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AGRICULTURE

1VORTHCAROLINA

3E»-A.DFt.T II:

OBTAINING A STATEMENT OF THE PRINCIPLES OF Till

SCIENCE UPON WHICH THE PRACTICES OF

AGRICULTURE, AS AN ART, ARE

FOUNDER

BY

EBENEZER EMMON.v

.STATE GEOLOGIST.

KALEIGH:
\T. W. HOLDEN, PRINTER TO THE STATE

1S60.

To His Excellency, John "W. Elli?,

Governor of North- Carolina :

Sir: Although your station in life withheld your hands from the
active and laborious duties of husbandry, yet, in the discharge of
your former official duties, you were furnished with constant oppor-
tunities to acquire exact information of the state and condition of
Agriculture throughout the State. It is no doubt for this reason
that you have so frequently expressed the strong interest for the
improvements in this department of labor, and the more general
diffusion of information upon those subjects which are intimately
related to it.

By your permission and advice I have been led to undertake
the preparation of several works upon the Agriculture of the State.
The first is designed to be preparatory to those which will follow,
and although the subject matters are by no means easily treated,
yet I am encouraged to hope I shall so far succeed as to present
them in a form and in a language which can be understood by the
■common reader.

I am, sir,

Your obedient servant,

EBENEZER EMMONS,

State Geologist

Raleigc, March 1, 1800.

PREFACE.

The principles of Agriculture set forth in the following pages are
designed for the nse of Planters and Farmers of this State. The
subjects involving the principles herein detailed, are not so fully
treated of as in other works of a higher aim, and which profess to
be scientific ; but we hope that they belong to a class which may
be regarded as the leading principles of Agriculture ; and there-
fore, may secure the attention of those for whom they are designed.

In consequence of the fixed prejudices to change modes of
culture, and the strong tendency to unbelief of promised advan-
tages when modifications of a system of husbandry are proposed,
it has happened that proiessional men have taken the lead and ad-
vanced forward, when the regular bred farmer has stood still. The
lawyer, the physician, and merchant, men of capital, who have
been disposed to retire from their professions have been generally
more ready to follow new modes of culture, and to engage in some-
what more expensive experiments than the farmer. It is true, their
example has not been followed immediately, and indeed, they
have not always succeeded ; but their results have often been so
striking, as to arrest attention, and it has worked in some wajr or
other to the advantage of agriculture ; sometimes by exciting the
pride or vanity of the regular bred farmer, who feels that he ought
not to be outdone or outshone in crops or cattle ; and has there-
fore, been led to attempt on his part to outdo a competitor, who
has placed himself irregularly in the ranks of laboring men. By
way of illustration, we may mention Livingston, who introduced
plaster, by which the agriculture of Xew York was revolutionized.
Liebig, a chemist, first prepared and recommended the use of the
8Ujperphosphaie of lime, which had a decided influence upon the
progress of agriculture. The introduction of fertilizers of this
class could not fail to suggest many others, and hence, a multitude
of mineral substances have been tried with varied success.

The faithful reader of the following pages may probably observe
that certain facts and principles are repeated ia different parts of

Vl

PRL1

the work ; if so, it will be found that they stand in different rela-
tions, and hence, are possessed of a greater value; we are not
always losen by repetitions, when we can present them under a
new phase. We have prepared this work, because we considered
it necessary to carry out the objects of the survey. It is intended
to prepare the way for other works which require a knowledge of
the facts and principles contained in this. Agriculture is com-
manding more attention than formerly. Products, which ten years
ago were unprofitable, have become profitable, because of the
greater facilities and a diminished expense in reaching the markets
of the world. Every mile of railroad helps the farmer, as his pro-
ducts are heavy, and are often both heavy and bulky. He re-
quires, therefore, more than any other citizen, public facilities.
As the world now moves, time is doubly imponant, and to attempt
to reach a distant market with flour, corn or cotton, with the old
six horse or mule team, would be utterly ruinous. It was impossi-
ble to revive agriculture under the old dynasty, in . but the
advantages of public improvements are now so stronglv felt that
very few remain to oppose them: the great care which now de-
volves upon this generation of active and influential men, is to
direct them judiciously.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

General remarks. Obstacles which retard the diffusion of knowledge among
farmers. Errors often due to imperfect observations. Case in point relating
to acid soils. How experiments should be conducted. 9 — 14.

CHAPTER II.

The difficulty of classifying soils systematically. Varieties of soils. Soil elements.
Derivation. Composition of rocks which furnish soils. Weight of soils.
Average quantity of silex in soils. Carbonate of lime in soils. Losses which
soils sustain in cultivation well established. Temperature an essential element
in productive soils. Soils of the Southern States remain in situ. Organic
elements of soil. Inorganic elements, etc. 14 — 27.

CHAPTER III.

The organic part of a soil and variety of names under which it is known. Changes
which it undergoes, and the formation of new bodies by the absorption of
oxygen. Fertilizers in North-Carolina. Green crops. Mutual action of
elements of soils upon each other. Composition of one or two of the chemical
products of soils, showing the sources of carbon in the plant. 27 — 32.

CHAPTER IY.

The mechanical condition of soils differ. Circulation of water in the soil with
its saline matter. Capability of bearing drouth. How to escape from the
effects of drouth. Temperature of soils. Influenced by color. Weight of
soils, etc. 32 — 30.

CHAPTER V.

Mechanical treatment of soils. Deep plowing. Advantages of draining. Open
drains. Plowing. Objects attained by plowing. Harrowing. Roller. Im-
provement of soils by mixture. Hoeing. Effects of hoeing. 36 — i2.

CHAPTER VI.

Soil elements preserve the proportions very nearly as they exist in the parent
rock. Weight of different kinds of soils. Most important elements of soil
represented by fractions. Effects of small doses of fertilizers explained. Nature
deals out her nutriment in atom doses, and so does the successful florist.
42 — 16.

CHAPTER VII.

Fertilizers defined. Their necessity. Mechanical means of improvements of
soil. Fffeets of lime. Growth is the result of change in the constitution of the
fertilizers employed. Organs have each their own special influence upon the
fertilizing matter they receive. Provisions for sustaining vegetable life. A
system of adaptive husbandry. Instances cited. Adaptation of a crop to the
soil. What fertilizers will aid in ripening the crop at the right time. The
source of fertilizers. Green crops. Peat. Advantages of a green crop. Marine
plants. Straw. Losses of farmyard manure. Peat, how prepared for use.
Composts. Fertilizers of animal origin. Solids and fluids. 45 — 61.

Vlll TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VIIL
: excrements. Guana Composition and comparative value. l>i-crepances
stated. 61-

CHAPTEB IX.
Mineral fertilizers. Sulphates. Native phosphates. Carbonates. Nitrates. Sil-
icates. Abbes. Analysts of the ash of the white oak. Composition of
■shea Management of volatile and other fertilizers. 07 — V-L

CHAPTEB X.

The quantity or ratio of tt>e inorganic elements in a plant may be increased by
cultivation. Source of nitr \ rific action of certain manures, particu-

larly -alts. Farmyard manure never amis.-. Use of phosphate of magi.-
Special manures sometimes fail, as gypsum. 84 — -7

OHAPTEB XL

< m the periodical increase of the corn plant. The white flint, together with the
increase of h her organs. The proportions of the inorganic elem

in the several parts oi their composition. The quantity of inorganic matter in
an acre of corn, and in each of the parts composing the plant Remarks upon
the statistics of composition. B7 — 95.

CHAPTEB MI.

Value of foliage for animal consumption depends upon the quantity of two differ-
ent classes of bodies: heat producing and rlesh producing bodies. These two
classes are the proximate organic bodies, and are ready forme 1 in the vegetable
organs. Proximate composition illustrated by two varieties of maize. Their
comparative value. Analysis of several other varieties of maize for the pur-
| se of illustrating difference of composition as well as their different values.
Composition of timothy, etc. Bfi — 100.

CHAPTEB Mil.
Composition of tuberous plants with respect to their nutritive elements. Irish
potatoe. Sweet potatoe. Their nutritive values compared. 1"" — 102.

CHAPTEB XIV.

in of the ash of fruit tree-; BS the peach, apple, pear, Catawba trrapc.
Amount of carbon or pure charcoal which some of the hard woods give )>y
ignition in closely covered crucibles. 103—105.

CHAPTEB XV.
Nitrogenous fertiliz litable for the cereals. Correlation of means and

end- which meet in fertilizers. The final end of nitrogenous bodies. The
power to store up or consume fertilizers modified ly i tempera-

ture Krror in cattle husbandry. staining the largest amount of nu-

triment. Weights of crop.-, etc. Indian corn and turnips. Sweet potal
The produce of an acre of cabbage, etc. 105 — 1 1-.

SURVEY OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

PART II,

ACiRICULTU

March, 1860. E. Emmons.

CHAPTER I.

General remarks. Obstacles which retard the diffusion of knowledge among
Farmers. Errors often due to imperfect observations. Case in point relat-
ing to acid soils. How experiments to be useful should be conducted.

;$ 1. Agriculture is regarded as an art and a science. As
an art, its practice comprehends the preparation of the earth for
the reception of seed, and the mechanical state best fitted for the
perfection of a crop.

As a science, it comprehends that kind of knowledge which re-
lates to the structure and composition of vegetables, their adaptions
to climate, soil, and the relation which any members of the king-
dom hold to the forces of nature. The successful practice of the
art, is more or less dependent upon agricultural science, though in
the order of time, art preceded science. This fact may seem to
contradict the foregoing assertion, nevertheless its truth may be
made to appear from sundry considerations. In the first place, the
practice of the art is founded upon the simplest observations when
the soil was fresh from the hand of nature and rich in all the ele-
ments of growth, when nothing perhaps was required but to gather
the fruit and watch the progress of the seasons.

When improvement was attempted more attention was required.
The grafting of one kind of fruit upon another must have demand-
ed a knowledge of the structure and functions of bark, stem and the
circulation of sap. The success would depend upon a purely scien-

:TH-CABOLDCA GEOLOGICAL SURVITT.

tifi :ion, which wouii __ .per artistic mo .

nt must frequently ha
lent happens in vain to the man who neglects to think,
eive the real nature of results and how they came to ] ia&
: .lva>i laid the foundation of the
beautiful science ° .me ace nee

often or a hundred other men mav cot Lave awakened a single
idea beyond the naked fa

lent, therefore, though it may have done much for science
ben it has occurred under tlu-
thinking men ; in them alone will be awakened the _ : ac-

.'. idea.

ecident however that progress in science or the arts
ed. An unexpected result may and often occurs which
is turned to account; still, it is by a train of systematized ki;
that agriculture must depend for its future prog:-- —. The

owledge becomes the more we may hope from its gen-
eral diffusion.

-overned by the foregoing views we have pro] re-

face a series of agricultural paper- _ as fully as the nature

of the subject demands the eleme: ite ientific and practical a_

culture. In former reports, we have not entir I or

iooked this part of the subject, but to add to the value of our
o nltural investigations, it seems that something more than a
few isolated principles should accompany the reports. The public
mind is now awakened to the importance of book kn. _ .s it

has been called. Old prejudices and old practices are g _ ay.

. should be replaced by something more sound orrationa".
more in accordance with recently established principles. In :..
culture there still remains much that is obscure or has not been
:actorily explained. When a true reason can be given for
modes of successful or unsuccessful culture, agriculture will then
have attained it:- «tage of perfection. But agriculture re-

quires extensive knowledge, and it will happen when th 9 si _••• has
been reached, that agriculturalists will rank with the most learned
of the profess: o& That it is pro.- - eh a stage we enter-

tain no doubts ; for most of the natural history sciences are con-
stantly contributing their discoveries itimate result. But
results so desirable, time is an essential element, and no one

XORTH-CAKOLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 11

should expect au immediate fulfilment when so much remains to be
discovered and when no doubt, a great deal has yet to be unlearnt
or must still bear a doubtful import.

§ 3. One of the great obstacles in the way of a general dif-
fusion of agricultural knowledge, especially to the farmer who
makes no claim to a scientific education, is the frequent occurrence
of hard names or words. A book is often thrown down in despair
when so much meets the eye which is unknown. How to get
around this difficulty is not yet clear ; it is a difficulty which is
complained of even by persons who have no just right for com-
plaint. Even a word so common as ammonia, perplexes many,
and although it is frequently translated hartshorn, yet how this
pungent vaporous body can play so important a part in husbandry
cannot be comprehended. There is certainly a grain or two of com-
mon sense in this ; for as ammouia is usually spoken of, it would
seem unfitting that it should enter the structure of vegetables as
hartshorn, and that it is hartshorn itself which is so important to
vegetation, whereas, it is no such, thing; it is only a body which,
contains a needful element which it furnishes by decomposition.
Its properties are due to powers conferred upon the vegetable
kingdom. Knowing this body as a powerful stimulant to the sense
of smell, does not impart to us a property fitting the sphere it is
said to fill. It is so with many other bodies whnse names often
occur, as sulphuric and nitric acids. Many points relating to these
powerful bodies should be more fully explained, and no doubt
much of the prejudice of common minds to book knowledge arises
from a misapprehension of subjects. How, for example, can a
person who has been told that ammonia and nitric acid or aqua
fortis are fertilizers, but would at ouce question the validity of the
information. Something more is necessary then, than to be told
that certain bodies are fertilizers; they should also know the reason
why they are so, and the conditions under which they become so.
To understand these points, something must be known of the
powers conferred upon the vegetable kingdom, as well as upon the
state and condition under which simple or compound bodies be-
come really fertilizers at all. A systematic treatise on husbandry
requires that certain elementary facts relating to the origin or
source of soils and nutriment of vegetables should be at least
generally stated.

\'l NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

§ 4. The importance of established principles as they are
considered in the present state of agricultural knowledge, induces
us then to state somewhat in detail their practical bearing.

Facts differ from principles. The latter are deductions from the
former. It is often the case that what are regarded as facts are
imperfect observations. Principles which may be deduced from
supposed tacts may be, and often are, wrong. When practice is
based upon observation, it is quite necessary we should not be
mistaken in our facts. We may cite one or two examples of a
mistaken theory based upon imperfect observation and an igno-
rance of the functions which the vegetable kingdom performs.
Thus the idea of an injurious acid in the soil is the basis of the applica-
tion of marl and lime to correct that condition, and the inferenc-
that the beneficial effects of marling is dm soldy to th< (torn
oddity. The acidity itself is founded upon the growth of sh
sorrel, pine and Other plants, which impart the taste of sourness to
the palate. Sheep sorrel, however, grows upon poor soil — not
upon an acid soil, for it often grows around lime kilns, where it is
impossible that an acid should exist at all. "We have seen it grow-
ing with great vigor through a stratum of air-slacked lime two
inches thick, where it had been thrown from a lime kiln. We
have seen sheep sorrel also covering a dry hill-side which had be-
come poor by cultivation ; whereas, it is rare to see this plant
growing in moist peaty grounds, where acids from vegetable de-
composition are usually expected. The fact is. in all plants which
impart to the palate an acid taste, we may be steered it is not due
to an acid soil, but to the action of their own peculiar organization,
and this acid will be found to exist under any condition in which
the plant can bo grown. The soil has really no agency in its pro-
duction ; for low sorrel seed in white pure sand and water, with
that which is free from acidity, and the sorrel will be acid; it is
characteristic of the plant, and independent of the soil in which it
grows. Yet marl is useful, though, our notions of its action are
erroneous; still the question is highly practical; it would govern
our practice in the quantity to be Used ; for if it is merely wanted to
correct acidity, a small quantity will suffice for that. Where;,
it is maintained that it furnished directly or indirectly food to the
crop, a much greater quantity will be required.

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 13

§ 5. Another instance of an erroneous view of the operation of lime
was related a few years ago at an agricultural meeting by the
President of a State Agricultural Society. He said, he had used
lime on two different kinds of soil. 1st. On a sandy soil, and at a
certain amount per acre. He could not discover the slightest ben-
eficial effects. He therefore concluded lime was good for nothing
for sandy soils. He then tried it upon a clay soil. This experi-
ment too was a failure, as he could not perceive that his crop was
increased in amount. His general conclusion, therefore, was that
the benefits of lime had been greatly overrated.

Xow both conclusions were erroneous, because all the facts
oi the case had not been investigated. In the first instance
the conclusion that the crop upon the sand was not improved by
lime was true, but it does not follow that lime upon sandy soils is
always useless, that contradicts the equally good experience of oth-
ers. The fact was, the sandy soil was in a great measure destitute
of organic matter, and hence the failure. We do no* stop now to
state the reason in greater detail ; this subject will be considered
fully hereafter. In the second instance, the clay soil, the conclu-
sion that the crop did not appear to be benefitted by marl was no
doubt true, but the speaker appears not to have at all apprehended
the cause ; it was not because it was a clay soil, but because there
was already enough lime in the clay, there being not less than five
per cent. "We find, therefore, that the result of simple experiment,
though made by the President of an Agricultural Society, may
entirely mislead a community when all the associated facts are
ignored. It turns out that lime is a fertilizer only upon certain
conditions; those conditions must be complied with. "Where it
already exists in the soil to a large amount, it can only be useful
in a caustic state. In this condition it affects both the chemical
and mechanical condition, but is not necessary to form certain com-
binations by which a fertilizing substance is, as it were, generated
or in part formed.

Experiments then, to be useful, must be conducted with a know-
ledge of all the essential points which bear upon the results obtained.
The nature of the soil must be understood — the general composition
of the fertilizers employed. In other words the experimenter must
know what he is about.

14 'KTn-CAKOLEN'A GEOLOGICAL SUBVEV.

CHAPTER II.

The difficulty of classifying soils systematically. Varieties of soils. Soil ele-
ments. Derivation. Composition of rocks which furnish soils. Weight of
soils. Average quantity of silex in soils. Carbonate of lime in soils. L<-
which soils sustain in cultivation well established. Temperature an essential
element in productive soils. Soils of the Southern States remain <
Organic elements of soils. Inorganic elements, etc.

Soils cannot be systematically classified. "We may
divide them so that, considered in the extreme, the strong lines of
demarkation will appear quite distinct, as a clay soil and a sandy
one, but these graduate into each other and the lines of demarka-
tion disappear insensibly. So we find peaty soils, and in districts
where chalk underlies the surface soil, we may distinguish a cal-
careons soil, but both kinds lose their characteristics by intermix-
tures of clay and sand. "We may however, say with truth, of any
particular locality, that it has an argilaceons, calcareous or sandy
soil as the case may be. Such a statement should be made, but
this does not amount to a classification. We -hall not. therefore,
attempt the arrangement of soils into a systematic classification ; it
will be sufficient to indicate in our nomenclature the predominant
element, whether it is clay, sand, lime or vegetable matter. It is
not, however, proper to omit the statement that sand or silex is the
basis of all soils except those in which organic matter greatly pre-
ponderates, for, in clay soils silex still exceeds in quantity the clay,
but still clay masks the silex, though it is less than one-half, and
hence has to be treated as an argilaceons soil.

But the real nature of soil is not fully stated, by any means when
they are merely referred generally to the preponderating element,
there is left out of view certain elements which, so far as fertility is
concerned, are quite as important, though they exist only in minute
proportions. We shall, however, take the ground that all the ele-
ments of a soil are important, and take away entirely any on-
them and its fertility will be affected for certain crops at least, if
not for all.

7. The soil elements are only few, when compared with the
number of known simple bodies: th is, while the known elements
amount to about sixty-two or three, only about thirteen or fourteen

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 15

play any considerable part for the benefit of the vegetable kingdom.
The latter arc embraced in the following list, viz : Oxygen, hydro-
gen, nitrogen, sulphur, carbon, phosphorus, the base of silex, or
silicon potash, soda, lime, magnesia, clay or alumine, iron and
manganese. Iodine and chorine also exist in plants and soils.
Potash, soda, lime, magnesia are compounds of oxygen and a metal,
whose names terminate in um — as potassium, sodium, calcium, &c.
The first seven which stand in the list, are unmetalic bodies, the
last seven are metals. Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen in their
free or uncombined states, are aeriform bodies; the bthera are
solids possessing different weights. The foregoing bodies or ele-
ments exist in the rocks which compose the earth's crust, not how-
ever as simple bodies, but in combination with each other, forming
what are usually known as simple minerals. Thus, quartz, mica, fels-
par, hornblende, talc, serpentine, carbonate of lime consist of these
elements, and furnish them when they decompose or disintegrate into
soil. The foregoing minerals constitute the great mass of the earth's
crust. To take an example of the number of elements which a
simple mineral as hornblende furnishes may be seen by the results
of analysis. Thus hornblende, felspar and serpentine are compos-
ed of

HORNBLENDE. FELSPAR. BEKPENTIXE.

Silex, 45.69 66.75 43.07

Alumine, 12.18 17.50 0.25

Lime, 13.83 1.25 0.50

Potash and Soda, 12.00 12.75

Magnesia, 18.79 40.37

Oxide of Iron and Manganese, 7.32 0.75 1.11

A simple or homogeneous substance, therefore, furnishes many
soil elements, and as rocks, such as granite, gneiss, mica slate, horn-
blende, are made up of several minerals in mixture, or are aggre-
gates, we may see how a single rock furnishes all the essential ele-
ments of nutrition.

The rocks which are composed usually of simple minerals, yield
one or two elements in excess : silex and alumine, and hence these
necessarily predominate in most soils. Almost all of these minerals
furnish other bodies in minute doses, potash, and soda, together with
combinations of lime and silex, potash and soda with phosphoric acid.

16 XOBTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

The latter forms such small proportions that they were at one time set
down as accidental and unessential soil elements, but now they are
known to be all-important.

The mechanical condition and weight of any soil depends
upon the existence of the predominating clement. Sandy soils
have a loose porous texture while an argilaceous one has a close
one. and may be impervious to water.

The weight of soils is dependent of course upon composition :

A cubic foot of dry silicious soil weighs,* 111.3 pounds,

A sandy clay,

Calcareous sand, 1 1

Loamy clay,

Stiff clay, 80.3

Slaty marl 112.

A soil richly charged with vegetable mould, •

Common arable soil,

The average weight is about 94.5S, and when charged with water
will weigh 126.6 pounds.

Soils which are formed from the debris of rocks, contain a
large though variable proportion of sand and silex. Of one hun-
dred and forty-six soils of Massachusetts, the average quantity of
silex is 71.733. This is insoluble matter. The soluble and that which
is fitted ultimately to enter into the composition of vegetables is
about 15 per cent., of which '2. 075 is a salt of lime. The midland
counties of X. Carolina furnish coincident results. But the eastern
counties, which have extensive tracts of swamp lands, differ con-
siderably from the foregoing. The silex and alumine in many large
tracts, amounts to less than 50 per cent., and sometimes is even
less than five, oi indeed must be classed as a peat unsuitable to
cultivation.

Of lime, which is so much talked about, and is truly an essential

element in soil, it appears from hundreds of analyses, that it rarely

exists in large proportions. Such is the case in the soils vt' New

k. even where they overlie a limestone, its average quantity

rarely exceeds one per cent., and in large tracts it scarcel}' comes

* Dam's Muck Manual, p. 36.

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 17

up to one-half of one per cent. In the western States there is about
1.50 per cent. In 48 European soils, noticed by Dana, it is 1.860.
European soils agree generally with American ; all things, there-
fore, being equal, their treatment with fertilizers will be based upon
similar rules. We must not, however, disregard the influence of
climate and temperature. These are important elements in agri-
culture, but so far as the composition of the soils of all the great
geographical divisions are concerned, their differences have arisen
from cultivation mainly ; in their natural state they were much alike.

§ 10. Soils are analyzed for the purpose of determining their con-
stituents. Under long cultivation some of the important elements
are so much diminished that fertility cannot be claimed for them.
We shall show hereafter how soils become infertile, and what becomes
of the fertilizing matter. The proof that soils actually part with cer-
tain elements essential to fertility has been fully ascertained and de-
termined. This result is certainly due to chemistry, and it is a great
result ; for, for a long time the contrary was maintained, and even
now many believe that by a rotation of crops and good manipula-
tion, soils may be maintained for an indefinite period in a state of
productiveness. So, also, it has been believed, and is still in cer-
quarters, that lands thrown out to commons, or to remain a tew
years fallow, will recover their original fertility. The sooner, how-
ever, such opinions are abandoned the better, as they lead to an
erroneous system of agriculture.

A destructive practice really grew out of the doctrine, it
was the continued use of the axe and fire, followed by long fal-
lows when exhaustion was nearly completed. It demanded exten-
sive plantations, and had such a system of extermination of timber
been followed in a more northerly clime, the loss of wood and tim-
ber would have become a severe calamity.

. 11. I have observed that temperature independent of the
composition of soil is an essential element in agricultural practice.
It often determines the kind of crop as well as the season when it
is to be planted. In England maize finds an incompatible climate,
and hence, as a substitute for grain wherewith to fatten cattle, root
crops as the turnip is resorted to. Maize germinates in a soil when
its temperature is as low as 60°, and also when it rises to 105.
Germination is however arrested when the teinperture reaches 116-
120. In tropical regions the order of things is somewhat changed.

lv NORTH-C GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

So much lieat exists in the period answering to our summer that
wheat, barley and oats are sown in the coolest m< >': s. So in
monntainor.- e peratare becomes the controlling elen

In tlie latitude of tin in Europe, wheat cea- rmi-

nate at 3400 feet which c- Is to the latitude of 64°.

irresponding to latitude,
Rje, at 4600, corresponding to latitude.
Ba: - spending to latitude.

In Northern New York at the bight of S e the

ocean, wheat is an uncertain crop, or is liable t<> he cut off by an
early frost : while oats, barley and rye come to maturity. Bo far

appears that the solid masses
the rocks, have little influence upon ] but at the same time

cultivation never fails to produce its influence, that of impoverish-
ing the soil.

I have shown in a former report that the soils of the Southern
States are not only formed from the rocks of the country, but that
they remain upon the place where they are formed
The proof may be found in every railroad cutting from Virginia to
Alabama. Wherever a quarto vein penetrated the rock it remains
unchanged in position, it presents the interesting and curious phe-
nomenon of an irregular band which seems now to have been
forced through yielding and soft materials. Quartz veins standing
up: - feetunsup] - ft yielding mat<

ran. - any tiling of the kind in New York or New England.
There, at some f eriod such soft materials with their ve -

of quartz were swept offby a mighty flood
no doubt extended deeply or down to the solid plane of rock.
flood however, has disturbed the debris of rocks in North-Carolina,
ce it is no doubt true that this debris the

9t r.ncien* e, equaling h the Silurian or

~*ill there is no clue by which ita age can be
exactly determined, p. This

condition of the soil no doubt has some important influence i;
its agricultural capabilities. The plough in many places must
tinue to bring up for n unexhausted soil where the ma-

penetrable. This new soil turned up by d i rer,

is necessarilj -dally where it is derived from tin

- and mica slate, hence it requires before it is really

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGtCAL SURVEY. 19

prepared to receive a crop to be exposed to the chemical influence
of the air and the action of frosts whose effects are mainly to in-
crease its fineness.

§ 12. Simple bodies enumerated in a foregoing paragraph seem
to require a fuller notice, particularly as to their properties or func-
tions as soil elements. When either of them is isolated they ap-
pear to be neutral bodies; that is, they manifest but little disposi-
tion to form combinations. Nitrogen and hydrogen would re-
main in contact with each other for ages without entering into
combination. Oxygen and hydrogen never combine when con-
fined together in a vessel. A force is necessary to effect it in either
case. A flame however, unites them suddenly, attended with a
violent explosion. "When burnt in streams issuing from small
orifices, they combine evolving great heat and intense light. The
product of combination is water, and nothing else. Most bodies
have a strong affinity for oxygen ; and hence, it is an element
common to most solids. The air or atmosphere is composed of oxy-
gen and nitrogen, water, of oxygen and hydrogen, iron rust of
iron and oxygen ; potash, of oxygen and potassium; soda, of oxy-
gen and sodium ; lime, of oxygen and calcium. The general
term for compounds of the metals with oxygen is, ''oxide, as oxide
of iron, manganese, lead, copper, Arc. Oxygen when isolated is
always aeriform ; and has never been condensed into a solid or
liquid. It is the essential element in combustion as usually under-
stood, and is the only body capable of supporting life by respiration.
When the word oxygen occurs we can scarcely fail to be remind-
ed of it agency in sustaining life, and for supporting combustion.
From these two facts, we may proceed farther, and call to mind
that it forms a great class of bodies, called oxides. Neither can we
fail to consider that it changes the condition of all bodies with which
it unites. Water is unlike oxygen or hydrogen. Oxide ot iron
has no property in common with either of its elements.

^ 13. Hydrogen, is the lightest body known, and is always aei-
form except when in combination. It has neither taste or smell,

* The word oxide, properly terminates in ide and not ydr, because in framing
the nomenclature, this termination was fixed upon ; according to idiom it would
be spelt oxyde.

20 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

and is never found in nature uncombined with other bodies. Al-
though it exists in many bodies as oils, and those which are termed
Organic, yet water is the body in which it most abounds — not that
its proportion is greatest in water, but the general diffusion of wa-
ter over the globe and in most bodies, makes it the great source of
this element.

§ 14. Nitrogen, is another aeriform body, neutral and of little
power ; it would seem almost destitute of affinty, for other bodies,
if we judge of its perperties as it exists in the atmosphere. Indeed,
though it has feeble affiinities, it is for that reason, an element of
one of the most powerfully corrosive bodies known. Nitric acid
for example is only oxygen and nitrogen, but who ventures to
taste it the second time, notwithstanding we inhale the elements of
nitric acid at every breath. What substance is more singular than
ammonia, or harthorn, which is only nitrogen and hydrogen
chemically combined. It will be seen in the sequel that nitrogen
performs important functions in the soil.

§ 15. Carbon, is a solid. We feel relieved when a solid pres-
ents itself, something to be seen and handled. It is pure in the
diamond ; nearly so in anthracite coal, and in the purest charcoal.
It has only a feeble disposition to combine with other bodies. Ileat
materially puts its particles in a combining state. It forms with
oxygen, carbonic acid, an aeriform body sufficiently heavy to be
poured from a tumbler. If poured upon flame it extinguishes it,
showing that though one of its elements is a combustible and the
other a supporter of it, that it is itself an extinguisher when applied
to burning bodies, and hence has been and may be used to extin-
guish fires — when inhaled, it acts as poison to the system ; and yet
in all organic bodies it is a basis of support.

.' 17. The four preceding elements are often called by way of
distinction, the organic elements of bodies ; because all bodies
which are organized are composed mainly of them. The following
examples will show more clearl}r than any other statement, the
fact alluded to. For example, hay, in 1,000 pounds, is composed
of:

LltS.

Carbon, 458

Hydrogen, 50

Oxygen, 337

Nitrogen, 15

NOKTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 21

in which is found 90 pounds of inorganic matter called ash, the
product of combustion. Potatoes is composed of:

LH3.

Carbon, 440

Hydrogen, 58

Oxygen, -±1:7

Nitrogen, 15, Ash -40 lbs.

Oats is composed of :

, Carbon 507

Hydrogen, 64

Oxygen, 367

Nitrogen, 22, Ash401bs.

Wheat is composed of:

Carbon, 461

Hydrogen, °^

Oxygen, 434

Nitrogen, 23> Ash 24 lbs.

The constituents of animal bodies are quite different, though the
same elements are usually found. Thus in lean beef blood, white
of eggs, there is found:

Carbon, 55 Per cent-

Hydrogen, '

Nitrogen, 16

Oxygen, : . . 22

The propriety, therefore, of calling these four elements or-
ganic is not improper; it is true, however, that inorganic mat-
ter is always present. It seems to be necessary wherewith to
form a species of skeleton, especially in such bodies as hay, oats,
and wheat. In animal bodies, as hair and wool, sulphur is an im-
portant element, as well as phosphorus. In the solid structures,
as bone, phosphorus, an element of the mineral kingdom, is
always present in the largest proportion.

All good soils have their organic parts. When, therefore, the
organic constituent of a soil is referred to, we are necessarily re-

22 XORTH-CAROLISA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

minded of the fact that it cons^ts of these four elements, carbon,
_en, hyd nitrogen, or that it may he resolved into

It is i t to be coi :. that there are numerous

g to the organic kingdoms in which nitrogen is

r sugar, and the essential

. - Sclphub is a well known substance, of a yellow color,

and a faint, peculiar odor. It burns with a pale blue flame, giving

off at the same time a pungent suffocating vapor, which coi

oxygen and Bulphurin combination. < >ne pound of sulphur will

make three pounds vt' sulphuric acid, or oil o: S r is

sent in many substances. Mustard seed contains it in a Is
proportion j it is also alwj sent in eggs, and which in coi - -

ace blacken- - in wheat it is ] irticula:

gluten ; also in lean meat, and in hair and wool, in which it forms
nearly one-twentieth of their weight. From its constancy in the
■table and animal kingdoms, it might be inferred that its appli-
cation to the soil would be attended with favorable results,
however, a striking example, illustrating numerous other c.
that in a simple condition it is not at all fitted to fulfil the office of
a fertilizer, although it is not entirely insoluble in water. It I
be as officially in its simple stale for t;. M of

protectii _ gel the attack of in- - cab-

_ -

But the sulphur of organic bodies, as hair, wool, must
is derived from salts which contain it; g im furni- - j and
other Bolphal s salts) e ite of

ammonia, etc. In this fact we find an illustration of the power of
organic to appropriate elements which are locked r.

chemical combinations. Nothing is created in the
it is only possible for it to decon- I appropriate such bodies

as they require in growth, and each organ performs an ind<.
dent office, and takes only that which its constitution demands.
Thus the chaff of wheat differs in composition from the enclosed
in : and the hair differs in composition from the skin, upon
which it is supported.

a yellowish, waxy substance, extremely
inflammable, and even c - - at the ordinary temperature, but
does not burst into a flame exec: rature is slightly ele-

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 23

vated. Friction upon a rough board sets it on fire. The common
Inciter match is a good illustration of the fa -t. and the vapor given
off in the act of combustion is composed of oxygen and phos-
phorus.

It is generally diffused in the organic kingdoms ; in certain parts,
as hones, it is far more abundant than sulphur in other tissues. It
is contained in the substance of brain. Wherever a compound
Word, as phosphate of lime, phosphate of soda, etc. occurs, they
will at once suggest to the mind of the farmer the combustible
substance, phosphorus, or it may be the lucifer match ; but as in
the case of sulphur, the simple body ph s connot be em-

ployed directly as a fertilizer. Combinations of it must first be
formed with oxygen, and then the acid thus formed must combine
:i with bodies which are called bases, as lime and potash.
These form the base with which a salt is the final result. In the
condition of a salt then, which is a body composed of an acid and
a base, both sulphur and phosphorus are brought into a condition
in which they may be employed as fertilizers. The composition of
the salt is indicated by it; name. Sulphate of lime, phosphate of
lime, nitrate of lime, the latter indicating the presence of /
and by going back a step, it will be understood that nitric acid is
implied, a compound of nitrogen and oxygen.

. The simple minerals from which soils are mainly derived,
are felspar, hornblende and trap mica serpentine, talc, carbonate
of lime. Their composition which has been given shows what ele-
ments they respectively furnish for the soil. Silex, which we find
in the condition of sand, is a common product even of serpentine.
But of the others we find felspar furnishes potash and soda, and one
kind of felspar furnishes lime. Serpentine and talc abounds in
magnesia, and so, also, certain kinds of limestone, particularly those
called dolomites. Hornblende furnishes lime and but a trace of
potash or soda. Hornblende is, however, generally of a dark green
color, a color which is mainly due to iron, and hence soils derived
from hornblende and trap, which is also dark colored, are generally
red, for the reason that the iron when set free from its combina-
tions, takes more oxygen and forms thereby a red peroxide of iron.
When we find a soil derived thus from hornblende, and knowing
also the composition of the mineral, we safely infer that the soil
will contain a sufficiency of lime. A felspar soil is often gray, but

i'-i NOBTH-CAEOLIXA GEOLOGICAL SrEVfcV.

when iron is present in one or more of the elemei. tnite, it

will chaDge to a red which indicates a better soil than the gray.
Granite soils are often very silicious. in which case they are coarse
and poor or n a in consequence of the great excess of quartz in
the granite. The granite soils f North-Carolina, De-

rally very good, or are less meagre than in many other parts of the
United State-. Where felspar and mica predominate over the
quartz element in granite, the soil resembles an hornblende soil in
color, and in composition we may expect a larger per centage of
potf.-

Hence we obtain approximately several important facts relative
to the composition of a soil when we have ascertained its orL
It will appear also, that this information may be obtained with
greater exactitude in the Southern than in the Northern or Western
States, where the soil has been transported to a distance from its
parent bed.

... It has been stated that the original source of nutriment for
the e and animal kingdoms may be traced back to the rocks

and minera1. '11 required that we also show as correct!;

-ible how the seemingly insoluble debris of the globe's crust be-
comes food, or is fitted for its high and important function. The
fact itself is based on observation and experiment. For example,
the process of disintegration goes on under our eye-. We see rucks
crumbling to a coarse powder which becomes by the continuance
of atmospheric action still finer. If in any stage the composition of
the rock is determined by analysis, it is found to consist of similar
ele:: - "he debris may and often do. . portion

of the i: mite contains in its felspar, potash or

soda ; both substances are finally washed out by water, or are per-
fect m their combina- 1 become soluble matters
in the soil under other chemical states: those for example, which
are called organic sl We are required to look
upon a'. fthe earth as in . erv
particle is in m thing at rest. Some compoui trne,
are much more stable than others. Quartz for ex when un-
mixed with other b But felpar and
mica are constantly undergoing change. The same may he said of
hornblende, trap, mi :jtine, talc, carb. of lime. etc. A double
change is in pr g_ is mechanically divided ; and

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 25

2d. It is changed chemically. A piece of felspar, hornblende, or
trap splits into thousands of particles. The surface is thereby
-Tenth- increased. In this condition the carbonic acid of the at-
mosphere acts upon its potash. This aids greatly in breaking up
the affinities between the silex and alimiine, and the consequence
is that in the masses the silex chrystalizes out; the bond that
united ail the elements of felspar and formed an homogeneous
mass is broken. In the original compound as felspar, the mineral
was a silicate of alumine and potash, soda or lime, but carbonic
acid having combined with one of the alkalies and formed a car-
bonate instead of a silicate, both the silex and alumina are set free,
and the particles of silex will come together, and those of the
alumine also. In the first mineral we perceive the grains of
quartz or flint, and in the latter the pure clay. Molecular force, as
it is called, brings together like particles. Under the operation of
these molecular forces, felspar will not be reformed, though all the
elements are present at one time; but in process of time all the
carbonate of potash is dissolved out. An ultimate result which is
quite obvious from inspection of beds of decomposing granite is
the finding of a pure white bed of clay, called porcelain clay, in-
termixed with fragments of quartz, together with nodules of flint,
as they would be called, and which are often hollow and their in-
terior lined with fine crystals of quartz. The nodules are derived
from the silex of the felspar, which was in combination with the
alumine and potash. In this condition we see a perfect change of
state. Analogous changes are in progress all the time.

From the foregoing it may be seen that lime, potash, soda,

x, etc., are originally rock constituents, which by a process ot
decay become parts of the soil, and thereby accessible to the roots

plants. So also sulphur and phosphorus belong to the common
compounds of the earth's crust. The first is extremely abundant
in a cla-< of bodies called sulphates or sulphides; combinations of
metals with sulphur, as sulphuret of iron, so generally diffused in
nature. It is known to be present by heating the body, when the
peculiar bluish flame appears, accompanied with the suffocating

r of sulphur. Phosphorus, though less common, is probably
always diffused through granite, but it is known to be more con-
stant and more abundant in that class of rocks, called trap, in
which also potash and other alkalies are constituents. Hence, a-
o.

NoKTIMwr.oI.INA GBOLOOKAL SURVEY.

trap, when it decomposes, famishes an aluminous* basil for a
and ie at the Bame time impregnated with Bnlphnr, phosphorus,

and the alkalies, their soils are eminently adapted to the wheat
crop. The gluten of wheat requires sulphur and phosphorus
well as potash in certain combinations.

The organic constituents of the soil exist also as mineral bodies
in the soils, and also rocks; oxygen in combination with all the
elements of soil, hydrogen in water, and nitrogen in the nitrates,
and the atmosphere diffused in the soil, where it is an active body,
ever ready to form ammonia with hydrogen when water i- de-
composed.

A Mihstance which is not simple requires in this pli El
further notice, because its office is an important one in the
ble economy; it is carbonic acid. The atmosphere is regard* d as
source. It is, however, generate*] in the soil. Its solvent prop-
erties are among its most important properties. It is, notwith-
standing, a feeble acid, and a feeble solvent, water charged with it
lives rocks, and the indispensable compound, phosphate cflime,
is dissolved by it, and being thereby brought into a soluble state
by becomes accessible to the roots of plants when diff

in* this menstruum. In the atmosphere it forms only one :
thousandth part. It is maintained that leaves absorb it from the
atmosphere, and obtain thereby the carbon required to build struc-
tur< - . water in the soil holds it in solution, and from this

furnished in a direct way to the vegetable. It is also
furnished to growing plants by peat, and the changes which or*
ic matter undi in the soil; there is, therefore, an aerial

from which the leaves or upper structures of plants obtain
it, and a sub-aerial source from whence the vegetable gets ft
The latter are the channels by which the former i
it to his growing crop. The organic part of the plant, that
in which carbon is so abundant, is that which is consumed in com-
bqstion. The products are all volatile, and hence, are dissipated.
It is by far the heaviest and most bulky part of the vegetable.
That which is left after combustion is the inorganic part, and con-
ts of lime, silex, potash, magnesia, soda, iron. etc.

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 27

chapter in.

The organic part of a soil and variety of names under which it is known, changes
which it undergoes, and the formation of new bod'es by the absorption of oxy-
gen. Fertilizers in North-Carolina. Green crops. Mutual action of the ele-
ments of soils upon each other. Composition of one or two of the chemical
products of soils showing the source of carbon in the plant.

§ 2-k The organic part of a soil consist apparently of carbona-
ceous matter, and taken as a whole, it is the brown or blackish part
and which is consumed when ignited. Its appearance, indeed is
due to a species of combustion which is carried just far enough to
char the vegetable matter. In warm climates it is nearly all con-
sumed, while in cold it constantly accumulates, and forms at the
surface a coat of blackish mould. The term organic applies to this
part of the soil. On the mountains of this State it is often more
than a foot thick. In the swamps of the eastern counties it is often
ten feet thick, while in the midland counties it is only sufficient to
give a brown stain to the surface. It does not seem to accumulate
in consequence of a slow combustion, or as it may be termed decay
which takes place.

In common language, the organic part is known under a variety
of names, as humus, mould, vegetable mould. It is, however, a
complex substance, and is constantly undergoing changes which
promote vegetation. Chemists have obtained several distinct sub-
stances from it. It is really a mixture of organic and inorganic
bodies. A portion of the organic matter is free, that is, it is un-
combined with the inorganic part. Other parts are in combination
with lime, magnesia, iron, potash, soda, &c. The latter are soluble,
and also fertilizing matters, and play an important part in vegeta-
tion. The cause of this intermixture of organic and inorganic mat-
ter is to be traced to its origin. Thus, organic matter being the
debris of the vegetables which had grown upon the soil, it must
necessarily contain also the inorganic part which belonged to the
living vegetables. From this fact it may be inferred that this mat-
ter is, in the proper proportions, to be employed by any subsequent
crop.

§ 25. Vegetable Matter after death passes through a series of
chemical changes, which gives origin to the numerous compounds

2S NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURV1-.Y.

found in organic matter. These changes are due mainly to the
absorption of oxygen. The first substance formed from
woody fibre after the death of the plant, is ulmic aeid. Another
portion of oxygen changes ulmic acid into h umie acid : and the
last is changed into geic acid; on a farther oxydation it passes into
crenic add / and finally by the same process into apoerenie aeid.
In an old soil, all these bodies exist simultaneously. The most im-
portant, or those which are immediately active, are the three la>t,
geic acid, crenic and apocrenic acid. All tho foregoing bodies are
the products of the decay of plants, when exposed in the soil to
air and moisture. They cannot be distinguished by sight, and the
whole mass is simply a homogeneous brown substance. But it is
richly charged with the elements of fertility.

We may omit the details respecting the chemical constitution of
these bodies. It will be sufficient to state in this place, that they
are feeble acid3 ; and yet possess considerable affinity for inorganic
matter, lime, magnesia, ammonia, potash, soda, iron, etc.; so much
bo as to combine and form with them salts, which are at once in
the proper state to be received as nutriment into the tissue of
growing vegetables. This organic matter, however, is remarkable
for its affinity for ammonia; the result, therefore, is that this im-
portant substance may be detected in vegetable mould, though it
may be chemically uncombined with the foregoing acids ; it may
be present as a mixture, yet being present, it Avill be disposed and
ready to combine with the crenic and apocrenic acids, in both of
which nitrogen may be always detected. Organic salts, formed by
the union of organic acids, with lime, magnesia, potash, ammonia,
etc , are the proper food for plants; and hence, it will be a maxim
with the former to take such measures as the nature of those sub-
stances require to increase it upon all occasions which occur. The
greater the amount of these salts in his soil, the greater his crops.
'. From the foregoing statements we may deduce the follow-
ing principle, that thert is a mutual action ofth. organic and
ganic parts of ih> soil wpon each other, and that to thi
tility is, in a great measure, du .

In order thai these mutual actions maybe better under-loud, we
proceed farther and state, that those substances which are called
Silicates, have but a .-light it' any tendency to act upon each other.
They are, however, gradually decomposed by carbonic acid, the

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 29

effect of which is to form with the base of the silicate a carbonate.
Thus in the case of granite and similar compounds, the felspar and
mica which are silicates, are slowly decomposed, and the alkali, as
potash, or alkaline earths, as lime and magnesia, or even iron and
manganese of the rock, lose their silica, or are disengaged there-
from ; and the carbonic acid combines with them. These being
soluble compounds, are liable to be washed out and carried to the
sea, while the insoluble silicate of alumina, or its pure form, remains
behind. The consequence of this is, that the soil is relatively richer
in clay than before, and the longer the chemical changes are going
on, the larger the quantity of clay in the soil ; and it is agreeable
to experience that soils become stiffer by cultivation. By this pro-
cess they become less adapted in the course of time to certain crops
in consequence of this change of constitution. Large districts
which once grew the peach luxuriantly, seem to have lost in part the
power or ability, or, at any rate, the peach tree does not thrive so
well in the oldest districts of New York and New England, as it
did in the early period of their settlement. It is not possible prob-
ably to be satisfied fully with respect to the cause why the peach
is cultivated with difficulty, but the fact that the soil by cultivation
becomes more close and compact, may be remotely connected with
the change we have stated. It, has been attributed to a change of
climate, but it is not true that the climate has changed, and hence
we are disposed to refer the change in question to a change in the
soil.

§ 2~. In North-Carolina the natural supply of fertilizers exists in
the marls of the lower counties, together with the organic matter
of the swamps and bogs. The two exist often in juxtaposition.
Experience has proved that marl applied to exhausted lands is often
injurious. Now this exhaustion extends to the organic matter,
though it also exists in its inorganic also. But experience further
proves, that however large a quantity ot the latter is applied, little
benefit is secured so long as the first deficiency exists. We may
see the reason why no organic salts can be formed in the absence
of organic matter. The inorganic matter cannot find the proper
elements with which to combine, and which the constitution of the
vegetable requires. The practical inference is, that marls should
be composted with organic matter, as leaves, straw, and weeds,
which are free from seeds, or anything which has lived. Or, an-

30 NOKTH-CAEOLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

other plan may be pursued — supply the organic matter from a
green crop, as a crop of pea-, ploughed in. In certain parts "f the
State, clover or buck-wheat may be resorted to. The gain arising
from the latter practice, arises from the ability of these crops
take from the atmosphere the organic element-, and deliver them
to the soil, a process over which the planter or farmer has
trol, except the institution of means. Under many circnmstai
the organic matter may be supplied more cheaply by sowi
than by composting.

The importance of organic matter in soils has been sustained by
the experience of ages; but there was a time when this point was
denied by the ablest Chemists of the age. It was maintained, that
the ash or the inorganic part gave to the soil all that was impor-
tant, and hence certain practices were recommended which were
in accordance with this theory, such as burning manures, burning
turf and the like. Happily, this question has been set at rest, and
the best Chem'sts admit those views which the experience of ages
has confirmed independently of chemistry.

5. But the point which bears more immediately npon the
principle respecting mutual actions, comes in play Bnbsequentrj
the decomposition of the silicates; which, so far as inorganic mat-
ter is concerned, are inert; but the lime and alkalies once freed
from their original combinations with silica, becomes fitted to act
at once npon organic matter, and form with it salts. This decom-
position may take place where no organic matter exists by the
carbonic acid of the atmosphere, but it happens that organic coin-
pounds furnish also carbonic acid to the soil; for it is displa
when carbonate of lime or potash is acted upon by an organic >alr.
Crenic acid, acting npon carbonate of lime, sets free the carbonic
acid, and this, in its tarn, acts npon the silicates to decompose tl
and thereby sets the alkalies and alkaline earth also tree. There is
then a double mutual action, as it were, constantly going on in the
soil, by which nutriment is furnished to the crop. Some physiolo-
gists maintain that the i vf <> living hody^ as the root of a
growing plant, effects decomposition similar to the action of sul-
phuric acid in converting starch into BUgar. However this may
be we are inclined to believe that the root has power to act and
effect changes upon the elements of soil which are unknown in the
laboratory of the chemist; and many substances which are insolu-

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. SI

ble by chemical agencies, become soluble by the action of the roots
of vegetables.

'. The foregoing facts and principle do not change at all the
action of the farmer ; they go to sustain his practice in providing
fertilizers by means of composts, formed by mixing the organic
and inorganic bodies together, and for the purpose of giving them
time and opportunity to effect those chemical changes, of which
we have spoken. These never fail, while fertilizers in other states
do. The foregoing are some of the chemical changes which take
place in the soil, and which are mostly due to the presence of
organic matter. All the facts go to prove the importance of
organic matter, and the necessity, therefore, to supply it when
from any cause it is wanting or deficient in quantity.

§ 30. In addition to the lime and other mineral bodies which
the organic salts furnish to plants, it is plain that carbon is also one
of the elements supplied. To make this plain we annex the com-
position of one or two of these organic bodies. Humate of am-
monia consists of:

Carbon 6475

Hydrogen, 5.06

Oxygen 96 99

Nitrogen, :;.'7

Hum ate of ammonia, it will be perceived, contains more than
half its weight of carbon, which may be taken up in the circulating
sap.

llnmic acid is composed of:

Carbon 65.80

Hydrogen

Oxygen, 96. 89

It will follow, from the foregoing, that carbon, which forms the
largest part of a vegetable, is not derived entirely from the atmos-
phere. The soil, through the medium of the roots of the plant.
furnishes at least a part of this essential element. In certain pla
as wheat, rye and oats, it is very possible that all the carbon is
derived from the soil; while in beans, clover, lucerne, etc., a 1;.
proportion may be derived from the atmosphere.

32 KTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

CHAPTER IV.

The mechanical condition of soils differ. Circulation of water in the soil wfl

matter. Capability of bearing drouth. H from the effects

of drouth. Temperature of soils. Influenced by color. Weight

i. The mechanical or physical conditions of soils differ a
ing to their composition, and these physical differen not

be disregarded. It is well known that a day soil contains under
ordinary circumstances, more water than a mixture of clay and
sand, and much more than sand alone. This fact may or may not
become a serious injury to growing crops. It will depend upon
the season. If it is very wet serious injury may be expected, or if
it is very dry the crop will suffer, but not in the same way. AH
surfaces, whether composed of clay or sand, become dry by the
evaporation of water, and the evaporation not only effects the sur-
face but extends to a great depth ; water seems t<> rise up to the
surface from beneath to supply the waste. In confirmation of this
view it i- not uncommon to find a saline matter upon the Burihee
in dry weather, which has been in solution in the water brought to
the Bnrface by this process. In many places in Wake county, X.
C. the naked soil in ditches is covered with an incrustation of sul-
phates or iron and alumine. an astringent salt injurioi
tion. This incrustion is formed only when there > a drouth :
a gradual process. In countries where a wl, - dry, the

Boil - whitened with nits. Rains - them and they

sink again into the soil, though a portion will be carried away by
water. An effect of a drouth upon a clay soil is to cause a shrink-
age of the mass. It will then become ;-till more difficult f
to penetrate it. and hence, when drouth occurs early in tie.
the crop is starved for want of nutriment, the I te mnotf
through an impervious mass. Bol sand .-imply dries without di-
minishing its bulk, but this process takes place with greater rapidity
than upon clay soils, the latter being 1 more retei

moisture than the former.

- of water to the surface from beneath, is familiarly
illustrated by the putting of water int.. the saucer of a flower |
its rise to the surface is well known. Flower pots are watered 1

XORTH-CAROLIXA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 33

common rain water or charged with fertilizing matter which is con-
veycd to the roots. In long continued drouths when the water
rises from a depth of 4 or 5 feet, instead of carrying up matter com-
patible with the nature of the plant, the astringent salts take their
place, injurious effects to vegetation take place in addition to those
which arise directly from the want of rain. These injurious salts
are easily corrected by the use of lime or marl. When they reach
the neighborhood of the roots if lime is present, it will decomj -
the salts and form gypsum. Fruit trees which send their roots
deeply into the soil are often injured by the presence of these salts.
From the foregoing facts it is evident that the subsoil should be
examined for poisonous salts, and when the ditches or deep layers are
exposed in cuttings for roads, and should become partially incrnsted
with astringent salts, it will be important to institute means for
Correcting this condition of the deep subsoil.

£ 33. The foregoing remarks apply to those varieties which are
purely clay or sand. Composition may modify results materially ;
if for example a soil whose composition retains a preponderance of
clay and yet has a due admixture of organic matter and lime, its
ability to stand a drouth is greatly increased — for organic matter
and lime not only retain moisture strongly, but they affect the tex-
ture favorably, and counteract the tendency to excess in shrinkage.

§ 34. As drouths in North-Carolina are much more injurious than
excess of rain, it becomes a question of importance to know how
t<> guard against their effects. The first point to be attended to, is I
drain deeply. This will affect gradually the texture of the clay :
it will become more porous, while its natural affinity for water will
not lie diminished : that is, it will be sufficiently retentive while
the excess of water will be drained off. Clay may be regarded as
requiring a specific amount of water ; but at the same time its ca-
pacity for receiving and holding a greater quantity than this, is
proved by experience. Another change may be affected by the
free use of organic matter, which, when mixed with the soil, makes
it porous. In the cultivation of not only clay soil-, but sandy ones,
crops should be planted as early as possible, that the surface may
be protected by the shade of the growing crop. To be able to
plant early, in clay Boilfi especially, the water must be disposed of
by drainage. Two weeks may be saved in many cases by drain-
age : that is, the land will admit of the plough two weeks earlier

3i NORTll-CAliol.lNA QBOLOOIOAL SlUVKV.

in drained, than in nndrained lands. Give a crop of corn two
weeks more of growth than another piece equally well prepared,
and tin- former will live through an ordinary drouth without in-
jury, while the latter will nol become halt' a crop.

§ .".."». Absorption of moisture from the air takes place principally
during the night, and nnabsorbative power is less in sandy than
cjayey soils. This respite from heat, which eanses so much evapo-
ration durjng the <la_v is of the highest importance. Even when
dew does not fall, soils take a small quantity of water from the at-
mosphere. A stiff clay, it is said, sometimes absorbs one-thirtieth
part "fits own weight. Dry peat will also absorb nearly a- mnchj
hut its power depends upon its condition; if very fine it absorbs
more than clay; if coarse, less. The best condition of a s..il is with-
out doubt a mixture of clay and organic matter, where it is neces-
sary to guard against droughts.

^ 36. The surface temperature of soils differ according t<> their
composition. Water in all soils favors a low temperature because
the evaporation carries oft' heat in the invisible vapor which rises
from the surface. So long a> an active evaporation goes on the
surface continues cold, hence in swamps and bogs where the sup-
ply is inexhaustible, very slight changes only occur during the
summer. When the surface becomes dry it begins to rise, and if
the air is only 60° or 70° in the shade, the soil will absorb and accu-
mulate heat and may rise to 90° or 100°.

Color has much effect upon temperature. The darker the color,
all things being equal, the greater is the ahsorhative power. The
correctness of the < imon opinion with respect to the natural cold-

ne-s of light colored clay Bolls is correct.

§ .".7. It i-* Btated by g ■■ d authority that the amount of evapora-
tion from an acre of fresh ploughed land is equal to nine hundred
and fifty pounds per hour for the first and second day- an< r plowing.
The rapid evaporation diminie ry day. Evaporation begins

:i by hoeing, but the moist surface thus exposed lias other func-
tions besides -the evaporative one. Moist surfaces are much better

absorbents of ammonia from the atmosphero than dry ones, ami one of
the most importani effects of stirring the soil often, arises from it- in-
crease in absorbative power. Water in the soil i*. disposed of by

forest leaves or by the vegetable kingdom. A single tree 8^ inches in

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 35

diameter and 30 feet high expired from leaves in 12 hours 333,072
grains of water.

§ 38. An acre of woodland evaporates 31,000 pounds in 12 hours.
During the summer, embracing 92 da}rs, the whole amount of
evaporation will amount to 2,852,000 pounds. Forests and vege-
tation generally largely aid the disposal of excessive water in the
spring. Water of course accumulates in the soil during winter.
Our wells receive their supply and springs have their sources of
water replenished.

It is true, however, that the removal of forests presents a seem-
ing anomaly, for where large tracts of country are shorn of their
trees and forests, there the head-waters of our rivers fail or dimin-
ish. Evaporation is greatest from a shorn surface, and a country
is on the road to ruin when its woodlands are mostly destroyed or
consigned to the axe.

But woodlands require a change. Rotation is as necessary to
the forest as to the successive crops of the farmer. We see this
in the death of pines over large areas of this State. The idea that
death was caused wholly by insects is fallacious. In it we see, in
part at least, a natural effort to change the kind of vegetation.
Oaks and hickory replace the pines. For hundreds of years pines
had been the staple products of large tracts in this State. Is it
therefore remarkable that a light soil containing the true pabu-
lum of life for the pine, should have been nearly exhausted and
the pine should have thereby become weakened and more liable
to disease than formerly ?

§ 30. The absolute weight of different soils is also variable. A
cubic foot of clay, with its moisture, weighs about 115 pounds.
The same quantity of damp sand J 41 ; while peat, with its water,
weighs only about 81 pounds. The weight of soils affects the labor
of tillage. More force is required to lift a sandy soil than a clay.
But the texture or compactness of an undrained clay soil more
than makes up for its less weight.

In every point of view the farmer is encouraged to ameliorate
the mechanical condition of his plantation. The first point requir-
ing attention is its water or drainage, for when a soil is water soaked,
good crops are only to be made in the most favorable season.

A subsoil of clay beneath sand is ameliorated by draining, though
the top may appear to be sufficiently dry ; for the clay may be

:TH-CAR0LI2»A GEOLOGICAL SI "KVKV.

rded as a reservoir of water, just as the tilled saucer beneath
the flower pot.

We may recognise in all these facts two currents which
maybe found in soils: a downward current, which disposes of
surface water, and an upward current, when the surface water

ime exhausted. This arrangement is a wise one, for if there
were no upward currents plants would perish, both for want of nu-
triment and water during drouths. This result would be far more
likely to happen in the case of the cereals and cultivated cr
than in the plants which grow naturally in the soil.

CHAPTER V.

Mechanical treatment of soils. Deep plowing. Advantages of draining. Open
drains. Plowing. Objects attained >>y plowing. Harrowing Roller. Im-
provement of soils by mixture. Hoeing. Effects of hoeing.

X> doubt the proper mechanical treatment of soils
• important part of husbandry and farming. By mechanical
treatment we mean plowing, hoeing, harrowing, etc. If contrasl

mical treatment or with the use of manures, it will be

evident that unless the mechanical tr- the

■:■ and ex F manuring will I ably there is no

g which is executed bo po< rly in Norths

the mechanical treatment of s-.ils. It fails ffective for want

epth. It is tree, we believe, that climate should !•
when the question of deep pi _ -

sh"ii!d be had to climate will appear from what has been said in
the foregoing r with res

ed surfaces. Under the mor fnl influ I :n's

- in the Southern ion may whether

the plowing which in New-York is called «n 12 to

14 inches deep, might not result in two greal But

whether tin- qu< - s I in the affirmative or no*, it will

>~0ETH-CAR0LINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

be found true that deeper plowing than is usually practiced will be
attended with greater Buccess.

Preparatory to plowing stands draining j not always, but fre-
quently. An important question to be answered is whether any

given tract requires this preliminary treatment. Observation may
readily return the reply. If water stands upon the surface only a
few hours after a rain, it is probable draining will benefit the tract
where it stands. If a bed of clay lies near the surface it is called
for even if the top is sand. All swamps and bogs of course require
it. In all the eastern counties there is a continuous bed of imper-
vious brick clay, which often is not less than one foot from the
surface, and its materials are often blended with the sand where it
lies deper. This yellowish white clay will frequently be found
cropping out in ravines where its position may be determined, and
having determined its position, it will aid in solving the question
of drainage. This bed of clay varies from four to seven feet
thick, and is overlaid, and also underlaid with sand. These sand
beds vary in thickness, and are always above the marls, unless we
reckon among marls the recent shell bed of the coast. In drain-
age it is unnecessary to cut through the brick clay: ir is sufficient
to cut deeply into it, though the drainage will be more perfect if
it is cut through. Another indication of the necessity of special
drainage is furnished where springs issue near the surface. These
are always thrown out by an impervious stratum. This impervious
stratum may be sought for in ravines, or by boring with an auger
of a suitable length ; its depth beneath the surface may thereby
be determined.

ji -i'2. Sandy clays which are sufficiently cohesive to be formed
into balls by the hand when moistened, will require drainage. In
drainage we not only have regard to surface water, to draw that
off, but we must cut into the impervious stratum sufficiently deep
to take out the water confined in its upper layers or I I her-

wise the soil will rest on a bed always saturated with water, and
always giving it off from the surface in vapor, and hence, Mill
maintain a surface too cool for the growth of cotton or corn.

Another fact should be th'-ught of and
become more compact and clayey by cultivation; and though in
its new state crops were sure and certain, yet, in process of time,
a change takes place. The greatest change is in the subsoil, which

3S RTH-CAftOl LOGICAL SUEVirr.

becomes partially consolidated by the infiltration of the oxide of
ir<>n and carbonate of lime. Free percolation - - ind this

partially indurated stratum should be cut through to res

f water. Breaking it up with a - - not suf-

ficient with many pens ns; this pan, as it is called, must
cut. Experience, however, justifies \ 1 no harm ever foil
Jr. .m the practice.

g 4:;. Drainage lias been spoken of and recommended in the
preceding chapter, but one or two advantages should be more d -
tinctly stated. It is the openness which follows, and by which air
penetrates freely the strata. The advantages, or it should be said
the necessity for oxygen in the soil. Is ally where

inic matter ex we have shown that oxygen must change

the vegetable fibre into hum Ic and oj

All these changes are accompanied with the div
ment too of carbonic acid. If the vegetable fibre is confined in
wet soils, it is converted into a peat only, in which state it is not
fitted for vegetable assimilation. But in soils air must circulate:
and when it is too close and compact, circulation can be effected
only by drain; ._

From the foregoing, it is plain drainage effects two objects*.

B 44. 1. It raises the temperature of the soil by sending the
water in subterranean channels to distant parts. 2. It opens the
texture of -oil and per/nits the free of atmospheric air.

Both the mechanical and chemical wants of vegetation are pr
ded for by drainage. Among the advanta training one has

already been follj stated; but still, let it not I s "ten that

''•r. where soil is drained, and it may and will
happen that to an earlier planting a good crop Es mainly due. A
result of this kind, together with a larger crop for one

-. will more than pay the expenditure incurred in the operation.

But when a general system of drainage for the country lias been
carried out, the general health of all its citizens will be secured.
Stagnant pools will not ex:>t : the water of wells will be improi
and the climate will be measurably changed. Nothing can be
more important than the sanitary effects of good drainage. The
great source of intermittent fever is in stagnant waters. It is true
we cannot prevent the freshets which give origin to miasmata, but

NORTH-CAROLINA (,!■:« 'LOGICAL SURVEY. 39

even here, drainage will have a salutary influence by carrying off

at an earlier day the surplus waters.

The volume of this water is replaced by air. Hence it is plain
that a very important change must necessarily take place. While
soa ;ed with water, which contains but little air, no chemical
changes take place which produce fertilizing matter. The changes
are preparatory only, but the peaty matter or peat itself, will re-
main peat, or become real coal forever. But draw off the water
and replace it by atmospheric air with its active principle, oxygen^
arid a new order of things begins.

§ -t.">. Drainage is not neglected in North-Carolina, but its
tern is detective. Open drains are usually made; they effect the
object less perfectly than til Ing when properly laid down.

The former are obstructed by the growth of weeds, and the banks
are in part closed to the free exit of water. They are also incon-
venient, and hence, it is to be hoped, the time is not tar distant
when tile will lie used. These remarks, however, are applicable
to the uplands, the swamps must be drained by open ditches and
canals.

,^ 4n\ The operation next in importance to drainage is }>h
By the plow the surface is designed to be pulverized, should be
pulverized, or else the operation is badly performed. The condi-
tion of the surface must be right, or else it will be imperfect, how-
ever skilful the holder of the plow may be. If wet, it should not
be undertaken. This is a settled and well known point, but it is
not always observed, for a large amount of pressing work in the
spring may in one sense compel a farmer to plow before the s"il is
dried. Plowing is an old custom, and the experience of the world
says that nations have prospered and communities prospered in the
direct ratio that this operation approaches perfection. We throw-
out of mind all that u\ done in a new soil full of roots and stumps.
Great crops of corn have been raised where the plow could not
run. But every old country where roots, stumps and briars have
been disposed of and the soil has found its level, there the plow
must run. The importance of plowing is fell everywhere, is shown
by the inventions of mechanics and farmers to perfect the machine
and make an instrument which is adapted to all surfaces and depths
to which the machine may be driven by cattle and the hand of
man. The evil arising from plowing wet land is the lumpy condi-

40 WOETH-CABOUNA GEOLOGICAL MJKYKY.

ti<»n of the furrow mas?, and as these dry they become really indn-
rated in the sun. and the consequence frequently is, that such a
condition of the soil remains for one or two years.

her important principle differing in kind from the foregoing
at furrows should not run down hill ; they should encircle the
vl or hill-side in order to divert streams from a direct descent,
and thereby cut a side-hill ditch and finally lead to the formal
of unseemly gullies. These, however, an ily unseemly, hut

:ind especial care needs be taken in working the
erlying the free-stones of tin- 3 The first tiling to be

effected in plowing is good pulverization, the next is to open the
soil to a sufficient depth for the roots to spread themselves, and an
indirect benefit is secured when these two ends are accom
fhat of helping a crop through a drought without injury. The
reader will understand the mode in which this conn
inir the principles already stated,
dug and the formation of gullies Is also prevented in part
by deep plowing. The subsoil plow is called into requisition to
deepen furrows, but not to bring the broken substance to the sur-
face. By deep plowing, especially if aided by the subsoil plow,
the soil will absorb double the quantity of rain, and hence,
minish the amount which would otherwise escape in - -ver

the surface, and thereby carry off good soil, and tend to the for-
mation of gullies.

Pulverization, an open, porous condition for roots to penetrate,
depth for absorption of rain, together with a perfect mixture of the
matters of the soil and fertilizers, are objects to be attained by
plowing. These are all to be kept in view.

• 7 : le harrow and bnsh become necessary to break the Inmpe
and form an even surface for the reception of seed.
The whole operation of seeding and providing for the g< rmina-
<eed is con by a heavy roller. Thi- oer-

fici d are li employment, e$ small

i step upon a celery bed and },<• will find that
double the number of plants come np where the soil is
than wh r< mains loose. It rhat

: ot more frequently i I. Jt en bich

have escaped the harrow, and makes withal an even surfai

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 41

§ 48. The mechanical condition of a soil can rarely be amelio-
rated by mixture. Those which really require mixture are stiff
clays and loose sands. If a mixture can be effected by the plow, it
will no doubt pay. But it becomes quite questionable, whether a
fanner can haul sand to mix with the clay, or clay to mix with the
sand. The cost of hauling is too great. A gardner may make the
necessary mixture. At any rate, before a farmer attempts to
change a field of ten acres by mixing clay with sand, or the re-
verse, he had better count the cost beforehand. Now although a
barren sand will not probably be benefitted by draining, yet the
texture of the stiffest clays will be; and as clays are mixtures of
silex and alumine, and as they are often, if not generally supplied
with the alkalies and alkaline earths, the most direct as well as the
cheapest mode to cure a clay of its stiffness, will be to remove the
water by under drainage.

As it regards sand, it will be cheaper to employ calcareous fer-
tilizers with forms of muck than to mix with it clay.

The theory of amendment by mixture is perfectly satisfactory;
but in practice, it will be found a losing business, where either
material has to be carted many rods,

§ 49. To recur once more to the subsoil plow in connexion with
the cla}Ts too stiff to cultivate ; it has been stated, that the subsoil
plow should not be used until the land has been well drained.
"When considerable moisture exists in the clay, it unites and be-
comes solid and impervious, so that little benefit has been expe-
rienced in certain cases from subsoiling; but when the water has
been drained off and the clays have become loose and porous, the
masses raised by the plow still remain in this condition, or become
still more porous, so that the beneficial effects of subsoiling a stiff
under clay will not be secured till after the land has been well
drained.

§ 50. It i9 scarcely necessary to speak of hoeing or the use of the
cultivator. They are needful operations and no one omits them ;
but why hoe? is it simply to kill weeds? Hoeing kills weeds and
pulverizes the soil, but it has an effect which is unseen except from
its effects which are liable to be misinterpreted. The good effects
of hoeing arise from the moist surface created, and which absorbs
ammonia. That the beneficial effects do not all arise from the de-
struction of weeds and pulverization is evident from the fact that
3

12 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

the more frequently the surface is stirred and a moist surface ex-
posed, the more vigorous the growth of the crop. The properl -
of ammonia remove all doubts respecting tlie effects of hoeh g
the vapor of hartshorn in a receiver or tumbler be placed over :.
sel of quicksilver, and then introduce a mass of m
with how much rapidity the whole of the ammonia will - bed

by the moist soil. Ammonia always exists in the atm< - . and

it is obtained in dry weather by exposing a fresh surface of soil to
the atmosphere. Hoeing is a cheaper way of obtaining am in
than buying it in guano; we get it in dry weather, and it is agree-
able to the experience of all good observers, that hoeing in dry
weather is followed with greater benefits than il the weather is wet.
Gardens are hoed more frequently than field crops, though it i
be supposed that the vigorous growth in the former is due to a rich
soil. Still, the good effects of hoeing are too demonstrable to the
eye t • admit of doubt. Hoeing, however, is laborious, and too
much time is consumed t<> admit of its repetition in field cr
To supply the place of the hoe the cultivator comes in. and no
doubt its more frequent employment in dry weather, not simp'
kill weeds and break sods, but to create a moist surface which will
absorb ammonia, and which is now known to be so needful to all
crops. Dry surface has little or no absorbative power as may be
shown by introducing a ball of dry earth into a tumbler, or receiver
of hartshorn in vapor.

( IIAPTEK VI.

Soil elements preserve the proportions very nearly a- they exist in the parent
rork. Weight of different kinds of s -i important elements of >oil rep-

- of fertilizer explained. Nature
out her nutriment in atom doses, and so does the successful I

. It is well established by experiment and observation, that
the soil contains, in its ordinary state, all the elements the

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 43

ble kingdom needs. It is also known that all may be, and are
probably derived from the solid rocks of the globe; and hence it
will follow that the composition of the soil will not differ materially
from the parent rock from which it is derived; and what is partic-
ularly worthy of note is, that the proportions of the elements will
be found in the soil as they exist in the rock; and that where an
element or compound is in excess in the rock, so it will be found in
the soil, and where the proportion is small in the rock so it will
necessarily be small in the soil. We propose in this chapter to
state the quantities of elements in soils, and it will appear that
though many important substances are extremely minute when put
in a table of the common form used in chemical analysis; yet, if
calculated therefrom in absolute quantities per acre, they are very
large.

We have given the weight of cubic feet of sandy, clayey and
peaty soils ; these data will give the weight of a layer of soil of the
area of an acre and one foot deep. A granite soil with its usual
state <A' moisture weighs about 90 lbs to >he square foot, and the
superficial square feet of an acre weighs 3,520,000 pounds. If
granite is composed of two-fifths quartz, two-fifths felspar and one-
rifth mica, its composition will be represented by the following:

Silex, 74.84

Alumina, .... 12.80

Potash, 7.48

Magnesia, 99

Lime, 37

Oxide of iron, 1.98

Oxide of manganese, 12

It will be seen that in this and all other analyses of' rocks and
soils, that silex and alumina constitute by far the- largest parts,
while those elements which seem the most important to the veget-
able occur, or are represented by fractions, and generally the frac-
tions are much less than in the case selected. The potash given is the
potash of the rock, and thus never occurs in the soil, ami the frac-
tion which should represent the potash of a granite soil will not ex-
ceed one-half of one per cent, in consequence of its solubility. But
if it equals the lime, .37, the amount of potash in one hundred
pounds of soil will be three-eighths of a pound. If the- per centage

44 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

amounts to one-half of one per cent., there will be over twenty
tons of the substance in the mass of soil, one foot thick and within
the area <>f an acre. The small per centages, therefore, in an
analysis, when calculated for a field, become large and important
figures; and even where the Chemist makes his note as a trace,
and which indicates its presence, without being able to weigh the
element, it is still sufficient to meet the wants of vegetation. It is
still greater than the farmer employs even when he nsea gypsntn,
and much greater than when guano is employed. The interesting
quesdon then comes up, how can the great effects of guano be re-
conciled with the small quantity used f Two hundred pounds of
guano to an acre, sown broadcast upon a wheat field, produces
visible effects as far as the field can be seen when growing, and is
known to double the crop. How can the great effects, then, be
accounted for when the quantity is so small that it would be diffi-
cult to detect it in a pound of soil ?

We may conceive it to be explained in this way : It is all dis-
solved and evenly distributed in the mass of soil, and is brought
directly to the roots of the growing plant in the right condition to
be taken up. It is not the absolute quantity called for by the crop,
it is the state or condition of solution. Supposing four times a- 711 uch
used, and hence the solution would be four times as strong, would it
produce quadruple effects? certainly not. Experience does not
sanction the doctrine ; instead of good effects, the crop would be
hurt, or if taken up by the rootlets at all, it is too strong, a7id the
probability is that much would not be taken up, as the strength or
suspended particles of nutriment could not be received into the
vegetable tissue- at all.

We account then for the striking efforts of apparently homeo-
pathic doses of fertilizers, on the ground of their solutions being
adapted to the months of the spongioles through which the nutri-
.ment triust enter the vegetable organis7n, and the adaptation in
this state to the constitution of vegetables. All concentrated doses
an rejected. All floriculturalists who produce beautiful flowers,
employ ageate extremely diluted. < Hhers. who do not understand
the business of feeding beautiful plants, attempt to cram them
with too much and too rich solutions; the consequence is, the
plants are killed outright, or else become yellow, their leaves drop,
the whole plant indicates suffering.

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 45

It is highly probable too, that a farmer might produce results as
beautiful as the florist, by pursuing like means; applying his fer-
tilizers in a state of extreme dilution, in which case it is evenly
distributed to roots and in a state in which it can be taken up.
Facts constantly occurring in the analysis of soils, favor, and even
sustain the doctrine. For how much soluble matter is there in
one thousand grains of soil ? It is possible to obtain one and one
and a half per cent, consisting of 12 to 14 substances. Nature
seems to dole out her treasures; instead of dealing liberally as be-
fitting her, she gives atoms. There are practical principles in the
facts developed. If soluble substances are employed, they too
must be dealt out in atoms only. A few atoms at a time only are
found in solution in the soil. The vegetable organism is only fitted
to receive atoms; and in this we see adaptations which must bt
repeated. It is true, turkeys, swine and men may be crammed
and fattened ; but this system will not succeed in raising wheat,
cotton or corn.

CHAPTER VII.

Fertilizers defined. Their necessity. Mechanical means of improvements of soil.
Effects of lime. Growth is the result of change in the constitution of the fer-
tilizers employed. Organs have each their own special influence upon the
fertilizing matter they receive. Provisions for sustaining vegetable life. A
system of adaptive husbandry. Instances cited. Adaptation of a crop to the
Boil. What fertilizers will ripen a crop at the right time. The source of fer-
tilizers. Green crops. Peat. Advantages of a green crop. Marine plants.
Straw. Losses of farm yard manure. Peat, how prepared for use. Composts.
Fertilizers of animal origin. Solids and fluids.

§ 52. A Fertilizer is a substance which promotes the growth of
vegetables. In this definition is included water, and a great va-
riety of bodies which would scarcely be ranked under the name of
manures. The latter term is generally applied to the excrements
of animals, and yet, it has a wide signification, so that when we

4:6 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL 6URVET.

have really determined the number of bodies which may be clas-
sified under it, we find that its meaning is as extensive as that of
fertile r.

'■■ The necessity which lias given rise to the use of this class
of bodies, is the excessive taxation of the natural resources of soil
for the support of much greater crops than the soil would sponta-
neously produce, and this taxation being prolonged century in, and
century out, the necessity now for resorting to their use and here-
after, has become a fixed institution, established in absolute do-
minion upon the money and labor of all who have anything to do
in agriculture in earnest. The improvement of the soil by me-
chanical means extends farther than the simple movement of it in
a certain way, turning it over with the plow, breaking op the
compact matter at the bottom of a furrow, exposing fresh surfaces
with the hoe or cultivator; for in all these there are excited chem-
ical actions, whereby combinations promoting growth take place.
So also the employment of chemical bodies do not end strictly in
chemical changes; mechanical ones result from chemical actions.
Witness the effect of quick lime upon a clay soil ; it becomes
porous and light, even more so than by the use of the plow and
hoe; besides, it is a. permanent change in texture as well as com-
position. From the foregoing facts, it will be seen how one system
of improvement connects itself with another, and that the institu-
tion of one system of means sets in motion those which seemingly
belong to an opposite kind. We repeat that mechanical agencies
result in chemical, and chemical ones result also in mechanical.
All means, therefore, for improving the soil belong to double
systems, excepting those instances where a fertilizer is selected
with reference to a single result, as is often the case in most of the
soils; as in sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of potash, or phosphate
of lime.

But still, fertilizers improve soils by chemical agencies, and we
shall now consider them in this ranee of their functions, leaving
out of view any mechanical results they may produce.

,' 64. All applications of substances designed to promote growth
do not always act by the results of change in themselves, nor In-
inducing chemical changes in others prior to their introduction into
the organism of the plant. But by far the greater number of fer-
tilizers undergo a change somewhere before they are assimilated,

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 47

or become incorporated into the vegetable body. We cannot think
of any thing, how much alike it seems to the constitution of organ-
ized matter, which must not be changed in its chemical constitu-
tion before it finds its destined position in the vegetable structure.
Water, it is true, acting as the vehicle by which food is conveyed
inward, passes through and out again by respiratory pores and un-
dergoes no change ; but, what it transmits, must be changed. The
actions of organs have much that is special ; each organ its own
wants, and its own apparatus to supply them. The husk of a ker-
nel of grain demands its supply, and though it gets a supply from
the common circulating store, yet its organization elaborates from
that supply, something quite different from that of the kernel, leaf
or stalk. The changes indicated are regarded as chemical, with
what, and how much right, we cannot decide. There is a vitality
in each and every part and organ ; how much is to be attributed
to this principle has never been agreed upon ; but it is supposed
by some that this principle is a force or power controlling the move-
ments in question ; yet, the changes in the substance are like unto
chemical products taking place independently of this subtle force
called vital. But the foregoing is a departure from the track or
line in which we designed to move.

§ 55. But before Ave speak of the fertilizers we may profitably
look at or consider the natural provisions for sustaining vegetable
life when left to the workings of its own unaided machinery. The
machinery consists of organs for support and reception, discharge
and growth. The first are the roots, which consist of a tapering
stem which sends off threads terminating in a congeries of exceed-
ingly minute orifices, which are called xpongioles, whose office is to
obtain, and we might perhaps say, select nutriment. The second
class of organs are the leaves. They exhale water, in vapor of
course, from pores which are mainly located upon the under side.
The water is pure, though it has been the carrier of food, as it is
called, from which has been manufactured salts, sugar, starch, ex-
tract, gum, woody fibre, etc. The superfluous water escapes from
the surface of leaves. But leaves, besides performing the office of
exhalation, perform that of reception, or of absorption. This
office, however, appears to be an important one in the clover and
allied plants; while in the cereals, it is much less so. The move-
ment of water (and when impregnated with foreign matter, is

48 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SUKVKV.

called sap,) is upward and outward, so as to distribute it to the new
growing organs. It passes into cells in its upward progress, where
it is changed or assimilated, and becomes by its passage through
them, perhaps by the action of its walls, uegetalised, If we may

Coin a word answering to animalised. There is motion in all di-
rections, but the currents tend upward and outward, so as to reach
the extreme bud and leaf. This is a necessary result, because the
bud, leaf, and extreme of the branches seem to be the source of
the force by which circulation is carried on. In the workings of
this imperfectly described machinery, which may be regarded as
belonging to a tree, we find organs which are but temporary in
their office, and which therefore require periodical renewals.
These are the leaves, fruit and bark. The permanent organs are
the trunk with its limbs, and the roots. The growth is both aerial
and sub-terrestial. The latter keeps pace with the former; the
roots spread equally with the branches, and that the roots may be
fed they penetrate outwardly into new feeding grounds, which like
the leaves, bark and fruit in falling after decay, help supply the
necessary nutriment. They re-supply in part, and once again tra-
verse the organism.

56. Time, also, is not to be lost sight of in the range of enqui-
ries relative to fertilizers. It may be, and is. of great importance
to get an early and good stand ; the result of the crop may turn
Upon this one point. Hence, what treatment, what fertilizer will
best fulfil the end sought; for instance, in a crop of tobacco or cot-
ton '. What is wanted is an early, or indeed an immediate effect ;
one which will not retard the germination of the seed, but which
will act gently upon the infant plant. The dose, too, is an impor-
tant consideration; a tea-spoonful of broth is not too much f<>r the
infant, while a table-spoonful, which an adult stomach would man-
age, would be too much for the former.

There is another enquiry in range of the specialities we are con-
sidering. What fertilizer will ripen a crop at the best time and
manner I This may not have been thought of so frequently as
some other questions; but the tobacco grower's attention has been
turned to it. This crop mast ripen evenly before frost; and as it
is a leaf ripening, not a seed, an organ which has no connexion
■with the organs by which the plant is propagated, but is supplied
'i cellular tissue, which may grow and develope itself indefinitely,

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 49

and which, under the influence of abundance of nutriment, will
keep green ; this organ, the leaf, may not ripen at the right time,
and may ripen quite irregularly and the crop he half spoiled. The
problem, then, for the tobacco grower to solve, is, what fertilizer
will spend its powers and exert its properties to the best advantage
in order that the leaf shall not grow too large, but expend or
exhaust its power before frost, and thereby promote its ripening at
the right time ; for, as long as the leaf is encouraged to grow by the
fertilizer employed, it will not stop to ripen. The leaf is under a
different law from the organs which propagate the species, though
even these may not put forth their powers when the woody system
is over stimulated with nutriment.

A system of husbandry which is now called for is adaptive, or to
use another term of like import, should be as far as possible special;
by which we mean, the use of those means of improvement which
are adapted to the soil crop. It is now proved by experiment, that
phosphatic fertilizers are better adapted to the growth of turnips
than ammoniacal ones, and that a combination of ammoniacal and
phosphatic are best suited to wheat. These are instances of adap-
tive husbandry. How many such instances will be established
by experiment and observation we cannot tell. But their discovery
is in the right direction ; it is a progression towards perfection. So
also as to the mode of application ; abundant experience and obser-
vation ] oint to the fact, that surface application is the true mode for
grass lands. But it may not be the best for corn lands ; it may not
supercede a more immediate application of certain fertilizers to the
hill of corn.

So again, the adaptation of a crop to the soil and to the condition
of any particular kind, is an established principle. Clayey lands
are better for wheat than sandy, and sandy soils grow ryo better
than they do wheat. But observations in this direction are older
than those which are established relative to the special use of fer-
tilizers. The enquiry is and has been in the mind of every farmer,
what is this piece of land adapted to? What kind of crop will be
the most profitable? and the consequence of this kind of enquiry
lias been to establish many important practical results which are
now acted upon every day by our best farmers. This field of im-
provement conies first in the order of time; and from the nature

50 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVKY.

of tilings, lias made greater progress than that which comes from
the special use and adaptations of fertilizers.

§ 57. Fertilizers belong to the three kingdoms, and it will pro-
mote a systematic view of them by adopting a classification cor-
responding to their origin or source.

The most striking difference in these classe9 is their hulk and
the quantity which is to be applied. Those fertilizers which are
derived from the Vegetable kingdom are bulky ; and hence, one
important result is secured, which cannot be obtained from the
others, especially the mineral kingdom ; they lighten the soil and
make it more open than the other two; a result which is due from
bulk alone, while, if porosity results from mineral fertilizers, it is
in consequence of chemical changes in the soil. Mineral manures
are more special than vegetable or animal; which arises from the
fact that they are less complex in their composition, or consist of
two or three elements only. We might have made another class,
inasmuch as some of the most favorite compounds are composed of
substances derived from the three kingdoms. These are comp
and it might at first sight be inferred that guano ought to be classi-
fied in both the mineral and animal kingdoms ; but it is plain that
what is strictly mineral in it is secondarily derived from the animal
kingdom only ; as it consists of the excrements of bird-, who have
subsisted mainly upon fish or other animal bodies.

.^' ">s. Vegetable fertilizers do not fnrnish exclusively ve<_refable
matter, they also yield up mineral matter, which has already been
mentioned under the name inorganic. It is that which ha- been
taken up and fulfilled its functions in the vegetable organism, and
now, after its death, it is again seperated by a -cries of chemical
actions, ami restored again to the soil. It is probably Hie be-! part
of it, and sooner or more easily soluble, or more quickly prepared
for its reception into the vegetable organism than the unchangod
elements of soil.

£ 59. Vegetable fertilizers are matters which have decomposed J
their particles separated as well mechanically as chemically : in
fine, which have passed through a series of changes which have
resulted in the formation of a class of new bodies. The vegetable
loses its green, and is blackened, as if charred, but at the same
time is softened and becomes pulpy ; the fibrous structure disap-
pears and the organization is broken up. It has become subject to

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 51

chemical laws. The common term is rotten or rotted. All vege-
table matters pass through the same changes, whether matured
wood, twigs or leaves. Matured wood requires more time, but ul-
timately it will become a mixed fertilizer, and have a value pro-
portioned to the kind of inorganic matter combined with its quan-
tity ; for observation and experiment proves that the pines, poplars
and willows have less mineral matters than oak, hickory or birch:
and certain parts have more than others. The bark of the oak is
richer in lime than the wood ; the twigs and leaves are richer in
phosphates than the wood, and the fruits are worth more for fer-
tilizers than other parts, because they contain more potash and phos-
phates combined. One thousand pounds of the willow wood will
enrich the soil four and a half per cent., while one thousand
pounds of dry leaves will enrich it at the rate of eighty-two per
cent. Leaves then would bear hauling much farther than the saw
dust of willows or pines; hence, it will be perceived that leaves
must produce a much greater effect; they are richer in the money
elements.

Fertilizers belonging to the vegetable kingdom are used in a
green or in a decomposing state, as in green crops, plowed under
and in the condition of peat, or peaty matter formed in bogs, and
in a state of partial decay

Green crops are fertilizers of the first order, being decomposable
speedily in consequence of the full charge of sap which they con-
tain when plowed under the sod. They change into a light black
mould and assume the condition of a compost heap. A crop is
selected for this purpose which grows rapidly, has extensive roots,
and is supposed to obtain its stock of materials in part from the at-
mosphere This last is considered a clear gain. The extended
roots concentrate the mineral matter in the plant, and if its roots
run deep, bring up fertilizers beyond the reach of the wheat plant.
At any rate, whatever the green crop contains is laid down in a
layer some four or five inches beneath the surface, and is really a
magazine of food.

The red clover and buckwheat are employed most frequently in
the northern and middle States, while the pea is best adapted to
the latitude and climate of North and South-Carolina, lint all that
part of Xorth-Carolina which lies north of the Central Railroad,
may sow clover instead of the pea. But the pea is a richer plant,

52 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

especially if the plant is mature, and its pods filled with fruit.
The pea lias long roots; we have found them twelve fee: l'»ng.
Green manuring is not confined to the plants named ; all the clover
class, as lupin, lucern, etc., borage, turnips, and wild mustard are
sown in Europe for the same purpose.

'. The advantages accruing from green crops are numerous,
but they are both mechanical and chemical; the development of
ammonia, nitric and carbonic acid within the soil and which therefore
are in the best condition to be absorbed by it, belong to the hitter.

It is maintained that a green crop plowed in enriches the soil as
much as the droppings of cattle from three times the quantity of
green food consigned to the soil by the plow. Another advantage
claimed is, that about three-fourths of the whole organic matter is
derived from the atmosphere. This is the most likely to be true in
the clover and bean family.

Those who reside near the sea may obtain sea-weed, and plow
it in, in the same condition that it is cast upon the shore. Sea-
weeds decompose readily ; they yield both organic and saline
matter, and are nearly equal, for potatoes, to barnyard manure.
Sea- weeds are a specific fertilizer for asparagus, a sea-shore' plant.
The coast of Xorth-Carolina, however, does not abound so much in
this class of fertilizers, as the northern rocky shores of the Atlantic.
The foregoing fertilizers are employed in their wet state. The fol-
lowing are spread upon the ground dry.

s: 61. Straw of all kinds are used as fertilizers. In the condition
of straw or hay, which is a plant dried in the sun. the decora |
tion is comparatively slow, even if buried in the soil. Mixed with
animal matter in heaps, its change is rapid ; fermentation is induced
which soon reduces the mass to a bulky consistence. 01 the libre
of the straw is separated or broken, and admits, thereby, of a ready
incorporation with the soil.

Fertilizers undergoing a series of changes in the yards where
they are formed are subject to a considerable loss of weight. The
figures given by Johnson are the following. A recent mixture
weighs, for example, from 4o' to 50 cwt.

After 6 weeks, weighs LO to M "-

After 6 weeks, weighs 38 to 40 "

After when half rotten, weighs SO to •'!."» ••

And when fully rotten, weighs 20 to L'5 "

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 53

A loss of more than one-half of its weight during the time re-
quired to make what is called short manure. But it is not a loss
of one-half its value. It may be infered that the principal loss in
weight is water, though ammonia and carbonic acid also escape.
But an informed farmer would stop the loss of valuable parts by
the use of absorbents, as plaster, weak solution of sulphate of iron
sprinkled over the heap or mass, while fermenting. By these
means, if the loss in weight was not entirely prevented, it would
greatly diminish that which is regarded as valuable and be confined
to the watery parts.

Covering the dry manure in the soil answers the same purpose.
Among the dry materials generally discarded by our farmers is sate
dud It lies in great heaps around the sites of old saw mills, and
has never, in this State, been employed as a manure. It is true
that it generally consists of pine, still, on sandy lands, applied in
small and repeated doses, it will supply organic matter and prepare
the way for a satisfactory use of marl. One hundred loads to the
acre is a suitable quantity. This should be spread and ploughed
in.

§ 62. The seeds of all plants are richer fertilizers than the stems
or leaves. Cotton seed is in great repute, indeed all that furnish
oils seem to be well adapted to promote vegetation.

Rape seed (Brassica napus) is equal to cotton seed, but is too
valuable for its oil to be employed before expression. The cake
which remains is still valuable.

§ 63. Peat is one of the most common materials which has been
employed as a fertilizer, and has received the same sanction of
those who have used it, and as it is widely distributed it is neces-
sary to notice it in this connexion. It may be regarded as the
basis of all composts. It may be employed by itself, provided it
is brought by sufficient exposure to the air and moisture to pass
into a pulverulent state when mixed with the soil. If lumps of
peat, which have dried in the air, are buried in the soil, they con-
tinue in the condition of lumps as a nuisance for two or three years,
but if kept moist in a heap, and a species of fermentation is excit-
ed, it then pulverises and mixes readily with the soil.

Peat is best prepared for crops by composting it with other sub-
stances. Johnson gives the following formula as the best, all

54 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVKY.

things - iered, especially with reference to the cost of materials,
and the .Inch are produced:

dust or earthy peat, (muck.) 4" bushels.

Coal tar, 2" gallons.

7 bushels.

Sulphate of soda, 'glaubers salL=. i 1 cwt

Sulphate of magnesia, (ep. salts, i H cwt.

inon salt, 1 i cwt.

Quick lime, 20 bad)

naterials are mixed and put into a heap and allowed to
ferment three weeks; then turned and allowed again to ferment.
when the compost is ready for use.

:npound is compared with guano, both as a fertiliz
hay and tnrnips.

. hay. per imperial acre :

PEODrCX. <^06T.

Nothing 416 stones.

<iu;. 7"<2 ••

Compost, 4" bushels, 701 '•

•n turnips:

PEODCCi M

Farm yard manure, 28 yards, .... 2fi tons.

mo. 5 cwt. IS - $12

••u.-hels M

According to the foregoing experiments the compost seems to be

juano."

But Johnson remarks that the experiments need repeating, and

the nature of the compost there is nothing improbable

in the re- Its. It will be observed that the comp tins coal

tar. 'ice which, a . we should be very likely to place

any else than in a list with fertilizers, yet experience proves

!ue.

nation of one hundred parts r, and from one to

thr. of coal tar. well mixed in a mortar, is valuable in

I ■;• certain purposes olive oil is add en the

mixture - _ cation to putrid sores, etc. Tl

poncipa . bat without the olive oil, in place of chloride of

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 55

lime to disinfect sinks, privies, etc. It purines water in a short
time.

But it is also valuable in agriculture, one-half a pound of" the
powder dissolved in 5 or 6 gallons of water and sprinkled on the
litter of a stable will deprive a cubic yard of manure of all odor,
and prevent the loss of fertilizing matter.

Coal tar has also been applied, per se, to wheat stubble for the
benefit of a root crop which was to succeed.

The use of coal tar is mentioned in this place as in many of the
towns of ^North-Carolina it can be obtained at the gas works. It
is now wasted. It is expected, also, that the kerosine oil works,
which are about to be established upon Deep river, will furnish
large* quantities of coal tar for market.

§ 0-i. But to return to the consideration of peat and muck.
Many questions have been raised with respect to their use, which
are really superfluous ; as in what kinds of soils do they produce the
best results, etc. Now, this substance, if properly prepared, acts
beneficially on all kinds of soils. It may be in a condition to
benefit no soil ; and hence, prejudices will be raised, when its
failure is our own fault. But questions respecting the bid moth of
preparing it J or use, are highly important.

There are many modes of composting, and undoubtedly some
formula prescribing the ingredients should be adopted ; and in
constructing a formula, regard must be had, both to the crop it is
intended for, and the condition of the soil to which it is to be
applied.

In practice, muck or peat which by itself is scarcely soluble, re-
quires an alkali to effect a solution of it at least.

Mr. Dana, in his Muck Manual, gives a good formula which can
be followed by any person who is inclined to try it. It is com-
posed of the following proportions :

Peat, 50 His.

Salt, \ busbeL

Ashe-;, I do.

Water, LOO gallons.

The ashes and peat are well mixed, adding a little Mater to
moisten the materials. This mixture lies a week, when the dis-
solved salt or brine is to be added and well stirred in a hogshead.

56 NORTH-CAROLINA OKOLOUICAL SIRVKY.

It requires stirring for a week, when it is fit for use. The blown
liquid which floats above the peat, contains the whole organic
matter in the Balta. This is to be applied to the land it is designed

lor, in solution. In the course ot lour or live weeks, however,
another substance is formed, sulphuretted hydrogen, which is in-
jurious to vegetation. But in the mean time, repeated additions of
water will furnish more soluble matter from the peat. A decided

benefit is seen upon corn, onions, grass, barley, etc. A compost
of the^e materials applied dry will be attained witli less trouble,
atid though its effects may not be exhibited so soon, yet they will
last longer. In the present state of our knowledge respecting the
powers of the roots of vegetables to select or obtain nutrim
the necessity of obtaining a soluble condition of peat before its ap-
plication, is not well settled ; for it seems that the roots do act upon
insoluble matters, and appropriate them to the use of the plant.
By tin's phraseology, it is not meant that roots do take up insoluble
material, but that they have a power of imparting solubility which
water by its own action has not.

f; >'<'>. fertilisers of Animal Origin. — It will be superflr,
enumerate all the kinds which are referred to the animal kingdom.
It is sufficient to observe that everything has been or may be em-
ploy ed for manures which has lived. All parts, all organs, hair,
wool, skin, flesh and bone, help make up the list. To the foregoing
we may add the animal liquids, blood, and the excrements both
solid and liquid. As in the vegetable kingdom, they posse--
ent values.

A knowledge of their composition furnishes a reason why they
are ell as how they act.

Bone is composed of:

Phosphate of lime

-

Soda and common salt,

Carbonate of lime

Fluoride of calcium, -'iOO

• Jelatirx- ■

100.00

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 57

In adding dry bone pulverized there is added thirty-three per
cent, of organic matter in gelatine.

Bones are employed in a dry state after being ground or crushed.
They of eonrse act slowly in this condition, but with excellent re-
sults. The most popular mode of employing bone, however, is as
a super-phosphate, as it is called. This substance is prepared by
mixing one half of its weight or its whole weight, which is better,
with sulphuric acid, (oil of vitriol.) previously diluted with three
times its bulk of water. The materials require repeated stirring:
When the solution is effected, a pasty substance is obtained. Two
modes of applying it are recommended. The first in substance, in
the condition of a powder. This is obtained by mixing with char-
coal powder, dry peat, saw-dust or a tine vegetable soil. If it is
wished to drill in this fertilizer with the seed for a crop, as wheat,
the powdered state as above may be resorted to, or if it is designed
to use a solution, it is necessary to add forty or fifty times its qnan-
tity of water, when it may be applied to the crop with a water
cart. The latter mode brings out results much more speedily, and
as farmers are anxious to see immediate effects, the hitter may
afford more encouragement to use those fertilizers which belong
to the first class.

66. The comparative results as determined by experiments of
the two forms of bones, the crushed and dissolved, should be given
in this connexion. Thus, while 16 bushels of crushed bones gave
ten tons and three hundred pounds per acre, two bushels of super-
phosphate gave nine tons and twelve hundred pound.- ; the latter
approximating very closely upon the former. But this statement
taken literally, does not reveal to us the state of the case, for the-
latter lias cost something for its preparation, but the difference in,
the loDg run will be found to be much less, inasmuch as the pow-
dered preparation will continue to fertilize the soil for the next 10
without additional expense 'y and yet the following practice
we would recommend, viz : for all cultivated crops, as turnips,,
corn, oats, etc., to use the super-phosphate on the score of speody
action and immediate results : for long continued use. as for pas-
ture? and hay, the ground bones. The powder will be slowly dis-
solved by the aid of carbonic acid and furnish thereby ;v constant
supply of food for years in succession. So also, as a fertilizer for
vines and fruit trees, the bone in substance answers a better pur-
4

5S NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

pose than the super-phosphate. It is no object to over immure a
vine or tree; what is wanted is a steady and constant supply.
When a great growth of vine and limbs is obtained by great doses
of fertilizers, the wood is not perfected, and the tendency will be
to develope imperfectly consolidated or unripe wood rather than
fruit; there will be an over-burthen of the latter. Even uncrttslted
bmies buried among the roots of a vine produce the besl of results.
In that way, the bones are, as it were, penetrated by thousands of
spongioles, which, by a power not well understood, supply from
these comparatively insoluble bodies, all the nutriment they require
of this kind, for heavy crops.

The experiments of Wohlee show that bones are soluble in water
without the aid of carbonic acid. Water which has been filtered
through a mass of bones, has always contained phosphates in solu-
tion. But it appears that the quantity dissolved depends partly
upon the stage of putrefaction which they have reached ; and
hence, it is inferred that fresh bones kept wet will furnish this im-
portant fertilizer in a mode cheaper than that which is usually pur-
sued.

§ 67. Horn (horn core) is composed of:

Water, 10.81

Phosphates of lime and magnesia, 4<i.l4

Carbonate of lime, T.71

Gelatine (organic matter) 86.84

100.00

68. Liquid excrements, as the urine of different animals, in-
stead of being preserved in its liquid state, haw been of late
.ni. ed with a sufficient quantity of gypsum to lix the volatile com-
t pom. ds, as the ammonia, and then dried to a powder; in this state
i it is applied to land. But it is doubtful if it has an advantage over
the mixture composed of peat. Let every one consult his feelings
in regard to the preparation of these bodies, especially where
apparatus is not at hand, and he will readily understand why it is
that the preparation and even preservation of many valuable sub-
stances is neglected; for much care and work is involved in the
process when evaporation and preparation of superphosphates are
.talked about. But when preservation and preparations are sim-

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 0<)

pllfied, it is possible to persuade farmers to undertake it. It is not
so much for want of knowledge that so much is neglected; it is
because the work is presented in a shape too complicated, or re-
quiring too much attention and labor. Guano, with all its expense,
has taken everywhere, because it is ready to apply. If farmers
had to cook it before it could be used, very little would have been
used in Xortb-Carolina.

§ 69. For these reasons it is believed that very few will resort to
the use of tanks and distribution carts for the preservation and
■distribution of the liquid excrements of men and cattle. A muck
or peat yard with a depression in the middle, which may be made
the receptacle of offal, blood, urine, etc., will be found the most
eligible mode of preserving these bodies. It is known that every
thing is to go there, and all that will be required to preserve the
volatile matters and absorb offensive gases, will be to use plaster
-and peat intermixed with a small quantity of coal tar, which can
now be procured in almost every village of the State. These im-
perfect compost beds may be turned over with the fork from time
to time in order to secure a perfect mixture. It should be spread
broadcast, and the harrow used to mix it witli upper soil.

§ 70. For the preparation of the fluid substances of animals, a
compost with peat is probably the best which can be devised.
Blood and fluid excrements mixed with charcoal or peat, the latter
of which is the cheapest and most easily prepared, form with little
labor and expense an excellent compost. Indeed the basis should
be kept in heaps for the reception of fluid refuse matter; even the
soapsuds of the wash room, which are generally wasted, should
find a repository there. But let the small farmer enumerate the
animal substances which might be saved in the course of a year.
The blood, hair, wool, bristles, feathers, skin, old leather, woolen
rags, fragments of bones, to which we may add entire carcasses of
dead animals, even cats and dogs, will form a formidable mass
when deposited together in the farmyard. These, when moistened
or wet in a heap with ammoniated compounds, or even water, will
soften, undergo a partial fermentation, and in time become as val-
uable as guano. The absorbant power of peat and charcoal will
fix all the valuable gases.

The preservation of the foregoing substances require no cash,
and very little time, and there is no necessity of attempting the

60 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

regulation of the quantity by weight or measure. Woolen rags may
be deposited among the roots of vines or fruit trees; hair, bristles,
old shoes and leather, etc., may have the same destination. One
ton of hair, bristles and wool are worth as much as four or live tons
of blood. The dry materials enumerated are fitted to those crops
which are to be sustained for several years in succession, as meadow
land and pasturage, while the fluid and easily decomposed kinds
are better suited to the annual hoed crops. In this distribution we
obtain more speedily their money value. Nitrogen is supposed to
be the most important element of animal bodies. Thus dry blood
contains 15.50 per cent.; dry skin, hair and horns, from 16 to 17.50
per cent, of nitrogen. Still, all these substances are rich in phos-
phates, and hence, their value is due in part to the latter.

To the planter, the importance of providing for the preparation
or preservation of night soil, presents itself in a strong light ;
especially, if we can confide in the conclusions of Bousingault.
According to this distinguished farmer and chemist, the liquid and
solid excrements of an adult individual amount on the average to
1-J- pounds daily, and that they contain 3 per cent of nitrogen.
According to this calculation, they will amount in a year to 517
pounds, containing 16.41 pounds nitrogen ; a quantity sufficient to
yield the nitrogen of 800 pounds of wheat, or of 900 pounds barley.
The quantity is more than sufficient to fertilize an acre of land.
From the foregoing it is not difficult to form an estimate of what
is lost upon plantations stocked with one hundred, or any given
number of laborers; or to place it in another point of view, how
much might be gained by the adoption of means which shall en-
force the preservation of excrements, both liquid and solid.

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 61

CHAPTER VIII.

Solid excrements. Guano. Composition and comparative yalJue. Discrepancies
stated.

§ 71. The solid excrements of animals form a well known class
of fertilizing bodies of great value. Their value depends upon
the food upon which the animals are supported. It may consist of
matters little better than ground hay intermixed with small por-
tions of mucus; or if fed upon corn, it is richly charged with am-
monia, or perhaps still richer, if fed upon fish and animal substances.
The kinds receive their designation according to their origin.
Night soil, human excrement, which when dried with gypsum or
lime, is sold under the name of jpoudrette. The former, in conse-
quence of its richness, loses more of its value by exposure to the
atmosphere, than any other kind. Hence arises the necessity of
mixing it with absorbants, such as plaster, charcoal, peat, sawdust,
etc. To these may be added the sulphuric acid or muriatic ; both
form with ammonia a valuable fertilizer. Muriatic acid may be
sprinkled over foecal matters in the vault from a copper watering
vessel. The acid should be diluted with two and a half times its
bulk of water.

The products of the horse, cow and hog should be mixed together,
as in that case the properties which are wanting in one are sup-
plied by the other. Fermentation, resulting in a prepared state
for use, will be secured more safely than when they are used alone.
Those of the horse, it is well known, if packed into heaps, heats
and is nearly destroyed. That of hogs fattening upon grain is
probably richer than any other, but is far less liable to heat than
the former. It is accused of imparting an unpleasant taste to roots
when freely used, in consequence of containing an unexamined
volatile substance.

§ 72. The excrement of birds is richer in fertilizing matter than
quadrupeds, in consequence of mixture. The urate which exists
in the urine of the latter, passes off* with the foecal in the for-
mer. That of pigeons is in repute in Flanders, Spain and other
countries in Europe. In some parts of Spain it is sold for four-
pence a pound, and is used for melons, tomatoes and flower roots.

62 NOBTH-CAKOLDJA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Its valuable properties are no doubt due to the grains upon "which
the birds feed. In Flanders the manure of one hundred birds is
worth twenty shillings a year for agricultural purposes.

Equally valuable are the same products from the domestic fowl,
geese and ducks, when fed upon corn. When the domestic fowl
is lodged in a suitable shed, the free use of gypsum upon the floor
is indispensable to the preservation of tne volatile parts. It is ne-
-ary to use it with the same care as is observed in the use of all
compounds which contain the elements of ammonia.

3. Of the solid animal fertilizers, the most celebrated of this
class is Guano, now generally used and is by some regarded as
almost indispensable for the successful cultivation of wheat and
tobacco, etc.

This substance consists of the excrements of birds, (sea fowl,)
which feed mostly on fish or animal matter. The accumulation
and composition is to be attributed to the dryness of the atmos-
phere. There are two varieties in market, the South-American
from the coast of Peru, and the Mexican from the Gulf. The
former is from a rainless district, and hence retains its soluble mat-
ter; the latter is from a district subject to rains, and hence its am-
monia salts and other soluble matters are diminished to a minimum
quantity. A little reflection will enable a person of information to
understand their relative values, especially when it is known that
the latter frequently contains from 60 to 80 per cent, of bone earth,
and the former 50 per cent, of soluble matters, and rich in ammo-
niacal salts, and only about 23 to 25 per cent, of phosphates or b<>ne
earth. In accounting, however, for the effects of guano, we should
not lose sight of their complex composition. This fact is brought
out in the following analysis :

TOELKEL

Urate of ammonia, B.94

Oxalate of ammonia, 1 3.35

Lime 1'

Phosphate of ammonia, fi.4.">

" Lime, I.M

" Ammonia and magnesia, 4.19

Soda, I

Muriate of soda, Q.M

Sulphate of soda, 1.19

Potash, 4.22

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 63

Muriate of ammonia, 6.50

Water and organic matter, 5.90

Clay and sand, 28.31

This elaborate analysis is selected for the purpose of showing the
complexity of composition of guano. The most valuable parts of
it, it will be ceen, are the ammoniacal sabs and phosphatic salts.
In some varieties the guano is weakened by sand and clay ; it is
often much less, rarely more, unless adulterated. Potash is usually
regarded as existing in too small proportions to effect its value, yet
it is found as a salt in this case to be larger than usual ; the per
centage rarely exceeding one per cent. It may be expected, there-
fore, that this deficiency may be observed in the course of a few
years of U6e.

>J Ti. The length of time during which guano acts is estimated
variously by observers, though all agree that the guano of the
rainless districts have a shorter life than those which are preserved
upon a rainy coast. The reason is obvious. In this climate the
former are expended in two }Tears; the latter, as they resemble
bone earth, last longer, — at least twice as long.

It must be admitted that guano, in this country, has laid agricul-
ture under immense obligations. It has encouraged, or, indeed,
inaugurated a new system, and has given that impetus to it which
will never die out.

The advantages of guano in the Southern States are numerous.
By its use old fields are brought into bearing immediately, and
bear at once money making crops. Several years are required to
resuscitate an old field in the ordinary mode of procedure. The
result, then, is the saving of time. On cotton and tobacco its
influence is felt strongly in securing early a good stand. Its influ-
ence is continued down to the right period for ripening, and no
doubt in those cases where the proper quantity is used it ceases to
grow, and the process proceeds regularly, and thereby secures
uniformity ; a point of the greatest importance where a high priced
tobacco is the object.

The quantity of guano per acre, which is useful, seems to be
tolerably well determined. Very few use more than two hundred
pounds to the acre. Curious, as well as instructive experiments

64 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

are given in Johnson's elements of agriculture of the effects of
Quantity on a crop. Thus:

QUAirUTX OF <.CAKO. EFF»T ON THE TCKMP CROP. OK THE AKTEr. TROT Of WHEAT.

4 cwt. to the acre, (Scotch.) 18 tons of good turnips. Good wheat.

x cwt. to the acre. 14 tons very indifferent. Inferior.

f Looked, when young, won- | Stuble black, grain

derfullv well, but there dark, and not larg-

1G cwt. to the acre. \ ..... , ,, . ±, , - ., .'

was httl, bull, m the end, cr than small

produce 10 tons. rice.

(riiano is accused of acting injuriously when its use is protracted.
The probable influence of guano, when used for several years on
the same area, is to cause an exhaustion of those elements in the
soil which the guano cannot supply. Potash is probably bo much
diminished that it ceases to furnish it to che crops. However this
may be, it is evident that its use increases so largely the quantity
or weight that to supply any element from the soil alone would
diminish the stock or magazine in a greater ratio, and hence more
speedily than ordinary crops. Hence, as the supply is derived
originally from the rocks, and never can accummulate under these
circumstances, though every year adds its atoms to the soil, yet it
is used faster by far than it is produced ; the consequence is, the
stock will be too much diminished to supply the wants after an
uncertain period, and the soil will actually become poor in one or
more elements necessary to the cultivated plant.

If potash is deficient in a soil, and is the result of the excessive
use of guano, the addition of leached ashes will supply the defici-
ency ; but a mixture of well pulverized peat and ashes with guano
will best supply the deficiences of tin's fertilizer. It is doubtful
whether the use of guano ought not to be intermittent. A.8 we
have said, it saves time in resuscitating old fields. If, after one or
two years, guano is dismissed, and the fertility is kept up afterwards
by vegetable and mineral substances composted together, the evil
of exhaustion will be averted.

.' 7."). In consequence of the high price of guano, an article of an
inferior value is often brought to market, or else it is adulterated.
Chemical changes also affect its value. It is not easy to form a
judgment by oecnlar inspection. Those which are hrowri have un-
dergone those changes which approximate a decomposition, which

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 65

discharges a large proportion of its ammonia. Hence, the lighter
the color the less change it has undergone, and therefore the better.

A strong odor of ammonia is a good indication; if not free, a
trial may be made by mixing a spoonful of it with air-slacked lime
in a glass ; ammonia fumes ought to be exhaled if good. Too much
water is indicated by its mechanical condition. Fifty-five dollars
per ton for water is a poor investment. Guano then should be dry.
If much sand is intermixed it may be detected by mixing it with
water in a tumbler, giving a little time for subsidence, pour ofl" the
top, repeat the operation a few times, and the quantity of sand will
remain at flie bottom of the tumbler. There is another experiment
which it is easy to perform for the purpose of determining the
quantity ot sand, and if weighed, the result maybe quite accurate.
Heat the weighed quantity to redness, when the volatile matters,
ammonia and others of that nature, will be consumed or dissipated.
Dissolve the remainder in dilute muriatic acid of the shops by ap-
plying a moderate heat. The remainder will be sand or other use-
less earth. Elaborate analyses are too difficult and expensive to
be undertaken for a moderate quantity of guano, but the foregoing
may be resorted to and ought to be; for they may account for a
failure, or explain more satisfactorily the results upon the crop,
whether remarkably good, indifferent or bad. Much, however,
must be trusted to the character of the merchant.

;$ 76. The money value of animal manures cannot be accurately
determined for many reasons, so much depends on the season,
and circumstances under which they are employed. It is only the
theoretical value which chemistry fixes. This is undoubtedly to
be trusted, but it often happens that an inferior manure thus tested
baa a better influence than one which has the highest chemical or
theoretical value. It seems to be settled that the value ot a manure
for a given crop depends upon the quantity of nitrogen it contains,
and tables have been constructed which are designed to express this
fact. It is assumed, however, that a selected example is reprcst fit-
ed by a given number, it may be 1000 or 100. This is the standard
with which the others are compared, and it may be interesting to
consult a table constructed upon this principle, and also occasional-
ly useful. The following is given by Johnson:

66 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SCBVKT.

Farm yard manure, 100 taken as a standard,

Solid excrements of the cow, 125

" horse,

Liquid excrements of the cow, 91

" horse, 16

Mixed " " cow,

M u horse, 5 i

" u sheep,

pig

Dry flesh 3

• Hi's excreta

Flemish liquid manure, -

Liquid blood 16

1 »ry do 4

Feathers, 8

Cow hair,

Horn -having?

Dry woolen rag-s 2 i

There is considerable truth, no doubt, in the foregoing table, in-
asmuch as experience supports it so frequently, that in the minds
of many it may in fact merit a high degree of confidence. But in
the example, woolen rags rank in this scale as high hat

is. gf pounds of woolen rag8 poooooo as much fertilizing power ad
100 pounds of farmyard manure, is doubtful; the practice of wast-
ing them, however, should not be tolerated. According to the
chemistry of pig ivments, 5 pounds are worth as much as

l'i< > pounds of farmyard manure. Reliable experience^ and all
that Johnson* has said of it in another place, seems to sustain in
part this view, but all things considered, it is -is

ranked tod high.

♦Johnson's Elements of Agriculture, p. 213 — 1-t.

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 67

CHAPTER IX.

Mineral fertilizers. Sulphates. Native phosphates. Carbonates. Nitrates.
Silicates. Ashes. Analysis of the ash of the white-oak. Composition of
peat ashes. Management of volatile and other fertilizers.

7. As the name implies, mineral fertilisers are derived from
the miueral kingdom. They comprehend exactly the common ele-
ments of soil, and differ from them only in being isolated and in
large quantities. Marl does not differ from the carbonate of lime
in the soil; phosphate of lime is a soil element, but we procure it
in quantities and intermix it with soil, and then call it a fertiliser.
The process of fertilization consists simply in resupplying what has
been removed, or adding it when it is from the start defective, or
entirely absent. The fanner, in fertilization, goes to work and sup-
plies from the mineral stores of nature what to him is wanting to
make his crops grow.

§ 78, This kingdom is rich in fertilisers, the number exceeds
those of both the vegetable and animal kingdoms.

A- a class, they are composed of combinations of two and some-
times three elements, which, as a whole, is termed a salt, and they
resolve themselves into two parts. i» base and an acid : thus sul-
phate of lime is a salt, and consists of lime, which is the base, and
sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol.) which is the acid. Virtually, it seems
to be simply a base and an acid : still, lime is a compound of oxy-
gen and calcium, and oil of vitriol of sulphur and oxygen : there
is. therefore, three partners in the concern — <.///;//<. sulphur : ml
calcium. Now in its action, it is not calcium, but lame ; and
though sulphur seems to be dissolved in certain animal fluids, yet
it is generally the compound of sulphur and oil of vitriol which is
found in the organic tissues. In the mind of the farmer oil iff
■vitriol should not be strongly persistent: for, in combining with
lime, or iron, or a base, this powerful substance loses its sour, caustic
properties, and the gypsum formed is really one of the gemtiewtf
mildest anil modest bodies in the whole mineral kingdom, notwith-
standing it contains that audacious consumer of all things, oil qf
vitriol.

i 79. But we propose to consider somewhat in detail the mineral
fertilizers under the heads they are ranked by writers upon agricul-

6S NORTH-CAROLINA. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

tural chemistry, and to make such remarks upon them as we may
deem useful to the planter.

It need not be inferred, it appears to us. that because a Bubstanca
is classed with minerals, that its mode of action differs mate;
from those derived from the vegetable kingdom, or that they are
selected by the r - plants and taken up by them in a different
mode. In the vegetable and animal economy, they must be ie-
garded as necess - :id cannot be dispensed with, though in
quantiry they are necessary unly in small pro)

v ■. are no donbt taken up into the vegetable onaaaV

'sm. and if decomposed by the roots or other agencies in the soil with-
out • - bur which exists in may plants, could not bo -
torily accounted for. Being taken up as sulphates, the plant has

i decompose them and appropriate the sulphur and the
base of the salt

31- " gypsum. This substance is feebly

soluble in water. In i:> purest crystalline condition, it is trai -
rent, and iaealle : when massive it is white or gray, and

often granular, or else compact when it forms the common gypsum
of agriculture, and which may be distinguished from carbonate of
lime or marble by its softness, and not effervescing with acids. It
»fi - as to be scratched by the finger nail.

It occurs abundantly in nature, but is never found associ;.
with primary rocks, as granite, mica slate, _ :c. Tin- -

be recollected. Then is no plaster in North-Carolina unless it is

sd with the sandstones of Orang tham or Moore. The

agalmatolite, resembling - ne, has been mistake j in-

deed, tru - a r'teii mistaken for it Gypsum is usually,

anied with Bait B] _ salt, ami the only indie;.

thai g n may occur in this state are the : inc

this formation.

reac ecific action on the clovers and]
of this natural <-r<ler. though its activity is - me species.thaa

others. The white clover springs up under the influence of ashes
and marls, the red under that of gypeam. Applied directly to
many crops, and it i* difficult to see that it has benefitted them.
This is the case with wheat X i ne at present applies it to his
cr.'p of wheat directly, but it i> first used to grow a crop of cloven
This, after being fed ofl' in part by stock, is plowed in ami the wheat

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 69

then sowed. It is thought by many farmers in the wheat growing
districts of New York, that the system of clover, gypsum and wheat,
with alternate rests, is the true system of rotation, and following it
the lands will remain as fertile as they ever were. This view, how-
ever, it is difficult to reconcile with the fact that several elements
are removed with every bushel of wheat sold, which gypsum can-
not supply; the natural result, insolvency, ought to follow, as the
supply of food is limited.

Gypsum has a tine effect upon the Irish potatoe. It is sown
broadcast upon the leaves or foilage when it is hoed the first time.
Grass lands are also improved by it. Gypsum appears to be useful
to wheat in this way ; the grain is first soaked over night, and
when wet is rolled in plaster which adheres to it; when it is sown,
it is covered with a coat of gppsum. In this mode of use, it seems
to aid in bringing it forward, or in promoting an early germination.
A remarkable fact with respect to the use of it in the gypsum coun-
try of New York, is, that it acts as decidedly upon farms where
gypsum exists in beds, as in other parts of the State.

In New York, gypsum has been applied with benefit to all crops
but not by every individual. It is said that upon the soil of Lon«-
Eaand it is of no use, and it is accounted for on the ground that the
soil is already supplied, or that the sea spray furnishes enough for
every crop; certain it is that where the soil has -| per cent, it is
useless to add more. The failure of gypsum is generally due to
the fact that there is enough in the soil, if so, it may be determined
by analysis.

§ 82. The good effects of gypsum has been explained in several
ways. One theorist has maintained that it is simply a stimulant
to plants, or a condiment. This view is overhung with doubts.
The most rational theory seems to be that it furnishes both sulphur
and lime, or is indeed food. Those plants whose growth is strik-
ingly promoted by its use contain notable proportions of both sul-
phur and lime. Clover, for example, is one; mustard is another.
T have already stated that rape seed, which is a mustard plant,
contains a large proportion of the former.

The importance of gypsum, or, to be more general, the sulphates,
will be best appreciated when it is stated that the most important
constituents of our bodies contain and require sulphur.

70 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Thus those parts of the blood which are known as fil>rin and
serum, as well as the egg of fowls, contain sulphur. This is >trik-
ingly manifest when they are in a state of decomposition, as they
all give off compounds which exhale the offensive odor of a sulphur
compound, well known in the rotten egg; — so also they all blacken
silver. Now the bodies named above are all of anima! origin, but
the sulphur is not disengaged by the animal forces. It is obtained
ready formed in the roots and seeds, the cereals and leguminous
plants, such as peas, beans and wheat.

To account for the origin of sulphur in animal organisms, it is
necessarv to go back to the soils, to those salts, such as gypsuhi,
sulphate of ammonia, etc., which contain sulphur in combination.
To the vegetable organism is assigned the business of separating
this substance from its combinations, and form the roots and seeds
spoken of: the animal that feeds upon them obtains, without labor.
the sulphur, separated and united with such compounds as we find
in the blood, fibrin and serum. The vegetable kingdom thereby
becomes a great labor-saving machine to the animal, as all its heavy
and complicated duties are performed by it in preparing food tor
animals. It is not necessary that we should be able to account lor
changes effected by the vegetable before we can admit the for<
ing views. Experiment assures us of the facts in the case. Teed
a clover plant or a mustard with gypsum and the sulphur will be
found in both.

sj s::. Gypsum is applied at the rate of from 2 to 3 tons per acre
broadcast. "When used for indian corn it is applied around the
hill, and it is regarded as an eminent absorber of water as well
trmmonia.

.s; v4. When gypsum has been used for many years npon the
same ground it ceases to produce an increase of the same i
The ground is then said to be plaster ndk. It occurs only with
those lands where it exists in soil in consequence of

its free application for a succession of years. The remedy is
suspend its use ami substitute wood ashes.

s; v;,. Sulphate of ammonia. — We place this salt in juxtaposition
with gypsum, the object will be seen in the character of the subjoined
remarks. A- ;t- name implies, it i> composed of sulphuric acid
and ammonia. We Bee nothing «'l it in the soil or elsewhere, unless
we take special pains to procure or make it. Sulphate of ammonia

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 71

is manufactured from the ammoniacal liquor of gas works from the
coal used in the manufacture of gas. If sulphuric acid is added to
this liquor, the sulphate will be formed, and some coals yield a
liquid which gives 14 oz. of sulphate to the gallon. Sulphate of
ammonia is much more valuable than sulphate of lime, as it con-
tains two important elements, sulphur and nitrogen. The nitrogen
being much more valuable than the lime. Besides, the animal and
vegetable sulphur compounds, fibrin, serum, white of eggs, casein
etc., contain and require both sulphur and nitrogen. Here in the
sulphate of ammonia they exist, and in a salt highly soluble. The
simple chemical change required Iry the plant is to separate the
elements of water, hydrogen and oxygen, when the sulphur and
nitrogen are in a condition to pass into the compositon of its or-
ganism.

This salt will probably be found in the markets of this State, see-
ing that many of the principal villages have gas works in their
suburbs, and may therefore furnish the ammoniacal liquid which
may be converted into the sulphate, or it may be used directly, after
being greatly diluted.

Bat sulphate of ammonia may be secured by all persons who
keep a stable. This is effected by means of gypsum. If this sub-
stance is sprinkled often over the floors of stables, as it should be,
it absorbs the ammonia exhaled from excrement of the animals.
The ammonia is mostly in the condition of a carbonate. When the
gypsum is used in a quantity sufficient to absorb all the escaping
ammonia, a large amount of the sulphate will be ultimately formed
among the excrements. The gypsum is decomposed by it, and car-
bonate of lime is the result as it regards the sulphate ot lime, and
the sulphuric acid goes over to the ammonia and forms sulphate of
ammonia. The advantages of this change are, the ammonia be-
comes fixed, it is no longer a volatile compound, and there is really
no loss attending any of the chemical ones involved in the pro-
cesses.

The sulphate of ammonia, however, is quite soluble, and should
not be exposed to rains out of doors until it is applied to the soil
where it is wanted.

From the foregoing we learn several important uses to which
gypsum may be put. 1, As an absorbent of injurious and offen-
sive odor. 2. The formation of an important salt — important,

MBTU-CAKOLIXA GEOLOGI' EY.

because it contains the elements of blood and muscle. 3. It pre-
vents -rive chemical cl _ - which ammonia effects

:ar. The lime of the n
intv nitric aci suits

in the : : :he plastering. I' -

ammonia.
ive economy, therefore, of snj with

ent to require comment.

sts ii England, ready i per

ton. About one-half cwt. is applied to the acre. It is applied
lid inactive vegetable mat! it may I

- animal a: _ table mat

-• _ - -. which it revives

?.

ant fertilizers.

: - . _ . _ of

activity, and is not e It is used successfully u

; - [ts •'"'.'•' per aci

•

.
ended v. sfactory results. .'' . ia is

an important element in all the grains: and hence, win • nth

-ulpliate is s Qnd to be us

y.

ingent salt, and n

. crop. It is a in small

s, or to frui It

imp en to the _ . _ . r to

unhealthy individuals. In the* action is similar to

human frame and constitution. It has been used in a

an acid sul-
phate of iron are known in this £ :ity,
ther in near Wei I m. A Bpoonfhl applied to
To prepare it for use mix with marl. It is
ted into gypsum.

sea occurs in a lignite b< ^ng

s, and trunk- -. The organic matter has

i in process of time with sulphate of iron. This, in its

torn, or when air has ac> a and furnishes the

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 73

salt in question, and where abundant, is important, provided marl
beds are accessible.

88. Native phosphate of lime. — This mineral exists in large
quantities in New Jersey and Xew York. The most abundant
source of it is in Essex county. Xew York, in connexion or asso-
ciated with magnetic iron, where it forms in some part of the vein
from one-sixth to one-half its weight. It seems to be inexhaustible,
[t may be separated from the iron by washing, or by magnets;
both methods have been pursued. It exists frequently also, in pri-
mary limestones, associated with hornblende, mica, felspar, etc.
The great source of phosphate of lime in the soils is probably the
granites and other allied rocks. It is present in lavas and other
igneous rocks. But it is in minute particles, and rarely when it
exists in granite and other compounds is it visible, and is only
ascertained to be present by the most careful analysis of the rock.
Other sources of the native phosphate of lime are the sediments
which contain fossils. Most, if not all the fossiliferous limestones,
the marls of the secondary and tertiary divisions of rocks, furnish
it in per centages varying from one to two and a half per cent. In
the use of limestones and marls, therefore, as fertilizers, we obtain
this important compound as phosphates.

'late of lime, or as it exists in soils, is quite insolu-
ble in pure water; but for its solution carbonic acid is depended)
upon in an uncultivated soil. When, however, the planter em-
ploys common salt, or salt of ammonia as fertilizers, he provide*
in part for the solution of phosphate of lime. In sulphate of am-
monia, phosphate of lime dissolves as readily as gypsum in water.
In North-Carolina the principal source of it is in the marl
region. AVe have never found it in the primary rocks nor associa-
ted with any of its iron ores, as in Xew i'ork and Xew Jersey, nor
in the primary limestones of the mountain belt. The marls all
contain it a* an organic product, for in every living being it is
found both in their hard and soft parts. It is principally in the
r that it exists in the marls. The value of the marls are in-
creased esence, and the striking eflects of its use may of-

ten be attributed to small quantities of phosphate of lime. There
are frequently small, round, hard bodies in marl beds, qalled fj ro-
ute*, which are often in sufficient quantities to pay for -election to
be employed in converting, them into super-phosphates by sulphu-
5.

74 N'-KTH t AK'.I.INA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

ric acid. They contain about 5<> per cent, of phosphate of lime.
They are hard, and bnt slightly acted npon by water and the at-
mosphere, and will therefore remain like rocks, unchanged, and of
course benefit the soil bat slightly. By the u.-e of an equal weight
of sulphuric acid they may he converted into a valuable fertilizer.
They would require, however, to be broken into small pieces by a
hammer and frequently stirred. A portion would remain in pow-
der, in the form of gypsum. It may be treated like the ordinary
Snper-pliosphate of lime made from bone-. Snper-phospha
lime is worth about thirty-live dollars per ton.

The practice of burning bones for the purpose of pulverizing
them easily is not advisable; it is of course attended with ihf
of all the organic matter, and as we believe with effects greatly
diininisl

. — -The carbonates are the most common of min-
erals. At the head of the list stands carbonate of lime, known as
limestone or marble. Limestone may be known by ite effervescing
with a<ids. Ir cannot be scratched by the nail, but readily by ;.
knife. It> color? are numerous — white, black, brown, flesh-colored.
• getber with Bhades and tints produced by the oxidea of ti-
er a mixture of earth. "When pure it is white and usually granular,
but many limestones of a palaeozoic and mesozoic age are com;

The limestones which are regarded pure are composed of lion
. :,s> per cent, of carbonate of lime. Its chemical constitution is :

■ borne acid,

Lime,

.tin limestones contain also magnesia, which are best known
nnder the name of dolomites. A dolomite i of:

i ;irbonatc of magnesia,

rbonatc of lime ">4.'J

When in addition to the magnesia limestones Contain 2" per cent
of ferruginous clay, they form hydraulic limestones, which furnish
a material, when burned, having the property of becoming hard or
rl under water.

The term marble applies to lit which take a polish. Oth-

er limestones are designated by the terms argilaceous and ferrngin-

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 75

ous or magnesian, according to the name of the substance which is
mixed with the rock.

Limestone is nearly insoluble in pure water, 1 gallon dissolving
only 2 grains, but when water is charged with carbonic acid it dis-
solves freely.

Limestone, when ground finely, might be applied to soils as a
fertilizer, but its solution is slow to act. In the form and condition
of marl, it is much more efficient.

Quicklime is sometimes important ; it is best adapted to stiff clay
soils, and is applied for the purpose of making them open and po-
rous. It has also a chemical action which undoubtedly lies at the
foundation of its mechanical effects, that of attacking the clay and
liberating potash or the alkalies.

Erroneous opinions have been entertained with respect to the
action of quicklime on animal and vegetable matter. According
to Dr. John Davy, quicklime, instead of promoting fermentation, ar-
rests it in vegetable matters, as peat for example, and as it regards
its action upon animal bodies, it only attacks the cuticle, nails and
hair, exerting no destructive influence upon the other tissues.

Mixed with peat and vegetable organic matter, it confers a ne-
cessary solubility, or rather, the probable action is the formation of
an organic salt of lime, which is soluble. This view is sustained
by the fact that in the absence of organic matter, lime exerts no
perceptible effects. Quicklime should not be mixed with stable
manure, unless there is added at the same time gijpsum. to absorb
the ammonia which the lime will be instrumental in discharging.
Peat, in a state of fineness, may be employed in the absence of
gypsum, as its absorbent powers are equally great.

The deficiency of limestone in this State is notorious. The moun-
tains and the region of the Yadkin are tolerably well provided for.
The midland counties, which take in a belt over one hundred miles
wide, are destitute of it. The lower counties supply carbonate of
lime for agriculture in their marl beds, and might also quicklime
for building, white-washing, etc. The banks of the Neuse, 20 miles
above Newbern, are well stocked with consolidated marl, well adap-
ted in composition for quicklime.

For more than a century, burnt lime has been used in England
for the benefit of the soil. It may be shown that potters and brick
clay, which are stiff and unyielding, contain potash and other alka-

NORTII-CAROLIXA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

lie?. Now, do plowing, hoeing, or mechanical operation can hasten
verv materially the liberation of these important elements. No
mechanical means effect materially its condition ; chemically, they
arL. too alow. If we resort to the nse of quicklime, in the fall spread-
ing it over the plowed Held, and allow it to act through the winter,
the potash will he liberated and the whole field become porous.

That form of carbonate of lime which is known as marl,
acts more efficiently as a fertilizer than the ordinary air slacked
lime. It is not simply a salt of lime alone, but a mixture of fine
carbonate of lime, phosphate of lime, magnesia, iron, and some or-
ganic matter. Marl appears to be in a more favorable condition
than pure lime for an easy solution.

This substance, though it appears inert to the eye, still has to be
applied under the guidance of a few rules. It cannot be freely
used on poor soils; those, we mean, which are destitute of organic
matter. It being an absorbent of water, it is prone to act injuri-
ously upon a crop in dry weather, or to burn it. If on the contra-
ry, the quantity applied is proportionate to the organic matter, it
will form soluble combinations adapted to the wants of the crop.

There is no poisonous matter in the marl usually, and the proba-
bility is that when in large doses, as 600 bushels to the acre, it de-
prives the plant of water, being in itself one of the strongest ab-
sorbents of moisture known. "Where sulphate of iron and alumina
are present, this astringent salt being a poison, the plant is killed
by its chemical action upon its tissues. As marl is applied to the
surface and rarely buried by the plow deeply, it Oceapii ion

which commands all the moisture in a dry time.

To forestall the evils of a large application, it may be comj
with peat, or any organic matter; it should always be prepared in
this way. 1 Jut when an over dose has been applied, the most direct
mode of neutralizing its bad effects, is to plow it in deeply. It will
then become mixed with a large quantity of soil, and all the or-
ganic matter of it. It will probably be changed into a fertilizing
A> need in common eases in thi> State with the ordinary
depth of plowing, a large body of it matt effect unfavorably the
whole surface, for there is only a few inches of soil for it to act
upon.

§ \)2. The marls of North-Carolina are not rich in lime, bi:
remarkable effects are obtained by their use. The following shows

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 77

the composition of a marl upon the plantation of Col. Clark, of
Edgecombe:

Peroxide of iron and alumina, 6.800

Carbonate of lime, 16.100

Magnesia, 0.436

Potash, 0.616

Soda, 1.988

Sulphuric acid, 0.200

Soluble silica, 0.440

Chlorine, 0.030

Phosphoric acid, 0.200

Sand, 72.600

The complex nature of this marl is exhibited in this analysis; it
shows that it is adapted to the wants of the vegetable in furnishing
as large a list of those elements which the ashes of plants usually
contain.

An eocene marl from the plantation of Benj. Biddle, Esq., of
Craven county, gave:

Sand, 9.60

Carbonate of lime, 85.00

Peroxide of iron and alumina, containing phosphoric

acid 4.40

Magnesia, trace.

Those marls which are thus rich in lime, are more liable to be
used in excess.

§ 93. The action of the carbonates upon vegetation is usually
attributed to the organic salts which are generated in the soil, as
the crenates and apocrenates of lime, etc.; but in the formation
of these salts it may happen that carbonic acid is set free, and in
this condition becomes also a contributor of matter to the growing
plant. The carbon of the carbonic acid will be retained in the
plant, and the oxygen set free.

The action of marls, as a class of carbonates, upon soils is more
favorable in the long run than lime, except where quick lime upon
clays is required. The use of lime for many years has induced
complaints, whether justly or unjustly, is not perhaps fully settled;
but it is charged with exhausting the soil, and like guano, ot which

78 NOBTH-CABOLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

we have spoken, the charge seems to be reasonable enough and to
rest on the same grounds.

If the charge is Bnstained, we can readily see by comparing the
composition of marl with common lime, that the former supplies a
much greater number of fertilizing elements than the latter;
indeed, it is probable that marls, like ashes, contain the most
needful elements ; and hence, the annual application of marl is
not likely to cause an exhaustion of the soil, because of the con-
stant additions made by its nse. It rather ought to grow better
yearly ; for the cotton crop does not require, or does not remove
as many pounds of inorganic matter as there are applied. This
subject, however, we have not heard spoken of, and we have never
heard of injurious effects of marl which could by any means be
attributed to exhaustion, and we are confident from the nature of
the facts bearing upon the subject, that where especially a compost
« made of the marl, it will continue for long periods to produce
good effects.

Marl seems well adapted to all those crops where the product
sought is made up of cellular tissue, as the lint of cottor, the lint
of flax and hemp, the fruit, such as the apple, because lime is the
basis of cellular tissue. The phosphoric salts are required in the
cereals, the parts sought for must be rich in sulphur and phos-
phorus. These last are contained in stems, lint, bark, etc., in much
less proportions.

.' 94. Carbonates of potash and soda. — The first was anciently
called the vegetable, and the latter the mineral alkali. Both, how-
ever, are derived from the mineral kingdom, but they are derived
for commercial purposes from the ashes of vegetables.

Pearlash is a carbonate of ] otash ; it is the common -ul stance
used in biscuit making, or short cake, though the bi-carbonate has
displaced the old or common carbonate. Neither of these substan-
liave been used extensively in field agriculture. The latter
has become a favorite fertilizer for strawberries. Their composi-
tion and the' fact of their occurrence in the ash of all plants, proves
their adaptation to crops. Their cost, however, for general and
extensive use, is the only draw-back to their application to corn,
wheat, potatoes, etc.

". Carhuhutt of ammonia is a white salt, with the pungent
odor of hartshorn. It exists in the ammoniacal liquids already no-

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL, SURVEY. 79

ticed, and is given off in stables in an impure state, or mixed with
the effluvia of animal matters. It is an active fertilizer. Its true
value, as in the case of other compounds of ammonia, is due to its
ability to furnish nitrogen to vegetation.

As it regards the compounds or salts of ammonia for wheat and
other corn crops, it seems to be established that the}- are essential
to the increase of grain, beyond the natural produce of a soil, aided
by phosphatic fertilizers. The experiments of Mr. Lawes, of Hert-
fordshire, England, gave the following results:

APPLICATION PEP. IMPERIAL ACRE. PRODUCE.

In grain. In straw.

1844. Super-phosphate of lime, 560 lbs., \ ,fi h|1_hpl_ -, 112 lb<,
Silicate of potash, 220, \ lb Dusnels- M^»

1845. Sulphate of ammonia, ) , . . 01 , , . n/,e .
!>,'.. , '> eachicwt., 31i do., 4,266 do.,
Muriate do., ) , .

1846. Sulphate of ammonia, 2 cwt., 27 do., 2,244 do.

The increase by the salts of ammonia upon the former crop ma-
nured by super-phosphate of lime and silicate of potash, is a striking
result, and shows that the soil in order to reach its capacity for a
crop of cereals, requires, besides the phosphates, those fertilizers
which can furnish nitrogen. It does not prove that phosphates can
be dispensed with, but only that unless nitrogenous bodies are ad-
ded the crop will be less.

§ 96 — Nitrates. — The union of nitric acid with a base, as potash
and soda, constitute nitrates, a remarkable class of bodies. They
are all soluble and easily decomposed. When thrown upon glow-
ing coals they deflagrate, or burn energetically with flashes of
flame and scintillation.

Nitrate of potash, saltpetre, niter. — Its manufacture illustrates
its formation in the soil. If the refuse of old buildings, its mortar,
animal refuse, ashes, &c., are mixed in a heap and exposed to the
air and watered occasionally, especially with putrid urine, they
become charged with nitrates of potash and soda. "Whenever,
then, the circumstances are favorable, these salts will be formed;
the animal matter furnishing the nitrogen which unites as it is de-
veloped with oxygen. The elements of the nitrates are found
under houses, in caves, or wherever organic matter is mixed with
earth protected from rains.

80 NORTli-CABOLINA GEOLOGICAL SUBYKY.

Both nitrates of potash an«l soda are highly esteemed in agricul-
ture, thoogh the high price of saltpetre debars it from general
use. fa action upon young crops, when applied to them at the
rate of one cwt. per acre, is highly favorable. Tree.-, the BU{
cane and the grasses become fresh and green, and when combined
with the phosphates is one of the most important fertilizers, ..
contain- in combination, the most important elements which the
crop demands — nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. Nitrs
increase the foliage of plants: and hence, for grass, or meadows,
they are particularly and immediately serviceable.

Tl . sometimes called soda-saltpetre, is a native

net of Peru and Chili, being formed in the earth in those sec-
tions where rain rarely falls.

.^ 97. Chlorides. — The compounds consist of chlorine and a I
as sodium, uniting directly, or without the previous union of the
base, with oxygen. The most common, and to the agriculturist the
• important, is soft, or the common table salt. It is a native
production in many countries, occurring in solid beds, which have
to be quarried like rock. The bed near Cracow. Poland, is sup-
posed to extend 500 miles, and is 1,200 feet thick. Salt springs
are common, but the ocean is the great reservoir of salt. It con-
tains about four ounces to the gallon of water. Salt has been and
is variously estimated as a fertilizer. It strengthens the straw of
the cereals, and is supposed to increase the weight of the grain.
It is more important in land, or at a distance from the sea, than
upon the shores.

- • 'hlorid <*/ ammonia. — Sal ammoniac of the shops. Mu-
riate of ammonia. This well known salt has proved by experi-
ment, to exercise a beneficial influence npon crops. It is, 1
too • -■ in its pore state, to be economically employed it:

ricultun. A tolution for steeping seed corn is recommended ; it
ha-tens germination, ami i< Bupposed also to add to the luxuriance
of the crop.

s - Pure silica, or pure flint is strictly an acid, but

it is s.» insoluble thai under common cirenmsta real charac-

ter is disguised. Put put finely ground flints in!<> a solution of
;-!i and the silica unites with the potash, and forms a soluble
f poUuh. Silicates, then, are bodies constituted like other
salts, liaring a base united with soluble flint. The silica may be

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. SI

separated from its combination by the addition of an acid, and the
silica will form by itself a gelatinous mass, which is a silicic acid
with waii r. If tins gelatinous mass is dried, the silica becomes
gritty and is really now what is called quartz, and is no longer
soluble.

Now in the soil there is always a small quantity of soluble quartz,
and certain plants must have it in order to give strength to their
stems. All the cereals and grasses are furnished with this substance,
which is mainly deposited upon the outside : which both protects
and strengthen the straw. ]t is not properly a nutriment, but in
the organization of the grass tribes it is an essential element ;
wherever the soil is deficient in soluble silica, the straw of the
cram is weak. The celebrated German Chemist, Liebig, proposed
the use of special manures, consisting of silicates mostly, as a
fertilizer for wheat, rye, oats, turnips. Arc. His special manures.
however, have failed to meet the expectations of his friends. They
failed on the ground that mineral substance alone, and by itself, is
insufficient to supply the wants of vegetation. The failure lias an
important bearing on our practical views, showing clearly enough
that organic matter is essential to plants. It does not prove that
what Liebig proposed was useless and unnecessary, but that he did
not go far enough ; he fell short of a sound theory by excluding
from his potent fertilizers vegetable ?natta\ from which the organic
acids are formed.

The silicates of rocks are not wholly insoluble, they are attacked
by water and carbonic acid, and by their joint action are dissolved.
It is by their action that the soil is furnished with soluble silicas.
That such a result is possible is shown by the action of rains and
carbonic acid upon window glass, while a silicate which become^
gradually opake, especially in stables, where carbonic acid escapes.
Distilled water alone dissolves glass. The tumblers used in carbon-
ated spring water are coroded by carbonic acid

Straw furnishes silicates, when spread over the surface of fields.
but, if burnt, the silica becomes insoluble. Hence, straw should
be applied without change. Its organic matter is als<> put to use.
Straw spread upon meadows for grass is an excellent application.

| 100- Ashes contain a large number of fertilizing elements; in-
deed it may be presumed that whatever an ash contains performs
something in the economy of the vegetable which yields it.

v- NoKTH-CAKOLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

The ash of .»• is the kelp of commerce. It contains pot-

ash, soda, lime, silica, sulphur, chlorine, iodine, etc. The existence
of these elements in marine plants throws li^ht on their action upon
vegetation.

V. . ishce c tain, among other things, . or carbonate

of potash. The composition of ashes depends upon the tree and
the part burned; the bark furnishes an ash whose composition dif-
fers from that of the wood or the leaves.

The ash of the hark and wood of the white oak contains the fol-
lowing substances:

8APWOOD. BAEK. BKAS1

Potash, 13.41 0.86 9.68

Soda 0.52 169 6.88

Sodium 2.78 0.08 «

Chlorine 4.24 0.19 ".47

Sulphuric acid 0.12 0.08

Plant of peroxide of iron, lime and

lesia :;2.25 L&10 l

Carbonic acid 8.96 89.80 tf.S

Lime 30.85 54.89 4:;. 21

Magnesia 0.36 0.20 0.85

- 1 0.81 0.86

- labia silica 0.89 .86

gaoic matter 5.70 1.16 7.1"

The tree furnishing the ash grew upon a clay soil rich in lime.
It wid be observed that the bark is much richer in lime than the
wood, while the wood is richer in phosphates; and the Holiest part
<»f the wood is that of the outside. The same result is shown in the
distribution of potash; the outside wood contains more than the
heart wood, and i i the bark it is reduced to a minimum quantity,
only 0.26 per cent. These are leading facts in the distribution of
the elements of growth in the vegetable kingdom, and we may feel
assured that it is not an accident that they are thna distributed.
It is probable. that lime distributed to the outside is best adapted
to the protection of the vegetable ti<>ue<. The newest parts, asthe
oatSlde wood; derives a part of it> elements from the inside, espe-
cially the phusphates, which are no doubt transferred by the circu-
lation. The law which has been already expressed, holds good in
all the correct analyses of the parti of trees: their distribution is

NORTH-CAKOLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 83

upward and outward, tending continually to the new parts which
are being developed.

§ 101. The ashes of peat differ in composition according to the
nature of the plant from which peat is formed. There will also be
changes in the composition of peat which is old, when compared
with a now growth of it.

The following analysis by Johnson, shows the general composi-
tion of peat ashes :

Chloride of sodium, 0.41

Phosphate of lime, 2.46

Sulphate of lime, 18.66

" magnesia, .... l.GS

Carbonate and silicate of magnesia, 6.32

" '♦ potash and soda, 5.32

" " alumina, 11.63

Oxide of iron, 9.18

Silica, 15.55

Insoluble matter, sand, &c, 7.94

Carb. acid, coal, etc., 10.85

100.00

In this sample the gypsum is much greater than usual, and the
silicate of alumina is foreign matter, as alumnia is never a true ash
product.

§ 102. On reviewing the general principles which are set forth
in the preceding account of fertilizers, we may understand that it
is not sufficient to apply to the soil fertilizers in their simple state,
and at random, provided the planter determines to derive from
them the greatest benefit. We are unable to increase their power,
but their elements of fertility may be preserved or prolonged by a
suitable management, which in reality would be equivalent to an
increase of power. The most active and valuable ones require the
most particular attention. Guano, for example, requires careful
manipulation, and when it is once determined how this volatile
compound is to be treated, it furnishes a rule for others whose com-
position is closely related to it.

Of the different fertilizers, we may arrange them into four
orders.

84 NORTII-CAROLI>'A GEOLOGICAL 6URVKY.

In the tir?t, we may place those which contain a notable per
centaire of ammonia, in such a state of combination that it is freely
exhaled, or exists in a volatile condition.

In the Bccond, those which by chemical changes form ammonia,
ami which aif :ne volatile.

In the third, we may place the fixed salts: and

In the fourth, those compounds which consist of carbonaceous
matters, and possess also the character of comparative stability
under ordinary conditions. The latter order is well adapted to a
general u>e with the preceding, either as an absorbent of tlie vol-
atile matter, especially ammonia, or with the salts, with which they
form combinations consisting of an organic acid and a mineral

The probability is that the best results are secured by mixing
our organic with the inorganic in every instance. By adopting
this course, the time when soils will begin to exhibit signs of ex-
haustion will be far in the future, or certainly postponed in-
definitely.

CHAPTER X.

The quantity >>r ratio of the inorganic elements in a plant may be increased by
cultivation. Source of nitrogen. Specific action of certain manures, particu-
larly Baits. Kami yard manure never imiss. Use of pi
manure sometimes fails, as gypsum:

;. Wiule it is well established that the organs of plants
possess each their own component, inorganic elements, it is equally
well proved that their quantity may be increased or diminished by
BUHdee of cultivation. The organs -till maintain their differei
in respect to the ratio of the component elements under any system
of culture.

A- an illustration of the changes which may be produced by
mod. - of cultivation, we may cite wheat. If, for example, it is

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. S5

manured with the ejects of the cow, it furnishes a smaller propor-
tion of gluten than if manured with fertilisers richer in ammoni*.
When manured as above, the berry contained 11.95 parts of gluten

and 62.34 of starch. When manured with human urine, which is
rich in the elements of ammonia, it yielded 35.1 of gluten : nearly
three times as much as in the former case. Gluten determines the
weight ot' the grain, and, to a certain extent, its use. T.ie flow
which is suitable for the manufacture of maccaroni, must be rich
in gluten. Certain soils produce, without fertilizers, a heavy wheat
rich in gluten. This is a fact with the wheat of Stanly county X. C.
which weighs 6S lbs. to the bushel, probably the heaviest wheat
ever sent to market.

§ l"i. The important principle contained in the foregoinc facts
have a practical bearing; they determine the practicability of rais-
ing a crop adapted to a particular use, independent of the influence
of climate, and hence of increasing its value.

In relation to the subject of ammonia, much thought has been
given, and many experiments made to settle the question of its
source. As nitrogen forms a large proportion of the atmosphere
it was natural to infer that the atmosphere might furnish this ele-
ment directly to the leaves or to some other part of the plant
This view has not been adopted, and it is moreover well settled
that ammonia exists in the air in small quantities and is dissolved in
rain water; it is also contained in fresh fallen snow, but notwith-
standing its presence in the atmosphere, it is essential to its recep-
tion in the plant to combine it with an organic acid, which nature
effects in the soil, which contains organic matter, in the condition
of acids, as the cerenie and apocrenic.

Certain other saline manures exercise a specific action upon
crops. Those of ammonia are, perhaps, the most general in their
effects ; all crops continue to grow longer under the influence of
these salts, or continue in a ^rowing state until late in the season.
Nitrate of soda has a similar effect. AVith respect to their applica-
tion to certain crops, which we wish to have ripened within a cer-
tain period, as tpbaccOy for example, they would not be adapted to
it; it would cause the plant to continue growing until frost; it
would be in the unripened state, or only ripened in part ; and hence
the tobacco would command only an inferior price m marker.

80 ::th-carolina geological mryi.y.

•

£ 1".">. Certain -alts promote the growth in perfection of particu-
lar parts Tims when the straw of wheat or ry<
weak, theory would load t<> the use of the soluble silicates of lime
or potash, for the purpose of supplying the eilex where it is required.
The practice is attended with good results. When the ear is not
well tilled, the phosphates are resorted to, as it is here that this >alt
is deposited in ti _ uantity. The leave- ine are
developed by carbonate of potash; and the phosphates again
develope or go to the fruit.

Other fertilizers seem to be adapted in certain conditions at least
to all crops. Farm-yard manure never comes amiss, provided it
een subjected to bucIi physical and chemical changes which
the crop requires. It is not always proper to apply it fresh or in
the con< g manure. Gypsum is specially adapted to the

growth <>t' red clover, and ashes and marl will bring up white clover
in places where it had not been known to grow perhaps at all.

Phosphate of magnesia has been praised for potatoes, and the
super-ph f lime is the best dressing for turnips.

Bui even the foregoing well authenticated facts are somewhat
local; for certain reasons not well ascertained, some of the striking
effects of these special results, do not occur in another section of the
country, or at least are far from b ing60 striking It is never pos-
sible to predict the effects of gypsum on crops, though its proper*
ties mnst 1 everywhere; that is. must always act as an

absorbent of ammonia and water, but still it is said to fail at times
[n i glai ' • ' particularly praised, while in

country th< re are only a few districts where it is not attended
with bei thecrop. Natural fertilizers, however. -and

al<»ne in their failures. Those manufactured for a particular end
are found :•• fail frequently. Failures no doubt occur by a misap-
plication of the substance; it may be given in esc
a destroyer. It may fail from an unfavorable . and may also

fail from adulteration or for want of a natural purity in composi-
tion as a great excess of inert and valueless substance with which
it is intermixed.

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 57

CHAPTER XI.

On the periodical increase of the corn plant. The white flint, together with the
increase of leaves and other organs. The proportions of the inorganic elements
in the several parts of their composition. The quantity of inorganic matter
in an acre of corn and in each of its parts. Remarks upon the statistics of
composition.

§ 106. The changes which a plant undergoes during its period
of growth are worthy of attention. For the purpose ot illustrating

the development of vegetable organs, we have selected the Indian
corn or maize ; and as the growth of the foliage exhibits the views
we wish to bring out, we have tabulated the weekly increase of
the leaves in weight, and the amount of water they contain, together
with the quantity of ash the whole weight furnishes. The obser-
vations begin in July and are continued until August 11 :

AUGTST 4. AUOrST 11.

•28H' 1642

2179 1227

B8L97 36.59

This table shows the rapid increase of weight in the leaves from
July IS to August 4, after which the leaves rapidly lose their
weight, by supplying, no doubt, nutriment to the corn, which is
then tilling up. There is in most organs a growth which
attains its maximum at a certain period, when it seems to retro-
grade. This view, however, applies only to the subsidiary organs
All the energies of a plant are Concentrated on the production and
perfection of seed. The stalks of corn increase in about the same
ratio as the leaves.

-r^LKS. time: JVLY& jcly 12. jcly IS. July 24. aim;. 4. auo. 11.

Weight in giains, 100 1084 3041 5219 +o'.»7

Water, 92 987 2871 4686

Ash, 94 8 16.82 29. 4S 51.2:.

.5 lo7. The stalk attains its maximum growth between by the
4th and before the 11th of August, and begins to yield up its nu-
triment to the ear, which is rapidly forming. By the 23d of the

time :

JULY 5.

JULY ia

JCLY IS.

JCLY 29.

Weight in grains.

367

698

886

2294

Water,

304

568

869

1835

Ash,

•J. 75

75 G

8.32

41.58

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SIKY.Y.

month, ■ week later, they weigh 2,237 only. In the selection of
specimens, if was attempted to employ such u were equally ad-
vanccl Mid of equal size, as possible.

<j 108. The increase in weight «>f the white flint corn during pe-
riods of one week and during the period embraced in tl ing
. will he expressed in the following tables and remarks.

( »n the 28th of June the corn was IS inches high, and had increas-
ed in height during the preceding week 7£ inc.

weight of each plant, S

Increase in weight 68.

July 5th, hight 26 inches; increase in hight, S inches :

W< igM of one plant .--..

•t weight ilurin^ the week 152J

ige increase of one plant per day, 21.7

Jaly 12th, hight of plants 35 inches; increase 9 inches :

Weight of one plant B61.8 grs.,

[ncrease pn- week 482.7

-lay 61.83 -

July 19th, hight 4:1 inches; increase in hight 6 inches :

Average weight of each plant "7"

I iring the week 177.

r 'lay 35.31

Jelv 2r)th, hight 4'.' inches; increase in hight ♦'>. or one inch per

'■it of each plant 2

• k 1181.6

! ■ se per day 170.29 "

per hour

Angus is 9 inch'

\\ .-lit of each plant

ght per week 1868.

Average pi r day 181.

• ige per hour,

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 89

August 9th, hight 65 inches ; increase during the week 7 inches :

Average weight of each plant, 38.27 grs..

Increase during the week, 280. "

Increase per day, 11.92 "

Increase per hour, .49 "

August 16th, average hight 72 inches; increase 7 inches:

Average weight of each plant, 0780 grs.,

Increase of weight during the week, 2953 "

Increase per day, 430 "

Increase per hour, 18.16 "

August 23rd, average increase in hight of plants for the week
.76 inches; increase in hight during the week 4 inches:

Average weight of each plant, 8170. grs.,

Increase in weight, 1389. "

Average per day, 198. "

" per hour, 8.27 *'

August 30th, average hight 7S inches; increase in hight during
the week 2 inches:

Average weight of each plant, 10.580 grs.,

Increase during the week, 2.409 *'

Increase per day 344 "

" per hour, 14.34 "

September 6, average hight of each plant, 7S inches. No in-
crease in hight for the week :

Average weight of each plant, 12.917 grs..

Increase during the week, 2136.

Increase of weight per day, 305.

Increase of weight per hour, 12.72

On comparing the parts of the plant with each other at this
stage of growth, we find they hold the following proportions to
each other:

6

IfORTII-' iABOLINA GEOLOGICAL 8CRVKY.

Tassel, 147.!'* grs., 2.2f> per cent.

Upper part of the stalk 1128.8 •• 0.68

Lover part of the stalk, 8084. " 1.18

- itlis 12:". •• 1.42

r.»7»>. " Let.

tai Btalks 1217. " .48

Hoskl 2484. - 1.65

Kernels !»26. « .488 "

Cob 1255. •• .354 M

The composition of the ash of the leaves and sheathe at thi*
stage of growth is as follows :

LEATEJ 8UF.ATIT* A!CD nr«K.».

Potash 10.15

Soda, 22.1.3

Lime 3.38 1.96

Magnesia, 2.38 2. "2

Eat thy and alkaline phosphates 14.50 13.80

Carbonic acid, :;."><> 4.14

Silicic acid 3"i.27 38.1"

Sulphuric acid 5.84 6.86

Chlorine 1.63 4.34

At a later period, that of October 18th, when the corn was ripe,
the learefl and sheaths were composed of:

LJATEi. SUM

Potash, 8.33 T.48

8.52 12.44

lime 4.51 2.13

Magnesia 0.86 0.7'.*

Phosphates, 6.85

Silicic a'-i'l 51.2")

4.05 trace.

Sulphuric acid, 488 1 2.27

.Chlorine 2.66 2.96

| L09 The stalks of the period were composed of:

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 91

STALKS.

Potash, 16.21

Soda, 24.09

Lime, 2.84

Magnesia, 0.93

Phosphates, 16.15

Silicic acid, 12.85

Carbonic acid, 1.85

Sulphuric acid 10.73

Chlorine, 10.95

The phosphates of the leaves of the October's growth are less
than in thoee of September 6. The amount of the alkalies have
apparently diminished, though it is possible that comparisons may
be fallacious, seeing that the results are obtained from the analysis
of different plants, growing also on different hills, and may prove
to be due to other causes than those connected with the distribution
of inorganic matter by the influence of the organs. Our theory is,
with respect to the distribution of the inorganic matter, that the
leaves furnish to the grain a part of their store, or that it is trans-
ferred from the leaf to the grain.

The husks are composed of:

iicbks.

Potash, 3.51

Soda, 9.82

Lime, 0.45

Magnesia, 0.07

Phosphates, 26.25

Silicic acid, 47.65

Sulphuric acid, 6.67

Chlorine, 5.56

Carbonic acid, trace.

For feeding stock, horses, cows, etc., the advantages of one organ
over the other are not very great, so far as the inorganic matter is
concerned. The silicic acid or silica is the greatest in the husks,
which may be regarded as the useless part ; but it happens that
the plioxj'ha'es are greater in the husks than the leaves at this
stage ; but again, the potash and soda are greatest in the leaves.

In the sheath and leaves, taken at the same date, Sept. 6, there
are but slight differences in composition in the two organs, leaf
and husks. A comparison of the composition of the leaves and
the grain of the white flint corn of August 22 1

N«ii:TH-< Alii.I.INA (, I "LOGICAL SIRVKY.

LiAvrs. w*.

-:, 12.76 28.92

Soda 8.51 22.59

Lime, 6.09 0.16

Magnesia, 1.25 2.41

Alkaline and earthy phosphates, 19.25

Silica 50.55 0.60

Sulphuric acid, L18 4.38

Chlorine, 8^76 9.40

The alkaline and earthy phosphates, potash and soda, exist in
large proportions in the grain, while the silica is rod need to a
minimum, and is confined to the cuticle.

; 11". Analysis of the grain and cob of the 8 rowed yellow corn
of the same ear :

URAIV. COB.

Potash, 27.35 37.85

Soda, 5.79 1.83

Lime, trace. 0.24

Magnesia trace. 8x68

Earthy and alkaline phosphates, 62.76 86.67

Chlorine 4.10 2.96

Sulphuric acid, 3.48 9.20

Slier, 1.78 10.70

Per centage of ash, 62 .40

As it regards the value of the cob for nutriment bo far aa its in-
organic matter is concerned, it is plain that it has a certain value
and should not be lost. Cob ashes are known to be rich in the al-
kalies even when guided only by taste; but at this stage the potash
amonnta to '•>' per cent, and the phosphates to 36 per cent, and the
.silica to only ten per cent. Bat the per centage of ash is small in
the -cob. scarcely amounting in any case to more than one-half of
one per cent.

§ 111. The hnskfl of this variety of corn and which belong to the
tame Btage <>f growth, are composed of:

Potash 2 I.n:.

Soda 2. n4

lai b. of lime, 0,27

Magnesia, 0.28

Phos. of lime, magnesia and iro*i, , . 2D.43

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 93

Chlorine, 1.11

Sulphuric acid, 11.11

Silica, 32.13

From observation and experiment it appears highly probable,
that the S rowed yellow corn is one of the most valuable for feed-
ing ] roperties. Its parts are all of them rich in inorganic matter.

§ 1 12. Upon an acre of corn we raise about 18,700 plants. These
plants will contain 466.80 lbs. of inorganic matter. This inorganic
matter will be distributed to the parts of plants in the following
amounts:

Tassels, 64.239 grs.,

Stalks 525.525 "

Sheaths, 594.962 "

Leaves, 1.195.845 "

Silks, 25.284 "

Husks, 434.091 "

Cobs, 264.600 "

Grain, 480.690 "

3.585.036 grs., =7468.82 oz.=466.801bs.
Of this quantity the leaves and sheaths will contain of:

LEAVES. SHEATHS

Silica, 82.681 pounds, 39.667 pounds,

Earthy phosphates, 29.273 " 7.546 "

Lime, 9.400 " 1.581 "

Magnesia, 1.910 " 0.589 "

Potash, 19.704 " 5.571 "

Soda, 13.142 u ','.262 "

Chlorine, 15.072 u 2.202 "

Sulphuric acid, 6.461 " 8.928 '*

The weight of the inorganic matter of the grain and cob will be :

GRAIN. COB.

Silica, S.y.iO 4.678

Earthy and alkaline phosphates, 22.187 8.229

Lime, 0.187 0.103

Magnesia, 1.606 0.309

Potash, 14.950 12.315

Soda, 14.118 _'.n34

04 :lH-CAK'iI.INA GEOLOGICAL SIKYI.Y.

CUeniM 0.309 0.04.">

Sulphuric acid, 2.740 0.118

The stalks of one acre will contain :

Silica 8.1

Earthy phosphates, 1 < •

Lime 1.926

Magnesia 0.640

Pota*h 11.087

Soda 17.094

Chlorine 7.491

Sulphuric acid, 7.:>J

64791 pounds.

§ 113. The several amounts of the inorganic elements will stand
as follow - :

LBS. OZ. DECIMAL PARTS OF AS OrNCr

Silica ±78.12.496

Earthy phosphates, etc 93. 3.'.'s4

Lime 18. 9 -

gnesia, 5. 0.1

Potash 66. 2.944

Soda 61.15.184

Chlorine 28. '

Sulphuric acid, 29.11.696

m.16.1

§ 114. The foregoing statistics of the corn or maize elements
show thai it is an exhausting crop. This is agreeable to the opin-
ions of the best informed farmers.

The maize crop is remarkable for bearing high culture without

danger of ai ve growth of stalk or leaves. In this respect

it is quite different from wheat or oats. The rich lands of the

tern counties of North-Carolina produce great crope of maize.

but when wheat is put upon them, the crop consists of etrasr instead

of grain, which is even of a p • quality, so far as it is produced

in, the foregoing statistics show the actual amount which
each part contains, and what it removes from the soil. An infer

NORTH-CAROLINA. GEOLOGICAL BUBVEY. »0

ence from all these facts is, that it is not sufficient to supply the
phosphates upon an exhausted soil to restore it to fertility : the
quantity of potash, soda, etc., which may be and probably is com-
bined in part with silica, shows that the soluble silicates will be
required in the list of fertilizers. Plants require foliage element^
as well as [train or seed dements j for undoubtedly the perfection
of the seed is dependent, in a great measure, upon the perfection
of the foliage. This precedes, or is developed first, and when we
rind it green and luxuriant, we predict a line crop of grain.

CHAPTER XII.

Value of foliage for animal consumption depenoV upon the quantity of two differ-
ent classes of bodies: heat producing and flesh producing bodies. These two
classes arc the proximate organic bodies, and are ready formed in the vegetable
organs. Proximate composition illustrated by two varieties of maize. Their
comparative value. Analysis of several other varieties of maize for the pur-
pose of illustrating difference of composition as well as their different values.
Composition of timothy, etc

§ 115. The true value of foliage is determined from the quantity
of the proximate elements of certain organic products developed or
produced in the organs and seeds of many plants, particularly those
which are in common use for feeding animals. Of these elements
starch, sugar, gum. dextrine, gluten, legmnen. casein, albumen,
are the most important. The list is naturally divisible into two
classes. The four first form a class which have been called respira-
tory elements, and furnish the body with heat and fat; they are
destitute of of nitrogen. The remainder, of which gluten stands at
the head, are the flesh and strength producing elements, and are
known to contain nitrogen, and hence are sometimes called mtro-
<i>ic nts. The first class meet a special want in the animal

economy, that of supplying it with heat, and when they are taken
in larger quantities than the system requires, they accumulate
around certain parts in the form of fat.

.\>kni < AK'oMNA GEOLOGICAL BUftfEl.

It is evident that as the economy of the animal system requires
not only heat bat Btrength and muscle or flesh, and as these are
furnished from plants in the first place, that any given plant is val-
uable fur food in proportion to the quantity which these twoelas

lements are contained in the vegetable or which it can furnish.
In order to determine the value of a plant, then, these different
aees and individuals of the class are separated or isolated from
their natural combinations, or in other words they are analyzed.
As an example we may take the composition of maize, which will
show the proximate composition of the grain. Its ultimate analy-
- 8 would be, resolve the proximate bodies into the elements, car-
bon, oxygen, dydrogen and nitrogen. The proximate elements
exi>t ready formed in the yraiu, leaf or §tem^ and they are separa-
ted from the tibre or cellular tissue by water, aleohol, ether, weak
alkaline, solutions, etc. The grain, then, in its proximate elements
of ready funned bodies, contains:

S BOWED WniTE FUST. WHITE KEN1CCKT DEXT CO*>.

Starch 57.47

Oil, -

Dextrine or gum 4.01

Sugar and extractive 18.81

Albumen -2.-2T 4.44

it 0.39 0.80

filuten ".72

Fibre

Water 11.48 18 I

The heat producing bodies in the two varieties an- :

FL1XT. KENTCi'KT ■ OXS.

Starch 57.47 5".'.<:2

8.56 0.M

4.01 3.08

Sugar 18.81 13.80

i i fat producing bodies.

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 97

While the flesh producing are in the

KLIST COT.N. RHTUCR COEN.

Albumen, 2.27 4.44

Casein 0.88

Gluten 1.67 0.72

4.33 5.96

In the Kentucky corn the flesh producing bodies exceed those in
Flint corn.

To give another analysis of corn for the purpose of showing a
still greater difference in the varieties often cultivated, we select
the small blue corn used for parching. It contains:

Starch 42. -36

Oil. 5.30

Sugar and extractive, 15.32

Gum, 7.52

Albumen, 5.00

Casein, 2.04

Gluten, 4.73

Fibre,* ••• 8.56

Soluble in fibre by potash, 8.55

The tine parching properties of this corn are due to the large
quantity of oil present in the grain. Another variety of pop corn.
the lady finger, contains nearly T per cent, of oil.

The sweet corn is still more remarkable in its composition, thus
it contains:

Starch, 11.00

Oil 3.60

Sugar, 6.62

Dextrine or gum, 24.82

Extract, 8.00

* Fibre is the hard stringy part of vegetables ; it is wood or the fibre of flax ;
cotton lint is the purest form of fibre ; bruise or beat wood or straw or grain, dis-
solve out by water, ether, alcohol and a weak solution of pearlash all that can be
and the part remaining is fibre; it exists in the excrements of cattle and ha
and forms much of their bulk.

N"Uni-CAU"UNA OSOIjOOIOAL sukvkt.

Cilutcn 4 _

Albumen 14

• in

Fibre 11. -2 4

Water II -

The Btarch in this variety is reduced to a minimum quantity, and
the gum or dextrine i> increased to the maximum known in maize.
The gOm, no doubt, replaces in part the starch, and it is tin's ele-
ment which causes the great shrinkage in the kernel, from which
■re should very naturally infer that the corn was gathered in an
unripe condition. This, however, is not the fact, lint the sweet
corn i- eminent for it- tiesh producing elements when it is seen to
contain 14 per cent, of albumen and 5 per cent. of casein.

§ 116- The value of the corn leaf, or fodder, as it is cav.
more accurately ascertained by submitting it to an organic proxi-
mate analysis. When thus treated timothy and corn leaf arc found
tu be composed of:

TIMOTnT. CORN LEAF.

Fibre 68.14 60.00

Wax ■_ - undetermined.

Sugar extract and dextrine, 8.20 10.00

Albamen 1.89 0.82

Casein 2.84 1.60

Water, l-2.:;.« 10.17

The insoluble fibre mak.-s the hulk of the leaf, and serves in the
animal economy to till up space, or give a proper degree of tension
to Inc membranes. The albumen and casein are nearly a- la
in corn leaf a- in the best of grasses. The red top, a favorite hay,
imposed of:

Rbw ||

Was i \

Resin,

Extract and tugar b.oo

Albumen, ] 4'i

•in 1 -

Water 10.00

NOKTH-CAROLLXA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 99

§ 117. It will be observed that the insoluble matter, or fibre, in
the three kinds in the above examples, timothy, red top and corn
leaf, are really the same, or nearly so. All the other bodies, classed
as nuiritivi and fat producing, make up the remainder. They dif-
fer in quantity in these individual specimens, yet. it is probable,
that for feeding stock, as they generally grow, sometimes on rich
and sometimes on poor soil, they cannot differ essentially. One.
in its general run, will support as much stock as the other, for it
will he observed that cultivation, or no cultivation, changes the
character of the crop. If, however, we compare the foregoing
compositions with another species, which grows naturally on a cold
wet soil we shall perceive a great difference.

For example, a carex (a swamp grass) collected just before it
was to blossom was found to be composed of:

Fibre B6.90

Wax i

Albumen 2.84

Casein , trace.

Resin 0.47

Extract and sugar ,;

The greatest part of this grass is unnutritious fibre, still it is not
deficient in albumen, bat both classes of bodies are reduced to a
low per cent age. We find less than 15 per cent, of the heat and
fiesh producing bodies combined.

Composition of the common garden pea. rice and wheat, so far
as their proximate organic elements are concerned :

PEA.

Water 14

Starch 42

S _■ if and gum 6

Nitrogenous substances, 24

Oil 2

Woody fibre 9

Ash 3

LOO

Rice contains a larger amount of stalk than wheat or corn, but
in nitrogenous substances it is less than one-half of that in wheat,
and in the pea they exceed the rice more than three times.

IICE.

WHEAT.

13

IS

'

42

4

'.i

7

HI

1

.->

4

ti

1

.•>

•:th-cakoi.ina geological suit

I AFTER XIII.

\ >n of tuberous plants with respect to their nutritive elenu:
potat Street | Their nutritive va. red.

| 118. Tlie family of vegetables which rank next in nutritive
value to the cereals are the tuber bearing plants, potatoes, a
potatoes, turnips, etc. They owe their value mostly to the presence
of the same heat and flesh producing graina The

inorganic elements are the same as in the cereals and gi .-- », but
their proportions differ somewhat from them. Th
cer potatoe, which is. in general repute, is composed of:

■nan potatoz.

Silica, .

karthy and alkaline phosphate?, consisting of lime,

magnesia ami iron i

Lime t.U5

Magnesia

Potash 14.J

B b

Sulphuric acid tj.25

Carbonic acid irace.

A curious fact which we brought out in the analysis of the pota-
- is the difference in the proportion of both water and ash of the

ends, and he-ides the rose end. if planted, will form potatoes earlier
than the heel end. They are com] -

■m
Water 8 - 70.17

Diy matter ]•

Ash | n

§ 1\{K The proximate organic tnaljsis of the tuber of tlie mercer
- j more information, as it rega j its 1 ■•■ as qualities. It
contains :

3 rch ;i.71

Rbw ;..--

Gluten 0.J

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 1,01

Fatty matter,

Albumen '

Ca-ein O-50

Dextrine, "■ ' -

Sugar and extract

The water of the potatoe amounts to about So per cent. The
starch is less in this sample of mercer than in the early June, which
contains 13.37 per cent. As it regards flesh producing bodies all
the potatoes rank low.

^ 120. The following analysis of the sweet potatoe will enable
the reader to compare it with the Irish as an article of food, partic-
ularly with regard to its flesh producing qualities. The ash is com-
posed of:

Silica. 1S5

Earthy and alkaline phosphate? 8*10

Carbonate of lime 0.60

Magnesia

Potash, 4'A36

Soda 50a

Sulphuric acid ■•»■

Chlorine *■•■

Carbonic acid 15. , -2

The tuber contains:

Water c

Drv matter, :?' a

Ash 109

g 121. The proximate organic analysis gave:

SWEET POTATOE. TCENir5.

Starch, ' ' 7

Sugar and extract, 5.8 -

Dextrine,

Fibre 1-85 -

Matter dissolved by potash -.10 ~]

Albumen, 6.8 H

twin 108J

A body that resembles balsam - - * oil.

Water, ^6.56

|02 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

The e analyses serve to confirm or rather to agree with the

common opinion, that the sweet potatoes rank considerably higher
in the scale of nutriment than the Irisli ; they furnish more of the

producing bodies; they contain less water. Both are rich in
potash. The per centage of ash appears low, but in both it is ex-
treinelv fnsible and difficult to obtain in a pure condition fur weigh-
ing as it is very liable to be caustic. The ash of the leaves and
stems is composed of:

Silica 81.60

rthy phosphates K

Carbonate of lime 15

Magnesia none.

Potash 18.51

Soda !'.4f,

Sulphuric acid,

Chlorine -J."'.'

P< r cent of ash in leaves, i'

" stems,

The sweet potatoe compared with the turnip used so largely for
fattening stock in England, is far superior in every point of view.

CHAPTER XIV.

(Tomposilion of the ash of fruit trees; as the peach, apple, pear, Catawba grape
• carbon or pure charcoal which some of the hard woods give bv
ignition in closely covered crucibles.

§122. Persons who cultivate fruit trees may wish to know the
composition of the inorganic matter or ash which the different
parts furnish. The following analysis will fulfil in part, at least,
their wishes. The peach being a very important fruit tree in this
State, :ted from among many which have been made. The

ash of the parts of the peach is composed as follows :

NORTII-CAKOLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

105

BARK.

Potash, 2.20

Soda,

Chlorine of sodium, 0.04

Sulphuric acid 4.1!)

Lime, 42.17

Magnesia, 2.10

Phosphate peroxide of iron, 0.40

Phosphate of lime, 0.79

Phosphate of magnesia, . . . 0.51

Silica, 4.13

Coal,

TTOOP.

LEAVES.

7.11

12.41

11.18

0.10

0.30

1.51

12.12

22.20

14.77

0.40

8.00

0.32

2.47

20.1!)

10.44

1.34

3.15

1.05

0.42

4.48

In the tbresroimr analysis the carbonic acid was undetermined.
It appears from the analysis that sulphates, gypsum probably, will
have good effects upon the peach tree. The leaves in another
analysis made in July, gave:

PEACII LEAVES.

Potash 14.28

Soda 21.22

Lime 10.22

Magnesia, 5.90

Phosphate, 11.60 '

Sulphuric acid, 4.42

Chlorine, 5.12

Carbonic acid, 14.80

The pits of a peach are rich in lime, phosphate of lime and silica.
Lime must hold an important place as a fertilizer for the peach
tree, provided we attempt to fulfil the indications furnished by the
composition of leaves, wood and bark. The alkalies, potash anil
soda, are also to be supplied. Ashes, however, will supply all its
wants.

§ 123. Composition of the leaves of the pear and apple tree. at
the time when the flowers had just fallen:

APPLE THEE LEAVES. PEAK TUEE LEAVES.

Potash, 27.17 l*.'-'5

Soda, 11.83 16.19

Lime, 3.38 4.71

Magnesia, 2.74 4.50

Chlorine, 0.79 undetermined.

Phosphates, 26.00 25.05

N.-iHIi-CAUnUNA GEOLOGICAL BCBYKY.

Sulphuric add, ln.12 undetermined

Silica 4.66 1.76

Carbonic m id 56 1 1.66

Botli tlie apple and pear leaves are rich in alkalies as well as

Whether an analysis in September would furnish

similar res ts ia doubtful, as it is believed that there may he a

• thes lies to the maturing fruit.

8 1 -J4. Analysis of the ash of the leaves of the Catawba grape,

gathered June 2d :

tab 18

- hi B

l:«c i

Magnesia 1.74

Phosphates 82.96

Sulphuric acid — - ' ' - •

Silka M

Chlorine, 0.74

Carbonic acid :''"~>

Ash of the wood 0.08

At this period of the year the leaf is rich in phosphates and
alkalies. It is well known that bones and alkalies are among the
best fertilizers for the vine.

125. The ash of wood, it is shown, differs in the proportions vt'
organic matters. They differ also, in quantity of carbon or char-
coal the wood furni<hes. Thus. beech wood gives 17.16 per cent,
hareoal. Deducting its ash, it leaves 16.94 as pure charcoal.
The iron wood gives L6.21. Deducting ash, it leaves 1 ."».'.' 1.

The broad leaved laurel gives only 7.30 : and deducting ash, ,;
The wood is very compa it.

The chestnut gi - 1.75; ash 9.27.

The white elm gives 15.84 per cent of eoal, minus ash ; leaves
16.04.

The black lurch gives 16.01 charcoal, minus ash. equals 15.96.

Th<- pear tree has 9.79 per cent. of coai, an«l the apple K>.nu :
abstracting the ash of the latter, it is reduced to 15.70,

From th< ng, it appears that the quantity of cai'h

coal which the hard woods furnish, rarely exceeds 17 per cent., and
Inced bv extracting the ash.

XORTH-C-LROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 105

CHAPTER XV.

Nitrogenous fertilizers most suitable for the cereals. Correlation of means and
ends which meet in fertilizers. The final end of nitrogenous bodies. The
power to store up or consume fertilizers modified by age, exercise and tempera-
ture. Error in cattle husbandry. Crops containing the largest amount of
nutriment. Weights of crops, etc Indian corn and turnips. Sweet potatoes.
The produce of an acre of cabbage, etc Cultivation of fruit trees — trimming
and protection.

^ 126. As those substances are the most suitable for fertilizers,
especially for the cereals, which contain the most nitrogen, so, those
containing this element are the most suitable food for animals; and
as none of the cereals can be grown without tiiis element, so ani-
mals cannot be sustained unless it forms a part of their food. There
is, therefore, a correlation of means and ends existing in the estab-
lished order of things between what plants and animals require for
sustenance. In the first case, it would seem that the nitrogenous
compounds are secondary necessities, while in the latter they are
primary, or have immediate reference to the characteristics of the
class of beings by whom they are required. They are more essen-
tially the force creating elements, and are designed to be expended
for this purpose, and never to accumulate beyond the creation of
the parts which are the seat of the force, while in the vegetable
kingdom they accumulate and are not consumed in the performance
of any of its functions. Gluten, a nitrogenous element, and starch,
a heat producing element, accumulate in the grain. There they
remain until on being received into the animal structure; the lat-
ter is expended in developing heat, the former in motion or exer-
cise of the muscular organs.

>; 127. The tinal end, then, of furnishing nitrogenous bodies to
growing vegetables, is to supply necessities which the nature and
construction of animals demand ; and herein is a broad distinction
between the two kingdoms — accumulation in one, waste in the other,
or a consumption of its own organs in animals, requiring therefore
constant renewal to supply the place of the wasted tissues which
have been expended in the development of force.

In the animal economy the heat producing bodies, starch, gum,
0lj| and sugar, cannot be substituted for the flesh and force produc-
7

106 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL BUKTKT.

ing bodies, gluten, albumen and fibrin or casein ; their functions
being totally different A dog cannot live on pure starch or sugar ;
neither could his lite be sustained on pure fibrin. There is always
a mixture of these bodies in all kinds of food as prepared by the
organic bod!

"Wheat. Indian corn, rye, etc., have been shown to consist of a
number of elements belonging to each of the class whose functions
in the animal economy have been stated. Any of the cereals will
sustain life, as they furnish both heat and flesh. Rice contains less
of the flesh producing elements than wheat. Indian corn by itself
is probably the best life sustaining body of this class.

§ 12S. The ability or power of the animal machine to consume
and store up elements is modified by exercise and age. The grow-
ing animal only accumulates as it is necessary ; it is a law that the
young should attain the size of the species ; so in passing from the
embryo to the adult state, consumption falls short of accumulation,
when the adult s'tate is attained accumulation is no longer necessary,
and the amount of food taken has to be adjusted to the preservation
of the balance between the food eaten and the forces which con-
sume it. Exercise increases consumption, a tact established by
numerous experiments made with healthy animals. This is an im-
portant consideration when applied to the fattening of animals.
"When they are allowed to run at large and exercise at will, or even
subjected to such an amount of exercise as may be required to
feed, the accumulation of fat is slower, and the quantity of food is
It --. which is necessary to reach that state of obesity required for the
stall ; a larger amount of food is necessarily consumed than is essen-
tial to it when the animal is still and performs no more exercise
than health demands.

In illustration of the foregoing statement, it has been determined
l»y experiment that where 20 sheep were allowed to run at large
in an open field, they consumed 19 lbs. of turnips each day for 3
successive winter months; they gained during the time of trial 512
pounds. Twenty other sheep kept for the same time in a shed,
and upon an average consumed 15 pounds of turnips per day, and
increased in weight 790 pounds. In addition to the turnips both
flocks were fed half a pound of linseed cake and half a pint of bar-
ley, but from inclination the enclosed flock consumed one-third less
linseed cake than the out door flock. The increase in the confined
flock was greater, and also the consumption of food less.

NOJBTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 107

Protection from cold weather is another way of increasing weight
by the use of less food. Those elements which are burnt in the
system for the purpose of developing heat, must be provided in
larger quantities and proportionate to the severity of the cold to
which they are exposed. The starch, oil, sugar, etc., is consumed
for the generation of heat, which would be deposited in fat if the
medium in which they are placed were warmed or was protected
from extreme severities.

The natural adjustment, then, of food to the wants of the system
is influenced by age, exercise and temperature. The two latter
may be controlled by means both simple and cheap, so that both
food is saved and accumulations of fat deposited.

§ 129. The great error in this State in cattle husbandry is, the
practice of compelling animals to shirk for themselves both winter
and summer. So effectually do they consume all they eat in win-
ter to keep themselves warm, that when spring comes they are
more than spring poor, and two months is required to get them up
to a living condition ; and it is rare that a fat animal is found or
made during summer and autumn.

There is, then, no doubt that shelter and food is required in North-
Carolina as well as in New York, though the climate is miuh more
favorable here for every purpose than in the north. The natural
food which is mostly the produce of old fields and the wood and
swamp ranges, is far less nutritious than the cultivated vegetables ;
more exercise is required to get it, and hence a greater amount of
expenditure of force is necessary. This, coupled with the fact of a
less nutritions food and exposure, accounts tor the small size of the
stock of the Southern States.

§ 130. It is an interesting enquiry, what crop or production con-
tains in itself, the largest amount of nutriment or life-sustaining
elements? In a question of this kind, it should be understood that
it is not simj ly albumen or gluten, the flesh producing bodies, which
are involved in the question, or the quantity of heat producing
bodies as starch, sugar and gum ; for neither class of bodies is in
reality life sustaining by itself, but it relates to, or means to inquire,
what crop per acre contains that combination of the heat and flesh
producing bodies in the greatest quantity ? A good old Alalthusian
would regard this as a question of the deepest import, and would
call to his aid the power of arithmetic and of the statistics of crops
to solve the question.

108 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

tain a close approximate solution of this ques
it is nee several weights of the crops which an

acre yield? under good culture. An acre should yield, for example.
25 bushels of wheat, though large territories mag
than 15 bushels; hut an acre which will yield '2.r» bushels of wheat
will yield 60 bushels of corn — it is always competent to do this:
hut the reverse of this is not true, for swamp lands will readily pro-
duce the Indian corn, but not more than half the amount of wheat"
and of a poor quality.

If Indian coin is compared with the turnip, which is regarded in
.'and as furnishing the greatest amount of life preserving ele-
ments, it will appear that in this respect it exceeds our favorite
crop. 1 lined that a crop of turnips yield per acr.

pounds, but only one-ninth of this is nutriment, the rest is water;
there is. therefore, out of tne 07,000 pounds only ^.444 of dry mat-
ter. The heat producing elements only equal 6,290 pounds, and
the flesh producing bodies amount to 1,000 pounds. The grain of
Indian corn contains in an acre 2,780 poun ch. oil, Arc.

which belong to the heat producing bodies, while the flesh produ-
cing amount !•■ B40 pounds. If the grain only is taken into the
unt, turnips rank higher than corn in their life sustaining pow-
er. But it may thus be that though turnips outweigh Indian corn,
it is not clear that in actual service this crop could by itself be em-
ployed fur the human family; it answers a good purp - - e of
our dishes, and s san sh to a tnrki F; no one

would like the process of being fattened exclusively upon turnips.
'an corn being susceptible of all kinds of treatment by the
cook, «ach one r>f which is. generally relished, it is highly probable
that it should be placed highest in the scale as a li: .ing

132. Of the root crops, though turnips in England are prefer-
to all others for fattening cattle, yet they must rank far b.

The dry matter in t: itoe amounts

r cent. It contain- l!» per cent, of starch, •"• per cent, of

•. and nearly 1 per cent of dextrine or gum. Its heat produ-

araount I : ■ r cent, at least. It
nearly 7 per cent, of flesh forming bodies. A

gli per acre about 30, - Is. The
quantity of starch, -uirar. Arc. will amount t< 7,62J pounds, and

>*0RTH-CAK0LLXA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 109

the weight of the flesh producing elements amount to 2,100 pounds.
The life sustaining elements, therefore, in the sweet potatoes exceed
those of the turnip, and would be preferred bj far to them ; and if
the human family was reduced to the alternative of subsisting upon
a single product, the sweet potatoe would do, because, like Indian
corn, it may be cooked in various modes and made to suit the pal-
ate, which is by no means to be lost sight of. But the turnip has
too much water, is too insipid for daily use by itself, and could not
be employed alone as a life sustaining substance, notwithstanding
its rank. It takes rank because of the immense weight of a crop
upon an acre. Taken pound for pound and it ranks low in the scale
of nutrients. A person would have to consume 3 pounds of turnips
to obtain the nutrient matter of one pound of the sweet potatoe, if
our estimate is founded upon the quantity of dry matter which they
respectively contain. In the Indian corn there is about 14 per
Cvmt. water ; by the most thorough drying it amounts to 16. The
remainder is important as a nutrient, taking the word in its broad-
est signification.

We are aware that Johnson's doctrine is somewhat different. He
maintains in his scale of heat producing elements that the turnip
will support eight times as many men upon the same acre as wheat.
On the other hand, when they are estimated for flesh forming qual-
ities, turnips will support four times as many men as wheat, Indian
corn, or barley.

Cal>bage, however, it is admitted, ranks higher than turnips in
its rle'sh forming elements. The Irish and the negro population
seem to understand this; the former particularly, purchase in mar-
ket a cabbage, if it is to be found.

;; 133. The produce of an acre of cabbage amounts to 21.2 tons
if their heads average 10 pounds each. Of this quantity 2»0.2 tons
is water and 4 is dry cabbage, of which a ton will contain 324
pounds of nitrogenous matter. A ton contains IS pounds of inor-
ganic matter, but if the substance is perfectly dry, it contains 153.9
pounds. The problem to be solved, however, is not the power of
the different kinds of substances to sustain life by their actual
amounts of heat or fle^h producing elements which they contain-
It does not seem to be intended that either man or beast should
subsist upon one kind of food. The appetite is never satistied with
one or two things even, — it seeks variety; and when variety is at-

110 ;TH-CAROLIXA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

tainable, the strength for labor and the enjoyment of health attains
its maximum power.

Ton cabbage are important articles in the list of nutri-

ments: and although they may contain more nitrogenous matter
than wheat <«r corn, yet f as would make them their exclu-

at and drink, unless driven by n< do; and if

neoess upelled men to take them, the power to work and en-

dure fatigue would be diminished, while Indian corn, wheat, or
eve:. -. though they contain less nitrogenous matter,

would supply the wants of the system much better.

134. It ia maintained, and the fact should be noticed in this
connexion, that root crops, particularly the turnip, are to be spe-
cially recommended for cultivation as they impoverish the land
:. however, at the facts. A good turnip crop weighs
to the aci '• pounds, and its inorganic matter or salts amount

to 4" Is to the acre, while wheat has only about 60 pounds

in the '2~> bushels. Cabbage takes awav about 600 according to
Johnson, but this is rather to little for dry cabbage; it amounts to
.34 pounds. Gri en cabbage contains only IS pounds to the ton.
When we consider, then, the great weight of a good crop of turnips
it will be admitted, we believe, that they are really
more exhausting than the cereals. It makes no difference in the
final results if it is proved that the root crop derive a 1; re of

their nutriment from them ; they must obtain inorganic matter from
the soil in due proportion, and experiment proves that they rem
more from the Boil than other crop;.. Thi- with a yiew

to d g of roots. They have their place in feed-

inter and spring when the green - an-

>uld not be selected for cultivation on the
erroneous doctrine that they do n<»t impoverish the Boil, or to
amount than the cereals and many other crops.

'ur icmarks thus far have related to the cereals and those
hich are I for the Bustenance of man, or rather the

character <.f the elements which he constantly empl

Wt ai ■':.• te in fruits, which are of vast im-

port;, l'iieir cultivation ia every where, we may Bay, receiving

special . but many work on the old doctrine that a fruit

tree or vine will provide for itself, if it is once fairly planted and
watered a few times. It lives and may be it flourishes a few year.-.

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Ill

but in process of time it ceases to grow, and its fruit fails in quan-
tity and quality. In such a result the planter is very apt to say
that the climate is unsuitable for its growth.

But let us briefly inculcate the true doctrine relative to trees.
They require fertilizers as well as the cereals, and most of the fruits
are injured by heavy grass culture, and especially by corn. The
reason is they arc robbed of food. Roots extend much farther than
many suppose; hence the deep plowing at a distance from the trunk
breaks up the rootlets and cuts off the channels through which nu-
triment ordinarily flows. Thrifty and profitable trees are made in
this way only, that of supplying that variety of nutriment which
any farmer knows his wheat or corn requires. The mode which
should be followed in applying it, is to broadcast it over the sur-
face, and which should extend beyond the shade of the branches.
Very few rootlets for the support of the tree are thrown out, ordi-
narily, near the trunk. It is of little use again to trench around
the tree and deposit in the cut manure — it is far better to give the
whole surface of an orchard dressings of composted manure. Such
a course favors the development of rootlets, and the nutrient mat-
ter is carried down to them in that dilute condition which their
spongioles require ; and lastly, trees require clean culture, the re-
moval of all Meeds beneath, and suckers which sprout from the
base of the trunk.

§ 136. Many trim their trees outrageously by cutting the lowest
large branches; the consequence is the production of a high, slim-
headed tree of little value. The growth of the apple tree is upper-
ward and narrow, with only a slight tendency to spread or expand
latter ally. This mode of trimming the tree increases the upward
growth, and hence, a very imperfect head is formed by the lateral
extension of the side branches. Trees thus mutilated alwavs
remain . if the word can be applied to trees. Even peach

trees in North-Carolina are deprived of their best bearing branches.
In addition to the injury sustained directly as fruit-bearing trees,
their trunks are also exposed to the heat of the sun, which blasts
the south or south-western sides, in consequence of being deprived
in part, at least, of the shading which they require from the
branches.

In regard to vines, we believe the European mode of close trim-
ming not well adapted to the cultivation of our native graves. It

118 XOKTH-CAEOLIXA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

is unnatoral, and not really reqnired by our climate. It is true.
the Catawba, under the knife and shears of foreign cnltori

e survived thus far their mutil; *.his fact rather

pre - and natural recuperative powers under

injury, than the utility of the practice. Wliat tlie human system
may endure under physic is one thing: what it requires, and is
nee- perfect health and developemeir.

In our southern climate, protection from a burning sun on the
side exposed from noon till tive. is one of the most important
points to be attended to, and probably it is equally necessary in
the growth of young orchards and vineries to protect the r be
during the heat and drouth of summer bv m The object

lerve the water of the soil, or prevent its excessive ew.
ration by organic matters, which are the most retentive of moisture
of all bodies which can be employed for this purpose.

NORTH-CAROLLN'A GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

PART II.

AGRICULTURE.

CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS, WITH MANY

ANALYSES. OF THE S< JILS OF THE

SWAMP LANDS.

EBEXEZER EMMONS,

STATE GEOLOGIST.

"KALEIGH-:

W, W. HOLDEX, PRINTER TO THE STATE.

1-60.

PREFACE.

The Swamp lands of Xorth Carolina seemed to require a special
examination in consequence of their variable characters and their
great extent of surface. Differing in all respects from the uplands
but possessing among themselves certain characters in common
and at the same time as bodies of land other characters, which
are not common, we have entertained the opinion that they richly
deserved a careful examination, and have been encouraged to
underrake it in the hope that it would result in the discovery of
many important facts. Such a result has been hoped for by the
fact that other State surveys, as well as those which have been
undertaken by private enterprise, have left this field untouched.

Viewing the subject in its most general points, before the work
was undertaken, it seemed that the most important questions re-
quiring solution were those which related to the condition and
state of the elements which compose these soils, their relative and
absolute quantities, and their prospective powers of endurance
when brought into cultivation ; the latter of which would be de-
termined, or at least indicated, by the per centages which analyses
would give. These are some of the views which have governed
us in the choice of measures we adopted in executing the task, and
which have also incited us to the undertaking. As we had already
determined from several analyses that there were varieties of soil
included under the general term $wam_p lands, though they have
the same aspect and appear much alike, and yet were found to be
unlike the best lands under this class ; so we felt that it was im-
portant to be able to point out those particulars in which they
differed. This is not at all difficult when subjected to laboratory
tests, but it would be still more useful to point out some method
which could be executed by the planter, and upon which he could
rely,, at least so far as to distinguish thereby the poor soils from the
rich.

vi PREFACE..

The method proposed is simply a mechanical separation of parts
bv mean of water, and by which the coarse sands may be obtained
v from the finerthe latter of which are really the important
inorganic parts, and which give in analysis the lime, iron, aluminar
phosphates, magnesia, etc. These complex elements,, which furnish
::portant nutritive or available elements differ in different
localities and in different parts of the same tracts, facts which are
explained in the text. In some they are reduced to 2.50, op 3 to

4 per cent., when in other parts perhaps of the same tract they
exist in proportions varying from 10 to 50 per cent.

Bv a mechanical separation in the mode we have described,, a
planter may determine these important facts for himself with suf-
ficient accuracy to guide him in his purposes, for it is an established
principle, that when the inorganic matter does not exceed 3, 4. or

5 per cent., the land will not produce well. If, however, this small
per centage exists only in a top layer, and at a depth of IS inches
or so, there is a stratum charged with a larger per centage, say 10
to 15 per cent, of inorganic matter in which the fine soil exists.
the land may be cultivated successfully \ ifT however, a stratum of
this kind is 5 or 6 feet below, or we have a mass of this thickness
composed almost exclusively of vegetable matter, the plant will be
unable to send its roots thus far, for it will perish too soon to secure
a foothold on life, just as it would in a bed of marl, or a heap of
stable refuse.

The Carteret county open prairie has been re-examined, and we
find a more favorable composition of its soil than at a previous
Drainage of a tract ha9 effected a shrinkage of the vegeta-
ble matter so much that a stratum of soil may be reached by the
roots of crops. The tract, in its poorest constitution, i.s by no
means to be ranked with a first class swamp soil. I have stated
that there is a belt of excellent land surrounding the open prairie.
But though the open prairie is not well adapted to the growth of
the cereals, yet for Irish potatoes it is admirably constituted, and it is
not improbable but that an enterprising man would make money
heir cultivation. But I have stated the principal facts in their
proper places, and need only refer to them in this place.

The labor required in the analysis of so many specimens has-
been exceedingly great. The work has been in hand mere than twe
years. My assistants have been employed with me in the work.

PEEFA€E, V

when in town and when out door work was impossible or could not'
be proseeuted to advantage. We have no doubt that much mere
should be undertaken, the results of which would be anvantageous-
to the State, at least indirectly. It is highly important that lands
so fertile should be brought into cultivation, and we have no doubt
that large tracts which are classified under the term, trwamj) lands T
are to become- the best in the State for the growth of cotton. The
great want which is felt is the construction of roads Iry which
these lands may be reached and brought into market. We have
no hesitation in saying that the' two millions of acres of swamp
lauds are worth four millions of upland. In a rough estimate of
this kind, we take tirm and esopenm ef cultivation into the account —
the time these lands endure without the use of expensive fertili-
zers, and-the ease arid the slight wear and tear of the instruments-
Heed in cultivation,, when compared in the same list of expenses-
required in the cultivation of the uplands of the middle counties,.
However this may be, our aim has been to place the merits of
these lands .in their true light ; not to exaggerate or depreciate
Tf this- aim has been secured we shall be satisfied with the result*?-..

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

The compensations which take place in nature and by which a balance of force*
is preserved Considerations relating to water. Water surfaces. Evaporatioi
regulated by saline matters in the ocean. Carbon and carbonic acid. Insolu-
bility of vegetable matter a conservative condition. Average fall of rain.
9— 17.

CHAPTER II.

The utility resulting from the analysis of soils. Methods pursued. IT — 23.

CHAPTER III.
The swamp lands. Their mode of formation and geological age. 23—26.

CHAPTER TV.
Geographical position of the swamp lands, and their extent in North-Carolina
Defective information in the public archives of the State. The Savannah
lands, etc. 26—28.

CHAPTER V.
Temperature of soils. Distribution and circulation s>f heat. 2S — 32.

CHAPTER VI.

Swamp lands divided into six districts. The Dismal swamp district has not
been explored. Diversity of composition of these lands. Elevated in the-
middle. 32—35.

CHAPTER VII.

Composition of swamp lands stated. Hyde county. Natural crftp is Indian
corn. Number of plants to the acre. Quantity raised. 35 — 49.

CHAPTER VIII.
Position of Plymouth. Quality of soils indicated by the growth of timber. Cost
ot drainage. Composition of four specimens of soil from the south side of
Albemarle sound. Mechanical separation of elements, etc. 50 — 57.

CHAPTER IX.
The Pungo tract. Gen. Blount's plantation. General description of this part of
the Albemarle swamp, with its natural growth of timber. Depth and compo-
sition of the soils of this section of the swamp. Mechanical separation of the
parts of the soil. How the poor soils of this class may be improved. Tyrrell
county. The centre of the Albemarle tract highest in the centre. 57—65.

Till TABLF. OF CONTENTS.

lPTEB X.

Say river District, composition of its soil. The 4th district of Swamp lunik.
The open prairie of Carteret county, composition of its soils. Change effected
by drainage. Inorganic matter increases with the depth «f soil. •".."> — 74.

CHAPTER XL
•Composition of soiis towards Beaufort. Composition of Mr. Sefton's swamp
land Adams creek soils, Craven county. Dover swamp Craven co..
Eta hight above Nawbein. Composition of it6 soil.

CHAPTER XII.
:np lands of New Hanover and Brunswick counties, their composition
remarks. 80—86.

CHAPTER XIII.
iall berry lands, and their composition. The Savannah lands and their charac-
b'cs and -compositisn. 87 — DL

APPEXDIX,
lining brief descriptions of the Mineral Springs and well waters which
cs;-ur in and about Raleigh, !'---

SURVEY OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

PART II.

AORICULTU

Mat, 1860, E. Emmons.

CHAPTER I.

The compensations which take place m nature and by which a balance of forces
is preserved. Considerations relating to water. Water surfaces. Evapora-
tion regulated by saline matters in the ocean. Carbon and carbonic acid. In-
solubility of vegetable matter a conservative condition. Average fall of rain.

§ 1. Rational farming rests on compensations, and has to be
•conducted in accordance with the known laws of nature. If, in any
part of space the balance of the forces is about to be lost, there
will immediately set in counteracting forces to restore the balance
which is thus endangered. The machinery of nature is so construct-
ed, or under the government of such forces, that a balance is pre-
served among them. Heat rarefies the air, and it rises in space, but
its place is immediately supplied from the surrounding cooler atmos-
phere. The great body of it may be moved over extensive areas,
and when it has been subjected to excessive heat, the balance
must be restored by winds and forces acting with a violence pro-
portioned to the causes of disturbance. The evaporation of water
from the soil is in part, and for a time, restored from the reservoir
below. When, however, solid matters are removed from the soil
by cultivation, the balance can be restored only by the hand of
man. Even water has to be provided in certain countries by irri-
gation. But in the general operations of the natural forces, ample
provision is made for supplying water, ammonia and carbonic acid
to all parts of the earth's surface. If no provisions existed in the

In m "KTH-CAROLIXA GEOLOGICAL SUKVKY.

machinery of nature to effect a general distribution of these im-
portant elements, the earth's surface would he a barren wai
Irrigation can only supply water under favorable circa rostan
The great reservoirs of water fur watering the earth are the oceans.
Let as see how the machinery works when it is furnishing the
Bnpplies which vegetation every where requires. In the fir-
know that the area which is to he watered must
be rightly proportioned to that from which the supply is to come,
and this supply is derived from the water surfaces provided for
purpose. Now, the Atlantic ocean has an area of twenty-five mil-
lions of square miles, and the Pacific of seventy millions. T:
are the two great water surfaces upon which an earths snrfae
thirtv-five millions of square miles is dependant for a constant -
plv of this element. Now, it is a necessary part of the arrange-
ment, that water should pass from the state of water to a light
vapor, at all temperatures. Water has this property, though we
connect its vaporous state with its boiling condition, when its tem-
perature is raised to 212° of Fah. Bat at this temperatnre
find that the heat it receives is just balanced by its apparent I as
or by latent heat in the vapor as it escapes. While heating up to
212° its accession of heat is greater than the lose i op in

vapor, and hence, continues to accumulate, or to grow hotter, till
it reaches this point. If vapor was not formed till water boiled,
or indeed, if not formed at all temperatures, the earth would be
uninhabitable.

Water then exposed to the atmosphere at all temperature- _ te
sufficient heat to change it into vapor. It is water still, but its par-
ticles are so widely separated by heat or expanded that if seen, it
is a mist, a do •/. or m<i . [ts

the water surface, but this is not all ; the heat which has thus gen-
erated vapor, ci - ■ currents, moving air, or wind : am! wind
ts the transporting agent by which vapor is borne landward. It
sweep- over vast area-, reaches the mountain ranges, and upon
every object, tree, stone or land, which is cooler than the v..

:'. it deposits a parr of its burthen. This i> especially the
a- il pa up the mountain side, it it is tall and reaches the re-

gion of frost, it is entirely disborthened of its load. It is here, how-
r, where - and rivers are formed and from whence they

flow seaward, carrying back to the parent bosom every atom which

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 11

the sea had loaned. Should but a few atoms be lost in the outward
or homeward journeys, the sea would fail to be kept full, and in
process of time it would be dried rip. Every atom is therefore sent
back, and thereby the balance of nature is preserved. Water en-
dowed as it is, must circulate and supply the earth, and its people
with itself. A counteracting law would be required to arrest its
service. Our safety, however, for a supply rests mainly on the
ease with which the loaded winds discharge their "argoes. If they
were more niggardly, and held on to their possession with a miser-
ly grasp, the poor plains and rollii g hills would be swindled out
of their dues; and none but the snow clad mountain could extract
the liquid treasure.

Nature then has provided a machinery for the distribution of
water which works perfectly. The farmer may sit in his parlor
and see its operations. He needs no watering cart to supply his-
crops like those used to lay the dust of the streets of cities. Such
would be too expensive and cumbersome and would utterly fail.
Compensation is the law. If the mountains, hills, and plains are
irrigated by the forces of nature, ample provision is made for the
return of the element to its parent bosom to be re-used and so work
on as long as seed time and harvests shall continue. Now water
how many times soever it takes its round of circulation never wears
out, and it has been found, that a given area of land gets punctual-
ly its annual share; and those countries- which are- deprived of
rains or water in its usual form, ever remain in this condition.
This stability is due to the uniformities in the operation of forces.
The winds, unstable proverbially, are still under the government
of law, and hence, as carriers of rain, and distributers of the ele-
ments essential to the growth of plants, perform their offices so
punctually and regularly that the kingdoms of nature rarely suffer
from their failure to perform their office. But it seems to us at the
iirst thought, that as three-fourths of the world has to be laid un-
der water so that the other fourth may be supplied with this ele-
ment that nature has been too lavish in its supply of evaporating
surfaces. We are however, forced to admit the fact after we have
found that it is rare that it is any where in excess. It is true that
a few limited patches of land in India, where according to observa-
tions not less than GOO inches of rain fail during the year, a quanti-
ty which if furnished at one time would cover the country with a

18 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVl.Y.

depth of 50 feet. Here there appears to be be a great excess of
tliia element. As an offset however, to such excessive installments
of rain, we have several rainless districts, as Peru. Chili and the
Sahara of Africa, and hence it is probable that the average quanti-
tv of rain for the whole acreage of land, would scarcety exceed 50
inches: and hence, in the general operations of nature, there is
only a sufficient water surface to supply the rains which are nee
sarv to the vegetable and animal kingdoms.

The. annual fall of rain at Chapel Hill is 43. 9G inches. At Gas-
ton 40.83 inches, and at Murfrecsborough 32.54 inches. There is
no excess of rain it would seem from the few observations to which
we can gain access in the Eastern counties.

Wfl have said that all the water which the Oceans loaned from
their exchequers is returned in due time, not, it is true, in the same
individual particles, for the Atlantic furnishes water to the Pacific,
and there is no doubt a mutual interchange, but each gets its quota
and thereby keeps its coffers filled.

But rivers, though they return all the water required, they do
not return it in the pure, unsophisticated state it was when it set
out on its journey borne by winds to the mountains. On its re-
turn it is bnrthened with salts of various kinds. It robs the soil
every where of its matter which we call fertilizing. Is it a trespass
upon the plantation through which the rivulet flows, a robery of
which the farmer has a right to complain ? In general, it is not.
In a few particulars it may be. We think the Roanoko should
cease plundering the upper country, but in general, we may say,
it is a necessary tithe to the parent waters. It is necessary to en-
able these great bodies of waters to fulfil their functions to earth
.and man, to the kingdoms of nature.

According to Maikv, the Philosopher of the Sea, these saline
matters serve to keep the sea in motion ; they bring particles at the
too losing their proportion of fresh water, beoome more saline and
heavier, and sink to be replaced by particles moving upwards,
.lint when the evaporating forces act upon large surfaces under a
vertical sun, the excess of fresh water removed is so great that a
dimple in the surface of the sea is formed whereby the outer boun-
daries rush in to fill up the excavation. But saline matter in the
sea retards evaporation ; it becomes a check upon Eolus or any
wind which would .perhaps take too much at a time, and thereby

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

13

unnecessarily drench a part of the earth. Saline matter, therefore,
checks evaporation, and as fresh water floats upon the surface and
may be evaporates rapidly for a time, the process will be interrup-
ted when a more saline layer is reached ; moderation is thereby
secured.

§ 2. But it may be inquired, what consequences are likely to
follow from a constant access of saline matter in the ocean ? "Will it
become surcharged by evaporation, and will it become too saline
for terrestial vegetation ? Such would be the case were it not that
the forces of nature tend here as elsewhere to balance each other.
The sen is like a great peopled city. There are builders there who
want matter for their habitations. There is the coral insect who
builds reefs extending for a thousand miles in a continuous line;
there are oysters, clams, and myriads of shell fish as they are
called, who use vast quantities of lime and other materials. We
have seen that the great depths of the sea are sanded with minute
shells of foraminifera. All these builders conspire to keep the sea
well balanced and cleared of excess of saline matter, and there will
be no excess, because it is solidified by the organisms prepared
for the purpose ; and such has been the operations of life, in all
past time ; the older rocks are charged with marine organisms, and
the newer are equally so, and it is in this way the planter is pro-
vided with marl and other fertilizers, deposited where the sea once
stood. He now reaps the benefits of the saline matter which was
robbed from the land millions of years ago. It is now returned
back for his use in a better form and state. But the salt of the sea
would form a huge pile if gathered into one heap. Shafhautl has
computed, that the mineral matter suspended in the ocean, is
equal to twice the bulk of the Himalayas. It is even said that
there is common salt enough in the ocean, to cover an area of seven
millions of square miles to the depth of one mile. We have rea-
son to believe this immense amount of saline matter has been tak-
en from the land since rivers have flowed seaward, though it is not
fully settled, neither can it be; whether the ocean w;s created
brackish, or was originally fresh water like our rivers, the opera
turns of nature have not fully declared either in the affirmative or
negative.

§ 3. The swamp lands of North-Carolina and of the Atlantic
coast, contain a vast amount ef carbon. The vegetable matter is

1± N"KTH-CAROLDiA GEOLOUICAX, 6UBVEY.

often more than 10 feet deep; and sometimes it is not easily
sounded by the longest poles we can use. The quantity of organic

D in some turm, varies from one-half to nh
five hnndreths of the dry ma—.

Whence has this vast quantity of carbon been derived '. Now

- wet to this question does not appear to be difficult. In the

n*r-t place all of it was once alive, and it all consists of the remains

of vegetables whose constituent element is carbon. Now the

foundation 4>f this carbons

or a mixture of -and and clay: in a great measure is entirely
destitute of carbon or vegetable matter, and hence we may assume
that the original soil did not contain this element and could not
supply it. We are. therefore, obliged to look for a Ripply to the
atmosphere as has already been indicated in a former trea
It may be interesting to see the computations which liave been
made with respect to the quantity of carbon in the atmosphere in
combination with ox;. _ rming carbonic acid. Thus the whole

ght of the atmosphere being known, it has been determined
with great accuracy that its carbonic acid forms one thousandth of
this _ -. and as carbonic acid contains twenty-seven per cent.
of carbon, the atmosphere will contain three thousand and eighty-
five billion pounds of carbon. This quantity, it is maintained,
ceede all that is locked up in the forests, and in the condition of
mineral coal in the earth's strata. From thee - we maybe

that the air can furnish carb.»n to an unlimited amount.
It might appear that the withdrawal of this vast oauntity of carbon
from the Atmosphere would materially affect its composition. Of
this we cannot be assured. The withdrawal is a fact, but the

re adequate to effect a replacement of the ab-

red carbon. Thus in volcanic action vast qantities of carbonic
acid pass into ami mingle with the atmosphere. What is with-
drawn by the operation of one class of foi - is replaced by
another. BO that it will be found, that the true balance is preserved,
that which organised being-, by their constitution require.
In the coal period vast quantities rbon were withdrawn

from the atmosphere, and nolidified in the anthracites and bitu-
nn,! - da; and hence it ■! that this abstraction of

carbon rendered the atmosphere better and purer than it had been
informer peril ~. The carbonic acid in the concurrent chai

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 15

of the day, gave up its oxygen, which, being added to the atmos-
pheric mass, improved it to the amount thus added.

Whether the constitution of the atmosphere has changed ma-
terially since animals and plants were created, cannot be settled by
calculations of the foregoing kind. We must resort to the deter-
mination by facts of a different nature — those which relate to the
wants and necessities of organic bodies. If our observations on
animals and plants are extended to the coal period, we cannot find
that they differed in their capacities to resist the poisonous effects of
excessive doses of carbonic acid better than those of the present time.
They appear to have been fitted to precisely similar conditions of
the surrounding elements, and to have breathed an atmosphere
like our own. and to have inhabited a medium identical with the
waters now upon the earth's surface. In fine, it is not proved sat-
isfactorily that the deviations in the composition of the controlling
elements would injuriously affect the living organisms of the pres-
ent period. So that to all intents and purposes the atmosphere
was composed of elements existing in the ratios that they now
exist. It is possible, however, that compensating forces were more
active in early periods than now. If carbonic acid was removed
more rapidly from the atmosphere in the coal period, it may well
be maintained that volcanic agencies may have liberated more
carbonic acid from the interior of the earth than now, and hence,
a balance among the forces would be preserved.

§ 4. The vast body of carbon locked up in the swamp lands of
North-Carolina must have been in solution, otherwise it could not
have been received into the tissues of the plants. As it now exists
it can scarcely be regarded as a soluble substance. If its solubility
had been preserved it would have disappeared and found its way
to the ocean. Insolubility is a preservative force, intended to pro-
tect important bodies from waste. The property, however, is ex-
cessively strong; as hnmic acid resists water alone with consider-
able force, requiring 2,500 times its weight to dissolve it. Both
heat and frosts too affect its solubility; both enables it to resist so-
lution. In these facts we find a preservative power by which veg-
etable fertilizers remain a long time unchanged.

^ 6. While the carbonaceous bodies are soluble with difficulty in
water alone, we find that alkalies and particularly ammonia effect
their solution, and it seems that they have a strong affinity for this

16

XORTH-CAROLIXA GEOLOGICAL SUBVET.

ibeorfoiDg it readily wherever it is in their reach. A-
ammonia is present in the atmosphere, and as rain contains it in
small quantities and being carried down into the midst of the peat,
it diss - r combines with portions of it, and forms thereby food
for the nourishment of plants. "While then, water in which peat is-
constantly immersed scarcely dissolves it, ammonia comes in aid of
eble solvent powers, and thereby prepares a nutriment for the
_' crop ; but the great store of matter remains, and is only
prepared in divided doses. The conservative force exerted in so-
lution, is not probably all that is concerned in supply, it is not im-
probable that the vitality of the plant some way or other regulates
and controls the reception of nutriment. We are not prepared to
say how. It may be ultimately worked out by successive dis-
coveries similar to those which took place in regard to the changes
effected by the plant upon carbonic acid.

It would then be like the history of all great discoveries, effected
at different times and by the sagacity of different persons. Thus,
net, tirst observed the evolution of a gas from leaves immersed
in water : Priestly, discovered that that _ - - oxygen ; Ingen-
house demonstrated the necessity of solar light for its disengage-
ment, and finally, to complete the range of discovery, Lenwesteia
has the honor of showing that the gas oxygen, is derived from car-
bonic acid. It is thus that discoveries advance in a certain line,
by step towards an ultimate fact, or generalizatiou. which is
required in order to express the perfection of the advancing series.
- only at the termination of such demonstrative truths, that
theory receives its finishing stroke. In agriculture, practice has no
doubt advanced farther than theory. Indeed theory is so far in
the back ground that it may be : sting in expecta-

. rather than in fact. The advancement of agriculture then,
can; scribed strictly and in truth I : neither has it

been so much under its guidance as many of the sciences. Many

from theoretical dbctrii
practice of agriculture is ran _ d by them. In-

deed agricultural theories, s i&f, or t!

which ha _ n out of experience. That the practice of agri-
culture lias advanced far towards perfection without the aid of
is not su: g n it is considered that its operations

are very simple, and that results flow from them with great cer-

XORTH-CAROLIXA GEOLOGICAL SURTET.

i:

tainty. This tact lias prevented that special consideration of phe-
nomena, which would have come to pass in more complicated ar-
rangements. Besides, the phenomena with which agriculturalists
are most familiar, are enveloped in a kind of mystery ; and hence,
appear to be beyond their reach. They can however, bring out
the phenomena of vegetation in its season ; the grass and grain
spring up when they sow the seed : they grow up under their
eyes, though not in obedience to their will. They stand however,
in the place of its proximate cause and they have learned by am-
ple experience, that their growth may be promoted or retarded by
certain agents; yet, the why and the wherefore they have not sat-
isfactorily determined.

CHAPTER II.

The utility resulting from the analysis of soils. Methods pursued.

§ 6. A change of opinion has undoubtedly taken place in the
minds of farmers and chemists respecting the advantages of soil
analyses. Tn the earliest days of agricultural chemistry expecta-
tions were no doubt too high ; too much was expected. It would,
however, be contrary to tacts, to deny that agriculture has been
advanced by the analysis of soils and the ash of plants. The
knowledge of soils is certainly much more exact than it could have
been had their comp isition been left to conjecture: and it is certain
that farmers do proceed in the application of manures with better
and more distinct ideas of what thev are doing and what thev
want. They now know 'the reason why the expensive manures,
potash and the phosphates, need be applied.

§ 7. It is no legitimate argument against analysis because it has
not accomplished all the utility which may have been claimed
when systematic agriculture was younger. If farmers and chemists
will only look at results, or study the history of agriculture for the
last fifty years, they will feel satisfied that its advancement has

16 NOKTH-CAKol.INA OBOLOQJOAL M i:\l.Y.

been due in the main to chemistry, and in part to the direct results
of the analysis of soils. Indeed, no real or rational progress could
have been made until much had been done in this line of. chemical
arch. The importance of minute proportions of the alkalies,
alkaline earths and phosphates could never have been understood
without these analyses. Experiments too, have grown out of
chemical results of the highest importance. The use of organic
matter has been established by experiment- suggested by analysis.
It has been proved that organic matter is equally important with
inorganic, and moreover, must exist, or be furnished and exist in
it in a certain condition. Xo soil is absolutely destitute of organic
matter, but in the South its proportion is often too small. Planters
in the Southern States now understand why marl is injurious in
certain cases. They know how to prepare it for use to avoid dis-
astrous results; and all this must be traced to the benefit of the
analysis of soils. Show the planter a held which is deficient in
organic matter, and his application of marl will be governed by
this fact. He knows that if a large dressing is applied, his objects
will be defeated. He will proceed and make a compost of organic
matter and marl; and he knows that thus prepared, he may use
marl freely on poor land.

Now. accident could not have put him in possession of this im-
portant practical precept. lie would, and did find out, that heavy
dressings of marl were injurious to crops for one or more years:
but he would never have discovered that it was due to a deficiency
of organic matter. This main fact was determined by analysis,
and moreover, it led t<> the settlement of the question respecting
the condition of the matter itself, and it is well established that it
is necessary that it should be oxidized, and pass to the condition of
an acid, in which state, it combines with the alkalies and earths,
and forms soluble bodies. These organic salts become the food
of the crop. The fact then, 'hat organic matter is indispensable
to a fertile soil, together with the reason why. has grown out of
analysis. Bui this is only one result It may be- said generally,

that all the most important experiments in the growth of crops

have grown out of the analysis of soils. For example, it was found

that the phosphates and alkalies formed only small fractions of all,

even fertile soils, ami it occurred as it naturally would to philo-
sophical minds whether such small doses were really necessary to

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 10

the ripening and perfection of a crop. Experiments to settle this
important and interesting question were set on foot to determine
it, and they have resulted in showing clearly and satisfactorily that
however little they may be, they are still essential to the perfec-
tion of seed. Now, what has grown out of analyses must be re-
garded as it respects utility, as a part and parcel of the original
investigation, and analysis thus viewed cannot be regarded in other
light than as having been eminently useful. It was necessary that
it should precede and prepare the way for this experimental work,
and we may probably assume that unless the preparatory steps had
been taken, those important questions would not have been pro-
pounded.

The great objection which has been made to the utility of analysis
is that chemistry is incompetent to detect the certain minute and
essential elements of soils, without which the plant cannot perfect
itself, may exist in the soil in sufficient quantities, and yet be
beyond the reach of the chemist's skill to detect them.

Chemical analysis for example pretends not to rind a less fractiou
than J- of a strain ; an acre of soil one foot deep will weigh 2,000,0l>0

10U0 = . " , ,. . 1

pounds ; an ordinary wheat crop will take oft 200 pounds ot mineral
matter, allowing one half to be phosphates and we have only one
twenty thousandth part composed of that part or quantity; and
hence, too small for the chemist to find. Four hundred pounds ot
guano, conainingsay one-fifth phosphates applied to an acre entirely
destitute of phosphates, would, it is claimed make all the difference
there is between a good crop and no crop at all ; but this eighty
pounds,- distributed through (2,000,000) two million pounds of soil
would be too trifling a quantity for the present state ot chemical
analysis to detect. Besides, it is farther said he does not need it, it
being too expensive and the general deductions of the chemist are ot
more value to him than any [.articular analysis of his soil. Grant-
ed ; but then, these very deductions are either the results of analy-
- -. *>v of experiments which analyses have suggested and called for.
There can be nothing truer, and hence to discard analysis on the
grounds stated is unjust to Liebig, Johnson, Mulder and others.
Then again it is said that a Boston chemist found a barren >and of
New Hampshire, with the same composition as another specimen
from the rich Sciota Valley. This we doubt ; be that as it may, the
subsequent paragraph shows very distinctly the prominent differ-

:TH-CAROLINA GKoLOGICAL SCRTKY.

ences of the two example? of soil. The New Hampshire barren

remelv Sciota Valley soil on the c

e.xrretnelv fine. No one denies the importance of texture in a

the chemist who should neglect to state the differences between
two bo much alike in the quantity of sand, would omit a very im-
of information. It would belong - s€ gen*

eral deductions which the chemist has formed from either
.ical and mechanical analyses of soils.
Again, the statement that one-fifth of the four hundred p
_'uano, consisting of phosphates distributed through 2,
ponn - - 1. makes all the difference between a good crop

trop at all, is an assumption. In the case of the appli<
guano, it is only fair to assume that the 400 pounds added is just
BO much addition to the fertilizing matter already in the soil, and
in most cases we have never found an exception to this result, that
-phates may be detected in 1000 grains of any soil. >Ve are
unbelievers in the doctrine that SO pounds of phosphates only in
0 pounds of soil would produce a crop of wheat or any
other crop : that it will, however, or will not, requires to b
by experiment.

R. The correct analysis of a soil is by no means a short and
ea>y task, as many have supposed, or - to suppose when tl

f-rward their packages to the laboratory, and seem to expect re-
;, - within twenty-four hours, .at least.

That the reader may entertain more rational l I of 1
than is usually expressed by our correspond* _ in part

remarks upon this subject, by I>r. (*. T. Jackson, i f Boston**
"The analysis of soils is so difficult, and n - BO much time,

that the chemist is often discouraged, and if pa
it would cost more than he could well afford. Hence, krnsl
analyses must be made at the public expense, under the direction

government. The manner in which the present analyc -
been made, demands from twenty to twenty-five days, and no
chemist can properly attend to more than one at .' a time.

I state this to correct erroneous impressions on the subject. In de-

:1, we have to work on a great

at office report I

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 21

number of its separate portions, sometimes employing 100 grains
in the analysis, and at others 25, while to separate those ingre-
dients which occur sparingly, we employ at least 1,000 grains for
each determination. The results are subsequently reduced to per
centage in the tabulated form. In the first place, the sample has
to be dried at a moderate temperature in a current of dry, warm
air, and then thoroughly mingled, so that the successive portions
taken for analytic processes may be exactly alike.

To determine the amount of organic matter, 100 grains dried at
212° Fah. are burned in a platinum crucible, when the loss by
combustion and volatilization is ascertained by decrease of weight.
Then the soil is dige3ted with chlorohydric acid, the matters solu-
ble in the acid are ascertained by the usual method, and their pro-
portions stated. Another analysis of 25 grains is next taken for
analysis by entire solution, and this is decomposed b}' fusion with
carbonate of soda in the manner employed in the analysis of inso-
luble silicious minerals, and a complete analysis made, all the in-
gredients being weighed excepting the alkalies, which are deter-
mined by difference, while their relative proportions are ascertained
by the analysis of 100 grains of the soil by acids, and then their
ratios are computed for that portion which had been analyzed by
fusion with soda.

Again, separate portions of 100 grains each are employed for
the determination of the proportions of carbonic and phosphoric
acids, the first being ascertained by expelling, by means of a
stronger mineral acid, in a proper aparatus. The phosphoric acid
is thrown down from an acid solution in combination with peroxide
of iron, lime and magnesia, all of which are precipitated by am-
monia. The weight of these substances combined is first ascer-
tained, when they are all re-dissolved and the oxide of iron is
separated in a state of sulphide of iron, which is again converted
into peroxide of iron by nitric acid, and re-precipitated, and again
weighed, whereby the proportion of phosphates is ascertained.
This is again checked by analysis of the sulphide of ammonia and
solution of the phosphates.

Then for the determination of sulphuric acid, chlorine, nitric-
acid, ammonia and the organic acids, we operate on separate lots
of soil, each weighing 1,000 grains. Sulphuric acid is precipitated
by means of nitrate of barytes; chlorine by nitrate of silver; nitric

22 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL PURVEY.

acid is tested in an aqueous solution of the soil, boiling it with
chlorohydric acid and gold foil, to set- it* it dissolves any gold, and
by evaporation of the aqneotre solution to dryness, and by testing the
deflagration of the dry residue which contains organic matters
mixed sometimes with a minute proportion of nitrate of potash.
I re is no direct mode of determining the proportion <>t* nitric

| in a soil. It occurs only in minute proportions.
The organic acids of the soil, crenic, apOcrenic and lniniic acids
are separated together from the insoluble humus by means' of a

i rated solution of carbonate of ammonia, and after filtration

this solution mi evaporation to dryness will give the weight of

these acids, with some phosphates; which are always dissolved by

Miiuioniacal solution, namely, the phosphates of lime and

magnesia. *

On burning the organic acids these phosphates are obtained, and
iheir weight deducted from the comhined weight of the organic
matters and phosphates. By deducting the weight of the soluble
organic acids from the whole weight of the organic matters, we
have that of the insoluble humus or carbonaceous matters. We

i deduct from the soluble organic acids the weight of the am-
monia and determine it by a separate process on another 1,000 grains

-oil. The ammonia is ascertained by digesting distilled water,
acidulated with pnre hydrochloric acid with 1,000 grains of the
soil* then on filtration, evaporation of the acid aqueous solution,
and the addition of bi chloride of platinum solution, we obtain
ammonia, as a soluble chloride of platinirm and ammonia, fcpj
which it is easy to compute the proportion of ammonia in the
iiiic matter of the soil from the weight of the double chloride.'"

We. have pursued for the mosl part the foregoing detailed
methods, the results of which are nsually satisfactory. ProbaWy
the analysis of the soil of the swamp lands will be attended with
more utility than those of the midland or mountain counties, for
ter mines with certainty the fact whether they are susceptible
ultivation or not, and also, it determines the cause of their
irorthlessni

Furthermore, as it regards the utility of analysis, we believe that

have promoted the advancement of agriculture in an eminent

ree a,,,l the reason why agriculturists and certain chemists

:ry their utility is owing to their not effecting what enthusiasts

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

23

promised, or what was expected. Too high expectations when un-
fulfilled are very liable to produce a reactive feeling and to call
out sentiments entirely of a depreciating character, or tolead persons
to say that they are of no account. But until thorough analyses
had been executed, a correct view of soils, either practical or
theoretical, could never have been obtained. We now know for a
certainty, some of the functions of a soil, and it is a great deal to
know that the most important elements of growth exist only in
minute quantities, and that they may be removed in tie course of
a tew years' cultivation. This is a practical fact, and could not
have been guessed out ; it remained to be determined by the skill
of the chemist and accurately conducted experiments.

CHAPTER ILL

Fhe swamp lands. Their mode of formation and geological age,

§ !>. It is maintained that soils are the debris of rocks which
have been forming from the earliest periods of the earth's history.
This is no doubt literally true ; but the debris has been subjected
to certain changes, particularly those of place. It has not lain by
the side of the rock from which it was separated in but few in-
stances, but its removal or change of place has been excessive in
many instances, as in the western and northern States, while in the
South that agency which is recognized there has not been in oper-
ation hero. In this State, no currents of water have ever swept
over the face of the earth, so as to remove the soil to a great
distance from the rocks from which it was derived. In the course
of time, that which belongs strictly to the present period, however,
a partial removal to distant quarters has taken place. This removal
was effected mostly by rivers acting locally upon hanks of soil,
which by little and little were transported to the Atlantic coast, or
to inland bays, like the Albemarle and Palmico of our coast.

Now, the soils during the act of removal, were subjected to the

-4 LOGICAL SCRVET.

iter, whereby the coarser parts were separa-

the finer and distributed according to the comparative

gravity ; the liner particles being transported farther than the

and probably in different directions, both laterally and

more widely.

The present operations of water illustrate in part the nature of
by which removals forme; cannot but

notice the turbid conditions of the Roanoke, the

Fear, daring a freshet. It is due to the soil which has been
rom their banks, and which is being tran-

~:de in part, before the waters reach their des-

itkm. In free! - is, the low ground? are inundated with I -

muddy water, and it frequently happens that an inch or more of

fine - *ed at certain places which are favorably situated.

or in places where the waters are unagited by the rapid com

- usually seen, howev g the immediate banks of

•d it is not unfrecmently the case, that all the old
ever rank, is buried, or concealed beneath the sedi-
it. But in addition to this heavy deposit, there is still a liner

ich is carried by the water into lateral marshes, and
ter, though robbed of a part of its burthen, still retain? I

hich slowly settles among the moss, re
ch belong to this peculiar formation. These waters are slowly
:T. and perhaps even remain s, ind are only dis-

1 of by mid-summe: . >n, and during the time

ve while it is receiving the fine sedimen-
overflowing rivers. In conditions like t:

st s soils formed, inasmuch as there is addt

e sediments which become the
. and which are intimate _ed with an

'idance of fertilizing matter in the condition of peat.
Such is the pr" which the best swamp lands are made,

le the poorer be' _ ted where • white •-

■. --. When the sand and ached a cert

it, or has attained the level of ordinary freshets, vegetation
on, and m- n, _ as, and certain herbaceous plants
trees, still grow, until the surface upon which they stan

_ er than the margins. The whole n F vegetation which

grew in former years is like a sponge, and it is at all times nearly

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 25

aturated with water. Iu this condition it receives no farther addi-
tion of soil ; it is a mere growth of water living vegetables which
maintain their place by their constitutional adaptations. This
vegetation is divisible into two parts, the dead and living; the
former beneath, the latter above. This status quo is maintained
solely by the low temperature of the swamp. All the vegetation
below is as it were, water logged, and in process of time it simply
blackens, as it is a water charring; and when it has become peat
it undergoes no farther change. This is the exact condition of
many swamps; above they consist of a mass of vegetation of the
poorest plants, the mosses and coarse grasses ; and for trees, some
pines of a small size, and many bays or magnolias. Let such a
swamp be drained and it subsides from a one to two feet; a chano-*
which is confined to the upper part. In early days, or when first
forming, sand was received from a distance, or it may have been
laid down upon an old sandy sea bottom. But it has generally
happened that the lower parts ot the vegetable mass is mixed with
sand, showing that though the swamp was based upon a sea bot-
tom ; yet, being basin shaped, it continued for a time to receive
materials from a distance. The age of these deposits is no doubt
recent. They repose upon the eolian sands, and generally, so far
as their bottoms have been exposed for examination, they belong
to most recent coast deposits, and yet, it is probably true, that thej
extend far back beyond the settlement of the coast. Still, they are
properly modern formations, and are entirely connected with the
present state and arrangements of the present line of coasts, and
the river systems coming in from the interior.

It is probably true, that as to agricultural value, it will prove
that those which are the highest or have become higher than tide
water by growth of ve'getation, they are of less value while those
which are so situated that they receive the overflowings of rivers
until a late period, and hence are last formed, are the most valuable.
Hyde county, for example, is only about 4 or 5 feet above storm
tides. The Dover swamp in Craven county, we believe, is nearly
60 feet ; the first is excellent land, and the latter worthless, — or
comparatively so. In the same field, however, with these poor
swamps we may often find fertile islands capable of bearing heavy
crops of corn. The means by which such islands may be recog-
nised will be stated farther on.
2

KTH-CABOLIXA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

CIIAPTKIi IV.

jraphical position of the swamp lands, and their extent in North-Carolina.
Defective information in the public archives of the State. The Savannah
lands, etc,

e lands under consideration are confined to the eac
counties. They scarcely touch the long, narrow sounds which
skirt the Atlantic. Large bodies extend from fifty to one hundred
miles from the ocean, and occupy wide belts, not far ft
and parallel ith. the principal rivers. Their shape is, howe
Irregular, and it will be seen by the inspection of any correct map,

they must occupy ground considerably higher than the I
of the river which they skirt. They are reservoirs of water, and
numerous streams issue from them on all sides which find their
wav to the river channels by exceeding :ed routes or oonn -

;.' 11. Hi€ most northern swamp is a continuation «»f the _
1 1 -:nal, lying partly in Virginia and partly in North-Carolina, and
ies large tracts in Currituck and Pasquotank counties,
uotank river rises in this swamp, its head being really in Lake
immond, in Virginia. Towns and numerous hamlets, however,
are planted in the great Dismal Swamp. It is traversed by roads,
and few in j _ through this section of country would tnapeet

they were in this swamp, famous the world over for its omii
name.

The largest territory of swamp lies in Washington, Tyrrell,

ifort and Hyde counties. Its whole length is rather more than

nty-five miles from east to west, and at least forty-five in the

irtfrom north to south. It lies between Albemarle Sound,

rater Itoanoke River, and Pamlico Sound, Pamlico and Tar

rs. The most eastern parts of this great tract, however,

should be regarded a- /</,„/. and subject to overflow during

Like all swamp lands, the middle is higher by a few

than the margins. It terminates westward, near Washington,

Beaufort county. This great body differs from other swamps by a

more uniform continuity, and a more perfect level, and with fewer

knowles, called islands. Hyde county, for example, is level as a

house floor, and as even as a well constructed garden. It is but a

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 2 (

few feet above tide ; too few to give depth for wells, and hence,
water for cooking is supplied mainly from cisterns resting upon
the ground. This swamp has four shallow lakes of considerable
size. The largest is Matamuskeet, which is twenty miles long.
Lying a few feet lower than the swamp are tracts of stiff clay soil,
probably as good for wheat as any in the State, but these diverse
kinds are never intermingled; the clay is a kind of outlier or
border. The lands of this great swamp have become famous for
the large crops of corn they produce. They are called the Hyde
county or Matamuskeet lands.

Again, included between the forks of Pamlico and Neuse Rivers
is another swamp thirty miles long, but in area, it is less than an
eighth of the Matamuskeet Swamp and Pungo Swamp.

South of the Neuse, and lying in Carteret and Jones counties,
there is another immense tract of swamp land, 80,000 acres of
which is known as the open prairie of Carteret. In nearly a con-
tinued belt this swamp is 75 miles long from east to west, but its
width is less than the Matamuskeet swamp. It is not by any
means perfectly continuous. It admits tlve passage of roads, but
it lies nearly upon one plane, and the slight inequalities scarcely
serve to divide it into separate sections.

Dover swamp is an isolated tract some fifteen miles in length,
and is crossed by the Atlantic Railroad.

Onslow and Jones eounties contain a part of the great Carteret
tract. This tract, at its western extremity, gives origin to the
White Oak creek.

Holly Shelter swamp lies parallel with east Cape Fear river. It
begins in Onslow county, but the greatest part lies in New Hano-
ver county, east of the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad.

In Brunswick county lies the Green swamp. It is rather lower
than those we have mentioned, but it is peculiar in having numer-
ous islands; that is, rounded hillocks, but slightly elevated above
the general surface of the swamp. These are inhabited by
squatters, who live by basket-making, and by general plunder of
those materials which can be turned into hominy, hoe-cake and
a little bacon. On the border of this swamp there has been
formed a beautiful lake with clear water, and known as Waccamaw
lake, and from which flows the Waccamaw river, a boatable stream,
though it is liable to be blocked up by trees and dead timber.

28 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL 6CRVICT.

Livingston's creek rises in this swamp, and is boatable from the
Cape Fear to the crossing of the Manchester Railroad, and np
which the tide flows twelve miles, rising something like two feet
at its month. Columbus county contains large bodies of swamp
land, but not so continuous as the Green swamp of Brunswick.

The whole number of acres of swamp lands in the State is at
least two millions, of which the State owns onr million five hundred
thousand. This, however, does not include the marsh lands bor-
dering the sounds. There are also smaller tracts owned by indi-
viduals, of considerable value, in all the counties we have named.
There is, however, a deficiency of statistics and records of surveys,
and although the swamp lands are vastly important, the archives
of the State furnish reallv no information of value. Private indi-
viduals who are personally interested in large tracts of those lands,
have furnished all the reliable information we possess relative to
them.

In contrast with the swamp lands, we may briefly notice the
Savannah lands. These are beautiful, open and level spaces, cov-
ered now with broom grass. "We have not been told what they
produced in early times. The largest in the State lie on both sides
of the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, in the county of New
Hanover, and not far above Wilmington. A traveler passing over
the road in the day time, will admire their beautiful surfaces,
though they are not covered with brilliant flowers and the more
ral uable crops of cereals.

CHAPTER V.

Temperature of. soils. Distribution and circulation of heat.

§ 12. Every plant and every crop requires a certain temperature
for its perfection ; not that it requires exactly such a number of
degrees of Fahrenheit, but croj s and plants require for perfection
a limited range of temperature, and this limited range may be

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 29

regarded in the light of a special latitude. The source of heat is
the sun. Its rays penetrate or affect the soil in this latitude to the
depth of probably 100 feet. At this depth a thermometer would
remain stationary the whole year, being changed neither in sum-
mer nor winter. The summer's heat will not cause it to rise, nor
the winter's cold to fall. In this space, in consequence of the
continued action of the sun's rays in spring and summer, heat
accumulates, especially in the upper beds of soil, and the roots of
plants, and as the fall and winter set in, receive from beneath, the
heat which has accumulated. The surface layers become cold as
autumn advances, but beneath, the store which has accumulated
keeps the roots warm, and probably tempers or mitigates the cold
above. But the cold season expends the stock, and when the
spring comes round with its showers, its buds and flowers, the sun's
heat is found to be penetrating again the depths of soil with the
same intensity as in former years. It cannot be affirmed that the
season begins with a portion of the old stock of heat remaining,
for in that case there would be ultimately a great excess of heat
in the soil. Each year's observations give the same average results
in the same latitude.

In the spring and summer the accumulation has a certain uni-
formity of increase and decrease. The increase reaches its maxi-
mum by the middle of August, when the heat of the soil diminishes,
though sensibly, the temperature of the air remains for a week or
two much the same as in the first part of the month. The stock
of heat is gradually expended. The winter is undoubtedly milder
and softer in consequence, and vegetation is thereby less exposed
to injurious extremes of cold, especially their roots, which will be
preserved alive in many instances, though the stem may be killed.

Surfaces, however, are affected differently. Water becomes
heated much less than the soil, and to a certain extent we are safe
in affirming, that its penetration is governed by the dryness of the
surface and its color. A wet surface having the character of a
sponge, will remain nearly as cold as a water surface. The princi-
ple is well understood ; for as we have already stated water evapo-
rates at all temperatures, but it cannot evaporate in the total ab-
sence of heat, but however cold it may be, the vapor which rises
absorbs a certain amount of heat. The heat of a body saturated
with water is kept cold by the escaping vapor. Pour ether upon

30 NORTH-CABOLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

bar, other substance which vaporises rapidly, and a great

;:ee of cold is felt. The hand parts with its heat or as it is tech-
illy called, its caloric, and it is precisely so with soil, with a
ire ami the swamp lands of the Eastern counties. It is to the
coldness of the surface or the vegetable mass caused by evapora-
tion, that it has been preserved, and by which it is kept cool. The
swamp lands, however, have a double protection : first, a thick fofr
and an under-growth of water shrubs or _ nd then the

manrle of water for a part of the year, or for the whole year, a
fountain of water which is sufficient to feed the spongy turf, or
mosses of the surface. If water escapes in vapor from the surface,
it is instantly supplied with more, just as a sponge is kept wet when
its base rests in water and its tempera' ure will not rise until all the
water is evaporated. The following experiments establish the fore-
going statements :

On the 21st ot April, between 9 and 10 A. M., the temperature
of the air was 72.

The temperature of a water covered surface 64°.

That of a boggy place in the sun 10 feet distant, 04"'.

At another similar place. 62°.

And at a wel _ I - surface shaded in part. 6S

Temperature of the soil imperfectly drained, •

:nperature of a light colored granite soil well drained 70°.

Temperature of a red soil well drained at the surface, 74 :.

[ti temperature six inches deep, 6S°.

Temperature of a black soil at the surface 90° ; 3 inches beneath
: 6 inches beneath 80° : showing a gradual penetrati-.n ot heat
In January 22d. the temperature of the air was 41° ;
temperature of falling rain 45° : temperature of the earth 44° at the
depth of"6 inches. The wet surfaces are invariable colder then
than the dry ; the light are colder than the colored ; and the black
warmer than either.

The black surfaces were made so, by fine charcoal which was in-
termingled with a gray granite M>|L

The black ?<>ils of the a when laid dry become sufficiently

warm for the perfection of indian corn even when water stands in
the furrows a part of the -

The ition of the bony of vegetable matter forming the

swamp lands is due to two CftOMfl : 1st, low temperature ; 2d, the

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 31

exclusion of air containing oxygen, which is the agent which com-
bines with the organic matter and forms with them humic, crenic,
apocivnic acids, and which in their turn combine with ammonia,
lime, magnesia, and iron, and which are supposed to be the food of
plants.

The temperature of the earth from January 22d to April 21st has
advanced from 41° to 68°-70°. The color causing an increase ac-
cording to its depth ; and black soil at the depth of 6 inches reach-
ing 80°.

At a later period it is sometimes found to rise to 120° when ex-
posed to the sun when a marsh near by was only 67°.

From the foregoing facts we may readily surmise what is needful
to be done to increase the surface as well as bottom heat. The
most rude savage, if he had any idea at all respecting indian corn,
would never plant it in a wet place ; he would select a dry surface.
But, having done this, it is not certain that in every case it would
be possible to increase the heat of the soil by artificial means.
However, as dark soils become warm in proportion to their depth
of color, we may, under favorable circumstances, mix black sub-
stances with the soil, such as char coal and peat. Wheat grows
better on a stiff red soil than a stiff light one. In most cases the
color demonstrates that chemical action has progressed farther
than in a light colored soil. In the former the iron has become, at
least in a part of it, saturated with oxygen. One part may remain
in a protoxide; and if there is organic matter in the soil this is
certainly the case, as it deoxidizes the peroxide, a change which is
supposed to be a very important one in reference to the formation
of ammonia in the soil. In connexion with the subject of cold
and warm soils, we may state a beautiful compensation with regard
to the distribution of heat. The loss of heat by evaporation has
been fully stated, but it may not have occured to the common
reader that the reverse takes place when this vapor condenses
again as it is carried landward, and as the air hovers over the soil
with its load of water, every object cooler than itself is moistened
with dew, and the heat of this vapor is imparted to the surfaces on
which it is deposited. When, however, equalization of tempera-
ture between the air and bedewed surfaces has taken place, it is no
longer formed. The properties of air, whether as a carrier of
moisture and heat, or as a moving body, are eminently adapted to

32 ::TH-CAKOLINA GEOLOGICAL SCRVET.

the \\;r [fetation; they are what the farmer wants tor his

fin]. -: doing tliat in the simplest and gentlest manner pi -
supply the necessities; erf the infant plant. They are cooled in the
hot sunshine by evaporation, and wanned by the dews of the
evening, and are thereby saved from the chills which the ahsence
of the sun tend to produce. Water, as most persons on reflection
will perceive, i> a material proper to our earth as much as oxygens
silex or gold : but heat is in one sense a foreign product, not to call
it matter, originating in the operation of forces peculiar to matter.
The great source of heat which the outward parts of the earth
enjoys is derived from the sun. It is distributed by nnmei
agencies, luit its nature is such that the heat of one year i -
the celestial spares, and what is enjoyed the next is a new emana-
tion from the sun and from the active agencies of earth. It is not,
then, like water, preserved from year to year by a conservative
force; but we are indebted for its continuation to the constant
action of the sun and the terrestial forces which are appointed to
furnish it from their store hone

These remarks, we are aware, have no connexion with swamp
lands that we can perceive, and still they are not to he regard*
entirely n.-cless. especially w en taken in connexion with the re-
mark- concerning the conservation of water and its perpetual
ence upon the earth's surface and connexion with the atm -
phere.

CHAPTER VI.

m

Swamp lands divided into six districts. The Dismal swamp district has not
been explored. Diversity of composition of those land-. Elevated in the

middle.

. The swamp lands of North-Carolina may he regarded as
forming six districts. The first beginning on the north, is the Dismal
swamp, which lies both in Virginia and North-Carolina. The

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 66

second is the Albemarle and Pamlico swamp district, lying be-
tween the Albemarle and Pamlico sounds. This large tract is of a
quadrangular form and occupies large areas in Tyrrell, Hyde,
Washington and Beaufort counties, and probably has the largest
acreage of any swamp in the State. It is also the type of all the
rest, and will by itself represent every variety of this kind of land
which is found in either of the others.

The third is Bay river district, lying between Pamlico and Neuse
rivers, both of which in their lower reaches, swell out into wide
bays.

The fourth is Carteret county district, lying between the Neuse
and Bogue and Core sounds. In this lies the great open prairie
tract of eighty thousand acres, and which is owned mostly by the
State.

The fifth is the Holly Shelter swamp, including Angola bay,
lying between New river and the East Cape Fear.

The sixth is Green swamp, lying mostly in Brunswich county.

The Dismal swamp district has not been sufficiently examined
to enable us to speak definitely with respect to its agricultural
character. It is believed to furnish the characteristics of the other
districts. A single analysis of a specimen of its soil in the early
part of the survey, and which was procured within a few miles of
Elizabeth City, gave results closely resembling those taken from
Hyde county.

The examination of the second district has been much more ex-
tensive, having procured samples of soils from all sides of this
extensive tract. This we have regarded as particularly worthy of
attentive examination and illustration, as it furnishes the best types
of soil with which the others may be compared. Those of Hyde
county are the best known, and when it is found that a soil has a
composition similar to those of this county, we are sure that they
will be productive.

It is not designed to intimate in the foregoing statement, that
this large tract has been crossed, or traversed extensively. It has
been examined, however, in Tyrrell county, in Hyde, on both sides
of Matamuskeet lake, in Washington and Beaufort counties. W«
have samples of soil which no doubt represent all the varieties
which occur in this great tract. It is proper to observe in this
place, that the swamp lands of this State present as much diversity

•

34 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL 8URVKV.

in composition as those of the middle or western counties. For
example as it regards the quantity of vegetable matter; Bome are
•ompoeed almost exclusively of it, while in others, it is reduced to
a minimum, and thereby scarcely differ from ordinary soils. We
find between these, extremes of every imaginable variety in the
quantity of vegetable matter, though to the eye there is a very close
resemblance. Besides in the counties above named, there are
large tracts which are well adapted to the growth of wheat, being
composed of large proportions of clay, with only the ordinary
quantity or per centage of organic matter.

There is still another interesting tact which should be noticed here
inasmuch as it is applicable to all the large tracts of swamp land ;
it is, that they are all higher in the middle than upon the borders.
This explains the fact why the streams all flow outward. They all
originate in a culminating belt, or crown ; and it is this interior
belt, which gives in analysis the great excess of vegetable, while
the outskirts contain a greater porportion of inorganic matter. This
statement however, does not always hold good ; yet it is so common
as to be worthy of notice. Hence too in ditching, it is necessary
to keep the cut level or down, so as not to run out. in its progress
towards the crown of the swamp. We shall also expect from the
foregoing to find the vegetable matter increasing, and perhaps to
be approaching to that extreme, that it will not be advisable to at-
tempt to bring it into immediate cultivation.

The miner, in his trials for gold, follows if possible the lead to the
vien, the great depository of metal; the farmer or planter, will pro-
ceed something in the same way, trying at short intervals the mass
for the purp «e of determining the quantity of earth, or soil which
is intermingled with the vegetable matter, inasmuch as cultivation
turns, wc think, on the quantity which it contains, at least in the
present state of our agricultural knowledge.

As many variations exist in composition, so it will be found that
there will necessarily occur equivalent variations in value. In or-
der to determine the value of any part of the uncultivated sections
they should be compared with lands under cultivation and which
have been proved by experiment. Certainly this course musl be
regarded as the safest, though we believe that it is not diffi-
cult to arrive at a safe conclusion provided the proper steps are
taken to determine one or two points, the quantity of soil in the

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 35

mass, and its condition whether it is line or coarse, or is made up
entirely of marine sand. In this case it certainly is better than an
entire absence of mineral matter; yet, if it is to be cultivated other
elements must be added.

CHAPTER VII.

Composition of swamp lands stated. Hyde county. Natural crop is Indian
corn. Number of plants to the acre. Quantity raised.

§ 1-L The composition of the swamp lands, which now claims
attention, will be as fully stated as seems to be necessary for a full
knowledge of their peculiar properties. In doing this it is regard-
ed as expedient to bring together all the analyses which have been
made which are trust-worthv. As it regards those which were given
in the report for 1S50, they will be also restated as they have been
re-examined and additional results obtained, which were necessary
to make them complete. Hyde is an ancient county. It occupies
the eastern part of the 2d district of swamp lands; is elevated only
a few feet above the tide storms of the coast. The marsh lands
everywhere skirt the best swamp land, but they are never included
in those which are under consideration, even such parts of them
which are only rarely overflowed by tides. They are too saline
for the cereals, or the fine meadow grasses.

It is in this county that the durability of swamp lands has been
tested. 'J he records of the courts and reliable tradition show that
certain tracts have been under constant cultivation over a century
with a yearly crop of grains, principally indian corn, without
showing a decrease in the number of bushels per acre or any
diminution in the fertility of the soil. It is rather maintained that
they improve under cultivation ; and this is not surprising, because
they are brought to a condition more favorable to vegetation in
consequence of the free admission of air and the disappearance of

36 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

an upper surface too much charged with vegetable matter. Be-
sides if becomes more compact, and is Letter able to support the
heavy foliage. In a loose soil the roots are unable to sustain the
foilage and keep it upright against the force of Btrong winds which

sometimes visit the low counties. The roots are liable t<> be broken
or injured in resisting its force. Though the soil is still to be
regarded as light and loose, it is not spongy, and water rises through
it as in other soils, though moisture is favored by the presence of
a large amount of vegetable matter.

The color is black or dark brown, as already indicated, and the
whole mass near the surface looks as if it was composed entirely
of vegetable matter. We see no particles of sand or soil in it.
On the sides and bottoms of ditches a li<rht gray, or ashy soil
is discernable. Indeed, it is regarded as ashes, and is so called,
and is supposed to have been formed by the combustion of ancient
beds of vegetable matter. The cultivated lands of Hyde are not
chaffy, that is when dry, like tinder and liable to take fire from u
spark or ignited by a gun wad. There are, it is true, tracts lying
in connexion with them of this character, which are <|uite limited,
but their occurrence does not affect this general characteristic.

The following substances with their proportional numbers ex-
press the composition of a soil which has been under cultivation
three years. The tract is owned by Dr. Long, and is a part of an
old plantation which has been under cultivation for more than one
hundred years:

Organic matter, 48.10

Silcx, 48.00

Oxide of iron and alumina, 6.40

Carbonate of lime, 0.2]

Magnesia, 0.12

Potaifa 0.16

Soda, 0.18

Chlorine, trace.

Soluble silcx 0.08

Sulphuric acid, H.U4

Phosphoric acid 0.80

Ammonia, O.Ofl

Soluble organic matter, 2.00

1)8.60

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

37

The silex of this soil is exceedingly fine and of a drab color. It
is too fine to detect with certainty its origin. When it is a grade
coarser, it frequently contains particles of mica and felspar, indi-
cating that the parent rock from which it was derived, were the
common granites which skirt the low country, and which form a
distinct belt, running nearly north-east and south-west. If this
earth constituted by itself the main body of soil, it would be too
fine, and form a mass too compact to admit the free penetration
and circulation of air. In this respect it resembles the fine grained
soils of some of the western States, and which are easily moved
and blown into clouds bv strong winds. The intermixture of ve°r-
etable matter makes it sufficiently porous, and by its agency pre-
serves that open state so needful for the promotion of chemical
changes, the development of carbonic acid, the deoxidation of the
peroxide of iron and the absorption of ammonia. The lime does
not probably exist in the condition of a carbonate; it is the state
in which it is obtained; but probably as it exists in the soil it is
in combination with an organic acid, which during the combustion
is converted into a carbonate.

The alkalies are less in quantity than we should naturally expect
from soils so productive.

But what at first appears remarkable, is the small quantity of
chlorine and sulphuric acid. Both seem to be nearly absent; it is
rarely that we attempt to weigh them. Whether their absence is
due to the original wet state of the soil, we are unable to form an
opinion. We should expect to find chlorine in a soil so near the
ocean that during storms it must be taken up and carried inland,
and from tins cause it would be expected that it would at least
appear in a per centage as large as in soils a hundred miles from
the ocean.

The composition of the subsoil it will be seen differs from the
former, taking a quantity two and a half feet from the top from the
Vide of a ditch free from growing vegetables we found it had the
following composition :

Water 7.50

Insoluble organic matter, 16.30

Ilunic acid or soluble organic matter, 3.70

Silex, 59.88

35 XORTH-CAROLIS A GEOLOGICAL SUR\

:nina. I

- ixide of iron 1.10

Carbonate lime, 50

.-nesia,

Phosphate of lime,

Potash 18

Soda 12

- :<• ackl 14

Ammonia, 09

• (6

The color of the subsoil after drying is brown and particles of
fine sand are distinguishable. It often shows light or gray patches
which are regarded as 9 derived from ancient combustions. It
ie to the inorganic matter which gives a lighter color t<> the
soluble organic matter is large in this instance. The
quantity of ammonia is smaller at this depth than at the sur:
The constitution of this part of the soil is excellent, p -
all the elements which are necessary for the growth of crops. The
specimen for analysis was taken about midway between the- top
and bottom of the mass of soil ; below, it preserved the same com-
mon apparently or so far as mechanical exploration could furn-
information, though it is probably more highly charged with
goil as it seems to increase with depth. But taking the whole i:. -
of soil which is a feet deep at this part of the plantation

and not less elsewhere, there is in sight a large store honse of mat-
ter to sn>ta:n the crops, or any future vegetable growth.

. This plantation, which has been under actual cultivation fop
a period sufficiently long to test most thoroughly the capacity of
the Ilvde count r endurance, is at present ihe property of

Dr. Long of Lake landing. Its ownership can be traced back for
six generations, and the crops which have been removed have ne-
cessarily been confined to the cereals and probably Indian corn,
with an occasional crop of wheat, which is cultivated for the pur-
pose of occupying the land with something m<>re profitable than a
hea "h of weeds. It is necessary they should be excluded

by occupation.

The composition of a sample of this soil, which has been so long
under the plow, has been determined with the following results:

NORTH-CAROLINA. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 39

Water, 8.90

Silex, 59.00

Insoluble organic matter, I&66

Humic acid or soluble organic matter, 3.40

Peroxide of iron and alumina, 8.00

Carbonate of lime, 0. 1 0

Magnesia, 0.09

Potash, 0.04

Soda, 0.08

Silicic acid, 0.20

Phosphate of lime, 0.62

Sulphuric acid, trace.

Chlorine, trace.

Ammonia, 0.2")

98.96

This soil is shown to contain less organic matter than the first,
and a larger proportion of silica. The first element must necessarily
diminish under cultivation more rapidly than can be accounted for
by removal in the crop. It is consumed by exposure to the ele-
ments, undergoing a change analogous to combustion, and which
Liebig has termed eremacausis.

The quantity of corn which is cultivated per acre, is reckoned by
the number of plants allowed to stand. The common rule in Hyde
county, we believe is to cultivate fourteen thousand per acre; and
it is common to allow two or three plants to grow in a hill. A crop
made up or consisting of such a number of plants per acre will
give a stranger a correct knowledge of the capabilities of the soil.
But it should be observed that the immense growth of foilage with
stalks is somewhat out of portion to the grain, and it appears, that
maize, growing in a very rich soil, runs somewhat to foilage, though
not to the excess which is observed in oats, wheat and other cereals.
The bight of the corn, upon an average, is 12 feet high. The grain
is rather lighter also than northern or western corn, and the ears,
taken as a whole, appear rather less than when grown upon soil
with less vegetable matter.

The usual crop is between 10 and 12 barrels of 5 bushels, to the
acre. If heavy winds in the early part of the season, or other
agents act unfavorably, it will be diminished to 9 or 10 barrels per
acre, while in favorable seasons it reaches twelve barrels.

4'J ::th-caroli>"a geologi j v.

It may not strike a person as remarkable: but it should
be considered that no manure is called for. and the simplest and
cheapest mode of cultivation is all that is required to make a crop
oft: - - tmaisthe common result, without an expendi-

ture in money and labor for manure. Therefore, there is a larger
_:i it is not uncommon to obtain a larger yield, bat it is
o at a heavy expence in fertilizers and labor.

M Staled in the I g paragraphs,

were taken from the south side of Matatnnskeet lake. The north
y regarded as better land. It is ik>t. however, fully
established that this opinion is well founded. The differences are
The composition of the soil of the north side i?
certainly much the same, as we believe. The followii ate-

ment of the con *:on of soil from the plantation of

Mr. Burrows, taken at a depth of eight inches. It had been under
culture for three years:

Wafer II

Insoluble organic matter,

Humic acid, or soluble organic matter,

Peroxide of iron,

Alumina. .">.]<»

Silicic acid,

Carbonate of lime

0.27

Pota-h

Soda, 0.10

sphoric acid, O.lfl

Chlorine, trace.

Sulphuric acid, trace.

Ammonia.

Silex

The land* of ITy.le follow the same rule respecting the presence
■ .f chlorine and sulphuric acid, as all the swamp lands of the
tern and southern counties. Their absence -atisfaetorilv

acconnted for, unless it is due to excessive moisture, or to their
removal by constant contact with water. The timber of the soils
of the Matamnskeet country are black gum and c >th of a

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 41

large size. Large pines and poplars are not uncommon, and all
are regarded as indicative of a rich soil. This opinion is un-
doubtedly true, and may be relied upon. It is, in fact, perfectly
compatible with all the arrangements and conditions required.
While the timber of the poor tracts bear trees of a small size, of a
different kind, appear dwarfed or starved, for want of nutriment.
The poor soils also bear upon their surfaces indications equally
compatible with the conditions in which they are connected, but
in the latter it is perhaps a condition which may be greatly im-
proved.

§ 17. It will be useful in passing, to compare the swamp lands
with the prairies of Illinois, or any other tract of the great west,
whose characteristics have drawn westward so many emigrants
from New England, New York and the old world.

The soils of the prairies have a great natural fertility, and which
it is supposed by many are so excessive that they will bear culti-
vation for thousands of years, though not without the aid of fer-
tilizers. Large tracts in Europe, Lombardy. for example, have
yielded crops for two thousand years. But Lombardy yields her
crops, and has done so from time immemorial, by the aid of fer-
tilizers, and which are husbanded in a manner and with a care,
which is unknown out of that country. Calculations are made to
a penny, what a pound of any given fertilizer is worth. It is a
money article. The long period during which Lombardy and
England have been cultivated, and are still productive, proves the
value of the basis of the soils upon which agriculture has rested.

§ 18. A prairie soil of Illinois is usually black, or brownish
black and friable, from an intermixture of earthy or sandy matter.
It has a basis or subsoil of a stiff yellowish clay, and such is
the nature of this soil, that it has borne a succession of crops
of maize for thirty )rears, and even more, without manure. These
lands are better adapted to maize than wheat, and parti}7" so for the
same reasons that this crop succeeds better in all the swamp lands
than wheat. Besides, the open prairies are swept in the winter by
strong chilling winds, which injure wheat by rooting it up. Such
influences must bear annually upon lands thus exposed. The
crops of corn are larger than in Hyde county, but whether they
sell for as much money, is quite doubtful. A prairie crop often
reaches a hundred bushels per acre. The farmers of Hyde seem
3

42 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

to be contented with 60 bushels per acre, and at the same time we
see no reason why they too might not increase it to 100 bushels
The composition of the prairie lands furnish some differences, but
the: - - much uniformity that they appear to form only one
class.

I 19. An example or two showing the composition of the best of
the class will suffice for a comparison with the Hyde county corn
lands. Thus, the best kind consists of:

Organic matter and water in combination, 9.05

Alumina, 3.38

< ixides of iron 4.30

Lime 54

goon 35

Potash, 19

Soda, 08

Phosphoric acid, 10

Sulphuric acid, 08

Carbonic acid and traces of chlorine 09

100,00.

Ammonia, 41

Containing nitrogen, 3-4 Prof. Voelcker

^0. Prof. Voelcker remarks* that the soil is not rich in phos-
phoric acid, but still, there is an ample store to meet all the re-
quirements of the plants usually cultivated upon the farm. The
great and important distinction in the composition of the prairie
soil and swamp lands, is the great excess of vegetable matter in
the latter. The prairie soil possesses no advantages in point of
composition with respect to the expensive elements, photpfo

-. . etc The prairie lands must necessarily

require fertilizers at an early day, while the magazine of food in
the swamp lands will require centuries before it can be consumed,
even under constant cultivation.

Another variety of prairie soil analyzed by Prof. Voelcker is re-
garded as less fertile than the preceeding. It is composed of:

* Prairie farming in America, by James C. Caird, M. P.

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 43

Organic matter and water of combination, 5.76

Alumina, 1.57

Oxide of iron, 2.57

Lime, 35

Magnesia, 40

Potash, 33

Soda, trace.

Phosphoric acid, 05

Sulphuric acid, 05

Carbonic acid, and traces of chlorine and loss, .... 53

100.00

Ammonia, 0.31

Containing Nitrogen, 0.26

The proportion of nitrogen, says Prof. Yoelcker, is less as might
be expected from the smaller quantity of organic matter. How-
ever, two tenths per cent, is regarded as a large proportion though
when expressed in fractional numbers it appears insignificant, yet
when it is known that the weight of soil, ten inches deep upon an
acre amounts to a thousand tons in round numbers, the quantity
of nitrogen in an acre of soil existing in this proportion will be
about two tons. A crop of wheat of 36 bushels to the acre with
its straw, contains fifty two pounds of nitrogen, and a crop of Swed-
ish turnips only about thirty-six pounds.

In this connection it will be instructive to many to see the com-
position of a rich wheat soil of Scotland analyzed by Prof. Ander-
son. It is from Mid Lothian and consists of:

Organic matter and water, 10.19

Alumina, 6.93

Oxides of iron, 5. 17

Lime, 1.22

Magnesia, 1.08

Potash, 0.35

Soda, 0.43

Phosphoric acid, _ 0.43

Sulphuric acid, 0.04

Silica, 71.55

Water, 2.58

Carbonate acid and loss> 0.03

100.00
Nitrogen, 22.

44 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL BUJtVRf.

S veral analyses of Bwamp soils have been made, which,
at the time, were regarded as owned bj the State, but subsequent-
ly we were informed were taken from the lower part of the valley
of the Mississippi. They were furnished by the Hon. B. F. Moore
of this place. It is impossible to find marks by which No. 1 may be
I from a Hyde county s<>il. They were numbered up
to seven. No. 1 is black and fine, showing that the vegetable
matter has passed into the condition of well formed peat. It gave,
on analys - :

No. i. n ...

Water

nic matter

Alumina and oxiron, 3.50

3 S 97jE

Lime 1.00

sia 50 .1"

Potash, undetermined.

99.G9 99.80

V . 3 corresponds to some of our best gall berry lands, which
are low and wet : it has a drab color, and a fine silicions base, and
is a tolerable good soil.

Another which is still more sandy, and less coherent, resembles
our gall berry soils and must rank with poor soils. It consists of:

"Water, 100

Organic matter,

Silex, 90.00

Oxide of iron and alumina, 4.00

Lime 8.40

Magnesia, 0.06

Potash and soda, undetermined.

- 46

The organic matter of Xo. 6 is reduced to the minimum quantity
of excessively sandy soils.

These analyses from a distant part of our country are introduced
for the purpose of noticing a fact which is not uncommon in soils

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 45

of this class. It is the occurrence of poor patches in the midst of
No. 1, which is a rich and productive soil. But these spots of bar-
renness bear the plant until it is a foot high, when it turns yellow
and dies. This kind of material is loose and chaffy ; it contains
65 per cent, of vegetable matter, but it is loose and rather coarse,
and probably furnishes one reason why vegetation dries up so
early. It is not deficient in inorganic matter, but growth requires
a body of soil which has firmness, but it is possible that these
barren places contain the astringent salts of iron and alumina.
There are several places in North-Carolina where the vegetable
matter contains an acid salt of iron, which destroys corn or any
other vegetable productions when it is placed in contact with
them.

§ 22. A practical method for obtaining a sufficient knowledge of
the swamp soils to enable the owner or purchaser to form an
opinion of their value, and which may be performed by any person
possessed of patience and care, is by adopting a mechanical pro-
cess. Take about a pound of soil, with or without weighing, and
with water in a clean dish or saucer, and then with the fingers rub
the mass fine; allow it to settle, pour off the black liquid and the
matter which floats in it. This consists of vegetable matter separ-
ated from the mineral. The operation is to be repeated as long as
the water is discolored, being careful nut to pour off or Waste the
soil. After several washings the fine sandy particles begin to
appear in all the best soils. If, however, the soil is poor, white
coarsish sand will appear in place of the gray fine material, which
characterises the Hyde county soils, or those which are similiar to
them. The operation is by no means difficult, but requires care to
save the soil when it is fine; indeed, one-third of it will probably
be lost in the most careful performance of the process, but enough
soil will be obtained to show its character even though the opera-
tion is hastily performed.

Two results, obtained mechanically, will be given in this plan.
The first is Dr. Long's soil, which had been under cultivation over
a century, and the second a soil from the north-side of the lake.

Thus 100 grains, on being carefully washed by the foregoing
method, gave :

46 NORTH-CABOLDfA GEOLOGICAL SCETEY.

Very fine soil, 41.0

Fine sand or soil, 18.0 grs.

Vegetable matter, 2.

81.00

The result shows that more than one-half is very fine, the re-
mainder le*s so. The soil, under the microscope, showed scales of
mica and grains of felspar, which indicate a derivation from granitic
rocks. On being heated to redness the whole becomes a drab
color.

The soil from the plantation of Mr. Burrows, on the north side
of the lake, treated in the same way, gave :

Very fine soil, 28.40

Fine 16.20 grs.

Vegetable matter, 47

86.30

The color was a light gray, and on being heated to redness was
only slightly redened. There again the 1 iboat one-half, as

when the vegetable matter is consumed, it leaves 44.30 per cent,
of a compound which is mostly silica, which, as in the former
specimen, is extremely fine.

. In order to show the difference between a rich soil and
one which is comparatively poor, we shall place one of the latter
in this connexion. It is from the Carteret county lands or the open
prairie. Thus, on mechanically separating the inorganic matter,
we found :

The coarse part amounted to, 27."" grs.

lino •• •• " 7

Organic matter, 44.22

The fine and valuable part bean a -mall proportion to the coarse
which can scarcely be relied upon for furnishing nutriment.
However this may be, it is useful in assisting to give solidity to the
mat [rotable matters.

propose to introduce^ in this connexion, the remarks of
Mi jars. D. Simmons & Brother, of Hyde county, accompanying

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 4r<

two analyses of soils by Prof. N. B. Webster, of Portsmouth, Ya.
They were marked A and B. The first consists, according to Prof.
Webster, of:

Moisture, when air dried, 14.00

Vegetable matter, 58.00

Silex, very fine, 14.00

Alumina, 06

Oxide of iron, . . - 03

Lime, 01

Potash and soda, 01

Loss, 03

86.04

We have copied the analyses from the North-Carolina Farmer,
and probably there is some mistake in figures, though the appar-
ent error may lie in mistaking the quantity used in analysis.

The composition of sample B is stated as follows:

Moisture, when air dried, 13.00

Carbonaceous matter, 68.00

Silex, 14.00

Alumina, 0.06

Oxide of iron, 03

Lime, 01

Loss, 4.00

100.00

The information derived from Messrs. Simmons, distinguished
for their successful farming and large crops, is as follows: The
sample A was taken from an 80 acre field, lying on the north shore
of the lake, and running back half a mile. This land had been in
cultivation about 20 years, and produces now, in a fair crop year,
10 to 12 barrels of corn per acre. The sample B was taken from a
640 acre tract, lying back of the 80 acre field. It has been in cul-
tivation five years, and produces, in a fair crop year, from 10 to 12
barrels of corn per acre. These lands lie between Matamusk&t
and Aligator lakes, four miles distant from Alligator river. Alli-
gator lake is said to be 10 miles wide and 15 long, and from 3 to 5
feet deep. It lies nearly in the centre of the county. It is sur-

•t^ N0RTH-CAR0LIXA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

rounded t»v a ridge from 4 to 6 feet above the sheet of water.
The b:ick lands are drained info Alligator river on the north, and
into Palmico sound on ihe south. The cultivated lands on the
north >ide of Matamnskeet lake run back about two miles, and are
werj uniform in qualify. The nortli side is the best and deepest
soil. Indeed, it may be said the county is a garden spot. It has a

population of 5, to 6,000, and ships t'i<»m 500 to 600 thousand

bushels of corn, and some 5i» thousand bushels of wheat per annum,
to which may be added large quantities of peas, potatoes, Ac.n

^'24. RiBCAPrrtJLATTOS respecting the Hyde county soils. Their
peculiarity consists, 1st. in the extreme fineness of the soil proper,
or the inorganic matter. This is of a drab color, and shows by
itself a good composition : that is, it proves that it does not consist
of a pure marine sand, but that it contains all the common inor-
ganic elements, iron, silica, alumina, lime, magnesia, etc. Those
which consist of marine sand alone, ami which express by them-
selves barreness, have an inorganic matter which is white, and any
person of ordinary capacity will recognise rhis element, which,
though necessary, is not sufficient by itself to supply the wants of
it is simply defective in other important matters.
Acids, however, acting upon even the white sand, dissolve a
fractional part; showing the probable existence of a small quantity
of felspar intermixed ; and hence, even, in the case of the presence
of a white sand, a few crops may be grown.

The great amount of organic matter is a common characteristic ;
and cc Berves only to distinguish this class, the swamp soils

from the upland soils.

Hyde county softs show a greater capacity for endurance than
the prairie soils of Illinois: notwithstanding the annual crop of
maize is somewhat less per acre. But on the Score of location we
are unable to see that the Illinois soils have a preference. As it
regards health. Hyde county is no more subject to chills and fever
than the country of the Prairies. It is a remarkable fact that
persons live and labor in swamps with impunity, or freedom from
disease. A large amount of vegetable matter, when exposed to
the miii, usually generates miasmata, but the common mode pur-
sued for cultivation of the soils of Hyde county will not expose B
greater surface, or a greater amount of vegetable matter than is
exposed in the breaking up of prairie grounds ; and those grounds

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. id

when first exposed, or for several years disengage miasmata and
generate in the exposed inhabitants chills and fevers. Precautions
in both sections of country, no doubt, will enable persons and
families to counteract their injurious influences, hi part at least, and
thereby escape the attacks of fever.

The origin of the soils of Hyde county may be traced to granitic
rocks, either granite or gneiss, whose composition is precisely
similar. Finely abraded materials being transported from the interi-
or by rivers which frequently overflowed their banks, and distri-
buted thereby the fine soil over low grounds, upon which plants
of various kinds were growing. In certain poor tracts, however,
coarse sand was admitted and distributed more rapidly, but still
over a surface supporting coarse grasses and mosses. As all of the
eastern counties were at one time submerged tracts, and received
deposits of sand while beneath the Atlantic, it has no doubt often
happened that these marine sands have been subsequently disturbed
and the sand redistributed by rivers.

§ 25. The position of the great swampy tract to which Hyde
county belongs is between the lower reaches of the Roanoke and
Palmico sound, a position which shows very satisfactorily what
must have taken place in early times when the land was a few feet
lower than it is now. "We may regard all the tracts which possess
a gray or drab colored soil as having received it from the interior,
while the clear white sands, which often appear under the micro-
scope as ground crystals, are probably derived from marine beds
which have been assorted or sifted by the action of waves. It is
by no means an uncommon circumstance that river currents, with
their burthens of comminuted rock and tides bearing forward sand
meet and commingle their contents, and some varieties of soil are
actually composed of the fine and coarse as if they had been mixed
in the way we have indicated.

§ 26. The principal fact we have to bear in mind is that soil mixed
with vegetable matter is absolutely necessary for the growth of
plants. The black peat, if destitute of soil, will not sustain a crop,
it necessarily perishes, and the time during which plants or crops
of the cereals can grow and perfect seeds or fruit depends directly
upon the amount of soil the peat contains combining the necessary
elements in due proportions.

50 NORTH-CAROLLSA GEOLOGICAL BLUVKY.

CHAPTER VIII.

Position of Plymouth. Quality of soils indicated by the growth of timber. Cos:
o! drainage. Composition of four specimens of soil from the south side of
Albemarle sound. Mechanical separation of elements, etc

_ 7. PLTMorrn is a place of some note upon one of the south di-
- . aooke, and above its entrance into Albemarle sound

some ten miles. It is upon the north side of the great swamp, to
which the Hyde county lands, which have been under consider-
ation, belong.

In its vicinity are lands which are owned by gentlemen of
Raleigh, and who are now making inroads upon the desert swamp
in the way of drains and ditches, aided by the axe and grubbing
hoe. Cheir lands, which are not far from Plymouth, are in an
easterly direction, and a: far as externals are concerned,

-ly related to those of Hyde county; but as we have already

d, the swamp lands of North-Carolina are as variable in com-
position as the uplands; and hence, the necessitv of an analysis of
some kind to prove or determine their characr. - - It is indeed,
able that there is more danger of misjud_ _ heir
qualitier - le inspection, than of the uplands; for the vegeta-
ble matter masks their essential characteristics, or those character-
which their ability to bear crops depend. It is true, that
timber in kind and quality, furnishes a clue upon which to found a
judgment: and following this guide, it is very probable that good
would make a wise eh i; is so fitting that

certain I - 1 a large and port - should grow upon a fat
.. and dwarfish ith stinted limbs and mossy trunks,

should belong to a lean soil, in which there it scarcity of

the money elements, that it seem< to be be an axiom in the veg-
etai - much established in the vegetal 'le king-

dom as in the animal, that fata - lull feeding,

le leanness is due to a lack of nutriment, provided the organs
of assimilation are in a healti. k upon the specimens

from the north of the Albemarle and Pamlico swamp as reprt -
tative of that side, as they were taken from a tract fa en or

t thousand acres. However ton may be, it if necessai
keep before us the characteristics of those lands which we know to

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 51

be good, and which have been amply tested. "We ought, however,
to bear in mind that tests by actual crops may be sufficient
to satisfy practical men, but the results of these very tests harmo-
nize perfectly with well known principles. To the minds of those
imbued with principles, the results are precisely what they would
have predicted, they would say a priori, what the results should be.
State the facts truly with respect to the soil, and they would pre-
dict results. We have then, two sources of imformation for our
guide, principles and tests oy experiment. Principles have certain
advantages over tests, as they determine for us before hand, or
prior to the application of labor and the payment of money ; and
hence, may be resorted to when tests by experiments are not con-
venient and require more time than can be devoted to the mat-
ter.

§ 28. The first work which is necessary to subdue a swamp and
bring it under cultivation is to draw off the water by drains, and
then to kill the trees by girdling. The timber when girdled is
allowed to stand until dead.

We have been unable to ascertain the expense of subduing swamp
lands by draining and clearing. In this State it is generally under-
taken by the owners of hands. The highest price we have heard be-
ing paid is 16 cents per cubic yard for cutting deep and wide
ditches. This is more than the work will cost usually ; especially
when it is undertaken by the owner, with good hands. The task
for a smart negro is to cut 400 cubic feet per day, and one who is
industrious finishes it in season to save at least one full da}r of the
week. In draining systematically, lots are laid out in squares often
acres each; ultimately the water finds its way to the drains and leaves
the surface sufficiently dry for cultivation. . It is not expected that
the surface will be dried the first season, and no profits are obtain-
ed the first two years. Corn, however, grows upon the ditches
and upon the area drained soon after the mass has settled even
among the dead trees after the underbrush is removed. In conse-
quence of the heavy expense attending the subjugation of a swamp,
it is necessary that the person who embarks in it, should possess
capital, for it is not simply the first cost which is to to be met, but
the expenditure has to remain unproductive for two or three years.
There is the cost of supporting the hands employed for the time,
the interest of the money, and perhaps the outlay for the land, all

52 NORTII-CAIMI.INA. GKoLOGICAL SURVEY.

of which, either requires cash, or good credit based upon a cash
reputation.

The timber immediately shows the effect of drainage and srird-
ling, but it is not intended to apply the axe generally to the large
trees. The roots of the gum speedily decay. The tree ia Bpongy
and almost like cork; and hence, rots earlier than the cypress. As
a general rule, the work of clearing is not so formidable an under-
taking as ir appears it would be on the first inspection of the tow-
ering cypresses, the woods are soft and unlike the oaks, maples,
birches, beeches, etc., of a northern forest. We believe that the
of clearing these lands is less than those of the North, or the
well wooded uplands of the South, but we have only insufficient
data to form a correct opinion. The difficulty is, very few persons
keep a book of expenses for work of the kind, and besides, we be-
lieve that as clearing really extends over a period of many years,
it is impossible to estimate it. Nature is left to perform as much
of it as possible.

§ *2!». The section fr«>m which the soils were taken, the composi-
tion of which we propo.se now to give, is situated upon the branches
of Kendricks creek. This short creek rises in the dismal and falls
into the south-side of Albemarle sound. The section is regarded
a- a part of the Hyde county tract, and to be continuous therewith.
We shall give the composition of only four specimens, as they
in to represent the condition and character of this part of the
swamp. The first is a brown or grayish In-own color and would be
pronounced, on inspection, a fertile soil. ( >n drying it concretes
into small lumps, which, however, are easily crushed. It shows bo
Band or soil proper, the vegetable matter being in a sufficient
quantity to mask or conceal it, but being rubbed between the
lingers, or taken between the teeth, its grittiness is ;tt once per-
ceived. The latter method of trying the swamp soil is a I

1 one, as if present it will be detected and something relating
to its fineness or coarseness revealed. This is numbered 4. and on
analysis it gave :

Water, -24.000

Silez 48.000

Organic matter, 18.000

Peroxide of iron and alumina y.900

I.imc, 220

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 53

Magnesia, 100

Potash, 177

Soda, 000

Chlorine, 090

Sulphuric acid, trace.

99.447

The silex and inorganic matter is of an ash color, and it is proper
to observe in this connexion that the iron is in the condition of a
protoxide, being white when precipitated, and resembles alumina
unless it is oxidised by nitric acid. It differs from many soils in
the color of the oxide, as in some cases it has the pertoxide color
and then it is greenish. The organic matter in these cases of un-
cultivated and recently exposed soil has deoxidised it to its lowest
state of oxidation, and this fact illustrates very condusively the
influence of inorganic matter in soils. When they have become
dry and exposed to the atmospheric agents a part of the iron
becomes oxidised, but being always present in a mass of vegetable
matter it is again deoxidised under favorable conditions. A suc-
cession of changes of this kind take place which as water is
decomposed hydrogen is set free, and may, when liberated, combine
with nitrogen and form ammonia.

This variety of soil is rather upon the rim of the swamp, but it
occupies an exceeding large space. The analysis was made upon
the specimen which had not been dried in the open air, and shows
the amount of water which it naturally holds. But this large per
centage of water, it will be perceived, diminishes the ratio of the
other important elements ; and hence the true value of this variety
of soil is not expressed in its most favorable light.

The examination of this area of soil suggests its adaptation to
cotton. We have seen cotton growing luxuriantly and well sup-
plied with bolls on a similar soil in Carteret county. In the con-
stitution of cotton we can see no objection to a complete success
on this soil.

About one-fourth of a mile from the outer rim we find the mass
to be richer in vegetable matter or to increase in quantity towards
its interior. The specimen is black, fine grained material, but con-
tains unchanged stems of vegetables, or those but slightly blacken-
ed. It is a true peat, in most respects to the eye. We took of this

54 :Tn-OAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SUBTET.

sample numbered '2, two hundred grains and found it composed
of:

racsjmci.

Silex 19."

_-anic matter 54".

Alumina 4 5 .

Peroxide of iron 1.09

Lime

Magnesia, L<

Potash 177

Soda, - 088

Chlorine

Sulphuric acid. trace. trace.

19?. 99.: U

The texure of this specimen is looser than the foregoing. In dry-
ing, it concretes and forms rounded lumps which > i • in-
dication edition, lor one composed entirely - ible mat-
ter dries differently.

The great excess of water in this variety bears unfavorably upon
its composition provided it is not left out of the account, but it ia plain
when drainage shall have had its full effect upon it, the ratio of all
the important elements will be greatly increased. Taken all in all,
this soil is rich in productive elements, and will be found equal to
anv of those in Hyde county ; for as we have found by ample ob-
servation, the only draw back to a successful cultivation is the ab-
sence of soil, or inorganic matter. The necessity, however, of com-
pact! .rive roots a tirm hold of the earth is u
tain kinds of swamp lands remain loose and rather chaffy a:
are drained. It is indicative of the absence of soil and
when they m ..rks of ignited matter they catch tire
like tinder, and burn until extinguished by the exhaustion of com-
bustible matter or are put out by lung continued rains.

'. For mechanical analysis of the foregoing, 100 grains were
taken and carefully washed :

We obtained sand, 3.00

Very fine soil or sand, lfl

Organic matter.

40.30

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURYEY. 55

There is, therefore; a great predominance of very fine inorganic
matter in the foregoing, which is rather remarkable ; it however,
goes to sustain the opinion which has been formed of it ; the finely
divided matter being in sufficient abundance to last for centuries.

The first soil of which we gave the composition gives, as well be
seen, a much larger proportion of the coarser particles of soil. Thus
we obtained of:

Coarser particles, 15.00

Very fine, 41.00

Organic matter, 18.00

74.00

The coarser particles consisted of limpid quartz, mixed with fel-
spathic looking particles, the former greatly predominating. Al-
though the extremely fine particles are in part quartz, yet it is
highly probable that as felspar is softer and suffers more from abra-
sion that they are mostly felspathic, and hence, will furnish in the
course of time, inorganic elements as food for crops. The fine
silica in its condition of fineness is also in a state to be acted upon
by alkalies, and thereby become soluble and fitted to be taken into
the organism of plants.

The condition of a large part of the inorganic elements is to be
regarded in the light of a reason why these soils are so productive
in maize.

Another specimen of swamp soil from this district, and from a
spot still farther removed from the outer rim than the preceding,
gave results somewhat different. It is numbered one, and yielded
the following elements on being submitted to analysis :

Water, 75.60

Organic matter, 16.00

Silex, 7.60

Peroxide of iron and alumina, 30

Lime, 40

Magnesia, 10

Chlorine, none.

Sulphuric acid, none.

100.00

5G NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

The small per cent age of inorganic elements in this specimen is
due to the great excess of water. If calculated dry, they would
amount to about 35 per cent., and each individual element would
be increased in proportion. But soils of this composition, es-
pecially when connected with water beneath, never become ac-
tually dry, but will contain at least from 8 to 10 per cent, of water.
This tract, with the composition then as thus indicated, will contain
inorganic matter amply sufficient for cultivation. The process of
draining in this instance had just begun to take effect, and hence,
the amount of water which these lands hold in their natural con-
dition is exhibited.

By mechanical separation of the parts of this soil, it gave:

Coarsish soil, mostly quartz, 1.70

Fine soil, 7.30

Were the fine soil stated in the ratio it will exist after it is per-
fectly drained and dried in the sun, the amount will be so changed
in the relative quantities, that no one will doubt that it can sustain
a large growth of corn, or other crops suitable to this class of soils.

The last of this series is No. 3. It consists of earthy matter in
a fine state of division, but in which we found a particle of quartz
as large as a duck shot, which is uncommon in soils of this descrip-
tion. It contains also partially decomposed sticks or wood. It
gave, on analysis, as taken from the tract, with only a slight effect
from draining:

Water, C'8.80

Organic matter, -4. ill

Alumina and peroxide of iron, B6

Silex 4.50

Gtfrtxttiate of lime, 80

Magnesia, 10

Chlorine, "7

Sulphuric acid, trace.

After exposure to the air for a month it lost water, and henco
the proportion of the elements were relatively changed. The soil
as first submitted to analysis shows the large amount of water it is
capable of holding for some time after the drains have been cut.

NORTII-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 57

The following analysis shows the amount of water lost, which,
certainly escapes slowly as it has been exposed freely to the air in
a dry room for four weeks :

Water 50.80

Insoluble organic matter, 22.00

Soluble organic matter, 10.80

Inorganic, 16.10

Phos. lime and magnesia dissolved by carb. of am-
monia, 1.20

Tried mechanically for inorganic matter, it gave :

In coarsish sand or soil, 8.50

Very fine soil, 7.50

The constitution of this whole tract, so far as the soils collected
can be relied upon, prove that it is closely allied to the Hyde
county or Matamuskeet lands. There is really no deficiency of
^organic matter, and it is highly probable that cultivation for half
a century will improve it. One objection to soils of this descrip-
tion is the loose state of the surface from the presence of unde-
composed wood, and hence an insecure condition of maize in a
storm of wind and rain. It is highly probable that it will be im-
proved by a heavy roller, or by any measure which will give
solidity to the surface.

CHAPTER IX.

The Pungo tract. Gen. Blount's plantation. General description of this part of
the Albemarle swamp, with its natural growth of timber. Depth and compo-
sition of the soils of this section of the swamp. Mechanical separation of the
parts of the soil. How the poor soils of this class may be improved. Tyrrell
county. The centre of the Albemarle tract highest in the centre.

§ 31. Pungo lake, a small sheet of water, is nearly the centre of
4

53 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVKY.

the great Albemarle and Pamlico swamp. From near this little
sheet of water numerous Bluggish streams depart; some to Albe-
marle Bonnd, others to Pamlico, and others still, which flowing at
lir-t more easterly, drain the centre off towards Hyde connty,
where finally they take a northerly direction, and flow into Albe-
marle Bonnd, by Alligator river. Pongo lake appears to be the
culminating point of this great tract, where the swell of the crown
attains its maximum, and hence, it is here that we should expect
to find the most vegetable matter with the least soil.

On the Beaufort county side, or perhaps we Bhonld say Wash-
ington, which is its capitol, we have the north-we?t rim or margin.
The travelled part of this country is along the north side of the
Pamlico sound, where the land has the firmness neces-ary for a
road ; but a little north lies the drowned lands, which on being
traced eastwardly, cany us back to Hyde county.

Many plantations have been reclaimed from the Beanforl
while the attempts to work successt'uly the lands about Pungo,
have not been eminently so.

The most successful planter of Beaufort county, and probably of
the State, is General Blount. He is the successful pioneer in sub-
jugating the swamps, and probably saw at an early day their great
and intrinsic value, and has made a large fortune by their cultiva-
tion, and is now the owner of 50,000 acres. It is true, the pro-
ductiveness of the Matamuskeet lands was indicative of the nature
of other swamps, but still it seems to have been held that thej
were very peculiar and confined, and that planters need not expect
equal advantages out of this region, and it has taken time to satisfy
the public that rich lands of this cla^s exist elsewhere. What has
contributed very considerably to depreciate their value have been
the failures to cultivate the poorest tracts, and the management of
experiments to determine something satisfactory to owners has
often been trusted to incompetetent parties.

2. The specimens which have been submitted to analy-
the purpose of determining the character of the dismal upon its
southern margin, or northwestern margin, if we depart from Ply-
mouthy were procured from Gen. Blount's plantation. The exami-
nation of so large a field rendered it necessary to select samples
from known places. It is not, however, possible to carry such in-
vestigations over the whole ground. A life time would scarcely

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 59

suffice for this. Xeither do we deem it necessary ; for. though
there are several k;nds of soil which possess marked differences in
their composition, yet. there would be unnecessary repetitions of
facts; for it seems to us there are only a few points which require
to be fully established, though they should be placed before those
who are any ways interested, ip such a light, that these points may
be determined by themselves.

§ 33. Gen. Blount's plantation is at Madisonville, 12 miles from
Washington, and is located upon the margin of the swamp. The
general run of the timber is black gum, of which there is a heaw
growth in many places, large poplars and maples, which are usual-
ly scattering, and short leaved pines ; and when the land falls off
in fertility, there is a growth of laurels.

The depth of the vegetable covering, rarely exceeds thirtv inch-
es. Its general appearance is much the same as that of all lands of
this class, being black, wet and spongy, while in their natural con
dition. They are based upon a subsoil which is argillaceous, but
not so close and compact as to retain the water.

The crops have not been confined to corn. Oats, though not
eminently productive, have succeeded very well : the poorest fields
yielding from 30 to 40 bushels per acre. In seasons less favorable
for this grain, it falls to 20 bushels per acre. The corn crop has
averaged forty-five bushels to the acre. Gen. Blount states in a
letter published in the report for 1S3S, that he had raised one hun-
dred and twenty bushels of corn to the acre on a plantation in
Hyde county. This result is one which is not surprising, and it
shows the lands of this class are fully equal in productiveness to
the prairie lands of Illinois, of which we have given some account
in a preceding paragraph.

Another fact mentioned by Gen. Blount is of great importance,
is that for the forty years, during which he has been a resident up-
on this class of lands, the health of his family, white and black, will
compare favorably with the healthiest locations in Eastern Xorth-
Carolina.

Only four specimens from Gen. Blount's plantation have been
analyzed.

No. 1. Is a dark soil, and has a depth of twenty inches, resting
upon a subsoil with argillaceous matter, but not sufficient in quanti-
ty to form an impervious mass. It is intermixed with sand. The

00 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL BUBTKT.

land bore a heavy growth of black gum, with poplars, maples and
a few laurels, and in which there was a mixture of the short leaved
pine. It bore 50 bushels of corn to the acre, and had been under
cultivation three years. It gave on analysis:

Silex 85.540

Hunic acid or soluble organic matter, 2.30

Insoluble organic matter

JV ,;

Oxide of iron and alumina 4.

Carbonate of lime

Magnesia, "

Potash a

Soda '' -

Phosphoric acid, 0.

Sulphuric acid, trace.

Chlorine, trace.

It has a fine drab colored inorganic matter, with a due propor-
tion of oxide of iron and alumina. The proportion of the alkalies
and phosphoric acid appear to be small ; and yet, the growth of
timber indicates a high grade of fertility.

A mechanical separation of the essential parts of this specimen
of soil gave :

Very fine soil, or sand ... 50.00

Coarser soil or sand, 20.50

Organic matter 26.00

It had been exposed to the air several weeks, and had become
dry. but soils of this description still retain from six to eight per
cent, of water. Mixed with the organic matter we found small
pieces of decayed wood, bark, roots, cVrc. The earthy part was
invisible, an important fact, for we may always regard suc;i speci-
mens as containing it in a very fine state of division, and favorable
for crops.

No. '2 was taken from an unreclaimed part of the marsh. The
depth of soil is two feet. Subsoil contains sufficient clay to check
materially the percolation of water, and resists the introduction of
the spade. The consequence of this impervious state is, that the
surface has always been wet, and more so than in No. 1. The

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 61

vegetable growth consists of reeds, which stand very thick. The
pines are small and sickly, and intermixed with the former are
gall berries and red and white bay bushes. The soil is supposed
to have been burnt over in former times, as large stumps of charred
pine still remain. After heavy rains the surface is nearly covered
with water. It is, however, susceptible of drainage. On submit-
ting this soil to analysis it gave :

Silex 74.000

Organic matter, 18.060

Peroxide of iron and alumina, 3."""

Phosphoric acid, 0."-21

Carbonate of lime, 0.048

Magnesia 0.005

Potash, 0.040

Soda ".■

Water, 4.000

>.ooe

This specimen was nearly dry before it was weighed. It pre-
served its water a long time, and after several months exposure to
the air. in an open box. it contained 15 per cent, of water. It
contained rather fresh and half charred roots, with bark and wood,
but its texture was compact, not spongy.

The separation of its parts mechanically gave :

Very fine sand, 66.546

Fine sand, lo.OOO

Organic matter, 18.000

No. 3 has been cleared for ten years, and has been regarded as
second rate swamp land. The growth of laurels is greater, and
fewer poplars and gums than No. 1. For ten years in succession
it has been cultivated in corn, and produced, in its prime state,
forty bushels to the acre. The last crop was only thirty. A crop
of oats followed, with a yield of twenty bushels to the acre. The
soil will average IS inches in depth. The specimen for analysis
was taken from a part of the field which is regarded as the poorest,
or from that part of the field which produced the poorest oats. It
gave :

62 XOKTH-CABOLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Silex 81.600

V. j table matter 12.600

!'. : oxide of iron and alumina, 4.

Carbonate of lime, 0.

Hagiww, 0.010

Phosphoric acid, trace.

Potash, trace.

98.530

The color of this soil is of a dark gray, and had become dry in
the box beside Xo. *2, which remained wet. It is light and pulver-
ulent, though it forms loose concretions in drying.

The quantity of silex is quite large for this class of soils, and
some of the most important elements of growth exist in small
proportions. There is quite a contrast between this specimen and
Xo. 1, or between it and the best Hyde county soils.

The foregoing sample of soil is one which would be greatly im-
] roved by the use of marl. It has a large stock of organic matter,
and hence large dn Bsings, if thought advisable, could be used
without injury. The labor and expense of enriching - - this
description is much less than when they are nearly destitute of
soil or inorganic matter, and it is no doubt true that all the j ■■
soils which begin to be deficient in the inorganic elements may be
brought up to the best class of soils by the use of marl a
in the u?l- of this fertilizer more than one good result is secured.
[n the 1ir>t place the necessary elements, lime, magnesia, iron and
phosphoric acid are added to if, and in the second place marl
solidates the mas-, an improvement which most Bwamp lands require.

No. 4 has a depth of 3 feet and rests on a sandy clay, and all
the percolation of water. The timber is very huge, black gums
from one to two feet in diameter at the stump, and fifty to six:
the limbs, with straight bodies: the limbs form an angle of about
30° to the axis of the trunk. Poplars with large trunks are not
uncommon, mixed with maples in keeping with the former ae
size and thrift in ess, and cypresses, averaging from B to 10 to the acre
and from two and a half to four feet and a half in diameter at the
stump ; the bodies are straight, and the limbs form an angle with
the trunk of 40°, and first appear at the bight of one hundred feet.
This tract is uncultivated. Its soil is composed of:

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 63

Silex 77.56

Organic matter, 15.400

Peroxide of iron and alumina, G.900

Lime, 500

Magnesia 100

Potash, 019

Soda, 029

Phosphoric acid, 062

Sulphuric acid, 180

Chlorine, trace.

101.028
The mechanical separation of its parts gave :

Very fine sand, 60.00

Fine soil, 25.50

Organic matter, 15.40

The sand is not coarse, but rather fine, and (qnartzose) of a gray
color. Tt is very uniform in size in all the specimens.

This tract probably contains the best land of the section. It is
black in color and contains partially decayed roots, bark and wood.

The timber, depth of soil and its composition, indicate a soil
probably equal in fertility to any in the eastern counties. The
silicions matter is fine, and of a drab color. Portions of this soil,
after drying in the air, were exposed to the heat of an oven having
a temperature of 300°, and lost 34 per cent, of water.

It appears to be established from many observations and experi-
ments relative to the swamp lands, that much depends upon the
fineness of the soil intermixed with the vegetable matter; for
when there is a perceptible coarseness of all the particles, the land
will not bear cultivation many years. It will be deficient in
elements which are always large enough in uplands, as the oxides
of iron and alumina. The soil too, will be found t<> constat of
quartz or flint, similar to that of beach sand. This variety dries
readily, and is liable to become chaffy, or if the vegetable matter
is tine, the quartz soon shows through the white ground in which
it is imbedded ; where, on the contrary, the earthy matter is line,
it retains moisture and bears the drouths of summer without suf-
fering. In certain combinations of soil elements, extreme fineness

64 XORTH-CABOLINA GEOLOGICAL SUKVhV.

may be a defect; it may be too impervious to the air, and so light
as to be blown away with high triads. Such ih>ng to that

cla— of soils where the vegetable matter is comparatively small.

But in swamp soils extreme finene>-. in-read of being an objection,
is an a>l vantage.

. The high esteem in which swamp lands begin to be held
should not blind the eyes of their admirers to the fact, that like
other lands, they will show the effects of bad treatment after a
while; and it may. indeed, does turn out, that they become at least
partially exhausted after several years of cultivation. "When it is
found that the quantity of Indian corn per acre is steadily falling
off, while the seasons are favorable, it is a warning to the planter
that he is taxing his land too much, and it requires rest, or some
modification of treatment.

Kxperience proves that guano acts admirably upon these lands
when they are becoming exhausted, and no doubt the vegetable
matter still remaining has much to do with the beneficial effects of
this fertilizer.

-Marl also acts very favorably, and it is one of those kind adjust-
ments which brings these lands and marl in juxtaposition.

The favorable action of guano most in part depend upon the
ready absorption of its ammonia bv the vegetable matter, a fact
which is well established. There is, therefore, less loss or less
liability of losing this important element when used apon these
lands, than upon upland-, where the vegetable matter is generally
small, rarely exceeding five or six per cent., and often reduced to
two or three.

We see, on comparing swamp lands with sandy ones in this re-
spect, especially those of the kind which often occur in the eastern
counties that, in the latter, the aeeof guano is rather precarious, much
depending upon seasonable rain- or showers. < Mi swamp lands,
again, neither guano nor marl are liable to burn the crop.

When, therefore, lands which have a constitution similar to those
of Beaufort, Washington and others, it seems to be conceded that
they are less liable to suffer from the irregularities of our climate
than the I uplands.

. That part of the Albemarle and Pamlico swam)) which
extends into Tyrrell county, appears to rank only as aeoood rate
soil; but it is only upon the Croatan sound that we have made

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 65

examinations, and hence we may have formed an erroneous opinion
of a part of tin's great tract. We know that there are lands of this
class which are cultivated successfully and with profit, but how
they rank, when compared with Hyde, Washington and Beaufort
counties, our data are insufficient for forming a satisfactory opinion.
§ 36. The centre of this great tract is higher than the margins,
and we believe this phenomenon to be due to a growth of vegetable
matter, and it will probably turn out that at the surface there will
be a deficiency of soil, or a great excess of the vegetable element.
If this conjecture is true it will be liable to take fire from the
carelessness of hunters, and even to occur when the common pre-
cautions have been taken to prevent it. Much, however, is to be
expected from a better drainage than has yet been obtained.
When this has been obtained there will be a great change in the
upper part or surface, the loose vegetable matter will shrink to
half of its present bulk, and if in the early times of the formation
soil accummulated with the vegetable growth the surface may
undergo so great a change by depression that the roots of crops
may be brought within striking distance of the soil below.

CHAPTER X.

Bay river District, composition of its soil. The 4th District of swamp lands. The
open prairie of Carteret County, composition of its soils, change effected by
drainage. Inorganic matter increases with the depth of soil.

§ 37. Bay river district of swamp lands is included between the
lower reaches of Pamlico and Nense rivers, or between their forks
as they unite to form Pamlico sound. Bay river is intermediate
between these two rivers.

This district is much smaller than the preceding or the Albe-
marle. It has the same general characteristics; a flat country,
with swamps interrupted by hard ground, which generally extends
along, and not far from the estuaries of the Pamlico and Xense.

Cfi NORTH-CAROLINA OBOLOCtiOAL SURVKY.

The only specimen of the Bay river lands, which we have pre-
served for analysis, cannot be distinguished from those of the other
districts. It is separated mechanically into the three distinct parts,
and furnishes proportions, or ratios, quite similar to the best swamp
land?: thus:

One hundred grains gave, of coarsish sand. '2:i.<> parts.

Very fine sand, 17.t)

< »rganie matter 66.0

Water o.(i

88. The partly chemical and partly mechanical analysis, gives
a result corresponding to those of the other districts which are
known to hold a high rank.

The principal point which requires to be brought out and prov-
ed is. the proportion of soil existing in the mass of the peaty mat-
ter, inasmuch as when this is proved, it has been found to possess
the same complexity of composition as any soil from the midland
counties; that is, it is found to contain iron, alumina, lime, magne-
sia, potash, etc., though like much of the soil of the eastern coun-
ties, the relative proportion of silex ma}' be greater. It seems from
this fact, and the character of the deposites in all the eastern coun-
S, that formerly, the state of the river currents and other agents,
performed the same functions that they now do, and much in the
same manner; they transported the abraded materials from the
tipper country, assorted them, and disposed of them as the same
river-, currents, agents. Arc. now do upon our coa

■. The 4th district of Bwamp lands, lying between the lower
reaches of the Neose and Core sound, is elongated westwardly and
comparatively narrow for its length. It furnishes the same varie-
il as the preceding, passing from those which rank as num-
ber one, to number three, or those which are too poor to hold out
inducements to clear them, in the present relative value of landed
property. Indeed this country furnishes Mich a vasl acreage of
tillable land .that even Becond rate lands will remain uncultivated
except when their locations for market are extremely favorable.
We ought to take their adaptations into consideration : for certain
lands which rank only as second <-r third rate for corn, or wheat,
may pay very large profits if planted with Irish potato ' rtain

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 67

tracts of poor lands answer well for pasturage, sheep husbandry,
etc. It is rare indeed, that we can justly say of l his or that piece
of land, that it is good for nothing. These remarks are applicable
to the tract which we propose now to consider. We shall confine
our remarks to that part of this district which is included in Carte-
ret county. We have not attempted to give exact boundaries of
swamp lands. It would be impossible in the present condition of
the State surveys. When large districts are marked upon any ot
the best maps, it would be adopting an error to regard their boun-
daries as correctly drawn. The swamps are connected by strips of
narrow belts, and swell out irregularly, and hence, may be consid-
ered as forming one tract, but their shape or form is extremely
irregular, and most plantations have their swampy parts, though
they are principally upland.

§ 40. It is a matter of little consequence, however, whether
a tract of this class is large or small ; the general characterics will
be those of the large areas ; their composition will agree, and their
qualities will belong to one standard, or, they-will rank in the same
grade according to the amount of inorganic matter which they con-
tain.

§ 41. The great tract in Carteret, generally known as the open
prairie, is a marsh or swamp, mostly destitute of trees; and hence,
the area which is exposed to view is more than ten miles in length
and breadth. But the entire tract, has an area more than two hun-
dred square miles. In this tract, there is a continuity of swamp,
ranging somewhat in condition, depth of mud, and solidity of sur-
face, but it is all swamp in reality. It furnishes a growth of coarse
grasses over its whole surface, or that part which is open to the
sun. This tract is surrounded by a piney ridge which has a sandy
soil and bears moderately large, long leaved pines. But the im-
mediate border is so thickly overgrown with briers, rebels, bam-
boos, and other ugly bushes, that it is at the expense of a man's
coat, pantaloons and shirr, if he forces his way through them. This
outside hedge is twenty rods wide in many places, and even wider
in others. Since improvements, however, on a small scale have
been undertaken by means of ditching, the access to the open
grounds is easy and safe.

This tract should be described under two divisions, the outside
briery border, and the grassy open part. The first is much the

68 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVKV.

least in area, but it is of considerable importance, as it is land which
ha- a high intrinsic worth.

We visited this tract in 1852, in April, by the direction of the
Board of Education* The time proved very oniavorble for con-
ducting the examination. The prairie was filled with water and
the facilities for getting over it, were only clumps of grassy kimwles
which stood above the water. It was soft and yielding to the foot
every where else, and was easily penetrated to a depth of between
five to ten feet.

During this visit, we procured specimens of the surface from a
depth of eighteen inches. When brought up, they were spongy
and black, and consisted mostly of vegetable fibre, undergoing the
common changes incident to swamp grounds. But the examina-
tion was not satisfactory, and could not be from the circumstances
under which it was made. The question, however, for decision
was, whether the composition of the soil of the swamp held out en-
couragements for expenditure for draining it, or if drained, could
it be cultivated with profit 8 The surveys of this great tract prove
that it may be laid dry ; it is from 12 to 15 feet above storm tide.

The drainage is into Core sound and Neuse river, and is higher
in the middle than its borders. The largest or heaviest drainage
is into the Neuse. The position of the open ground prairie with
respect to water access and removal of products is very favorable,
and if this tract was under cultivation, all parts of it would find
convenient points for reaching the deep waters of this river.

The soil of the rim of the open prairie is richly constituted. On
submitting a sample to analysis it gave :

Water, 11.200

< Irganic matter, 52.700

Silex, :;•_'.:

•Per oxide <>f iron and alumina 2.000

i ';irlionate of lime, l.OOii

tfagnesia 300

Potash 073

Soda,

Chlorine, trace.

Sftlp. acid, trace.

100.0C3

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 69

§ 42. This part of the tract furnishes a black vegetable mass
from three to five feet deep; it is homogeneous and contains com-
paratively few fibres in an nndecoinposed state. By experiment
it produced excellent Irish potatoes, and a growth of corn stalks
and leaves, which, in consequence of late planting and inattention,
bore no ears. The seed was planted the 20th of June, and the
weeds were allowed to have their way, but the result proved that
the crop did not fail in consequence of the unfavorable constitution
of the soil. When corn is planted in peat destitute of soil it grows
to the hight of a foot and then dies. The stalks, however, were
well developed and well supplied with leaves, and grew to the
hight of 10 feet. Hence, it is probable that had the corn been
planted in season and properly hoed it would have borne fruit.
However, there never has been much doubt respecting the border
soil, its rank vegetation furnishes testimony quite conclusive.

Mechanical separation gave :

Coarsish soil, • 7.00

Fine soil, 25.50

Organic matter, 52.70

It, therefore, contains a large per centage of very fine soil, and
which is well adapted to the growth of crops.

§ 43. The piney ridge which forms a border still higher than the
prairie has a soil more sandy than the preceding, and is regarded
a second rate land of this class. It gave, on analysis :

Water, 2.58

Organic matter, 8,58

Silcx, mostly sand, 78.20

Per oxide of iron and alumina, 3.82 «

Carb. of lime, 3.80

Magnesia, 50

99.58

Separated mechanically it gave :

Coarsish sand, 17.20

Fine soil, 1G.00

70 WWtTH-CABOLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

;4. The: . 5 furnishes nothing important any farther than

the fact that the immediate surroundings of the prairie the soil
differs in no respect from the common - reg 'un-

trv. A change, how - immediately re

within the piney ridge, e-pecially that of the open grounds.

an important drainage has been effected by a ditch about
four feet deep, and extending one mile from the outer rim, the
around has settled u 16 inches over an area of about half a

square mile. It was near the drained part that our soils were taken
in 1S52. Upon this part, or the drained part, three small patches
of corn were planted last year. The two outer pieces were upon
the part from which our first specimen of soil was taken, and in
the same piece with the corn, beans, and Irish potatoes were grown
which ripened well. The piece of corn upon the open prairie and
about three-quarters of a mile from the outer rim was not equal in

rigor to that nearer the outside; still, considering all the
circumstances, the experiment ought to be regarded as successful,
though we do not believe' this tract adapted to the growth of corn,
itch, and from the bottom of the most vigorous corn
hill, we took a specimen of soil for examination. It had the follow-
ing composition :

Water, -21.38

_■ inic matter, 00.91

I: rganic matter, 2.60

It can hardly be maintained that so small a quantity of inorganic
matter would have sufheed for the existence of corn of the biz
found it in September, and the only solution which can be given
of the fact is that the roots penetrated to the subsoil which con-
tain- a mifch larger | _- f inorganic matter.

Thi- view is snsl uned by the character of the soil which appears
in the middle of the ditch not more than 1" feet from the place
where the corn grew, and about 12 to 14 inches deeper than the
iuien just referred to.

Thus the soil of the middle of the ditch, under the vegetable
coating, gave on analysis

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 71

Water,

ganic matter -i^.2-2

Silex-

Peroxide of iron and alumina g

Carb. of lime,

91.66
The mechanical separation of parts irave:

Coarse sand, 27 00

Fine soil 11 5^

Organic matter, 45

.->.->

\ Not far removed then from the surface soil there is a do-
posit consisting of organic and inorganic matter in due pro-
portions, and within the reach of the roots of corn and other
phtnts. The soil being light presents no obstacle to their penetra-
tion below, and indeed are invited there by a greater amount of
moisture since the drainage began. The sand in the middle part
of the ditch and elsewhere probably, is distributed irrecrularlv.
"We find it as it were in nests, but there is still in the vegetable part
a fine soil to the amount we have stared. We were unable to pro-
cure soil in 1S52 from this depth, though in sounding we aiwa'v*
found what appeared to be a sandy deposit. Since the surface lias
settled by drainage, the upper part has as it were diminished srreat-
ly in thickness and seemingly in quantity, but it is reallv only in
bulk. It has become compact. The coarse sand is of a granitic
origin, as it contains felspar and mica, a fact which holds%ut an
improved prospect of its fertility being lasting.

We w,.,u!d not advise an attempt of raising corn upon the prairie
grounds. We believe the Irish potatoe will prove the most profi-
table crop, especially so long as they find a readv sale at the price
of from si. 50 to $8.00 per bushel. Irish potatoes can be raised at
a cost of only ten cents per bushel, at which price thev become
profitable for the manufacture of starch. But so long as "thev bear
so high a price, starch making, though a simple process, would be
out of the question. The quality of the potatoe grown upon the
prairie is really superior to the northern growth, or to such varie-

72 NnKIII-CAkoI.INA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

ties as find their way to this State, being mealy and entirely free
from a strong taste or odor. They would also be employed it cheap-
er for fattening swine, as they make a superior meat when the fat-
tening ip completed by the use of corn meal.

The composition of the soil at the bottom of the ditch differs es-
sentially from the foregoing. It contains :

yTater 4.80

Organic matter (i.iii)

Silex, 70.82

Alumina, 2.92

Peroxide of iron, 1.80

Carbonate of lime, 3.00

Magnesia, 40

Potash, 03

B&89

ni. A result similar to that which is brought out strongly in
this anal \ sis seems to be one, which is general, or common to all
soils of this elass. It is the steady increase of soil in quantity, pro-'
portionate to the depth. At the top, it is at its minimum ; in the
stratum from one foot to twenty inehes below, it has sensibly in-
creased; and near the bottom, it is in quantity equal in amount to
|he upland soils, though more silicious. There the top of the soil
has onlv between 2 and 3 per cent, of soil ; it is really the ash
of the vegetable matter. Eighteen inches deeper, and we find 34
per cent., and at the depth of 4 feet, it has increased to 7!> per cent.
Considering the character of the soil, we regard these facts as
important, for there is really no obstacle to the penetration of roots
to this depth when the body of soil is drained. "We often find
roots penetrating still deeper, and in a stiller medium by far than
this. It is essential, however, that stagnant water should be re-
moved, and that no layers of earth and vegetable matter contain-
ing a-tringent salts be left nnd rained ; and if existing should be
neutralized by the use of lime or marl. AVe mav also observe that
the organic matter continues to the depth of four feet, but it di-
minishes about, in the same ratio that the inorganic increases, but
its presence is important, as it keeps the mass porous, and it' air
penetrates thus far it is acted upon and furnishes the usual products
for the growth of a crop.

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 73

But in the middle of the large swamps, the vegetable covering
is much thicker than upon the borders, and hence may be, and no
doubt is, too thic'v to permit the roots to reach a bottom, or layer
charged with soil. How much deep draining will effect in consoli-
dating the surface after a sufficient lapse of time for dryino- and
increasing its solidity, has not yet been determined by trial. We
have found in some samples 100 per cent, of water remaining af-
ter the soil had been exposed two weeks to the air. While vege-
table matter is thus soaked, or permeated with water, its bulk is
greatly swollen ; and hence, when removed by thorough draining
and it will also shrink excessively and probably not occupy more
than one third of its former bulk; its diminution of bulk, will no
doubt in many cases render the soil accessible to the roots of
plants.

In the Albemarle district and adjoining the tract, and indeed
forming a part of it, there is an open prairie quite similar to the
Carteret in general appearance. It lies towards Pungo lake, or a
little to south-east of the creek. It is called the burnt lands from
the common opinion of the inhabitants, that it has been burnt over,
when its timber was destroyed. It is regarded also as having been
prior to this period a juniper swamp. At present its vegetable
productions are limited to a few scattering bushes which do not in-
terfere with a wide view over the whole field for many miles in all
directions. To the eye the surface soil scarcely differs from that of
adjoining productive tracts. But the prevalent opinion is that it
will prove a barren field after a few inferior crops are harvested.

We have only separated the parts of the soil taken from near the
surface. It is black and slightly gritty between the teeth, and
evidently consists of vegetable matter to a great extent.

On being mechanically divided, it gave :

Coarsish quartzose sand, 1.70

Fine, or very fine soil, 4.10

Vegetable matter, 27.2

Water, 67.0

99.030

This separation gives a small per centage only of soil, but as the
specimen was fresh from the field, and contained a large propor*
5

-4 NOKTH-CAROLLN'A GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

tion of water. The 67 per cent, which it holds before draining,
will afterwards be diminished about two-thirds : and hence, the
quantity of tine eoil will be relatively increased. We should
take into the account the increase of soil in depth, and within strik-
ing distance of the roots of crops, which will come in aid of the
planter. Without spending time in a conjecture whether the burnt

net can ' tablj cultivated, as it is. it will aid us in ma. _

up ajndgment before hand to compared it with another on -

vth of timber in its vicinity, and whoe - externally iden-

tical in character. It is a tract situated near or upon McRae'a ca-
nal. This tract is remarkably heavily timbered. The tree-

,:ick and white gum. cj] leaved pine

here and there, and all are large. Among them is the red maple,
which is regarded as a sure indication of a productive soil, when as-
- iated with thi
The composition of this soil, as determined mechanically -

ibllo

and 3-50

Fine soil

"Watt -r 1 I

j.inic matter

It appears that a soil of the foregoing composition with only -
per cent, of inorganic '.natter bears large fb <d those

which all regard as indicative of a productiv and indi

which hat Bach when brought into cultivation. Tiie

differences then between the -. ".lie burnt lands, and the

canal tract, are only - _ ..nd it appears to us. that an attempt
. , the former is warranted by all the bets which ha
ie to our k;. _ . The differences do not seem to be so

any rate, that one should be set down as barren and worth-
. while the other, is regarded by all as an exceedingly valuable

The same remarks pen prairie -•: t. though
not so forcibly, yet we ha lient indication that it will be pro-
ductive of a number of crops when it is properly drained and at-
tended to.

NORTH-CAEOLIXA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 7 •

CHAPTER XL

Composition of soil? towards Beaufort. Composition of Mr. Sefton's swamp
land. Adams creek soils. Craven county. Dover swamp Craven countv.
Its hight above Xewbern. Composition of its soil.

§ 47. The open prairie is at present a wilderness, but towards
Beaufort many plantations are located upon the main road leading
to these lands, and which include portions of it which are regarded
as highly valuable. Several tracts, from four to six miles from
Beaufort, have been examined.

Of these, Mr. Sefton's furnishes probably as fair a representation
of the character of this part of the Carteret swamp, as any. The
timber is all large and thrifty, consisting of cypress and black and
white gum, mainly, with water oak and the long and short leaved
pines. The part from which the sample of soil was taken has been
in tillage two years, and had at the time a crop of corn unhar-
vested. which from estimation by the owner, would give fiftv
bnshels to the acre. It is black, but shows sand within one foot of
the surface. The specimen taken was from a depth of eight inches,
and from the corn field alluded to. It gave, on analysis :

Water and organic matter, 20.000

Silex, 73.300

Peroxide of iron and alumina, 4.4

Carbonate of lime, 1.700

Magnesia 170

Potash, 086

99.656

The sample had become dry by exposure to the air for three
months. It contained a trace of ammonia in 1,000 grains. Upon
a part of this tract which had been in cultivation for several years,
fine looking cotton was growing. It was late planted, but the trial
was regarded as highly successful, and it will probably turn out
that the best soil for cotton are those of the half worn ones which
originally were rich in vegetable matter. On such lands there
would be a great saving in fertilizers. Mechanical separation of
its parts, gave :

7 b* NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVKY.

Coarsish sand 18.1

Fine soil, 30.0

Tlic coarsish sand is all quartz, and it is visible in the dry speci-
men, and is easily detected in the wet, by its gritty feel. Still,
there is a stock of tine matter sufficient tor all the wants of vege-
tables. The vegetable matter, as usual, increases in depth towards
the central part of the swamp, and the growth of cypress and
black gums is also greater in this direction than upon the margin.

§ 48. Immediately opposite to the section of land which has been
drained, and the soils of which have been under consideration, is
Adams creek, in Craven county. The principal branches of Adams
creek rise in the crowning part of the open prairie, and if pro-
longed would interlock with the branches which form the North
river on the Beaufort side. "We have the soils at this time from
the banks of Adams creek, and have made several analyses of
them to that extent which will serve as a basis on which we may
found a judgment of their merits.

We did not deem it necessary to make a minute analysis as in
other soils, and it seemed sufficient to do enough to enable us to
make a comparison of their qualities with those of the North river
as well as those from other swamp lands. The first is evidently B
mixture of organic matter with fine and coarse sand and other
elements brought out by analysis. It gave :

Organic matter, 29.00

Silex, 3-1.80

Alumina and iron, 4.40

Carbonate of lime, 0.35

Magnesia, 0.13

Water, 11.00

99.68

A mechanical separation gave:

Rather coarsish sand, 43.00

Fine soil or sand, 28.40

Organic matter, 29.00

This soil had become dry by exposure to the air, and much less

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 77

water was obtained than is usual from swamp soils, and where
there is as much inorganic matter as in this specimen, the drying
by common exposure is more complete and rapid than where it
has less. The sand is white quartz. It appears that the sand of
the open prairie of Beaufort is coarser than that of the Albemarle
district, but it is intermixed with a quantity, 16 per cent, of fine
material.

Another soil from Adams Creek differs from the loregoing, as
will be seen in the larger quantity of sand and less vegetable
matter. It is gray and gritty, and harsh to the feel, and was taken
from beneath the covering of organic matter. On submitting it
to analysis, it gave :

Water, 6-30

Organic matter, 8.00

Silex 82.58

Peroxide of iron and alumina, 2.82

Carbonate of lime, 50

Magnesia, 13

100.03

We have been able to obtain a small amount of potash in all
the soils we have examined from the swamp lands. It is dimin-
ished to a small fraction wherever the sandy element is so large.
A mechanical separation of its parts gave:

Coarse sand, 56.2

Fine soil or sand, 29.0

Organic matter, 8.0

93.2

In another specimen, the organic matter was only 3.22, water 6,
silex 8S.78, alumina and peroxide of iron 2.60.

The Adams creek district seems not to want inorganic matter at
all ; they have, indeed, rather an excess, and too little vegetable
matter. To account for this fact, it seems that the Craven side of
the great marsh must have been nearer to the source from whence
the sandy matter was derived, and though none of it is what would
not ordinarily be regarded as coarse sand, yet it is coarser than

XOBTH-CAROLDf A GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY.

that Tliere may have been a direct communica-

tion with the Xense in former times, and by rat at com-

munication the sandy matter was supplied. The
nearer the source from where it carne. The fine is tra:
farther and is deposited slow! which may be witnessed in

all heavy showers where currents are formed with sufficient force
to move the loose materials upon the surface.

rer swamp, lying north of Newbern, in Craveu
.\-out fifteen miles long. It is about 60 feet above
Xewbem, and 30 or 35 above Kinston.

as its character is shown by the roads which pass through
it, it is a poor tract.

A single representative only of its soil will be given in the fol-
lowing analysis. The soil is black, and to the eye it may be re-
cking high in the scale of merit, but where the black
vegetable mold is cut, and has been exposed to washing by ra
they have brought out mechanically its char;. s. The

etable mattt: i with a white marine sand, which is exposed

upon the face of <he cut; an exhibition of this kind is never wit-
nessed in soils suitable for cultivation. An analysis of a soil rep-
resenting the Dover class, gave :

Water,

Organic matter 25.22

San>]

Peroxide of iron and alumina,

Carbonate of lime,

.-nesia, trace.

The specimen had become dry by exposure to the air in paper,
and hence, the small quantity of water. The sand is white, and
nearly pure quartz, and only a small per centage could be dissolved
out by the action of muriatic acid. When this specimen is com-
pared with * 'he Albemarle swamp, whicl . to lack
inorganic matter, a great difference - rered in the
Dover swamp representative ; the water was reduced I

lard; it was much drier than it ever will be by draining. In
the Dover representative there are really only two elements, white

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 79

sand and vegetable matter. If water is added, the sum of the
three amounts to 98.43, leaving only 1.57 for the active or soluble
elements, and still the Dover swamp is covered with vegetation,
though it is not vigorous and healthy. It is no doubt, supported in
a great measure, by the subsoil and the elements derived from the
atmosphere.

If a farmer, however, should drain and put it requisition for corn
or wheat, it would not answer to the call. It is not to be under-
stood that we speak thus confidently of the whole tract, and it 13
highly probable that rich places exist. The most we wish to incul-
cate is that where the soil consists of vegetable matter intermixed
with white or gray quartz sand, there is but a small ground for hope
that the tract will pay the expense of drainage. The foregoing
views as intimated in the foregoing paragraphs receive support
from the consideration that .76 per cent, of per oxide of iron and
alumina cannot furnish for a lapse of years sufficient phosphoric acid
to sustain the cereals, it is at least evident, that the available mat-
ter for divers crops is extremely small. The practical per centage
of important elements, cannot exert a chemical or mechanical in-
fluence upon the organic matter.

AVe confess, however, that we do not know the nature of the
subsoil, it will probably turn out that the forest trees derive their
support from the stiff subsoil on which the silicious vegetable mat-
ter rests. There are many points in which the swamp soils differ
from the true peat of the Northern States and Canada. A very
reliable analysis of a kind of peat found in Canada by Mr. Hunt
of the Canada Geological survey may be cited. Thus, Mr. Hunt
found 6.75 per cent, of ash, and it should be observed that it is not
soil, as in most cases of the swamp peat of the South but a true ash
of the vegetable matter, and hence, its composition must partake
of that of an ordinary ash ; and hence, it is found to consist of large
per cents., viz : of carb. of lime 52.11 ; sulphate of lime 15 ; sulphate
of potash 0.60 ; lime and magnesia as silicates, Arc, to the amount
of 13 pet cent. The peaty soils of the South, or certainly of Xorth-
Carolina consist of intermixtures of fine inorganic matter to a large
extent, and though the top is essentially vegetable matter, yet the
soil increases continually, or if the areas as indicated before had
communications with rivers from whicli they received sediments,
whereas, in the North the peat is formed in isolated basin-shaped

80 XORTII-CABOLIXA GEOLOGICAL SUEVET.

excavation?, which have been filled up by the growth of moss, or
sphagnum, etc.. and were of course separated from rivers or streams
bearing sediments from a distance.

The < roalow and Jones swamp, which appear to be con-
nected with the great Carteret open-ground prairie and «wamp,
has an area of over one hundred square miles. The White < >;.k
river rises in it. together with New river, both of which empty
into Bogoe sound, or Bogue and Stumpy sounds. Short branches
rising in this tract, fall into the Trent. The slope is mainly
towards Bogue sound. This great tract is easily drained, being
formed upon comparatively high ground. Portions of it have
been under cultivation, and the produce in corn has been from ten
to twelve barrels per acre. Upon the branches of the White I
the timber is large, consisting of poplar, cypress, black and white
gum and red maple. Other parts are covered with reeds which
furnish subsistence to stock during the winter. The surface of the
swamp is more or less interrupted by dry islands, which bear large
long and fhort leaved pines. White oaks abound of a large size,
where it is not too wet. Some of the islands, as they are called,
have a light sandy soil, and seem to have been formed by the
action of water. The only canal for drainage which we have in-
spected, Mas cut bj Mr. Franck. of Onslow county. It crossed a
part of the tract called the White Oak desert. This, on being cut
one mile, gave a water power of about twelve feet. Its cos: was
fifteen cents to the cubic yard. The depth of soil varies from one
t" twelve feet, the depth increasing towards the central part of the
tract.

The general characteristics of this swamp are the same a-
which have already received attention. The composition, as de-
termined by analysis, may be stated as foil

Silex 6<\r»n

< T.-anie m.-UU-r 25.00

JYroxi U- of iron and alumina, 11.

sphoric acid

CarSonatc- of lime 1.500

Magnesia 0.300

Potash 0.010

Soda. ft -

Silicic acid, 0.100

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 81

Water, 2.713

100.988

The machanical separation of parts gave:

Coarsish felspathic sand, 27.00

Drab-colored fine soil, or sand, 45.00

Vegetable matter, 25.00

The soil was dry by exposure in paper, and to the air.

The felspathic sand is coarser than that of any part of the Al-
bemarle district. The quantity of tine soil, and of lime also, is
large, and the elements of fertility appear to be sufficient to con-
stitute a good composition for cultivation.

CHAPTER XII.

Swamp lands of New Hanover and Brunswick counties, their composition with
remarks.

§ 51. The fifth swamp district is in Xew Hanover county. It is
formed by the Holy Shelter swamp and Angola bay. They both
are elongated tracts, and drain iuto the eastern branch of the Cape
Fear.

We find the composition of the soils of the swamp lands of Xew
Hanover county to correspond with those already given. Thus a
specimen gave, on analysis :

Organic matter, 7.700

Sdex 86.000

Per oxide of iron, 1.000

Alumina 4.000

Silicic acid, 300

Chlorine, .... trace.

Sulphuric acid, trace.

82 NORTH-CAROLINA OKoLOGICAL SUR\

Potash, . .

rb of lime,

Magnesia, 105

90."

Mechanically separated it gave, in parts:

Fclspathic sand,

Finely divided soil, 49.0

( >rganic matter, 7. 7

The specimen was well dried before analysis, and was black, but
consisted of vegetable matter in small quantity only, and in which
the soil was distinguishable. Still it has been proven produc-
tive.

A tact which will perhaps strike the attention of a chemist
is the small quantity of iron which exists in all the swamp soils.
It is not only, as we have before stated, in the condition of a pro-
toxide, but it is in a less proportion than in upland soils. How
much influence this quantity of iron may have upon vegetation, to
diminish the chances of a healthy growth, cannot be determined
before hand. Iron is no doubt an important element in soils, though
we believe, upon the whole, that even in the swamp soils it will
be amply sufficient to meet the wants of crops.

So long as these tracts are undrained, charged with water, the
iron will remain in the condition of a protoxide. When drained,
and air replaces the water, it is at least partially changed, and be-
comes more highly oxidated and i- constantly undergoing chai
by which the amount of oxygen is variable, ally when in

contact with a large amount of vegetable matter.

.' 53. The sixth Bwamp district is confined to Brunswick connty.
It is roond or nearly so. and presents a very uniform outline, but
its interior is studded with islands, ami the swampy part incloses
them entirely or they are connected to others by narrow necks of
hard ground.. This swamp lies low and its perfect draii nes-

tionable. We have not been able to obtain an examination of sur-
- which were made years ago. It furnishes a vast amount of
cypi -hingles. The timber is well set, large and thrifty, and

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. S3

the indications for fertility are the same as those which have been
already stated.

The composition of the soil supports the views just expressed.
A sample on analysis gave :

Organic matter, 37.50

Water, 15,80

Silex, 35.35

Peroxide of iron, and alumina 10.50

Carb. of lime, 1.45

Magnesia, 0.15

Potash, l.io

Soda, 0.15

. Sulphuric acid, trace.

Chlorine, trace.

100.00

A mechanical separation of its parts gave :

Coarse sand, '. . . 2.10

Fine soil, 33. 25

Organic matter, . . • 37.50

It should be stated that this soil contained a greater quantity of
half decayed wood sticks than usual, and hence, the proportion of
soil is comparatively less than it would have been by rejecting this
kind of vegetable matter.

§ 54. Large tracts of this swamp are laid under water by dams
which overflows the high way or roads and the traveler is forced to
drive his team through water from a foot to 4 or 5 feet deep. The
tide of the Cape Fear sets up the creeks some twelve miles from
their months, which is indicative of aflat country to within a short
distance of their origin.

The subsoil is often too stiff for easy cultivation, or the penetra-
tion of roots. It approaches in composition and consistence a brick
clay. Thus the silex amounts to S3 per cent, with 21 per cent, of
organic matter, and with only traces of lime, magnesia and pot-
ash. It is probably as in other cases variable in composition.

Another specimen of the Brunswick and swamp soil furnished
by Mr. H. J. McNeil, gave :

B4 NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Water 8.000

Organic matter, 34.000

Silica, 45. IT"

Peroxide of iron and alumina, L0.490

Oarb. of lime, 0.490

Magnesia 0. •! 91 1

Potash 0.681

Soda, 0.826

Sulphuric acid, trace.

Chlorine, trace.

Silicic acid, 0.580

99.997

Hie composition of this sample indicates as high degree of fertili-
ty as the Hyde, Washington or Beaufort counties.

While analysis furnishes very satisfactory results, it is not to be
forgotten that the tracts adjacent may be less so, and indeed, not
productive at all. Where changes in the kind of timber are ap-
parent, passing from the cypress, gums, populars and maples, etc.,
to bays, gall-berry, especially if accompanied by a dwarfed condi-
tion, it is an indication that the soil has changed, or the con-
ditions have passed from a favorable, to a less favorable one, and
though the change may possibly be due to influences which deep
draining may remove, yet, in a majority of cases, it is due to the
constitution of the soil. This should be examined, and tested in
they way we have proposed.

§ 55. In a few wet districts we sometimes meet a peculiar soil,
which is, as the people say, salt; but which really never contains
but a little chloride of sodium, or common salt. It is a black
vegetable substance, in part charged with the astringent salts of
iron and alumina. We are induced to speak of this product be-
cause we have seen it from three different parts of the eastern
counties, in Weldon, near Tarboro' and at Mosely Hall, in Lenoir
count}'. The specimens have the same characteristics, though that
from near Weldon was obtained from a depth of To feet. We
communicated with those interested at Weldon and Tarboio1, and
have not preserved a statement of results. The specimens from a
swamp at Mosely Hall will require a brief notice ; though they
deserve a full analysis, yet time will not permit us now to enter
into details.

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. bo

The substances, which are really swamp products, are black, with
an astringent ferruginous taste. If applied to crops, or if seed are
planted in it, they are of course destroyed.

The black astringent substance contains, in 100 parts :

Water and vegetable matter, 11.70

Silex or sand, 89.80

Protoxide of iron, 1.52

Alumina, 1.82

Carb. lime, 0.80

Sulphuric acid, 1.61

99.45

The surface of this vegetable matter is crusted in dry weather
with this astringent salt. If this substance were in great abundance
it would be an excellent material for composts, notwithstanding it
is now poisonous in composition. Mixing lime or marl with it will
decompose the present salt and form gypsum. This substance too,
is adapted to use in stables, or any place where ammonia is gen-
erated, and escapes into the air. Sulphate of ammonia will be
formed, or even the vegetable matter itself as it is absorbative, will
attract and retain ammonia, but indeed as it is with this salt, it is
an admirable material to spread over the refuse of stables and yards
where noxious odors escape and which are always we believe com-
pounds, containing ammonia or sulphur or both.

From this swamp deposit we have obtained phosphate of iron,
a product which we suppose may have been formed from decom-
posed animal matter ; it is rare one and may be distinguished
from other minerals by its beautiful blue color.

Another product of this swamp we are inclined to regard as a
compound of phosphoric acid, lime, etc., but we are still in doubt
respecting its true character. It is white, inclined to chrystallize
in radiating forms, and is sometimes a white, soft substance, and
in others quite a hard concretion, assuming a cylindrical form.
It is intermixed with grains of quartz, which are foreign particles.
It gave, on analysis :

Water 4.2

Organic matter, 4.0

Silex, or insoluble matter, 69.0

:TH-CAROLIXA GEOLOGICAL SUEV

- ibstance resembling alumina,

Carbonate of lime

Magnesia. 0.10

I

The wliil .ce resembling alumina, we suppose may be a

md with phosphoric acid, but we have not the proper I
letermine fully its composition : that it is not alumina, is proved
:ie fact, that though a part of it dies . yet the pre-

at once in the flame of

the blow pipe. If a phosphate exists in quantity. valuable

if not in quantity, it is a very interest!!):: one fur the

. alumina is the production of a bine bead

of cobalt in the flame of the blow pipe. There is a

tin°re of blue, when thus treated, but the bluent- strictly

that which is common to alumina. These several prodn

• [r. Parrott Mewbom, of Lenoir county, who ob-
cd them in draining a swamp. The foregoing products are the
most important, but another which is excessively sandy and brown-
have analyzed. It contains :

- x :

Water. 2.1

.- mir matter

Peroxide of iron and alumina

:>nate of lime, trace.

pounds having the foregoing composition are worthier--
e acquired the vegetable matter as a debris, am.
D the spot.

NORTH-CAROLE* A GEOLOGICAL SEBYEY. ST

CHAPTER XIII.

< iall berry lands, and their composition. The Savannah lands and their charac-
teristics and composition.

.5' 56. The gall berry lands, as they are called, are a species of
swamp, but their characteristics cannot be subjected to the exact
rule of the carpenter, nor the legal measure of the grocer ; they
refuse to be subjected to specific technicalities, though thev have •
certain common characteristics. All lauds are not gall berry1 be-
cause the gall berry has taken possession; neither are £ral) berry
lands all composed of stiff clay ; some are sandy, with black veg-
etable matter concealing it, while uncultivated or nnbroken. Gall
berry lands are level tracts, composed of wet and sandy argilla-
ceous matters, or wet sandy, with black vegetable mold intermixed,
and with only small fractional parts of the money elements con-
tained in them in either case.

They seem to have been formed by denudation, by the action of
the waves of the sea, by which the best part of a soil, the top has
been carried away, as a stratum of stiff, incorrigible, sandy and
ferruginous clay beneath. Over certain areas subsequent to de-
nudation, sand has accumulated along with a coarse vegetable
growth, as water grasses and the like; in fact, a formation went on
accumulating like the best swamp lands, but the material was a
quartz sand, containing only traces of the nutritive elements. In
the other case, a formation, though slowly building up now. be^an
with the process of tilling up very recently, and the bottom clavs
exposed by denudation ; still, from the top or surface the dwarfed
vegetation springs from this incorrigible sandy clay, which is
poorly mixed, coarse and closely compacted, so as to hold water
about as well as a wash bowl. By evaporation in summer, and a
slow leakage, these lands get dry by the middle of July ny .he first
of August, and then they may be traversed, but they are liable to
become wet by heavy showers, when by the same processes they
again may become dry. In this condition of the soil and surface
the inducements are not sufficiently weightly to tempt the owner
to drain them, for the purpose of testing their qualities for crops
of the cereals, or the less expensive products, the root crops, to

S8 NOKTH-€ABOLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

which they are not really adapted. Like other species of land, wc
find them variable in composition, but uniformly with a level
surface, and so close that water stands upon them until it evapo-
rate.

Their relative position is westward of the kinds of swamp which
have been described ; though lands answering to the gall berry
occur in patches in all parts of the eastern counties with variable
aspects, but always wet, level and with a dwarfed vegetation.

Their chemical constitution gives two extremes; the black,
Bandy vegetable mold, and the stiff, sandy, argillaceous bottoms.
The former is often mistaken for good swamp soil; the latter,
never. The vegetation is much the same in both ; coarse water
plants, a few reeds in favored places, particularly on the banks of
streams, small, short and long leaved pines; but the whole aspect
of the vegetation is that which arises from a short allowance of
food, and exposure to cold bottoms beneath, and a chilly atmos-
phere above.

The silex in all the kinds of gall berry lands is large, the soluble
alumina and iron, small — and the other elements in small fraction-
al quantities.

Thus in a specimen from Sampson county, we found :

Water, .'{.09

Silex, 88.40

Organic matter, 4.20

Peroxide of iron and alumina, 2.92

Carbonate of lime, 02

Magnesia, 01

Potash and soda, trace.

Phosphoric acid not perceptible, 00

But medium results are obtained by cultivation when these
lands are well drained; but, as it costs as much for draining the
lands as better ones, it is not often done. The specimen had be-
come dry by exposure to the atmosphere.

A mechanical separation gave :

Coarse sand, 38.

Fine soil, 50.10

Organic matter, 4.20

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 6t*

§ 57. The Savannah lands, differ from the preceding in many
important particulars. They are to the eye, dead level tracts,
open to the sun and bordered by clumps of trees irregularly plant-
ed so as to have open spaces either leading to similar tracts or in-
to the depths of a forest. They are now usually covered with
broom grass, and appear rather barren m winter, but in the spring
if the dead grass is burned, they become green and pleasant. We
have no authentic history or tradition which can be believed in all
respects, in regard to their origin. But they really are miniature
representations of western prairies, and probably originated by the
action of similar causes.

When a certain kind of soil has been forest planted, it con-
tinues in forest for centuries, unless some cause destroys the root
and branch, as fire or water ; and when destroyed and opened to
the sun a thick coating of grass covers the ground so perfectly, that
the seeds of forest trees are deprived of the necessary stimulants to
germination, or if they germinate a repetition of destructive agents
again occurs, till all seeds at or near the surface have germinated
and have been destroyed. Grass ultimately gets full possession ;
and though in the general it appears only as grass, yet if watched
carefully, it will be found that the grasses have been changing, or
a natural rotation has taken place ; the rule of exchange being a
succession of grasses from the better to the worse, by which we
have ultimately in this climate broom grass, an unmistakeable in-
dex of an exhausted soil. This view, however, is sustained only
when the products of vegetation are taken away. Combustion of
the surface materials, followed by winds which transport the light
ash far from the field upon which the plant grew which produced
it, is an exhausting process. Forest fields when once exposed to
the sun by the destruction of their pines, oaks and hickories, are
directly in the road to a prairie, or savannah formation ; and when
the latter is formed, it becomes as permanent as a forest. As it re-
gards their origin, we incline to the theory, that fire has been the
direct instruments concerned, and is still more or less active,. in
preserving these tracts in a stationary condition. The water theo-
ry, is less intelligible than the fire theory ; the latter explains all
the phenomona as we think better than the former.

The soil of the savannahs is fine, yellowish and compact, not un-
like a brick clay, and so far as we have observed, contains by far
6

;:TiI-CAROLlXA. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

'•oarse sand. It is a homogeneous soil, in which respect, it dif-
from the gall bercy, and it being tine, compact, deep, and still
wet, though not a swamp at all, it still holds always too much wa-
ter for the cultivation of the cereals. The land is cold ; a term un-
doubtedly applicable to this class, in which respect, it differs from
the prairies of the west. It differs also from the swamp soils in the
absence of vegetable matter, and from the uplands by compactness
and firmness of material, and hence too the explanation of the
fact, too cold and moist, for the cultivation of the cereals or even
>t crops.

The specimen of soil which has been examined was taken from a
savannah in Craven county, which is being put into a state for
cultivation, and which is owned by Mr. "Wood. The Atlantic rail-
road passes through it. These lands in Craven county, though not
so extensive as those of New Hanover, still seem to possess the
same characterics. "We cannot affirm that there are not many va-
rieties of savannah lands, still, there are good grounds for 1
that they possess a greater uniformity of composition than the
swamp or gall berry lands.

The savannah soil of Craven, on being submitted to analysis,
gave :

•Water 4.

Humic acid or soluble organic matter, 2.00

Insoluble, 1.7

Phosphoric acid, undetermined,

Silex 80.fi

Silicic acid, 1""

Alumina, 7.000

Peroxide of iron, B.4

Carbonate of lime, 600

Magnesia, 176

Potash, 098

Chlorine, a large, trace.

Sulphuric acid, trace.

99.'
Ammonia, 0387 per cent

The specimen was dried in the air previous to analysis, it there-
fore does not represent the quantity of water held by the soil in
its ordinary condition.

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 91

The chemical constitution of the savannah lands appear to be
well composed for durable cultivation. They will require deep
draining and the time required for the escape of water will un-
doubtedly be twice as long as that necessary to drain ordinary up-
land soil, in consequence of the line state of division in which the
materials exist, and their natural affinity for water. When drained
and dried, we have reason to believe that they will become good
wheat or cotton lands.

92 X0ETH-CAR0LIXA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

APPENDIX,

Containiii^ brief descriptions of the mineral springs and well waters which occur
in and about Raleigh.

58. At nnmeroos places in "Wake and the adjacent connties
.ve been discovered which are entitled to the appel-
lation of Frequent inquiries have been mad-
letter relative to them, and in several instances these waters have
been sent to me for analysis. These requests have been complied
• far as it -eemed to be necessary. In most cases, however,
when the general character of the water was known by taste, or by
on standing twenty-: a, I have merely made a
quafiatative examination. The water in this neighborh
or in the town of Raleigh, are all chalybeates, and though they ap-
pear to be weak, or contain a small amount only of mineral :
ter. sufficient for medical pur .if the quantity
larger, it would be more disagreeable to the palate, less 1 be
drank, and it would both affect the head and produce a feeling

H :':ie chest. The quantity of mineral matter is there-
fore well adapted for use in all cases where chalybeates are useful.
An essential condition for the salutary influence of chalybeates
their solution in a large amount of liquid matter. It insures their
absorption into the system, and thereby favors their specific in-
fluences, much more than if they were in a concentrated ;•

Tli e well waters of Sal _ . which are used for drinking and
cooking rank with as much propriety in the clas~

e springs referred to. They differ, however, from them in the
:ice of iron, or if it o . and in the presence

of chlorides, which exist only in traces in the mineral spring wa-
ters How much influence impure well waters have upon the
health of a community ell determined. But it is well

known that to strangers the common waters of a locality are fre-
quently highlv injurious, and it is probably true that the purer the
water for common n g the better it is. and

there is verv little doubt that the best water which can be procured
for familv use, '- . collected and preserved in filtei

XORTH-CAROLDfA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 93

cisterns. In summer it would be warm, but cooled with ice it be-
comes a luxury.

There is a great uniformity in the composition of the spring
waters of this description : the constant differences being a varia-
tion in the amount of solid matter dissolved in the water. They
belong to the class known as chalybeate waters, which contain iron
as the most active and important element. Such springs are
readily recognized by the yellow or ochreous deposit along the
line of flow.

They are limpid or perfectly transparent when they tirst
from the ground and when first bottled, but on standing 2i hours,
a yellowish sediment falls down consisting of iron, lime and mag-
nesia. This takes place in consequence of the loss of carbonic acid,
the matter in solution being retained by an extra atom of carbonic
acid, and hence while the salts are held in solution they are bi-car-
bonates. When the water is exposed to the air the feeble aft:
of this extra atom of carbonic acid is such that it soon - and

the remaining compound in the water is no longer soluble, and
hence, is deposited in a powder. A tumbler of those ' land-

ing in the open air shows the escape of a gas which is carbonic acid.
When the fresh water is shaken with a solution of red cab! g
changed to a tinge of green bv ammonia or an alkali, it becomes
purplish again by the carbonic acid which is escaping.

It is claimed that some of the springs contain sulphur ; those
which have been subjected to the action of basic acetate of lead,
have scarcely a perceptible effect upon this delicate test Silver
vessels which have been used many times become slightly tarnished
in certain spots. Hence, it is ] - - .Iphuretted hydrogen es-

capes in exceedingly minute quantities.

The springs usually flow out of banks of gravel and sand in
place, and which was derived from granite or gneiss. These banks
are more or less ferruginous, but in the best waters they probably
flow from the granite, and thence percolate through the soil.
C -.oposition of some of the waters ot% these springs

■..: the garden, one mile and a half from town.
The whole amount of solid matter held in solution in a gallon of
water is 16.72 grains. It consists of chloride of lime, organic
matter. bi-carbonate of iron, lime and magnesia. In all cases, the
organic matter is in the condition of humic, crenic and apocrenic

94 NORTH-CAROLINA OKI 'LOGICAL SURTET.

acids, which are also in combination with the mineral matter. It
contains also silicic acid.

The IngUbicU 9prmg, two miles east of Raleigh, is in a iine
grove, and line drives might be cut out by opening roads, or lino
walks, as they would be shaded by avenues of trees.

This spring contains solid matter, about 15 grains to the gallon,
consisting of organic matter, iron, lime and magnesia. The chlo-
ride of lime was not tested for, but as it is usually present, so
probably it is in this water. Its use has had a beneficial effect
upon invalids in several instances.

The analysis of the spring upon Mr. Boylan's land, was not pre-
served ; it scarcely differs from the foregoing in the amount of solid
matter, to the gallon. The water is pleasant to drink, and is pecu-
liar in its taste.

The water of a spring in Franklin county resembles also the fore-
going. One pint of this water contains :

Iron, in combination with carbonic and organic acids, ._'7

Lime, 34

Ifagoesia, 1ft

Organic matter as a whole, 2. 13

3.84

To the gallon 22.77 grs-.

The Dodd spring has a temperature of G0°, air being 78. The
solid matter in a gallon amounts to 10 grs. In a pint it contains:

' frgaoic mutter, 90

Iron in combination with organic matter,

Carb. of lime, 24

Carb. of magnesia, 10

Besides the foregoing, we obtained both the chlorides of lime
and magnesia,, the latter in a large trace. The Dodd spring differs
from the Franklin county spring in containing less organic matter,
and hence, it is that the iron in it, is more distinct to the taste.

The yellow powder deposited from mineral Bprings has a com-
plex composition. It consists of hnmic acid, crenic and apo-
crenic acids in combination with the iron, a portion of the carbonic

NORTH-CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 95

acid having escaped. The two last acids are detected by the action
of acetate of copper upon the alkaline solution of this ferruginous
deposit. There is no doubt, also, that phosphoric acid is present
in the compound.

§ 60. The wells of Fayetteville street deserve a place among mineral
waters. They differ from the springs simply, in the absence of iron.
The well at the corner of Fayetteville street leading to the depot,
contains 23.92 grains of solid matter to the gallon, containing alu-
mina, sulphuric and muriatic acids, lime, magnesia and organic
matter, both vegetable and animal. Mr. Askew's well contains to
the gallon, 21.30 grains; organic matter 11.68; saline matter
9.68. The market well contains 18.80 grs. to the gallon ; organic
matter 7.20 ; saline matter 13.20.

The Doctor's well contains 21.44 grains of solid matter to the
gallon, saline matter 8.16. organic matter 13.28.

To repeat once more, the saline matter in the foregoing wells
consists of, 1, chlorides, or we may call them muriates, muriates of
lime and magnesia; 2, sulphates, as sulphate of lime, together with
organic matter. The saline matter is white and free from iron, or
merely traces of iron. The In-own or gray crust upon the tea
kettles consists of the sulphates and carbonates of lime ; the latter
is formed probably from the organic salts.

The salutary effects of the spring water, which we have wit-
nessed in several instances, is to be attributed to the iron, which
is perfectly dissolved in the water when it issues from the fountain,
in which condition it is readily absorbed into the system. The
other substances, however, are regarded as aiding in the general
effects.

GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY

OP

NORT H- O AROL IN

PART III,

BOTAWY;

CONTAINING A CATALOGUE OF THE PLANTS OF THE STATE,

WITH DESCRIPTIONS AND HISTORY OF THE TREES,

SHRUBS, AND WOODY VINES,

REV. M. A. CURTIS, D, D.

RALEIGH:
W. W. HOLDEN, PRINTER TO THE STATB.

1860.

RALEIGH, June 1st, 1860.

To His Excellency, John W. Ellis,

Governor of North- Carolina :

Sir :— I herewith transmit the Report of the Rev. M. A. Curtis,
D. D., upon the Woody Plants of this State.

The valne of this Report is greatly enhanced by the fact that it
embodies the labor of more than twenty years. Dr. Curtis, in
reviewing the whole subject with a view to a publication of the
results of his labor, has felt constrained to furnisn descriptions of
only the most conspicuous and important plants indigenous to the
State ; and of the less important ones a Catalogue simply, noticing,
with each species, its geographical range in the State, and, where
desirable, its economical or medicinal uses.

Notwithstanding the latter portion of his Report may thus appear
to consist chiefly of technical names, and thus be of no general
practical use, it will be regarded by the scientific public as a con-
tribution of great value, not merely for its indication of the vege-
table productions of this State, but also as containing a large
amount of information not elsewhere to be found. The position of
this State is such that it forms the north and south limits of many
interesting productions in Natural History, belonging both to the
vegetable and animal kingdoms ; and it has been regarded an im-
portant work to fix definitely the true north and south boundaries
of species belonging to these kingdoms.

In view of these considerations, together with many others which
will, no doubt, be suggested on reflection upon the whole subject,
it is hoped that your Excellency, with the Honorable Gentlemen
constituting the Litkraky Board, will give publicity to the labors
of Dr. Curtis, who has consented to assist me in this part of the
State Survey.

I am, Sir,

Your obedient Servant,

E. EMMONS,
State Geologist.

To Prof. E. Emmons, Geologist

of the State of North- Carlina :

Dear Sir: In compliance with your request, that I would fur-
nish, in connexion with your general Survey of the natural resour-
ces of the State, an account of its vegetable productions. I have
prepared the following paper upon the Woody Plants of North-
Carolina. I have brought these together in one view, because they
are the most important, the best known, and can be more intelligi-
bly arranged for general use, than upon a plan strictly scientific.
Botanists will of course find fault with it; but as my cole purpose
herein is to make this essay of popular service, and as intelligible
as possible to those who know nothing of systems and would not
take the time or trouble to master a scientific treatise, I have adop-
ted the present course as the most, likely one that occurred to me
to accomplish the end proposed. It has its difficulties, as you will
readily see, but yon will at the same time confess, I think, that,
though it might be J)etter done, the end could not be so well at-
tained but by some such arrangement. I must therefore crave
your indulgence for this departure from established usage in this
first portion of my Report.

I have felt somewhat hampered by the limits to which I was re-
stricted, and, as it is, have unavoidably over-run them; but I hope,
nevertheless, that nothing essential has been often omitted, either
in the descriptions, or in noticing the valuable uses, of the various
Trees, Shrubs and Vines of the State. In instances where the
plant is well known and needed no discrimination from similar or
kindred species, I have omitted all description, as being in such
cases superfluous. But whenever one is tass known, or may be
easily confounded with others, I have endeavored to present all the
distinctive characters by which it may be discriminated from them.
How far I have been successful must be left to the proof hy trial;
but I am pretty confident that a person wholly unpractised in this
kind of investigation can, by means of the Tabular View given at
the end of this Report, very soon learn to discriminate and find the
name of most of the Woody Plants of the State.

6 LETTER TO PROF. EifM

1 state in conclusion, what yon were not before aware of,
that this Report is one of the fruits of your long continned service
in the field of Science. M\ first knowledge of the elemei.
terms ot Botany was derived from yourself and your distinguished
Preceptor, Prof. Eaton, at the beginning of your public career.
Though I was then too young to be admitted to your course of in-
struction, an impulse was then given which never abated, and now,
forty years afterward, returns back to you with this humble offer-
ing. The contribution is, therefore, most appro; pat into
your hands by

Your friend and servant,

A. CUKnfl

INDEX.

[X. B. Xarues in Italics are synonymes of others :n the Index]

PAGE.

Alder 108

Dwarf, . 106

" White, . 100

(Andromeda,) . . !'0

Apple, Crab, .. 09

Arbor Yita\ ... 109

Arrow Wood, . . 90

(Ascyram,) .... 110

Ash,* 53

" Mountain, . 70

" Prickly. . . . 91-103

■• Stinking, . 53

Aspen 73

i Atragene,) 120

Balsam, 36

Bamboo, 116

Barbery 84

Bass Wood, ... 7S

Bay, Loblolly, . 80

,: Red. ...... 68

11 Sweet, ... 66

Bearberry, ... 86

Bear Grass. 94

Beech 47

M Water, .. 76

Birch 73

Bittersweet, ... 119

Blackberry 88

Bladder Nut, . . 107

Box 107

Box Elder 53

Box Wood, .... 60

Buckeye 4S

(Buckleya.) 105

Buckthorn 65

" Carolina, 92

Buffalo Tree, .. 95

Burning Bush, . 102

Bursting Heart, 102

Butternut 45

Button Bush, . . 107

Button Wood, . 76

Cabbage Tree, . 64

Calico Bush, . . 99

Cane, 109

Canoe Wood, . . 77

PAQ&

(Cassandra,) ... 97

Catalpa 50

Cedar, Red 71 .

" White, . . . 38

Cherry 56

Chestnut, 46

China Root, ... 116
China Tree, ... 65
Chinquapin, ... 47
Choke Berry. . . 69
(Cocculus, ) .... 117

Coffee Tree, ... 50
Coral Berry, . . 87
(Cornus,) ...... 01

Cotton Tree, ... 73

Cranberry 87

Creeper, Virg'n, 114

Cross Vine, US

Cucumber Tree, 07-8
Currant, ...... 85

Cypress, 29

(Darby a,) 105

(Decumaria.) . . . 119
Deer Berry, ... 86
Devil's Shoe

Strings, ...... 87-91

Devil Wood, ... 57
Dew Berry, ... 88
Dog Wood 60

Do. Striped, 52
Eglantine, .... 89
Elder 89

- Marsh, .. 108

Elm, 54-5

Fern, Sweet, . . . 106
Fetter Bush, ... 95
Ft i\r Bush, ... 91

Fir 26

Fish W.od, 102

Flowering Moss, 110
(Forsteronia,) . . 119
Fringe Tree, . . 95

Gall Berry, 60

Goose Berry, . . 84—5
Goose Berry, . . 86
Grapes, 111-115

PAGE.

Groundsel 108

Gum, Black 69

" Sweet 77

Hackbcrry 01

Hardback, 103

Hazel Not 106

Hazel, Witch, . . 106

Haw, Black, 89-90

" Red 82-3

Heath, False, ... 100

He tn lock, 96

Hemlock Spruce, 27

Hickory 43—4

Hobble Bush, ... 91

Holly, 58

" Dahoon, . . 58
Honeysuckle, ... 98

Hop Tree 107

Hornbeam 75

" Hop, . 75
Huckleberry, . . . 85-6-7

He, . 105

(Hudsonia.) 110

Hydrangea, .... 100-1

(Ilex,) 59-60

Indian Physic, . . 68

Ink Berry 60

Iron Wood, 75

(Itea,) 100

Ivy, 99

Jessamine, 119

Juniper, 28

Laurel 97

41 Bij, 66

" Dog, 96

" High Bush, 65

" Sheep, ... 99

Leather Wood, . . 92

(Leucothoe,) .... 96

Lime Tree, 78

linden 78

Linn Tree, 79

Locust, 48-9

" Honey, . . 49

Loosestrife, 109

Magnolia, 66

VIII

INDEX.

....

Mistletoe

M

Mulberry

i: :
id,

Wax.

Ni n e Bai . .

Oak

Oil Nut

Beard,

Palmetto

•■ Dwarf, .

'•

'• Sweet, .

•■<', . .

mason, . . .

PilK-S, .......

Planer Tree, . .

Pin

PIuiIlS

Poison ( >ak, . . .
Poison Vine, . .

"*,) •
Pond Bush, . .

77

103 " Carolina,
Pride oi India. .

7.7-101 Privet 91

116 Queen of the

Meadow

Raspberry,

71 Rattan, .'. 117

• .'1 .",n

100 Red i: »t, .... 104

1".; Reed 109

61 ... 109

104 Rose

104 _-<ivtia. | 117

SarsapariUa, ... 116
Big, . lie

Sheep Berry, . . 90
.........

w Drop Tree,

Sorrel Tree

ir Wood, ...
100

irkleberry, . .
Spice Bush, . . . 91

• Spruce -J 7

Stag - •. . 96

(Stillingia,) LOS

I . Strawb'ry Bush, 102

Stuartia, 108

118 Sumach

110 " Mountain, 70

Supnlc Jack, .. 110

Brier, . . .

PAGE

89

' Fi in, . . .

106

Sweet Leaf, ....

Sweet Shrub, . .

re

101

Tangle Legs, . .

■.a

Thorn

Tooth

103

Trailing Arbutus

, 110

Trumpet Flower

, 118

Tulip Tree, ....

77

Tupi lo

02

Umbrella Tree, .

81

Virginia Creeper, 116

er,

in

51

Walnut

45

Work, ...

119

Wayfarer's Tree

. 91

White Wood, ..

77 -

Wicky

Wild

. 91

Wild Ginger, . .

120

Willow

. 7"

II",. ', ,■" 1 !>/, . .

. 60

.

. 94

Ibine

115

Yellow Root, . . .

104

fellow Wood, .

. 65

59

PREFACE.

The Plants of North-Carolina have long been considered by
Botanists as unsurpassed in variety and beauty by those of any
States of the Union, excepting: a few ot those which lie upon the
Gulf of Mexico. The Flora of this State should properly be re-
garded as forming the transition between the Northern and South-
ern Botanical Districts, as it is within our boundaries that many of
the Northern plants have their Southern limits, and some of those
which form a peculiar feature of Southern vegetation commence.
Of the latter species are the Pond Pine, several Magnolias,
Palmetto, &c. There is still another circumstance which gives a
much greater variety to our vegetation than could be derived
from mere difference of 2£ degrees of latitude between her
Northern and Southern boundaries. The Mountains on the West-
ern border of the State are several hundred feet higher than any
others in the Union, so that the difference of elevation between
these and our sea-coast occasions a difference of vegetation equal
to that of 10 or 12 degrees of latitude. Thus upon the higher
summits are found species such as belong to the White Mountains
of New Hampshire, those in the N. E. part of New York, and to
Canada. The intervening ranges of Virginia and Pennsylvania
partake, in part only, of the same peculiarities, but the greater
elevation of some of our summits permits the growth of some
species which are unknown between them and the Northern regions
above mentioned.

In the distribution of Plants over the State we have three dis-
tinctly marked Districts, as well characterized by their Flora as by
their Geological features. As in the Geology of the State the
peculiar formation of one District may penetrate, overlie, or under-
lie that of another, yet the predominating characters of each be
sufficiently marked and striking to arrest the notice of the most
casual observer; so it is with the vegetation of these Districts.
The analogy of distribution between the objects of these sciences
may be extended still further. For as, in the one case, we often
2

PREFACE.

meet with misplaced Rocks, so, in the other, the Botanist is some-
times surprised by meeting with species of Plants quite out of
their proper range, and for whose location it is not always easy to
account. Thus the Cranherry, an inhabitant of elevated regions
and not uncommon in our Mountain Marshes, is also found, to a
limited extent, in the low lands of the Northeastern part of the
State. The beautiful Calico Bush, or fry, rarely found but in
rocky regions, as in the mountains or along the rocky banks of
water courses, occurs abundantly in the Dismal Swamp, especially
along the line of the Canal. The pretty Roanole B<ll (Mertensia
Yirginica,) a native of the Mountains, is scattered along the banks
of the River from which, in this State, it derives its name, as far
down as Halifax county. In this last case, and perhaps in some
others, we may suppose that seeds have been carried down by
streams which head in the mountains. Rut in regard to some
species, as the fragrant Wintenjreen or Jfou?itai?i Tea (Gaultheria
procumbens,) they sometimes attain such a wide distribution in
their new (?) position, and at such a distance from the larger streams,
as to suggest a doubt whether they are not truly indigenous to the
spots they occupy. Still, as above remarked, the general aspect of
the vegetation of either region is no more affected by these rare
exceptions, than is that of the geological features of a district by a
few scattering boulders. The most careless observer can not fail
to observe how essentially the vegetation changes, as he passes
from our sandy low country into the red clay region of the middle
country. The difference is as remarkable as that of the soils. The
absence of the Long-leaf Pine marks the transition to the Middle
Botanical District. A line drawn from Blakely on the Roanoke, in
the direction of Cheraw on the Pee Dee, will very nearly indicate the
Western termination of the Lower District; although the actual
boundary limit between these two is as irregular as a line of sea-
coast, which, very probably, this once was. Occasionally, as before
hinted, the vegetation of the Lower District is found considerably
overlapping that of the Middle, and the Ijnuj-leaf Pine to occur
some miles within the red clay region. Thus a patch of this tree
may be seen on the gravelly hills eight miles west of Wadeeborp',
which is probably the most western limit of its appearance within
the State. Not unfrequently also there are found small portions
of land in the Middle District, very much resembling the Savannas

PREFACE. XI

and low pine woods of the Lower, the soil being sandy, turfed with
coarse grasses, and shaded with Short-leaved Pines. In these situa-
tions, which are met with as far West as Henderson county, will
always be found some species of plants, which, except in such
places, are peculiar to the Lower District.

The Lower District might easily be divided into three Botanical
regions, each characterized by certain species of plants of well de-
lined range. These will be only indicated, as details are unneces-
sary to the purpose in view. The first region includes only the
line of sea-coast which produces maritime species, or those which
grow only within the influence of a saline atmosphere. These are
not numerous, and the only ones of much note are the Live Oak and
Palmetto. The second region extends inland as far as the Long
Moss is produced. The third, from thence to the Middle District.

The Middle District reaches westward to the base of the Blue
Ridge. In this the forests are characterized by a predominance of
Oak*, as the Lower is by the presence of Pines. It is far less pro-
ductive of rare and peculiar plants, than either of the others.
Though it furnishes some that do not belong to the others, the great
majority ot them are common over a large portion of the Southern
and Middle States. I can not recal any one species which can be
considered as giving a character to this district distinct frota that
of the States lying north or south of it. There are, indeed, a few
of the smaller plants which are not found elsewhere, bus these are
so rare and inconspicuous as not to foi m a noticeable feature in the
vegetation of this district.

The LTpper or Mountain District is as peculiar and interesting in
its vegetable products, as it is attractive in its scenery. The as-
cent of every hundred feet presents new and varying species, un-
til we reach the region of the dark and sonabre Firs, where we
have a vegetation almost entirely Northern* There is also a strik-
ing peculiarity in the vegetation of these higher regions, which
can rarely fail to arrest the eye of a visitor from the Lower or Mid-
dle Districts, in the profusion of graceful Ferns and delicate Mosses
that cover the earth, and of numerous and various colored Lichens
that clothe the rocks and trees. These, for the most part, are iden-
tical with species found in the mountains of the Northern States.
and many are common to similar situations in the Old World ;
though there are some which, seem to be confined to our own

xu

mountains. In these orders of Plants this district abounds much
beyond tiie product <»f all the rest c»t* tl Su e, and lie
in their - ircely find elsewhere a more luxur

for r collection. Bat not less peculiar, and wl

still iix-re likely to attract the attention of the eomirn b ver.

arc the variety and beau- I ornamental shrubs,

>und in no other part of" the State. Indeed, in all
elements wl

tha- tedS nts thein in hap-

pier combination, in greater j-c -r in lars.

do tlie i :ia. esp-

i Hayw
levation and extent of our Mountains, -
- of plants to much higher latin

ber peculiar to the Southern ranges, it is not snrpris
Mountains attracted the early attention
an-.] ontinued to be visited by a larger numb'.

:hcr portion of our country, A brief ace
oft" . - \ ho have examined other par

II be an appropriate introduction to the accompanying
list and description of the objects by them lirst brought to public
not

itram, of Philadelphia, visited the
Cherokee in ]77»;. He also paesed through the lowei - oof
iteresting volume of his "Travels" was
I the book has been long out of print.
A ' x. under the patronage of the French governn.

viail -.une region in 17s7. In the following year he explored

twu tains of Burke and Yancey counties, y^g

awav in the Fall 2£ - 1,8 rubs and Plants. En

1 the same region, ascending Linville, Black,
Yell grandfather and Table Mountains. In the foil

ing year he twice passed over portions of the same. Tiaditioi-
this indefatigable and eccentric traveller are current in the westers.
con: M are probably yet living who remember him.

The late Col. Davenport, of the Yadkin Valley, was his .guide on
raJ occasions. A very large and interesting portion of our
Mountain species was first discovered by Michaux, and published
in his Floba Boriuli-Americasa, which is yet a -standard and

PREFACE.

xiii

classical work in Botanical literature. With rare exceptions his
species have been since identified l>y other explorers.

Mr. Fraser, a Scotchman, made botanical collections in our
mountains between the years 1787 and 17S9. Under the patronage
of the Russian government he explored them again in 17!>9, ac-
companied by his eldest son. It was on this journey that the
splendid Laurel, or Rhododendron Catavvbiense of Botanists, was
discovered, which, with the varieties obtained by skilful cultivation,
was for" fomg the pride of the English Florists. Both revisited the
country in 1S<»7. After the decease of the father in 1S1 1 , the
younger Frazer returned hither and passed several years in diligent
examination of the Mountains, annually sending large quantities
of ornamental plants and seeds to Great Britain. lie is well and
respectfully remembered by those who made his acquaintance,
especially in Burke county.

M0N8. Delile, French Consul at Wilmington, in the early part
of this century, sent valuable collections of plants from the Cape
Fear region to Paris, which are acknowledged in the writings of
several European authors.

Mr. John Lyon, of" Great. Britain, was an assiduous collector of
our plants, and contributed very largely of our most interesting
species to the English gardens. lie probably was in our mountain
region previous to 1S<)2, but of this I have no positive information.
He, however, spent several years there at a subsequent period, and
died at Asheville in September. 1S14, aged 49 years. A plain
marble stone marks his last resting place in the grave-yard at Ashe-
ville. A manuscript Flora, which he seems to have compiled for
convenient use as a manual, from such works as had then been
published on American plants, is now in my possession.

F. A MrciiAix, son of the Miehanx mentioned above, and who
accompanied his father in some of his visits to this country, tra-
versed a portion of our mountain district in 1Si>2. The result of
his explorations in various parts of the country, is contained in his

2 ■ work on the Forest Trees of North America,* illustrated
with beautiful colored Plates. I am much indebted to this valua-

* An exquisitely beautiful edition of this work, was published in 1857, by Kice
and Hart of Philadelphia, in five volumes ;— the last two added to the original
work by Mr. Nuttall.

XIV 1'liKFACE.

ble work for information upon the economical value of our timber
trees given in the following description of our Woody PlanN.

Frederic Pursh, a German, author of a valuable Flora of North
America, and who travelled extensively in the Northern and Mid-
dle States, pretends to have extended his journeying* to North-
Carolina ; but his statement is deemed rather more than doubt-
ful.

Mr. Kin, a German Nurseryman, living at Philadelphia, visited
our State in the early part of the present century. He was a man
of little cultivation, not. properly a Botanist, and his discoveries
were published by others.

Thomas Ndttall, an Englishman, but long a resident in this
country, a most accomplished Botanist, who has contributed as
much as any one man to the discovery and elucidation of the floral
treasures of North America, examined portions of our mountain
ami lower districts. He is the author of Genera of North Ameri-
can Plants, and of many important botanical papers in the scien-
tific journals of this country. He died in 1859.

H. B. Croom, E>q., and Dr. H. Loomis, made a pretty careful
exploration of the vicinity of Newbern, and their observations were
published, in 1S33, in a Catalogue of Plants of Newbern and vicini-
ty. A second and enlarged Catalogue was printed in 1887 by Mr.
Croom. In this the services of Mr. Geo. Wilson are acknowl-
edged for valuable contributions to the knowledge of plants around
Newbern.

In 1833, I published, in the Boston Jonrnal of Natural History,
an Enumeration of the Plants growing around Wilmington, the
fruit of diligent examination made during a residence there of two
years and a half. Occasional visits since made have increased the
number of species known in that most interesting locality, the
Flowering Plants and Ferns of which exceed one thousand.

Dr. James F. MoRee, of Wilmington, has devoted much time to
a study of the Plants of that neighborhood, and the completeness
of the above Knuineration is not a little due to his observation and
assistance.

The late Rev. Dr. L. D. von Sen w kin it/., of Salem, has contri-
buted very largely to a knowledge of the Botany of this State, par-
ticularly in its lower orders, or those having no proper flowers, as
Mosses, Fungi, &c. In these departments he was the most expert

PREFACE. XV

and accomplished Botanist that our country has produced. In
1821 he printed at Raleigh a small Tract of 27 pages upon the
Hepatic Mosses or Livencorte^ most of which he had observed near
Salem. In 1820 lie published in a Scientific journal at Leipsic a
paper upon the Fungi of North Carolina, containing descriptions
of a large number of species previously unknown, some of which
are illustrated by very good figures. A similar paper upon the
Fungi of the United States, printed in 1831 in the Journal of the
Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, contains a large amount of
North-Carolina species not included in the former paper. These
were the first treatises of the kind produced in this country, and the
list of species given in the following report will embrace a large
number derived from them. This learned and most estimable
gentleman, a worthy descendant of the celebrated Count Zinzendorf,
departed this life, February, 1834, at the age of 54 years.

The Rev. Dr. Mitchell, during one period of his Professorship
at our University, was an assiduous cultivator of Botanical Science,
and had made a considerable collection of specimens, which he
generously shared with Dr. Schweinitz and myself. I am indebt-
ed to him for several species which had otherwise been yet un-
known to our North-Carolina Flora. A species of Carex, named
after him, commemorates his devotion to the beautiful science.
This is a petty tribute to his name ; but others have honored it in
better proportion to its worth. Mt. Mitchell, the loftiest summit
of the Black Mountain range, the witness of his laudable triumph
when he first ascertained its surpassing height, and which alone
saw the sad catastrophe of his death in the darkness of night and
storm, is his noble monument and his tomb.

Dr. Cyrus L. Hunter, of Lincoln county, has devoted consider-
able attention to the study of Plants in his vicinity, and I am in-
debted to him for information which will be acknowledged in an-
other place. He published in the Charlotte Journal (for 1834?) a
list of such plants as he had observed in his neighborhood.

Prof. A. Gray, of the University of Cambridge, and John Carey,
Esq., of New York, examined the principal mountains of Ashe and
Yancey in 1841, and detected several species of plants which had
escaped the notice of previous investigators. An interesting ac-
count of this expedition may be found in an article by Prof. Gray
in the American Journal of Science, Vol. XLII, to which I am in-

XVI PREFACE.

debted for much of the information here given of the early explor-
ers of our alpine district.

The same distinguished Botanist, with Mr. Stluvant of Ohio, in
lv4."!, entered our mountains from Virginia, the former continuing
along the range to Georgia; the latter leaving the State by t he
French Broad River. The results of this tour have not been form-
ally published. Large collections, however, were made by Prof.
Gray for the Botanic Garden at Cambridge ; and two beautiful vol-
umes of specimens of Mossts and /. rf» were prepared by Mr.
Sullivant, which were gratuitously distributed among Naturalists
in this country and Europe. In a subsequent year Mr. S. made a
Botanical reconnoisance in the low country of North-Carolina.

Mr. S. B. Buckley has also made valuable contributions to our
knowledge of the Flora of Western Carolina. In 1S42, he entered
the State by the Hiwassee River, spending the summer in a care-
ful examination of the principal summits and water-courses as far
as Yancey county. Several new species were detected by this
gentleman and published in Vol. XLYot Silliman's Journal. Since
the above date he has made several visits to the same region.

Mr. Rugkl, a German collector of plants, spent some time in our
mountains in 1842. His discoveries were published by Shurtle-
wortk and others.

Mr. Dow, a 3'oung Botanist, traversed the whole length of our
mountain range in 1S44-, but I have never learned if his observa-
tions and discoveries have been made public.

The writer of this, during a residence near the mountains in
1*.;5-'C, had occasional opportunities of visiting the high ranges in
Burke and Yancey, a- also the counties of Lincoln, Mecklenburg,
and Caldwell. In 1S39, he spent the summer in traversing the
mountains from Ashe to Ge» rgia. A visit of a few weeks was again
made to Ashe and Yancey in lv4.r>; and another in 1854 !•■ Ban-
combe and Henderson. Besides Miese, a residence of some years
in various portions of the middle and lower sections of the State,
comprising in all about 20 years, lias given him opportunities of
becoming acquainted with the vegetable productions of the State,
of which he has assiduously availed himself, and the results have
been published in various journals in this country and England.
The accompanying li>t pi species contains all that is known of the
plants of North-Carolina ; a longer list than has yet been publish-
ed of any State in the Union.

PREFACE. Xvii

It may be expected, perhaps, that in enumerating those who
have contributed to a knowledge of the natural productions of our
State, I should not omit a notice of Lawson's History of North-
Carolina, the first printed work devoted to this subject. But
besides that this book is now nearly inaccessible, there being but
a single copy in the State, we cannot always recognize the objects
described in it, the application of Indian names being lost, and
that of English names rather variable and uncertain. So far as I
have been able to authenticate species noticed by Lawson and
other old journalists quoted in Dr. Hawks' History of North-
Carolina, I have done so in the April No. (1S60) of the North-
Carolina University Magazine. The information upon the Natural
History of the State contained in their works is now of no scientific
or economical value, and their errors in statement are not few.

In the following arrangement of our Woody Plants, I shall not
be governed by established scientific rules, but shall adapt it, as
well as I can, to the comprehension of those who know nothing at
all of Botany as a science. I hope, in this manner, so to present
our Trees Shbubs and Cumbers, that the most, if not all of them,
shall be easily recognized with very small expenditure of patience
and study. The well known popular names applied to most of the
species and genera will greatly facilitate the success of this ar-
rangement.

The above mentioned Divisions will be sub-divided according to
the nature of the fruit in each, some groups having cones, like the
Pines; some, nuts, like Oaks and Hickories; others, fleshy or
pulpy fruit, like the Apple and Plum. A tabular view of this
classification will be given at the end of this Report.

**~ The scientific names will, in all cases, correspond with those*
in Dr. Chapman's Flora of the Southern United States.

THE TREES

NORTH-CAROIiIN -A.

PINES.

These have their fruit in large scaly cones, popularly called
burs, and have evergreen needle-shaped leaves, two to five enclosed
in a sheath at their base.

1. Yellow Piste. (Pinus mitis, Michx.) This, with us, is called
Short-leaved Pine and Spruce Pine. The first is objectionable,
because we have at least two species with shorter leaves; and the
second, because another is more appropriately called by that name.
I have therefore adopted the name by which it is known in the
Middle States, and recommend its use here, as it is much to be
desired that there be a greater uniformity in the popular designa-
tions of our forest trees. In the great confusion now prevalent, it
is often quite impossible to ascertain what is meant by the names
of our most common trees and other plants. This is perhaps the
most widely diffused of all our Pines, it being common from New
England to Florida, mostly in light clay soils. With us it is found
from the coast to the mountains, but more rarely in the Lower Dis-
trict, and it enters into the composition of most of our upland for-
ests. It is from 40 to 60 feet high, with a circumference of 4 or .".
and even 6 feet. The limbs on the upper part of the tree are more
inclined towards the trunk than those of our other species, so as to
give somewhat of a pyramidal form to the top. The leaves are 'J
to 5 inches long, generally two, but sometimes three, in a sheath.
The cone or bur is the smallest of all our species, rarely attaining
a length of 2 inches, the tips of the scales armed with slender short
prickles. The heart-wood is fine grained and but moderately re-
sinous ; but the sap-wood soon decays. The timber is extensively

'2 ' THE TREKS OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

1 in lionse and ship building, though not deemed so valuable
as that of the Long-leaf. When grown in very rich soils. I believe
its timber is coarser thau when raised in less fertile iand.

% .! - Pins. (P. mope, Ait — This tree is generally con-
founded in tiii? State with the preceding, and also called 8h

Pine. In some parts of the country it is
known also under the names of i . /•.'■'■■■/■. and Scrub Pine.
The name which I have adopted, after Michanx, seems to have

j'nated from its being a prevalent tree in New Jersey, where
it ha- it- northern limit, and from whence it is found, <>n barren
and gravelly hills, to the tipper part of Georgia. In such situations
it is found in the Middle and Upper Districts of this State, but
nowhere very abundant. It is from 2" I I high, and 19 to

15 inches in diameter, with rather distant, spreading and drooping
branches. The yonng brandies are smoother in this than in other
species. The leaves are two in a sheath. 1 to *2 inches long, shout
half the length of those of the preceding species, while the cones
are considerably larger than in that, being _ l inches long, and
armed with long' stonter sharp prickles. This tree is too

small, often crooked, and generally with too much s <1. to be

of any value.

3. Pan ki.v Pink, i P. pnngens, Mtehx.) — The name here given
is but a translation of the scientific one. as I could never 'earn that
it was distinguished from the ) i /' '■ by the inhabitants of

the j _ iere it grown. In some books it is cal ' <nx-

riginally supposed to be pretty much
confined to that mountain and its immediate neighborhood. But
as I have seen it from the mounts irgtnia and Georgia, and

Mountain in this State, far east of the Pine Ridge, :md
bars found it common on all the eastern spurs of the Pine Ri
■never west of it.i in the northern portion of our mountain ra:
such a name i? too local t<> be at all appropriate. This species is,
however, the least widely 1 of any North-American Pine.

The tree ?ery symmetrical, is from 50 feet high, and

12 to i>(| inches in diameter: The leaves are in pairg, a< hi the two
preceding-] it much thicker and stitier than in -those, and

about i'A incheslong. Put the cones give the chief peculiarity and
interest to thi* Pine. Ti f a light yellow color, very com-

pact, 3 inches long and - inches broad at the base, the scales armed

THE TREES OF NORTII-CAROLINA. 21

with very broad strong sharp spines, which are one sixth of an inch
long and bent toward the top of the cone. In the strength and
sharpness of these spines we have no other species witli which we
can compare this. I have never learned that the timber of this
tree is of any special value.

4. Pitch Pink. (P. rigida, Mill.) — Generally known by this
name, but, according to Michaux, sometimes called Black Pine in
Virginia. I think it is. in North-Carolina, confounded with the Yel-
low Pint, as I have not heard any distinctive name for it, though
its leaves are in threes, (rarely in fours.) 3 to 5 inches lonjr, and
more rigid than in the latter. The tree is 30 to 50 feet high, with
a rough blackish bark, the branches numerous and occupying two-
thirds of the trunk, thus rendering the wood very knotty. The
cones are 2 or 3 inches long, of a light brown color, of en growing
in clusters of 3 to 5, and the scales having sharp reflexed prickles.
The wood is compact and heavy, filled with resin, though when
grown in low grounds it is much lighter and has much more sap-
wood. It is a good deal used in some parts of the country, but
being inferior to the Yellow Pine, and much less common with us,
it is not deserving of much consideration. It is no where common
in this State, and I have not observed it any where east of Lincoln
county, though it is probably scattered sparingly through the Mid-
dle District. It is found northward as far as New-England, and
southward. I think, to Georgia.

5. Poms Pixe. (P. serotina, Michx.) — This has considerable re-
semblance to the Pitch Pine, but is as remarkable for its scattered
branches as that is for its crowded ones. They are. however, in
no danger of being confounded in this State, as I do not think thev
are found in the same sections. Put it is very frequently confoun-
ded in the low country with the PMolly Pine, though very read Un-
distinguished from that by its cones. It is common in the small
swamps or bays of the Lower District, in company with 8w et Bay,
Sour Gum, &c, and occasionally in similar situations in the Mid-
dle. It sometimes covers pretty large tracts of rich swampy and
peaty lands, but never, I think, constitutes any extensive forest.
In some localities it is called Savanna Pine. The leaves of this
species are in threes, and 5 to 7 inches long. The cones are re-
markable for their short, form, compared with their size, being about
2£ inches long and 5 in circumference at their base, armed wfth

•_'•_' TIIK TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

very short fragile prickles. They grow in clusters, often surround-
ing the branch, are of shining light brown color, and remain closed

until the second year. They are deemed ornamental enoagb to
grace the mantel in some houses. This tree is generally abont #0
or 50 feet in bight, bat in favorable soils rises as high/as 00 and
even SO feet. The wood is of better and more durable qualities
than that of the Lohlolly, and is occasionally used for the masts of
small vessels. It is nut known to exist north of this State.

0. Loblolly < r < >i.n Field Pink. (P. Ta?da.) — This tree has its
northern limit in or near the District of Columbia, gradually be-
coming more abundant to the southward, until, in this State, it is
the most common Pine, next to the Long-leaf* in the lower district.
It is there found wherever the soil is dry and sandy, as well as in
some of the smaller swamps; but is replaced by the Yellow P
<>n clayey and gravelly soils. In exhausted fields out of cultivation
it almost invariably springs up, which gives the origin of one, and
in this State the most common, of its names. Its leaves are from
'*. to 10 inches long, clustered by threes (very rarely 2 or 4,) in a
sheath. The cones are 3 to 5 inches long, the scales armed with
rather strong sharp prickles. The trunk rises to the height of 50
and 7t feet, with a diameter of 2 and 3 feet, and has a spreading
top. The wood is sapp}' and coarse-grained, liable to warp and
shrink, and soon decays on exposure. It is among the least valua-
ble of our Pines, but is sometimes applied to inferior uses. It af-
fords a good deal of Turpentine, which is less fluid than that from
the Long-leaf ". This tree extends somewhat into the Middle Dis-
trict.

I am indebted for the knowledge of an important variety of this
tree, known as the Swamp or Slash Pine, and about Wilmington
a- Rotemary /''/>■, to some articles in Kussel's Magazine, written
by Mr. Edmund Puffin, of Virginia, who has made a careful ex-
amination of the characters and habits of our southern Pines. He
says : "This .Slash Pine] tree grows only on low and moist land,
and is the better for timber, and grows larger in proportion to the
greater richness of the land. It is the principal and largest timber
Pine in the original forests of all the low, flat and firm but moist
lands bordering on Albemarle Sound, and also farther South ; and
I have seen it growing as well, but much more sparsely, on the
rich swampy borders of the Roanoke and in the best Gum lands

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 2d

bordering on the Dismal Swamp, and some on the low bottom lands
of Tar River. Among the other gigantic forest trees on the rich
and wet Roano'<e Swamps, (on the land of Henry Burgwyn, Esq..)
mostly of Oak, Gum, Poplar, &c, the few of these Pines which yet
remain, tower far above all others (20 feet or more) so as to be seen
and distinguished at some miles' distance. I have visited several
standing trees and the stumps of others which had been cut down,
which measured nearly or quite live feet in diameter, and were
supposed to have been from 150 to 170 feet in height. But the
sizes and heights of the tiees may best be inferred from the list be-
low of hewn (or squared) stocks, which was furnished to me from
Mr. Herbert's* timber accounts. These stocks were cut in Bertie
county, made the whole of one raft which was then (May, 1856,)
on its passage through the Dismal Swamp Canal to New- York.
The stocks were thence to be shipped to Amsterdam for naval con-
struction, under a contract with the Dutch government.

Length.

Inches Square.

No. of Cubic Feet.

1

47

25

204

2

66

19

165

3

86

30

537

4

79

31

527

5

88

23

337

6

65

20

181

7

74

26

347

8

80

26

376

9

68

24

272

10

58

22

195

11

86

30

537

12

58

30

363

13

74

26

347

14

74

2G

347

15

70

28

381

16

70

27

368

But even the longest of these stocks do not approach the magni'
tude of one which was cut at a previous time in Bertie and sold in
New-York by Mr. Herbert. This was 80 feet in length and 30
inches square at the lower end. He sold it to a dealer for $500.

Of Virginia, a large contractor for the supply of timber to the Navy Yards.

24 THE TR1 ROLTNA.

and tlie buyer re-old it 1 - This stock did not retain it? -

ted diameter <at the butt) to its upper extremity, but there was
aches square. All of these stock? were nearly all
Of course this condition permits but little sap-
d that only in the angles of the squared stocks. Thence,
rs that the proportion of heart wood in these trees must
iarsre. The timber must he resinons or it won!
i. and it must be durable or it would not serve for the u.

;:eat spa'- - s of war. exposed to alternations of
drying, and for which the host materials only are per-
mit' •• The grain of thi< heart wood is not generally
verv bnt more so than th I . and still more than
f [or] }V • /'
7. L"N'.-i.kak Pink. (P. australis. Mi — The invaluable tree
bv which the country, and tli - E specially, have sola;_
pr</ generally known among us by the name here given,
th<> - is calk- d )'• Pi In tin N:v and
;k yards of the country it bears the latter name, though this de-
ation there includes also the s /' . as well
- ties first described in this list. It begins to appear in
th Eastern part of Virginia, and from thence to la it
the tree of the Lower Districts of the Southern S
occ early all the dry sandy soil for many hundred miles.
It i - < 0 f< et high, in favorable situations stii!

30 inches in diameter. The leaves are 1" to 15 inches
lonir. on young si - sometimes much longer, and clustered on
the < the branches like a broom. The cones are1 lies

lonsr. The w ery little sap. The r

triboted very uniformly through it. and hence the wood is n
durabh.. 1 more compact : which qualities, in

to its being of tine grain, give it the preference over al! our Pines,
The quality of the w - upon the kind < :

in which it is grown, as in a richer mould it is sinons. This

inferior kind is, in some places, distinguished as }' . —

am •• in point, illustrating the vague and indiscriminate ap-

plication of the popular names of our forest trees. In some soils
- of a reddish hue : and this, in the northern dock-yards,
is denominated Red Pine, and considered better than the others.
I am informed, that trees which have a small top indicate a stock
with the best heart-wood.

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 25

The great value of this tree in both Civil and Naval Architec-
ture is too well known to justify a full enumeration of its uses, and
statistics of trade in it belong rather to a Gazetteer than to an es-
say like this. But it is not the wood only that gives value to this
tree. The resinous matter, in various forms, is shipped from our
ports in large quantities to all parts of the United States and to
foreign countries. Turpentine is the sap in its natural state as it
flows from the tree. When it hardens upon the trunk, and is got-
ten off by proper implements, it is called scrapings, of very inferior
value to the virgin article. Tar is made by burning the dead
limbs and wood in kilns. Pitch is tar reduced about one half by
evaporation. Spirits of Turpentine is obtained by distillation from
Turpentine, including Scrapings. Rosin is the residuum left by
distillation. The greater part of these articles found in the markets
is derived, I believe, from this State.

Large tracts of this Pine are sometimes suddenly destroyed, as
by a blight, to the irreparable injury of the owners, as the forests
can not be reproduced in a life time. From the great value of the
tree its destruction has attracted more especial notice ; but our
Yellow Pine (P. mitis,) is subject to the same casualty. In Eu-
rope the same kind of fatality happens to the Firs. The mischief
is caused by swarms of a small insect penetrating through the bark
into various portions of the stock, and against which there is no
remedy yet discovered. Other species of insect sometimes attack
the Oaks and effect a similar destruction.

8. White Pine. (P. Strobus, Linn.) — This beautiful tree, of such
immense value to Canada and New England, extends along the
Alleghaniesto our own mountains, where it is found in considerable
quantities, forming peculiar and handsome forests in the rich ele-
vated vallies, especially of Ashe and Yancey. It is found as far
south as Georgia. Though at the North this tree is as important,
and its timber as extensively used, as our own Long-leaved Pine,
yet from its inaccessibility in our mountains it has no marketable
value with us, and does not seem to be much used in the region
where it grows.

There are peculiarities about this tree which distinguish it at first
sight, and at any distance, from all our Pines, in the pale green
color of its fo'iiage, the smooth light bark of the trunk, and the cir-
cular disposition of the limbs, which gradually diminish in length
3

26 THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

toward the summit, so as to give this the symmetry ot* a Fir more
than of a Pine. The leaves are also,/?''-- in <' sheath, which is the
<■ with no other of our Pines. In favorable situations at the
North, this tree has been known to reach a height of ISO feet, with
a diameter of 7 feet. In our mountains it is found from 00 to 70
feet high, with a proportional diameter. The wood is light, soft,
free from knots, very easily, worked, and durable, though not very
strong, and is applied to a far greater variety of economical uses
than that of any other Pine.

FIRS AND SPEUCES.

These are distinguished from the Pines by their leaves growing
singly upon the branches, (not included by twos, threes, Arc., in
a common sheath,) and by their cones, which are composed of thin
scales without prickles, somewhat like llojis. They are all possi
of singular beauty, and are indispensable to the perfection of
artificial groves and parks. It is only in cool and moist situations,
however, that, they can be fully developed; though they thrive and
are very ornamental in private grounds through the Middle Dis-
trict of the State. They are impatient of the heat in the Lower
District, and unless well shaded there, are apt to remain dwarfed,
or to die out.

1. Balsam Fir. (Abies Fraseri, Pursh.) — This is the handsomest
of our Firs, and is very similar to the Silver Fir of Europe, though
everyway smaller; the latter sometimes attaining the height of
150 feet, while ours seldom reaches 4(», with a diameter of 1.2 to 1.".
inches. It is an inhabitant of the higher mountain.- from Pennsyl-
vania southward as far as this State. Farther north it is replaced
by a larger but very similar species known as the Canada Balsam,
(A. balsamea.) It is not uncommon on our highest summits, but
I think is not found upon any which do not exceed 4000 fret above
the sea. Some of these summit- appear to In- occupied almost ex-
clusively with forests of this tree, and tin- dark color of these and
of masses of the next specie.-, has probably given its name to the
Black Mountain. Several knobs and ranges south of the French
Broad river are called Balsam .Mountain from the prevalence of
this tree upon them. \Y hen not too much crowded this has a close
pyramidal top. The leaves are of a bright green above, and silvery

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. '2~

white beneath. When the branches are loaded with cones, (which
in this species only stand erect,) the tree is very beautiful. The
cones are from 1 to 2 inches lung. The timber is of little value,
though sometimes sawed or hewed out for mountain cabins; yet
if valuable, it could not, from its location, be available. The tur-
pentine or balsam is a clear thin liquid, obtained from small blisters
od the bark of the trunk by means of sharp horn spoons or bqoom
inserted into their lower side. It is of an acrid taste and is much
used by the inhabitants on cuts and sores ; but the application is
painful and as likely to promote inflammation as to allay it.

2. Black Spruce. (A. nigra, Poir.) — Common in our mountains,
especially on the Black, but at a lower elevation than the preceding
species. It extends from this State along the Alleghanies to Xew-
England and Canada. In our mountains it is sometimes very im-
properly called Jumper, and it is, I believe, what is most commonly
and absurdly called lie Balaam. With us it is a small tree of
darker green foliage than the preceding, but of similar form. In
higher latitudes it has a height of 70 or SO feet, and is there an ele-
gant tree. The wood has strength, lightness and elasticity, and is
much used both in the Northern States and abroad, for the vards
and topmasts of vessels. The drink so popular at the North, and
known as Spnun Beer, gets its name from the use of the small
branches, chiefly of this species, which are steeped in the brew.

8. White Spruce. (A. alba, Michx.)— This has about the same
range in the United States as the Black Spruee, but does not ex-
tend quite so tar to the northward. It is rather rare in our moun-
tain-, but is occasionally met with in similar situations with the
other, and with which it is generally confounded by the inhabitants.
In one instance I heard it called Lavender, a name belonging to a
garden herb. It is very distinct from the preceding, and its whole
aspect is lighter ; the summit of a similar pyramidal form, but less
compact, is of less size, with slender and more drooping branchlets,
the pale green leaves of more delicate form, and the cones narrower.
The wood is employed for the same purposes as that of the Black

•A. Hemlock Spruce. (A. Canadensis, Michx.) — Universally
known in our mountains as Sprue* Pine, though the name here
preferred is not unknown. The latter is a very common appella-
tion of the I'tUoc: 1'ine in this State. The Hemlock is found a-

ff THE TREES OF NORTH-CAR MSA.

far Hudson's Day ; whether south f N rth Carolina I

not learned. It is almost entirely confined, in the moon

- .»f torrents and cold swamps, but '.own to their

This ■ ■ larger tree than the preceii _ but

.in here, as in higher latitudes, the statur.

. and a diameter of 2 or 3 feet. In its light spread::
and delicate foliage it is a more graceful tree than the others. The
leave; are light green above and silvery beneath.
two ways upon the brandies, while in all the other Sj
spread from every part of them. T: - . to 1 inch I

and gracefully depend from the ends of the branchlets. The tim-
ber • some extent at the N rth, 1 * > f inferior in.
tance. The bark, however, is extensively and almost exc -

1 for tanning in some par- v-England.

to < >ak bark it is said that the two united are preferable to either

.e.

:e Cedar. (Cnpressus thyoides, Linn.) — In North-Carolina,
and some other portions of the South, this seems to be known only
under the name of Juniper. Bnt as it is not Juniper. I do not
ate to reject the name. The one above given is in common
in the Middle and Northern States wherever the tree is found.
The true Juniper < Juniperus communis* of Europe and the North-
ern States is related to our . and its fruit is an aromatic bet
while that of the present species is a small, dry. v.

scales which spread open in maturity after the mann-.
a Pine or Cypress bur. This tree is found from Florida I

S and. In our State it is confined to swamps in tiie lower
trier, where, in some places, it is very abundant. Il - 80

feet high, with a diameter of 2 or 3 feet. The various n - ich

its wood is applied make it one of the most valuable trees in the
try. It is line grained, soft, light, and easily worked, and after
■ning acquires a light rosy tint. It has a strong ar
and the flavor given to water kept in buckets or pig<rins of this
material is generally esteemed. From the little effect produced
upon it by moisture or dryness, as well as for its lightness and free-
dom from splitting, the shingles made of it are. in some places. |
ferred over all others, and last from 30 to 35 years. "Where it
abounds, it is used in the frames of building, it being durable and

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 29

mostly free from worms. In cooper-work it is extensively used,
and lias been found very serviceable for vessels in which to pre-
serve oils. Charcoal for gunpowder is made from the young stocks —
lampblack, lighter and more deeply colored than that from Pine,
is made from the seasoned wood — rails for fencing, made of the
young stocks deprived of their outer bark, will last from 50 to 60
years.

X. B. The Red Cedar, according to its natural affinity, should
be placed in this Group ; but as its fruit is what is popularly called
a /" mj, the present mode of arrangement requires its transfer to
the Group having that kind of fruit. The Arbor Yitw, also belong-
ing here, may be found among the Shrubs.

Cypress. (Taxodium distichum, Rich.) — This tree, so well known
under this name only, needs no specific description, and I will only
remark that it is the only one in this group of trees that has not
evergreen leaves. Its range is along the lower region of the At-
lantic and Gulf States from Delaware to Texas. In this State it
has about the same range as the White Cedar and Long-leaf Pine ',
but is always confined to swamps. It is remarkable for its large
dimensions as well as for its various uses. Its height with us is from
6<) to 100 feet, with a circumference above the swollen base of 20
to 36 feet, though in the original forests of the country it has still
larger dimensions. The wood has much strength and elasticity, i9
fine grained, lighter and less resinous than that of the Pines. Heat
and moisture affect it much less than most of our timbers, and it is
therefore particularly valuable in those parts of the State where
both these agents have peculiar force. The timber has been much
nsed in some places for the frame and wood-work of houses, and is
said to be twice as durable as White Oak or Pine. The shingles
made of it are of the most valuable kind, and will last 40 years.
The business of making these is a very profitable branch of indus-
try in the lower parts of the State. For fencing and tor water-
pipes the wood is of high value.

There are three varieties ot this tree recognized by those who
deal in its timber — the Red, Black and White Cypress, character-
ized by the different color of their heart-wood. The Red Cypress
has its heart of a reddish tint, is preferable to the others for timber,
and cannot be split. This variety is easily recognized by its straight

THE TREES OF KORTn-CAEOLrS'A.

trunk, (not always having a swollen basej generally with a small
top. and by the wounded bark having a reddish tinge. J
and WIi < - .Mnot, so far as I k:. 'minated without

the aid of the axe. The Black has its wood duskier ivier

than the White, whi: - resinous. According

- in land constantly inundated, and the former in drier
situations; but I am assured by others, that all three varieties may
be found in precisely similar situations.

• ire of this tree usually spreads in only two directions
from the branchlets, like that of the H v / but there is

a variety, not uncommon in some local:1 s, specially upon the

-avannas near "W ihuington. on which the leav* -- aall,

n four sides of the branchlets and press
them, much like those of the Cedar.

I from the roots of the tree to a height
corresponding with the usual depth of the water, and constituting

snlar peculiarity in pyj ae - amps, are. I suppose, the re-
sult of b hy. Whatever be the economy or final purpose
of these excrescences, there are probably few of the present da}-

will endorse the theory of St. Pierre, that they were designed
to protect the trunk against damage from icebergs !

ae has not ordinarily a very attractive form in our
swarnps ; but when standing alone in favorable situations, it has
a regular pyramidal top and is of imposing beauty. In the i
tram Gard en, near Philadelphia, I have seen a stock (oveflOO
years ol I) of I - I -vmmetry. that I could not be persuad-

ed it was a Cypress, until I had satisfied myself by a close inspec-
tion.

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLTNA. 31

The next Group to be noticed is the most important, whether
considered in reference to its numbers or its economical value, in
the whole circle of Forest Trees. There will be included in it all
those which bear a fruit popularly called Nuts, without reference to
the more restricted scientific meaning of the word. This Group
will thus include the Oak, Beech, Chestnut, Hickory, Walnut, and
Buckeye.

OAKS.

This genus of Trees contains more species than any other in our
country ; and of these there is a larger number in North-Carolina
than in all the States north of us, and only one less than in all the
Southern States east of the Mississippi. Some of the species, how-
ever, hardly rise to the dignity of trees, though I shall bring them
all together in this place, where they will most naturally be looked
for.

For the better understanding of the species, they are divided in-
to two Sections. The iirslis that of the White Oaks — characterized
by the acorns being annual, the foliage of a pale or grayish aspect
and without bristles at the ends of the leaf divisions — the bark of
an ashy hue, and the wood generally lighter colored and of more
compact texture than in the other Section. The second Section has
acorns biennially, and the leaves (except in the Live Oak) are point-
ed with a bristle at the end of each division.

Section I is again arranged in two Divisions: — the first having
for its type the common White Oak, characterized by the leaves
being deeply cut from the margin toward the central nerve. The
second has for its type the Swamp White Oak, in which Division the
leaves are generally larger than in the first, and only scolloped or
round-toothed on the edge. The species of the White Oak Section
are, then, as follows:

Division 1st. Division '2nd.

White Oak, (Quercus alba.) Swamp White Oak, (Q. Prinus.)

Post Oak, (Q. obtusiloba.) Chestnut Oak, (Q. Castanea.)

<»ver-cup Oak, (Q. lyrata.) Chinquapin Oak, (Q. prinoides.)

1. White Oak. (Quercus alba, Linn.) — This is found from Can-
ada to the Gulf of Mexico, and appears to be universally known by

32 the nana of north-carolina.

the name here given — one of the few instances among the Oaks,
in which there is not more or less confusion of popular names, so
that there is no need of offering a specitic description of it. It is
id in this State from the coast to the mountains ; but is most
abundant in the Middle District. In the Lower it avoids the bar-
rens, and is found chiefly on or near the borders of swamps. It is
only in the most favorable situations that this tree rises to the
height of TO or 80 feet, with a diameter of four or live. It is then,
with its light foliage, compact and even head, and straight shaft,
one of the most imposing trees in our forests. It is, however, sel-
dom met with in our State, having a diameter of more than 2 feet,
though I have seen stocks here with a diameter of 3 feet. This is
probably of more general use, and more extensively serviceable,
than any other of our Oaks, it being valuable for house frames, for
mills and dams, vehicles, agricultural implements, coopers' ware,
ship-building, and for all purposes where strength and durability
■re required. The bark has been deemed by some Tanners as the
be?t kind for preparing leather for saddles and similar objects. It
netimesused medicinally as a tonic and astringent.

The variety of this species known as the Scaly Bark White Oak
is distinguished by the thin plates of bark that scale off from the
trunk. 1 have not learned if its timber differs essentially from
that of the other.

_'. Poei Oak. (Q. obtnsiloba, Michx.) — The northern limit of
this is in New Jersey, but it is not abundant and flourishing north
of Maryland. From thence southward it enters largely into the
Composition of the forests which cover the dry and poorer soils of
the Middle Districts of the South. In the Lower Districts it is less
common, being mostly confined to the region of swamps and lands
that have <:one out of cultivation. With us it does not appear to
be known under any other name than the one given above, and by
which it is most generally designated: but it is elsewhere sometimes
called Iron (>al- and Box White Oak The leaves are more coarsely
cut than those of the White Oaky their divisions often enlarged at
their outer ends," rather rough on the upper side, and with a gray
down underneath. The acorns being very sweet and much eaten
by wild Turkeys, it is in some localities called Turkey Odk. This
tree is rarely found as high as 5<> feet and with a diameter of 18
inches, but I have seen it with a diameter of 26 inches. Hence it

THE TREES OF XORTII-CAROLKNA. 33

cannot be employed for all the purposes for which the White Oak
is used, although in fineness of grain, strength and elasticity, it is
superior to it. It is serviceable for fence-poets, (hence its name,)
fur the work of wheelwrights and coopers, and is used advantage'
oasl) for the knees in ship-building; Fur the staves of liquor-casks
this and the White Oak supply material far superior to any other
of our Oaks.

3. Over-cup Oak. (Q, lyrata, Walt.) — This is unknown north of
this S;ate and does not. seem to be common anywhere. In this
State I know of its existence only in the rich swampy lands of the
Nense and Cape-Fear and their tributaries as far up the country as
Chatham and Orange. The foliage has more resemblance to that
of the Pod Oak than of any other, for which reason it is. farther
south, called Swamp Post Oak. It is also sometimes called II
White Oak. The acorn is almost wholly enclosed in its cup,
(whence its name,") by which character this tree may easily be dis-
tinguished from all others. It sometimes attains the height o\' BO
feet and a diameter of 2 and 3 feet, and is then a majestic tree.
The wood is inferior to that of the two preceding species, yet is
sufficiently compact to be serviceable, if it was more accessible and
more extensively diffused.

-i. Swamp Chestnut Oak. iQ. Prions, Linn.) — Xot known north
of Pennsylvania, but is pretty common in the maritime parts of the
Southern States, where it is met with in the rich soils of the river
swamps. "With a height of SO or 90 feet and proportional diameter,
a straight trunk and expansive tufted summit, it forms a beautiful
and majestic tree. The leaves are 6 to S inches long, broader to-
ward the outer end, with coarse rounded teeth on the edges, and
pale down underneath, and of that ashy hue which distinguishes
all the species of this section of Oaks. The acorns are about 1 inch
long, nearly half covered by the cup, and with a stem about $ inch
long. In economical value this can hold but a second or third
rank among the White Oaks. The timber has strength and dura-
bility, and is therefore employed for various purposes; but it is
more porous than that of White or Post Oak. It has a straight
split and shreds easily, and is therefore employed, especially by the
negroes, in the making of baskets and brooms. Rails from this tree
will last 12 or 15 years, and the fuel is considered valuable.

"We have two varieties of this tree, so well marked that some

84 THE TREES OE WORTH-CAROLINA.

LTiista have regarded them as distinct species. Bet our
living Botanists now consider them as variations from one type
1 by difference of soil and situation. They are a< follows:
s rip White Oak. (var: . Michx.) — It is generally

known throughout the United States by tin's name, and takes the
place of the Swamp Chestnut Oak as we proceed inland from the
:' the latter, and is found on the edges of swamps and inun-
dated hanks of rivers, not in the open and drier forests. It
handsome tree ot 70 or SO feet high, with luxuriant foliage, the
silvery whiteness of the underside of the leaves beautifully contras-
ting with the bright green of the upper surface, when they are
stirred by a gentle wind. The leaves are 5 or 6* inches long, in
form like the preceding, hut with the marginal teeth more unequal.
The acorns are supported on a stem 1 to 3 inches long, by which
character this variety may he easily distinguished from every other
Oak in this section. The wood is strong and elastic, and heavier
than White Oak, to which it nearly approaches in value : though
not being common, it is much less nsed in the arts.

Chestnut Oak. (var: monticola, Michx.) — This is some-
times called Rock Oak and Chestnut Oak, and is found as far north
as New England. It is an inhabitant only of high rocky or gravel-
s, and hence occurs only in the Middle and Upper Dis-
tricts of this State. It is a showy symmetrical tree in favorable
•situations, with a luxuriant foliage, sometimes attaining a height of
50 or 60 feet, and a diameter of 3 feet : but from the usual barren-
ness of the soil where it grows, it is seldom seen of these dimen-
sions, and k commonly not more than 30 or 40 feet high. In the
leaves and fruit it differs very slightly from the Swamp Chestnut
Oak. The timber is valuable but not equal to 117 its pores

being more open. In ship-building it is used, in some places, for
the lower part of the frame, for knees and ribs. It has a reddish
tinge like that of Whit* Oak. For fuel it is inferior only to Hick-
ory. The bark is among the best for tanning.

5. Chestnut ( >ak. (Q. Castanea, Willd.) — Not uncommon in the
Middle and Western States, but it occurs very scatteringly in the
Southern. I have not noticed it in North-Carolina, bu1 Michsnx
mentions a single tree seen by him on the Cape Fear, a mile from
Fayetteville. He also found it on the Holston and Nolachncky
Rivers in East Tennessee, and it may perhaps be found on those

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

35

streams in the western part of our State. The tree rises to a height
of TO and 80 feet, with a diameter of 2 feet, the branches rather
erect than spreading. It is so sparingly diffused, that the value of
the wood has never been tested ; but its excessive porousness
promises poorly. It ha? a yellowish tinge, and is therefore known
in some localities under the name of Yellow Oak. This species is
often confounded with the Swamp Oaks described above, which it
certainly resembles ; but its leaves are narrower, shaped more like
those of the Chestnut, (whence its popular name,) with the teeth
nearly sharp ; and its acorns are only about f inch long. With its
tine form and handsome foliage, this would be very ornamental in
private grounds.

6. Chinquapin Oak. (Q. prinoides, Willd.) — Sometimes called
Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Its foliage is somewhat like that of the Rock
Chestnut Oak, and also has some likeness to that of the Chinqua-
pin, which gives it its common name. It is a mere shrub, 2 to 4
feet hi'_di, of no value, and is here mentioned only to give a com-
plete view of the genus. It is found very sparingly in the Lower
District, but is not uncommon upon poor soils in the upper parts of
the State.

SectIon II contains three distinct Divisions ; the first, with leaves
narrow and entire ; — the second, with leaves broad, generally entire,
and pear-shaped ; the tkiird, with leaves broad and cut into several
segments.

Division 1st.

Live Oak. (Quercu6 virens.)
Willow Oak, (Q, I'Lellcs.)
Shingle Oak. (Q. imbricaria.)
Laurel Oak. (tj. laurifolia.)
Upland Willow < >ak. (Q, einerea.)

T'insion 2nd.

Water Oak, (Q. aquatica.')
Black Jack, (Q. nigra.)

Divi&ion or*!.

Spanish Oak, (Q. falcata.)
Bkek Oak, (Q. tinctoria.)
Scarlet Oak, (Q. coceinea.)
Bed Oak. (i l rubra.)
Scrub Oak, (Q. cateebtsL)
Lear Oak, (Q. ilicitblia.

7. Live Oak. (Q. virens. Ait.) — "Well known under this name
wherever it exists, and needing no description. It is found along
the sea-shore from near Norfolk, Va., to the coast of Texas. It is
commonly 40 or 50 feet high, and 1 or 2 feet through the trunk.
Of all the < >aks this is most highly prized for ship-building, the
timber hardening with age, and being closer grained and more
durable than any other. The bark also is excellent for tanning-

38 IBB TREKS OF N0RTII-CAR<>I.INA.

8. WillowOajc. (Q. rhellos, Linn.) — This beautiful tree, re-
markable for the narrowness of its leaves, whicli gives the foliage
much the appearance of that of a Willow, ami by which it is easily

gnized at considerable distance, extends north as tar as New
Jersey, it affects cool moist situations, and is not uncommon on
the borders of swamps in the Lower District, where it rises to the
height of 50 to 00 feet, with a diameter of '2 feet. In the Middle
District it is more scattering found in similar situations. It is
more to be admired for its beauty than its use. as the wood is very
coarse grained, and ill adapted to purposes requiring much strength
and durability: though it is said to answer tolerably well, if tho-
roughly st'a«»ned. for the felloes of wheels.

9. Laurel Oak. (Q. laurifolia. Michx.) — This is a stately tree,
of similar dimensions to the preceding, which it somewhat resem-
bles, though the leaves are neither so long nor narrow, and are not
always entire. It holds a middle place, in its general appearance
and qualities, between the Willow Oak and narrow leaved Water
Oak. The acorns resemble those of the latter. I am not aware
that it has any distinctive name in this State, as it seems to be gen-
erally confounded with one or other of the species just mentioned.
In South-Carolina along a portion of the Pee Dee, it has a loeal
name of Darlington Oak. The English name which I have chosen
is "iily a translation of the botanical name. I believe this tree is
not found north of this State, but it is common southward to Florida.
It is an inhabitant of our Lower and Middle Districts in similar
localities with the preceding, but flourishes well in higher and drier
grounds, and is a common and much admired shade tree in towns
ami villages, especially in the lower parts of the State.

10. Shdiolb <).\k. (Q. imbricaria. Miehx.) — This takes the place
of the preceding Oak in the Upper District, not being found east of
Burke and "Wilkes. From thence westward it becomes more abun-
dant along the larger water-courses, especially those which flow
to the west, as the Pigeon and Hiwassee. Its northern limit is in
western Pennsylvania. It is more common in the Western States,
Bfl far north as Illinois, and is there known by the names of Jack
0 . Black Jack Oak) Lawd Oak, and Shmglt Oak, In those
part:- (.four State where it occurs, I have heard it called only Wittr
(< i Oak, a name very generally applied elsewhere to a very differ-
ent species. This is from 40 to 50 feet high and VI to 15 inches in

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. &i

diameter, branches low, and casts a thick shade with its dark

crowded foliage. The leaves are 3 or 4 inches long, about 1 inch
broad, and of a li<rht shining <rreen. The wood is hard and heavy,
but porous, and inferior to that of Willow Oak. which ir resembles.
In Illinois it has been used for shingles, probably for want of a bet-
ter material. On the Pigeon River I have noticed a few trees
with the leaves more or less cut or lobed, which are probably a
cross between the Shi .•' Oak and one of the JSed Oaks, though
their whole appearance and habit were, in other respects, those of
the former. This is Cv>. Leans, Nutt

11. Upland Willow Oak. (Q. cinerea, Michx. — Found only
in the Pine barrens of the Lower District, where it is very generally
diffused. It rarely exceeds 20 feet in height and 0 inches in diam-
eter, though I have seen it. when standing alone and in favorable
situations, quite a large tree with a circumference of 3 feet. As a
general thing it may be considered too insignificant to merit more
than a passing notice. Its foliage is of an ashy hue. The bark af-
fords a fine yellow dye ; but the tree is too small and too little mul-
tiplied to furnish material for extensive use. In the vicinity of the
Pee Dee River this Oak_ is called Blue Jack.

There is a dwarf variety of this, called Running Oak and White
Oak Runners, (var: pumila, Michx.,) which is. I believe, the small-
est Oak known. It rarely reaches a height of 3 feet, and bears a
profusion of acorns at the height of 15 and 20 inches. The foliage
is very similar to that of the preceding, but is smaller and becomes
smoother in age. It abounds, in creeping roots from which its small
stocks spring. It is found only in the Lower District, especially
near Wilmington, from whence it is sparingly found in the Barrens
as far to the south as Florida.

12. Water Oak. i'Q. aquatica. Gates.) — This is not found beyond
Maryland. It is abundant in our Lower District, and in some parts
of the Middle, on the borders of swamps and in the river bottoms,
and extends somewhat into the F/pper. It is 4u or 50 feet high,
and 12 to 2o inches in diameter. The leaves are pear-shaped, as
in the Black Jack, being much the broadest at the upper end, but
are smaller, smoother aad paler green than in that species. The
bark is seldom used for tanning. The wood, though very tough, is
not much employed for economical purposes, being inferior to oth-

:S mi: trees of nobtu-casouna.

er kinds of Oak. On the Roanoke I have heard this called Tut-
a name also given to the Spanish and !'■
The foliage of this tree varies very much in different situs

tarrow and very little if at all broader at the

upper than at the lower, end, so as to resemble very much th;.

Oak. But any <>ne who is familiar with the common
form ami habit of the II • will not he easily deceived in its

v;iri«

13. Black Jack. (Q. nigra, Linn.) — This Binall and gen
unsightly tree, easily recognized at a distance, when it is of much

bj its lower limbs hanging downwards, sometimes to the \
ground, is found as far north as New Jersey and extends in:" the
Western St; as - luthward to Florida. In this S we

I with it in various soils and situations from the i the

Mnuntaii m exceeding 30 feet in height and 12 inches in

diameter. In the largest stocks the wood is heavy and com]
hut coarse grained and porous in the smaller ones. When exp

the weather it is subject to rapid decay, and is not of any value

in the arts. For fuel it is among the best wood we have. The

to J) inches long,) of a dark green above, and

lor beneath. On young shoots, as is frequent on other

ives are often twice their ordinary size, and divided

..•■nts as in the 7.'. d Oaks.

We now a I division ut' the Oaks known as that oi' th

>, in which there is such a confusion of popular names that :
will be of little service in designating the Bpecies. "There i- no uni-
formity in their application in different part- of th< . ind with-
in the same neighborhood the same name may be given to differ-
. liferent name- t<> the same - - not
there is so much resemblance among them,
apparently a tendency to • g the mem-
It is indeed BOineti] iiicnlt to de-
particular tree b< . of two
tty well marked -peel'-. 1 Bhall therefore be obli

ping more minutely than I have the preced _.
■ the most common or typical forms. Hie
low are those by which the B]
monly known in different parts of the United States.

THE TREKS OF NORTH-CAROLINA. o'J

11. Spanish Oak. (Q, falcata, Michx.) — This is generally known
in this State, I think, by the name of Red Oak, though sometimes
called as above. It is also, in some parts, denominated Turkey
Oak, from a vague resemblance between the form of the leaf (when
it has but three divisions,) and the track of a Turkey. It is to be
distinguished, even at some distance, from other species of this sec-
tion by the grayish down on the underside of the leaves and on the
young shoots upon which they grow, giving the tree a very differ-
ent hue from that of the others. The leaves, too, have narrower
divisions [3 to 7 in number.) than the others, generally entire, and
slightly curved backwards. The manner in which the clusters of
leaves hang down from the ends of the branchlets gives them a
plume-like aspect very unlike those of the other spe-cies.

The Spanish Oak is found as far Xorth as New Jersey, and south-
ward to the Gulf of Mexico. In this State it is one of the com-
monest forest trees from the coast to the mountains, but diminishes
in quantity as we approach the latter. It is often over feO feet in
height with a diameter of 1 to 5 feet. The bark of the trunk is-
dark-colored, its outer portion (cellular integument) being of mod-
erate thickness. The wood is reddish and coarse-grained with
empty pores. The staves made of it are only adapted to contain
coarse articles, but are said to be more esteemed in the West In-
dies than those made from the other Red Oaks. The wood is less
durable than that of the White Oaks, and is not much used in build-
ing, Arc. The bark is held in high estimation for tanning hides,
which it renders whiter and more supple than other species.

A variety of this species (var: pagodaejblia, Ell.,) has larger
leaves, cut into 11 to 13 divisions, gradually diminishing in length
from the lower to the upper divisions. Another variety (var : tri-
loba, MichXi,) has leaves with two or three short and rounded
divisions at the outer end, but may always be recognized by the
gray down on the underside and its accordance in other respects
with the common form.

15. Black Oak. (Q. tinctoria, Bartr.) — A tree SO or 90 feet
and 1 or 5 feet in diameter. The trunk has a deeply furrowed
• ark brown bark, from whence the tree probabi;. name.

The leaves are cut rather deeply into 5 or 7 divisions, the divisions
being also somewhat toothed, and each part tipped with a bristle.
They have also a thin rusty down on the underside. The leaf-stem

40

Till: NORTH-CAROLINA.

is from 1 to 2 inches long. Daring the spring and part of summer
their npper surface is ronghened with small glands which art- per-
ceptible t«» the Bight and touch. On young stocks they turn dull
red in the Fall: those on old stocks, yellow. When the leaves have
fallen, this species may be distinguished from the Spanish Oak by
the longer, more acute and more scaly buds, and also by chewing

• of the hark which gives a yellow color to the saliva. The
wood i> reddish and coarse-grained, with empty pores, hut is

iger and more d arable than any other of the Red Oaksj and

where White Oak can not he obtained is a good substitute for it in

buildings. Staves are largely made of it for containing coarse ar-
ts r1 . c

tides. The hark is very rich in tannin, ami is in much request.
From this hark is obtained the Q*terciiron, which is extensively
in dyeing wool, calico, silk and paper-hangings. The decoc-
tion is brownish yellow, ami is made deeper by an alkali, lighter
by acids, and brighter by a solution of tin.

This tree is common in the United States east and west of the
Alleghanies. reaching north to New England, and is said to indi-
cate a good soil for agriculture. It is most abundant in the upper
part of the State. If it exists in the Lower District it must be
sparingly.

16. Scarlet Oak. (Q. coccinea, Wang*) — This is generally
founded with the preceding species, and called Sj>,i)n's!> and /<'■</
Oak in this State. It can be distinguished from the Block Oak by
the leaves being more deeply cut, the divisions narrower and more
widely separated, but especially by tjieir being quite smooth on
both sides ami of a brighter shining green, turning I irlet

after frost The leaf-stem is also more slender and twice as
in the Block (hi!.-. The kernel of the acorn seems also to sup;
uniform character of distinction — that of t: s ! f Oak b<

white, and of the Block Oak, yellowish. The bark, when chewed,
does not, like that of the Black <>nh\ impart a yellowish tinge to
the saliva. The wood i- wry similar to that of the preceding -
Cies, but is not very durable, and is not used for building. &C., when
better material can be had. What is known as Red <>■•
are made from this as well a< from the two preceding species. The
bark is much inferior for tanning to that of the />/</<•/• Oak.

This tree ranges from New England to Georgia and Florida. In
this State it abounds chiefly in the Middle and Upper Districts, it
not being generally diffused in the Lower.

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 41

17. Red Oak. (Q. rubra, Linn.) — This, like the preceding spe-
cies, is sometimes called Spanish Oak, though it is as strongly
marked a tree as can be found in our forests. The leaves are larger
(6 to 9 inches long,) than any others in this Division, not so deeply
cut, smooth and green on both sides, changing in the Fall to dull
red. then to yellow. The acorns in particular furnish a character
which at once discriminates this from all the Red Oaks, they be-
ing of larger size (1 inch long,) and having very flat shallow cups.
The wood is reddish and coarse grained, and the pores very large.
It is strong but not durable, and is much inferior to the other Red
Oaks, though staves are sometimes made of it. The bark is infe-
rior for tanning to that of the Black or Scarlet Oak.

This tree extends farther north than any other of our Oaks, reach-
ing into Canada. It is tall and wide spreading, sometimes over SO
feet high, and 3 or 4 feet in diameter. For its full development
it requires a cool and fertile situation, and hence abounds more in
the interior parts of the State. In the Lower District it is found
but sparingly.

18. Scrub Oak. (Q. Catesbeei, Michx.) — This grows only in the
sandy barrens of the Lower District, but may be found from the
coast westward to the counties of Richmond and Moore. I am not
aware of its existence north of this State, but it is found southward
to Florida. It seldom exceeds a height of 25 feet, and is most com-
monly from 10 to 15 feet high. Among the Red Oaks this species
is easily recognized, not only by its situation and humble size, but
by the very short leaf-stem. In this last particular, as well as in its
habit, and in the color, texture and weight, of the wood, it has a close
relation to the Black Jack ; and in South-Carolina is called Forked-
leaf Black Jack. Indeed, when the leaves are fallen, the two are
rather difficult to be distinguished. For fuel they hold about the
same rank. The bark is said to be valuable for tanning, but is too
scanty to be much used.

10. Bear Oak. (Q. ilicifolia, Wang.)— A shrub, ordinarily about
3 or 5 Jeet high, extending from Xew York southward through the
mountains of Virginia (where it is common,) and Xorth-Carolina
I very rare,) to Georgia. The leaves are 2 or 3 inches long, cut
about halfway to the middle nerve into two divisions on each side,
and with a white down on the underside. Worthless in itself, but
a good indicator of barren soil.
4

42 THE TREES OF N'ORTH-CAROLIN'A.

hickori:

•? general qualities of the wood of these species are so similar,
that, to avoid repetition, they may as well be indicated here, so far
as thev belong to the whole genus or to any of its Division?. For
weight, strength, and tenacity of fibre, we have no wood superior ;
but its value is impaired by a tendency to rapid decay on exposure
and its peculiar liability to injury from worms. Hence it cannot
be used in buildings. But the wood of the different species is in-
discriminately used tor axel trees, axe-handles, carpenters tools,
screws, cogs of mill wheels, the frames of chairs, whip handles,
musket stocks, rake teeth, flails. &c, &c For hoops we have no-
thinc equal to it. These are made from young stocks. Fur fuel,
there is no wood which gives such intense heat and heavy long-
I coals. For this use, although discrimination is seldom made,
the Common Hickory*, is said to be the best, and the B'dUrnut
IV Icmry the poorest. For timber. Shtfl Bail- and Pignut 11
;re reputed the best.
I: is to be observed upon this genus of trees, that the species are
• :o considerable variation both in foliage and fruit, — some-
times apparently from crosses, as well as from difference of situa-
tion,— and hence are very difficult of discrimination without long
and patient attention. This I have not given them, and am there-
fore unable to indicate any thing like an accurate range of the
species enumerated below, which have been carefully examined
only in particular localit

The Hickories are peculiar to North America, of which we have
In this State I have seen but six, though I give seven
in the following list. The species are very naturally arranged in
three Divisions. The first Division is characterized by the husk
falling away from the Nut in four entire pieces, and the bark of
• •Id trunk peeling off in long flakes or plates. These are the
- or Shay Bark*. The second has a husk which does
not divide <iown to its base, and the bark of the trunk is not shag-
gy. These .-dally the first, have Xuts with a sweet eata-
ble kernel. The third Division has Nuts with a thin shell and husk,
and an astringent bitter kernel.

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

Division 1st. Division 2nd.

Shell-bark Hickory, (Carya alba,) Common Hickory, (C. tomentosa.)

Thick Shell-bark Hickory, (C. sulcata.) Pignut Hickory, (C. glabra.)

Small-nut Hickory, (C. microcarpa.)

Division Zrd.
Bitter-nut Hickory, (C. amara.)
Water Bitter-nut do., (C. aquatica.)

1. Shell-Bark Hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.) — This is not abun-
dant in any part of the State, and least of all in the Lower District.
It grows upon the rich lands on and near water courses. It is much
more common in the Northern States than in the Southern. It is
60 or 80 feet high, with a disproportionate diameter of 15 to 20 inches
for three fourths of its length. The narrow strips of outer bark
loosened from the trunk, attached only by the middle, while the
two ends are bowed outwards, which characterize this and the next
species, are observable only on stocks that exceed 10 inches in
diameter and are 8 or 10 years old. But the leaflets are almost
uniformly in two pairs (rarely three) with an odd one at the end of
the common leaf-stem. The Nuts are nearly pointless, and with
a thin white shell. They are the finest nuts we have, excepting
perhaps the Pecan Nut (C. oliveeformis,) of the South-western
States.

2. Thick Shell-Bark Hickory. (C. sulcata, Nutt.) — Most com-
mon in the Middle and "Western States. I have not met with it in
this State, and it is introduced here on the authority of others. It
may be looked for only in the extreme western part of the State,
especially along the rivers flowing westward.

This may be distinguished from the preceding species by its three
paire (sometimes four,) of leaflets on the common leaf-stem, and by
the thick yellowish shell of the nut, which is also ribbed on its up-
per half, and has a strong point. The kernel is smaller, and hard-
ly so sweet as in the preceding.

3. Common Hickory. (C. tomentosa, Nutt.) — Found in all the
States and common in our own forests from the coast to the moun-
tains, the only one which occurs in the barrens. All the Hickories
are generally characteristic of a good soil, and this is no exception
only when it grows in the barrens, as it is most vigorous in rich
soils. It is about 60 feet high and 18 or 20 inches in diameter.

44 THE TEEES OF XORTH-CABOLL.

- hite to the heart, for which reason, probably, it is
calk in some parts of the State. The other spe-

- have their wood more or less reddish. The leaflets are from
7 to 9, (generally 7. Ti;e frnit has a thick husk, splitting nearly
to the base. The nut is of various forms, but is somewhat t»-angled,
of a light brown color, with a very thick shell and small kernel.

4. Pto-Nur Hickory. I C. glabra, Torr.) — Fuund in most of the

r SO feet high, scatteringly disseminated among the
other Hickories throughout North-Carolina. It can be distinguished
in winter by the shoots of the preceding summer, which are brown,
and not half the size of those of the preceding species. These are
exceedingly tough and of the best quality for Hickory withe*. The
leaflets are smooth on both m 7 in number. The fruit is

generally pear-shaped, the husk thin and green, the shell of the
nut verv hard and smooth, and the kernel small and sv

5. Small-Nut Hickory. (C. microcarpa, Nutt. ) — This is more
common in the northern States than with us. I have observed it
only in Caldwell though it probably exists in most of the

-ern counties, intermingled with the Common Hickory. It is
of similar dimensions with the latter, but the bark of the trunk is
much more even. The foliage is much like that of the Pig-nut.
The nut is roundish, not much larger than a nutmeg, with a thin
shell.

6. Bitter-Nut Hickory. <C. amara, Nutt. ) — Not uncommon
from the coast to the mountains, preferring rich and cool soils,
where it rises to the height of 70 ith a diameter of two
or more. It is sometimes called fl The foliage ap-
pears later than that of the other species. The leaflets are 7 to 11
and smooth. It can be recognized in winter by its small yellow
buds. The fruit has a thin husk which has prominent seams open-
about half way to the base, and a nut with a thin shell that can

be crushed with the fingers. The kernel is <~ v bitter and

'ngent, not likely to be forg any who have eaten it

•imber is inferior to that of the ot:

7. Wl&m Hitter-Nut Hickory. <C. aquatica. Nutt.) — This is

: high, found only in the swamps and river !>..;;,, in?
from North-Carolina southward. It is generally confounded with
the preceding, from which it can be cl _ .ed at some distance
by the more numerous (9 to 13) and more slender leaflets, which

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

«

are shaped very much like the leaves of the Peach, though larger.
Fruit with a thin husk parted nearly to the base; a nut with thin
shell and of a reddish color, and the kernels bitter as in the prece-
ding. The timber is rather inferior, even to that of Xo. 6.

WALNUTS.

1. Black "Walnut. (Juglans nigra, Linn.) — This tree is well
known throughout the State by this name, and needs no particular
description. With us it is 40 or 50 feet high ; but in the richer
lands of the "Western States it is often 70 feet, with a diameter of
6 and 7. It is most abundant in our Middle District. The tim-
ber is much used in cabinet work, is of a dark brown color, strong
and tenacious, the grain fine and compact enough for receiving a
polish, and when well seasoned does not warp and split It is also
exempt from attacks of worms. The Nut is globular, and its kernel
sweet and agreeable to most persons, though inferior to the Euro-
pean Walnut (J. regia.) The young fruit is highly esteemed for
Pickles and Catsup. The husk is employed in domestic use for
dying Woollens. This is a pleasant shade-tree, and mingles well
with others about a residence.

2. White Walnut. (J. cinerea, Linn.) — This is the common
name of the tree in the section of State where it grows, though that
of ButUrnv.t, applied to it in the Northern States, is not unknown.
It is found upon bottom lands and river banks in the vallies of the
Mountains. I have not met with it east of Wilkes, but am inform-
ed that it is occasionallv found as far down the countrv as Orange
and Randolph. Its general aspect is very much that of the Black

TI alnutj but it is a smaller tree, and when in fruit can be at once
recognized by the Xuts, which are about twice as long as broad.
"V\ hen not in fruit, the pitchy clamminess of the leaf-stems and
young branchlets, together with the smooth gray bark of the
branches, will readily distinguish it. In favorable localities at the
North, this tree attains the height of 50 feet, with a diameter of 3
or more ; but with us it is rather smaller. The timber is of a red-
dish hue, not of much strength, but durable and free from attacks
of worms. It is used in light cabinet work and in the panels of
carriages, as it is light, not liable to split, and receives paint re-
markably well. It is also used somewhat in the lower frame-work

46 THE TREES OF NORTH-CABOLINA.

of buildings and for the various purposes in rural economy which
require material not easily affected by heat and moisture. The
bark is sometimes used for dyeing Woollens a dark brown, though
not equal for this purpose to that ot Black Walnut. It is also a
domestic remedy for cases where a sure but safe and gentle cath-
artic is needed. The kernel of the Nut is more oily than in the
I Walnut, but is palatable. The young fruit is used for Pickles.
The sap of the tree is slightly saccharine, and sugar has been made
from it, but not equal to that from the J/<\

CHESTNUTS.

1. Chestnut. (Castanea vesca, Linn.) — This is an inhabitant of
all the cooler parts of the United States. With us it is chiefly con-
fined to the mountains from Ashe to Cherokee, and is found but
sparingly on hills in the Middle District as low down as Guilford
and liandolph. It rinds its proper soil and temperature on the sides
of our high mountains, where it probably acquires as large dimen-
sions as anywhere in the Union ; stocks being sometimes met with
which, at 6 feet from the ground, measure 15 or 1G feet in circum-
ference. Its usual height is from 50 to 70 feet, but is sometimes
90, with a capacious and well formed top. The wood is light, tol-
erably strong, elastic, and capable of resisting the effects of atmos-
pheric changes. Its durability gives it great value for fencing, and
the rails, which are split out straight and easily, are said to last 50
years. For shingles it is superior to the Oais, but is liable to warp.
It is sometimes used for cooperage, but is too porous for anything
but dry wares. For fuel it is little esteemed, as it tnmp$ moat in-
tolerably, almost as much as Hemlock Spruce, But for charcoal it
is well adapted, and in this form is extensively used in Forges and
Smithies.

Botanists deem our Chestnut to be only a variety of the Euro-
pean. The wood is not quite so tine grained, ami the nuts are only
it half the size of the European, but they are much sweeter
and more palatable. On Mt. .Etna is a Chestnut tree (but appa-
rently of five united trunks.) 53 feet in diameter, and with a spread
of branches sufficient to shelter 100 men on horseback! There are
several trunks near this which are 75 feet in circumference.

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 4 I

2. Chinquapin. (C. pumila, Michx.) — This extends from the
Delaware throughout the South. In this State it is known from
the seaboard to Cherokee, and in great varieties of soil. It is usu-
ally a shrub from 6 to 12 feet high, but in cool fertile situations it
is sometimes 30 or 40, and 12 or IS inches in diameter. The wood
is finer grained than the Chestnut and equally durable ; but the
stock is too small for extensive use.

There is a distinct variety of this (var : nana,) in our poor forests
with slender shoots and extensive runners, bearing fruit at the
height of a foot.

Beech. (Fagus ferruginea, Ait.) — Common throughout the
United States, and the only species in the country. It is a very
handsome tree, though rarely seen in cultivation. In the Lower
District of the State it occurs rather sparingly and of no great size.
In the Middle District it is more common and luxuriant; but it is
in the Mountains that it is found in greatest abundance and of pro-
per dimensions, being there from 50 to SO and even 100 feet high,
with a diameter of 2 and 3 feet. The wood is compact and tough,
and of very uniform texture, by which it is well adapted for plane-
stocks, shoe-lasts, and the handles of mechanical implements. 'When
perfectly seasoned, it is not liable to warp. It is easily affected by
variations of moisture and dryness, but is very durable when kept
constantly dry, or when permanently immersed in water. The
bark is sometimes used for tanning, but is not equal to that of Oak.
The nuts are a fine mast for hogs,*and a valuable oil can be ex-
pressed from them.

The old Saxon word for Beech is Buck or Bud', and hence our
word Bud-wheat (i. e. Beechwheat) from the similarity of their
triangular fruit.

BUCKEYES.

These handsome productions, admired both for their foliage and
blossoms, as well as for general elegance of form, are of the same
genus with the Asiatic Horse Chestnut (^E. Hippocastanum,) so
much prized as an ornamental tree in Europe and parts of this
country. The leaves are what is called digitate ; i. e. the leaflets
spread, like the fingers of a hand, from the end of a common leaf-
stem, a character which belongs to no other of our forest trees.

4- THE TREES OF NORTH-CAKOLIXA.

There are 4 species in the United States, of which tw .ive

within our limits. Possibly a third speck's (uE. pan:: sistfl

in the apper part of the State adjoining South-Carolina and Georj

1. Yellow Bugkbtb. i^Esculus rlava. Ait.) — More ahv.ndant in
the Western than in the Atlantic States ; in the latter it is not found
north of Virginia. In this State it is most abundant upon the sides
of our high mountains, and is nowhere of larger size. It here
reaches a height of 60 and 80 feet, with a diameter of 3 or 4. and
with its tapering straight trunk is a very imposing tree. The.
no better indicator than this of a deep rich fertile soil. The flowers
are in large clusters, yeli occasionally with a reddish ting

ami very bIiowj. In the Middle District this species is fonnd along
streams and in river bottoms as far down as Orange, but is here a
mere shrub 3 to 6 feet high.

°. Red Buckets. [JE Pavia, Linn.) — This grows only in the
•hern and Western States. It is distinguished by is dull red
flowers, and is what is chiefly known in our Lower and Middle Dis-
tricts under the name of Buckeye. It is usually s to 12 feet high, but
sometimes becomes a small tree. The root of this spe me-

times used as a substitute for soap in washing woollen cloths. The
powdered seeds and bruised branches, if thrown into small ponds
and stirred a while, will so intoxicate fish that they rise to the sur-
face and may be taken by hand.

The next Group of trees is that whose fruit is contained in 1
or seed-ves-els which are longer than broad, like those of the Bean
and Pea. It includes the L<> . /•' d Ilmh Arc.

1. Locest. (Robinia Psendacacia. Linn.) — In the Atlantic B
well known ornamental tree first appears in southern Pennsyl-
vania and extends thence along the Alleganies to their southern
terminus. It is more common in the Western States. In North
Carolina I have met with it in a wild state only on the lower ri<
of the Mountains, but probably it is, or was. native tor some dis-
tance east of the Blue Ridge. The w 1 is hard, compact, and

tak. polish. It r ay longer than almo>t any other,

and! - Ungly valuable for poets and fences. There are

diflfi '. in the quality of the trees which it is impor-

tant to keep in mind. Those with a red heart are deemed the
best: — those with a heaH\ the next. — and those

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 4ii

with a 'white heart, the least valuable. In Civil Architecture the
timber is not extensively used in buildings, but is employed for
Railroad ties and sleepers, whenever it can be had. In Naval
Architecture it is used to as great an extent as the supply will per-
mit. For trunnels (the wooden pins that fasten the planks to the
frame of vessels,) it is of the highest value, as, instead of decaying,
it grows harder with age. The wood is also used by Turners in-
stead of Box, for the manufacture of small articles, such as bowls,
salad spoons, &c, for which it is well adapted by its hardness, du-
rability, and capability of polish.

2. Clammy Locust. (R. viscosa, Vent.) — A very ornamental
tree, smaller than the foregoing and much less known, it being
chiefly confined to the southern range of our Mountains and the
adjoining ones in South Carolina and Georgia. It does not exceed
40 feet in height. The young branches are covered with a clam-
my matter, and the flowers are of a beautiful rose color ; characters
which will always distinguish it from the preceding. The wood is
similar.

3. Rose Locust. (R. hispida, Linn.) — A well known ornamental
shrub of our gardens, (sometimes known by the singular misnomer
of Rose of Sharon,) with large deep rose-colored blossoms, bristly
branches, flower-stems and pods. It is indigenous to the rocky
summits of mountains and hills in the Upper and Middle Districts;
and a dwarf variety, in the Pine barrens of the Lower.

IIonkt Locust. (Gleditschia triacanthos, Linn.) — Found in all
the States from Pennsylvania and Illinois southward. It is diffused
over this State, but is nowhere very abundant. It is from 30 to 50
feet high, and 2 or 3 feet through. The heart much resembles
that of Locust, but is coarser, and the pores are quite open like
those of Bed Oal: It is therefore used only where other material
can not be conveniently had. The large pods, 12 or 18 inches long,
contain a sweet pulp from which a very palatable beer is made.
This thorny tree has been occasionally employed for hedges, but,
in all the cases I have seen, without success, the stocks having all
run up into trees, possibly from not having been kept down by
persevering attention to cutting in.

50 THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

R] d Hod. (Cercis Canadensis, Linn.) — Common over the United
States, and found in the Lower and Middle Districts of this, most
abundantly in the latter. It is from 15 to 25 feet high, but when
the main stock is cut generally shoots up into a cluster of shrubs.
As it blossoms early, before the development of its leaves, and is
covered with a profusion of bright purplish-red flowers, it is a very
striking object in the forests in early Spring.

Catali'a. (Catalpa bignonioides, Walt.) — This is so common
around settlements as to merit a passing notice, though it is no-
where native in the Atlantic States north of the Savannah River.
Further south and at the west it is not an uncommon forest tree
near rivers, especially those that empty into the Mississippi.

Kentucky Coffee Trees (Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam.) — A
native of the Western States, but occasionally cultivated about
houses as a handsome shade tree in our Middle Districts and spon-
taneously multiplying from the seeds. It has a general aspect like
that of Locust, for which it is often mistaken. The pods are thick
shelled, G to 10 inches long and 2 broad, containing seeds £ inch
broad.

The next Group comprises trees with a flat winged fruit, as the
Staple, Ash and Elm.

MAPLES.

These are stately and beautiful trees, as much prized for orna-
ment as for their value in art. We have five species of Maple, all
that are known in the United States, two of which are mere
shrubs.

1. Bed Maple. (Acer rubrum, Linn.) — Well known throughout
the State, being found in swamps and low grounds from the coast
to the Mountains. It is among the first trees to throw out its blos-
soms in early Spring, (as early as February in the Lower District,)
and with its bright scarlet flowers then gives a peculiarly pleasing
aspect to the otherwise naked forest. In Autumn, the brilliant
crimson of its dying foliage again makes it a conspicuous object,
though accompanied by others which vie with it in contributing to

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 51

the splendor of our autumnal scener}\ It does not appear to be so
large here as farther north, where it is sometimes 70 feet high and
3 or 4 feet through. The wood is of close and fine grain, and sus-
ceptible of brilliant polish. It is extensively used in the manufac-
ture of chairs, saddle trees, yokes, and various articles of wooden
ware. It is not sufficiently solid, however, for heavy work, and
speedily decays if subjected to variations of heat and moisture.
When the grain of this wood has a winding direction, it furnishes
the material called Curly Maple, which is much used for cabinet
work and sometimes for the mouldings of houses. Bedsteads and
gnnstocks of much beauty are made of it, and it is sometimes em-
ployed for inlaying Mahogany. The varied effects of light and
shade upon the tortuous veins can be much enhanced by rubbing
with sulphuric acid, and afterwards with Linseed oil. The bark of
this tree is said to afford a dark blue dye, and a good black Iuk.
The sap is somewhat saccharine, but is rarely used for making su-
gar. This tree in some situations has yellowish flowers and fruit,
and is then called Yellow Maple.

2. White or Silver Maple. (A. dasycarpum, Ehrh.) — This is
generally confounded with the foregoing, but is a much rarer tree,
in this State. I do not remember to have seen it except in the
Mountains. It is 30 to 50 feet high and 1 or 2 in diameter ; though
in the Western States sometimes 8 or 9 feet through. The top is
more spreading than in the Red Maple. The leaves are bright
green above, and of a silvery whiteness beneath, which gives a
pleasing effect to their play in the sunlight, and helps to render
the tree a desirable addition to ornamented grounds. The flowers
are greenish-yellow, and the fruit (woolly when young,) has large
spreading wings. The wood is very white and fine grained, but
much softer than in the other Maples; and hence is little used in
cabinet work where the others can be had. The sap is sometimes
converted into Sugar, which is of superior whiteness and flavor to
that of the Sugar Maple ; but twice the quantity of sap is requir-
ed to give an equal quantity of Sugar.

3. Suoajee Maple. (A. saccharinum, Wang.)- This is found from
Canada to Georgia, and is the most interesting and valuable of our
Maples. It has a height of 50 to 80 feet, a diameter of 2 and 3,
and a very symmetrical oval top of compact branches, which make
it one of the most desirable trees for streets and avenues. It is

IS THE TREKS OF X< >RTII-CAROKtNA.

very abnndant in our mountains, and occurs also in the Middle
Lower Districts. The wood is white when freshly cut, but be-
comes of a taint rosy hue on exposure. It has a fine cl< Be grain,
takes a fine polish, and is heavy and strong. It is not as durable*
as ( >ak, and is not much used in Civil or Naval Architecture.
"When well seasoned, it serves for axles and spokes of wheels,
chairs. Arc. This tree produces a curled variety of wood like the
Red Maple. But there is yet another and more beautiful vari
called Bird's /://<. which is much used for ornamental wood work.
The wood makes excellent fuel. The ashes abound in Alkali, and
they furnish the largest part of the Potash shipped from northern
ports.

It is the production of Sugar from the sap of this tree, which
gives it its highest value. In some of the Northern Stat 3, par-
ticularly in Vermont, it is made to an extent that constitutes them
almost as ranch a Sugar producing country as Louisiana. In our
Mountains, which are too remote from a market to permit any
effort to produce this article in sufficient quantity, and of suitable
quality, for purposes of commerce, it is annually made to some
extern for home use, but not enough for the "sweetening" re-
quired even in the Mountains. It is only in the colder regions that
the tree can be used for this purpose. In our low country Sugar
cannot be made from it.

4. Striped Maple. (A. Pennsylvanicnm, Linn.) — This grows in
the colder parts of the country from Canada to Georgia, and is
known under the names, besides the one already given, of .If

I and Striped Dogwood. In North-Oarolina if is confined to
the Mountains. It is but a shrub, rarely over 10 feet high. The
bark »th and green, with longitudinal dark stripes, which

distinguishes it at all seas'-u-, and makes it an object cu-

riosity and interest in shrubberies. The fruit is like that of other
Maples, and of greenish color.

5. Mountain Maple. (A. spicatum. Lam.) — This has nearly the
same range in the country with the preceding one. In this State
it is tonnd only in the Mountains, and is also a shrub 6 to 10
high. From its insignificance it does not seem to have attra
sufficient attention to acquire a popular name; but is known far-
ther north by the above, and also as TJow Maple. Europeans, who
have paid far more attention than ourselves to the uses and ca-

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 53

pacities of our forest productions, have ascertained that this and
the Striped Mapk acquire double their natural size, when engraft-
ed on other species of Maple. Its leaves and fruit have the com-
mon characters of a Maple, the latter being rather small.

Ash-Leaved Mai>le. (Xegundo aceroides, Moench.) — I have not
learned the name by which this is known in North-Carolina, and
have adopted the one very appropriately used in other parts of the
United States. In the "Western States, where it is more common,
it is called Box Elder. In South-Carolina I have heard it called
Stinking Ash. It has the leaves of an Ash, and the fruit of a
Maple. It is rare in the Lower District, but is common on the
borders of streams in the Middle District to the Mountains.

Its ordinary height is from 15 to 25 feet, a rather handsome tree,
of light green branches and trunk, and the bark of rather dis-
agreeable odor. The wood, though fine grained, is not much used,
as it is liable to rapid decay. In the West, it is sometimes em-
ployed for inlaying furniture made of Mahogany and Cherry.

ASHES.

This is a genus of handsome trees, and next to the Oaks, fur-
nishes the most valuable timber of our forests. The distinguish-
ing properties of the wood are strength and elasticity. The species
have a great similarity of general aspect, and are subject to con-
siderable variation in different soils, so that their discrimination re-
quires some attention and experience. In this State they are all
called simply Ash, without any discriminating adjuncts, and I have
not the advantage of names, therefore, to assist me in pointing out
the species. Xone of them are very abundant.

1. Water Ash. (Fraxinus platycarpa, Michx.) — This is a South-
ern species, peculiar to the marshy borders of creeks and rivers in
the Lower Districts, and where, as far as I have learned, there is
no other species. It is the only one in the State in which the
wings of the fruit extend down to the bottom of the seed, and is
sometimes even three-winged. The locality and the fruit will
Therefore readily determine this species. The tree is 30 or 40 feet
high, its timber probably less valuable than some of the others,
though partaking of the same general qualities.

54 THE TREES OF XOETH-C PROLIX A.

S •■::• : n Ash. • Y. viridia, Michx.i — I have seen this only in
the Middle and Upper Districts, upon the banks of rivers. The
fruit is gradually dilated from the base upward. The leaf:- tx 5 to

ire more or less toothed, amuotb and green on both sides This
is a middle sized tree, with greenish branchlets. The timber is
much like that of the others, but hardly equal to 117 '

3. Bbd Ash. (F. pnbeacena, Lam.) — I have seen this only in
Lincln, but it is doubtless an inhabitant of rich swampy grounds
in other counties of the Middle District. It is 50 at hi^h.
the underside of the leaves, and also the young shoots, clothed with
a thick whitish down, which changes, in the Fall, to a reddish tint,
from whence is probably derived its common name. The leaflets
(7 to S») are but slightly notched. The fruit is very much like that
of the G A -1:. The wood is redder than in the H L, is
harder and less elastic, but used for the same purp

4. Whxib Ash. (F. Americana, Linn.) — Diffused through the
L'nited States. With us it is not very abundant, but occurs along
streams and the borders of low grounds in the Middle and Upper
Districts. It is 50 to 70 or BO feet high, and 2 or 3 feet through.
It has a straight trunk, with grayish furrowed bark, and smooth
bluish-gray branchlets and shoots. The leaflets, in Summer, are
very smooth, of a light green above and whitish beneath, ?
slightly toothed on the edges. The fruit is about li inch long, nar-
row, and with a long slender base, the wing springing from near
the summit of the seed. The heart-wood is reddish, and is consid-
ered superior to the other Ashes in strength and elasticity.

all the purposes which require these properties, it is employed bj
Carnage makers. Wheelwrights. Shipwrights, Turners, and Coop-
ers. There are but few trees of the American forests more valua-
ble and more extensively used than this. It is withal a ve:
tree in private grounds.

ELMS.

qua of Trees too well known to need a particular spe
tion of their characters. The fruit is small, flat, and with a thin
winged margin.

1. Elm. (Ulmus Americana, Linn.) — This magnificent shade
tree is well known throughout the country. In the most favorable

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 55

situations with us, it is uot often seen above 60 or 70 feet high ; but
in some sections, as in the Middle States, it reaches the heignt of
100 feet, and a diameter of 4 or 5 feet. The timber of this tree is
not iu much demand, but is occasionally used by Wheelwrights for
the naves of wheels, where other material can not be obtained.

There is a difference in the spread of this tree, the term with
drooping branches being much more graceful and showy than the
one with more erect branches. It is much to be regretted, that
this is generally so crowded in our streets as to prevent its attain-
ing its widest spread, and its most natural and attractive form.

2. Small-lkaved Elm. (U. alata, Michx.) — Generally known in
this State by this name, but more commonly known elsewhere,
perhaps, as Wahoo. It is not uncommon with us, except on the
higher Mountains. Its Xorthern limit is in lower Virginia. It is
only 30 to 45 feet high, not only smaller, but of much less graceful
form, than the preceding, though often seen as a shade tree in our
streets. It is readily distinguished by its much smaller leaves, and
by the corky excrescences which, as in the Sweet Gum, wing the
smaller branches.

The wood is more compact and finer grained than in the former
species, and is used for the naves of wheels, for which some prefer
it to Black Gum.

A variety of this occurs, in which the excrescences are wanting
and the branches more slender and flowing. Tiie small leaves
however, determine the species.

3. Slippery Elm. (U. fulva, Michx.)— Widely diffused over
North America, but in no localities so abundant as either of the
preceding. It is occasionally met with in our Lower District but
more frequently in the Middle, and to some extent in the Upper.
It is from 30 to 50 feet high, and 12 or IS inches through. The
wood is coarser than that of the other species, but is stronger and
more durable, when exposed to the weather, than the common
Elm, and is sometimes used in the "Western States in buildings and
vessels. For ship blocks it is said to be of the highest value. As
the trunk splits well, it is convenient for the making of rails, which
are very durable. The inner bark of this tree, especially of the
branches, contains a large amount of mucilage which is servicea-
ble in colds and bronchial affections, and for emollient plasters.

§6 THE TREES OF NORTII-CA.E0UN A.

The next Group comprises those trees which have a fruit more
or 1' . whether stone fruit like Plums and Cherries, or those

which contain seeds like the Crab Apple, and those smaller forms
which would popularly be called Berries.

1. Red Plum. (Prunus Americana, Marsh.) — A small tree or
Bhrub not uncommon from Canada to Louisiana; and in this State
from the coast to Cherokee, especially in the Upper District, along
streams and on the border of woods. The leaves are quite veiny
and coarsely toothed. The fruit is red, orange or yellow, with a
rather tough skin, generally acerb and uneatable, but occasionally
of good flavor and then makes an excellent preserve. Some very
good varieties have been produced by cultivation.

2. Clin kasaw Plum. (P. Chicasa, Michx.) — A shrub very com-
mon in old fields and about settlements throughout the State, some-
times becoming a small tree. It has every appearance of being an
introduced plant, and it was a tradition of the Indians that they
brought this fruit from be\*ond the Mississippi, where it is now
known to be indigenous. The leaves are smooth, not very veiny,
and finely toothed. The fruit varies very much both in color and
flavor, but generally quite pleasant, and is much improved by cul-
tivation.

3. Sloe. (P. spinosa, Linn?) — I have seen this only in Lincoln
county, where it was pointed out to me by Dr. Hunter, and called
by the above name. As I have no notes upon this small tree, I
am now in uncertainty whether it be identical with the English
Slot or Blackthorn, which is naturalized in some parts of the coun-
try, and is considered by the best Botanists to be the parent of the
common cultivated Plum, (P. domestica, Linn.)

1. Wii.n ( SheeRY. (P. serotina, Ehrh.) — This ranks among the

largest and finest trees of the American forest, and is very widely

diffused through tin- United States. In this State it is found through

all the Districts, but is less common in the Lower, where the soil

and climate arc not so favorable to its growth. It is on the rich

and cool declivities of our mountains that it acquires its full dimen-

18 and attains a height of 60 or 80 feet and a diameter of 2 or 3

The smooth straight shaft, symmetrical summit, bright green

•id profuse spikes of white flowers, give it a character of

much beauty. The fruit is nearly black, (from which the tree is

often called Bla<I>- Okerryl) slightly bitter, but with a pleasant

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 57

vinous flavor, and was formerly much used as a cordial in spirit-
uous infusion. The wood is of a light red tint which deepens with
age. is compact and tine grained, and not liable to warp when pro-
perly seasoned. If selected from the part of the trunk near the
branches, it is almost equal to Mahogany in appearance. It was
once extensively used in nearly ;ill kinds of Cabinet work, but has
been pretty much superseded by Mahogany and Rosewood. The
bark of this tree is a valuable tonic, and forms the basis of some
quack medicines.

5. Wild Red Cherry. (P. Pennsylvania, Linn.) — Chiefly found
at the North, but within our limits grows sparingly upon Black,
Grandfather, and a few others of our highest mountains. I have
but once heard it designated by any distinctive name, viz: Mac-
noly, which may possibly be a corruption of Magnolia, and so a
misapplication. It is 20 or 30 feet high. The flowers grow in
clusters from lateral buds, and not in racemes from the end of the
branchleta as in the preceding. The fruit is small and red, with a
thin sour flesh. The bark of the trunk is a light red. The wood
is reddish and fine grained, but the tree is too small to admit of
much use.

6. Mock Orange. (P. Caroliniana, Ait.) — This much admired
species is confined to the neighborhood of the Ocean, and is not
native, I think, much if any, north of the Cape Fear. From thence
southward it is rather common along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
It is 20 to 30 feet high, in proper soil farther south becoming 40 or
50, with thick oval summit, clothed with evergreen leaves and cast-
ing a deep shade. The racemes-of white flowers (growing from the
fork of the leaves) are numerous and showy. The fruit is black,
globular, not eatable, and remains all winter on the tree. The
wood is rose colored and fine grained, rather brittle, I think, but is
not abundant enough to be of use in the arts, and is not superior
to others more easily obtained. The chief value of the tree is as
an ornament, for which it is very extensively cultivated about
houses, either singly or as borders and hedges to private grounds
throughout the Lower Districts of the Southern States, thriving
very well in sandy soils.

Devdl Wood. (Olea Americana, Linn )— This has about the
same range with the Live Oak, and, like that, is found but a short
5

THK 3KEB8 OK NOUTU-CAKOLINA.

distance from the ceast, I am not informed of any popular name
by which it is designated in this State, and have above gives the
one appropriated to it farther South. As it is an Olive, it might
properly be called Am* rican Olive. It is commonly about 10 or 15
feet high, but is sometimes 30 aad more. The leaves are evergreen,
entire, thick and very smooth, and give the tree a very pleasing
aspect. The fruit is rather larger than a buckshot, of a bluish-
purple color, presenting a pleasant contrast to the foliage. The
tle.-h is rather thin over a hard stone, and not eatable. The bark
is of a whitish green. The wood has a fine grain, and when dry
is exceedingly hard, and very difficult to cut or split, which may
furnish a clue, perhaps, to the origin of its name. This tree is
well worthy of culture. I have seen it in private grounds under
the name of Dahoon //"////,' but the latter is a very different
thing, being a true Holly or Ilex.

The remainder of this Group, with the exception of the Crab
Apple and Persimmon, have fruit which would popularly be called
Merries, and I therefore bring them together, though the first
eight succeeding genera would not be so called by Botanists.

1. Holly. (Ilex opaca, Ait.) — Common south of New York,
and well known through the whole of our State. It is 30 or 40
feet high, and 12 or 15 inches in diameter. The wood is heavy,
with a line compact grain, and takes a brilliant polish. When dry
it is very hard, and serves well for pullies, screw-, &C. Tne black
lines iidaid in Mahogany furniture are often the dried wood of this
tree, intended to simulate Ebony. The berries are purgative, and
15 or 20 of them will produce vomiting. The #ne form of this
tree, with its evergreen leaves and scarlet berries, gives it much
beauty, especially in winter; but it is said to be less attractive
than the European Solly. For avenue; and hedge-rows we have
few trees superior to it.

2. Dahoon Holly. (I. Dahoon, Walt.) — A shrub or small tree
from 0 to 25 feet high, growing on the holders of the Tine-barren
ponds and swamps of our Low Uoun i Virginia to Florida.
The leaves are 1 or 2 inches long, \ Eo \ inch wide, entire, or
with a few sharp teeth mar the upper end, evergreen. The
berries are red, as in the Holly and Yop >n, and the plant is well
worthy of cultivation.

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 59

3. Yqbqn. (I. Cassine, Linn.)— An elegant shrub, 10 to 15 feet
high, but sometimes rising into a small tree of 20 or 25 feet. Its
native place is near salt water, and it is found from Yirginia south-
ward, but never far in the interior. Its dark evergreen leaves and
bright red berries make it very ornamental in yards and shrubbe-
vies. The leaves are small, f to 1 inch lung, very smooth, and
evenly scolloped on the edges with small rounded teeth. In some
sections of the Lower District, especially in the region of the Dis-
mal Swamp, these are annually dried and used for Tea, which is,
however, oppressively sudorific, — at least to one not accustomed
to it. The Mate, or Paraguay Tea. of South America, is of the
same genus a the I. Paraguay ensis.) but a very different spe-

cies. Our Yopon is the article from which the famous Black
Drink of the Southern Indians was made. " At a certain time of
the year they come down in droves from a distance of some hun-
dred miles to the coast for the leaves of this tree. They make a
lire on the ground, and putting a great kettle of water on it, they
throw in a large quantity of these leaves, and setting themselves
acouoxi the tire, from a bowl that holds about a pint they begin
drinking large draughts, which in a short time occasions them to
vomit easily and freely. Thus they continue drinking and vomit-
ing for the space of two or three days, until they have sufficiently
cleansed themselves ; and then every one taking a bundle of the
tree, they all retire to their habitations."

4. I. decidua, Walt.) — This and the next three have deciduous
leaves, and have not been honored in this State, as far as I know,
with popular name?. This is common aloug shaded ravines and
branches throughout the Middle District, and is from 6 to 15 feet
high. The leaves are 1 or 2 inches long, with rounded teeth on
the edges, narrow and tapering down into a short stem, somewhat
hairy <>n the veins of the underside, otherwise smooth. Berries
red, in clusters, each containing 4 to 6 bony seeds, that are ribbed
on the back.

5. (I. ambigua, Chapm.) — A shrub or small tree conhned to our
Mountain region in this State, though found elsewhere to the North
and South, and from 8 to 20 feet high. The leaves are 3 to 5 and
son: inches long, about half as broad, with fine sharp teeth
mi the edges, smooth on both sides, and tapering at the upper end.
The berries are red, not in clusters, and with seeds as in No. 4.

60 THE TREE8 OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

1. verticillata, Gray.) — This occurs in all the Districts, and in
various b • Is, _ to 10 feet high, and has clusters of bright scarlet
berries which hang on through the Winter. In - - it ig

called Winterherry. The leaves are about 2 incl - _. of vary?

g width, but generally broader toward the upper end.
toothed, pater and Bomewhat downy on the underside. The seeds
are smooth and even. A decoction of the bark is a popular appli-
cation to old BOI

7. Qallberkx. iI. glabra, Gray.) — This and the next spec
evergreen shrubs, indiscriminately called by the above name, some-
times Galls, more rarely Inkberrie^ names apparently derived
from their black bitter berries. This is from 3 to 5 feet high,
very common in the Branch swamps of the Lower District, and
giving it- name of Galls or Gall-bays to the low places chiefly occu-
pied by it. The leaves are very smooth and green, sparing

ed. 1 to H inch long, and about half that width.

8. Tall Gallberry. (I. coriacea, Chapm.) — This grows in simi-
lar situation- with the preceding, having the same habit and ap-
pearance, but full twice as large, the leaves also much larger, and
either entire or with scattered sharp teeth.

1. Dogwood. (Cornus florida, Linn.) — Common throughout the

United S rnd mostly known by this name, but sometimes

.called Baaowood. From the showiness of its flowers, and the value

.of its wood and bark, it possesses considerable interest. Its

•height is from 12 to 20 feet, but is sometimes 30 and 35. The

■d is heavy, hard and fine grained, and takes a fine polish.

Pieces can not be had of sufficient size for large work; but for the

smaller mechanical and agricultural implements, such as

cog- o' mill wheel-, harrow teeth, mallets, wedges, hames. Arc. the

well seasoned wood i* well adapted and much used. The young

shoots are used for light hoops. The inner bark is an excellent

substitute for Peruvian Lark in intermittent fevers. The fresh

article is apt to produce pain, which can be prevented, however,

by mixing it with Virginia Snake Root. After being dried for a

year, this precaution is unnecssary. A very good Ink can be made

of this bark in place of Galls. A pretty variety of this tree with

:reddish flowers is occasionally met with.

2. Swamp Dogwood. (C. serice^ Linn.) — This and the remain-

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 61

ing species of the genus are only shrubs, but are placed here for
the purpose of having all the species of a genus together, as I have
done in other genera. With the exception of the last species, they
all have their leaves opposite, as in the Dogvoood. This is the only
one of them which has received notice enough in this State, so far
as T have discovered, to get a name. It is found in low woods in
the Middle and Upper Districts, has pnrplish brandies, is from 6
to 10 feet high, and having rather broad, pointed, leaves, which
are smooth above and with a silky down beneath. The flowers are
white, in flat-topped clusters, succeeded by pale-blue berries.

3. (C. stricta, Linn.) — This is 6 to 15 feet high, with brownish or
reddish branches, found only in the wet lands of the Lower Dis-
trict, The leaves are about 3 inches lomr and 1 inch wide, taper-
ing to a point at the upper end, the edges slightly uneven, smooth
on both sides, paler and with prominent veins on the underside.
The flowers and pale-blue berries are much as in No. 2.

4. (C. paniculata. L'Her.) — A branching shrub, 4 to S teet high,
with gray branches, found in this State only in our mountain coun-
ties. The leaves are only 2 or 3 inches long, with a tapering point,
smooth, whitish on the underside. The white flowers are in longer
and looser clusters than in the two preceding, and the berries
white.

5: (C. alternifolia, L'Her.) — I have met with this only on the
higher mountains. It is the only one of this genus of Cornels —
this being the common name of the shrubby Dogwoods, — which
has the leaves alternating on the branches, instead of being oppo-
site to each other in pairs. It is 10 or 15 and 20 feet high, the
branches also alternate, greenish, streaked with white. The leaves
are about 3 inches long, hoary and slightly hairy beneath, and
pointed at the end. The flowers are whitish in a loose flat topped
cluster ; the berries dark blue or bluish black.

1 1 At kuf.rrt. (Celtis occidentalis, Linn.) — Common over the
United States, sometimes called TtfetiL Tr ■> . and scafteringly found
in all parts of Xorth-Carolina. It is occasionally seen as a shade
tree in our streets, and is admired by some for its dark green foli-
age, deep shade and rather graceful branches. The bark of the
trunk and larger branches is roughened by small, ridged excre-
scensces. The leaves are about 2 inches long, and rather peculiar

THE TREES OF NORTH-CABOLI>

in Lavi: . Ie perceptibly smaller than th<

are al it i or £ of an inch in diameter, of a M

Vh but thin flesh, enclosi: _ _ bular nut. Tliis trt
71 ' feet high, and 18 or 20 inches in diameter. Tlic
ppear to be used for any important pn
There is a shrubby form of this (var. pumila. isi nally me!

with in the Lower and Middle Districts, 3 to 10 feet high, and i
smaller, thinner leaves, but easily recognised by th< arc

familiar with the larger form.

■

1. Black Gol aquatica, Linn.) — Common in sw

and shallow ponds of the Lower and Middle Districts, often called
r Gum Tree. It is from 30 : I high, 12 or lv

inches in diameter. The leaves are 1 or l' inches lot .. ;irk

n and shining me what downy underneath when

The fruit is commonly in pail .rk blue col.

on a common stem from J to 1 inch long. The w ree

has its fibres so interwoven in various directions as to make it
nearly imj — ible to be split, and it is there-
the yellow variety, known as the Y 5

wheels. Itisalsoem] for making Hatter's blocks,

cylinders in mills for beating rice, and for caps to masts. 1
are ii stic use I a ' r which, on account

compressibility and lighti - y answer very well. T

hue of tl this and the nexl

butes much, with that of the Tied M

peculiar brilliancy to our autumnal scenery so ol
|

2. [N. multiflora, Wang.) — "With us this tree seems t eTy
confounded with the _.

me of tl called 7

Thi> in the uplands in ricl . _

mois 'id is larger every way. It >

and 1 or 2 feet in diamet J to 6 incl

with a white down underneath, especially when _ ther

thick, and shinii . ^ incn long. '

like thai of No. 1.

3. Cotton Gcm. (N. uuiflora, Walt.) — TV- is a Southern 'ree,

irthern limit in South-eastern Virginia, and confit

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. b«J

to the deep swamps of the Lower Districts. It is 60 or SO feet
high. The leaves are 5 to 8 inches long, with a few large teeth on
the edges, and a soft whitish down underneath. The fruit is an
inch or more long, and of a deep bine color. The wood is like
that of the two preceding, but is softer, and is indeed the softest
wood we have. As it does not split and is very easily worked, it
is manufactured into light bowls and trays. The roots are used for
making floats to buoy seines, and are a very fair substitute /or cork
where elasticity is not important.

Sassafras. (Sassafras officinale, Xees.) — ]S"o plant in the United
States is perhaps more extensively diffused than this. In favorable
soils it is 40 or 50 feet high, while in poor ground and in the bor-
ders of old fields it flowers at the height of 4 to 6 feet. It is com-
mon in the Lower and Middle Districts, but is rare in the more
elevated parts of the L'pper. It is found of largest dimensions in
the Middle District. What is known as the White Sassafras pre-
vails in the Lower District, the Bed Sassafras in the others, their
differences depending apparently upon a difference of soil. The
wood is said to be durable, and is used for fence posts as well as for
the rafters and joists of buildings. It is said also to be free from
attacks of worms, and that bedsteads made of it are never infested
by insects. The roots, and also the flowers, are the basis of some
diet drinks which are thought by some to be serviceable to the
human system in Spring and Summer. The reputed virtues of the
root caused it to become one of the first of our native products in-
troduced into Europe, and ship loads were carried thither in the
earlier settlement of this country. The bark of the root is a power-
ful aromatic stimulant, and has been used in medicine more than
800 years. The young buds and ends of branches contain a irood
deal of mucilage, and is sometimes used as a substitute for Okra in
soups, — where the latter cannot be had.

Red Bay. (Persea Carolinensis, Xees.) — This extends from Vir-
ginia through the Lower Districts of the Southern States to Louis-
iana, appearing to be confined to the branch swamps within the
range of the Long-leaved Tine. It is a small tree or shrub here,
but in the vicinity of the Gulf it reaches a height 50 and 70 feet.
The evergreen leaves are 2 to 4 inches long, 1 or more wide, smooth
and green above, pale beneath. The shrubby form has the leave-

64 THE TREKS OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

larger and the underside clothed with a gray down. They have a
strong aromatic odor very like that of the European Laurel and
may he used in the same manner in cookery and medicine. An
aromatic distillation like the Bay Rum of the West Indies could
doubtless he obtained from them. The wood is of a beautiful rose
c<>]( r. strong and durable, with a very tine compact grain, and is
susceptible of a brilliant polish. Before Mahogany came into such
extensive use, articles of furniture of great beauty were made from
it at the South, the best having the appearance of watered satin,
and they are still found in the houses of some of the older families
of the country. I have heard of a single log in Florida sawed into
veneering and sold for si 0. In this State it is seldom found of
sufficient size for any very important uses.

Palmctto. (Sabal Palmetto, P. & S.) — Cape Ilatteras is, or was,
the northern limit of this Palm, from whence southward it becomes
more abundant in the vicinity of the Ocean. This is the only rep-
resentative in the United States of a large and remarkable class of
trees mostly confined to the Torrid Zone. A trunk 40 or 50 feet
in height, of uniform diameter, with a tufted summit of large bril-
liant green, fan-shaped leaves, and so wholly different in structure
and aspect from all our other forest trees is a very noticeable and
attractive object on our coast.

The trunk of this tree is of great value in the construction of
wharves, as they are not subject to injury from sea-worms. They
have been found serviceable in structures for defence, since balls
pass with difficulty through the wood as through cork, and the wood
doses upon the perforation instead of splitting. The rarity of the
tree in this State renders it of little economical importance here.
It is to be deeply regretted, however, that a reckless indifference
to the future, which has been charged as a characteristic of Ame-
ricans, is likely to efface, at no very distant time, every vestige of
this interesting ornament of oor coast. The inner portion of the
young plant is very tender and palatable, somewhat resembling tile
Artichoke and Cabbage in taste, (hence its name of Cabbage 2 ">
and is often taken for pickling, and the stock is ruined by the pro-
cess. Thus for a pound or two of pickles, no better either than
many other kinds, the growth of half a century is destroyed in a
moment, and posterity left to the wretched inheritance of vain

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLTNA. 65

mourning for the loss of the greatest beauty of our maritime forest.
2. Dwarf Palmetto. (S. Adansonii, Guerns.) — This is but o or
4 feet high, never forming a trunk like the preceding, and found
only in the Lower District. The leaves of b th these species are
employed in* the manufacture of Palm-leaf Hats.

Pride of India, or China Tree. (Melia Azedarach, Linn.) — is
a common shade tree of streets and yards in the Lower District,
and occasionally is seen in the lower part of the Middle District.
It is quite naturalized in the former region, to which it is well
adapted by its free growth in sandy soil. It is from 25 to 40 feet
high, with a spreading top, and its dark green compound leaves
and large loose clusters of fragrant lilac-colored flowers make it
quite ornamental. The timber is of a reddish hue, and said to be
strong and durable ; bnt is seldom used. The leaves pounded and
mixed with laid constitute a Persian remedy for a cutaneous dis-
ease, better treated, perhaps, with sulphur. The berries are repott-
ed poisonous, as well as most other portions of the tree. Robins
feeding upon them in the Spring are so stupefied as to be easily
caught.

BrcKTiioRx. (Bnmelia lycioides, Gaert.) — A small tree from 15
to 25 feet high, found from North Carolina to Louisiana, rather
sparingly in this State from the coast to Lincoln county. Its leaves
are entire, smooth on both sides, about 2 inches long and f of an inch
wide, with short stems. The flowers are whitish and small, grow-
ing in a thick cluster in the fork of the leaves, succeeded by a
black, cherry-like fruit, about the size of a Pea. The wood is ex-
ceedingly hard and heavy, with an irregular grain, and would
doubtless be useful for mechanical purposes, were it not too rare
to attract much attention.

Ykli.ow Wood. (Symplocos tinctoria, L'Her.) — Also called Street
Leaf and High Bush Laurel. It does not extend much, if any,
north of James River. In this State it occurs from the coast to the
Mountains, but is most multiplied in the Lower District. In poor
soils it is only a shrub 2 to 6 feet high; bnt in those which are fer-
tile, as on the borders of swamps, it becomes a small tree, 20 or 25
teet high and 6 or S inches in diameter. If the trunk be wounded

THE BBB OF XOETI

a milky offensive juice. The If ieh

:hes long I to the taste but rather drv. and

:i by cattle and deer in Winl
tion, a beautiful yellow color, which is fh n.m.

»tton, woollen and silk, are dyed. It isnol much i
however. The fruit is a small one-seeded berry.
and valu<

MAGNOLIAS.

Of tin's universally and deservedly admired genus there are

'i species in the United E .'1 of which are fonnd within

our boiders. They all have an aromatic ami some* tter bark.

The fruit is a fleshy cone, from the cells of which the scarlet ber-

are c-xpe'iled and hang for some days 1 ■•
berries of id - me qnickly corrupted, bat may be preserved

se in damp n
1. Magnolia. [Magnolia grandifloim, Linn.) — I retain the
men designation of this tree, tboagfa we hat :iers equally

entitled to the name. Farther south it is often called
The northern limit of this tree is in Brunswick I i of

the Gape Fear; but it flourishes vigorously in cultivation I
all the lower oart «.f the State. Its usual height in the:
from! 7" feet, but has been found ! gh, and has a

handsome form. The leaves are •'» to 1" inches s en.

very (hick and leathery. The white fragrant flowers, 6 or 6 inches

id, contrasting Btrongty with the dark _ this

perhaps the most beautiful tree in the On £ .ber

of this 9 soft and very white, but is little OK

: Bat. (M. glauca. Linn. — Hie bi talk st n m et wide-
ly <1 four Mi _ -.it being common in the maritime
tricts from Louisiana to New and in a single locality north
of Boston. In this State it is i along branches and i
throughout the Lower District, and in similar Bituati 8, I igh
m>t common, in the Middle I from 12 1 -

- flowering at the heig The

lea* small, the white nnder-snrfac

with the pal oftheupper. The flowers

id. pure white, and of powerful but gra

THE TREES OF NORTH- CAROLINA. 67

3. Umbrella Tree. (M. Umbrella, Lara.)— Tins is common in
the Middle and Western States as well as in the Southern. In this
State it is met with in shaded deep rich soils from the coast to
Cherokee, ami is mostly called Ckicumber Tree, a name more gen-
erally and properly given to the next species. It is from 25 to 35
feet high. The leaves are 18 or 20 inches long. 6 or 7 broad, and
acute at each end. The flowers are 7 or 8 inches broad, white, and
not of pleasant odor. Though inferior in beauty to some others, it
is an ornamental tree and deserving of cultivation.

4. Cucumber Trie. (M. acuminata, Linn.)— This seems to be
universally known by the name here given, and is so designated
from the form of its cone or fruit, which, in this species, is nar-
rower than in the otherSj and when green is not unlike a cucumber
about 3 inches long. The tree is found from the Northern Lakes
to the mountains of Georgia. In this State it gr&ws only on the
mountains, particularly of Ashe, Yancey and Burke, in moist fertile
soil of declivities and on the banks of torrents. It is from 60 to
80 feet high, and 4: or 5 in diameter, comparing well in its dimen-
sions with No. 1 . The leaves are G or 8 inches long, 3 or -i broad,
and rounded at base. The flowers are 4 or 5 inches broad, white,
with :i bluish or yellowish tinge, and very slightly odorous. The
wood is Bomewhat similar to that of the Ttilip one grained
and takes a good polish, but is not so strong and durable. As an
ornamental tree it is much admired.

5. Large-leaved Umbrella Tree. (M. macrophylla, Michx. —
This and Xo. 3 derive their names of Umbrella Tree from the mode
in which their leaves spread from the ends of the branches. It is
a rare product east of the Alleghanies, having been found only on
the Chattahoochie in Georgia, in Middle Florida, and in Lincoln
county of this State. West of the mountains it is more common.
though in scattering groups and at wide intervals. In Lincoln it
occurs in several places not far from the road between Lincolnton
and Tuckaseege ■ Ford; as near Smith's, the Moore Mine, and
Huntereville, f>, 10, and 18 miles from the former place. Itch-
cool, rather moist and fertile situations, is from 1"> to 30 feet high,
and without any beauty of form. But its leaves arid flowers sur-
pass :;. bi'z • those of any tree or shrub in this country. The former
are from 20 to 30 inches long, occasionally even longer, clustered
at the ends of the branches and spreading from them like an Urn-

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

brella, their two side- rounded at the base and diverging like ears
from tlie leaf-stem. .The flowera are 12 to 14 inches broad, white,
with a broad porple Bpot on the inner base of the petals, and fra-
grant. It bears cultivation very well in our Middle District In
the Lower District it is not so manageable, but can there be graf-
ted on the native Umbrella Tree, as was successfully done by the
elder Michaux in !en near Charleston.

6. Loxo-LEAYKi> Cm dmbbb Tree. (M. Fraseri, Walt.) — Found
only in ravines of the mountains where it is known by this name,
and also as WaJtoo and Indian Physic. It is confined chiefly to
the mountains of the Southern States, and is nowhere more abun-
dant than in Ashe, Yancey and Burke. It is i • or 4o feet high,
with a diameter of 12 or 15 inches. The leaves are 8 or 9 inches
long, 4 to 0 broad, and though a third smaller, are very much like

• of No. 5 in f>nn ; the base in this, as in that, being divided
into rounded lobes or ears. The flowers are 3 or 4 inches broad,
pure white, and of agreeable fragrance. The cones are 3 or 4
inches long. and. like those of the Umbrella Tree, of a beautiful
>r when ripe. This tree bears removal remarkably well, it
having been cultivated in the open air near Philadelphia, but it
would probably require the protection of shade in our low country.

7. Heart-leaved Cugcmbke Tree. (M. cordata. Michx.i — Often
confounded with the Cucumber Tree, to which it bears a general
resemblance, though it is a very distinct species. I: is confined to
declivities of the mountains from Ashe conntj rgia. It lias
a regular oval summit, is 30 to 50 feet high, 12 or 18 inches thick,
with a straight trunk, the bark of which has some resemblance to
that of S Gum or of a young White ( >ak. The leaves are
roundish and he ed, 4 to 6 inches long, The
flowers are yellow, the inside faintly streaked with re*\, and nearly
4 inches broad. The cones are about 3 inches long and 1 thick.
This is smaller than the Cucumber Tree, but is equally desirable in
private ground-, as well for its symmetrical form as tor the beauty
of its flowers and its luxuriant foliage.

BngT. Amelanchier Canadensis, T-rr and < ir.)— I'ni-

- ally known in our Mountains under the name In

the I District it is called Servict Tret and Wild Currant. In

the latter section ot the State, it is hardly more than a r-hrub. and

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLIXA. 69

is common along branches and swamps. In the former, it inhabits
the shaded sides of the Mountains, and is 15 to 25 feet high. The
fruit is here much sweeter, more juicy and palatable, like the JfJ-
Uu\ than in other parts of the State, and trees are sometimes reck-
lessly cut down to obtain it. It is purplish and about the size of
some of our Red Haws. This shrub or tree, when displaying its
profusion of clustered white blossoms in early Spring, is not with-
out beauty, and is found enumerated in the catalogues of some
northern Nurseries as The Snowy Medlar. A name so promising
has occasionally led to its importation into the State for the adorn-
ment of a garden or shrubbery; but I have never known it pro-
served over one season's" exhibition, the owners apparently depre-
ciating a beauty so common.

1. Crab Apple. ((Pyrus coronaria. Linn.) — Most common in
the Northern and North Western States, but extending southward
along the Mountains, where alone it is seen in this State. In Yan-
cey and Haywood counties it is very abundant, usually about 15 or
-10 feet high, and 5 to 8 inches through ; but in some situations
considerably larger. The leaves are cut or lobed, not unlike those
of the Red Maple. The flowers are of great beauty and diffuse
their grateful fragrance to along distance. The fruit is too austere
for eating, but makes excellent preserves and jelly, though requir-
ing much sugar.

A celebrated Cider Apple, kuown as Hughes' Crah, I suppose is
a seedling from this species.

8. NaFvR 'W-leaveo Crab Apple. (P. angnstifolia. Ait.) — This
extends from Pennsylvania southward, chiefly in those regions not
occupied by the former. It is rather common in our Lower and
Middle Districts, and reaches into the lower part of the Upper. It
is of about the same height with No. 1, but the fruit and leaves are
much smaller, the latter being narrow and merely toothed on the
edge. The flowers are beautiful and fragrant as in the other spe-
cies.

3. Choke Berry. (P. arbutifolia, Linn."! — A mere shrub 2 or 3
feet high, introduced here only to complete an account of the
genus. The fruit is berry-like, as in the Mountain AbH\ but has
the same structure as an Apple, with seeds of the same appear-
ance and taste. It grows in small clusters, and is rather dry and

TO nil. CB .A.

nt. We have two varieties of this: — one, with a red or
purple fruit, l' und on the borders "of branches and bays in the Mid-
dle and Lower I)i-tricts ; — the other, in the Mountains, and having
a purplish-black fruit.
4. Mountain Ash. (P.Am . D.C.) — This charming tree

it little known in this State, even in the Mountains where it
s. At the North, it is highly prized as au ornament in yards,
■the beauty of its large clusters of scarlet berrii
which hang upon the tree through the winter. It is scarcely dis-
tingi from the Mountain Ash or // treat Bri-

tain. It is nj rare on our ! igher Mountains, from Ashe to

is called Wi , (frem a kind of liquor said

to be made from it,) and MounU \ch. The folii :ore

like that of a '> than of any other of our trees; and in this

resp< ct3 :: in every other, the general aspect of the tree is

bo unlike that of an AppU Tree, that none but a Botanist would
suspect a relationship. The flowers are of a dirty white, in spread-
ing clusters like those of the Elder, succeeded by benydike scarlet
fruit. In favorable soil this is from 12 to 20 feet high ; in roek\
ground, often a mere shrub.

;mm"N. Diospyros Virginiana, Linn.) — Common in the
United Star-:.- from Rhode Island and New York southward, and in
all the Di - State. It varies much in height according

-nation i . but is usually from 30 to 40 feet, though some-

time 60, with a diameter of 18 or 20 inches. When

standing alo . . ■ ry symmetrical form and is a handsome

The he; -wood is of a brownish tint, hard, compact
and elastic, I ; I to be lial : :■ split. It bas been used for

idered equal made of

ch,) and for the vehicles, which are said to be better

than those made With u the wood does not appear to be

much used. The inner bark at and tonic, and has had

ltol-

y of the green fruit is well known. ripe

[s the b :- of ;■. : ans

B . . is sometimes pounded up with

i, and the cakes, I in an "ved for i.

with the addition of hops and y< :. Brandy has been di. tilled

from the fermented fruit, which is said to become good with age.

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 71

Mulberry. (Mortis rubra, Linn.) — Well known throughout the
Union, but most abundant in the Western States. It glows in all
parts of this State, but is least abundant in the Lower District. It
is from 50 to TO feet high, and 1 or 2 in diameter. When in
proper soil, and unobstructed in its lateral expansion by surround-
ing trees, this becomes a tree of fine form and casts a very thick
shade. The heart-wood is yellowish, hue grained and compact,
but lighter than WhUi Oak. It has much strength and solidity,
and is thought by many to be as durable as Locust. It is much
used in fencing and in ship and boat building. The leaves arc too
thick and rough for feeding silk-worms, though they have been used
for the purpose in the absence of better. The fruit is deep red or
purple, of a sweet and acidulous flavor quite agreeable to the taste.
Though gently laxative, it is probably a wholesome fruit.

The White Mulberry, (M. alba,) a native of Asia, is occasionally
seen about houses, and is the tree chiefly used on the old Continent
for rearing silk- worms. The Chinese Mulberry (ML mnlticaulis) is
only a variety of the White, of smaller size and larger leaves. The
Black Mulberry (M. nigra) of Europe is sometimes cultivated in
this com; try, but I have not observed it in this State. The Otahi it-
or Pa/pei Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera,) a native of the Pa-
cific Islands, is common in our yards, and is commendable for its
rapid growth and heavy shade, but becomes a nuisance from its
numerous shoots springing everywhere from its spreading roots.

Cedau, on Red Cedar. (Jnniperus Yirginiana. Linn.) — X
common throughout the country from New England to the Gulf of
Mexico, but the soil and climate of the South are most favorable to
its complete development. It is from 30 to 40 feet high, with a
diameter of 10 or 12 inches, but is smaller in the mountains and
western parts of the State than in the Lower District. In <>ld fields
solitary trees are sometimes seen of larger dimension.-, than are
above given. It is not abundant enough, however, in any part of
the State, to be used in the arts. The heart-wood is of a red color,
but the sap is white. It is odorous, compact, line grain
light, but heavier and stronger than < It

ity in an eminent degree, and is applied to all pur-
poses which require this quality. That which is grown near the
coast is of better quality than what is produced farther inland.

72 THE TREES OF XORTH-CAROMXA.

This tree varies bo much in the color, length and spread of the
leaves in different situations and at different ages, that some per-
Bons make two species of it, one of which thej ca v They

are. however, but one Bpeciee, The berries of tine, tree have been
a little employed in the United States in the preparation of Gin. as
those of the Juniper are used in Europe. Boxes and cabinets made
of the wood are exempt from insects, its edor being offensive to
them.

The remaining trees have all a dry fruit, but of various kinds,
and no very intimate relationship — to be arranged in two Groups.

The first Group includes those trees which have either flowers
or fruit in somewhat the form of tassels, as in the "Willow, Cotton-
wood, and Birch.

POPLARS OR OOTTONWOODS.

These are generally designated by the latter name in this country,
but they are true Poplars. Those of them called Aspens are re-
markable for the easy vibration of the leaves when scarcely a breath
of air is perceptible. This results from one end of the leal-stem
being flattened contrary to the plane of the leaf. The constant
motion of the leaves is supposed to have been the reason for giving
these trees the name of Populus or Poplar, because they, like the
populaa . are never at rest. It is a more malicious spirit of slander
that has given them the name of Womens* Tongues. The wood
of all the species is soft and brittle, but 6ome of them are wed in
various kinds of light wood-work.

1. Cakoi.ina Poi-lar. (Populus angulata. Ait.)— This does not
reach northward farther than southern Pennsylvania. It becomes
more abundant in the low country of all the Southern States upon
the marshy banks of rivers, in company with ( . /.'■ I MapUi

&C. It is tare in the Middle District, but is sometimes cultivated
there about houses. It is 60 or 80 feet high, with an expanded
summit and pleasing foliage. The leaves are 3 to 5 inches long,
(on young shoots C to 8,) thin, always smooth and bright on both
sides, and their edges have small scolloped teeth. They are round-
ed at the base, and are marked with yellowish nerves. The buds
are short, deep green, and not covered with gum. The young

THE TREES OF XOETH-CAKOLES'A. 73

branches and annual shoots are angular, from which character its
botanical name of an-juh.ita is derived. The wood does not appear
to be nsed. This is very similar to the Cottonwood ox Cotton 1
so common on the "Western Rivers.

'2. Cotton Tree. {F. heterophylla, Linn.) — A native of the Mid-
dle, Western and Southern States, yet is so rare as to escape gen-
eral notice. I do not remember to have met with it in this State,
except in rich swamp lands on the lower course of the Cape Fear ;
but it probably occurs in similar ground elsewhere. It is a majes-
tic, showv, tree, 7" or 80 feet high. 2 or 3 in diameter, with a very
thick, deeply furrowed bark. The young branches and shoots are
round. The leaves. 3 to 5 inches long, and with rounded teeth,
are covered on the underside with a thick soft down, which par-
tiallv falls off with age. The wood is much like that of the pre-
ceding.

3. Large Toothed Aspex. (P. grandidentata. Michx.) — Nol
common in the Southern as in the Middle and Northern Si
"With us it belongs to the upper part of the Middle District, is about
40 feet hi°m, and has a smooth grav bark that seldom cracks. The
leaves are 3 to 5 inches long, about the same breadth, with large
open teeth on the edges, and the underside clothed, when young,
with a thick white down which wholly falls away before the end
of Summer. This tree is occasionally seen adorning the stree-
our villages.

The Lombardy Poj:>!a/\ (P. dilatata, Ait.,) a native ot Italy, is
common in cultivation about old settlements.

BIRCHES.

These are products chiefly of high latitudes, both on the Eastern
and Western Continents. In this State we have but a single spe-
cies below the Mountains.

1. Red BmcH. (Betula nigra, Linn.) — Common on the banks of
rivers from the coast to the mountains, and known here only as
Birch. This is sufficient designation where no other species occurs,
but it is called Bed Birch in those States and regions where it is
accompanied by others. It is from 40 to 60 feet high, and 1 or 2
in diameter. It has wood of compact grain, and light reddish
^int, but not of very high value, nor is it much used. It is some-
6

74

THE TKEE8 OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

times employed in this State for the railing of balustrades, and the
like purposes. Hoops for casks may be made from the branches
and shoots, but of inferior quality.

2. Black Birch. (B. lenta, Linn.) — In our Mountains, where
alone this tree is found within this State, it is simply called Birch,
The most common name for it in the United States is the one above
given. In the mountains of Virginia it is called Mountain Mia-
hogany ; in New England Sweet Birch and Cherry Birch. It is
from 30 to 50 feet high, with a smoothish trunk, resembling that
of a Cherry tree. The wood, freshly cut, is of a rosy hue, which
becomes darker by exposure, and similar to that of Wild Cherry,
and is used, like that, for several sorts of cabinet woik. It has
considerable strength, is of fine close grain, and susceptible of a
brilliant polish, and is the most valuable of all the Birches known r
though hardly equal to Wild Cherry. Furniture made of it, as
chairs, tables, &c, will in time and by careful use, acquire very
much the appearance of Mahogany. The leaves and blossoms
Lave considerable fragrance, and the bark of the young shoots has
a delightful spicy flavor like that of the Mountain Tea or Spicy
Winter green. The tree is one of much beauty, with dark graceful

foliage, and a symmetrical form.

3. Yellow Birch. (B. excelsa, Ait.) — This is a northern tree, as
south of the mountains of New York, with the exception of small
patches in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and the three or four
stocks which I found near the (highest) summit of Black Mountain,
it is unknown. Its yellowish-silvery bark, scaling off in thin sheets,,
like that of the Paper or Canoe Birch, will at once distinguish this
from the two preceding. It is about 25 feet high. The timber is
rather inferior to that of Black Birch. It is a handsome tree, and
its twigs slightly aromatic.

WILLOWS.

There are 20 or 30 species of these in the United States, nearly
all of which belong exclusively to the North. A few, though they
are of no importance, extend to this State and farther south. The
value of some species in wicker-work is generally known. The
articles manufactured from them are made from the young, slen-
der and flexible, twigs and shoots.

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 75

1. Black Willow. (Salix nigra, Marsh.) — This is the only na-
tive Willow in the State that becomes a tree. It is 15 to 25 feet
high, with a rough dark-brown bark, very common along streams
from the coast westward. The wood is soft and of little use ; but
when the stocks are of sufficient size, they are said to make dura-
ble light timbers for boats. The roots give an intensely bitter de-
coction, which is thought by some to be good for purifying the
blood, and a remedy for intermittent fevers.

2. Gray Willow. (S. tristis, Ait.)— A shrub 1 or 2 feet high,
very much branched, of a dull gray aspect on account of the young
branches and leaves being covered with an ash-colored down or
wool. The leaves are from 1 to 1£ inch long with a hardly per-
ceptible stem, narrow, sharp at each end, but tapering from the
base towards the upper end, and with the veins prominent on the
underside. I have met with this insignificant plant only in the
mountain Counties.

3. Bush Willow. (S. humilis, Marsh.)— Larger than the prece-
ding, 2 to 4 feet high, but of similar general aspect, the leaves two
or three times longer and broader, and found both in the Middle
and Upper Districts, rarely in the Lower. During summer the
branches «»f this and No. 2 have cone-like excrescences on their
ends.

4. Silky-leaved Willow. (S. sericea, Marsh.)— This is 3 to 6
feet high, with leaves 2 and 3 inches long, borne on conspicuous
stems, pale, and with silky hairs on the underside.

The Weeping Willow (S. Babylonica,) is common, and the Yel-
low Willow (S. vitellina,) occasionally seen in cultivation.

Hornbeam. Ironwood. (Carpinus Americana, Michx.) — Among
the commonest productions of the country and well known by one
or other of these names. It is found on the banks of streams in all
parts of the State, generally 12 or 15 feet high, but sometimes 25
or 30, with a diameter of 5 or 6 inches. The trunk has a smooth
gray bark, and at the base is irregularly fluted or ridged. The
wood is white, exceedingly hard, compact and line grained, but
the small size of the tree forbids its use except for inferior purposes.

Hop Hornbeam. (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.)— This and the pre-
ceding have characters and qualities so very similar that they are

THE ntSSB OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

generally called by the same names. But the bladdery fruit of
this 1 ■much lik that it can verve;. -ied

the rammer. It is only/ in the Upper District that I have
met with it, and very rarely there. It is 90 or 30 feet high, with
a brownish finely furrowed bark, the trunk not ridged at the bot-
tom like the preceding. The wood is like that, and also used for
fee., tor which we have nothing better adapted, on account
of: -trength and toughness . For mill-cog ial-

and the like, both th - - iciea would doubtless answer well.

remaining Group includes a heterogeneous mass of dry-
fruited Tree-, but fortunately nearly all are so well known, that
they will need no particular description.

i

mork. (Platanus occidentals. Linn.) — This is the name gen-
erallv given, I believe, to this tree in North Carolina; but it is
e extensively known in the United State- In

some sections it is called Winter St I and Plant Tree. The last
would be most appropriate, if we were governed in our choice by
the application of the names of kindred species in Europe. The
s - Europe is a species of Maple, having no relationship

with what we call by that name.

Hiia tree, like the Planes of the old Continent so much celebrated
bv the Ancients, is among the largest in the Temperate Zones. It is
common over the United States on the borders of streams, where the
and fertile, conspicuous for its white bark and jhe stately
size of its trunk. In such situations it is found throughout the
State, but fa least abundant in the Lower District. Although oc-
mally found here of large dimensions, it is not of such size as
in the virgin forests of the West, where this tree has its peculiar
home, and where it is sometimes seen without branches to the
height of 60 and To feet, and with a circumference of 40 or 50 feet.
A hollow section of a trunk was once used in Ohio as a Bar
B >m; — the *ame, I believe, now exhibited in a New York Mu-
seum. This reminds us of the famous Plane tree of Lyeia, men-
tioned by Pliny, whose hollow trunk gave shelter for a night to
Licinius Mutianus and a retinue of eighteen persons. Its interior
was 75 feet in circuit. The wood of our tree becomes reddish in sea-
-soning, of a fine close grain, and takes a better polish than Beech,
tto which it bears some resemblance. Aa it is liable to warp, it is

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. , ~

not much used in cabinet work, except for Bedsteads. It decays
rapidly by exposure to the weather, and is therefore suitable for
such articles only as are thoroughly sheltered. The rapid growth,
great size, and thick shade of this tree, render it valuable for ave-
nues and shaded grounds.

Sweet Gum. (Liquidambar Styraciflua. Linn.*) — One of the most
extensively diffused tree, in North America, it being found from
southern Xew England to Mexico. It is from 40 to 7U feet high,
and 2 to 3 in diameter. The wood is reddish, compact, fine grain-
ed, and takes a fine polish. Though inferior to Oak, it is suitable
for objects requiring toughness and solidity. "When properly sea-
soned, it serves well in the upper frame work of buildings, and
lasts better than any of the I? ed Oaks. It is sometimes employed
for lining the inside of Mahogany furniture, to which it is well
adapted by its color, lightness, and fine grain. Though inferior to
Black Walnut and Cherry^ it is sometimes used for similar purposes
in the manufacture of furniture; but is not durable unless shelter-
ed from the air. The braised leaves have a resinous fragrance,
and fresh ones are successfully used in cases of dysentery. The
dusty matter in the ripe burs is only the abortive seeds. The fra-
grant gum is the hardened juice. This is a beautiful tree, especial-
ly in Autumn, when the dying foliage has taken its hue of deep
crimson, and should be often er seen in private ground.-.

Tulip Tree, or Poplar. (Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linn.) — This
tree is rarely surpassed in elegance of form, in size, beauty of f.»l-
iage, or showiness of blossom, by any tree of the American for
In some of the Northern States it is called White Wood and Canoe
1! bod. In Europe, where it has been long and extensively intro-
duced, it bears the name of Tulip Tree (which has been adopted
to some extent in this country.) from the resemblance of its flower
to that of a Tulip. This is much preferable to that of Poplar,
(which it bears in this and the Western States,) because it has but
little resemblance in any particular to the true Poplars. It is na-
tive in all parts of the State, but is not so common in the Lower
District as in others. It is from 60 to 100 feet high, with a very
straight tapering trunk, and has a diameter of 2 or 3 feet. There
is a stock on the South Fork of Toe River, which is near 9 feet in

7o THE TREES OF NOBTH-CAEOLINA.

diameter. The wood is tine grained, works easily and takes a good
r and more compact than that of the I
heart is yellowish, and the sap-wood white, thongh whei
Iry gravelly soils the whole wood is white and coarser. 1

an- and Whit* P<.>i>h.u\ the former being

most valuable. For the rafters an dj - - buildings the timber
is the best substitute for Pine. Cedar, and Cypress. The boards are
often need for the exterior and interior work of house-, even for
shingling, as they are durable and not liable to split from the in-
fluences of heat ard moisture. They are much used by Coach,
Chair, and Trunk makers, and are very valuable for all kinds of
rk requiring lightness, strength and darabil

. mixed with equal parts of Dogwood bark,
is a domestic remedy in intermittent fever. Sane Physicians :.
employed it successfully alone, or accompanied with Laudanum, in
remittent and intermittent fevers, cholera infantum, hysterical af-
rms; but others have denied its efficacy. Dr.
Dai _ - - that the bark of the root and young tree is a vaj-
aromatic bitter.

LI XX OR LIME TEE] -

These are handsome trees, as well for their form as for the pk .-
line and fine shade of their foliage. They are known in the
\ States by the names of 1

generally by that of B '. In Europe the species

this genus are called Linden and The wood is white

and soft, and is used for similar purposes with that of th
T . where the latter is not found, bal si :'rer and splits more
It is well adapted for Turners' work, and i- ch-

in the manufacture of wooden ware. The inner bark, when
macerated, separates into broad fibres, which are used for making
coarse cordage and matting. In Europe this kind of stuff is called
/; hence the name <>f Ba$9 H"<—/. i and large quant: -

exported from Russia. The bark also coal _ deal of mu-

whioh liniments pared for burns and scalds.

In Europe, the honey made from the

•idered the best in the world, and when made exclusively from
r more than double the price her. The fl

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 79

ers of our American species would very likely serve as well in im-
proving the quality of honey, There are but 3 species of Linn in
the United States, and all are found in North-Carolina. The flow-
ers of the Linn are small, cream-colored, growing in loose clusters
npon a common stem which is attached to the middle of a narrow,
strap-like, leaf or bract; — a character that will distinguish these
trees from all others.

1. American Linn. (Tilia Amerieana, Linn.) — This is found from
Canada to Georgia; in this State confined to the mountains and
the upper part of the Middle District. It is a handsome tree, 50
to 80 feet high, 1 to 4 in diameter. The leaves are 3 or 4 inches
broad, heart-shaped, but one side smaller than the other at the
base, smooth or nearly so, and paler green on the underside. The
timber of this species is considered more valuable than that of the
others.

2. White Linn. (T. heterophylla, Yent.) — More abundant in
the Middle and Western States than elsewhere. In this State it is
most common in the Upper District, but occurs sparingly in the
Middle and Lower. It seldom exceeds 40 feet in height, with a
diameter of 12 or 18 inches. The young branches have a smooth
silver-gray bark, by which it can be distinguished in Winter from
the other species. The leaves are quite large, 6 to 8 inches broad,
deep green above, and with a silver-white down underneath.

3. Southern Linn. (T. pubescens, Ait.) — This is confined to the
Lower Districts of the Southern States, choosing cool fertile soils
npon the borders of swamps and rivers. It is 40 <»r 50 feet high,
resembling No. 1, of whieh it may be only a variety. The leaves
are 2 to 4 inches broad, shaped as in No. 1, the edges with fewer
and more distant teeth than in No. 2, and with a rusty, thin, van-
ishing down on the underside.

Sour Wood, Sorrel Tree. (Oxydendrum arboreum, DC.) —
This extends from Pennsylvania southward, especially along the
mountain valleys. In our Lower District it is rare, not uncommon
in the Middle, but is most abundant in the' lower parts of the
Mountains. It is usually a small tree, but in some localities, as on
the upper waters of the Catawba, it attains a height of 50 or 60
feet, and a diameter of 12 or 15 inches. The wood is of no value.
The leaves, which are not unlike those of the Peach, are acid like

80

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

Sorrel, from whence its names are derived. These, in the absence
of Sumach, are sometimes used for dyeing wool of a black color.
The small flowers, about the size and form of those of our swamp
Huckleberry, are in large loose clusters, which hang in profusion
over the branches with somewhat of a plume-like grace, and make
this tree one of the ornaments of our woods.

Loblolly Bay. (Gordonia Lasianthus. Linn.) — This pretty tf
belonging to the family of the CaiidUas. belongs within the range
of the LoiKj-ltdciJ J'hte, and is there confined, I think, to the
branch-swamps and bays within 100 miles of the coast. It is from
50 to 70 feet high, with a diameter of IS to 24 inches. When
young, it is of a fine pyramidal form; but with age the branches
spread irregularly, and the top, owing possibly to the brittleness of
the wood, seems subject to early decay. The leaves are evergreen,
with sharply toothed edges. The flowers are about 2 inches broad,
white, and somewhat fragrant, and young trees in blossom are very
attractive. The wood is of r< sy hue, of fine texture and silky
lustre, but is light and brittle, and subject to rapid decay, unless
kept perfectly dry. The bark is valuable for tanning, but is not
abundant enough for extensive use. The fruit is a small, dry,
woody capsule. 4 to £ inch long.

Snow Drop Tree. (Halesia tetraptera. Linn.i — Found but a
short distance beyond the northern line of this State. In our
Lower District it is very sparingly distributed. In the Middle
District I have not seen it east of Surry and Mecklenburg, but
from thence westward to Cherokee it is not uncommon along water
courses, especially above that part of their course where they are
generally turbid. It is ordinarily a small tree, from 10 to 25 feet
high ; but upon some of our mountain streams it acquires nearly
double the-e dimensions. It is not of handsome form; but its
clusters of white bell-shaped flowers (similar to those of the garden
Snow Drop) about half an inch long, give it an aspect of much
beauty when in blossom. I have never seen it in cultivation, but
it deserves a conspicuous place in the cool moist parts of ornament-
ed grounds. The fruit is greenish and slightly juicy when young,
becoming dry. /It has 4 winged angles, is about 14 incL
with a bonv nut ins-ide.

THE TREES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 81

Planer Tree. (Planera aquatica, Gmel.)— This tree, closely re-
lated to the Elm and the Haekberty, is rare in the Atlantic States
and unknown north of the Cape Fear River. From thence south-
ward it is found on the borders of streams and swamps, and may
verv easily be mistaken, at a little distance, for the Hornbeam. It
is from 20 to 40 feet high, and 8 to 15 inches in diameter. The
wood is said to be hard and strong, but is too rare with us to be of
any use. The leaves are about 1£ inch long, and mnch like those
of our 8maU4eavsd Elm. The flowers are in a small, round green-
ish cluster about the size of small Peas and appearing before the
leaves. The fruit is a nut covered with warty scales, quite small.

THE SHRUBS

OF

IN" O 3F1. T H-O AROLiINA.

Under tins head will be included those woody plants which do
not'ordinarily exceed 20 feet in height, whatever may be their
form. So many of these are without names, and there is such a
variety in their fruits or seed-vessels, that I can not make so intel-
ligible an arrangement of them for popular use. as I have done for
the Trees. Still, I hope that most of them, and all that are of any
importance, can be identified without much difficulty. They will
be arranged, like the Trees, according to the character of their
fruit, under the two primary divisions of the Fl> ..>•/<// Fruited and
Dry Fruited, beginning with the former.

Quite a number of Shrubs have been already described under
the class of Trees, wherever a genus included both elase -

Ban Haws. Thorny shrubs, sometimes tree-shaped, with white
flower-, mostly in flat topped clusters, and colored (generally red)
fruit containing 1 to ■> bony seeds.

1. Soajblet Haw. (Crataegus coccinea, Linn.) — Grows in the
Middle and Upper Districts, 6 to 1^ feet high, with stout thon
and -1 inches long. The leaves are smooth and thin, about l' inches

g and broad, cut into several small segments <.n each Bide. The
fruit i> bright red, \ inch or more long, and eatable.

2. \V \-iii.\oio.\ Tii.iun. ( ( '. cordate, Ait.) — I have seen this on-
ly in the Middle District It is a very beautiful shrub when in
blossom, bs may be Been on the Cape Fear near Averysboro' in
May. It is from 1" to 20 feet high, the thorns about 'l indies long,
and rather slender. The leave- are 2 ;m »» 1 •"> inches long, cut it.
divisions Bomewhat like those of the Red Maple. The fru
bright crimson, about \ inch long.

THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA. &S

3. Parsley-leavkd Haw. (C. apiifolia, Michx.) — This, so close-
ly resembling the Hawthorn of England, is found in the Lower
and Middle Districts. The leaves are about 1 inch long, and much
cut up into small divisions, from which this handsome shrub or
small tree derives its name, and by which it is easily distinguished
from all the other species. The fruit is red and about \ inch long.

4. Cockspur Thorn. (C. Crus-galli, Linn.) — The most abundant
of our Thorns or Haws, and found in all the Districts. It is 10 or
20 feet high and armed with sharp thorns 2 inches or more long.
The leaves are about 2 inches long, rather thick and stiff, shining
green above, somewhat tapering from the upper part downward,
and toothed above the middle. The fruit is red, about £inch long.
This is our best species for hedging. But it should be remember-
ed, that none answers well if left at random to an upward growth,
and is not well laid and so regularly trimmed, or cut in, as to take
a lateral growth and to branch freely near the ground.

5. Black Thorn. (C. tomentosa, Linn.) — A shrub or small tree
in the Middle and Upper Districts, with large clusters of flowers,
which are £ inch or more broad, and a round or pear-shaped, edi-
ble fruit, which is orange-red and about § inch long. The leaves
are 3 to 5 inches long, of an oval or oblong form, iinely toothed
and sometimes cut at the summit, somewhat hairy on the under-
side, ami more or less furrowed along the veins above.

There is a form of this (var: punctata, Gray,) very common on
the tops of our Mountains, with the leaves smaller, more narrowed
towards the base, and the furrows on the upper surface deeper,
and the veins more prominent beneath. The fruit is round, yel-
low ish or dull red, sprinkled with whitish dots.

<!. Xakkow-lkavkd Thorn. (C. spathulata, Michx.) — Not un-
common in the Lower and Middle Districts, 10 to 15 feet high,
with quite small flowers and fruit, but rather ornamental. The
leaves are smooth and shining, £ to 1^ inch long, \ to h inch wide,
toothed at the upper end and tapering from near the top down to
the stem. The fruit is red and in numerous clusters.

7. Summer Haw. (C. flava, Ait.) — A small tree 15 or 20 feet
high, in sandy woods, with fruit $ to f inch thick, pear shaped,
and greenish-yellow. The leaves are 2 or 3 inches long, wedge-
shaped, the lower part tapering into a short stem with small dark
glands on the edges. The flowers but from 2 to 5 in a cluster.

S4 THE SHRUBS OF NORTII-CAKOLTOA.

8. Hairy Thorn. (C. glandnlosa, Michx.) — A small tree with
coarse hark and spreading branches, and the leaves, branehlets and
flower stems, covered with soft hairs, especially when young. The
leaves are about 1 inch long, rather thickish, wedge-shaped, the
edges generally dotted with dark glands. The fruit is small, rotund,
and red. The flowers are 3 to 0 in a cluster.

9. Dwarf Thorn. (C. parvifolia, Ait.) — A small shrub 2 to 5
feet high, very common in sandy woods throughout the Lower and
Middle Districts, and v. itfa a whitish down on most of its parts.
The leaves are •£ to 1£ inch long, broad wedge-shaped, toothed,
with hardly any stem. Flowers solitary, or 2 or 3 together. Fruit
round or pear-shaped, greenish-yellow, rather large and dry.

Barherry. (Berberis Canadensis, Pnrsh.) — Found in Lincoln,
thence westward, especially in Buncombe, Haywood, and Macon
Counties. It is not known to exist north of Virginia, and is the
only native Barberry in the United States. The European species
(B. vulgaris) is thoroughly naturalized in New England. Ours is a
pretty shrub, 2 to 4 feet high and somewhat prickly. The fruit is
an oblong, red and acid beny, which makes an agreeable conserve,
and a cooling drink in fevers. The leaves are also slightly acid.
It is probable that this, like the European species, which it closely
resembles, would furnish a yellow color by boiling the roots in lye ;
and that the; inner bark of the stems would dye linen of a tine yel-
low with the assistance ot alum.

GOOSEBERRIES AND CURRANTS.

These belong to one genus, but are distinguished — the Former,

by the small sharp thorns at the base of the leaves, sometimes the
fruit being prickly and generally (always in the North-Carolina
species) by the flower steins having from 1 to 3 flowers ; the latter,
by the absence of thorns, smaller fruit, (never prickly,) and the
flowers numerous in long clusters. They are found only in the
Mountains.

1. Prickly GooSEBERBY. I Kibes Cynosbati, Linn.) — Distinguish-
ed from the others by its prickly fruit, which is brownish when
ripe, and eatable.

THE SHRUBS OF XORTH-CAROL1XA. &0

-MOOTH Gooseberry. (R. rotundifolium, MicLz.) — This is 3
or 4 feet high, the leaves 1 or 2 inches broad, about half the size
of the preceding, the fruit small, purple when ripe, and of line
flavor.

-lender Gooseberry. iR. gracile. Michx.) — Very similar to
Xo. 2, but every way more slender and delicate, and quite rare.

4. Fetid Currant. (R. prostratum, L"Her.) — Occurring chieflv
upon rocks on our highest Mountains and generally spreading on
the ground. The berry is covered with bristles and is not pleasant
flavored. The whole plant exhales a disagreeable musky odor,
which will readily distinguish it.

5. Bristly Curkaxt. (R. resinosum. Pnrsk.) — This was discov-
ered in our Mountains by Eraser. I have not myself met with it.
It is covered in every part, not excepting the fruit, with resinous
glandular hairs, by which it may be recognised.

HUCKLEBERRIES.

The fruit so called in this State is comprised in two genera ; the
first, (Gaylnssacia,) including those which have a black or blackish
berry, and leaves generally covered with small glandular dots; the
second, t Taceinium.) including those with a blue, red or greenish
berrv. The blue ones are known in some States as Blueberries or
BUbi tries. The red are Cranberries. The greenish one is, in this
State, called Gooseberry and Deerberry.

1. Blue Huckleberry. (Gaylnssacia frondosa, Torr and Gr.) —
Common in the Lower and Middle Districts on the borders of low
grounds, 2 or 3 feet high, with pale, somewhat wrinkled, leaves,
which are whitish underneath, and 1 to 3 inches long. The berries
are dark blue, large and sweet, perhaps the finest flavored we have,
ripening in June.

2. Dwarf Huckleberry. (G. dumosa, Torr and Gr.) — A low
species about a foot high, with creeping roots, very common in dry
woods of the Lower and Middle Districts. It is somewhat hairy
and glandular, the leaves broad, wedge-shaped, green on both sides,
and the fruit smooth, black and insipid. A larger form of this
(var. hirtella,) has the berries also hairy.

3. Black Huckleberry. (G. resinosa, T. and Gr.) — Belongs to
the Middle and Upper Districts, 2 or 3 feet high and much

96 THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

i •ranched. The leaves are 2 or 3 inches Ion":, and thickly sprinkled
with resinon9 atoms. The berries are black, shining and very
pleasant. There is a white variety of this, found in the mountains
by Mr. r.uckley.

1. Beak Hucklebebby. Beabbeeby. (G. nreina, Gray.) — Found
nn the sides of the mountains, south of the French Broad river, 2
or 3 feet high, and resembling No. 3. But in the latter the flowers
are cylindrical ; in the Bearberry cup-shaped. The berry is purplish
or dark red, insipid and dry. ripening in July and August.

1. Swamp Hucexebebby. (Yacciniuni corymbosnm, Linn.) —
Abundant in swampy grounds of the Lower and Middle Districts,
and probably extending into the Upper. It is from 5 to 10 feet
Jiiwh, with very variable leaves, but generally thin, pale and smooth.
The be pries are large, deep blue, subacid and pleasant, ripening in
May and June.

There is a variety of this (var. atrococcnin, Gray.) having a sim-
ilar range and locality and size, but much less common, with
thicker leaves which are white-downy underneath, and with berries
dark Hue. Dr. Hunter finds this variety with a n-Itit, berry in
Lincoln and Burke counties.

■J.. Pale Dwabf Blueberry. (V. Constabhxi, Gray.) — About 1
foot high, abundant on the bald summit of Roan Mountain, i where
it was first discriminated by Prof. Gray,) and not unlikely on
others. It is of a pale whitish aspect, with leaves 1 or 2 inches
long, and blue sweet berries.

V. tenellum. Ait.) — Common on the borders of small swamps
in the Lower District and extending somewhat into the Middle;
about 2 feet high, with green, angled branches. The leaves £ to 1
inch long, narrow, wedge-shaped, slightly toothed at the top, and
ot a bright green. Berries black, small, of little worth.

-I. l'm-n.v HtrcKLEBERBT. (V. hirsutum. Buckley.) — Discovered
in the Cherokee Mountains by Mr. Buckley, and easily recognized
by its bristly branches, leaves, flowers and fruit.

5. Deebbebby. Goosebebby. (V. staminenm, Linn.) — Yerycom-
'iimi all over the State in dry woods, 1 to 4 feet high, and very
pretty when in blossom. The berries are greenish-white, sour sad
astringent, larger than any other of our Huckleberries.

THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 3J

6. (V. erythrocarpon, Michx.) — A shrub 2 to 4 feet high, found
upon Grandfather, Flat Top and Roan Mountains. The leaves are
rather hairy and with small teeth on the edges. The flowers have
long divisions that are rolled backwards precisely like those of the
Oranhtrry. The fruit is small, reddish or purplish, and insipid,
somewhat like that of the Bearberry.

7. Spabkleberry. (Y. arboreum, Michx.) — Found from the
coast to Cherokee, 8 to 20 feet high, the leaves smooth, rather stifY
and shining. They are evergreen, at least in the Lower District.
The fruit is black and small, dry, granular and slightly astringent,
but of pleasant flavor, ripening in October. "When in blossom it
is quite a showy shrub. The bark of the root is very astringent,
and is used in chronic dysentery.

8. Creeping Huckxeberry. (Y. crassifolium, Andr.)— A small
species with stems (1 or 2 feet long) creeping close upon the earth
in wet savannas of the Lower District. The leaves are small. ^ to
i inch long, evergreen, thick and shining. The fruit is red, be-
coming black, tasteless.

9. Cranberry. (V. macrocarpon, Ait.)— A small trailing plant
with pale evergreen leaves, common in the mountain swamps of
Ashe and Yancey, and also in Pasquotank, Hyde and other coun-
ties in the north-eastern part of the State. The fine acid fruit of
this plant is well known and universally esteemed.

Corax Berry. (Symphoricarpus vulgaris, Michx.) — A small
shrub, 2 or 3 feet high, frequent in arid gravelly soils, especially
by road sides, throughout the Middle District. The leaves are
rather stiff, about 1 inch long, downy beneath. The flowers are
of no beauty, but the compact clusters of dark red berries in the
fork of nearly all the leaves, and which hang on through the winter
have made it an object of attention among Gardeners and Florists.
This is sometimes so much of a nuisance on plantations, on account
of its creeping tangled roots, as to have gained the uncouth name
of Devil? 8 8hoe-8trirt(js.

Bermuda or French Mulberry. (Callicarpa Americana, Linn.)
—Quite common in light soils and dry open woods of the Lower
District, especially along fence-rows and the borders of settlements.
It is 3 to 6 feet high, with coarse, rough, grayish unsightly leaves,

8S THK S1IKI IIS OF NORTlI-C.MMl.tNA.

which are 4 or live inches long and round-toothed on the edges.
Ihit in winter the numerous clusters of light-purplish berries which
encircle the summit of the branches at regular interval- for 12 or
Is inches, give it a very striking and pleasing appearance. These
berries arc juicy, slightly aromatic and sweetish, and are sometimes
eaten, hut are probably not very wholesome.

Mistletoe. (Phoradendron flavescens, Nutt.) — Well known
throughout the State, and needing no description. With us it
seems to prefer the Oaks and Locust, but at the North and West,
Elms and Hickories. Deer are very fond of this plant. This is a
different plant from the European Mistletoe, the aureus ramus of
Virgil.

1. High Blackberry. (Rubus villosus, Ait.) — This ia our cob*
mon Blackberry of the swamps and fallow lands, 4 to 1<> feet high,
and the leaves slightly hairy or smooth, and green on both sides.
It is found throughout the State. The root of this is slightly astrin-
gent, and is a popular remedy for diarrhoea*

2. Low It&ACKBKRRY. (It. cuneifolius, Pnrsh.) — Common in old
fields and by road-sides in the Lower and Middle Districts, 2 to 4
feet high, the leaves white and downy beneath. Smaller in all
parts than No. 1, the berries generally sweeter.

3. Dewberry. (R. trivialis, Michx.) — Generally well known
under this name, but most abundant in the Middle District. This
is a trailing species with smooth green leaves, growing mostly in
dry soils, and with larger, sweeter fruit than the preceding.

4. Swamp Blackberry. ( R. hispidus, Linn.) — A prostrate species
like the preceding, found in the mountain swamps, but ever}' way
more delicate, with thinner leaves, and with weak prickles that
hardly deserve the name. Fruit black, small and sour.

5. Black or Pi bple Raspberry. (R. ocoidentalis, Linn.) — Growl
on the borders of woods and in thickets through the Middle Dis-
trict. The fruit is very pleasant but rather dry, and much inferior
to the cultivated species.

6. Flowkiuno Rasi'uekuy. (R. odoratus, Linn.) — Found only in
the Mountains along rivulets and in cool shaded ravines. This is
without prickles, but. is covered with clammy hairs, is 4 or 5 feet
high, and has leaves 6 or 7 inchee long, divided into about 5 short

THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 89

segments. The flowers are quite ornamental, about 2 inches broad
and looking like a small single Kose. The fruit is broad, red and
dry, but pleasant flavored.

1. Swamp Rose. (Rosa Carolina, Linn.) — This is from 3 to 6
feet high, is generally confined to low damp grounds, and has stout
hooked prickles.

2. Wild or Dwarf Rose. (R. lucida, Ehrh.)— Generally prefers
dry soils, and is found in all the Districts. It is about half the size
of No. 1, has the leaves shining on the upper side, and has straight
prickles, which will distinguish it from the preceding.

3. Sweet Brier. (R. rubiginosa, Linn.) — Extensively naturalized
along roads and about settlements, especially in the Middle Dis-
trict, and easily recognized by the pleasant fragrance derived from
the rusty colored glands on the underside of the leaves. This is
sometimes known as the Eglantine.

4. Cherokee Rose. (R. laevigata, Michx.)— Cultivated in the
Lower and Middle Districts, often trained over fences, and, if well
managed, serves well for hedging. It is remarkable for its smooth
dark evergreen leaves and white single flowers. It is singular that
the native region of this Rose is unknown.

1. Elder. (Sambucus Canadensis, Linn.) — There is no portion
of the State, except the higher parts of the Mountains, where this
shrub is not found. Its leaves are smooth and its berries dark pur-
ple. The inner bark is of popular use in ointments for sores. An
infusion of the leaves is sometimes used for expelling insects from
vines, &c. An infusion of the dried flowers is a domestic remedy
for colds. The ripe berries afford a delicate test for detecting acids
and alkalies.

2. Red Berrdsd Elder. (S. pubens, Michx.) — Grows only on
the higher Mountains above the range of the preceding, from
which it is at once distinguished by its red berries and the downy
underside of its leaves. It belongs chiefly to a high latitude.

1. Black Haw. (Viburnum prunifolium, Linn.) — Common in
rather dry rich soils from the coast to the lower part of the Upper
District, 8 to 15 feet high, handsome when in flower. The blos-
soms are small, white, in flat •clusters, which are two or three inches

7

THi OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

id, and destitute of a common stem. The leaves, 1 or 2 inches

ding above. The fruit is about half an

md eatable.

8.] . V. nudum. Linn, i — B ..liar range with

1, and grows in cold - grounds, 6 to \'i feet high. The

flower clusters in this are supported on a short common stem. The

ire larger and of thicker texture than in the former, dull

green above, and covered with rusty scales beneath. The fruit is

a deep blue. In the Mountains I have heard this called 6

There is a form of this ( var : angustifolum.) with smaller, narrower
and brighter leaves, which I have met with in Henderson County.

3. . Walt — A shrub or small tree, growing on the

banks of streams, bat not common in this State. The leaves are

1 inch long, rather thick, smooth, broader at the upper end.

and faintly toothed. The flower clusters are without a general

stem. The fruit is black.

■4. Sheep-Beery. I V. Lentago, Linn.) — Found only in the Moun-
tains, 10 or U gh. The leaves are rather thin, 3 or 4 inches
long, smooth, with a tapering point, sharply toothed, tbeii
and middle nerve beneath, together with the flower branches.
- ^,:.kled with rust}- atoms. The fruit is first red, then bluish-black.
and is eatable when fully ripe.

.". ::ow-W(->od. (V. dentatum, Linn.) — Grows in low grounds

of the Lower and Middle Districts, but is not very common. It is
8 to 12 feet high, with ash-colored bark, and by the flowers and
fruit would be at once recognized as belonging to the - _ -nu:-

as Nos. 1 and 2. The leaves are roundish, 2 or 3 inches long,
coarsely and sharply toothed, thin and smooth, the lateral v
quite straight, and deeply in.. The fruit is roui.

and deep blue, and slightly rough. The young straight branches
of this were used by the Indians for making arrows.

V. pul Bacons, Push.) — Very similar
to Xo. 5, but smaller, 3 or 4 feet high, the underside of the leave-
downy, and growing only in the rocky soil of the Mountains.

7. Maple-l:- V. acerifoliurn, Linn.) — A

shrub 2 to 5 feet high, found in the Mountains and on rocky
of the Middle District, as low down as Orange, with leaves 3 or 4
inches long, shaped like those of a The berries are whi

THIS SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 91

becoming purplish-black. The slender stems, by removing the
pith, make good fuse-sticks for blasting, and will serve equally well
for blasts of tobacco-smoke.

8. Hobble-Bush. Tangle-Legs. (V. lantanoides, Michx.) — A
small straggling shrub found in cold damp places in the Mountains.
The branches spread upon the ground, and, taking root at their
ends, form well secured loops for tripping the feet of inexperienced
way-farers ; a habit which has been revenged upon by the unlucky,
in the names imposed upon it of American Way-fairer 's Tree and
the DeviVs Shoe-strings. The leaves are 3 to 6 inches broad, heart-
shaped, very veiny, the underside having a rusty down. The ber-
ries are first crimson, then black. The flowers on the margin of
the broad clusters of this species are very large (b}T abortion,) like
those of the well known Snow-ball of our Gardens, which is a spe-
cies (V. Opulus,) of this genus.

Prickly Ash. (Aralia spinosa, Linn.) — Found in tolerably rich
soil from the coast to Cherokee, but not very abundant in any
locality. It is seldom 20 feet high with us, and is remarkable for
its straight, club-shaped, prickly stem or trunk, with the compound
leaves spreading like those of a Palm from its summit. An iufusion
of the fresh bark of the root is emetic and cathartic, and is em-
ployed, as are also the berries, in spirituous infusion, in rheumatic
affections. These are thought by some to be also a valuable remedy
for the bite of a Rattlesnake.

Privet. (Ligustrum vulgare, Linn.) — Occasionally naturalized
about settlements. Berries black. This is suited for low hedges.

1. Spice Bush. (Benzoin odoriferum, Nees.) — Known also as
Spice Wood, Wild Allspice, and Fever Bush. Grows in damp
woods throughout the State, and, wherever found, known under one
or other of these names. It is a strongly scented shrub, smooth,
3 to 6 feet high, with dark red berries, and leaves 3 or 4 inches
long. An infusion of the twigs is sometimes used in country fevers,
and for sickly cattle in the Spring.

2. (B. melisssefolium, Nees.) — Belongs to the Lower aud Middle
Districts in low grounds and on the borders of shallow ponds, 2 or
3 feet high, leaves silky on both sides,.! or 2. inches long, slightly

92 THE BHKUB8 OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

heart-shaped, berries red. I am indebted to Dr. McRee and Prof.
Mitchell tor my knowledge of this species.

Pokd Bush. tTetranthera gcniculata, Xees.) — Occupies small
ponds in the Lower District, giving a gray smoky aspect to these
localities. It is rarely met with in the lower part of the Middle
District. It is 10 or 15 feet high, with smooth, zigzag branches,
and small oval leaves, -t to 1 inch long, and red berries.

This and the genus next preceding are closely related to the
v. and, like it, has small yellowish flowers which appear
before the leaves.

Llathkk-wood. (Dirca palustris, Linn.) — "Widely diffused over
the country, but in this State occuring sparingly upon shaded rivu-
lets in the Middle and Upper Districts. It is 3 to 5 feet high, and
the branches have such a tough and pliable bark that they make
excellent ligatures, for which they were used by the Indians, and
from which the shrub derives its name. The fruit is a small red-
dish berry.

Carolina Buckthorn. (Frangula Caroliniana, Gray.; — A thorn-
less shrub, 4: to 6 feet high, belonging to moderately fertile soils in
the Middle and Lower Districts, but rare in the latter. The leaves
-are 3 or 4 inches long, 1 or 2 wide, dark green, smooth and shining,
and ribbed with very straight parallel veins. The berry is black-
ish, of the size of a small pea.

1. Sumach. (Rhus copallina, Linn.) — Very common throughout
the State, usually 6 to 10 feet high, sometimes a small tree 15 feet
high, readily distinguished by its common leaf-stem being margin-
ed or winged between the leaflets. The crimson hairs on the ber-
ries possess a strong acid, (said to be Malic,) an infusion of which,
witii sugar, makes an agreeable cooling beverage, and, without
•sugar, is a very useful gargle for weak or sore throats.

_'. Smooth Sumaoh. (R. glabra, Linn.) — This is 6 to 10 feet high,
growing in the Middle and Upper Districts, and is remarkably
smooth in all its parts. A milky juice issues from the wounded
bark. The large clusters of red fruit are more compact than in
No. 1, having an acid secretion as in that. The branches and
leaves are. astringent, and are used for tanning.

THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 93

3. Stagiiorn Sumach. (R. typliina, Lion.)— Belongs to the Up-
per District, 10 to 20 feet high, the branches and flower stalks
densely and rather softly hairy, somewhat like a Deer's horn " in
the velvet." The leaflets are narrow and tapering. The bark
issues a milky juice, and the berries are acid, as in No. 2. The
wood is orange colored and aromatic. The bark and branches are
used for tanning. The large clusters of purple fruit, and a line
foliage, render this species quite ornamental.

4. Dwarf Sumach. (R. pumila, Michx.) — This has a general
resemblance to No. 3, especially in the dense hairiness of the young
branches, but the leaflets in this are much shorter, broader and
more coarsely toothed, and the plant is only 1 to* 3 feet high, mostly
spreading over the ground. It is rather rare, but occurs in the
Lower and Middle Districts, especial!}' in Mecklenburg, where it
was originally discovered by the elder Michaux. Pursh has repre-
sented it as being very poisonous, but it is perfectly harmless, as
are all the preceding species.

5. Poisox Sumach. (E. venenata, DC.) — Found in all the Dis-
tricts in cool swampy situations, where it is somewhat conspicuous
by its smooth green bark and pink-colored leaf-stems. To most
persons it is exceedingly poisonous, some even being affected by
proximity to it, especially while rain or dew is evaporating from it.
Others, however, can handle it with safety. The juice of this is a
good varnish, like that of the Japan Sumach, (R. vernicifera,)
which is a very similar, and was once supposed to be the same
species.

6. Poison Oak. (R. Toxicodendron, Linn.) — A small shrub, 1
or 2 feet high, well known by this name from the coast to the low-
er part of the Upper District. It is less poisonous than No. 5, but
is too mischievous to be meddled with by persons who are sensitive
to this class of poisons. The juice is an indelible Ink upon
linen.

It has been stated very positively in some quarters, that the
dreaded disease, known in our Mountains and at the West by the
name of Milk ^'/'ckness, is caused by the cattle eating of this Poison
Oak. But our Lower and Middle Districts abound in this plant,
where this disease is not now heard of, while in those portions of
the Mountains where cattle are affected with it, and which I have
examined with special reference to ascertaining its origin, this

94 THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

plant is not found, nor any other poisonous plant which is not
common elsewhere. Besides, it is well known that cattle do not
take the disease if kept from those grounds till the dew has evap-
orated. Its cause is vet a mystery, bnt I am satisfied it is telluric.

The Mo\ / - or Winiergreen, (Gaultheria procuml

Linn.) so well known in the Mountains, rarely in the other Districts,
for its aromatic spicy leaves and berries, is an evergreen shrub,
so small that it would not generally be considered such.

The next two genera have a fleshy it too large to come

under the class rries. They are well known by their names.

1. Papaw. (Asimina triloba, Dunal.) — Xot uncommon in rich
bottom lands of the Middle District. 10 to 15 feet high, but in the
primitive s< »il of the "Western States sometimes 30 feet. The tb'V
are dull dark-purple, over an inch wide. The fruit is about 3 inches
long by 14- thick, yellow, and filled with a soft sweet pulp which is
edible, but does not seem to be agreeable to most persons. The
bark of the trunk and root exhales a very heavy unpleasant odor.
The wood is remarkably light and spongy.

-. Dwarf Papaw. (A pan iflora. Dunal.) — A small shrub simi-
lar to No. 1. but smaller every way. found in waste grounds in the
er District, and in thin woods of the Middle and lower part of
the Upper District. It is from 2 to 5 feet high, the leaves 4 to 6
inches long, (about half the size of the preceding.) the gree;
purple flowers | inch long and of unpleasant odor. Fruit in clus-
. about an inch long.

-;t Batoni .. Yucca aloifolia, Linn.) — A native of the
coast from North-Carolina southward, frequently cultivated in the

er District, ami very Bhowy when capped by
of white bell-shaped flowers. It is 4 to S feet high, its -
leaves (12 or 1 v incl tipped with a very sharp thorny point,

and their edges very rough.

2. (Y. gl >riosa, Lii on the sandy coasf, similar-to
the preceding, hut smaller, ami the le; ith on the ed

3. Bear Grass. <Y. filamentosa, Linn.) — Common in sandy
fields nearly throughout the State, well known by the thread-like

THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA. U5

filaments on the edges of the leaves, and admired for the beauty of
its flowers, borne in clusters upon a naked stem -i to 6 feet high.

The two next genera would be most generally ranked among
Stone-fruit, though the shell of the second is very thin, and covered
by a very thin flesh.

Fringe Tree. (Chionanthus Virginica, Linn.) — Sometimes called
Old 2fan?s Beard. We have no shrub of softer and more delicate
beauty than this, when draped in its clusters of snow-white, fringe-
like flowers. It is found northward to southern Pennsylvania. In
this State it grows in all the Districts, but most abundantly in the
Middle. It is sometimes 15 or 20 feet high, but flowers at the
height of 2 or 3 feet. Its fruit has the appearance and odor of a
green plum, but I have never seen it produce fruit in the Lower
District. An infusion of the roots is a favorite remedy in long
standing intermittents and other chronic diseases.

Oil-nut. Buffalo Tree. (Pyrularia oleifera, Gray.) — A bush
3 to 6 feet high, abundant through our mountain range, and reach-
ing north to the Mountains of Pennsylvania. The leaves are 3 or
•i inches long, becoming smooth, rather acrid to the taste, and oily.
The fruit is an inch or more long, pear-shaped or roundish, with a
thin shell and large oily kernel. The root has an unpleasant odor.

The remaining shrubs, including those with Nuts, are dry fruited
and very various. The first Group will include such as have dry
seed-covers, containing small seeds and opening by partitions. The
first three genera have tubular small flowers like those of the
Huckleberry and Sorrell Tree.

1. Fetter-bush. (Andromeda nitida, Bartr.) — Found only in the
Lower District in low Pine barrens. It is 2 to 5 feet high, with
the branches three-angled, smooth throughout; the leaves ever-
green and shining and rather thick, 1 to 2 inches long, not toothed ;
the flowers clustered in the forks of the leaves, white or reddish,
with a sort of honey odor, opening in March and April.

2. Stagger Bush. (A. Mariana, Linn.) — Grows in the Lower
and Middle Districts, on the margin of low grounds. It is 2 or 3
feet high and smooth. The leaves are 1 or 2 inches long, not
toothed, dull green; the flowering branches generally destitute of

96 THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CABOLIiTA.

leaves ; the flowers in clusters along the branches, near $ inch longr
white and showy, opening in April and May.

3. (A. speciosa, Michx.) — A very handsome shrub growing in
low wet grounds of Pine barrens in the Lower District, 2 to S feet
high and smooth. The leaves are 1 to 14; inch long, toothed, dull
green, sometimes covered on the underside with a very white
bloom. The flowering branches are free from leaves, 6 to 12 inches
long and very showy. The flowers are larger than in No. 2, more
bell-shaped, opening in May.

4. PEn-ER Bush. (A. ligustrina. Muhl.) — This occurs in all the
Districts, but only in the lower part of the Upper. It is 3 or 4 feet
high, somewhat hairy. The leaves are about 2 inches long, sharp
pointed, finely toothed, paler underside. The flowers are small,
almost globular, scurfy, in small clusters that are leafy.

5. (A. floribunda, Pursh.) — Rather rare, and belonging to the
Mountains, 4 to 8 feet high, the younger branches reddish and
covered with scattered stiff hairs and glandular dots. The leaves
are 1 to 14 inch long, evergreen and rigid, rounded at base, sharp
at top, minutely scolloped, the youngest with short hairs on the
margin ; flowers in crowded leafy clusters.

1. Dog Laurel. (Leucothoe Catesbrei, Gray.) — Found only in
the Mountains where it is also called Hemlock, growing on the cool
margins of streams. It is 2 to 4 feet high, the leaves evergreen, 3
to 5 inches long and 1 inch broad, with a long tapering point,
prickly-toothed on the edges. Clusters of flowers in the forks of
the leaves. A very pretty shrub.

L\ (L. axillaris , Don.) — On the borders of streams and wet placet
in the Lower District, and very much like Xo. 1. But the leaves
are less prickly-toothed, less tapering, 2 or 3 inches long, broader
than in the preceding, the clusters of flowers longer, and the flowers
longer.

3. (L. racemosa, Gray.) — Grows from the coast to the base of the
Mountains, 4 .to 8 feet high, on the borders of wet places. The
leaves are rather thin, acute, finely toothed, 1 to 1£ inch long. The
flowers (| inch long,) are on terminal straight branchlets, all hang-
ing to one side, and looking like rows of teeth, the rows being 2" or
3 inches long.

THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 97

4. (L. recurva, Gray.) — Discovered by Mr. Buckley in the Moun-
tains near Paint Rock. It is 3 or 4 feet high, the leaf and flower-
branches recurved ; the leaves broader and more hairy than in
No. 3, rounded at base, finely toothed, scarcely tapering, 2 or 3
inches long, deciduous as in No. 3.

(Cassandra calyculata, Don.) — A small shrub, 2 or 3 feet high,
growing in damp grounds of the Lower District, and not unlikely
in the others. The evergreen leaves are about 1 inch lcng, -£ inch
wdd'e, finely toothed, rather stiff, and covered, like the young
branches, with small white scales. The flowers are on terminal
branchlets, quite small, solitary in the forks of small leaves.

1. Laurel. (Rhododendron maximum, Linn.) — This is rare
north of Pennsylvania, but becomes abundant southward in the
Alleghanies, and is common through their whole range in this State,,
where it often forms impenetrable thickets, many acres in extent.
It also grows upon rocky hills in the Middle District as far east as
Orange. Its usual height is 8 or 10 feet, but is sometimes as high
as 20 feet. This is a production of great beauty and universally
admired. The flowers, about an inch broad, grow in compact clus-
ters on the ends of the branches, and are generally of a pale rose
color, but sometimes whitish, dotted w7ith green and yellow on the
inside. These contrast pleasingly with the large thick evergreen
leaves. The leaves and flowers are reputed poisonous. The wood
is very hard and fine grained, but not equal to that of Ivy.

2. Oval-leaved Laurel. (R. Catawbiense, Michx.) — This splen-
did Laurel is chiefly confined to the highest summits of our moun-
tains, but is said to extend somewhat into Virginia. It is often
confounded with the preceding, but besides its different locality,
growing only on the tops of such Mountains as the Roan in Yancey
and Negro Mt. in Ashe, it blossoms earlier than the other, though
at a higher elevation, has larger and more intensely colored flowers,
and shorter and broader leaves. It is 6 or S feet high, and hand-
somer than No. 1. It stands cultivation pretty well in the Middle
District.

3. Dwarf Lalrel. (R. punetatum, Andr.) — A rusty looking
shrub, 1 or 2 feet high, chiefly confined to the mountains of North-
Carolina and Georgia. It has a strong family likeness to the other

OS THE SHBUB8 OF NoKTH-CAROLINA.

specie9, but is too inferior to them in every respect to attract or
deserve much attention. I have met with it only on Table Hock,
Jonas' Ridge and AVhiteside Mountain.

1. Smooth Honeysuckle. (Azalea arborescens, Pursh.) — Found
only along water courses in the lower part of the Upper District,
and is 4 to 10 feet high. It is similar to the next, a common and
well known species; but this has smooth branchlets, leaves of
brighter green above, and long catyx appendages at the base of
the flower. The flowers are white and roseate, and their odor may
be perceived at a great distance ; this being the most powerfully
fragrant of our Honeysuckles. For cultivation this will rank next
in beauty to the Yellow Honeysuckle.

2. Clammy Honeysuckle. (A. viscosa, Linn.) — Very common
through the State, 2 to 6 or 8 feet high, the branchlets bristly, and
the flowers covered with clammy hairs. The flowers are white o?
flesh-colored and very fragrant. In this and No. 1 the flpwera ap-
pear after the leaves have expanded. In the next two species they
appear before or with the leaves.

A variety of this (var. glauca,) occurs with paler and rougher
leaves, their underside covered with a white bloom.

3. Pueple Honeysuckle. (A. nudiflora, Linn.) — Very common
in great varieties of soil through the State, 2 to 6 feet, high, but
usually very small in poor dry soils. The flowers vary from a flesh
color to pink or purple, and are sometimes quite white. They are
destitute of fragrance.

4. Yellow Honeysuckle. (A. calendulaoea, Michx.) — This is
found only at a considerable elevation on our Mountains, where it
is abundani and well known by the name here given. It is com-
monly from .'! to •'» feet high, and varies very much in the color of
its flowers, but most frequently they arc some shade oi' yellow.
Bart ram, in his "Travels," calls this the Fiery Aealea, and says.:
"Thisepithet Fiery! annex to this most celebrated Bpecie
Azalea, as being expressive of the appearance of its flowers, which
are in general of the color of the finest Red Lead, mange and
bright gold, as well as yellow and cream color. These various
splendid colors are not only in separate plants, but frequently all
the varieties and shades are seen in separate branches on the same
plant, and the clusters of blossoms cover the shrubs in such in-

THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

credible profusion on the hill sides, that suddenly opening to view
from dark shades, we are alarmed with the apprehension of the
woods being set on tire. This is certainly the must gay and
liant flowering shrub yet known."

1. Ivy. i Kalmia latifolia, Linn.) — A beautiful shrub known from
New England to Georgia, either by the above name, or as L

ntaln Laurel and Calico Bush. In this State it is known un-
der the first and last names, the first being most in use. It is i
abundant in the Mountains, but is found along streams and on rocky
hills of the Middle District, extending somewhat into the Lowt- r.
even into the Dismal Swamp. This, in combination with the
Laurel^ which often accompanies it and blossoms at the same time,
presents a scene of floral beauty rarely equalled in this country.
Like the Laurel, this is an evergreen, and forms also impenetrable
thickets, but its leaves are shining, much darker and smaller. I'
is 10 to 15 and even 20 feet high.

The leaves are poisonous to cattle, and a snuff made from them
is a powerful sternutatory. An ointment made from the powder-
ed leaves has been successfully used for scald heads. The wood,
particularly of the roots, is exceedingly hard, tine grained, marked
with red lines, and capable of a good polish. \Ye have hardly any
wood better adapted for the handles of tools, small screws, and
similar articles. This and the Laurels can be raised from seeds.

•2. "W'icky. iK. angustifolia, Linn.) — This lias an extensive range
over the United States. In this State it is common on the small
Pine-barren swamps of the Lower Districts, but is rare in the
others. It is 1 to 3 feet high ; the leaves 1 or 2 inches long and ±
inch wide, pale green, paler underneath; the flowers rosea:
crimson, about -\- inch broad, being one-third the size of the
ceding, but of the same elegant form, and growing in clu-
along the branches. This is a beautiful undershrub and is greatly
improved by cultivation. It is a poisonous plant, especially
sheep, and is in some places called > rel. A decoction of

the leaves is a domestic remedy for cutaneous diseases in man and
beast.

3. (K. cuneata. Michx.) — Similar to the Wicky, found in the
Lower District, but very rare. It may be distinguished from that
by the flowers being white at top and red at bottom, and by the

100 THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CABOLINA.

leaves being scattered along the branches, instead of growing in
circles of three, as in No. 2.

Sand Mtbtlb. (Leiophyllum bnxifolium, Ell.) — A small ever-
green Bhrub, 6 to 12 inches high, looking somewhat like the Garden
Boat, with small, dark green leaves, and small white flowers clus-
tered on the ends of the branches. It grows in sandy woods of
Brunswick county, and on the rocky summits of our Mountains,
from the Grandfather to Whiteside.

Falsi-; II hath. (Mcnziesia globularis, Salisb.) — Common on the
higher Mountains, 3 to 6 feet high, with thin, hairy, deciduous
leaves, and small, reddish, bell-shaped flowers, like those of a
Huckleberry, and a small, woody seed-vessel, like those of Andro-
meda, &c.

1. White Alder. Sweet Pepper Bush. (Clethra alnifolia, Lino.)
Grows near damp place? in the Lower and Middle Districts, 2 to 4
feet high. The leaves are a little like those of the common Aid r.
but are smaller and narrower. The flowers are small, white, and
very fragrant, terminating the branches in racemes which are 2 or
3 inches long. A form of this (var. tomentosa,) has leaves with a
white, down (in the underside.

2. Mountain Peppee Btjsh. (0. acuminata, Michx:) — Quite an
ornamental bhrub, 10 to 15 feet high, growing in the Mountains
from Ashe to Cherokee. Its leaves are thin, pointed, tine-toothed,
and 5 or C> inches long. The racemes of white flowers are larger
than in No. 1, and drooping.

(Itea Virginica, Linn.) — At a little distance this has some n
blance to the White Alder, but with a smoother aspect, and the
flowers are not fragrant. It belongs to the borders of wet places
from t lie coast to Lincoln, is 4 to 8 feet high, and lias small white
flowers in drooping racemes, which are 3 to 5 inches long on the
ends of the branches.

1. Wild Hydrangea. (Hydrangea arborescens, Linn.) — A
smooth shrub, ~ to 5 feet high, growing along streams and on
mountain and hill sides of the Upper and Middle Districts. The

THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 101

leaves are 3 to 5 inches long, heart-shaped, pointed, toothed. The
flowers are whitish, in flat-topped clusters, some of those on the
margin being large and showy like those of the cultivated Hy-
drangea.

2. Snowy Hydrangea. (H. radiata, Walt.) — Found only on the
mountains west of the Blue Ridge from Yancey to Georgia. North
of this, it has not, I think, been detected. It is from S to 6 or 8
feet high. The leaves are heart-shaped, 4 to 6 inches long, the
underside clothed with a thick, silvery-white down. Th-e barren
flowers, which give this genus the peculiarity for which it is ad-
mired, are in this species found only around the border of the flat-
topped cluster, but are said to become much more abundant in
cultivation. They are of a pure white, an inch or more broad.
This pretty shrub would be much prized in gardens, if there were
not some more showy species in cultivation.

1. Syringa. (Philadelphia grandiflorus, Willd.) — This very or-
namental shrub, now common in our yards and gardens, prized for
its graceful, slender branches, and snow-white flowers, does not
appear to be abundant in this State. 1 am acquainted with but a
single locality of it, which is in Hickory Xut Gap ; though it is
doubtless to be found along other streams in the upper part of the
State. It is. 6 to 10 feet high, the leaves about 2 inches long,
pointed, with few distant teeth, rather soft and hairy, and tasting
somewhat like Cucumbers. The flowers are an inch or more
broad.

2. Rough Syringa. (P. hirsutus, Xutt.) — Every way smaller
than Xo. 1, the leaves quite rough on the upper side and whitish-
downy beneath. This grows on the French Broad River, a few
miles below Asheville.

1. Mock Orange. (Styrax grandifolia, Ait.) — A very beautiful
shrub, 3 to 12 feet high, with rather large leaves, 3 to 6 inches
long, and of a grayish aspect from the presence of a whitish down
on their underside. The flowers are from 15 to 20 on loose nod-
ding racemes, white, very fragrant, in size and form very similar
to those of the Orange. It grows on light rich soils in the Lower
and Middle Districts, as far west as Lincoln. This is well worthy
of a place in shrubberies, but has received but little attention.

102 THE BHBT7B8 OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

2. (S. Americana, Lam.) — Distinguished from No. 1 by its smooth

i leaves, 1 or 2 inches long> and smaller flowers, only 3 or 4

on a raceme. It is 4 to 8 feet high, not inelegant, but of inferior

beauty to the other, and grows on the borders of swamps in the

Lower District.

1. Bush Bonkysuoklh; (I)iervilla tritida, Msench.) — A small,
rather delicate shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, with pointed toothed leares
which are 3 or 4 inches long, and have short footstalks. The flow-
ers are in clusters of (generally) 3 in the forks of the upper leaves,

nish yellow, and funnel-shaped, like those of the Woodbine.
This is found only in the. Mountains.

2. (D. sessililblia, Buckley.) — Like the preceding, but larger in
Beveral particulars, and the leaves elasp the branches, being desti-
tute of a footstalk. Found in the Mountains.

1. Stbawbeeky Bush. (Euonymus Americanus, Linn.) — A shrub
•J to 5 feet high, found in all the Districts and known by the names
of Jiurnhuj Bush, FiehrWOoA and Buratmg Heart, besides the one
first given. The branches are square, straight but flexible, very
smooth, and about as green as the leaves. The flowers are small,
purplish or greenish, and unattractive. The fruit gives the plant
a peculiar beauty, for which chiefly it is prized in Shrubberies.
This is of a bright crimson color when mature, and covered with
small warts which give it somewhat the aspect of a small Strawberry.
This finally bursts open exposing its bright scarlet seeds.

2. JjuuMxo Bush. (E. atropurpureus, Jacq.) — Every way larger
than the preceding, its flowers dark-purple, and the fruit smooth.
I have not met with it, and am indebted to Prof. .Mitchell for my
knowledge of it as an inhabitant of this State.

(Stillingia ligustrina, Michx.) — A shrub with slender spreading
branches, G to 12 feet high, very rare in this State, and not found,
I think, north of Cape Fear River. The leaves are 1 to 3 inches
long, not toothed, the upper end obtuse, tapering at the lower end,
and with a short footstalk. For my knowledge of this plant I am
under obligations to Dr. McEee. The Tallow Tret (S. sebifera,)
cultivated farther south, and the Queen's Delight, (S. sylvatica.)
an herbaceous plant of the Fine barrens, are members of this genus.

THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 103

1. (Stnartia Virgimca, Cav.)— This and the Loblolly Bay are the
only representatives in this country of the admired Camellia family,
and the still more important Tea Plank. It is one of our most
beautiful shrubs, and yet has nowhere, so far as I know, obtained a
popular name. It is found in rich soils in the eastern half of our
Lower District, extending north into Lower Virginia, and south-
ward to Florida. It is 0 to 15 feet high, blossoming in April and
May. The flowers are white, about the size of the Cherokee Rose,
silkv on the outer side, covered on the inner with a circle of sta-
mens with bright purple filaments and blue anthers.

2. (S. pentagyna, L'Her.) — Like the preceding, without a name.
It is similar to the preceding, only its flowers are cream-colored
and its staminate filaments are white. Found in the Middle and
Upper Districts, from Wake to Cherokee. The seed vessel in these
two is an ovoid woody capsule.

Toothache Tree. (Zanthoxylum Carolinianum, Lam.) — Known
also by the names of PeUitory and PriekH/y Ash. The last name,
though more legitimate in this application, is generally appropriat-
ed in this State to another plant before described. It is a small
branching tree, 12 to 20 feet high, the old bark covered with prick-
les, and peculiar to the southern sea coast. The bark, leaves and
fruit, are aromatic and intensely pungent, producing a rapid secre-
tion of saliva, and are a popular and useful application for tooth-
ache. They would probably be generally serviceable as a counter
irritant.

1. Hardhack. (Spiraea tomentosa, Linn.) — An erect branching-
pretty shrub, 2 or 3 feet high, common in low wet places of the
Lower and Middle Districts, and the lower part of the Upper.
The leaves are 1 to li inch long, oblong, coarse toothed, the under-
side coated with a rusty-white down. The flowers are rose-colored,
small, clustered on the ends of the branches in a compound raceme
3 or 1 inches long.

2. Queen of the Meadow. (S. salicifolia, Linn.) — This is similar
to No. 1, and sometimes called Aleadoio Sweet, but is taller and the
flowers generally white. The leaves are larger, smoother and
thinner. It belongs to damp bushy places in the Middle District,
and in valleys and along streams in the lower part of the Upper,

104: TIIE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

S. pulifolia. Linn.)— This is found upon river
bank- in tlie western part of the State, 6 to 10 feet high, with
slender curved branches, often spreading like a vii, -her

shrubs, and covered with a profusion of flat clusters of small, white,
but not showy flowers. Leaves about 2 inches long arid broad,
divided into 3 segments and coarsely toothed. The reddish fruit

ombranaceous, composed of 3 to 5 sacs united at base. The

ark peels off in thin layers,

: ow Root. (Zanthorhiza apiifolia, L'Her. > — A small shrubby
plant. 1 or i' t high, g rally spreading on the ground, found
on moist rocky hill-sides of the Middle and L'pper Districts. The
leaves are dark green -and divided somewhat like those of Parsley.
The flowers are small, dark purple, in loose slender clusters, ap-
iring before the leaves. The roots are intensely bitter, of a
vellow color, and were be the Indians in making a yellow

•dye.

mothus Americanus, Linn.)— Common in dry
: jm the coast to the mountaius, 1 to 3 feet high, and the
ends of the numerous small branches having loose clusters il Or 2
inches long,) of small white flowers supported on white footstalks.
The leave:- are 1 or 2 inches long, sharply toothed, and have 3 pro-
minent veins. The root is dark red and quite astringent, aud is
frequently used in infusion, tincture, or powder, where astringency
quired. It is said also to furnish a dye of a cinnamon color.
The dried leaves served as a substitute for Tea during the Revolu-
tion, and hence g»t the name of y ■ ./■ ' ■ - -dd to be
quite as good as some of the Black Teas.

1. Indigo B unorpha fruticosa, Linn./ — A very pretty

shrub. 6 to 15 feet high, growing upon streams in all the Districts,
but more frequent in the Lower. The flowers are small, dark-pur-
ple, crowded on spikes which are 3 or 4 inches long and clustered
together. It is said to have been nsed for the manufacture of In-
but, I imagine, with not much profit.

i. Dwarf Indigo Bush. <A. herbacea, ,"Walt.) — Like No. 1 in
its whole habit, but only 2 or 3 feet high, of a grayish aspect, and
with the flowers whitish or pale-blue. It is frequent in the barrens

THE SHRUBS OF NORTn-CAROLINA. 105

of the Lower District. The leaves in these two species are pinnate,
like those of the Locust and Hickory. The fruit is a very small
pod, sprinkled with glands.

He Huckleberry. (Cyrilla racemiflora, Walt.) — This is an ab-
surd name, but I have never heard any other. This smooth shrub
inhabits the borders of swamps and branches in the Lower District,
and is 10 or 15 feet high. The leaves are oblong, shining, 2 or 3
inches long. The small white flowers grow on racemes that are 3
to 5 inches long, and that are clustered on the ends of the previous
year's growth, and make this quite ornamental. The bark at the
base of the trunk pulverizes naturally, and is much used as a styp-
tic and in applications to old ulcers.

(Buckleya distichophylla, Torr.) — A smooth shrub, about 6 feet
high, with slender grayish branches, known only upon the streams
of this State that flow westward, as the Pigeon and French Broad
Rivers. Its thin delicate foliage reminds one by its general aspect
of the English and Catalonian Jasmine of our gardens. The flow-
ers are greenish and inconspicuous. The fruit is about £ inch long,
growing solitary on the end of a branch.

(Darbya umbellulata, Gray.) — Like the preceding, a very rare
plant, as yet known only in two or three localities in Georgia, and
in the bend of the Catawba, near Lincolnton, in this State. It is
1 or 2 feet high, with opposite branches and leaves, the latter ovate,
acute, entire, 1 or 2 inches long, 1 to 1£ wide, rounded at base, and
with short foot-stalks. The flowers are small, greenish, in a cluster
of 3 to 8, which is borne on a foot-stalk in the forks of the leaves.

Witch Hazel. (Hamamelis Virginica, Linn.) — Well known by
this name through the State. It ha6 the peculiarity of flowering
late in the Fall after the leaves have dropped, and maturing its
fruit in the following Spring. Its popular name is derived from
the use made of its branches in discovering hidden Springs of
water, minerals, &c. Other kinds, as of the Peach, are indeed
sometimes used for this purpose, but I venture to affirm that none
in the whole vegetable kingdom are better than those of Witch
Hazel.

8

106 THE SHRlTiS OF NORTH-CAROLLNA.

Dwarf Aeubl (Fothergilla alnifolia, Linn. — Unknown north ot
Virginia. In this State it is found from the coast to Lincoln. In
the Lower District it is 1 or 2 feet high, often but a single un-
branched stem, terminated by a toft of small white flowers before
the leaves appear. It grows here upon the borders of Pine-barren
swamps, and is rarely much branched. In the Middle District it
is found upon rocky hills, is 3 to 5 feet high, forming a branched
straggling shrub. The foliage varies a good deal, so that several
species have been made of it by some authors; but the leaves are
generally not unlike those of Alder. The fruit is a hard capsuler
like that of Witch Basel, and, like that, bursting elastically and
expelling the hard bony seeds to a considerable distance.

Sweet Ferx. iComptonia asplenifolia, Ait.) — A small shrubby
plant, 1 or 2 feet high, with leaves (3 or 4 inches long.) much re-
sembling some of the Ferns, and possessing a grateful aromatic
odor like that of the Wax Myrtle. It is found chiefly on rocky or
gravelly hills of the Upper and Middle Districts, but is occasionally
found in dry and sandy woods in the upper part of the Lower. An
infusion of this plant is a popular remedy for dysentery.

Wax Myrtle. Candle-berry Myrtle. (Myrica cerifera, Linn.)
— A well known shrub with fragrant leaves, common in the Lower
District, and found in fruit from 1 to IS feet in height. The small
berry-like nuts, which often hang two or three years on the branches,
are covered with a fragrant wax which has been used in the man
ufacture of soap and candles. The latter burn long and diffuse an
agreeable odor. A decoction of the berries has been used for Tet-
ters and similar affections. The root is said to be a specific for
tooth-ache.

1. Hazel Xrr. (Corylus Americana, Walt.) — A shrub 4 to 8
feet high, found in our Mountains, and extending north to New
England. The nut is much esteemed, but is smaller and harder
shelled than the European Hazel or F't'.l- / f, i C. Avellana.)

2. Beaked Hazel Nut. (C. rostrata. Ait.) — Of similar size and
range with the preceding; but this has the husk of the fruit pro-
longed into a beak or horn, and it extends into the Middle District
as far down as Orange.

THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 107

The remaining shrubs are so various in their fruit and general
habit, that, to save space, they are here grouped miscellaneously
together, most of them being well known by their popular names.

Button Bush. Box. (Cephalanthus occidentalis, Linn.) — Com-
mon on the borders of streams and swampy grounds in the Lower
and Middle Districts, always easily recognized by its round head
of small white flowers, which is about an inch in diameter. It is
3 or 4 feet high, and very pretty when in blossom. The inner bark
of the roots is an agreeable bitter, and is used for relieving ob-
stinate coughs.

1. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop Tree. (Ptelea trifoliata, Linn.) — A
shrub 4 to S feet high, belonging to the upper part of the Middle
District, with trifoliate leaves like those of Clover, the leaflets 2 or
3 inches long, somewhat hairy when young, pale on the underside.
The flowers are small, greenish-white, in rather flat clusters, heavy-
scented, which are succeeded by a flat, winged fruit, like that of the
Elm, but an inch broad. The fruit is bitter, and used as a substi-
tute for Hops.

2. Downy Hop Tree. (P. mollis, M. A. C.) — Every way smaller
than Xo. 1, and found only in the Lower District. Its leaves are
more rigid, and the underside covered with a permanent, white,
soft, silky down.

Bladder Nut. (Staphylea trifolia, Linn.) — An interesting shrub,
5 to 10 feet high, with greenish, striped branches, trifoliate leaves,
the leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, taper-pointed, finely toothed, and
smooth. The small white flowers are gathered into loose pendulous
clusters, which are succeeded by 3-angled bladder-like pods about
2 inches long. I have met with this only near Hillsborough and
Chapel Hill, but it is probably to be found along streams through
the Middle District.

1. Sweet Shrub. (Calycantlms floridus, Linn.)— This pTan^. now
so extensively cultivated, and admired for the rich Strawberrj
odor of its flowers, is a native of the southern Alleghanies. Th»
species may be known by the soft down on the underside of the
leaves, aDd on the branchlets, &c. The fruit of this- genus is a.

108 THE SHBBBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

sort of thick-skinned, bladdery sac, 14 inches long, containing
large seeds.

-. C. Ij tvigatus, Willd.) — The leaves of this are taper-pointed,
smooth and green on both sides, sometimes a little rough a:
and pale beneath. This is found in the Mountains, and in the
Middle District as low down as ( )range.

( . glancus, Willd.) — This is found from Lincoln westward,
and may be recognized by the white under-snrface of the leaf; a
little rough on the upper.

1. Alder. (Alnus serrulata, Ait.) — Common on small streams
all over the State, and too well known by the above name to need
- -ription.

%. Mountain- Alder. (A. viridis, DC.) — Like the above in
habit and general characters, but the underside of the leaves
covered with a soft gray down. It is known at the South, only
upon the top of Roan Mountain, from whence to northern New
York it is not found. It occurs in Europe.

1. Groundsel. iBaccharis halimifolia, Linn.) — Grows in both
brackish and fresh swampy grounds of the Lower District. It is 6
to 12 feet high, of an ashy hue from the whitish scales that cover
the bark and leaves. The small flower-heads are solitary, or a few
clustered together, borne on a foot-stalk. The long, white, silky
hairs of the seeds emerging from the heads give the plant a pleas-
ing appearance in the Fall.

2. ■ B. glomerulirloia. Per?.) — Like the preceding, but rarer and

y, and has larger clusters of flower-heads, destitute of the
footstalk.

:;. (B. angustifolia, Michx.) — pound in brackish marshes, 4 to 8
feet high. The leaves, which, in the other species, are half as
broad as long, and toothed, are in this linear and entire.

1. Mak-h Elite, tlva frutescens, Linn.) — A coarse unsightly
-hrub of our salt-marshes, 4 to 6 feet high.. The whole plant is
smoothish, and its leaves lance-shaped, toothed, and. about 2 inches
long. The flower-heads are greenish and unsightly in the forks of
the small leaves on the terminal branchlets.

THE SHRUBS OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 109

2. (I. imbricate, "Walt.) — This grows upon the sea-beach, and is
but partly shrubby, 3 or 4 feet high. The leaves are very thick
and fleshy, 1 to 14; inch long, rarely toothed, and wedge-shaped.
The plant has a strong odor like old honey.

Swamp Loosestrife. (Nesrea verticillata, PI. B. K.) — A half
shrubby plant found in branch-swamps of the Lower District, 4 to
6 feet high, with slender, curved, 4 to 6-sided stems. The leaves
are 3 or 4 inches long, narrow like those of a Willow, generally
growing around the stem in a circle of three. The flowers are
clustered in the forks of the leaves, about 4/ inch wide, purple or
roseate, very pretty, reminding one of the blossoms of the Lager-
straemia or Crape Tree.

Arbor Vit^:. (Thuja occidentalis, Linn.) — This has its Southern
limit on the Mountains in the north-western part of the State.
From thence through the Mountains of Virginia it becomes more
common. It is but a shrub or small tree at the South, but farther
North it attains a height of 50 feet, and its timber is used in build-
ing and for cabinet work.

1. Cane. (Arundinaria gigantea, Chapm.) — This belongs to the
Grass family, but, being of woody texture, falls within our arrange-
ment. It is 10 to 15 or 20 feet high, found along the river bottoms
of the Cape Fear. I am not aware of its existence ISTorth of that
limit. According to Dr. Chapman, "it is simple the first year,
branching the second, afterwards at indefinite periods fruiting, and
soon after decaying." The value of the stems for fishing rods is
well known.

2. Reed. (A. tecta, Muhl.) — This is the common smaller form,
2 to 10 feet high, and found in low grounds in each District.

This completes the list of the Shrubs of Xorth-Carolina, so far as
the}* are known to me, with the exception of the following, which
are too small and obscure to merit more than a bare enumeration :

Hypericum. Of this we have five woody species, all with yellow
flowers, one of which (II. prolificum,) is occasionally cultivated
under the name of Bock Rose.

110 THE SHRUB3 OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

Elowf.ring Moss. (Pyxidanthera barbulata, Michx.) — A very
pretty, small, trailing evergreen, with white flowers which appear
in early Spring, and looking somewhat like a Moss in the absence
of blossoms. Belongs to the damp Pine-barrens and Savannas of
the Lower District.

Ascyrum. Much like the preceding, also with yellow flowers.

Husbobia. Only 3 or 4 inches high, also with yellow flowers, of
which no locality is anywhere known but on Table Rock, N. C.

Trahjng Arbutus or Ground Laurel. (Epiga?a repens, Linn.)
Common.

Polygonella. In the sandy Barrens about Wilmington.

It may be interesting to append here a comparative view of the
Flora of North-Carolina with that of the Northern and Southern
States, east of the Mississippi. In Prof. Gray's Manual of Botany,
which includes the States north of Xorth-Carolina and Tennessee,
I find described 130 Trees, 1S3 Shrubs, and 30 vines. In Dr.
Chapman's Flora of the Southern States are described 126 Trees,
(of which there are 112 in Xorth-Carolina,) 224 Shrubs, (176 of
them in North-Carolina,) and 46 Vines, (32 in this State.)

THE VINES

U O HT :S-C3 AHOIiINA

These will be grouped according to the character of their fruit;
the first eight genera having Berries; the next live, Pods ; the
next three; dry Capsules; and the remaining two. naked Feathered

Seeds.

GRAPES.

1. Summer Grape. (Vitis aestivalis, Michx.)— Common, as are
the other species, excepting the Muscadine, in most parts of the
United States. In this State it is found in all the Districts, gene-
rally near streams, but sometimes in dry woods, climbing over trees
from 30 to 50 feet. The leaves are 4 to 6 inches broad, cut into 3
or 5 divisions, the underside clothed with a reddish, cobweb-like
down when young, which mostly falls away in the course of the
season. The bunches of fruit are compound, 6 to 8 inches long,
the berries * to £ inch thick, purplish, blackish or bluish, with a
bloom ; verv varying in flavor, frequently very tiue.

According to H.V. Ravenel, Esq., of Aiken, South-Carolina,
who is a good Botanist, as well as a successful cultivator of Grapes,
the following cultivated varieties are descended from this species:
The Warren, Pauline. ILrhemont, Guignard, Clinton, Ohio, Ma-
rion, Traveling, Long Grape or Old House, Elnnhoroughy Stabrook
and Lenoir. With this last he identifies the Black July, Denreux,
Thurmond, Sumpier and Lincoln Grapes. I find, however, that
there is a difference of opinion in regard to the identity of the
Lenoir and Lincoln varieties; some maintaining a perceptible dif-
ference, the latter being deemed superior to the other. Dr. C. L.
Hunter, of Lincoln, who is paying much attention to Grape cul-
ture, especially of our native varieties, pronounces the Lenoir
"one of the very best table Grapes," and recommends its general

112 THE Vi: > ORTH-CAKOUXA.

cultivation. lie informs me that this, as well as the Warren, came
from Georgia.

I learn from the same gentleman, that the Lincoln Grape was
discovered about the beginning of this century, near the junction
of the Booth Fork and Catawba, bj Dr. Win. McLean, and that
he transplanted the whole vine near his house. From thk
Mr. John Hart, of Mecklenburg, derived his. which is still in
orons existence. From this last, Dr. Butt, of Lincolnton, obtained
his cuttings, and sent some of the fruit to Longworth, who ga ■
the name, now most in use, of the / pe, though it was

previously known as the Hart Grape, and Mel pe.

8. Fox Gkate. (V. Labrusea, Linn.) — I have met with this
only in the Middle District, where it is found in damp thiol
running from 15 to 25 or 30 feet. The leaves are roundish, a
the same size as those of Xo. 1, but not so niuch divided, and
covered underneath with a permanent thick down, which is gen-
erally white or gray, rarely of a faint rusty hue. The berries are
larger than in that, being 4- to f- inch in diameter, in small bunches,
commonly dark purple, but sometimes amber-colored or wliil
and of various quality, mostly with a musky and rather hard pulp.

The cultivated varieties of this are, according to Mr. Bavenel,
the ItabdUkf GaUneba, IflamcP M

T" K . .'. -'• -'.' '7/j^,

Hartford Prolific, Cat . v v

ly Black, '■ ">'.• KdmngUm. The first two in the

are. I believe, the m - ved. and most extensively cultiv;.

both of which are said to have originated in this State.

A foreign origin has been claimed for the Isabella, but th>
ent error, proved in the fact that seedlings of the Isabella
sometimes revert to our Fox Grape in every particular of leaf and
fruit. This has been tested by Mr. Caradeuc. of South-Carolina,
as I learn from Mr. Bavenel. But what is regarded as a scientific
demonstration of its American origin, is the fact that its seedlings
•times have barren stocks, like all our American species, which
is not the case with any European Grapes. Besides, the Isabella,
in its specific character?, comes nearer to our Fox Grape tha:
any otl

Dr. Hunter, who has given much attention to the four

Grapes, has communicated most of the following items in regard to

THE VINES OF NORTH-CAKOLINA. 113

the Isabella. Dr. Laspeyre was probably its first cultivator in the
United States, probably as early as 1805, as he sold it in the Wil-
mington Market in 1810. Jndge Roffin cultivated it in Orange
County in 1811, under the name of Laspeyre Grape. It is a tradi-
tion that Gov. Smith brought it to Smithville in 1809. About the
year 1810 Mrs. Isabella Gibbs touk a rooted cutting from Gov. S's.
garden to Brooklyn, New York, according to a current account.
According to Dr. Laspeyre, she got the vine from him. These
statements may, in a sort, be reconciled, if Gov. S. obtained his
stock from Dr. Laspeyre. In 1819, Gen. Swift bought the Gibbs
place, and it was there the elder Prince first saw and obtained this
Grape, which he named the Isabella in compliment to Mrs. Gibbs.
Dr. Hunter has some of these statements from Gen. Swift. Dr.
Laspeyre was under the impression, that this, which he called the
Black Cape, was one of the vines which he brought from St. Do-
mingo, but it was probably the accidental introduction of an Ame-
rican among his foreign stocks. Dr. Hunter seems to be of opin-
ion, that it came to the Cape Fear region from South Carolina, ac-
cording with the tradition mentioned in Dr. Hawks' History.

The Catawla Grape, as I am informed by Dr. Hunter, originat-
ed in Buncombe County on Cain Creek, an affluent of the French
Broad. His views on "The Origin of the Catawba Grape" were
given last year (1859) in an article for the American Farmer.

3. Muscadine; (V. vulpina, Linn.) — Known also as Bullace,
Ball Grape, and Ballet Grape, and farther south as Fox drape;
in Florida, as Mustang Grape. It extends northward as far as
Maryland and Kentucky, from whence southward it is one of the
most common Vines. In this State it is found, in various soils, from
the coast to Cherokee, but most luxuriant in light soils of the Lower
District, covering the loftiest trees. The bark is pale and smooth,
that of the smaller branches dotted with minute warts. The leaves
are about 3 inches long, thin, smooth and shining, coarse- toothed,
nearly round and heart-shaped. The berries are in small bunches,
larger and thicker skinned than any of our other Grapes, varying
in color from whitish through different shades of red and purple to
ebony black. The quality of the fruit varies as much as its color,
being now of a sharp acid flavor, and again of luscious sweetness.

The Scappemong, now so famous as a Table and Wine Grape, is
a variety of this species. There are still found in the Lower and

114 the vinks of north-Carolina.

Middle District?, especially in the former, wild vines bearing a
whitish or amber berry, like the original Scuppernong, but ot vari-
ous qualities, as is the case with the colored kinds. Some of them
are no better than the commonest J/ ! ; and no one is su-

perior, if equal, to the well known cultivated variety. Some of
the dark Muscadines are very nearly as luscious as the Scuj .
nong, and have been brought under culture, as the Mish Gt
and i I '< / *.v Qrapty which are black, and also the Bull's ;

so named from its superior size.

The Hickman Grape I take to be identical witli the true Scup-
pernong and derived from Tyrrell County, the home of the origi-
nal. For some of this information, as well as for the following hfc
toiy of the Scuppenumg (proper,) I am indebted to Rev. E. M.
Forbes, who has resided in the region and has taken much pains
to obtain an authentic account of this Tine. Tw« men, of the
name of Alexander, while clearing land near Columbia, the county
seat of Tyrrell, which stand? on the east side of Scnppernong River,
discovered this Grape, and were so much pleased with it. that they
preserved the Vine and the tree upon which it grew. "That was
the Vine which I saw.*' Bays Mr. Forbes, "and from which other
Vines were propagated.'' They called it the " White Grape." and
from it made what thev called "Conntrv Wine." At the sn^es-
tion of a relative, who had been in the Mediterranean, and knew
the indefiniteness of such names as these, they subsequently nam-
ed the Grape from the River upon which it was found. "This is
the history given by a grand-daughter of one of the discoverers,
who was alive when I first went to Scuppernonj-."

A tradition is furnished me by Dr. Hunter, that " about the year
1774, the Rev. Charles Pettigrew found it on the low grounds of
Scnppernong River, and planted out several vines." My limited
space will not permit an exhaustive discussion of this matter here,
and I will, therefore, only remark further upon it. that the notion
of its origination on Roanoke Island seems opposed by the name
of the Grape. I have also been told by those who have been on the
Island, that there are no Vines of it there, which were not evidently
transplanted there.

4. FbostGrApe. Wintkk GhtAPE. (V. cordifolia. Michx — <
mon In thickets along streams through the Middle District. The
leaves are 3 to 5 inches broad, thin, smooth, toothed, and some-

THE VINES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. lio

times cut into three segments. Tlie berries are nearly black, small,
£ inch thick, and very sour until dead ripe. The berries are some-
times greenish-white, and Lawson mentions a white [whitish?] va-
riety. I have not heard of this being cultivated.

5. (Y. bipinnata, Torr. & Gr)— This would not generally be
taken for a member of this genus, either from its leaves, which
are compound, like those of the China Tree, or from its fruit,
which is uneatable. The berries are blackish, slightly hairy, and
about the size of a small Pea. It is found in the Lower and Middle
Districts, growing in rich soils, climbing (without tendrils) over
shrubs and small trees.^

Virginian Creeper. (Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx.) — This
prettv Vine, sometimes cultivated, is found along fence-rows and
borders of woods in all parts of the State. It may be known by
its leaflets growing in Jives from the end of a common leafstalk,
as in the Buckeye, which is the case with no other of our Climbers.
The foliage becomes crimson in the Fall. The berries are dark-
blue, about the size of a small Pea, borne on bright crimson foot-
stalks. The rapidity of its growth renders this Creeper useful for
covering old walls, ifcc, like the English Ivy. It is, indeed, some-
times called American Ivij. This is often confounded with the
Poiwn Vine, though having very little likeness to it, and is hence
avoided, though it be quite innocent.

1. Woodbine. (Lonicera sempervirens, Ait.)— This beautiful
vine, now common in cultivation, grows from the coast to the
Mountains. The flowers are tubular, 1 to 2 inches long, scarlet
without and yellow within, in rich soils it has a very luxuriant
growth, climbing high into forest trees.

3 2. Yellow Woodbine. (L. grata, Ait.)— This belongs to the
Mountains, and has a flower 1 to 1$ inch long, reddish on the
tubular part, whitish at top, then changing to yellow, somewhat
fragrant. The young branches are often hairy.

3. Small Woodbine. (L. parviflora, Linn.)— Found in the
Mountains, less climbing than the others, with flowers about f inch
long, somewhat swollen at the base of the tube, and greenish-
yellow, tinged with purple.

I have heard of a yellow species in Gates County, but have
never seen any specimens.

116 THE nm OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

1. Common Bamb beem Brier. (Smilax rotundifolia. Linn.)
W-! y c Minion in all the Dia - _ nerally in thickets where the
soil is rather fertile, 2" to 4" teet long, the stem? and branch

llowish-sreen color, round, and armed with st; _ . the

branchlets slightly angled. The leaves are deciduous, 3 or 4 inches
long, roundish and heart-shaped. The berries, as in most of the

ies, arc bluish-black, borne in bunches upon a comm
in the fork of the leaves, and which is about the same length with
the leaf-stalk.

2. (S. tamnoides, Linn.) — A stout prickly vine with angled
branchlets. occurring in the Lower and Middle restricts. The
leave- are somewhat fidd Tjitted in the middle, the
base sometimes spreading into rounded projections. Tin- general
fruit-stalk is a little flattened, about li inch long, and twice the
length of the leaf-stalk.

3. China Boot. (S. Pseudo-China, Linn.) — Stout and prickly
like 10 to 15 feet long, the branches roundish and not
prickly, and the roots tuberous. The leaves are large. 4 to 7 inches
long, ovate, green both sides, the edges and nerves on the under-
side roughened with minute prickles. The general frnil

flat and 9 or 3 inches long. The berries are blackish and larger
than in the preceding spec -

4. S \:> ai-akii.i.a. (S. glauca, Walt.) — Xot uncommon in all the
Districts in cultivated grounds near streams. The stems an

and ! et long. The leaves are ovate, and covered, especi

on the underside, with a white bloom that rubs off under the
linger. The berries are black. The common fruit-stalk is 2 ->r 3
tim- r than the I The root of this is sometimes

used in the composition of diet drinks. It is not the Sarsaparilla
of the Druggists, but is said to be often mixed with it.

" S iri, Pursh.'i — Stem dark green, angled. 1<> tu 1

long, having prickles only towards the bottom, running over bushes
and - ill trees in branch Bwauips of the Lower District.

Leave- deciduous, ovate, heart-shaped, smooth, dark shining green
above, paler beneath, terminating in a small, almost prickly point,
'4inchee _ ! 3 wide, and having 3 distinct and 2 ob-
scure nerves. The ben - ind very conspic
p. This has a creeping
S. lanceolata, Linn.i — This and Xo. 5 are the o:

THE VINES OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 117

with red berries. But tin's lias evergreen leaves, narrower than in
the preceding and acute at base. The branches, too, are not an-
gled, and the root is tuberous. I have not myself met with it, and
give it on the authority of others.

7. (S. Ian ri folia, Linn.) — This is a showy species, and like Nos.
6 and S, has evergreen leaves. It runs to a great length over bush-
es and up lofty trees, the lower part only being prickly. The
leaves are thick and shining, lance-shaped or oblong. The gener-
al fiu it-stalk is equal to the leaf-stalk, 1-6 to ^ inch long. Berries
black. This seems confined to wet places in the Lower District.

B. S. auriculata, Walt.) — Similar to No. 7, slightly or not at all
prickly, growing over small shrubs on the coast, flowers fragrant.
The leaves are perennial, 1 or 2 inches long, narrowly ovate, 3 to
5 nerved, with conspicuous cross veins, especially beneath, ter-
minated by an abrupt almost prickly point. Common fruitstalk
rather shorter than the leaf-stem. Berries black.

Eattan. Supple Jack. (Berchemia volubilis, DC.) — A verv
tough flexible vine running up trees. The leaves are alternate, 1
or 2 inches long, ovate, dark green, very smooth, not toothed, hav-
ing prominent parallel unbranched straight veins running oblique-
ly from the midrib to the margin. The berry is dark purple, about
^ inch long, with a thin coat and a hard smooth nut. Grows from
Virginia southward through our Lower District.

(Sageretia Michauxii, Brogn.) — Grows upon the sandy soil of the
coast, G to 18 feet long, with thorn-like spreading branches. Leaves
1 inch long, ovate, opposite, smooth and shining, finely toothed.
Flowers very small, in loose clusters. The berry is small and round,
dark purple, and pleasantly acid. I have not met with this, and
have introduced it here on the authority of Michaux.

(Cocculus Carolinus, D. C.)— This runs extensively over shrubs
and small trees on the borders of damp woods and streams, from
the coast to Lincoln. The leaves are 2 to 4 inches long, broadly
ovate and heart-shaped, sometimes 3 lobed, smooth above, with a
soft gray down underneath. The ripe berries are red, about the
size of a small pea, growing in small clusters, containing a hard flat
nut which is curved nearly into a ring.

11* THE VINES OF XORTH-CAROLlSA.

M •- >;-::•. Menispermura Canadense, Linn.) — This is 6 to IS
long, and woody only in the lower part. It is the only one of
onr wo<>dy Climbers that has the leaf-stalk inserted into the plate of
the leaf instead of the lower edge. The berrfes are black and con-
tain a flat nut. as in the preceding species, curved into the form of
ahorse shoe. Rare in the Lower District, not uncommon else-
where.

V :- s Vine. 'Rhus radicans, Linn.) — Now considered by Bo-
tanists as only a variety of J' ' 'l\ but necessarily separated
in the arrangement I have adopted. It is the only trifoliate wo
Climber we have. Like Poison Oak and Poison Smnach, very
poiso: - b >me people. Common through the State.

The next Group of Cldibers, comprising five genera, have their
fruit in dry Pods. All of the species are ornamental.

Trumpet Flower. (Tecoma radicans, Juss. i — This splendid Clim-
ber, ascending the loftiest trees, is found from the coast to the low-
er part of the Mountains, preferring damp rich soils. Its dark
green compound leaves, and scarlet tubular flowers which are 9 to
3 inches long, make it an attractive ornament in yards and gar-
dens. This harmless plant has the reputation, with some, of being

iaonoaa.

Cross Vine. -Bignonia capreolata, Linn.) — Tin's, like the pre-
_. -- metimes called Trumpet JFlower. The flowers are of
similar form, about 2 inches long, but are of a duller red on the
outside and yellow within. The leaves are of a dull green, grow-
ing in pairs from the end of a common foot-stalk, each leaflet
having: its own stalk. This does not climb to so sreat a height a*
the other. A cross section of the stem exhibits a portion of its in-
ner structure in the form of a Maltese cross, which gives the name
to this plant. Not uncommon in the Lower and Middle Districts.

Virgin's Bower. (Wistaria frutescens, DC.) — This luxuriant.

much admired Climber is found, I think, only in damp rich soils of

the Lower District. It stands cultivation remarkably well in the

Idle District. The leaves are pinnate, like those of the Locnst ;

THE VINES OF NORTII-CAROLINA.

119

and the flowers are of the size and structure of the Garden Pea,
purplish-blue, in large pendant compact clusters 4 to 6 iuches long.
We have no other woody Vine answering to these characters. The
stem is exceedingly tough and serves well for withes or ligature?.

Carolina Jessamine. (Gelsemium sempervirens, Ait)— Wo plant
is more common in the Lower District, but it reaches very little
into the Middle. It extends northward into Virginia, but becomes
much more luxuriant as we go south. Its graceful evergreen
leaves, the profusion of its large bright yellow -and deliciously fra-
grant blossoms, render this vine the pride of our forest. The odor
of the flowers in a close room sometimes induces headache. «YIost
of the plant, especially the root, taken internally, is narcotic and
poisonous. A tincture of the root, judiciously administered, is use-
ful in rheumatic affections ; but in the hands of quacks death has
been caused by it.

(Forsteronia difformis, A. DC.)— A smooth twining plant, 6 to 12
feet long, found chiefly in the Lower District, but extending into
the interior as far at least as Wake County. It is sometimes mis-
taken for the Yellow Jessamine, but the flowers are tubular and
smaller, more like those of a Woodbine, about 1-3 inch long, and
greenish-yellow. The fruit is a slender pod, containing seeds that
have a tuft of down.

The next Group of three genera have their seeds in small dry
capsules.

Wax-work. Bittersweet. (Celastrus scandens, Linn.)— This is
to me the rarest plant in the State, as I have seen but a single
stock, near Lincolnton. This is its most Southern known limit. It
ascends trees to the height of 12 or 15 feet. The leaves are about
3 inches long, taper pointed, smooth, toothed. The berry-like
capsule is orange-red, clustered on the ends ot its short branches,
of the size of a large Pea, bursting when mature and disclosing 3
to 0 scarlet seeds. In this state it is quite an ornamental vine.

(Decumaria barbara, Linn.) — A pretty vine ascending trunks by
means of rootlets insinuated into the bark, after the manner of the
Poison Vine. The leaves are 3 or 4 inches long, broadly ovate,

THK VHTK8 OF XORTH-CAKoUXA.

opposite, ratlier thick and Bhining, generally with scattered teeth
towards the upper end. The flowers are small, white and fragrant,
in Bhowj compound clusters en the ends of the branches, opening
in May. This is found in the Lower District only, and is unknown
\ . tb of this State.

Wild "Ginger. Big Sabsapabujjl (Aristolochia 8ipho, L'Hef.)
Found in rich soils all along onr Mountain rivulets, climbing over
boshes, and sometimes ascending trees. The stems are occasionally

2 inches thick. The leaves are roundish heart-shaped, 8 to 12
inches broad, and slightly downy on the underside. The flower is
coarse, brownish-purple, 1\ inch long, somewhat tubular, with the
top cur into three segments, below which it is contracted and
curved like a Dutch pipe, from which, in some parts of the United

il has gotten the name of Dutchman's Pipe. The root is
very aromatic and stimulant, like Ginger, and would serve as a
•ine where these properties are indicated.

The two remaining genera have naked seeds, which are remark-
able for their long feathered tails.

Bower. (Clematis Yirginiana, Linn.) — A partly woody
vine. 10 or 15 feet long, climbing over thickets and fences. It is
found from the coast to the Mountains, generally near streams, but
is less common in the Lower District. The leaves are composed of

3 ovate leaflets which are a little cut. The flowers are in loose
clusters, $ to f inch broad, and clothing the upper part of the vine
with a flowing mantle of white. The flower- are succeeded by
heads of feathered seeds which are still more ornamental than the
blossoms.

(Atragene Americana, Sims.) — This is accredited by others to
the Mountains of North-Carolina, but it has escaped my own ob-
servation. It is a very showy vine, both in fruit and flower, and
like the preceding, is woody only in its lower parts. It climbs over
rocks and bushes l>y means of its leaf-stalks. The leaves are in
pairs on opposite sides of the stem, making 4 in a circle, each long
leaf-stalk bearing 3 leaflets. The flowers are bluish purple, 2 or 3
inches broad, followed by heads of seeds which have long feathered
4ails.

A TABULAR VIEW OF THE SPECIES.

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CHARACTER OF THEIR FRU1 I

N. I>. Plants without a popular name are enclosed in parentheses, and will be
found also in the Index.]

L— TKEES.

Fleshy Fruit.

Stone Fruit.

Pulpy Fruit.

Plums,

Apples,

Cherries.

Persimmon.

Mock Orange,

Devil Wood.

Berkies.

Bed.

Black or Blue.

Holly.

Mulberry,

Service Tree,

Palmetto,

Dogwood,

Buckthorn.

Mountain Ash.

Black Gum.

Magnolias,

Cedar,

Yellow Wood,

Sassafras.

Hackberry,

Red Bay.

Whitish.

China Tree.

Dkt Fkuit.

t.«.

Gene*.

Pods.

TaxseU

Bur.

<_>aks.

Pines,

Locust,

Willows,

Sweet Gum

Hickories.

Firs,

Honey Locust,

Poplars, or

Walnuts,

Spruces,

Catalpa,

Cottonwoods,

XutUte.

Chesnut,

White Cedar.

Coffee Tree?

Birches,

Sycamore.

Chinquapin.

or

Red Bud,

Hornbeam

Planer Tree

Beech,

Juniper,

Iron Wood

Buckeye.

Cypress.

L22

A TABULAE VIEW OF THE SPECIES.

Flat iiii 1 winged.
Maples,

Ash -k-aved Maple,
Ashes,
Elms.

( 'J'fUlfS.

Large. Sin all.

Tulip Tree, or Linn Tree,

I'l/phir, Sorrel Tree.
Loblolly Bay.

Winged Nut*.
Snow Drop Tree.

IL— SHKUBS.

Fleshy Fkiit.

Stone Fruit.

Bed.

Berries.

Plums,

Red Haws,

Black or Blue.

Whiti A.

Fringe Tree,

Barberry,

Black Haws,

Mistletoe,

1 >il Nut.

Bermuda Mulberry,

Gallberries,

Deerberry,

Huckleberry,

Dogwoods,

Dogwoods.

Large Fleshy.

Creep. Eluckleberry

, Privet,

Papaws,

Bearberry,

Carolina Buckthorn

i

Spanish Bayonet,

Cranberry,

Prickly Ash,

IJear Grass,

Elder,

Elder,

Rosea

Coral Berry,

Dwarf Palmetto,

Chokeberry,

Gooseberries,

Yopon,

Currants,

Dahoon Holly,

Huckleberries,

Sumach,

Sparkiebercy,

Poison Oak,

Blackberries,

Flowering Ras'b'ry,

, Dewberry,

Mountain Tea,

Raspberry.

Spice Bush,

Pond Bush,

Leather Wood,

Hex;)

Fkiit.

SuU

• !Ma

Tasat&s and Cones.

Bladdery.

Hazel,

Witch Hazel,

wr.iows,

Bladder Nut,

fiuckeyt.

Button Bush,

Alder,

Sweet Shrub.

Dwarf Alder,

Arbor Vjtse.

Wax Myrtle.

1 ^et Fern.

Flat and winged. ed Seeds.

'lilt.

Maples,

Marsh Elder,

Reed or Cane.

Hop Tree.

'Groundsel.

A TAIiULAB VIEW OF THE SPECIES.

12?-

Laurel,

Ivy,

Wicky,

Honeysuckles,

Dog Laurel,

Fetter Bush,

Pepper Bush.

Stagger Bush,

( Andromeda,)

( Cassandra,)

(Leucothce,)

Sweet Pepper Bush,

'I tea.)

Sand Myrtle.

Dry Capslles.
He Huckleberry,
False Heath,
Syringa,
Hydrangea,
Hardhack,

Queen of the Meadow,
Bush Honeysuckle,
Strawberry Bush,
Burning Bush,
Trailing Arbutus,
(Hudsonia,)
Swamp Loosestrife.

Toothache Tree,
Indigo Bush,
Mock Orange,
(Stuartia,)
(Stillingia.)
(Darby a,)
(Buckleya,)
Red Root,
Yellow Root,
Rock Rose,
(Ascyrum,)
Flowering; Moss.

III.— VINES.

Berries.

Reddish.
Grapes,
Woodbine,
Bamboo,
Poison Vine,
iCocculus.)

Blackish.
Grapes,
China Root,
Bamboo,
Sarsaparilla,
Virginia Creeper,
Rattan,
Moonseed,
(Sageretia,)
(Berchemia.)

Pods.
Trumpet Flower,
Cross Vine,
Jessamine,
Virgin's Bower,
(Forsteronia,)

Capsules.
Bittersweet,
Wild Ginger,
(Decumaria.)

Naked and Feathered Seeds.
Virgin's Bower,
(Atragene.)

ERRATA.

Page 42, line 14 from top, for Hickorys, read Hickory.
" 43 " 18 li bottom, for oliwdbrmis, read oliv^forrnis.

r,S, li 14 M " for dried, read dyed.
•• lit", the 1st and 2d paragraphs should be transposed.
• 111, line 2 from top, for eight, read nine.

GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY

OP

NORTH CAROLINA.

PART III,

BOTANY;

CONTAINING A CATALOGUE OF THE INDIGENOUS AND

NATURALIZED PLANTS OF THE STATE,

BY

REV. M. A. CURTIS, D. D., F. A. A. A. 8., fto, &a

RALEIGH:

PRINTED AT X. C. INSTITUTION* FOR THB DEAF AND DUMB AND THE BOTH

1867.

To TTia Excellency, Jonathan Wobth,

Governor of North Carolina:

Sue:- -Tin; following Catalogue <>l' the Plants of North Carolina
i- alluded to in the letter of Prof. Emmons to Gov. Ellis, printed
in the introductory portion of my Report on the Woody Plants of
the State, which tlii^ was intended to accompany. The printing of
it at that time was, however, prevented by more important matters
of national interest that were then occupying the public mind. It
gives me pleasure dow t<> submit the Report to your consideration,
not only because I desire t<> secure a permanent record of observa-
tions and discoveries made through a period of about twenty-five
years, l.nt on account of the interest it should have among Scien-
tists as determining the localities and range of our vegetation, and
as being much the most extensive local list of Plants ever published
in North America,

The extent of this list is not due to the greater amount of our
vegetation, though there are very tew States that contain a greater
number or richer variety of species, hut to the tact that more atten-
tion has been given in this State than elsewhere to the investigation
of the lower Orders, or Flowerless Plants, and especially of the
Fungi. The accomplished Dr. Schweinitz, while a resident at
Salem, paid great attention to these obscure forms, and was the
pioneer (>f Cryptogamic Botany in America. It will he seen, in
the frequent reference to his name in my list ^i' these Plants, how
much we are indebted to him for a knowledge of these species,
many of which have not been detected by others.

But large as is the following list, comprising over forty eight hun-
dred specie.-, it is not offered as a complete enumeration of all the
plants growing in the State. It is only a record of what have been
thus Gar discovered. Of our Flowering Plants probably very few
have escaped notice; hut of the Flowerless kinds doubtless many
more remain to reward the researches of future observers. We may
confidently assume that the actual number of Plants indigenous to
North Carolina exceeds live thousand species.

Hoping this contribution to a knowledge of the Natural History
of our State will prove acceptable to yourself and the public
generally, I remain

its, very respectfully,

M \ CURTIS

PREFACE.

The scientific names in this Catalogue, to the end of the list of
Ferns, are in accordance with the nomenclature of Dr. Chapman's
Floea of the Southern United States.

Of the Flowering Plants 147 are naturalized species. These arc
indicated in the Catalogue by Italics.

Among the Fungi, the species in Italics, (over 100 in number),
arc eatable Mushrooms.

The division of the State into Botanical Districts, as explained ill
the Introduction to the Woody Plants of North Carolina, is here
indicated by the abbreviations Low, Mid, and Up. Where a spe-
cies is found iu all the Districts, the word Common is used.

The name of a person put in brackets after any of the above ab-
breviations, as (Schw.) for Schweinitz, (Rav.) for Ravenel, Arc, in-
dicates that the plant is inserted on his authority for the locality.

Special acknowledgments are due to W. S. Sullivant, of Ohio,
for his arrangement of my lists of Musci and HepAticae, and for
valuable additions to them. Also, to Prof. Tin kerman, of Amheret
College, for like important service in the list of Lichens. Without
the aid of these skillful Botanists the catalogue of these Orders
would have been far less accurate and complete.

FLOWERING PLANTS.

CLASS I. EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

KAN l Ml LAUHuE.

Atbagene Americana, Sims.- -In the Upper District.
Clematis ochroleuca, Ait. (Dwarf Clematis.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.
-ovata, Pnrsh. Op. Dist.
Viorna, Linn. (Leather Flower.) — Mid. and Up. DiBt.
erispa, Linn. (Blue Jessamine.) — Low. Dist.
Virginiana, L. (Virgin's Bower.)— Mid. and Up. Dist.;
ran- in the Lower.
Anemone nemorosa, L. (Wood Anemone.) Up. Dis1 (SUas Mc-
Dowell, Esq.)
Caroliniana, Walt. (Catolinji Anemone.) I p. DiBt.

(Schweinite.)
Virgin iana, L. (Virginia Anemone.)- Common in all
the Districts.
Hepatica triloba, Chaix. (Liver Leaf.) -Rocky Hills of Mid. Dist.
Thalioteum dioicum, L. (Early Meadow line.) — In the Mountains.
Cornuti, L. (Meadow Rue.) — In all the Districts,
clavatum, D. C. (Slender Meadow Rue.) — Sources of

all the mountain streams,
nudicaule, Schwein. — On the Yadkin River.

{Sch/wevnAtz?)
anemonoides, Michx. (Rue Anemone.) —Lower and
Mid. Dist.
Tbautvetteeia palmata, F. & M. — Along mountain streams.
Ranunculus aquatilis, L. (White Water-Crowfoot.) — Upper Dist.
parviflorttSj L. (Small flowered Crowfoot.) — Low. and

Mid. Dist.
alismsefblius, Geyer. (Spearwort.) Up. Dist.
pusillus, Poir. (Dwarf Crowfoot.) — Low. and Mid.
Dist.

Kl.oW ERINO PLANTS.

Rani nculus aborts as, L (Smooth Crowfoot. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
recurvatns, Poir. (Rough Crowfoot.)— Low. and Mid.

Dist
Bceleratus, L. (Biting Crowfoot.)— Low. Dist
Pennsylvanicus, L (Bristly Crowfoot.) — Mid. Dist.
Purshii, Richn. (Yellow Water Crowfoot.)— Middle

Dist., in shallow water.
repens, L. (Creeping Crowfoot.)- -In all the Districts.
" var. hispidus.- Mid. Dist.
" var. nitidus. — Low. Dist.
palmatus, Ell. — Low. Dist.
bidbopus, L (Buttercups.) — Low. Dist
A.QUILEOIA Canadensis, L (Columbine.) — Hills of Mid.. and Up.

Dist.; rare in the Lower.
Delphinium azureum, Michx. (Bine Larkspur.) — Op. Dist.

tricorne, Mielix. (Dwarf Larkspur.) — Mountains.

{Michaux.) Halifax. (T. II. Hill.)
exaltatum, Ait. (Tall Larkspur.)- — Mountains.

i Michaux.)
Congolida, L. (Garden Larkspur.)— Mid. Dist.
A.OQN1TDM uncinatum, L. (Monk's Eood. Wolf's Bane.) — Mid.
and Up. Dist.
reclinatnm, Gray. (Trailing Monk's Hood.)— On the
mountains of Ashe and Yancey.
Zanthobhtza apiifolia, L'Her. (Yellow Root.) — Hills in the Mid.

and Up. Dist.
Hydrastis Canadensis, L. (Orange Root, Yellow Pnoeoon.) — Moun-
tains.
Aotqba alba, Bigel. (Baneberry.) — Mountains.
ClWCIFUOA racenio.-a. Ell. (Rattle Top.) — Mid. and dp. Dist.

COrdifolia, Pursh. (Heart-leaved Rattle Top.) — Moun-
tains. (Prqf. Gray.)
Americana, Michx. (Mountain Rattle Top.) — Moun-
tains.

KAGNOUAGEUE.

Magnolia grandinora, L. (Magnolia.) — Brunswick Co.

glanca, L. (Sweet Bay.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Umbrella, Lam. (Umbrella Tree.) — In all the Districts.
acuminata, L. (Cucumber Tree.)-- Mountains.

FLOWERING PLANTS. 9

Magnolia cordata, Michx. (Heart -leaved Cucumber Tree.) — Moun-
tains.
Fraseri, Walt. (Long-leaved Cucumber Tree.) — Moun-
tains,
macrophylla, Michx. (Large-leaved L'mbrella Tree.) —
Lincoln Co.
Leriodendkon Tulipifera, L. (Tulip Tree. Poplar.) — In all the Dis-
tricts.

ANONACE.E.

Asdilna triloba, Dunal. (Papaw.) — Mid. Dist.

parviflora, Dunal. (Dwarf Papaw.) — All the Districts.

MENISPERMACE^E.

Mentspermum Canadense, L. (Moonseed.) — Low., Mid. and Up.

Dist.
Cocculus Carolinus, D. C. (Red-berried Moonseed.) — Low. and
Mid. Dist.

berberedace^e.

Berberis Canadensis, Pursh. (Barberry.) — From Lincoln to Macon

County.
Caulopiiylloi thalictroides, Michx. (Pappoose Boot.) — Mountains.
Dipiiylleia cymosa, Michx. (Umbrella Leaf.) — Mountains.
Podophyllum pelt at um, L. (May Apple.) — 'All the Districts.

NELEMBIACILE.

Xelumbium luteum, Willd. (Water Chinquapin. Duck Acorn.) —
Lower District.

CABOMBACEJE.

Cabomba Caroliniana, Gray. — Lower District.

Brasenlv peltata, Pursh. (Water Shield.) — Lower District.

NYMPn.EACE^.

N ympilea odorata, Ait. (Pond Lily. Bonnets.) — Lower Dist.
Nuphak advena, Ait. (Yellow Water Lily.) — Low., Mid. and Up.
Dist.
sagittrclblia, Pursh. — Lower Dist.

SARRACENLVCE.E.

Sarracenia purpurea, L. (Pitcher Plant.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.

rubra, Walt. (Red-flowered Trumpet Leaf.) — Hender-
son Co.
2

10 FLOWERING ri..\:

Sarracexia flava, L. (Trumpets. Watches.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.

variolaris, Michx. (Spotted Trumpet Leaf.) — South-
eastern part of the State.

rAPAVERACE-E.

Ar«-,em''>xe M . L (Mexican Poppy.) — Low. Diet.

Saxguixaria Canadensis, L. (Blood Root Puceoon.) — Common

through the State.
Papaver duhhim, (Com. Poppy.) — Cultivated fields in Low. Dist.

FUMARIA- V

Adlumia eurhoea, Raf. — On the French Broad River.

Dicextra Cucullaria, D. C. (Dutchman's Breeches.) — Mountain*.
eximia, D. C. (Bleeding Ileart.) French Broad River.
(BvdUeg.)
Q0BTDAIJ8 aurea, AVilld. — Low. Dist.
glauca, Pursh. — Mountains.

CTtrciFER^:.
Xa-ti-rtifm tanacetifolium. Hook, & Am. — Low. 1 '

palustre, D. C. (Marsh Cress.)— Low. Di.t.
lacustre, Gray. (Lake Cress.) — Mid. Dist.
officinale, R. Br. (Water Cress). — throughout the
Si *&
Cardames'e rhomboidea, D. C. (Spring Cress.) — Low. Dist.

rotundifolia, D. C. (Bound-leaved Cress.) — Mountains,
spathulata. Michx, — Mountains. (Mtchaux.)
liirsuta, L. (Bitter Cress.)— Low. Dist.
Ludoviciaua. Book.— Mid. Dist.? (Prof. Mitchell)
Dextaria diphylla, Michx. (Pepper Root.) — Mountains,
hviniata. Huh). — Mid. and Up. Diet.
heterophylla, Xutt. — Mountains. (Buckhy.)
multilida, Muhl.— Mid. Dist. ? {Sekwt imita.)
Asian lvrata, L. (Rock Cress.) — Pluenix Mt. {ly''»f. Gray.)
Canadensis, L. (Sickle Pod.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.
laevigata, D. C. — Mid. and Up. Dist.
Barbarea 2>}'(ecox, R. Br. (Bermuda Cress, Scurvy Grass.) Or-
ange Co.
Sisymbrium Thalinna, Gaud. (Mouse-ear Cress.) Lower and MM.
Dist.

FLOWERING PLANTS.

"

Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. (Tansy Mustard.) — Lower and Mid.
Dist.

officinale, Scop. (Hedge Mustard.) — Do.
Deaba Caroliniana, "Walt. — Low. and Mid. Dist.

ramosissima, Desv. — Buncombe Co. {Buckley.)
verna, L. (Whitlow Grass.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Camelina sativa, Crantz. (False Flax.) — N. Hanover, in cultiva-
ted fields. {Dr. McBee.)
Senebieka pinnatifida, D. C. ("Wart Cress, Swine Cress.) — Low. and

Mid. Dist.
Lepidium Virginicum, L. (Wild Peppergrass.) — Do.
Capsella Bursa-pastofis, Mcench. (Shepherd's Purse.) — Common.
Cakile maritima, Scop. (Sea Kale.) — On the Sea beach.

CAPPARIDACILE.

Gynandropsis pentaphylla, D. C. — "Waste grounds near "Wilming-
ton. {Dr. McBee.)

VIULACE£2.

Viola cucullata, Ait. (Blue Violet.) — Common,
palmata, L. (Hand-leaf Violet) — Do.
villosa, "Walt. (Hairy Violet.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
sagittata, Ait. (Arrow-leaf Violet.) — Mid. Dist.
pedata, L. (Bird-foot Violet.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
primulaefolia, L. (Primrose-leaved Violet.) — Do.
lanceolate, L. (Lance-leaved Violet.) — Do.
blanda, Willd. (Sweet "White Violet.)— Mid. Dist
rotundifolia, Michx. (Round-leaf Violet.) — Mountains,
striata, Ait. (Pale Violet,)— Mid. Dist,
Canadensis, L. (Canada Violet.) — Mountains.
hastate, Michx. (Spear-leaved Violet.) — Do.
pubescens, Ait. (Yellow Violet.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.
tricolor, L. var. arvensis, D. C. ("Wild Pansy.) — All the
Districts. Not very common.
Solea concolor, Ging. (Green Violet.) — Mid. and Up. Dist. Rare.

cistace^;.
IIeliaxthemum Carolinianum, Michx. (Rock Rose.) — Low and Mid
Dist.
corymbosum, Michx. — Low. Dist.
Canadense, Michx. (Frost-weed.) — Low. Dist.

12 FLOWERING PLANTS.

Lechea major, Michx. (Pin-weed.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.

minor, Lam. — Do.
IIudson'U. montana, Xutt. — Table Rock, Burke Oft

DROSERACEJS.

Drosera iiliformis, Raf. (Thread-leaved Sundew.) — Low. Diet
longifolia, L. (Long-leaved Sundew.) — Do.
rotundifolia, L. (Round-leaved Sundew.) — All the Dis-
tricts,
brevifolia, Pursh. (Short-leaved Sundew.) — Low. and Mid.
Dist.
Dion\ea museipula, Ellis. (Fly Trap.)— Low. Dist.

PARN'ASSIACEiE.

Parxassia Caroliniana, Michx. (Grass of Parnassus.) — In all the
Districts,
asarifolia, Yent. — Yancey to Haywood.

JIYPERICACE^.

Hypericum prolificum, L. (Rock Rose.) — In all the Districts, espe-
cially in the Upper.
Buckleyi, M. A. C. — Mountains south of French Broad

River.
perforatum, L. (St. John's Wort.) — Mid. Dist.
maculatum, Walt — Low. and Mid. Dist.
corymbosum, Muhl. — All the Districts,
fasciculatum, Lam. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
galioides, Lam. — Low. Dist.
nuditlorum, Michx. — Low. and Mid. Di>t.
graveoleaa, Buckl. — Southern Mountain.-,
pilosum, Walt — Low. and Mid. Dist.
ainzulusum, Michx. — Mid. Dist.
mutilum, L.-— Low. and Mid. Dist
Oanadense, L. — All the Districts.

Sarothra, Michx. (Ground Pine.) — Coast to Cherokee.
Abcyrum Crux-Andrese, L. (St Peter's Wort.) — Common.

stans, Michx. — Common.
Elodea Virginica, Nutt. (Marsh John's Wort.) — Low. Dist.
petiolata, Pursh.— All the Districts.

POETII..V \<KJB.

Portllaca oUracea, L. (Purslane.) — Common in cultivated grounds.

FLOWERING PLANTS. 13

Tallnum teretiiblium, Pursh. — Rocky hills of Mid. arid Up. Dist.
Claytonia Virginica, L. (Spring Beauty.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.

Caroliniana, Miclix. — Mountains.
Sesuvium pentandrum, Ell. (Sea Purslane.) — Saline marshes.
port ulaeast rum, L. — Do.

CAKYOPIIYLLACE^:.

Paronychia dichotoma, Nutt. — Mountains,
argyrocoma, Nutt. — Do.
herniariodes, Nutt. — Low. Dist.
Anycuia dichotoma, Michx. — All the Districts.
Stipulicida setacea, Miclix. — Low. Dist.
Spergularia rubra, Pers. (Sand Spurrey.) — Sea-coast.
Speegela arvensls, L. (Pine Cheat. Corn Spurrey.) — Fields in Up.

Dist.
Mollugo vcrticillata, L. (Indian duckweed.) — Common in culti-
vated grounds.
Sagina Elliottii, Fenzl. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Alsine squarrosa, Fenzl. (Barrens Sandwort.) — Low. Dist.
glabra, Gray. — On rocky mountains.
Michauxii, Fenzl. — Mid. and Up. Dist.
Aeenaeia diffusa, Ell. — Low. Dist.

serpylUfolia, L. (Sandwort.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Stellaria pubera, Michx. (Star Chickweed.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.
media, Smith. (Chickweed.)— Common in cultivated

lands,
uniiiora, Walt. — Low. Dist.
Ckeastium vulgatum, L. (Mouse-ear Chickweed.) — Common.
viscosum, L. — Common,
arvense, L. — Mid. and Up. Dist.
nutans, Baf. — Up. Dist.
Silknlc stellata, Ait. (Star Campion. Thermon Snake-root.)— Up.
Dist.

ovata, Pursh. — Mountains.
Virginica, L. (Indian Pink.) — Common.
Pennsylvania, Michx. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Antirrhina, L. (Catchfly.) — Common.
Saponaria officinalis, L. (Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.) — Waste
Grounds.

14 RbMRKM MAI

-temma Gitkmgo, L. (Cockle.) — In ticld» of Grain.

MALTlCBSi

Malva rcttmdifoUa, L. (Mallow.) — Oommon in waste grounds.
Callikkike triangnlata. Gray. — Lincoln Co. (Dr. Bin
Sua. tpmota, L — Common about settlements.

rfaombimlia, L. — Burke Co. Also near Newborn. {Oroont)

Elliottii, Tor. A Gr.— Low. Dist.
AiiUTiL"-\ J.«MmfMB, Gaert (Velvet Leaf.) — Eat her common.
Modiola multifida, Moench. — Low. Di>t. Bare.
K -teletzkya Virgin iea, Presl. — Low. Dist.
Hibiscts aculeatus, Walt — Do.

Moecheutoe, L. (Swamp Mallow.) — Throughout the State.

militanV, Cav. (Rose Mallow.) — Low. Diat

T1UACEJ3.
Tilia Americana. L. (Linn or Lime Tree.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.

pubeacens, Ait. (Southern Linn.) — Low. Diet.

heterophylla, Vent. (White Linn.) — All the Districts.
OoncBOBUfl s&iqwmw, L. — Batli. Apparently introduced.

CAMELI.IACEAE.

Gobdosia Laaianthus, L. (Loblolly Bay. Black Laurel.) — Low. Dial.
Stlaktia Virginica, Cav. — Lav. Dist.

pentagyna, L'ller. — Mid and Up. Dist.

MELIACE2E.

Mllia Azedarack) L. (China Tree.')-— A common shade tree in the
Low. Di

UMAOLM,

Lixlm Virginianum, L. (Wild Flax.) — Oommon.

•ttii, Planch. — Pine woodfl of Low. and Mid. Di.-t.
<»xai.ii>A' ! flt
Qxaub Btricta, J* (Yellow Wood-SorrelL) — Common.

••>sella, L (White Wood-SorrelL) — Mountains,
viulacca, L (Purple Wood-SorrelL)---: Mid. and. Y\>. Dist.

ETOOPBTLLAn

TkmuLue L — Waste ground near Wilmington. — (Dr.

Mel

QKBAXtt

Geranium maculatum. L. (Craneshill.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.
Carolinian uni, L. — Common.

M.wWKUINU PLANT*. 15

PALSAMLNACEjE.

Impatiens pallida, Nutt. (Touch me not.)— Mountains.

fulva, Nutt. (Jewell Weed.)— Low. and Mid. Dist.

RUTACEyE.

Zaxtiioxylum Carolinianum, Lam. (Prickly Ash, Toothache Tree.)

Low. Dist.
Ptelea trifoliata, L. (Hop Tree. Wafer Ash.) — Low. and Mid.
Dist.
mollis, M. A. Ck-— Low. Dist.

ANACARDlACEiE.

Rhus typhina, L. (Staghorn Sumach.) — Up. Dist.

glabra, L. (Smooth Sumach.) — Mid. and Lip. Dist.
copallina, L. (Common Sumach.) — Common,
pumila, Michx. (Dwarf Sumach.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
venenata, D. C. (Poison Sumach.) — All the Districts.
Toxicodendron, L. (Poison Oak.) — Do.
radicans, L. (Poison Vine.) — Do.

VITACE.E.

Vitis Labrusca, L. (Fox Grape.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.

aestivalis, Michx, (Summer Grape.) — Common.

vulpina, L. (Muscadine.) — Do.

cordifolia, Michx. (Frost Grape.) — Mid. and Low. Dist.

bipinnata, Tor. & Gr. — Do.
AMPELorsis quinquefolia, Michx. (Virginia Creeper.) — Common.

EIIAMNACEjE.

Frangula Carolinian a, Gray. — All the Districts.

Berciiemia volubilis, D. C, (Rattan. Supple Jack.) — Low. Dist.

Sageretia Michauxii, Brongn. — Sea-coast.

Ceanothus Americanus, L. (Red Root. Jersey Tea.) — Common.

celastrace.e.
Celastrus scandens, L. (Wax-work. Bitter-sweet.) — Lincoln Co.
Euonymts Americanus, L. (Strawberry Bush. Bursting Heart.
Fishwood.) — Common,
atropurpureus, Jacq. (Burning Bush.)— {Prof. Mitchell)

BTAPHYLEACE.E.

Staphylea trifolia, L. (Bladder Nut.)— Mid. Dist.

16 I KING 11.A

SAl'INTO.

Lra Pavia, L. (Bed Buckeye .) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
flava, Ait. (Yellow Buckeye.) — Mid. and Up. D

ACERACE.E.

b rubrum, L. (Bed Maple.) — Common.

dasycarpum, Ehrh, (Silver Maple.) — Mountains.

•harinum. W _ 8 _ M — All the Distri

gpicatum, Lam. (Mountain Maple.) — Mountains,
Pennsylvanicum, L. (Striped Maple.) — Mountaina
Ni whdo aoeroidee, Moench. (Ash4eaved Maple.) — All the Dist: •-.
chiefly in the Middle.

POLTGAl A< E-E.

• ai. a cymosa, Walt — Low. D
ramosa, Ell. — Da

lutea, L. (Bachelor's Button.) — Low. and Mid. Dist
sanguinea, L. — Mid. and l~p. Dist
t"a-Tiiri:it a. Nntt — Low. Dist.
Nuttallii, Carey. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
incarnata, L. — Common.

sea, Michx. — Low. Dist
eruciata, L. — Oommon.
brevifoUa, Nntt — Low. T
grandifli -ra. Walt — B. >.
polygama, Walt — I l
Senega, (S S —Mid. I

vertirillata. L. — Lew. and Mid. Dist.
pancifolia, L. — Mountains.

I; r.

I . u.akia Bagittalis, L. —Common,

ovalis, Pursh. — Low. and Mid. J
Purahii, D. ( .— i L Dist
Lupous perennis, L- (Lupine — Low. and Mid. Di
villosus, Willd. — Low. Dist
diffusua, Nutt— '
Tkifoltem p I I mmon.

repens, L. (White Clover.) — Do.

■ ilinianum, Mk-1: . Una Clover.'* — Low. D

reflexum. L. (Buffalo Clover.) — Low. and Mid. Dist

FLOWERING PLANTS. 17

Trifolium arvtnxe, L. (Babbit-foot Clover.) — Common in old fields.
procumbent, L. (Yellow Clover.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Medicago hqndina, L. (Hop Medick.) — Common in grass plats.
Mkjlotus officinalis, Willd. (Yellow Melilot.)—- Occasionally nat-
uralized abont settlements.
alba, Lam. (White Melilot.)— Do.
IIosackia Purshiana, Benth. — Mecklenburg Co.
Psoralea melieotoides, Michx.— Low. and Mid. Dist.
eanescens, Michx. (Buck Root.) — Low. Dist.
Lupinellus, Michx. — Do.
Petalostemon corymbosum, Michx. — Do.
Amor:pha fruticosa, L. (Indigo Bush.) — Common.

herbacea, Walt — Low. Dist.
Roelxia Pseudacacia, L. (Locust.) — Mountains and upper part ot
Mid. Dist.
viscosa, Vent. (Clammy Locust.) — Mountains south of the

French Broad,
hispida, L. (Rose Locust.) — Hills of Mid. and Up. Dist.
" var. nana, Ell. — Pine Barrens of Low. Dist.
Wistaria frutescens, D. C. (Virgin's Bower.) — Low. Dist.
TErnROSiA Virginiana, Pers. (Rabbit Pea.)— Common,
spicata, Tor. & Gr. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
hispidula, Pursh. — Common.
ambigua. M. A. C. — Low. Dist.
Ixdigofera Caroliniana, "Walt. (Carolina Indigo.) — Low. Dist.
Astragalus Canadensis, L. — Lincoln to Cherokee,
glaber, Michx. — Low. Dist.
obcordatus, Ell. — Low. Dist. (Mr. Croom.)
Vicia aativa, L. (Vetch.) — Low. Dist.

/lirsvta, Koch. — Low. aud Mid. Dist.
Caroliniana, Walt. — Mountains.
h-t rasper ma, LoiseL — Low. Dist.
Latuyrus venosus, Muhl. — French Broad River. (Buckley.)

myrtifolius, Muhl. — Low. Dist.
Aebghynomene hispida, Willd. — Low. Dist.
Zokxia tetraphylla, Michx. — Do.

Stylosaxtiies elatior, Swartz. (Pencil Flower.) — Common.
Lespedeza repens, Tor. & Gr. — Common,
violacea, Pel's. — Do.
3

18 FLOWERING PLANTS.

Lbspbdbsa violacea, var. sessiliflora. — Do.

Stuvei, Nutt. — Low. Di

hirta, Ell. — Common.

capitata, Michx. — Do.
Desmodiuh acuminatum, D. C. (Beggar Ticks.) — TTp. Dist.

nudifiorum, D. C. — Common.

canescens, D. C. — Mid. and Up. Dist.

cnspidatum, Tor. & Gr. — Low. Dist.

viridiflomm, Beck.— Common.

rotnndifolinm, D. C. — Do.

ochroleucum, M. A. C. — Low. Di>t.

Canadense, D. ('.—Mid. and l>. Dist.

Dillenii, Darl. — Low. Dist.

glabellum, D. C. — Low. and Mid. Dist.

laevigatum, D. C. — Do.

panicnlatnm, D. C. — Com men.

tenuifolium, Tor. & Gr. — Low. and Mid. Dist.

Btrictum, D. C. — Low. Dist.

Marilandicum, Boott. — Common.

eiliare, D. C. — Common.

rigidnm, D. C. — Do;

lineatum, D. C. — Low. Dist.
Bhtnchobia tomentosa, Tor. & Gr. — Low. and Mid. Dist.

" var. monophylla, T. & G. — Low. Dist.

" var. erecta, T. & G. — Low. and Mid. Dist

" var. volnbilisj T. & Gr. — Low. Dist.

Apsoa tuberosa, Moench. (Ground Nut.) — Common.
Phaskoi.us perennis, Walt. (Wild Bean.) — Do.

diversifolius, Pers.- Low. Dist.

helvoluSj L. — Sea-coast to thu Mountains.
Ekytiikina herbacea, L. — Low. Dist.
Ci.riouiA Mariana, L. — Coasl t<» Cherokee.
Centboseua Virginiana, Benth. — Do.
Ampiiioakimva monoica, Xutt. (Pea Vine.)— Common, especially in

the mountains.
Galactu pilosa, KM. (Milk Pea.) Low. and Mid. Dist.
mollis, Michx. — 1 >o.
glabella, Michx. — Do.

iliflora, Tor. & (Jr. — Cumberland Co.
Baptibu Uuaceolata, £31. — Low. Dist.

EI.0WERTX0 PLANT*. 19

Baptisa villosa, Ell. — Do.

tinctoria, R. Br. (Wild Indigo.) — Comnfon.

alba, R. Br. — Common.
Theemopsib Caroliniana, M. A. C — Haywood to Cherokee.
fraxinifolia, M. A. 0. — Table Mountain.
mollis, M. A. C. — Wake to Lincoln and Gaston Coun-
ties.
Cekcis Canadensis, L. (Red Bud.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Cassia occidentalis, L. — Low. Dist.

obtusifolia, L. — All the Districts.
Marilandica, L. (Wild Senna. )*— Common.
ChamsBcrista, L. — Coast to Cherokee,
nictitans, L. — Do.
Gleditschia triacanthos, L. (Honey Locust.) — All the Districts.
Gymnoglaiws Canadensis, Lam. (Coffee Tree.) — Mid. Dist, par-
tially naturalized.
Sciiraxkia angustata, Tor. & Gt. (Sensitive Plant.) — Low. and
Mid. Dist.
angustata, var. brachycarpa, Chapm. — Do.
rosacea.
Frunus Americana, Marsh. (Red Plum.)— Coast to Cherokee.

Chicasa, Michx. (Chickasaw Plum.) — Common about set-
tlements.
sjthwsa, L. ? (Sloe.) — Lincoln Co. {Dr. Hunter.)
Pennsylvania, L. (Wild Red Cherry.) — High mountains,
serotina, Ehrh. (Wild Cherry.) — Common.
Caroliniana, Ait. (Mock Orange.) — Sea-coast of Brunswick
County.
Serosa opulifolia, L. (Nine Bark.) — Western part of the State,
tomentosa, L. (Hardback.) — Coast to the mountains.
salicifolia, L. (Queen of the Meadow.)— Mid. and Up. Dist.
lobata, Murr. (Queen of the Prairie.) — Mountains south ol

the French Broad.
Aruncus, L. (Goat's Beard.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.
Gii.t.exia trifoliata, Moench. (Indian PhyBic.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.

stipulacea, Nutt. (American Ipecac.) — Do., but rare.
A'.ktmon'ia Eupatoria, L. (Feverfew.) — Common.

parvitlora, Ait. — Do.
Saxguisorba Canadensis, L. (Wild Burnet.) — Mountain valleys.

tO FI.»«WEEDfO PLANTS.

Alchexti-la arvewfis, L. (Parsley Piert.j — Sta : I > .: rj, Bath,

.^hington and Plymouth.
Geoc album, Gmel. — All the I»

geniculatum, Michx. — Side* of the higher mountu
radiatum, Michx. — Tops of the higher mountains.

I fragarioides. Tratt. (Barren 3ti w\ 007.) — Mid. and
Up. Dkt

egica. L. — Rare, in all the Distr!
Canadensis, L. (Five Finger.) — Very common,
tridentata. Ait. (Mountain F _ — B eky sum-

mits of mounta'
• a?.: a Virginiana, Ehrh. (Strawberry.) — All the Distr: --.

L, - ■ rawberry.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.

RrBus odoratus. L. [Flower — .'

occidentalis. L. (Purple Raspberry.) — Mid. D
rill - . (High Blackbc : — C >mmon .

euneifolius. Pursh, (Low Blackber: — I :nmon in old
fields and on road sides.
.Ais, Michx. (Dewberry.) — Common,
hispidu?. L. '"■'"amp Blackberry.) — Swamps in the moun-
tains.
Rosa Carolina. L. (Swamp R — ( in wet

grounds,
lncida, Ehrh. (Wild, or Dwarf Rose.) — Common in dry

woods.
rul L. S — -ments.

Iwcigcrt'i. Michx. (Cher —

Ckaraovi -pathulata. Mich-: ".'. r... — Low. and

Mi I D
flav Summer Haw.) —

glandulosa. M :.. — I

parvifulia, Ait. (Dwarf Thorn.) —
tomentosa, Linn. (Black Thorn.) — Mid. and Up. I

var. punctata. Grav. — Mountai: .

coccinea. L. (Scarlet Haw.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.
cordata. Ait. (A ..Dist.

apiifolia, Mich" *ved Haw.) — Low. and Mid.

D:-\
Crus-galli, L. (Cockspur Thorn.) — Common.
Ptets coronaria. L. pie.) — Tallies of the mountr.

FLOWERING PLANTS. 21

Pyrts angustifolia, Ait. (Narrow-leaved Crab.) — Low. and Mid.

but.

arlmtitblia, L. (Chokeberry,) — Low, ;md Mid. Dist.

" var: melanoearpa. — Mountains.

Americana, D. C. (Mountain Sumach. Wine Tree. Moun-
tain Ash.) — Mountains.
Amelaxciiiek Canadensis. L. (Service Tree.) — Common.

CALYCAXT1IACE.E.

Caltcanthub floridus, L. (Sweet Shrub.) — Mountains.

lceviijatus, Willd. — Mid. and Up. Dist.
glaucus, AVilld. — From Lincoln westward.

MELASTi'MAOE.E.

Eiiexev Mariana. L. — Common.

" var: laneeolata. — Low. Dist.
Virginica, L. — Mid. and Up. Dist.
glabella, Michx. (Deer Grass.) — Low. Dist.
ciliosa, Michx. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
lutea, Walt. — Low. Dist.

LYTIIKAOE.E.

Lythkum alatum, Pursh. (Loosestrife.) — Low. Dist.

lineare, L. — Low. Dist.
Htpobbtchxa Xuttallii, Tor. & Gr. — Near Lincolnton.

Aiemaxia humilis, Michx. — Mid. Dist.

var: ramosior. — Low. Di>t.
Xes-ea verticillata, IT. P. & K. (Swamp Loosestrife.) — Low. Dist.
Cupiiea viscosissima, Jacq. — Mid. Dist.

ONAGEACEJS.

Galea biennis, L. — Mid. Dist., and Buncombe to Cherokee.

angustifolia, Michx. — Low. Dist.
Oenothera biennis, L. (Evening Primrose.-) — Common, mostly in
plantations,
sinuata, L. — Low. ami Mid. DUt.

" var : humifusa. — Sea-beach.
glauca, Michx. — Mid. and Up. Dist.
riparia, Nutt. — Low. Di^t.
fruticosa, L. (Sundrops.) — Common.

" var: ambigua. Mountains,
linearis, Michx. — Mid. and Up. Dist.

I LOWERING i-l.A S

< ueka pnniila, L.— Up. I »i-t.

Epilobium angiistifolium, L. (Willow Eerb.)— Mountains.

coloratum, Muhl. — All the DiBtri

palustre, L. — Mountains.
Jusslxa decurrens, D. 0.- — Common.
Ludwioia alternifoliaj L. (Seed Box.) — Oommon.

rirgata, Michx. — Low. 1 > ir-t.

hirtella, Raf.— Do.

lineari-. Walt. — Do.

linifolia, Poir. — Do.

pilosa, Walt.— Low. and Mid. Diet
liserocarpa, Ell. — Low. Dist. Rare.

capitata, Michx. — D«>.

alata. E1L— Do.

microcarpa, Michx. — Do.

palnstris, Kll. (Water Purslane.) — Common.

nutans, Ell. — Low. Dist.
arcnata, Walt. — Do.
C:i:. .ka Lntetiana, L. (Enchanter's Nightshade.) — Mid. and Up.
Dist.
alpina L. — Lincoln to Cherokee.
bbpinaca palnstris, L. (Mermaid Weed.) — Low. Dist.
pectinacea, Lam. — Low. Dist.
MysiopnYLLUM verticillatum, L. (Water Milfoil.) — Low. Di>t.
heterophyllnm, Michx. — Low. Dist.
Bcabratum, Michx. — Mid. Dist.

< A< TACEJB.

Oitntia vulgaris, Mill. (Prickly Pear.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.

OB fi.

Rises Oynosbati, L. (Prickly Gooseberry.) — Mountains,
rotundifolium, Michx. (Smooth Gooseberry.) — Du.
gracile, Michx. (Slender Gooseberry.) — Do.
prostratum, L'Her. (Fetid Currant.)— Do.
resinosum, Pursh, (Bristly Currant.)— Do.

n RNERAi : B.

Pikiqceta t'nlva, Chapm. — Near Newborn. (Groom.)

I'ASSIFI.oka. 1 .1:.

Passifloba incarnata, L (May Pop.) Common.

BRING PLANTS.

PAssm/m lutea, L.— All the Districts.

cTCURUITACE.E.

Lagrnaria w . Bering. (Gourd.)— Abont settlement?.

othria pendula, L. — Low. Di
Sictob angulatns, L. (One-seeded Chicnml — B Ca-

tawba, Lin

LACEjB.

Skdcm telephioides, Michx. (Wild Orpine.)— Rocky summits
monntains.
ternatnm, Michx. (Three-leaved Stone Crop.) — Mid. and

Up. Dist.
pulchellum, Michx. (Mountain Moss.)— Monntains.
DiAhobpha pusilla, Xutt.— Dunn s mountain. Rowan; and Franklin

county. {Rev. J. B.
Pknthorum sedoides, L. pitch Stone Crop.)-- Common.

-AMI iRAGAX EX.

Saxifraoa mcantheinifolia, Michx. — Mountains.

erosa, Pnrsh. (Lettnce Saxifrage.}— Mountain streams.
^miensis, Pnrsh. (Early Saxifrage.)— All the Dis-
tricts.
Careyana, Gray. (Carey's Saxifrage.)— Mount
I iroliniana, Gray. (Carolina Saxifrage.)— po.
Hettchera Americana. L. (Alum B >t —Low. and Mid. 1
villosa. Michx.— Mountains.
Curtisii, Gray. — Buncombe Co.
pnbescens, Pursh.— Mountains,
hispida, Pursh. — Do.
Boykinia aconitifolia, Nutt.— Mount

A-::.i:;: decand», Don. (F ' ard. — Mountainsi -.

kRELLA cordifolia, L. I False Mitre Wort)— Mid. and Up. Dist
Miiki.i.a diphylla. L. (Mitre Wort)— Mountains.
QUKTSoe \ icricanum, Schwein. Golden Saxii

Haywood counl
Itea Virginica, L. — Coast to Lincoln.

Hydrangea arl - Wild Hydrang -Mid and Up.

rict.
radiata, Walt (Snowy Hydnu . . - M taiir.
Decttmaeia barbara, L. — Lo

l2-i FLOWERING I1.AM-.

Philadelphia grandiilorus, Wilkl. (Syringa.) — Hickory Gap.

hirsutns, Nutt. (Rough Syringa.) — French Broad
River.

UAMAMELACEJL

Hamamelk Virginica, L. (Witch HazeL)— Common.
Pothebgilla alnifolia, L. (Dwarf Alder.) — Coast to Lincoln.

LiQnn.vMBAK Styraciflua, L. (Sweet Gum.) — All the Districts.

IMUKLLIFKK.i:.

Hydeoootyle Americana, L (Penny Wort.) — Up. Di-t.
umbellata, L. (Water Grass.) — Common,
ranunculoides, L. — Low. Dist.
interrupt a, Muhl. — Do.
repanda, Pers. — Do.
CsAKTZlA lineata, Nutt. — Low. Dist.
Sanicula Marilaiulica, L. (Saniele.) — Common.

Canadensis, L. — Do.
Ebykgium yucceefolium, Michx. (Button Snake-root.) — Common.
Virginiannm, Lam. — Low. Dist.
prsealtnm, Gray. — Do.
\ irgatnm, Lam. — Common.
Daucus pusillus, Michx. (Dwarf Carrot.) — Low. Dist.

Carota, L. (Carrot.) — Occasionally naturalized.
Cicl'ta maculata, L. (Water Hemlock. Wild Parsnip.) — Common.
Pabtehaca 8ativa, L. (Parsnip.) — About settlements.
CeyptotAnia Canadensis, D. C. (Honewort) — Mid. Dist.
LeptocAULIB divaricatns, D. C. — Low. Dist.
Discopleuba capillacea, I). C. (Bishop Weed.)— Low. and Mid.

District
Sum iineare, Michx. (Water Parsnip.)— Mid. Dist.
Bufleubum rotundifoHum, L. (Thorough-Wax.) — Mid. Dist. Bpar

mgly naturalized.
Zi/.iA inteuerrima, D. C. — Lincoln and westward
Tiiasi'iim barbinode, Nutt. — Common.

pinnatifidum, Gray. — French Broad and Sugar Town

Rivers. (Buckley.)
aureum, Nutt. (Meadow Parsnip.) — Common.
trifoliatum, Gray. — Mid. and [Jp, Dist
LiOCSTICUM act;eilolium, Michx. (Angelica) — Mid. and Up. Dist,
Angelica Curtisii, Buckl. — Sides of mountain-.

FLOWBRIKG IM.AM-. l'0

AjtCHANOEJLiCA hirsuta, Tor. & Gr. — Mid. and Up. Di>t.
Coniobelinitii Canadense, Tor. and Gr. (Hemlock Parsley.) —
Grandfather Mt | Prof. Gray. |

TrKi'KMAx.MA teretifolia. D.C. (Water Drop-wort.)— Low. Dist.
Archemora rigida, D.C. (Cowbane. Pig Potatoe.) — Common.

ternata. Xutt. — Lo w.Dist.
Hkkaci.kim tanatam, Michx. (Cow Parsnip.) — Mountain valleys.
CttSBOPHYLLUM procumbens, Lam. (Chervil.) — Mid. Dist.
Osmobhiza brevistylis, D.C <Sweet Cicely.) — Mid. and Cp. Dist

ABALIACF.fi.

Ahaj.ia racemosa. L. (Spikenard.) — Mountains.

hispida, Michx. (Rough SarsaparOla.) — Do.

nndicanlis, L. (Wild Sarsaparilla.) — Do.

spinosa, (Prickly Ash. Hercnles Clnb.) — Coast to Cherokee-
Panax qninqneiblinm, L. (Ginseng. Sang.) — Mountains.

tri folium, L. (Dwarf Ginseng,) — Newbern. {Mr. ('room.)

OOBXACEJS.

Cornus alternifolia, LTIer. — Mountain-.

Btricta, Lam. — Low. Dist.

panicnlata, L'Her. — Moun tains.

serieea, L. (Swamp Dogwood.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.

florida, L. (Dogwood.) — Common.
Ntssa multiflora, Wang. (Sour Gum.) — Low. and Mid, Dist.
aquatica, L. (Black Gum.) — Do.

uniflora, Walt. (Cotton Gum.} — Low. Dist.

CAPRIFOLIAt K.E.

Symphobicabfus vulgaris, Michx. (Coral Berry.) — Mid. Dist
DiERvii.LA tritida, Moench. (Bush Honeysuckle.)— Mountains.

36 iliiblia. Buckl. — Mountains.
Lom. ki;a sempervirens, Ait. (Woodbine.) — Common.

grata. Ait. (Yellow Woodbine.) — Mountains.
parviflora, Lam. (Small Woodbine.) — Do.
Tkiosteum perfoliatnm, L. (Genson. Horse Gentian.] — Mid. and
Up. Dist
angustifolium. L. — Lincoln and westward.
Bambucu8 Canadensis, L. (Elder.) — Common.

pnbens, Michx. (Bed-berried Elder.) High mountains.
Yn;i ii.mm prnnifolinm, L. (Black Haw.) — Common.
4

•_'•"> M.<>\\ Ki;iM. PLAN I-.

Viburnum Lentago, L (Sheep Berry.) — Mountain*,
obovatuin, Walt. — Low. Di>t. Rare.
acerifolium, L (Maple-leaved A.rrow-wood.)- Mid. and

[Jp. Diet,
nudum, I.. (Possum Haw. Shawnee Haw.; — Common,
dentatnm, L (Arrow-wood.) — Low. and Mid. Diet
pubescens, Pursh. (Downy Arrow-wood.) — Mountains,
lantanoides, Michx. (Hobble Bush. Tangle Legs.) — D<».

j:i BIACEJ2.

Galium hispidulum, Michx. — Low. Dist.

trilidiini, L. (Small Bedstraw.) Common,
triflorum, Michx. (Sweet Bedstraw.)— Mid. and Up. Dist.
pilosnm, Ait.- ( lommon.

circaezans. Michx. (Wild Liquorice.) Low. and Mid. J)i~t.
latifolium, Michx. - -Mountains.
Diqdia Virginiana, L. (Button-weed.) — Low. and Mid. Dist

teres, Walt. —Common.
Cephalanthus occidentalis, L. (Button Bush. Box.) — Common.
MnviiKi.r.A repens, L. (Wild Running Box.) — Common.
Oldenlandia coerulea, Gray. (Bluets.) — Common,
serpyllifolia, Gray.— Mountains,
purpurea, Gray.—- Common.

var : Longifolia, Gr. — Do.
var : tenuifolia, Gr. — Mountains.
glomerata, Michx Low-. Dist.
Spigelia Marilandica, L. (Pink Root.) — Low. and Mid Di>t. Rare.

MlTBBOLA petiolata, Tor. & <ir. (Mitre Wort.) — Low. I )ist.

sessilifblia, Tor. & Gr. — Low. Dist.
Polypbemttm procumbens, L. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Gelsemtum sempervirens, Ait. (Yellow Jessamine.)— Low. and
Mid. Dist.

\ ALEBIANAl I B.

Ki.hiA radiata, Michx. (Lamb Lettuce.) Low. and Mid. Dist.

i oMPOsrrjE.

Vi;n.\nMA oli^o|»li\ll;i. Michx.- -Mid. Di>t.

Novseboracensis, Willd. (Iron-weed.) Common,
fasciculate, Michx.— Mid. DistJ (Prof. MitcheU.)
angustifolia, Michx. -Low. I>i-t.

FLOWERING PLANTS. 27

Elephantophus Carolinianus, Willd. (Elephant's foot.) — Low. and

Mid. Dist.
tomentosuB, L. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Sclerolepis verticillata, ("ass. — Low. l~>ist.
Carphephorus tomentosns, Tor. & Gr. — Low. Dist.
corymboBUs, T. & G. — Low. Dist.
bellidifolius, T. & G.— Do.
Liatris squarrosa, Willd. (Blazing Star.1) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
tenuifolia, Nutt. — Low. Dist.
pauciflora, Pursh. — Do.
graminifolia, "Willd. — Common.
Bpicata, "Willd. (Button Snake Root.) — Common.
pilosa, Willd. — Henderson Co.
Bcariosa, Willd. — Mid. and Up. Dist.
heterophvlla, Br. — Anson Co.
odoratissima, Willd. (Vanilla Plant.) — Low. Dist.
paniculata, Willd. — Low. Dist.
Kin ma eupatorioides, L. — Common.
Eupatorium purpureum, L. (Trumpet Weed.) — Common.
hyssopifolium, L. —Common.
leucolepis, Tor. & Gr. — Low. Dist.
euneifolium, Willd. — S. E. part of the State.
parviflorum, Ell.— Low. Dist. ? (Prof. Mitchell.)
rotundifolium, L. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
tencrifolinm, Willd. — Common.
album, L. — Common.
altissinimn, L. — Lincoln and westward,
sessilifolinm. L. (Upland Boneset.) — Mid. and Up.

Dist.
pinnatitidum, Ell. — Low. Dist.

perfoliatum, L. (Wild Sage. Boneset. Thorough-
wort.) — Common,
aerotinum, Michx. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
ageratoides, L. (Kich Weed.) — Mountain side-.
aromaticnm, L. (Wild Ilorehound.) — Common.
incarnatum, Walt. — Low. Dist.
foeniculaoenm, Willd. (Dog FenneL) — Low. and Mid.

Dist.
eoronopifolitun, Willd. (Dog Funnel.) — Do.
Mikx.via scandens. Will. I. (Climbing Hemp-weed.) — Common.

■><*

rr.<»\% M:rv. i"

CONOCUMIOI OGBleBtiniim, 1 >. ( '. (Mist Flower.) — Low. I

Skrioocakpts eonyzoides, Nees. (White-topp and

Mid Dist

solidagineus, Nees.— I.. >w. and Mid. Dist
tortifblins, Xees. (Rattlee - Ml -• — Low. D
Asm oorymbosus, Ait (Starwort Aster.) — Up. ]'-•

macrophyllns, L. — Lincoln and westward.

Bpectabilis, Ait. — Low. Dist.
,<;ilis. Nutt— Mid. Dist

sureulosus, Michx — Low. and Up. Dist

palndosns, Ait— Low. D

sericeus. Vent. — Up. Dist.

concolor. L. — All the Districts

squarrosus, "Walt. — Low. Dir-t.

patens, Ait — Common.

la? vis, L— Mid. and Up. Dis

gracilentus. Tor. 6z Gr. — Lincoln.

concinnus. "NVilld. — Mid. Di^t. I (Sc/tvxxnitz.)

nndnlatnfl, L. — Common.

ooidifblins, L. — Mountain-.

sa<rittifolins, "Willd. — Mid. and Up. Di:-t.

ericotdes, L. — Mid. and Up. 1
var: vfllosna — Do.
var: platyphjUns. — Mid Di>r.

multinWus. Ait — Up. Dist

dnmosus, L. — Common.

TradescantL, L— Up. Dist

miser, L. — Common.

simplex. Willd — Low. Di>t.

tenuifolios, L. — Up. I

^aniens. N© w. Di>t.

Nbvi-BeHgii, L. — Lorn 1

longifolins, Lam.— Do.

Elliottii. T .—Do.

punicens, L — Mid. and Up. D

prenanthoides, MuhL — Monntai

grandiflorns, L — Mid. and Up. I>i>t.

Cnrti>ii. T<-r. A Gr. — Mountains.
\ bb-Ai eliie, L — Low. T>

Ki.oW KKINt- PLAN S. "-***

Asteb acuminatus, Michx — "Mountain-.
flexnosus, Nutt.— Salt Marshes.
Lmifolitis, L. — Da
Ewgeros Btrigosum, Muhl. (Daisy Fleabane.) — Common.

Canadense, L (Horse-weed. Hog-weed.) — Common.

Philadelphicnm, L (Fleabane.)— Do.

bellidifolinm, Muhl. (Robin's Plantain-)— Do.

vcrmun. Tor. cV; Gr. — L<>w. Diet.
Diplopafpcb linariifolins, Hook. — Common,
cornifotfus, Dari. — Mountains,
amygdalinus, Tor. & Gr.— Mid. and Up. Di^t.
nmbellatus, T. & G. — Monntains.
Boltokia diffusa, E1L— Low. Diet.

glastifolia, L'Her.— Low. & Mid. Dist.

asteroides, L'Her. — Lincoln and westward.
Soudago squarrosa, Mnhl. (Golden Rod.)— Yancey County.

pnbens, M. A. C.— Mecklenburg and westward.

latifolia, L- Up. Dist.

csesia, L- Common.

Cnrtisii, Tor. & Gr.— Mountains.

monticola, T. & G. — Do.

lancifolia, T. & G.— Mountains.

bicolor, L.— Very common.

puberula, Nutt. -Low. Dist.

var. pulverulenta. — Da

petiolaris, Ait. — Low. and Mid. Dist.

Bpeciosa, Nutt — Mid. and Up. Dist.

verna, 11 A. ('.—Low. Dist.

glomerata, Micks. — Mountains.

rigida, L. — Mountaina

spithamsea, JL A. C.— Summits of highest Monntains.

rirgata, Michx. — Low. Dist.

angnstifolia, Ell — Da

aempervirens, L. — Do.

patula, Mnhl.— Up. Dist.

var: strict ul a. — Low. hist.

arguta, Ait. var: juncea. — Low. and Mid. Dist

Boottii, Book. — Low. Dist.

altissima, L— Common.

.'In ! I.ott KKI.M. IM.AM-.

Solidago ulmiiblia, Muhl. —Up. L)i-t.

Elliottii, T. & G. Low, Dist.
pilosa, Walt- -Do.

odora, Ait. (Anise-scented Golden Rod.)- Common,
tortifolia, E1L— Low, Dist.
con lata. Short. — Mountain-.
• nemoralis, Ait. — Common.

Canadensis, L.— Mid. & \'y. Dist.

-crot ina. Ait. Aliil. J > i — r .

gigantea, Ait. ( Common,
lanceolata, L- Low. & Mid. Dist.
tennifolia, Pnrsli. — Common.
Bioelovia nudata, J). ('.-Low. Dist.

Chrysopsie graminifolia, Nutt. (Silk Grass. Scnrvy Grass.) — Low.
& Mid. l>i~t.
Mariana. Nutt. — Com n ion.
trichophylla, Nutt.— Low. Dist.
gossypina, Nutt. — I ><>.
Inula Helenium, L. (Elecampane.)— Up. Dist.
Baocharis halimifolia, L. (Groundsel.)— Low. Dist
glomeruliflora, Pers. — Do,
angustifolia, Michx. — Do.
I'i.i. in \ bifrons, D. C. (Marsh Fleabane.)— Low. Diet,
fcetida, D. C. (Stinking Fleabane.) — Common,
camphorata, 1 >. ( !. — Low. Dist.
Ptero ujloh pycnostachyum, Ell. (Black Root.) — Low. Dist.
Polymnia Canadensis, L. (Leaf-cup.) Mountains.

Uvedalia, L. I Bear's Foot) All the Distr

Ciikv.- >m m Virginianum, L. Low. ami Mid. Dist.

Sn.i'iiiiM compositum, Michx. Mid. and Up. 1 >ist.

var. Michauxii, 'I'. & G. — Low. .-md Mid.
^ Districts,

trifoliatum, L. — Uj>. DLst.
\steriscus, L.— Mid. Dist.

rar: dentatum. Do.
perfoliatum, L. Mountain-.
Beklandiera tomentosa, T. A' <>. Richmond Co. and southward.

I'aim ii kmi'm integrifolium, L. C mon.

\\k frntescens, L. (Marsh Elder. — Salt Marshes.

I'l.oU BRING PLANTS. 31

Iva imbricata, Walt. Sen coast.

Ambbosia trifida, L. (Buffalo Weed.)— Mid. and Up. Dist.

arteinisisefolia, L. (Ragweed. Carrot-weed. Stick-
weed.) — Common.
Xanthium strumarium, L. (Cockle-bur.) — Common.

ypiitn.siim, L. (Thorny Cockle-bur.) — In streets ■>!' Low.
and Mid. Dist.
EciiPTA erecta, L— Low. and Mid. Disk
BossicniA frutescens, D. ('. (Sea Ox-eye.) — Salt Marshes.
Zinnia mvltiflora^ D (Zinnia.)— Sparingly naturalized.
Heliopsis hevis. Pers. (Ox-eye )— Lincoln and Westward.
Echinacea purpurea, Moench. (Purple Cone-flower.) — Mid. and

[Jp. Dist.
Tbteagonotheca helianthoides, L. — Mid. and Up. Dist.
Rddbeckia hirta L. (Cone-flower.) — All the Districts,
fulgida, Air. -Mid. Dist.
triloba L.- -Mountains.
laciniata L. — Mid. and dp. Dist.
Lepachys pinnata, Tor. & (Jr. — Up. Dist.
Helianthcs angustifoliuSj L. (Sunflower.) — Common,
heterophyllus, 2Sutt. — Low. Dist.
atrorubens, L. — Common,
occidentalis, Riddell ; var: Dowellianus, T. & G. —

Macon Co.
giganteu8, L. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
tomentosus, Michx. — Lincoln and westward.
strumosus, L.— ( lommon.
decapetalus, L. — Mid. and LTp, Dist.
liirsutus, Raf. — Lincoln and westward,
divaricatus, L. — Mid. and Up. Dist.
microcephaluSj T. & G. — Mid. Dist.
Schweiuitzii, T. «^G.— Mid. Dist.
Isevigatus, T. & G. — Lincoln Co.
A.cTmoaiEBJ8 squarrosa, Nutt. — Mid. and LTp. Dist.
Coreopsis diseoidea, T. & G, (Tickseed.) Low. and Mid. Dist.
aurea, Ait. — Low. Dist.

trichosperuia, Michx. (Tickseed Sunflower.)- Low. Dist.
tripteris, L. (Tall Coreopsis.) — Up. Dist,
latit'olia. Michx. Mountains.

:'>2 FLOWERING PLANTS.

CoBBOPiu sonifolia, Michx. Mid. and Up. Dist.
verticillata, L. — Low. aud Mid. Diet,
anricnlata, L. Common,
lanceolata, L. — Mid. Dist.
gladiata, Walt.— All the Districts,
angnstifolia, Ait. — Low. Dist.
integrifolia, Poir. Do.
Bidens frondosa, L. — Low. and Mid. Di>i.

chrysanthemoides, Michx. I Bur Marigold.) — ( knnmon.
bipinnata, L. (Spanish Needles. Beggar Lice.)- Common.
Vbrbesina Siegesbeckia, Michx. (Stick weed. Crown-beard.)—
All the Districts.
Virginica, L. — LTpper L>i>t.
Helenium autumnale, L. (Sneeze-weed I Common.

quadridentatum, Labill.— Low. Dist.
Leptopoda Selenium, Nutt.— Mid. Dist.
puberula, Macbr. Low. Dist.
brevifolia, Xutt. — Do.
brachypoda, T. & Gr. — Do.
Baldwinia uniflora, Ell. — Low. Dist.
Mabshallia latifolia, Pursh. — Moimtains.

lanceolata, Pursh.— All the Districts.

var: platyphylla, M. A. C.-— Mid. Dist.
angustifolia, Pursh. — Low. Dist.
Ma ui ta Cofoda,D. ('. (May Weed, false Chamomile.)— Streets

and road sides.
Achillea millefolium, L. (Milfoil. Yarrow.) — About settlements.
Leuoakthbmum vulgare, Lam. (White Daisy. White-weed.) In

grass Lands.
Tanackti'm wig are, L. (Tansy.) — About Battlements.
Aktkmisia caudata, Michx. (Wild Wormwood.) — Low. Dist.
vulgaris, L. (Mugwort.)-r-Mid. Dist.? {Wuttatt.)
(i.N'AiniAi.u m polycephalum, Michx. i Everlasting.)— Common,

purpureum, L. (< ludweed. I ( lommon.
Amknnakia tnargaritacea, R. Br. (Everlasting.)— Mid. and Up.
Dist
plantaginifolia. Hook. Common.
I'ii.m.m Germcmioa, L. (Cotton Rose.) Mid. Dist.
Ereuhthitm hieracifolia, Raf. ( Fire-weed.) —Common.

FLOWERING PLANTS. o'S

Cacalia atriplicifolia, L. (Indian Plantain.) — Mid. and Up. Diet
suaveolens, L, — Henderson Co.
reniformis, Muhl. (Wild Collard.) — Mountain sides.
Senecio lobatus, Pers. — Low. Dist.

aureus, L. (Ragwort.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.

" var: Balsamitae, — Do.
tomentosus, Michx. — Low. and Up. Dist.
EUiottii, T.& G.— Mid. and Up. Dist.
Millefolium, T. & G.— Caesar's Head, {Buckley,) and
Whiteside Mt.
Ruoelia nudicanlis, Shnttl. — Jaekson Co. (Buclh-y.)
Abnica nudicanlis, Ell. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
CentAurea calcitirwpa, L. (Star Thistle.) — Mid. Dist. ? — {Prof.

Mitchell.)
Cie8ium la/nceolatum, Scop. (Thistle.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.
discolor, Spreng. — Up. Dist.
altissimum, Spreng. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Nuttallii, D. C— Mid. Dist.
Virginianum, Michx. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
muticum, Michx. (Swamp Thistle.) — Low. Dist.
repandum, Michx. — Sand barrens of Low. Dist.
horridulum, Michx. (Yellow Thistle.) — Low. Dist.
" var: EUiottii, T. & G.— Low. T>\>\.

Lappa mayor, Gaert. (Burdock.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.
Ciia ptalia tomentosa, Vent. — Low. Dist.
K riot a Virginica, Willd. — Low. and Mid. Dist.

Caroliniana, Nutt. — Mid. Dist.
Cynthia Virginica, Don. — Mid. and Up. Dist.
Dandelion, D. C. — Midi Dist.

var: montana, Chapm. — Mountains.
1Iiki;a( mm gcabrum, Michx. (Hawkweed.)— Mountains.
Gronovii, L, — Low. to Up. Dist.
venosnm, L._ (Rattlesnake- weed. Robin's Plantain.)—

Mid. and Up. Di<t.
panicnlatnm, L. — All the Districts.
Nabalus albus, Hook, (White Lettuce. Rattlesnake Root.) —
( Jomrnon.
altissimus, Hook. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Fraseri. D. ('. (Gall of the Earth.)— Low, to Up. Dist.
5

34 FLOWERING PLANTS.

NabAli - virgatus, D. C. — Low. Di-t.

crepidineus, D. 0. — Mountains.
Taraxacum Dena-Xeomii, Desf. (Dandelion,)— Common.
PrssHOPAPPua Carolinianus, D. C. (False Dandelion.) — L>\v. sad

Mid. Dist.
Lactuca elongata, Mulil. (Wild Lettuce.) — Common.
var: graminifolia. — Low. Diet.
" var: sangninea. — Lincoln Co.
Mulgedium aenminatnm, D. C. (Blue Lettuce.) — Common.
Floridanum, D. C. — Common,
leucophseum, D. C. — Mountains.
Sonchus oleracen8, L (Sow Thistle.) — Common.
asper, Vill.— Mid. Hist.

LOBELIACEjB.

Lobelia cardinalis, L. (Cardinal Flower.)- Common.

syphilitica, L. (Great Lobelia.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.

puberula, Michx. (Blue Lobelia.) — Low. and Mid, Di-t.

Leptostachys, A. D. 0. — Lincoln to Cherokee.

aincena, Michx. — Low. and Mid. Dist.

glandnlosa, Walt. — Common.

inflata, L. (Indian Tobacco. Lobelia.) — Mid. and Up,

Bpicata, Lam. — Mid. and Up. Hist.

Nuttallii, R. .V S.— Low. and Mid. Dist.
paludosa, Nutt. — Low. Dist.

CAMI'AM I.Ai'K.K.

Campanula Americana, L. (Bell-flower.) -Low, to Up. Dist.

aparinoides, Pursh. (Mareh Bell-flower.)— Moun-
tain Swamps.
■ divaricata, .Michx. (Hare-bell.)— Mountain sides.
flexuosa, Michx. — Mountains. {Michaux. \
SpEcuLABLA.perfoliata, A. D. C. (Venus1 Looking Glass.)— Com-
mon.
" rar : Ludoviciana, — Mid. Dist.

KKICACK.B.

Gatlu8saoia frondosa, Tor. & Gr. (Bine Huckleberry.)— Low. and
Mid. Dist.
dumosa, T. A G. (Dwarf Huckleberry.) — Do. i
var: hirtella.— Do.

MLOWJKBINti PLANTS. '■'.''

Gaylcssacia resinosa, T, & G. (Black 'Huckleberry.) — Mid. and
l'l». Diet
nrsina. Gray. (Bear Huckleberry. Bearberry.) — Hay-
wood comity and southward.
Va'aimim corymbosum, L. (Swamp Huckleberry.) — Common.

Constablsei, Gray. (Pale Dwarf Blueberry*) — Summits

of mountains,
tenelluin, Ait Low. and Mid. Di>t.
hirsutum, Buck]. (Bristly Huckleberry.) — Mountains of

Cherokee. — ( Buckley.)
myrsinites, Micks. — Pine Barrens,
arboreum, Michx. (Sparklebeiry.) — Coast to Cherokee,
stamineum, L. (Deerberry. Gooseberry.) — Common,
erassifolium, Amir. (Creeping Huckleberry.) — Low.

Diet.
erythrocarpon, Michx. — Higher mountains,
macrocarpon, Ait. (Cranberry.) — Swamps of Low. and
Up. DM.
Epio.ka repens, L. (Trailing Arbutus. Crocus.) — Common.
Gaultheria procumbens, L. (Mountain Tea. Wintergreen.) — Low.

and Up. Dist.
Leuoothoe axillaris, Dun. — Low. Di>t.

Catesbsei, Gray. (Dog jLaurel.) — Mountains,
racemosa, Gray. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
recurva, Gray. — Near Paint Pock. | BuckjLey.)
Cassanoka ealyculata, Don. — Low. Dist.

Andromeda floribunda, Pursh. Mountains. — {Pursh. BucUey.)
oitida, Bartr. (Fetter Bush.) — Low. Dist.
Mariana, L. (Stagger Bush.)— Low. and Mid. Dist.
speciosa, Michx. — Low. Di>t.
ligustrina, Mnhl. (Pepper Bush.) — Common.
OxYnKxnKiwr arboreum, D. C. (Sour Wood. Sorrell Tree.) — AH tlu-

Districts.
Clethba alnifolia, L. (White Alder. Sweet Pepper Bush.) — Low.
and Mid. Dist.

\ar: tomentqsa. — Low. Dist.
acuminata, Michx. (Mountain Pepper Bush.) — Mountain-.
Kai.mja latiiolia, L. (Ivy.)— All the Districts ; rare in the Lower,
angostifblia, L. (Wicky.) — All the Districts.
cnneata. Michx. — Low. Di>t.

•">»'> 11 i \M BRING PLANTS.

Menziksia globularis, Salisb. (Minnie Bush.) — Mountains.
A/.ai.i \ uudiflora, L. (Purple Honeysuckle.) — Common.

calendulacea, Michx. (Yellow Honeysuckle.) — Mountains,
viscosa, L. (Clammy Honeysuckle.) — -Up. Dist.

var: glauca. — Mid. Dist.
arborescens, Pureh. (Smootb Honeysuckle.) — Common.
Rhododendron maximum. (Laurel.) — Mid. and ("]»• Disk

Catawbiense, Michx. (Oval-leaved Lamvl.) — On

highest mountains,
punctatum, A.ndr. < Dwarf Laurel.) — Mountain-.
Leiophtllum buxifolium, Ell. (Sand Myrtle.) — Mountains, and in

Brunswick county.
Pybola rotundit'olia. L. (False Wintergreen.) — Low. Dist.
Ciiimaimiii.a ambellata, Xutt. (Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa.) Low.
to Dp. Dist.
maculata, Purah. (Spotted Wintergreen.) Common.
Shoktla galacifolia, Gray. — Mountains. {Mic/icwx.)
ScHWErarrzLA odorata, Ell. — Salem. (/Schweinite.) Table mountain.

I Prof. Gray.)
Monoteopa uniflora, L. (Eye-briglit.) — Common.

Hypopitys, L. (Pine Sap.)— Mid. and Up. Dist.

GALAOINEfi.

Galax aphylla, L. (Colt's Foot.) — Beaufort county to mountains.

AQUDTl >LIA( F..K.

[lex opaca, Ait. (Holly.) — Common.

Dahoon, Walt, var: myrtifolia, Chapm. (Dahoon Holly.) —

Low. Dist.
Cassine, L. (Yaupon.) — Near the Coast,
decidua, Walt.— .Mid. Dist.
ambigua, Chapm. — Mountains,
verticillata, Gray. — Common,
glabra, Gray. (Gallberry. Inkberry.) — Low. Dist.
coriacea, Chapm. (Tall Gallberry.) — Do.

si "> BAOA( ; A

Stybax grandifolia, Ait. (Mock Orange.)— Coast to Lincoln.

Americana, Lam. — Low. Dist.
Balebia tetraptera, L. (Snow-drop Tree.) — All the Districts.
Symplooob tinctoria, L'Bter. (Yellow Wood. Sweet Leaf.) — Com-
mon,

I l.i'U l.i;i.\o PLANT?

i YUILLA0EJ£.

Cyrilla raeemiflora, Walt. (Burn-wood Bark. Ele Huckleberry.) —

Low. Di>r.

i:iii-.\.\( \:a-:.
Diospyruk Virginiana, L. (Persimmon.) — Common.

sAI'oTAt'K.K.

IUmki.ia lycioides, Gsert. (Buckthorn.) — Coast to Lincoln Co.

PLANTAGINACE^E.

Plajttago major, L. (Plantain.) — Common.

la/nceolata, L. ( Narrow-leaved Plantain.) — Common,
sparsiflora, Miclix. — Low. Dist.
Yirginica, L. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
heterophylla, Nutt. — Low. Dist.

PLUMBAGINA< EM

Statu k Caroliniana, Walt, i .Marsh Rosemary.) — Salt Marshes.

PKIMULACE-E.

Hottonia inflata, Ell. (Featherfoil.) — Up. Dist.
Lyslmachia stricta, Ait. (Loosestrife.) — Common. •
var : angustifolia. — Low. Dist.

Herbemonti, Ell. — Low. Dist.

qnadrifolia, L. (Five Sisters.) — Common.

ciliata, L.— All the Districts.

radicans, Hook. — Up. Dist.

longifolia, Pursh. — Do.
Dodecatheon Meadia. L. (American Cowslip.) — Chatham Co.
An'aoai.i.is arvensts, L. (Pimpernel.) — Near settlement- in all the

Districts. Rare.
Centunculus minimus, L. (Chaffweed.) — Davidson Co.
Sa.moi.is fioribundus, Kth. (Brook-weed.) — Low. Dist.

r.i:.\Tiiu'i.A( i:.i:.
Likk iT.AiuA inflata, Walt. (Bladder-wort.) — Low. Dist.
vulgaris, L. — Mid. Dist.
Btriata, Leconte. — Low. Dist.
fibrosa, AY alt.— Do.
gibba, L. — Do.
purpurea, Walt.- Low. Dist,

m.oh i.i;i.\«. it.a.vi-.

I'tki'Iiaku corauta, Michx.— I ><•.

gnbulata, J- — Low. and Mid. l>i>t.
I'lNi.ri- i i.a lutea, Wah. (Butter-wort>— -Low. Im'-t.
elatior, Michx. — I Kv

BIQNONIAl EM.
BlOXOKIA caj-lVolata. L (CrOSfl Vine.) — Low. & Mid. Di&t

Th< --ma radicans, Juss. (Trumpet Flower.)— Coast to the Mountain-.
(atai.iw bignonioides, Walt (Catalpa.) — About settlements.
If akttnia p ' rlox. (Martina (Jnicorn Plant.) — About

settlements.

OBOBAX4 UA<

EnPHBOUfi Virginiana, Bart (Beech Drops.) Common.

iphous Americana, Wallr. (Squaw-root.) Low. & Mid. Dist.
ArnTLLON uniflorumTor. & Gr. (Cancer-root.)— Mid. Dist. (P
MitcJu ' .

- BOPHULABIA< 1 X.

. L. Mullein.) — Common.
Blattaria, L. (Moth Mullein.)— Do.
PHULABiA nodosa, L. (Fig- vort) — All the Districts.
Cheloxk glabra, L (Snake-mouth.) — Common.

Lyoni, Pursh. — Mountain Bid
Pexstkmok pubescens, Soland. i Beard-tongue.) — Common.

\ar : laevigatas. — Common.
Lotabla Canadensis, Spreng. (Toad Flax*) — IjOw. &Mid. Dist.
vulgaris, MilL (Butter <fc Eggs. — Roadsides.
El '' . Mill. — Roadsides In Orange, Co.
Mimili> ringens, L (Monkey Flower.) — Common.

alatus, Ait.— Lower! & Mid. Dist
Hebphstib nigrescens, Benth.- — Low. Dist

Monniera, II. I!. & K. Low. Dist.
amplexicaulis, Pursh.- 1 k>.
CtKAjicLA Virginiana, L. (Hedge Hyssop.) — Low. & Mid. Dist
Bphsrocarpa, Ell. — Low. & Mid. Dist.

osa, Bchwein. — Lincoln & Surry,
anrea, Muhl. — Low. 1 > I .— t .
pflosa, Michx. — Low. & Mid. Dist
Iltsahtubb gratioloides, Benth. (Fake Pimpernel.) — Common.

refracta, Benth. — Surry (Gra.y) to Henderson, Co,
| Bud '

FLOWERING PLAN re.

[lysanthes Baxicola, Chapin.— Kocks in fiiwassee River.

MlCRANTHEMUM orLiclllatum. MicllX. — LOW. Dist

Veronica Virginiana, L. (Culver's Physic.)— Mid. & Up. Dist.
officinalis. L (Speedwell.) — Mountains.
Berpyllifolia, L. (Paul's Betony.)— Common,
peregrina, L (Purslane Speedwell.)— Do.
arvensis, L. (Corn Speedwell.)— Low. & Mid. Dist.
cigr&tiS) L (Field Speedwell) — Up. Dist.
BuCHNERA Americana. L. (Blue Hearts.)— Mid & Up. Dist.
Seymeria tennifolia, Pursh. — Low. & Mid. Dist.

pectinata, Pursh.— Low. Dist. (Orvom.)
Otophylla Mieliauxii. Bentli.— Up. Dist.
Dabystoma pubescens, Bentli. (False Foxglove.)-- Common.
quercifolia, Bentli.— Mid. & Up. Dist.
pedicnlaria, Benth.— Mid. Dist.
pectinata, Bentli. — Low. & Mid. Dist.
Gerardia linifolia,Nutt. (Flax leaved Gerardia.)— Low. Dist.
divaricata, Chapm. — Do,
aphylla, Nutt — Low. Dist*
purpurea, L. (Purple Gerardia.) — Common.

var: fasciculata, — Low. Dist.
maritima, Bat'. — Sea-beaeh.
setacea, Ell. — Low. Dist.
tennifolia, Vald.— Common.
parvifolia, Chapm. — Low. Dist.
C.wiiLi.EiA coccinea, Spreng. (Painted Cup.')— Mid. & Up. Dist.
S, HWALBEA Americana. L. (Chan Seed, i— Low. Dist.
Pkdicclarih Canadensis, L (Lousewort^AH the Districts.

lanceolata, Michx.— Mountains.
Melampyrum AmericMiumi. Michx. (Cow Wheat.)— Mountains.

acanthaceA

DiPTERACAjrraua Btrepens, Nees. — Common.

Dianthbra Americana. L (Water Willow.)— Mid. and Up. Dist.

ovuta. Walt.— Low. Dist.
Dicliptera l.racliiata. Spreng. — Low. Dist.

YERBENACEJE.

\ ruiu-NA urtieifolia, T.. (White Vervain.)— CcinmoU.
hastate, L. (Blue Vervain.) — Do.

LO H.<>\\ i JUNG l'l. Wl>.

Verbena angnstifolia, Michx. Mid. Diet

Carolinian*, Michx. — Low. Dist

officinalis^ L. (Vervain.) — Common.
Liri-iA nodiflora, Michx. (Fog-fruit) — Low. Disk
Callicarpa Americana, L. (Bermuda Mulberry.)— Low. Di>t.
Phbtma leptoatachya, L (Lop-seed.) —Mid. and Up. Diet

LABZATA.

Htptk radiata, Willd.— Low. and Mid. Diet
Mentha viridis, L. (Spearmint.)— Common.

pip It . It. (Peppermint.) — Common.
rotundifoHa, L, (Round-leaved Mint.) — \a>w. Dist. Rare.
Ltcopu8 Virginicus, L (Bugle-weed.) — Common.

ainuatua, Ell. — Low. Dist
Cunila Mariana, L. (Dittany.)— Mid. and CTp. Dist.
V\< namiikmim incanum, Michx. (Mountain Mint.) — Mid. and Up.
Dist

var : Tnllia. - ( Common,
dubium, Gray.- Mountains. {Gray.)
aristatum, Michx. — Low. Dist

var. hyssopifolium. — Da
pilosum, Nutt— Mountains. {Prof. Gray.)
muticum, Pers. — Mountains,
lanceolatum, Pursh. — Low. and Mid. Hist.
linifolium, Pursh.— Common,
nudum, Nutt- Mountains,
montanura, Michx. — I \o.
Oollinsonia Canadensis, L ili<T-t' Balm.) Mid. and Up, Di>t.
punctata, Ell. — Low. Dist.
ovalis, Pursh. — Mountains.
Ukdeoma pulegioides, Pers, (Penny Royal.) — Mid. and Up. Dist
( 'ai.amin 1 11 1 \> j" ta, Link. I Basil Thyme. 1 — ( 'ommon about streeta.

Caroliniana, Sweet— Low. Diet.
Melissa officinaUs^ L (Balm.) — Mid. Dist Rare.
Salvia nrticifofta, L. (Wild Sage.)— Mid. and tTp. Dist.
lyrata, L. — ( lommon.
Claytoni, E1L— Mid Dist.
Monarda didyma, L. (Horse Mint) Mountains,
fistulosa, L. — ( Sommon.
punctata, L. (Rignum.) — Common.

Kr.oWERIXo PLANTS. 41

Monard gracilis, Pursh. — Mountains. {Lyon.)
Blephilu ciliata, Raf. (Horse Mint)— Mid. Disk

hirsnta, Benth. — Mountains.
Lophanthus nepetoides, Benth. (Giant Hyssop.) — TN T i * 1 . and Op.
Dist.

Bcrophularisefolius, Benth. — Mountains.
Xkpkta 6a&o/ria\ L. (Catnip.) — Common aboul settlements.
GlecAoma, Benth. (Ground Ivy.) — Near settlements.
Cedronella cordata, Benth. — Ashe Co. {Prof. Gray.)
Bbunklla vulgaris, L. (Heal-all.) — Common.
Scutellaria versicolor, Xutt. (Skullcap.) — Up. Dist.

arguta, Buckl.— Black Mt. {Buckley.)

Berrata, Andr.— Mid. Dist.

pilosa, Michx. — Low. cv; Mid. Dist.

integrifolia, L. — Low. Dist.

lateriflora, L. — Low. Dist.

galericulata, L. — Mid. Dist.

parvula, Michx. — Mid. Dist.

saxatilis, Riddell. — -Mountains.
Macbridea pulchra, Ell. — Low. Dist. Rare.
Phtso8tegia VTrginiana, Benth. (Dragon-head.) — All the Districts.
Lamiuh amplexicaule^ I,. (Dead Nettle. Hen bit.) — Common in

Gardens.
Marrcbium vulgare, L. (Horehoimd.) — Common about settlements.
Leontjrus Cardiacd) L. (Mother-wort.) — Do.
Stachts aspera, Michx. (Hedge Nettle.) — Mountain-.

hyssopifolia, Michx. — Low. Dist.
IsAirraus coeruleus, Miclx. (False Penny Royal.) — Mid. & Up. Dist.
Tricho8TEMA dichotomum, L. (Blue Curls.) — Common.

" \ar. lineare.~Mid. Dist.

Teucrtcm Canadense, L. (Wood Sage.)— Low. & Mid. Dist

r,o|;K.\i.iX.\< K.K.

Heliotropium Curassavicum, L, (Heliotrope.)— Low. Dist. near the

coast.
Beliophytum Tndicum, I). C. (Indian Heliotrope.)— Low. & Mid.

Dist.
Echium vulgare, L. (Blue-weed,)— Mid. Dist. Rare.
Onosmodtum Carolinianum, D. C. (Gromwell.)— Up. Dist.
6

4'1 KLOWKKIXG l'l.\

Oxosmodiuii Virginianoni, D. ('. — Low. & Hid. Dist.
Litho6Permoi arvenae, L. (Corn Gromwell.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.

liirtiiin. Lehm. (Hairy Puocooh.) — Low. T > I —t .
Mertexsia Virginica, 1). ( . (Roanoke Bell. Virginia* Cowslip.)—

Hali&x, Co. I /'. //. Hill.) Mts.
Ctnoolo86uu officinale, L. (Hound's Tongue.) — Mid. I>i>t.

Virginicnm, I.. (Wild Comfrey.) — Mid. & U\>. Di-r.

Morisoni, I). ( '. (Beggar Lice.) — Do.
Myosotis laxa, Lehm. (Forget me not.) — Low. & Mid. Dist. Rare*
trerna, Nutt— Mid & Up. l>i-t.

RYDBOPIT1 I I. A> EM.

Eydbophtllcm Virginicunij L. (Water-leaf.) — Mountain?.

( Sanadense, I- — Mountains.
Ei.i.ima Nyetelea, L— Mid. Dist. {Prof. Mitchett.)
Nemophila microcalyx, V. & M — Up. Dist.
Pha< elia bipinnatifida, Michx. — dp. Dist.

Pnrshiij Buck! — Mountains. 1 Buddey.)

fimbriata, Michx. — Mountains.

parviflora, Pureh. — Low. l>i~t.

HYDEOLEA(

Hydbolka quadrivalris, Walt— Low. Dist

POLEMONIAl

Phlox paniculata, L. (Phlox.) — Lincoln & westward.
\ ar : acuminata. Mountains.

maculata, 1.. < Sommon.

< larolina, L — Mountain-.

glaberrima, L — MM. A: \ y. I>i-t.

reptans, Michx. — Lincoln & westward.

divaricata, L — Common.

Walteri, Chapm. — Low. A Mid. Dist.

pilosa, L — Mecklenburg & westward.

Bubulata, L. (Wild Pink.) — Low. Dist. to Mountain-.
Polemonidh reptans, L. (Greek Valerian.) — Haywood I
Pi mi-am iik.ua barbulata, Michx. (Flowering Moss.)— Low. I>i-t.

< oirroi \ 11 \i 1 .!:.
Quamooui oocdnea, Moanch.- -Common in cultivated grounds.
PuAKr.ni- VU} Choi*. (Morning Glory.) -Do.

ll.ow ElilNG PLAN fti. L'l

Lpomusa coimnutata, K. & S. — All the Districts.

paudurata, Meyer. (Wild Potatoe.) — Coast to Cherokee,
sagittifblia, Bot. Beg. — Low. Dist.
Lacunosa, L. — Low. Dist.
Calystegia sepinm, Ti. Br. (Bindweed.) — Common.

spithamaea, Pursh. (Low Bindweed.) — Mid. Dist.
Siyi.i>ma humistrata, Chapni. — Low. Dist.
aquatica, Chapm. — Do.
Pickeringii, Gray. — Do.
Djchondea repens, Forst. var: Carolinensis, Chois. — Low. Dist.
Ouscdta arvensis, Levi-. (Love Vine. Dodder.) — Mid. Di>t.
Gronoviij Willd. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
rostrata, Shuttl. — Mountains,
compacta, Juss. — All the District

epffiiiitm, Weihe. (Flax Dodder.) —Orange Comity.

SOLANAO££.

Solanum nigrum, L. (Nightshade.)— Common aear settlements.
Carolinense, L. (Horse Xettle.) — Common.
aculeaidssimum, Jacq. (Soda Apple.) — Low. Dir-t.
Physalis viscosa, L. (Ground CSieny.)— Common,
lanceolata, Miclix. — On the cOast.
angulata, L — Waste Grounds of Low. Dist.
pubescens, L.— Do.
Nicandea physaMdm, Gsert. (Apple of Peru.)— Waste grounds.
Datura Stramonium, L. (Jamestown Weed.) — Common,
var: Tatula, — Common.
Uetel, I..— Low. \)\>\. {Dr. UcRee.)

- IIAXA< i: K.
SABBATIA lanceolata. Lor. & Gl\ — Low. and Mid. Dist.

paniculata, Pursh. — Low. Dist.

angularis, Pursh. (Centaury.)— Low. and Mid. Dist.

brachiata, Ell. — Low. Di>t.

gracilis, Pursh. — Low. and Mid. Di-t.

stellaris, Pursh. — Salt Marshes.

calycosa, Pursh. — Low. Di-t.

ehloroides,*Pursh. — Do.

gentianoides, Ell. — Do

44 »W1 KING 11. A

ia.\a quuiqueflora, Lain, dive flowered Gentian.) — Meckleu-
bnrg and westward,
crinita, Froel. (Fringed Gentian.) M
ochroleuca, Froel. (Sampaon Snake Boot. — Mid. L>i-t.
Elliuttii. Ghapm. (Sampaon Snake R >ot) — Low. Dist

Snake B ot — ( tanmon.
Andrewsii, Grfc (fi aon£ 8 ". — MonnU

angustifolia, Michx (Narrow-leaved Gentian. — L
Dist
ihia fcenella, Muhl. — All the I
verna, Muhl. — Low. Dist
Obolaria Virginica, L — Low. and Mid. I >i^t.
Fbabssa Carolinensis, Walt. (Colnmba) — Vallies of Macon and

Cheroki
LiMNANTiiKMiM lacunosum, Griseb. (Floating Heart Low. Di.-r.
trachyspermum, Gray. — !. Diet.

AFOI VXA

Aiwym'm cannabinum, L (Indian 1: —Low. Diet to Mts.

androaseniifolium, L, D _ - Mi Dist

ma difformis, A. D. C. — Low. Dist to Wake <
Ajqohia. eQiata,Walt — R reGonnl

Tabernsemontana, Walt — Low. rm<l Mi . Dist ,

LEPlADACEf.

Ajbclepus Cornuti, Dec (Milkweed. SQkweedL) — Low. I

I .
phytolac

M rantains.
pnrpnrascenS] L. (Pnrple Milkweed.) — Mid. 1
variegata, L. — Low. and Mid. Di^.
irnata, L. (Swamp Silkweed.) — CSomu
. Ell. — Cumberland County,
paupercula, Michx.— Low. 1»
rubra, L. — L<»w. ])i-t. to Wake.
obtusifolia, Michx. — Low. and Mid. 1»
amplexksaulis, Michx Milk.)— Low. Dist

quadrifblia, Jacq. — Up. D
\iTticillata. L — Low. and Mid. I>i?t.
tuberosa, L (Butterfly Weed PJeu
I mmon.

Kl.oW BBING PLANTS. ±5

A.cekate8 viridiflora, Ell. (Green Milkweed.) —Mid. Dist.

longifolia, EH. — Low. Dist.
Podobtigma pubesoens, Ell. — Low. Dist.
Seuteha maritima, Dec — Salt Marshes.

GoNOtoaus hirsutus, Michx. (Running Milkweed.) — Low. and Mid.
Dist.
lnacroplivllus, Michx.— Low. and Mid. Dist.

OLEACEJB.

Olea Americana, L. (Devil Wood.) — Near the coast.

Ligusteum vulgare, L. (Privet.) — About dwellings.

Chionanthus Virginiea, L. (Fringe Tree. Old Plan's Beard.) —

Coast to Bine Ridge.
Fhaxims platycarpa, Michx. (Water Ash.) — Low. Dist.

Americana, L. (White Ash.) — Mid. and Dp. Dist.

pubescens, Lam. (Red Ash.) — Mid. Dist.

viridis, Michx. (Green Ash.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.

ARISTOEOCUIACE.E.

Auistolochia Serpentaria, L. (Virginia Snake-root.) — Common,
tomentosa, Sims. — Mountains.

Sipho, LMIer. (Wild Ginger. Big SarsapariUa.) —
Along mountain rivulets.
As arum Canadense, L. — Mountains.

Virginicum, L. (Heart Leaf.) — Mid. and LTp. Dist.
arifolium, Michx. (Heart Leaf. Asarabacea.) — Common.

PHYTOLACCACE-E.

Phytolacca decandra, L. (Poke-weed.) — Common.

CKKNO PODI AC E/E.

Chenopodium album, L. (Lamb's Quarters.) — Common about set-
tlements.
murale, L. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
AiifJirliniiifiriim. L. (Worm-seed. Jerusalem Oak.) —
Common.
Atblplex liastata, L. (Orache.) — Seashore.
Obione arenaria, Moq. (Sand Orache.) — Sea-beach.
Cuenopodina maritima, Moq. (Sea Goosefbot.) — Salt Marshes.
Sai.icokma herbacea, L. (Samphire.! — Salt Marshes.

ambigua, Michx. — Do.
Salsola Kali, L. (Salt-wort.) — Sandy Sea-shore;

ii • >\\ i i:i.\i. ri. w n>.

AM \i: \\ i .\c ii .

A.makami- albus, L, (Amaranth.) — Low. Dist.

paniculatu8, (Red Amaranth.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.

hybridus, L (Green Amaranth. Careless.) — Common.

apino»u8, L. (Thornv Amaranth.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.

chlorostachys, \Vill<l. Cultivated grounds.
Euxolus pumilus, Raf. (Dwarf Amaranth.) — Sandy Sea-shore.
AiMHA cannabina, L (Water Elemp.) -Low. Dist.
T: i. \.\iiikk\ polygonoides, Moq. — Low. Dist.

POLYGONACE B.

Polygonum orientate, L. (Prince's Feather.)— About settlements.

Pennsylvanicuuij L. — Low. and Mid. Dist

Persicaria, L. (Lady's Thumb.) — Common.

acre, Ktli. (Smart Weed.) Common.

hydropiperoides, Michx. (Water Pepper.) Common.

hirsutum, Walt. — Low. \)'\>\.

aviculare, L (Knot Grass.) \ rery Common,
erectiim.— Mid. and 1 ']>. Di>t.
littorale. — Sea-beach.

tenue, Michx. — Lincoln and westward.

Vrirginianum, L.— ( iominon.

arifolium, I.. (Scratch Grass.) Common.

gagittatnm, L. (Tear Thnrab.)— Do.

cilinode, Michx. — Snramil of Black Mountain.

dumetorum, L. (False Buckwheat.)- Common.
Fagopyrum esculentwrii Moench, (Buckwheat.) Occasionally natu-
ralized.

POLYGONELLA pan ifolia, MicllX.- LiOW. I>i>t.

articulata, Meisn. I)»>.
Ki.mi:\ crispus, L. (Sour Dock.) \ r\\ common.

verticillatus, I.. (Swamp Dock.) Low. Dist.
si/iit/ni m us, L. (Bloody Dock.) — I)i». yCrooin-,)
it>tu#ifoliu*, L. (Bitter Dock.)— All the Districts,
maritimus, L. (Golden Dock.)- Low. Dist. Rait*.
. i .-, ',,s, llu, L. (St'iTc-l. i ( louimon.

LAL'RACEAS.

i \ Carolinensis, Nees. (Red Bay.) — l*>w. Dist.
\ ar : palust ri<*. I to

FTJOWEKIXG PI A 4 7

ficinale, V e&i 8 — Common.

Benzoes odorifernm, N 5. Spi Bush. Fever Bush.) — Comn
melissfpfolinm, Nees.-r-Low. I»i~r. (Dr. McR, . Mi
Di-r. (Prtf^Mitthdl.)
'.'axttikj: \ geniculata, Nees. (Pond Bush.) — Low. Dist. t<-
Chatham comity.

TllVMKI.KAi :•

Dibca palnstris, T. (Leather-wood.) — MM. and Up. Pi-r. Rare.

SANTALA< K.F..

("MANUKA unibellata, Nutt. (Toad Flax.) — Mid. Dist.

Darbya umbeHulata, Gray. — Lincoln County.

r>n ki.kya distichophylla, Torr. — French Broad an _ inRivers,

. _v -
Pthulakla oleifera, Gray. (Oil-nut. Buffalo-nut.) — Mountain sides.

LORANTHACRS.

Phokadehdeon flaveseens, Nutt. (Mit>t Common.

baukuba
Saheukus eernuus, L iS-.vaii4.Lilh-. Lizard's Tafl.)— Common.

CKRATOPHTl

CKBATOPnTLLm deinersmu, L. — Low. Dis ,

' Ai.UTKK :i 1

Callitrjche verna, U (Water Star r. and Mid. Dist.

PODOSTEMACEJB.

P0DO8TEMFM eeratophyllum, Miclix. (River W<
Mid. and lip. Dist.

KL 1

Euphorbia corollata, L. (Flowering Spnrg I >mmon.
var: angustifolia. — Low. Dist.
Curtisii, Engelm.— Low. Dist
atrorubi slm.— Cumberland Co. and«outh«

1, Pnrsh. (Warted Spurge. -Low. Dist.
Darlingtonii, Gray. Sancey and Haywood Counties.
Ipecacuanha*, L. Wild : — !. w. DUr.

cyathophora, Jacq. — Low. Di-t.
hypericifolia, J.. — Common in waste grounds,
puhentissima, Michx. — Low. Disl

4> FL0WBOM3 I'J.a.n -

Euphobbia maculata, L. Spotted Spurge.) — Common in waste
grounds,
cordifblia, Ell. — Low. Di>t.
polygonifblia, L. (Shore Spurge.) — Sea-shore.
/."M y/v'.v, L. (Gaper Spurge. Mole Plant.) — dp. Dist
iieu<j'<n<<i<i. Pnrah. (variegated Spurge.) — Mid. Di-t.
Sm j.in(.ia Bjlvatica, L (Queen's Delight) — Low. Dist

Ligustrina, Michx — Low. Diet [Dr. McR
A. alypha Yirginica, L. (Three ><-'t'<lt-<l Mercuiy.) — Common.

gracUens, Gray, — Low. Dist.
Tuac.i.v urticifolia, Michx. — Mid. I>i-t.
ureii~. L. (Nettle.) — Low, Diet
Cbotoh maritimum, Walt — Sea coast

glandulosum, L. — Low. & Mi J. I)i^t.
monanthogyftuni, Michx. — Surry & westward.
Cbotohopbh linearis, Michx. — Lincoln, (.'«•.

Cntooscolus atimulosus, Gray. (Tread softly.) — Low. & Mid. I nst
Kit im > communis^ L. (Castor-oil Plant. \ — Neardwellii gi
PiiYr.r.AMiir> Caroliniensis, Walt. — Mid. Dist.

I i:n< \< K.K.

I'imi. a gracilis, Ait. (Tall Nettle.)— Up. Diet.

capitata, Willd.— Low. t«. Up. Dist.

urenSyL. (Stinging Nettle.)— -Low. Dist.
Latobti \ Canadensis, Gaud. (Wood Nettle.) — Up. I>i-t.
Pii.ka puiuila, Gray. (Clear-w< .. \11 the Districts.
Parietarta Pennsylvanica, Mulil. (Pellitory.) — Up. Dist.

debilis, Forst — Low. Dist
BosiiMKRtA cylindrica, Willd. (False Nettle.) — Common.

I \n\Ai:i.\ \. i y .

Cannaki- ••>•"/'■. 1.. Hemp.) — About settlements.
llrMn.r- Lnpnlns, L. (Hop.)— Rockingham t<> Cheroki

Moaufl rubra, L. (Mulberry.) — Common.

iilh-i. L. (White Mulberry.) — About DweUii f
l'.i;. .i — -m ii \ papyri/* '. Vent (Otaheite Mulberry.)-— Do,

t IMA.

l'i mi - Ameri run;.. L. I Kim. —All tin- Districts.

) ]."\\ l.Kl.Ni. |-[.\X'!>. 4'.'

Uimus t'uha. Michx. (Slippery Kim.)— All the Districts.

alata, Michx. (Small-leaved Elm.) — Do.
Pi.aneka aquatics, GhneL (Planer-Tree, i— Smith of Cape Fear River.

Cki.iis occidental^. L. (Hackberry.) — All the Districts.

\ar: pnmila, (Dwarf Hackberry.) — Low. & Mid.
Dist.

l'L.\ TAXA< ! M.

Pi.ataxo occidentalis, L. (Sycamore.) — Common:

.in.r.Axmu'K.i-:.
Jiglaxs nigra, L. (Black Walnut.) — Common.

cinerea, L. (White Walnut.) — Guilford & westward.
Carya alba. Xutt. (Shell-bark Hickory.) — Low. to Up. Dist.

sulcata, Xutt. (Thick Shell-bark H.)— W. part of the State.

tomentosa. Xutt. (White Hickory.) — Common.

glabra. Torr. (Pig-nut Hickory .}— All the Districts.

microcarpa, Xutt. (Small-nut II.) — Western Counties.

amara. Xutt. (Bitter-nut Hickory.) — Coast to the mountains.

aqtiatica, Xutt. (Water Bitter-nut IT.)— Low. Dist.

CUPULIFEKJE.
Quebctts alba. L. ^White Oak.) — Common

obtnsiloba, Michx. (Post Oak.)— Do.

lyrata, Walt (Over-cup Ouk.i — Low. Dist; to Chatham &

( Grange.
Prinus, L. (Swamp Chestnut Oak.) — Low. Dist.

" var : discolor, Michx (Swamp White Oak.) —
Mid. Dist.
" var: monticola, Michx. (Rock Chestnut Oak.) —
Mid. & Up. Di>t.
castanea, AVilld. (Chestnut Oak.)— Low. & other (?) Dis-
tricts,
prinoides, Willd. (Chinquapin Oak.) — All the Districts,
vixens, Ait. ( Live < )ak. )— Sea-c. »a-t.
Phejlos, L. (Willow Oak.)— Low. & Mid. Dist.

" var : heterophvlla. — Alamance Creek,
laurifolia, Michx. (Laurel Oak.) — Do.
imbricaria, Michx. (Shingle Oak.) — Mountain streams.

" var : Leana. — Pigeon River.
cinerea. Michx. (Upland Willow Oak.) — Low. Di*t.
7

PL iWERTtfG PL i\l -.

Quebods cinerea rar: pumila, (Running Oak.) — Do.

aquatica, Gates. (Water Oak.)- Coast to' the mountains,
nigra, L. (Black Jack.)— Do.
falcata, Michx. (Spanish Oak.) — Common.
'• var: pagodsefolia. — Low. Dist.
triloba. — D<>.
tinctoria, Bartr. (Black Oak.) — Low. i and other Districts.
COCcinea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.) — All the Districts.
rubra, L. (Red Oak.)— Do.
Oatesbsi, Michx. (Scrub Oak.) — Low. Dist.
ilieifolia, Wang. (Bear Oak.) — Mountains. Bare.
Castanea ve.-ca, L. (Chestnut.) — Guilford and westward.

. pumila, Michx. (Chinquapin.) — Coast to Cherokee.
" var: nana. — Low. Dist. to Wake.
Fagub ferruginea, Ait. (Beeeli.) — All the Districts.
CoBTLUfl Americana, Walt. (Hazel-nut.) — Mountain-.

rostrata, Ait. (Beaked Hazel-nut.) — Mid. and Dp. Di>t.
Cm'.i'ixls Americana, Michx. (Hornbeam.) — Common alongstreams.
Osteta Virginica, Willd. (Hop Hornbeam.) — Mid. and Tp. Dist.

MYin<A< i .k.

Mybica cerifera, L. (Wax Myrtle. Bayberry.) — Swamps of Low.
Dist.

\ar: pumila. — Barrens of Low. Dist.

Comptoxia asplenifolia, Ait. (Sweet Fern.) — Franklin. Wake and
Cumberland to the mountain-.

i:i.l l I..\ri:.K.

Betula nigra, L. (Red Birch.) — Common on rivers.

excelsa, Ait. (Yellow Birch.) — Black Mountain. Also

mountain- of Haywood. (JBitckley.)
Lenta, L. (Black Birch.)— Mountains.
A.LNU8 serrulata, Ait. (Alder,) — Common.

viridis, D. 0. (Mountain Alder.)— Top of Roan Mountain.

- LLK \< l B.

Sm.ix nigra, Marsh. (Black or Swamp "Willow.) — Common on
streams,

tristis, Ait. (Gray Willow.) — Mountain-.

humilis. Marsh, i Bush Willow.) — All the Districts.

F&OWEBINti HANTS. 51

Bericea, Marsh. (Silky-leaved Willow.) -Low. Dist. {
Babylonica, Tourn. (T^eepiag Willow?) — About dwellings.
vitettina, Smith. (Yellow Willow.) — Do.
Populus angulata. Ait. (Carolina Poplar.) — Lew. and Mid. Dist.
heterophvlla, L. (Cotton Tree.)— Low. Dist.
grandidentata, Michx. (Large-toothed Aspen.) — Mid.

Dist.
dioatata, Ait. (Lombardy Poplar.) —About settlements.

CoNIFEK-E.

Pints mitis, Michx. (Yellow or short-leaved Pine.) — Common.

mops, Ait. (Cedar or Scrub Pine.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.

pungens, Michx. (Prickly Pine.) — Pilot Mountain to Blue
Ridge.

rigida, Mill. (Pitch [id. and Up. Dist: Rare.

serotina. Mi -; . id . :. >w. and Mid. Dist.

Tbda, L.(01 L : Slash Pine.)— Low. an

Dist

australis, Michx. (Long-leaf Pine.) — Low. Dist. Rare iu
the Middle.

Strobus, L. (White Pine.) — Mountains.
Anir.s Praseri, Purah. (Balsam Fir.) — Highest mountains.

nigra, Poir. (Black Spruce.) — Do.

alba, Michx \ (White Spruce.)— Do.

Canadensis, Michx. (Hemlock. Spruce Pine.) — Mountains.
Ci I'KKssrs thvoides, L. (White Cedar. Juniper.) — Low. Dist,
Taxodium distichum. Rich. (Cypress.) — Do.

" var: imhricaria, Nutt. — Do.
Thuja occidentalis, L. (Arbor Vitse.) — Mountains. Pare.
Jr.Mi'i ins Virginiana, L. (Red Cedar.) — Common.

FLOWERING PLA

( LASS II. ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

PALXACEJE.

Sabal Palmetto, \l. A s. (Palmetto.) — Cape Fear A: southward.
Adansonii, Guerns. I >warf Palmetto | —Low. I > i~r .

ABA)

Aih-.ema triphyllum, Torr. (Indian Tnrnip.) — Common.

Dracontinm, Schott. (Dragon Root.] — Mid. Di^t.

polymorphum, Chapm. — French Broad River. (Buckley.)
Peltabuba Virginica, Raf. (Arrow Arum.) — Lincoln ( !o.

Xabthosoma sagittifolium, Schott (Sj n Flower.) — Wilmington.

E mpuh aepcb foetidus, Salisb. (Skunk Cabbage. N. sar Raleigh.
Qbohtiuii aquaticum, L (Golden Club. Water Dock.) — Coast to

Cherol
AooBUfl Calamus, L. < alai ins. — All the Districts.

LEMXA4

Lbmha minor. L (Duck-weed.) — Low. & Mi 1. Di-t.
polyihiza, L. — L<>w. Di-t.

TYPHA< I

Ttpha latifolia, L. 'Cat-tail.' — Common.

Spakgaxiuv ramosum, Huds. (Bur Reed. — Low. & Mid. Dist

NAIAI>\< ) .V.

Naias flexilis, Rotsk. — Low. Dist

Zostbba marina, L. & i-wrack.) — Saltwater.

Zannk hki.ua palustris, L — Low. T> i - r .

Ruppia maritima, L. (Ditch Grass.)— Low. I)i>t.

Potamoobtoh pectinatus, L. (Pond-weed.)— Low. Di.-t.

pauciflorus, Pursh. — Low. & Mid. Dist.

.peHbliatua, L. — Low. I>i-t.

luoens, L — Low. & Mid. I)i-t.

fluitans, Roth. — Low. & Biid. I>i>t.

heterophyllus, Schreb. — Low. A Mid. L)i>t.

hybridus, Michx.— I k>.

AI.I.-MA'

Ai.i-ma Plantago, L. (Water Plantain.) — Common.

FLOWERING PLANTS. 53

Tbiglochin triandrnm, Miebx. (Arrow Grass.) — Low. Dist.
EcHENODOKua radicans, Engelm. — Low. Dist.
Sagittaria variabilis, Engelm. (Arrow-leaf.)— Common.

falcata, Pursh. — Low. Dist.

heterophylla, Pursh. — Low. Dist.

simplex, Pnrsb. — Do,

nutans, Michx. — Do.

pusflla, Xntt.— Do.

ttYDROCHARIDACEaS.

Anachabis Canadensis, Planch. (Water-weed.) — Valley River,

Cherokee.
Vallissnebia spiralis, L. (Tape Grass.) — Near Newbern. (Croon*.)
Ljhnobxum Spongia, Rich. (Frog-bit-) — Low. Dist.

BUBMANNIACE^!.

Buemannia biflora, L. — Low. Dist.
capitata, Chapm. — Do.

OKI IllOAl 1...1'..

Microstylis ophioglossoides, Nutt. (Adder's Mouth,)— All the Dis-
tricts.
Lipabis liliifolia, Rich. (Twayblade.)— Low. and Up. Districts.
CoKALi.ounizA odontorhiza, Nntt. (Coral Root.)— Mid. and Up. Dist.

innata, R. Br. — I p. Dist.
Aplectbum hiemale, frutt. (Putty Root.)— Macon Co. (Buckley.)
Calopogon pulchellus, R.Br. (Bearded Pink.) — Common,
parviflorus, Lindl. — Low. Dist.
var: albus. — Do.
Tipulabia discolor, Nutt. (Crane-Fly Orchis.) — Low. and Mid.

Dist
Bletia aphylla, Xntt.— Low. Dist. (Dr. MeJRee.) Mid. Dist. (Dr.

Pogonia ophioglossoides, Xmt. — Low. Dist. to Mountains.

pcndula, Lindl.— Mid. and Up. Dist.

divaricata, R. Br. — Low. and Up. Dist.

verticillata. Nutt — Low. Dist. (Geo. Wilton.)
AjtSTHUSA bulbosa, L. — Mountains. (Michcnix.)
Obchis Bpectabilis, L. (Showy Orchis.) Davidson county and
westward.

54 H.oWKUINo PLANTS.

Gymnadenia uava, Liiidl. Macon and Cherokee.

trident at a, Lindl — Mountains.
Plataktheka orbiculata, Lindl. (Hound-leaved Orchis.) — Moun-
tains.

flava, Gray, (Yellow Orchis.)— low. Dist.

bracteata, Tor. (Green Orchis.) — Mountains.

ciliaris, Lindl. (Yellow Fringed-Orchis.) — Common.

blephariglottis, Lindl. (White Fringed-Orchis.) —
Low. and Mid. Di>t.

cristata, Lindl. (Ci*ested Orchis.) — Coael to Moun-
tains.

lacera, Gray. (Ragged Orchis.) — Pp. Di^-t.

pgycodes, Gray. (Small Purple Fringed-Orchis.) —

Mid. and Op. Dist.

mnbriata, Lindl. (Large Purple Fringed-Orehis.) —

Mountain Swamps.
per mo na, Gray. (Great Purple Orchis.) — Mid. and
(p. Dist.
Babenarla repens, Xutt. — Low. Dist.
Si'iKANTiiKs cernua, Rich. (Lady's Tresses.) — Common,
odorata, Xutt. — Low. Dist.
tortilis, Willd. — Common,
gracilis, BigeL — Low. Dist. #

Goody era pubescens, P. Br. (Rattlesnake Plantain.) — Lincoln and
westward.
repens, 11. Br. — Mountains.

Listkka australis, Lindl. (Twayblade.) — Low. Dist,

convallarioides, Hook. — Mountains.
Pontiiikva glandulosa, P. Br. — Low. Dist.

Cypbipediuii pubescens, Willd. i Vol low Lady's Slipper.) -Mid. and
Pp. Dist.
parviflorum, Sali>l>. — Mountains. I Michauv.)
gpectabile, Swart/. Mountains,
dcaule, Ait. (Purple Lady's Slipper.) — All the Dis-
trict-.

\M LSYLLIDAl i v:.

Amaeyllis Atamax'o. L. (Atamasoo Lily.') — Low* and Mid. Dist.

PancBATIUII rotatmn. Kcr.- -Low. and Mid. Dist.

Agave Vir-inica. L. (False Aloe.)— Mid. and Pp. Dist,
HxpoxYfl erecta, L. I Yellow Star-'rr;i.~^. i — Common.

FLOWKB1NG l'l.AM-.
II.EMODORA< Y.E.

La< uxaxthk> tinetoria, Ell. (Red Root.) — Low. l>i>t.
Lophiola anrea, Ker. — Low. Dist.
Alktris farinosa, L. (Star-grass. Colic-root) — Common,
anrea, Walt — Low. and Mid. Pi>t.

BSOMKLIACELfi.

Tii.lam'-ia usneoides, L. (Long Moss.) — Low. Dist

IRIDAc K E.

Ii:i> versicolor, L. (Bine Flag.) — Common.

tripetala, Walt.— Low. Dist.

Virginiea, L. — All the Districts.

cristata. Ait. (Crested Iris.) — Mid. and Up. Dist.

verna, L. (Dwarf Iris.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Parpaxtju-s ChinensiSj Ker. (Blackberry Lily.) — Mid. Dist
Si-YRixciiu'M Bermndiana, L. (Blue-eyed Grass. Pepper Grass. —
I Mimon.

DIOSCOBEACKS.

Dioscorea villosa, L. (Wild Yam.) — Low. and Mid. Dist

SMII.AfK.E.

Smilax rotnndifolia, L. (Bamboo. — Common.
tamnoides, L. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
P-eudi>-Cliina, L. (China Root i — Common,
glauca, Walt (Sarsaparilla.) — D".
Walteri, Pnrsh. (Red-berried Bamboo.) — Low. Dist.
lanceolata, L. — Low. Dist.
lanrifolia, L. — P<>.
anricnlata, Walt. — On the Coast.
C0PBO8MAHTHTT8 herbaceus, Ktli. (Carrion Flower.) — Mid. Dist.
pednnenlaris, Kth. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
tamnifolins, Kth. — D<».
Trillium sessile, L. (Wake Robin.) — Davidson and westward,
cernnnm, L. — Mid. and Up. Dist.
stylosnm, Xutt. — Mid. Dist.

erythrocarpnm, Michx. (Wild Pepper.) — Mountains.
grandiflornm, Salisk — Mountain-,
erect 11111. L. — Mountains.
pnsillmn, Mielix. — Low. Dist.
Mki>K<'T..\ Virginiea, L. (Cncnmber Root.) — Lincoln and westward.

FLOWERING I'l.A.N I -.

i.i i.i a i i;.k.
Lilicm Biiperbuin, L. (TurkVeap LUy-)- -Mountains.

var: Caroliniamim. — Mid. and (Tp. J)i>t.
Canadense, I.. (Yellow Lily. » — Mountain-.
Philadelphicum, L. (Orange Lily.) — Do.
Catesbsei, Walt. (Sontheni Lily.)— Low. Di>t. to Wake Oo.
Yucca aloifolia, L (Spanish Bayonet.) — Low. Di-t.
gloriosa, L.- Sea-coasl .

filaraentosa, L. (Bear Grass.)--Al] the Districts,
recnrvifolia, Salisu. — "'Sandy fields, X. Car."' (Nuttatt.)
Erythbonium Americanum, Smith. (YeTIow Adder's Tongue.) —

Mid. and Dp. Dist.
Polygonatdw biflorum, Ell. ( Solomon*- Seal.) — Common.
Smii.a< ixa racemosa, Desf. (False Spikenard.) — Mid. and tip. Dist.

bifolia, Krr.— Mid. and Up. Dist.
Conyallaria majalis, L. (Lily of the Valley.)— Mountains.
( 'i.intoma umbellata, Torr. — Mountains.

borealis, Raf.— Do.
Allium tricoccum, Ait. (Karnps.)- -Mountains,
cernuum, Roth. — Do.
Canadense, Kalm. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
striatum, Jacq. Low. Dist. to Wake,
rinriilr. L. (Wild Onion.) Fields in Low. and Mid. Dist.

Mil \.\ TIIACK.K.

Mii.a.ntiihm Virginicum, L. (Bunch Flower.) -All the Districts.
Zygadenfs glaberrimus, Michx. — Low. Dist.

leimanthoides, ( rray. — Mountains.
Si i;.\A.\iiinM angustifolium, Gray. — All the Districts.
V bratrum viride, L. (Big Hellebore. Bear Corn.) — Mountains.

parviflorum, Michx.— Mountains.
A mia.vi hum musceetoxicum, Gray. (Fall Poison. Hellebore. Crow
Poison.) Common,
angustifolium, Gray. Low. Dist.
Xkeophylluu asphodeloides, Gray.*- Table Mountain.
('iia.m.ki.ikum luteum, < lraj . i Blazing Star. Devil's bit.)— Common.
Pi.kka tenuifolia. Michx. — Low. .Dist.
Toi'iKi.itiA glabra, Nutt. (False Asphodel.) -Low. Di>t.

pubens, Ait. — Com in on.

FLOWERING PLAXi-. ~>~

Tofieldia glutinosa, Willd. — Mountains.
UvTJLAEIA perfoliata, L. (Bell-wort.) — Mid. Dist.

grandiflora, Smith. — Mountains.
-ilifolia. L. — Common.

puberula, Miehx. — Mid. and Up. Dist.
Prosartes lanuginosa, Don. — Mountains.
SrEEPTOPua rosens, Miehx — Do.

JTDKCAGEfi.

Juwcub eftusus. L. (Bog Rush.) — Common.

setaeeus, Rostk. — Low. and Mid. Dist.

maritimus. Lam. — Brackish marshes.

tennis, Willd. — Common.

Gerardi, Lois. — Brackish marshes.

dichotomus. Ell. — Low. and Mid. Dist.

scirpoides, Lam. — Do.

polycephalus, Ell. — Common.

paradoxus. Merer. — Low. Dist.

debilis. Gray. — Low. Dist.

acnminatus, Miehx. — Do.

Elliottii, Chapm. — Do.

Conradi, Tuck. — Do.

marginatus, Rostk. — Low. and Mid. Dist.

var: cylindricus. — Lincoln County.

bufonius, L. — Low. Dist.
Luzula campestris, D. C. — Common.

pilosa, "Willd. — Mountains.
Cephaloxys flabellata, Desv. — Low. Dist.

PONTEDER J AC E.E.

Poxtederia cordata, L (Pickerel Weed.) — Common.

Schollera graminea, Willd. ("Water Star Grass.)— Surry and west-

ward.
Heteraxthera renifurmis, R. & P. (Mud Plantain.) — X.Carolina.
(Prof. Darly.)

I I MMELYXACE.E.

(ommllyxa communis, L. (Day Flower.) — Low. Dist
Virginica, L. — Common,
erecta. L. — Mid. and Up. Dist.

8

5S FLOWERING PL A

Tki :a Yirginica. L. (Spider-wort.) — Mountain

a, Vent. — Low. Dist.

KAYACACEA.

Mayaca Michauxii. 8. & E. — Low. Di=t.

XXX1DACBJB.

Xyris brevifolia. Michx. < Yell<>w-eved <-:.-- —Low. and Mid.
Dist.
arnbigua. Beyr. — Low. Dist.
flexuosa. Muhl. — Up. Dist.
Caroliniana, "Walt. — Common,
nmbriata. Ell. — Low. D-
torta. Smith. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
tenuifolia. Chapm. — Low. Dist.
Baldwiniana. P. & S. — Low. Dist.

DDOCACIOHACBJt

Eriocaui."X decaiigulare, L. Pipe-wort — I w. and Mid. Dist.

gnaphalodes. Michx. — Low. Dist.
Pjepalaxthus rlavidnlus. Ktli. ('Yellow Pipe-wort.) — Low. D'--
Lachhocautoh Miehanxii. Kth. [Hairy Pipe-wort.) — Low. and
Mid. Dist.

cyperacea. (Sedge G. 9G -
Cypeeus fiv L — Mid. Dif

diandrns. Torr. — Common.
Nnttallii, Ton*. — Low. 1 1
microdontr. - — Mid. Dist.

Gal rr. — L:<w. Dist

strig- ana, L. — Common,
spec: os us, Y .... — Low. Dist.
stenolepis. Torr. — Do.
Miehauxianns. Sclmltes. — D. •.

" var: \ elongatns, Torr. — Up. Dist
tetragonus. Ell. — Low. 1 1
repens. Ell. — 1> .

rotundus. L. (Nut Gnas.) — L'>w. and Mid. Dist.
Haspan. L. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
dentatns, Torr. — L:»w. and Mid. D^t.
virens. Miehx. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
■etna. Willd. — Low. Dist.

FLOWERING PLANTS. 59

Cyperus inflexus, Muhl. — Mid. Diet,
compressus, L. — Low. Dist.
filiculmis, Yalil. — Do.
Ghrayii, Torr. — Do.

ovularis, Torr. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
retrofractus, Torr. — Common.
Baldwinii, Torr. — Low. Dist.
erythrorhizos, Muhl — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Kyllixoia pumila, Michx. — Common.
Lipocarpiia maculata, Torr. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
IIemicarpiia subsquarrosa, Nees, — Mid. Dist.
Dulichium spathaceum, Rich. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Futrexa squarrusa, Michx. (Umbrella Grass.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.

var: luspida.— Mid. Dist.
Eleochabis equisetoides, Torr. (Spike Rush.) — Low. Dist.
quadrangulata, R. Br. — Do.
tuberculosa, R. Br. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
simplex, Torr. — Do.
prolifera, Torr. — Low. Dist.
intermedia, Torr. — Mid. Dist.
rostellata. Torr. — Low. Dist.
melanocarpa, Torr. — Do.
tricostata, Torr. — Do.
tennis. Schultes. — Mid. Dist.
microcarpa, Torr. — Low. Dist.
olivaeea, Torr. — Sea-coast.
palustris, R. Br. — Low. Dist.
obtusa, Schultes. — Common,
acicnlaris, B. Br. — Low. Dist.
pygmsea, Torr. — Xear the Coast.
Baldwinii, Torr. — Do.
BcDEtPua ciespitosus, L. (Bulrush.) — Mountains,
debilis. Pursh.— All the Districts.
pungens, Vahl. (Sword Grass.) — Xear the Coast.
Olneyi, Gray. — Brackish marshes.
laeustris, L. — Low. Dist.
maritimus, L. — Salt Marshes,
polvphyllus, Vahl.— Mid. Dist.
Eriophorum, Michx. — Common,
lineatus. Michx. — Low. Dist.

60 nowsBora plants.

Esaoraom m Vuginicnm, L ■ C"« »tt^>n Grass.) — Common,
polystachyon, L. — Mountain Bwamps.

Fimkki-i tub Bpadicea, Vahl. — Low. ami Mid. Dist.
var : puberula. — Low. Dist.
laxa, Vahl. — Mid. and Up, PUt.
TtacBELomiMB antumnalis, Chapm. — Common.
Isoum capillars. R A S. — Low. and Mid. Dist
ciliatifolia. Torr. — Low. Dist
stenophylla, Torr. — Low. Di-t.
BnmcmMoraKA plnmoaa, Ell. (Tick-seed Grass. — Low. Di?t.
oligantha, Gray. — Low. Dist.
rariflora, Ell. — Do.
Torreyana, Gray. — Do.
cymosa, Xutt. — Mid. Dist.
microcaipa, Baldw. — Low. Di-t.
inexpansa. Vahl. — Do.
caduca, Ell. — Do.
miliacea. Gray. — Do.
Grayii, Ktb. — Do.
megalocarpa, Gray. — D
Baldwinii, Gray. — Do.
ciliata, Vahl. — Do.
ocularis, Nntt. — Do.

var: distant. — Do.
filifolia. Gray. — Do.
pallida, M. A. C— Do.
alba, Vahl. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
gracilenta. Gray. — Do.
glomerata. Vahl. — Common.

var : paniculata. — Do.
eephalantha, Ghray. — Low. Di>t.
Chapinanii. M. A. C— ]
CnAToacmuci macrostach jna, Gray. (Honied Rash.) — Low. Dist.

comicnlatas, Nees. — Low. Di>t.
PaiLocAKTA rhynchosporoides, T->n-. (Bald Rush.) — Low. Di-t.
Cladtch effbsom, Torr. (Saw Grass.) — Low. Di>t.

tnariscoides, Torr. (Twig Rush.) — Da
DicHROMsara latifolia, Baldw. — Low. Dist.
leucocephala, Micfax. — J

FLo\VKKIN<; PLANTS. 61

St.kria triglomerata, Michx. (Nut Hush.) — Common.
reticularis, Michx. — -Low. Di<t.
laxa, Torr. — Common.
Elliottii, Chapm. — Low. ami Mid. Dist.
pauciflora, Muhl. — Mid. Dist.
gracilis, Ell. — Low. Dist.
verticillata, Muhl.— Do.
Cases bromoides, Schk. (Sedge Grass.) — Low. Dist.
decomposita, Muhl. — Mid. Dist. 1
vulpinoidea, Miclix. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
stipata, Muhl. — Do.
sparganioides, Muhl. — Mid. Dist.
Muhlenbergii, Schk. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
cephalophora, Muhl. — Mid. Dist.
rosea, Schk. — Do.
retroflexa, Muhl. — Mountains,
stellulata. Good . — Common.
canescens, L. — Mountains. {Buckley.)
scoparia, Schk. — Common.

" var: lagopodioides. — Do.
straminea, Schk. — Do.

" var: festneacea. — Up. Dist
fcenea, Muhl. — Low. Dist.

" var": alata. — Do. (Croom.)

torta, Boott. — Macon County.
stricta, Good. — Common.
crinita, Lam. — Common.

" var: gvnandra. — Low. Dist.
Mitehelliana, M. A. C. — Chatham County,
polytrichoides, Muhl. — Common.
Fraseri, Sims. — High mountains.
Willdenovii, Schk.— Up, Dist.
squarrosa, L — Mid. Dist.

Bnxbaumii, "Wahl — Mountains. (Prqf. Gray.)
hirsuta. Willd. — Common,
trice]".-, Michx. — Mid. Di>t.
virescens, Muhl. — Mountains,
aestivalis. If. A. C. (Winter Grass.) — Mountains,
gracillima, Si-hwein. — Low. Dist.
Davisii, Schw. & Tori". — Mountains.

62 FLOWERING n.AXTS.

Cases miliaoea, Muhl. — Lincoln td Cherokee,
filiformie, L. — Mountain swamps,
restita, Willd.— Up. Diet.

polymorphs^ Mulil. — Swamps of Low. and Up. Dist.
dasycarpa, Muhl. — Low. Dist.
Pennsylvanica, Lam. — Common.

var: Muhlenbergii. — Up. Dist.
laoormri, Willd.

" var: nigromarginata. — Mid. Dist.

" var: Emmonsii. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
grisea, WaM. — Mid. Dist.

" var: niutica. — Low. Dist.
granulans, Muhl. — Low. Dist.
com >i( lea, 8chk. — Common,
tetanica, Schk. — Mountains,
lax i flora, Lam. — Common.

var: striat ula.— Mid. and [Jp. Dist.
Btyloflexa, Buckl. — Mid. and Up. Dist.
digitalis, Willd. — Do.
oligocarpa, Schk. — Common.
plantaginea, Lam. — Mountains. {Prof. G-ray.)
Carolinian a, Buckl. — Mountains,
venusta, Dew. — Low. Dist.
debilis, Michx. — ( lommon.
juncea, Willd.- Roan Mountain. (Buckley.)
seal trata. Bchwein. — Mountains,
tlacca. Schreb. — Mid. Dist.
glancescens, Ell. — Low. Dist.
verrucosa, Ell. — Do.
comosa, Boott. — Do.

liyslricina. Mnhl. — Mountains.

tentaculata, Muhl. — ( lommon.
gigantea, Rudge. — Up. Dist.

lupulina, Muhl. — Common.
Bubulata, Michx.- Low. Dist.
folliculata, L. — ( lommon.
tnrgescens, Torr. — Low. I>i>t.
Elliott ii, Scliw. & Tor.— Do.
intumescens, Rudge. -Up. Dist.
Striata, Michx. — Low. Dist. ^

FLOWERING PLANTS.

63

Caricx riparia, Curt. — Low Dist.
bullata, Sc-hk.— Mid. Dist. \

oramixk.e. (Grasses.)
Leersia oryzoides, Swartz. (Rice Grass.) — Common.
Virginica, Willd. — Common.

lenticularis, Michx. — Islands of the Roanoke. (Pursh.)
Zizania aquatica, L. (Wild Rice.) — Low. Dist.

miliacea, Michx. (Wild Oats.)— Low. and Mid, Dist.
Hydeociiloa Carolinensis, Beauv. — Low. Dist.
Alopecurus geniculates, L. (Floating Foxtail.) — Swampy Grounds.

jrratensis, L. (Meadow Foxtail.) — Meadows.
Phledm jjratense, L. (Timothy.) — Meadows.
Polypooon maritimvS) Willd. (Beard Grass.) — Sea-coast.
Spororolus jnnceus, Kth. (Wire Grass.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Indicus, Br. — Do.
Virgin icus, Kth. — Mid. Dist.
Vilfa aspera, Beauv. — Low. and Mid. Dist.

vaginaeflora, Torr. — Mid. Dist.
Agrostis elata, Trin. (Tall Thin Grass.)— Common.
perennans, Gray. (Thin Grass.) — Common.
Bcabra,jWilld. (Hair Grass.)— Do.
alia, L. (Bent Grass. Herd's Grass.) — Common.
rupestris, All. — Mountains.
Cixna arundinacea, L. (Wood Reed Grass.) — Common.

var : pendula. — Mountains.
Muhlehbergia Mexicana, Trin. (Drop-seed Grass.) — Mid. and Up.
Dist.
Willdenovii, Trin. — Mountains.
diffusa, Schreb. (Nimble Will.) — Common.
capillaris, Kth. (Hair Grass.) — Near the coast.
trichopodes, Chapm. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
BrAciiyklytrum aristatum. Beany. — Mountains.
Cai.am.u.imstis coarctata, Torr. (Reed Bent Grass. Wild Oats.) —
Common,
arenaria. Roth. — Sea-beach.
Stow avenaeea, L. (Feather Grass.) — Low. and Mid. \)\a.
Aristida lanata, Poir. (Three-awned Grass.) — Low. and Mid. I>i.-t.
pnrpnrascens, Poir. — Common.
gracilis. Ell. — Do.

•''4 H.oWKKINi. PI.AM-.

Aristida trirgata, Trill. — Low.Dist.

strieta, >n«*hx. (Wire Grow.) — Low.Dist
dichototna, Miehx. (Poverty Grass. — Mid. Diet
spiciformis, Ell. — Low. I >i>r.
oligantha, Miehx. — I k>.
Si-aktina Juncea, Wflld. — Sea coast

polystachya, WilM. — Low. Diet,
glabra, Mnhl. (Mareh Grass.) — Salt Marshes.
Gymxopogon racemo&us, Beauv. — Common.

var: filiformis. — Low. and Mid. I >i-r.
acuta petnea, Desv. — Sea coast
Cynodoh Dactylon, Pers. (Bermuda Grass. Reed Grass.) — Low. and

Mid. Dist
Otenicii Americanum, Spreng. (Lemon Grass.) — Low. Di>t. to

Wake Co.
Dacttloctenium . . Willd. Egypti -—Do.

Eleusine 1,,'l-n. Grsert Goose Grass.) — Common.

u>i mucronata, Kth. — Common in enlt. grounds,
polystachya, Kth. — Brackish marshes.
Tivii DSFia Beslerioides, Ten-. — Common in old fields.
Triflasis Americana, Beauv. (Sand Grass.)— Low. Di-t.

purpurea, Chapm. — Low. T >i-t.
Eatohia obtusata, Gray.— Common.

Pennsylvanica, Gray. — Mid. and Op. Di>t.
Mki.ua mutica, Wart (Meb'c Grass.) — Common.
Glyorria nerrata, Trin. — All the Districts.

pallida, Trin. — dp. Dist {Dr. Hunter.)
fluitans, K. Br.— Low. and dp, Dist
Aim nmnakia gigantea, Chapm. (Cane.)— Low. Dist.

tecta, Mnhl. (Reed.) — Common.
Bruopyruii Bpieatum, Book. (Spike Grass. Sea ooast
Poa annua. L. (Spear Grass. May Grass.)— Common,
ftexuosa, Mnhl. — Common,
pratensis, L. (Blue Grass.) — Common,
compreesa, L. — All the Districts.
l>v iv i.i- glomerate) L (Orchard Grass.)— All the Districts.
Eragrostoi reptans, Nees. Mid. and IJp. Ih%t.
megastachya^ Link. — ( Sommon.
Purshii, Schrad. — 1><>.

Ebaqbostis tenuis, Gray. — Do.

papillaris, Xees. — Mid. Dist.
pectinacea, Gray. — Common.

" var: refract a. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Festdca Myurus, L. (Fescue Grass.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
tenella, Willd.— Do.
duriuscula, L. — Sea coast.
elatlor, L. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
nutans, Willd. — Common.
Bbomus sccali?ms, L. (Cheat. Chess) — Wheat fields,
ciliatus, L. — Mid. and Up. DUt.
" var : purgans. — Do.
Uniola latifolia, Michx. — Mid. and Up. Dist. *

paniculata, L. (Beach Grass.) — Sea-beach.
gracilis, Michx. — Common.
IIordecm pusillum, Xutt. — Low. Dist* (TF. M. Canty.)
ElymUs Yirgink-us, L. (Rye Grass.) — Common.

striatus, Willd. — Mountains.
Gtmnootichum Ilystrix, Schreb. (Bottle Brush.) — Mid. and [Jp. Dist.
Loxnm temulmtumj L. (Darnel.) — Mid. Dist.
Aira tlexuosa, L. (Hair Grass.) — Mountains.
Tki-ktum palustre, Torr. — Low. and Mid. Diet.

niolle, Kth. — Roan Mountain.
Danthonia spicata, Beau v. (Wild Oat Grass^ — Common.

sericea, Xutt. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
Arkiikxatuerum avif)act(/.//i, BauiY. (Tall Oat Grass.) — Mid. Hist.

in meadows.
H0LOU8 lanatus, L. (Velvet Grass.) — Common. In meadows.
Axtiiuxaxtiilm odorafaem, L. (Sweet-scented Grass.) — Do.
Piialaris intermedia, Bosc. (Southern Canary Grass.) — Low. Dist.
Paspalum miitans, Kth.— Lincoln Co. Also Gaston Co. ! (Dr.
Hunter.)
"Walteri, Schultes. — Low. Dial.
Digitaria, Poir. — Do.

disticlnnn, L. (Joint Grass.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
prtscox, Walt — Low. Dist. t<» Wake,
lseve, Michx. — Common.
Floridanum, Michx. — Low. and Mid. Di>t.
racemnlosnm, Xutt. — Coast t<> CSierokee.
0

N H."\\Kl:iN«, n.AM-.

PasPALDM undulatuin. Poir. — Low. and Mid. Di-t.

ciliatitulimn, Michx. — Common.
Ami-mi. AiuTM Purshii. Kth. — Near Newborn. {Croom.)
I'ami im x-'/t<ivut<ii<.. L. (Grab Grass*) — Common,
filiforme, L — Common,
gibbnm, Ell. — Low. Diet.
Cnrtiaii, Chapm. — Do.
hiana, Ell. — Low. and Mid. Dkt.
anceps, L. — Common,
virgatnm, L. — Do.
amarnm, Ell. — On the ooast
prolifernm, Lam. — Common.
w capillars, L. — Do.

divergenBj MnhL — Low. Di^t.
verrue< earn, MnhL. — Common.
latifolium, L. — Mid. and Up. Di^r.
elandeatinnm, L. — Mid. L>i;t.

iparium, L. — Common,
panciflornm, Ell ( — Low. Dist.
visciduin. Ell. — Low. Dist.

rinacnlnm, Ell. — Da
mierocarpon, Muhl. — Mid. Dist.
dichotomnm, L. — Common,
commntatnm, Schnltes. — Low. and Mid. !
depatfperatnm, Muhl. — 1 >• ..
ignoratnm, Kth. — Lew. Dist.
niluin. Kth. — Do.
< '/ U8-G '. I.. I liuiion.

rat : hispidum. — Da
Walteri, Ell. — Low. and Mid. Dist
hirtelluin. L. — Near the coast
Brabia iv. — L"\v. D

</<(>«\r, Beany. (Foxtail) — Cum::
It'iJi'-'i, Kth. (Italian Millet.) — Near Wilmington.
Ckhchbto tribnloidea, L (Sand-spnr.) — < >n t!.
Rottbooxia rngosa, Nntt — NearNewbern. (Oi a- Wilson.)
TmrsAouu dactyloideSj L (Gama G L .. and Mid. Di~t.

An; ftfichx. (Broom Grass.) — Low. and Mid.

Dist

FLOWERING PLANTS.

67

Andkopogon iurcatus, Muhl. — Common.

tetrastachyoa, Ell. — Common.

" var : distachyns. — Low. Diet.

Elliottii, Chapm. — Low. Dist.
Virginians, L. — Do.

" var: vaginatus. — Low. Dist. to Wake Co.
macrourus, Michx. — Low. and Mid. Dist.
ternarius, Michx- — Mountains. (Michaitae.)
Ektaxtiius alopecuroides, Ell. — Coast to Cherokee.

brevibarbis, Michx. — Mid. Dist.
Sobohtjm avenaceum, Chapm. (Indian Grass.) — Common.

Holopense, Pere. (Cuba Grass.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.
nutans, Gray. (Wood Grass.) — Common.

FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

EQTJIBETACEA

Eqvisi- ri m laevigatum, Brann. (Horse-tail.) — Low. and Mid. Dist.

FILICES. (FeBNS.)

PoLYPODini rnlgare, L (Polypod.) — Mid. and Uy Dist.

liexagonopterum, Michx. — Lincoln and westward*
i iic;u mm, Bwartz. — Common,
Ptebis aquilina, L. (Brake.)— -Da
Pkix.ka atropurpurea, Link. (Book Brake.) — Mountains.
( ' 1 1 in. wi iu:s vestita, Swart/. (Lip Fern.) — Wake Co. to Mountains.

tomentosa, Link. — Mountains.
AuiANir.M pedatum, L. (Maiden-hair. Hair Fern.) — Common.
Woodwaedia angustifolia, Smith. — Low. Dist.

Virginica, Willd. — Do.
Camptosobus rhizophyllus, Link. (Walking leaf.) — Mountains.
A.8PLENIUM pinnatifidiun, Xutt. (Spleen-wort) — Do.
Trichomanes, L. — Lincoln and westward,
ebeneum, Ait. — Common,
angusl ifolium, Michx. — Mountains,
montanuin, Willd. — Orange Co. to Mountains.
Ruta-muraria, L — Mountains.
thelypteroides, Michx. — Do. {Mieka/uaa.)
Filix-foemina, Bernh. — Common.
Cystopteem fragilis, Bernh. (Bladder Fern.) — Mountains.

bnlbifera, Bernh. Mountains.
Ajspedidh Thelypteris, Swartz. (Wood Fern.) — lT]». Dist.
Noveboraoense, "Willd. — Mid. and Up. Dist.
BpiUulosum, Swartz. — Mountains.

" var: dilatatum. — Do.

marginalo, Swartz. — Do.
acrosl ichoides, Swartz. — Common.
Onoclka senaibilis, L. (Sensitive Fern.) — Common.
Woodsxa Ilvensis, B. Br. — Mountain-.
obtnsa, Torr. — Do.

PL0WB&LE88 PLANTS. 69

Dicksonia pilosiuscnla, Kunze. — Do.

Lygodium palmatum, Swartz. (Climbing Fern.) — Mountains.

{BwMey.)
Osmuwda regalis, L. (Flowering Fern.)- Common.
( Qaytoniana, L. — Mountains,
cinnamomea, L. — Common.
Botrychium \Tirginicum, Swartz. (Moonwort.) — Mountains.

lnnarioides, Swartz. — All the Districts.
Ophioglossum vulgatnm, L. (Adder's Tongue.) — Up. Dist.

I.Ycol'oDIACK.E.

Ltoopodtum lucidulum, Michx. — Mountains.

Selago, L. — Do.

alopecuroides, L. — Low. Dist. to Wake.

clavatum, L. (Club Moss.) — Mountains.

dendroideum, Michx. (Ground Pine.) — Do.

Carolinianum, L. — Low. Dist.

complanatum, L. — M< mntains.
Sklaoinella rupestris, Spring. — Low. and Up. Di>t.
apns, Spring. — Common.

ErYDBOPTERIDES.

AzollA Caroliniana, Willd. — Low. Dist.

MUSCI OK MOSSES.

Spuaqnuh cynibifblium, Dill. — Common. Dog:- and Swamps.
compaetum, Brid. — Up. Dist. Springy places.
Lescurii, Sull. — Low. and Up. (Lesquereux.) Wet ground.
Schradcri, Sull. — (Sull.) Wet ground.
humile, Schimp. — Up. (Lesq.) Wet ground.
cyclophyllum, Sull. — Low. and Up.? Swamps.
Bedoides, Brid. — Mountains. (Lesq.) Springy places,
macrophyllum, Bernb. — Low, Swamp.-.
acutifolium, Ebrh. — Common. Moras
molle, Sull. — Mountains. (Gray.) Wet places,
cuspidatum, Ebrh. — Common. Swamps.
talmlare, Sull. — Mountains. (Sulliv.) Wet rocks.

FLOWKSLES8 IT..

Ahdrjea rupestris, Turn. — Mount* ins. (Soil. I '
Phabcum serratum, Schreh, — (8nH.) Damp ground.

--incrvi . S wsegr. — (SnlL) Earth in wot
cohserens, Hedw. — (SuD.) River bonks,
patens, Hedw. — SnlL) On clay soil,
mnticnm, Schieb. — Mid. N rth.

Bnbnlatnm, Sc] b. — (Snll. Earth,
crispum, Hedw. — (Snll.) D
hi.v flexuosa, Schwsegr. — I. ■..

brevifolia, SnlL — Low. Earth.
Ran n< lii, Wils. — Low. ' rrassy la
Weisia viridula, Grasslands.

Rhabdowkisia denticulata, Br. & Sch. — M-. S
Camftlopub a, Brid. — Mts. (Sullir.

Tbematodon longicollis, Bich. — Mid. and Up. Clayey soil.
Dicranvii yarimn, Hedw. — Mid. and Dp. Clay 1-;

heteromaflum, Hedw. — Common. Wet ground,
interruptum, Br. & Sch. — Mta (SnlL 0
longifolium, Hedw. — Mountains. Etavenel.) R
parinm, L — Common. Earth andro -
ogatnm, v . . — Mts. Earth.

\ -• ;:n. Brid.— Mts. RockB.
Bpnrinm, Hedw. — Low. & Mid. (Snll | B
Ckkatodob pnrpnrens, Brid. — Low. ft Mid. Sandy ground.
Leuoobbtoh minus, Hampe. — Low. & Mid. Earth.

glaueum, Hampe. — < M isl _ »nnd.

Fissidehs bryoides, Hedw. — Mid. ft Up. Shaded banks.
Raveni lii, Snll. — Ix>w. Si<k- <»t"<lit< "
unundioides, Hedw. — Mts. Snll. Base of tr©
Bubbassilaris, Hedw. — Mid. Old logs and tn

Hedw.— Low. Earth in woods,
adiantoides, Eledw. — Low. Wet ground.
1 iMirsnm Jnliannm, Mont. — Low. Shallow streams.
Tkjchostomuii vaginalis, SnlL — Low. Side of ditches,
glau . Hedw. — Up. (Snll.) Earth.

tortile. Schrad. — Mid. ft l"j>. Clay sofl.
pallidum, Hedw. — Common. Clay soiL
Barbula nngnicnlata, Hedw. — Mid. Earth.

, Sclrw _ '.—Low. ft Mid. Eni-th and walls.

I'I.o\Vi:UI.l>> PLANTS. 71

Rakbhla tortuosa, W. v.v M. — Mts. (Sull.) Wet rocks.

rnralis, Hedw. — Up. (Sull.) On rocks.
Desmatodoh plinthobius, Sull. & Lesq. — Low. Brick walls.
Tbtraphis pellucida, Hedw. — Mid. & Up. Earth in woods.
Zygodon Sullivantii, Mull. — Mts. (Sull.) On rocks.
DsUMMONDlA clavellata. Hook. — Common. Trunks of trees.
Obthoteichum cu}mlatum, Iloff. — Up. (Sull.) On Bocks,
exiguum, Sull. — Low. (Sull.) On Trees,
stran^ulatum, Beau v. — Common. Trees.
Hutchinsiae, Smith. — Mts. Bocks.
crispum, Hedw.- — Mts. Trees.
pTTCHOMrrRiUM incurvum, Schwaegr. — Mts. (Sull.) Rocks.

Drnmmondii, II. Oc W. — Low. Trees and roofs.
Gkimmia apocarpa, Hedw. — Up. On rocks.

Pennsylvanica, Schwsegr. — Mid. and Up. Rocks.
Hedwigia ciliata, Ehrh. — Mid. and Up. Rocks.
Buxbaoiia aphvlla, Haller. — Up. (Sull.) Earth.
Dipiiyscium foliosum, W. & M. — Mts. Earth.
Atbichum undulatum. Beany. — Up. (Sull.) day banks.

angustatum, Beauv. — Common. Shady woods.
Pogonatum brevicanle, Brid. — Mid. and Up. Clay banks.
hrachvphvllum, Michx. — Low. Sandy banks.
Pogonatum ornigernm, Brid. — Mts. (Sull.) Earth,
capillars Drid.— Mts. (Sull.) Earth.
alpinum, Brid. — Mts. (Sull.) Earth.
PoLYTEiCHTJM commune, L. — Low. and Mid. Damp sandy soil.
formosuin, Hedw. — Mts. Earth around trees.
pilifernm, Schreb. — Mts. (Sull.) Rocky soil.
Aii.a< om.niox palnstre, Schwaegr. — Low. Swampy ground.

heterostichum, Br. & Sch. — Mid. and Up. Shaded

hanks.
androgynum, Schwaegr. — Mts. (Sull.) Rocky groimd.
Bbyum pyriforme, Hedw. — Mid. and Up. Moist ground
crudum, Schreb. — Mts. (Soil.) Earth,
annotinum, Iledw. — Mts. (Sull.) Earth.
elongatum, Dicks. — Mts. (Sull.) Crevices of rocks.
roseum, Schreb. — Mid. and Up. Shady woods.
argenteum, L. — Mid. and Up. On roofs, open ground, &c
pseudo-triquetrum, Schwsegr. — Up. (Sull.) Wet r<»cks.

n PLJLNT8.

Bbtdm oernuum, Hedw. — Dp. (SnlL) Dani]> w la

intermedium, Brid. — L"\v. Briek Avail-.
capillare, Hedw. — Dp. (SulL) Rocks.

•itieium, L. — MM. ami Op. Earth ami r.«.k-.
atropnipureum, W. & M. — hits. (SulL) Earth.
Mmim attine. Bland. — Common. Shady hank-.

stellare, Hedw. — Dp. (SolL) Borden I .m>.
punctatum, Hedw. — Mr-. Dam]- earth,
borialuw, Brid. — Mts. (SnlL) Margin of rivulets,
itratum. Schwaagr. — Dp. (SnlL) Along atrean -.
cuspidatum, Hedw. — Mid. and Dp. Baoo of to
Bartkamia pomilbrmia, Hedw. — Mid. and Dp. Damp shaded
ground,
fontana, Brid. — Mid. and Dp. Springy ground,
oalearea, Br.&Seh. — Mountains. (Leaonr.) Wet rocks,
radicalia, Beauv. — Low. Side of atresias.
Finahia hygrometrica, Hedw.— Mid. and Dp. Earth.
flavicans, Michx. — Low. Earth.
rata, Beanv.— Low. Earth.
Ehtosthoooji Dnunuiondii, Soil. — (SnlL) Clayey -
Piiy>< o.MiTuit m pyriforme, Br. & Seh. — Ja'av. Damp
Pbisaplodoji anstralia, SulL & Leaq. — Low. In swamps.
FoBTorALni disticha, 11. & W. — (SulL) In rivulets.

■ ■urii, Sull. — Mountain-. (Leaquer.) Streama.
squamosa, L -Mountain-. In streams.
Dichkltxi captllaeeuui, BryoL Eur. — (SulL) In rivulet-.

aubulatum, Myrin. — (SulL) Rivulets.
Cstfhjia a^omerata, Schimp. — Low. & Mid. On 1

nervosa, II. & W. — D.-. On to
Letoodom julacena, Hedw.— Low. & Mid. < hi to
btachypua, Brid. -Mts. On trei
odqh trichomitrion, Mohr. — I p. On to

unmenum, SnlL A: Lee S On 1

Anjitki" iiia Gurtipendnla, Brid. — Mts. ; - Earth.
Ajtoxodon viticulosus, II. & T. — Mts. E

spioulatua, Br. & Sen.— Do, (SulL) Old V g
ohtu.-itV.liu>. Be. & Son.— (SulL) Tn
attonuatua, JIul>. — Mid. Roeka and to*
triads, Ceaat.— Mid, & Dp.

PLOWERLESS 1-LAM-. ,'■'•

Leskea polycarpa, Hedw. — (Sull.) Base of trees,
obscura, Hedw. — Mid. Base of trees,
rostrata, Hedw. — Mid, & Up. Base of trees,
dentkmlata, SulL— Mts. (Sull.) Da
Clasmatodon par ml lis, Hanipe. — Low. Trunk of trees.
Thelia hirtella, Hedw. — Low. & Mid. Trunk of tree.-.

Lescurii, Sull. — Sandy ground.

Myubella Careyana. Sull. — Mountains. (Sull.) Earth.
Fabrokia Ravenelii, Sull. — (Sull.) Rocks.

Caroliniana, Sull. & Lesq. — (Sull.) Decayed logs.
AjfACAMFPODON splachnoides, Brid. — Mid. Hollow trees.
Pylaibjsa intricata, Hedw. — Mid. Roofe & trunk.- of trees.
Homalothecium subcapillatum, Bryol. Eur. — Mid. On trees.
Platygykium repens, Bryol. Eur. — Mid. & Up. Rotten logs, &c.
OnjNDEOTHEcroM seduetrix, Bryol. Eur. — Common. Decaying
wood,
cladorrhizans, Bry. Eur. — Mid. »V' Up. Oldlogs.
apressum, Bry. Eur. — Low. & Mid. Trees.
Sullivantii, C. Mull.— Up. (Sull. > Stones.
Drummondii, Schimp. — Up. (Rav.) Rocks &

Tr<
brevisetum, Bry. Eur. — Mid. Trees.
N :eea pennata, Hedw. — Mt>. Trunks of tn

eomplanataj Bry. Eur. — Z\It>. On rocks.
Hookeeia acutifolia, Hook? — Mts.»(Sull.) Earth.
OuMAcnru Americanum, Brid. — Up. Earth and logs.
Hypnum tamariscinum, Hedw. — Common. Earth and
delicatulum, L.— Mts. (Sull.) Earth.
minutulum, Hedw. — Common. Logs and walls.
scitum, Beaur. — Up. (Sull.) Base of tn
gracile, Br. & Sch. — Mts. < Hd Logs,
triquetrum, L. — Mid. and Up. Earth in woods,
brevirostre", Ehrli. — Mts. Rocks and base ofti
splendens, Hedw. — Up. On earth in woods,
nmbratum, Ehrh.— Mts; Sull.) Rock's.
Alleghaniense, C. Mull.— Mts. (Snll.) Borders of rivulets,
hians, Hedw. — Low. Earth.
Boscii, Schwsegr. — Up. Earth.
serrnlatnm, Hedw. — Up. (Rav.)- <>n the ground,
in

74 fi>

IIypntm rosciforme, Weia — Up. Bocks in stream?,
demissnm, Wila— Mte. (Sail.) II -
mierocarpnm, 0. Mull. — Common. Tnn

cvlindrocarpum. C. Mull. — Mte.

. ibb, Schwsegr. — Common. Earth and rocks
albnlam, C. Mull. — Common. Damp gronad
engyriam, Bry. Eur. — Mte. Wet ground.
moUe, Dick.-. — Mta. Margin of streams,

spidatmn, L. — (SalL) Marshy pit
oordifoUnm, Hedw. — (Still.) In S
oncinatam, Hedw. — Mta BolL) Rocks and 1 _
fluitan-. Ll — Boll.) Swan,
aduncum. Hedw. — Mt~. B ipj groan
moUaficnm, Hedw. — Mid. and Up. Earth and rocks,
cnpressifbrme, L. — Mts. Tree? and earth.
imponens, Hedw. — Mid. and l"]». Earth and logs
reptile, Miehx. — Mta Decaying I _-.
eurvifulium. Hedw. — Mid. and Up, Earth and 1 _-.
Bemorosam, Koch. — Mts. (SnU.) Decayed 1 _-.
rag Ehrh. — Up. (SnlL) Lime-"

mm, Hoffm. — Common. Earth and I _-.
acuminatum. Beaav. — U}». Earth and logs
rutabulum. L. (SnU.) Springy ground,
plamosnm, L. — Mte. SnU.) Earth.

. Schreb. — Mid. and I". . M hy ground.
hispidnlnm, Brid. — Mid. and Up. E

-. Hedw. — Common. Ro _- : earth.

radicale, Brid. — Common. _- and earth.

riparinm, Hedw. — L . S ram] ground.
La ii,8 ilL— Mte. SnU.) W\
denticulatum, L. — Up. (Sail.) Recke
Mnhlenbeckii, Bky. Ear. — Mte. B 11.) Earth and i
fulvum, H. A: W. — L<>w. In water.
>ylvaticum, L. — Mta (SnU.) Earth.

FLOWKRLEBS IT, A MS. 75

IIEPATIC.E OR LIVERWORTS.

Riccia glance, L. — Common. Damp ground.

lutescens, Schwein. — Low. and Mid. Damp ground.

SphJbbogaspus Michelii, Bellard. — Low. and Mid. Cult, ground.
AxTiiocEKos punotatus, L. — Common. Side of ditches, &c.
Levis, L. — Common. Moist earth,
laciniatus, Schwein. — Mid. (Schwein.) Wet gravelly
ground.
Xototiiylas orbicularis, Snll. — Mid. (Schwein.) Damp ground.
Mae-cuaxtea. polymorpba, L. — Common. Damp ground.
Dumokttera hirsuta, Nees. — Common. Face of rocks.
Feoateela eonica, Cda. — Mid. and Up. Moistgronnd.
Reboijlia hemispherica, Raddi. — Low. and Mid. Springy ground.
FnnmiAniA tenella. Nees. — Common. Shaded ground.
Metzoeria furcata, Nees. — Mid. and Up. Rocks and base of trees,
pubeseens, Raddi. — Up, (Schwein.) Rocks and base
of trees.
Axeuka senilis, Spreng. — Low. Rotten wood.

pinguis, Dum. — Mid. (Schwein.) Among Swamp Moss,
palmata, Nees. — Mid. Wet earth and wood.
multirlda. Dum. — Common. AVet earth and wood.
Steetzia Lvellii, Lehm. — Low. and Mid. Wetground.
Pkllia epiphylla, Xees. — Mid. and Up, Wet ground.
EossoMB&oiriA pusilla, Nees; — Low. and Mid. Wot --round.
Gbocalyx grayeoienSj Nees. — Low. and Mid. Rotten logs and

wet rocks.
Ciiii.os.vi'nrs polyanthos, Cda.— Mid. (Schwein.) 1 Jocks and wet
ground.

BBCendetlS, II. & W.— (Sulliv.) Rotten logs. &c.

LoPHOooLBA heterophylla, Nees. — (Sull.) Rotten logs.
Sphaonkxetib communis. Xees. — Common. Damp mossy places.
Sgafahia aemorosa, Nees.— Common. Wet rocks and earth.

undulata, Neee and Mont.— Mid. (Schwein.) Boggy lands.
Jiwoeumanney setacea, Web. — Mid. and Up. Wet ground.

trichophvlla, L.— Up. (Sull.) Deeaved wood. &c.

N 1-
• II N-.LKM A.VMA O'llllhc!:-. !' ( U

enrrifolia, Dicks. — Mid. (Schwein.) 1>.

- lata, L — Mid and L'j .. &t.

. . .:!•!:. — Up. (SnlL I ' ;. &C.

SnlL) Earth and r<
auxii, Web. — Mid. and Up. S
incisa, Schrad. — Mi . - I >..::.•, earth.

Schraderi, Mart — Low. and Mid. Earth and
■ nnlata, Sin. — Mid. Wet

8 hmidel.—
w<
isifolia, Hook.— M . rth audi

albicans, L — Mi<l. - Earth.

Plagkx imi. a spinulosa, N. & M. — Mta. (SnlL) Banks of rivu

-. X. & M. — Mi I. Schw. !':ink>

of rivnli
porelL 1. — T}>. Swampy ground.

s rraue Ehrhaiti, Cda. — Mta. S
:an!a Grayana, Mont. — Mid and Up. R
l, SnlL — Low. Bark of ti
Ilnu-lii; Mta Snll.) Wt I

V ginica, Lehm. — Low. and Mid. Trees ami old

5, Lehin. — L w. and Mid. Bark of tn -.
plana, Snll.— II - ; is.

b. — Mid. and Up. Rod
Lejkukla dypeata, Schwein. — Common. Trees and n
1..H, Soil.) T

ycolata, Tayl. — Mts. - a&

. Lib. — Low. and Mid.
cncollata, Nees. — Mta. - . . R ska.
.. a porella, Nees. — Come ml Earth and n-
playthylla, D — Mid. and Up. i
j, £
Kmmi.a oomplanata, Dnm, — ] hwein.) Bark of tr©

pollens, N< ■ - — Mts. S Old _-.

l'ni.ii'ii m ciliaiv. Nees. — S
Bkhdtnkra . jnniperina, Snll. Earth.

PLOWKRLEBS 1'I.A . 7

••ntella. Nees. — Mid. and Up. Damp ground.
Mastigobbygii trilobatuni, Nees. — Common. Damp ground.
Leptoozu -. N s. — Mts. SnlL) Wei

Trichomi is Cda.- -L i ind.

LICHENES.

COLLEMACKL

vlitm polycoccum, (Nyl. — Mid. Di.-t. On rt
•idum. Ach. — Mill, and Up. Rocks.
palehelluin, Ach. — Low. and Mid. — oks.

u — Mid. (Sehwc the earth.

lim Mid. (S iiwein. i On the earth.

. — Mid. and Up. Bocbb and trunks.
ivrr - k. — Mid. and Up. Trunk?.

leptalenm, Tuck. — Mid. and Up. Trunks,
pjcnocarpnm, Nyi — Mid. On trnnl -
Lkptogium laceruni. Eartli am

ticola, (Tayl.) Tuck. — Mid. and Up. Mossy trunks

tremelloides, (L.) Fr. — Common. Trunks and ro
saturninum, (Dicks.) Nyl, — Mid. and Up. Trunk? and

-
chloromelum, (Sw.) Xvl. — Mid. (Scliwein.) and Up.
inks and
Mykian'h >i I . ' Ou trim"

!

u< in:x •

icium tracbeliiinm, Ach. — Mid. and Up. < m dead wood,
quercinum, Pers. — Mi Scl 1

e furfuracea, L) Fr. — Mid. (Scliwein.) Trunk?.
I , Schwei . — Mid. S 'hweii . Trunl -.

7s ¥ U >u l.l;l. K-s PLAN i>.

ll.EnMvn- ericetorum, (L.) I>. C. — Common. Earth.
Cladonia Papillaria, (Ehrh.) Hoffm. — Common. Earth.

cespiticia, Fl. — Up. Trunk-.

pjxidata, (L.) Fr. — Common. Earth.

gracilis, (L.) Fr. — Common. Earth.

fimbriata, (L.) Fr. — Mid. and Up. Earth.

furcata, (Schreb.) Fl. — Mid. and Up. Earth.

squamosa, EJoffm. — Common. At base of trees, &c

rangiferina, (L.) Hoffm. — Common. Earth.

nncialis, Fr. — Up. Earth.

Caroliniana, Schwein. — Mid. and Up. (Schw.) Earth.

Mitrula, Tnck.— Low. and Mid. Earth.

Georgiana, Tuck. — Mid. and Up. Earth.

cornucopioides, (L.) Fr.-'-Up. (Ray.) Earth.

cristatella, Tuck. — Common. Earth.

macilenta, Hoffm. — Up. Earth and rotten logs.

pulchella, (Schwein.) Tuck. — Mid. (Schwein.) Earth.

cetrarioides, (Schwein.) Tuck. — Mid. (Schwein.) Earth.

lepdrina, (Fr. Jib.) Tuck. — Tow. and Mid, Earth.
Stebeocaulon sphserophoroides, Tuck. — Mts. Earth.
Usnea barbata, Fr. — Common. Limbs of trees.

trichodea, Ach. — Low. and Mid. Limbs of trees,
angulata, Ach. — Mid. (Schwein.) Limbs oftr
AlectobiA jubata, ( E.) Ach. — Mid. and Up. Old rails and rocks.
Ramalina calicaris, Fr. — Common. Trees, rails, &c.
Evebnia fnrfuracea, (L.) Mann. — Midland Up. Limbs and trunks.
Cetbabia Islandica, (L.) Ach. — Grandfather and Black Mts. Earth.

lacunosa, Ach. — Mid. and Up. Trunks.

ciliaris, Ach. — Mid. and Up. Trunks and old rails,

Oakesiana, Tuck.— Mts. Trunks.

juniperina, (L.) Ach.— Common. Trunks and lim!>s.
Nephroma tomentosum, I Hoffm.) Koerb. — Mid. (Schwein.) Trunks.
Helveticum, Ach. — Low. and Mid. Trunks and rocks.
Peltioeba aphthosa, (L.) Hoffin. — Up. (Rav.) Earth.

canina, (L.) Hoffm. — Mid. and Up. Earth and trunk.-.
rufescens, (Neck.) Hoffm. Common. Trunks,
polydactyla, (Neck.) Hotl'm. — Common. Rocks and
trunks.
Kticta pulmonaria, (L.) Ach. — Common. Trunks.

FLOWKRLESS PLANTS.

7'.'

Sticta qucrci/.ans, (Michx.) Ach — Mta Trunks arid rocks.

glomerulifera, (Lightf.) Delise.— Mts. Trunks and rocks.
Ravenelii, Tuck.— Low. Trunks.
crocata, (L.) Ach — Mts. (Buckl.) Rocks,
aurata, (Sin.) Ach. — Common. Rocks and trees.
Paumki.ia perlata, (L.) Ach.— Common. Rocks and trees,
crinita, Ach. — Mid. and Up. Trunks.
perforata, Ach.— Mid. and Up, Trunks.
laevigata, (Sm.) Ach. — Coinmon. Trunks.
aurulenta, Tuck. — Up. Trunks and rocks,
tiliacea, (Ehrli.) Ach.— Common. Trunks and rails.
Borreri, Turn. — Low. and Mid. Trunks,
aleurites, Ach.— Mts. (Rav.) Trunks and rails.
colpodes, Ach. — Mid. and Up. Trunks,
olivacea, Ach. — Mts. (Rav.) Trunks,
caperata, (L.) Ach.— Common. Trunks and stones.
conspersa, (Ehrh.) Ach. — Common. Rocks and stones.
ambigna, Ach. — Common. Trunks and dead wood.
Piiyscia chrysophthahna, (L.) D. C— Low. On trees.

parietina, (L. Duf.) NyL — Common. On trees.
candelaria, (Ach.) NyL— Low. and Mid. On trees.
aquila, Ach. (Nyl.)— Mid. and Up. Trunks.
Speciosa, (Wulff. Fr.)— Common. Trunks,
stellaris, (L.) — Common. Trunks and rocks.
obscura, (Ehrh.) NyL— Mid. and Up. Trees,
picta, (Ach.) Nyl.— Low. Trunks.
I'miulk akia mammulata, Ach. — Mts. Rocks,

Pennsylvanica, lloti'm. — Mts. Rocks,
pustulata, llotl'm.— Mid. and Up. Rocfes,
Muhlenbergii, (Ach.) Tuck.— Mid. (Schwein.) and

Up. Rocks.
Dillenii, Tuck. — Mid. and Up. Rocks.
Pyxine Cocoes, (Sw.) Nyl.— Mid. and Up. Trunks, woods and

rocks.
Paxxabia rubiginosa, (Thunl>.) Delis.— Mid. and Up. Tree-.

leucosticta, Tuck.— Mid. (Schwein.) Rocks and trees.
tryptophylla, (Ach. Fr.) NyL— Mid. and Up. Rocks
and tr>
COO ARPIA Stellata, Tuck. — Low. Trunk--.

' paroieli -■ Trim -

. act — M

tli.
haragin -Mid. Scbwei ks.

I

— M
anrantii
einnal.arina. Ach. — Mid. B

. Tuck. — Low. Ttob]
ten: _ . B - N; :. — Mid.
cer.
cln

-:.;:.. r

ta. •

]>a" 5, 8 .—Mi

pallida, (Sehreb.) Schser. — I. Tru:

. — Mi . ^
Berit-a. Tuck. — Mid. T
varia, (Ebrh.) Ach. — :i. Tnu

Scln
atra. (Hud?.) Ach. — Mid.

— I .
elir - Mid.

Arli. — Mi
punicea, A T

-
Uvt oa, (S in.) IJ -ks.

act!
pF.irn>ARi.\ pertoi <

pilulitl . Trunk-.

. I. Mid. Tn.
liyineni .
a

lei Tnu

The! y.

tile, Tuck. — Low. Trunk-.
(tymx.'Tkema atratuiu. S .---I. w. Tr

pineti, 8 . M S urth.

pellii. Tnck.

FLuWEKLESS 1'LAMS. 81

Lbchdea rufonigra, Tuck. — Mid. and Up. Rocks.

chlorosticta, Tuck. — Low. Pine and Cypress trunks.

parvifolia, Pers. — Common. Trunks.

absconsa, Tuck. — Low. (Tuckerm.) Red Oak Trunks.

microps, (Fr.) Tuck. — Mid. (Schwein.) Trunks.

russula, Ach. — Common. Trunks.

spadicea, Ach. — Low. and Mid. Trunks.

sanguineoatra, Ach. — Mid. (Schwein.) On Mosres.

anomala, Fr. — Mid. (Schwein.) Trunks.

uliginosa, Ach. — Mid. Earth.

recedens, Njl. — Low. Dead wood.

leucoblephara, Nyl. — Low. On bark.

exigua, Chaub. — Common. Trunks.

luteola, Ach.— Mid. Trunks.

Schweinitzii, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Bark of trunks.

Elizae, Tuck. — Low. Pine bark.

pachycheila, Tuck. — Low. Trunks.

Domingensis, (Ach.) — Low. Trunks.

leucoxantha, Spreng. — Low. and Mid. Trunks.

parasema, (Ach.) Nyl. — Low. Trunks.

" var: enteroleuca. — Mid. Pocks.

lactea, Massal. — Mid. (Schwein.) Rocks.

atroalba, Fr. — Mid. (Schwein.) Eocks.

petraea, Plot. — Mid. Rocks.

contigua, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Rocks.

rivulosa, Ach. — Mid. (Schwein.) Rocks.

discifomiis, (Fr.) Nyl. — Common. Trunks.
Cqnotbbma urceolatum, (Ach.) Tuck. — Mts: Trunks.
Grapiiis scripta, (L.) Ach. — Common. Bark of trees.

striatula, Ach. — Mid. Trunks.

inusta, Ach. — Low. Trunks.

dendritica, Ach. — Common. Trunks.

Afzelii, Ach. — Low. On bark.

astrcea, Tuck. — Low. Bark of Cypress.

nitida, (Eschw.) Xyl. — Low. Bark.

erumpen-. Nyl. — Low. Bark.

Patcllula, (Fee.) Xyl.— Low. Bark.
OpEGRAniA oulocheila, Tuck. — Mid. (Schwein.) Rocks,
varia, Pers. — Common. Trunks.
11

< >ri. -j:.\i-iia atra. Pen. — Coinilion. Trunk-.

Pi.aty'. kapha <>eellata. Nyl — Low. Smooth Lark.
Akth<>ma cinnabarina, "Wallr. — Low. Trunks.

■ ■].— Mid. Trunks.
ruhella, Fee. — Low. Trunks.
.. Xvl. — Low. Trunk-.
Ilia, Rot.— Mte. (Bav.) Trunks.
i. Act — Mid. Trunk.-.
glao - -. Xvl. — Up, (B Trunks.

Gltphes Achariana, Tuck. — Low. and Mid, Smooth bark.
Nqkmahdiha Jnngermanwias, !Nyl — Mte. (Raw) OnMose
Ekdocabfqh miniatnm, Aeh. — Mad S T ." Etav.) On

Ro
Muhlenbergii, Ach- — Mid. and Up, < >n rocks.
rluviatile. (Web.) D. 0.— Mte. (Rav.) ka

Tnckermani, Mont. — Common. Mossy trunks.
hepaticnm, Acn. — Mid. (Schwein.) Earth.
Vkrruoajsia nmbrina, (Aeh.) WahL — Mid. (Schwein.) Granite
rock?.
nigrescens, Pers. — Mid, and Up, Rocks,
fascella, (Torn.) Aeh. — Mid. (Schwein.) Keeks.
rnpestris, Schrad. — Up. Lime recks,
ditiractella, Nyt — Mid. (Schwein.) Rods.
_ ea, Per.-. — Low. an<l Mid. On naked earth,
pinea, (Pers.) Ach. — Mid. Trunks.
Xucula. (Ach. Xvl. — Low. Trunks.
pyrennloides, (Mont.) Xvl. — Low. Trunk-.

Tuck. — Low. Trun
nitida, S -( imon. On smooth bark,

pnnctella, NyL — Low. Trunks.
thelomorpha, Tuck. — Low. Trunk-.
spinnlosa, Schwein. — Mid. (Schwein.) I uks.
_ X;.1. — Low. Trunks.

. Ach. — Mid. (Schwein.) Trunk
tnata, Ach. — Low. Trunks.
snl -. Xvl. — Low. Trunks.

tropica, Aeh. — Low. and Mid. Smooth 1
-. Mont, — Low. Trunks.
rata. Xyl. — Low. Trunks of Holly.

FLOWEKLESS PLANTS. S3

Verrucas] gptdermidis, Ach. — Common. Smooth bark,
Pyrenastr Amcricanum, Spreng. — Low. Trunks,
simplex, Itav. — Low. Trunks.
Ravenelii, Tuck. — Low. Trunks.
Trypethelium eruentum, Mont. — Low. Trunks.

scoria, Fee. — Low. and Mid. Trunks,
virens, Tuck. — Mid. Trunks.
Carolinianum, Tuck. — Mid. Trunks.
Q-TROBTOMOM Curtisii, Tuck. — Mid. Trunks.

FUNGI.

I. IIYMENOMYCETES.

AGARICU3 (I. Amanita.)

ccesareus, Scop. — Common. In Oak forests.

virosus, Fiv — Common. Sandy woods.

vermis, Fr. — Common. Woods.

phalloides, Fr. — Common. Woods.

muscarine, Fr. — Mid. (Seliw.) Woods.

monticulosu.8, Berk, and Curt. — Common. Sandy woods.

pantherinus, D. C. — Common. In woods.

8trobilffiormi&i Yitt. — Common. In woods.

Mappa, Batsch. — Common. In woods.

recutitus, Fr. — Common. In woods.

agglutinatus, B. & C. — Low.. Pine woods.

rubescen8, Pers. — Low. Damp woods.

polypyramis, B. & C. — -Low. Fine woods.

excelsus, Fr. — Common. Earth in woods.

lenticulariSj Fr.? — Mid. Earth in woods.

asper, Fr. — Mid. (Schwein.) Earth in woods.

vaginatus, Bull. — Common. Woods and fields.

farinosns, Scliwein. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.

pubescens, Schwein.— Mid. (Schw.) In grass.y land.
(II. Lepiota.)

procerus, Scop. Common, Woods and fields.

84 wummLmm plants.

nichmlc-s, Vitt. — Mid. Base of stumps and trees.

excoriatust, Fr. — Mid. Grassy lands.

mattoideu8i Fr. — Common. Woods.

aentesqnamos&s, Wem. — Low. and Mid. By rotten l<><r>

and Btnmps.
cljpeolarinB, Bull. — Common. On earth and rotten I _
cristatns, Bolt. — Common. Gardens and rich swamps.
oepffiatipes, Sow. — Mid. (Schw.) Cultivated ban
granulosus, Batsch. — Gammon. Woods and cult, grounds,
floralis, Berk. ft Rav. — Low. Cultivated grounds,
cnltorum, B ft C. — Low. Cultivated groan
fulvastcr, B. tfc C. — Low. Sandy Lrrass plain,
aspratns, Berk. — Low. Rotten sticks in swamp-,
delicatus, Fr. — Mid. (Schwein.) Damp woods and la

(III. Akmii.lakia.)

bulbiger, A. & S. — Low. and Mid. Woods,
robustns, A. & S. — Mid. (Schwein.) "Woods.
//,,//, //>, Vahl. — Common. About stumps and logs,
mncidus, Sekrad. — Mid. (Schw.) On dead Beech.

(IV. TnOHOLOMA.)

equestris, L. — Mid. (Schwein.) Pine woods.

Bejnnctns, Sow. — Mid. (Schw.) W K

ustalis. Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine woods,
fiavobrunnens, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Damp w<
Russula, Schseff. — Low. Among leaves in woods.

frument . BnlL — Mid. Pine w Is,

- dptnratns, Fr. — Low. Pine logs and stamps.
hypopithyus, M. A. C. — Mid. Pine woods.
( umbetta, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.

raocinns, Pen. — Mid. (Schw.) W Is.

tenons, Schseff. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods and fields.

cuneifolius, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) W b and fields.

Inteovirens, A. & B. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine w<
saponacens, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Among fallen tea
oeutusi M. A. C — Mid. Qrassy old fields,
snlforeus, Bull.— Mid. (Schwlj Wo
nih.lhi^, 1 ).(.'. r—Mid. Damp woods,
albus, Vr. — Low. Swamps and woods

FLOWKKI.K-- TLA 85

atmsoeiatus, M. A. C- — Mid. Pino woods.

pmwna&uSj Fr. — Low. and Mid. Near rotten logs.
nudus, Bull. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods,
grammopodins, Bull. — Low. Shady woods and swamps.
adstringens, Per-. — Mid. (Schwein.) Woods.
melaleueus, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Grassy woods.
brevipes. Bull. — Low. Humous earth.
humilis, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Humous earth.
(V. C'i.itocybe.)

hJndo.rl*, Batsch, — Mid. (Schw.) Damp woods.

clavipes, Pers. — Mid, (Sehw.) Woods.

fumosus, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Grassy w<

viridis. Scop. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.

odontic Bull. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.

phyllopliilus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.

eandicans, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Damp woods.

illudens. Schwein. — Mid. Bass of trees.

opacns, With. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine wood-.

giganteus, Sow. — Mid. (Schw.) Borders of Pine woods.

infondibuliformis, Schseff. — Common. Earth and rotten

wood.

parilis. Fr. i — Mid. Woods among leaves.
gilvus. Pers.— Mid. (Schw.) Wooded hill sides,
setisedns, Schwein. — Mid. (Schw.) Among fallen leaves,
eyathiformis. Bull. — Mid. (Schw.) Wooda
brnmalis, Fr. — Low. <m decayed wood in swamps,
hellus. Pers. — Low. and Mid. Earth and trunks.
laceatns, Scop. — Common. Earth in woods.

• s, M. A. C. — Common. Base of stumps.

(VI. CoiXTBIA.)

radicatus, Bull. — Common. Wood-.
platyphyHus, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Rotten wood.
maculatus, A. & S.— Mid. (Sehw.) Woods.
butyraceufi, Bull. — Mid. Rotten trunks.
asemus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine woods.
velutipes. Curt. — Mid. and dp. Rotting logs,
stipitarius, Fr.— Mid. and Up. < >n decaying trunks.
oonfluens, Pers. — Mid. ami Up. Among rotting leav<
detersibilk. B. & CL — Low. Sandy grass land.

I

-. P i, — Low. Rotting Pine-burs,
cirrhatus, Pere. — Low. Damp earth.
tu'i - . BolL — MioL (8chw.) On decaying Agari a
collinua, B . — Low. Pine
atric - a, Bull. — Low. Rotten h .
.. — Mid. 9 1

'.!u~. Per-. — M Schw.) Pine woods,

philua, BnlL — Mid. "W
Fr. I — Up. Earth,
i -. BnlL — Mid. Among

(YU. Mi

elegans, Pers. — Mid. (Schw. Pi

pnr — Mid. S Shaded pi

C. — L<>\v. Rich swampy w<
Adonis, Lull— Mi L (Schw. I a farm
lineatus. Bull. — Mid. (Schw. I b -viands.
lacteus. Pere. — Mid. (Schw.) Pint.

sens, A. & S. — - Mi L Schw.) Earth and trunks.
intertextus. B. & G — Low. Decaying Pine I
galerieulatus, S — Common, Earth and rotten wood,
mmns, Bull. — Mi (S trunks.

s, - .—Low.
alcalinua, 1 — Mi . Schw. Trunks.
amictus, Fr. — Mi . (Schw,

baematopua, v. and Mid. wood,

galopua, B ' rth.

epipterygi £ >mmon. Rotten w 1.

\iii_ (S Earth.

citrinell .-. P - '■'■ S iwein.) Pine w.

Schwein. On stems of 1<
—Mid. f trunks.

capQlaris, Schwein. — Low. Rotting lew

(VIE < hU'HAU

chryeoleucua, Fr. — Mid. 8 rich laud-.

< Cultivated grounds.

chryBophylluSj Fr. \ — Low.
xanthophylluB, R a : i L Rottei

b'LOVVEKLESb CI. A MS.

37

pyxidabus, Bull. — Common. Grassy places.

Epichysium, Peip. — Mid. (Schw.) Eotting wood.

muralis, Sow. — Low. Damp woods.

umbelliferus, L. — Conmion. Damp woods.

stellatus, Fr. — Common. On trunks.

campanella, Batsch. — Common. Rotten wood.

setipes, Fr. — Low. Sphagnons swamps.

centenariuSj B. & C. — Low. Rotten logs.

fibula. Bull.— Mid. (Schw.) Damp mossy places.

integrellus, Pern— Mid. (Schw,) Swamps.

Muscorum, Hoffm. — Mid. (Schw.) Mosses at base of trees.

(IX. Pleueotus.)

drvinus, Pers.— Mid. (Sehwein.) Dead trunks.
uknarvus, Sow.— Mid. (Scliwein.) Dead trunks.
tezsulatus, Bull.— Mid. (Scliwein.) Pine trunks.
l\»ncti, Fr.— Mid. Carious wood.
glcmduloms, Bulk— Mid. (Schw.) Dead trunks.
ostreatus, Jacq.— Mid. (Schw.) Dead trunks.
saUgnus, Pers.— Common. On trunks and stumps,
petaloides, Bull.— Low. and Mid. On Pine wood.
serotinus, Schrad.— Mid. (Schw.) Trunks.
planus, A. & S.— Mid. (Schw.) Trunks,
nidulans, Pers.— Mid. (Schw.) Pine trunks.
septiens, Fr.— Mid. On dead Polyporus.
mastrucatus, Fr.— Common. Dead wood.
atrocoaruleus, Fr. — Common. Dead trunks,
ah'-idus, Fr. — Common. Dead wood and sticks.
flnxilift, Fr.— Low. Rotten wood.
niger, Scliwein.— Common. Dead limbs and twigs.
applicatus, Batsch.— -Common. Dead hark and wood.
striatums, Fr.— Low. Dead wood.
perpusillus, "Weim. — Low. On hark.

(X. VOLVAEIA.)

lombyomu*, Schaffl— Low. and Mid. Earth and carious

wood.

volvaceus. Bull.— Mid. (Schwein.) Rich cult ground,
parvulus. AVein.— Low. and Mid. Cult, grounds.

vv PL0WSBLB8G ri.ANi-.

parvulus, var: major, B. & C. — Low. Woods.

gpeciosiM, Fr. — Low. Grassy land.

emendatior, B. & ('. — Low. Earth.

gloioeephalus, D. C. — Low. Cult, Lands.
(XI. Pluteus.)

cervinuB, Schseff. — Mid. (Schwein.) Dead trunks.

Curtisii, Berk. — Low. and Mid. Carious wood.

leoninus, Schseff. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead trunks.

nanus, JVrs. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead trunks.

chrysophlebius, B. & R.— Low. Dead trunks.
(\n. Entoloma.)

prunnloides, Fr. — Low. Dry Swamps.

serieellus, Fr. — L<»w. j and .Mid. Grassy lands.

• •lodes, Fr. — Mid. Woody hili-eides.

]iauseo>us, M. A. C. — Mid. Old fields umlcv Cedars.

clypeatus, L. — Mid. (Schw.) Swampy ground.

turbidus, Fr* 2 — Mid. (Sehw.) Aranng rotten sticks.
(XIII. Cluofiltjs.)

Pruniihis, Scop. — Low. and Mid. Damp woods.

popinalis, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Swampy lands.

carneo-albus, With. — Low. and Mid. Earth.
(XIV. Lkitonia.)

Berrulatus, Fr. — Mid. and Up. J (Schw.) In woods.

chalvlioMis, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Swamps.

apularum, B. & C. — Low. Rotten wood in swamps.

(XV. XmLANKA.)

pascuus, IVrs.- Mid. tV I'p. '. iSchw. > Woods and pastures,
mammosus, L. — Low. and Mid. open woods.
hiftipes, Schwein. — Low. Sphagnous swamps.

(XVI Fre.i.iA.)

atrides, Batsch. — Up. Rotten wood.
(XVII. Pholiota.)

aureus, Math. Low. and Mid. Buried wood.

precox, I'd--. — Loav. ami Mid. Grassy land-.
adiposus, Batsch.-— Mid. Mulberry trunks.

aurivellus, Batsch. Mid. (Schw.) Dead Alders.
Bqua/rrotua, Mull. — Mid. (Sehw.) Oak stumps.

I U m B8LEBS I'LA.N is. 5^

tuberculosis, Fir. — Mid. (Schw.) Trunks.
tmttab&is, Scha?if. — Mid (SchW.) Trunk?.

(JLVIUL Hebeloma.)

lannginosns, Bull. — Low. Earth in woods.

laeerus, Fr. — Low. Pine woods.

Bongardi, "Wein. — Low. Woods,

rimosus. Boll. — Common. "Woods.

trednsporus. Berk. — Low. Decayed wood.

geophyllus. Bow. — Mid. iSeliwein.) Woods.

Bcabreflufl, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) Among leave- and grass in

WOOds.

fastibilis, Pers. — Mid. Woods.
(XIX. Flammula.)

lentus, Pera. — Mid. (Schwein.) Woods,
spumosus, Fr. — Low. and Mid. In thickets,
flavidus, Scfaaeff. — Low. and Mid. Rotten logs.
inopus. Fr. — Low, and Mid. Rotten logs.
polychrous. Berk. — Low. Rotten logs.
penetrans, Fr. — Low. Rotten logs,
sapineus, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Pine stumps,
picreus, Fr.— Low. and Mid. Damp Ions.

(XX. Xaucokia.)

subglobosu-. A. & IS. — Mid. (Sehw.) Pine woods,
cerodes, Fr. '.— Mid. (Schw.) Cultivated fields.
argillosus, B. & C. — Low. "Woods,
semiorbicularis, Bull. — Common. Woods and fields,
furfuraceus, Pers. — Low. De^id sticks,
conspersus, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Damp woods,
siparioides, B. & C. — Low. Exsiccated swamps.
Curcuma, B. ifc C. — Low. Old stumps.

(XXI. Galera.)

tener, SchgsfE — Common. Rich grounds.

Ravenelii, B. tfc C. — Low. Pine w<

crocnsporus, B. & C. — Low. Decaying vegetable matter.

Ilypnorum, Batsch. — Mid. and Up. Among M

(XXII. CREPmoTus.)

mollis, Schteff. — Common. Carious wood.
V2

yO PL0WE&LES8 PLANTS.

nephrodes, B, & C. — Low. Rotten wood,
variabilis, Pen. — Common. Trunks and dead wood.
elatinus, Pers. — Low. Rotten wood.
deplmens, Batsch. — Mid. (Schw.) Earth and wood.
Pecten, B. & C. — Low. Rotten wood.

(XXIII. Pballiota.)

catnj' ■ aY/'/.v, L. — Common. Fields and pastures.
arvcnxix, Bchfflff. — Common. Fields and pasture.-.
amij<j<l<dlnw, M, A. C. — Common. Rich grounds, woods

and lanes.
Acliimcncs, B. & C. — Low. Earth.
cretaceuS) Fr. — Common. Earth and wood.
8yfo)ati<yu8, Scluenv — Low. and Mid. Woods,
echinatus, Roth. — Mid. (Schw.) Cultivated Lands,
aeruginosus, Curt. — Mid. (Schw.) Earth and wood.
BquamosuSj Fr. — Low. Pine woods,
stercorarius, Fr. — Low. Manured ground,
semiglobatus, Batsch. — Common. On cow dung.

(XXIV. IIypiioloma.)

sublateritius, Sehreff. — Common. On and around stumps.
epixanthus, Paul. — Low. Burnt places in woods.
fascicularis, Iluds. — Common. Rotten wood.
dispersus, Fr. — Low. Earth in Pine woods.
Iacrymabundus, Fr. — Low. Earth and trunks,
velutinus, Pers. — Low. Earth and wood.
appendicular. Bull. — Low. and Mid. Dried swamps.

(XXV. PSILOCVKK.)

Antillarum, bV. — Low. Stable yards and gardens.
spadiceus, Bchaeffi — Low. and Mid. Shaded and grassy

places,
foenlsecii, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Meadows.
ericSBUS, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods and holds.
atrOrufus, Scha?ft". — Mid. (Schw.) Woods and fields.
(XXVI. Psatiiyka.)

COnopilus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Among Mosses.
obtusatus, Fr. — Low. Woods and swamps,
fagicola, Lasch. ? — Low. Rotten wood.

FL0WEKLE8S PLANTS.

91

Pastures and rich grounds.
Rich ground.
Among manure.
Among manure.

(XXVII. Paxjeolus.)

papilionaeeus, Bull. — Cum.
campannlatoB, L. — Common.
separatus. L. — Mid. (Schw.)
fimicola, Pr. — Mid. (Schw.)

(XXVIII. Psathykella.)

dissem hiatus. Per?. — Low. and Mid. Earth.
OoFEoroa eoiitdtus, Pr. — Low. and Mid. In stable yards.
cUramenkurina Bull. — Mid. Manured grounds,
nmetarius, L. — Mid. (Schw.) Hedge rows, ice
niveus, Fr. — Low. On cow dung,
tergiversans, Fr. — Low. Earth,
micaceus, Fr. — Mid. About rotten stumps.
radiates, Bolt. — Mid. (Schw.) Horse dung,
domesticus, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) In gardens.
ephemeras, Pr. — Low. and Mid. Li gardens,
plicatilis. Curt,— Common. Manured grounds.
Spragneii, B. & 0. — Mid. Rich grass plats.
BoLsrnns vitellines, Fr. — Mid. (Schwein.) ()n manure.

titubans, Fr. — Mid. (Schwein.) On manure.
IIiatula fragilissima. Rav. — Low. Vegetable matter

grounds.
C'Rhxauius infractus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.

glaucopus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Gardens,
callochrous, Fr. — Low. and] Mid. Woods & swamps,
coerulescens, Fr. — Mid. Woods,
turbinates, Fr. — Mid. (Schwein.) "Woods,
rufoolivaeeus. Fr. — Mid. (Schwein.) Woods.
Bcaurus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine woods.

BroceoKXBrTileus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) W Is.

maculosus, Pr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.
sul.tortus, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) W
collinitus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine woods.
Lodes, B. & C. — Low. Mossy ground,
argentatus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.

», Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) W Is.

violaceo-cinereua. Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Damp woods.
albo-violaceus, Fr«~ -Mid, (Schw.) Woods,

in rich

IB rxiwbbum plants.

0">RnxARir> phoKdens, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) DenM woods.

snblanatQS, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woody 1 1 1 1 1 sides.

oehrolencns, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) "Woods,
decnmbens, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Gravy woods,
anomalns, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woody hill sides.
sanguineus, Fr. — Common. Damp woods.
eirmarrwm&tts, Fr. — Common. Earth and wood.

" var : eroeens, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On
trunks,
macropus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine woods.
hi veins, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods,
hinnuleus, Fr. — Low. Among leaves in Pine woods.
gentflis, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine woods,
flexipes, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Moist woods,
iliopodius, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods,
hemitrichns, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Among fallen leaves.
armeniacus, Fr. — (Schw.) Wooded hill sides.
castancus, Fr. — Common. Earth in woods,
decipiens, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods,
acutus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Mossy ground.
Paxillus inroJutus, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Sandy woods,
.itr.'-tomentosus, Fr. — Mid. Pine wood-,
llavidns. Berk. — Low. and Mid. Earth in woods.
Panuoides, Fr. — Common. Pine wood.
Curtisii, Berk. — Common. Pine and Fir wood.
renitVinnis. Berk, and Rav. — Up. (Rav.) Woods,
porosns, Berk. — Low. and Mid. Woods.
Oomphidius viscidns, Fr. — Low. Sandy wood-.
HTOROPnoBDS ehrysodon, Fr. — Mid. (Schwein.) Woods.
ebumeu8fTr. — Mid. (Schwein.) Woods,
pnrpnrascens, Fr.— -Mid. (Schwein.) Among rotting

leave- .

erabescens, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Springy ground

discoidens, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine woods.
tcpliroleucus, Fr. — Mid. (Sehw.) Pine woods.
pratensiSfYr. — Mid. (Sehw.) Hillside-.

einnabarinus, Fr. — Common. Damp w Is.

Cantharellns, Fr. — Common. Amon_r decayed wood.
Ifetns, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Mossy grotmd,

FLOWEKLESS PLANT*.

IIygropiiorus ceraceus, Fr.— Low. and Mid. Dried swamps,
coccinellus, Fr. — Low. Sandy woods,
hiridus, B. & C. — Low. Swamps,
haematocephalus, B. & C. — Low. Pine woods,
coecineus, Fr. — Common. Mossy grounds.
miniatus, Fr. — Low. Damp woods and swamps,
mueilaginosus, B. tfc C. — Low. Swamps.
nitidus, B. & C. — Common. Swamps.
Eavenelii, B. & C. — Low. Wet grounds.
conicus, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Grassy land,
ehloroplianns, Fr. — Mid. Among rotting leaves,
psittacinus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Pastures.
Lactarius torminosus, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Woods,
turpis, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.
insuhuSs Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods,
flexuosus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Damp woods,
pergamenus, Fr. ? — Low. Woods.
piperatus, Fr. — Common. Dry woods,
vellereus, Fr. — Common. Dry woods.
ddieiosus, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Pine woods.
Indigo, Fr. — Common. Woods,
chrysorheus, Fr. — Common. Swamps,
acris, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.
pallidas, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Damp woods.
volemus. Fr. — Common. Woods.
subdulcis, Fr. — Common. Damp grounds,
subtomentosus, B. & K. — Common. Swamps,
camphoratus, Fr. — Low. Woods and thickets.
illacrymans, B. & R. — Common. Swamps.
helviis, Fr.— Mid. (Sehw.) Woods,
fuliginosus, Fr. — Low. Woods and thickets.
Rubsula adnsta, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) Woods and thickets.
t'urcata, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) Woods and thickets.
depallens, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine woods.
rubra, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.
lepufa) Fr. — Low. Pine woods.
vintoena, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.
lactea, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) Woods.
eraetica. Fr.- Common. Woods.

la ochroleuca. Fr. — \ - ly hills

: - -. Ft.— U
fragilis. Fr. — IE
sul - —

nitida, Fr. — M S d&

a< I

ochraeea, Fr. — Mid. £
lutea, Fr. —
.hakell; Fr. —

floe S — Mid. m

aurantiaeus. Wul£ — M

umbonatu?. Fr. — Common. Wood*

tub:- . — '

lutescens, Bull. — Mi . (6 anonf;

cinereus, Fr. — U
niUiCigenub, Bull. — X . (S

-. I .-. — Mid. and Y
lignatili?, B. & C. — \ L ' »od.

— M S EEott

phora, Fr. — . L Up. B

Maeasmius oreads. Yt. — Mid. Sdr
planeus. Fr. — L

ar -. Yt. — Ml

soot Fr. — Ml . (£ _ _

calopu*, Fr. — M S .) Deu

Vaillantii, I Mid.

cla . Fr. — Mid. On dead pL

ramealir. Fr.— 4 Dead L<

opacu*. B. & C — I.

- I . — 1 1 Earl

haematoeephalu? , M
brevipe- —

alliaceu?. Fr. — Low. and Mid. \
nigripe?, Yt. — M:i. 3
androsaceui, Fr. — M
rotula, I jdod. Dea

-

FLOW ERLESS PLANTS.

y5

Mauasmius (rraniinum, Berk. — Low. Dead grass, herbs, tfce.
pithyophilns, B. & 0. — Low. Dead Pine leaves,
perforans, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead Fir leaves.
insititius. Fr. — Up. On fallen leaves,
pruinatus, B. & C. — Low. Dead bark and wood.
pusio, B. & C. — Low. Trunks.
dichrous, B. & 0. — Low. Fallen limbs.
velutipes, B. ec C. — Low. Rotting leaves in swamps.
epiphyllns, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Fallen leaves.
Lkxtints Schweinitzii, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Sides of trunks.
Lecontei, Fr. — Common. Logs and stumps.
strigosus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Trunks of Tulip tree,
tener, Kl. — Low. Dead wood in swamps.
tigrinns, Fr. — Common. Logs and stumps.
Ravenelii, B. & C. — Common. Dead wood,
lepideus, Fr. — Common. Stranps.
cochleatus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead wood.
trial >ilis, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Side of trunks,
chama, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Oak trunks.
flabeHiformis, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead trunks,
pelliculosus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead trunks.
Micheneri, B. it C. — Up. Dead wood,
pectinatus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Side of trunks,
tenuissimus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Willows.
Pakus conchatns, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Dead trunks.
torolosus, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Stumps,
levis, B. <fe C. — L<»w. and Mid. Trunks and logs.
foetens, Seer. — Low. Dead wood,
dorsal is, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Pine stumps and logs,
stypticus, Fr. — Common. Bead wood,
dealbatns, Berk. — Up. Dead wood,
angustatus. Berk. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead wood.
Xiuotus nigrita, Lev. — Mid. and Up. Dead wood.
ScmzoPHYLLUBi commune, Fr. — Common. Dead wood.
Lenzttes betulina, Fr. — Common. Logs and stumps.

Berkcleii, Lev. — Common. Logs and stumps,
trabea, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On wood,
striata, Fr. — Common. On wood.
abietina, Fr. — Common. Old posts and rails.

'.*>'• KLOWK&LH86 PLANTS.

sepiaria, Fr.— Common. Old posts and nils.

Lenzites rhabarbarina, B. & C. — Low. Trunks.
tricolor, Fr. — Low. Dead lin
Klotschii, Berk. — Common. Trunks and logs.
CratflBgi, Berk. — Common. Trunks and limbs.
variegata, Pr. — Mid. (Schw.) Trunks and limlis.
Boletus listens, L — Mid. (Schw.) Pine woods.
daganSf Fr. — Low. Earth in woods.
Curtisii, Berk. — Low. Earth in wo>
Jtooidu8,¥r. — Common. Dampwp

l&nUus, Fr. — Mid. and Dp. Pine wooda
gran , L. — Common. Woods and fields.

. L. — Common. Pine w<
decipiens, B. Oc V. — Low. Damp wo
piperatns, Bull. — Low. and Mid. Woods.
laeticolor, B. tfc C. — Mid. Woods.
Betula, Schw. — Mid. Ligneous earth.
variegatus, Fr. — Mid. Sphagnoos grounds,
chrvsenteron, Bull. — Mid. and L'p. Dam], woods and

fields.
subtom* L. — Common. Earth in woods.

heniiehrvsus, B. cV: C. — Low. Base of Pines.
rnbiginosns, Retz. — Mid. Woods,
ealopns, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) "Woods,

pachypus, Fr. — Low. AV K

retii".-. B. cV C. — Mid. Wooda

Satanas, Lenz. — Mid. W k.

purpureas, Fr. — Mid. Woods.
luridus, Sclueff. — Mid. (Schw.) W.
&, Hull.— Mid. (Schw.) W

''''*. Fr. — Mid. Woods.
her. Bull. — Low. and Mid. Sandy woods.
fellens, Bull. — Low. and Mid. Banks and thick'
castaneus, Bull. — Mid. (Schw. W

imon. W Is and thicket-.

albo-ater, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Moisl vroods.
Ana1 tas, M. A. C-r-Low, Under Pine logs,

PJ&WEBLB88 PLANTS. i)7

PoLTPOBUe {I. Ml

. Fr. — Mid. Woodft
ovin us, ScluxnT.— Low. and Mid Earth in Woods.
poripee, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Wooded ravines.

arcularius. Fr. — Mid. and Up. Dead sticks.
brumalis, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Dead stick-.
ciliatus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead Sticks.
Schweinitzii, Fr. — Mid. Pine woods.
tabulseformis, Berk. — Low. Earth in Fine woods.
persicinus, B, & C. — Low. In swamps,
dependens, B. & C. — Low. Under Pine logs.
rafeseen-, Fr. — Common. Carious wood,
tomentosus, Fr. — Low. Case of Pine-,
perennis, Fr. — Common. Earth in woods,
parvulu-. Kl. — Low. and Mid. Burnt places in woods.

(II. Pleubopus.)

Boucheanus, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Qn sticks.

'* Far: peponinus, B. & C. — Low. I to sticks.

melanopus, Fr. — Mid. and Up. On sticks.

varius, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Trunks and limbs.

elegans, Fr. — Up. Earth.

hicidus, Fr. — Common. Buried roots.

Curtisii, Berk. — Common. Buried roots.

dealbatus, B. & C. — Low. Buried wood.

mutabilis, B. & C. — Com. Stumps and stick- in swamps.

rhipidius, Berk. — Common. Dead limbs.

sanguineus, Fr. — Common. Qnlogs.

(III. Mi:::t~ma.)

fi . Fr. — Common. Earth and base of stumps.

. Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine woods.
n8t Fr. — Low. and Mid. Pine wood-.
tji'j- . Vv. — Low. and Mid, Base of stumps,

lobatus, Fr. — Low. Base of stumps.

. Fr. — Common. Trunks and logs.
B Fr. — Mid. and Up. Wo

distortus, Schw. — Low. and Mid. y hanks.

graveolens, Schw. — Common. On trunks.
13

(IV. Arua.)

D . limbs.

i C. — Low. Stu:
— I 'ine woods,

lacteus. Fr. — Common. Trunks and
mollis, Fr. — Mid. E On stic'

carriiir. Fr. — Mid. 8 ":s.

dc- Fr. — Mid. (Schw. W -d and !• _

-i-ulij Fr. — D - v.) Trunk of Buck*
gflvus, Fr. — Common. Trunks and lin.
adustus, Fr. — Common. Trunks and lim
crispus. Fr. — Mid. and t nut Trunks

isabellinus.Fr. — MM. (Schv
unicolor. Fr. — Low. and Mid. On trui.
Pi". . E — ' I. and Up. (fi
hispidus. Fr. — Common. \ Trim
labvrintkicus. Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Trui.
searrosus. R ft 0. — Low. L g of Tulip tree,
borealis, Fr. — Low. I. _ .
cerifluus. P.. ft C. — Low. D _

undulatus. Fr. — Mi Trunks.

. Fr. — Mid. B I .lien lin.

dryophilus, Berk. — Low. Oak ('.) trui.

:•. — Common. On 1
palust: Pine tru:

pallesceris. Fr. — Mid. and Up. Trunks and limbs.
conchifer, Schw. — Mid. and Up. Dead lin.

. Fr. — Low. and Mid: Trunks.
applanatus. Fr. — Mid. and Up. Trunks and
fomentarius. I .— < \>mmon. Trunks and lh.
cupulaefon. I I onion. Bar t, fi

mach, A

:. — Oomm d. TronkB and Lin
Ben '. — Ljw. and Mid. Tru:.

conchatus, Fr. — Low. and Mid. L _

C— Mid. (Schw.) Tru
salicinu?. Fr. — Cuinmon. Lo^s and lin.
scutellatus, Schw. — Mid. and Up. Bark of li:

I Pine trunk

FL0WERLES8 PLANTS. 99

marginatus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Beech trunks.
cameos, Xees. — Common. Posts and logs,
annosus, Fr. — Common. Logs and wood.
cinnabarinus, Fr. — Common. Logs and limbs.
scruposus, Fr. — Common. Stumps and logs,
radiatns, Fr. — Up. Trunks,
eervinus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Peach tree.
biformis, Kl. — Low. and Mid. Stumps, logs, sticks, &c.
undatus, Fr. — Up. Logs,
hirsutus, Fr. — Common. Trunks and limbs,
hirsutulus, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Dead limbs,
zonatus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead wood,
versicolor, Fr. — Common. Trunks, limbs, &c.
decipiens, Schw. — Common. Trunks, limbs, etc.
zonalis, Berk. — Low. Trunks, limbs, &c.
abietinus, Fr. — Common. Pine and Fir limbs,
deglubens, B. & C. — Low. Dead Pine limbs,
dendriticus, Fr. — Low. Cypress stumps.
chartaceus, B. & 0. — Mid. Trunk and limbs of Tulip tree,
velutinus, Fr. — Mid. Carious wood.
Sullivantii, Mont. — Common. Limbs,
pergamenens, Fr. — Common. Logs and limbs,
elongatns, Berk. — Low. Stumps and stick-.
cinerascens, Fr. — Mid. (Scbw.) On wood.
virginens, Scbw. — Mid. and ITp. Dead limbs.
Nilgerrhensis, Mont. — Mid. Logs.
Floridanus, Berk.— Low. Logs and limbs.
barbnlatns, Fr. — Low. Bark of Cedar and Cypress.
(V. Rbbupinatds.)

obliqans, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Logs and trunks.
Viticola, Fr. — Mid. Grape vines,
contignns, Fr. — Common. Dead sticks,
ferruginosus, Schrad.— Common. Dead limbs.
occidentals, Kl. — Low. Logs,
niger. Berk. — Common. Carious wood,
xanthus, Fr. — Low. and Up. Under Pine wood.
nitidus. Fr. '.— Low. Bark of Tulip Tree,
pulchellus, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Underside of log.
anreolns, Grev. — "Low. Pine wood.

-L v,\ Tnr

Oak trunk-.
.ilimi?. Fr. — M id. S
incarnatu?. Fr. — I d. Bark and wo

purpureus, Fr.-

— ..nnon. Wo
mncidus. Fr. — Common. W
caflosus, Fr. — I. (

vulgaris. Fr. — Common. Carious
Cremor, B. c\: C. — L.y.v. Fallen li::.
9b j'hcneii. Berk. — Low. and Yy. Dead tin
xantholoma. Schw. — Mid. (Schw I wood.

limita:

.purer.-. Fr. — M: I logs.

Bam I l '. — Comi I - -

Juglandinus. Fr. — Mid. (Schw. i ( >n Walnut and E
in<»re.

-. I ps. — Low. On sticks,
itus, A. ft B. — L w. < "
ft 0. — Low. Rotten vtikxl.
ks.
-..--' .d bark,

irinus, Fr. — L . Oari
Vaillantii. Fr. — Up. (Bar. L _-.
: rinellus, Fr. — Common. ( d and bark.

. Fr.— IC - W

I
Berk. — Up. Stumps.
I
ru"t Fr. — Mid. (Scliw. I • . V,

Pini. Fr. — L"W. Fine tru1
[).• :ima. R. A: C. — ' I

Trunk-.
' : trunks.
. Fr. \ — 1 1 Tl k&

.. 1'r. :— ( . Stun | - and .

ta, Sdr — Hid. (S 1

IIexao-na carbonaria, bnrntloga

i, - ipurpun B — ' Logs and trunk?.

FLOW KK 1. 1 - lOl

amorphus, (Fr.) — Low. and Mid. Logs and trunks.
Mbettlius incarnatus, Schw. — Common. Rotting 1

conflnens, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead Alders. <fcc.

tremellosns, Schrad. — Common. Rotten logs.

incrassatus, B. & C. — Low. Carious Tine stump.

Corinm, Pr. — Common. Sticks and I

ceracellus, B. oj C. — Low. Dead Oak liml>s.

molluscus, Pr.— Mid. (Schw.) Wood.

fugax, Fr. — Low. Pine limbs.

Porinoides, Fr. — Common. Under Pine wood.

rufus, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Trunks.

serpens, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Pine trunks and limbs.

BrassicsBfolins, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Damp wood,

v.- alls, &c.
lacrymans, Schum. — Mid. (Schw.) In cellars.
Porotiielioi fimbriatnm, Fr. — Common. Carious wood,
lacerum, Fr. — Common. Wood and sticks,
subtile, Pr. — Common. Park and wood.
Arkiiytidia flava, P. & C. — Low. Pine Lark and wood.
fulva, P. & 0. — Low. Underside of Pine lo
Fisttlixa hepatica, Fr. — Up. Base of trunks and stumps,
radicata, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Hollow trunk-.

Htdstom (I. Mesopus.)

imbricatum, L. — Mid. and Up. Earth in woods.
8iib8qua/mo8um^ Batsch. — Common. Damp woods.
IcBvigafocm, Swartz. — Low. Pine wood-.
canum, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Mossy banks.
repcmdum, L. — Common. Woods.
rufi ■ shaeff. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods,

compactum, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Wood.-.
aurantiacum. A. & S. — Mid. and Up. Hill Bides,
ferrugineum, Fr. — Low. Pine wood-.
Bpadiceum, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine wood.-,
velutinum. Fr. — Mid. Woods,
zonatum, Batsch. — Common. Woo
graveolens, Delast. — Common. Base of stumps,
tomentosura, L. — 7\ T i « 1 . (Schw.) Woods.

108 I !.• I I W I-.

I II. PlEI BOP1 B.)

adustum, Schw. — Mid. and Op. Or stick--.
(III. Mkrtbma.)

'"/•• - . — Common. Bide of trunks,

ramosnm, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) On wood.
Erinaceus, Boll — Common.
' put-Medusa, Bull. — Common. Trunks and loirs.

(TV. Arcs.)

gelatinosum, Scop. — Common. Trunks and I
cirrhatum, Pers. — Common. L _-.
pulcherrimum, B. & C. — Low. Stumps and logs,
amblyodon, M. A. C. — Mid. On wood.
Btrigosum, Swartz. — Mid. (Schw.) Trunks.
Rhois, Schw. — Common. Stumps and stir'.
laeticolor, !>. & C. — Low. Fallon limbs.
ocliraccum, Pers. — Common. Sticks, stumps, &c

(V. Resupinatus.)

fuscoatrum, Er. — Common. Wood and .-ticks.
membranaceum, BulL — Common. Wood and Bticks,
ferruginosum, Schrad. — Common. Wood and Lark.

Bum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) AV !.

Bulfureum, Schw.— Mid. (Schw.) Dead limbs,
fragillimum, 1!. & C. — Low. CTnder rotten 1(
alutaceum, I-'r. — Mid. Carious wood,
spathulatum, IV. — Mid. (Schw.) Carious wood.
viridc. Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Rotting trun
udum, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Carious wood.

lliinantia. Schw. — Mid. Carious w 1.

mucidum, Pers. — Low. Trunks and wood,
diaphanum, Schrad. — Mid. (Set _;- and leaves,

farihaceum, Pers, — Common. On wood.
fasciculare, A. & S. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine log
chrysodon, B. & C. — Low. On Oak chips.
Fascicularia, B. & C. — Low. Carious wood and hark.

latum, B. & C. — Low. Underside carious wood
ciliolatum, B. & C. — Low. Fallen limbs,
plumosum, Duby. — Low. Wood and hark.

i 1...W ERLE88 PLANTS. 103

caryophyllsBum, B. A C. — Low. Carious wood,
xanthum, B. & C. — Low. and Up. Fallen limbs,
pithyophilum, R it C. — Low. Pine wood,
plumarium, B. & 0. — Low. On dead Viburnum. ?
Nyss», B. & C. — Low. Log of Black Gum.
depauperatum, B. & C. — Low. Carious wood.

nudum. B. & C. — Common. Rotten w 1. &c.

IIei;i:ium Ilystrix, Fr. — Low. Base of tree?.
Sistoteema confluens, Per?. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.

occarium, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Trunks.
Irpex pendulus, Fr. — Low. Pine stumps.

fusco-yiolaceus, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) Cedar and Pine trunks.
sinuosus, Fr. — Common. Stumps, limbs, &c
pallescens, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) Trunk of Tulip Tree.
- crassus, B. & C. — Mid. Oak trunks.

mollis, B. & C. — Low. and Mid. Trunks and stumps.
tabacinus, B. Sc C— Low. and Mid. Bark of White and

Post Oaks.
Scliwcinitzii, B. & C. — Mid. and Up. Dead limbs,
paradoxus, Schrad. — Mid. (Schw.) On Birch and Cherry,
cinerascens, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Side of trunks.
obliquus, Fr. — Low. and Mid. On Sweet Gum.
Tulipiferae, Schw.— Mid. (Schw.) On Tulip Tree,
deformis, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) Trunks,
cinnamomeus, Fr. — Common. Trunks and limbs,
carneus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On bark.
Eaduluai molare, Fr. — Common. Dead limbs.
pallidum, B. & C. — Low. Sticks,
ketum, Fr. — Common. Brand
fagineum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Wood of liml .
Piiledia Merismoides, Fr. — Common. Dead limits.

zonata, B. & C. — Low. and Up. Wood and limbs.
reflexa, B. <fc C. — Low. Oak lim
radiata, Fr. — Common. Limits and Logs.
orbicularis, B. Sc C. — Low. Fallen Oak limbs.
vaga, Fr.— Low. and Mid. Rotten logs.
Gsakdinia granulosa, Fr. — Common. Carious wood.
Odontia fimbriata, Fr. — Common. Fallen limbs,
lateritia, B. $ C. — Fp. Carious wood.

iV. — Mi<l. (Sch w.i On wood.
Knei . Fr. — Common. On wood.

I '. — Com. Bark of Cedar and Grape.
— L . Carious v.

. and Mid. Earth in woods,
lutes -. — L Earth and rotten wood,

ides, Per.-. — Common. Wo<
as, Fr. — ! Mot -y banks;

tharellus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Earth in woods,
Tuelkphoka (L Me

Schw. — Mid. banks.

. Fr. I — Mid. larth,

tw. — Common. "W
. .. ( —Mid. and Up. W<
tuberosa, Fr. — W Earth.

i. Bull — Common. W<
ypphyllaea, Fr. — I a. Woi

multipartita, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Earth.
dr. Merjbma.)

Cladonia, Fr. — Mid, and Up. Woods,
palmata, Fr. — Common. Earth in woo
pa] rw. — Common. Earth in woods.

.Ma, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Earth in wo
tern rh, — Mid. and Up. Earth in w<

gausapata, Fr.- M Schw.) Trunks,
lutosa, Schw:— Mid. (Sd

(III. Ap

fimbriate, Fr.— Mid. irth.

. — ! [id. ~ :hw.) Fine
— ( trnnks.

biennis, Fr.— M id. and trunks.

and trunk.-.
I —Mid. (Schw.) Earth.
1 1 V. Resi "••>>■, i ;

Helvell hw. — M Earth.

.-] 7. — Mid. (Schw.) Mossy rocks.

. I £ of ditcht

\ Fr. — Common. I.

FLOWERLEdS PLA2STS. 105

Stabularis, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) Stable manure,
umbrina, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Under logs and sticks^
arida, Fr.- — Low. Ou Fine wood.
terrea, B. & C. — Low. Under prostrate Fine wood,
granosa, B. & C. — Common. Botten log.;.
ferruginea, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Fallen branches.
anthochroa, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves and stick*,
mollis, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Fine wood.
pediceliata, Scbw. — •Common. On living branched,
fusca, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark oi' trunks.
bufonia, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Limbs oi Sweet Gum.
Steueum (I. Mesopus.)

calyculus, B. & C. — Low. Moist woods.
tenerrimum, B. & R. — Low. Among Mosses,

(11. Apus.)

fasciatum, Fr. — Common. Trunks and limbs,
lobatum, Xze. — Common. Trunks and limbs.
versicolor, Swartz. — Low. Fallen limbs.
striatum, Fr. — Common. Dead limbs.
porrectum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead limbs,
complicatum, Fr. — Common. Dead limbs.
purpureum, Pers. — Common. Trunks and stump*,
spadiceum, Fr. — Common. Trunks and stumps.
molle, Lev. — Mid. Logs.
hirsutum, Fr. — Common. Limbs and logs.
Btyracifluum, Scbw. — Mid. (Schw.) On Sweet Gum.
sauguinolentum, A. & S. — Low. and Mid. Pine trunks,
ockraceo-navum, Schw. — Common, On limbs,
bicolor, Fr. — Common. Logs and limbs.
Micheneri, B. & C— Mid. and Up. Fallon limbs.
i'errugincum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Fallen limbs,
rubiginosum, Schrad. — Common. Trunks and sticks,
papyrinum, Mont. — Low. Decaying logs.
tabacinum, Fr.— Mid. and Up. (Schw.) Fallen limbs,
cerviuum, B. & C. — Low. Fallen Oak limbs,
imbricatulum, Schw. — Common. Trunks and branches.
Curtisii, Berk. — Common. Bark of White and Post Oaks
Leveilleanum, B. <fc 0. — Low, and Mid. Dead limbs.
14

1<A) 9U

albobadium, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Trunks and branches,
candidom, Behw. — Lav. and MM Bark of to
frustulosuin, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Wood and stumps*
Bubpileatum, B. i\: C. — Common. Logs and stomps,

rugosum, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Trunks and log
'.. Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) Fin*-' Lark.

ulneum. Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On wood.

acerinum, Fr. — Common. Bark of tree?.
Aii:k UL.vniA mesenterica, Bull. — Mid. (Schw.) Tru\
Cokihxum (L Arus.)

oehroIenDomn, Fr. — Low. and Yy. \ Fallen limbs,

sabasonatom, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) AV 1.

Lvens, Fr. — Low. and Mid. On l>ark of trees,

?alicinum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On Willows.

Oakesii, B. ft Ov— Up. Bark of White Oak.

(II. HlMA>-TIA.)

giganteum, Fr. — Common. Bark and wood.
laeve, Fr. — Common. Bark and wood.
Auberianum, Mont. — Common. Bark and wood,
roseum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of trunk.-,
velutinum. Fr. — Bark of Sweet Gum.
glabrum, B. & C. — Low. Sticks in wet ground,
sulfureum, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Wood, bark, &c
Yiticola, Fr. — Mid. and Up Bark of Grape ?in<
alutaceum, B. «t C. — Mid. (Schw.) Carious wood.

ruleum, Fr. — Oommon. Wood and bark.
atrovirens, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Carious wood,
arachnoidenm, Berk. — Common. Wood and bark,
polyschistum, B. *k CL — Low. Branches of Apple tree,
leueothrix, B. v\: ('. — Low. Underside of rim.- wood.

(III. LkI--TU"MA.)

ealceom, Fr. — Common. Wood and bark.
Bubicola, B. vV: C. — Oommon. Blackberry stalky

viscusiini. Peri. — Mid. (Schw.) Putrid wood.
Martianum, B. A C. — Up. Putrid wood.

molle, B. & C. — Low. Putrid wood
ochraceum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) "Wood.
■K-riale. Fr. ? — Mid. (Schw.) Pine wood.

KLoWKRLESS PLANTS 10?

quereinuin, Purs. — Mid. and Up. Bark of Chestnut, <fcc.
albido-carneum, (Schw.) — Common. Carious wood,
cinerenm, Fr. — Common. Bark of limbs,
scutcllatuni, B. & C. — Common. Bark of limbs.
incarnatum, Fr. — Common. Wood and bark,
polygon ium, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead limbs.
corrugatum, Fr.— Common. Bark and wood.
Sambuci, Pers.— Mid. (Schw.) On Elder.
episphsBria, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) On wood and Hypox":
stigma.
Gdepinia Spathularia, Fr. — Common. Pine wood.

elegans, B. & C. — Low. and Up. Trunks and logs.
Cypiiella lacera, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On vegetable matter.
Filicicola, B. & C. — Low. Stem of Ferns.
Capula, Fr. — Common. Stems of herbs,
fulva, B. & R. — Common. Branches of Alder.
Sparassis cyrUpa, Fr. — Up. Earth.

laminosa, Fr. — Low. Oak log.
spathulata, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Earth.

Clay aria (I. Ramaria.)

jlava, Fr. — Common. Earth in woods.
Botrytis, Pers. — Common. Earth in woods.
fasUglata, L. — Mid. (Schw.) Grassy places.
muscoides, L. — Mid. (Schw.) Grassy places.
tetragona, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Damp woods.
cristata, Ilolmsk. — Mid. and Up. Damp woods.
'nigosa, Bull. — Mid. (Schw.) Damp woods.
fuliginea, Pers. — Low. and Mid. Shady woods.
macropus, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Earth.
mMHU, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Shaded ,T>ank&.
pyxidata, Pers. — Common. Rotten wood.
aurai, Scha?ff. — Common. Earth in woods.
farmoea, Pers. — Common. Earth in woods,
abietina, Schum. — Mid. (Schw.) Ligneous Earth,
leucotophra, B. k C. — Mid. (Schw.) Among rotting

leaves,
grisea, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.
gracilis, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Shady banks,

10.$ KLOWBBUW IT. ANTS.

stricta, Pen, — Common. Wood, and earth.
byssiseda, Per?, — Mid. (Schw.) Rottinpr leaves,

(II. Btnoobthts.)

infequalis, Fr. — Common. Damp woods.
fusiform is. Sow. — Common. Fields and woods.
argillacea, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Fields and woods,
vermicnlata, Scop. — Mid. (Schw.) Grassy fields,
fragilis, Holmsk. — Common. Earth in woods,
tenaeella, Pere. — Mid. (Schw.) Woods.
fnmosa, Pens.- Mid. (Schw.) Pine woods.

(Til, HoLOOOBXNE.)

pistillaris, L. — Mid. (Schw.) Shady woods.
ligula, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Among shrubs,
fontorta, Fr. — Up, On sticks.
falcata, Pore. — Mid. and Dp. Mossy place-.
vernalis, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Naked earth.
mncida, Pere. — Common. Damp rotting wood,
acuta, Sow. — Low. Mossy hanks.
[ trichomorpha, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead Corn stalks.
Calocrra viscosa, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.') Pine wood-.
palmata, Fr. — Common. Carious wood.
rarcata, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Trunks..
cornea, Fr. — Common. Park and wood.
pilipes, Schw. — Mid, (Schw.) On wood.
Crtnvla paradoxa, B. &.C.— Low. On Oak leaves.
TrpnuLA tennissima, M. A. C. — Low. Rotting leave-.

Grevillei, Fr. — Low. Fruit and Leaf stalks of Sweet (lum.
iiyrans.FY. — Mid. (Schw.) Stems of herbs.
mucosa. B.&G — Low. Stems of herbs.
PisiTLLARrA Mnscicola, Fr.— Mid. and TTp- On Mosses,
rosella, Fr, — Low. Rotting leave-.
clegans, B. <fe 0. — L<»w. Dead twigs of Snow Ball.
miean-. Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) Stems of herba
ovata. Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead leaves.
Tbxmklla foliacea, Pera — Common. Trunks. logs, «fec
nurautia. Schw. — Common. Trunks, logs, &&
Intescens, Fr.r— Common. Trunks, logs^ <kc
resiearia^ Pull.— Mid. (Schw.) Stems of plants.

FI.oWEULRSS PLANTS. 109

meeenterioat Ret/. — Common. On bark,
intumescens, Sm. — Common. Wood and limbs,
albida, Huds. — Common. "Wood and limbs,
virens, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) On Dogwood limbs,
enata, B. & C. — Low. Oak limbs.
sarcoides, "With. — Mid. and Up. Trunks and branches,
parasitica, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) On Lentinus tigrinus.
Cobtne gyroeephala, B. ifc C. — Low. Wet rotten wood.
Extdia Auricula- Juda?, Fr. — Common. Trunks,
auriformis, Fr. — Mid. (Scliw.) On wood,
recisa, Fr. — Low. Fallen limbs.
pednnculata, B. & C. — Low. Fine wood,
glandnlosa, Fr. — Common. Limbs and sticks,
crenata, Fr.- — Mid. (Schw.) On limbs.
NjEmatelia encephala, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Fallen limbs.

nucleata, | Fr. — Common. Fallen limbs.
Dagbymyces fragiformis, Nees. — Mid. (Schw.) On Hypoxylon
stigina.
moriformis, Fr. — Low. Wood and bark,
violaceus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Branch of Apple tree,
stillatus, Fr. — Common. Pine wood,
tortus. Fr. — Common. Pine wood.
deHquescens, Dnby. — Up. Dead limbs,
lacrymalis, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) On wood,
involntns, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Old wood.
pellueiduB, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Wood.
Syringa?, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Dead bark of Lilac,
cpiphyllus, Schw.— Mid. (Schw.) Leaf of Galium.
Hymendxa Phytolacca?, B. & 0. — Mid. Dead stem of Poke weed.
Aoybium nigricans, Fr. ? — Low. Dry wood.

11" rLOWEBLBBS PI !

II. GASTEROMYCETE6.

m transven-ale. Fr. — Low. and Mid. Earth in damp
woods.
IlritxAxwirM Bavenelii. B. <fc C. — Low. Bwampy ground.
Rhtzofogon luteolus, Tul. — Mid. Swampy ground.

rubescens, Tul. — Low. and Mid. Swampy ground.
Melakogasteb rubescens, Tul. — Up. Bwampy ground.
Phallus duplicatus, Boec. — Common. Earth in Pine wood j,
indnsiatos, Vent. — Mid. (Schw.) Earth.
tmpndicus, L. — Mid. Earth,
rubieundus. Fr. — Low. Earth.
O'RYxrTKs brevis, 13. & C. — Low. and Mid Fields and Garden-.
Olaxhrub eolumnatus, Bose. — Low. and Mid. Sandy wood.-.
Tulostoma limbriatum, Fr. — Common. In light s«>il?.

mammosnm, Fr. — Common. In ligneous earth.
Ltoopebdoh Bovieta, L. — Common. Grassy land.

eandidum, Sehw. — Mid. i^Sehw.^ Grassy woods,
celatum, Bull.— L:>w. and Mid. Earth and stumps,
pusfllum, Batseh. — Low. and Mid. I. jofl.
acuminatum, B. & CL — Low. and Mid. On Most
gemmatum. Batseh. — Common. Woods and field-.
pyrifbime, Sehrcft'. — Common. Earth and rotten log.-.
Bovi-ta nigrescent Pere. — Common. Grassy fields.
. Pers. — Common. Grassy fields.
cyathiforuii-. (Bosc) — Common. Fields and hank-.
Gkastbb fornicatus, Fr. — Common. Earth in woods.
minimus. Sehw. — Common. Earth in woods,
limbatus, Pr. — Dp. Woods,
fimbriatus, Fr.— -Low. Sandy woods.

;itns. Fr. — Common. Earth.
rufeecens, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Hill-sides,
hygrometricus, Per^. — Common. Earth.
fibrillosUB, Sehw. — Mid. (Schw.) Naked Earth.
S ebodbbma Geaster, Fr. — Common. Clayey hank-.
rnlgare, Fr. — Common. Earth.

FL0WEBLES8 PLANTS. Ill

Texense, Berk. — Low. Sandy woods.
Bovista, Fr. — Low. Sandy woods.
Lycoperdioides, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Logs and
ligneous earth.
Polysaocuw Pisocarpium, Fr. — Low. Base of stumps, &c
Akaciinion album, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Earth.
MniiEMvcEs lutescens, Schw — Common. Damp woods,
cinnabarinum, Schw.? — -Low. Damp woods.
Ravenelii, Berk. — Up. Earth.
Lyoogajla epidendrum, L. — Common. Rotten wood.
Retioulakia umbrina, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Kotten trunks,
atra, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine wood.
Muscorum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On Mosses.
Aktiialium septicum, Fr. — Common. On wood, stumps, <fec.

Ferrincola, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) On a piece of iron.
Piderma stellare, Pers. — Low. Pine wood.

floriforme, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) On trunks,
globosum, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves,
difforme, Sommerf. — Mid. (Schw.) Stems of Irish Potato,
testaceum, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead stems of plants,
contextum, Pers. — Mid.; (Schw.) Dead stems of plants,
reticulatum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead leaves.
Leooakpus vernicosus, Lk. — Mid. and Up. Dead leaves, sticks, &c.
Didymium Clavus, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Rotting leaves,
furfuraccum, Fr. — Common. Dead wood.
rufipes, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On trunks.
tigrinum, Schrad. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead wood,
squamulosum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Fallen leaves,
farinaceum, Schrad. — Low. Fallen leaves,
pusillum, B. & C. — Low. Rotting stem of herb,
xanthopus, Fr. — Common. Dead leaves, stems, &c.
chrvsosepton, B. & C. — Low. Rotting leaves.
Ravenelii, B. & C. — Up. (Rav.) Rotten wood,
spumarioides, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Rotting leaves,

Moss, &c.
luteo-griseum, B. & C. — Low. and Mid. Living leaves

of Gonolobus, 6cc.
polycephalum, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Trunks, sticks,
leaves, <fcc.

11- nawBiLMat PLsjnfl.

Curtisii, Berk. — Low. living grate and leave*

ffiegalo^wnDum, 13. cV C. — Low. Dead lea

Physaroides, Pr. — Low. Baric of trunks.

einereuin. Fr. — Low. and Mid. Dark of trunks.

terrigenum, B. k C. — Hid. Naked clayey soil.
Phtsabum nutans, Per?. — Common. On dead wo

aureum. Pen. — Common. On dead wood.

sulphureum. A. & S. — Mid. (Sehw.) Dead leave-.

eolnmbinnm, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Trunk of Birch.

caprieeps, B. & II. — Low. Rotten Pine wood

hyalinnm, Per?. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of trunk?..

Licea, Pr. — Mid. (8chw.) Pine wood.

album. Fr. — Low. Fallen Leaves.

decipiens, B. & C. — Low. Bark of Oak trunk.

oonflnens, Pers. — Mid. (Sehw.) Stumps.

elegana, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Leave? and plants.

effoanm, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) On tan-bark.
AHGXORmnm sinuosum. Grev. — Common. Leave?. stems. &c
C'katekium pedunculatum, Trent. — Mid. (Sehw.) Leaves, stems. Ac.

leneoeephalnm, Dittm. — Mid. (Schw.) Bit? of wood.

globosnm, Fr. — Low. Corn stalk?.
Diacuea elegana, Fr. — Common. Leave-, stems, grass, &c.
Broomn fusca, Both — Common. Wood, leave?. Moss, &&

ferrnginea, Ehrb. — Common. Oarions wood.

typhoides, L). C. — Low. and Mid. Wood and sticks.

oblonga, Fr. — Mid. Bark of trunk-.
ata, Pers. - Low. and Mid. Dead rood.

obtnsata, Fr. — Common. Dead wood.

tenerrima, M. A. C. — Low. Dead stems.

papillata. Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) On w 1.

Physaroides, A. & S. — Mid. (Sehw.) Birch trunk.
Finmiinrmnrj elegana, Bowm. — Low. old roof of shed.
DicTYDirM nmbflicatnm, Schrad.- Common. Pine wood.

microcarpnm, Schrad.-- Common. Carious WOod.

venoenm, Schrad.— Mid. (Schw.) Carious wood.
Quorum macrocavpa, Schrad. — Mid. S Pine wood,

argillacea, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Rotten trunks,
purpurea, Schrad. — Mid. iSchw.) Carious wood.
vulgaris, Schrad.- Mid. (Schw.) Rotten trunks.

FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 113

intricate, Sclirad. — Common. Carious wood,
tenella, Sclirad. — Mid. (Scliw.) Carious wood,
minutissima, Schw. — Mid. (Scliw.) Carious wood,
microscopiea, B. & C. — Low. Old Pine wood.
Akcykia punicea, Pers. — Common. Carious wood.
incamata, Pers. — Common. Carious wood,
cinerea, Fl. Dan. — Common. Carious wood,
nutans, Grev. — Common. Carious wood,
pallida, B. & C. — Low. Carious wood,
umbrina, Schum. — Common. Carious wood.
ochroleuea, Fr. — Mid. (Scliw.) Carious wood.
globosa, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Cliestnut burs.
Tbichia rubiformis, Pers.— Mid. and Up. Rotten wood and Mosses,
pvriformis, IIotYm. — Common. Sticks and logs,
serotiria, Sclirad. — Common. Carious wood,
fallax, Pers. — Mid. (Scliw.) Carious wood.
clavata, Pers. — Common. Carious wood.
nigripes, Pers. — Mid. (Scliw.) Carious wood.
turbinata, "With. — Common, wood and sticks.
cnrysosperma, D. C. — Common. Rotten wood,
varia, Pers. — Mid. and Up. Dead trunks and logs.
serpula, Pers. — Common. Dead herbs, sticks, cvrc.
Lachnobolus cribrosus, Fr. — Mid. On logs.

cinereus, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead stems.
Peuicii.exa populina, Fr. — Common. Bark of trees.

marginata, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Bark of trees.
veiTiiicularis, Fr. (Sum. Veg.) — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of

trees,
lutco-valve, Fr. (Sum. Veg.) — Mid. (Schw.) Dead stems.
Licea cvlindrica, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Rotten wood.

fragiformis, Nees, — Common. Wood, Moss, &c
stipitata, B. & R. — Low. and Pp. Sticks and logs.
variabilis, Sclirad. — Mid. (Schw.) Trunks.
Tkictiodekma viride, Pers. — Common. Bark and wood.
Pvkexioi terrestre, Tode. — Mid. (Schw.) Among putrid Lichens.
MySOTHECTUM roridum, Tode. — Low. Decaying leaves, Arc.

Yerrucaria, Dittm. — Low. Putrescent seeds of Wa-
termelon.
IIyi'iieua terrestris, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Shaded earth.
15

114 FLO WERLESS PLASTS.

Nidulaba pulvinata, Schw. — Common. On rotten wood.
CrATnus striates, Huffm. — Low. and Mid. Earth.

campanulatus, Fr. — Common. Woody matter.

Crucibulum, Pers. — Common. Wood and bark.
Sph.erobolus stellatus, Tode. — Common. Wet or carious wood.
Tiielebolus stercoreus, Tode. — Mid. (Schw.) Among manure.

III. COXIOMYCETES.

Micbothtsiuii Sriiilacis. DeXot. — Common. Branches of Bamboo.
Leptostroma caricinum, Fr. — Common. Leaves of Carex.

Spires, Fr. — Low. Leaves of Paspalum.

litigiosum, Desm. — Low. and Mid. Stems of Pteris.

vulgare, Fr. — Common. Stems of plants.

Sphssrioides, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Stems of plants.

Aetata?, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Stems of Battle Top.

Scandentium, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Shoots of Amphi-
carpa?a.

Donaeis, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Stalks of Arundo
donax.
Piioma miserum, B. & C. — Low. Bark of Pose bushes.

erumpens, B. & C. — Mid. (Schw.) Branches of Bamboo,
decorticans, B. & C. — Low. Branchlets of Water Oak.
emilacinum, B. & C. — Low. On S. lamifblia.
pallens, B. <fc C. — Low. Dead branches of Grape vine.
Radula, B. & Br. — Low. Twigs of Apple and Sycamore,
mixtum, B. 6c C. — Low. Branches of Tulip Tree.
Syringe, B. & C. — Low. Branches of Lilac,
mamillanum, B. & C. — Low. Leafstalks of Sweet Bay.
longipes, B. A C. — Mid. Cedar t\v'_
subconnata, B. <fc C. — Mid. (Schw.) Stalks of Gossypium,
Cucurbitacearum, (Fr.) — Common. On dry Cucurbita.
Hordeola, B. A C. — Low. Bean pods.
Cimicifugn\ B. & C— Mid. and Up. Stems of Rattle Top.

FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 115

Glandicola, B. & C. — Low. Old White Oak Acorns,
coinplanata, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Stems of herbs,
navicularis, B. & G — Mid. (Schw.) Stems of herbs,
aterrimimi, B. & C. — Low. Old Corn stalks.
Uvicola, B. & C. — Low. and Mid. Hotting grapes.
Cacti, B. & C. — Low. Dead C. triangularis,
soriatmn, B. & C. — Low. Dead C. triangularis,
cucurbitale, B. & C. — Low. Seeds of Watermelon.
Citrulli,B. & C. — Low. Seeds of Watermelon.
Peponis, B. & C. — Low. Seeds of Pumpkin,
cinctum, B. & C. — Low. Dying leaves of Elm.
maculaecola, B. & C. — Mid, Leaves of Iledera.
concentricum, Desm. — Low. Leaves of Yucca,
campy lospor urn, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Panicum.
Filum, Fr. — Common. Grass leaves, &c.
Poarum, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of P. hirsute.
aridum, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Cyrilla.
Andromeda?, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of A. axillaris.
ApiospoKiuit stilbosporoideum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Carious limbs.
Cryptosporium filicinum, B. & C. — Low. Stem of Ferns.

Novoeboracense, B. & C. — Mts. Bark of Abies.
Spjsronema subulatum, Fr. — Mid. Rotting Agarics.

rufum, Fr. — Low. Bark of Magnolia glauca.

epigloium, B. & C. — Low. and Up. On Tremella.

Spina, B. & C. — Low. and Mid. Branches of Fraxinus.

aciculare, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On wood.

Acrospermum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On fire wood.

macrosporum, B. & C. — Low. Branches of Robinia.

Ampelopsidis, B. & C. — Mts. Branches of A. quin-
quefolia.

penicillatum, B. & C. — Low. Rotting wood and bark.

ventricosum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of trunks.

cylindricum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Stems of herbs.

conicum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On wood.

hemisphericum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Willow wood.

echinatum, B. & C. — Mts. Petiole discs of Rhododen-
dron.

?collapsum, B. & C. — Low. and Mid. Leaves of
Pyrus.

11G l i "\\ Kl.l.i 38 PLAAT&

nitiduin. B. & 0. — Mid. Dead twiga of Ncgundo.
radulum, B. <fc C. — Low. Brandies of Maple.
Hypocenia obtusa, I!. & C. — Low. and Mid. Branches of Maple.
Aposphjcria acnta, Berk. — Mid. (Sehw.) Stems of herbs,
Cesatia turbinata, B. & C. — Low. Branches of Kerria, Persica, Ac.
A.CB08PEKMUM compresBnm, Tede.-^ Low. Stem of herbs,
foliicolum, B. & C. — Low. Various dead lea
viridnlom, B. <fc C. — Low. Stem of herb.
Diplodia vulgaris, Fr. — Common. <>n dead branchlets.
Viticola, Desm. — Low. On Grape vines,
quisquiliarnm, 15. & C. — Low, Dried fibrillose roots,
pyrenophora, (Fr.)— Low. Branches <>f Apple tree,
dispersa, B. <fc C. — Low; Branches of Smilax.
tephrospora, B. & C. — Low. and Mid. Branches of Mag-
nolia.
Pericarpij, B. & C, — Low, and Mid. Husks of

Hickory.
Mori, Berk, — Mid. Branchlets of Mulberry,
rnegalospora, B. & C. — Low. Cones of Pinns tseda.
Ze», Lev. — Common. Old Corn-stalks.
Buxi, Fr. — Common. Dead Box leaves.
Visci, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Dead Mialetoe.
Hendersonia variabilis, B. & C. — Low. Dead leaves of Oak.

prominula, B. & C. — Low. Dead leaves of Apple

tree.
Cnrtisii, Berk. — Low. Dead leaves of Narcissus,
effosa, B. <fc G. — Low. Dead leaves of Aristida

stricta.
oobilis, B. & C. — Low. Wood of Hickory branches,
hyalopns, B. & C. — L<>w. Branches of Rhus copal-

lina.
pubena, B. & C. — Mid. Branches of Robinia.
panciseptata, R k 0. — Low. Naked limbs of La-
gerstraBmia.
Sph-Abopsie pulchella, B. «t C. — Com. Branches of Rhus copallina.
fusiger, B. & 0. — Mid. Branches of Wistaria,
globosa, B. <fc C — Mts. Branches of Crataegus.
hederaephila, B. <fc C. — Mid. Branches ofHedera.

EL0WERLES8 PLANTS. 117

Pennsylvania, B. & C. — Mid. Fraxinus.
eollulosa/B.'tfc C. — Low. Branches of Ficus.
Celtic's, it A. C— Mid. < bills of Celtis.
iinpressa, T>. & C. — Low. Branches of Morns.
Corai, B. & C. — Low. Branches of 0. florida.
Smilacis, B. & C. — Low. Branches of Smilax.
Malicola, B. & CL — Low. Dry wood of Apple tree.
insignis, B. & C— Mid. Old Acorns.
fcaulincola, B. <fc C. — Low. Stem of herb,
coriarnm, B. & C. — Mid. Old leather.
Gallss, B. .& C— Common. ( )ak galls.
Candollei, B. & Br. — Mid. Leaves of Box.
Beminalis, B. & C. — Low. Dried seeds of Watermelon.
Rhoidis, B. & C. — Low. and Mid. ? Leaves of Rhus
copallina.
Yekmiculakia Dematium, Fr. — Common. Dead stems.

Liliaeeorum, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Liliaceous

stems,
acuminata, Schw. — Low. Dead Iris.
Crammum. Lib. — Low. Culm of Zea.
.punctans, Schw. — Low. Leaves of AndropogOn.
carbonacea, B. <fc C. — Low. Leaves of Magnol.

grandiflora.
thecicola, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Capsules of Dicra-
num.
Discosia Artocreas, Fr. — Common. On dead leaves and old A corns.
clypeata, Not. — Low. and Mid. On dead leaves,
rugulosa, B. & C. — Up. Hickory leaves,
nitidissima, B. & C. — Low. Bed-bay leave-.
ocellata, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Magnol. grandiflora.
Septoeia Graminum, Besm. — Low. Leaves of Panicum.

Plantaginicola, B. & C. — Mid. Leaves of P. lanceolata.
V iolae, Dcsm. — Mid. Leaves < >f Yiolets.
Magnolias, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of M. glauca.
Liriodendri, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Tulip Tree.
Specularise, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of S. perfoliata.
ocellata, B. & 0. — Low. Fallen leaves.
Dolichos, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Cow Pea.
Rubi, B. <fe C. — Common. Leaves of Blackberry.

11^ FLOWKRLEBS 1'I.A

Vitis, J!. k C. — Common. Leaves of Grape and Creeper.
Oenothera?, B. & C. — Lovr. Leaves of O. sinuata.
nigricans, Bcbw. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Chestnut,
maculans, B. k C. — Low. Leaves of Post Oak.
recta, R 6c C. — Low. Fallen leaves,
fructieola, B. & C. — Low. Old fruit of Passiflora and

Mains.
Phlyctamoides, B. k C— Mid. In Datura,
saturnina, B. k C. — Mid. (Schw.) On stein-.
breviuscula, B. &, C. — Low. Branches of Kobinia.
decipiens, B. & C. — Low. Branches of Lonicera.
P] btalokzia concentrica, B. <fc R. — Mid. and Up. Leaves of Mains
and Crataegus.
Gnepini, Desm. — Low. and Mid. Leaves of 6

fras, ftc
grandis, B. <fc C. — Up. Leaves of Smilax.
Pezizoides, Not — Mid. Leaves of Vitis.
hysteriiformis, B. <fc C. — Common. Leaves of Quercus

nigra, &c.
stictica, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Platanus.
funerea, Desm. — L<>w. Branches of Cnpressns thy-

oid( -.
tornlosa, B. k C. — Mid. Old seeds of Watermelon.
Asteb ~:.v Robergei, Desm, — Low. Inside of dead stems.
vernicosa, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead stems,
llimantia. Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead stems.
elegans, (Schw.)— Kid. (Schw.) Dead stems of Phyto-
lacca.
Crustacea, (Schw.)— -Mid. (Schw.) Dead stems of Phy-
tolacca,
inelegans, (Schw.)— Mid. (Schw.) Dead stems of Phy-

. tola-- ..
Impatientis, (Schw.)— Mid. (Schw.) Dead stems of I.

fulva.
lineola, (Schw.)— Mid. (Schw.) Dead stems of Liliacei.
R ess, Lib. — Low. Leaves of Rosa.

graphica, Fr. — Low. Leaves of Rosa.
Xanthii, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) Leaves ofX. strumarium.
Diospyri, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Persimon.

FL0WEKLES8 PLANTS. lit)

Panici, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Panicum.
Melahoohiuii Dothidea, Bchw. — Mid. Bark of Mulberry.

cinctum, B. & C. — Up. Bark of Chestnut limbs.
sphaBroidenm, Lfc. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Birch,
sphaerospermum. Lk. — Mid. (Schw.) On Peed stems.
Discella Magnolia?, B. & C. — Up. Bark of limbs of M. cordata.
DiDYMosroRioi elevatum, Lk. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Birch.
Stilbospora magna. Berk. — Up. Bark of Walnut
ovata, Pers. — Common. On bark,
macrosperma, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Putrid wood.
tenuis. B. & C. — Low. Bark of Morns.
Pinicola, B. & C. — Low. Fallen Pine leaves.
Astebospobidm Hofl'mani, Kze. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead limbs.
Cytispoea rubescens, Fr. — Up. Bark of Pyrus Americana,
chrysosperma, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On limbs.
Pinastri, Fr. — Up. Pine leaves.
Ailanthi, B. & C. — Low. Branches of Ailanthus.
chloroglo?a, B. & C. — Up. Branches of Cornus sericea.
leucosperma, Fr. — Common. Branches of various trees,
leucophthalma. B. & C. — Low. Bark of Primus Caroli-

niana.
melasperma, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Betula.
parva, B. & C. — Low. Branches of Robinia.
betulina, Ehrb.— Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Birch,
laxa, B. & C. — Low. Bark of Calycanthus.
hyalosperma, Fr. — Mid. Bark of Maple.
Persiea?, Schw. — Common. Branchlets of Peach,
sphaerocephala, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) Branchlets of
Hydrangea or Sassafras.
Nemaspora crocea, Pers. — Common. Trunks and branches,
erythrella. B. <k C. — Low. Branches of Rose,
decipiens, B. 6z E. — Up. (Rav.) On limbs.
Mtxosfobidii nitidum, B. <fc C. — Up. Branches of Cornus alterni-
fulia.
Musae, B. <fc C. — Low. On decaying Bananas.
Coeyxecm compactum, B. & Br. — Mid. Branches of Betula nigra.
pulvinatum, Kze. — Mid. Branches of Iledera.
Staphyleae, M. A. C. — Mid. Branches of Staphylea.
decipiens, B. 6c C. — Up. Branches of Castanea.

120 FLOWEBLE88 1'I.A

Qnioolor, M. A. 0. — Mid. Bark of Oedar.
Bactbidiuii flavum, Kze. — Mid. (Schw.) Carious wood.
I K\. dpi i. a Lfliorum, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Stems of Lilium.
Dinbkawobium Btrigosum, (Ft.) — Common. Wood and Btema of

plants.

hispidnlnm, (Schrad.) — Mid. (Schw.) Oo Sam-
bncns.
Seikidilm inarticnlatnm, B. &, C. — Low. Branchlets of Liqni-

dambar.
Tobula herbarum, Pers. — Common. Stems of herbs,
antennata, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine roofs,
dissita, B. & C. — Low. Ii ►ak log.

DicTToepoKiuM elegans, Cda. — Low. Branch of Magnolia glauca.
IIk: i, Cda. — Low. Wood of Pine and Oedar.

Septoxema Bpilomenm, Berk. — Common. ( )n rails, boards, &c
cespitosum, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Liriodendron.
circinatum, B. & C. — Low. Lea. - of Liriodendron.
obscnrnm,B. ec C. — Low. Wet Pine wood,
dendryphioides, B. & C. L w. Wet Pine wood.
multiplex. B. & C. — Low. Wood of Nyssa and Quercns.
breviuseuluin, B. & C.r— Low. Living trunk of Acer.
bidesmtdm concinnom, Berk. — Common. Carious wood.

lu-ii-. B. & C. — Up. Branch of MagnoL acuminata.

adscendens, Berk. — Low. Rotting w 1 and bark.

Vacrinii, B. A C. — Low. W 1 of Vacciniomi

epiphyllum, B. & 0. — Up. Living leaves of Castanea,
curvatum. B. & 0. — Common. Living leave- of

Crataegus.
Asteriscus, B. & C. — Low. Living leaves of Pye-

nantlieniuni.
maculare, B. & CL — Low. Living leaves of Magnol.
glauca.

inosum, B. & CL — Low. Carious Oak wood.
Btygium, 1). & 0. — Low. Carious Oak wood,
atrum, Lk. — Mid. Branches of Hedera.
compactum, . & C. — Common. Carious wood,
nigrum, Berk. — Op. (Rav.) Carious wood.
mpositum, B. k R. — Up. (Rav.) < >n rails and
wood.

FLOWERLESS rLAXTS. 121

Lepraria, Berk. — Mid. and Up. Old rails and wood,
molanopum, B. & Br. — Up. Old rails and wood,
chartaruin, B. «fc C. — Mid. Damp paper.
Coniotiiecium Juglandis, B. & C. — Mid. Bark of "Walnut.
Si'iux\iEA Ponii, Fr. — Coninion. Skin of Apples.
Gymnosporium fulvum, B. & C. — Low. Putrid wood.

Zea.', B. <fc C. — Low. Dead Corn stalks.
Areoma speciosum, Fr. — Mts. Branches of Rose bush.

mucronatum, (Pers.) — Mid. and Up. Leaves of Rose.
PuociNlA Silphii, Schw.— Low. and Mid. Leaves of Silphium.
Amorpha?, M. A. C. — Low. Leaves of Amorpha.
Myrrhis, Schw. — Mid. Leaves of Osmorhiza.
Circeae, Pers. — Mid. and L"p. Leaves of Circa? a.
microspernia, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Lobelia puberula.
aculeata, Schw. — Common. Leaves of Podophyllum.
Ilelianthi, Schw. — Common. Leaves of Ileliantlnis.
Verbesinse, Schw. — Common. Leaves of Verbesina.
Ileliopsidis, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Ileliopsis

and Vernonia.
Xanthii, Schw. — Common, Leaves of Xanthium and

Ambrosia.
Centaurea?, D. C. — Low. Leaves of Conoclinium.
Mentha?, Pers. — Common. Leaves of Labiativ.
Smilacis, Schw. — Common. Leaves of Smilax.
Galii, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Galium,
solida, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Anemone.
Polygonorum, Schlecht.— Mid. (Schw.) On Polygonum,
bullata, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Stem of herbs.
Pruni, D. C. — Low. and Mid. Leaves of Prunns.
Graminis, D. C. (Rust.) — Common. Leaves and culms

of Grasses.
Arundinaria?, Schw. — Low. Leaves of Reed,
striola, Strauss. — Common. Leaves of Gram: and Cyp.
Caricis, D. C. — Leaves of Sedge Grass.
Gymnosporaxgium Juniperi, Lk. — Common. Branches of Cedar.
Podisoma macropus, Schw. (Cedar Balls.)— Common. Branches of
Cedar.
Juniperi, Lk. — Mid. Branches of Cedar.
Uredo Rubigo, D. C (Rust.)— Com. Leaves and stems of Grasses.
16

122 FLO WEKLESS PLANTS.

oaricina, D. 0. — Low. and Mid. Leavea^of Carex.
linearis, Pcrs. — Common. Leaves of Triticnm, &c.
AzalefB, Sclav. — Low. and Mid. Leaves of Honeysuckle.
Eydrangese, P. & C. — Mid. Leaves of II. arhorescens.
Prunastri, D. C. — Low. Leaves of Persica.
epitea, Kzc. — Common. Leaves of Willows.
Vacciniorum, Johnst. — Low. Leaves of V. hirtellum.
Toxicodendri, P. & P. — Mid. Pranclies and petioles of

Toxicodendron.
Helianthi, Schw. — Common. Leaves of Ilelianthus and

Vernonia.
Terebinthinaoeee, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Silpli:
. terebinth :

Ipomoese, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Leaves of Ipomoea.
Campanularum, Lk. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Specularia,
Onagrarum, Lk. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Circssa.
Hydrocotyles, Lk. — Low. Leaves of llydrocotyle.
Smilacis, Schw. — Common. Leaves of Sniilax.
Polygonorum,[D. C. — Low. and Mid. Lea\ es of Polygonum.
SolidaginiSj Schw. — Common. Leaves of Aster, Solida-

go, <fec.
PotentillSB, D. C. — Common. Leaves of Polentilla and

A-riinoiiia.
Ruborum, 1). C. — Common. Leaves of Kuhus.
luminata, (Schw.) — Common. Leaves of RubUB.
til'iisa, Straus.<. — Common. Branches and petioles of Po.-a.
Elephantopodis, Schw. — Cum. Leaves of Elephantopus.
Labiataram, 1). C. — Cunnnon. Leaves of Labiate.
Eyptidiflj M. A, C.-r-Low* Stem and leaves of Hyptis.
punctosum, Lk. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Euphorbia.
Leguminosarum, Lk. — Mid. (Schw.) LeavtdB ofFaba.
lleuchera>, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of II. Americana,
Ari-Yirginiei, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Arum.
Dbomyoes appendiculosa, Lev. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Pisum
and Phasaolus.
apiculosa, Lev. — Common. Leaves of Euphorbia, &c.

Bolida, B. & C. — Low. and Mid. Leaves of Desmodium.

Phaseoli, (Strauss.)— Common. Leaves of Phaseolus, &c.

FL0WERLES3 PLANTS. 123

Lespedezaj-violacea?, (Schw.) — Common. Leaves of L.

violacea.
Lespedezae-procumbentis, (Schw.) — Common. Leaves of

L. procumbens.
Spermacoces, (Schw.) — Common. Stem and leaves of S.

diodina.
Ilvperiei, (Schw.) — Mid. and Up. Loaves of Hypericum.
Pileolaria brcvipes, B. & R. — Common. Leaves of Toxico-
dendron.
Eavexelia glanduliformis, B. & C. — Tjow. and Mid. Leaves of

Tephrosia.
Usttlago Begetnm, Pers. (Smut.) — Common. Tn heads of Oats, &c.
foetens, B. & C. (Stinking Smut.)— Mid. In heads of

Wheat
Ze«, Schw. (Corn Smut.) — Common. Ears of Corn.
Bpermophorns, B. & C. — Low. Flowers of Poa megas-

tachya.
Montagnei, Tub — Low. — Seeds of Khynchospora.
Jnnci, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Seed of Jimcus.
Ureeolorum, (D. C.) — Mid. and Up. Seeds of Carcx.
utriculosa, (Nees.) — Common. Seeds of Polygonum,
hypodites, Fr. — Low. Culms of Arundinaria.
BcbstbuA lacerata, (Sow.) — Common. Leaves of Crataegus, &c.
cancellata, (Jacq.) — Common. Leaves of Apple trees.
Fraxini, (Schw.) — Mid. and Low. Leaves of Fraxinus.
Aividium CimicifugsB, Schw.— Mid. *fc Up. Leaves of Cimicifuga.
Podophylli, Schw.— Common. Leaves of P. peltatum.
Ilibisci, Schw. — LTp. Leaves of II. Moscheutofl.
Pcnsteinonis, Schw. — Mid. Leaves ofPenstemon.
Ari, Berk. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of A. triphyllum.
leucostictum, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Lespedeza.
EuphorbiflB-hyperieifoliBB, Sz. — Low. and Mid. Leave- of

E. hypericifolia.
Epilobii, D. C. — Low. Leaves of Ludwigia.
Grossulariaj, D. C. — Mts. Leaves of Eibes.
Compositarum, Mart. — Common. Leaves of Composite.
Convolvuli, Schw.— Low. Leaves of Ipomoea,
Uvularia?, Schw.— Mid. (Schw.) Lcnves of Fvularia,

1'24 FI.oWEIM.l 9fl II ANTS.

Dranmtii, Schw. — Hid. (Schw*) Leaves of Arum Dra-
contium.

Rumicifi, Pers. — Mid. (Sehw.) On Rum:

Lysimachise, Schlect. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Lysi-
maehia.

Apocyni, Bchw. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Apocynnm.

Asterum, Schw. — Mid. (Sehw.) Leave.- »»l" Aster.

Helianthi-mollis, Schw. — Mid. (Sehw) Leaves of II.
mollis.

Clematitis, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Leaves of C. Yir-
ginica.

Panunculaccarum, D. C. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Ra-
nunculi.

Geranii, 1). C. — Mid. (Sehw.) Leave- of Geranium.

Impatient]*, Schw. — Mid. (Sehw.) Leaves of Impatiens.

Ilvperici-frondosi, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of II.
frondoBum.

Viola?, D. C. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Viola?.

Frtica?, D. C. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves ».f Frtica and
Pynoglossnm.

Sambuci, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of S. Canadensis.

Bcrhcridis, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of B. Cana-
densis.

crassum, D. C. — Low. Leaves and petiole of Berche-
mia.

Sinilacis, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Smilax.
Pi:i;ji>i;nMirM Pini, Fr. — Common. Leaves, and Lark of Pines.
Cko.xartiim aaclepiadenm, Fr. — Mid. leaves of Comptonia.
CrSTOPDB candidus, Lev. — Common. Leave- of Portulacca. Cap-
sella. &e.

FLOWEKLE88 PLANTS. 125

IV. IIYPHOMYCETES.

Isaeia farin<>~a. Fr. — Low. and Mid. Buried chrvsalids.
Sphiugum, Schw. — Mid. Dead Moths on bushes.
Aranearum. Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead spiders,
nigripes. Schw. — Mid. (Sehw.) Buried chrvsalids.
carnea, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark and leaves on the ground,
epiphylla, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Fallen leaves,
eitrina, Pers. — Mid. (Scliw.) Rotten trunks,
brachiata. Sebum. — Mid. (Schw.) On dead Agarics.
umbrina, Pers. — Low. and Mid. Rotten wood and bark.
Ceeatium Ilvdnoides, A. <fc S. — Common. Putrid wood.

Porioides, A. & S. — Low. and Mid. Pine wood.
Pterula plumosa, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Amon^ herbs and

shrubs.
Packixa cinnabarina, Xees. — Mid. (Sehw.) Under Walnut bark.
Sttlbum tumentosum, Sehrad. — Low. On Triehia and Arcvria.
limetarium. Berk. — Low. On Babbit dung,
bvssinuin. Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Putrid Agarics.
bulbosum, Tode. — Mid. (Schw.) Qo stems,
pilifurme, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Chestnut bora,
lateritium. Berk. — Common. On bark.
cinereo-rubrum, B. & C. — Low. Cyrilla and Hibiscus

Svriaeus.
einnabarinum, Mont. — Low. and Mid. Bark of Moras and

Vitis.
carcinophthalum, B. & C. — Low. Dead stems of Pasti-

naca.
leucocephalum, B. & C. — Low. Bark pi Carya.
Phuis, B. & C. — Common. Bark of Elms,
vulgare, Tude. — Mid. (Schw.) On wood,
gclatiiiosiim, Pers. — Mid. (Selnv.) On trunks,
rigidum, Pers. — Mid. (Sehw.) Putrid wood.
turbinatum, Tude. — Mid. (Sehw.) On wood,
rubieundum, T.xle. — Mid. (Schw.) Beech stumps,

12») TUmWBUEBB KAHTO.

Atractium Fusisperium, B. k 0. — 1*]». Bark of Acer Pennsylva-

nicum.
Qkafhiuii explioatum, B. k C. — Low. Limbs of Quercus and
Persica.
clavisporum, P>. & C — L<»w. Living Ghrape leaves.
Hyalopuh muoorinus, B. k C. — Low. On excrement of birds,
parasitans, V>. k C. — Low. < >n exolete Hydnum.
griseus, B. & 0. — Low. Under bark ofNyBsa.
Epkxm •< rM Bcabnun, Oda, — Low. Dried root of N]

neglectum, Deem. — Low. Tassels of Indian Corn.
Bphssrospermum, B. k C. — Low. Diad leavesof Arun-
dinaria.
Illospobtoii coccineum, Fr. — Low. On bark and Li<-1.'
persicinum, Fr. — Low. On pine palings.

Stigkatella anrantiaca, B. & 0. — Low. Bark and w lofHibisc:

SyriacUB.
PoBAsnm rogeum, Lk.— Common. Dead Btems.
lateritinm, Nees. — Low. Bark oftn
aurantiacnm, Cda. — Low. On pntrid Oucurbita.
pallens, B. k C. — Low. Heads of Juncus.
areuatum, B. it C. — Low. Bark of P. Mains,
sticticnm, B. <fe C. — Low. Dead twigs of Persica
VburrsLLA ciliata, Fr. — Mid. (Sehw.) Dejected stems.
Glieii.-imkrm versicolor, B. & C. — Low. On putrescent Apples.
Peponis, B. &, C. — Low. Pntrescent Mnskmelon.
(ih.ikmmvcks Btellatns, B. AO. — Low. On Scirpns Eriophornm.
Tubebculabia granulata, Pen. — Common. On bark.

vulgaris, Tode — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Ribes, &c
minor, Lk. — Mid. (Schw.) Limbs of Castanea.
microsperma, B. A C. — Low. Dejected Pinecoi
dnbia, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Bark of Rhus, ftc.
nigricans, D. C. — Mid. Bark ofFraxinns, &c
persicina, Dittm. — Low. <m CTredo luminata.
Paohxooybe Bubolata, Berk. — Low. Cm bark.

rosella, 1>. & C. — Low. Bark of Robinia, Melia, kc
Sfoboctbe calicioides, Fr. — Common. On bark.

Bhois, & k C— Low. and Mid. Bark of Rhus.
Persies, Fr. — Common. Bark of Persica, and Census.
B soides, Fr. — Common. Putrescent Btems and bark.

FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 127

faseieulata, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) Dead stems.
bulbosa, (Schw.) — Mid. (Sehw.) Dead stems,
macularis, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) Dead stems and wood.
alternate, Berk. — Mid. Damp paper.
Oepemium atrum, Cda. — Low. Branches and leaves.
My^xoTRieirrM affine, B. & C. — Low. Culms of Arundinaria.
Actixocladium Penicillus, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Sassafras.
Glsnospoka Curtisii, B. & Desm. — Common. Living limbs of
Nyssa, Quereus, &c
Melioloides, M. A. C. — Mid. and Up. Living leaves
of Galax.
IlKLMiNTiiosromiM Tiara. B. <fc E. — Mts. (Iiav.) Bark of trunks.

princeps, B. & C. — Low. Bark of living Quereus.
maeroearpon, Grev. — Com. Bark of branches,
corticale, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Platanus
obtusissimum, B. ct C. — Mid. Bark of Fraxinus.
arbuscula. B. & C. — Low. Bark of Rhus copal-

lina.
caudatum, B. & C. — Mts. Bark of Castanea

pumila.
melanosporum, B. A C. — Low. Bark of dejected

limbs,
siliquosum, B. & C. — Low. Bark of Yitis and

Smilax.
lanceolatum, B. & C. — Low. Bark and wood of

Cornus florida.
fragillimum, B. ifc C. — Low. Branches of Smilax.
rectum. B. vv; C. — Low. Carious wood,
molle, B. it C. — Low. Dead stems.
Ravenelii, M. A. C. — Low. Spikes of Sporobo-

lus Indicus.
nodosum, B. <fc C. — Low. Spikes of Eleusine In-

diea.
Petersii, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Smilax.
Pooo&PQBlDM rigidum, Schw. — Common. On Rhus and Ampe-
lopsis.
Briareus, B. <£; C— Low. Oak limbs,
pra-'longum, B. |& C. — Low. Branches of Yaccin:
arboreum.

12S FLOWERLB88 I'LAM-.

Mtstb osptfgnni llubigo, B. A: C. — Mid. Mid Uffe On .dead Phyto-
lacca and Grassi

SiKMi-nvLiiM Fuligo, Bi & C. — Up-. Bram-h of Bhus glabrum. '
Tbiposfobium elegana, Cda. — Low. Putrescent Bttims.
Dbepanispoba pannosa, B. ft C. — Low*. Di>k of carious* Bturap.
HjSUOOS+OtauM trriseum, B. k C. — Low. Fallen limbs in swamps,
lu-eum, B. & C. — Low. Under pine wood in
swamps.
HJELIOOHA Berkeleii, M. A. C. — Low. Old wood and bark.
Ci.adutkkium M-vphophoruin, Cda. — Up- Carious wood.
Polythuincium Trifolii, Kzc. — Common. living leaves of Tri-

folinni.
ClADOSPO&htm herbarum, Lk. — Common. Dead leaves and stems,
epiphyllum, Xees. — Mid. (Sehw.) Fallen leaves,
apicnlatnm, B. <fc C. — Low. Dead stems of Ileli-

anthus.
stenospornm, B. v.v; C. — Low. Fallen leaves of P,

Mains,
mierospernmm, B. & C. — Low. Fallen leaves of

Quere. obtusifolia.
personatnm, B. ft C. — Low. Leaves of Araeliis and

Cassia.
compaetum, B. A: C. — Low. Leave- of Arnndinaria.
Bignonise, Bchw. — Mid. (Sehw.) Legumes of Bigno-

nia and Catalpa.
Fnmago, Lk. — Low. Leaves in low plaoea
MAOBdSPOStUM Cheiranthi, Fr. — Common. On dead herbs.

eireinans, B. A: C. — Low. Decayed Cabbage leaves,
pingnedinisj Berk. — Low. Dead stems,
eehinellum, B. A: C. — Low. and Mid. Leave- of

Platanns and Ilex.
anteniuelbrnie, B. & C- — Mid. and Up. Leave- of
Celtis.
A&PBfiGiLLtrs glaucuB, Lk. — Common. ( >n nations decaying matter.

maximus, Lk. — Low. Putrid Polvporus and Boletus.

alutaceus, B. A: C. — Low. Mouldy Corn.

Curtisii, Berk. — Low. and Mid. Carious wood,

bark, Ac.
roseus, Lk. — Low. and Mid. lien dung.

FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 129

crocatus, B. & C. — Low. Rotting squash,
aurantiacus, Berk. — Low. Carious Pine wood,
pulvinatus, B. & C. — Low. Rotting sticks and herbs
in heaps.
BoxRY'm Viticola, B. & C. — Common. Leaves of Grape.

parasitica, Pers. — Low. and Mid. Cabbage leaves,
prasia, B. & C. — Low. Carious Oak wood,
pallida, B. & C. — Low. Dead leaves of Arundinaria.
lateritia, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Carious wood,
cinerea, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Rotting Cucurbita."
Bassiana, Bals. — Low. On Silk worms.
Streptotiirix atra, B. & C. — Common. On limbs of Oak, &c.
Campsotrichum circinatum, B. & C. — Low. Fallen leaves of Mag-
no] : grandifl.
Mexispora apicalis, B. & C. — Low. Carious wood in swamps.
Verticillium pulvinatum, B. & C. — Low. Bark of Acacia Juli-
brissin.
rosellum, B. & C. — Low. Fallen leaves of Phora-

dendron.
stigraatellum, B. & C. — Low. Rotting Cucurbita
verrucosa.
Pexicillrm crustaceum, Fr. — Common. On fruit, vinegar, &c.
candidum, Lk. — Mid. On Fungi,
armeniacum, Berk. — Mid. Decaying vegetable matter.
Dactylioi macrosporum, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Rotting sticks,
stems, <fec.
dendroides, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On Fungi.
Sporodum atropurpureum, B. & C. — Low. Dead roots of Grass.
Ruinotriciium tenellum, B. & C. — Low. Rotten Onion.

fusiferum, B. & C. — Low. Wood in wet ground,
ramosissimum, B. & C. — Low. Rotten wood.
Curtisii, Berk. — Low. Rotten wood in swamps,
armeniacum, B. & C. — Low. Rotting Polyp.

Sch wcin itzii.
cucumerinum, B. & C. — Low. Dejected culm of
Zea.
Sporotricuum sulfureum, Grew — Mid. (Schw.) In fissures of wood,
vitellinum, Lk. — Mid. (Schw.) On posts.

IT

130 FLOWEHI.l>S l'LANTS.

virescens, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On bark
'. leruginosmn, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Rotten log.
Oidium fructigenum, Kze. — Common. On putrescent fruit.
Monilioides, Lk. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Grass.
aureuni, Lk. — Mid. (Schw.) Fallen Oak leave-,
simile, Berk. — Common. Putrid wood.
pulvinatum, M. A. C. — Low. Putrid wood,
citrinellum, B. <fc 0. — Low. On Peziza alboviolaseens.
crnstacenm, B. <fe C. — Low. On old cords.
TKiciMTinxiLM roseum, Lk. — Common. On bark, Fnngi, &c.
Fusidium pyrinnm, Mont. — Low. and Mid. On Pear leave-.

'. Farina, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) On bark.
Asterophora Agaricoides, Cda. — Mid. and Dp. On Nyctalis.
Sbpedowium chiysoepennnjn, Fr. — Common. Putrescent Boletus.

armeniacum, B. ifc C. — Up. Putrid wood.
Ztgodesmus effusns, B. &C. — Low. Carious Oak wood.
tornlosns, B. & C. — Low. Rotten leaves,
fuscus, Cda. — Common. Rotten wood and leaves.
ramosissimus, B. <±c 0. — Low. Under Pine wood,
olivaceus, B. & C. — Low. Under Pine wood.
Ilydnoides, B. ife C. — Low. Under Pine wood.
Monotobpqba setosa, B. & C. — Low. Putrid wood in swamps.
( otbichum erubescens, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Dejected sticks of

wood.
!•'( siBPOBnru aurantiacum, Lk. — Low. On dead plants.
roscuni, Lk. — Common. On dead plants.
Buxi, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Leaves of Box.
miniatnm, B. & C. — Mid. Wounded bark of Conrafl

florid a.
ossicola, B. <fe C. — Low. On old bones in woods.
placentula, B. & C. — Low. Dead bark of Melia.
pnbescens, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Desniodium

lineare.
grisenm, Fr. — Low. Fallen Oak leaves.
Cii:< iNoTKKiiiM candiduni, Sehw. — Mid. (Schw.) Rotten Pino
wood.
Cratsegi, B, & C. — Low. Leaves of Crataegus.

FLOWERLESfc* PLANTS. 131

Psilonia apalospora, B. & C. — Low, Culms oi'Zea and Sorghum.

fuscopurpurea, B. & C. — Low. Dead limbs of Quereus.

uniseptata, B. & C. — Low. Rotten wood of Quereus.
Dendeina Diospyri, B. & C. — Low. and Mid. Dying leaves of
Persimmon.

V. ASCOMYCETES.

Morciiella esculenta, Pers. (Morel.) — Com. Earth in woods.

foraminulosa, Scliw. — Mid. (Scliw.) Earth in woods.
Caroliniana, Bosc. — Mid. Earth in woods.
IIelyella crispa, Fr. — Low. Pine woods.

lacimosa, Afz. — Low. Near rotten logs.
sulcata, Afz. — Mid. (Sehw.) Shady woods.
Infula, Schaeff. — Mid. (Sehw.) Earth and Pine logs,
costata, Sehw. — Mid. In sandy ground,
ephippium, Lev. — Common. About decaying trunks.
Verpa Caroliniana, Sehw. — Mid. (Sehw.) On declivities.
Geoglossum hirsutum, Pers. — Common. In wet ground,
diftorme, Fr. — Common. In wet ground,
glabrum, Pers. — Mid. (Scliw.) Damp mossy ground,
farinaceum, Scliw. — Mid. (Sehw.) In meadows.
Mitrula paludosa, Fr. — Common. Swampy land.

exigua, Fr. — Mid. (Sehw.) Dejected stems.
Leotia lubrica, Pers. — Common. Moist woods.

chlorocephala, Sehw. — Common. Damp sandy woods,
viscosa, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Damp sandy woods,
circinans, Pers. — Mid. (Sehw.) Woods.
Riiizixa nndulata, Fr. — Common. Earth.

Psilopezia nummularia, Berk. — Low. and Mid. On carious wood.
Peziza (I. Aleuria.)

Acetabulum, L. — Low. On naked earth,
cinnamomeo-lutesccns, Sehw, — Mid, (Sehw.) Among pu-
trescent leaves.
Mitrula, Sehw. — Mid. (Sehw.) Among putrescent leaves.

132 FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

clypeata, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Rotting log.

Schweinitzii, B. & 0.— Mid. (Schw.) Earth.

badia, Pers. — Up. (Schw.) Earth.

onotica, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Shady places.

obtecta, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Among putrescent leaves,

cochleata, L. — Common. In woods.

volutina, B. &, C. — Up. On lignous earth.

Spragneii, B. & C- — Up. Rotting wood.

vesiculosa, Bull. — Mid. (Schw.) In manured ground.

micropuB, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Earth.

pustullata, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) On trunks.

macropus, Pers. — Common. Earth and logs.

tuberosa. Bull. — Mid. (Schw.) Grassy laud.

Rapulum, Bull. — Low. Earth.

catinus, Holmsk. — Mid. (Schw.) Rotten wood and lig-

nous earth,
cupularis, L. — Low. and Mid. On burnt ground,
violacea, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Among Kalmias.
granulata, Bull. — Mid. (Schw.) Among manure,
rutilans, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Earth.
succosa, Berk. — Low. Moist earth,
ollaris, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine woods,
albociucta, B. & C. — Low. Mossy ground,
omphalodes, Bull. — Mid. and LTp. Burnt places,
psammophila, B. & C. — Low. Damp sandy earth,
melaloma, A. & S. — Up. Burnt grounds,
rubricosa, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Earth.

(II. Laciixka.)

coccinea, Jacq. — Up. Fallen limbs in wot ground.
tomentosa, Schum. — Mid. (Schw.) On wood,
nigrella, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) "Wood and earth,
hemispherica, Wigg. — Mid. and Up. Wood and earth,
brunnea, A. & S. — Mid. (Schw.) Burnt ground.
Bcutellata, L. — Common. Earth and wood.
Erinaceus, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Botten trunks.
stercorea, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Manured and rich ground.
Thelcboloides, A. &_S. — Mid. (Schw.) Manured and rich
ground.

FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 133

diversicolor, Fr. — Low. and Mid. On cow dung.
decipiens, B. *fc C. — Mid. (Schw.) On Pine leaves,
papillata, Pers. — Mid. (Scliw.) On manure.
ciliaris, Schrad. — Mid. (Scliw.) Side of trunks.
virginea, Batsch. — Low. and Mid. Fallen leaves and sticks,
nivea, Fr. — Low. Fallen wood and. branches.
patula, Pers. — Mid. (Scliw.) Dead Birch leaves.
calycina, Schmn. — Low. and Mid. Bark of Pine limbs, &c.
cerinea, Pers. — Mid. On old paling;?,
sericea, A. & S. — Mid. (Scliw.) On wood,
clandestina, Bull. — Low. and Mid. On various branches,
fascescens, Pers. — Mid. (Scliw.) Fallen leaves,
prolificans, Scliw. — Mid. (Schw.) Disc of trunks and

limbs.
. albo-violascens, A. & S. — Com. Bark, sticks and stems,
corticalis, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of trunks,
cinereo-fusca, Schw. — Common. "Wood and bark,
rufo-olivacea, A. <fc S. — Mid. (Schw.) Stems of Kubus.
flavo-fuliginea, A. & S. — Mid. (Schw.) Rotten wood and

leaves,
variecolor, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On stems,
leonina, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Carious wood of Elm.
fulvo-cana, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Disc of stump,
penicillata. Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Yitis.
hvalina, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) On wood,
sulfurea, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) On chips,
villosa, Pers. — Common.- Bark of Yitis, Viburnum, <fcc.
punetiformis, Fr. — Low. Bark of Robinia.
anomala, Pers. — Common. Bark and wood,
aurelia, Pers. — Low. Carious wood,
caesia, Pers. — Low. On Oak wood.
Rosa?, Fr. — Low. and Mid. On Rose branches.
Hydrangea?, Schw.— Mid. (Schw.) Dead Hydrangea.
pruinata, Schw. — Common. Bark of Yitis, Cornus, &c.
Doedalea, Schw. — Common. Bark of Carya, Acer, «fcc.
Bloxami, B. & Br. — Mid. Carious wood,
fusca, Pers.— Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Elder,
sanguinea, Pers. — Low. and Mid. Carious wood,
subiculata, Schw. — Low. Wood in wet ground.

134 fLpWBBIjMi PliAJHia

elatina.'A. tv^S.— Mid. (Sclnv.) On Pinna Oanadene
bolaris, Batsch. — Mid. (Schw.) On sticks, <fcc.

.-alba. Schw. — Mid. (Schw,) Bark of Dogwood.

(III. PlIIALEA.)

firma, Pers. — Mid, (Schw.) Side of hollow trunks.

ciborioides, Fr. — Low. Fallen leaves.

Berotina, Pere. — Mid. (Schw.) Fallen leave-.

lutescens, A. & S. — Mid. (Schw.) Limbs and lea

pyriformis, Fr. — Mid. (Sclnv.) On Most

cyathoidea, Bull. — Mid. and Up. Stem of herbs.

cronata, Bull. — Mid. (Sclnv.) On stems.

campanula, Nees. — Mid. (Sclnv.) Stems of Umbelliferee.

Buccina, Pere. — Mid. (Sclnv.) Wood and sticks.

corocea, Schw. — Low. Rotting -tick-.

aeruginosa, FL Dan. — Mid. and l'p. On wood.

vereiformis, Pers. — Up. On wood.

Agassizii, B. & C.— TTp. Bark of Abi

citrina, Batsch. — Common. Carious wood and limbs.

pallescens, Pere. — Mid. (Sclnv.) On trunk-.

cupressina, Batsch. — Low. and Mid. Leave- of Cedar. .

herbarum, Pere. — Mid. (Schw.) On stems.

iphylla, Pere. — Mid. (Schw.) Rotting leaves,
chrysocoma, Bull. — Mid. (Sclnv.) Pine wood.
Andropogonis, B. <fc C. — Low. Culms of Broom-grass,
rinosa, A. & S. — Low. and Mid. <m fallen limb-.

oguinella, B. k C. — Low. W 1 and bark of Li'jui-

dambar.
rubella, Pere. — Low. and Mid. Carious wood and bark,
umbonata, Pere. — Mid. (Schw.) Rotting leaves,
atrovirens, Pere. — Mid. (Schw.) Button wood,
miltophthalma, B. & C. — Low. Bark of Oornus florida?
uda, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Trunks in low ground.
stenostoma, B. & C. — Low. Culms of Andropogon.
Arundinari®, B. & C. — Low. Culm- of Arundinaria.
fracta, B. .v C— CFp. On bark of Eydrangea.
c'.nerea, Batsch. — Mid. (Schw.) Wood, limbs, &C.
Raveneti), B. & C. — Low. ( >n Ilv-tcrium rufulum.
vulgaris, Fr. — Common. Wood and bark.

FLOWERLE88 PLANTS.

135

mveeticola, B. & C— Low. Wood, Polyporus, &e.
fibriscda, B. & C.— Up. Limbs of Ulmus Americana,
atrata, Pers.— Common. Stems and sticks,
melaxantlia, Fr.— Mid. Dry wood,
melaleuca, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) On dry Corylns.
compressa, A. & S. — Common. Dry wood.
Lecideola, Fr.— Low. and Mid. Dead limbs.
flexella, Fr.— Low. Pine wood.
CiiLOROsr-LEXioi Schweinitzii, Fr.— Low. and Mid. Carious wood.

tortum, B. & C— Mid. (Scliw.) Old wood.
IIelotium aureum, Pers.— Mid. (Schw.) Trunks.

acicnlare, Pers.— Mid. (Schw.) Fallen limbs of Robinia.
Solexia Candida, Pers— Low. Under Pine wood.

fasciculata, Pers.— Low. and Mid. Fallen limits in wet

places.
villosa, Fr. — Low. Carious wood and bark.
ocliracea, lloffm. — Low. and Mid. Carious wood and bark.
Ascobolvs furfuraceus, Pers.— Low. and Mid. On cow dung,
major, B. & C— Low. and Mid. On cow dung.
coiiglomeratus, Schw.— Common. On wet carious wood.
glaber, Pers.— Mid. (Schw.) On manure,
Trifolii, Bemh.— Mid. Living leaves of Clover.
Agykium rufum, Fr.— Up. Wood of Abies.

nigricans, Fr.— Low. Dry Oak wood.
Sxicns pallida, Pers.— Mid. (Schw.) Old palings,
tenuis, Fr— Mid. (Schw.) Bark of limbs,
radiata, Pers.— Common. Branches.
Pupula, Fr. — Low. Branches.
LicnExorsis sphferoboloidea, Schw.— Common. On branchlets.
Propolis versicolor, Fr.— Common. Bark of Pine, Oak, &c.

hysterina, Fr.— Low. and Mid. Dry wood.
Xyloorapiia parallela, Fr.— Low. Carious wood.
Yibrissea truncorum, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) On damp wood.
Bulgaria globosa, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) Earth in woods.
inquinans, Fr. — Common. Oak logs.
sarcoides, Fr.— Mid. Rotten sticks,
ruia, Schw.— Mid. Rotten sticks in dam}) woods.
Ditiola gambosa, B. & C— Low. Wet Pine wood.
ELAnioMvrE^ granulatus, Fr.— Low. Sandy woods.

130 FLoWERLESS PLANTS.

Bfhdtcibina tnrbinata, Fr. — Low. On Pertnsaria.

leucopoda, Xyl. — Low. (Tuckerm.) On trunks.
Cerasi, B. &, C. — Low. and Mid. On Cherry ami

Peach gum.
microscopica, 13. & C. — Low. Brandies of Moras mul-

ticaulis.
minima, B. & C. — Low. Dead limbs of Quercns.
TbochtlA craterium, Fr. — Mid. Leaves of Iledera.
Patellaria atrata, Fr. — Common. Dry wood.

applanata, B. & C. — Common. Putrescent wood,
olivaceo-virens, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Bark and wood

of Quercus.
stygia, B. & C. — Up. Carious v. .„.<!.
spheerospora, B. & C. — Up. Old wood.
atro-fusca, B. & C. — Low. Bark of Yitis vnlpina.
oculata, B. & C. — Low. Limbs of Qnercus.
discolor, Mont. — Low. "Wood and stems.
rhabarbarina, Berk. — Common. Bark of Alnus, &c
aureo-coccinea, B. & C. — Low. Culm and sheath of
Andropogon.
I'rxcla Craterium, Fr. — Common. Rotten sticks in woods.
Dermatka fascicularis. Fr. — Up. (Rav.) Oak limbs.

furfuracea, IV. — Mid. (Schw.) Hazed branches.
Cerasi, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Cherry limbs.
carpinea, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Bark of Alder.
Tympanm gyrosa, B. & C. — Up. Bark of Ilex prinoides.

Titicola, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Bark of Grape-vine,
picastra, B. ct C. — Up. Bark of Hex prinoides.
cinerascen-, Schw. — Low. On bark.
Andromedae, M. A. C. — Mid. Bark of A. arborea.
Fraxini, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Limbs of Ash.
plieato-crenata,*Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Primus.
con's] mm--; i. Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Pyriie.
Cebasqvjm clavatnm, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Promts Berotina.
Prunastri, I*'r. — Mid. (Schw.) On branches,
pnlveracenm, Fr. — Up. On branches,
triangnlare, Fr. — Common. Oak limbs.
confusum, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Fallen limbs of Querc:
alba.

FL0WEELE8S 1'I.A.NTS. 137

contortum, B. <fc C. — Up. Wood of Cornus.
caliciiforme, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Oak trunks.
Pinastri, Fr. — Up. Bark of Abies.
pithyum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Pine chips.
concinnum, B. & C. — Common. Limbs of Sassafras, &c,
Vil)iirni, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Bark of Viburnum,
tnrgidmn, Fr. — Common. Excrescences of Oak limbs.
Magnolia, B. & C. — Low. Bark of M. glauca.
'{ apertnm, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Branchlets of Hy-
drangea.
ferruginosnm, Fr. — Mid. Oak bark.
Cephalanthi, Fr. — Common. Bark of C. occidentals.
Juglandis, B. & C— Up. Bark of Walnut,
quercinnm, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Oak limbs.
Glonium stellatum, Muhl. — Mid. & Up. On stumps.
Dicii.exa faginea, Fr. — Common. Beech bark.

strumosa, Fr. — Common. Living Oak limbs.
Rhytisma Asteris, Schw. — Mid. and Up. Living leaves of Aster.

Solidaginis, Schw. — Mid. and Up. Living leaves of

Solidago.
Yitis, Schw. — Mid. Living leaves of Vitis.
acei'inum, Fr. — Common. Living leaves of A. rubrmn.
decolorans, Fr. — Common. Living leaves of Androm.

ligustrina.
Vaccinii, Fr. — Common. Living leaves of Vaccinia.
Prini, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Living leaves of P. verticil-

latus.'
Ilicincola, Fr. — Common. Living leaves of I. prinoides.
velatum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Living leaves of I. prinoides.
pimctatum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Living leaves of Acer

saccharinum.
salicinum, Fr. — Low. Living leaves of Azalea.
Cnrtisii, B. & II. — Low. and Mid. Living leaves of Ilex

opaca.
Cacti, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) On rotting Opuntia.
3 adglutinatum, Schw. — Common. Living branches.
PiiAciniiM dentatum, Schmidt. — Low. Dead Oak leaves.

elegans, B. & C. — Low. Sheaths and stipules of Pine.

coronatum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Oak leaves.

18

1 -j B FLOW KR LESS PL A

Htbtebtuu pnlicare, Pen. — Gammon. Bark and old wood
elongatum, WahL — Common. Dry wood,
tortile, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Cedar.

varium, Grew — Low. Bark of Liquidambar.

hiascens, B. k 0. — Mid. and Dp. Trunks of Qnercna.

Castanea?, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Chestnut wood.

lineare, Fr. — Common. On old wood.

cllipticum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On bark.

pr&longnm, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Carious wood.

betulignum, Schw. — Mid. Bark of Birch.

teres, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) AVood of Rhododendron.

insidens, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) On dried wood.

rufulum, Fr. — Common. Bark of Rhus, Melia. <fec

chlorinum, B. 6c C. — Low. Limbs of Cyrilla.

depressum, B. <fc C. — Up. Dry wood.

elatinum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Dry wood.

rlexuosum, Schw. — Common. Various brandies.

Fraxini, Pers. — Low. Limbs of Ash.

Vaccinii, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Branches of V. fron-
dosum.

Azalea?, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Azalea.

Andromeda?. Schw. — Mid. Bark of A. axillaris.

Kalmia?, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) AVood of K. latifolia.

Smilacis, Schw. — Common. OnBaml

Rubi. Pers. — Common. Blackberry stems.

Pinastri, Schrad. — Common. Pine Lean

commune, Fr. — Common. Dead sterna.

plantarom, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) C)n Monotropa.

variesatum, B. & C. — Low. and Mid. Petioles and
nerve- of < >ak h-;i\ 68.

arnndinaoenm, Schrad. — Mid. (Schw.) Culm of Reed.

macolare, Fr. — Low. Oak leaves.

foliicolum, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Leaves of Oak and
Andromeda.

petiolare, A. 6c S. — Mid. On petioles.
Labrella Pomi, Mont. — Common. Skin »»f Apples.
CoBDTCSPfl militaris, (Ehrh.) — Common. On chrysalids.

entomorhiza, (Dicks.) — Common. On dead larva?.
Gryllotalpse — M. A. C.— Low. On buried Sand-moles.

FL-.'WEELF.SS PLANTS.

Carolinensis. B. ft &. — Low. On chrvsalids.
OphiogloasoideB, (EhrlO — Mid. Earth in woods,
capitata, (Holmsk.) — Low. On Elaphomvces.
alutacea, (Pers.) — Mid. (Sehw.) Earth,
armeniaca. B. l\t C. — Low. Bird excrement in wet

ground.
mucronata. (Schw.) — Mid. (Sehw.) Trunk of Lirio-

dendron.
Isarioides, M. A. C. — Mid. On dead moth?.
Xylaria polvmorpha. * Per?, ) — Mid. Eotten stumps and wood,
corniformis. Pr. — Low. and Mid. Putrescent sticks,
digitata. (Ehrh.) — Mid. Base of trunks.
Hvpoxvlon. (Ehrh.] — Common. Bark and wood.
1 rnu-daina?. (Schw.) — Low. Rotten logs.
persicaria. Sehw — Low. «i' Mid. Buried Peacli-stones.
carpophila. (Pers. — Low. and Mid. Dead burs of Liqni-

dambar.
filiform:-. A. ft S. — Low. Rotting leaves and petioles.
Rhizomobpha subcorticali-. Pers.— Common. Between bark and

wood of logs.
Poroxta Candida. Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Limbs of Fraxinus.
Hyfogrka tomentosa, Fr. — L w. On Lactarius.
lateritia, Fr. — Mid. On L. Indig
Lacthiuorum. (Schw.) — Common. On Lactarius.
hyalina, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) On Eussula.
luteo-virens. Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On A_
citrina. (Pers. — I :nmon. Bark. wood,
rosea, (Pers.) — Mid. (Schw.) < m roots oftre* -.
gelatxnosa, i^Tode.) — Common. On wood, &c
chlorospora. B. ft 0. — Mrs. Putrid wood.
Stereorum, (Schw.) — Mid. On Polvporus Curtisii.
rufa, (Pers.) — Common. Wood,
tuberiformis, B. ft B. — Low. Culms of Arundinaria.
subviridis, B. «t C. — Low. Dead grass leaves,
atramentaria. B. ft C. — Low. Living leaves of Erag] - .
hirsuta.
Httoxylos ustulatum. Bull. — Common. Trunks and stumps.

Tubulina, (A. ft S.t — Mid. (Schw.) Trunk of Walnut.

.1 1" FLOW ERLE8S 1 I.A.N I s.

nummularium, Bull. — Common. Baric of Acer, Pla-

tanus, &c
punctulatum, B. A R. — Lew. Bark of dead Oaks.
Clypens, (Schw;) — Low. A- Mid. Bark of Quercus nigra.

nesodes, B. A C. — Low. Fallen limbs.

concentricum; I Bolt.) — Common. Trunks <k stumps.

venricosum, (Schw.) — Common. Wood and bark

rubricosum, Pr. — Low. On bark.

xanthocreas, B. A C. — Low. On Alnus.

multiforme, Fr. — Common. Wood and Lark.

annulatnm, (Schw.) — Common. On hark.

decorticatum, (Schw.) — Low. Bark of Sassafras.

epiphaeum, B. A C. — Low. Sticks of Magnol. glauca
9 .Tens, (Pers.) — Mid. and Up. Bark of trunks.

notatum, B. A C. — Low. Fallen Oak limbs.

fuscum, (Pers.) — Common. Dead limbs.

fragiforme, (Pers.) — Mid. and Up. On hark.

rubiginosnin, (Pers.) — Mid. Carious wood.

perforatum, (Schw.) — Common. Bark and wood.

illitnm, (Schw.)— Mid. (Schw.) Wood of Cornus, Are.

serpens, (Pers.) — Common. Carious wood.

lencocreas, B. Sc Ft. — Low. Carious wood'

colliculosum, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) Oak trunks.

coprophilum, Fr. — Common. On cow dung.

udum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Oak limbs.

Sassafras, (Schw.)— Common. Bark of Sassafras.

atramentosum, (Fr.) — Mid. (Schw.) <>M wood.

afflatum, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) Dtj wood.

exaratum, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) Limbs of Carja.

fascopurpureum, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.). "Wood and
bark.

gregale, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) Putrid wood.

investiens, (Schw.) — Low. and Mid. On Wood.
Diateype rigens, (Fr.)— Mid. (Schw.) Ob wood,
contorta, (Schw.) — Common. On hark.
microplaca, B. & C. — Low. Limbs of Benzoin.
Btigma, Fr. — Common. Bark and wood.
platystoma, (Schw.) — Mid. On hark.
atropunctata, (Schw.)— Common. Dead trunks.

FLOWEItLESS PLANTS.

141

disciform ib, Fr. — Mid.— Bark of Alder.
RobiniaB, (Schw.)— Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Locust,
viresccns, (Schw.) — Common. Limbs of Fagus.
DuriaM, Mont. — Low. Fallen limbs,
asterostoma, B. & C. — Low. ■ Fallen limbs.
favaeea, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Bircli wood.
Smilacicola, (Seliw.)— Low. and Mid. On Smilax.
verrucseformis, Fr. — Common. On dead limbs,
subfulva. B. & C. — Low. Dead limbs of Nyssa.
obesa, B. & C. — Common. Bark of Rhus, &c.
discincola, (Schw.)— Mid. (Schw.) Disc of stump of

Mains.
discreta, (Schw.)--Low. and Mid. Bark of Mains.
Ribesia, (Schw.)— Mid. (Schw.) On R. rubrum.
friabilis, (Pers.)— Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Ilex pri-

noides, &c.
quereina, Fr.— Mid. (Scliw.) Oak limbs,
llystrix, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) On Maple,
strumeila. Fr. — Mts. On Grossularia.
insitiva, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) On Yitis.
innata, B. <fe C. — Mts. Branches of Castanea.
leioplaca, Fr. — Low. Branches of Cvrilla.
lata, Fr.— Common. Bark and Dry wood.
Polynesia, B. & C— Mts. Dry wood of trunks.
Piospyri, (Schw.)— Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Persimmon.
Viticola, (Schw.)— Low. and Mid. On Vitis.
requilinearis, (Schw.)— Mid. (Schw.) Limbs of Ber-

beris.
fimeti, (Pers.— Mid. (Schw.) On manure.
Torsellia Sacculus, (Schw.)— Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Tecoma.

VALSA (I. ClRCUMSCRIPTiE.)

pranastri, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) On Primus scroti ua.
plagia, B. & C— Low. Fallen limbs of Liriodcndron.
gastrin a, Fr. — Up. Oak limbs.
stellulata, Fr.— Common. Bark of limbs.
Bignonise, (Schw.)— Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Tecoma.
scoparia, (Schw.)— Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Walnut,
enteroleuca, Fr.— Mid. Bark of Robinia limbs.

14 '1 FLOWERLESS PLAN 'IS

Byngenesia, Fr. — Mid, (Schw.) On Rubra Btrigosua
pogUlns, (Sehw.)— Mid. (Stehw.) Wood of Maple,
cornicnlata, (Ehrh.) — Low. and Mid. Bark of Ash, &c

hanstellata, (Fr.)— Low. Bark of Oak. Alder, &c
fibrosa, Fr. — Mts. Branches of Alnus I
Leaiana, (Berk.) — Mid. (Schw.) In Carpinus,

frnstrnm-coni, (Schw.) — Mid. Boots of Oak.

(II. iHCD&k)

nivea, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Apple tree,
leucostoina, Fr. — Common. Bark of Primus and Persica.
Bcutellata, (Pers.) — Mid. (Schw.) On Prunna and Conrad,
taleola, Fr. — Low. Oak limbs,
angnlata, Fr. — Mid. Holly limbs,
tessella, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) Willow limbs.

(III. OlJYALLAT.E.)

ciliata, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Elm.

coronata, Fr. — Mid. and Up. On Castanea and Bignonia

branches.
N otarisii, Mont. — Mid. Branches of Gleditschia.
decorticans, Fr. — Low. Bark of Kerria Japonica.
Liqnidambaris, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) Young limbs of

Sweet Gum.
leiphsemia, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Branches of Oak.
turgida, Ir. — Mid. (Schw.) Branches of Liriodendron,
Bubscripta, Fr. — Low. Branched ofMelia.
salicina, Fr.— Mid. Branches of Willow,
pusio, B. k C. — Low. Branches of Morns multicaulia
Vitis, (Schw.) — Common. Bark of Grape vines,
capsularis, (Pers.) — Mts. (Schw.) Bark of Ampelop&is.
Btilbostoma, Fr. — Common. Various branches,
tnbntosa, B. k C. — Low. Branches of Alnns.
Am. sricana, B. A ( '. — Common* On varione branches,
goniostoma, (Schw.) — Common. On various branches,
ambiens, Fr. — Common. On various branch*

IV. OlBCDIATJB.)

pulchella, Fr. — Common. Bark of Cherry, Oak, <fcc.
qnaternata, Fr. — Common. Bark of Acer, <fcc.

FL0WERLES8 PLANTS. 143

prcestans, B. & C. — Mid. Brandies of Xyssa.
umbilieata, (Pers.) — Mid. (Scliw.) Branches of Lonieera

sempervirens,
eondensata, B. & C. — Mts. Branches of Querc : montana.
castanophila, B. & C. — Mts. Brandies of Castanea.
acclinis, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Branches of Sassafras,
rufescens, (Scliw.) — Common. Branches of Rhus,
divergens, (Scliw.) — Mid. (Scliw.) Fallen limbs of Li<pii-
dambar.
Melogramma Quereuum, Fr. — Common. Limbs of Oaks.

campy losporum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Trunks of Acer.
Castanese, (Schw.)— Mid. (Schw.) Bark of Chestnut,
gyrosum, (Schw.) — Com. Bark of Oak, Beech, &c.
Calycanthi, (Schw.) — Low. and Mid. Bark of Sweet

Shrub.
Gleditschia?, (Schw.) — Mid. Limbs of Honey Locust,
rhizogena, (Berk.) — Low. and Mid. Bark of H. Sy*

riacns.
Hibisci, (Schw.) — Low. Bark of H. Syriacus.
Araliae, M. A. C. — Mid. Bark of A. spinosa.
Phoradendri, B. & C. — Low. Dead branches of P.

flavescens.
ambiguum. (Schw.) — Common. Dead branches of

Rhus.
Melia?, (Schw.) — Low. and Mid. Dead branches of

China Tree,
atrofuscum, B. & C. — Mts. Dead branches of Rhus

glabrum.
Persimmons, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) Dead branches
of Diospyrus.
Nectkia cinnabarina, Fr. — Common. Dead branches of various
trees,
dematiosa, (Schw.) — Low. and Mid. Dead branches of

Morns rubra.
coccinea, Fr. — Common. Dead branches of various trees.
Cucurbitula, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Dead branches of

Primus, Melia, <tc.
diploa, B. <fc C. — Low. Dead branches of Alnus, Arc.
peiTnisilla, B. & C. — Low. Stem of Lycopersicum, 6cc.

144 FLoWEKLLs? l'LAN 3.

Curtisii, Berk.— Low. Dead stalk of Zea.
muscivora, Berk. — Low. ( )n JnngermanniflB upon trunks,
polythalama, B. <fc R. — Common, Bark of Fraxinus, &c,
Peziza, Fr. — Common, Bark and wood,
sanguinea, Fr. — Common. Wood and Sphasrise.
episph&ria, Fr. — Common. On Hypoxyla,
ochroleuca, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) Various trees,
moltiuseula, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) Carious wood.
ordinata, (D. CL :•— Mi ■:. (Schw.) Carious w
anrantia, Fr. — Low. and Mid. On bark and Polyporns.
roeella, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Earth under putrid 1< _-.
Tegillum, B. & C. — Low. Underside of Fine wood.
ipannosa, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) Under rotten log.

SpHJKBXA I I. SuPKBFICIikLES.)

a. Byssisedse. •

a'jiiila, Fr. — Common. Dejected limbs in woods.
Corticium, Schw. — Common. Bark of Oak and Chestnut.
byssiseda, Tode. — Mid. (Schw.) Branches oftre .
subiculata, Schw. — Common. Carious wood.
xestothele, B. & C. — Low. Limbs ofCornua florida.
culcitella. B. & B. — Low. Bark and wood ofQnercns.
conlertnla, Schw. — Common. Bark of Fraxinus, Lauras,

&c
calUsta, B. & C. — Common. Bark of Carpinus, A .
parietalis, B. & C. — Low. "Within hollow Oak trunk.

rizula, B. & C. — Low. A Mid. Bark ofLiquidambar,&c.
lanuginosa, R & C. — Low. Naked limbs of Robinia
rhodomphala, Berk. — Common. On wood.
Collinsii, Schw. — Mid. I. caw- ofMespilns, &c,
cinerea, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Cow dung.
pha'o.-troma. Mont. — Mid, (Schw.") Limbs and sticks.
rhodomela, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Old wood.

b. Villo

i vina, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Dry wood.
nudicollisj B. S: C. — Low. Putrescent Fine trunk.
mutabilis, Pers. — Mid. Hark of Census.
m canescens, Pers. — Low, Dry wood.

ciria, B. & C. — Low. On Diatrype stigma

FLOWERLESS TLAXTS. 145

strigosa, A. & S.— Low. & Mid. Dry wood of Kalmia, etc.

Racodium, Pere.— Low. <fc Mid. Bark of Liquidambar, £c.

erinita, Pere.— Mid. (Schw.) Carious wood of -Beech, <fcc.

araneosa, Pers I — Mid. (Schw.) Dry wood.

lignaria, Grev. — Common. Dry wood.

agminalis, B. & C— Low. and Up. Dry Pine wood.

vermicularia. Nees. — Low. Dry Pine wood.

phceosticta, Berk. — Low. Leaves it sheaths of Andropogon.

exilis, A. & S. — Low. Bark of Cornus florida.

pilosa, Pers. — Low. Pine wood.

orthotricka, B. <fc C. — Low. Within hollow Nyssa.

squamulata, Schw.— Mid. (Scliw.) Carious wood.

terebrata, B. & C— Low. Wood of fallen Oak limbs.

navido-compta, B. & C— Low. "Wood of Cyrilla.
c. Denudata?.

seriata, Pers.— Mid. (Schw.) In cracks of wood.

pomiforinis, Pers. — Low. Culms of Arimdinaria.

mamma?formis, Pers.— Low. and Mid. Fallen limbs of
Oak, Beech, <tc.

rhodospila, B. & C— Low. Dry wood of Cyrilla.

moriformis, Tode. — Common. Old wood.
pulvis-pyrius, Pers.— Low. and Mid. Oak limbs,
spermoides, Hoffm.— Mid. (Schw.) On wood,
multifera, B. & P.— Mid. (Schw.) On manure,
millegrana, Schw.— Low. <fc Mid. Dry'wood and bark.
epimelaena, B. & C.— Low. Carious Pine wood,
myriocarpa, Fr.— Common. Dry wood,
ootheca, B. & C— Low. and Mid. Carious wood
notha, Schw.— Mid. (Schw.) On cut wood,
disseminata, B. & C— Low. Old wood of Liquidambar.
d. Pertusa?.

lecythea, Schw.— Mid. (Schw.) Carious wood,
mobilis, Tode.— Mid. (Schw.) Oak limbs.
Curtisii, B.— Low. Decayed nuts of Carya.
Putaminum, Schw.— Low. and Mid. Old Peach stones,
psoriella, B. ct C— Low. Bark on trunks of Platanus.
papilla, Schw.— Low. and Mid. Fallen bark and wood,
mycophila, Fr.— Low. On Polyporus Curtisii.
19

14('. wuywKBLwaa plai

porothelia, B. A 0. — Low. < m hymeninm vt' Bterenm.

kalospora, B. ft C. — Low. Denuded limbs of Fraxurasf
mastoidea, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Iambs of Fraxinus.
seminuda. Pew. — Mid. (Schw.) Wood and bark,

nlmatieolor, B. <fc C. — Low. Decorticated sticks.
Cyriltacola, B. k C. — Low. Carious wood of Cvrilla.
porphyrostoma. Kae '. — Mid. (Schw.) On wood,
latericolla. D. C. — Low. Denuded sticks,
pertusa, Pen, — Low. and Mid. Old wood,
earyophaga, Bchw. — Low. Old nuts of Carva.
Periearjriicola, 13. S: C. — Low. Pericarp of Hickory nuts.

ma, ]!. & C. — Low. Dead w 1 of .A

.rarum, B. <t C. — Low. In chinks of Pine w<
Aethiope, B. & C. — Up. Dry wood.

(II. EROrPENTES.)

e. Ca?sr>itosa?.

Ribis, Tode, — Mid. (Schw.) Branches of It. rnbrum.
acervata, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On Oak.
Berberidis, Pers. — Mid. On Barberry.
varia, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Limhs of Cerasns.
suhc<»ngregata, E. <t C. — Common. Bark of Morns, Li-

qnidambar, & .
nobilis, B. & C. — Dp. Branchleta of Tilia glabra.

. S bw. — Common. Limbs of Plnm and Cherry.
PerisporioideSj B. & C. — Common. living leaves of

Rhynchosia, Ac
pnlicaris, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Branches and stems.

bineti, Mont — Low* and Mid. On culms
Hyperici, Schw. — Low. On II. frnticosnm.

f. Obturata?.

elongata, Fr. — Common. Limbs of Robinia, <tc.
mutila, Fr. — Common. Bark of dead li:
insidens, Schw, — Mid. (Schw.) Wood and bark.
Virginica, B. A C. — Mid. and Dp. Wood of Gastanea, &c
abrnpta, B. 6c C. — Low. Dead root of Cyril
Ennotea, B. & C. — Mid. Dead Iledcra.

ia, B. 6c C. — Low. limbs of Pen
effhsa, B. A 0. — Low. Wood of Qnercns alba.

FL0WERLKB6 1'I.A 147

fissa. Pers.— Mid. (Schw.) On Rosa.

mucosa. Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) On Cucurbita.
Cupressi, B. & C. — Low. Limbs of C. thvoides.
Opuli, B. <fc C. — Low. Limbs of V. Opulns.
Sclerotium, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Limbs of Hydrangea,!

Lonieera\ Sow. '. — Mid. Branches of Lonicera sempervi-
rens.

Clasterium, B. A 0. — Mts. Brandies of Spiraea opulifolia.

orthospora. B. & C. — Mts. Branches of Sambncns Cana-
densis.

Tecomatis, B. A C. — Low. Branches of Tecoma radicans.

semitecta. B. & C. — Mrs. Branches of Platanus.

strobilina, Holl. & Sm. — Low. Old Pine cones.

Pteridicola. B. dc C — Low. Stipes of P. aquilina.

Zeae, Schw. — Low. and Mid. On old corn stalks.

eumorpha. B. & C. — Low. Culms of Arundinaria.

apiospora, Mont. — Low. and Mid. Culms of Arundinaria.

arundinaeea. Sow. — L<;>w. Stems oi Arundo.

longissima, Pers. — Common. On stems of herbs.

Anethi, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) On stems of herbs.

nebulosa. Pers. — Common. On stems of herbs.

picea. Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) On stems of herbs.
g. Confertae.

Graminis, Pers. — Common. Grass leaves.

Seirporum, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of S. Americanus.

ulmea, Schw. — Common. Leaves of U. Americana.

Peltigera?. Mont. — Up. On Parmelia.

Lespedeza?, Schw. — Mid. and Up. Leaves of Le~pedeza.

Yucca?, Schw. — Low. (jSchw.) Leaves of Y. gloriosa,
h. Lophiostoma?.

angostata, Pers. — Mid. On hard wood.

pileata, Tede. — Mid. (Schw.) Carious wood ofLiquidam-
bar.

exeipuliformis, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Limbs of Xegundu.
pre— a. Pers ? — Mid. R< •• >ts of Quercus.

hysterioides, Sehw. — Up. WobdofTflia

Arundinis, Fr. — Low. Culm of Arundinaria.
i. Ceratostoma?.

pilifera, Fr. — Lyw. and Mid. Dry Pine wood.

148 FL0WSBLSB8 HA.M>.

rostrata, Fr. — Low. Carious wood and bark.
Spluerincola, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) On Hypoxylon Cly-

] >eus.
stricta, Pere. — Hid. (Sohw.) Wood of Robin ia, &a
cirrhosa, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Putrid wood,
mucronata, Marke. — Mid. (Schw,) On wood,
brcvirostris, Fr. — Low. On soft wood,
assecla, Schw. — Mid. Bark of Liriodendron, <fcc.
(III. SubtectvE.)
k. Immerse.

spinosa, Pers. — Mid. and Up. On wood,
limreformis, Scliw. — Mid. Bark of Oak and Chestnut,
tuberculosa, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Carious wood of Bet-

ula.
fimeti, Pers. — Mid. On manure.
livida, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Dry wood,
rliodoirloia, B. & C. — Mid. Branchlets of Negnndo.
rhodina, B. & C. — Low. Branchlets of Rosa.
obtecta, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Brandies of shrubs,
sepelita, B. & C. — Low. Stem of Smilax laurifolia.
pelioepora, B. <fc C. — TSTts. On Acer spicatum.
disrnpta, B. & C. — Low. Stem of Smilax.
flavitecta, V>. & C. — Low. Branches of Kerria Japonica.
eitrispora, B. & C. — Mts. Branches of Tilia glabra.
Tiliaj, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Branches of Tilia, &c.
srcpincola, Fr. — Up. On Spiraea opulifolia.
clypeolu-, M". A. C. — Mid. Branches of Fraxinus.
olivaespora, B. & C. — Low. Branchlets of Corn us florida.
Bubclypeata, B. & C. — Mid. (Schw.) On bark of Rosa and

Rubu-.
fuscella, B. & Br.— Up. and Mid. On bark of Rosa.
velata, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) On limbs of Tilia.
Dioscorea3, B. & C. — Low. Dead stems of Dioscorea.
ej>idermidis, Fr. — Low. Limbs of Persica.
acnlcata, Schw. — Common. Stems of herbs.
coinlmlliens, B. & C. — Low. Stems of Arundinaria.
inearcerata, B. & C. — Low. Stems of Spartina glabra.
Cacti, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) On dead Opuntia.
nigro-annulata, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Yucca aloifolia.

FI.OWKRLES8 PLANTS. 14#

Ilicis, Schleich. — Common. Leaves of I. opaca.
Pustula, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Juglans.
Pseudo-pustula, B. & C. — Low. Fallen leaves of Nyssa

mult :
Kalmiarum, Schw. — Mid. Dead leaves of Kalmia.
sparsa, B. & C. — Mid. Fallen leaves.
Andromedarum, Schw. — Mid (Schw.) Dead leaves of A.

axillaris,
argyrostoma, Berk. — Low. and Mid. Leaves of Yucca

filamentosa.
Obtectae.

pruinosa, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Limbs of Fraxinus.
salicella, Fr. — Up. Limbs of Cornus sericea.
sarcocystis, B. & C. — Mid. Dead stems of Cereal i a.
rubella, Pers. — Low. and Mid. Dead stems of herbs and

grasses,
rubicunda, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead stems of Sola-

lium, etc.
acuminata, Sow. — Up. and Mid. — Dead stems of Herbs,
complanata, Tode. — Mid. and Up. Dead stems of Herbs,
coniformis, Fr. — Mid. and Up. Dead steins and herbs,
doliolum, Pers. — Common. Dead steins and herbs,
ceratispora, B. & C. — Low. Dead stems and herbs,
nigrella, Fr. — Mid. Dead steins of Ambrosia trifida.
herbarum, Fr. — Common. Dead stems of herbs and grasses.
Yerbascicola, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Head stems of Y.

Thapsus.
ampliata, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Dead stems of Umbcl-

liferee.
Ogilviensis, Berk. ? — Up. Dead stems of Cimicifuga, &c.
Plantaginis, B. & C. — Mid. Calyx andrachis of P. major.
Oenotherse, B. & C. — Low. Dead stem of O. sinuata.
umbrinella, B. & C. — Low. Base of stem of Eupator :

cornop :
stictostoma, B. & C. — Up. Stem of Eupatorium.
Scorodoniae, B. <fc C. — Low. Stem of Allium in gardens,
mescedema, B. *fe C. — Low. Stem of Cirsium and Eupa-
torium.
incommiscibilis, B. & C. — Up. Stem of dead herb.

15U raowKLfese l-i.A

in. Foliicobe.

Sarracenise, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Leaves of Sarracenia.

tnbaeformis, Tode. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Elm and

Tulip Tree.
Gnomon, Tode. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Chinquapin,
setacea, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Birch.

' . — Mid. (Schw.) Tubers of Solan um.
petiolorum, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Petioles of Liqui-

dambar, &c
pyramidalis, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) On leav<
Potentill®, Schw. — Mid. and Up. Leaves of P. Cana-
densis.
S _' . Schw. — Mid. Lea : Solidajgo.
myriadea, D. C. — Common. Leaves of Oaks,
macula? formis, Pers. — Common. Various k;
pnnctiformis, Pers. — Common. Various lea-
Magnolias, Schw. — Lav. Leave- of M. glauca.
fructuosa, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Magnol: grandifl:
Andromedae, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Leaves of A. eori-

acea, &c
Carectorum, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Carex xan-

thophys .
Mabsaria crustata, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On limbs.

obesa, B. & C— Low. Fallen limbs of Acer and Quercus.

atroinquinans, B. & C. — Low. Fallen limbs ofPlatanus.

iexcussa, (Schw.) — Mid. (Schw.) On limbo.

epileuca, B. & C. — Low. and Mid. Limbs of Morns rubra.
Iridia, B. & C— Mts. Limbs ofRobinia.
dtoria, B. A: C. — LoW. and Mid. Limbs of Acer.

circumscissa, (Pers.) — Mid. (Schw.) On Platanus,
D.:i'azi;a Smilacicola, Schw. — Common. Leaves of Smilax.

Kalmicola, Schw. — Mid. and Up, Leaves of K. latifolia.

Hederaecola, Fr. — Mid. Leaves ofH. Helix.

TulipiferSB, Schw, — Low. Leaves <>1" Tulip Tree.

brnnnea, B. & C. — Low. Living leaves of Acer.

cruenta, Fr. — Mi-1, and Up. Dying leaves of Cuiival-
laria.

Caipinicola, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Hornbeam.

FLOWERLESS PLAXTS. 151

DoraiPEA. — a. Denudata?.

Glumarum, B. & C— Mid. Fallen heads of Wheat.

b. Erumpentes.

Ribesia, Fr.— Mid. (Schw.) On Eibes.
Sambnei, Fr.— Mid. (Sclnv.) On Elder,
sphasrioides, Fr. — Mid. (Sclnv.) On Populus Italica.
Capreolata, Schw. — Low. and Mid. Branches of Bignonia.
Bhnina, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Young branches of E.
radicans.

c. Xjloma.

typhina, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Culms of living Grass,
rubra, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Prunus.
ilabella, B. ifc C. — Low. Fronds of Pteris aquilina.
Ileliopsidis. Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Stem and branches of

II. laavis.
Eupatorii, B. & C. — Mid. Stem of E. coronopifolia.
Smilacis, B. & C. — Up. Branches of Smilax.
asteromorpha, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Living leaves of

Betula.
Brachystemonis, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Living leaves of

Pycnanthemum.
culmicola, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Fallen stems of Grass,
exasperans, Schw. — Mid, (Schw.) Leaves and petioles of

herbs.
CatalpaB, B. & C. — Low. Fallen leaves of Catalpa.
Ambrosia?, B. Sc C. — Low. Living leaves of A. artemesiref:
orbicularis, B. & C. — Low. Living leaves of Gentiana

Saponaria.
Anemones, Fr. — Mid. Living leaves of A. Yirginica.
alnea, Fr, — Low. and Mid. Leaves of Alnus.
Perisporium fimeti, B. <fc C— Low. Babbit excrements.

Caladii, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) On Peltandra.
Erysiphe communis, Schlecht. — Common. Living leaves.

horridula. Lev. — Low. Living leaves of Xanthium.
Martii, Lev. — Up. Living leaves of Eupator. ageratoides.
Gcrardia?, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Living leaves of G.
quercifulia.
Microspilera penicillata, Lev. — Common. Living leaves.

152 FLOWERLESB PLANTS.

Ravenelii, B. & C — Common. Living leave3 of

Gleditschia.
semitorta, B. <fc C. — Low. Living leaves of Cepha-

lanthus.
Friesii, Lev. — Low. Living leaves of Syringa vul-
garis.
Hedwigii, Lev. — Low. Living leaves of Quercus
aqnatiea.
Piiyllactixia guttata, Lev. — Common. Living leaves of Ahraa, A .
Podosphjooa Kunzei, Lev. — Mid. Leaves of Cerasna.
Uhcotola adunca, Lev. — Common. Living leav< -.

polycliai'ta, B. k C. — Mid. A Up- Living leaves of Celtis.
Cu-etomium elatum, Ivze. — Low. <fc Mid. Putrescent grass stems.

ehartamm. Ehrb. — Low. On wet paper.
Mkliola amphitricha, Fr. — Common. Leaves and twigs.
Astektna spuria, B. & C. — Low. Leaves and stem of Ilyptis.

Ervsiphoides, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Nyasa multiflora.
exasperans, B. & C. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Kalmia

latifolia.
orbicularis, B. & C— Low. and Mid. Leaves of Ilex and
Prinos.
Soorias spongiosa, Fr. — Common. Leaves and limbs of Fagus and

Alnus.
Cai'n«»i'um elongatum, B. ct D. — Low. and Mid. On various lea

Carolinense, B. <fc D. — Low. Fallen leave- of Poai < »;ik.
Onygexa equina, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) Old horns and h<
fajjinea, Fr. — Common. Dead bark of Beech.

FLGWERL1 -> 1'I.A

VI. PTTYSOMYCETES.

Mucoe flavidns, Pers. — Mid. (Schw.) On Agarics.

Mucedo, L. — Low. and Mid, On putrescent matter.
caninus, PeTs, — Mid. Schw.) Excrement of Mice,
fnsiger, Lk. — Low. '

capitato-ramos >. S ' w. — Low. On putrescent Boleti.
clavatnSj Lk. — Low. On putrescent Cncurbita.
curtns, B. & C. — Low. On putrescent C. Melo.
IlTDKOPnoBA tenella, Tode. — Mid. (Schw.) On sticks.

murina, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On squirrel excrements.
Fimbria. Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) On Sphaerise.
Phtcomyceb nitens, Kze. — Low. On dung in wet ground.
AfiooPiiOBA Mucedo, Tode.— Mid. On putrescent bodies.

nucum. Cda. — Low. Putrescent Batata? tubers.
chartarum, B. & C. — Low. On damp paper.
Piloboli - roridus, Pers.— Mid. . Schw. | H-r^e dung.

crystallinus, Tode. — Low. Horse dung.
Eusotich herbariornm,Lk.— Common. On dried plants.
AEr.EniTA Candida. Pers.— Low. and Mid. Putrescent vegetation.
cassia. Per-.— Mid. (Schw.) On trunks.
ovula, Schw.— Mid. (Schw.) Carious" wood.
! >i i[o>r,.nrrM aggregatum, Nees. — Mi I. Scl w.) Oak bark.

GENERA DTT.TA.

Ectostroma Liriodendri. Fr.— Common. leaves of Tulip Tree.

Tuxici. Schw.— Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Poison vine,
arttatum, Fr.— Mid. Leaves of Cimicifuga.
Annonee, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Asimina.
Ertnetm fagineum, Pers.— Common. Leave- o^ Beech,
acerinum. Pere. — Common. Leaves of Maple.
lnteolum, Kze.— Low. and Mid. Leaves of Maple.
20

1">4 1J.oWKKI.K-- PLANTS.

roseum, Schnlz. — Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Birch.
Vitis, J>. C. — Low. and Mi<l. Leave- of Grape.
Ilicinuin, D. C. — Low. Leaves ofScrnb Oak.
quercinum, Kze. — Mid. Leaves of Black Oak.
Qnercus-cinerere, Schw.— Low. Lea^ es of Upland Willow

< >ak.
Pyracanthae, Lk. — Mr-. Leaves of Crataegus punctata.
Cyrillse, 1^. & ('.—Low. Leaves of Cyrilla.
anomalum, Schw. — Low. Limbs and petioles of Jnglans
and Carya.
Spermcedla Clavus, FV.— Low. On Grass seeds.

Paspali, Fr. — Low. and Mid. Seeds of Paspalnm.
Tripsaci, M. A. C. — Mid. Seeds of T. dactyleides.
Pachyma Cocog, Fr. (Tuekahoe.) — Low. and Mid. Underground.
ScLKEonun complanatora, Tode. — Mid. Putrescent leaves.

Bcntellatum, A. & S.— Mid. (Schw.) Leaves of Juglans.
S men, Tode. — Low. and Mid. Loaves of L- '-. & .
ArnndinarisB, B. & C. — Low. Leaves of Arundinaria.
vulgatum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Putrescent vegetation.
Fungorum, Pers. — Low. On root- ofMof
Medicaginis, Fr.— Low. On buried radicles,
truncorum, Fr.— Low, Putrid wo d.
Circes, Schum. — Mitf. (Schw.) Leaves ofCiroasa.
applanatum, Schw.— Mid. (Schw.) Limbs of Oastanca.
cerebrinum, R & ('.—Low. Fallen limbs in wei

and.
Orobanches, Schw. Mid. (Schw.) Root and stem -of

< >. Virginica.
varium, P . Mid. Earth and old cabbage stalks,
nitidnm, B. & ('.—Low. Fallen rose petals,
pyrinum, Fr.— Low. On old dried App
. Malornm, Berk.— Low. On old dried Appli
durum, Pers.— Mid. (Schw.) Stemofherbs.
Liliorum, Schw.— ^Mid. (Sehw.) Stem ofLilinm.
I'u-tulla. Fr.— Low. and Mid. Oak leavi
popnlinum, Pew.— Mid. (Schw.) Poplar leaves.
RnizocTONu Muscorum, Fr. — Mid. (Schw.) Roots of Mosses.
Himantia, Schw. — Mid. (Schw.) Lignous earth.
Ozonifv anricomnm, Lk. — Common. < >\1 Inc

FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 1.5-5

''IIAKArE.E.

Chara fragilis, Desv. — Low. and Mid. Ponds and ditches.
Schweinitzii, A. Braun. — Mid. Still streams.

AL(4j;. OR SEA-WEEDS.

MELANOSPERMEAE.

Sargassum vulgare, Ag. — In the Gulf Stream.

baccifernm, Ag. — In the Gulf Stream.
Fu< us vesicnlosns, Linn. Sea coast I U- v. K. M. Fori
P-vnixA pavonia, Lamonr. — Sea coast. {Rev. E. M. Forbes?)
Arthrocladia villosa, Duby. — Mouth of the Cane Fep»\ ■ .'

PridUi
1 »rda tonientaria, Lyngb. — Coast.
Mee i ha virescens, Carm. — Coast.
'. . lrf - siliculosus, Lyngb. — <
viridis, llarv. — Coast.

RUODOSPERMEAE.

Cuonoria dasyphylla, Ag. — Coast.
Poly?iphonia variegata, Ag. — Coast.

frychia rivularis, Harv. — Coast.
Dasta elegans, Ag.— -Coast.

lmpia parvula, Harv. — Coast.
Axsmiuii Blodgettii, Harv. — Coast. {Mr. 1''<>i
Delesseria Leprienriij Mont — Coast.
NrropnTixuM pnnbtatnm, Grev. — Mouth of the Cape Fear. {Mrs.

Pri
Gracilaria multipartita, J. Ag. — Month of the Cape Fear.
Geudium corneum, Lamourx. — Coast.
Souerxa chordalis, J, Asr. — Coast.

156 FL<.\\ I.UI.l. — 1-I.A

llvi'M-.\ muscifonnis, Lamourx.- I

s. inaia rarcellata, Biv. — Co*

Cii"M'i:i- crispns, Lyngb. (IrisL Moss. — Ocean.

Chyi.'h lama Bafleyana, Harv. — C -'

Ceramium rohnim, Air. — Oo

diaphannm, Both. — I
Si-yrima filament- '-a. Hair. — Ooi St.
GriuivmiBEA corallina, Air.' — Coast.
Cali.itii amnion- Turned, Ag. - <

polyspermum, A_. — I

KHEAEi

Bsyofsib pluniosa, Lamourx. — Coast.

Pobfhtba vulgaris, Ag. — O

Ehtebomobpiia intestinalis, Lk. — Mouth of the Cape Fear.

. Grew — Mouth of the Cape Fear. (Mrs.

Ulva latissir . Linn.— C

la< '

Bat. I '- ' iliforme, Both. — ( fresh

strc
Tuomeya fluviatilis, Harv. — On stones in Btreama of Op. L>i-t.
Lkmanea torulosa, A a stones in Btreama of Up. J

Ghosvophoba endivioafolia, Ag#- 9
Cladophosa glances -t.

refracta, Both. — Sea eoj
S< vi-'NEMA minntnm, Ag. — On li: tuid <•!<] Bhinj

my< _ . — On n

ossj I "M Ixmcs in woods.

Ltxobta majuscula, Harv. — Coast.

\ \- '.' water.

.;;!■'. Ag. — Damp earth.

Palm rodigiosa, Mont. On cooked

viridis, ' -k of li.

si MMAttY

FliOWKBINQ PLANTS.

Exogenous, 1,362 species.

Endogenous, 511

FLOM EELESfe PlAOTS,

Equisetaceae, 1

Filices, 37

Lycopodiaceae, , . 0

Hydropterides, i

Musci, 106

Hepaticae , 69

laclienes, ,. , . . 217

Fungi — llvinenomycetes 935

Gasteromycetes, 150

Coniomycetes, 341

Hyphomyeetes, 1SS

Ascomvcetes,

., 715

:il

Doubtful Geherk,. .

tg

Characeae

o

\>m

583

3,3W2

->!'

Total species ... 4,840

O M I S S A.

1>. 81. Agaricus (Clitoc:) ochropnrpureus, Berk. — Mid. In
tliin

]>. 1K:>>. Lactarius anguatlssivius, Lasch. — Common. Thin woods.

]>. 93. Rnssnla nigricans, Fr. — Mid. Earth in -woods.

p. 152. Uncinnla intermedia, B. & C. — Mid. On leaves of Ulmua
alata.

E R II ATA

p. LO, line 8th, for "Com. Poppy," read Corn Poppy.

\ line 14th, for "Mid. Dist," read Mountains.

]». 72, for Petbaplodon," read Tetbaplodoit.

p. 70. 6th line from bottom, for " playthylla," read platyphylla,

\>. 115, for Spaeboneha," read Sph^eonema.

p. 13 i. line 1 Ith, for " cronata," read coronata.

}>. 134, line 14th, for "corocea," read crocea.

REPORT

J

THE PEOGEESS

GEOLOGICAL SIEVE!

SORTH-CAPiOLIN'A 1866.,

Uy PROFESSOR W. C KJ

RALKIGH :

W1L E. TELL. STATE PRENTER.
1867.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT N. C.

Raleigh, January 31, 1867.

To the Honorable,

The General Assembly of North Carolina :

Gentlemen :— I have the honor to transmit, herewith, the
report of the State Geologist, and commend it to your careful
consideration,

JONATHAN WORTH,

REPORT OF THE PROGRESS

OF THE
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORTH CAROLINA.

To his H <-. Jonathan Worth,

Governof of North Carolina:

Sir : — I have the honor to submit the following report of
the progress of the geological survey ot this State, since I
have had charge of the work. I have prefixed a brief history
of the survey itself, from its first inception, thinking it might
be of some interest to yourself as well as the public.

My commission bears date April 4th. 1866. After comple-
ting the investigation of the subject of the Swamp Lands and
the report thereon, which was undertaken at the request > if
your Excellency and the Literary Board, and. at the same
time, acquainting myself with the history and condition of
the geological survey, and having ascertained that there were
no apparatus or instruments, either for field or labratory work,
belonging to the survey, my predecessor having made use of
his own and other laboratories north, I found it necessary,
first of all. to provide an outfit, preparatory to taking the
field. This brought me to the middle of summer. My work
in connection with the actual survey, therefore, dates from
this point.

An examination of the reports and official correspondence
ot* my predecessor, having shown that the western portion of
the State, beyond the Catawba River, was yet unsurvey. d.
your Excellency concurred with me in the opinion, that my
attention should first be directed to that region. I accord-

« GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

crossed the Blue Ridge, aud addressed myself to the
task of making: a rapid sketch of the transmontane section,
hoping to complete the tour of those eleven counties within
the remaining operative months of the year.

The weather having proved so auspicious as to permit out-
operationa until the beginning of December. 1 was able
to cany out my plan beyond my own expectations, having
travelled, mainly in the saddle. 1700 muee of mountain roads
and mountains without roads, in less than four months. A
summary of some of the more important observations is here-
with respectfully submitted, with the hopethatyour Excellen-
cy will find something of the same satisfaction, with myself, in
the discovery of the great and almost unknown r -
both agricultural and mineral, of the mountainous portion ol
our State. And it must be remembered that the region be-
yond the Bine Ridge, to which my explorations were limited,
•itute only about one-half of the hitherto unexplored
division of the State. The remainder, extending from the
Blue Ridge and Yellow mountains, to the Catawba River and
Pilot mountain, which Avill next claim attention, will. I am
satiiied. from many general indications, prove equally inter-
esting

Your most obedient servant.

W. C. KERB,

PREFACE.

Before resuming the Geological Survey of the State, if wa 3,
of course, necessary for me to ascertain precisely the progress

which had been made, and the point which had been reached
by my predecessor ; i. e. it was necessary to know what had
been done in order to know what remained to be done. This
investigation brought to my knowledge many facte in the
history of the Survey, which seem to me to have an interest
for others besides myself. A few of these will therefore be

given in brief.

"" The first suggestion of a geological survey of the State, so
tar as appears from the records, was made by Prof. Olmsted.
of the University, in 1821, in a letter to the Board of Public
Improvements, "judge M irphy, however, on the part of the
same Board, had, in their report for 1819, observed that, m
executing the surveys which they were -required by the As-
sembly to have made, in prosecuting their various schemes of
internal improvement, they had -attempted to render the
surveys subservient to the interests of Bcience by collecting
information of its geology and mineralogy," but had entirely
failed. The letter of Prof. Olmsted was referred by the
Board to the Legislature, but no action Avas taken. About
this time, however, a new interest was given to the subject,
by the discovery of the remarkable gold deposits 6f Cabar-
rus and the neighboring counties, which yi< Ided the largest
"nuggets" which had then been seen. When, therefore,
the suggestion of Prof. Olmsted was renewed a year or two
later with the proposition to spend his vacations in
cal excursions, an I '-asking merely such an appropriation as
would defray the expenses of the undertaking," th result
wus th- passage of an Act of Assembly in 1823, authorizing
the Board of Agriculture to have such survey made, and ap-
propriating for 'the purpose $250, for four successive years;
which wa- afterwards continued for two years longer. The

•LOGICAL SUBVEY

survey thus ordered waa partly executed l>y Prof. Olmsl
and after his removal to Yale College, was continued by Dr.
Mitchell. Their observations were published from tii
time mi ;: 1827, occupying, in the about 12'

tavo pages. They were necessarily confined to the eastern
and middle sections of the State.

Geology was then in its infancy, and in the light of the
science of the present day, and in comparison witl

of modern Burveys, with tkeir splendid illustrations*
thin ami unpretending pamphlets look meagre and
valueless, aps, to the antiquary. Bui they s<

an important purpose in their time, and contain, b -
a mass of information which is still valuable. Berethework
rested until resumed under the present law on the subji

Meanwhile the science of geology had grown from the
smallest beginnings to an importance and breadth, wholly
unimagined in 1825, and its practical bearings upon all the
economies and industries of men, especially upon mining and
culture, in discovering and developing the hidden re-
sources of the earth, had become recognized and appro I
ev< ry where. The other States, as well as foreign nations,
had, most of them, ordered and executed, many of them at
an immense cost, complete surveys of their territory. Tlu-
rtance attached to such surveys elsewhere may be illus-
trated by a single example. The following is the h
ifornia, whose sur .•-• of the most recently undertaken

and is still in pn _

'•AN ACT Ti> CREATE i!H. "Ml' .<: OF STATE 6E0L0GIST, AND TO
DEFINE THE DUTIES THEREOF.

The. people of th - of California, represented in Senate
and Assembly, <\<> enacl as follows :

Hun 1. J. I>. Whitney is hereby appointed State G
ogist. He shall be commissioned by the Governor, and it
shall l>c his duty, with the aid of such aasistanl - may
appoint, to complete the geological survey of the State, and
prepare a repoH "!' such Burvey for publication, ami superin-
tend the publication of the san,.-. Such report shall :

OF NORTH CAROLINA. V

the form of a geological, botanical, and zoological hist

• 31 and the number of copies of each volume to be

printed, and I . form. maps, diagrams, or illustrations

contain' in, or to be public irately, shall

termined by the State Geologist ; and said report, when

published, shall be sold upon such terms as the Governor and

Secretary of State shall decide upon, and the proceeds of

such sales shall be paid into the Common School Fund of the

ite.

Sec. 2. It is hereby made the duty of the State Geologist,
and his Assistants, to e time not necessarily required,

in the preparation and superintendence for publication of the
reporl led for in section one. of this act. to a thorough

and scientific "ion of the gold, silver and copper pro.

duciii. this State, and to make such scientific and

practical exp ri J as will be of value in the - sry of

mines and the working and reduction of ores.

The following sums of money are hereby appro-
it of any money in the Slate Treasury not otherwise
for the prosecution of the Geologist Survey of
and for the sixteenth and seventeenth fiscal years :
lary of the State Geologist, nine thousand dollars, to
wn monthly, on the last day of each month ; for the
salary of two Assistants, six thousand six hundred dollars, to
be drawn in the same manner as the salary of the State
Geologist; tor publication of two volumes of re]

sand dollars ; for office rent, and • :: ises survey in
mining districts, and experiments on ores, and all incid

f work, ten thousand dollars, to be drawn one-half
each fiscal year.

- . 4. This act shall take effect imm
Appr >v. d. April 4. I :

F. F. LOW, Governor."

The Stat f North Carolina had long been pointed out by
Scientific travellers, as well as by the lal Prof. Oh..

I >r. Mitchell, and by accidental dis the repos-

• and varied mineral wealth ; and the necee
of an adequate and complete survey was- widely felt and its

10 GEOLOGICAL SUKVKY

authorization was frequently and earnestly advocati d by the
Leading men of the State, and often formed the subject of
Executive messages and of legit-mmte- discussions. I tpiote
from three annual messages.

'A Typographical, Geological and Miners/logical Survey of
the State is highly desirable. The minerals ami oree are be-
lieved to be incalculably valuable; and the limestone and
marble which might thus be brought to light, would benefit
the tannin-- interest beyond the cost of the un lertaking.''
(Gov. Dudley, 1838.)

"I believe the same amount of money could not be so use-
fully applied in any other way. as in procuring these
surveys." (Gov. Moivhead, 1844.)

"I trust no consideration will induce a longer delay in
directing an Agricultural, Geological and Minerological Sur-
vey of the State. Three-fourths of our sister States have now
in progress, or have finished like examinations of their terri-
tories. And in every instance, it is believed, that they have
n 0t only added to the treasures of science, but have been
attended with important and useful discoveries. Many val-
uable minerals are already known to exist in various si <tions
of the State -r and a further exploration cannot fail to bring

to light other resources, and greatly favor the pursuits of
Mining and Manufacturing; while a minute examination of
our soils by persons uniting science and practical skill in
agriculture, will be productive of improvement in that useful
branch of industry." (Gov. Graham, L846.)

At the session of 1851-% the existing law on the subject
was enacted ; which is found on page 69, chap. 2,oftheBev.

Cod1'. As this constitutes the authority under which the

present Survey proceeds, and is familiar to \ < 1 \ few, it is
inserted here.

"Seci [OK I-. The < lovernor shall appoint a suitable person
to conduct, an ler ; he supervision of himself and the Literary
board, a Geological, Mineralogies!, botanical and Agricul
tural Survey of the State.

OF NOETH CAKOLDU. H

14. The person appointed shall examine and survey each
and every county of the State, and ascertain the different
geological formation of each county and section of the State ;
the nature, character and value of its minerals ; the nature
and character of its soils, and the best mode of improving
the same ; the nature and kind of its productions, and their
relative position and value ; its facilities for manufactories ;
the extent and value of its water-power ; the character and
value of its botanical productions ; the character and value
of its timber, and all other facts connected with the subjects
of Geology, Mineralogy, Botany and Agriculture, which may
tend to a full development of the resouroes of the State ; and
such person is authorized to employ as many proper agents
and assistants, to be approved by the Governor, as may be
necessary to enable him speedily and successfully to accom-
plish the objects committed to his charge ; and he shall, from
time to time, communicate to the Governor, to be by him
communicated to the Legislature, a report, orreportsin writing,
setting forth fully the results of his Survey ; which reports
shall 1 >e published under the supervision of the Governor and
Board of Literature.

15. The expenditures incurred by said Survey shall not
exceed five thousand dollars per annum, to be paid by the
Public Treasurer, upon the warrant of the Governor, out of
any monies in the Treasury, not otherwise appropriated.

16. The person making such survey, shall deliver lectures
upon the subjects committed to his charge, in the villages
through which he may pass : Provided, that he shall not
thereby delay his other duties."

Dr. E. Emmons received the appointment of State Geolo-
gist under this act, in 1852, and retained the office until his
death, in 1863. His son, Dr. E. Emmons, Junior, was nomi-
nated assistant Geologist. Dr. E. has given the results of his
labors in five reports.

The first, issued in the latter part of 1852, relates to the
Agriculture of the lower counties, and the coal of Rocking-
ham and Chatham.

The second report, in 1856. is the largest of the series, and
relates chiefly to the Geology, and particularly to the mines of

GEOLOGK AL SUBVEI

idlandcounti I has some additional matter on

•

report for 18£ lexal treatise on Agriculture.

Two short report8 appeared in 1860; on itinnation of

Agriculture, the other on th( 8 L

During this last year was also issued a report by Dr.
"ii the •■ ; if North Carolina." prepared at

the request of Dr. Emmons. His Catalogue of the plante

ited for publication at the .-arm- time, but
unexplained reason, failed to get through the pr<
Thi Erne, together with two other reports by ti

distinguished gentleman, one on th<- "Mammals," the other
on the u Reptiles of North Carolina," still await publication,
having been prepared in connection with the sun

It appears also, from a letter, or brief report of I>r. '
Governor Ellis, in 1860, that there was still a considerable
amount of material on hand for publication ; including many
analyses of soils and minerals, with additional di~ - in

the coal region ; also a report by Mr. C. I>. Smith, of Macon
county, on a portion of tin- mountain section of th< State,
•wit! beervations by himself in the same section j and

he has also alluded, Beveral times, in his publisl

gical Map of the State, as in course of prepa-
ration by the draughtsman of'the survey, Dr. B.Emioi as, Jr.
No work seems to have been den.- in connection with the
survey after 1860, Dr. Emmons' attention having b
turned to the manufacture of warlike munitions. And tl.
is no report of any geological operations subseqi that

of 18*

Having been myself appointed State G gisl - 14, and
having held the office during the last year of the war, nomi-
nally, and tPtthout pay, and wi T,-r

tain chemical and mineral manufactures, in which I
people of the State were vitally interested, and becomi
acquainted with the above stated bote in i to the

condition of the Survey, it appeared to be my duty to coll
such papers and documents connected with the work,

_ 'it be of value to the State, especially to Becure the map
which was a most important desideratum, and might be <

OF NORTH CAROLINA. 13

pected to constitute a most valuable summary of the complete
results of the survey. Supposing these papers to be in the
custody of the surviving family of Dr. E., and especially of
his assistant, I accordingly made application for them under
the executive sanction and authority. And the application
has been several times renewed, since the close of the war,
and with the approval of his Excellency, the present Gover-
nor, but so far without success.

The geological survey, then, has been in progress about
nine years, from 1852 to 1860. The reports published relate
to the Geology and Agriculture of the eastern section of the
State, including the Swamp Lands, and to the geology and
mines of the " midland counties," as far west as the Catawba
River. The portion of the State beyond this to the Tennessee
line is, so far as appears from the reports, wholly unexplored.

CHAPTEK I.

INTRODUCTORY.

In undertaking a Geological Survey, two things require to
be definitely settled,-— the object and the method. Some obser-
vations on each of these points will probably not be deemed
out of place here :

THE OBJECT

Or design of the Geological Survey of North Carolina, is to
be gathered chiefly from the law establishing it. From this it
appears that a General Geological Survey is contemplated.
Such general survey has necessarily a two-fold purpose and
aspect, scientific and practical. The first is in order to the
second, as a means to an end. But it is also an end in itself,
in the same sense and degree, and for the same reason that
all true science is so. And then we have long enough seen,
on the geological maps of the ocntinent and of the world,
that appear from time to time, the space of North Carolina
occupied by broad analogical conjectures, or left wholly
blank, like the centre of Africa, or the Antarctic continent.
The scientific, however, owes its chief value to its relation to
the practical in the legislative intention. For it is only by
means of a systematic and thoroughly scientific investiga-
tion of the geological structure and characteristics of a region,
that results of any value in themselves can be reached, or
that will carry with them any credit or authority abroad. It
is only when geological observations and deductions are thus
characterized, that they can be brought into comparison with
similar results in other parts of the world, and foreigners be
enabled to assure themselves of the probability and value of
alleged discoveries.

The immediate practical bearings of the survey are promi-
nently considered as^ looking in two principal directions, the
developement of the mineral wealth that may be concealed

1G GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

th the surface, and the promotion of agriculture. It
would certainly be difficult to over-estimate the importan
any agency which may reasonably be expected to advance

two leading interests of mankind. It is little that we
(I > not owe directly or indirectly to the soil, or the mine. —
Almost no art or industry is independent of these two p
sources of individual and national prosperity. "Where are

look here in North Carolina, in our depression and ca-
lamity, for the recuperation of our lost fortunes and the res-
toration of our prostrate business, if not to the improvement
of our soil and methods of tillage, and to the mineral riches
hidden away in their subterranean storehouses? In estab-
lishing the Geological Survey with a view to the promotion
of these so important interests, the Assembly of North Caro-
lina have hut adopted the experience and endorsed the judg-
ment of the most practical and enlightened and prosperous
states of Europe and America. It is impossible to estimate
what the Geological Surveys of England, of Prance, of Penn-
sylvania, have done for their mines of coal. salt, iron, or to
realize their effect upon the prosperity oi those States.

The connection of Geology with mineralogy and mining-
is immediate and obvious, so much so that it is popularly re-
garded as simply the - of ore-hunting. It serves, in
the first place, to direct and to limit the operations of the
miner, and tells him where his labor may be profitably ex-
pended. By determining the age and relations of the rocks
of a region, it indicates the limits within which certain min-
eral- may be found; and traces the connections and outlines,
the direction and position, the strike and dip of beds and
veins of minerals, and thus points out the proper plan of
mining operations to be adopted in each case. Bence the
intelligent capitalist hesitates t<> invest in mineral property
without consulting competent geological authority ; and the
intelligent immigrant, to venture into a new country, without
first consulting its geological reports. It is this which has
lately given so high a market value, even to the partial and
ports of this and some other of the southern

. and created so great a demand for them north and in
Europe, that scarcely a copy can now be found. The nega-

OF UOftTB I AlK'UXA. 17

' . j\ «• i Sects and value of geological surveysare scarcely less im-
portant than the positive. The miner is not only directed
where he may bestow bis labor profitably, but is likewise de-
terred from operating in other directions, where his labor
would be fruitless and ruinous. Millions have been squander-
ed even in our own country in the useless and foolish search
after minerals which never existed, "'In the upper valley of
the Delaware and Schttylkill, and in many other places, men
have spent years, long lives in Tact, and fortunes, in digging
vainly into the black slate for coal." (Lesley.) And the
question is often asked here, whether coal may not I e found,
and search has often been made for it, in certain localities in
the western portion of our State, where its presence wo Id
give immense importance and value to the vast accumula-
tions of iron ore, which characterize many of those counties.
Geology at once pronounces the search futile. And so, .just
now, the questi >n is" frequently asked, whether petroleum may
not be found in different parts of the State ; and large tracts
of our mountain lands have been lately bonded by parties pros-
pecting for oil. The geologist has no difficulty in pronounc-
ing all suei) s utterly hopeless, as to the whole of that
region, and in indicating these very limited tracts within our
borders, where alone such operations have any possibility of
success. And so of iron works which have often been pro-
jected on an extensive scale, upon the mistaken suppositio of
the presence of the proper quantity and quality of ore. I
have frequent occasion to forestall and prevent useless ex-
ditures and hopeless enterprises of this sort. And the
geological information, the rudest geological survej
our western counties, would have prevented the enormous
waste of time, energy and money that have been expended
by hundreds of men, for many years, in the ridiculous pursuit
of a mineralogical phantom, in the search after repetiti
and continuations of Ducktoion*

But the relations of the survey to agriculture winch must
ever remain the chief employment and resouroeof our people,
are equally real and important, although not equally obvious.
The Act of Assembly under which the Burvey proceeds, re-
quires that special attention be given to thus subject, and

a

-

I " I Soil

gnbja
I

guch cha:j_ -

I _ B

-

■

■ - - . _ 9oi

_

• - 3 baa

I

ri-nt latiti; le.-r and
distances 1 a, will n

' • L Taxied cli-

-
_

2

-

_
■
-

tljsej

|

OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 19

Libit, in a general view, the soils, minerals, botany and eooI-
ogy. which shall, in feet constitute an epitome < f the geolog-
ical and natural history, the agricultural and mineral charac-
teristics and resources of the whole State. So much in brief
for the objects proposed to be accomplished by th< I ! _ical
Survi y.

THE NAX OF OPERATIONS.

Since the general geological survey mast necessarily serve
as the basis and ground-work of the whole, this comes first
in order. It was necessary, therefore, in the betrinnine to

take a bird's-eye view of the whole held of operations, to

make a geological reconnoissance, in order to catch the out-
lines and leading features of th< g _:eal structure of the

.ion to be studied, and thus to construct a skeleton, or
framework in which all the future details of the work would

rily and intelligibly arrange them- - they should be

developed. This was necessary also, in order to ascertain
rand amount of the work to be done, and to
wh - »ecial effort and attention should be directed.

This could be accompli- v and satisfactorily,

by making a • - f transverse sections across the upturned
strata. In this State, the direction of th< -

gee, the strike, is almost universally from X. E. to S. W.
And this direction, being also that of the dominant mountain
chain, the rivers, in seeking the line of quickest descent
a direction at right angles to the strike ■ and
having worn for themselves deep channels through the strata,
furnish extensive exposures of the rocks, ai e give the
readiest means of obtaining the desired sections ; although
one is often obliged to use, for this purpose, the artificial and
accidental exposures along the tracks of railroads, turnpikes
an 1 • ven common roads.

Th'' :' Eiwassee 01 >wah, Nantehaleh, Tennese

Tucfc seg Pigeon and French Broad.with the Ocoualufl
and Toxaway, furnished me as many secti a, some of them'
partial, some of them completely aci breadth of the

State. These sections enabled me to locate, beyond the pos-
sibility of a doubt, all the prominent geological features of

BUBYEX

the region, aii'l rurnifl . for the constr

anknown country.
thus able ah gi lia-

_ be aumeroua indig - stu,

min le tore of ind

rition m North Carolina <»t' tli >wd Lead.1 [(

universally beli I 1 taken tor g I that th

whi In thoe remarkable accumulations of copp

■ in ; I D • rard, through the whole

iin all th
county. Thia oj Lni
by the most intelligent , 8, how-

f theO ao1

fou Smoky Mountains, and that ler

•■) an entirely diffi
fact far in- in. I

. . ring .. - - " ial for thoe

1 1 . sktown.

PAH ;y.

In this department much remains to 1 v- t the

-ils of th lor the Siesosoic of

md !» id River Coal bede sup-

po- a -called G the middle

:i<.ii have been fully and tudied and illus-

1 ied to announce, however, th much

in!

at paleontol gista f th lunl ry have

I their - - ' • • work op v

.1 of this a >rt the progress of ey may bring to
Light. Tii' worthy

th- lly the i part «>f* th<-
whole work.

OBOGRAPHI, PHYSK AL QEOGBAPHI AMD TOPOGRAPHY.

In the proeecutioD of the Survey, one of the ii. ilties

encouii" the want of graphical

OF NORTH CAROLINA. 21

map, on which to locale niy geological observations. There
is no map of this region in circulation ; worthy of thename,
those which we have being nothing Lnt the rudest conjec-
tures, i had hoped to find, in the archives of the capitol,
sufficient material for the construction < r a skeleton map, on
which to lay down my observations. During the period from
1821 to 1843, while the Board of Internal Improvement had
in its employ a State Engineer, surveys were made of all our
riv( rs on this side of the Blue Ridge, and of many small
creeks also, from the se*acoast to the base of the mountains;
and during that period and up to the present time, numerous
surveys ha ve been made (mostly at the public expense) of
routes for rail roads, turnpikes, canals and common roads,
making an aggregate of several thousand miles. The field-
notes, plans and drawings of these, if they had been pre-
served, would furnish a net-work of lines covering the whole
State, and would leave little to be done in order to construct
an accurate geographical and even an approximate topograph-
ical chart. But nor half a dozen of these surveys have left
any available trace of their existence among the records. The
difficulty, however, was partly overcome by means of a hand-
copy of a map (kindly furnished me by the author, for this
purpose) of the mountain section of the State. This map is
in course of preparation for publication by Prof. A. Guyot, oi
Princeton, the first of living geographers, who has done more
for the elucidation of the geography and topography of our
mountains thanall other observers together. Having. provided
myself with barometers and sextant for the purpose, 1 have
made many additional observations tor the determination of
altitudes and the triangulation of those sections omitted by
Prof. Guyot. I have the satisfaction also of announcing that
this genl !■ man has promised me his co-operation for thr
four weeks, in the spring, in order to complete this important
work, ol which he will shortly give us the entire results.

Inasmuch as the absolute geographical position of no point
west of the Blue Ridge (and so far as I know, west of the
University,) had been determined by astronomical observa-
tions, having- provided, in my outfit, a chronometer and
marine sextant, I made, in passing through the several county

22 geolooh \\. stove?

towns, a series of double-altitude observations, for the pur-
pose of fixing the latitude and Longitude of those points,
which will give a degree of accuracy otherwise unattainable,
to all the geodetic observations which have been, or may here-
after be made, in that section, and will render them available
as a basis for the geological survey and map.

In making the barometrical observations, Mr. Charles Cur-
tis, of Hillsboro', volunteer assistant, renders Bsential
service as corresponding observer.

CLIMATOLOGY.

The survey is also indebted to volunteer assistance in this
department. I have established, through such aid, a series ol
meteorological observations in each of the counties visited,
the observers being furnished with instruments of simple
construction tor the purpose. These observations will con-
tinue as long as the survey lasts, and will furnish the means
of asc ertaing the annual tall of rain, its distribution through
the seasons, the temperature, and the oth< t elements of cli-
mate of the several mountain plateaus. I propose to extend
this system of observations over the whole of our mountain

counties, the climate and products of which vary much, even
within short distances.

CHEMIBTB1 .

I found no labi »ratoTy attached to t he survey, and as the
annual appropriation is entirely inadequate to purchase the

necessary apparatus. ! have availed myself of the courtesy of

the President and Chemical Professor of the University, who
have offered the use of the College laboratory. I have also
made arrangements with an eminent chemist at Charleston,

S. ('.. Prof. \. A. Pratt, who will make such analysis of Soils

and minerals, as may be required by the Survey from time
to time.

->RTH CAIU'LINA.

BOTANY.

This ghly worked up by Dr.

iplorers that almost notfa g

mains to be a due J.

ZOOLOGY.

will be required of the but
••• and est* nedve works on the general subject <>f Ainer-
logy, publis spices of the Smiti is -

nian Institution, and the monographs of Dr. Curtis air

most 1 ground. \Yhat-

taterial may come to light, however, during the
- irvey, will be placed in the hands of '
C and th se other disti:._ - I naturalists to whose depart -
specimens may belong, who. in their dev
■, have ofFered their aid for this purpose gratuitoi

XET.

Of the collection of minerals and fossils which had
_: f the Capitol by Dr. Emm

the very small remnant, which escaped the ravs _ s . the
tiers which occu] city after the close of the war.

1, under an A.ss mbly, to the University.

- justly com 1 as among the most important

I valuable results of a geological survey. A judiciously
perly arranged collection would exhibit,
w, tlie whole _ the State, and should furnish

pal -i r!.e n icks " themselves to the truth

of " - tions uctions of the written rep

h a collection would reveal to the man the gen-

eral teal structure of the State, and even many

il- of the lit! _ sition and a - :i "t' the forma-

- well as their fossil contents : and should also reprea I

and / tions. But, in addition

to this, it should instruction of a practical character

to the intelligent miner and farmer. To the latter, by ajudi-

fcion and arrangement of the principal di£fe]

'21 LOGICAL

kii with their derivative d, with ana Iyt

. it would furnish the m wii

pari . ing it to its pn

discovering its character and d< te J theproperrei

bile the former, l>y a proper collection of <
thei minerals, th< ir g _

3, would be enabl rra a coin

\nd chara - and

Stat'.', without the labor and
ing them.

ir.\

•
. :.. that they serve to c< udense and reveal,in 8 -

u-1 connected vii w, the . rate results oi the
at a glance, tht- kinds

i their sition, order •

I vdativ
Here t departments • f tl.

. with each other; su that
>na are complet<
_!•• tour.
I have « -it in tl tion of the p]

cedure, which appeal

do - rfully, the !

that e th intelligil !■

b a
aed likely to increase th< ii in the

work- which, it is every waj m ble and importanl
and I have no sympathy with that spirit in wb

. w itli an ii i i

nd to wril
andate <■!' exclusion and n
01

OF NORTH CAROLINA. 2^

CHAPTER II.

OUTLINE OF THE GEOLOGY OF WESTERS NOBTH CAROLINA.

I wish this to be considered as a repm and *">*

aB a final or complete » .which

it relates; the work done being, as already explained, only a
reconoissance preparatory to a detailed survey. The entire
results of even this preliminary examination can not begiyen
in this brief sketch. This could only be done after making
all the computations for the Barometrical and Astronomical
observations, and constructing maps and sections from nu-
merous held notes, and making analyses of a large number
of the specimens collected.

The territory explored, comprising the eleven counties
west of the Blue Ridge and Yellow Mts., and extending
from Mitchell to Cherokee, contains an area of some 4000
square miles. The following brief description of the physi-
cal fe itures of the region by Prof. Guyot, is - f sufficient in-
terest in this connection to justify its insertion here. 1
taken from an elaboraie paper "011 the Apalachian System,"
published in the American Journal of Science, in 1861 :

tevast belt of the Appalachian highlands forms the
marginal barrier of the American continent on the Atlantic
side, and determines the general direction of the coast line,
which, in general, runs parallel to the inflections of its chains
with remarkable regularity. This system, composed of a
rrugations tolerably uniform, does not. like the
Alps, or other great systems of fracture, have a central or
main axis, to which the secondary chains are subordinal
But it is properly compared, to the system Jura, lor it isc -
posed like that of a I long folds, or chains, which run

parallel to each other, often with great regularity. In the
same part of the system the general height of the chains is
sensibly equal and their summits show neither many nor
deep notches. In the middle regions, especially in Pennsyl-
vania and New Jersey, they present the appearance of long
and continuous walls', the blue summits of which trace along
the horizon a uniform line seldom varied by any peaks or

GEOLOGICAL BUB

In tb rthern a

lerably modified. Tin i
very much of its uniformity and its ph;
- far more complicated; the form
parallel ridges almost entirely disappears.

X feature <»t the Appalachian system which

(anguishes it from the r the Jura ; it is th<.- well u

division into two longitudiual zones of elevation, one turned
the Atlantic in which th I par-

allel chain8Jus . of predominates, and the other 1

towards the interior, which is composed of elevate 1 and c
liug from the Bummit of their i
escarpment, in the centra of the gent

the basins of the lakes and the valley of the < >hio.
Another feature, not less conspicuous, chars I
of corrugations properly so-called. T
valley which passes through the entire -
south, forming, as il wer a neg through its entire

length. This is what Mr. Rogers calls the great Appalachian
valley. At the north it is occupied by lake Champlain and
iver; in Pennsylania it bears the name of Kit-
tatiny or Cumberland valley. In Virginia it is the I
valley ; more to the south it is called the valley <•!' East

A the northeast and at the centn
breadth is fifteen miles ; it contracts in breadth towai
snath, in Virginia, but reaches its _

where it measures from fifty to Bixty miles in br
bain, more or less compound, which borders this $
valley, towards the southeast, is atinuous and ex-

tends without any interruption from Vermont t.> Alabama.
In Vermont it bears the name of Green mountains, which it
j to ihe bordereof New York; in the latter Stat

Highlands; in Pennsylvania, 1 - ith Mounlains ;

in Virginia the V> i *e ; in North I i and T

the Iron, 9 ika mountau

Although these features are common to the Appalachian

system throughout its entire length, nevertheless, it may be

divide i from north to Bouth into three divisi< ns, which pre-

,i.h- ditl' rncture. Passing the

OP NORTH CAROLINA. 27

eye over th • physical chart winch accompanies thia article,
we at once distinguish in the longitudinal extent oi the
Appalachian system two principal en vatures, the one at the
north from Gaspea to New York, the concavity of which is
turned towards the southeast ; the other at the centre, i'rom
the Hudson to New River in Virginia, with its concavity also
towards the southeast ; the third from New River to the
southwest extremity of the system, the direction of which
is nearly straight, or forming- a gentle curve concave towards
the northwest. These three divisions, diminishing in extent
from the north to the south, are well marked, at the north by
the deep valleys of the Mohawk and the Hudson, which
break through the Appalachian system to its base and across
its entire breadth ; at the south by New River, whose deep
valley, with vertical wails, also separates regions whose oro-
graphic charaaters present remarkable dif|ereni

After describing the two northern divisions, he pro<
" The southern division, from New River to the extremity of
the system, is much the most remarkable tor the diversity of
its physical structure and its general altitude. Even the base
upon which the mountains repose is, considerably elevated.
Although the elevation of the Atlantic plain at thi
base i fthe mountains is onlylOOto 300 feet in Pennsylvania,
and 500 in Virginia near James river, it is 1000 to 1200 feet
in the region of the sources of the Catawba. In the interior
of tie- mountain regions the deepest valleys retain an altitude
of from 20oii to 2700 feet. From the dividing line in the
neighborhood ot Christiansbmg- and at the gear bend of
New River the orographic and hydrographic relations under-
go a considerable modification. The direction of the principal
part- of th-- system is also somewhat changed. The main
chain which borders the great valley on the east, and which
more to the north, under the name of the Blue Ridge, sepa-
rates il from the Atlantic plain, gradually deviates towards
•uthwest. A new chain detached on the east, and
curving a little more to the south, takes now the name of
Blue Ride. It is this lofty chain, the altitude oi which, in its
more elevated groups, attains gradually to 5000 and 5900
feet, which divides in its turn the waters running to the

SH - tVEY

Fthe Mi sissip] '. I ration,

rn and western watei
\i)\\ mtral chain

■ ible-land bo

in, uji'.n ( \\ lanti plain.

■•■ which forn
dns, and 1 s of which usually del

-

chain which run _ ey ia

thn r level, and I

_

1 from tl ..;it <>f t!

.ar-ls the
only reach in Bouthem Virginia and > y first

_li chain of the I and Smoky

mountain _ »th.

aon tin;-
northwest threi egiona very distinct. T
mo. Ridge and

tlii a Iron, Smoky and mountains,

- North Carolina from T I com-

■
wh at first, a va

Ith, in th rn part of which 11

it t h _ i and into

than 180 mi _ in brea

fifty mil< s. T stern cliain, or Bin

- composed of m i lenta

ted into a contini - . ular chain. Its

atly changes and Tonus man;
-

I by long
;

tlleya thi
r,or wcati rn
ich more conl inuos, raon regular

in :tion ;in<l height, and ii rmly

KOBTH CABOLINA. 29

The area compris wo main , from

the- - wBiverandthe Watauga, in nity

of the Grandfather mountain, to the southern

-
the bottom ne of which, runs le mount

tributaries of the - which, by of

their waters, merit the name of fix sources ! ible

river. Betr sin of the Wataug the

Nolechucky, . fry chain of the Roan and I low

mountains. The northwest bra]

and - the Bald mount) i rate

the basin of the ' thai

river. Between the latter and the Big Pigt nriv
the long chain i fthe Pisgah and the iintains.

Further tot! ^ated chain of the Great Balsam

mount;: - the basins of tl . the

Tuc { 9 the chain oi the I intains,

betw i I the Lift! T

Fin chain of the Nantahala and Valley

River mouul b the two greal • Little

Ten - ssee. The bottom of these basins

prefi lie, an altitude of froi feet.

The heij transverse chains is g ater than that of

the Blc - are from 51 and up-

wards; and thi a ps that cross \. high, and

often higher, than those of the Blue ] rior

basins are ; rxoups, more orlessi6ola1 that

of the Black mountain, which, with th mountains,

present the l ■■• vated points of tl m.

1 1 re then, through an extent of more than one hundred and
fift;. ight ofthe valley from which the moun-

tain 2 feet ; the mount, b each

60" d by scores, and the lofti

(37i/0 feet, whil at the north, in the _ the White

mountains, the - arcely 1000 feet, the gaps 2000 t

and Mount W d, the only one whicl

feet, is Btill 10U feet below the height of the Bli
the Black mountains. Here then, in all res the cul-

minating ■ ist Appalachian er

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

The basins above described by Prof. G., are all valley
rionj — i. < ., they have been excavated by the force of the
rivers which flow along their bottoms. And it is this same
force which has hewo a way for these rivers out of these ba-
sins, 5 down deep channels for themselves through the
lofty and massive chain of the Smoky and Unaka mountains.
whichform their uo thern boundaries. There are two remark*
able points in this river and mountain system. One is, that
while in the northern division of the Apalachian system, in
Virginia, for instance, the rivers, rising in the more w «terly
chains of the system, cut through the Blue Ridge and make
thi ir way east. In North Carolina, on the contrary, they rise
in the Blue Ridge and cut their way through the
Smoky. The other is. that these rise in the a
chain and cut through the higher and m <•■ ■ . The
probable cause of this will he considered further on.

The largest of these basins are those of the French llroad
and the Hiwassee, the former having an average elevation of
a little more than 2000 feet, the latter, a little less. The

llest, and at the same time, the most elevated, are th
of the Pigeon and the Nolechucky, the elevation of both ris-
ing above ^-"00 feet.

GENERAL GEOLOGY.

T Strike (or direction of the outcrop) of the strata of this
region corresponds neither to the general direction of the
Blue Ridge, nor to that of the Smoky, and is Bubj< cl to con-
rable variation. Th general average will fall very near
N.50° K. In the slates of Cherokee it is less, — not far from
13°; and through the central portion of the region the
average would probably be nearer 60°. A careful study of
the range of the Blue Ridge through this region, will show
that its principal masses, although loosely and irregularly
attached to each other, manifest individually a disposition to
fall into parallelism with the direction above sot down as that
of the average Btrike. This, therefore, may be considered as
the direction of its controlling axis and of its constituent
elements.

OP NORTH CAROLINA. 31

The Dip. The strata, through the entire mountain region,
are inclined to the horizon at a high angle, the average dip
falling probably near 65° , and the prevailing direction of it
being southeast. It is subject, however, like the strike, to
great variation, both as to its amount and direction, being
frequently vertical and northwest.

These irregularities, both of strike and dip, are greatest
along the middle portion of the mountain plateau, instead of
being found chiefly, as we should expect, along the limiting
mountain axes ; and they are quite unaffected, apparently,
by the subordinate north-and-south cross-chains, except in
the case of the Nantehaleh mountains, along which, particu-
larly near the northern termination of the range, the : trike
is deflected much to the north, and the dip also greatly dis-
turbed and very variable. This central area of extraordinary
disturbance is also characterized by an unusual degree of
contortion and folding of the strata. Within this area lies a
narrow belt, its breadth varying from 5 or 6 to near 20 miles,
extending from the Black mountains across the State to the
southeastern corner of Clay county, in which the prevailing
dip appears to be noithwest. This implies the existence of
both an auticlinal and synclinal axis, the former along the
southern, and the latter on the northern limit of this belt. It
will require further observation and a laborious investigation
of details to develop these points satisfactorily.

The Mocks. The central belt above described may be con-
sidered as including the geological axis of the plateau and
may be properly called its axial zone. This zone is n,t less
peculiar in the character than in the disturbed condition of its
rocks. These belong to the granitic, more properly the
gneissic scries, and are characterized by an extreme degree of
metamorphism, or alteration, and are hence frequently called
metamorphic rocks. The southern boundary of this zone
passes near and to the south of Whiteside, Hogback, Ten-
nessee Ridge and Pisgah mountains, about 10 miles east of
Ashville, and strikes the Blue Ridge again a few miles north
of Swannanoa gap. Its breadth is from 20 to 25 miles, its
northern limit, passing just north of Marshall, Fine's creek,
Cowee creek and Shooting creek. Within this area are no

. i B Y

slates, but an abundance of bora
Horablen 1 ■ - •

lr in frequent and heavy I
throughout this belt, from the mouth of S
i ii a. The chlorite schists and an

ipantt 1 by bon
nth and often replaced by t it iu« »iit-
pyp - [uently

• I nth cellular quarts (bun itaui

if iron.
True granite uonally in the southern portion

of I • rarely in th<- middle, an sly at all in the

northern. Along the northern rang : I , the

d the m s
- entirely Wanting, but there is an abund

with pyritiferoua m

ded, mi the north of the axial zone, by a

a, silicious and talco-ini<

which occupy a broad belt acroea the Lower half of Clay

con tlr- middle of Cherokee, and strike the Smoky

mo - in the northern part of M - are

■ - flank of the Smoky on Oconalufb

acroti Hayw L county a few mi I aid

French Broad 7 or 8 mi Mar-

shal], and continue to tb sH line, the sili

here their - pment, being in met the

linanl m >up on th ' b Broad. With

the liated a few thin beds of

i the h< Valley ri ich

ith them throughout their whole ext< m-

I aud Shut In cr
any rods in breadth. Li also occurs in thin

mg the court Hey and Notteley rivi

• in pai t of ( :ee, from a point on Hiwasc

or 4 miles below Murphy, is occupied by a succeaaioB <>t con*
^lc: - iii'l grits, Ided with mi

slates ibounding in <•« -

yquartz

oV NoUTH CAROLINA. 33

especially near the Long Ridge mountain. Blue and drab
■slates occur with the conglomerate at the State line on the
Unaka mountain, and for several miles east. The conglom*
erates and grits of this series recur in heavy and frequent
beds throughonl a cross*section of near 20 miles, and arc
traceable across the highest peaks of the Unaka (or Unakoii
and again on the Tennessee river in the Smoky*

Along the southeast boundary of the metamorphic or axial
zone, we have a narrow belt of slates, micaceous, and arena
earning a thin bed of limestone. This limestone is traceable
continuously from the Forks of Toxaway to Cane creek,
disappearing in the Blue Ridge near Swannanoa gap. and
cropp ng out again on North Fork in McDowell County.

South of the limestone belt comes another band of gneiss,
grey and light colored, which is some 10 miles in breadth.
and is followed by another body of hornblendic ami silicious
slates, with occasional- mica schists and gneiss.

Drift. Although this region is far beyond the limits which
geologists usually assign to glacial action, yet there are
throughout these elevated plateaus numerous phenomena
which have- no other plausible explanation. Accumulations
many feet deep, of unstratified earth with smooth rounded
stones, (mostly of quartz and other hard rocks,) are found
every where through these basins, often capping high ridges
and knobs one or two hundred feet above the present beds
of the rivem, Such a bed is found on one of the hills over.,
looking the town of Asheville, near 200 feet above the French
Broad. Some of the pebbles of this bed, I have traced to
their origin about six miles to the south. On the slopes of
the mountains along Valley river, such drift masses arc com*
mon and extensive, many oi the smoothed and rounded
masses of quartz weighing nearly a ton.

Terraces are also occasionally discoverable, though not
common. The most notable example that came within my
observation is found along the French Broad, from Warm
Springs to tin- State line, occurring at intervals for several
miles, in three or four benches, ten, twenty-five, fifty and one
hundred and fifty feet in height.

Age of tin- Bocks* The tacts above stated are sufficient to
3

34

indicate that these rockfl _ I

n/.< s. Tin- u bar-

and ilr if contai _ r with

the total al _ ii eren I

I and latest af ti.
pie) render I lusion inevitable. And n«>t only d

belong to the l<

I all representatives <_>1 the later forn
further neceasary to conclude that we have 1
tract «.'t the oldest land on the g North

is the eldeat-born of th< ain

it- ^iant I r©1 3 tl

emerge from the face of t » i • unbroken tphen
when i Ii*. command went forth " I

The facts abov< j Is inttotheexplanal

markable relation of the rivei
tains, viz., that tl
the greater range. This explanation - lytobefbuudiu

relative
thei uentroeli a ingthemi

and havi _ terminedthe courses and i riv-

ra til.- rise of the Smoky.

■ v.

The mountain i rolina, has d

hitherto known to the- world as i
yet it contains se«eral well m lineral tracts wh

riches are not surpassed ii. any other part <>t' |
country. Sn< b are the Jim -
marble, iron and gold; th< copper belt of Jacks
iro low mountains. It will, perhaps, 1

intelligible to consider separately, the several minerals which
r boT valuable accumulations in this section. And I

ld: .

The value ol thu mi I yet a\

»nners. lt< importance in an agricultural point i

OF NOBTH CAROLINA. 35

it would be difficult to overstate. Pr, Hitchcock, in hisreport
of the Geological Survey of Vermont, says of a discovery which
he made of a limestone bed in that State, "This is a treasure
which Providence has hidden in the earth and provided for
ite imination at the light time and in the right quantity,
and it is of far mure value, in my estimate, than all the other
subterranean wealth of the State.'' I am not sure that this
should he regarded as an extravagant statement, if applied to
this State, rich as it is in other minerals. I have, therefore
made it a point to search for this rock, wherever there was
the least prospect of its discovery. The must extensive and
valuable! mestone belt in this region is that of Cherokee. As
already stated, it is found in a heavy body of slates, and con-
sists of three or four distinct beds, separated by slates, and occu-
pying a variable breadth of two to five miles. It extends
from the Ocoee river into and across Cherokee, lying along
the valleys of Notteley and Valley rivers, quite to the sources
of the latter, and re-appearing on the NautahaJeh river in
Macon county. It crops out along the l>anks and beds of
' reams, in the fields and roads and the bluffs overhanging
tii'- r • be easily accessible and convenient for ag-

ricultural purposes.

There are three other beds of limestone in the mountain
region, all of them crossing the French Broad. The most
important of these, both on account of its extent and its loca-
tion, is the Cane creek and the Toxaway bed. which passes
near the mouth of Muddy creek. Lime is extensively man-
ufactured along the line of this formation, many thousand
bushels being distributed annually from one kiln, over the
neighboring farms, the value of which has, by this means.
in many cases, been already more than doubled. A second
belt crosses the river near the mouth of Hear Creek-, about
two miles below Marshall. This is a crystalline rock, a true
marble, but rendered unfit for ornamental purposes, at the few
points where I saw it, by the presence of crystals of a magne-
sian mineral. This is a thin bed, only a few rods in breadth
and lies along Walnut and Bear creeks; with a subdivision,
probably crossing the river at the town of Marshall. The
third belt is found in heavy outcroji at and below Warm

3t> GEOLOGICAL BUBYKY

Springs. Thia i.s a compact, blue and gray I: ircely

stalline.

KABSLR.

I have no statistics at hand to show the quantity
this material, which is annually imported into I
from the quarries of Massachusetts and Vermont, and the
amount of money which pass a i our b - i pay-

ment; but any one who ha

rich is done In our marble yards, and still
who will consult the c - how ma

of vessels and how many thousands of laborers arc •
in the two States above mentioned, to furnish us and our

ibors with ornaments for our homes ;ui<l mbnumeo
our dead, will be surprised at the magnit

i. If this were inevitable, there would be no pr
propriety in Bpeaking of it here. But the fou
for we have within our own borders an abundance of marble,
equal to the best imported article. The li;.. si of Valley
river is all marble, although it is not every wh< ently

from flaws and impurities for ornamental uses. There

veral quarries, however, where the rocks crop out in

tine quality and grain. The track of the pn | -

railroad lies along the line of these quarries, and will be

built, for many miles, upon hods of solid marble. It is ol

.il shades of col< r g ally white and blue t«> bluish-
grey. I have seen specimens also ol a One mottled (blue and
white) variety, from the head of Valley river. But the
grained and tinted specimens are found on Ri . M
and Nantehaleh riv< r. The most beautiful sb
and rose, to flesh colored. I b a ani

part of the world superior to

DON
1 found, in its various forms of ore, in most of the

rn counties, but its most important localil
kee and Mitchell. ] re worthy to be mentioned with the

Iron mountain of Missouri. Their i

OF HOBTH-CABOLINA. 37

to tlie ( laae known as hematite. It -a along with each

of the parallel subdivisions of the lim .stone, Bometim
both sides of them. It outcrops in in b masses along
ley, on Hiawassee at the junction of Valley river, on

Pear.. and the whole length of Valley river, an

__ _ distance of twenty-five miles. One oi th

which appears on Peachtree, is a soft, uncompacted brown

ochre, which fa mined for paint. Tins bed is well de-

I in the upper portion of the valley of Valley river, on

Paint creek, and again above Valleytown. The ores from

mam - beds have been wrought in the common bloom-

.untry, (of which there were, perhaps, half-a-

d in the county,) and even under this mode of treat:

11 a larg _ Fgood quality.

And I • Is of slaty ore. which are not workable in such
open forges sily smelted in a blast furnace.

It is apparent, therefore, that there exist in Cherokee
count; favorable conditions for the manufactu

iron on scale. Tin sje rivers flow along and

S > of these iron n ' ' ?, furnishing unlimited
v. and at all points ; the ore is interstratified with lime-
for rluxiug; and tl ghboring mountain slopes

abound with fuel. And if this were not sufficient, the distance
is only twenty-live miles to the State line, where a rail road
will shortly bring mineral fuel from Chattanooga. Nothing
is wanting but transportation, to develop here a manufactur-
iual to any on the continent
1 | rincipal iron bed is that of Mitche 1 county,

near I of Toe river. This ore is found in the g:

ore. It occurs in an
bed of hornblende slate and synite, near the b I
the Yellow mountains and a few miles from the State line. The
outer the lower slope of the mountain, perhap 200

feet above its base, and reveals a network of heavy M v
or b l>. i xtending i.\\-r everal acres of surface, It is inex-
haustible in quantity. The iron manufactured in the bloom-
igl pas 1 _ lebrated tor its

tenacity and durability, and is admirably adapted to the man-
• -1. It is known ;js the Cranberry iron, from a

38 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

small stream near the ore ban's. Here, also, exist th< :
natural facilities for the manufacture of iron. Water-power
and fuel in the greatest prolusion are at hand, and the only
difficulty here too, is in the matter of transportation, which.
however, could be readily overcome.

Magnetic ore is found in many other localities, and no
doubt this Cranberry ore will be discovered in other outcrops
in these mountains. Ore of the same character, appears at the
Western base of the mountain, at Flat Bock, which is proba-
bly a continuation of the same series of beds. Magnetic ore
occurs near Marshall also, in Madison county, and again near
Fines creek, in Haywood; in each case, having the sam<
i .lion of hornblendic rocks. It is also found in Macon
inty at .several points, here in a garnetiferous mica schist.
Hematite ore occurs al one or two points in Buncombe, and a
bed of it also overlies the limestone in Transylvania county.
appearing again with it on the North Fork in McDowell.
This association with limestone, which occurs so frequently,
is not accidental, but points to the origin of ti.

GOLD.

There are two principal "gold regions" in tlie mountain
section, one in Cherokee, the ether in Jackson. The cold
belt of ( herokee is in the same body of slates which carries
the limestone and iro <.. It is found both in veins and super-
ficial deposits. Tic sands of Valley river yield profitably
through a targe part of its course, and some very rich
•• washings " have be >n found along its tributary streams on
the north side. The origin of this gold IS very near the
limestone. A remarkably rich vein has been opened near the
town oi Murphy, known as N . 6, which immediately under-
lies the marble. This is a silver-lead quartz vein, in which is
embedded a large per centage of free gold. There is a strong
probability ot other similar veins having Furnished the golden
sands of the river and streams above mentioned.

On the southeast of the limestones is also a & riesof " dig^
gings" alom;- the lower slopes of the mountains, from near
Valleytown to Vengeance creek, a distune, of 12 or \~> miles.

OK NORTH-CAROLINA. 39

The gold is found here in the drift which covers the lower
spurs and terminal ridges of the mountains lying south of
Valley river. The drift-beds have a depth of 10 to 20 feet
and an elevation above the river of 150 to 200 feet, and are
remarkable ior the great size of their quartz boulders and
their very large and abundant stanrotide crystals. These last
indicate, with a good degree of probability, that the gold
here is derived from the talco-micaeeous slates, ^several miles
to the southeast) where these crystals are found in place.

At one point, the Parker mine, extensive arrangements
had been completed at the opening of the war for working
these deposits by the hydraulic, or hose process. For this
purpose wdter was conveyed three or four miles along the
lace of the mountain in canals and aqueducts so as to gain
the necessary elevation.

The continuation of this gold belt southwestward across
the country, is rendered, probable by the existence of several
valuable mines in this direction beyond the Hiwassee, as the
T\ arren mine on Brasstown creek and others on NottleFy riv-
er, in the edge of Georgia. These being vein mines, may, on a
proper invesligation, lead to the discovery of the original
source of the deposits above described.

The gold of Jackson county is also obtained almost entirely
from •• washings." These are situated chiefly along southern
slopes of the Blue Ridge, near Hogback and Chimney To])
mountains. The most important locality is Fairfield Valley,
where Georgetown creek, one of the head steams of the
Toxaway, is said to have yielded between two and three hund-
red thousand dollars. The deposits extend several miles along
these i levated basins and have by no means been exhausted.
The origin <>f the -old here is doubtless to be sought in veins
in the Blue Ridge, which rises as aprecipitous wall of grey
gneiss, sheer up from the valley 7 or SOU feet, on the north
and east ; and it is along the base of this wall. whereGeorge-
town creek has cut a deep channel across it that the gold
is principally obtained. The deposits in Transylvania county
east of the Blue Ridge, on the headwaters of French Broad,
will probably be found to have the same origin, and are pro-
bably a continuation of the same belt.

I -

I itm not aware of the exist' i mountain

pt in what I have call use

it is in this county that the formation n ts principal

ment, although it crosses the whole breadth
51 te, and haa yielded copper at several points in Macon, on
and Haywood on x\v oth< r.

racter of the formation haa already
ii. The feature, which it i.^ moat imj ortant to r<
worthy ial attention, is the existence of .numerous I

nd hornblende alate throughout the tract. The
relation of these to the mag iron ore ha

pointed out. They also carry the copper. All th
mine8 I have seen in this region ahowthia peculiarity. Th
tie; »ita g m, in met, m>t to 1»- the true veins in th
although they are in the popular) but impn
. of tii.-- sun. ith those of the Ducktown mil

but belonging to an entirely distinct j
The iupiea the whole middle poi

oty, from the head waters of Tuck - g river, northward

Savannah creeks, and probably several m
•ml. None of the deposits have been properly •
and ex] ae to afford an opportunity for a full and b I

iminatdon ; but eo far bas been done, many

i-l them are <>i' the m< rat promising character,and the il veins "

unusual ante. The principal pouts where miii
operations have rried on are Cullowhee, Waryhut and

Savannah, although work has be< n done and aymptoms of the
prea i at many other pla tell

. trl< .-.I. Panther Knob, Wolf

The ore at Cullowhee, where the best i xpoeure haa b en
made, (although onlj of it hash, m touched even

hen it or nine feet thick ; at Waryhutjive or aix i

Savannah, where there are several ••veins." or

which haa been opened is nine or ten feet. In
>t' the above localities copper was found within a '

OF NORTH-CAROLINA.

41

feet of the surface. The outcrop in all cases is the mineral
known among miners as " gossan," really an ore oi iron,
(limouite or hematite) and has resulted from the .
and decomposition oi the exposed ore, which is "yeUow
copper.'' or copper pyrites, from which the copper and sulphur
have been removed to a considerable depth by the chemical
action of the atmosphere.

■ I rossan" occurs at many points throughout the Jacks* n
comity belt, the beds running with the strata, northeast and
southwest, in some cases a single bed being traceable, inter-
ruptedly, almost across the breadth of the county. Such an
nut' rep is visible on Chink Knob near Tennessee 1\.
associated with a heavy bed of hornblende slate, and also
apanied by a garnetaferous mica slate.

These copper deposits will, no doubt, under a judicious
system of mining, (not speculation) give rise to many valuable
mines. This will require capital, however, which of course
will be slow to seek investments here, until means of trans-
portation to market shall have been provided.

Here is undoubtedly one of the most interesting mineral
regions of the State, both scientifically and economically, and
it merits a thorough exploration; which of couse I couldnot
give it in the two weeks devoted to this county.

In the above brief sketch of a few of the more important
minerals and mineral localities of this region, of course many
points have been omitted which are of great interest to the
Geologist and Mineralogist, because time does not allow me
to introduce them here. In fact this description is too hurried
to do justice even to the practical aspects of the Bubject; and
many points which my rapid survey did not permit me to
examine at all, have been reserved for future investigation.

AGRICULTURE.

A few observations of a general character is all that can be
attempted here.

Climate. The latitude of the middle of the mountain
plateau is about 3o.V\ and the average elevation over °.<M)0
feet; and since 50U feet of difference of elevation are about

43 GEOLOGICAL SUIIVKY

'. in tliiu.it I < • effect, in the temperate zone, to 1° ofdiffer-
i uce of latitude, the climate will be found to correspond to
t .al of northern Virgiuia and southern Pennsylvania.

. From the description already given of the rocks, the
al character of the soil may be readily inferred. A
peculiarity which strikes all strangers on first visiting this
i is that the mountains are clothed, quite to their tops,
with the heaviest forest growth. And when- this is not bo,
which are bare of trees, are covered with a crop of
indigenous grasses. It is Beldom that bare rocky summits
'in. as is bo frequently the case further north, in the
■ mountains for instance. These tacts indicate at once
the presence of a substantial soil, even at the greatest eleva-
tions. Its average quality for the whole section is quite
equal to that of the middle region of the State; and the
alluvial soils along many of the rivers will compare favorably
v.ri: the best lands in the country.

Timber is found every where in the greatest variety and
abundance. In addition to the oaks and ether species which
grow further east, there are here, in many localities, forests
of sugar maple, walnut, wild cherry, white pine and black lo-
cust,and other timbers which will one day become an import-
an1 source of business and profit.

/' odvcfs- Corn. oats, rye and the common potato flourish
throughout this region, and constitute the staple products.
Wheat does well in several counties, particularly in Madison
and Haywood. The grasses, especially timothy, herd, orchard.
blue, and clover, grow luxuriantly. The highesi mountain
summits, ridges and plateaus are natural meadows j good
summer range is abundant everywhere, and there are large
on the higher table lands, where are two or three
species of grasses which remain green through the winter. —
Hence cattle and Bbeep-raising are among the most profita-
ble occupations.

There is probably no better region for fruit in the Onited

States. Apples -row almosl spontaneously, and there are
many seedling varieties which have originated here, thai are
equal to the most celebrated exotics. And I have seen ap-
ples of gi od quality growing wild on the tops of mountains

OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 49

nearly five thousand feet high, where the seed had probably
been accidentally dropped by the hunter.

Tobacco also, flourishes remarkably in this region. Indeed

I do not remember having seen it grow better anywhere than
in Cherokee, for example. Andfrom the abundance of felds-
par in the rocks, and hence of alkali in the soil, (as is also
evidenced by the remarkable prevalence of hickory growth,)
of the southern half of Jackson county, this section also will
no doubt, be found to be specially adapted to this crop. Here
is then the suggestion of a new industry which might be-
come an important resource to the inhabitants.

Probably more than $100,000 are annually put into circu-
lation in the mountain region, in payment for indigenous
medicinal roots which are gathered chiefly in the rich coves
and on the highest ridges. Among these are ginseng, snake-
root of several species, and pinkroot. The first named is the
most important, and has long been the basis of a considera-
ble trade. I was not able to get a reason for the neglect to
cultivate this valuable plant, and could not learn that the ex-
periment had ever been tried. The high price which it bears
and the large and constant demand abroad would certainly
justify such an effort to improve so obvious a hint of na-
ture.

CHAPTER III.

A BRIEF 8UMMARY ON THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA.

Tie- result of the different surveys and explorations which
have been made up to this time, are scattered, as we have
seen, through a scries of reports and documents by different
authors, and at times considerably distant; some of them are
out of print and all of them scarce, so that possibly not half
a dozen individuals. — perhaps hardly two libraries in the
State possess them all.

A bri 'f resume, or condensed statement seems therefore to
be required, of at least those results which have an immedi-

44 geologj i:v

pment of our mineral
. a For want of tiro pare a fuller and more

naivi :it ni' the whole Burvey, the following

- summary on " The Minerals of North I
.11 itially the Bame paper which I pr

ed for publication a short ti reundertakin

survey. The sul stance of it, sith the

the extn
81 . with which I 1- iquainted i. >f my

exploration during th<

m.
A. e - I pnnciples, and a fe

a ! _ - '

-w-ill ! thesubjecl rj ile. Th

ondition of the rocks of a reg
waysanintim I m its mountain s The

t-crop of the strata, n rally

- - direction of the doin
a* 1. Thus tlr- different be -

itineut fall into parall< h the

val <>f the Apalachian Bystem'. T
direction of the Blue Ridge, th<

il meridian t<» which all the r North

< ina must L This dir action a lorth-

y one hae
of ti. _ - iral the trap dyki

ral veins, imiuantly in our lati-

•

. all trending away I nortL-

at. S that in p ussing from th tount-

iu ..ur track the upturn* _ - I
lue i«» the distril

g ..• lit oft!

[n the study of the metalliferous minerals, it is h
r in mi.. _ '. that they are t

! y disturbance and upheaval, in
r eruptiv<
with Blates; and second, that their oc-

OF XOIITH-CAROLLVA. 45

currence is most frequent in the oldest formations, the Pri-
mary and lower Secondary.

The rocks of North Carolina belong to this lowest horizon,
being wholly included, with the unimportant exception of the
cbaltields, in the Primary group. 80 that we are prepared lor
the statement that there is hardly to be found a territory of
the same extent, with so great a variety of valuable minerals.
In tin: treatment of this subject, it will be sufficiently precise
for our purpose to divide the useful minerals into two classes,
namely, the metalliferous ores, which occur mostly in veins,
as gold, copper, &c, and earthy minerals and rocks, which
are found mostly in beds, as coal, limestone, &c.

Under the first division, occur gold, silver, copper, lead,
zinc, iron and tungsten, and here, for convenience, may be
added the diamond; and under the second, may be men-
tioned, as occurring in this State under such circumstances, as
lender them economically valuable, coal, marl, limestone,
marble, architectural granite, san stone, porphyry, iiiv-stone.
burstone, grindstone grit, whetstone slate, roofing-slate,
alum and copperas slates, soapstone, serpentine, agalmatolite,
fire-clay, graphite, garnet, barytes, mangauese, oil slates, and
chromate of iron.

COAL.

The second division, being most important, will first claim
attention ; and first among these coal.

The value of this mineral is too well known to r< quire
Statement even. The development of all arts and industries
is connected with its abundance and cheapness. It is found
in two districts in North Carolina, known ns the Deep River
and Dan River coalfields. In both, the coal is bituminous,
and occupies a narrow tract of country along the course of
the rivers from which they respectively take their names.

These beds, therefore, follow in their outcrop the general
direction of the rocks of the country. The Dan River bid if«
distant from market, and has been little explored. There
is an outcrop in Rockingham and Stokes countii s, > am

being four feet thick. The Deep River bed is better known,

4.6 GEOLOGICAL SUKYEY

and probably more extensive. It Lb described in detail, in the

G ological Reports of Dr. Emmons, for I860 and L856, and

also by Admiral Wilkes, in his report to the Secretary of the

Navy, in 1859. Aecoiding to these authorities, this <■< al if

the best quality, well adapted to the manufacture of iron and

s, and is inexhaustible in quantity. They represent it as

extending over an area ol more than forty square miles, and

taining more than 6,000,000 of tons to each square mile.

This bed, therefore, would yield 1,000,000 b ds annually, for

ral hundred yeai

OLL.

These North Carolina coalfields are cotempomneous with
those ofVirginia, and belong to an age more recent than the
Apalachian coal formation, which raugt a from Pennsylvania
to Alabama. They belong to the I - ondary.

The bituminous slatei it< <1 with the coal are stn ngly

impregnated with organic pi* ducts, Dr. Emmoi
•• From thirty to forty gallons of crude Keroe ex st in

ry ton of these slates. They are from fifty to seventy I
thick, and it is proper to state, that it is a hitter <>il than is
furnished from coal." The coal lies in a trough-like depres-
sion, which extends from Granville county, in a south-v
direction, into South Carolina. This trad is occupied, in its
whole length, by a heavy bed of sand st-nvs. of the sanies
with the coal They are identical in appearance, quality and

. with the brown-stone of Connecticut valley, which i>
extensively used as a buildii in New Fork and else-

where. These sand stun'- are also extensively quarried for
grindstones, for which they are well adapted.

IXRB-CLAY, .vc.

- of fire-clay, nls<>. are interstratified with the coaL —
This mineral is found in various parts of the Stat'-, conspicu-
ously in Gaston county. There are live or six parallel belts
sandstone and quartzite, belonging to tin- older rocks,
which ti the State in the prevailing direction, and in

OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 47

which are found various grades of building-stones, fire-stones
and grindstones. According to Dr. Emmons, one of these
passes eastward of Raleigh, another a few miles to the west-
ward, and a third crosses the counties of Montgomery. Ran-
dolph and Orange. The well-known lire-stones of Gast
Lincoln and Catawba, occur in the fourth belt, which crops out
along the line of upheaval of King's mountain. Crowder's
mountain and Little mountain. This rock in places assumes'
the character of white granular quartz, (saceharoidal quartz
of the mineralogist i and attain sufficient purity to be used in
the manufacture of glass. Linville mountain, in McDowell
county, at the eastern base of the Blue Ridge, is chiefly made
up of the same rock. Here is found the flexible sandstone
Itacolumite of the mineralogist) in which the diamond oc-
curs in other parts of the world.

«

LIMESTONE.

In addition to the lour beds of this rock in the western
counties, there are two beds east of the Blue Ridge ; one is
in McDowell county, along the North Fork, the other cros- -
the State from King's mountain, along through Gaston. Lin-
coln and Catawba to Stokes. There is also a small bed of
marly limestone eight or ten miles in length in the north-
western part of Wake county.

PORCELAIN CLAY, AC

Agalmatolite constitutes another member of the sandstone
group in at least two of the zones, being found in this con-
nection in Montgomery and Chatham, as well as on the Nan-
tehaleh river, and across Cherokee county. This rock is mis-
called soapstone. which it resembles in some of its properties
and uses.

It is developed here on a large scale, and in no part of the
world is found in greater purity or extent. Its uses in the
arts are manifold, being substituted for graphite in luhrica.
tion. and for soap-stone in furnaces, prepared as a cosmetic
and a pigment, and manufactured into soap, into ornaments.

i ] GEOLOGICAL si kVKV

.•hi. I the tiii'-r kinils of porcelain wan-. It has been < sported to*
this latter purpose La large quantities to New York, arid to
Germany,

GRAPHITE.

H, .. . alg •. belong the famous graphite, or plumbago bedu
of Wake county, being found immediately under the sand
. or quartzite. It occurs, likewise, in the same connec-
tion,in the Catawba belt, and scattered through several coun-
ties westward* The uses of this mineral are well known and
important, the principal of which are, for the so-called lead
Is, for crucibles, lor paints, for lubrication and for elec-
ling, <fec« The Wake county mines have been worked
to a considerable extent, and will, no doubt, be re-opened. Dr,
Emmons and Prof. Olmsted pronounce these the most im-
portanl beds of this mineral known.

The quartz lock of this --roup in Montgomery, takes th<
form of a buhrstone, which is supposed to be valuable for the
manufacture of millstones. This mineral is also found mar

Webster, in Jackson county, and on Nantehaleh river, in

■ n.

BGAP8TONB, WBJ I JTON1 8, 40,

Soapstone aud serpentine of good quality arc found in va
tarts of the State, for example, in Wake. Moore, Orange
Randolph, Mecklenburg and Caldwell, and west of the 131m
Ridge there is a remarkable dykeof serj i ntine and chlorite
Blates, traversing the State from (May to Mitchell, which carries
a great variety of mineral-, interesting to the mineralogist,
and one at least that might become valuable economically.

Here is one of the fev veins of chromate of iron found in
the United States. This mineral yields a larger. number of
valuable paints than any other substance known. The slate
formation, which occupies a tract of the Slate, not less than
forty miles in width, lies w est of the COal rocks of Deep river
and ext< nds in a north-east direction, from Anson and Union

counties on the southern border, to the Virginia Line. I

OF NORTH CAROLINA. 49

slates constitute a notable feature in the geology of the State,
and, in addition to the interest which attaches to the nume-
rous mines along its north-western border, they contain ex-
tensive beds of roofing-slates, wheteone-slatee and turkey
hones, (novaculite.) Scythe-stones are also found on the Nan*
tehaleli, of good quality and in great abundance.

AI-/l\M AND COPPERAS*

Alum and copperas slates abound in many parts of the
JState, and have been extensively brought into requisition
during the stress of the late war. The counties of Cleave-
land and Rutherford -alone contain not less than 100 square
miles of these rocks, and could easily supply the continent
with copperas. This material is derived by tli^e process of
weathering, from the iron pyrites which is disseminated in
great abundance, and in a state of extreme comminution
through the slates, many of which, being feldspathie, yield
also alum-,

MINERAL SPRINGS.

The pynrotts character of these rocks accounts also for the
numerous mineral springs, sulphur and chalybeate, for which
this region is noted. Among these, Wilson's springs are the
best known. They belong both to the white and red sulphur
waters, as they are called, and have no superior in Virginia
or elsewhere. Mineral waters are not limited to this region
however. No section of the State is destitute of them, and
in the mountains they are found every where.

BARYTES

Is found in Orange, in the mines of Cabarrus and Mecklen-
burg, also in Gaston and Madison counties; and manganese
in Cabarrus and Gaston as well as in Lincoln, Catawba and
elsewhere.

GEOLOGICAL SCR

MABL.

This valuable material is liberally scattered

- found in every d
of purity and consolid m a mere aggp _ loose

mpaet li: ■ suitable for building,

or for burning into lime. The famous Bath stone of London
is matched by some of ti. - The mai . rally

found near the surface and easily accessible. The i:

mineral manure x<> the agriculture

of the State is not fully appreciated. Our only

og \ derstand tial part "*i play*

.-table growth, and its important rela-
. -" i ils.

"ther divit*ion of minerals, the metallife-
rou9 i

To the unpracticed eye. nothing i i em ts a pietui

n disorder and chaos than the rocks, particularly in a
: great disturbance, as in a mountain- us country,
ma truly "A land ot darkness, without any order.
and v light is as darkness." And yet, at the touch

. older ri - - -\ lighl >neadi-

•v-r this darkness. In a r _ : the wildest ri<>T ol disor-

der. >. ad inversion, under the ] atienl

and inevitable ii • . the u\ over-

l, and distorted strata fall into rank and regularity
_ certain axes and group I I cer-

tain centres. Afl the sar I the pre-

were found to acknowledge certain relation-
and toward a oontrotting geological meridian,
■o it will appear that the metallifen

at random and as if by chanoi within the limitations

already stated, of a disturbed area and a loi - gical hori-
zon) but have a subordinate grouping and a palpable ar-
•it.

OF NORTH CAROLINA. 51

IRON.

And lirst of iron, king of metals; so, because it constitutes
the very frame-work, as it were, of our material civilization,
without which the whole fabric would vanish like the tabled
ship on approaching the magnetic mountain. North GarolL
na is peculiarly fortunate in the possess a of an abundance of
iron ore, and bo widely distributed and in so immediate juxta-
position with t- . oliier materials and means for eiuelting it.
that each section, except the sea-b«^trd counties, can produce
its own supply. These ores ocecupy chiefly Ave or six nar-
row tracts, or districts, which have an obvious relation to the
mineral belts already pointed out.

This relation is most obvious and most immediate in the trans-
Catawba tract, the ore being found in heavy veins along- the
outcrop of the sandstone from King's mountain through Gas-
ton, Lincoln and Catawba, to Stokes and Surry. A second
belt extends through Montgomery, Randolph and Guilford.
A third has its largest development in Chatham in the neigh-
borhood of the coal, but makes its appearance also in John
son and Orange.

In the coal-beds themselves, according to the high author-
ities already cited, exists an important deposit of iron ore in-
terstratified with the coal. West of the Blue Ridge, and not
far from the sandstone belt, is one of the most valuable accu-
mulations of iron ore to be found in tin- country. It has been
long famous for the line quality of the metal which it yields.
The ore lies at the base of the Yellow mountain in Mitchell
county, and is found at several points in a south-west direct i< m
in Madison and Haywood.

Another bed accompanies the limestone of McDowell and
Transylvania, and one of tin' most important and extensive
deposits in the country, crosses the entire breadth of Cher-
okee. It will doubtless be found elsewhere in the further in-
vestigation of the minerals of this almost unexplored moun-
tain region. The ore is found at several points outside of
these well marked districts. It belongs commonly to the va_
riety known as magnetic. To this, however, there are many
exceptions. Specular or hematite ore often replaces it, or is as-

GEOLOGICAL SCRVLT
■

- dated with it. The ore at, several of the points mentioned is
well adapted to the manufacture of steel.

The manufacture of iron had attained to considerable im-
portance in the State previously to the late war, during which,
of course, this industry received a great impetus. And when
our system of Internal Improvements shall have been com-
pleted, this will doubtless become one of the most important
manufactures in the State.

GOLD.

Gold mining' commenced in North Carolina about fift}
▼ears ago. The first impulse was given to the business by
the accidental discovery of some large nuggets in Cabarrus
and Anson counties. Previously to the year 1820. not more
than $50,000 had been obtained. In 1863, the aggregate yield
was not less than $10,000,900; which would make an ave-
rage annual yield of 82.30.000. The larger part of this was
obtained from a small area comprising about half a dozen
counties, lying chiefly alon the Peedee and lower Catawba,
but extending north-east from Mecklenburg and Anson to
Guilford. Mere, as eh where, the first mining was confined
to '•surface-diggings/' And in 1824. Professor Olmsted, of
the University, then tate Geologist, expressed doubts about
the existence of gold veins in that region.
In California. Australia, along the Amies ami the Ural, —
erywhere, in ancient and modern times, these superficial
deposits have been ti, chief source of the precious metal, and
have been generally more remunerative than vein-mines.
And it is in this detritus of sand, gravel and clay, that nearly
all the large masses, or nuggets, of gold have been found.
They seldom OCCUr in veins, although these detrital accumu-
lations are doubtless the debris of denuded veins. In North
Carolina, however, vein-mining soon obtained great promi-
nence; and the larger part of the whole product in this State-
has been derived Iron, this source. Some single mines in the
gold region have yielded from one to two millions. Audit*

these mines have not been uniformly profitable, it is because
they have been generally wrought with little science, or

OF XOimi CAROLINA. 53

economy. Oi'crin<nt, in his work on Metallurgy, has recorded
Jus conviction that these mines, under proper management, wovld
he more profitable than those of California.

Although the mines are more numerous and important in
the region indicated, yet they are by no means restricted to
so narrow a district. Many valuable mines occur far outside
of this "gold region," as in Moore and Franklin, on the cast,
and in Gaston, Catawba, Burke, Jackson and Cherokee.

The vein-gold of this State is usually found in a ganguc of
quartz, or disseminated in a slaty veinstone ; and is commonly
associated with iron and copper pyrites. This association al-
most universally prevails below the water-level. These mines,
therefore, are of the same character as those of California and
Colorado, and the new methods which have been devised
during the last few years, to meet the difficulties of working
this class of ores will doubtless be found applicable here.

SILVEK.

It will be observed that the richest gold mines lie along
and near the line of contact of the slates and granite. And
it is also along this line that the principal silver mines of
this State are found. The most noted of these is at Silver
Hill, in Davidson county. The combination of metals here is
quite complex, — including, with the silver, gold, lead, copper
and zinc. A chain of similar mines runs south-west along the
western border of the slates, including the McMakin and
Stewart mines. During the war, the first named of these
mines yielded a considerable quantity of lead. It had been
previously worked chiefly tor silver and gold. The same as-
sociation of metals occurs in Cherokee.

LEAD AND ZINC.

Lead has not been found in quantities to justify operation
elsewhere in the State, although its existence has been ascer-
tained in several localities in the mountain region, as in .Mc-
Dowell and Cherokee. Both the silver and lead of North

54 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Carolina are found, mostly in combination with sulphur in
ia.
Z ifl not known to occur in th< State, □ the

iation and localities.

C0PPEI:.

long known as an accompaniment of gold

the mines of that i. Uy in those which

within the belt of granite bordering the e s on the

iny of these, which were originally operated as

gold mines abandoned on accoi

- with the depth ; and it within

that s iveral of them have bee:.
A a usideral li raantity of thii
ed, chiefly from th Ghiilford. And ac well-

established fact that copper veins improve dowi ad as

thee the goldi gion, and have re< entlj

found also of a very promising character in As iinty, and

mown to extend in a well-marked belt of iring

rocks tiiv _'. - •: of the intiee many

promising mil

ty. there i ty that cop er-mining will 1

an imp at The mountain i

. little explored, th< _ _ surveybi ircery

been carried beyond the Catawba, bui ie
of the richest mineral sections of the Si
of the most interesting and attractive •
agricultural capabilities lubrity of ita 1 the

grandeur and variety of its scenery, contain b, the

most elevated table-lands, and loftiest mountain ranges to !>-•
found in the Atlantic Si I

TUNGSTEN.

Tungsten, a metal which was long merely a 1 cu-

riosity, but h nied a high vaha-. parti* alarly

relation to the manufactui ccurs

TUB.

OF N'OBTH CAROLINA. 55

DIAMONDS.

Several valuable diamonds have been found in the trans-
Catawba country, in Lincoln and Rutherford counties.

From this very rapid survey of the minerals of North Car-
olina, several facts worthy of note are evident: first, that.
though widely distributed, they ;ire not scattered at random,
but follow a certain order of grouping and association ; so
that the probability of the occurrence of a given mineral in
any particular locality can be approximately ascertained be-
fore examination.

Again, it is evident that this State is abundantly supplied
with the more important and valuable minerals, those which
are essential to the permanent and successful development of
our agriculture and manufactures. Among these must be
always first named iron, coal, and lime. Of the first two it
has been seen that there is the greatest profusion. Of lime,
however, it may be supposed that there is a deficiency. It
is true that we have no such immense territory of limestone
as is found in some of the other States ; and yet. upon con-
sid- ration, it will be apparent that nature has provided an
abundant store for all possible needs. The tertiary region
in the east finds an ample supply for the purposes of agricul-
ture and architecture in its widely diffused beds of marl.
And although the farmer of the middle and western sections
may not always find an imperative need of this fertilizer, his
soils being frequently derived by disintegration from rocks
which contain a considerable per centage of lime, yet, since
the breadth of the State is traversed at comparatively short
interval.- by a number of outcrops of limestone, which are
crossed almost at right angles by our rivers and many of our
rail roads, i1 is thus brought within convenient reach oi' almost
every neighborhood. Nature has denied us only two of the
more important mineral deposits, salt, and gypsum, (and they
may yet !>•• discovered in the sandstone of the coal.) But of
these two there is an unlimited store just across our borders,
within easy reach by a short line of rail road, ol our net-
Work of proposed and completed rail roads and of our rivers.
Taking, then, in one view, our resources of iron, coal, and

56 GEOLOGICAL SUB VET

lime, of gold and copper, and the great variety of other min-
erals i if subordinate but real a d increasing value, it is suffi-
ciently apparent that our State has here the foundation of
indefinite wealth and prosperity ; and that there is wanting
t'> these ends only a vigorous prosecution of our system of
internal improvements on the part of our Legislature, and
intelligence, industry and enterprise on that of our citizens.

Doc. No. 27.] [Sks. 186S-V,;..

Ordered to he Printed.

REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST.

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA,
E X ECUTIY E Department,

Raleigh, March 2d, 1S69.

To the 11 the General Assembly of North Carolina :

Gentlemen: — I herewith transmit to the General Assem-
bly a report of Professor W. C. Kerr, State Geologist.

I respectfully in vice the attention of the General Assembly
to thh report and tu the importance ot encouraging a thorough
Geological Survey of the State.
I have the honor to he.

With great respect.

Your obedient servant,

W. W, IIOLDEN,

Governor.

Document No. .:.

THE PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGI
CAI SURVEY OF NORTH CAROLE

Rai.eigiIj February. - -
To I >J. V\*. YV. HoLOEZTj

bmit tlic foil
rt of tliL- progress of 1 Sui

-
It was ray expectation to be able to finish tl liminurv

[ the £ _ the

: ;i unavoidable interruption. d< m unfa-

weather and ca:' to intsi rair-

~ion prevented the eompl Iraent of

>nt two ; : k to

brii _ >n into c

tion with the1 which termin

in the tier oi Counti in the '

tain, — <

the J be

st >bedient servant,

W. C. KERR,
-

1868-'69.] Document No. 27.

PREFACE.

In pursuance ot tlie plan proposed and explained in the for-
mer report, my attention has been given mainly to the wes-
tern section of the State. It is necessary, by way of re-state-
ment of the reasons for this course, to say. that all the reports
published by my predecessors are confined to the eastern and
middle Counties. The 'whole labor of the survey hitherto
having been expended on a part only of the State, to the
entire exclusion of another part, constituting one fourth of it?
territory, there remained no room for hesitation in deciding
where my labors should commence. And in the decision
reached, the Executive and the supervisory board unanim-
ously concurred. This iteration is made for the benefit ot
those who have failed to see, or to note, or to remember the
former statement.

And there is a class of persons, whose number is not as
small as it ought to be, who forget how gloriously large a
State North Carolina is. larger than the Empire State oi New
York ; over fifty thousand square miles of area, live hundred
miles ot length and the very respectable breadth ol mure than
two and half degrees ot latitude : — who forget, also, that in a
very considerable part of this territory there is no steam, "to
-peak vi\" and in much of it the roads are only so-called, and
moreover, that, (however singular it may seei i,) in this verv
same region there are several considerable hills, — some hun-
dreds of them, much more than a mile high, which while it
is admitted that they add much to the interest and pictur-
esqueness of the scenery, (and I would by no moans petition
the Legislature to have them removed, or their shadows made

38,) yet are not remarkable for the facilitation which thev

4 Document Xo. 27.

• ravel and locomotion. Now it selythfo]

which ha9 fallen to my lot to explore, and in
travelled more than tour tl

1 under the en-

if much mountains, little roads am:
. By way _ who

evidently buj se thai :!al qua!

*iat atte:

• _. . .
impossible a time.

■ "
e work _ I of the best mock

. " will be seen thai I
- farm in 1 State,

nd there are ren

.'red thai
uare miles there is much
equally entitled to atteir
If i
-

would be mnch
rapid procednre I

■

E
ditioiis.

3 that it is apparent

_
- is e I in the report al

\amine :
-

■ >ut and
I
•

.rv Bnrvey of th<
. in whir n hither:

t and

lS68-'69.] Document No. 27. 5

tiona of these mineral districts. And the broad facts thus as-
certained, by myself, for the western, and by my predecessors,
for the other portions of the State will direct the future opera-
tions of the survey, rather than tfie wishes, advice, or dictation
of persons interested in particular ''properties.'' But when-
ever important enterprises are contemplated, or projected for
the developement of the resources of a region, I hold it to be
quite in the line of my duty to assist, by my personal presence,
if necessary and practicable. And for the benefit of those who
wish specimens of ores, marls, mineral waters <fcc., examined
I Mill add that such samples may be sent by mail or express,
and will be received and reported on, as heretofore, in the win-
ter season ; the summer being devoted entirely to field work.

But the less our people generally concern themselves about
minerals and mining, the better for them. The mineral wealth
of North Carolina has hitherto been a serious disad vantage.
Her mines have been almost entirely used for purposes of spec-
ulation and gambling. There has been (almost) no systematic,
scientific, and therefore profitable mining among us. Neither
the science, nor the art of mining is taught in our schools or
colleges, or understood by any class of our people. They read-
ily therefore fall a prey to imposters, ignoramuses and enthu-
siasts, who have already wrought incalculable mischief to the
true interests of the State, particularly in the western Counties,
by diverting the attention of our people from their proper em-
ployment and exciting vain and illusive hopes of realizing sud-
den and unearned fortunes. Many estates have been thus
squandered, and lives wasted in the mad pursuit of phantoms,
and much of the best energy of the country misdirected and
thrown away. No one can travel through our M-estern Coun-
ties without being made painfully aware of the prevalence and
the origin of these delusions, amounting in some cases almost
to lunacy.

Who, that has ever visited the western Counties, has failed
to hear the oft-repeated story of lead and silver mines discov-
ered and wrought by the Indians? There is scarcely a

Documknt >>*<■. -27. [Session

County that does not boast one or more traditions of this
sort. And it is surprising to observe with what credulity
tlie>e stories are repeated, and how little variation the legend
undergoes in changing its "local habitation" from County to
County. Now it is on Table Ruck : again on the slopes of
the Black : at the head of Lnftee ; on ( >ld Smoky : then at
the foot of Hogback, on Toxaway: — the Indiana need to
return every year at a certain season from the west (and. as
Mime affirm, and religiously believe, do still occasionally "re-
visit the gin:. - - the moon "i for the ostensible purpose ot
honoring the graves of their fathers and chasing once more
the deer, the wolf and the bear in their ancestral hunting
grounds,- — but really with the s*>le object of procuring lead
and silver ore, which they have been seen to "pack" oft t"
the great west ! Again, some old hunt?r. mow dead, or
moved west, or " wont tell ") got all his lead for hunting pur-

- - 'in a certain cove, on the side of a certain mountain,
at the fork of a certain creek : or an old counterfeiter (now a
fugitive, or in the penitentiary) used to coin silver quarters
and halves (vou can see them still in circulation '. i from an
ore gotten at a certain inaccessible locality, by a certain tree,
on a certain stream ; and every year, weeks and sometime-
months are spent in searching for the magic spot. O
sionallv the enthusiasm rises to the height of sending to the
tar west to fetch the '"old hunter." or the ancient "red man.*'
It be be alive, and can be found and can be persuaded by a
handsome bonus, to return, the (guest is renewed with re-
doubled ardor and hope; But, alas for the best-founded
human expectations, after week- of bush-beating, cliff-elimb-
ii<ir and laborious search through " rocks, caves, lakes. fens,

.-. <\i'n- and shades of death." it turns out that the wa\ -
marks have been obliterated by lime, bush and tree and stone
ai.d rill have changed their aspect, and nothing remains for it.
but that the old hero, in whom had centered so many hopes,
must renew his exile without the honors which awaited hint
successful.

LsOS-09] Document No. 27. 7

Less than a score ot years ago, lead and silver traditions
gave place to the wildest extravaganzas on the subject of OQjh
per mines. The whole mountain region was moved from its
propriety, ordinary avocations were abandoned, every nook
and corner, every rocky gorge and cliff and fastness of the
mountains was explored for "copper blossoms," the wildest
and ruggedest peaks were "shingled over a foot deep'1 with
new entries, the County Surveyor was urged to his utmost
exertion by extraordinary rewards, and the entry-taker be-
came the most important officer in the country, and in some
instances Mas so beset by the eager and impatient multitude
that he was fain to betake himself to the upper story of the
Court House, and from the safe elevation of the window
transact with the crowd below, issuing entry-papers from
•* morn to noon, from noon to dewy eve," — documents more
precious than gold certificates, or Erie bonds. Mining was
esteemed the only business worth a sane man's attention.
Miners, Cornishmen and itinerant " minerologists" were in
high repute and great request everywhere, and were followed
and heard with eager ears like some magician whose lightest
word could make or mar mens' fortunes. Every cabin was a
cabinet, and every man, woman and child a collector. The
mountains were scarred all over with mines, and holes were
blasted into the hardest rocks, if they happened to present
"the indications."

This singular state of things continued for several years,
and the amount of time, labor and money thus ridiculously
expended is incredible ; and the fanaticism has left its ves-
tiges in the character, habits and language of the people, and
is recognized in a distinct stratum of miners' slang in their
vernacular, — gossan, (often "goslings") deposit, hlow-wp, lead,
"blossoms, munddc, Oce., being "familiar in their mouths as
household words." And it is remarkably easy to renew the
excitement in any part of this region, as was evidenced by
the grand silver hunt last year in the I'naka and Beech
mountains.

* Document No. 27. [Session

One of ray most frequent and ungrateful tasks is U> unde-
ceive the victims of such impostures and delusions. A
geological survey twenty years old have forestalled

and prevented much of this mischief. And am I not right in
ing that the minerals of this region, at least, have been an
injury and a distad vantage thus tar t And it must be remem-
bered that the "copper-fever" was by no means confined to
the mountain region.

That there are valuable mineral deposits in the western
Counties is beyond question. Some of these have been indi-
cated in the former report, and others will be duly noted in
this. But it is palpably unwise and unprofitable to engage in
a business of which one does not know even the alphabet. For
every really valuable mine there are twenty that are utterly
worthless ; and yet to the unitiated they are all alike El Dorados.
most, the bare fact of the presence of gold, silver, copper.

sufficient assurance of a fortune ; since they are not aware
that in a hundred veins, there may not be two, or even one,
that wiUjpa/y. This is a problem that only the intelligent
raining engineer can solve, and he, only after ascertaining the-
-ize of the vein, its yield per toil of ore, the expense of mining
it, and of eliminating the metal afterwards. The--- are mat-
ters of experiment and calculation, and should be intrusted only
to an expert, just as one sends for a carpenter to build \i\>
house, or a surgeon to set a broken limb

There seems to be a very general impression that there is
some magi'- about the busi ne mysterious open sesame, by

which the secrets of the earth are unlocked. Indeed, my
barometer tube is often BUppOBed to be a mineral divining rod,
and the .question is soi gravely asked whether ther<

really any efficacy in the forked sticky which is >till used by a
class of vagabonds as a means of imposture.

It i> also due to the prevalence of some such vague and inde-
finite, and erroneous notions of the character and office ofgeol-
_ . that I am frequently sent for to examine and report on ;i
mine which has not been wrought for years ; so that the shafts

1868-69.] Document No. 27. 9

and tunnels are fallen in, or -filled with rubbish, or with water.
It ought to be obvious to common sense, that no examination,
experiment, or calculation can be made under such circum-
stances.

Such being the facts with regard to minerals and mining in
our State, we are shut up and unavoidably impelled to the
conclusion, which can hardly be too strongly stated, or too
frequently and earnestly urged upon the public attention, that
agriculture is the great and paramount economical interest of
our State; with which, indeed, all other interests together are
not to be mentioned in comparison.

In accordance with this view, I have given especial atten-
tion to whatever seemed likely to advance that interest. And
I have considered nothing so important to the real and perma-
nent improvement of the general agriculture of the State as
the universal and liberal use of lime, and have therefore inves-
tigated and noted every locality within the range of my ex-
plorations which offered any indications of the presence of this
mineral, and have every where urged its use. Hence also, on
former occasions, 1 have called attention to the existence of a
considerable bed of marl and limestone in the upper end of
Wake County, on the line of the Rail Road. There ought to be
a general arrangement with all Rail Road corporations in the
State by which Tone, if not all fertilizers, should be transported,
at least from all quarries within the State, at cost. And they
would find it to their interest to carry it free.

The recent very extensive introduction of phosphatic manures
into the agriculture of Europe and America, and the increa-
sing demand for these fertilizers among ourselves and the exor-
bitant prices at which they are sold, has led me to devote spe-
cial attention to the question of the existence of native phos-
phates within our borders. Having learned from good author-
ity that the black shales interbedded with the coal of Deep
River had been analyzed by my predecessor, and that be re-
ported a considerable percentage of phosphate of lime, I pro-
cured samples and bad the analysis repeated by an eminent

1" Document Jfp. 27. ■ [Session

Chemist of Charleston, South Carolina. The result, however,
showed a very trifling amount of that ingredient.

And upon the discovery of the remarkable deposits of bone

phosphates near Charleston. South Carolina, in the year eigh-
teen hundred and sixty-seven, having examined those beds, I
proceeded at once to explore the geologically similar formation
in t! rn part of North Carolina, as represented by the

marls, on the lower waters of Cape Pear, North East, Trent,
Ne and Tar rivers, having been led to expect the Bame de-
posit here, from several circumstances, but especially from the
considerable amount of phosphate reported by Dr. Emmons in
his analyses of the marls from that region. The result was,
however, negative as before. 1 propose to make a more ex-
tended examination in the Spring, for according to all the gen-
eral indication-, ir ought to be found here.

Duringthe year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, an ex-
amination was also made under Executive authority of the
mineral and other resources of a portion of the Deep River
and Gape Fear region, with a view to the location of a Peniten-
tiary, and a report submitted thereon.

During last winter, at the earnest request of the trustees and
faculty of the University, seconded by the Governor and Lite-
rary Board, a course of lectures, on Chemistry and Geology
was delivered at Chapel Hill for the benefit of the senior
class.

An excursion was also made, in the interest of geological
science, to Montgomery County to collect specimens of the re-
markable (supposed) fossil of Dr. Emmons, Palaeotrochis.
These have been distributed among some of the mosl eminent
palaeontologists of the country with the ho] f reaching a so-
lution of the question of their organic character, which has ex-
cited much interest among geologists.

The plan of the survey includes the collection, analysis and
exhibition <>n the shelves oi the museum of samples of the char-
acteristic soils oi every County in the State, together with the
subjacent rock from which it was derived, and its subsoil.

HoS-'G9.] Document Xo. 27. 11

A- -rated in the former report, there was no chemical labora-
tory connected with the survey, when I took charge of the
work in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-sis. I have col-
lected by degrees, a small apparatus, sufficient for qualitative
tests of ordinary ores, mineral waters. Arc: but for the quali-
tative analysis of a soil, or assay of an ore. the survey i- ?till
dependent on distant laboratories, outside of the State. By
devoting to this purpose a few hundred dollars each year as
heretofore from the current appropriation, an apparatus will
lie collected in a few years. But there is already a considera-
ble accumulation of specimens of rock, ores, marls and soils.
waiting analysis: and the number is constantly augmenting
from every quarter of the State. The above mentioned plan of
collecting from each County will add several hundred more.
And there is an increasing demand among our farmers for an-
alyses of soils, marls and other fertilizers ; which is us it
should be, since it is evident that our whole system of agricul-
ture i if system it may be called) must be reformed and placed
on a scientific basis. And the discovery of vast beds of the
raw material for the manufacture of the most important fertili-
zer, in the adjoining State will speedily reduce the cost of su-
perphosphates to one half the present rates, and increase the
use of them manifoldly. This will render still more obvious
the necessity of an inspectorship to protect our farmers from
the enormous frauds to which they have been subjected during
several years past, and from which there is no other adequate
means of protection : which inspectorship should be attached
to the chemical department of the survey. These fact;- show
the importance of having a state laboratory at once. The hope
of N<>rth Carolina is in her agriculture. There wants no ar-
gument to show this. Great as is her wealth in minerals, for-
ests and waterpower, it is after all, to her soil (with the means
of its indefinite improvement which exist in the marl and peat
beds of the east, the lime quarries of the west and the salt and
gypsum mines near her border.) that she must look for the res-
toration of her fallen fortunes, and for solid and permanent

12 Document No. 27. [Session

prosperity. And chemistry is the foundation of all rational
and successful agriculture.

collection has been made of minerals representing
the sections of the rock-formations above described, ami of ores
from the various mines. These will he displayed in the geo-
logical room recently fitted up for the purpose as soon as the
boxes of arms with which the building has been obstructed
shall l»e removed. The importance of such a collection be-
comes every day more apparent. A very wide interest has
i excited in the minerals of this State, and geologists, mi-
ners and capitalists from the Northern and Pacific States are
tin ti ally passing, and they generally come first to the Capi-
tal foi information, to get the geological reports and to see the
collection of minerals. In the latter point, I have not been
able to gratify them, for want of a cabinet room, although 1
have a verv full representation of the mineral deposits and
rock formations of the most inaccessible portions of the State,
which these explorers seldom penetrate.

Inasmuch as there are no fossils in the western part of the
State, verv little has been done in the way of palaeontology.
But hereafter my operations will include the fossiliferous marl
ami coal formations of the east, from which this department ot'
the Burvey will soon receive ample illustration.

During the last two seasons, I have had the valuable aid. in
the barometrical observations, of Captain W. Cain, Civil Engi-
neer and Mr. Charles Curtis, of Hillsboro', to whom I was
similarly indebted in my first campaign among the mountains.
The former also rendered important service in the tedious work
of computation.

I am also indebted for much timely help and furtherance to
a number of the intelligent, hospitable and public Spirited cit-
izens of several Counties, to whom I hereby make my grateful
acknowledgments.

1888 Document No. 27; 13

CHAPTER I.

LS'TRODUCTOP.T.

Tlie report of progress previously submitted, closed with a
brief and incomplete account of the tier of Counties along the
'■vest side of the Blue Ridge, including the plateau of the
French Broad.

The work was resumed here the next tho.u-

I eight hundred and sixty-seven,) and the preliminary sur-
onoisance completed for these Counties and ad-
vanced during th.at and the following year, (one thousand
lit hundred and sixty-eight, i so as to include, as the entire
ten-;- iry explored daring the two seasons, the following
C mti -. viz: Transylvania, Henderson, Buncombe, Madison,
Yancey, Mitchell. Polk. Rutherford. McDowell, Watauga,
As: /.any, a part of Wilkes, Caldwell, Burke, Cleve-

n, Lincoln and Catawba. The approach of winter
pre mpletioii of the district by adding Alexander,

[kin and Surry.
It will be seen that the work progresses by parallel t:

inning from north-east to south-west, for reasons
heretofore explained, and obviously connected with the lead-
£ gcographi j well as geological features of the regi
;rs through this portion of the State the sal
oarkable continuity and persistence of geological structure
and mincralogical character, along the outcrop of the different
uations that traverse the State, which was so conspicuous
in the western Counties : so that along the line of the sin-
sive transverse sections, the principal and regulative forma-
ds are in general readily identified. And the same absence
of anticlinal^ aid entire independence- ot the directioi

14 Document "No. 27. —ion

the mountain chains upon the lines of outcrop, are observ-
able.

The series "' topographical and astronomical observations
have been continued and extended over the larger part of thus
region. [ts topography presents some singular and interest-
ing features, which ought to have an important bearing upon
the location of our works of internal improvement.

The elevations and angular positions were taken of the
highest peaks and main Bpurs of the Smoky Montains along
the north-west border, from Paint Rock round to Big Bald in
Yancey, as well as several summits in the Walnut range.
These observations were connected with the benchmarks
the Rail Road survey along the French Broad. A similar
series of barometrical and sextant observations was carried
along the crests of the Blue Ridge and Saluda chains, from
the head-waters of French Broad in Transylvania, eastward
and northward, including the Tryon range, the several mas-
■ spurs and peaks about Hickory Nut Gap, the hea\ \
chain of the Swahnanoa Mountains and the spurs of the Blue
Ridge, lying eastward, in Rutherford and McDowell, on the
head waters oi Catawba river; thtos connecting the elaborate
survey of Prof. Gnyot in the Balsam and Newfound Mount-
ains with his observations in the region of the Black and
Roan, and with a series made by myself in the year eight
hundred and sixty-one, in the Linviile and Table I !
ranges, and in the Blue Ridge and > ellow Mountains on the
North Pork of the Catawba and on North and South "i

Th'' chain of observations was resumed in the neighborhood
of the Grandfather and carried northward to the State!
on the waters of North' To'' and Elk rivers, including the
uosities o1 the Blue Ridge north of Humpback, the Sugar and

Hanging Rock and Beech Mountain ranges; and from ]

northeastward both the parallel chains, the Bine Ridge

Smoky (or Iron Mountain, as it is here called.) together with

the several lofty cross-chains and spurs, were worked up as

far as the Peach Bottom range in the eastern part of Alio-

lSO^-GO.] Document No. 27. 15

ghany. Tlie triangulation was also extended so as to include
the principal secondary n g - ast of the Blue Ei | . a the
Brushy and Warrior Mountains &c[ in Caldwell and Wilkes.
and the South Mountains in Burke. Cleaveland &c., and tlie
King's Mountain range on the lower Catawba. The eleva-
tions were taken, not only of the summits, but also of nearly
all the principal gaps ot the Blue Ridge from Transylvania
round to Alleghany, as weU as of numerous points on the pla-
teaus beyond, and on the eastern slopes ak . as to give iu
outline at least, the grand topographical features of the ■
The triangulation, and the determination of the latitude and
longitude of a series of points were necessary to enable me
construct a geographical map ot the State sufficiently accu-
rate in its leading features for the purpose oi locating intelli-
gibly, the g gical formations.

The absurdly erroneous and conjectural character of tlie
existing maps of the 5 more palpable in the mountain

ion than elsewhere. Afi illustrations ma; ntioned

the mislocation of the southern boundary ofHay^i I nnty
by ten miles : the placing of the well known T [ountain

ight or ten miles from its act;. tion

which is east of Green river, on a massive spur «.-t the Saluda
mtains, which is entirely emitted, although higher
more conspicuous than the Blue Ridge itself; and the re
al of King's Mountain from its ancient - '.Gaston
inty, three miles north of the State line, into a neighboring
- - - are in fact but a jumble

useless for any scientific purpose.

In constructing the outlines ot a geological map of the
State, it was ssary tor me to know the latitn

Southern boundar :h none of the maps

jive. By agreen . the two Carolina colonies

and afterwards between the States, that line should have lx
the parallel of thirty-five deg -. north latitude. But in
fact, as run by the Commissioners, first about the middle
the last century, and again in the year eighteen hundred and

10 Docxmk.vt No. '27. [Session

thirteen, it consists of a very broken, irregular line, which is
not coincident with a parallel of latitude at all. and varies
many miles from that o\' thirtv-five degrees, and on both sides
of it. It appear by the records that Dr. Joseph Caldwell
was appointed in the year eighteen hundred and thirteen to
determine the latitude of the eastern and western extremities
of that portion of the line which lies between the Catawba
river and the mountains, and which was run for a due west
line in the year seventeen hundred and seventy-two. His
determination was only approximate, but he found the west-
ern end of it too far north by about seventeen miles, and the
eastern end. at the confluence of the South Fork of the Ca-
tawba, by more than ten miles. The position of the other
(supp >sed) east and west portion of the boundary, between
the (. atawba and Yadkin, has never been ascertained, so far
as appears. I therefore took observations at the western
end of it. in order to fix both its latitude and longitude. The
line is laid down on most maps as running due east from this
point, but will of course be found seriously out of course, for
the same reason as the other, the variation of the compass
having been but little understood at the time it was run.
The tree marks of the survey having disappeared, and gen-
erally the trees themselves, the actual position of the line at
any point is mere matter of tradition, and cannot be ascer-
tained, because it is not known what the variation of the com-
pass was at that time, nor what correction, if any, was mad-1
for it.

Our northern boundary is in no better condition, particu-
larly the western half of it. Most of the maps Bhow an error
of nearly two miles, ^to the disadvantage ot' this State,
usual.) dac no doubt to the same cause as in the other oases.

This indeterminateness of our boundaries is the occasion of
frequent controversies, ami a fruitful source of vexatious liti-
gation, aud ought to be removed by having these lines sci-
entifically and authoritatively located and marked with stone
posts at intervals not greater than five miles.

>.] Document No. 27. 17

CIIATTEE II.

-The territory covered by the ex-
- :' -' e ' -r two seasons] : of the C

e named and extending : - the breadth of the State,
n the French Broad to the love:' Catawba, lies al< i _
. inage or river axis -of the Si

h may he represented by a line extend::. i the

4 Henderson G raer

Ashe - track being indicated by the peaks of S'\

r\i Pinnacle, Grandfather. Flai Cnob and TThite

. Id passii rthward along " :r will be seen t<>

towards ' . reaching ° t di--

_ence at the point where th r oi the B

hen recurving to the right, a
test eastern

Blue Ridge meets the cross chain of the Rich
is is the di . or watershe d

- ward, and on the other. But

:• the w: Sew Hi r impingi tl

Ridge, hrown back

western slope, in Virginia, it will si icep-

- to regj Blue Eidge as the dividing line ;

the area under remark into I
idly contrasted with each othftr. The
i- i the average breadth not excee..

rated, rising from a height of t\.
earn arly four thousand on the b wrders

■fitchell and "Watauga, and u lally t.^

-rle less than three thousand, on the S 'a line; and
T). ft . 27.] 2

Lfl EBi X". 27.

thwest, but bi
abrnj edge with a sudden

Than one thousand feet. The other, w]
called the piedmont - of the State,

t along ] _ '

•villi a gradnal slopi . * ut one th r'eet

_■ an average breadth of
.
Y- . 2 i Iption of the western plateau I mnst refer

renty-five to thirty.) It is divided
.1 rery high s chains i

-. In titu it the tv. .'del

, the Blue ] .

:e the ne I each other, and al * are

[anced than farther west, the latter still
■'•averse-".. - all the

in theloM
And at thi st part, the pla-

> its 2 . in an an

ude ran/ thou-

feet This is th
•

ins. In 1 -vui-

:'.'li)

■ . N ' .

: • gin rise*

iummit of th<

. plateaus and val

_-/.".• •
wit.

-

whole course in this State

''--'CO.] Document No. 27.

the divide, or watershed, but It has besides the additional |
liarity that it constitutes the eastern g the great table

land. Here however, in the highest and narrowest pari
the table land, this characteristic tails, tli .alley of

ville between the falls an source, apart

Qtane plateau : the Bine Ridge I >- a range of

fringing the western edge < f this •';, hills* are -

rated by gaps, many of which are not two hundred fe
the river. So that it is, - ak, only an accident th A these

waters did not break thr - ,,e g^

stead of the higher range of Jonas' lii

At one other point alone there is a re of this |

Uarity, viz: in the case o - r's valley in Jackson Cob
The eastern or piedmont plateau is divided, as to its
stems, into three regi i - Irained r ely bv the Br

fcawba and Yadkin rivers ; the slope of the first being
wards the southeast, and of the others east ami a little n<
These drainage surfaces are separated by two nearly parallel
easterly chains of mountains, the South an I the Brushy,

spur of the Blue Ridg . may be regard*

an eastern prolongation., Swam range, in Bunooi

Itfethedm ftwba and Broad rivers,

attains a height of thirty-five hundred to four thousand
^several points along its course of twelve or fifteen mi
to the month of Crooked creek, where it rises into a pred
tons mural] gth and three t3

sndred feet
From this p -Jtv nij]e5% -n ifi ,

low straggling ridge, constituting I between

waters of the Catawl Second Bi , g reefy reaching

;t an elevati
ra of Silver < suddenly rig

' antains : three thousand

. lich elevation it ]

thro' gn its numerous _ the massive sj

(Deal's Knob. Are..' whicl - theastward beta

20 Document No. 27. [Ses

the waters of the Catawba and South Fork, as throughout
the main chain for a distance of fifteen miles to Ben'e Knob :
beyond which it is prolonged three or four miles in a high,
narrow, regular ridge of about two thousand live hundred feet,
called Queen's Mountain.

From this massive portion of the range, especially from
the western end of it, several spurs make off southward be-
tween the waters of First and Second Froad, the chief of
which are the Bickerstafi and. Lookadoo Mountains, which
are, in several points, nearly a.- high as the main chain.

The nthei- range, the Brushy, i> an independent chain which
divides, for mosl part of it-- course, the waters of the Catawba
aud Yadkin, from a point a lew miles north, of Lenoir, for
mure than fifty miles, in a direction a little north of east.
This chain also preserves through the greater part of its length
a remarkable uniformity, in direction and elevation, many of
its peaks rising above two thousand feet. The Pilot is pro-
perly a conti iuation of this chain beyond the Yadkin, which.
iks through it at this point.

Besides these two principal chains, the western side vt' the
plateau is diversified by many spurs of the Blue" Ridge of
great ele7ation, being in many cases much higher than the
Flue Ridge itself. Among these may lie mentioned the Sa-
luda Mountain, on our southern border, which constitutes Ahe
State line for a distance of more than twenty-five rail
Tryon and White Oak range in Folk County, a spur of the
Saluda; the Hungry Mountains ; the huge pyramidal me
about Hickory Nut Gap, as Sugarloaf, Bear Wallow, Pis
Pinnacle; the high ranges on the north side of if.
( 'atawba, upon which arc the conspicuous summits ^i' Maekey'e

mntain and Wood's Bnob; and most notably, the long, reg
lllar and maS6ive southerly chains of I.inville and Jonas'
last are parallel and approximate, more than
twenty mile, long, ami separated by the deep narrow gorge of
Linvitle river.

The belt ot country east of this, between the Blue Ridge and

lS68-'69.] Document No. 27. 21

the Yadkin, having a breadth of fifteen or twent}7 miles, is
corrugated by numerous southerly ridges making out from the
Blue Ridge between me tributaries of Catawba and Yadkin,
many of them more than twenty-live hundred feet high.

I have not undertaken in these preliminary reports to give
numerical or detailed reports of- observations, topographical,
geological or agricultural, these being reserved, for obvious
reasons, until the final report on the geology of Western North
Carolina, after the computation of observations, the analysis of
specimens, and the construction of the geological map and
sections. But as there are some circumstances which give a
present interest to the topography ot the Blue Ridge section,
I will give below the results ot a series ot observations made
along that line. Most of these observations were taken with
the barometer ; a few of them have been obtained from Rail
Road surveys. Beginning on the head waters ot French
Broad in Transylvania, the following are the elevations of
successive points along the line of the Ridge, proceeding north-
ward. The calculations were abbreviated, for want of time,
and they are, therefore, only approximate, giving the elevations
within a few feet :

Cantrell's Mountain, — Blue Ridge, 3,550

Grassy Folly Gap, " " 2,823

Slicken " " " 2,868

Jones' " " " 2,920

Caesar's Head, spur to south of Blue Ridge, 3,21S

Chestnut Mountain, " " 3,323

Green River Gap, " " 2,722

Pinnacle, " " 3,667

Coley, " « 3,751

French Broad, near Brevard, 2,105

" " at mouth of Little river, 2,083

Butt Gap, (Rail Road,)— Blue Ridge, 2,169

Hendersonyille, (Britain's,) 2,lt'»i>

Saluda Gap, (Rail Road,) — Saluda Mountains, 2,340

22 Document No. 87. [Session

( Sorbin Mountain, — Saluda Mountains, 3,972

Howard Gap, — Tryon Range l.s7'.>

Tryon Mountain, 3,332

Pacolet River crossing, — Howard Gap Road 944

Green " « u " " 1,616

Gap of Blue Ridge, " u " 2,168

Hungry Mouritains, highest point 3,001

Reedy Patch Gap,— Blue Ridge, 8,2

Hickory Nut Gap, " " 2,906

Broad river, at month ot Reedy Patch creek, 1. 1KV

Si oe Mountain 3,437

Sugarloaf, Bpur of Blue Ridge, S.'.'iG

Bear Wallow, " " 4,255

rah, " " 4.4:;-

The Pinnacle, or Bald, 3,861

Cane Creek Crap, — Bine Ridge, 3,959

Black Knob, " " " 4.1'"

Lytle's Peak, " " 4,385

Dill's Knob, per Level, ;,..M^

Swanfeahoa Gap, (Rail Road,) — Blue Ridge, 8,658

Hickory Nut Mountain, near mouth ot Crooked Creek. 3,312

( )ld Fort, Mill creek, (Rail Road,) 1,452

I icon's, Buck Creek, (Col. Whiting.) 1,254

Buck Creek Gap,— Blue Ridge 3.:;- 7

The Narrows, " " 4,058

Three Knobs, per Leyel, — Blue Ridge 4. loo

Gillespie Gap, " " 3,

"Win. English's School House, head ot North Cove, 8,023

Humpback Mountain, highest point, — Blue Ridge 4,!

Rattlesnake Spring Gap, near Linville Falls, .">..">i'.~>

Gap at head <>1 North K<»rk of Catawba, 3,405

Brushy creek, (Prof. Gdyot,) Blue Ridj

Pisgah Gap,— Blue Ridge 3,423

Soapstone Gap, " " 3,589

D linger'fl Gap, " " 3,600

Mil!' - " " (Ool. Gardner,) 8

1S68- 69.] Document No. 27. 23

Sugar Mountain, Blue Ridge, 5,312

McCanless' Gap, " " 4,198

Grandfather Gap, (Guyot,) between head waters of

Watauga and Linville, — Blue Ridge, 4,100

Grandfather, (Guyot.) — Blue Ridge, 5,89V

Flat Top, head waters of New River, near Blue Ridge, 4,549

Watanga Gap, (Rail Road,)— Blue Ridge, 3,779

Big Ridge, " " 4,100

Tin b, New River, 3,009

Boone Court House, 3,250

Howard Gap. Rich Mountains, 3,1

Rocky Mountain, spur of Blue Ridge, 4^071

Cooke's Gap. (Montgomery,) Blue Ridge, 3,307

Bent Branch Gap, " " 3,146

Lookout " " " 3,210

Clear Branch " " »' 3,193

Deep " " ;' 3,

Thompkin's Knob, " " 4,064

Jeftera ■:>.. Ashe County 3.' 57

South Fork ot Xew River, (mouth of Cranberry,) 2.7' '7

Grandfather. Alleghany County, — Blue Ridge, 3,987

Ferny Knob, Peach Bottom Mountains, highest point, . . 4,291

It is thus seen that the lowest portion of the Blue Ridge lies
along the eastern border of Henderson County, from Butt Gap
to Reedy Patch. In tact, through this distance of about twenty
miles, there is no Blue Ridge, so that there is no difficulty in
turning the waters of the plateau from their westerly flow and
bringing them into the eastern rivers, as has been done by the
inhabitants for milling purposes. And one may pass the Ridge
in many places without being aware of the fact, and lie can
only realize it by observing the change in the direction of the
streams. This is especially true of Reedy Patch Gap, which
as appears from the above figures is lower than the town of
Asheville. It is for the engineers to explain why the main
trunk o\ the Rail Road system of the State was carried through

2i Doc;. mini X.». 27.

nore than four hundred feet higher and greatly i i

from both sides,
topographical features ofvthis mountain region o
, ■ thus bri • tched, arc not accidentaL There

doubt that here was once a lofty plateau higher than ihe
highest summit of the Black, and comparable in elevath
not in extent, to the present great table land on the

of the continent, between the Rocky Mountains and the
Sierra Nevada. The destructive action ot atmospheric .
chemical and mechanical — water, frost, oxygen, carbonic a<
have by their incessant play through the uncounted eentu
which make the lifetime of a continent, disintegrated and
worn away the vast mass, until it is but a skeleton of what it
. transporting the ruins successively to lower levels, and
illy to the sea. Of course in this process the softer ro
as the shales, limestones and certain micaceous slater, would
suffer a greater amount of abrasion than the hanh-r mac
such as granite and the silicious and horublendic Blatee and
Hence the present mountain chains are composed oi
the latter, while the rivers have scooped out their valleys
through the tracts occupied by the former. There arc abun-
'ant illustrations of these statements throughout this inter*
ing region. It will be sufficient to cite the great vallej
Cherokee, hewn out of the limestone, and following that for-
mation closely, far down into Georgia; the valley ot the
French Broad through Transylvania and Henderson, which
has been excavated in a similar and easily disintegrate rock :
and the valleys of Catawba and Yadkin. It has been i
where observed that the rivers usually take a Course at right
angles to the direction of the Blue Ridge, for the obvious rea-
Bon that that is the line of quickest descent. Bat these two
named rivena form an exception to the rule, striking oft
for fifty or sixty miles in a northeasterly course, nearly parallel
with the Bine Ridge, taking the tract of the softer rockfl and
making a grand easterly sweep around the harder strata of
the Brushy and South Mountains.

DocniE-vr No. 27. i

Thes _ itnres _ 'on are not without interest

in a . but they are of pra -tical impor-

eir intimate connection with
mal _ nltnre and an obvious and m - -

- I internal improvemeJ

oient and proepei ity f th« :
:id.

BUS!

A- .d surface, (the : graph j) 1

the: geological --. - the nature and condition

- which constitute that surf rrible to

the gjencies. An I as the reliefs and contour enter

pri: into the production of climate and thus claim the

:y of the agriculturist, so the superficial _
account of its intimate and obvious connecti
the origin of soils, demands his attention also. These consi .-
erations are independent of, and additional to the scieutiri
: the sul ;eet.
Tlie present condition of the earth's surface at any point is
due in larg the causes last in action upon it.

are .!. Since the continent

present genera] "form and pressure," its surface ha si
ject to the incessant action of these agencies, and has ui
gon 1 alteration. Earth, | as contradisting -

B :.. ' globe in which man is

terested as being a " tiller of the ground." is the direct result
of the action »:>f thes- s npon the subjacent na-

tion-. In the section of the State under consi-: . :he

either of the original rock, or or ear::, derived
v disintegration in situ, or of the debris of if
. - rted and variously arranged under the
moving water and ice. Of tl leacription very little ex-

ists, and that only on the tops of a Ilqw high mounts
rock a -. is ' . <•_ idfather. Table Kock Are., or an oc

Document No. 27.

- _ t cliff, as Shortoff and Linville. The

■'. - trface is quite insignificant, the mountains
• " very summits and along their

rpments with soil and fore

- -longs nearly the whole surface of this
Th - il, sube I earth are simply the weathi

the nnderlying which have been de

to a variable depth of a taw feet, to several fathoms, according
to their character and permeability to water and air.

To the third class bel _ ly the valleys, (or bottoms
the - . and in a few cases, the lower ranges of hills that

it into them. These hot" sedi-

ments, gravel, sand and clay, (alluvial.) The deposits on the
sand ridges are drift, and consist of earth, pebbles and
ften intermixed with fine clay. Both consist of the
frocks found on the higher ridges, monntai pla-

teaus, am often be traced to their sources, though sral

stant.
The alluvions present nearly level surfaces, are of various
. bom a few inches I - -veral feet, and •me

•able extent, as in the vah -veral of the

re, where are frequently found continuous trad
ral thousand acres. These are n«>t always in one plane,
but are frequently disposed in terraces rising by regular and
well defined - -. above another, and preserit-

arpments towards the river. The larger
usually belongs to the first or second terr
the former being still subject to < I overflow, the latter

, or(inmos1 - never, being generally from five
to fi 'higher. The third _ rally an ■ i of

fifty feet above th level, and the fourth

from one hundr- I and fifty. Thee I . and

: of very frequent occurrence, and are
small extent, and often reduced to a few isolated patel

found on all the
I of three and four oh several of the larger rivers.

1868- 69.] Doodmeht No. 87. -27

example, tlie French Bn ad, at and below Warm Springs, and
the Yadkin a little 1 - >n. Gravel and boulders, -

well as sand are frequently found in these 1xm.
be regarded as having, in un.-. - the san

- the drift, which caps and faces the terminal ridges and
knobs which project into the valleys, and is found at vari is
qb along the npper reaches of must of the large rivers,
-ides of the Bine Ridge. Aw Vie example

Been in the town of Ashevilie, (as formerly inei.
in the pebble beds which crown the summit of the hill over-
looking the town on the west, and which must be about th
hundred feet above the present bed of the river. Near the
base of the higher and Steeper mountain ranges, the material
of the drift is very het _ jous, consisting of earth and sand
and rounded and smoothed fragments of I i us kin.".- :

rocks found on the higher parts of the mountains. But as the
valleys open out and the foot-hills recede from the hi_
chains, it consist mainly, of pebbles and boulders of quartz
land a tew other hard rocks* imbedded in sand or clay, the lat-
ter often very fine and tenacious. A very good example mav
be seen in Catawba valley less than one mile below Old Fort,
in a cut of the Rail Road, from which have been taken an im-
mense number of very hard and smooth quarts be... lers, some
of them weighing above a ton.

there are two or three bed- of drift superposed,
one upon another unconformable, consisting of different mate-
rials evidently derived from different sources, the upper occu-
pying the depressions and conforming to the irregularitic -
the lower.

In a few instances drift beds are found with a distinct beach
structure, as on Pacolet !■' I nnty near Columbus,)

at an elevation of not less than one hundred and:::

the present water level.

se drift beds are trequently auriferous, as in California
and other parts of the w-.rld. Indeed, the • le-

posites of this character in the State are the famous placer-

2^ l7.

the Soul

spurs and 1.

numerous
. diluvial
_ tenth up to fifteen or 1
ghl

supiea inter:
aqua:

genera: v.

_ I
era!

. in the
ooi:. _ to the most sent

. y ■

stoe ter. TL

likewise much disturbed i - _

wards the Bowtb-eaflt, the average ab I -

- -

nior lies, via : _ -

k J

: '
. and include* the town - 4 He.

■ ". At i

e areas,
an-: to be redm :

■•v.

_- Ifadis rer Fran

it will probablj

: funua-
■ themse: m northwe?"

•: .

L868 '69.] Docuhect No. 87. 29

At Paint Rock, on the State line, occur the thin-bedded
silieious slates which were described in the former report.
They are called by Prot. Saftord, the Geologist of the State of

Tennessee, Chilhowl >nes, and are set down conject-

ural! v by several eminent geologists as Potsdam Sandstone.
They have never yiel sils, by which their _ical

horizon might be ined. A few very thin beds of argil-

laceous slate are found interpolated here and there between
the quartzose strata.

- ing np the deep gorge which the river has excavated.
rand to be interbedded with, and are
finally replaced by shales and grits, the latter generally :'.
bnt occasionally approaching in appearance a breccia, or con-
nerate. These ar - led by heavy beds of argillaceous

in turn give place, at Warm Springs,
to a heavy-bedded bl : -''-y limestone. This is followed
by a eal< -grained sandstone, which pree-

-- - into a g] h-jointed quartzite rising in ver-

tical e I i ;- j the river for two miles, and succeeded by a

conglomerate with bluisl -ites

Ice, at and b mouth of Laurel river. A little

point comes in a very extensive and conspicuous

elspathic quartzite, or petrosilex, which continues for

in 8 mil . then graduates through a a

rab and mottled argillaceous slates

This 5ii -- i of quartzites, grits, shales, lime-

e and conglomerati occupies in direct cro — ipace

• than ten miles. I have elsewhere referred to the

ntify of this form ith that which is so conspien

on \ . all therefore call it the 'Qtes.

i a northeast course up the Laurel valley and

fcy, or Unaka Mountains into Tennee

next formation in order, coming east, is the great

•where designated it, of gneissoid

ks» It occupies the central and highest part of the great

in tain plateau, beg g on the upper waters of Iliwas-

Document No, i [Session

river in Clay County, and extending in a din bout

north fifty d ast, quite aci

It is limited southeast by a line nearly coincident with

BlueRidg . pt where thai stern

around the Counties ol B n and Transylvania,

being Bucceeded by th( md liinestom

Counties. The average breadth of the formation is ;.'
twenty-five miles, and Bince it is conspicuously de

& the whole breadth of Buncombe County, be

n in com] stidn aloi »ad in i-

through that County, it will be more in accordance wi

■ill it the U:: Cfroup. The rocka ol thi - has

been elsewhere stated manifest an extreme d s
tion, and of disturbance. They

tion of granitoid or gneissic rocks, and consist of various and
recurrent successions of gneissoid slates,— , iai . Ispathic,
micaceous and hornblendic, with frequent
proper, and occasional interpolation- of true granite.

reddish porphyroidal felspathic gneiss is four
the northwestern edge of the belt, as may be seen a little
" i rshall on the Freu I and again in Yancey,

some four miles north of Burnsville. Mica schist ale
in large development, towards - rn margin . elt.

lay be seen in the town of A-heville. and along the Swan-
nanoa valley to a point near ally

letiterons, and frequently Is in crystals of '

maybe seen two miles- Swannano G

river r few milee
ville. The formation is :;'.-'' chan I 1

whole extent by the frequent occurrence

rnesian rocks, ophiolites, s.-i-jk:; • :
and chl • with tremo

1 with hornblen
itain veins ol* chromic iron,
amples may be seen on Ivy (on the road leading from Ashc-
ville to Burnt ; six mile- north of the latter pla

1S6S- CO.] Document No. 27. 31

again on South Toe eight or ten miles east of the same point ;
on the Bakersville road, a few miles south of that place ; in
the Rich Mountains, (head waters of Howard's Creek) in the
north part of Watauga; and in the southern part of Ashe on
Elk creek.

Hornblende slates are found in largest development in the
ITellow and Iron Mountains in the northern part of Mitchell
County, and again in Watauga and Ashe Counties between
Watauga river and the North Fork of New River. This last
is the most extensive bed of this rock in the State and f
for twenty miles a succession of very high and nigged mount-
ains. In the Big Rich Mountain and Elk Knob these dates
are highly garnetiferous.

The Buncombe Group is divided transversely on the borders
of Mitchell and Watauga by what appears to be a fold of the
Cherokee Slates, (or their associates and representatives,) which
laps around the base of the Yellow Mountains and meets the
Blue Ridge and the Linville Slates on the head waters of Lin-
ville river, between Humpback and Grandfather, thus estab-
lishing, if this observation be correct, the identity of the Cher-
okee and Linville series. Here I am inclined to place the
grained, light colored and greenish talco-quartzose conglonier-
a <■ slates on Elk river and upper Watauga, and the Light col-
i and greenish felspathic and quartzose sandstones and grits
of Sugar Mountain and the upper valley of Linville and Elk
and the large body of dark grey and bluish compact qua]
argillaceous epidotic slate- and epidosites which extend from
the upper valley of Linville across Elk river, through the Peak
and Hanging Rock Mountains, in a north-east course to main
Watauga, where they appear in precipitous rugged cliffs al<
the turnpike, for more than a mile in transverse section. '\
last (the epidotic slates) are often trappean in aspect, and are
generallj ed and penetrated very irregularly with i

dote, which is frequently found in small nodular roundish
masses, giving the rock an amygdaloidal appearance, inter-
mingled with ^ these there is frequently a multitude. of sphe-

N .87.

V

been
Jv indicated, l.»v

_
:
■

red

-

■

lack
nd
tee, in and

I in a few

-
from

Tur

In arc mi
I the pr.

■

■
-
the!

I868-'69] Document No. 87. 33

rently very coarse porphyroidal gtieiae one mile south of Blow-
ing Rock on tlie turnpike. This last is in fact a dark greenish
argillaceous schist which encloses between its hirers

ivunded and somewhat flattened nodules of eleavable felspar,
which are arranged in a general parallelism with the stratili-
cation. These ovoidal masses are frequently from three quar-
to one inch in diameter.

The Linville Slater are succeeded by a second series of meta-
morphic gnesssoid rocks, which are essentially a repetition of
the Buncombe Group. This fourth formation covers a larger
area than any of the others, about as large, in fact, as the other
three together, and extends eastward tu the King's Mountain
Elates, being limited iii that direction by a line connecting that
mountain with the Pilot, in Sorry County : occupying there-
fore nearly the whole of the piedmont plateau.

It may therefore be appropriately named the Piedmont
Group, although it extends across the Blue Ridge into Hender-
son and Transylvania. Like the similar formation further west,
it consists of a succession of telspathic. hornblendic and micace-
ous slates and gneiss. The most conspicuous of these subdi-
visions is the broad belt of light colored and grey felspa-
thic gneiss, sometimes tine, generally coarse grained and por-
phyroidal, which extends along the western side of the forma-
tion from the upper French Broad to the Catawba in Burke.
This may be seen at the falls of Little River, at the cross _
of the French Broad, in the quarries near Hendersonville. in
the naked ledges at Flat Rock, in the mural precipices about
Hickory Xut Gap. in the steep and narrow ledge of Ilickory
Xut Mountain on Crooked Creek, and in the Rail Road c
from Marion to Muddy Creek.

Along the eastern margin of this belt is a notable body oi

hornblendic slates, which crop out along the Blue Ridge a:

head of Little River and at Flat Rock Gap, re-appeari _

near the head of Pacolet and attaining their greatest devel

:;t in the massive range of Tryon Mountain and in Stone

Doc Xo. 27.] 3

■ A DoCBlCEVT No. -~.

Mountain on Reedy Patch Creek, and the Pinnacle in the
angle oi Broad River, They show themselves at many points
beyond this, conspicnonsly <»n the head water- oi Be© »nd Broad,
in the western ascent of] teals Knob in the Sooth Mountain, and
at the month of Muddy (.'reek, and beyond the Ca-

tawba into the "Warrior Mountains of Caldwell County.

The central and eastern portion of the piedmont section are
occupied chiefly by various alternations Of febpathic slates
and L'neiss. These may he seen in large extent in Cleveland
and Rutherford on First and Second Broad, where they are
much disturbed and very irregular in their bedding, and are
highly impregnated with iron pyrites.

The middle, southern and eastern portion of Polk County
and the southwestern angle of Cleveland are occupied by
mica schists, which are usually garnetiferoos and frequently
pyrittferons. At similar large body oi rocks is found in the
eastern part of Burke County and exte - _ idth

of country, from the eastern end of the South Mountains -
era! miles into Lincoln, and northward and eastward into
Caldwell and Catawba. It i- very observable in the Hail
Road cuts between Morg&nlon and Hickory Station, and
between the latter point and Lenoir. These sehista are occa-
sionally taloose,

A second belt of hornblendic rocks, — syenitic, gneissic and
slaty — occurs near the eastern -Me • ■: this piedmont plateau.
town of Newton is situated in the midst of it ; and from
this point it extends southwest through Lincoln County, some
five mile- west of the town, occupying a breadth ct one to
three miles.

Serpentine occurs in Caldwell and Wilkes, at several point?
along the valley of the Yadkin and on John's River.

A notable feature in the the who!

tion of the State i~ the infrequency of trap dik with-

standing the metamorphisra and the very disturbed condition
<.>( the rock-. Two or three [of diorite)may bese . between
the Catawba river and Morgan ton, on..- near John's River in

1S68-69.] Document No. '27. 35

Caldwell, one (trachyte, large") on •Swannanoa. and one (small,
granitic) near the month of Reedy Patch Creek, near Hickory
Xut Gap,

The King's Mountain Slates, which limit the Piedmont
Group eastward, form a narrow belt of argillaceous, micaceous,
talcosc and quartzose slates accompanied in many places by
limestone, magnetic iron and graphite. The direction of the
outcrop of these slates is indicated by King's Mountain, An-
derson and Pilot, which lie along the line of it, the latter a
little westward. The dip of this formation is, exceptionally
westward, although at a very high angle.

Thus it appears that geologically the western portion of the
State consists of four groups, or formations ; Pirst, the Cher-
okee Slates along the Smoky Mountains on the northwest
border, consisting of clay — sJates and shales, sandstoi es, grits,
conglomerates and limestone : Second, the Buncombe Group,
occupying the larger part of the great transmontane plateau,
between the Blue Ridge and Smoky, and consisting of gneissic
and granitoid rocks : Third, the Linville Slates, a narrow belt
stretching for the most part along the Blue Ridge and com-
posed, like the first group ot semimetamorphic argillaceous
slates and shales, sandstones, limestone and gneissoid grits ;
Fourth, the Piedmont Group, gneissio and granitoid. It will
be observed that these four groups constitute two recurrences
ot the same rocks, in the same order ; the first and third beinc
comparatively narrow belts «»f semimetamorphic slates, the
second and fourth very extensive formations of highly meta-
morphic gneissoid rocks having in each case porphyroidal fels-
pathic gneiss on the west, succeeded by hornblende slates,
gneissio slates and mica schists. These relationships natu-
rally recall the Rogers theory of reduplication by foldings and
overiurns on a grand scale, as in Pennsylvania.

IQfff.

Each o. - edoontau .fcrons

deposit? as v. i - \ valuable minerals. The western, or

•her
- me valua | lacers and veins : but these are con-

fined to that portion of life eerier which lies forth* and

has been described :: - report ; within the area*

now under consideration. H matakm silve?, a tew iron beds-
limestone, barytes and buhrsfofw.

The Buncombe Group - pep-bearing

seiv -. ntains I - some of the garnet axl and

table iron beds in the &t ' . gold, ebron w iron. mica.

ae. The Linviile Slate? are principally

ible fur their valuable limestone quarries-., although they

elded -some gold, (as heretofore stated, in Transylva-

] contain a few beds of iron ore, and abundance

. bably grindstone) rocks. The Piedmont

it important deposits of g soma iron,

1 serpen! h much copper and alum-pr

5 slates, leral Bpru _-.

aeioealiti noet important of these minerals will

ieated, and the chief circumstances ot their occurrence

jaofa

Gain.

Thee -' ifthe Bine Ridge, (within the limits

••.under remark,) where g been obtained are on the

French Broad and S be. There haws been found indt-

.juantiti' _- the valley of Cane

. and on Boylston in Transylvania, as pre-
isly oienti - 9*an& of much impor-

tance have 1 red The other locality is on How-

reek in V _ ■ .nty. about one mile from Boon,

where a small «: " - ght some year?

iS6S-m] Document No. 27. 37

ago. Them is uo evidence of any extensive occurrence of gold
bearing rocks here.

In the Piedmont soetio7t there arc three gold placers of con-
siderable note. One of these is at Sandy Plains in Polk
Oounty. The gold is found in the u gravel " from the debris
of denuded hills of mica schist. This gravel is found in tlic
beds of several small streams over an area of several miles.
These " diggings " are still wrought in a small way. No veins
have been discovered.

The most extensive and notable deposit in this region and in
the State is found in the South Mountains on the head waters
of First and Second Broad and of Silver and Muddy Creeks.
It is divided into four principal districts, on the above men-
tioned streams which are named respectively Whiteside,
Jeanstown, Brindletown and Brackettown. The whole area
occupied (interruptedly) by this deposit is between one and
two hundred square miles. These mines were opened about
the year eighteen hundred and thirty, and were operated on a
large scale but in a rude way, until the discovery of the Cali-
fornia mines. Some thousands of laborers were at work here
for a number of years and no doubt several millions of gold
were obtained. Work is still carried on at a great many points
and several thousands of dollars are annually mined. The
deposits were originally very rich and yielded frequently ten
dollars a day for each laborer. The gold bearing drift, or
"gravel," is accumulated along the beds of the streams, on the
benches of the hills and in all the various situations which
have in California given rise to the division into river, hill,
bench, flat and gulafli diggings. Some of the deposits on the
larger streams are quite extensive and of considerable depth.
Many of them have been worked over several times. The pro-
cesses heretofore employed were of the rudest kind, and no
doubt the introduction of the improved California methods
would render these mines again very profitable. Many of the
hill and bench deposits have never been worked, and could not
be, except by the hydraulic process.

Document No. 27. [Session

The gold of these placers has evidently been derived from the

numerous small veins in the slopes of the adjacent hills and

attains. The gangue of these veins fa usually a granular

white quart;: - iroid). They are email and hare not been

mined hitherto. Machinery has been put up however near
Brackettowri tor the purpose of working one of these saoehsv-
roidal veins, which seems to be nearly a toot in thickness.
The third gold field referred to is in Caldwell County on
L wer Creek. Operations have been carried on here on a
considerable scale on both sides of the creek, but mostly on
the north side, along the beds of the tributary streams which
come-down from the terminal spurs and ridges of the Warrior
Mountains, which divide the waters of Lower Creek from
John's River.

There are many other places where gold has been obtained
from ** gravel " in considerable amounts, as in the beds ot
some small streams on the slopes of the hills three to four
miles west of Morganton, where gold washing is still carried
on profitably ; in the waters of Second Broad in Rutherford :
on Pacolet River. Polk County, and in several parts of Cleve-
land and Lincoln.

The Shuford mine in the eastern part of Catawba, which con-
tains both placers and vein-, i- nruated on the King's Mountain
belt It has been worked for a number of years with very sat-
isfactory results, and operations are to be resumed shortly.
The>e are " dry diggings" and the difficulty is in procuring a
supply of water.

Vein-mining has never been extensively carried on in this
region. The Mountain Mining Company were i ma-

chinery during last summer to operate the quartz vein near
Brackettown already mentioned, and were about to re-operi a
mine some four miles south of Shelby, which is neither a vein
nor placer' mine. The gold bearing rock is a heavy ledge of
brown ferruginous mica-schist, which is impregnated with
iron pyrites in a state of minute subdivision and abound- in
garnets. There is no semblance of a vein proper. Dr. Em-

1S6S- 69.] Document No. 27. 39

mons reports that gold is tomid in the conglomerates of Mont-
gomery, ami the very intelligent superintendent of the Rhodes
mine in Lincoln assured me that he obtained gold from the
common grey gneiss of the country, which constitutes the wall
rock of that vein and at the King's Mountain mine in Gaston
large quantities of limestone are stamped and washed. And I
have seen gold-bearing felspathic slates from Moore and talco-
quart$o$e slates from Montgomery, so that although the gangue
rock of gold in this State is usually quartz, compact or saccha-
roidal, it is far from being universally so, nor is the occurrence
of these auriferous rocks limited to veins.

There are two other mines in the piedmont section that are
worthy of mention, the Baker (or Davis) and the Michaux,
both on John's River near the Caldwell and Burke line. The
latter has yielded some very fine capinet specimens, the veins
being numerous, small and in places "s ery rich. This mine has
been scarcely opened, so that it is impossible to predict what
\vill be its character economically. The veins are, so far, very
much scattered and subdivided into threads, but a proper sys-
tem of mining may develop their connection with a " mother
vein," or their aggregation into a larger, regular, and well de-
fined one. The country rock which carries these veins is gran-
itoid gneiss, and is decomposed to considerable depths, into
what the miners term " slate/' The " Baker Mine " is situ-
ated a little higher up the river, near the mouth of Wilson's
Creek. The vein here is situated in the plane of contact be-
tween a heavy bed of serpentine and the felspathic slates of
the country. A large quartz vein meets this at right angles,
which is also auriferous, and contains, near the outcrop, silver
and lead ; but it has been very little explored. Gold has been
found at other points in this section, in small quantities, but
the above mentioned are the only localities of much note. If
we pass beyond the Piedmont Group into the King's Mount-
ain Slates, there are many famous gold mines along this forma-
tion and in the gnessic rocks between it and the lower Ca-
tawba, several of which have been lately reopened under fa-

40 Document No. 27. [Session

vorablc auspices, — the Kind's Mountain mine, the Khodes,
iVattie, and fcWO or tliree others. These are now operated by
companies and under superintendents of California experience,
in several cases, with the most improved California machinery
manufactured in San Francisco. From these tacts, and espe-
cially from the superior engineering skill which is now em-
ployed in these and several other such enterprises of the Mount-
ain Mining Company, I infer that a new era is opening upon
the mining interests of our State.

SILVER AND LEAD.

These two metals are associated in their ores in this State
There are hut two or tliree localities in the territory under
consideration which are worthy of remark in this respect. On
the north slope of the Beech Mountain in Watauga County,
on the waters of Watauga Iliver, at two points galena has
been lately discovered, which is rich in silver. The veins have
been but little explored however, so that it cannot yet be de-
termined whether they are of much value. One of the veins is
in a greenisli chlorito-argillaceous slate; the other I have not
seen, but from hand specimens infer that it is associated with a
huge body of iron pyites. A similar outcrop of galena was
found a number of years ago at Flint Knob in Wilkes County.
The ore is of good quality, containing both gold and silver ;
but no exposure of the vein lias been effected, from which a
reasonable conclusion can be drawn as to its extent or value.
The ore, so far as exposed, is in a coarse slaty gneiss.

OOFPZK.

The most important deposits of copper ores are found, M
already remarked, in the Buncombe Group. Besides the
veins formerly described, in Jackson County, there is a similar
group of valuable veins in Watauga, Ashe, and Alleghany.
These veins occur, like the others, in the hornblendic rocks of

1868-'69.] Document Xo. 87. 41

the series. The three most noted mines in this northwestern
angle of the State, are the "Elk Knob." H Peach B "
and " Ore Knob." The first is one of the most promis
onta copper ore in the State. It is a large vein of the

yellow snlphnret embedded in the most extensive body
hornblendic rocks in the State. The vein rock is a dark col-
ored micaceous quartzite. nine or ten feet in thickness. It is
situated on the northern slope of the mountain from which it
is named, at an elevation oi about tour thousand feet.

There are many outcrops of gossan in this rugged reg
some ot which have been penetrated to a sufficient depth to
reach the copper pyrites. This region is well worthy of the
attention ot the practical miner and capitalist. The Peach
Bottom Mine is situated on the west side ot the mountain
range of that name in Alleghany and a few miles south of
New River. This mine was well furnished with machinery
for the elevation and concentration ot the ore. It has been
wrought to a depth of one hundred and fifty feet. The shatts
and tunnels are now filled with water, so that I am not able
to give the size, or other characters of the vein. It is em-
bedded in grey gneissic slates and has the same strike and dip
with them. The gangue is partly vitreous quartz, but chiefly
a soft, coarse, quartzo-felspathic rock, very easily crushed. A
portion of the vein yields also lead. Large quantities ot ore
were sent to the smelting works at Petersburg during the
war.

"Ore Knob" is in the southeast corner of Ashe County,
quite near the Blue Iiidge. It is in the same character ot
rock formation as the last. It is said to have yielded sev-
eral thousand tons of ore within a depth of sixty or seventy
feet. The vein is said to be a large one. The ore is " yellow
copper" as in the other mines. I have no doubt that all
these mines could be profitably reopened but for the difficulty
of transportation to market.

In the southern corner of Ashe County is another mine of
some note, known as ** Gap Creek." Having been opened

42 Document No. 27. [Session

several years before the "war, the shaft is of course filled u;
:.- to prevent any examination. Dr. Enuimns visited it when
first opened and reports that at a "depth of fifty to sixty feet

the ore is vitreous, which will probably be twice as rich as the
"yellow sulphuret." He further describes the vein as "a true
vein, having a perfect regularity in direction as well as in its
walls." "The width is variable, being eighteen inches wide
at the surface, and from twelve to twenty -four inches at differ-
ent depths." " The rock in which it is embraced is a horn-
blende slate about a quarter of a mile wide.'*

There are indications of copper veins in many other local-
ities in this County, and doubtless many new mines will be
opened as BOOB as this region shall be furnished with means of
transportation.

IRON.

The remarkable deposits of magnetic ore in Mitchell have
been previously described. The Cranberry is the most impor-
tant and extensive, but there are many other beds in different
parts of the County, some of them magnetic as at Flat I Jock,
others hematitic. In Madison, there is also a promising out-
crop of slaty magnetic ore on East Fork of Laurel, and
another near Jewell Hill of specular ore. In Ashe County.
on the North Fork of New River, are also large depositi
valuable ore, generally magnetic, some of which, smelted in a
common bloomery, are said to have yielded a fine quality of
iron. In the Linville Slates, besides the hematitic beds for-
merly mentioned as occurring with the limestone in Transyl-
vania ami Henderson, there are several others of the same
character in McDowell, in the spurs of Linville Mountain, on
both Bides <<t' the North Fork of Catawba. Iron was made
here many years ago, but the qualify seems not to have been
o-ood. There is a bed of magnetic ore near Patterson, in
Caldwell, which I take to be of fine quality, but there is no
exposure to justify an opinion as to its quantity. Both mag-

lS68-'69.j Document No. 27. 43

netic and heraatitic ores are reported to be found in the
Brushy Mountains in Caldwell and Wilkes, and to have been
formerly manufactured into iron at a few points. The most
valuable bed of iron ore in the Piedmont Group is found in
the syenitic belt near Xewton in Catawba County. The
is of the same quality as that at Cranberry, and yields a sim-
ilar iron.

The extensive and very valuable iron beds of Gaston, Lin-
coln and Catawba, which have been wrought for three quar-
tets of a century and have yielded more iron than all other
mines in the State, do not belong to the formation under con-
sideration. They occur in the King's Mountain Slates, from
the South Carolina line to Mt. Anderson, cropping out at
short intervals along the whole distance of some forty miles.
An account of some of the most important ot these beds is
given by Dr. Emmons in the report for the year eighteen hun-
dred and titty-six. Several new mines however, were opened
during the late war in the vicinity of Mt. Anderson, and seve-
ral new furnaces were erected, which are still in blast. The
ore is partly magnetic, and partly of the variety known as Itab-
irite, and the iron generally of very good quality.

CHROMIC IRON.

As has ,been stated previously, this mineral accompanies the
serpentine in the most ot its out crops in the transmontane
plateau, e. g., in Yancey, Mitchell and Watauga, as well as in
Jackson. It exists in the form of nodules and veins.

BARYTE-.

There are several viens of this mineral in Madisou County.

44 Document Na i'7. [Session

GRAPHITE.

re are a few small veins of graphite, or plombae
1 ::d Catawba, in the gneissic rocks, bur the n

able and the largest number i them are found in

the K _ '-.'■! tain Slates in < itawba. Lincoln and Gaston.

M:a.

I. . _ -*als of mica are found in many parts of Yan

and Mitchell : the largest I have seen however, were obtained
.eveland near Shelby. When clear and free from flaws.
- : ir inches by six are worth about one dollar and a
pound.

PYRITES.

Iron pyrites is found in numerous localities, but the most

- and important occurrence of it is that whieh has

been already mentioned in Cleveland and Rutherford. The

gneissic slates of a large district here on the waters ot First

and Second Broad and Saudy Run, are impregnated with

this mineral in ■ very minute subdivision. The rock

.rhers easily ou exposure to the air. and produces copperas

alum in immense quantities. TL usands oi ere

manulactured here during the war. and the business . .: be

ducted profitably still. The circumstances under which

manufactured in Vermont and elsewhere are not

The only disadvantage here is. in the matter

- ttion to market, which however is likely to be

i remedied.

MINERAL SPRINGS.

The same cause, viz : the abundance and wide diftusion of
_ : be to so many sulphur, chalybeate and alum

1S68- 69.] Document No. 27. 44

springs in this Piedmont country. They abound throughout
the region, but the most noted are "Wilson's Springs, (White
and Red Sulphur, and Chalybeate) near Shelby in Cleveland
County, McBrier's and Patterson's in the same County, and
the Catawba White Sulphur and Chalybeate in the northern
part of the County of the same name, and Piedmont Springs
in Burke near Table Rock. All these are watering places of
some celebrity. "Wilson's and the Catawba have been recently
improved and furnished in good style. They have the advan-
tage ot being located in a very salubrious climate, in view of
the mountains, and easily accessible from the Rail Roads. Be-
yond the Blue Ridge also mineral springs abound. The most
notable are the celebrated Warm Springs on the French Broad
in Madison, the Sulphur Springs near Ashville, and the Mil-
lion Springs at the foot of Craggy Mountain.

GRINDSTONES AHB "WHETSTONES.

The Linville Slates furnish abundant materials for grind-
stones and whetstones, in the Linville mountains, and for whet-
stones of very good quality in Adam's Xnob on John's River.
On Laurel River in ALadison is a peculiar eherty splintered
whitish quartz rock which Mr. George Gehagan was manufac-
tured into millstones which are described as nearly equal in
performance to the French buhrstone.

BUILDING STONES.

In a granitic country like this, building material is too abun-
dant to require particular mention.

SKRFENTINK.

This rock has been mentioned as occurring frequently in the
transrnontane region ; but it is not of a quality to be valua-
ble for ornamental purposes. There is in fact only one 1<

40 Docxftaonr No. 27. [Session

ity where it has the proper structure and finetieSfl of grain, and
that is near Patterson in the upper Yadkin Valley. Here it
is oi a dark blue color and beautifully veined with chrysotile,
and furnishes an excellent material for mantels, table-tops and
numerous other ornamental uses.

LIMESTONE.

This is the most valuable mineral found in the territory
under review. Little account, is made ot it hitherto, because
ot the backward state of the agriculture of the region. But
the time is not distant when our farmers will understand that
lime is an absolute necessity in all profitable and intelligent
cultivation of the soil. The completion of our system of in-
ternal improvements is demanded tor no other purpose so im-
mediately, or so urgently as for this, of furnishing facilities for
the general distribution of this and other fertilizers. Lime-
stone is not abundant in North Carolina. And the deficiency
can only be supplied by multiplying the means tor as wide
distribution of it as possible from the few localities which fur-
nish it.

It has been mentioned already that there are three principal
formations in the western part of the State in which this rock
is found, the Cherokee, the Linville and the King's Mountain
Slate-: and the general course of these belts has been traced
with some particularity, and the localities indicated where the
limestone outcrops were observed. It is found also in the
Buncombe Group, in two beds which cross the French Broad
near the town of Marshall, a.s has been mentioned formerly.

A'.UId I.TUKAL GEOLOGT.

The general agricultural features of this region will be
readily inferred from what has been stated above in descrip-
tion of its topography and lithology, the soils of a country
beiiiir the immediate derivatives of its rock-formations and

18GS-Y.9.] Document Xo. 27. 47

owing- their character entirely to these. As a general state-
ment, wherever mica schists prevail, the soil is sterile and the
forests inferior, as in the southern part of Polk and Cleveland
and portions of Burke, Catawba and Caldwell. The same
remarks are applicable to the soils which are derived from
sandstones, as on Linville Mountains, and about Paint Eock.
But as the soils ot much the larger part of the territory under
consideration, (probably nine-tenths of it,) are derived from
gneissoid rocks, their value and character will in any case be
determined by the composition and quality of these. Where
the rock is highly felspathic, the soil is thin and the timber
poor; but it is generally very improvable, requiring only the
addition of lime to render it productive. The most notable
illustration of both these points is furnished by the Henderson
County belt of gneiss, through its whole extent, from Tran-
sylvania t" McDowell. The productive power of these soils
along the French Broad, has been trebled in a few years by
the liberal use ot lime.

Where the gneissic rock becomes hornblendic an immediate
improvement is observable in the soil. Illustrations of this
sudden change inthe character of the soil, coincident with an
alteration in the composition of the rocks are numerous.
These dark hornblendic rocks always produce a red, or " mu-
latto" soil. The hornblende slates of Tryon Mountain may
be cited as an example in immediate and striking contrast
with the poor felspathic soils a little west ot it. Another
notable illustration is furnished by the syenitic belt in which
Newton is situated. But the most conspicuous demonstra-
tion of the immediate relation of the soil to the subjacent
rock is found in the massive hornblendic mountains already
described along our northwest border, in Mitchell and AVa-
tauga. the Yellow Mountains, Rich Mountains, Elk Knob etc.

Of course the best soils of this region, as elsewhere, are the
alluvions on the water courses, — the ''bottoms." In a moun-
tainous country these river bottoms are usuallv narrow and in-
terrupted. But there are some remarkable exceptions in this

DtOGCTfENT N -7

si important of which are the I
French Broad, Catawba and Yadkin, in all which I
extensive tra - - sand acres of the fines! :

_ land. And similar tracts are found on the r:
Pigeon, 1 i .-ialiy A" .

150S-*09.] Document No. 27. 49

CHAPTER III.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Climate. — The general remarks on the climate and produc
tions of the more western Counties contained in the former
report (pages forty-one et seq.) are equally applicable to the
whole transmontane plateau. The most elevated portion of
it, in Mitchell and "Watauga, (above three thousand feet) lias
the summer temperature of New York, seventy-two degrees ;
and the winter temperature of "Washington City, thirty-five
degrees ; mean annual, fifty-six degrees. The annual rainfall
is likewise that of New York, forty -two inches ; that of the
eastern section of the State being forty-five. Snow falls here
about as often as in New York, but not more than half as
deep. On the lower plateaus, as the French Broad, the eleva-
tion of which is a little below two thousand feet, the winter
climate is proportionably milder.

Timber. — The forests of this mountain plateau are very-
heavy, and contain an incalculable amount of valuable tim-
ber. There are hundreds of square miles of white oak for-
ests, which must become immensely valuable for export at no
very distant day. The black locust covers large tracts of ter-
ritory in many of these Counties. This is the most durable
timber in our forests, and is so much esteemed for ship build-
ing that it is cultivated in the northern States oa- a large scale,
one acre on Long Island, for example, being valued at two
to four hundred dollars. Chesttut timber id everywhere.
Poplar (tulip tree) is abundant. These two are the largest
growth of the mountain forests, sometimes measuring ten to

Doc. No. 27.] 4

•27.

twelve feet in diameter. .Not far behind these in size is the
•r oak of the mountaineer.) White pine
;nds in all the higher plal -. .. on up] 'lie.

and New Ri r, S ath Fork.) and often reaches a height
of one hundred and fifty feet and a diameter four to live feet.
dock is :. indant along the streams in the higher

. and attains a great size. Among valuable cabinet
intain birch, (mahogany of the mountaineer, i birds-
maple, black walnut and cherry are found in great quan-
tities, and of large size. Large lie-Ids have been fenced with
black walnut in this region. I measured a cherry tree in Elk
more than nine feet in girth, and seventy-five
Bnch a tree would be worth more than
one hundred dollars in New York. There are also extei-

. maple, Irom which many thousands <>: pounds

sugar are manufactured every year, supplying the entire

te market in many sections. The linn tree, (tilia,) which

•uudant in the rich coves, is highly prized by the inhabi-

furnishing a valuable winter forage for cattle.

er there are other spontaneous products that
are v. : mention ; among which are

are hundreds of acres of native cran-
the streams in the higher valley.-, from which
oantities of fruit are annually gathered for export IV-
which may be ad

. — Of these ginseng is the most important.

eral hundred thousand pounds of this article are annually

':, and i nrce of large revenue to the inhabi-

d Minnesota are the principal

rt, the whole of which goes to China.

Wil f considerable trade.

»ral kinds of snake root, pink root, puccoon.

Hebore, i »ard. Indian turnip. Indian

. and a hundred others. The aggregate amount of mo-

1S6S- 69.] Doccme.m Xo. 27. 51

ney realized annually from the trade in these articles in the
mountain section of this State is probably over a quarter of a
million.

The principal larm products are corn, wheat, rye, buck-
wheat, oats, grasses, (chiefly timothy, herd, blue, orchard and
clover), fruits, (especially apples, occasionally peaches, pears
and grapes, i potatoes, and root crops.

Com grows everywhere. On the higher ridges and plateaus
(three thousand feet and upwards) the northern varieties are
required on account of the shortness of the seasons.

Wheat does well in Buncombe, Madison, Yancey, and in
small portions of the other Counties.

Bye. buckwheat, oats and the o /'a ■?■?>:* flourish everywhere,
but especially in the more elevated regions of Mitchell, Wa-
tauga. Ashe, Yancey, oce. I am assured by intelligent tann-
ers in this region that four tons per acre of hay is no uncom-
mon yield. These grasses escape from cultivation and propa-
gate themselves everywhere. I have seen a field near live
thousand feet high that was seeded, some twenty years ai
with timothy, and has not been under fence in fitteen years,
which has still a good "set" of grass. Oats grown at this
place weighed forty-two pounds per bushel.

In the higher parts of the mountains, ^above four thousand
five hundred feet,) there are three species of perennial winter
grass, which send up their new shoots, or si Is,. in Xovember.
and remain green all the year ; so that cattle and sheep require
little care even in winter, except in case of a deep fall
snow, which does not happen more than once in eight or ten
years.

The new Japan clover, as it is call'. i striata)

has spread over the whole of this region. I have found it in
a few cases on the tops of mountains four to live thousand feet
high. Such tacts as these, taken in connection with the exceed-

Bf Document N . -_'7. [Session

bag cheapness of land, (twenty-five cents to one dollar per
acre,) and the proximity to the great markets of the country.
will surely justify the opinion that the continent does not
afford more iavorable conditions for profitable cattle farming.
wool-growing and cheese making.

The President of the Cheese Makers' Association of New
York (Gov. Seymour i stated the other day in an address that
the reason of their ability to compete successfully with the
English cheese makers is to be found in the comparative chi
- of land in New York. The price of one acre of (
ernor Seymour's grass land will buy two or three hundred
acres in this region.

Cheesemaking has recently been introduced here by a few
intelligent and enterprising citizens of Buncombe and will no
doubt soon establish itself as a leading industry of the mount-
ain section.

It is inexplicable that no one has undertaken wool-growing
on a large scale, as such an enterprise, judiciously conducted.
could scarcely tail of success.

Ajr>pl<s. — Fruit growing must also prove vers- profitable.
now that transportation is to be furnished. No part vt' the
continent produces the apple in greater perfection, or with

- cost and trouble. There is scarcely ■ county that has not
several a tal seedlings of fine quality ; and apples are fre-

quently produced of twenty -two to twenty-three ounces weight :
(and even much larger figures were reported to me. but as I
had no means of verifying the statements, I do not venture feo
repeat them.i

Potato* here are remarkably prolific, the yield being -
times as high as six hundred bushels to the acre, and the qual-
ity unsurpassed.

Boot Oropt are abundant and of the best quality. — a fact
worthy of note in connection with tine subject of cattle raising

1368-'69.] Document No. 27. 53

The climate and agricultural characteristics of the piedmont
region are notably different. In these respects it much more
nearly resembles the middle section of the State, (the hill
country.) Corn and wheat are of course the staple products,
and near the mountains, rye, tfcc. A large part of it is well
adapted to the growth of tobacco, a plant not much cultivated
here however. Fruits grow well every where, but particular
localities have special adaptation to the growth of certain spe-
cies. The apple flourishes especially along the foot of the
Blue Ridge. On the Brushy Mountains also, in Wilkes
County a fruit is produced of peculiar excellence. Both its
orchards and vineyards are famous. Lincoln County origin-
ated the grape of that name, (called also the " Hart," " Le-
noir " and " Davis w grape,) and Buncombe claims the Ca-
tawba. Cherry Mountain in Rutherford is noted for its
extensive cherry orchards and the unequalled flavor of the
fruit. It also produces a rare quality of wheat. The Japan
clover has taken possession of this whole piedmont section
within a few years, occupying the road sides, fence corners
and old fields,- and seems likely to exterminate the pestiferous
broom grass. This plant is an annual, ot comparatively re
cent introduction, which seems destined to play an impor-
tant role in the future agriculture of the State. Notwith-
standing the differences of opinion among farmers in the
regions which it has invaded, it is unquestionable that it has
valuable qualities both tor pasturage and as an improver of
the soil.

Water power is abundant every where, as will be evident
from the topography of the country already given in outline,
taken in connection with the annual rainfall of forty-two to
forty-four inches. The Catawba and Yadkin descend seven
hundred feet in a course of sixty miles across the piedmont
section from the base of the Blue Ridge : and the thousand
tributaries (many of which are themselves respectable rivers)
have a much more rapid descent. Beyond the Blue Ridge

DocrMEXT N -~ [Session

the case is still stronger. Here is a score of large river-
precipitate their vast volumes of water from these elevated
plateaus through more than a thousand feet of descent in a
course of thirty to forty miles, developing an amount of force
which is beyond all estimate. The power developed by the
Falls of Niagara is estimated to be thirty times as great as the
whole amount of utilized water and steam pov. reat

Britain. The water power of North Carolina is ample for a
continent.

Ornate. — It has been long known that there is
a certain established relation between I .nd climate,

such that a change in one inevitably affect? the other. T: :■
amount of rainfall, the humidity and the electrical stat" I '
atmosphere of a region depend immediately upon the ex-
tent of its forests. This - - -.veil understood that in some
of the prairie States, as well as in various countries of Europe
and in Egypt, systematic efforts have been made (not without
success) to meliorate the aridity of the climate by the encour-
agement of forest cultivation by statutory enactments and by
the direct interference and agency of government.

Although there is a vast amount of forest surface in the
mountain region, the destruction of so considerable bodies
along the valleys and slopes of some of the plateaus has air-
begun to tell upon the climate. Of this there are several indi-
cations. The streams in some sections have notably con-
tracted their usual volume, while they are more subject to
excessive floods than formerly. The forest fruits — the mast of
the oaks, beech and especially the chestnut. — have become
much more precarious and uncertain. The leaves oi the el
nut tree show indications of change and disease. And in the
piedmont this tree has perished within the last genera-
except on the higher spurs and slopes of the mountains. I was
informed by the old< n that in localities where buck-

wheat yielded thirty bushels to the acre a generation ago, not
more than half that product can be obtained from the same

1S6S-Y.9.] Document No. 27. . 55

class of land. And so of other crops. On the other hand, in
several Counties in which wheat could not be profitably culti-
vated a decade or two ago, it has now become a principal
crop.

Our people have carried their method of farming, (which
consists chiefly in the manufacture of " old fields,") beyond
the Blue Ridge, and already these glorious mountain land-
scapes have been extensively marred and scarred by large
tracts of these favorite mementoes of our agriculture (eheu !) —
North Carolina Farmer, His Mark. Some of the finest lands
on the continent utterly denuded of forest, and of soil in half
a dozen years, and reduced to bare rocky cliffs and stone heaps
and steep glaring gullies, — a monument, a beacon and a
frowning curse ! Xo wonder these bald declivities, thus plun-
dered and outraged, send down their destroying floods to rav-
age the plains. Nature will be avenged on man some way.

I am for levying a special tax on all " old fields," as heavy
as the Constitution will permit. Indeed they ought to revert
and to be declared ipso tado forfeit to the State. He who
takes an acre of virgin soil which the Almighty has employed
all the forces of his universe some thousands of years to embel-
lish and enrich, his sun and rain and frost and successive tribes
of animals and plants and chemistry of the stars, to make it
" a thing of beauty and a joy forever " for the use and en;
ment of his children — he who takes that and converts it into
a blight and a devastation in the shape of an old pel J. — what is
he but a criminal '. Xo man, no generation of men has an ab-
solute title to the soil in any such sense that he may innocently
destroy it. It belongs to mankind, and the reversionary right
of posterity to it is indefeasible and inalienable, and no indi-
vidual or generation has, or can acquire any other than a usu-
fructuary property in it. He who creates an "old field,"
therefore, and so '' makes a desolation " worse than even war
can effect, perpetrate a robbery upon mankind, commit- a
grand larceny against his own children. " an iniquity to be
punished by the judges."

56 Document No. 27. [Session

Antiquities. — This is a subject to which almost no attention
has been given in uur latitude, and which would be considered
by most as very unpromising. But 1 risk nothing in saving
that there is here a wide and inviting field for the antiquarian.
From the Indian Oyster banks and Mussel beds, the kitchen
middens, of the Albemarle Country to the huge burial mounds
of Macon and Cherokee, there are mementoes of the aboriginal
races in almost every County. Recent freshets in the Catawba,
the Yadkin and the Dan have exhumed from the soil of the
level " bottoms," (the favorite cemeteries of the Indian,) thou-
sands of relics of curious interest, skeletons, burial urns, various
implements and utensils of stone, pottery and copper, andweap-i
pns and personal ornaments. But a more remarkable fact is
the existence of ancient mines in different parts of the moun-
tain region, to the date and origin and purpose of which history
gives no clue. Twoof these are worthy of special mention, one
in Cherokee, the other in Mitchell. The former, on Valley
River, consists of a vertical shaft about one hundred feet deep,
regularly timbered in a workmanlike manner, and a tunnel
driven in to meet it from the foot of the hill at a distance of
several hundred yards (this last point I did not verity by per-
sonal observation.) The shaft was evidently sunk with a view
to strike a heavy quartz vein near it, containing hematitic
iron. From this shaft were obtained chestnut shingles of a
former roof, and an iron crank. Who are the authors l The
" oldest inhabitants " can give no account of it. And they
could learn nothing from the Indians. Not the Indians them-
selves certainly, for they did not know the use of iron, nor un-
derstand mining, or smelting of metals. Every one BUggi stfl
DeSoto f but according to the best accounts, he did not stop to
mine and .even had no implements for the purpose, and more-
over did not touch the territory of North Carolina. There
must nave been other similar Spanish expeditions of which no
account has been preserved.

The other locality is near Bakereville, Mitehell County.
The work here is of a different and ruder character. There

1808-69.] Document No. 27. 57

arc a dozen or more open pits, forty to fifty feet wide by sev-
enty-five to one hundred long, and filled up to fifteen or twenty
feet of depth, disposed along the sloping crest of a long termi-
nal ridge or spur of a neighboring mountain. The excavated
earth was piled in huge heaps about the margin of the pits, and
the whole is overgrown with the heaviest forest trees, oak and
chestnut, some of them three feet in diameter, and some of the
largest belonging to a former generation of forest growth, fallen
and decayed ; facts which indicate a minimum of about three
hundred years. There is no appearance of a mineral vein and
no clue to the object of these extensive* works, unless it was I i
obtain the large plates of mica, or crystals of kyanite, both >r
which abound in the coarse granite rock. Or, as is more prob-
able, they may have been dug ignorantly and vainly in the
hope of finding something which had no existence, as in the ease
of so many later minings for copper and silver in the same
region.