eV06eL | 98 dl Su9e:S O'OT | S£L'L90'S | 9PG$T $8C8iO6P UT | I9UEGIS | ¿P8EL ES 19QQA1 VIPuL S699E30'1 | 28L'8 bd Mer | 5L08:HE8'9 | FL8'006'9L | POFS $b€3:908'9 | TPE'GGUBT | LeS$ sur1ido | “dead sy1 29 040YqoL eco" 30 ELO L SPIC:16S T | Zabel S¿S$8TT $O986:CE TT | 99€'IT cr6566 SUBIO) [177777777 Spuouer(T $C66:8SC"IT ¡| SEE'LE9TE | 8 93 SLR9:C88'HI | PLE YICCE |El :0Cp" "LU O6F" - Í e8ROrEEe PLEGVEE | 918 yea PLO“9IS"CE | £8CÉ SELO“0SP'Gl | £ITOGFIE | 623 er NATA IA SOPIH SCESTR9LOLL | POFCSEB9r | 1c08 A E CS Ñ Bi $9LE:1GP 3h9'L8€ 9€8% SZO8:00S | EbL8ce $ EE! Sreseoo 0 169 se dl me Sa E $20G"804'L1 PUCI8" : ao 0 “€ | TE9" PUIST o a ABU ASILO H denricors Vieriono | 204 065 P8GE8T | 1CI$ $8PL:ER6'LG | OELVESRLT| 1918 nes AS g SELUGLp 6P9'088'£ 8p1é pr tds v90'819'Pp | 1098 $609:SP9'9h | LIE EFS'ES | 8SC$ SuBIdo [IM "77* *"U0y0) po 5 L08 P99 € 14403 he $086" 1€6 <67'129'9 GEl$ O IA E E] “un ANIVA XALIL HOla E ña Ca YE 7] a IA A de NVAO laovuzay | 20TVA [2xuuNvOO | psoggay | ENIVA | ALUNVAD | Jon a Kú——_ __—_—_— —. ERASE AYASVIK PLOI—EL8t E FA EN HE í SLDOAdond 8 EL8I—EL81 ELBI—1L8BT | AO SALINA "eLo "FZST 0) T28T JO SAVIA [PLUBUY 91) UL “OIEA I01yO pue sorpuenb £q “sotigunoo ustoo, 07 pajtodxa sjompord uerizeag pedrourad oy) SUMoYs oq es, 5 MAS LIV ERA E > pa A a ss NS E pad AA e A E RE picada PR) a E! Ea DE AER AS: AS E ¡ERE AE o RIAD Doe dr E A SN po IN Ms » MT TE pe , 1 de le DIN My 2 4] A AS E TT IE iio do) VANA DA A YO A ARAN la De CN dd, A 1: E: 47 Y ¿ o Sut ' vai ) 13 E ER he re O A 28 + 'e husbe Ebaby A ERA AIN: EE ny y! ich p eE NUS A adas 7 EE iy? AN ALA add Si FORA MA o O Él ST E e RALES 20) dd AS O (di hit ed AN MP E DAS qm 7 ió | AA $e DOCU , e dle LS Ae AY a peda iJipáll ' ME ALE cid ls qe SECOND PART. THE PROVINCES OF BRAZIL CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO THEIR SPECIAL CULTURES AND THEIR NATURAL PRODUCTS. AMAZONAS. The province of Amazonas numbers 56,631 free inhabitants and 1,183 slaves, (*) spread over an area of 2,874,960 square kilometres, nearly a fourth part of the whole Empire. Thousands of aborigines some half civilized, others perfectly wild live on the banks of the rivers or wander in the dense forests. Besides the numerous brooks, streams and rivers which run in different directions, the gigantic river Amazon, the impetuous Maedira, the Rio-Negro, the Solímoes, the Tapajoz, the Tocan- tins and others ostentatiously display their majesty, serving as means of communication, and at the same time fertilizing by their foods the immense valleys through which they wind. The climate is hot and damp, the lands subject to floods; in some localities the heat is mitigated by frequent heavy rainfalls. If we exclude the swamps near some rivers, the rest of the country is healthy, and specially Manaos. The soil is fat with the exception of the Parimé mountains, . to the north, and is mostly covered whit immense forests containing trees which attain collossal proportions in the nelgh- bourhood of the great rivers, where the best timber for civil and ship building abounds, as also many dyewoods and medicinal, oil bearing and textile plants, and numberless species of palm trees, yielding the delicious palm cabbage, pleasant fruits, agre- (*) The population of the provinces in given according to the last census. A, able liqueurs and other nutritive substances. This vegetable wealth and the fertile soil of these regions only avait industri- ous and intelligent immigrants to fill the void in the po- pulation and to enhance the enormous value of these pro- ducts. ñ The natural products which this province exports, such as: cocoa, India rubber, piassava, Pará nuts, balsams of every kind and more especially sarsaparrilla, attract almost the whole of the rural population, to the detriment of the more lucrative and less dangerous culture of such articles as cotton, coffee, sugar cane and tobacco; the uplands are very well adapted to the cultivation of the former, and two latter grow very vell on the low lands and at the foot of mountains. There are fifteen kinds of manioc cultivated in the province, besides that known by the name of mandiocaba, poisonous and poor looking; from the formers everal alimentary products are extracted, some of which, such as tapioca, are exported. Maués is exceedingly fertile in consequence of the prevalence of humus all over the country, and coffee, tobacco, indigo, ma- nioc, etc., would thrive vell. The tobacco of that locality was imported from Havanna, and to this day it has lost none of its good qualities. The tobacco of Borba is considered the best in the country; maize, manioc and cocoa also grow exhuberantly. Faro has a healthy climate and a very fertile soil, on which rice, coffee,and many other products flourish wonderfully well. At Solimóes, Madeira and Rio-Negro, cotton of a superior quality is planted and the soil would produce good indigo, an article which, in colonial times, was exported. Of the many varieties of maize, that most cultivated is the Peruvian, it is a tall plant whit broad leaves, and the grain ripens in seven months. On the banks of the river /acaré there is a peculiar kind of maize which bear a long ear with grains so soft as to be easily broken with the fingers. At Serpa, Silvas and Villa-Bella cocoa is under methodical culture; as is also guaraná at Maués. The massaranduba (mimusops elata) abounds in the Amazonian A O. region and its milky juice is not only a substitute for gutta- percha, but also serves as food in case of need. In a hundred and fifty days, with an outlay of 2,000$000, fifteen laborers can extract 15,000 kilograms of the product worth 10,000$000. The province of Amazonas may be considered as the emporium of India rubber, not only because this suústance, employed in so many branches of manufactures, abounds all over the coun- try, but also because the province is in easy communication with the English and North American markets. The same is the case with sarsaparrilla. In Amazonas 121 hectars, containing 15,376 plants will produce 38,440$000. There are also some unsystematic stock-breeders. The splendid pastures of Rio-Negro promise large profits to those breeders who shall go to work methodically. . The tortoise fisheries are very important, the meat, and the butter, obtained from the eggs, serve as food for a great portion of the population. The province of Amazonas amongst many other agricultural products, exported during the financial year 1873-1874 Indi oDbea aa 24,117 kilos 64,962$000 Ec e e o SO 1,807 $000 o il e fait Aces 185,089 “ 15,91 1$000 PARÁ. Pará is one of the most northern provinces of the Empire and occupies an area of 1,743,400 squares kilometres, with a popula- tion of 232,622 free individuals and 19,729 slaves slaves, besides many tribas of wild aborigenes who live in the interior of the province. The heat of the climate, modified by the constant evening breeze and abundant summer showers, joined to the alluvial nature of the soil, contribute to that admirable fertility which produces two thousand kilograms of sugar from one hectare of sugar cane; without need of replanting during 15 or 20 years. The extensive forests of Pará contain the most valuable tim- ber for ship and house building and for cabinet making. MO Sarsaparrilla, piassaba, gummiferous, balsamic, fibrous and me- dicínal plants, and those bearing silk and cotton are abundant on the low lands of Pará, as are also those that yield edible products. The sarsaparrilla and the Zndia rubber of Pará are superior to those from Java; they are spread over an immense tract, which account for the rural populations looking upon these products as heir only source of wealth. The Zudia rubber tree is now rationally cultivated ; from 6,000 trees a net profit of 5,000$000 may be obtained, as each tree yields on an average 8 pounds of rubber. The advantages to be derived from the cultivation of cocoa are too well hnown to be descrihed here; 1t is therefore suf- ficient to state that 1,000 trees produce about zo arrobas of fruit, during 80 years, requiring only the care that can be best- owed on them by one man, each crop leaving a net profit of 5o00go0o0o. ; The cocoa produces the nut from which chocolate is made; a kind of butter and medicinal oils are also extracted from it. From the rind, rich in potash, soap, superior to the Spanish, is madeand from the pulp which involves the nuts, a very re- freshing drink is prepared and also an aromatic kind of rum. The cocoa tree is very long lived, at Pará and Amazonas trees planted by the jesuits, are still in existence. The guarana is cultivated in some districts of Pará and also also the urucú. Those who are acquainted with the value of these products in industry, in medicine and as food, may form an adequate idea of the profits to be obtained by cultivating these plants in a province whose soil is adapted to their culture. The Sugar cane, introduced into the province in 1867, is cultivated under the old system, the product, however, has been somewhat improved by the introdution of new apparatus and steam power. The attention of planters, however, is almost whoiely absorbed by the preparation of rum and brown sugar for exportation. The tobacco, especially that of Irituia, which is of superior quality, is all consumed in the province. Cotton grows easily and has good qualities, its staple is fine, white and strong. Its culture however is insignificant. SY —Ñ Manioc flourishes in Pará; and in rather sandy soils, 7,370 litres of farina are obtained from 330 square metres. The crops of rice are astonishing and the product is of supe- rior quality, principally that of Aracá. Maize is planted in any season and gives three crops in a year. Arrow-root grows abundantly; both the long and the one called máo de onca (panther's* paw) and furnish delicate furnish delicate fecula. Carnaúba is being largely” cultivated in consequence of the great utility of its products in industry. Coffee, 1£ 1t were cultivated in a sufficient quantity for the consumption of the province, would leave large returns as in some place it is exactly like Moca coffee. The extraction of ozl of andiroba, for which there is a const- ant demand, would be very profitable if better conducted. Braganca, Irituia, Vigia, Cametá, Monte-Alegre, Santarem, Obidos are good agricultural districts; the healthiness of the climate is shown by the strenth and energy of the inhabitants At Marajó, stock-breeding is carried on largely. On this island there are upwards of 200 breeding estates. The banks of the Anajaz are fertile and abound in rubber co- coa and andiroba trees. The best rubber on the Pará market is from Mapuá, where Pará nuts, vegetable oakum, jutaicica, tabacco and urucú are abundant. | Chaves and Soure are well adapted for cattle and horse breeding. | At Muaná the chief products of agriculture and industry are: Sugar cane, cotton, rice, mantoc, rubber and andiroba. At Santarem there is a colonial nucleus formed by North Americans and Englishmen. This soil is exceedingly rich in hums, the climate is healthy and the drinking waters are whole- some. Two roads join this nucleus to Ipanema and to Dia- mantina, and intercourse with the capital is maintained by the river Tapajoz. A new agricultural colony has just been established, under the name ot Benevides, composed of recently arrived Frenchmen. O. In the financial year 1873-74, Pará, besides other agricultural products, exported : india rubber a df 6,384,779 kilos 10,176,907$000 A OO GA io: 505,397$000 ADE A 1,530,880 % 481,233$000 SAN pródmets. naco oa E 1,267,088$000 MARANHAO. The province of Maranháo has an area of 696,960 square kilometres and 284, 101 inhabitants, of which 74,939 are slaves. The climate is hot and damp, the heat on the coast being mitigated by the sea breeze and by heavy rainfalls and thunder storms from December to May, and by slight showers (chuvas de cajú) from October forward. This province is mountainous in the interior with extensive plains on the sea-board, it is traversed by several navigable rivers and covered with forests and virgin woods; the climate is healthy, with the exception of the banks of the river Parahyba. Among the most important natural products of Maranháo we may mention: the carnaúba, the cocoa, the cazú, vanilla, India rubber, and sarsaparrilla, beautiful tíimber for ship and house building and for cabinet making, and valuable medicinal plants, which might collected and their therapeutic virtues examined, that they might not only compete with exoctic ones in foreign markets, but also constitute the future Brazilian materia medi- ca, in which study both in this province and in Pará, a great deal was done by the lamented botanist Lacerda whose M. S. are in the National Public Library. Cotton is unquestionably the chief agricultural product of Ma- ranháo ; mantoc, rice, coffee and the sugar cane are however, also cultivated, and often not only satisfy the requirements of the interior but are also exported. Maranháo cotton is one of the best which comes to market, its long and white staple is admirably adapted for dyeing and, as to quantity, in more than one quinquennium the value of the exports reached the sum of 24,400,000$000, although the province has lost upwards of 24,000 slaves. The cultivation of cotton in Maranháo is anterior to 1,690 o and in primitive times it constituted the commercial currency; a ball of yarn was worth 25 reis and a roll of cotton cloth 16$000. This article was exported for the first time in 1760; the quantity was 95,631 kilograms. A kilogram and a half of herbaceous seed cotton gives half a kilogram of cotton wool and a kilogram of seed, and 73 kilo- grams of seed produce 81 litres of oil. On black clayey quartzose soil, on which the Auajá palm (Maximiliana regia) grows, 500 cotton trees, cultivated by one man, generally yield 88 kilograms of cotton. Cotíon planted on cleared lands, generally produce, despite the attacks of the caterpillar, 1,909 kilograms per guadra, and lt is not unusual to see 5,288 kilograms of Mexican cotton gathered on the same area of ground. (*) The sugar cane is cultivated in Maranháo since 1662. An- tonio Luiz de Barreiro was the first to plant the cane, on the banks of the Itapicurú, in the last century, its increment com- menced in 1864 under the presidency of Mr. Franco de Sá, and at present if we add the values of the saccharine product con- sumed in the province to the amount exported, we obtain the sum of 1,000,000$000. -— Thelands of Maranháo are well adapted to the culture of ríce and if it be not now so prosperous as we might wish, time was, when the province exported 300,000 alqueires (11,016,000) over and above the home consumption, a fact due to the efforts of Captain José Vieira da Silva, who, in 1765, was the first to plant rice in the province of Maranhío. The coffee from the island of St. Luiz is said to be more agree- able to the palate and more aromatic, than Moca, and we can- not but lament its very limited cultivation. The valleys of the (*) Cotton is therefore the great agricultural product of the district. It is cultivated everywhere. But the valleys which derive from the Bethlem ran e, a projection of the great plateau of the district of Pastos Bons which runs for more than 30 leagues parallel to the river Itapicurú, at a distance of from 2 to 5 leagues, are considered unrivalled for the culture of this plant. Lieutenant- Colonel Antonio Rodrigues Pereira Labre affirms that he obtained 420 arrobas (6,197 kilograms) of seed cotton from one quadra, and Dr. Carneiro 460 )6.754 kilograms) from six hectares! Now, in the opinion of Americans 500 arrobas (7.362 kilograms) of cotton are a satisfactory crop from 12 acres (a little more than one quadra) of their best lands ; how much more ought we not to expect from ours, when they shall have received the benefit of good farming? 4 DS Mearim and Pindaré are very appropriate for the culture of cof- fee. Indigo or caruassú as the natives call it, might constitute a lucrative article por exportation, as well as arrow-roof, which is so well acclimatized as to lead to the belief that it is indi- genous to the province. The culture of ¿ndigo dates from 1720; in quality it is superior to that of Guatemala or Mexico. It was for the first time ex- ported, in 1761, to Lisboa. In the province there are several kinds of mantoc, from which are prepared the farina secca (dry) and el Tagua (water), as also tapioca, starch, etc. At Alcantara, rice, cotton, manioc and sugar cane are cultivat- ed; their products are of a superior quality. Salítpetre, and marble are met with in this district. The lands of Burity are very fertile; the products harvested there satisfy the wants of the population, and a surplus is always exported to Therezina. At Chapada, rice, mantoc and sugar cane are planted and good sugar is made. Codó possesses an allen t soil for the cultivation of cotton. Gurupy, Brejo, Turiassú, Mearím Itapicurú, are in the same conditions of fertility with regard to »zce, cotton and sugar cane. The use of modern agricultural implements and of apparatus for manufacturing good products is not yet sufficiently spread, although some planters have recognized from experience the advantages obtained from their employment. In Maranháo there are about 1,450 stock-breeding estates, with an aggregate of 234,000 head, the average annual produc- tion being 70,000 heads. Alcantara, Chapada, Brejo, sb Codó6, Gurupy and /tapi- curú, possesses a vast extent of excellent prairies. Considering the circumstances of climtae and the magnificent prairies of the interior, this province might increase its revenue, if this zootechnical branch of industry were better managed, and the native sheep crossed with negrettís or southdowns, the native cattle with Indian bulls and the mares with English stalions of the best breed, adopting at the same time a system of feeding based on scientific principles. e A Dairy products, prepared in this province, are not only suf- ficient for home consumption but are also exported to different parts of the Empire. The cultivation of the mulberry tree and the rearing of the bombyx morí may be again attempted, for in the reign of Dom José, when the Marquis of Pombal was minister, Joaquim de Mello, governor of Maranháo, obtained a large quantity of silk produced at Itapicurú, which he sent to Lisbon and, being spun and woven Don José had some articles for his private use made f it. á The military colony of S. Pedro de Alcantara is situated on the right bank of the river Gurupy. The fertile soil here pro- duces excellent simber, coffee, sugar cane, cereals and cotton. Some cattle are also bred on the spot. The province of Maranháo exported during the financial year of 1873-1874, the following products : A sd 1,502 litres : 3708000 COSA tulo asTL 10 U 3,987,211 kilogs. 2,279,288$000 QUETE. AOS CS STE bre 5,096,045 552,69 1$000 Colleeshastes Ta 2h eñtelo. Paria. e UE a O. 13,000; 1,38 0$009 Dotseale: 2100000, 551 EGO 1,196$ooo ERAS Man anasa do pu? 877,584 “ 450,889$000 Jadia. Rubber 03 testi. 63.984 “ 80,502$000 MI A O O Ed 37,376$000 PIAUHY. This province has 178,427 free inhabitants, and 25,533 slaves, occupying a vast era of 456,380 square kilometres. Piauhy to the south and east is mountainous; towards the north there are extensive plains, low and undulating. The cli- mate is hot and damp, but in general is healthy. On some oc- casions, in consequence of the scarcity of rain, the heat is so intense that it dries up the low plants and causes the leaves to fall from the trees. The only important river of Piauhy is the Parnahyba, with a course of 1,600 kilometres. In the districts of the Capital, Amarante, Batalha and Barras, cotton and sugar cane are cultivated; in other districts of the 7 province, sugar cane, matze, mantoc, rice, tobacco, etc. are raised, and not only suffice for the wants of the population, but are sometimes exported. i The soil on the banks of the Parnahyba is sandy, and adapt- ed to the culture of tobacco, cotton, melons, etc. The banks of the Urussahy are fertile and yield good pro- d cts. . The sugar cane and rice grow well in the low lands subject to floods. At Paranaguá there are lands which could well be planted with coffee. Oeiras is destined by nature for stock-breeding. According to the last census, there are 19,377 persons in Piauhy employed in agricultural pursuits. The forests of the province contain valuable timber, and if properly explored could give employment to hundreds of saw-mills. In fact, nature and the fertile soil of Piauhy offer to agricul- tural labour abundant crops and ample remuneration. Immense meadows, shaded by clumps of splendid cocoa- nut trees, make cattle breeding the basis of the wealth of the province. Were not Piauhy to leave the breeding of cattle solely to na- ture, as Ceará also does, thus losing large profits, but would she apply the simple principles of zootechny, the results, both in quantity and quality, would not be inferior to those obtained n Europe. Planting and stock-breeding in Piahuy are in no way opposed to each other; fortunately the province is divided into two dis- tinct zones, which cannot injure one another; on the contrary, from the prosperity of one will arise that of the other—1f both are properly managed. If Oeiras, Valenca, Jaicoz, S. Joíc do Piauhy, Principe Im- perial, Campo-Maior and many other places are, on account of their climate and grazing lands, adapted for the breeding of cattle, there are also the valleys of the Urusshuy and of the Gugeia, and the lands on the banks of the Parnahyba inviting the agriculturist to plant, and from their extent and fertility, E ¡MES promising crops large enough, not only for the wants of the province, but of many articles for exportation on a large scale. The emigrant from Virginia, or from Kentucky for example, would find on the banks of the river Parnahyba, lands on which advantageously to cultivate the famous tobacco which he plant- ed in his native country; those from Georgia would every- where meet lands adapted for planting cotton, which might perhaps be as good as sea island if planted on some of the many islands at the mouth of the Parnahyba, especially on the large island of Paulino (administratively belonging to the province of Maranháio) which we hear has excellent soil for this kind of product. A respectable merchant of this city informs us that he saw cotton from that island of long and soft staple. Latterly, a rural establishment was founded in this province, on,the banks of the Purnahyba, comprehending Guaratibas, Serrinhas, Algodoes, Matta and Olho d' Agua, estate belonging to the nation situated in the department of Nazareth. On this establishment a considerable number of former slaves of the nation emancipated by the Laws of September 28th, 1871, are being taught. Planting and cattle breeding are here ratlonally carried on. The following are the agricultural products of the province exported in the year 1873—1874: GOO esoo POS TRIAS. Ue ¿ad a 88,850$000 AUBALo rot A os 4,596$000 e A A O 51,393$000 SA AS o das do a Le pu 54,702$000 CEARÁ, Ceará occuples an aera of 157,992 squere kilometres, with a population of 729,686 souls, of which 33,960 are slaves. The soil is partly volcanic, and partly calcareous and allu- vial; itis dry and mountainous, except in the interior, where there are vast and rich forests, and the seaboard which is low and subject to floods. The climate, hot and dry, is in general healthy; and if the temperature in the interior of the province sometimes rises in an extraordinary manner; in compensation the nights are cool E: and clear. Droughts are frequent in Ceará when there are no rainfalls from March to June, when they are expected. Agriculture would be a source of wealth, in spite of the plague of droughts, if manioc, rice, cotton, sugar cane and even coffee were properly treated. At present the quantity of manioc planted barely supplies the wants of the population, whereas it might'be an important article of exportation, as it once was when 30,000 alqueires (110,600 litres) were annually exported. The production of coffee fell considerably when the elachita appeared, but this tree grows very well at Baturité, Uberatama, Aratanha and Maranguape, and when well prepared the grain is of superior quality. Ceará might obtain profitable results from the extraction of castor oil, as the euphorbiacea, from which it is obtained, grows very abundantly. | Tobacco is in the same position; the leaves are as good as those of Bahia tobacco, but it has not received the increment consistent with the profits which its methodical culture would produce. The sugar cane once planted lasts for many years; and at Baturité, Cariri, Serra Grande, Meruoca and Uberatama the cane is ripe for the mill within eight months from planting; the old roots re-produce many times excellent canes; 1f a re-piant be unavoidable, it is only necessary to burn the old plants and prepare the ground with the plough to receive the new. Rice yields in the proportion of 224 for one. Several qualities are cultivated : the corolona which requires a damp soil, the marahín which grows best on dry lands, as also the chatáo branco, the chatáo vermelho, the chatáo banudo, the ma- capd, etc. etc. Cottonis cultivated at Uberatama, Maranguape, Serra do Pere- ira, Fortaleza and Imperatriz. Indía rubber abounds everywhere and principally at Aratanha, Jubaia and Aracajú. Among the natural products which enrich Ceará several for- est plants excel, such are: pigui, or tallow tree, the carnaúba palm, so celebrated for its great usefulness both in industry and A RA as food, and many other medicinal plants of great value and utility. In 1863, two million kilograms of carnaúba were har- vested. Crato is of recognized fertility. Sugar cane, manioc, legumin- ous plants and coffee grow exhuberantly. Wheaf was also culti- vated with success both as to quantity and quality. At Inhamuro the soil is well adapted for cattle breeding. There are numerous breeding estates established here. Queixaramobim and Cachoeira have excellent pasture lands. Baturité is said to be agricultural. Coffee, sugar cane, legum- inous plants and cattle meet there with every condition required for their prosperity. Uberatama, Imperatriz, S. Francisco, Aracaty, Icó, Granja and Fortaleza are in the same position. The climate of Sobral, Meruoca, Saboeiro and Jarbim is de- licious, and the soil productive. The inhabitants are princi- pally stock breeders, Tury-assú is exceedingly fertile. On the shores of Itaparipeua. there are good lands for the culture of rice and sugar cane; the forests are full of fine build- ing timber and of the vegetable oakum called Tauary. The good lands of Ceará produce on an average, 300 p. C. A hundred plants of manioc yield 220 litres of farina. Many estates with more or less improvements prepare sugar for consumption and exportation. An extraordinary quantity of wax is produced by the great variety of bees met with in the province; the greatest quantity of honey is supplied by the bees called mombuca and urugu, and the finest quality by the mandaraya, the marmaleda the mandur? and the jetay bees. The successive flowering of our plants give us a constant spring; our mild winters, the great variety of odoriferous plants in tropical regions, clearly show the advan- tages which we might derive from the culture of these interest- ing insects, which call for very little attention, as they cull for themselves the food they prefer. Cattle breeding predominates in Ceará. The meadows of mimoso and panasco grass give the cattle a superiority over those of Piauhy, and in the opinion of Senator NN Pompeu this province appears to have been destined by Provi- dence for stock breeding. The cattle markets of Pará, Bahia and Pernambuco are sup- plied by Ceará; some jerked beef and some hides are exported and Zasajo is prepared for domestic use. It would however be well to cross the native breeds with those from Europe best adapted for the yoke and for the butcher, and not allow breeding to go on uncontrolled and subject to all the accidents which spoil and impoverish the animals. Besides horned cattle, mules have been bred to a consider- able extent; some improvement having been made in the breed by crossing with Andalusian asses. Cheese is also made at Ceará, it is well prepared, nutritous, of an agreeable tasterand can be exported. Free labor is almost exclusively employed in the agriculture in this province. - Ceará exported in the year 1873—1874 the following pro- ducts: Kum!.--- -Guisit. tall: 24,070 litres. 2212402 3,631$800 COLOR. S0: 1025-01 4,878,044 kilos.-..----- 2,608,324$o000 SUpar salvei to anti! 3860 io 102 bl. 225,559$8000 Golisessquia elsamazo oi. aura. ve a 646,308$000 CONE ana dario assnicica har q 631$800 Hideo -.d-bisebosg- do o A METERS 658,938$000 India rubber ---.----- A AN 300,207 $000 Mundrapradactsada.Dellcassod 9 di gil Dollz 54,240$000 RIO GRANDE DO NORTE. The area of this province comprises 87,120 square kilometres, its popuiation numbers 220,959 free' individuals and 13.484 slaves. Its climate, hot and dry, is generally healthy; the soil is un- dulated, it is traversed by low mountains and watered by rivers which, with the exception of the Potting? and Ceard-mirim, be- come dry in summer; it is fertile, mazze, rice, mantoc, leguminous plants, sugar cane and cotton are cultivated, and some of these A products are exported to the neighboring provinces, and even to Europe. ) At S. Goncalo, S. José, Goyanninha and Ceará-mirim there are 154 estates, producing nearly nine million kilograms of sugar. There are many other plantations in different parts of the province. É The soil of Capió and Ararahy is extremely productive. On the cotton plantations the product is cleaned by means of gins. Coffee grows well on the Borborema range and cotton in the adjacent valleys. Numberless cocoa-nut trees cover the interior of the province and even the sea-board; the forests are rich in excellent tim- ber; medicinal plants of different kinds abound, and the car- naúba palm is so plentiful that, besides the wax consumed in the interior of the province, Mossoró and Assú alone export annually 293,800 kilograms. The zootechnic branch of agriculture is not disregarded by the rural population and a great number of horned cattle and mules are exported as well as hides and some cochineal. The number of cattle exported exceeds 43,000 head, of the value of 658,480$000. Rio Grande do Norte in the year 1873—1874 exported: COCINE ML DOES 2,007,220 Kkilos-.------ 344,933$000 SUCAOIS QLOS 22L 2 aozdiós1 “ WNIOY.0 335,405$000 Horse RT es ive FOBIA pro 22,676$000 Ed Toro Los Uns. 3er * ---- 263,400$000 ear AA O EC es TA 21,000$000 E OA A A n=... 68,000.$000 PARAHYBA DO NORTE. This province covers an area of 111,256 square kilometres, occupied by 341,643 free inhabitants and 27,245 slaves. The soil is more or less mountainous and dry, traversed by several rivers and exceedingly fertile, both on the table lands where stock-breeding is carried on. The climate is hot but bearable on account of a constant breeze and of the March rains which never fail. A Á The natural products of Parahyba most worthy of attention are its fine timbers, Brazil wood, wax, and honey from different kinds of bees, many medicinal plants and useful textile fibres, otls, resíns, and a great variety of fruit. The annual production of sugar averages 7,500,000 oras and that of cotton 8,000,000 kilograms. Manitoc, tobacco and ríce are also cultivated for the consump- tion of the province, only a very limited quantity being ex- ported. Of the sugar manufactured, the brown is exported to foreign countries in the average proportion of goo,ooo kilograms; the white is either consumed in the province or sent to Pernam- buco. The sugar cane grows well in the marshes of Aréas, Indepen- cia and Bananeiras, where the cane plantations last more than twenty years without an effort on the part of the planter. The mountains of Barbacena and Serra-Grande produce ex- cellent coffee and fine cotton, much esteemed in the London and Liverpool markets, where it obtains a penny more than New-Orleans. Councillor Beaurepaire Rohan, by promoting the culture of wheat on the Teixeira mountains and at the village of Patos, proved that this cereal prospers in the province of Parahyba. The first cotton exported from Brazil to Lisbon was grown at Parahyba do Norte. The exports during the year 1873—1874 were as follows : O tas da io 4,404,985 kilos 2.162,192$000 A EE 564,705 $000 A 425$000 DUNN /PROGUCE pro eres DEPARA 1308000 PERNAMBUCO. This province covers 184,592 square kilometres, and has a population of 841,539 souls, of which 92,855 are slaves. The climate varies according to the locality; in the interior it is hot and dry, and on the seaboard it is hot and damp, but cooled by the evening breeze. == 5 The soil is undulated ; in some places it is low and covered by extensive forests, in others traversed by low mountains and some rivers navigable by canoes. The land in Pernambuco is exceedingly fertile and produces spontaneously excellent buzldimg timber, Brazil wood, medicinal plants, indigenous silk, textile fibres of great industrial value, 02/s, vegetables and delicious frutts, etc. Although in the interior stock-breeding is carried on to some extent, this province may be considered as essentially agricul- tural, for agriculture is to Pernambuco what blood is to the human body—the vital principle of the organism. Sugar cane and cotton are the staples of agriculture in Per- nambuco. The cotton plantations are famous for their crops, both as to quantity and quality. In European markets, Pernambuco cotton substitutes Louis- lana. The arboreous and the skrub kinds of cotton are those most cultivated, although the hkerbaceous grows easily and rapidly in this province. The cotton plants known by the name of criculo, cazana and quebradico, last twelve years, yielding a uniform and strong staple of from 34 to 39 millemetres in length, the guebradico cotton wool being to seed cotton in the proportion of 7:18 and the grivulo in that of 7:28. The cotton from the island of Fernando de Noronha is in no way inferior to the best sea ¿s/land of Georgia. It is to be hoped that the preparation of this product will improve through the beneficial influence of modern cleaning apparatus. : Although the manufacture of sugar has not attained that de- gree of perfection which is to be desired, nevertheless, it cannot be denied that Pernambuco sugar meets with ready sale in foreign markets, and that many improvements have been intro- duced in several plantations, not only with regard to the ex- traction of the juice but also in relation to its evaporation and to the crystallization of the sugar. The desease of the sugar cane does not appear to have” - 44 arrested the tendency to cultivate this product, for its exporta- tion has not sensibly diminished, and doubtless, when the culture of the cane shall have been adapted to the nature of the soil, and when the elements absorbed by the former shall be restored to the latter, the destroying parasite will disappear for lack of the proper elements for its evolution. In Pernambuco there are upwards of 800 sugar manufactur- Ing establishments. The Zobacco planted in Pernambuco is barely sufficient for the consumption of the province, although it might become a good and valuable product, as both soil and climate are well adapted for the culture of this plant; The tobacco Of Guarahuns, for example, is said to be of excellent quality. Coffee is in the same position. In Pernambuco there are certain localities where this product might be cultivated. Mu- ribeca coffee, at least, is said to rival the best from other pro- vinces of the Empire. Maize grows exhuberantly on thc island of Fernando de Noronha, where one alqueire (36.72 litres) of seed, yields 400 (14,488 litres) of product. All attempts to acclimatize the si/kworm in the province have been fruitless; Sericulture however might produce very good results, if, instead of the delicate and exotic bombix mort, many species of native saturnia were reared, these do not suffer from atmospheric changes, are exceedingly prolific, and give no small quantity of a continuous, elastic, and strong silky thread, which easily receives any of the usual colours employed in dyeing. The good quality of this native silk may be inferred from the easy.sale, on the Lyons market, of some parcels sent to France. But little has been done in relation to stock-breeding. Arti- ficial meadows are prepared only for saddle horses; the grass planted being capím d' Angola (Angola grass) the chief destroyer of horses. As yet no one cultivates fodder crops for stock, by means of which the strength, the fat and the milk of cattle are increased ; this however is owing to an abundance of natural meadows a E where the capím gengibre and the capím de roga grow luxu- riantly, and are considered excellent food for stock of all kinds. The Paspulus, Pantcum, Chaetarea, Anatherum and other grasses, abound throughout the interiorof the province and are as tender as rye.) During the financial year E 1874, Pernambuco exported the following products : BFaivsatontiniobeor 1834991 ¡MtrOB 54100 501 212,597$800 Egttobre iummmiel 12,289,084 Kilos 4 u00m-8L 6,035,917 $000 A DOOR. ca dog- 0 9,580:$000 Galo: - Stadt Atar bn Apia 2,306$000 idsrivaoo -baribev2lr1 07612 4R qíe std 775,299$000 ObArcO 2 ul: yo 2439bticv Jo dee 6688000 o A e NO AA 5oog$oo0o ibero. dtcai bsldotdatro sioml rela ia 13,404$000 ALAGOAS. This province, situated between Pernambuco and Sergipe occupies an area of 88,644 square kilometres with 312,268 free inhabitants and 35,741 slaves. Its hot and damp climate is healthy. The territory is flat, traversed by some mountain ranges and watered by rivers and lakes; 1t is bounded on the north by the great S. Francisco river, and, in a great measure, covered by dense forests, abounding in solid buzlding timbers, Brazil wood and cocoa nut trees. Besides these products, others are plentiful, such as copazba, benzoín, copal, and many resins of different kinds, as interest- ing to commerce as they are useful in manufactures and in medicine. Mantoc, matze and rice grow exceedingly well; these products however are only sufficient for consumption. The chief agricultural products are cotton, tobacco, sugar and castor otl. Alagóas cotton is esteemed of superior quality. the tobacco is considered good and the sugar and rum rival HUOSe ol Per- nambuco. 27D 1 QUES At Mundahu, Guaranhuns and Itabaiana very good coffee is grown. At S. Miguel, Cururipe, Camaragibe, Porto Calvo, Santa Luzia, Pilar and Afalaia, which are essentially sugar growing districts, there are upwards of 400 plantations which export annually, on an average, 13,000,000 kilograms of sugar in foreign markets. | Assembléa, Imperatriz, Palmeira and Penedo cultivate cotton. This plant is mostly cultivated by free labourers, and sugar by slaves. Great tracts of land, especially on the fertile mountains which cross Alagóas, are as yet uncultured and covered by dense forests, where wander many indigenous tribes and wild beasts. A cotton factory has been established in the province, that of Fernúo-Velho, occupying 33 operatives, with 1625 spindles and 40 looms, which produces 146,000 varas of cloth of the value of 66:200$8000. The following agricultural products were exported during the financial year 1873—1874: Cotto STE e 5,663,978 kilos 2,809,730$000 Sigaros 2d l0910 tb: 14,920,181 “ 1,65 1,315$000 A A 604 “ 19,115$000 ATA ÓN EN CI AT ESA 628$800 E E O A A 594$800 SERGIPE. Sergipe covers an area of 59,242 square kilometres, and has a population of 161,307 inhabitants, including 21,495 slaves. The climate is hot and damp, the soil generally is flat, though hilly in some places. To the west there are vast arid plains, and to the east rivers navigable by canoes, and forests rich in valuable timber. Manioc, cereals and tobacco are cultivated in the province, and sugar and cotton on a large scale; of these latter, nearly the whole of the production of the province is exported to Bahia. Sugar and cotton are really the most important agricultural products of Sergipe; of the latter 50 arrobas (737 kilograms) pa are gathered from an area of 625 square bragas (3,028 square metres). | Oil is also extracted from the seed, which, however, is gener- ally utilized for fuel or for manure. Sergipe not only manufactures sugar but also makes very good rum, which is exported to Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, and the coast of Africa. Favored as they are by a fine climate and by a fertile soil, the inhabitants of Sergipe might cultivate on a large scale, not only tobacco, which does not require much capital, but also cocoa, so important from its nutritive properties; as well as coffee, the value of which is universally acknowledged; and vanilla, which grows profusely on their vast prairies; they might also raise ¿ndígo and many other valuable products. Cereals and mantoc are very remunerating to planters. In this province there are upwards of 800 agricultural estab- lishments; stock-breeders make very fair profits. Native silk worms may also be profitably reared, for through- out the whole territory of the province, from the month of October up to December, the plants of the Axacardicee and Anonacee families are all covered with cocoons wove by our saturnice. In Sergipe there are 640 plantations, the machinery of, at least, 49 of them use steam power. The fertility of the soil at Itabaiana is well known. With but little labor and small outlay, fair returns are obtained. If the season be propitious, 400 tarefas or 440,000 square metres will produce 280,000 kilograms of cotton. The sugar cane is planted with very good results in the rich valley of Juparanduba. Cotinguiba is fit for every kind of culture. N. S. das Dóres and Aquidaban are excellent for cotton. Larangeiras exports annually important quantities of pro- visions. ¡ The production of rice at the river S. Francisco is prodigious. With regard to the agricultural importance of the province of Sergipe, one of its most distinguished Presidents express the following opinion: WA ” “To invite immigration, it is not sufficient to be included in the deserved praise lavished on our country on account of 1ts delicious climate, of its liberal laws; it is not sufficient that in- dividual liberty be a fact, that religious tolerance exist; and that we look upon foreigners as brothers, and that we treat them with frankness and liberality; we must employ every means of publicity to show that Sergipe is not inferior to any of its sister provinces, and that its fertile soil will yield ample remuneration to a laborious population. If, for sugar cane, we can offer the rich valley of Japaratuba, if all Cotinguiba is fit for many products; for the culture of cotton we have ro leagues at Itabaiana, besides other appropriate lands at Nossa Senhora das Dóres and in the district of Aquidaban. “ Of its immense area of excellent lands, Itabaiana has barely eight square leagues under cultivation, of which five are occu- pied exclusively with cotton and three with cereals. There the cost of harvesting one arroba (11,484 kilograms) averages 720 reis, including the expenses of planting, weeding, etc.; this price, of course, varles according to the number of kilograms gathered from one tarefa. “The highest wages paid there at planting or harvest time is 800 reis per day. “Y have already mentioned its wonderful productive powers; and you may imagine the results that might be obtained by employing improved implements where the plough was never used. Slave labour in connection with free labour can no longer be an obstacle to the reception of immigrants, as 1t is calculated that there are not over 3oo slaves, whereas upwards of 8,000 free men are employed in agriculture.” The province exported during the financial year 1873-1874, the following products : Rúntoilcicobina lapa 328100 ltesuio ¿53 42,27 1$800 GottdW 10115 Ab 31 1,428,588 kilos... -..- 572,144$800 A A A 1,052,207 $800 Coliiibosg-aloaridana 755 vio 38.776$00 Hidesivos- edi loss 1023 tu ios adi 8,859$00 Simdriess 259 bir berri pa daily Mr a 3'109$00 e A BAHIA, Bahia occupies an area of 646,256 square kilometres, with a population of 1,120,846 free inhabitants, and 162,295 slaves. Its climate varies according to the locality; 1t is hot and damp on the coast, dry in the bay, but mitigated by frequent showers; in the interior it 1s dry, and on the uplands mild and cool. The soil is mountainous, especially on the boundaries of the provinces of Minas and Goyaz; the coast 1s low, wooded and traversed by rivers, the interior formed of immense table lands. As a rule, the soil of Bahia is adapted for every kind of cul- ture; in the interior stock breeding is carried on. Besides natural products, such as bhuzding timber, medicinal plants, textile fibres, frutt, etc., the inhabitants of Bahia cultivate sugar cane, cotton, tobacco, coffee and cacao. The culture of tobacco and coffee is increasing to such an extent as to threaten to exceed that of cotton and sugar. Bahia tobacco when well prepared, may be mistaken for Ha- vana. Sugar is the staple product of agriculture in Bahia. The creoula, or mirím sugar cane imported from Madeira, was planted in Bahia some three hundred years ago; in 1810 it was substituted by the cayana, and in the same year the first steam engine was put up at Itaparica. The cayana cane is being substituted by other varieties of the saccarum officinarum in consequence of the disease which has latterly attacked the plantations. There are upwards of a thousand sugar manufactories in the province; some are worked according to the principles of agri- cultural chemistry and mechanics, the bagasse of the cane being used for fuel. From 1839 to 1840, Bahia exported 1,980,510 kilograms of sugar; at present it sends to market 50,127,659 kilograms. The rich massapé soil of Bahia is far superior to the soil of Cuba, or of the United States for sugar cane plantations. Cane fields are known to produce for years, in spite of the inclemency of the weather and great carelessness. Roots six Eo igptza years old produce numberless gigantic canes abounding in sac- charine juice. At Nazareth, Santo Amaro, Cachoeira, Inhambupe, land costs from 20$000 to 10o$oo0o the square of 66 metres a side. All the valley of the S. Francisco produces co/fee Of a round- ish grain, called male coffee, known in the market by the name of moca ; at S. Felippe, in the Bay, there is a variety of coffee of a yellow colour, ellipsoidal, and of 15 to 25 millimetres in its largest diameter. - The cultivation of the coffee tree, thongh limited to certain localities, attracts planters, not only on account of the quality, but also of the quantity of the product. Several kinds of white and yellow staple cotton are cultivated in Bahia, and this product not only is exported, but supplies the cotton factories of the province. : The relative consumption of cotton by these mills is as fol- lows : Santo (Antomñio do Quemado. ¿2o-ets 92,100 kilos. ME A ARI 222,320 A No5sa. Senhora do (Amparo: 5. 2:3o22- cet 172,250 dE EN e o A IO ERA 36,650 > a AO A a EA 80,300 a COMES CL yal yesos TE a O ie a CL a 74,450 Ñ Proprespari lll el. 2523 hdd ld e A A 45,060 E Wotilase: Ads LA rl e 728,130 The cocoa cultivated in the province is barely sufficient for home consumption; it is richer in bitter principles than that of Pará, which abounds with cil. The culture of the potato might become a profitable branch of commerce, to judge by the quality of the soil and the quan- tity already produced. One hectare yields 60, and sometimes 100 kilograms of potatoes. Cochineal is in the same position, for the whole of the interior at a distance of twenty leagues from Cachoeira, abounds in cact!. The rubber extracted from the mangaba tree is as good as that from Pará. je The cultivation of cotton on a large scale, might be promoted on the lands watered by the river Contas and its affluents, as the soil, the climate, the regularity of the seasons and the near- ness of the coast, all favour this product. Santo Amaro, Maranguapeetc. haveexcellentland for sugar cane. Itapicurú-Grande, Riachinho, Serra do Itiuba are well adapt- ed to all sorts of culture. | The lands of Salitre, equal to those of the valley of the San Francisco river, periodically watered by rain-falls and floods, well remunerate the labour of the agriculturist. On the counter versants of the Lencoes range, cotton and ce- reals produce magnificently; there are sugar cane plantations 20 years old, whose yield has in no way diminished. Caravellas and Nazareth have fertile lands where the coffee tree prospets: | From Ilhéos to Belmonte, cocoa is cultivated. Baependy, Rio Novo, Descalvado, S. Felix, Santo Amaro and S. Goncalo produce excellent tobacco. The Bay and Valenca abound in mantoc, and this product might be profitably cultivated on all the sandy soil existing be- tween Ipitanga, Torres and Abrantes. In the interior of the province stock breeding is carried on very carelessly, nevertheless and despite the droughts and the employment of means opposed to the true principles of zoo- techny, such is the fertility of the prairies that this branch of agriculture generally leaves a net profit of 25 per cent. If the province of Bahia, with its exceedingly fertile soil, had the number of laborers which its extent requires, and if more attention were devoted to agricultural improvements, and if it were supplied with sufficient capital for the management of its industry, its production would increase immensely; it is how- ever, pleasing to acknowledge that the system pointed out will shortly be followed, as the establishment of a School of Agrt- culture and the Bahía Agricultural Institute are sure forerunners of improvemenis and will demonstrate; “the superiority of a rational system of agriculture which meditates and resolves, produces and calculates, and dignifies the struggle for, and the conquest of credit and the splendours of wealth.” — la Besides the cotton factories of S. Salvador and Progresso, the following are at work: Todos os Santos, with 200 operatives, 4,160 spindles and 136 looms, producing 1,000,000 varas of cloth, and 70,000 pounds of yarn, of the value of 570,000$000; VWossa Senhora do Amparo, with go operatives, 2,412 spindles, 48 looms, and making 600,000 varas of cloth, and 100,000 pounds of yarn of the value of 450,000$000; Santo Antonio dos Queimados, with go operatives, 1,000 spindles, 3o looms, and making 320,000 varas of cloth, of the value of 150,000$000; Modello, with 110 Operatives, 1,248 spindles, 39 looms, and making 500,000 varas of cloth and 40,000 pounds of yarn of the value of 250,000$000; Conceícáo with 6o operatives, 1,200 Spin- dles, 35 looms, and making 450,000 varas of cloth of the value 380,000$000. Attempts are being made to establish mills for spinning and weaving the fibre of ¿cum and corod, as a substitute for foreign flax. Colonies.—That of Cachoeira dos Ilhéos has 422 persons, who éultivate manioc and sugar cane, and make rum; five nuclei have been established, which, if circumstances permit, will make progress, the names are: Muniz, Theodoro, Kio Branco, Carolina, and Comandatuba, all in the south of the province. The average value of land in Bahia, 1s as follows: 66 metres of sandy soil, 20$000; of productive saldo, zogooo; of fertile massapé from 4o$000 to rooffooo. | -— Bahia exported in the financial year 1873-1874, the following products: A o e 653,179 - MELES 103,034$000 MALO ica iis 1,574,410 kilos 800,920$000 a 29,314,778 p 3,219,626$000 IS NA 3,401,420 y 1,983,096$000 ¡7 ren Nk 1,319,929 a 859,310$000 TIDOECO! Das ds 11,736,947 e 4,208,677$000 acia TUDDET <<. 21.525 a 8,806$000 dE AR CEA. PO de tarda 391,384$00 o ESPIÍRITO SANTO, The province of Espirito Santo occupies an aera of 67,954 square kilometres, and has 82,137 inhabitants, of which 22,738 are slaves. The climate, healthy in many places, is damp but temperate the soil is undulated, traversed by rivers, abounding in fish, and by high mountains; though exceedingly fertile, the greater part of the province is still uncultivated. This province abounds in timber of excellent quality for building purposes and for cabinet making, of which large quan- titles are exported. Only cotton tobacco, coffee, mantoc, ipecacuhana and cocoa are cultivated, and these in a primitive way. At Santa Clara and Mucury, rice yields 200 alquetres (7,344 litres) of grain for one (36,72) of seed. At Itapemirim and at the capital the coffee tree is cultivated ; at S. Matheus manioc ; coffee being under trial on a rather large scale. Sugar cane, coffee, beans, matze, rice, etc., are raised at Nova Al. meida. At Guaraparim the soil is fertile and produces cereals and other articles of value. In 1868 agriculture produced 3,851,134 kilograms of coffee, and 225,140 kilograms of sugar; at present the exports amount to 7,882,316 kilograms of coffee and 627,665 kilograms of sugar. The honey and wax produced by twenty varieties of indigen- ous bees are of excellent quality. The province is adapted for the cultivation of the back mulberry or the Ztalian white. By rearing the silk worm extens- ively and selling the cocoons, the province might make large profits. That sericulture may become lucrative, silk spinning ought to be introduced and encouraged and, once established, many foreign industries would come to utilize their weawing ap- pliances. | The si/k worm was discovered in this province during the — 4 — » time of the first governors of the captaincy, and some samples were then sent to Portugal. The province of Espirito Santo possessing many elements of wealth, will doubtless attain a high degree of prosperity when a stream of intelligent industrious immigrants shall have set in. There are two State colonies in the province, that of Santa Leopoldina and that of Kzo Vovo. The former has a population of about 5,000 souls; and of its 1,700 lots of land of 3o hectars each, 957 are occupied. The soil is extremely fertile and the climate is healthy, all cereals are cultivated there. The coffee tree, lately introduced, prospers admirably. In 1874 the colony produced 1,028,161 kilograms of coffee. The colony of Xzo /Vovo covers an area of 176,000 square metres, with a population of 1,535 individuals. The climate is healthy and the soil fertile. The colonists live in plenty and cultivate all articles of food, coffee and sugar cane and breed cattle and poultry. The exports of the province of Espirito Santo in the finan- cial year 1873—1874, were: QUE > bo 6,351,729,246 kilogr. 2,532,081$650 MM 588,623,287 144,632$220 Cool: Í TE 9,983$220 Vegetable Silk. O 7o$o0o0o Maze oe o 11,142,121. litres, 64,381$000 DRA. 138,322” 14,308$650 A efes 24,430 “ 4,913$030 AE al SETOJODD[. 15 185,195$940 CAROr Ot LOTO 379$450 Sc A 6n E 314$800 A A 13,490$000 IA O AE AER le 178,776$000 RIO DE JANEIRO. Including the neutral municipality (the capital of the Em- pire) the province of Rio de Janeiro occupies an area of 105,938 square kilometres, with a population of 682,883 free inhabitants En A and 352,004 slaves. Of these 47,260 belong to the neutral mu- nicipal district. The climate generally is temperate and healthy, cooled by the land and the sea breezes; on the uplands there are locali- ties whose climate rivals the most agreable of Europe. The lands are in some places high, in others low and marshy; high mountains and large rivers cross the province in many directions. The Organ range divides the province into two parts; one, the northern, the—+p lands embracing the richest of the agricultural districts; the other, the southern—/owv lands situated on the sea board and formed by moderately fertily plains. The celebrated naturalist Gardner, thus describes the im- pression felt by a foreigner on visiting this part of Brazil: “* No region of the globe, of an equal extent, presents a greater variety of vegetable forms, than the province of Rio de Janeiro, and in this respect no other province can bear com- parison. “Situated to the north of the tropic of Capricorn, consisting chiefly of deep valleys and high mountains, some of which are 7,000 feet above the level of the sea, it necessarily offers a va- riety of soils and situations favorable to different kinds of plants. ¿ “An eternal spring reigns in this delightful climate; each plant has its season, each month its flora, whence we may con- clude that a long time must elapse before all these vegetable treasures can become known.” Gifted with prodigious fertility, Rio de Janeiro produces coffe, sugar cane, tobacco, and every variety of cereals, besides ex- cellent timber, medicinal plants and dyeíng materials. The coffee tree constitutes the chief source of the wealth of the province, represented by 5,000 planters who mostly employ the newest processes for preparing the product. A family may obtain 44,500 kilograms of coffee from 1,200 trees. Three companies are established in the city of Rio de Janel- ro to transact business in this product, the Companhta Un:io Agricola (Agricultural Union); the Commercio de Café (Com- sx Uan merce of Coffee); the Companhia Mutua de Lavradores de Café (Coffee Planters Mutual). Next to coffee the most important article is sugar from the vast plantations of the district of Campos and about the river Parahyba, where the hands that once used the hoe are now ac- customed to the plough; routine is giving way to systematic culture, and modern appliances are improving the quality and increasing the quantity of the products, thanks to the laudable efforts of some planters, amongst whom may be mentioned the members of the Araruama family. The production of rum follows the improvements in the manufacture of sugar, and this article, whose preparation, sale and exportation were prohibited in 1660 by Don Pedro, is now one of the most lucrative branches of commerce and an important source of revenue. The saccharine industry, established since Martim Affonso in 1633 imported from Madeira the cane known by the name of crioula, has always progressed, in spite of the drawbacks thrown in its way; this 1s shown by the increase in the exports which formerly averaged 80,000,000 kilograms, and now amount to 229,000,000 annually. | A tarefa of 1,080 square metres ylelds 862 kilograms of sugar, 2 pipes of rum, of 22 degrees, besides molasses and refuse. In the province of Rio de Janeiro there are near 800 estab- lishments which make sugar and rum. Cotton, and more especially the herbaceous, can be cultivated with advantage in the province, the results of trials, however, did not satisfy the expectations of those who planted it. From one hectare of plant, 1,200 kilograms of seed cotton are gath- ered or 9oo kilograms of cotton wood. The zea plant was introduced into Rio de Janeiro in 1809 by rear admiral Luiz de Abreu, but it has not attained that degree of perfection which the conditions of climate and soil, and the advantage of large plantations, would seem to warrant. The whole province does not, perhaps, produce 200,000 pounds of tea. Manioc is cultivated very extensively, and it is not rare for O 220 square metres of land to produce 68,175 litres of farina or 53,471 kilograms of fecula. Potatoes grow wonderfully well, 1,469 kilograms of seed yield 168 kilograms of tubers. The culture of tobacco is commencing in Rio de Janeiro. This plant grows spontaneously in this province, and the pro- duct obtained, especially of the kind called /anceta 15 very superior. The heavy exports from the port of Rio de Janeiro and the greater part of that consumed in the capital, are from Minas Geraes, S. Paulo, Goyaz and Espirito Santo. The mulberry tree may be advantageously cultivated in many localities of the province of Rio de Janeiro. Besides its utility, as food for the bombyx mor?, 1ts thick foliage makes it an ornament to our gardens. Attempts have been made to rear the bombyx mor! at Ita- guahy and in other places, but as yet no satisfactory results have been obtained. The Acclimatizing Society has resolved, by means of lec- tures, to demonstrate the advantages to be derived from this industry, and to teach how profitable results may be obtained. There are three conditions which predispose the province of Rio de Janeiro to be essentially agricultural: the fertility of the soil, easy communication by rail or river and the great market of the capital in communication with the whole world. Five cotton mills have been established: Santo Aleíxo, with 150 Operatives, 2,640 spindles and 52 looms, making 550,000 varas of cloth and 28,000 pounds of yarn of the value of 350,000$000; Santa Thereza, with 20 operatives, 350 spindles, and making 36,000 pounds of yarn, worth 40,000$o000; Brazil Industrial, with 400 looms, 16 self-acting mules, 32 throstle frames, 20,000 spindles, worked by 2 turbines of 200 horse power and 1 of 50 horse power, making daily from 7oo to 800 pieces of cloth, of ro metres each, and employing 230 opera- tives of both sexes and various ages; S. Pedro de Alcantara, with 50 looms, 1,200 Spindles and two self-acting mules of 7oo spindles each, fed by 12 cards of 40 inches, each loom being capable of making 55 metres of cloth daily; and Petropolitana, at the Cascatinha, distant 6 kilometres from Petropolis; 1t has 2 108 looms for plain cloth, drills and jacars, 5 self-acting mules with 4,000 spindles, worked by a turbine of 250 horse power, which can be increased to 1,000. It can make daily 6,000 metres of cloth worth 3,000$000, employing 200 operatives of both sexes and different ages. It has carpenters' and black- smiths' shops to repair and makes its own machinery. The mill is surrounded by cottages and other houses for the work people. The colony of Porto Real was established in 1874 at a dis- tance of 4 kilometres from the Divisa station, on the 4th sec- tion of the Dom Pedro II railway. This colony covers an area of 19,806,120 square metres, divided into 111 lots of 10 hec- tars each, the greater part of which are on the banks of the Parahyba. There are 216 immigrants on it; the soil is adapted for the culture of matze, rice, potatoes, beans, mantoc, coffee and sugar cane. An area of 16,851 square metres is under cultivation. In the financial year 1873—1874, the province of Rio de Janeiro exported : . ER q 950,466 litres 137,59 1$000 CA 1,284,370 kilog. 816,946$000 MA ERAS 1,183,690 “ 266,919$000 A 172,449,797 “ 96,097,494$000 Horse-hair ...--..- Ei MA 3,302 $000 El e A DADO 32. 1,128,144$000 AC aos ti A A 1,043,981 $000 India rubber-..-..--- DDD 7,728$000 E Ey 82 $000 MI A EOS ma 2,133$000 PE a e ESOO 358,906$000 A 1 O 616,460$000 S, PAULO. The province of S. Paulo is that portion of the Empire where the beneficial influence of private enterprise, in connec- tion with agriculture, manufactures, immigration, colonization -— 59 — and public teaching has been most felt. Its territory covers 440,827 square kilometres, with a population of 837,354 souls, including 169,964 slaves. Its climate is temperate. and healthy; the soil, not very mountainous, contains several navigable rivers, and is of extra- ordinary fertility and well adapted for the cultivation of cotton, sugar, wheat, flax, tobacco, the vine and vartous cereals. Its forests contain fine timber; large quantities of horned cattle, pigs and mules are bred on its meadows. The culture of cotton in S. Paulo, even by the old routine system, leaves very large profits. The black and green seed cotton, on the S. Paulo soil, commonly produce 500 bolls, each of 5 prendicles of fine, long, white staple, the proportion be- tween seed cotton and cotton wool being 1 per cent. That an idea may be formed of the value of the cotton plant in S. Paulo, it is sufficient to state that 240 arrobas of (3,524 kilograms) of cotton worth 1,220$000, may be obtained from one alqueire (36,72 litres) of seed with an outlay of 3ooffooo for planting, weeding and gathering. Sorocaba Cotton occupies an excellent position in European markets; three quarters of the exports from Rio de Janeiro belong to S. Paulo. The culture of cotton in this province is all due to free la- bour; machinery of different kinds is employed in cleaning it. Clayey, white, sandy and black soil produce very good cot- ton; that grown on slightly calcareous soil is of superior quality. Of the four kinds of cotton seeds—the bg green, the small green, the white and the black, the first three require 36,72 litres to 11,000 square metres. The proportion between seed cotton and cotton wool is 7 p. c. In 1,469 kilograms of seed cotton there are 1,028 kilograms of seed. (1) (1.) Mr. Robert Meriweather in a letter to Mr. C. Nathan, wrote as fol- lows respecting the province of S. Paulo : “The climate undoubtedly is healthy ; the country, neither mountainous nor altogether flat, presents an aspect which is neither one thing nor the other, at an altitude of 2,000 feet above the level of the sea. “Water, rivers, basins, streams, springs abound for all the requirements of the planter and the manufacturer. O From 1861 to 1864, Santos exported 11,120 kilograms of cof- ton; and from 1870 to 1873, 24,905,962 kilograms. The following are the cotton mills of the province. 1. That of Major Díogo Antonio de Barros.—Seat in S. Paulo, Constituicáo Street, (Miguel Carlos). Produces daily, Soo kilograms of yarn, and 2,400 metres of cloth. N. 3. The operatives are, 13 men, 30 women, and 60 children, be- tween 11 and 12 years of age. “*T cannot tell what the precise temperature is at the different seasons, but I assure you that it is neither so cold in winter nor so hot in summer ás in the States of South Carolina or Georgia. ; “Summer is the rainy season, while the winter months are dry. ““I have cotton, maize, beans and coffee, My labourers are eizht slaves. ** One of them gives me annually five bales of cotton, besides his own food. “We have a great variety of soils; the best, of a dark red colour, is very fertile and goes to a depth of many feet ; the second is brown ; and the third light brown. “All of them produce very well, and on being cultivated, vary very little as to crops. “* When well cultivated, one acre produces from 1,500 to 1,800 pounds of seed cotton, and more orless 50 bushels of maize. Sweet potatoes are always producing in great abundance; sugar, 2,000 pounds, and coffee 1,500 pounds. “The proper seasons for harvesting are nearly the same as in South Caro- lina or Georgia. ** Here a man cannot plough as much as there, because vegetation is con- tinuous all the year round, whilst there the frost keeps down the grass, etc., for many months ; this is the only difference in the farming of the two coun- tries. “There is no grass or weed so difficult to pluck as to prevent the land being cultivated for fifty years successively. “The principal fruits are oranges, lemons, pine-apples and grapes ; wealso have peaches and other fruits of temperate climes. “* Vegetables of all kinds abound. ““ White men, both Brazilians and Americans, work constantly in the sun, without suffering at all. ** We have good pastures all the year round for the cattle, which breed reg- ularly. Sows and sucking pigs cost a dollar a head ; oxen from 40 to 60 dol- lars a pair ; mules and horses from 50 to 100 dollars a head. “As we have good pastures the keep of horned cattle, mules, horses, etc., is not expensive ; pigs require a little maize now and then. “We do use stables. : _**Poultry breed very well, and are worth from 8 to 20 cents, according to size, ** In conclusion, Lam glad to be able to say, that after two years experience, my family and myself consider ourselves happy and are content ; living in every respect as well as in the United States, and that our Brazilian neigh- bours, both ladies and gentlemen, are as good to us as those we left in South Carolina or Georgia.” “They are well educated, good mannered, amiable and generous, willing to do good when possible, and treat us with respect and deference.” E 2. S. Luiz.—Seat at Itú. American machinery, capable of producing 1,365 metres of coarse cloth daily, 24 looms. Capi- tal, 100,000$000; net profits about 50 per cent. It belongs to Messrs. Anhaia « Angelo. 3. Industrial Jundiahyano.—Capital, 140,000,000; statutes approved by decree n. 5, 731, 0f August 27th, 1874. It is not yet started. 4. Salto.—Seat at the falls of Itú. Fifty looms, 18 carding engines, and 1,600 spindles. Engines from Platt Brothers, of Manchester. Can employ 100 Operatives. The engines are being put up and will be worked by water power. 5. Cachoeira do Votuzantim.—On the Sorocaba river. Capl- tal, 100,000$o0o0o. Belongs to a company. 6. Santo Antonio.—Seat at S. José of Parahyba. Inaugura- ted on February 9, 1875. Twenty-five looms, worked by a turbine of 50 horse power. Belongs to a planter named José Arouca. It would be unjust not to notice here the cotton mill located near the Piracicaba falls. We must therefore mention : 7. That of Luiz Vicente de Souza Queiroz.—Seat at the falls, near the city of Constituicáo; 50 looms of Platt Brothers, of Manchester. Can make 1,000 metres of cloth daily, and can employ 60 women, some men and children. The machinery is now being set up and will be worked by a turbine wheel of 50 horse power. In the province of S. Paulo, there are now but few coffee planters unacquainted with the successful application of mod- ern machinery to the preparation of the 'grain in order to in- crease its value in foreign markets. Until lately, S. Paulo coffee was not distinguished for its good quality; on the contrary, it had rather the reputation of being imperfectly prepared; now, however, 1f 1t do not equal that of the province of Rio de Janeiro, it has, at least, acquired a much better name in consuming markets. The production of coffee is increasing woncerfully in the province of S. Paulo. From 1861, to 1864, the exports were — UN -— 59,362,356 kilograms, having increased from 1871 to 1873, to 93,733,613 kilograms. The following places supply the coffee exported from Santos : ALDEANOS pegas da 300,000 kilogrs. Ars AL e IL O EE goo,000o “ , IS IATA ADT rd io AOS Beléeir ¿aro ent ua do al 4,500,000 “ DOLUCaIA: UI 109,800 “ Bandwal panlemlouusiés Ue Game 4,500,000 “ Brgancadu. 1070 20/90. 346-220 1,500,000 “ Guaratihguetár der. 2 desa 4,407,000 “ imért EOLJO1OC UUILE= 410 7,500,000 “ Pirassununga 2-20 ALGUAO ALOL pBgoO.conk Mielz. ACISTRA TO BLOE COTE 1,800,000 “ Ri6sda0Brico0o! ALS de 3000/0087 ti % Santa rizabeliiig 5.01 2qaciad. . 279,000.11 * S PRO QUE NEUS LE TA 29 AS OL 45,000 kilogrs. Sfiveimas 10103901 SITUA 1,500,000 “ Batres oa 3,750,000 “ dCi e a a o LA Ea 650,000 “ At Limeira there are 40 coffee hullers worked by water o steam power, and 59 at Campinas. S. Paulo was the first province that used the plough in the cultivation of the coffee tree, an implement now in the hands of the free labouers mostiy employed in the plantations. From 1,000 coffee trees, 1,468 kilograms of prepared grain are taken: and it is not rare to see 4,407 kilograms gathered from that number of trees. One labourer can attend to 1,200 trees. The production of tea is not insignificant, for the exports alone amount to about 200,000 pounds. S. Paulo tea cannot yet compete with that from China. This, however, ought not to discourage its culture, which was introduced into the province by the worthy Lieutenant-Colonel José Aroux Toledo Rendon. Java spent twenty-seven years, though under more favour- mo MR able circumstances than Brazil, in the cultivation of tea before its product could rival that from China. The culture of wheat and fax can and ought to be continued in the province; to prevent bl ght, which attacked the first crops, 1t is only necessary to change the seed or to employ a solution of vitriol, which in no way injures the product. Rice is abundantly cultivated at Iguape, 36,70 litres of seed yield 11,000 of grain and 140 litres of rice in the husk, produce 73 litres of clean grain. The soil of Iguape is excellent for cocoa and /ndia rubber. One acre, or 42 ares of manzoc, produces 3,636 litres of farina, or 2,481 of rice, or 1,500 kilograms of cotton, or 1,820 litres of matze. Beans yield in the proportion of 80 for one; mazze in that of 140 for one; from the former two, and from the latter three crops are obtained yearly. Araraquara is admirably fertile, and especially adapted for the culture of the sugar cane. Itapetininga produces good vwheaf. From Tieté and Paranapanema as far as Botucatú the soil is excellent for cotton, rice, cereals and stock-breeding. Itú is an admirable place for agricultural products. The American, Portuguese, Spanish and French vínes are being spread all over the province on a scale sufficiently large for the manufacture of wines, which much resemble common Bordeaux. | According to the latest information offered to the Commis- sioners of the Exhibition by agriculturists of the province of S. Paulo, there are 90,000 healthy, well-grown vines in the pro- vince. There are 1,400 varieties of the vztis vinifera accli- mated in S. Paulo. From America they have the /sabel/a, the Catauba, the Concord, the Diana, the Union Village (vítis la- brusca), the ZLenoir (vítis estivalis), the Delaware (hybrid) and the Scapernang (vítis vulpina.) From Europe, they cultivate the Verdelhao, the Tincta, the ÁAlcarilháo and the Alicante, all from Portugal; as also the Mus- catel (from Fontainebleau), the White Chasselas, the Red Chas- selas, the Aramon and the Zenneante, from France. uy About 800 pipes of wine are made yearly in S. Paulo, and sold from 1308000 to 4008000 the pipe, 1,000 vines produce 1o pipes, leaving a net profit of 43o0$000 for each plantation. Modern processes are now being tried for the manufacture of wines. Stock-breeding in S. Paulo constitutes an important branch of commerce, principally at Sorocaba, where a fair is held an- nually, at which are sold large quantities of horses, mules, horned cattle and pigs, bred in the provinces of S. Paulo, Parana and Rio-Grande do Sul. S. Paulo is, of all the provinces of Brazil, that in which the partnership system with colonists has produced the best re- sults. | The progress of S. Paulo in agricultural industry is not merely due to the fertility of the soil and to the salubrity of its climate; much is also owing to private enterprise which has established means of communication, improvements in agriculture, and introduced a number of free and intelligent labourers, who, commencing as simple colonists, have grad- ually been transformed into small independent land propri- etors. The following statistical table, due to Senator Godoy, shows the progressive increase of the agriculture of the province of S. Paulo: 1859 a 62| 1862 a 65| 1865 a 68| 1868 a 71| 1871 a 74| — Coffee. .. [62,815,240 [63,090,684 68,956,489 166,208,362 (189,723, 684 | kilog. A A AA 122,205 [14,538,647 | 18,794,180 | 28,774,118 |“ Bacon ..| 2,321,503 | 877,256 | 1,122,300 733,886| 1,538,077 | “* 'Pobacco | 364,607 | 429,399 800,103 927,296| 2,428,077 | “ | Erro to TA AA | E A A] O RI A A AA E PROGRESSIVE INCREMENT. Between the first and second triennial period...... 6,18 p. e Between the second and tnird triennial period.... 45,76 p. € Between the third and fourth triennial period..... 48,38 p. € Between the fourth and fifth triennial period...... 33,96 p. € a ES a Forty-one private colonies have been established in the province by 35 planters. Of those existing, the most deserving of no“ice are the fol- lowing: Cananea—the soil of this colony is occupied by 457 individuals, and produces cereads, tobacco and sugar cane. Water is abundant, and the soil is extremely fertile; maíze yields 200 for one, and 7zce and beans 60 for one. At Xiririca there are excellent lands for the coffee tree, which often yields fruit when only two years old. | Páo d' Alho: soil fertile, and adapted for the culture of coffee. S. Jeronymo: with 463 individuals who work in partnership; this colony produces a considerable quantity of coffee. Stock- breeding and poultry rearing is also carried on. Boa- Vista: with 143 individuals. S. Lourengo: with 750 y Cafeeiras : with 120 individuals. Morro-Azul : with 104. “ VovaLouzá : with 111. All produce coffee and other articles of food. In the first three, the colonists receive 500 reis for 36,72 litres of coffee gathered, in the berry. At'VVova Louza they re- ceive 14$000 monthly, during the first year, and 18$000 during the second; wemen receive 800 reis, food being found by the owner. There are besides, the following colonies: Moreira de Barros, consisting of 28 families with 128 persons, employed in the cul- ture of the coffee tree; and the three colonial nuclei lately es- tablished by the Baron of Souza Queiroz. The military colonies are: Z/tapura and Avanhandava, abound- ing in fish, timber, cereals, tobacco, cotton and potatoes. The following agricultural products were exported by the province of S. Paulo from July 1874 to July 1875. él Eaffegrdu, 004-012 0d 62,173,385 Eras a E E A ---- 9,897,482 Tobacco. --- - 4-20) 20908540 1: AL 514,139 " Doblkbeb Júlce.--2 <-> De A 1 17 A O AI RL E 770,319 e AQ Sugeriola! wLLdzo. 09d) 00d: 291402 57,937 e Mate Su IDO IEA e A 28,846 $ Rivél. pc 2200-40 ADE A 3,016,498 litres. Melrdwiguscaves vralos ais do: Le 459,834 “ PEA DIA O SUAOY ¿NV 2 61,492. 4 Permaltital Y 1901897 1 a bo0oz- 904 17,854 “ Rumi 02. ¿DO OL. O AA LN 84,559 * Minero 9 Mor 901 10 ¿bas daduaar ayan pgs 209. apul gublo ess9í aus wd 2,559 dozen. Ponliryivaiva 20170L Maelo. 005. 38,036 heads. Ciabtle 1150-01 ARDICOLAE AMES. ¡e e OS | Burt. ¿estos tod Es y -IIID 129 50,700'or 683 b'ches Cigarettes --.00 BITs 0% el Bar 293,000 packages. E | 18,943 packages. cal E adm 1 pad po PARANA, The province of Paraná extends over an area Of 335,41- square kilometres, with a population of 64,810 individuals, of which 8,506 are slaves. The climate at the sea board is hot and damp; on the high lands beyond the serra do mar (sea range), the temperature is agreeable, the air pure and bracing. The territory has but few mountains, and spreads over vast prairies, fertilized by several rivers, some of them navigable the soil in many places is covered by dense forests. This blessed portion of the Brazilian territory, where the im- migrant does not incur the danger of acclimation, where the ex- otic plants flourish as on their native soil, is well adapted to stock breeding and agriculture, both meridional and tropical. Here the walnut tree, the olive tree, rye, wheat, barley, rice, po- tatoes, tea, coffee, tobacco, cotton, matze, vanilla, and the sugar cane are met with, as also hundreds of other exotic and indigenous plants, which form the basis of the wealth of the province, and which will increase when greater expansion shall be given to stock breeding, for which the climate and the prairies of Paraná are so well fitted. i Paraná produces magnificent building timber in addition to ms BA lts immense pine forests, which yield the delicious and nutri- tive pine-tops, and wood superior to the European pine. The fir tree of Paraná attains a height of 34 metres and a dia- metre of 1 m. 75. | Rye and wheat produce 20 for one; and on good soil, wheat yields -one-fourth more than rye, which in Europe yields one eighth less than wheat. Wheat abounds on the table lands of Guarapuava and on the Coritiba range. | Barley yields 40 for 1; the weight of an alqueire (36.27 litres) varying from 33 to 35 kilograms. There are more than 3o varieties of maize; this cereal is largely cultivated, as it forms the base of the bread consumed in the province. It yields roo for one. Beans average 60'for one; and sometimes as much as 2,000 alqueires (72,540 litres) are exported, this being a surplus be- yond the home consumption. The feijáo de lastro (ballast bean) produces 200 for one. At Paraná, 58 varieties of beans are known, and this product is of great use to poor people and to. commerce when food is scarce. From one hectare of land 40 hectolitres of barley are obtain- ed with 32.67 litres of seed. The best lands of Beigium produce 22; at Paraná they yield 25, 30, 40 and more for one; and by adopting the native sys- tem of culture as much as 200, 300, 400 and even more may be obtained for every grain of maize planted (Dr. Muricy,) Tilling and planting go on from August to November, and harvesting from January to May. Cotton grows so luxuriantly in Paraná that from 341 square metres of land 2,938 kilograms of cotton are gathered, many trees bearing 150 pods. The cotton of the province, which 1s usually grown from the black, hard szed, has a long, white, strong and silky staple. Flax grows better than in Europe, and the fibre is longer. Enormous quantities of pine-tops are gathered in the vast forests of the proud araucarie; they are very pleasant eating, rich in nutritive elements, fit for the food of the natives and for exportation. Mate, mostly of superior quality, abounds in Paraná and con- stitutes an important item of the exports. There are various species of this product, the chief of which are caanimi and the palos or cuauna, which is bitter when wild. An equal weight of mate contains the same principles and in the same proportion as tea, and more than coffee. From mate an agreeable liquor is prepared, as also very good rum. The Paraná tea, so much admired at the Paris International Exhibition, is nearly forgotten, although the soil is good. Its culture would be very advantageous for the province and might become a source of wealth. The province might obtain large profits from its numberless textile fibres, as also from the methodical cultivation of ax, on a larger scale. Hay is made at Paraná from the papuan, the pé de gallinha (hen's foot) and other grasses possessing nutritive qualities. At Coritiba, especially, many kinds of fodder crops are cultivated which resist the winter cold. In the district of Coritiba there are excellent lands for the cultivation of Luropean cereals. The soil along the left bank of the Nhundiaquara is all suited for the cultivation of coffee, cotton and sugar cane. At Porto de Cima, Morretes and Antonina, there are several establishments for preparing kerva mate. At Palmeiras great quantities of horned cattle are bred; seve- ral kinds of cerealds are cultivated, and some coarse zwyoolen cloth 1s made; there are excellent pastures for sheep. At Tibagy rice grows wonderfully, and the woods abound in vanilla and ipecacuanha. Cotton is cultivated on the fertile soil of Castro. All the valley of the Paranapanema is of admirable fertility. Barreiros exports 9,000,000 kilograms of prepared mate, and Antonina 5,000,000. The plough is coming into general use and proving the value of agricultural implements by the im- provements obtained in the culture of the soil. The temperature at the lands of the district of Guarapuava, which comprehend many other prairies, is lower than at Cam- pos Geraes, or on the high lands of Coritiba, as not only the A. hoar frost is often seen there but even snow sometimes. Eu- ropean cereals find there a very appropriate climate. Frost and snow are never seen on the banks of the great rivers” which cross the district of Guarapuava. On those of the Iguassú the sugar cane and some other intertropical plants are now culti- vated. These great variations and these different zones of tempera- ture and vegetation are observed in all the districts of the high lands. ' In all of them, there are not only excellent arable lands, but good natural pastures, for in this municipality, in that of S. José dos Pinheiros and at Principe or Lapa, there are many vast prairies, where large quantities of horned cattle are bred. Besides these fertile lands, adapted to the culture of all kinds of produce, Paraná possesses the great Campos Geres covered with prairies superior to the artificial meadows of Europe. On account of the temperate climate and of the fertility of the soil of these fields, stock breeding there does not require the attention and the care bestowed on it in other countries. A few men suffice for the management of a breeding estate, and much of the work, such as galloping on horse-back, throwing the Zaco, and collecting or gathering the cattle, are mere umuse- ments. These gatherings (fazer rodezo) take place at fixed dates, and certain places, to give salt to the cattle, mark the calves and colts and to castrate them. Besides these there are only the extraordinary gatherings to cure the sick animals. The prairies are partially burnt to renew the grass, so that the live stock finds, during a great part of the year, the new tender grass which grows after firing. The number of these firings is in proportion to the extent of each prairie, but no part of the meadow is burnt till the grass is at least a year old. The annual produce from the cows, averages one-third of these and sometimes a half, according to the care they receive. That of the mares is a little less. The proprietors of Campos Geraes, all stock breeders, culti- vate the soil merely to harvest what they require for domestic consumption. | It is, however, certain that the climate of that enchanting ==. MIN) =< region invites the culture of many varieties of plants, in differ- ent lecalities (1). Whilst the culture of foreign cereals, of the vine and other fruit of temperate climate, as well as other industries, such as striculture and apiculture, may be extended in the temperate regions of the province; the production of tropical products, such as cotton, sugar cane and tobacco may, in the warm climates, go beyond the limits of mere trials, or secondary cultures, and become important sources of wealth to the province. In the basin of the Piquery, there are extensive catanduvas with excellent water pastures. Paraná maintains with S. Paulo and the north of the Empire an important commerce in horned cattle, horses and mules. The breeding of merino sheep, introduced by Mr. Marcondes de Oliveira, when Minister of Agriculture, sensibly progresses; attempts are now being made to acclimatize the alpaca and An- gora goats, for which the climate and the extensive plains of Campos Geraes, covered with fine grass and shaded by magnifi- cent.pine trees, are well adapted. The creciuma, the putinga, the corod, the taguarís and other qualities of grass abound more or less throughout all the inte- rior of the province. Apiculture might prosper im the province of Paraná and would be profitable to those who tried it, for a small hive would yield regularly from 6 to 8 quarts of honey and 4 litres of wax, that is, a yearly net profit of 5$000. (1) Mr. Lloyd, member of the English Institate of Civil Engineers, writes as follows : “The broad expanse of the Campos Geraes is still undisturbed by the plough, and is singularly destitute of even cattle ; and beyond these attractive plains, stretches to a point far beyond the Paraná River, and to within a short distance of the commencement of the projected railway communication in Matto-Grosso, an almost unknown and impenetrable region of virgin forest, encumbering tracts of land of inestimable value to the agriculturist, but now idle and almost valueless.” With reference to the establishment of the railroad, which is to unite Matto- Grosso to Paraná, the same Engineer says : “If fertility of soil, geniality of climate, abundance of water of the purest description, can convey assurances of future wealth and well-being, if a country rejoicing in all the varied beau- ties of mountains and plains, of noble rivers, and majestic forests fail to in- vite settlers, it 15 obvious that the reasons must be sought, not in the country itself, but in the absence of adequate means for the disposal of the results of labour, etc., etc.” o A In this province there are several colonies, the most import- ant of which are: -Assunguy, founded in 1860; it has at present, 1,345 Persons, occupying an area of 88,572,000 square metres. The climate is salubrious; the soil productive of sugar cane, maize, beazs and various kinds of ampylaceous tubers. The vine 15 cultivated and promises well. Agriculture is there assisted by 27 sugar mills, 8 distilleries and 64 monjolos (rough water mills). There is a Roman Catholic Church, and a Protetant one 1s being built. Argelina, established in 1848 by Algerine colonists, at a dis- tance of 6 kilometres from Coritiba, has an area of 726,000 square metres. Abranches, founded two years since in the neighborhood of Coritiba, with an area of 412,000 square metres, promises a prosperous future, due to the nature of the soil and the activity of the Poles who occupy 1t. S. Venancio, commenced in 1872, near the capital, invites immi- gration byitsadvantageous position and the varietyof its products. Rio-NWegro. This colony produces exhuberantly all cereads, tobacco, etc.; makes excellent hay, and rears cattle, improving the breeds by crossings. : The Zherezina colony, situated on the banks of the Ivahy, produces cane, coffee, tobacco, cotton, salt amd starch, etc. Superaguay, founded in 1852. This colony has good lands for the culture of coffee, tobacco, sugar cane, rice, etc. Ttajahy, established August 4th, 1860, has an area of 653,400,000 square metres, of which 8,000 are under cultiva- tion; the greater part of the inhabitants are Germans. The products are tobacco, cotton, sugar, cane, rice, timber, etc. It has 20 saw mills, 31 sugar mills, and 22 farina mills. The province of Paraná, in the financial year 1873—1874, exported: ' Súgar ¿ctoudl- 310 ¿81 aawokidos.> Tuy 2 1,136$000 ii A 500 DNI - —949$000 MESOSICAL TAO raras ego flaca 2.156,118$000 TIMBENESLLIO RTS DEL OIE O DEA 9,784$000 SUndbleSi. YI META ETA LS an IDOL 2,6828$000 YE Me TABLE OF THE QUANTITY OF HERVA-MATE YEARLY EXPORTED BY THE PROVINCE OF PARANÁ FROM 1866 TO 1874. Financial Years. Antonina. Paranaguá. | Total. 1866-1867 2.286.444 8.892.429 11.178.873 1867—1868 1.939.316 10.942.698 | 12.882.014 1868—1869 2.492.984 9.864.346 | 12.360.330 1869—1870 4.338.892 10.082.631 14.411.523 1870—1871 6.989.639 7.518.244 14.507.883 1871—1872 10. 394.986 5.964. 988 16.358.974 1872-1873 5.824.288 8.550.750 | 14.379.038 1873—1874 4.773.544 7.585.490 12.359.034 TOMÉ 39.030.093 | 69.404.576 108,434,699 The yearly average is 13,554,333 kilograms. SANTA CATHARINA.,. This province, which from its present climate, regularity of the seasons and fertility of its soil is called the—Paradise of Brazil—covers an area of 112,385 square kilometres, and has 144,818 inhabitants, of which 10,551 are slaves. With the exception of the island of Santa Catharina and of S. Francisco, the continent is rather mountainous and crossed by many streams. All tropical and meridional plants grow well in the province, which abounds in %imber and innumerable medicinal plants; mantoc, coffee, matze, flax, and some other products are grown. The culture of mantoc attracts all the rural population, and the farina made in the province is not only sufficient for the home consumption, but also supplies the Rio de Janeiro market. Maize, rice and beans are important articles of commerce. The coffee grown is sufficient for the requirements of the province, and, when the season favours the harvest, some quantity is also exported. The tobacco is excellent, and comes to market in leaf, in plugs, in rolls, minced, or in the form of cigars or cigarettes. Some sugar is made, and a fair quantity of pretty good -u»m. 2 Flax and wheat are raised only in small quantities; the first owing to ignorance as to the easy processes of extracting the fibre; the latter on account of blight which usually attacks the plants; these drawbacks will disappear as soon as professional knowledge is spread over the province. At S. José, agriculture and the fisheries occupy the popula- tion. At S. Francisco, cerealds, coffee, tobacco, ete., are planted. Lages, called Princeza do Sertáo (Princess of the Interior) produces every kind of European fruit. That an adequate idea may be formed of the fertility of the soil of that district, we give the following comparative table, drawn up by M. Taulois, lately employed by the president of the province to examine the road to it : At Lages. In Germany. 1 Litre of wheat. ylelds.: 2-2, 20:10: ¡59 O 0 O INIA daa Le 40 ¿40 ¿50 ds. 104014 tad Bare dl. more: than. 50 10) 0. ds A A PA 30 10 140 A Lo potatoes yields.more. than. 40 86 L0riko The prairies of Lages are excellent for hkorned catíle and sheep, for they are not wet as meadows usually are in Buenos- Ayres. Large quantities of horned cattle and mules are ex- ported from Lages and from the country round about; from its forests much valuable timber is cut. D. Francisca, Itajahy and Blumenau are the three principal colonies of the province of Santa Catharina. D. Francisca, established in 1849, possesses an area of 46,582,608 hectares, of which 20,168 are under cultivation. Its population is 7,860 souls. It produces sugar, cereals, tobacco, coffee, arrow-root, timber, etc. There are in the colony 78 rice, manioc and maize mills, and 84 for sugar, rum, etc. Itajahy was established in August, 1860; it has 3,500 inhabi- tants, and possesses 623,400,000 square metres. Cereals, tobacco, cotton, sugar cane, manioc, etc., are cultivated. Ep Me Ñ There are 37 sugar mills, go manioc mills, and 20 saw mills, worked by water power. Blumenau. This colony was founded in 1852 on an area of 602,720 hectares, of which 7,180 are under culture. Cereals, potatoes, cotton, coffee, sugar cane, tobacco, Arrow-roo0t, timber, datry products, etc, are the agricultural products of this colony. Angelina. A «colony established December roth, 1860, con- tains 1,327 persons, and possesses an area of 191,464,000 square * metres; the climate is healthy and the soil fertile. 36 litres of maizc produce 4,500 litres. 36 e POtatoes Ñ 25075 e la a 648 “ 18 Fúe Mbice Ss 540% From 2,200 square metres, with 625 manioc plants, 1,411 litres of farina are obtained. Santa Thereza. A military colony, has an agreeable climate and produces sugar cane, tobacco and cereals; cattle of different kinás abound. The province in the financial 1873—1874 exported : Deia. Lord els o 48 dies: e dais 11,060fo000 SUBORS al aqacilís pes en 9 abllOs os: 15-08 12,465 $000 Gollsa rmsolss bend lts LOS sites 11,649$000 Mater +eocí bismasast 55200 bits Es 9I5$ooo A A - 41,756$000 A IA AA ab rd 318000 RIO GRANDE DO SUL. The province of Rio Grande do Sul covers an area of 358,440 kilometres, with a population of 189,490 free inhabitants and 35,188 slaves. The climate, temperate and healthy, resembles that of south- ern Europe; in some localities, near the Uruguayan Republic, it freezes... The soil is mountainous, except to the north and in the * LS eta centre of the province, where immense prairies exist, crossed by numerous rivers, and containing some lakes. Although the chief industry of Rio Grande do Sul is breed- ng horned cattle and horses, and preparing jerked beef, neverthe- less, rice, barley, wheat, maize, fax and the vine grow very well. On the range which winds between the river Cahy and the Cadéa stream, wheat, rye, barley and extensive herudes (planta- tions of herva mate) prosper. The cultivation of zvuheaf, which was at one time so flourish- ing that the province in 1817 exported 300,000 alqueires (10,881 kilolitres) commences anew, especially of Spanish wheat, which the blight does not attack and which produces 6o for one. At Piratinim, Encruzilhada, Cacapava, and Cangussú, wheat generally yields 3o for one, whereas in France 1t averages from 5 to 15 for.one. The crops of rye are in the proportion of 60 for one of seed; the algueire weighs 60 pounds (3o kilograms); I5o bags of maize are gathered from 11% alqueire (14k.684) of seed or 18.13 litres. From 1,000 tobacco plants an arroba of leaves of superior quality are taken, other crops being gathered later. The to- bacco leaf is broad, fine, resisting, equally colored, and of ex- cellent aroma, resembling Virginia. From too cotton trees an arroba (14k.684) of cotton is taken, the proportion being one-third of cotton wool to two-thirds of seed; this product acquires the qualities of Sea /sland, when the two varieties are planted together. Manios is extensively cultivated, not. only for the manufac- ture of farína but also for the extraction of starch. : It may be said that the flour made from the excellent cereals produced in Rio Grande, satisfies the requirements of this prov- ince, which may shortly become the granary of South America, especially 1f, with regard to wheat, the cultivation of the Hun- garian, the African, and that from Trieste, be extended, as these qualities are'richer in gluten. Coffee can, on some soils of Rio Grande, be advantageously cultivated, as may be sen in the district of Santo Antonio. E AA The culture of flax has fallen off considerably, owing to ig- - norance as to the best method of preparing it; its cultivation however: commences again to increase under the influence of new and easy processes lately invented for the extraction of the fibre. Mate abounds in S. Jeronymo, at Missóes and on the up- lands; the exports of the province already average 5,960,000 kilograms annually, which, added to the consumption in the interior, raises the value of this agricultural product to 1,500,000$000. The north of the province exports to the Oriental and Argen- tine Republics, nearly 3,000,000 kilograms of herva mate. In the opinion of Dr. Ewbank da Camara, this region will re- veal great productive powers as soon as the beneficial influence of colonization, properly directed, shall be felt. And, truly, of all the provinces of the Empire, S. Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul is the one in which European colonists have prospered the best, especially Germans, who prefer agricultural pursuits, and who will meet with very fertile lands to the north of the rivers Jacuhy and Ibicuhy. The cultivation of %4ops is spreading, and the results are im- portant, as nearly all the beer brewed in Rio Grande is with the native article. The culture of the mulberry tree is acquiring large propor- tions, and as a consequence, also the rearing of the bombyx morí, whose beautiful white and yellow cocoons are now exported, besides large quantities of eggs. The cocoons obtained by Schutel were much admired at the Roveredo Bacologic Exhibition, and 80 francs a pound was the value put upon them. The víne is in the same position, and wine making is extend- ing; if the wines are not of superior quality, they are at least better and purer than many imported. The island of Marin- heiros and the colonies make annually over 1,000 pipes of wine, mostly from the American grape. At the Upper Uruguay, coffee, hops, and the víne may be ad- vantageously raised. The culture of cotton could be carried on under very favor- 0 O able conditions between Itapoan (as far as Porto Alegre) and the isthmus which separates Lagoa dos Patos from the sea. As to the natural products of the soil, large forests ful: of ex- cellent timber, besides numerous species,of medicinal plants exist on the banks of the river. The climate of the Miss0es, says Bompland, is nearly uni- form; on one zone of land wheat and barley may be cultivated with success; on another sugar cane, indigo, etc. Maize (zea- mais), manioc (_Jatropha manhiot), sweet potatoes (Convolvulus batata) pea nuts (Arachis hypogea), cotton (Gossipium herba- ceum ), melons (Cucurbita melo) potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) beans (Phoseolus vulgaris ), etc., may be raised everywhere. It is to be supposed that tea and coffee would produce ad- mirably and would be of great utility to agriculture. Although the country contains numerous prairies, lt may not be idle to mention, that experience has proved that lucern ( Medicago sativa), Guinea grass and other fodder crops produce marvelously. It would be well to plant artificial meadows with these and many other grasses of easy culture. The red soil of Missóes is well adapted for the culture of vegetables and of the leguminous plants we receive from Europe. The culture of rice (Oriza) is not less lucrative than that of tobacco. The indigenous fruit trees are innumerable and deserving of careful study. Unfortunately, as yet, no one has paid attention to these plants which may become so useful. The inhabitants of Missóes care only for the fruit of exotic plants, amongst which the orange tree occupies the first place; it is that which yields most fruit and pays best. In general, every species of citri, which belong to this natural order, pro- duce abundantly. Next to the citrí, come the different species of peach trees ( Acuanteum persica) which produce great quantities of valuable fruit. Then follows the vine (Vitis vinifera), the pear tree (Pyrus communis), the apple tree (Pyrus necelus), the almond tree e MO (Amygdalus communis), the fig tree (Ficus carica), the quince tree ( Sydonia vulgaris), etc. 21 30 To the differences of altitude, is due the varistióh: in tem- perature at the ex colony of S. Leopoldo, and hence the facility for cultivating different products, such as cereals, tobacco, sugar cane, mantoc, flax, etc. The rearing of poultry and the breeding of catHle and sheep furnish copious elements for the dairy and for manufactures. The ¿ee and the s2/kworm thrive marvelously, PES ex- cellent honey, wax and cocoons. The vine, barley, and hops are extensively cultivated, and from these very fair alcoholic products are prepared. Some improvement has been made in the breed of «sheep by crossings with merinoes and negrettis. The breeding of horned cattle is the chief branch of the in- dustry of the province, and employs a great portion of the rural population. The produce continues tc increase, but is loosing in quality for want of judicial selection and of a proper system of feeding adapted to the ends to which the animal 18 destined. The horse is suffering from the same causes, as breeding 1s left entirely to purely natural influences. Rio Grande horses, as a rule, are not so strong as those from the north of the Empire. The produce of the dairy is hardly sufficient to supply the wants of the province. Besides some small cotton factories, the province has a mill which spins and weaves wood, and which has manufactured some interesting samples, using the wool from native sheep, which are pretty numerous in the province. Not a few colonial nuclei are scattered over the province, the following are the most interesting : Santa Maria da Soledade, with 2,034 inhabitants. Cereals are cultivated, and amongst these, 10/eaf and 7ye; 153 ploughs are at work, and sheép breeding is being introduced. Santo Angelo has 1,962 inhabitants, of whom 254 are em- ployed in the cultivation of cereals, potatoes, sugar cane and tobacco, the exports averaging 1,490,000 kilograms. A Vew Petropolis; of the 1,284 persons which constitute the colony, a great portion raise maíze, beans, rye, wheat, bar- ley, etc. ñy Monte Alverne 1s a little colony inhabited by 561 individuals. The soil is very fertile, and produces sugar cane, tobacco and cereals, Count 1 Eu; the soil is extremely fertile, but the colony has only 74 persons. Santa Cruz; im this colony there are nearly 7,000 persons. It produces exhuberantly all kinds of cerealds, honey, wax, to- bacco; cattle are also bred; tobacco 15 1ts chief article of exporta- tion, which at present amounts to 1,028,272 kilograms of the value of 388,000$000. The following are the agricultural products of the province of Rio Grande, exported in the financial year 1873—1874: CA E SAA SAT IS 24,27 3$000 A A: 1 los 0 2 2,622$000 TOPCa perro 270 10 DUES ABOO0701 TU $ od ca cl TE A 483,785$000 PRaegló: DIR Enjoy DE PA AO 7,382,109$000 ITATSDIVY 15 RL OA O ¡OREJA AUTO IO 169,249$000 Tobaceor: nodo: CDE“ 637439892 ¿NIN ¡UNAM e 230,688$000 Woskbrissua simo TOS SGTBALID OZ EW DÍA. 300,504$000 men Gievacs as dol 081 Adusbad use Pub 50,012 $000 Sandiiest e y rsteanibos1d lv SL 1DYO. 48 625,292$000 .MINAS-GERAES. This vast province has an area of 871,200 square kilometres, with a population of 2,009,023 inhabitants, of whom 235,111 are slaves. The climate is healthy, and in some places cold. The soil, extremely mountainous, is crossed by numerous rivers, and 1s fit for every kind of culture. Its natural products are medicinal plants, timber and resins. Cotton, coffee, sugar cane, the vine, tobacco, mantoc, matze, vanilla, palma christi, etc., are cultivated. The sugar and the rum made is all consumed in the pro- vince. - y — NM = Minas cotton is of long, equal, fine, resisting and brilliant staple, and nearly all is sent to Rio de Janeiro already made into cloth. The tobacco is of excellent quality; that prepared by Daniel by far excels every other. The province produces 1,600,000 kilograms. At Lavras not only the coffee is of superior quality, but to- bacco, sugar cane and cotton pay the agriculturist well. At Lagoa Dourada, in the district of S. José d'El-Rei, there are more than ten sugar mills and distilleries using iron cylin- ders. This district exports yearly 8,000 cheeses and some handsome cotton cloths; all articles of food are easily raised, wheat, superior mantoc, coffee, rice, etc. At S. Joío d'El-Rei there are some parishes, such as Bom Successo, which contain 6o estates, with 9,834 alqueires of land under cultivation and 16,000 head of horned cattle, sheep, pigs, horses and mules. At Queluz there are 3oo plantations and 91 breeding estates whose products are excellent. The cotton and woolen fabrics, striped cloths and blankets are not inferior to foreign articles. At Uberaba, sugar cane, coffee, mantoc and cotton are culti- vated; ¿indigo grows spontane0usly, and catile, large and small, are extensively bred. Marianna has over 12 retiros (breeding estates) which pro- duce near upon 3,000 head of horned cattle, horses and mules. At Juiz de Fóra, besides alimentary products, coffee is culti- vated and a large number of pigs are bred. Tobacco grows wonderfully well at Christina; the yearly ex- ports amount to 100,000 arrobas (1,468,400 kilograms.) Wheat is raised at Santa Barbara, and olíves on the face of the Mantiqueira range. Minas-Novas cotton is exceedingly white. The valley of the Rio Grande extends for about 800 leagues, of which 160, with a breadth of 70, belong to the province of Minas; the soil is very fertile; some products yield from 120 to 200 for one ; sugar cane, coffee, cotton, hofs; the mulberry tree, rye, efe., produce amazingly on that fruitful soil; the prairies E provide excellent natural herbage in such abundance as to suffice not only for the cattle wintered on them but also for grazing the live stock exported to Rio de Janeiro; the forests abound in timber, such as cedar, rosewood, vinhatico, vtolet wood, Ec. The plains of ol and Rio Verde produce excellent tobacco. Pomba, S. Joío Nepomuceno and Araxá prepare nearly 800,000 kilograms of tobacco. Ayuruoca is excellent for raising mazze, beans, rice, sugar cane, tobacco, and manioc. Wheat prospers well; on the face of the Mantiqueira range the olive tree may be planted, and on the dry lands of the district the best %ay 15 made. At Pouso-Alegre, tobacco, coffee and tea are cultivated besides cereads. The cereals raised at Chtidlitna not only suffice for the popu- lation but large quantities are exported. At Oliveira there are upwards of 50 mills. Mar de Hespanha, Araxá, Pomba, S. Joío Nepomuceno and Ubá export annually, 35,000,000 kilograms of coffee. Pitanguy is one of the richest districts of Minas-Geraes, owing to the extensive culture of sugar cane and cotton, and to the ex- istence of several manufactories. Minas-Geraes has soil well adapted for the growth of the vine, especially the American. One alqueire of 11,000 square metres of land produces 50 pipes of wine. Of the four central provinces which supply Rio de Janeiro with beef, Minas-Geraes occupies the first place. Besides the curralinho and brucho oxen of superior quality, the province has the colonial or true cattle which came from the colony of Sacra- mento, in Montevideo, and the VVz/e and Chinese, which appears to have been imported from India. From crossings between the /VVz/e and the colonial very good animals, weighing 3o arrobas have been bred. At present, crossings with A/lderney, Schwitz and Breton cattle are under trial, and favorable results are expected. The stock breeders in Minas are classed as generalistas and O ME sertanistas. The former living near the frontiers of the prov- ince devote themselves to the manufacture of dairy produce, the latter, central, breed and sell live stock. Pigs are also largely bred for their bacon, meat and other products exported to the Rio de Janeiro market. The suctulent and extensive pralries of the province, the abundance of maize, which is excellent food for swine, combine to make this industry, when well managed, very lucrative, large fortunes having been realized by 1t. The fZeeces obtained from the few sheep bred in the province are manufactured into blankets, coarse and fine cloth and hats. The dreed of horses which had degenerated completely, com- mences to improve: some strong, bulky individuals of the Per- cheron breed, and some saddle horses, crosses with the English hunter, are now to be seen. Trials are making to rear the sz/% worm ; bees yield very good profits. The number of fodder plants exceeds 400, all evidently nu- tritive. There are 15,000 or 20,000 agricultural establishments scat- tered over this vast province. Besides other factories in different localities, the province has the Canna do Ribeiro mills with 15 operatives, 240 spindles and 5 looms, making 28,000 metres of cloth, worth 10,000,$000. In the province of Minas-Geraes there are two colonies; D. Pedro II was founded in 1858 by the Uniáo and Industria Company, in the neighborhood of Juiz de Fóra. Onit there are nearly 1,400 persons, almost all Germans; 1t covers an area of 1,642 hectares, besides 60 acres distributed in lots; 1,626 hectares are at present under culture. The soil produces cereals, vegetables, fruit, coffee and legum- inous plants. Stock is bred in a very small way. The colony of Mucury has 721 inhabitants, the population of Philadelphia being 6,276 free men. An area of 1,885,065 hectares are cultivated. The south of Minas exports annually to Rio de Janeiro, LAS ES Hoamed cattle Lol. Mu 2L 70,000 to 80,000 head. Piepuegies iaa Xy 25,000 “ 30,000 “ Sheep rat FOJ0DAa;; 0 Bacomss y Asa MA eos 2,936,800 kilos. Tobacco nirolds. yi3:¿30 5,860,000 “ A OA 150,000 In the province of Minas-Geraes there are the following mills : Mills. $ ra E 3 DISTRICTS: (1) y E E AA UL de A Un 67 | 18 | 245 E E A ARA 8 7 68 o o e OA E O O 4911021 11 “ege (mesias 2 E a 57] “10 "204 Haras) q. Onda. 7. DIA la 44 6 | 213 E") Eousos Megreraio a os de Si, Ehvoleo 328 Di A A 32 9 go O O A A AO 7 3 39 AAA LESA OR E: 88 (7 SiSebastiño do: Páañals0. id 9 3 PTOS (aba Verdes 13 5920s Mal nda 26 | 15 64 (iRasspstos PENE dad e ipaes 63.1: 18 Pb 570 AS Ur da ara ISA 41 INEA TIE E TE ES A UA 11 E a haspenda ads os AURA A a EP mrod0n e e AR o da LL 18 3. 13D O e a e re 1 De Ea da 498.|.169 | 2252 GOYAZ:*: This province, like Matto Grosso, is of great size, with a relatively small population; lts area measures 1,132,560 square kilometres, with 149,743 free inhabitants and 10,996 slaves. (1) The districts marked (*) cultivate coffee; the fruit bearing trees amount to three millions. E A The climate of the province is hot and dry, except in the wooded districts; the soil is fertile, especially in the neighbor- hood of the rivers and on the faces of the mountains. Medicinal plants, building timber, Brazil wood and camuvood, and a number of wild animals, of every species, are the natural productions. ice, sugar, cotton, matze, mantoc, etc., ave ralsed to supply the requirements of the population, the exportation of great quantities of these products being impossible for want of adequate means of circulation. Tobacco is successfully cultivated, and the quality, to judge from the quantity sold in Rio de Janeiro, is approved by the consumers of this product. The cochineal plant 1s very common, and 22d:g0 ME in the open grounds of the province. The víne may be profitably raised, for experience shows that this plant bears fruit twice a year. At Pontal and Matanca, mantoc, matze, cotton, vegetables, etc., are planted; some /íve stock 1s also bred. The inhabitants of Natividade, Carmo and Chapada culti- vate sugar cane, cotton, tobacco, matze, mantoc and legumes. S. Domingos of Araxá has most fertile soil. At Alho several cereals and fruit trees are profitably raised. Horned cattle and pies are extensively bred, and cotton and woolen cloths are manufactured. At Sant'Anna, near the Rio das Velhas, manioc, maize, and every kind of leguminous plants grow exhuberantly and large and small cattle are grazed. | Meia Ponte produces mazze, wheat, mantoc, tobacco, «cotton, sugar and coffee; horned cattle and pigs are reared, and cotton and woolen cloths are made. On the banks of the river Corumbá there are large forests, and the soil is celebrated for its fertility. In general, stock breeding prospers in the province, the pro- duct being sent to Rio de Janeiro, Maranháo and Bahia. The two provinces, Goyaz and Pará, are joined by a fair road along the section where the rapids exist, in that part comprised between a hamlet called S. Vicente lately created, in the district of Boa-Vista, on the right bank of the river (r E o. Araguaya, and a place named Alcobaca, beyond all the falls. Of the 391 kilometres of this road, 387 are in the province of Pará, through wonderfully fruitful soil fitted for the culture of sugar cane, cotton, coffee, and all articles of food used in the country. As to the means of conveying the products of Goyaz to a market, we believe that the navigation of the Araguaya, under the direction of Dr. Couto de Magalháes, will offer facilities. Goyaz may also be joined to $. Paulo by way of Santa Anna of Parnahyba, and so avail of the projected railroad to Matto Grosso or by the rivers Grande and Mogy Guassú. (1). In the province there are nine presidial establishments where tobacco, cotton, rice, manioc and cereals are cultivated, and where stock breeding thrives On excellent pastures. The exports of Goyaz in the financial year 1872—1873, were: Tobacco in rolls. --- ---- 0,49, kilos 294895 4,745$000 Horned cattle noes 52,434 head------- e 58,887 $8000 Mares and colts- --- - e sanitane to End 20$000 Hides and skins. ------- 200 E RRERA 58 5,939$00 (1) The following information is due to Mr. Fomm : «In 1819, Joáo Caetano da Silva descended the Rio dos Bois to Groyaz, from Anicuns, distant 12 leagues from the capital to its mouth, in the river Paranalyba ; went down this river and the Paraná as far as the Tiete and up this river, having avoided the falls of S. Simáo and S. André in the river the dry season, and verified that, from Anicuns, as far as the falls of $. Simáo, there is no serious obstacle to steam navigation between these two oints. ee? There are steamers already on the Mogy-guassú, in $. Paulo, and the ob- stacles which exist between the month of the river Mogy-guassú affluent of the Rio Grande, and the falls of S. Simáo, may be avoided by a road from the first rapids of the Rio Grande to beyond those falls. ““«Jf communication be so established between the two provinces, the jour- ney between the capital of the Empire and the capital of the province would be reduced to 15 or 16 days, via. Santos, whereas now the post takes 35 days, troops of mules 60 or 70, and buliock carts three months. «When Mr. Whitaker was In Rio, about a month since, he handed to H. M. the Emperor, and to the Minister of Agriculture, coples of his diary of the journey. «“« An alqueire of salt costs there 20$000 ; a bottle of common wine 3$000, and a bottle of ale 3$500.,, dd > da MATTO-GROSSO. It is supposed that the province of Matto-Grosso occupies an area of 2,090,880 square kilometres for a population of only 60,417 inhabitants, including 7,064 slaves. The climate is in general salubrious, varying according to altitude and to the lay of the mountains. The soil stands considerably above sea level, and is moun- tainous. Covered as it is with magnificent forests never yet explored and inhabited by millions of aborigines, the province abounds in wild animals of every kind, curious quadrumanes, savage quadrupeds, excellent tortoises, birds of the most varied colours; rivers abounding in fish wind through and fertilize a soil fit for every kind of culture, and which only awaits means of communication and a stream of strong and diligent immi- grants to prove how much may be obtained from its natural advantages. In the province of Matto-Grosso rice, ¿mdigo, vanilla, the cochineal cactus, copahyba, India rubber, etc., grow spontaneously and abundantly. Sugar cane, tobacco, cotton, wheat and all leguminous plants are cultivated. On the high lands coffee grows as no where else; there are trees that yield from 5 to 6 kilograms of product. The sugar cane produces in an extraordinary manner on the banks of the rivers. The traveller Bartholomeu Bossi (1866) affirms that it is sometimes necessary to thin the plantations in order to check the monstrous production. There are planta- tions forty years old which preserve all their vigour. The cotton tree attains to a gigantic size, and gives on an av- erage, 5 kilograms of product of a superior quality. Rice! as already said, grows spontaneously and in great abun- dance, the only labor required being for picking and cleaning it. The Zobacco has excellent qualities and resembles Havana; it is easily cultivated on the banks of the rivers. Manioc roots are rarely less than 3 palms (66 centimetres) in length and proportionally thick, producing 500 for one. Matze gives 200 for one. ELE The cultivation of wheat ought to be very important for Matto-Grosso. Its soil and climate well adapted for this cereal ought to free the province from the burthen of paying from 20 to 40 dollars for a barrel of flour imported. Vanilla ín large quantities is met with between Diamantina and Villa Maria; it 1s larger than Mexican, and of an agreeable aroma. India rubber abounds in the north of the province of Matto- Grosso. In quality, it is not inferior to that which constitutes the chief source of wealth of the province of Pará. Extensive hervaes are scattered over the province which may compete with Paraguay and other neighbouring provinces. Medicinal plants, such as guinguina, manna, cinnamon, ipeca- cuanha, sarsapartilla, dragons blood, espigelia and numerous other therapeutic agents enrich the fields and forests of Matto- Grosso. : Wax and honey abound, due to an infinite variety of bees. Being, however, at a great distance from consuming markets, this province receives no compensation adequate to the fruit- fulness of its soil and to its abundant crops, and is therefore confined to breeding live stock, its only export. In the opinion of M. Bossi, the localities most fitted for co- lonization, are found at Villa*Maria, owing to the facilities with Bolivia; at Poconé, owing to the abundance of the crops; at Chapada, not only because it is seven leagues distant from Guyabá, but also on account of the extreme fertility of the soil; Corumbá and Albuquerque, the first Brazilian ports up the river Paraguay. The difficulties of land conveyance for the agricultural pro- ducts of Matto-Grosso, will shortly be obviated by the estab- lishment of the projected railroad between this province and Paraná. | Military colonies.—There are two: Dourados, which furnishes timber, patmettos (palm cabbage) herva mate and cereals ; and Miranda, in the same conditions. A ' k e Ae y no A ib Ind TOAE E e 2d os ps da 23d do rá a AN y ! ' E; ¡ a mi 1195-2510 10d Dasqrh yde 1 Pe AN Y ne Y Ñ 4 WE A moY Mas und 11, pos at 57 dede AemoN AA ' ba On vob 1) foruid a, so eallo O ls MY 4 pl Y , y y * . + dl ¿ Sar ra now tad As e Ii 2 ¿Op y tGl ei PE A f : o A b Y >. dd : ñ ás 5 Mi 06 10 Da (IS 0. 1) ya] al Yi AS AL dt “ . . + ANT LA E á o 1 y e LITE LO DINO O LO SÓ Ñ TN AA sd Y PNTTD E doidw 1643 ds roots 101 Io er dd 0 Jem al E E E ATTE IAS j ñ LO. DR A IIA yo if . iz e P y . pr nd OA 1 a 90 O hyrisiiioa SUE ASWENYN 37120313 1 : . ; Ñ ' ) 1 ! ' 13 y 4 Ñ ALEN 13; 0 e . Me t MDMA ; j ¿smla Let mbr DA, J L 1 . ! : DOTanisa 10 y y . O, ANA ATAR TO l (341 MA o MSTOL Da y | : M7 14. AMOO" Neo y , O EA 1% Á 2410 Yiart 30 EN IT Deatwcka em dl y 4) LGA VIisiiliial O e Ml Y om ; pr É ¿ 12030 o o y, y! ALU! : HIRO TO 14 Ñ 114 o CID MO e Ñ ; MA . h ely HA os y N p pd UE bo 4 lunes + 1445 heinds cio) ¡ES 1 Aoi OP aos A 113 7 141 Er), de ¡1 ROW ¿MITA lo Y in Dial 91 noi1asiaolóN el Ñ : p MA DN 8 JE TITO TN TA 60 DI amO 00004 16 7 MES hrs 0 ot Tale 5h añu nbvol de Y sarna 00 300 £begad NA 11108 901 lo VIUDAS SIS TA ES OVA 40 ES id o MA MES , A “ , 7 a A NSIVIT 90) GUATOO OSUIL. y 1211 sa UASD APA: biela ml e 4 CA A Ñ y 1 rt á eN NA h p de * E Ala ya] ISTusiiotar 809 101 3 COW MAS 107 201) Mi eN sed . eS TE CO 1 EF 100 9 $ MIO SN YA RA EN 00 de Mi IN ml q " p » ao ” e | he DOGO, ¿la noswjod Háotllar h LENÁS: 347 18 ds ' : * ¿2 Mo carino doidee so td ¿00 : e dre MN AN: ES ) y KA y : 'A UU ¡AB mM DAN o ban EAN ADT "Ñ (ouid: des, A lA AN A A Ñ €, peñas ul IA 04d held: Hs o, O CAE EN e EN h ' IAN FAA UA 0 : A A ss 4 Y fe 4 AA JAN A e! ved de h AA hdi % Ne A < ps x A a 18 Ne ; ; “E, ey - e y eE ES id p $ e N S de DE e A y ALA Mn ESA AS 2 a AA a a dt IA =P e dear A , AN . got a - pa a p me he a ITA Y dE AM o Ad Pd sra Pd A co id UNA c69839y