Miles adiee Ine lt ld ade MAS te he f SPALL E Fer tade tetas a ata at ae Pru re Sun Chen heres Daina . Uraokre) pee rary ark ie +5 TOAMS ae “OUxDe|Y “D “IN| $0 Uorssimuad Ag Ade) “|W “f “uw Aq Sunuied e wo 4 ( d0aidsizu01 4) “ASOOD G30NNOM V ONIAZINLAY WANUYYVE NOIdWVYHO ae eee May LO AN BOOK OF THE. DOG. THE ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS, UTILITY, BREEDING, TRAINING, POINTS OF JUDGING, DISEASES, AND KENNEL MANAGEMENT OF ALL BREEDS OF DOGS. BY Hon. Joun S. WISE, BERNARD WATERS, MAX WENZEL, B. F. SEITNER, HARRY MALCOLM, CHARLES K. WESTBROOK, CoL. ROGER D. WILLIAMS, DR. Q. VAN HuMMELL, DR. M. G. ELLzEy, Law- RENCE TIMPSON, WILLIAM LOEFFLER, J. L. WINCHELL, WM. WADE, H. F. SCHELLHASS, P. T. Mapison, Wm. A. BruetTe, F. H. F. Mercer, A. CLINTON WILMERDING, J. F. Kirk, J. OT1s FELLows, Geo. W. KIERSTEAD, AUGUST BELMONT, JR., W. H. RussELu, Dr. J. S. Niven, FRANK F. Doe, E. F. Burns, P. H. Coomss, J. H. Naytor, Dr. H. T. Footse, Miss A. H. WHITNEY, HENRY JARRETT, J. E. DouGHERTY, Pror. J. H. H. MAENNER, F.. F. Lams, L. F. WaHItT- MAN, JOHN E. THAYER, MaJ. T. J. Woopcock, W. R. FURNESS, Dr. G. Irwin Royce, G. W. FisHEerR, Mrs. ELroy Foote, Miss MARION E. BANNISTER, E. R. SPALDING, AnB ee Dr. J. FRANK PERRY (‘‘ASHMONT”’). “oaRyY OF EDITED BY G0. SHIELDS (<‘Coquina’’), 3, AUTHOR OF “CRUISINGS IN THE CASCADES,” “‘RUSTLINGS IN THE ROCKIES,” ‘SHUNTING IN THE GREAT WEST,’ ‘‘THE BATTLE OF THE BIG HOLE,” ‘‘THE BIG GAME OF NORTH AMERICA,”’ ‘“‘CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS,” ETC. CHICAGO AND NEW YORK: RAND, MCNALLY & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. WSO 1: : ni 2 eX: “ef ur | iN aa: ° Copyricu?, 1891, By G. O. SHIELDs. All rights reserved. Doz Book. ‘“ THE MORE I SEE OF MEN, THE BETTER I LIKE DOGS.’’ —Anonymous. (3) PREFACE. To the ladies and gentlemen who have responded so generously to my requests for contributions to this book, Iam profoundly grateful. To their efforts alone is due the production of this the grandest work on the dog ever pub- lished, in this or any other country. Without the co-opera- tion of such able and enthusiastic dog-fanciers, such a book would have been impossible. Iam also indebted to these and to other kind friends for the use of drawings and photographs, many of which were made especially for this purpose, and from which many of the illustrations have been produced. I am grateful to Dr. N. Rowe, editor of the American Field, for the use of several electrotypes, and to many others who have contrib- uted to the success of the work in various ways. THE EDITOR. a err | = | (oo SO Te Se = = . , * oe > ® 7 “1 j — a . . J . 9 vat TS » - x ‘he ‘ as 7 i el Fd ' - > . m S_ ' iS e n a ¢ v “+ ‘ Z 2 : . = : F *, - ¥ 1 Pa ‘ 2 \ i ; = = * sa ° t . r : . , - * | ee G v s ‘ r CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. z u p Z : Hon. John 8S. Wise, Tue Enauisa SETTER. a . 2 : é Bernard Waters, Kennel Editor The American Field, and author of ‘‘ Modern Training, Handling, and Ken- nel Management.” THE IRisH SETTER. % Max Wenzel, Secretary The Trish Setter Club of America, and B. F. Seitner, Vice-President The Pointer Club of America. THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. - z - Harry Malcolm, President The American Gordon Setter Club. Tuer PoInter. : : 2 c . Charles K. Westbrook, A.M. THE GREYHOUND. - Y - Col. Roger D. Williams, President The Iroquois Hunting and Riding Club. THE DEERHOUND. E : 2 - Dr. Q. Van Hummel, THE FoxHouND. 2 p Dr. M. G. Hilaey, Recacrie. Editor The National Economist. THE Basser Hounp. - : : Z Lawrence Timpson. THE DACHSHUND. A s Z 2 z 5 William Loeffler. THE BLOODHOUND. . : 2 : Y _ J. L. Winchell. Tue Russtan WOLFHOUND. E z : s _ William Wade. THE BEAGLE Hounp. - & “f “ L. F. Whitman. THE BULLDOG. - E : z z - 4 John BE. Thayer. THE DALMATIAN CoaAcu Dog. - : Maj. T. J. Woodcock. THE POODLE. z 3 2 . : = Es W. R. Furness. THE ITALIAN GREYHOUND. 3 c s _ Dr. G. Irwin Royce. Tue Pua. s : E t : x : 2 G. W. Fisher. Tue Mexican HaArruEss Doe. § 3 é Mrs. Elroy Foote. Tue Toy SPANIELS. Z S s Z Miss Marion E. Bannister, Secretary The American Pet Dog Club. THE SCHIPPERKE. : _ 3 P = H. R. Spalding. DISEASES OF THE DOG, AND THEIR REMEDIES. - Dr. Jd.Frank Perry, (“Ashmont”) Author of ‘Dogs, their Manage- ment and Treatment in Diseases.” SPANIEL TRAINING. » 2 d 7 a : F. H. F. Mercer. PAGE. 357 373 FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. Chesapeake Bay Dog, Barnum, Retrieving a Wounded Gense, Flushed, : ss s ; : English Setter, ‘Toledo Blade, E bs . i : English Setter, Cincinnatus, s English Setter, Gloster, - 2 Bi f English Setter, Rowdy Rod, : 4 3 Trish Setter, Ruby Glenmore, - 2 z C 2 E Trish Setter, Sarsfield, _ : S f a E . Gordon Setters, Malcolm and Gypsey, = i - : Pointers, Duke of Vernon and Miss Freedom, K x Smooth-Coated German Pointer, Walden, z Rough-Coated German Pointer, Ratiz, - 2 Pointer, Lady Dufferin, — - Z : t Pointer, Robert le Diable, - 3 : Dead Bird, = A % : a Pointer Puppies, : 3 < J é Deerhounds, Phyllis, Robin Mani Lady Dare, and Fergus, Trish Water Spaniel, King Slash - E = j 2 Millie and Jock, 3 2 Ls x : = ‘ a Bedlington Terrier, Christmas Carol, — - = . é Bulldog, Bellisima, - f Z : : £ = Bulldog Puppies, J i £ en 4 €9) PAGE. Frontispiece. 17 = : 21 Z 2 180 SMALLER ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE English Setter, Daisy Foreman, = - m 2 x : 3 : S132 English Setter, Roderigo, M : Z i 2 a . 2 38 English Setter, Plantagenet, t E z L J 2 3 Irish Setter, Tim, ~- 3 e : z : e 2 > = 52 Irish Setter, Elcho, . ? 2 é 4 2 : 2 E e Irish Setter, Elcho, Junior, 3 E : : ; : 2 : 68 Gordon Setter, Bob, é : t i : e E é : 238i Gordon Setter, Little Boy, : z t : : , as E 86 Gordon Setter, Pilot, - 2 E : ¥ " : : ? Sel Pointer, Croxteth, _ 3 E = E : : . : 129 Pointer, Patti M., A Z x : i : E By a8 Greyhound, Master Rich, - Ee x : a: 5 2 149 Greyhound, Balkis, E A 4 é : 2 : 3 BAGO Foxhound, Joe Forester, - é : e : : i g 190 Basset Hound, Nemours, S : x ’ : u : z = Palit Dachshund, Waldemann II.,_ - E r A = 218 English Bloodhound, Bono, » 2 < : . - 242 English Bloodhounds, Rosemary od Rieole : = : : 2 249 English Bloodhound Puppies, x E : S 2 S - 253 English Bloodhound, Barnaby, 2 3 ; : : S 256 Russian Wolfhound, Czar, - E : 2 p - u = Yer Russian Wolfhound, Elsie, 2 2 ¢ 2 : 5 : = 265 Beagle Hound, Trailer, Z s 2 e 2 z A z = eal Trish Water Spaniel, Dennis O’Donoghuc, Z : : : : 292 Irish Water Spaniel Puppies, s : 5 ‘ : : : = Nt Clumber Spaniel, Johnny, 3 2 a : : 4 307 Clumber Spanicl, Quester, - 4 : a : : ‘ _ 310 Field Spaniel, Black Prince, — - < a 3 - : E a 329 Cocker Spaniel, Doc, - i x 2 : a s a = , 008 Cocker Spaniel, Brant, = - j = = ; = = B : 341 Cocker Spaniel, Neptune, =~ : : : 4 2 é ¥ . 3846 Cocker Spaniel, Mike, 2 4 2 a ss .. s b 349 Cocker Spaniel, Jersey, é : = 2 2 s : : - 33 Chesapeake Bay Dog, Polly, — - 2 = s E = Z a 359 Fox Terrier, Lucifer, - = - : 4 : 2 = . 3875 Fox Terrier Puppies, 2 2 2! z - E = 5 : 377 Bedlington Terrier, Syrup H., z 2 ss 4 5 . 404 Bedlington Terrier Puppies, = - Z - = 2 408 (11) Ite SMALLER Trish Terrier, Nora, ‘ = Trish Terrier, Mars, - a a Bull Terrier, Starlight, a ILLUSTRATIONS. “a Yorkshire Terrier, Lancashire Ben, Yorkshire Terrier, Bradford Harry, White English Terrier, White Prince, Airedale Terrier, Weaver, = - Scottish Terrier, Mieadowthen pe Donald, Skye Terrier, Lovat, - rn Black and Tan Terrier Puppies, Black and Tan Terrier, Meersbrook Maiden, Maltese Terriers, Brendoline, etc., Collie, Scotilla, - b s Collie, Boss, - Old English Sheep Dog, Sir Gavondit Great Dane, Minca Mia, 2 Great Dane, Don Cesar, m Great Dane, Major, = = Great Dane, Juno, a f St. Bernard, Sir Bedivere, e St. Bernard, Prince Regent, - St. Bernard, Otho, - : is St. Bernard Puppies, — - - Mastiff, Beaufort, = _ E 2 Mastiff, Edwy, = : : Mastiff Puppies, s s Dalmatian Coach Dog, a Poodle, Pierrot, K é M Diagram for. Clipping Poodle, Pug, Dude; | = z 2 Mexican Hairless, Me Too, - King Charles Spaniel, Romeo, - Blenheim Spaniel, King Victor, Schipperkes, Midnight and Darkness, MEE OpDeCLLON. By THE HONORABLE JOHN §S. WISE. T gives me great pleasure, at the request of the editor, to write an introduction to THE AMERICAN Book OF THE Doce. Mr. Shields asked me, some months ago, to write an article on the Pointer for this work, and I deeply regretted that I was too much engaged at the time to comply with his request, for I felt then, as I do now, a deep interest in the success of his enterprise. However, my inability to join his staff did not prevent him from having that noble breed ably treated, for the gentleman whom he secured to write of it has prepared a most able, exhaustive, and instructive paper, as have nearly all the other contributors on the various breeds of dogs. Mr. Shields is too well known to the readers of sports- men’s literature to require any introduction, and in select- ing contributors to this work he has displayed rare good judgment. His list of writers embraces the names of a great many gentlemen who are recognized as leading authorities on the subjects of which they write. While these articles may, in some cases, be more or less tinged by the peculiar views of their authors, the book, thus drawn from many different minds, is not only very eclectic in character, but, in my judgment, much more correct and valuable, as a whole, than it could be were it the production of an indi- vidual. I have been particularly glad to notice that many of the writers have framed their articles on these lines, and have quoted largely from the writings of others, not contenting themselves with merely expressing their individual views. The book is exceedingly interesting. It is free, too, from the sameness of expression and treatment so often found in (13) 14 INTRODUCTION. books of this character written by one man. It is, more- over, a very instructive book, and of practical value, in many features, to the owners and breeders of dogs. This is an American book, describing the American standard of dogs, the appearance of American dogs, and the American diseases of dogs, as well as the American reme- dies which will cure those diseases. By this I do not mean to belittle foreign animals or foreign literature on these subjects. On the contrary, the foreign literature, up to the present time, is far superior to ours, and all our dogs are descended from foreign importations. The idea I in- tend to convey by the above remark is that certain con- ditions and peculiarities of our climate vary not only the appearance of our dogs and the standards applicable to them, from the appearance and standards of other coun- tries, but the diseases to which they are subject and the treatment which should be applied to them. All these things are considered and dealt with in Mr. Shields’ book in a way not, in the nature of the case, to be found in for- eign authorities, however excellent, and that is why I com- mend this as an American work. Another valuable feature of this book is the illustra- tions. Many of these are artistic and beautiful in a high degree. The portraits of several dogs of world-wide repu- tation are shown, and those of many other typical speci- mens, less widely known, add to the interest and attractive- ness of the work. Nearly every breed is illustrated, and of some breeds several good specimens are pictured. A statement of the value of American dogs would startle a stranger to the subject. It is no exaggeration to say that the aggregate salable value of sporting and pet dogs in this country amounts to several million dollars. Our bench shows and field trials are in every way equal, if not superior, to those of Europe. Canine interests in this coun- try have for years past engaged the careful attention of many of the most successful business men in this country. Excellent talent is employed in the larger American cities for the exclusive purpose of writing upon canine subjects; INTRODUCTION. 15 and their journals are extensively and profitably circu- lated. Knowing all this, I am sure that a great demand will be found for so excellent and comprehensive a book as this. The topics treated in this work, to wit: The origin of breeds; their early history; development up to the pres- ent standard; special characteristics; utility, excellences and deficiencies; directions for training, for breeding, and for kennel management; notes on diseases, with directions and prescriptions for treatment of same; preparation for bench show or field trial; the future of the breeds—all these are well selected and well treated. The special article on diseases and their treatment, by one of the most eminent living authorities, is of itself a val- uable addition to the library of the sportsman. 1 sincerely hope the book will meet with the cordial reception it deserves. New York, June 26, 1890. 1 i. ro ree iy oe ON 02>: #5 . " 7 < + . ts am 2 ‘nie - oo +g _— fine Jae Keer i cee iE We peek Ps v Pe i = - “9 : oe - aa | a ne, FOAG 2a ™ ; u ; : : pe ea Vt ee ee ks ee (“eA Leto he Sad caer es i. a3) 7 by — Mee a ay Phe Te PR eee Pane veal peat es oe as ; | oS aE ' 7“: ~e oe Se ete TO on, =e oy ng FLUSHED. THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. THE ENGLISH SETTER. By BERNARD WATERS, Kennel Editor of the American Field, and Author cf ‘‘ Modern Training, Handling, and Kennel Management.” LT) EGARDING the origin of the English Setter, nothing is known toa certainty; but, in this particular, the absence of knowledge does not differ from that con- s)) cerning all other old breeds of dogs. That the Eng- lish Setter is a very old breed is beyond question, as will be shown more fully hereinafter, by reference to some ancient literature on the subject; but that the ¢pse dizit of one or two ancient writers should be given so much credence is unaccountable. However, the obscurity, which envelops the past, quite as effectually prevents disproving any errors in the statements of the old writers as it does the proving of their statements to be correct. This is more particularly noticeable as, in the present day, captious critics are ever ready to differ from those who are more or less recognized as authorities, while accepting without question the say- ings of writers of two or three hundred years ago. Accord- ing to the popular belief, one which is supported by nearly every author of modern sporting literature, the English Setter is supposed to have originated in a Spaniel ancestry. To show on what this belief is founded, a few excerpts from recognized authorities will be presented. Stonehenge, in his work, ‘‘The Dogs of the British Islands’’ (edition of 1867), treats of the Setter as follows: As some difference of opinion appears to exist with regard to Setters, we have determined thoroughly to satisfy ourselves as to their origin and best form, and we have called all the best authorities to our assistance. We pro- 2 ; (17) 18 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. pose to place the result of our labors before the public, and to add our own conclusions, There is no doubt that the sport of hawking was known and practiced by the ancient Britons, and that the Roman was totally ignorant of the science; but the invader at once came to the conclusion that the system might be improved, and introduced the Land Spaniel, if not the Water Dog also, into this country. These dogs roused the game, and this was all that the hawker required of them in those early days; but in after years, as we shall see, dogs were required to point, or, in the language of the quaint old writer, *‘ sodainely stop and fall down upon their bellies,” and having so done, when within two or three yards, “then shall your Setter stick, and by no persuasion go further till yourself come in and use your pleasure.” At first, then, without doubt, the Spaniel was merely used as a springer for the hawk, which was subsequently neglected for the net; and the pro- pensity of the dog to pause before making his dash at game was cultivated and cherished, by breeding and selection, until, at last, gratified by observing the action of the net, he yielded his natural impulse of springing at all, and set, or lay down, to permit the net to be drawn over him. After this, the hawker trained his Spaniel to set; then he cast off his hawks, which ascended in circles, and ‘‘ waited on” until his master roused the quarry from its con- cealment, when she pounced upon it like a pistol-shot. When used either with hawks or for the net (especially in the latter case), a far heavier dog answered the purpose than what we call a ‘‘ High-ranging Setter.” The net enveloped a whole covey in its meshes, and few manors would allow of many coveys being taken in a day; whilst the disentangling the birds, and securing them, allowed time for the heavy dog to rest and regain his wind. Richard Surflet, who wrote in 1600, gives us the following information. Writing of the Field or Land Spaniel, ‘‘of which sith before no author hath fully intreated,” he describes him as ‘‘ gentle, loving, and courteous to man, more than any other sort of dog whatsoever;” and as ‘‘ loving to hunt the wing of any bird, especially partridge, pheasant, quails, rails, poots, and such like.” He tells us we are ‘‘to choose him by his shape, beauty, metal, and cunning hunt- ing; his shape being discerned in the good composition of his body, as when he hath a round, thick head, a short nose, a long, well-compast, and hairie eare, broad and syde lips, a cleere red eie, a thick neck, broad breast, short and well-knit joints, round feete, strong cleys (high dew-cley’d), good round ribs, a gaunt bellie, a short, broad backe, a thicke, bushie, and long-haired taile, and all his bodie generally long and well-haired. ‘His beautie is discerned in his colour, of which the motleys or piede are the best; whether they be black-and-white, red-and-white, or liver-hued-and- white; for, to be all of one colour, as all white, or all blacke, or all red, or all liver-hued, without any other spot, is not so comely in the field, although the dogs, notwithstanding, may be of excellent cunning. ‘‘His mettall is discerned in his free and untired laboursome ranging, beating a field over and over, and not leaving a furrow untrodden, or one THE ENGLISH SETTER. 19 unsearched, where any haunt is likely to be hidden; and when he doth it, most coragiously and swiftly, with a wanton playing taile, and a busie labouring nose, neither desisting nor showing less delight in his labour at night than he did in the morning. “And his cunning hunting is discerned by his casting about heedfully, and running into the wind of the prey he seeketh; by his stillnesse and quiet- nesse in hunting, without babbling or barking; but when he is upon an assured and certain haunt, by the manner of his ranging, and when he compasseth a whole field about at the first, and after lesneth and lesneth the circumference, till he have trodden every path, and brought the whole circuit to one point; and by his more temperate and leisurely hunting, when he comes to the first scent of the game, sticking upon it, and pricking it out by degrees; not open- ing or questing by any means, but whimpering and whining to give his master a warning of what he scenteth, and to prepare himself and his hawke for the pleasure he seeketh; and when he is assured of his game, then to quest out loudly and freely.”’ After describing Spaniels which ‘‘ delight in plains or the open fields,” and others more adapted for covert, he goes on to say: ‘There is another sort of Land Spannyels which are called Setters, and they differ nothing from the former, but in instruction and obedience, for these must neither hunt, range, nor retaine, more or less, than as the master appointeth, taking the whole limit of whatsoever they do from the eie or hand of their instructor. They must never quest at any time, what occasion soever may happen, but as being dogs with- out voices, so they must hunt close and mute. And when they come upon the haunt of that they hunt, they shall sodainely stop and fall down upon their bellies, and so leisurely creep by degrees to the game till they come within two or three yards thereof, or so neare that they can not press nearer without danger of retrieving. Then shall your Setter stick, and by no persuasion go further till yourself come in and use your pleasure. Now the dogs which are to be made for this pleasure should be the most principall, best, and lustiest Spann- yel you can get, both of good scent and good courage, yet young, and as little as may be made acquainted with much hunting.” There is no doubt that the Setter is a Spaniel, brought by a variety of crosses (or rather, let us say, of careful selections) to the size and form in which we now find him. He is the most national of all our shooting dogs, and certainly has existed for four centuries. His form probably has improved. The net used in different countries required the same character of dog. He might be slow, heavy, or slack, and soon fatigued, but he would answer the purpose. But when shooting flying superseded the use of the net, the moors, the Grampians, the Norfolk turnips (before they were sown in drills), the Irish potato-fields, the low Scottish wolds, or the fens of Lincoln, all required dogs of different types, accommodated to their several hunting- grounds. The description of the Setter’s manner of hunting is both quaint and spirited; yet there is nothing whatever in the writings quoted which implies that the Setter had a 20) THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. Spaniel origin. Palpably the Setter was then an established breed, as shown by the assertion that ‘‘¢here is another sort of Land Spannyels which are called Setters.’ That Setters and Spaniels should be classed as being of the same family, several centuries ago, is not remarkable; nor is it remarkable that a sporting writer's dicta at that time should be unquestioned, since there were but few of them, and people at large were uneducated in such matters. With all the advantages of a sporting press, a multitude of writers, an extensive sporting literature, and numerous an- nual bench shows and field trials as educational institutions, there have,grown up a wonderful diversity of opinion and misinformation in respect to the different breeds at the present day. It is not strange, therefore, that, in the year 1600, Richard Surflet classed the Setter as a Spaniel, although, as mentioned hereinbefore, he refers to this breed as ‘‘another sort of Land Spannyel.”’ In the chapter on the Sussex Spaniel, in the same work, Stonehenge says: ‘‘About the year 1555, a duke of Northumberland trained one ‘to set birds for the net;’ and soon afterward the Setter was produced, either by selection or by crossing the Talbot Hound and Spaniel.”’ The utter absurdity and thoughtlessness of such an illog- ical statement is self-evident to anyone. A duke trained a Sussex Spaniel to point, and soon after- ward the breed of Setters was produced. Why could not all breeds be thus taught to point? This is rendered still more absurd by the fact, well known to all students of natural history, that an educational act is not transmitted to the progeny. That Stonehenge was not quite positive in his inferences is shown by his remarks in the revised edition of the same work, published in 1878, wherein he treats the subject as follows: ‘‘ The Setter is, without doubt, either descended from the Spaniel, or both are offshoots of the same parent stock, originally—that is, before the improvements in the gun introduced the practice of shoot- ing flying, it is believed that he was merely a Spaniel taught to ‘stop’ or ‘set’ as soon as he came upon the “O!1YO ‘opejo) ‘anuaay puri eco, "198eq “3p hq paumo “AGV19 OGAIOL y)\W7 4s 2 a THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. scent of the partridge, when a net was drawn over the covey by two men; hence he was made to drop close to the ground, an attitude which is now unnecessary.”’ There is thus an absence of positiveness in his later opinions on the subject; in fact, there is no proof adduced whatever to support the speculation. Gordon Stables briefly disposes of the subject, in ‘‘ The Practical Kennel Guide,” as follows: ‘‘The Setter used to be called a ‘Setting Spaniel,’ and was known in England long before the Pointer, and was probably first introduced by the Romans.”’ Laverack, in his work, ‘‘ The Setter,’ says: Iam of the opinion that all Setters have more or less originally sprung from our various strains of Spaniels, and I believe most breeders of any note agree that the Setter is nothing more than a Setting Spaniel. How the Setter attained his sufficiency of point is difficult to account for, and I leave that question to wiser heads than mine to determine. The Setter is said and acknowledged, by authorities of long standing, to be of greater antiquity than the Pointer. If this be true, and I believe it is, the Setter can not at first have been crossed with the Pointer to render him what he is. A more modern writer, one who is generally very sound, and always instructive, Mr. Hugh Dalziel, treats the subject at some length. The following quotations give the main points of his position: Difficult as it admittedly is to trace the history of any of our modern breeds of dogs, although in so many instances their manufacture, if I may use the term, into their present form is of comparatively recent date, there is, in respect to the Setter, a general agreement among writers and breeders that our present dog is largely derived from the Spaniel; indeed, the proofs of this are conclusive. The family likeness is, in many respects, yet strongly preserved; and in some kennels where they have kept pretty much to their own blood, following different lines from our show and field-trial breeders, this is markedly so. The writer on Setters in the Sportsman's Cabinet, 1802, tells us that in his day, in the northern counties, the Pointer was called the Smooth Spaniel, the Setter the Rough Spaniel; and although he speaks of this localism with surprise, as a misnomer, it was rcally the preservation of an old distinction— the Setters, or Setting Spaniels, being so named to divide them from their congeners, used for different work, and named Cockers and Springers. Somewhat inconsistently with the conclusion that ‘‘the proofs are conclusive,’? Mr. Dalziel continues: THE ENGLISH SETTER. 23 Whether the modern Setter has been produced from the Spaniel by care- ful selection, or by a cross with the Pointer or some other breed, it is difficult to decide. In the American Kennel and Sporting Field, the late Arnold Burges voiced the common belief in the following: The best of modern writers, among whom I may mention Stonehenge, Laverack, Idstone, all say that the Setter is a direct descendant of the Land Spaniel, and speak of a Setting Spaniel as the first Setter. There is no doubt that this is the correct theory, and that our Setter is a pure, unadulterated, but improved Spaniel. Briefly, nearly all modern writers, owners, and breeders hold these opinions in the main, there being some variation here and there; but however much these beliefs may vary one from another, they all have their inspiration in the facts that the Setter was in ancient times called a ‘‘ Setting Spaniel,’’? and that he has some analogies in common with the Spaniel. A few of the objections against the theory that the aboriginal ancestry of the Setter was in the Spaniel may be mentioned: First. The arguments and proofs adduced are founded on such imperfect data, with no contemporaneous support, that they could be applied with equal force in proving that the Spaniel is a variation of the Setter. ‘* Setting Span- jel’? might be a localism, as was calling the Pointer a ‘*Smooth Spaniel.” Second. Those who assert that the Setter is an improved Spaniel are not positive or consistent in the assertion, and depend more upon the numerous repetitions of matters of hearsay, all of which center more to the inconclusive fact that some centuries ago the Setter was called a ‘‘ Setting Spaniel,’’? than upon any absolute knowledge. Third. Vf the Land Spaniel had such an inherent tend- ency to variation, it would undoubtedly have multiplied the variations, thus forming numerous sub-varieties, or dis- tinct breeds. It is well known, however, that the Setter breeds true to race-forms, as does also the Spaniel. Fourth. Wf the Spaniel did throw off a variety—for without some variation there could not have been any 24 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. change of form—it would probably have been lost by inter- crossing with the parent type, by the natural tendency of animal organizations to revert to parental forms, or by the destruction of the variation as being mongrel. This con- jecture is not improbable, since no breeder at the present day would consider his stock pure if the progeny were not true to type, nor would he allow such progeny to exist; therefore there is no probability that such variation would be cultivated and preserved, even if it existed. Fifth. There would, in all probability, be in existence humerous intermediate gradations of forms from the Setter tothe Springer, showing more or less perfectly the different stages of transition; for it is hardly tenable to suppose their total destruction, leaving the two breeds distinctly established, without any connecting link between them. Sixth. There is an absurdity in the statement that a. Spaniel was taught to point, and that soon thereafter the instinct became general; for if one educational matter became hereditary, why did not all others become heredi- tary at the same time and in the same manner ¢ Seventh. The pointing instinct, as exhibited by the Pointer and Setter, is applied for their own profit in hunt- ing, and has no reference whatever to the purposes of the gun. In advancing on their prey, of which game birds are but a part, Setters (and, for that matter, Pointers also) must approach cautiously on the birds which are lying close and concealed from view. The dog must rely solely on his pow- ers of scent in his approach to the place of concealment, and must locate the birds with precision to make a success of his effort. As he approaches the birds, his muscles become tense, preparatory to the spring to kill, and he stops fora few moments to gauge the distance and location of the birds, then springs with astonishing quickness and precision, and not infrequently effects a capture. If he has the birds accu- rately located as he draws to them, the preparatory pause, technically called the point, will be very short, or perhaps there will be none. This phenomenon is such as is exhibited THE ENGLISH SETTER. 25 by dogs in training, and not such as is exhibited by broken dogs. It requires a long course of training to bring the dog to steadiness on his points to subserve the purposes of the sportsman; but this only shows that, by training, the sports- man has diverted to his own use a quality which is an aid to the dog in gaining a food-supply in a state of nature, the dog being a carnivorous animal. That the act of pointing, so far as its practical application is concerned, is but par- tially instinctive is demonstrated by the various methods which the Setter has in pursuing his prey; for instance, when drawing on the trail of birds, he is mute, and shows the greatest caution in avoiding making any noise, knowing that noise would alarm the prey and destroy all chances, as a chase after birds would be hopeless. In chasing rabbits, which are a part of his prey, and which he hunts with ereater zest than birds, he gives tongue merrily and makes no attempt at caution. That this trait of pointing may also be acquired is a well-attested fact. The writer had a Bull Terrier which was an excellent squirrel-dog. From seeing an occasional ruffed grouse shot, he learned that they were objects of pursuit. When he struck the trail, he would road cautiously and silently, making a point at the proper place with excellent judgment, and in this manner, by his intelligence, giving many good shots. On squirrels, he was noisy and rapid in his work. There are a number of such instances mentioned by authors. Yet the popular belief, in respect to the purposes of the pointing instinct, is opposed to these views. The following, from ‘‘ British Dogs,” contains the gist of the popular teachings and belief on the subject: ‘I look upon the form exhibited by Pointers, and some Setters, when standing to game as an inherited habit, the result of education. The stop, or point, voluntarily made by our dogs now, is the inherited result of training the breed, gen- eration after generation, to forego the spring onto the game natural to a carnivorous animal, in order to serve the gun.” This is quoted as being an accurate expression of how the pointing instinct was developed; therefore it will serve as 26 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. an expression of the general belief and not as that of a single individual. It does not explain in the least how the instinct origi- nated, for at the beginning it could not be ‘‘an inherited habit, the result of education.’”? It is still more inexplica- ble when we remember that so few individuals were taught to point. Moreover, educational properties are not trans- mitted; if so, the constant training which dogs have received in domestic life, for innumerable generations, would be inherited; that they are not can readily be seen when com- paring the behavior of a dog which has been reared in and about the house, from puppyhood, with that of one which has been reared exclusively ina kennel. Other educational acts which are constantly taught to all dogs are not inher- ited; therefore, why should an act taught to a few dogs become instinctive in a breed of dogs? It is against all experience that an educational act taught to one genera- tion should be transmitted to succeeding generations. The horse, through many centuries, has been given a thorough education, one which included a much larger percentage of the breed than does the education of Setters; yet the colts of to-day have to be educated precisely in the same manner as their parents were. Thus if one educational quality became instinctive by education, why did not all other edu- cational qualities, which were equally or more uniformly taught, also become instinctive? This merely shows an inconsistency in the position; but even without this, it is untenable, otherwise the teachings of naturalists must give way to the speculations of those who have given the matter superficial consideration. Darwin, in ‘‘ The Origin of Species,’ instinct, says: 5 when speaking of Domestic instincts are sometimes spoken of as actions which have become inherited solely from long-continued and compulsory habit; but this is not true. Again, as in the case of corporeal structure, and conformably to my theory, the instinct of each species is good for itself, but has never, as far as we can judge, been produced for the exclusive good of others. In other words, an animal never has an instinct for the benefit of some other animal; instincts being directly for CINCINNATUS. Owned by J. E. Dager, Toledo, Ohio, 28 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. the benefit of the individual having them, or the preserva- tion of the species. This subject admits of much greater scope in treating it, but sufficient has been advanced already to give the reader a fair general knowledge of all that is known of the origin of the Setter. He may have had a Spaniel ancestry; but whatever his origin, it is now in the realms of speculation. At best, there is no relation what- ever between such a trifling cause and such a great and unrelated effect; however, the main proofs to sustain the belief that the Setter had a Spaniel ancestry are fully set forth, so that the reader can form his own conclusions. When carefully analyzed, there is but one conclusion; 7. e., that the origin of the Setter is not known. The development of the English Setter, and his rise to his present high place in the appreciation of sportsmen, are matters of a comparatively recent period. Numerous strains existed in England, each of which had its admirers and supporters, and for each special claims of excellence were made. In this country, the stages of transition in the develop- ment of the English Setter have been somewhat irregular in respect to progress; but, at the present time, it is gener- ally conceded that the high-class English Setter, as he exists in this country, has no superiors. The first impetus given to the general improvement of the English Setter in America was due to the importation of some of the best blood from England, and the coincident growth of field trials. The Laveracks, a strain so called from having been bred and preserved by the late Mr. Laverack, through his life-time, had a great deal of prominence in the sporting world, although the purity of his breeding, and, conse- quently, the pedigrees which he presented to the public, were questioned as to their correctness by prominent breeders, and, it would seem, with a great deal of justness; for there are many matters incidental to them which it is difficult to explain consistently with Mr. Laverack’s pre- tensions. The first field trials—the inception of general progress THE ENGLISH SETTER. 29 in field sports in America—were run near Memphis, Tenn., in 1874, under the auspices of the Tennessee Sportsmen’s Association. For four or five years thereafter, general progress was slow; breeders having so many conflicting interests and theories in regard to breeding, as to which were the best strains, that it required a certain length of time to determine which were the best dogs, and which the best methods of training—thus approximating to at least a general agreement on sporting matters. Although there are still many which are unsettled, because of the whims, preferences, prejudices, beliefs, different needs and training of sportsmen, it is a matter for congratulation that they are educated to a point where differences of opinion are now confined to large classes of sportsmen— one class against the other—where, a few years ago, it was each individual’s opinion arrayed against those of all others. The field trials furnished an available public test to determine the claims of the different breeds and strains to superiority. The importation of the blue-bloods, so-called, led to the keenest of competitions in the field trials with the native stock; the result demonstrating the superiority of the imported stock to the native. _The win of a dog at a field trial added largely to his monetary value, as well as to the satisfaction of his owner in having the best, or one of the best dogs; thus establishing a standard for others to strive for. In this manner, the spirit of rivalry or emula- tion which the competition engendered, created a wide- spread and active demand for better dogs as to field-work, and purer blood as to breeding. This, in turn, resulted in engaging breeders in efforts to supply the demand; and as the blue-bloods added to their victories over the native Set- ter, the latter dropped more and more out of the competi- tion, until, at the present day, they are seldom represented in the field trials, and but little in the pedigrees of the favorite lines of breeding—in most instances not at all. En passant, it may be said that the native Setter had many admirable qualities, but was chiefly deficient in the 30 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. speed and dash of the imported stock. The Llewellin Set- ter—a cross of the Duke-Rheebe blood on the Laverack—a strain of English Setters bred by Mr. Llewellin (England), found greater favor with sportsmen in this country than any other strain; and the fine-bred English Setter in this country at the present time has more of this blood than any other, although it has largely lost its claim to the name of Llewellin; that is, a cross of the Duke-Rheebe blood on the Laverack. With field trials there came a demand for a higher grade of skillful training; and as the occupation became fairly remunerative, as well as congenial to men who were passionately fond of shooting, it rapidly was monopolized by them, and soon reduced to a fine art—at least, in so far as the complex composition of a dog’s nature would permit. The special characteristics of the English Setter are his beauty of form; his rich, silky, glossy coat; his intelligence; his merry, dashing manner of hunting in the field; his keen scent; and his remarkable judgment in the application of his efforts, and adaptability to the character of the grounds and the habits of the game birds which he is hunting. Combined with these are great powers of physical endur- ance, which he usually retains until the encroachments of age impair them. In motion and on point, the English Setter is the embodiment of beauty, spirit and grace. The high-class English Setter finds and locates his birds with great rapidity, when he once catches the scent of them; in fact, any habitual hesitancy or pottering are elements of certain defeat, in a competition. As shown by the records of public competitors, the char- acter and extent of ownership, and the preference and opinions of the most expert sportsmen, the English Setter is the superior of all other breeds for work on game birds.* * Among those who are prominent as breeders or owners of good English Setters may be mentioned J. Shelley Hudson, Covington, Ky.; the Memphis and Avent Kennels, Memphis, Tenn.; C. Fred Crawford, Pawtucket, R. L; A. M. Tucker, Charlestown, Mass.; Dr. S. Fleet Speir, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Theodore Morford, Newton, N. J.; A. H. Moore, Philadelphia, Penn.; E. W. THE ENGLISH SETTER. 31 In breeding Setters, if superior field performances are the qualities to be, attained, the rules for guidance are simple. Breed only to dogs of the highest individual merit. Breeding to a poor dog, simply because his brother, or other blood relation, is a Known good performer, is the most fallacious theory in breeding. The poor dog is much more predisposed to transmit the poor qualities which he has than the good qualities of his related blood which he has not. By such course, the best strain can be, in time, rendered utterly worthless. Without this care in selection, or material of the proper quality to select from, but little progress, if any, can be made in improving the stock. The Setter, being a working dog, should be bred on as near a working type as possible—a type which admits of a com- bination of speed, strength, and endurance. The elegant racing-lines of the Greyhound admit of the exercise of great speed, but it can not be sustained for any comparatively ereat length of time. The Setter requires a symmetrical but stronger construction, the demands of his work requir- ing that he should be able to work all day, or several days in succession, at a reasonably fast pace. Gradually, how- ever, the breed of English Setters has been diverging into two types—one encouraged by bench shows, the other by the demands of practical field sportsmen. The former is of a cobbier type, with a preference for a needless profusion Jester, St. George’s, Del.; T. Donoghue, La Salle, Il.; John Bolus, Wooster, Ohio ; Edward Dexter, Buzzard’s Bay, Mass.; P. Henry O'Bannon, Sperry- ville, Va.; Thomas Johnson, Winnipeg, Man.; Dr. J. E. Hair, Bridgeport, Conn.; Davey & Richards, London, Ont.; N. B. Nesbitt, Chesterville, Miss.; P. H. & D. Bryson, Memphis, Tenn.; W. C. Kennerly, White Post, Va.; F. Windholz, 528 Sixth avenue, New York City; Dr. N. Rowe, editor American Field, Chicago, Ill.; George W. Neal, Westville, Conn.; the Item Kennels, Bethlehem, Penn.; H. F. Schellhass, No. 6 Brevoort Place, Brooklyn, N. Y.; S. Gardner, box 160, Mount Vernon, N. Y ; Dr. H. Clay Glover, 1293 Broad- way, New York City; Gen. W. B. Shattuck, Cincinnati, Ohio; Hempstead Farm Kennels, Hempstead, L. I.; Rosecroft Kennels, 102 Chambers street, New York City; J. E. Dager, Toledo, Ohio; 8. L. Boggs, 91 Fifth avenue, Pitts- burgh, Penn.; and Cohannett Kennels, Easton, Mass. There are many others that I should like to mention, but it is impossible, for want of space, to give anything like a complete list.—Eb. 32 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. of feather—fashion having, in a measure, taken the Setter from his domain as a working dog and transferred him to domestic life as a pet and companion; a position to which his docility, intelligence, symmetry of form, beautiful coat, and affectionate disposition eminently qualify him. Bench shows and field trials have become established institutions, and gain a stronger and wider support year by year. The preparation of a dog for either, entails a great deal of skillful labor and diligent attention. For a bench rx ——— DAISY FOREMAN Owned by George W. Neal, Westville, Conn, o show, a dog must be in the highest physical condition; therefore in the highest state of health. These can only be accomplished by regular feeding, exercise, grooming, and cleanliness in his yard and sleeping quarters—particulars which, by the way, should be observed at all times, whether preparing for competition or not. A Setter, when mature, should be fed but once a day. This is sufficient either at work or rest; but it should be good, wholesome food, and all that the dog will consume. A liberal proportion of meat may be used; in fact, when at THE ENGLISH SETTER. 33 work, the dog may with advantage be fed on a meat diet exclusively. During the close season, the dog, if confined, should have as large a yard as possible for the purpose of exercising, and thereto the owner should give him a run night and morning. The dog is a nervous, restless animal, generally of unlimited energy and spirits, and plenty of exercise is an absolute requirement to keep him in good health. In connection with feeding a dog, it may be men- tioned that it is a mistake to give a dog a large, hard bone. The dog will gnaw it by the hour, but he gets no nourish- ment, and wears out his teeth. Young dogs may be fre- quently seen with their front teeth worn to the gums, from the effect of this kind of misdirected kindness. Soft bones, which the dog can crush easily, such as the ribs of sheep, etc., keep the teeth white and clean, and gratify the dog’s craving for bones. Good, clean straw makes an excellent bedding. It should be changed as often as it gets broken or soiled; about twice a week will usually be often enough, unless the weather should be very rainy and the ground muddy, when it should be changed oftener. Where but one or two dogs are kept, any dry, clean out-building will do for a kennel; or a small kennel can be made at little expense. The field training of a dog is an art on which there is a voluminous literature. The modern trainer has improved greatly on the methods of his predecessors, and the Ameri- can trainer of the present has no peer in his special calling; a calling which has its hardships, however, for it is shorn of all artificial advantages which are incidental to training on a preserve in England. The trainer, when the training season begins, locates in some favorable section in the South, where he has an abundance of old fields, open and cover, and where birds are known to be plentiful; thus training his dogs in actual hunting. In this manner, they get their education in practical work. The trainer has to reconcile himself frequently to the discomforts of poor lodgings, worse fare, and isolation from congenial civilization. But fondness for the dog and gun overcomes all the hardships 3 34 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. of the profession, and the trainer often can not be induced to engage in more remunerative and settled occupation. The prices for training a dog vary from $100 to $150, accord- ing to the perfection in training which the owner desires, or the reputation of the trainer—winning at field trials adding to a trainer’s reputation and to the demand for his services. An English Setter of good breeding, showing superior merit and winning in competition, is worth from $500 to $2,000, taking the sales of the past few years as a standard by which to judge. The training of a dog requires from five to six months to complete, under the tuition of a skillful trainer. When the dog is ten months ora year old, he is at the best age for training, having then sufficient physical development to endure the work, and mental capacity to understand it. The methods of training in vogue at the present time differ radically from those of a few years ago. Then it was assumed that a dog should be trained in every detail, even in the manner in which he should perform his work; now the dog is taught to direct his efforts in the interest of the gun, but the manner, being natural to him, is developed to its greatest capacity simply by giving the dog ample experience to exercise it; for without ample experience to learn methods of hunting, after his own manner, he can not make progress in skillful hunting. The most essential qualities in hunting are pointing and ranging. To become a skillful performer and proficient in the first quality, a dog must have delicate scenting powers and great judgment in using them; to be a good ranger, he must have good speed which is well and uniformly main- tained, and great stamina to sustain long-continued periods. of work. To these he must add great intelligence, to the end that his efforts be directed with judgment; the intelli- gence displayed in his methods being commonly called ‘*bird sense.’’ A dog possessing the latter quality will be incomparably superior to one without it, even if the latter is equal or superior in other qualities. A dog having ‘*bird sense’’ hunts out his ground in the most thorough, GLOSTER, Owned by Mr, J. L. Breese, Tuxedo, N, Y. if Gs as Oph i 7 ir 4 is oh as tas D> titos p ea aes ww A mays = rie nd P. v = _ , ’ “ A = 5 * Fer yn : Mae e 4 ao oe ‘e iy ve Sieh erat ca f i " : oa -\ ay xs a M : Ze Foyt » ne in f wt ‘) q vy vi = : “? oy i 7 : ee rors, “ é * > : Pt ] . ‘ : ” THE ENGLISH SETTER. 35 yet intelligent manner. He takes his course from one likely place to another, makes a circuit about likely fields to strike the trail of anything which may be feeding, avoids bare, unpromising ground in his casts, and always takes advantage of the wind in beating about, in thicket or open. The dog which beats about without any plan in his work, hunting promising and unpromising ground alike, never becomes a skillful finder. The dog having ‘‘bird sense’ always has a good memory, and if hunted on any grounds once or twice, will remember the location of every bevy found, and hunt them out afterward with remarkable quickness. Therein lies the great superiority, .in this country, of intelligent ranging over the artificial method of beating out the ground, called quartering, in which the dog is required to beat out the ground at right-angles to the course of his handler; thus going constantly in parallel lines excepting when turning at the ends, the distance between the parallels being theoretically the range of the dog’s nose. Thus a dog with keen, sensitive functions of smell could take wider parallels than one whose nose was dull or poor. In this country, no attention is paid to the teaching of quartering by the expert handler; and indeed it is not required. If a dog in hunting out large tracts of country can not do so intelligently, he is imperfect as a hunter, and no artificial methods of ranging can supply the natural deficiency. In England, quartering is useful, for the reason that the grounds and manner of cultivation favor it; but what in this respect is advantageous there, is not so here. The education of a dog should begin when about ten months or a year old. It should not be inferred that noth- ing whatever should be done before such age; on the con- trary, a great deal is taught, but it is done by taking the puppy out for exercise runs, and by associating him with his master, thus enabling him to learn a great deal from his own observational powers. Hence a puppy should never be kept chained in a kennel if it is possible to avoid it. At ten months or a year old, the puppy has outgrown many of 36 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. the frivolous habits of puppyhood, besides having more physical and mental capabilities. The trainer first gives the pupil a thorough course of yard-training, teaching him to ‘‘Drop’’ (to lie down to order and signal), to ‘‘ Hold up”’ (to rise to order and sig- nal), to ‘‘Go on” or ‘‘ Hie on,’”’ to walk at heel, to ‘‘Come in,’ and to retrieve, although the latter accomplishment is better left out till his second hunting season. To teach the dog to drop, tie a cord, about three or four feet long, to his collar; hold the cord in the left hand, a whip in the right. Give the order ‘*‘ Drop”’ and a moderate cut of the whip on the shoulder at the same instant; repeat this till the dog lies down, being particularly careful to avoid hurry and to use the ordinary tone of voice. After a few moments, speak to him kindly and give the order ‘Sold: 7 Be careful to guard against such noise or violence as will frighten the dog. When done properly, no fears are excited. Let the lesson last about fifteen or twenty min- utes; then pet the dog a few minutes before giving him his liberty, so that his fears, if he have any, will be dissipated. Give two lessons each day, regularly, and regular progress will soon be apparent. ‘‘ Hie on”’ or ‘‘Go on”? is easily taught when exercising the dog; the order which frees him from restraint being consonant with his inclinations always, is soon learned. More time should be taken to teach obedience to the order ‘‘ Heel’? during the yard-breaking, as, if taught thor- oughly, the dog may become habituated to walking behind his master, and may come in from hunting whenever uncomfortably fatigued or warm, and thus acquire a very annoying trait, which will be difficult to cure, or may pos- sibly be incurable. When actual field-work begins, it is the better way to let the dog have his own way for several days, and, if he be timid or indifferent, several weeks, if necessary to develop his courage or interest. Coincidently, he is learning methods of pursuit and a general knowledge of details per- re THE ENGLISH SETTER. 37 taining to hunting. The dogis gradually brought into sub- jection by regular hunting and skillful use of the check- cord and whip, always avoiding such punishment as will destroy the dog’s ardor or excite violent fear of his master. As to the manner of roading and pointing, it should be left entirely to the dog; the effort of the trainer being directed toward establishing steadiness on the point and ranging to the gun. If the trainer be constantly endeavoring to estab- lish some ideal manner of working, he will find himself engaged in a most profitless, wearisome, and endless task; for instance, if the dog roads his birds naturally, it is a loss of time to endeavor to make him proficient in hunting for the body-scent, with a high nose, ete. The aim should be to develop the capabilities which the dog has, rather than the capabilities which some other dog has and which he has not. Retrieving is taught either by what is called the natural method, or by force. In the former, advantage is taken of the dog’s fondness for play during puppyhood. An object, commonly a ball or glove, is thrown out, and the puppy runs after it, takes it in his mouth, and is ready for a frolic. By degrees he is brought to fetch it to command. Withage the playfulness disappears, and with regular lessons the obedience, from regular discipline, becomes habitual. The majority of trainers and handlers order their dogs too much. The fewer orders that can be given, the better; and the most artistically trained dog is the one which will work steadily to the gun without orders. The following standards and points of judging for the English Setter are taken from Stonehenge: Value. Value. Sc aerate getter ee ce ore ee 6 NORM CCT eric wakes atte Rear a 8 [TESTES Oy 3 ON Ree acre LOVE am snr ae ore ete een ee 5 BAPE: HPS, WANG: GYESe Sis bec ss bcs ss 5s 4 Symmetry and quality........... 5 IN@eleis Be Sani. aaod se Mae tO ne ete 6 Texture of coat and feather..... 5 Shoulders and chest................ HOSE COLOR is seoriercorerol eve trot ake air sire 5 Back, quarters, and stifles......... 15 Legs, elbows, and hocks........... 12 Motel Seco civase helen Se 100 The points of the English Setter may be described as follows: The skull (value 10) has a character peculiar to itself, somewhat between that of the Pointer and Cocker Spaniel 38 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. —not so heavy as the former’s, and larger than the latter’s. It is without the prominence of the occipital bone so remarkable in the Pointer; is also narrower between the ears, and there is a decided brow over the eyes. The nose (value 5) should be long and wide, without any fullness under the eyes. There should be, in the average dog Setter, at least four inches from the inner corner of the eye to the end of the nose. Between the point and the root of the nose there should be a slight depression—at all S De \niy SS aK Riryyn Be \ + Vf fl { yy? c WS \We- iN i ha KRY AWWA or” < Hi Sean lin | Wis oT) f is ' Ny Ni Y. My, me! ( \ iene RODERIGO Owned by Memphis and Avent Kennels, Memphis, Tenn. = ———— — = SSS : events, there should be no fullness—and the eyebrows should rise sharply from it. The nostrils must be wide apart and large in the openings, and the end should be moist and cool, though many a dog with exceptionally good scenting powers has had a remarkably dry nose, amounting in some cases to roughness, like that of shagreen. In all Setters, the end of the nose should be black, or dark liver-colored; but in the very best bred whites, or lemon-and-whites, pink THE ENGLISH SETTER. 39 is often met with, and may in them be pardoned. The jaws should be exactly equal in length, a ‘‘ snipe-nose,”’’ or ‘*pig-jaw,’’ as the receding lower one is called, being greatly against its possessor. Kars, lips, and eyes (value 4).—With regard to ears, they should be shorter than the Pointer’s, and rounded, but not so much so as those of the Spaniel. The ‘‘leather’’ should be thin and soft, carried closely to the cheeks, so as not to show the inside, without the slightest tendency to prick the ear, which should be clothed with silky hair, little more than two inches in length. The lips also are not so full and pendulous as those of the Pointer; but at their angles there should be a slight fullness, not reaching quite to the extent of hanging. The eyes must be full of anima- tion, and of medium size, the best color being a rich brown, and they should be set with their angles straight across. The neck (value 6) has not the full, rounded muscularity of the Pointer, being considerably thinner, but still slightly arched, and set into the head without that prominence of the occipital bone which is so remarkable in that dog. It must not be ‘‘ throaty,’ though the skin is loose. The shoulders and chest (value 15) should display great - liberty in all directions, with sloping, deep shoulder-blades, and elbows well let down. The chest should be deep rather than wide; though Mr. Laverack insists on the contrary formation, italicizing the word wide in his remarks on page 22 of his book. Possibly it may be owing to this formation that his dogs have not succeeded at any field trial, as above remarked; for the bitches of his breed, notably Countess and Daisy, which I have seen, were as narrow as any Setter breeder could desire. I am quite satisfied that on this point Mr. Laverack is altogether wrong. I fully agree with him, however, that the ‘‘ribs should be well sprung behind the shoulder;’’ and great depth of the back ribs should be especially demanded. Back, quarters, and stifles (value 15).—An arched loin is desirable, but not to the extent of being ‘‘roached”’ or ** wheel-backed ’’ —a defect which generally tends to a slow, 40 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. up-and-down gallop. Stifles well bent and set wide apart, to allow the hind legs to be brought forward with liberty in the gallop. Legs, elbows,’ and hocks (value 12).—The elbows and toes, which generally go together, should be straight; and if not, the ‘‘pigeon-toe,’’? or in-turned leg, is less objec- tionable than the out-turn, in which the elbow is confined by its close attachment to the ribs. The arm snould be muscular, and the bone fully developed, with strong and broad knees; short pasterns, of which the size, in point of bone, should be as great as possible (a very important point), and their slope not exceeding a very slight deviation from the straight line. Many good judges insist upon a perfectly upright pastern, like that of the Foxhound; but it must not be forgotten that the Setter has to stop himself suddenly when at full stretch he catches scent, and to do this with an upright and rigid pastern causes a consider- able strain on the ligaments, soon ending in ‘‘knuckling over;’’ hence a very slight bend is to be preferred. The hind legs should be muscular, with plenty of bone, clean, strong hocks, and hairy feet. The feet (value 8) should be carefully examined, as upon their capability of standing wear and tear depends the util- ity of the dog. A great difference of opinion exists as to the comparative merits of the cat and hare foot for stand- ing work. Foxhound masters invariably select that of the cat; and as they have better opportunities than any other class of instituting the necessary comparison, their selection may be accepted as final. But as Setters are especially required to stand wet and heather, it is imperatively neces- sary that there should be a good growth of hair between the toes; and on this account a hare foot well clothed with hair—as it generally is—must be preferred to a cat foot naked, as is often the case, except on the upper surface. The flag (value 5) is in appearance very characteristic of the breed, although it sometimes happens that one or two puppies in a well-bred litter exhibit a curl or other malfor- mation, usually considered to be indicative of astain. It is “puy eukern Hoy ‘Buimy “MM esi0ay uy kq paumo ‘GO¥ AGMOY X iS a —_— = THE ENGLISH SETTER. 41 often compared to a scimiter, but it resembles it only in respect of its narrowness; the amount of curl in the blade of this Turkish weapon being far too great to make it the model of the Setter’s flag. Again, it has been compared to a comb; but as combs are usually straight, here again the simile fails, as the Setter’s flag should have a gentle sweep; and the nearest resemblance to any familiar form is to the scythe, with its curve reversed. The feather must be com- posed of straight, silky hairs; and beyond the root, the less short hair on the flag the better, especially toward the point, of which the bone should be fine, and the feather tapering with it. Symmetry and quality (value 5).—In character, the Set- ter should display a great amount of ‘‘quality,’’ a term which is difficult of explanation, though fully appreciated by all experienced sportsmen. It means a combination of symmetry, as understood by the artist, with the peculiar attributes of the breed under examination, as interpreted by the sportsman. Thus, a Setter possessed of such a frame and outline as to charm an artist would be considered by the sportsman defective in ‘‘quality’’ if he possessed a curly or harsh coat, or if he had a heavy head, with pend- ent, Bloodhound-like jowl and throaty neck. The general outline is very elegant, and more taking to the eye of the artist than that of the Pointer. The texture and feather of coat (value 5) are much regarded among the Setter breeders; a soft, silky hair, without curl, being considered a sine gua non. The feather should be considerable, and should fringe the hind as well as the fore legs. The color of coat (value 5) is not much insisted on among English Setters, a great variety being admitted. These are now generally classed as follows, in the order given: (1) Black and white ticked, with large splashes, and more or less marked with black, Known as ‘‘blue belton;”’ (2) orange and white freckled, known as orange belton; (8) plain orange, or lemon and white; (4) liver and white; (5) black and white, with slight tan markings; (6) black 42 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. and white; (7) liver and white; (8) pure white; (9) black; (10) liver; (11) red or yellow. To show the present high type of the modern English Setter, several portraits of well-known prize-winners are pre- sented. ‘The exquisite symmetry, combined with strength, in the English Setter are thus made apparent to the eye. Daisy Foreman. (A. K.C.'S. BS No.5711); famous as a bench-show winner, was whelped June 14, 1885. She is by Champion Foreman, out of Jolly Nell. She is black, PL GENET. Bred by Mr. J. C. Higgins, Wilmington, Del. white, and tan, with a ticked body, and evenly marked. Her weight is forty-three pounds. Her winnings are as follows: First in puppy class, New York, 1886; second and two specials at Waverly, 1886; first and special for best English Setter at Danbury, 1886; first at Stafford Springs, 1886; fourth and special at Newark, 1887; second and special at Providence, 1887; first at Boston, 1887; first at Hartford, 1887; first at Hornellsville, 1887; first at Dan- bury, 1887; second at New York, 1887; second at New York, champion class, 1888; second at New Haven, cham- THE ENGLISH SETTER. 48 pion class, 1888; second in challenge class at Boston, 1889; first in challenge class at Boston, 1890—in fact, she is one of the best English Setter bitches bred in America. She is owned by Mr. George W. Neal, Westville, Conn. Cincinnatus and Toledo Blade are both owned by Mr. J. EK. Dager, Toledo, Ohio, and are renowned as combining both bench and field-trial qualities. Cincinnatus is black, white, and tan; is by Count Noble, out of Dido II., the choicest Setter blood of the world. He divided third, all- age stake, Southern Field Trial Club, 1888; divided fourth, all-age stake, Eastern Field Trials Club, 1889. On the bench, he won first and four specials, Columbus; third, open class, and first, novice class, New York, 1889; first and silver medal for best English Setter placed in any field trial in America, Chicago; first and two specials, Toledo, 1889. Toledo Blade is black, white, and tan; is by Roderigo, out of Lillian, famous for the transcendent superiority of their qualities afield; and the breeding also is of the very choicest. Toledo Blade won second in the all-age stake of the Southern Field Trial Club, 1888; second, all-age stake, of the Eastern Field Trials Club, 1889; first in the all-age Setter stake, Southern Field Trials, 1889. At bench shows, he was V. H. C., Columbus; second at Chicago, 1889. Roderigo, owned by the Memphis and Avent Kennels, is black, white, and tan; is by Count Noble, out of Twin Maud, and is recognized as a dog of decided superiority. He won first in the all-age stake, National Field Trial Club’s trials, 1885. He has distinguished himself as a wonderful sire, having to his credit a list of remarkable field-trial winners in his progeny. Plantagenet is a lemon belton, by Dashing Monarch, out of Petral, and a celebrated bench-show dog a few years ago, although he was not fine enough in form, being too heavy in the shoulders and a bit coarse to suit modern ideas of what the Setter’s physique should be. . Rowdy Rod, a phenomenal son of Roderigo, out of Juno A., is a young dog which ran in his puppy form last Aa THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. year, and by the very superior character of his perform- ance, excited the admiration of the most exacting field-trial fancier. He won first in the Eastern Field Trials Club’s Derby, first in the Central Field Trial Club’s Derby, second in the Southern Sportsmen’s Association’s all-age stake, 1890. He is black and white in color, and besides being a workman, is handsome withal. He is owned by Mr. George W. Ewing, Fort Wayne, Ind. Gloster, owned by Mr. James L. Breese, Tuxedo, New York, is black, white, and tan, by Dashing Rover, out of Trinket; hence he also has a royal canine parentage. In the field trials he has been a most formidable and successful competitor, vanquishing the most noted dogs of the day in public competition, as the following list of winnings will show: First, members’ stake, and divided second in all-age stake, Eastern Field Trials, 1886; first in all-age stake and first in champion stake, same club’s trials, 1887; first, mem- bers’ stake, same club’s trials, 1888; second, members’ stake, same club’s trials, 1889. THE IRISH SETTER. By Max WENZEL, Secretary the Irish Setter Club of America, and B, F. SEITNER, Vice-President the Pointer Club of America. LD writers have advanced the theory that our Setter, as a species, is the product of the mating of a Span- iel with the Hound; and this seems to be as plausible as any other that has been offered. The bird-chasing instinct of the Spaniel, mixed in the offspring with the love for fur which is inherent in the Hound, may have had the effect, at the earliest age, of an undecidedness in the pres- ence of game. Being at first unable to decide whether, according to Spaniel instinct, to bark and jump the game, or whether to be ruled by his Hound ancestor and follow the foot-scent, he may have stopped suddenly; thus estab- lishing the first point on game. 5 <5 = 2 5 oe : i) . | . = ® —-——-+ — — —-—— — -—_+—— ) a cel = eS S 2 © & rs) + =| = =) ing : WR ° o ; : © : 5 5 ee ao. ——— oe lomn-") BQ AR 2 5 6 5 Do Rm OO~E Ted a.8 > ‘ o.|[8 = = ® 5 (=) 2) a ‘ : On a z= @ : : o =°5 o iS a 5 " a2 5 ¢ Ss ao Sf. ae, at cl ee = 2 Ow Bo a) ig Fel IEA = tat Tete) eo Ss ie) z ; Sie aa =m = om o os Eo oR == = =) 5 cal oe, = ® 2 S “HGS Se ae 5 S = 2 es 2 = Q L gp aS! Q ees a SS = = BS Tae = [=P io Drow > Se = ys peey iS Se RS 5 Boge 2 m 43 | S Om _ @ > =e n . ae i=3 A ce eiease iS ict 5 : wv ——— = a5} 2 onwe 2 SNSan = aN =N 3 g 2 = SS2s8 a ga 2 5 ee = atte i) RES Bae 2 EBS = tno = D 5 ao ? nT _ 3 oO iS. ) = = 70 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. His winnings are as follows: First, puppy class, Boston, 1882; first, open class, Ot- tawa, 1883; first, open class, New Haven, 1885; first, cham- pion class, New York, 1884; first, champion class, Montreal, 1884; first, champion class, New York, 1885; first, champion class, Cincinnati, 1885; first, champion class (spring), Phil- adelphia, 1885; first, champion class, South Attleboro, 1885; first, champion class, Boston, 1886; first, champion class, Hartford, 1886; first, champion class, Cleveland, 1886; first, champion class, New York, 1886; first, champion class, St. Louis, 1886; first, champion class, Boston, 1887; first, cham- pion class, Pittsburgh, 1887; first, champion class, New York, 1887; first, champion class, Detroit, 1887; first, cham- pion class, Syracuse, 1888; first, challenge class, New York, 1889; first, challenge class, Troy, 1889; champion Irish Set- ter, sweepstakes of America and cup, and special for best Irish Setter, New York, 1884; special for best Setter dog, any breed, Montreal, 1884; special for best Irish Setter, New York, 1885; special for best Irish Setter (spring), Philadel- phia, 1885; special for best Setter dog, any breed, South Attleboro, 1885; special for best Irish Setter dog, Boston, 1886; special for best Irish Setter dog, and special for best Trish Setter dog or bitch, Hartford, 1886; special for best Irish Setter, Cleveland, 1886; special for best Irish Setter, special for best Irish Setter dog, and special for best Setter dog or bitch, any breed, New York, 1886; special for best Irish Setter dog, and special for best Irish Setter dog or bitch, St. Louis, 1886; special for best Irish Setter, and special for best Irish Setter dog or bitch, Boston, 1887; special for best Irish Setter, and special for best Irish Set- ter dog, Pittsburgh, 1887; special for best champion Irish Setter dog, special for best Irish Setter dog, and special for best Irish Setter dog or bitch, Detroit, 1887; special for best Irish Setter dog, Syracuse, 1888; special for best Irish Set- ter dog, Troy, 1889; special, with Lorna, for best pair of Irish Setters, New Haven, 1885; special, with Lorna, for best pair of Irish Setters, Cleveland, 1886; special, with Lorna, for best brace of Irish Setters, St. Louis, 1886; THE IRISH SETTER. al special for one of best kennel, Boston, 1886; special for one of best kennel, Hartford, 1886. The most successful sires of the past and present are, about in the order named. Champion Elcho, Plunket, Rufus, the great Glencho, Berkley, Erin, Elcho, Junior, Biz, Champion Norwood, Max Wenzel’s Chief, Rory O°’ More, and Stoddard’s Bob. The list of winnings these dogs and their descendants have to their credit would fill a book. It might be profitable to some of the breeders, and would-be breeders, of the present day, to carefully study and con- sider the breeding of some of these dogs; for in this breed, as in all others, there is wisdom in choosing from good families, and in the light of the past it should not be diffi- cult to pick out the successful dogs. We come now to consider the Irish Setter as a field dog. The cardinal points on which depend the value of every pointing dog are the same in all breeds, and I can not do better than to quote from one of England’s highest authori- ties, ‘‘ Idstone,’’ who speaks of the Irish Setter as follows: ‘“They have been jealously protected from mongrel out- crosses for many years by their native breeders, and they owe their popularity, in Ireland and elsewhere, to their quality quite as much as their color. They are exceedingly fast, and very resolute, hardy, and thoroughly blood-like, genuine Setters. — . ef A THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. By Harry Mancoum, President The American Gordon Setter Club. HE origin of this famous breed of Setters dates back © eighty-nine years ago, or more, to the Duke of Gor- don’s Castle, whence its great fame as a field dog has spread far and wide. It was from the Duke of Gordon that our favorite derived his name; and but for this noble- man we should never have known or been able to perpetu- ate this ne plus ultra of handsome Setter dogs. About the year 1859, the first specimens of this breed were introduced in England, and were there called the Black and Tan, or Gordon Setter. They were bred and shown in England of immense size, and were entirely too heavy in make to please the majority of English sportsmen; and but for the old stock in Scotland, which were merry little workers, and but for the careful breeding of some English and American lovers of field sports, which resulted in getting him back to his proper size for practical field form, we should not to-day have had the handsomest and grandest field dog it has ever been the writer’s good fortune to follow afield, day in and day out. Writing of the show bench in England, Stonehenge says, referring to Kent (K. K. C. 8. B., 1600): ‘‘His grand head and rich color drew general attention to him, taking prize after prize at Cremorne, Birmingham (four times), Islington (twice), Worcester, and Paris. His extraordinary career naturally caused a great amount of jealousy, and he was called, by the opposition party, a ‘cur,’ a ‘mongrel,’ a ‘half Bloodhound,’ and a dozen other hard names. So convinced, however, was Mr. Pearce of his purity of breed- ing, that he determined to put the matter to the test of (75) 76 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. experiment, and offered to trust one of his stock, out of Regent, to the care of the writer of this article, to be brought up where he could not possibly see game, and at the proper age, namely, nine or ten months, to be first introduced to it. The result was in accordance with Mr. Pearce’s prophecy, for the puppy not only beat his ground in fine style, but at the end of a few hours work began to stand his birds as only a well-bred Pointer or Setter will do, without any artificial education of any kind. Of course _the report of this trial added greatly to Kent's reputation; and being followed by the successes of Rex (the above puppy) at Stafford and Shrewsbury, where he won three cups, beating in the final trial Mr. Field’s Duke (an English Setter), who had gained a high reputation in previous years, Kent had so strong a run at the stud for several years that it would be difficult at the present day to find a Black and Tan Setter without a strain of his blood. Mr. Pearce’s Regent had several large litters by him, including Rex, Young Kent, lowne, La Reine, Dane, Deal, and Silk, all winners at shows or field trials.”’ I quote the above for the reason that no pure-bred Gor- don’s pedigree to-day can be found that does not trace to Kent and the above-named dogs, and end with such well- known Gordon Setters as Lord Bolingbroke’s Argyle and Ruby I. (E. K. 8. B., No. 1683), or Coward’s Sam, Joblin’s Nell, or Friday and Fan, Duke of Gordon’s Grouse, Duke of Gordon’s Nell, or to Zango, Zara, Major, Nep, Drill, or Mopsa. Coming down to the present day, we find that the Gor- don Setter in America is called, by the opposition, all the hard names they can think of because some men who breed dogs simply for show, breed them to a size that utterly unfits them for field-work. In fact, many of these so- called Gordons were not Gordons, but a cross-bred dog. Their being black-and-tan in color was sufficient to mislead the amateur and the unsophisticated judge. Their owners called them Gordons, exhibited and sold them as such, and as a field dog they were a failure. The pure-bred Gordon GORDON SETTERS—MALCOLM AND GYPSEY. Owned by Mr. Harry Malcolm, Baltimore, Md. THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. Ti7h had to suffer the odium cast upon him by these impostors, whereas if the amateur had purchased of breeders who could trace pedigrees to the above-named dogs, he would have been a happier and wiser man. A dog who is simply a prize-winner, no matter if he is not pure bred, or is even gun-shy, or has never seen game, is more valued by the average mug-hunter than the finest field dog in the country. The bench shows were to blame, in a measure, at least, for this state of affairs, in having only one class in which this breed could enter, and that for Black and Tan Setters; when, in fact, they should have had a class for Gordon Setters, and the Black and Tan should have been in the cross-bred or English class. To remedy this evil, and save the Gordon Setter from the odium that was being cast upon him by having to be entered in the same class with the Black and Tan (causing the best specimens of the Gordon Setter to be Kept at home for many years), the field sportsmen, and lovers of the pure- bred Gordon Setter, met and formed a club, Known as the American Gordon Setter Club. We went before the Ameri- can Kennel Club, requesting them to give us a class in the Stud Book for our pure-bred dogs, and to call this strain the American Gordon Setter. Our request was granted; and in _ the future, none but a dog with a pure Gordon Setter pedi- gree can be registered as an American Gordon Setter. The cross-bred dog, who depended upon his black-and- tan color to deceive the public, has now to be registered in the cross-bred class. The success of the American Gor- don Setter Club in this matter has saved one of the best strains of field dogs from utter ruin. So the strain of dogs that was known at the Duke of Gordon’s Castle as the Gor- don Setter, and in England as the Black and Tan Setter, are now known in America as the American Gordon Setter. The Gordon Setter as seen at Gordon Castle was un- doubtedly black-and-tan, and black, white, and tan. Many of the best-bred Gordon dogs throw, in their litters, pups with a toe or two marked with white, or with a white frill on same. A litter, a few years back, without some white 78 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. was rare; but by careful breeding, and by breeding only from those with the least possible white, in time we shall see Gordons without a white hair on them. I never cast aside a puppy that is nicely made, even now, if he has white on chest; although I prefer them without it, and hope soon to have litters with no other markings than black-and-tan. Following is the standard adopted by the American Gordon Setter Club, and all who wish to advance the increas- ing popularity of the Gordon are breeding up to it: VALUE OF POINTS. Head, including muzzle and nose... 15 Stern and flag ............0--e6 8 JAYS, CES, ANAK MIMO, Gouoadocauace SeColor and marking sey sere eee 8 INGCkieys saci tae cineicm aero cenceren ete 5 Texture of coat and feather...... 6 Shoulders and chest ......... >... 1b (Symmetry: and (quality: -y.)-)teee 8 Back, loins, thighs, and stifles...... 15 — Legs, feet, elbows, and hocks...... 15 Motels x.ccatsetox hata ee 100 Skull.—The skull should be lighter than in the old type of Gordon Setters, as was usually seen at bench shows, must be clean cut, with occiput well defined, and a decided stop below the eyes; and from eye to occiput should be from five to five and a half inches in length. Muzzle.—The muzzle must be straight from eyes to end of nose, without any inclination to what is termed ‘‘ Roman nose,’? and without coarseness; it should be from corner of eye to end of nose four inches in length. Nostrils must be full and wide, and nose black in color. Jaws should be exactly even in length; a ‘‘snipe-nose”’ or ‘‘pig-jaw’”’ is a decided blemish. Hyes, ears, and lips.—Kyes must be of medium size, and a deep brown in color, mild and intellectual in expression. Ears should be set low on head, and lie flat to the cheeks, without any tendency to prick; should be longer than in other breeds of Setters. They must be thin in leather, and must be well coated with fine, silky hair, with as little wave as possible; the hair should extend an inch or two below the leather. The lips should be slightly pendulous; a trifle more so than in other breeds of Setters. WVeck.—Yhe neck should be of good length, clean and THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 719 racy, with gradual rise from shoulders to head, and slightly inclined to arch; should be almost free of leather, but is not expected to be as clean on underside as a Pointer’s. Shoulders and chest.—The shoulders should be deep, with moderately sloping blades; should be strong, and posi- tively free of lumber, and showing great liberty. The chest must be flat between the fore legs, moderately deep and narrow, giving the animal a racy appearance in front. The ribs must be well sprung behind the shoulders, but not sufficient to give the animal the appearance of being too round in barrel, and should extend well back toward the hips. Back, loins, thighs, and stifles.—The back should be short and straight, with loins strong, and slightly arched; any tendency to sway-back being decidedly objectionable. Thighs must be strong, with the muscle extending well down toward the hocks. The stifles should be moderately well bent, and set somewhat wide apart; they should be long from point of hip to hock-joint. Legs, feet, elbows, and hocks.—The fore legs must be straight, and sufficiently strong in bone, with elbows stand- ing close to the chest, but not under it. Hind legs to con- form in bone with the fore legs; they should be moderately bent. Hocks must be straight. The feet must be round, hard, arched, and well padded, with hair between the toes. The ‘‘ cat-foot’”’ should have the preference. Stern and flag.—The stern should be set on slightly below the line of back, and carried in very nearly a straight line from the body—the straighter the better; a ‘‘ tea-pot”’ tail is a decided blemish. When carried down with the hand, it should not reach below the hock-joint; should taper gradually from the body to a ‘‘sting-like’’ end. The flag must be fine and straight, any inclination to curl or ropiness being objectionable; it should taper to nothing at the end. Color and markings.—The color should be a rich, glossy, plum black, with deep senna or dark mahogany, tan markings, clearly defined, and without admixture of black, though a little penciling of black on the toes is admissible. mK 80 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. The tan should show on lips, cheeks, throat, spot over eyes, underside of each ear, on front of chest, on feet and legs, also at vent, but must not extend into flag more than three inches. The tan should show nearly to elbows on inside of fore legs, and to the hocks or above them on inside of hind. legs. An American Gordon Setter with a white frill must not be cast aside; but aim to breed them with as little white as possible. A good dog must not be disqualified for hav- ing white as above described. Any white on feet or tail is a blemish. Texture of coat and feather.—The coat should be fine and flat, any inclination to curl being objectionable, though a slight wave is admissible. The feather should be about the same in quantity as in the English Setter, running down to feet on fore legs, and to hocks on hind legs, but only slightly feathered below the hocks. Symmetry and quatlity.—The American Gordon Setter should display much character; the general outline must look the thorough workman all over, and must absolutely be without lumber. He should be very blood-like in appearance, combining great quality with symmetry. The weight of my dogs is from forty-five to fifty pounds; height at shoulder, twenty to twenty-four and one-half inches. My bitches are less in height and less in weight. If you increase the above height or weight, you will have a dog that is a labor to himself, and forever in your way. The weight given above makes a good-sized dog, and you can take two of them with you in your light top-buggy, fora hunt or arun. My advice to all is not to breed them larger than the size above described. You will find them just what you desire in looks. The following pedigree is of the writer’s American Gordon Setter Whip, whose service has been largely sought after. He has been bred to many of our best Amer- ican Gordon Setter bitches, as well as to imported bitches. This pedigree will be found a valuable guide in selecting pure blood. It traces to the best-bred and best-known field Gordon Setters that ever lived, in Scotland, England, * THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 81 and America; and the blood of the dogs mentioned in it is distributed from Maine to California. Whip’s descendants are owned by gentlemen who keep them to shoot over; and some who have cared to exhibit them at bench shows have won with them. Some in the pedigree have been winners at field trials abroad. The Gordon Setter Gordon won second at a field trial in America, and was justly entitled to Owned by Mr. A. H. Moore, Philadelphia, Penn. first. Ere long, when their owners make up their minds to run them in public field trials, you will sée them go to the front with ease. IJ never have shown or run one at a public trial, but have hunted them in private, in the best of company, with Setters of other strains, and have never seen them beaten. Nor do I believe the Setter or Pointer lives that can work with them, in all kinds of cover and over all kinds of ground, and defeat them ina long hunt. 6 THE OF Whelped June 8, 1887. a v) PEDIGREI! Black and Tan. B., No. 8120. 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I keep my dogs for my own shooting, for pleasure, and to enjoy with them, alone or with my personal friends, the pleasures of the field in— «The brilliant autumn-time, The most brilliant time of all: When the gorgeous woods are gleaming, Ere the leaves begin to fall; When the maple-boughs are crimson, And the hickory shines like gold; When the noous are sultry hot, And the nights are frosty cold; When the country has no green But the sword-grass by the rill, And the willows in the valley, And the pine upon the hill; When the pippin leaves the bough, And the sumac fruit is red, And the quail is piping loud From the buckwheat where he’s fed.” Pardon my digression, my friends; but the mention of autumn stirs the fire that is within me, and ever turns my thoughts afield, and to the above beautiful lines from the pen of that gifted sportsman, ‘‘ Frank Forester.’’ [live from year to year to enjoy the pleasures that I find afield. In the early years of my life, I hunted over the old native English Settersand Pointers; but I believe that, in view of the scarcity of game to-day, and the hard work the dogs of this age have to do to find six or eight coveys of quail in a day, the old- time Setter would not be of much service to us now. The birds are smarter, and harder to find; they scatter, when flushed, into the thick cover. The old-time Setter had no such work to do as our dogs of this age; so I do not hesi- tate to say that the old-time Setter is a dog of the past, and alongside of our keen-nosed, nimble-footed Gordon, would cut a sorry figure. I never have gone afield with a dog that has given me so much genuine satisfaction, in every way, as do my Gordons. I have hunted them in the best of company for days, but have never yet seen any of the others stand up to their work for so long a time, day in and day out, as the Gordon THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 85 Setter. Neither have I ever seen his equal, in nose, obedi- ence, stanchness, and speed. When the nature of the ground will permit it, he is one of the fleetest dogs of the Setter breed. At his work, he is naturally a high-headed dog, always seeking for the body-scent of his game. When the weather is such as to require it, he is quick to take the foot-scent as well. His natural instinct is developed ina marked degree, and it leads him to know where to look for his game, without that racing over ground that is charac- teristic of Setters of other strains. I have ever found them easily broken, and they never forget, when once taught, what is required of them. You can shoot over them the first of the season with as much pleasure as at the end. The American Gordon Setter has never taken part in public trials, except on one or two occasions in America. The rea- son is that they have never been owned by those who cared for yearly field trials, or for a test of so short a duration. Most of those who run dogs at: yearly trials own either Llewellin Setters or Pointers, and select judges from those who own the same breeds; and Gordon Setter owners have been well aware that in running their dogs under them they would have a poor show. The field-trial advocates are preparing to organize yearly trials, in which each brace of dogs are to be run eight hours. They should have, for these trials, judges from all the Setter strains, and Pointer men also. This would, I think, with their eight-hour heats, bring out more dogs than ever have been seen at any of the thirty-five-minute heat trials in the past. Keep your dogs well exercised, for no dog, unless he is, will keep in health. A dog that is properly exercised will not, after your first day’s hunt, be running to heel, but on the contrary, will do all the work you may require of him, no matter whether for a week ora month. My way is to have my dogs follow me in my drives for miles. I give them but gentle exercise in the summer, not over six miles in the round trip, and over a route where they can find plenty of 86 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. water from the streams. After October Ist, [ run them from fourteen to twenty miles every other day. This puts them in fine condition to shoot over. Never have them too fat, nor so thin that you can see through them, but in that happy medium state, so that they look and feel like they could go for months, and with a will and vim of their own. I will now take you back to their puppyhood, and give you some advice, which, if you will follow, and provided you have the kind of dogs that I have described, you will CHAMPION LITTLE BOY.* Owned by Dr. Charles G. Dixon, 2015 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Penn. have adog as handsome as a picture to look upon, a devoted companion, and a dog that can do your work afield as long as you care to hunt him, or that will follow your wagon, in giving him exercise, as long as you care to drive. * Little Boy is by Pilot, out of Fly, and carries in his veins some of the best Gordon blood in America. He was whelped November 24, 1882. His winnings are as follows: First, New York, 1884; second, Philadelphia, 1885; second, Philadelphia, 1888; first, Boston, 1888; first, Cincinnati, 1888; first, Toledo, 1888; first, Buf- falo, 1888; first, Syracuse, 1888; first, Richmond, 1888; first, Pittsburgh, 1889; THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 87 Always make it a rule in breeding a bitch to have her in whelp when some of our game birds are in season, so that you can shoot over her and let her enjoy the pleasure of finding game. Never breed a bitch, no matter how handsome she may be, unless she is broken, and has shown all the requi- sites of a first-class field dog. The same rule that applies to a bitch must apply to the dog. Never, under any cir- cumstances, breed to a dog or bitch simply because they have won several prizes at bench shows. I have known some of the bench-show champions to be the vilest duffers afield, and some so gun-shy that the sight of a gun would make them run for miles to get to a place of hiding. This I know to be a fact, and it is true of some of the winning Gordon, English, and Irish Setters, as well as of Pointers; so be careful in your selection of sire and dam. When your bitch is in whelp, give her gentle exercise each day, up to the day she is due to whelp; feed her on soft food, a little raw beef-liver each day, up to the time she whelps. After whelping, give her boiled rump-beef, soup, vegetables, and table-scraps. Feed her well. When the puppies are about nine or eleven days old, their eyes will open. When they are four weeks old, begin to feed them, as it helps to take the strain off the mother, and helps them to gain strength. You will almost see them grow. At this age, if there are symptoms of worms, as there are likely to be, give each puppy half a teaspoonful, once a first, New York, 1889; first, Troy, 1889; first, Albany, 1889; first, Utica, 1889; first, Rovhester, 1889; first, Chicago, 1889; second, Philadelphia, 1889; first, Toledo, 1889; first, Elmira, 1889; first, Danbury, Conn., 1889; second, New York, 1890; first, Chicago, 1890; first, Rochester, 1890; first, Boston, 1890; first, Buffalo, 1890. Special winnings: Special, New York, 1884; special, Toledo, 1888, for best sporting dog or bitch in show; special, Buffalo and Syracuse, 1888; special, Syracuse, Troy, Utica, Philadelphia, 1889; Toledo, 1889, for best Gordon Setter dog or bitch in show, for best sporting dog in show, for best Setter or Pointer in show, for best Gordon, English, or Irish Setter in show; special, Chicago, Rochester, Baltimore, and Boston, 1890; Buffalo, 1890, for best Gordon dog in show.—Eb. 88 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. day for three days, of Fry’s Vermifuge. After giving it for three days, try them, about two weeks later, to see if the worms are cleaned out of them, and you will be surprised ' to see healthy-looking puppies, that you thought had none, pass worms in great knots. These worms cause the death of over three-fourths of all the puppies that die. I have never lost a young puppy in my life—all owing to care in looking well after this worm pest. Next, look well to lice and fleas. I use Thymo-Cresol, called also cold water dip. It is a great disinfectant, and is not poisonous. It cures all skin diseases, and I use it in mange with universal success. You can get it of your druggist. Use it in the following manner: When practical, use soft (rain, pond, or river) water. Dilute to the required strength. Always pour the water quickly upon the Thymo-Cresol, and not the Thymo-Cresol upon the water. In winter, protect it from frost; and before using, shake the can. If it does not mix well with cold water, mix it with warm water first, and then add cold to the required proportion. The proportions in which the Thymo-Cresol should be diluted with water, for various pur- poses, are indicated. A large teaspoonful of Thymo-Cresol to a pint of water, or a pint of the Thymo-Cresol to twelve gallons of water, makes a strength of about ‘‘one to one hundred.”’ This quantity will do to wash six or eight puppies; then mix a new lot for any more puppies you may wish to wash. When you have dipped them in and rubbed it well in, take them out and dry them. After two applications, you will find all the lice and fleas have been destroyed. When they are eight weeks old, wean them, take the bitch to new quarters, and use the following mixture, rubbing it well into her breast: Iodide of potassium, two drams; soap, liniment, and oil of camphor, each two ounces. Examine the bitch’s breast each day, and draw off all milk with the fingers that you can. In a few days she will be in proper shape to work, and will be dried up nicely. THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 89 When you have for several weeks fed your puppies on boiled grits, or boiled oatmeal, and a little cooked meat twice a week, and they have learned to eat well and take care of themselves, send the brace, or braces, you may wish to keep to someone you know in the country, to raise for you. It may cost you a few dollars each month, but you will be well repaid in the hardy growth of your puppies. Wherever you send them, have it distinctly understood that you wish them to run loose, as your desire is to develop every bone and muscle in them. When they are about ten months old, bring them home; and after the youngsters have learned to know you, and show by their actions that they have accustomed them- selves to the change and to the whistle, teach them to drop and follow well to heel, which you will find a great comfort to you when you walk them. Then take them in your buggy when you drive, that they may get accustomed to the motion of the wagon. Never feed old or young dogs just before you go out to exercise. When over their first sea-sickness, as it were, make them drop the moment you put them in the buggy, and keep them down until you are ready to let them out for a run. Nothing is more annoying to me, when I bundle into a wagon, on a shooting-trip with a friend, than to have him say his dog has never ridden, and in a few moments to have him vomit all over the floor. Or if he has not ridden before, and is not broken to drop in the wagon, but to be all over it—head on the reins and in your lap, I prefer to get out and walk. Hence this advice as to training dogs to ride. As soon as your puppies have been well broken to ride and drop in the wagon, take one of your old stand-by’s out with you and your brace of puppies. Let them out on the road for a run of a mile on the first trip, being careful to select roads but little traveled until your puppies have learned to keep away from passing wagons. You must drive slowly, being careful that you do not run over them. They soon learn to follow well, and in a short time you can give them 90 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. good long and fast spins with the older dogs. Never run a puppy until you tire him; it makes him sluggish. Your next move is to take him afield with one of your broken dogs, to find game; for of course you are anxious to fully determine whether his nose is as fine as you have thought from your early observations in watching him find his food when thrown in the tall grass, and the several little things you have seen him do, such as, when running on the road, to suddenly stop, and turn and hunt out a bone, or scent a barn-yard hen. All these little things are indic- ative of a good nose, and to fully satisfy yourself, before making any further move in his education, is the reason you wish to see him on game. I have put down many a puppy on game that at once began to range, and with tail action of the very best style, find and point. I lovea lively tail action, and the best field dogs I ever saw all had it. After your old dog has found game, call your puppy to you with a whistle, if he is not then on a point with the old dog. He may go in and flush, but let him alone. Remember you are not out to break him, only to test his nose. When the birds are scattered, and the old dog stands, you will probably see him swing into his first point, at a distance from his game that will convince you he is the dog you wish to break. If, however, you go out once or twice before your youngster gives you any indication of nose, do not be dis- couraged; you may see it later. If not, after a dozen or more trials, under favorable circumstances, I should get rid of him. It is seldom, in the Gordon family, that you see a well-bred, well-raised puppy but what will stand his game on the first day’s trial, and most of them show most excel- lent noses at a very early age. I knew a Llewellin Setter, imported by a personal friend of mine, in this city, direct from Mr. Llewellin, that was placed in the hands of one of the most successful field-trial handlers in Tennessee. He worked his hardest to develop the dog, which was then about fifteen months old, but returned him as being no good. When this dog was over THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 91 two years old, he turned out quite a fine worker; he was one of the late-developing kind. I have never seen this in any Gordon Setters. While you had your puppy out, of course you shot over him, to see that he was not gun-shy. While on this sub- ject, I will state that of all the dogs I have raised to shoot over in my life, I have never yet had one prove gun-shy. My success has been owing to my never breeding to anything but well-broken dogs, and in not breeding to an unbroken bench-show dog simply because he won prizes, was hand- Aa "GROSSCUP a WEGy Hy Owned by Dr. Charles G Dixon, 2015 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Penn. some, and had a fashionable pedigree. Nor have I ever permitted my bitch to whelp under a barn, and I not to see her litter until they were running around. From the day your puppies are whelped, you should have access to them, and accustom them to your presence as soon as they can see—to ail noises you can make in their hearing. Take them out with you as soon as large enough to follow, and fire several charges from your gun while they are romping about you. After each time you fire, call them to you, fondle and romp with them, and you will soon see, when 92 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. you show the youngsters the gun, how delighted they will be to join you in your tramps, and also how pleased they are to smell powder. As regards breaking, my method is the same as most all sportsmen use, and I will not enter into it for fear of tiring my readers. I will simply say, if you wish to break your own dog, buy ‘‘ Modern Training, Handling, and Kennel Management,’’ by B. Waters. My advice to young sportsmen is to get a first-class trainer to break their dogs, if they can afford it; and when he is nearly finished, request the trainer to give them a week’s instruction on how to work the dogs after they are broken. The Gordon Setter I have always found to be one of the hardiest, and if well housed and fed, they seldom require medicine. I hardly know what distemper is with them, for I have not had a puppy or grown dog afflicted with it for over twelve years, and then it was contracted by coming in contact with a road dog, while exercising. My bitch June lived until she was thirteen and one-half years old; Malcolm died at eleven and one-half, from inflammation of the bowels caused by swallowing a bone. A few months before he died, [ hunted him for several days, and his nose was as fine, and his speed and endurance were just as good, as when he was five years old. The Gordon Setter is game in all his work. He is willing to face the stoutest briers, or retrieve his game even if he has to go through a skim of ice. Many a bird have they brought me that fell on the opposite side of a stout stream, in mid-winter, and they did it with as much determination as they showed in retrieving woodcock in summer. When starting out for a two-weeks trip, take with you about seventy-five pounds of corn-meal and twenty pounds of beef flour. This will be all you require to feed a brace or two on during your stay. Take of the corn-meal five pounds, and a tea-cup of the beef flour; mix well before you wet the meal; then wet and mix and have baked nicely in bread-pans; feed it cold. In the morning, feed lightly; THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 93 but on your return, before you let them go to rest, feed them strongly. If you do not feed before they are kenneled, they will not eat well, for the reason that when once put _ away they prefer rest to food. If you can, in the section where you are shooting, secure some raw fresh beef or mutton, give them a good feed twice a week. Rest assured, if your dogs are well fed, they will do twice the work for you that could possibly be gotten out of them if half-starved. At the same time, do not over- feed. Never feed them on salt meat while on your shooting- trips, for if you do you will have them filling themselves to overflowing with water, and this will spoil your day’s shooting. When on your trip, if you ride to your shooting-grounds, see that the wagon-floor is well covered with dry hay or straw; put your dogs in, both going and returning, thus saving them all you can—and see how they will tuck them- selves away in the straw on your way home. When you arrive home and feed them, take them at once to your room; spread your dog-blanket, which I pre- sume you have taken with you, before the fire; let them dry well, or thaw out, as the state of the weather may require; take a comb and get off all the burs, especially under the shoulders, and look the toes over to see that no burs or dried or frozen mud are left there. I prefer to always keep my dogs in my room at night, and will not stop at any house where I can not do so, unless it be at a friend’s home. By following the above instructions, you will find your dogs as fresh as you would wish them the next morning; they will be with you until a good old age, and no rheuma- tism will you see in them at any time. If you wish your dogs to always look well in coat, wash them well all over with Spratt’s dog soap, rubbing it well in with a stiff root brush, such as is used for brushing a horse’s mane. This makes a lather, and will kill every flea on them. Commence this washing in May, and have it done every three weeks until about October 15th; then you are rid of fleas on them 94 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. all winter. When you have finished soaping them, in about ten minutes give them a swim or rinse, to get the lather off; their coats will then look as sleek as though you had oiled them. During the winter, once or twice a week, have them brushed well, from head to heel, with the same kind of root brush mentioned above; give the exercise as directed, and you will see dogs, in coat, muscle, and health, that will please the most fastidious sportsman and fancier. If these instructions are carried out to the letter, you can dispense with your medicine-case. If you can not Keep, feed, and give your dogs your personal attention, you had better not keep any. Never forget to permit your dogs to have free access to grass; they use it for any ills they may have.* In regard to preparing your dog for a bench show, each exhibitor has his own way. Iam aware that much is done in the way of doctoring coat, ete.; but if many exhibitors would pay more attention to exercise and developing of the muscle, you would not see so many fat, flabby, undevel- oped dogs, in bone or muscle, of all breeds of field dogs, at shows. I like to see them enter a ring before me in perfect race-horse order, as hard in muscle as it is possible to get them; not looking like they were too weak to stand, or so fat that one would suppose they were for the butcher. I will here describe a hunt I participated in one Septem- ber, about nine years ago, with several friends. I left Bal- timore, Maryland, my home and birth-place, about the 28th of August. We started for the prairies of Iowa, five hun- dred miles west of Chicago, on the Chicago & North-Western * Among the prominent owners, breeders, and importers of Gordon Setters in this country, may be mentioned Dr. Samuel G. Dixon, 2015 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Penn ; M. D. Baillie, Arlington, N. J.; Beaumont Kennels, 159 West Thirty-fourth street, New York City; W. S. Hammett, Philadelphia, Penn.; H. F. Smith, 1954 North Eleventh street, Philadelphia, Penn.; Meadow- thorpe Kennels, Lexington, Ky.; J. L. Campbell, Sincoe, Ontario, Canada; J. B. Blossom, 938 Prospect avenue, Morrisania, N. Y.; Fred P. Kirby, 185 South Eighth street, Philadelphia, Penn.; 8. R. Norton, Lemont, Cook County, IIL; Playford Kennels, Buffalo, N. Y ; Dr. I. T. Norris, box 764, Baltimore, Md.; Dr. —— Myers, New York City.—Ep. THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 95 Railway, for a three-weeks absence, which gave us about twelve days shooting. We took our tent and a full camp- ing outfit. In the way of dogs, we had Irish and English Setters, one black Pointer, and one lemon-and-white Pointer. I had my brace of Gordons, Malcolm and June. We were on the road three days and nights, and arrived at our destination at three A. M. My friends all retired for a few hours rest, but I remained up and made arrangements with a liveryman to be at the hotel at peep of day. When he arrived, myself and two dogs boarded, and were soon tucked in the straw at the bottom of the wagon, my friends preferring to breakfast, and follow ~Jater. In an hour we reached a nice-looking stubble-field. I ordered a halt, and alighted, the dogs following suit. They were ordered on. June had been on chickens before, but Mal- colm had not. In about ten minutes, I saw them both make game, and in a moment draw on and make a fine point. I flushed and killed a brace, and in little over an hour had ten chickens, all killed over points to these two dogs; and they had not made anerror. It is needless to say that after such a journey, and such a performance, I was justly proud of my pets. This has been my experience with my Gor- dons every year. On woodcock, snipe, quail, or ruffed grouse, I have found them always reliable, stanch, and obedient. I have hunted them in several States, over hill and dale, through brier-patches and in dense forest—in fact, wher- ever the birds would seek refuge; and never yet have I seen them flurried in the least. They are in appearance and in nature the gentleman’s dog, both to shoot over and as a companion at his home. They are of the most affectionate disposition to home folks, but are watchful when a stranger is about. On one occasion, in Caroline County, Virginia, in 1878, I had arrived home and dressed for supper, after a hard day’s tramp, in the month of December. My room had an open wood fire. My dogs were spread out in front of it. I closed my door and went down to supper. A gentleman 96 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. from Richmond, who was stopping at the same house for a few days, knowing me, went into my room to warm up— inside and out. The dogs let him in, but when he started to go out, he was halted by them, and not until he had called me from the supper-table did he get out; and if I had been out of the house, he most certainly would have had to await my return. I have seen my bitch Gypsy, on several occasions, while I have had my birds and traps on the station platform awaiting a train, jump into and clean up a passing dog for attempting to nosemy game. I always place my game in the baggage-car under the care of my dogs, on the floor, and you can rest assured, none will be appropriated by the baggage-smasher. Gordons make the best of yard dogs; and why people will keep a cur when they can have one of these beautiful and faithful animals, is beyond my comprehension. In the Gordon Setter, one may have a dog to guard his family, a playmate for his children, and a dog that will help to keep the larder full. I hope all who may read these lines will find something in them that will be of service, and assist them in securing a perfect American Gordon Setter. I hope that many a time, ere this, they have felt that thrill from head to heel— when they beheld that brace of Gordon Setters, on that beautiful point on yonder hill, or have sat on that moss- covered log beside that gurgling brook, and caressed them fondly for that masterpiece of work, in having retrieved so well that crippied bird, and without the rumple of a feather —that is the cream of existence to the true sportsman. I hope you are all lovers of the charms of woodland scenery, for no man can bea true sportsman unless he is in love with all Nature, in her rural paradise. I hope you have enjoyed the sportsman’s, sleep. If you have not seen and enjoyed these pleasures, I am sorry for you, for you do not yet know what pleasure is. The man who is troubled with insomnia, will, if he take to the field, find health and sleep. THE POINTER. By CHARLES K. WeEstTBRooK, A. M. ISTORIOGRAPHY.—The exact origin of this beau- tiful and useful branch of the canine family, as well as that of many other varieties, can not be defi- > nitely stated. The great naturalist, Buffon, was of the opinion that all the different species of dogs derived their origin from the shepherd’s dog; and while it is perhaps inappropriate to discuss this question here, it may be remarked, en passant, that such an assumption may possibly be a correct one. It would appear quite natural that, in those early pastoral days, that marked the dawning era of civilization and human development, as the shepherd reclined along the borders of the forests which, like a mighty frame-work, inclosed the feeding-grounds of his flock, some specimens of the wild dog should find their way to his side, and, by kind treatment and gradual domes- tication, become subordinated to his purposes. Gradually, under the influences operating upon the animal, through domestication, climate, variety of food, and other effective causes, his form, habits, and inherited instincts may have become changed; and by an occasional cross with another branch of the family, similarly produced, it is possible to conceive that the theory of Buffon may be approximately correct. The well-known susceptibility of the dog to varia- tions in breeding is also a confirmation of the theory; and it is easy to account for the changes in his instincts, as now manifested, on the theory that these have become fixed and confirmed, in each variety, by the uses to which they have been severally devoted. However this may be, the history of the world, from the very earliest period, informs us of the existence of the 7 (97) 98 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. dog as a companion and associate of man. On ancien Egyptian monuments is often seen the figure of an animal very much resembling the Pointer of to-day; and other ancient works of art, both of sculpture and painting, as well as family records, justify the belief that the dog, ina domesticated state, was contemporaneous with the very dawn of civilization itself. Regarding the origin of the Pointer, much conjecture has been indulged in by various writers on the dog. No two of the early authors seem to agree entirely as to the precise period when the Pointer came into existence as such, with all his wonderful instincts and capabilities fully developed. We must probably seek for that period in those misty ages of tradition and uncertainty that mark the origin of our common law, and which Blackstone des- ignates as ‘‘the time whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary.”’ The earliest printed work, in the English language, describing the various breeds of dogs, was a ‘‘ Book of Field Sports,’ written by Dame Juliana Berners, prioress of Sopwell Nunnery, in Hertfordshire, about the end of the fourteenth century. In this work, this lady says: ‘“‘Thyse ben the names of houndes, fyrste there is a Gre- houn, a Bastard, a Mengrell, a Mastif, a Lemor, a Spanyel, Raches, Kenettys, Teroures, Butchers Houndes, Dunghyll dogges, Tryndeltaylles, and Pryckeryd currys, and small ladyes poppees that bere awaye the flees.”’ The next work, in point of antiquity, referring to the same subject, was by Dr. John Caius, physician to Queen Elizabeth, published in Latin in 1576, and subsequently translated into English. The classification of dogs in this treatise was into three varieties, viz.: ‘‘(1) A gentle kind, serving the game; (2) a homely kind, apt for sundry nec- essary uses; (3) a currish kind, meet for many toyes.”’ The first of these classes is divided by Doctor Caius into two parts, viz.: Venatici, used for hunting wild beasts, and Au- cupatorii, which were employed in the pursuit of fowl. The Venatici were further subdivided into eight varieties, THE POINTER. 99 namely: Leverarius, or Harriers; Terrarius, or Terrars; Sanguinarius, or Bloodhounds; Agaseus, or Gasehounds; Leporarius, or Grehounds; Lorarius, or Lyemmer; Verti- gus, or Tumbler, and Canis furax, or Stealer. The dogs used for fowling, or Aucupatorii, were divided into two classes, viz.: Index, or Setter, and Aquaticus, or Spaniell —probably drawing a distinction between the Land and Water Spaniel. In these ancient treatises, we find no mention made of the Pointer by name, and for that reason many writers have assumed that he had no distinct existence at that time. But this assumption is not necessarily a correct one; for the Pointer may have existed in Spain or England under another name, even before that period, as a species of Hound, Lemor, Lurcher, or even a short-haired Spaniel. In this case, the name ‘‘Pointer,’?’ which was used by the Swedish naturalist, Linnzeus [1707-1778], in his classifica- tion of animals (‘‘Canis Avicularis’’), does not necessarily carry with it a lack of early origin. The names of dogs were used interchangeably in early days; the nomenclature was far from uniform and fixed, and the writer is by no means certain that the word Spaniel might not at that time have included the dog subsequently known as the Pointer, as well as that afterward called the Setter. This view finds further confirmation by reference to a work known as ‘* The Gentleman’s Recreation,’’ published by Nicholas Cox in 1697, in which that author writes of the Setter as follows: ‘* The dog which you elect for setting must have a perfect and good scent, and be naturally addicted to the hunting of feathers; and this dog may be either Land Spaniel, Water Spaniel, or mongrel of them both; either the shallow-flewed Hound, Tumbler, Lurcher, or small bastard Mastiff.”’ By this it will be seen that the status of the Setter itself was not clearly established as late as the year 1700—several of the dogs named above being likewise short-haired, like the Pointer of to-day. A very ingenious argument has been adduced by certain writers, tending to prove that the modern Pointer is a 100 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. descendant of the dog known in English literature as the ‘* Brach,’’ which is supposed to have been introduced into England during the Norman invasion, in the eleventh century; and such may possibly be the case, but the fact has never been sufficiently verified. The Braque is one of the varieties of pointing dogs used in France, and was’ formerly known under that name, with varied orthography, in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Germany. Our American lexicographers define ‘‘ brach”’ as ‘‘a bitch of the Hound kind,” and give Shakespeare [1564-1616] as their authority. Worcester also gives the definition of ‘‘a Pointer, or setting dog,’’ and also uses Shakespeare as authority for that. Richardson, in his dictionary, defines ‘‘brach’’ to mean ‘‘a kind of short-tailed setting dog, ordinarily spotted or parti-colored.” It must also be borne in mind that the word ‘* hound,” which is given as one of the earliest varieties of dogs, by different writers, signifies simply ‘‘a dog’’ in Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, and also in German; so that one of the varieties of Hounds existing so early in England may have been the ‘‘ Brach,”’ or pointing bird-dog; and it is just pos- sible that the Spanish Pointer (or Braco) may have been crossed with the English varieties of the Brach family to produce certain strains of the modern Pointer. Aldrovan- dus, a celebrated Italian naturalist of the sixteenth century, gives the colors of the Brach as black, white, and fulvous, or brownish-yellow, the color similar to that of the spotted lynx (ticks), being most sought after—as appears in the Dalmatian Pointer (or coach-dog), and so often in popular strains of the modern Pointer. A French encyclopedia also gives the following definition of the Braque: ‘* The Braque, or pointing dog, is ordinarily of a white color, ticked with liver or black; his ears are long and pendent, and his muzzle somewhat large and long.”’ Sir Walter Scott [1771-1832], in several of his works, makes reference to the Brach in his description of hunting- scenes; so that, in view of all the facts, it is not beyond the realm of reasonable conjecture that a short-haired ck dikes. Ma DUKE OF VERNON AND MISS FREEDOM, Owned by Mr. L. Gardner, Mount Vernon, N. Y, ji 7 y rye ets 7 ee | splint et Om we : - J tk To) . eR. a : ! Pe med ia vies y ey Dy ti) ligt og ears 4? 4 ea | Oot m i he . f hog , ; La “4 A , “ve Pens Ly y rie a} 7 , i> a ae ‘Came 7 . ‘ 2s ne | f ae ie ied Paw’ Pe yy) ra a) we f.gpae oe ie ne i y a | _— aI . THE POINTER. 101 pointing dog, closely resembling the modern Pointer in form and color, existed in England prior to the advent of the Spanish Pointer, and may have been utilized in the breeding development of our present excellent varieties of the Pointer family. In this connection, it may prove interesting to the reader to consider the question of the COMPARATIVE ANTIQUITY OF THE SETTER AND POINTER. In touching upon this subject, it must be remarked that much discussion has taken place among sportsmen regard- ing the question of origin and antiquity of these two valu- able breeds. Some writers have firmly maintained that the Setter is clearly indebted to the Pointer for his existence as such; while others have, with equal force of logic and skill of rhetoric, maintained the exact opposite to be the case. These discussions have usually been carried on by the respective friends of each breed, oftentimes with considera- ble virulence. The writer, being a firm friend of both of these noble varieties of dogs, will endeavor to present the question in as clear and impartial a manner as possible. All recognized authorities on the dog, unite in ascribing an early existence to that one known as the Spaniel. They also agree in the opinion that the name was conferred upon this variety because it originated in Spain, from whence it was brought into Great Britain. The exact date of the importation of the Spaniel is not known; nor do we know what his appearance and character were at the time. He may have been a short-haired dog when first introduced into England, and the climate may have subsequently induced _the growth of his protective coat ; or he may have originally been a long-haired dog. Doctor Caius classifies them into Land and Water Spaniels, and says of them, whether used for the hawk, the net, the falcon, pheasant, or partridge: The common sort of people call them by one generall word, namely, Spaniells. As though these kinde of dogges came originally and first of all out of Spain. 102 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. However that may be, there is little question that the Spaniel is one of the immediate ancestors of the dog now known as the Setter. This name was early given to him because he had been trained to crawl cautiously upon the birds, and when he had gotten near enough to locate them, to set or crouch, permitting his owner to draw a net over him, and the birds as well. This was done as early as 1576, when Dr. John Caius wrote, and is clearly described in his book, to which reference has previously been made. Gervase Markham, the author of ‘‘ Hunger’s Prevention, or the Art of Fowling,”’ which was published in 1655, under the heading, ‘‘ What a Setting Dog is,”’ says: You shall then understand that a setting dogge is a certain lusty Land Spaniell taught by nature to hunt the partridges before, and more than any other chase whatsoever. ... . . ., When he is come éven to the very place where his prey is, and hath, as it were, his nose over it, so that it seems he may take it up at his owne pleasure, yet is his temperance and obedience so made and framed by arte that presently, even on a sudden, he either stands still or falles downe flatte upon his belly, without daring once to open his mouth, or make any noyse or motion at all, till that his master come unto him, and then proceedes in all things according to his directions and command- ments. In further confirmation of the fact that the original Setter was a Spaniel, Mr. Daniel, in his ‘‘ Rural Sports,” has preserved a document, dated in the year 1685, in which one John Harris agrees, for the consideration of ten shillings, to ‘‘well and sufficiently mayntayne and keepe a Spanile Bitch named Quand, . . . and fully and effectually traine up and teach the said Bitch to sitt Partridges, Pheas- ants, and other game, as well and exactly as the best sitting Dogges usually sett the same.” The first recorded importation of the Spanish Pointer (who is fully described in a subsequent chapter) into Great Britain was about the year 1600. At that time, the setting dog, as we have seen, might have belonged to several differ- ent breeds. Shooting with fire-arms came into common practice, among the gentry, about the same period, and seemed to call the Pointer into use as a dog who would indicate the place where the birds lay, while standing erect, THE POINTER. 103 instead of crouching, as the setting dog did. For a long time, therefore, the pointing dog was the fashion among sportsmen, and the setting dog fell into disuse. After awhile, however, sportsmen began to use the setting Spaniel to shoot over, notwithstanding his sudden drop and point made it difficult to see him in cover, turnips, wheat, standing clover, furze, or ling. A little later still, we find the Setter dog standing up to his work like the Pointer. By what process this result was accomplished, whether by the gradual education and development of the Setting Spaniel, or by a Pointer cross, is a question that has never yet been finally settled. Doubtless there may have been early strains of Setters that were kept comparatively free from alien blood, in the gradual process of development from the Setting Spaniel. On the other hand, there is most excellent authority for believing that many strains were greatly aided and im- proved by the introduction of Pointer blood. On this point, it will be well, probably, to quote a few authorities, as many lovers of the Setter strenuously adhere to the belief that that dog is purely an original one, with no Pointer or other alien blood in his veins. The author of the Sportsman's Cabinet, published in 1803, makes the following broad assertion: The dog passing under this denomination [Setter] is a species of Pointer, originally produced by a commixture between the Spanish Pointer and the larger breed of English Spaniel. Mr. William Lort, one of the prominent breeders of the Setter in England, and a man of recognized authority on the question under investigation, has written as follows: As to the origin of the Setter, I am not so sure of the correctness of my old and valued friend, Mr. H. Hubert, when he says: ‘‘ There is no doubt what- ever that a true Setter is a pure strain of unmixed Spaniel blood, the only improvement produced in the breed arising from its judicious cultivation,”’ ete. I am quite sure that years ago, say from forty to fifty, it was no uncommon thing to get a dip of Pointer blood into the best kennels of Setters. Some- times it answered well, and though for a generation or two it diminished the coat—not always, though, at the cost of appearance—it fined and strengthened the stern, giving life and motion to it; and what, whether rightly or wrongly, in early times was thought a good deal of—it rounded the foot. 104 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. I know how shocked some of our modern breeders will be at the idea of their favorites having in their veins a drop of Pointer blood. It is well, per- haps, that it is not generally known how many fashionable strains have been vitiated with much more objectionable blood than that of the Pointer. I have seen Droppers, yes, and dogs bred from Droppers, possessing exquisite powers of scent, lovely tempers, and great pace. I think there is reason to believe the Spaniel to be the foundation of our present Setter. As a case showing that it is possible for cross-bred dogs to breed true, I know of a black Setter bitch, three crosses from Pointer, belonging to Robert Warner, of Leicester Abbey. She was good herself, having all the qualities of a pure Setter, and curiously enough, she bred well from either a Setter or Pointer. Mr. Warner gave his keeper (who afterward came into my service) a brace of black puppies, by a Pointer, of this bitch. They looked all over Pointers, they worked like Pointers, they were excellent Pointers, and were sold, when broken, at forty guineas—a good price in those days. I myself had Setters from her, and they were good Setters and showed all Setter character- istics. The above explicit statement was made in a letter to Mr. Vero Shaw; and the latter, in his valuable work, the ‘* Book of the Dog,’’ adds: A strong confirmation of Mr. Lort’s theory is to be found in the subjoined engraving from a painting by the famous French artist, Alexander Francois Desportes. This great animal painter—born in 1661, and died in 1743—was elected a member of the French Royal Academy of Painting in 1699, and of its Council in 1704. For many years he occupied the court position of histori- ographer of the chase, created expressly for him by Louis XIY.; and his pict- ures, which are very numerous, can hardly be surpassed for their fidelity to Nature. The engraving we reproduce from his pencil is entitled, ‘‘ Dogs and Partridges,” and is valuable as distinctly showing that the Pointer had been crossed with the Spaniel before and during his time, and that the result was a dog very like our modern Setter. Mr. Shaw, on another page of his work, also places the seal of his indorsement on the reasonableness of a theory advanced by the well-known writer, Blaine, in regard to the conversion of the ancient Spaniel into the modern Setter. Mr. Blaine’s suggestion is that a cross with one of the celeres, or swift-footed dogs, was resorted to, and that the Pointer i is probably a cross between the Spaniel and one or other of the pugnaces. Mr. Youatt, in his valuable work on the dog, also says: ‘‘It was long the fashion to cross and mix them [Setters] with the Pointer.”’ As further evidence that alien blood may have been used in establishing some strains of Setters, the following quo- THE POINTER. 105 tation from one of the works of Mr. Tolfrey, author of ‘“The Sportsman in France,’’ ‘‘ The Sportsman in Ireland and Scotland,” and ‘‘The Sportsman in Canada,’’ is given, it being his recipe for making a strain of Setters: The preliminary step, is to put a fine-bred and unexceptionable Pointer bitch to a noted Foxhound; you will then have laid the foundation of three essential qualities—speed, nose, and courage. Docility and sagacity are also requisites, and to obtain them, cross the offspring with the small and slender race of Newfoundland dog. The produce will be as near perfection as possible; they will take to the water, retrieve, and for general shooting will be found the very best and most useful animal the sportsman can desire. The writer does not believe that many breeders were induced to follow the absurd process recommended by Mr. Tolfrey, but simply presents that gentleman’s views as showing the tendency of the time to cross and recross in order to bring the Setter up to a certain standard. In the light of all this authentic history, it is difficult to arrive at any other conclusion than that the modern Setter and Pointer are both the results of judicious selection, breeding, and crossing—the Pointer, as will be seen later, bearing the same relation to the old Spanish Pointer, here- inafter described, as the Setter does to the original Setting Spaniel. Without doubt, other dashes of alien blood have been infused into certain strains of each variety, and certain strains may be stronger in Spaniel and Spanish blood than others; but the fact remains the same, that both of these valuable varieties of dogs have been built up by scientific crossing. This being the case, it is neither necessary nor important to inquire into the antiquity of the respective ancestors of each. Neither can with certainty be accorded precedence in point of age. The present dog, of either variety, breeds true to type, reproduces himself in form, color, qualities, and intellect- ual traits, and is none the less valuable, in the opinion of the writer, because certain judicious drafts have been made on other families of dogs to improve his natural qualities, and the better to adapt him to the uses for which he is intended. 106 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. Owing to the constant experimentation in the breeding of our canine friends for hundreds of years (and even at the present time), it would seem absurd, to the thinking, intelligent reader, to claim any breed of dogs as the only great and original creation. Education, climate, food, infusion of new blood, domestication—which corresponds to civilization in man—have done as much for the canine as they have for the human family. And it is perhaps well for the whole race of dogs that outside blood has, at times, been sought for and obtained, and the deteriorating effects of too close inbreeding thereby happily averted. Mr. Laverack has himself confessed that at one time he lost many of his dogs by too continuously breeding-in his strain; and he not only admits that he once infused a valuable dash of liver-and-white blood, from the North of England, into his kennels, but that he made two separate visits to Ireland for the purpose of looking up a suitable Irish dog to use for a similar purpose. THE OLD SPANISH POINTER. Notwithstanding the uncertainty that exists regarding the time when the Spanish Pointer was first introduced into England, there seems to be a general consensus of opinion that the year 1600 is about the period that marks his advent under that name. The dog known as the ‘‘ Old Spanish Pointer’? was the representative of the type at that time, and has been described by Sydenham Edwards, in ‘‘ Cynographia Britannica’ (1805), as follows: The Spanish Pointer is a heavy, loose-made dog, about twenty-two inches high, bearing no small resemblance to the slow Southern Hound. Head iarge, indented between the eyes; lips large and pendulous; ears thin, loose, and hanging down, of a moderate length; coat short and smooth; color, dark-brown or liver-color, liver-color-and-white, red-and-white, black, black- and-white, sometimes tanned about the face and eyes, often thickly speckled with smallspots on a white ground; the tail thin, smooth, and wiry; frequently dew-claws upon the hind legs; the hind feet often turning a little outward. The Spanish Pointer was introduced into this country, by a Portugese merchant, at a very modern period, and was first used by an old reduced baron of the name of Bichell, who lived in Norfolk, and could shoot flying; indeed, he seems to have lived by his gun, as the game he killed was sold in the London THE POINTER. 107 market. This valuable acquisition from the Continent was wholly unknown to our ancestors, together with the art of shooting flying; but so fond are we become of this most elegant of field sports, that we now excel all others in the use of the gun, and in the breeding and training of the dog. The Spanish Pointer possesses, in a high degree, the sense of scenting, so that he very rarely or never goes by his game when in pursuit of it; requires very little training to make him stanch—most of them standing the first time they meet with game; and it is no uncommon occurrence for puppies of three months old to stand at poultry, rabbits, and even cats. But as they grow old they are apt to get idle, and often go over their ground on a trot, instead of galloping; and from their loose make and slowness of foot, when hunted a few seasons, soon tire, have recourse to cunning, and in company let the younger and fleeter dogs beat wide the fields, whilst they do little more than back them, or else make false points. They then become useless but for hunt- ing, singly, with a sportsman who is not able or not inclined to follow the faster dogs. There are other varieties of the Pointer, as the Russian, in size and form like the Spanish; coat not unlike a drover’s dog, rough and shaggy, rough about the eyes, and bearded; color like the Spanish, but often grizzle-and- white; they differ in coat, some being more rough than others. Thisis probably a cross between the Spanish Pointer and the Barbet, or rough waterdog. He has an excellent nose, is sagacious, tractable, and easily made stanch; endures fatigue tolerably well, takes water readily, and is not incommoded by the most cold and wet weather. To this description of the Spanish Pointer, by an early authority, may be added that of Mr. Taplin, at the opening of the present century : Every fact upon record respecting their appearance in England is that they were, in very early ages, introduced from Spain, and that they were natives of that country from which their name was derived. . . . The Pointer of this description is short in the head, broad in the forehead, wide in the nose, expansive in the nostrils, simply solicitous in aspect, heavy in the shoulders, short in the legs, almost circular in the form of the car- cass, square upon the back, strong across the loins, and remarkably so in the hind quarters. Although this breed, like the English Pointer (by the many collateral aids so much improved), are produced of various colors, yet the bold brown, liver-and-white, are the most predominant. . . . . The Pointer we are now treating of, though exceedingly slow, must be generally admitted to be swre; indefatigable and minute in his researches, he is rarely seen to miss his game when game is to be found. Whena covey of birds is separated, by repeated shots, and are afterward found singly, the Pointer under description has opportunity to display his best ability in most indus- triously recovering these scattered birds, the major part of which (if accom- panied by a good shot) are generally picked up to a certainty. To the recovery of winged birds, the patient perseverance of this dog is peculiarly 108 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. adapted; and for the sport of snipe-shooting alone they are entitled to the preference of every other. The Russian branch of this family of dogs is said to strongly resemble the later Russian Setter, and many good authorities consider them almost identical. It is not appro- priate here to enter into any extended description of the Russian Setter, further than to say that he is considered a very superior dog on game, and that several dashes of his blood have been infused, with benefit, into some strains of our modern Setters. The German Pointer is a heavy-set, large-boned dog, with prominent flews, and considerable throatiness; generally liver or liver-and-white in color, though not always. He is believed to be particularly strong in the blood of the Span- ish Pointer, and his slow but sure methods of hunting con- firm the belief. He is extensively used in Germany, and as an all-around game dog has few superiors. There are two varieties of this useful dog, the Smooth-coated and the Rough-coated—the latter probably being akin to the Rus- sian Pointer, above referred to. With reference to these dogs, we quote the following letter, recently published in the American Hield, and written by a prominent German sportsman: Our dogs must have a different training from the dog used by sportsmen in England or America. We can not successfully hunt here with the Pointer or Setter. We need dogs—Gebrauchshunde—adapted to all purposes, a sort of an all-round dog. This rule especially applies to the Government forester, who is compelled to be out in the forest every day in the year, and whose dog must not only be insensible, in a high degree, to all temperatures, but must also, in case of need, render assistance to his master against game-sneakers, who frequently are a dangerous Class of men, and often make a murderous attack on the officer when he interferes with their unlawful pursuits. English Pointers and Setters are the acknowledged champion bird dogs, but very few of them can be trained to retrieve a hare or fox at a great dis- tance, or to bring a duck out of the cold water and through thick weeds, or to follow the trail of a wounded stag or roebuck. Yet a hunting dog in this country must combine all these qualities. He is expected to have a good nose, to search the field all day, in the hot month of August, for partridges, and make a firm stand when he finds them; he must work in water for ducks, in warm or cold weather; he must follow a wounded hare or fox, when brought on the trail, for miles, and retrieve the game the ‘woledwuy uewier) ey} jo Bog pjal4 epuoaey ‘NIGIVM—a4SLNIOd NYNYSD GSLVOO-HLOOWS (109 ) 110 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. same distance. He must never hesitate to attack and kill a wounded fox, otter, marten, etc.; must pull down a wounded roebuck, or, if he finds the roebuck or stag dead, commence to bark, and continue to do so until his master is at his side. If he follows his master stalking, he must never advance a foot ahead of him, must ‘‘ drop”? when winked to do so, and remain ‘‘down” until com- manded to come, even if his master remains away for hours, and meanwhile has repeatedly fired at game. We have several breeds of dogs: The German Pointer, German Setter, and the Rough-coated German Pointer, which, if properly trained, will acquire the perfection in question. Of late, the Rough-coated Pointer—of one of which, Ratiz (No. 3201 Ger- man Dog Register), | herewith furnish you an illustration—is one of the most favorite sporting dogs in this country. Ratiz is owned by Korthals, stands twenty-six inches at the shoulder, and is bluish-gray mixed with brown. The structure of his body resembles closely the German Pointer; his coat of hair resembles that of the griffon. He is the connecting link between these two breeds of dogs, and may have originated from one or the other, or perhaps may be considered a cross-breed of the two. The Rough-coated Pointer is not equaled by any dog in endurance and his insensibility to changes of temperature. His nose is almost as good as that of the finest English Pointer; and his retrieving qualities, his courage, are simply marvelous. Frequently, one of these dogs, when on the trail of a slightly wounded fox, will follow Reynard for miles, kill him, and return with him to his master. He will battle with a wounded otter in the water, and either go down with the latter or bring it onland. He will bay a wounded stag and pull him down if he get the favorable opportunity. He will quietly, and with no sign of discomfort, lie down in front or at the side of his master, in snow, and await developments. We have two celebrated kennels of Rough-coated Pointers in this country, the Korthals and the Bontant. The most popular color of the Rough-coated Pointer is a biuish-gray or faint brown. Light colors are at a discount, since a white dog in this country is too good an object to notice for the larger game, and the weeds in the open field are never too high for the gunner to keep his dog constantly in sight. I also inclose a portrait of one of the finest and best short-haired German Pointers, and the favorite dog of the German Emperor. Waldin is of the purest blood, with a good pedigree, is brown in color, and was whelped July 26, 1884. His nose is claimed to be equal to that of the best of English thorough-breds. His figure is almost faultless, and his qualities first-class. He, like most German Pointers, is less nervous and restless than the English Pointers. He is not a one-sided field-trial dog, but a dog for all purposes—a ‘‘ Gebrauchshund.” Waldin received his training from one of the best German dog-trainers, and is exercised continuously in the field or forest, and thus is in a uniform good hunting condition. When the partridge season opens, and the Emperor enters the field near Ber- lin to enjoy the sport of partridge-shooting, Waldin is always present, and the Emperor follows with delight the fine work of this dog. ROUGH-COATED GERMAN POINTER—RATIZ. No. 3201 German Deg Register. (111) i123 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. Waldin has won twice the first, and once the second prize, at the German field trials. He has been painted in oil by Sperling, the celebrated German artist, eminent for animal painting, of whose skill the accompanying illustration is only 2 faint sample. THE ENGLISH POINTER. Following close upon the Spanish Pointer appeared the English Pointer, which is generally acknowledged to be the result of a cross, either of the Spanish Pointer and the Southern Hound, or Brach, or of the former and the Fox- hound. The burden of authority seems to favor the latter hypothesis. As field sports gradually became popular, and the art of shooting on the wing more generally Known, game became somewhat scarcer and more wary, and the old Spanish Pointer, with his slow, methodical ways and potter- ing style, came into disfavor. More dash, speed, and range were required, even at the sacrifice of a certain degree of stability and stanchness, and sportsmen began to look around for an infusion of blood that would add the desira- ble qualities, with the least sacrifice of the old and valued traits of character. Sydenham Edwards, speaking of the improved Pointer, in 1800, thus writes : The sportsman has improved the breed by selecting the lightest and gayest individuals, and by judicious crosses with the Foxhound, to procure courage and fleetness. From the great attention thus paid, has resulted the present elegant dog, of valuable and extensive properties, differing much from the original parent, but with some diminution of his instinctive powers. He may thus be described : Light, strong, well-formed, and very active; about twenty- two inches high; head small and straight; lips and ears small, short, and thin; coat short and smooth, commonly spotted or flecked upon a white ground, sometimes wholly white; tail thin and wiry, except when crossed with the Setter or Foxhound, then a little brushed. This dog possesses great-gayety and courage, travels in a grand manner, quarters his ground with rapidity, and scents with acuteness; gallops with his haunches rather under him, his head and tail up; of strength to endure any fatigue, and an invincible spirit. But with these qualifications he has concomi- tant disadvantages. His high spirit and eagerness for the sport render him intractable, and extremely difficult of education; his impatience in company subjects him to a desire to be foremost in the points, and not give time for the sportsman to come up—to run in upon the game, particularly down wind; but THE POINTER. 113 if these faults can be overcome in training, if he can be made stanch in standing, drawing, and backing, and to stop at the voice, or token of the hand. he is highly esteemed; and those who arrive at such perfection in this country bring amazing prices. The most judicious cross appears to have been with the Foxhound, and by this has been acquired speed and courage, power and perseverance; and its disadvantage, difficulty of training them to be stanch. I believe the ccle- brated Colonel Thornton first made this cross; and from his producing excellent dogs, it has been very generally followed. The foregoing description of the origin of the modern English Pointer is confirmed by other early writers, and is generally believed to be accurate. Among the early products of this cross were many dogs possessed of double noses—a deep fissure in the center ee the nose completely dividing the nostrils; but the superstition that such animals were possessed of keener scenting powers than others, has long since passed away, and such a manifestation is now con- sidered a great defect. That a cross between the Spanish Pointer and the Fox- hound was made in France as early as the year 1700, is explicitly proven by another painting by Desportes, also published in Vero Shaw’s book, and made about that period, wherein are shown two dogs clearly illustrating the cross of the Pointer with the Hound. Besides the Foxhound, other families of dogs are said to have been drawn upon by early breeders, to introduce certain qualities that were esteemed desirable. For the purpose of obtaining more speed and lightness of movement, the Greyhound cross is said to hee been resorted to by some breeders, although it is difficult to conceive how a dog that hunts by sight instead of scent could greatly improve the breed. The Bulldog cross is also said to lene been employed to give stamina and courage to the product of the Greyhound cross; but neither of them are believed to have been fol- lowed up to any great extent. The cross with the Fox- hound was probably the most effectual and beneficial in its results, and such may be considered to have been the foun- dation of our modern strains of Pointers. 8 114 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH POINTER. When the improved Pointer first began to be the fashion in England among sportsmen, the Duke of Kingston had the reputation of possessing one of the finest strains; and after his death, his dogs were sold for what were considered enormous prices in those days. Subsequently, the breed deteriorated somewhat, because of a too rash use of Grey- hound blood to secure speed, and ghastly-looking dogs bore the name of Pointers, possessing but few of the natural qualities of that noble dog, and being defective in pluck, vigor, and constitution. In the early part of the present century, Mr. Mattingley, in the North of England, and Mr. Webb Edge, as late as 1845, did a great deal for the proper development ot the breed. Mr. Meynell and Mr. Osbaldiston, together with Lord Derby, Lord Lichfield, Lord Sefton, Lord Stamford, Sir E. Antrobus, Mr. Whitehouse, Mr. Comberbache, Mr. Darbyshire, Lord Kennedy, Sir R. Sutton, Sir R. Musgrave, Mr. Greene, R. J. Lloyd Price, Lord Berwick, and Messrs. Pilkington, Garth, Brockton, and Brierley, were also among those to whom the modern lovers of the Pointer owe the deepest obligations for their intelligent and judicious efforts in his behalf. Upon this point, the Rev. Thomas Pearce, who, under the pseudonym of ‘‘ Idstone,”’ has published one of the most lucid, comprehensive, and valuable of our smaller works on the dog, remarks as follows: As soon as dog-shows became general, several eminent dogs came to the front, the first celebrity being Mr. Newton’s Ranger, a grand liver-and- white dog of the Edge kennel stamp and color. When the first trial of dogs in the field took place, Ranger had lost his pace, and the chief distinctions were gained by Mr. Brockton’s Bounce, liver-and-white, for large dogs, and by Mr. Garth’s Jill, and Mr. Whitehouse’s orange-and-white Hamlet, for dogs of less size. Amongst other dogs which acquitted themselves well, were Mr. Swan’s Peter, a white dog of exquisite form, with liver head and liver-and- white ears, and Mr. Peter Jones’ Brag. Hamlet subsequently gained great and deserved popularity by winning the Bala sweepstakes, of twenty-five guineas each, against any dog that could be brought against him; although, from a mistake of the judge in counting his marks, much unpleasantness ensued—the real winner being the Marquis of Huntley’s Young Kent, according to the rules laid down. THE POINTER. 115 This celebrated dog, Hamlet, has been one of the most successful dogs of the day, numbers of his offspring combining first-class form with excellent stamina and nose. Mr. Whitehouse’s Rap, a dog of the same color, excels the old dog in general outline, though in style of working Hamiet never will be surpassed. These orange-and-whites are closely connected with Mr. Lang’s breed; Bob, the father of Hamlet, having been the property. of a Mr. Gilbert, who had the mother from Mr. Lang. The following are the best specimens which have been exhibited of late years: Bounce, the property of Mr. W. R. Brockton, Farndon, near Newark; Peter, Mr. S. Swan, of Lincoln; Don, the property of Mr. Darbyshire, Pen- dyffryn, Conway; Silk, the property of R. Garth, Esq., Q. C., Wimbledon; Hamlet, Rap, and Nina, the property of Mr. Whitehouse, Ipsley Court, War- wickshire; Sancho and Chang, Mr. Francis, of Exeter; Mr. Richard Hem- ming’s Flake; and Mr. Lloyd Price, of Bala, possesses Lady Alice, the General, and many more; while Mr. Antrobus, Mr. Comberbache, Mr. H. Meir, of Tun- stall, Mr. Holford, and many others, are celebrated for their breed of Pointers. For many years, Devonshire has been the great home of the Pointer in England—Mr. Francis, of Exeter, and Mr. Sam Price, of Devon, being especially successful in produc- ing some fine representatives of the breed. One of the best dogs bred by the latter gentleman (afterward owned by R. J. Lloyd Price) was Champion Wage, by Champion Sancho, out of Sappho, whelped in March, 1871. He was liver-and-white in color, weighed sixty-five pounds, and made a great record, both at the field trials and on the bench. Many of our best American dogs were also bred by Mr. Price, and deservedly assumed a high place in this country. Another great dog in England was Sir R. Garth’s Drake, who was purchased, after the death of that gentle- man, for one hundred and fifty guineas, and died April 22, 1877. He was by Rap, out of Doll; Rap by Mr. Comber- bache’s Don and Lord Lichfield’s Jilt, and Doll by Mr. Newton’s Champion Ranger, and Mite, representing Lord - Derby’s Kennels. Drake was a fine, upstanding liver-and-white dog, two feet and one inch at the shoulder, three feet from nose to root of tail, and weighing about sixty-five pounds. His winnings on the bench, and especially at the field trials, have seldom if ever been equaled; and his record as a pro- ducer of winners stands almost unrivaled. He was the 116 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. . sire of Dandy Drake, Beau, Mallard, Romp, Lucky Six- pence, Gipsy, Yellow Drake, Luck of Edenhall, Tick, Lord Downe’s Bang, Drake II., Mars, Grace, Jill, Bounce, Lord Derby’s Drake and Duchess, Lord Lichfield’s Daisy, Barclay Field’s Riot, Mr. Price’s Rose, Garth’s Mite IL., and many other field-trial and bench-show winners. He was also the grandsire of Mr. Field’s Drake and Pride, and of Mr. Pilkington’s Garnet and Faust, the latter being im- ported to this country at a cost of $2,250, and becoming one of our most valuable dogs, and a most excellent and prepotent sire. Another prominent Pointer in England was R. J. Lloyd Price’s Belle, a handsome liver-and-white bitch, bred in 1870 by Lord Henry Bentinck, out of Grouse, by his Ranger. This bitch weighed fifty-five pounds, stood twenty-four inches at the shoulder, and measured three feet two and three-quarters inches from nose to root of tail. Her reputation is based chiefly on her field-trial perform- ances, which is very much to her credit; and having been very successful in competition with the Setters, it may prove interesting to give a portion of her record, which is as follows: County stakes for all-aged bitches at Vaynol Field Trials, 1872, and with Judy, the Bangor stakes for Pointer braces, at the same meeting; county stakes for all-aged Pointer bitches at the National Pointer and Setter Field Trials, held at Combermere, Shrewsbury, April 29, 1873; and with her daughter, Grecian Bend, the Acton Reynald stakes for Pointer braces at the same meeting; also at the Grouse Field Trials, 1873, she won second, with Roman Fall, her son, in the Penllyn stakes for braces, August 18th, and first in the Rhiwlas stakes for all-aged Pointers and Setters, August 16th, beating Mr. Macdona’s Ranger, Mr. Llewellin’s Countess and Flax,.Mr. Statter’s Rob Roy, and other celebrated animals; after which performance she was withdrawn from public competition, and used for breeding purposes only. At the Vaynol Trials in 1872, this wonderful bitch made LADY DUFFERIN. From a painting by Mr, J. M. Tracy, in possession of Mr, C. Klackner. THE POINTER. cbr a perfect score of 100 points, on the following basis of work: Nose, 30; pace and style of hunting, 20; breaking, 20; pointing (style and steadiness in), 15; backing, 10; draw- ing on game, or roading, 5; total, 100. Belle was rather too ight in muzzle and head to suit many of our modern critics, and lacked heaviness of bone and a certain coarseness which many later favorites have possessed; but she represented a very successful type and weight of dog, of which we have ourselves owned and shot over many grand specimens. It is a question whether a resort to her type might not do away with much of the pottering and ‘‘heel-work’’ in which many of the present field-trial dogs are so expert. What the Pointer needs is more dash, vim, energy, love of his work, and less lumber to carry with him. He needs lengthening out and narrowing, and less stockiness and bulkiness of form. The fact has long ago been demonstrated that the long, narrow, deep-chested dog, well ribbed behind, and properly set on his legs, with a correspondingly rakish head, is the proper type of dog to breed, for speed and endurance combined. FIELD QUALITIES. Much has been written concerning the field qualities of the Pointer, especially when compared with the Setter; but general public sentiment seems to have accorded to him a place by no means inferior to that of any breed of sporting dogs. There is no question that for all the purposes to which a dog hunting to the gun can be employed, the Pointer has -nhosuperior. His excellent nose, his great stanchness, his power of endurance, and his ability to go without water fora long time, strongly recommend his use for general shooting. While it may be true that his coat does not so well adapt him for constant use in briery thickets, and rough, mountainous countries, yet, per contra, this very shortness of coat constitutes his strongest recommendation in warm climates, for summer shooting, or in open sections 118 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. of country, where cockle-burs, sand-fleas, nettles, and other pests which annoy the long-haired dog, most abound. On this point, Forester, in his ‘‘ Field Sports,’ says: The Pointer’s skin becomes infinitely tender, and his whole frame more delicate and fine-drawn, by high breeding, but so much does he gain thereby in pluck and courage, that I have seen pure-blooded dogs of this strain tearing away through cat-brier brakes, literally bleeding at every pore, and whimpering with pain; while great, coarse-bred, hairy brutes, of six times their apparent power of frame and capacities of endurance, slunk away like curs, as they were unable to face the thorns. It is also true that the Pointer’s feet are not so well padded as the Setter’s; but Nature seems to have provided for that by increasing the thickness and toughness of the flesh and skin of the foot, enabling it to stand a great amount of work before becoming tender. It must also be remembered that the round, compact foot of the well-bred Pointer is inherently stronger and more enduring than the weak and loosely constructed hare-foot of many strains of Setters. Besides, the Pointer has inherited the foot of the Foxhound, which for a hundred years or more has been cultivated and developed to withstand hard usage and constant wear. In the field trials of 1889, held in Ireland, under the auspices of the Irish Setter Club, and on the roughest of moors and heathery mountain-sides, the Pointer bitches Perdita and Mopsa, and Devonshire Lady and Sall, carried off first and second prizes in the Brace stakes, and Mopsa the Champion Cup, valued at twenty guineas, over some of the best Irish and English Setters in Irveland—this, also, during stormy, raw, and most disagreeable weather. Devonshire Sall also won the final stake in the Derby, for both Pointers and Setters. So far as the field trials are concerned, the Pointer has not, as a general rule, been as successful as the English Setter, because (1) he has not been entered in equal num- bers; (2) so much time and money have not been expended in his development; and (3) because, as a rule, he does not start off to his work with the snap and dash of the Setter, is not at first so wide, and extensive in his range, and is THE POINTER. 119 often beaten before he has really gotten to work, by his more showy and dashing competitor. So long as field trials are conducted under artificial rules, focauenly at variance with practical and continued ‘work, and so long as the tendency to run fast from the word ‘‘ go”’ is considered the point of highest excellence, the Pointer may preferably be kept in the background, for the use of those gentlemen who were not born with wings, who do not hunt on horseback, and who require a careful, moderately fast dog, possessed of excellent nose, thoroughly stanch, and capable of doing a whole day’s work, or more, out tiring. It is generally admitted that the Pointer is more natu- rally inclined to point, and at an earlier age, than the Setter; that he is more easily broken, more veeviens retains his training longer, and endures punishment with greater forti- tude than the Setter. It is also our observation and expe- rience, that the Pointer is fully as fond of the water as the Setter, and can be as easily trained to enter it for retriev- ing purposes. Many instances have been related illustrating the re- markable stanchness of the Pointer. Pluto and Juno, Pointers owned by Colonel Thornton, an early sportsman of England, are said to have held a point for one hour and a quarter, while being sketched by Mr. Gilpin, by whom they were afterward painted for their owner. ‘‘TIdstone”’ tells us of other Pointers that did not break their point for five and twelve hours, respectively; and also relates the case of another Pointer, who, in 1814, was frozen to death while’on point, quoting as authority a rela- tive of his own, who claims to have witnessed the fact, while journeying from Leicester to Oxford, during the memorable frost of that year. With regard to the field qualities of the modern Pointer, a great deal of nonsense has been written by men who ought to have known better. ‘‘ Frank Forester’? has been the means of handing down a great many fallacies promul- gated by early writers, and has himself given utterance to 120 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. views regarding the Pointer which are as absurd as they are fanciful and unreal. The fact is, that a great deal that is written nowadays concerning both the Setter and the Pointer is but the echo of ancient fallacies, espoused by early writers, who knew nothing of the modern dog, and whose opinions are unsubstantiated by practical experience. For instance, Dr. E. J. Lewis, who edited an American edition of ‘‘ Youatt on the Dog,’ in 1863, says: ‘‘The Pointer displays but little fondness for those by whom he is surrounded, and hunts equally as well for a stranger as for his master.’’ When the fact is, that the exact contrary is true, in both instances, as to average specimens of the breed. The writer has never owned more affectionate and faithful canine friends than his Pointers, and none that were more loyal to him, more averse to making new acquaintances, or to working for strangers. He is further constrained to say, that some of the best dogs he ever owned, or saw in the field, were Pointers; and he has never been called upon to admit the inferiority of the Pointer in any kind of shooting in which it gives a gentleman pleasure to indulge, whether in winter or sum- . mer. The dog has been bred for many generations in the South, and in ante-bellum days was recognized as the gen- uine canine aristocrat of that section. ‘* Frank Forester”’ admits that more of the blood of the old Spanish Pointer is to be found in the dog commonly used in this country than in the English breed; and it is largely to that fact that the special excellencies of many of our native strains are to be ascribed. The fine field qualities of the Pointer can not be better or more fittingly described than in the following eloquent language of ‘‘Idstone:” He is a model of beauty, worthy of the capital material from which he has descended. He is to be found now in every kennel of mark, with all the attributes and properties of the highest class, and with intelligence and obser- vation deserving the name of reason. His airy'gallop, his lashing stern, his fine range, his magnificent dead-stop on game, his rapid turn to catch the wind of the body-scent, his perseverance, under a trying sun, to reach a faint and THE POINTER. 121 hardly perceptible stain of game borne to him on the breeze; his glorious attitude as he becomes (directly his wide-spread nostrils assure him he is right) stiff and motionless, with limbs wide-spread, head aloft, stern high-held, and his implicit obedience to the lessons he learnt perhaps two or three seasons past —all these wonderful gifts put him ona level with that paragon of Hounds with which he claims relationship. And such is the Pointer of the present day, as he is to be found in the kennels of Mr. Whitehouse, of Ipsley Court, in Warwickshire; of Lord Lich- field, Mr. Garth, Mr. Vernon Derbyshire, or Mr. Brockton, of Ferndon, a bet- ter dog than whose Bounce I never saw on game. THE POINTER IN AMERICA. The Pointer has always occupied a high place in the esteem of American sportsmen. This is not only owing to his attractive form and fine field qualities, but also to the fact that in southern sections of the country, where field sports were most indulged in during the earlier years of our national existence, his short coat, his ability to go without water for a longer time than the Setter, and his superior nose in a warm, dry climate, entitled him to preference. Many dogs of fine quality were imported from abroad by our Southern friends long prior to the war, and by judicious interbreeding with our excellent native strains, families of Pointers were established there which were not inferior, in any respect, to the best imported strains. By degrees these became generally disseminated throughout the country, where other fine strains had also been established, so that the American Pointer became noted for his superiority and general excellence as a sporting dog. Among the earlier importations of Pointers, of which we have any record, was Sefton, by Star, out of Lord Sef- ton’s Sam; Star by Cotter, out of Macdona’s Miranda. This dog was white, with liver-colored ears, and was im- ported by Dr. N. Rowe, now editor of the American Field. In 1867, Sir Frederick Bruce, the English Minister, imported the liver-and-white dog George, from the Duke of Beau- fort’s kennels, which, together with Captain Grafton’s imported black-and-white dog Peg, subsequently became the property of Dr. A. R. Strachan, of New York. In the Same year, Mr. 8. G. Phelps, of East Hartford, Conn., 122 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. imported Bruno, a lemon-and-white dog, and Mr. Charles Porter, of Roslyn, L. I., the liver-and-white bitch Fanny. In 1874, Mr. B. W. Jenkins, of Baltimore, imported a liver-and-white dog, Sancho, by Walker's Dan, out of Fair- head’s Juno (Hamlet—Belle), who won the Tolly gold medal, at Watertown, in 1875. In the latter year, Messrs. Seeley and Stevens, of New York, imported the liver, gray, and white dog Rap, by Lord Carlisle’s Rap, out of Bess, by Hon. Nore Hill’s Blunder, out of Shaw’s Helen; Rap by Lord Downe’s Shot, out of Wilson’s Staffa. Besides these imported dogs, excellent strains were bred about the same time by Mr. Wisner Murray, of Goshen, N. Y.; A. C. Wardell, of Newton, N. J. (now of Kansas); James Cassady and Charles H. Winfield, of New Jersey; Mr. Colt, of Hartford; Dwight L. Roberts and Capt. J. P. White, of Savannah; Edward H. Lathrop, of Springfield, Mass.; and G. A. Strong and E. A. Kelsey, of West Meri- den, Conn. The first effort at a bench show in this country was made at the meeting of the Illinois State Sportsmen’s Associa- tion in Chicago, June 2, 1874. The second was held at Oswego, N. Y., June 22, 1874, by the New York State Sportsmen’s Association. The first real success in that direction was achieved at Mineola, L. I., October 7, 1874. Other exhibitions soon followed, at Memphis, Detroit, Springfield, Watertown, Paris, Ky., and at Manchester, NE | The first bench show in New York was held in 1877, at which R. J. Lloyd Price, of England, exhibited Snapshot in the champion class, and won with him, the Columbus, Ohio, Kennel Club winning in the same class for bitches with Belle. The exhibition of 1878, in the same city, brought out the St. Louis Kennel Club’s champion Slea- ford, and in bitches, E. Orgil’?s Romp and Rose. Many fine dogs appeared subsequently at this series of exhibi- tions, among them being Faust, Croxteth, Tramp, Lord Dufferin, Rush, Rapp (W. R. Hobart’s), Tom (John 8. Wise), Donald (A. H. Moore’s), King Bow, Water Lily, RAND: M°NALLYCo ROBERT LE DIABLE. Owned by Hempstead Farm Company, Hempstead, Leng Island, N. Y. = THE POINTER. 13 Lalla Rookh, Meteor, Drake, Pilot, Munson’s Bang, Bravo, Bow, Beaufort, Robert le Diable, Fritz, Rue, Robin Adaiv, Jilt, Rhona, Modesty, Rosa, Bracket, Meally, Revel IIL., Tammany, Duke of Bergen, Consolation, Nick of Naso, Bang-Grace, Seph G., Bloomo, Young Beulah, Neversink, Tuck, Patti M., Duke of Hessen, Vanderbilt, Puck, Hamlet- Sleaford, Naso of Devonshire, Penelope, Wanda, Stella, Sensation, Jimmie, Shirley, Amine, Clover, Springbok, Bangso, Malite, Jersey Bang-Bang; Roger Williams, May- flower, Naso of Kippen, Lad of Bow, Lass of Bow, Lucky- stone, Madstone, Glauca, Gladys, Kate VIII., Golden Rod, Duke of Vernon, Graphite, Lord Graphic, Brake, Leba- non, Tory White, Transit, Belle Randolph, Cicely, Lapford- Pearl, Woolton Game, Queen Fan, Pommery Sec, Ossining, Tribulation, Miss Freedom, Merry Legs, Stella B., Sally Brass II., Meally’s Baby, Glamorgan, Lady Tammany, and numbers of others whom space will not permit us to men- tion. Among the organizations that are entitled to great credit for the efforts that they put forth, about 1877, for the im- provement of .the Pointer in America, are the St. Louis Kennel Club in the West, and the Westminster Kennel Club in the East, each composed of wealthy, representative sportsmen, having the true interests of the breed at heart. These gentlemen imported, at heavy expense, some of the choicest English blood, and by its injection into the veins of our already excellent strains of dogs, vastly raised the standard of the American Pointer. The St. Louis Kennel Club’s stud dogs, Champion Faust and Champion Bow, were two of the best Pointers of their _ day, and have further established their claims to distinction by proving their prepotency through a long line of worthy descendants. Champion Sleaford also added greatly to the reputation which the club had achieved as the importers and breeders of some of the best Pointers that America has seen, adding to their bench qualifications that still more desirable characteristic, superior excellence in the field. The Westminster Kennel Club was among the first to 124 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. establish bench shows in this country, and through that medium has done much to improve the form and appearance of the Pointer, importing such excellent dogs as Bang- Bang and Naso of Kippen, and by their energy and influ- ence inducing a wider distribution of the Pointer, and a higher recognition of his claims asa useful and valuable sporting dog. The annual bench show held by this club, in the city of New York, is recognized as the leading one in the United States, and the prizes there bestowed are most highly cherished by breeders. The long line of important shows now held in this country, at Boston, Providence, Spring- field, Rochester, Elmira, Buffalo, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, Denver, St. Paul, Cincin- nati, and other large cities, owe their origin and inspiration to the influence and example of the Westminster Kennel Club. The Graphic Kennels, at Netherwood, N. J., the Neversink Lodge Kennels, of Orange County, N. Y., and the Hempstead Farm Kennels, of Long Island, are also prominent Eastern breeders of Pointers; while Messrs. John S. Wise, F. R. Hitchcock, A. E. Godeffroy, Fred 8. Under- hill, A. D. Lewis, J. H. Phelan, J. H. Winslow, Charles J. Peshall, L. Gardner, Charles Heath, James L. Anthony, EK. R. Bellman, John White, Luke W. White, J. R. Purcell, P. T. Madison, Robert C. Cornell, Thomas H. Terry, B. F. Seitner, A. C. Collins, C. M. Munhall, C. G. Stoddard, C. H. Odell, O. W. Donner, Edward Dexter, Amory R. Starr, John M. Tracy, C. W. Littlejohn, George DeF. Grant, Ed. 8S. Shultz, E. C. Sterling, Bayard Thayer, Samuel T. Colt, W.-E: Hughes, “J. B: Turmer, Ayes Whipple, A. C. Waddell, and C. C. Pettit, are among those gentlemen to whom breeders are indebted for intelligent and successful efforts in the development of the Pointer. A large number of champion Pointers had been evolved, and had won well-merited honors at the various exhibitions, before the organization of the present American Kennel Club. Among these were Faust, Sleaford, Bow, Water Lily, Meteor, Bravo, and Patti M. As kennel interests THE POINTER. 125 began to assume a more prominent place in America, the necessity for the organization of a national association, with a view to directing and fostering such interests, and adopt- ing uniform rules for the government of shows and the distribution of awards, became apparent, and resulted in the organization of the American Kennel Club, at Philadelphia, on September 17, 1884. This club has present control of American kennel affairs, publishing the only official stud-book for the registration of pedigrees, as weil as the /trennel Gazette, and promulgat- ing uniform rules for the government of shows and distri- bution of awards. It also publishes in the Gazette, as ‘‘Champions of Record,”’ the names of all those dogs, still living, who have attained the title of ‘‘Champion,’’ the qualifications being that a dog shall have won four first prizes in the ‘‘ open class’’ to be eligible to the ‘‘challenge class,’’ and three first prizes in the latter class to be entitled ‘‘champion’’—the exhibitions at which such awards are given to be such as are duly recognized by the club, and the contest to be under rules promulgated by themselves. The club is composed of a membership comprising the different bench-show and field-trial clubs of America, represented by delegates, and a large body of associated individual members, also represented by delegates. Those living Pointers recognized as champions by the American Kennel Club, down to 1890, are: Bracket (7835); Clover (2867); Donald (2879); Graphic (4067); Juno 8. (8010); King Bow (4076); Lad of Bow (7880); Lass of Bow (8020); Meally (4201); Naso of Kippen (5552); Nick of Naso (5553); Queen Bow (8057); Queen Fan, (5607); Revel III. (8062); Robert le Diable (5556); and Rosa (11206). Contemporaneously with the establishment of bench shows in the United States, appeared the public field trials, which were designed to develop and demonstrate the useful and practical qualities of the Pointer and Setter. The first field trial in America was held October 8, 1874, under the auspices of the Tennessee Sportsmen’ s usenet aca in which -the judging was under English rules, by points. On Octo- 126 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG ber 26, 1875, the same association also held extensive trials in the field, at which first prize for Pointers was won by Maj. J. M. Taylor’s Duke, by Captain Day’s Mac, out of Ida; second, by Captain Lightburne’s Sandy, by Bang, out of Queen. In the bitch class, first went to G..Muller’s Fanny, by Ben, out of Hoffman’s imported bitch; second, to Doctor Sanders’ May, by Sam, out of Gibson’s Nelly. One of the earliest prominent field-trial organizations, and one to which Pointer breeders are chiefly indebted for early encouragement, was the Eastern Field Trials Club, organized in 1878, and still in active existence. During the first few years, the club furnished but one all-aged stake annually to which both Setters and Pointers were eligible. While the latter won a fair share of the competitive honors, they were so heavily handicapped by the greater numbers of the Set- ters, affording a larger field for selection, that Pointer breeders were dissatisfied; and it was not until the club established separate all-aged stakes for the two breeds, that the excellent field qualities of the Pointer were clearly demonstrated, and his improvement became rapid. The two breeds still contend together in the Derby—for dogs born on or after January 1st of the year of, or year preced- ing the contest—and also contend together for the champion stake, to which winners of a first prize in an all-aged stake are eligible. The Robin’s Island Club, organized in 1881, is still in existence; while later organizations that are engaged in the commendable work of developing the field qualities of the Pointer and Setter are the Central Field Trial Club, Southern Field Trial Club, Indiana Kennel Club, Texas Field Trial Club, Pacific Coast Field Trial Club, Philadelphia Kennel Club, Southern Sportsmen’s Association, Canadian Kennel Club, and Manitoba Field Trial Club. The following is a fairly correct list of the winning Pointers at the leading field-trial contests held in America, down to 1890: Croxteth (Lowe’s Young Bang—Macdona’s Jane); Sensa- tion (Price’s Jim—Nell); Count Fauster (Mainspring—Dolly ‘aula davaa THE POINTER. 127 Fauster); Rue (Snapshot-Ruby); Tammany (Tory—Moon- stone); Mainspring (Mike-Romp); Scout (Croxteth—Belle); Bang-Bang (Champion Bang—Princess Kate); Robert le Diable (Croxteth-Spinaway); Prince (Minnesota Prince— Countess); Springbok (Mainspring—Curfew); Nick of Naso (Naso I1.—Pettigo); Trinket’s Bang (Croxteth—Trinket); Lalla Rookh (Sensation’s Son—Grace); Dexter (Nip—Tuck); Roger Williams (Bang-Bang—Lalla Rookh); Sensation, Jr. (Sensation—W hite’s Grace); Darkness (Chipps—Nettie); Tick (Bob-—Dido); Drake (Croxteth—Lass); Drab (Dan—Arrow); Bang-Grace (Bang-Bang—Grace); Consolation (Bang-Bang— Grace III); Go-Bang (Graphic—Leach’s Bloomo); Ossian (Croxteth-Amine); Old Black Joe (unknown); Lottie B. (Professor—Grace B.); Nestor (Gladsome—Forest Queen IT.); Onyx (Wat-Flash); King Cotton (Tyler-Dream 8.); Phi- nette (Lossing—Ress); Lily Talbot; Ress (Bruce Ranger-— Frank); Wat, Meteor Fred, Juno, Vandevort’s Don (Price’s Bang—Letheridge’s Peg); Cornerstone (Meteor—Ac- cident); Jimmie (Start-Maud); Bow, Jr., Spring (Main- spring—Curfew); Belle, Bert, Adams’ Mack, Dillsey (Me- teor-Dee); Tansey (Meteor—Dee); Tennie (Rod-—Nell); Rod (Meteor—Dell); Rod’s Gal (Rod—Juno); Lad of Bow (Graphic —Climax); Vandevort’s Don (Price’s Bang—Peg); Richmond (Vandevort’s Don—Beulah); Spot Belton (Dick B.-—Belle Belton); Lebanon (Tim—Peg); Rip-Rap (King of Kent- Hops); Woolton Game (Gough—Lockspur); Ightfield Bleithe (Dancer-Ightfield Bloom); Joy, Jr. (Flockfinder—Ion); Miss Meally (Graphic-Meally); Tempest (Beppo III.-Lass of Bow); Beau of Portland (Graphic—Zitta); Duke of Hes- sen (Luck of Hessen-Blarney); Lady Zeal (Croxteth—Am- ine); Ben Lanier (Jo Bowers); Cherrystone (Trinket’s Bang- Pearlstone); Zetta King Don (King Don—Queen Faust); Ber- traldo (Cornerstone—Bessie Beaufort); Tennie (Rod—Nell); Rod’s Gal (Rod-Juno); Tribulation (Beppo III.—Lass of Bow); Galena (Trinket’s Bang-Cremorne); Pontiac (Milton Bang III.-Climax); Bryn Mawr Mona (Bang-Vandalia); _ Hoosier Harry (unknown); Pearl’s Dot (Trinket’s Bang- Pearlstone); Thomastone (Cornerstone—Firenzi); Fancy Free 128 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. (Donald—Lady Bow); Lord Graphic (Graphic—Daphne); Tamarack (Tam O*Shanter—Croxteth’s Rival Queen); Ban- nerman (Osborne Ale-Keswick); Breezo (unknown). Too much can not be said in praise of those enterprising gentlemen who have devoted time and money without stint to the support and encouragement of field contests; and while severe criticisms have been made on the methods often employed at the trials, the rules under which they are run, and the work of the dogs, yet it must be borne in mind that the conditions under which these races are run are of the most trying character. It is a contest for supremacy between owners, handlers, and dogs. The latter are thrown among strange, competi- tors, oftentimes after being carried hundreds of miles by ‘ail; must work on strange grounds, followed by a crowd; listen to unaccustomed sounds and commands, and work in confusion generally. It is only a wonder that the dogs per- form as well as they do; and it is generally admitted that it takes a good dog to win at these trials in the face of all these difficulties. Many of the successful field-trial winners are afterward used as stud dogs, and produce some excellent descendants for all-around work, which proves their own inherent good qualities. If less prominence were given to pace and range, and more to nose, style, and quality of work, stanchness in pointing, backing, and retrieving, it would redound more to the credit of the field trials, and result in giving us better dogs for general private use throughout the country. The tendency now seems to be to adopt more rational and sensible rules in judging the work of the dogs; anda wild, half-trained animal, knowing but little else than how to run fast for a short time, does not now necessarrly win the contest. Among the most potent sires that have ever been im- ported to this country were Sensation and Croxteth. The former, by Price’s Jim (Whitehouse’s Hamlet—Judy), out of Nell (Old Rap—Nina), was bred by Mr. J. D. Humphries in 1874, and during his life-time won seven prizes in Eng- THE POINTER. 129 land and thirteen in the United States, including third prize in the Eastern Field Trials, and the cup for the best Pointer, in 1880. He was a dog of most excellent quality, | lemon-and-white in color, and has produced many noted descendants. He was one of the first dogs of note that was brought to America, and his importation marked the beginning of the interest in the development of the Pointer that has culmi- nated in our present high standard of excellence. He was imported in 1876, having been selected and purchased, for CROXTETH. Owned by Mr. A. E. Godeffroy, Neversink Lodge Kennels, Guymard, N. Y. the Westminster Kennel Club, by Mr. George De Forest Grant. His field qualities were of a high order, many of his fine attitudes on point having been preserved by brush and pencil. He died of old age, at Babylon, Long Island, in June, 1887. Following close upon Sensation was Croxteth. He was bred by the well-known English sportsman, Rev. J. Cum- ming Macdona, in January, 1878, from whom he was pur- chased by Mr. A. E. Godeffroy, of New York. When first imported, he was in very poor condition, and did not show up well at the New York Exhibition of 1880, where he was 9 130 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. only awarded two letters. In the summer of 1880, he began to improve in condition, and ran in the all-aged stake of the Eastern Field Trials, where he won his first heat, but failed to get placed. At the New York Show of 1881, he won third in the open class, and in the fall of the same year again ran at the trials of the Eastern Field Trials Club, where he defeated all the Pointers present, winning the special Pointer cup. He then ran for first prize over all, against the orange-and-white Setter Grousedale, but after a close race was declared defeated—a decision which caused considerable heated discussion in the sporting press, many believing that Croxteth had justly won the contest. His owner withdrew him after this race, and would not permit him to contend for second money. In 1882, the New York Exhibition awarded him first in the open class for heavy-weight dogs, and the silver medal for the best Pointer with a field-trial record. He was shown against the well-known dog Faust, and scored nine- ty-five and one-fourth points, out of a possible one hun- dred, against ninety by Faust. The same year, he ran again in the all-aged stake at the Eastern Field Trials, beating all Pointers, and again winning the special Pointer cup. He won second in the general contest, out of thirty- seven entries, being defeated for first place by London, His son, Lord Sefton, ran in the Derby at the same time, and won the silver cup, over sixty-five dogs, for special excellence; he also won second in the puppy class at the New York Bench Show, the same year. The summarized winnings of Croxteth are as follows: Second prize (in puppy class), International Show at Hanover, Germany, 1879; fourth in English Field Trial Derby, out of one hundred and twenty-seven entries, 1879; second in bench show, Rochester, N. Y., 1879; H. C., bench show, New York City, 1880; third, bench show, New York City, 1881; special cup for best Pointer in Eastern Field Trials, 1881; first in open class, New York Bench Show, and silver medal for best field-trial Pointer in the show, 1882; special cup for best Pointer in the Eastern Field THE POINTER. 131 Trials, 1882; second in all-aged stake in Eastern Field Trials, 1882; silver medal, best kennel of Pointers, New York, 1883; silver medal, best field-trial Pointer, New York, 1883; best stud Pointer in the show, appearing with four first and second winners, New York, 1884; silver medal, best kennel of Pointers, New York, 1885. He was never shown except in New York State, and after 1885 retired on his laurels, being in extensive demand as a stud dog, and becoming the sire of many winners, both on the bench and in the field. Among the well-known dogs of whom he was the sire were EHlliot’s Scout, Drake, Trinket’s Bang, Robert le Diable, Keswick II., Dee, Dell, Modesty, Lady Zeal, Romp, Lady Croxteth, Neversink, Jilt, Lord Sefton, Doncaster, Rapp, and Ossian. No dog that we have had in America has achieved a more favorable reputa- tion as a dog of high character, and a successful stock- getter, than Croxteth; and when he died, in March, 1888, the result of a cold caught during the great blizzard of that month, general regret pervaded Pointer circles at the loss of so shining a light among their favorites. Croxteth was by Lowe’s Young Bang, out of Macdona’s Jane; he by Price’s Bang and Davey’s Luna, and she by Lord Sefton’s Sam, out of his Flirt. Through his ances- tors, Sam, Hamlet, and Drake, he inherited the best blood of Lord Sefton’s, Mr. Whitehouse’s, and Sir Richard Garth’s strains; he was half-brother of Sir Thomas Len- nard’s Priam and Scamp, and grandson of Champion Bang, the winner of ten field trials in England, and with an invincible bench record as well. In. bench-show form, Croxteth weighed seventy pounds, his measurements being: Round chest, two feet, five inches; nose to root of tail, three feet, two inches; height of shoulder, two feet, one and one- fourth inches; head, skull-bone to nose, ten and one-half inches; round face, under eyes, eleven inches; round thigh, one foot, four inches; round loin, one foot, ten and one-half inches; round skull, one foot, five and one-half inches; skull-bone to shoulder, eight inches. In color, he was dark liver-and-white ticked; grandly 132 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. sensational on point, and impressing anyone who saw him with the beautiful character and expression of his head, his grand frame, and muscular development. His legs and feet were excellent, his carriage lofty; never trailing, but hunting for the body-scent, going at a steady, long-striding gallop over the roughest of ground, and never seeming to be tired. He was also a superior all-around dog, being as good on ruffed grouse and snipe as he was on quails. A sketch, representing him in one of his grand points, at High Point, N. C., in 1882, was published in /orest and Stream, December, 1882, and was copied by European sport- ing papers. He was also painted by the well-known artist, Mr. J. M. Tracy, when on point, handsomely backed by Sensation, the picture being now owned by the Westminster Kennel Club. Another excellent stud dog that has just passed away, leaving many noted descendants, was Bang-Bang, by Price’s Bang, out of Princess Kate. He was bred by Mr. F. C. Lowe in January, 1881, and imported to this country in July, 1882. Previous to leaving England, he won the puppy stakes at Shrewsbury, including the champion puppy stake; the £50 prize at the Blandford Trials, the third puppy stake and all-aged stake at the St. Hubert Trials, Belgium, and first at the Crystal Palace Show, in 1882. In this country, his winnings were: Second, Cleveland; first, light-weight Pointer sweepstakes, New York, 1884; first, Philadelphia, 1885; first, Waverly, 1887; first, Syracuse, 1888; field-trials Pointer stake, Eastern Field Trials Club, 1885; divided second in same stake, 1886. Bang-Bang was an attractive lemon-and-white dog, built on wonderful racing lines, of grand style, fine nose, and excellent disposition. Pointer breeders are also indebted to Champion Graphic for the contribution of certain excellent qualities to our American kennels. He is by Fursdon’s Juno, out of Leach’s Bonus Sancho; was whelped April 15, 1881, and bred by Mr. Norrish, of Devonshire, England. His sire, Bonus Sancho, is by Price’s Champion Bang, out of Leach’s Belle, a union which produced, in different litters, Bang II., Bow THE POINTER. tos Bells, Merry Bells, Bona Bell, and other winners. Leach’s Belle is by Champion Sancho out of Leach’s Fan; Sancho was the sire of Champion Wagg and brother of Champion Chang. Graphic was imported in 1886. He is a typical Itver-and- white dog, and has scored many winnings in England and this country, including the champion prize at Crystal Palace in 1884 and 1885. His field performances in England and America have been good, and he is the sire of many first- class dogs, including Go-Bang, Champion Bracket, Cham- pion Lad of Bow, Lass of Bow, Romeo, Champion Revel Ill., Wanda, Stella B., Graphite, Lord Graphic, Pommery Sec., Merry Legs, and Sally Brass ITI. Champion Robert le Diable is one of the most prominent and popular dogs that have been bred in this country. He is a grand liver-and-white ticked dog, of great symmetry, weighing about sixty pounds, and built on correct lines for practical work. He was bred by the St. Louis Kennel Club, whelped June 12, 1883, subsequently owned by the High- land Kennels, Red Bank, N. J., and now by the Hempstead Farm Kennels, Hempstead, Long Island. -He is by Croxteth —Spinaway; she, a small but symmetrical bitch, by Pilking- ton’s Garnet, out of Keswick. The latter was imported by the St. Louis Kennel Club, and won first prize in Eng- land, in the puppy stakes of the Sporting Dog and Field Trial Club’s trials, in 1879. Robert le Diable is distinguished for his successful bench-show and field-trial record, and defeated a large and formidable aggregation of Pointers at the Eastern Field Trials Club’s meeting in 1886, winning the all-aged stake. He also won first and special for best Pointer or Setter in the New York Show in 1885; first at St. Louis and Cincinnati, the same year; championship and special for best Pointer, in 1886, at St. Louis and Pitts- burgh, besides other prizes; first and special, for the best Pointer with a field-trial record, for the best Pointer in the show, and for the best stud dog shown with two of his get, at New York, 1890. Tammany, by Pilkington’s Tory, out of Moonstone, im- 134 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. ported in utero, and whelped August 24, 1883, is another of our noted Pointers who has just passed into the great hunting-grounds beyond the setting sun. His death occurred on February 16, 1889. His dam, Moonstone, was a full sister of the St. Louis Kennel Club’s Bow, and of Young Bang, the sire of Croxteth and Priam. He was a strong, heavy- weight, liver-and-white ticked dog, lacking somewhat in symmetry, but built for the manifestation of power in the field, where he achieved his greatest successes. He won first in the Eastern Field Trials Club’s members’ stake, and first in the all-aged Pointer stake, in 1887, defeating several prominent competitors, and has left a number of descendants who aid in sustaining his good reputation. His bench win- nings were: Third, Philadelphia, 1885; second, Newark, 1886; second, Hartford, 1886; first, New York, 1886; first, New York, and first, Hartford, 1887; second, Boston, in 1887; and in champion class in 1888. The immediate ancestors of Tammany were such excellent dogs as Garth’s Drake, Doll,, Coham’s Bang, Price’s Vesta, Lord Cole’s Cole, Francis’ Bell, Brockton’s Bounce, Postan’s Venus, Hamlet, Mite, Ranger, Jilt, and Don. He was one of the few Pointers we have had in this country who displayed the same style and courage on game that is manifested by the best strains of Setters. Champion Nick of Naso, by Naso II. and Pettigo, is a handsome liver-and-white dog, imported from England at great expense, and has achieved a worthy prominence in Pointer circles, being a well-known winner on the bench, and in the field trials proving himself a formidable com- petitor, where he also won deserved honors. He has also proven a useful and valuable sire. Another excellent dog is the liver-and-white ticked dog Duke of Vernon, owned by Mr. L. Gardner, of Mount Vernon, N. Y., and exhibited at the various shows in recent years. He manifests strong Pointer character, is admirably set on his legs, symmetrical and strong, and with a per- fectly carried stern. His winnings are: First and two specials, Buffalo, 1888; second, Richmond, 1888, when in POINTER PUPPIES, From a photograph by Mrs, Josephine Yeamans, Westfield, Mass, THE POINTER. 135 field-form only; first, New York, 1889; first, Troy, the same year, and second, New York, 1890. He is by Glendale, out of Spotless, and includes in his pedigree such excellent dogs as Lort, Lass of Bow, Jaunty, Sleaford, Pride, Dawn, Price's Bang, Luna, Belle, Nina, Gen. Prim, Coham’s Bang, Vesta, Juno, Sancho, Hamlet, Sal, and Nellie. Champion Lad of Bow is now owned by the Westmin- ster Kennel Club. He was bred by Mr. Sam Price, of Bow, North Devon, England, March 19, 1884, and imported to this country in May, 1886. He is by Champion Graphic, out of Climax; she by Champion Bang, out of Juno, by Mike, out of Bastin’s Belle; Bang by Coham’s Bang, out of Vesta. Lad of Bow is a large liver, white, and ticked Pointer, weighing about sixty-five pounds, and of fine form and appearance. He is longer in body than his sire; a racy- looking animal, with great depth of chest, and fine dispo- sition, measuring four and one-half inches from end of nose to corner of eye; across skull, six inches, and standing twenty-four inches high at shoulder. His bench winnings in England include second at Crystal Palace Show, 1886. In America, he won first and special for best large-sized stud dog with two of his progeny, awarded with his sire, Graphic, and half-brother, Champion Bracket; also special as one of the best kennel of Pointers, Boston, 1887; also dividing third at American Field Trial Club’s trials, all-aged stake, Florence, Ala., 1887; second and two spe- cials as one of best kennel, and for the best Pointer dog that has been placed in any American field trial, New York, 1888. Champion Bracket was bred by Mr. R. P. Leach, Devon, England; whelped February 8, 1884, and imported to this country in January, 1886. He is by Champion Graphic, out of Bloomo. His record in England was: Second, Crystal Palace, 1885; third, Crystal Palace, same year; H. C., British Kennel Association’s Show (there being no small dog class), Sheffield, 1885; also special for best team of Pointers or Setters, won by Bracket, Revel ITI., and Beau Ideal; first and cup, small dog class, Birmingham, 1885. 136 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. In this country, his record of winnings is large, including: First, Pittsburgh, 1886; also in sweepstakes, first as best Pointer under fifty-five pounds, and special as best light- weight Pointer, in open class; first and five specials, Newark, 1886; first and three specials, Boston, 1886; first and two specials, Hartford, 1886; champion and special, New York, 1886; champion, Newark, 1887; special as one of best kennel, special for best large stud dog with two of his progeny (awarded with his sire, Graphic, and his half- brother, Lad of Bow), Boston, 1887; and champion and special, New York, 1888. Bracket is dark liver, white, and ticked, weighing about fifty-four pounds, measuring four and one-fourth inches from end of nose to corner of eye, five and one-half inches between the ears, and standing twenty-two and three- fourths inches at shoulder. He is full of quality, some- what heavy in head, with good shoulders, capital loin and body, and good disposition. He has been shown a great deal in this country, and also given a good deal of work in the field, where he is said to manifest a most excellent nose, combined with speed, stanchness, and tractability. Champion Donald was imported by Mr. A. H. Moore, of Philadelphia, in 1880. He was bred by Mr. R. Andrews, of Devonshire, being whelped in 1877. His record on the bench is a good one, both in England and this country. He won first at Exeter, June, 1879; first at Falmouth, in July, the same year; first, in October, at Bristol, and first at Birmingham, in December. He finished his public career in England by capturing first, and cup, at Margate, February, 1880. In this country, he won first at St. Louis, 1880; first champion, and first, with others, as best kennel of dogs, New York, 1882; first champion at Boston, 1882; and first champion at Cleveland, 1882. He is the sire of Patti M., Dress, and Donald IL, all well known. In color, he is liver, white, and ticked, of medium size, rather stocky in build, with capital neck, fair shoulders, and good body and legs. He has sired some most excellent dogs by Revel III. and other bitches. THE POINTER. 137 In working condition, he weighs about fifty-two pounds, measuring four and one-fourth inches from end of nose to corner of eye; between ears, five and one-half inches, and in height, twenty-two and one-fourth inches at shoulder. A dog of excellent quality, that has recently been devel- oped in the West, is Mr. P. T. Madison’s Ossian, by Crox- teth-Amine. He was bred by Mr. John 8. Wise, in May, 1886, and trained by Capt. D. E. Rose, of Lawrenceburg, Tenn. His field winnings are: Divided third in Eastern ——— PATTI M. Owned by C. M. Munhall, Cleveland, Ohio. Field Trials Club’s Derby, in 1887; third in same club's all- aged stake, in 1888; second in Southern Field Trial Club’s all-aged Pointer stake, in 1888; and first in Indiana Ken- nel Club’s all-aged Pointer stake, in 1889. He has been shown but twice on the bench, winning second in open class, Indianapolis, 1889, and first at Indianapolis, 1890. Ossian is a high-headed, stylish, liver, white, and ticked Pointer, weighing about sixty pounds, with plenty of bone and mus cle, strong and enduring, and obedient and tractable in the field. 138 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. At the terrible canine holocaust at Columbus, Ohio, Jan- uary 11, 1888, several excellent Pointers were burned. Among them were Bow-Faust (Rapp—Dove); Planet (Meteor- Accident); Pap Smizer (Meteor—Diana); Business (Don- ald—~Nympher); Rumpty (Meteor—Diana); Hamlet-Sleaford (Young Sleaford-Lillie); Lily Bang (Bang-Bang—Lass); Dolly Fauster (Fauster-Nympher); Lady Trinket (Young Meteor—Zolo Faust); Corsicana Tobe (Tory—Kelley’s Belle), besides several fine puppies belonging to the Idstone Ken- nels, of Dayton, Ohio; and last, but not least, the two fine bitches, Lady Croxteth, combining most excellent field, bench, and brood qualities, and the peerless Champion Patti M., a bitch of rare quality who was rapidly pushing her way to the front. Patti M., by Champion Donald (Bob- Sappho), out of Devonshire Lass (Imp. Don—Imp. Lady), was whelped August 9, 1882, and was a litter sister of Donald II. Her winnings were: First and special, Milwaukee, 1886; first and two specials, Latonia, Ky., 1886; first and special, Waverly, N. J., 1886; champion prize and two spe- cials, Dayton, Ohio, 1886; first, Boston, 1887; first and two specials, Pittsburgh, 1887; champion prize, New York, 1887; champion prize and special, Detroit, 1887; champion prize and three specials, Columbus, Ohio, 1888. Patti M. was only bred twice, to Croxteth and Nick of Naso, all of her progeny proving good. Other dogs that have proven decidedly prepotent in impressing their own fine qualities on their offspring, in America, and whom space will not permit us to describe at length, are Naso of Kippen, Mainspring, King Bow, King Don, Vandevort’s Don, Duke of Hessen, Beaufort, Beppo III., Cornerstone, Consolation, Meteor, Pontiac, Moulton Baron, Osborne Ale, Freedom, Trinket’s Bang, Tam O'Shanter, Dancer, Flockfinder, Sensation’s Son, Rod, and Bang. These dogs, together with many other native and im- ported specimens of high character, have done much in elevating the standard of Pointer breeding in America. Already the latest successful blood in England has been THE POINTER. 139 imported; and with the experience gained in the trials, and the exercise of the principles of scientific breeding, there is every reason to believe that the Pointer will always hold his place in the front rank of our sporting dogs. At the same time, as now bred, he needs more enthusi- asm in his work, and should carry a higher head than he does, feeling more for the body-scent ana less for the foot- scent of game, and working out his ground with more judg- ment. In these respects, the Setter has been wonderfully developed and improved by the field trials. The Pointer has among his promoters many of our leading sportsmen, and all that money can accomplish, united with earnest endeavor and intelligent experimentation, will doubtless be done to make him the equal of the Setter in every respect. The organization of a club, in i888, devoted to his interests and development, is also a move in the right direction; and if the counsels of this body are wisely governed, it can accomplish much in unifying the interests of the breed in America, making the types of breeding more uniform, and securing proper recognition for the Pointer. The Pointer Club of America is now officered as follows: Hon. John 8. Wise, president, New York City; George W. LaRue, secretary and treasurer, New York City; James L. Anthony, first vice-president, New York City; F. R. Hitch- cock, second vice-president, New York City; B. F. Seitner, third vice-president, Dayton, Ohio; A. C. Collins, fourth vice-president, Hartford, Conn. Executive Committee: C. M. Munhall, Cleveland, Ohio; Dr. J. R. Daniels, Cleveland, - Ohio; Charles Heath, Newark, N. J.; James P. Swain, New Work ‘City; J. H. Winslow, Philadelphia, Penn.; J. M. Arnolt, New York City; Charles G. Stoddard, Dayton, Ohio; M. V. B. Saunders, Detroit, Mich.; John 8. Wise, New York City; George W. LaRue, New York City; James L. Anthony, New York City; F. R. Hitchcock, New York City; B. F. Seitner, Dayton, Ohio; A. C. Collins, Hartford, Conn. Its membership includes most of the prominent Pointer men in the country, but the limits of our space pre- clude the possibility of giving the full list. 140 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. Pointer breeders should not lose sight of the lack of uniformity in type with which the friends of the dog have always had to contend. Large dogs and small dogs, long and short, have been interbred so that it is difficult to predict uniformity in type in any litter. Greater care should be exercised in this regard, and the two weights of dogs should be carefully bred within themselves. An occasional graft of the heavy breed onto the light weight might, however, be allowed, with a view to counteracting excessive fineness of bone and muscle in the latter, and heaviness in the former. DESCRIPTION—VALUE OF POINTS—COLOR—SIZE. The style of dog that is now being bred in the United States conforms entirely to the description given by Stone- henge in his valuable work on the ‘‘ Dogs of the British Isles*’—a standard that has also been adopted for judging by the Westminster Kennel Club, of New York, for use at their annual bench shows, and which is generally used throughout the country. For the benefit of the readers of this work, the epitomized description compiled by the late William M. Tileston is herewith given, as follows: The shuld (value 10) should be of good size, but not as heavy as in the old Spanish Pointer, and, in a lesser degree, his half-bred descendants. It should be wider across the ear than that of the Setter, with the forehead rising well at the brows, showing a decided ‘‘stop.’’ . J., and J. 8. Williams, Lynn, Mass.; Frank Woodyatt, Savanna, Ill.; W. N. Walling, Auburndale, Mass.; E. B. Walbridge, Petersboro, N. H.; D. D. Will- iams, Washingtonville, Ohio; R. E. Westlake, Olyphant, Penn.; Dr. M. F. Youngs, Littleton, N. H.; A. M. York, Conway, Ohio; F. B. Zimmer, Gloversville, N. Y., and 276 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. others whose names are equally familiar, but which slip my mind at the present moment. The writer also prides him- self in his own kennel, in which he usually has eight or ten ormore Beagles. It is scarcely possible to bestow too much praise on this little Hound, which has advanced more in popularity dur- ing the last few years among sportsmen in this country than has any other breed of field dogs. This is the natural result of our sportsmen becoming familiar, by degrees, with the value of this Hound for field purposes. As civilization encroaches upon the haunts of the fox and the deer, causing them to decrease in numbers, sports- men who have heretofore hunted them with large Hounds, discover that as this game grows scarce it is better hunted with the Beagle. Col. F. G. Skinner, than whom no more ardent sportsman or Hound man is to be found among us, always advocates the Beagle in preference to Fox or other Hounds for foxes and deer in sections where they are scarce or are hunted to the gun, and for foxes when hunted with the gun, as in the Northern and New England States. This is owing to the fact that, not being so fast as the larger Hounds, they give better opportunity for shots, and, par- ticularly where the game is scarce, they do not frighten it so as to drive it far away, to remain perhaps for days, as the larger Hounds do. Doctor Downey, of Maryland, and his friends always use their Beagles in preference to larger Hounds when they go on their annual deer-hunt to West Virginia: Thus, it will be seen that the Beagle is not only growing in popularity as we become more intimately acquainted with his value, but it is also in the natural order of events for him to grow in favor with us as game becomes scarcer. Although the Beagle is too slow for fox-hunting, in some parts of the country, as, for instance, in the South, it is also used with success for that sport, and preferred by many to a larger Hound in localities where the foxes are hunted to the gun, for reasons herein later explained. The writer was some time ago informed by an acquaintance THE BEAGLE HOUND. 277 residing in Virginia that, in order to satisfy some friends of the ability of his Beagles to kill a red fox, he took his pack of Hounds—under fifteen inches in height—with an old- Foxhound to start them on the trail, and soon started a fox. Being stationed himself on a hill, he was able to watch the entire hunt, and, after a run of several hours, the Beagles caught and killed the fox, while the old Foxhound was not in at the death. I cite this instance because many claim that the Beagle would be entirely useless in a fox-hunt. The Beagle is also used for hunting the large white hare (Lepus Virginianus) which abounds in some parts of this country. ) picture, ‘‘ Three Kindred Races of Dogs, the English Mas- tiff, the Danish Dog, and the German Dogge,’’ and the following remarks: The Danish Dog, little known in Germany, is unquestionably closely related to the English Mastiff, but has better legs and feet than the thorough- bred Mastiff, and is faster, livelier, and not so clumsy. The best specimens are said to have been raised thirty or forty years ago on an estate called Broholm, and are, therefore, also called Broholmer Dogs. The Danish or Broholm Dog does not at all resemble our German Dogge, as may be readily seen from our illustration, and it is proof of ignorance if many a fancier still classifies our German Dogge as Danish or Ulmer Dogge. The distinction appears to have been invented by dealers, for now we find the light, then the heavy strain mentioned as Danish or Ulmer Dogge. During the great international exhibition of dogs of all races at Ham- burg, in the year 1876, it was evident that none of the breeders and connois- seurs present were able to classify and distinguish the numerous entries as Ulmer or Danish Dogges. During the following shows at Hanover (1879) and Berlin, it was resolved to abolish this unwarranted distinction entirely, and to designate the breed as German Dogges, which they have been in reality for the last three centuries. At the same time, a standard of points was agreed upon after the best specimens. According to them, the German Dogge must neither be too heavy nor too light, but must keep exactly the medium between the Greyhound and Molossus Dog. Later attempts to have a heavier kind acknowledged, besides the one recognized by the standard, have always been rejected with overwhelming majority by the friends and breeders of this finest and largest of all canine races. THE GREAT DANE. 531 The origin and descent of the German Dogge are not definitely known, but we do know that the breed is of great antiquity. In the agricultural, forest, and hunting laws of the old German tribes, which were not collected until the middle of the tenth century, under the title ‘* Geopo- nica,’’ seven kinds of dogs are enumerated in the ‘* Lex Ale- 5 manorum.’’ Of these, the Canis porcaritius (Boarhound), MINCA MIA. Owned by Prof. J. H. H. Maenner, Baltimore, Md. b) ‘‘that catches the swine,” or the Canis ursaritius (bear- catcher), ‘‘that catches the bear, the cow, or the bull,’’? and the Veltris leporalis (the Greyhound or Harehound), are thought to be the progenitors of the German Dogge, that probably owes his origin to the efforts made to raise a breed in which the principal qualities of the above-mentioned varieties, 7. e., strength and fleetness, are combined. A savage, strong, and courageous dog, whose origin is a 532 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. mystery, existed in ancient times. In the book, ‘‘The Varieties of Dogs, as They Are Found in Old Sculptures, Pictures, Engravings, and Books,’’ by Th. Charles Berjeau, we find pictures, copied from the British Museum, of this dog—the Canis molossus, now extinct—bearing a striking resemblance to the German Dogge. Aristotle mentions the Canis moloticus—after Molossis or Molossia, the central part of Epirus, in ancient Greece-—350 years B. C., in his ‘* Historia Animalium.’? The Canis venaticus (hunting dog) mentioned in Marcus Terentius Varro’s work, ‘‘ De re Rustica,’ in the last century B. C., is probably the same dog as the Canis moloticus, or molossus, as well as the Canis venaticus that Junius Moderatus Calumella writes of in the first century of the Christian era. Shortly before that time, Gratius Faliscus, in his ‘‘ Cynegeticon,”’ treats of the manner of using the dogs for hunting, of raising and training them, of their qualities, diseases, etc.; also Oppi- anus of Anazarbos, in the second century, in his didactic poem, ‘‘ De Venatione,’? Mare. Aurelius Olympius Neme- sianus of Carthage, in his ‘t‘ Cynegeticon,”’ and Titus Julius Calpurnius of Sicily, in his ‘‘Cynegeticon sen de re Vene- tica Eclogee,’’ describe explicitly the qualities of the dogs, and their being employed for hunting. Many other histo- rians and poets, among whom Virgil, Horace, Caius Plinius Secundus, living shortly before or in the beginning of the Christian era, describe and extol the Canis molossus and his valorons deeds. The Romans are said to have become acquainted with these dogs in England, and to have exported many of them for the purpose of using them in the circus to fight with wild beasts. Three of them could overpower a bear, and four even a lion. The Romans, finding extreme delight in these contests, valued the pugnacious Molossus Dogs, whose daring exploits historians and poets extolled so highly that they appointed officers in their British provinces whose business was the selection and training of the dogs to be sent to Rome. Long after the decline of the Roman Em- pire these dogs were employed for such bloody contests, THE GREAT DANE (GERM AN DOGGE ). Doo and when bears and lions became scarce, the bull was sub- stituted for them. John Stow describes a contest between three of these dogs and a lion, in the presence of James I. One of the dogs being put into the den, was soon disabled by the lion; the second met with a similar fate, but the third immedi- ately seized the lion by the lip and held him for a long time, till, being considerably torn by the lion’s claws, he was obliged to quit his hold. The lion, greatly exhausted by the conflict, refused to renew the engagement, but, taking a sudden leap over the dogs, fled into the interior part of his den. Two of the dogs soon died of their wounds; the last survived, and was taken care of by the king’s son, who said: ‘‘ He that has fought with the king of beasts shall never fight with an inferior creature.”’ The dogs, however, were not the antagonists of wild beasts only; they or their descendants were also trained to attack persons. During the conquest of Cuba and San Domingo, in 1511, the Spaniards under Diego Velasquez employed the dogs in subduing the natives and pursuing them into the forests, where they had sought refuge. Hor- rible deeds are recorded of the famous dog, Berezillo, that was killed by an Indian with a poisoned arrow during the conquest of Porto Rico, in 1514. A descendant of Bere- zillo, Vasco Nunez de Balboa’s dog, Leoncico, was also famous for killing and tearing to pieces numbers of Indi- ans. In 1519, the Spaniards under Hernando Cortes em- ployed these dogs i in the same cruel manner to et down and kill the natives in Mexico. During the reign of Charles the Great, in the eighth century, the Canis molossus is mentioned, and in the for- est laws of King Henry II. of England, of the twelfth century, we read of the Canis mastivus. Many varieties are the descendants of the Canis mo- lossus, the most popular of which are the Bulldog, his diminutive relative the Pug, the English Mastiff, and the German Dogge. In pictures painted by celebrated artists in the begin- 534 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. ning of the sixteenth century, notable among which are the ‘‘ Wild Boar Hunt,” by Jurgen Jacobsz; the ‘‘ Bear Hunt,” by Francis Snyders; the ‘‘ Wild Boar Hunt,” by Peter Paul Rubens, we find a species of dogs of the same size and shape as the present German Dogge. These dogs also enjoyed high favor with the German nobility, and were the constant companions of their noble masters. Famous dogs of this kind were owned by the Emperor Wenzel, Charles V., and the Duke Ulrich of Wiirtemberg. The latter, when dispossessed of his throne by his enemies, in the beginning of the sixteenth century, had to seek refuge in the caves, near the Castle of Lichtenstein, for some months, where, principally through the sagacity, vigilance, and courage of his dog, he escaped several murderous assaults made against his life. There are at present three varieties of the German Dogge, viz., the brindled or tiger-striped, the spotted or Harlequin, commonly called Tiger-doggen in Germany, and those of one color. While a distinction should be strictly main- tained with regard to color, no difference is to be made in size, coat, or form. It must be admitted, however, that those of one color sometimes have finer hair, lighter forms, and a more pointed head, whereby some are induced to believe that there is more Greyhound blood in them. Others are of the opinion that the fawn, or the red variety, descended from the brindled Dogge by a disappearance of the dark streaks, and also the black one by an increase of the dark stripes, and that the gray, or blue one, was produced by crossing the fawn, or the sandy-red, and the black Dogege. The origin of neither the spotted nor the brindles being known, their color is to be considered. original. It is supposed that the spotted variety received his wall-eye and spotted or flesh-colored nose by a crossing of Albinos with black Dogges, which theory is plausible, since a simi- lar coloring of the eyes and noses of the progeny from spotted and white horses is observed. The spotted specimens have white, silver-gray, or bluish ~! ~~ ~) | THE GREAT DANE. , . ground-color, with irregular black, gray, or blue spots or patches. Those with white ground-color and black spots are the most beautiful; the lighter the ground-color and qi ‘UVSYD NOG ‘SIM ‘SIIIIN 210898O ‘sjauuay ejo99sQ Aq peuMO the darker the spots, the better. Some persons entertain the mistaken idea that these dogs were used for hunting or attacking tigers, because they are generally called Tiger-doggen in Germany. ® 536 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. In France, the whole-colored variety, especially . the blue or black, is preferred, although of late the Tiger as well as the brindled Dogge finds admirers there. At the exhibition at Paris, in 1889, Charles Gouté’s Tiger bitch Calypso, his Tiger dog Roland II.,and his brindled dog Fidelio won first prizes. These dogs are very large; and their receiving the highest honors at an exhibition in France, where the smaller, elegantly shaped dog has always been valued highest, indicates a modification of taste in that country, where specimens over thirty inches high were not much thought of. Fidelio, one of the finest specimens known, is a powerful dog, of strong bone, about thirty- four inches high, weighing 183 pounds. He is much admired in France now, though the brindled Dogge is called there, by many, a butcher-dog. In England it is entirely different. There the Tiger and the brindled varieties rank highest; great size is highly appreciated there, and Mr. Riego’s Cid Campea- dor, a dog of about the same height as Fidelio, is much admired. The admirers of the large specimens will even overlook a little dewlap, which is more frequently found on those over thirty-one inches high than on smaller ones. Besides, we find many very large Dogges with coarse hair and a faulty frame. The yellow-dun Dogge, with black mask, is generally considered the result of a cross with the Mastiff, in England, while in Germany the black mask is a desirable feature, preventing the appearance of red or flesh-colored noses in puppies. Brindles will often whelp yellow or dun puppies with black masks, which fact proves the erroneousness of the above-mentioned supposition. Another erroneous opinion, prevailing in England, is that dew-claws indicate a cross with the smooth-coated St. Bernard. They are not an ornament or a desirable appendage, but are found on specimens of the purest strains. Sometimes they are cumbersome and hurtful; they may grow into the flesh, or the dog may be wounded by them in another manner. Therefore it is advisable THE GREAT DANE. 587 to relieve the puppies of them, with a pair of sharp scissors, when about two weeks old, or even sooner. The operation will cause little pain, and the loss of blood will be slight at so early an age. In Germany, all varieties have their admirers, but the preference is generally given to the brindles. First-class specimens of that variety were scarce at the exhibition at Cannstadt, in 1889, because they are in such demand that few of them remain in Wirtemberg for a long time. The German breeders endeavor to raise large specimens; but those not possessing a correct frame, or being deficient in bone, muscle, or otherwise, are but slightly valued. With reference to the size of Dogges, we often find exaggerated statements; but it may be safely asserted that the German Dogge is superior to all other breeds in height. Mr. Riego declares his Champion Cid Campeador, bred in Germany, to be the largest dog ever raised in EKurope—his height being thirty-fonr inches at shoulder—and that the largest St. Bernard measures about thirty-three and one-half inches, but that his owner makes him thirty-six inches. According to the Jagd-und Schitzen-Zeitung of April 15, 1889, the height of the German Dogge Victor, ~ then exhibited at Chicago, is thirty-eight inches. The W7tten- berger Kreishlatt stated, some years ago, that Friedrich’s Ceesar was 1.02 meters, or about forty and one-sixth inches, high. The latter assertions have to be taken cum grano salis. Not many dogs will attain a height of thirty-four inches, and few of those exceeding it will have a correct frame. Actual measurements of Boppel’s Sandor, one of the largest and finest Dogges, taken not long ago, may be of interest: . Length of head, 124 inches; length of neck, 112 inches; length from neck to set-on of tail, 32 inches; length of tail, 254 inches; girth of skull, 23 inches; girth of chest, 382 inches; girth of loin, 28% inches; girth of thigh, 104 inches; height, 344 inches The above measurements were taken and guaranteed 538 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. correct by Mr. Ziebert. Sandor is young and not fully developed yet. The ears of the German Dogge are generally cropped, because it gives the head a bolder and livelier expression and appearance. In England, however, a strong opposition prevails against the cropping of the ears of any breed, and the wish of the Queen of England, as well as the exertions made by the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Ani- mals to put a stop to this so-called cruelty, may be of no little consequence. : The Queen of Wtrtemberg, who visited the exhibition at Cannstadt, in 1889, expressed also a wish, when admiring the class of beautiful German Dogges, that the ears might be left to them just as God created them. The French, on the contrary, do not want a Dogge with uncropped ears; and a German sporting paper, the Hunde-Sport, remarked not long ago: There is danger that America will follow the example of England. We in Germany do not crop the ears of our Hatzriide since the day before yester- day; our ancestors did so centuries ago, and if it will be admissible to draw a general conclusion from a Greek coin, the cropping of ears was customary two thousand years ago, and neither England nor America will alter it. The same paper had in its issue of January 22, 1890, the following: We have been informed that in two cases owners of young Dogges were indicted by societies and fined for cropping the ears of dogs. Should any one of our readers be fined on that account, he is requested to enter protest against it, and to ask us to name him two experts who are ready to declare under oath that the non-cropping of ea's was the cause of continual suffering in the ears, so that the cropping had to be performed in advanced age. Not the cropping of the ears is tormenting, but their remaining uncropped. We are convinced that on such evidence the parties indicted will be acquitted. On the other hand, experts spoke and wrote against the fashion of cropping ears. Professor Weiss, of the Veter- inary College at Stuttgart, says in his book, ‘“The Dog, His Qualities, Breeding, and Treatment in Healthy and Sick Condition: ”’ The operation of cropping ears consists in a tormenting for the sake of satisfying a nonsensical taste; besides, according to the opinion of the greatest dog-fanciers, the dog looks, in his natural condition, much better than after THE GREAT DANE. 188 squandering any cruel art on him; moreover, the consequences of this useless mutilation do not cease when the ear is healed. The irritation caused by it often has an injurious effect on the internal ear, and frequently deafness is the result. Not a few dog-fanciers affirm that the exterior ear of the dog, being movable, prevents the free entrance of insects, dust, rain, snow, hail, etc., protects against the changes of temperature, assists the animal in catching the sound- waves, and thereby renders the sense of hearing more acute. Thus we see that the opinions of experts, as well as of fanciers, differ, and are even diametrically opposite, with reference to the cropping of ears. The taste for cropping, however, is predominant, and we may predict a continuance of the fashion, in spite of arguments and protests. * STANDARD OF POINTS. The Great Dane Club of England, whose object is the breeding and improvement of the German Dogge, has adopted the following standard of points, which is, a few unessential differences excepted, the same as the one laid down by the breeders in Germany: General appearance.—The Great Dane is not so heavy and massive as the Mastiff, nor should he too nearly approach the Greyhound type. Remarkable in size and very muscular, strongly though elegantly built, move- ments easy and graceful; head and neck carried high; the tail carried horizontally with the back, or slightly upward, with a slight curl at the extremity. The minimum height and weight of dogs should be thirty inches and one hun- dred and twenty pounds; of bitches, twenty-eight inches and, one hundred pounds. Anything below this shall be debarred from competition. Points: General appearance, 3; condition, 3; activity, 5; height, 13. Head.—Long, the frontal-bone of the forehead slightly * I wish to record here a most earnest and emphatic protest against crop- ping, docking, or otherwise mutilating dogs of any breed. In my judgment, these practices are cruel and useless, and the taste or notion that fosters them is erroneous.—EpITor. 540 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. raised, and very little indentation between the eyes. Skull not too broad. Muzzle broad and strong, and blunt at the point. Cheek muscles well developed. Nose large, bridge - well arched. Lips in front perpendicularly blunted, not hanging too much over the sides, though with well-defined MAJOR. Owned by Mr. Paul Merker, 78 State street, Chicago. folds at the angle of the mouth. The lower jaw slightly projecting—about a sixteenth of an inch. According to German standard, the lower jaw must be neither projecting nor receding, so as to make the teeth meet evenly. Eyes small, round, with sharp expression and deeply set. Ears very small, and Greyhound-like in carriage when un- cropped; they are, however, usually cropped. Points, 15. NNeck.—Rather long, veryestrong and muscular, well THE GREAT DANE. 541 arched, without dewlap or loose skin about the throat. The junction of head and neck strongly pronounced. Points, 5. Chest.—Not too broad, and very deep in the brisket. Points, 8. Back.—Not too long or short, loins arched and falling in a beautiful line to the insertion of the tail. Points, 8. Tail.—Reaching to the hock, strong at the root, and ending fine with a slight curve. When excited, it becomes more curved, but in no case should curve over the back. Points, 4. Belly.—Well drawn up. Points, 4. Fore quarters.—Shoulders set sloping; elbows well under, neither turned inward nor outward. Leg—fore-arm muscular and with great development of bone, the whole leg strong and quite straight. Points, 10. Hind quarters.—Muscular thighs, and second thigh long and strong, as in the Greyhound, and hocks well let down, and turning neither in nor out. Points, 10. Feet.—Large and round, neither turned inward nor out- ward. Toes well arched and closed. Nails very strong and curved. Points, 8. Hair.—Very short, hard, and dense, and not much longer on the under part of the tail. Points, 4. Color and markings.—The recognized colors are the various shades of gray (commonly termed ‘*blue’’), red, black, or pure white, or white with patches of the betore- mentioned colors. The colors are sometimes accompanied with markings of a darker tint about the eyes and muzzle, and with a line of the same tint (called a ‘‘trace’’) along the course of the spine. The above ground-colors also appear in the brindles, and also the ground-colors of the mottled specimens. In the whole-colored specimens, the china or wall-eye but rarely appears, and the nose more or less approaches black, according to the prevailing tint of the dog, and the eyes vary in color also. The mottled specimens have irregular patches or ‘‘clouds” upon the above-named ground-colors; in some instances, the clouds 542 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. or markings being of two or more tints. With the mot- tled specimens, the wall or china eye is not uncommon, and the nose is often parti-colored or wholly flesh-colored. Fraults.—Too heavy a head, too highly arched frontal- bone, and deep ‘‘stop’’ or indentation between the eyes; large ears and hanging flat to the face; short neck; full dewlap; too narrow or too broad a chest; sunken or hollow or quite straight back; bent fore legs; overbent fetlocks; twisted feet; spreading toes; too heavy or too much bent, or too highly carried tail, or with a brush underneath; weak hind quarters, and a general want of muscle. The diseases peculiar to this race are the same as those of other large smooth-coated dogs, and are generally the consequence of overfeeding and want of exercise, or of not being properly protected against dampness or the inclem- encies of the weather. The Dogges are very hardy and easily acclimated; they can live in a cold climate, and bet- ter than rough-coated breeds in warm countries. If prop- erly fed and cared for, they will rarely be sick. The best food for them is broth, milk, vegetables, corn-meal, boiled or baked, meat, cooked or raw, and bones. THE FUTURE OF THE GERMAN DOGGE IN THE UNITED STATES. An enthusiastic admirer wrote not long since, ‘‘ Make room for the Great Dane, for he is coming.”’ And it is no wonder that he is coming; the more generally his noble qualities, his superiority to other breeds, are known, the more rapidly will the number of his friends and admirers increase.* It is strange that this variety is comparatively * Among the many American breeders and owners of Great Danes may by mentioned the following: R. P. Alden, 8 East Thirty-eighth street, New York City; Miss M. E. Simonson, East Orange, N. J.; Paul Merker, 78 State street, Chicago, Ill.; Edward Kelly, 55 West Twenty-sixth street, New York City; Carl Heimerle, Bay Ridge, Long Island, N. Y.; John Getz, 220 Fifth avenue, New York City; W. A. Armstrong, New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.; T. Roedler, Milton, Ontario, Canada; Welz & Zerweck, Myrtle and Wyckoff ave- nues, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Theo. Honegger, 33 Broad street, New York City; H. A. Lawson, 107 Cherry street, New York City; Osceola Kennels, Osceola Mills, THE GREAT DANE. 543 little known here yet, and that not many years ago there were not enough in this country to have a class for them in the shows. In New York, they were first exhibited in 1886, when there were eleven of them; in 1887, only six were exhibited; in 1888, seven; in 1889, seventeen, and this year (1890), twenty-five. In Chicago, there were fifty-three exhibited at the Mascoutah Kennel Club Show this year. The Great Dane or German Mastiff Club of that city, organ- ized last year for the purpose of popularizing this breed, has now a large membership, and has already done and will doubtless do a great deal to call the attention of dog- fanciers to the German Dogge. The efforts of the members of that club will certainly be appreciated by those who may acquire a specimen of this breed, and thus become acquainted with the beauty and admirable disposition of the Dogge. It is, however, difficult to get the best specimens, and they command high prices. For importations we must rely principally on Germany, the home of the breed. Ina review of the remarkable events in the dogdom of Germany during the year 1889, a German sporting paper prints the following: Foreign countries carried off several Dogges. Two went to Mr. Riego, in England, Mr. Onderwater, in Holland, got Diana-Essig, and Professor Maen- ner, in Baltimore, bought Bravo Pluto and Minca Mia. To the kennel of Mr. Gouté, in France, went Fidelio, Libussa, Roland, and Rheinperle. Thus we see that few specimens worthy of being men- tioned left Germany last year, but a greater number will surely leave during this year and thereafter. As illustrating the noble disposition of the German Wis.; Prof. J. H. H. Maenner, 404 South Paca street, Baltimore, Md.; G. Leihbacher, Myrtle avenue and Grove street, Brooklyn, N. Y.; M. Martin, 601 East Fourteenth street, New York City; F. M. Wilder, 2515 Wabash avenue, Chicago, Ill.; Andrew Schultz, 697 Noble street, Chicago, Il.; F. C. Smith, Bloomington, [ll.; H. A. Williams, 1101 Washington boulevard, Chi- cago, Ill.; E. R. Bacon, 73 Board of Trade, Chicago, Ill.; Hawthorn Kennels, Elmhurst, Il.; William Pfeifer, 2 Elston avenue, Chicago, Ill.; August Trin- kle, Cincinnati, Ohio; Joseph Zilligen, Jr., 552 Thirty-first street, Chicago, lll.; J. W. Eliel, 3440 Indiana avenue, Chicago, Il1].—Ep. 544 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. Dogge, I quote some extracts from a communication to the American Field. One in the issue of September 14, 1889, from Baltimore, signed ‘‘ Wisp,”’ reads as follows: The recent importation of several fine specimens of the Great Dane, by a gentleman of this city, has created more than a passing interest in this noble breed of dogs. I was attracted to this breed a few years ago by witnessing a most remarkable case of transition of temperament, ¢. e., from a playful mood JUNO. Owned by Mr Paul Merker, 78 State street, Chicago. to one of intense earnestness and courage I was walking along a suburban road, and saw ahead of me two little children crawling and climbing all over a large, fallow-colored, supple-looking dog, that seemed to enjoy the romp as much as the children. It was an engaging picture, and the more I looked the more interested I became in the ‘‘kind” of dog; for when I first looked I thought, ‘‘ What an athletic-built Mastiff that is;” yet, on closer observation, I knew it could not be the ordinary English Mastiff, for his head was not so broad, and was carried more proudly on a longer neck, and higher; and the way he jumped over those children, and stood aside, grandly erect, a moment, THE GREAT DANE. 545 to allow them to look up in his eyes and try to pull themselves over his back, was a position I never knew an English Mastiff to assume. While debating in my mind what kind of a strain, breed, or type of dog it was, I suddenly heard a growl; the dog “‘ positioned” himself firmly where he was standing, about quarter way across the road, threw his head up, curved his neck, and looked a very Vulcan of courage, immobility, and defiance as he gazed up the road. The children, meantime, had rushed up to him, clinging around his neck and fore shoulders. The scene was worthy the brush of—well, I doubt if there ever lived an artist capable of transferring that life- picture to canvas. The cause of all the commotion was the sudden appearance of two tramps, who had a large, vicious-looking specimen of a fice dog with them. Talk about Indians stealthily stealing by the foe!) The way those tramps and their dog ‘‘ slid” to the extreme farther side of the road, and ‘‘scooted” by in the most abject terror, double discounted them, the protector of the children never moving a foot the while, his head only turning in line with the tramps, and a low roar issuing from his mouth when the tramps leaped over a side fence and disappeared. Then the children fairly hugged and caressed the dog, whose position, indicative of every nerve on tension, was instantly changed to one of ‘‘ Let’s continue our romp,” proving to me that such a thought as fear never entered his mind. I determined to learn what breed of dog it was, and to become the owner of one. I entered the garden walk to my right, and soon ascertained that the dog was a Great Dane, and that five hundred dollars wouldn’t buy him from his owner if offered. I have since become the owner of a very good specimen of the breed; and while it does not score quite as high as the recent importations, still it possesses every merit and characteristic of the breed of Great Danes, and nothing could induce me to again own an English Mastiff while it is possible to own a Great Dane. The following by Mr. Riego, honorable secretary of the Great Dane Club of England, referring to the above, appeared in an English sporting paper on November 2, 1889: I have read with interest a letter in the American Field of the 14th ultimo, signed ‘‘ Wisp,” and headed ‘‘ Great Danes versus Mastiffs.” Without enter- ing into comparative merits of the two breeds, both of which I have kept, I will at once proceed to confirm the generous character and sagacity of the Great Dane, as evinced by the following cases among others which have come under my notice: One of my relatives, a farmer in Spain, owned a mill some three miles from town, and it was the miller’s practice to call daily for the wheat, which was conveyed on mules to the mill long after nightfall. To insure the miller against possible attack by depredators, one of the house- guards, a Great Dane, without apparently any training, would take upon himself to accompany the miller and his cargo to the mill, and the dog would 35 546 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. retrace his steps home as soon as he saw the miller safe at his destination. Another relative, who also kept a Great Dane, finding his favorite pear-tree lightened of its fruit, gave the dog free access to his orchard, with the result that next morning an unsuspected neighbor was found lying on his back at the foot of the tree, the dog standing over him and defying him to move hand or foot; but the man was still unhurt. Ina letter to the American Field, published January 4, 1890, the writer of this article narrates the following: _A dog-fancier in this city, who had a pair of German Dogges many years ago, and lost them, has had St. Bernards for several years, but bought a Ger- man Dogge not long ago, and intends to dispose of his St. Bernards, because he knows the qualities of the different kinds, and prefers the German Dogge to any other large breed. Another dog-fancier in this city, who kept Newfound- lands for many years, bought a German Dogge last spring, and is so well pleased that he gave his Newfoundlands away, and does not want any other breed as long as he can get a German Dogge. This dog, when bought, was not quite a year old, and was soon admitted into the house, where he became the playmate of his master’s only son, of about the same age. One evening, when they had been playing together a long while, the dog lay down to take a nap, during which the little fellow disturbed him by pinching him and pulling out some of his hair, whereupon the dog awoke and growled fiercely. The terrified mother saw the dog look around, and the animal, recognizing his little playmate as the disturber of his slumber, licked the child’s hand. Last summer, I engaged a young man to attend to my dogs, who made friends with them very soon, and was permitted by his wards to go about everywhere, and handle everything on the place and in the house; but when he wanted to go into the cellar, after he had been with me for a week, he was stopped by the dogs, and not allowed to move until I came and told them to let him go down. Now he has the privilege of the cellar, too. Another communication, signed ‘‘ EK. G., Chicago, II1.,”’ appeared in the American field of February 1, 1890; it is headed ‘‘ Great Dane Intelligence,’ and reads as follows: As this noble breed is daily assuming greater prominence, the following narrative of fact may be found of some slight interest. Several months since, the writer owned a St. Bernard puppy which had survived a very severe attack of distemper only to be stricken by paralysis, and was sent to a veter- inary hospital for treatment. The canine warden of the establishment—a young Great Dane called Jumbo—showed a deep interest in the new patient, apparently comprehending his helpless condition, and believing that it called for his special protection. When Prince moaned in pain, Jumbo would at once rush to his stall and regard him with the utmost sympathy and concern; nor would he permit any person save the veterinarian to approach the sufferer. On one occasion, during Jumbo’s temporary absence, a stable-boy, in changing Prince’s bedding, was obliged to disturb him, thereby causing a THE GREAT DANE. 547 howl of distress. Instantly there was a responsive thud of flying feet along the hospital aisle, and Jumbo was upon the terrified boy like a fiend. The vigorous use of a pitchfork alone prevented serious bodily damage. Shortly afterward, my wife and daughter called to see the patient, and, proceeding directly to his bed, were welcomed with joyful whines. Jumbo’s vigilant ear caught the sound, and believing it heralded his charge’s distress, flew, furious, to the scene. Seeing him pass, the stable-men, who had received orders to confine the dog when strangers were present, were terribly alarmed, and the veterinarian, who had just entered, turned sick with apprehension. Their fears were groundless. Reaching Prince’s bed, Jumbo’s vengeful aspect gave place to an expression of pleasure, as he comprehended the situa- tion at a glance, and knew his ward was in the hands of friends. To the end —which came too speedily—his vigilant care continued, and we learned that every suffering animal received at the hospital became at once the object of Jumbo’s protection. Not long since, a gentleman related that a friend of his and the latter’s neighbors, living in the country in the State of New York, had been troubled by tramps, but that this annoyance ceased since his friend had become the possessor of a German Dogge that is a menace to the tramps and a faithful protector of persons and property within a circuit of more than a mile. A few months ago, Prince Bismarck was met and caressed by four splendid specimens of German Dogges when arriving with a train at his country-seat, Friedrichs- ruhe. One of them he received as a present from the Emperor of Germany shortly after his dog Tyras, known all over the German Empire and beyond its limits as the ** Reichshund,” had died of wounds received in the attempt to rescue property belonging to his master from a burn- ing building at Friedrichsruhe. The news of the heroic death of the ‘‘ Reichshund’’ was telegraphed and cabled all over the civilized world and recorded by the newspapers. Who can doubt that this grand species of dog will soon be the gentleman’s dog in this country, as he has been in Germany, for centuries, the dog of the student, the high officer, the nobleman, the prince? He accompanies his master while walking or riding in the carriage, and follows with ease the cavalier on his fiery. steed. Because of a mutual attachment, the owner does not like to be without 548 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. his handsome, cleanly favorite, and admits him into the parlor. ; But if the Dogge will be the favorite of the gentleman in America, he will rise still higher in the estimation of the ladies and children. Where can they find a friend as faith- ful and firm? Where a protector as reliable, courageous, and at the same time as tractable as the German Dogge? Even when aroused he is easily controlled. Especially in the country and in lonesome places this sagacious, clever, and powerful animal will be invaluable. THE ST. BERNARD. By F. E. LAms. HE real origin of this grand dog is shrouded in mys- tery, for although we find records of his existence in Switzerland during the tenth century, there appears to be no authentic record concerning its origin or early development. It is evident that the monks at Hos- pice and Simplon had a breed of dogs which was named after the good old monk, St. Bernard de Menthon, who educated a few large dogs in his possession to traverse the mountains and aid or rescue weary and travel-worn pedestrians who had attempted to cross the snow-capped cliffs. These dogs were trained to go out in pairs, and when they succeeded in finding a belated traveler, one would hasten back to the monastery to alarm its inmates, while the other would endeavor to arouse the almost dying man with its barking and other demonstrations of distress. A writer in the Fanciers Gazette says: The Alpine (or St. Bernard) dog was not manufactured at the monastery, neither was the variety originated some centuries after the death of St. Bernard de Menthon himself. On the contrary, it is a well-known fact that the breed was in existence—in a crude and uncultivated state, I admit, but still in existence—long before the founding of the Hospice at St. Bernard, as there are specimens of the old type to be found in some parts of Switzerland to this very day—a breed of dogs indigenous to the soil, but which has been, with judicious and careful breeding, so improved that in place of the rugged mountain dogs of past ages we have the fixed and admirably defined type of the modern St. Bernard. Vero Shaw, in his valuable work ‘*The Book of the Dog,’’ quotes portions of a letter from M. Schumacher regarding the origin and early history of the St. Bernard, which I take the liberty of reproducing here, meantime (549 ) 550 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. acknowledging my obligations to Mr. Shaw and his pub- lishers, Messrs. Cassell & Co., for.the use of same. The letter is as follows: According to the tradition of the holy fathers of the great St. Bernard, their race descends from the crossing of a bitch (a Bulldog species) of Den- mark and a Mastiff (Shepherd’s dog) of the Pyrenees. The descendants of this crossing, who have inherited from the Danish dog its extraordinary size and bodily strength of the one part, and from the Pyrenean Mastiff the intelligence, the exquisite sense of smell, and at the same time the faithfulness and sagacity, of the other part, have acquired in the space of five centuries so glorious a notoriety throughout Europe that they well merit the name of a distinct race for themselves. In winter the service of the male dogs (the females are employed or engaged only at the last extremity) is regulated as follows: ‘Two dogs, one old and one young, travel over every morning the route on the Italian side of the mountain toward Aosta. Two more make the voyage on the Swiss side, toward Martigny, to a distance of about nine miles from the Hospice. They all go just to the last cabins of refuge that have been constructed for the benefit of travelers. Even when the snow has fallen during the night, the dogs find their way surely and correctly, and do not deviate from the beaten way a yard. The marks of their feet leave a track which is easy for travelers to fol- low as far as the Hospice. Two dogs are made to go over the same road together, so if one perishes it is replaced by another—a young one, who is instructed and trained by the surviving dog, of which he is the pupil. When the dogs arrive at the cabins of refuge, they enter them to see if there are any travelers seeking shelter there, in which case they entice them to follow. If they find any travelers who have succumbed to the cold, the dogs try to revive them by imparting warmth in licking their hands and face, which not seldom produces the desired effect. If these means are inefficient, they return in all speed to the Hospice, where they know how to make themselves understood. The monks immediately set out, well provided with means of recovery. In 1812 a terrible snow-storm took place, jnd the aid of the monks and dogs was so constantly required that even the female dogs, the most feeble ani- mals, were called into requisition, and perished. There were a sufficient num- ber of males left, but not a single female. How was the breed to be kept up? The monks resolved to obtain some females of the Newfoundland breed, cele- brated for their strength, and accustomed to a cold climate. This idea turned out useless when put in practice, because the young dogs had long hair. In winter this long hair so collected the snow that the poor beasts succumbed under its weight and perished. The monks then tried crossing one of their own dogs with the offspring of the cross breed, with their short, stubby hair. At last this plan succeeded. From that bastard female dog they have recon- stituted the race of dogs that are now at the Hospice. These dogs, notwith- standing their cross with the Newfoundland, have the same valor and courage as the ancient race, because, by an intelligent and systematic choice, they rear e THE ST. BERNARD. 551 for service and reproduction only the puppies who approach the nearest, by their exterior form and appearance, to the original and fatherly race. Those that proved themselves unable to sustain the work, or who from their long hair were disabled, were either given as souvenirs to friends of the Hospice, or else sold. Of such are those that have been sold to M. de Pourtalés, at Mett- lin, near Berne, and to M. Rougemont, at Loewenberg, near Morat. These dogs come directly from the Hospice, where they are not fit for work on account of their long hair, but are distinguished by their colossal size and ole fancje babys LAY eile KS ks ROUGH-COATED ST. BERNARD—SIR BEDIVERE. excellent qualities. They always retain in the Hospice the finest dogs, and train them for service; those who do not possess all the marks of genuine breed are given away or sold, because among the number they still find some pup- pies with long hair, who thus reveal their motherly ancestry. It is now some ten years since it could be read in many of the papers that a Mr. Essig, of Leonberg, had presented to the Hospice a couple of dogs of the celebrated Leonberg breed, which is extraordinarily large and handsome. His intention was laudable and worthy of acknowledgment. But these dogs shared the same fate as those of Newfoundland some fifty years previous. Do2 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. Their long hair was their ruin; they perished; and at present there does not exist in the Hospice a single trace of these beautiful dogs of Leonberg. As already said, the Count of Rougemont, at Loewenberg, near Morat, possessed a couple of superb dogs, which were presented to him from the Hospice, because they were not good enough for the work on account of their long hair. These dogs were very large and very handsome; the color of their coats was a red-brown, and they had white spots on their feet, their necks, their breasts, and their noses (? muzzle). They were on the paternal side of the ancient Bernardine race, and on the maternal side of the Newfoundland race. Several litters of puppies were reared from this couple, which were given away and sold, and thus became spread about. In 1854 the female dog gave birth, among others, to a little puppy of wretched appearance, spotted white and brown, which was not at all valued by the owner. This wretched- looking little puppy was sold as a miserable abortion to Mr. Klopfenstein, of Neunegg, who trained it with care and attention. It prospered marvelously, and growing up, attained a striking likeness to Barry, the most beautiful speci- men of the ancient unmixed race, which is now preserved in the museum at Berne. Its resemblance was so remarkable in regard to external appearance and color of its hair, that when I saw the dog for the first time I resolved to obtain it at whatever sacrifice. I bought, then, this dog in 1855, it being a year old, and called it Barry, on account of its striking resemblance to its illustrious ancestor. I entrusted it to Baron Judd, at Glockenthal, near Thun, and both of us reared some young dogs during many years, but without success. Never could we get young dogs resembling the original race until 1863, when a puppy was born from the bitch Weyerman, of Interlaken, of which Barry was the father. This puppy, named Sultan, which was the image of Barry, came into my possession. I bred from Sultan without success until I received a bitch from Saint Galles whose father had been one of the St. Bernard dogs. This bitch, named Diana, with Sultan, produced such beautiful puppies that at last [ saw my end achieved. At the second birth were two, male and female, so surpassingly fine that I resolved in silence to present them as a gift to the Hospice, in the belief that these dogs, habituated now to the fourth generation to a temperate cli- mate, well selected from generation to generation, would invigorate and regenerate the ancient race with the descendants of its proper blood. The gift was accepted. I took them when they were seven years old, in January, 1866, to Martigny, where some of the old brothers pass the winter. The oldest of the monks received me with this exclamation: ‘‘Mais, mon Dieu, cest comme le vieux Barry!” (Why, it is exactly like the old Barry!). Iasked him which Barry he alluded to. ‘‘ Why,” said he, ‘‘ to the one that is stuffed at Berne;’’ and then he continued to relate that in the year 1815 he had him- self taken Barry, then living, on foot to Berne, where he was killed and stuffed. The old man wept with joy, and said, without ceasing: ‘Ya donnera Barry, le vrai vieux Barry; que je suis heureux!” (This is Barry, the genuine old Barry; how happy Iam!). There are at the present time (1867) at the Hospice some young puppies of Barry that promise well, and which will be, according to all appearances, still finer and larger than Barry himself. ROUGH-COATED ST. BERNARD—LYSANDER, Owned by Erminie Kennels, Mount Vernon, New Jersey, wv THE ST. BERNARD. 553 The St. Bernard as we find him about the beginning of the present century was much the same as we know him at this time, an animal of great size, immense bone, and a large head expressive of great character and intelligence. There existed then, as now, two varieties—the rough or long haired and the smooth or short haired. The latter were preferred by the monks, for when the dogs were obliged to go out on their errands of mercy in heavy snow-storms, the rough coats of the former would ina short time become matted, and owing to continued exposure, colds, rheumatism, and kindred troubles would ensue, thus rendering them unfit for duty at times. Hence the long-haired type came to be looked upon with disfavor, and numerous specimens were given away, from time to time, to persons who visited the monastery. In this way the breed was introduced pretty generally into the south of France and throughout all of Switzerland. Several authorities on the subject tell us that about the year 1810, through the effects of a terrible avalanche, all the dogs owned at the Hospice were swept away and killed. After this a pair that had been given away when mere puppies were returned, and from these alone the true St. Bernard of to-day is descended. ‘‘Tdstone”’ gives a different version of this affair. He Says: The breed of St. Bernards has undergone some changes within the last half century. A pest or virulent distemper at one time carried off all the dogs of this breed but one, and that, I believe, was crossed with the Pyrenean Wolf- hound, Whether this be true or not, there can be no doubt that during the several centuries of its existence as a breed there have been many crosses and experiments made to develop its strength, scent, and endurance, and this fact probably accounts for the great variety which we now find existing among our best dogs. The first St. Bernard of which any authentic history exists is the now famous Old Barry. This dog was descended from the pair returned to the monks after their 554 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. loss, and he is reported to have saved the lives of forty-two persons in the mountains of Switzerland. It is from this celebrated dog that Schumacher’s Barry I. traces his pedigree, and from the union of this dog with a bitch at the Hospice that Sultan I. was produced. Favorita [. and Toni I. were bred from Sultan, out of Diana I., and to these dogs and their litter brothers and sisters is as far back as any authentic St. Bernard pedigree can be traced. Herr Schumacher, of Holligen, Switzerland, is the man to whom we are indebted for the introduction of the breed into England, and from thence into this country. It was from his kennels that the Rev. J. C. Macdona and Mr. Dillon (who are considered the first to import St. Bernards) secured their stock. Mr. Macdona’s Champion Tell was considered for many years the best smooth-coated dog in existence. He was thirty and one-half inches high at the shoulder, and weighed only one hundred and fifty pounds in his best condition. His skull measurement was but twenty-two inches. By comparing these measurements with those of the largest dogs of to-day, we may obtain a good idea of the great improvement that has been made, within a comparatively few years, not only in size, but in type, if we are to judge from the paintings of the famous dogs of eighteen and twenty years ago. Approach the house qui- etly but confidently. If the Mastiff barks, growls, or smells of you, try to proceed without noticing it; if he seems determined to stop your progress, stand perfectly still until some member of the family comes to your relief, remembering always that the Mastiff is only a dog after all, and in doing his duty he must not be judged by the standard of a Socrates. He acts from the stand-point of his nature, not yours, so don’t be angry at his doing what you would do if in his place; and, provoking as the expe- rience may be, remember that it is only faithfulness on the part of the dog. Remember, also, not to attempt to caress or fondle the dog; let him smell you to his heart’s content, and show that he is thoroughly satisfied with you, before you attempt familiarities. Any good watch Mastiff will suspect an attempt to seduce him from his duties if famil- larity be resorted to before he has made up his mind on the subject; be assured that the chances are ninety-nine to one in favor of the dog not hurting you in the slightest. THE MASTIFF. 585 To anyone who wishes to rear a true Mastiff, in all his perfection of utility, let me say: Begin by making a friend of your dog; let him accompany you on your walks abroad; let him come into your house and lie before your fire, and in every way connect himself with you and your welfare. If you shut him out of your house, how in the name of com- mon sense is he to know that he has any part or interest in it? You might almost as well expect watching from one of a litter of black Essex pigs. Don’t attempt to ‘t conquer” MASTIFF PUPPIES (five weeks old). Edwy ex Wacoula Donna. Owned by C. N. Powell, Omaha, Neb. him, ‘‘break him in,” or any of the brutalities common to the vulgar dog-breaker; a Mastiff that can be ‘‘ conquered ”’ is not the animal you could trust were you engaged in a battle to the death with a vicious burglar or tramp; nor would such an animal be a Bayard in the protection of your wife and children in a lonely farm-house, with you far away. Grave faults, such as killing chickens, etc., must be eradicated, but don’t go at it with a club. Remember how you would treat your child in such a case, and try to follow the same lines with your dog, of course allowing for the difference in mental capacity. First love your dog, 586 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. next make him love you; you will never regret having gained his love and confidence, and the day may come when you will be repaid an hundred fold. The nearest that a cloud ever came to my roof-tree resulted from an episode that would never have happened had my glorious old Gipsey, her sons Lion or Hector, De Buch or Ginger, been at home. I give the standard set forth by the original Mastiff Club of England, in preference to that prepared by the present Olid English Mastiff Club, as it is simpler, being free from much technicality, and therefore more readily compre- hended by a layman. In all essentials the two are sub- stantially the same. POINTS OF THE ENGLISH MASTIFF. HEAD. General.—Very massive and short, with great breadth and depth of skull, and squareness of muzzle. “Expression lowering. forehead.— Broad, flat, and wrinkled; eyebrows heavy, with a broad stop extending well into the forehead. Cheeks.—F ull. Hyes.—Wide apart, small, and sunken; dark-brown in color. Muzzle.—Short, truncated, deep and broad, not tapering toward the nose; jaws very wide; line of profile from stop level, not drooping toward the nose (7. e., not Hound-muz- zled); black in color. Nose.—Large; nostrils large, and a well-marked line between. Lips.—Thick and pendulous; they should fall forward (not hang at the corners of the mouth as in the Blood- hound). Teeth.—Large, undershot or level. FHars.—Small, pendent or semi-erect, not placed so low as in the Hound; the darker the color the better. THE MASTIFF. 587 BODY. ' General.—Thick-set and muscular, with great length and bulk, on comparatively short legs. Neck.—Short, thick, and muscular; dewlap slightly developed. Chest.—Deep, wide between fore legs. Shoulders.— Wide apart across breast and back; shoul- der-blades deep. Back.—Long and broad. Loin.—Broad, flat, and muscular. Thighs.—Straight, muscular, and thick. Stern.—Fine, short, straight, thick at root, tapering to tip, and carried down generally. fore legs.—Short, from elbow to ground straight, with plenty of bone and muscle. Hind legs.—Straight, well curved from stifle to hock, with plenty of bone; dew-claws admissible. Feet.—Round, large, and compact. Coat.— Hard, short, and fine. Color.—Fawn, with black ears and muzzle, or good brin- dles equal pieds are admissible and equal for purity—award no points for color. HEIGHT. Feneral.—Produced by depth of body, not by length of limb. | Dogs.—From twenty-seven inches at shoulder and up- ward; the greater the height the better, providing there is no loss of symmetry and character, and that the weight increases in proportion. Bitches.—Generally average three inches less than dogs. SCALE OF POINTS FOR JUDGING. HEAD, 40 POINTS. Value. Bi Value. 2 ; Uube tyes} ee oie eee 5 pare CLE: NG Sc a Sa 10 Bete oe 3 SUE MEIO A OMOUN ooo vie ele ain wc kis cle » 10 Muzzles) Depths: ..%0 «Ss. f 3 InisSige ae oe ats: \ . A | Ears—carriage und size. .......... 5 la ‘ EGQOLOI ae eeee 5 Perit, 3 588 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. BODY, 35 POINTS. Value. Value. IN GGkivalascststeis aye 0 alse mee eteele AIMCO TNS ies ars,snsecote tele te eer oe 4 Bread thyor preasteee ee eee ae AM DTONS \.)5 Bais sires, cet eters te ae 3 Thoinrand Dacksiancsecrisim eee tare AMO LETM fo vacesciei orsebicl ea sin arntatace overs eo 3 Girthiot:chest.ceca uses eee Aa SITE DS cra, eset cnc pecs aaa sr anecot SPE 3 Shouldersi::h.ce-featectois cece korea A Pole C tis (.,s hsiacsia,) acevo charactor eet 2 GENERAL, 25 POINTS. Value Sizeyhershtvandsceneralpappearance ote Mullican. -t-yetclrol leila }eleiea eee ieee 15 Coat Be rece acc hash este Teea Tete ale obs eer emanrente ers) Gils Sup ahis wllevs atau erejaveteleyelarer were: 5) Fawns with dark ears and muzzle, or brindles with dark ears and muzzle... 5 Red with black muzzle, or all black, award three points only. Fawns without dark points, brindles ditto, reds without black muzzle, and pies award no points for color. Dogs of 27 inches at shoulder should weigh 120 pounds. Dogs of 28 inches at shoulder should weigh 150 pounds. Dogs of 29 inches at shoulder should weigh 140 pounds. Dogs of 30 inches at shoulder should weigh 150 pounds. Dogs of 31 inches at shoulder should weigh 160 pounds. Dogs of 82 inches at shoulder should weigh 180 pounds. Dogs of 83 inches at shoulder should weigh 190 pounds. Dogs of 384 inches at shoulder should weigh 200 pounds. Award a less number of points in proportion to the deficiency in the speci- men being judged. THE NEWFOUNDLAND. By L. F. WaHitTman. HE history of the Newfoundland is very brief, and until the last century no writer who treats of dogs has said anything about him. Among the leading writers on this breed, to whom I am deeply indebted for much of the information given herein, are Hugh Dalziel, author of ‘‘ British Dogs,’’ Vero Shaw, author of ‘‘The Illustrated Book of the Dog,’’ and Stonehenge, author of “The Dogs of the British Islands.”’ It is as common to call every large, black, shaggy dog a Newfoundland as it is to call all small, shaggy Terriers Scotch Terriers. The intelligence of the Newfoundland made him, in former times, where a large dog was desirable, one of the greatest of favorites in Great Britain long before the St. Bernard was known there—his fine formation, great strength, and stately carriage being unsurpassed, and rendering him highly popular as a companion. The early settlers in Newfoundland were mainly natives of the Channel Islands; and it is a question whether some of these did not bring with them some large dogs, which, being crossed with the native dogs, formed, after a time, a new breed. Several writers speak of the impurity of the breed that is now found in Newfoundland, lamenting that it is only found there in a mongrelized form, having been crossed with various other breeds. It is extremely doubtful whether the breed, in its early day, possessed the intelli- gence of the present Newfoundland. It is more likely that the breed as now known was manufactured by Kuropeans, as it was very popular in England during the latter part of (589 ) 590 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. the eighteenth century, and is referred to by many English writers of that day as a well-known breed. It was especially valued because of the many instances recorded of Newfoundlands saving people from drowning. In Eng- land, long before dog shows were in existence, the New- foundland was the trusted companion and guard of people of both high and low degree, and everyone had his own standard of excellence for his pet. He is still popular there, and there are more so-called Newfoundlands kept in England, as guards and pets, than any casual observer is aware of. Many of the early Newfoundlands differed widely, in color and in other points, from those now held to be of the proper type. In early times, there were many large dogs in New- foundland that were called Newfoundlands, but the in- habitants of the island looked only on such as were black, or rusty black, with thick, shaggy coats, as being of the true type. Some of the early writers declare the true breed to be only of an intense black, with a small streak of white on the breast. This white marking, how- ever, is found on nearly all specimens of this breed. Other authorities claim that the predominant color is white, with black head or face mark, a black saddle-mark, and other black markings; and still others claim the dog should be of arusty-dun shade. No doubt there are many dogs of the latter color in Newfoundland, the faults arising from the improper selection of the breeding stock, as they vary ereatly in color, size, and coat. Some claim the dog should be curly, others that he should be wavy, and still others that he should be shaggy. The coat of a Newfoundland should be of a glossy jet-black color, rather close, flat, and dense, and of a coarse texture. In the Sportsman’ s Cabinet, published in 1802, there is an engraving of a Newfoundland, representing a dog very similar to our modern one, except that he is not so large in head, is of smaller stature, and nearly white. The author gives no accurate description, but says: ‘‘ The dog passing under this description is so universally known in every THE NEWFOUNDLAND. 591 part of the kingdom, and is so accurately delineated by the united efforts of the artists in the representation annexed, that a minute description of its shape, make, and form may be considered unnecessary. . . .. He is one of the most majestic of all the canine variety. Although at first sight he appears terrific, from the immensity of his magnitude, the placid serenity of his countenance as instantly dispels the agitating vibrations of fear.’’ The opinion of such an authority should be given great weight in considering what should be a true Newfoundland. This dog is very sensitive, and should, while young, be managed carefully. He is greatly pleased when engaged to the advantage or for the enjoyment of his master. As a water dog he can, scarcely be excelled; he has unlimited courage, and his swimming powers are so great that no sea runs too high for him to face in the discharge of any duty imposed on him by his master. On account of the water and retrieving propensities of this breed of dogs, it has been used largely, in England, by the leading breeders of retrievers to strengthen those qual- ities in their dogs. The blood of the Newfoundland has also been liberally used in producing the Chesapeake Bay Dog, so popular among duck-shooters in this country. In 1876, chieily at the instigation of Mr. Hugh Dalziel, water trials for Newfoundland dogs were held at Maid- stone and Portsmouth, and Mr. Dalziel says: Although neither could be pronounced a brilliant success, they were each of them, in many respects, interesting, and proved that, with more expe- rience, and if well carried out, such competitive trials might become more than interesting—highly useful. In 1888, the British Kennel Association gave water trials in connection with their dog show at Aston-juxta-Birmingham, many competing dogs show- ing great intelligence. The following are the rules drafted by Mr. C. Marshall for the conduct of water trials for dogs, adopted at Maid- stone, England, in 1876: 1. Courage displayed in jumping into the water from a height to recover an object. The effigy of a man is the most suitable thing. 2. The quickness displayed in bringing the object ashore. 592 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. 3. Intelligence and speed in bringing a boat to shore. The boat must, of course, be adrift, and the painter have a piece of white wood attached to keep it afloat, mark its position, and facilitate the dog’s work. 4. To carry a rope from shore to a boat with a stranger, not the master, in it. 5. Swimming races, to show speed and power against stream or tide. 6. Diving. A common flag basket, with a stone in the bottom of it to sink it, answers well, as it is white enough to be seen and soft enough to the dog’s mouth. Water trials in this country for dogs, properly managed, would become extremely interesting, and would be an incentive to the lovers of Newfoundland and other species. of dogs to breed and train them for this purpose. It would be well to add one of these noble animals to each of our life-saving stations, as, properly trained, they would doubtless be the means of saving many human lives. He would not only be ready to save persons from drown- ing, but would be of great assistance in other ways, as his keenness of sight and scent is surprising and his curiosity unlimited. Newfoundland dogs are not active on land, owing to their carrying what dog men term lumber, which makes them rather slow and logy; therefore they are unfit to follow a horse going at any great rate of speed. The following is the recognized standard for judging Newfoundland dogs, as formulated by Stonehenge in ** The Dogs of the British Islands: ”’ Symmetry and general appearance.—The dog should impress the eye with strength and great activity. He should move freely on his legs, with the body swinging loosely between them, so that a slight roll in gait should not be objectionable; but, at the same time, a weak or hol- low back, slackness of the loins, or cow-hocks should be decided faults. Head.—Should be broad and massive, flat on the skull, the occipital bone well developed; there should be no decided stop, and the muzzle should be short, clean-cut, and ‘rather square in shape, and covered with short, fine hair. Coat.—Should be flat and dense, of a coarsish texture THE NEWFOUNDLAND. 593 and oily nature, and capable of resisting the water. If brushed the wrong way, it should fall back into its place naturally. Body.—Should be well ribbed up, with a broad back; a neck strong, well set on to the shoulders and back, and strong, muscular loins. Fore legs.—Should be perfectly straight, well covered with muscle; elbows in, but well let down, and feathered all down. Hind quarters and legs.—Should be very strong. The legs should have great freedom of action and a little feather; slackness of loins and cow-hocks are a great defect; dew-claws are objectionable and should be removed. Chest.—Should be deep and fairly broad, and well cov- ered with hair, but not to such an extent as to form a frill. Bone.—Massive throughout, but not to give a heavy, - inactive appearance. Feet.—Should be large and well-shaped. Splayed or turned-out feet are objectionable. Tail.—Should be of moderate length, reaching down a little below the hocks; it should be of fair thickness and well covered with long hair, but not to form a flag. When the dog is standing still, and not excited, it should hang downward, with a slight curve at the end; but when the dog is in motion it should be carried a trifle up, and when he is excited, straight out, with a slight curve at end. Tails with a kink in them, or curled over the back, are very objectionable. Fars.—Should be small, set well back, square with the skull, lie close to the head, and covered with short hair, and no fringe. Eyes.—Should be small, of a dark-brown color, rather deeply set, but not showing any haw, and they should be rather wide apart. Color.—Jet-black. A slight tinge of bronze, or a splash of white on chest and toes, is not objectionable. Height and weight.—Size and weight are very desirable so long as symmetry is maintained. A fair average height 38 594 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. at the shoulder is twenty-seven inches for a dog and twen- ty-five for a bitch, and a fair average weight is one hundred pounds and eighty-five pounds, respectively. Among the few fine Newfoundlands in this country, the most of which were imported from England, I will mention Sam, owned by Mr. J. A. Nickerson, Boston, Mass.; Miro, owned by Mr. 8. 8. McCuen, New Orleans, La.; Mayor of Bingley, owned by Mr. C. H. Mason, New York, N. Y.; New York Lass, owned by Mr. E. H. Morris, Stapleton, N. Y.; Prince George, owned by Mr. John Marshall, Troy, N. Y., and Meadowthorpe Prince George, owned by Mead- owthorpe Kennels, Lexington, Ky. Mr. John Marshall, Troy, N. Y., is the most extensive breeder of this variety of dogs in the country. The Mead- owthorpe Kennels, of Lexington, Ky., and Mr. J. A. Nick- erson, of Boston, Mass., formerly bred Newfoundlands, but owing to the popularity of St. Bernards and Mastiffs, and there being very little demand for the Newfoundland, they gave up in disgust the breeding of this noble dog. To show how little they are thought of at present, I will say that out of 16,278 dogs registered in the American Kennel Club Stud Book, there are only thirty-one Newfoundlands, and of these, three are registered as black and white. It is singular that, as far as the records show, no one has im- ported a Landseer Newfoundland. They are a noble-look- ing dog, being white and black, nearly as large as a St. Bernard, and very intelligent. To show the intelligence of the Newfoundland dog, I quote the following incidents. ‘‘ Pistol Grip,’ in the American Field, says: While in Helena recently, I saw a Newfoundland dog which for intelli- gence will compare with any dog in the country. He is owned by Mr. Thomp- son, superintendent of the street-car company, who resides about two blocks from the line where the cars pass every thirty minutes. From one of these cars the family mail is thrown off. The dog is always there ready to receive it; he never has yet made a mistake in the time upon which it will arrive, or mis- taken the car; he goes without being told, and does his duty correctly. He never goes to the car on Sundays, as there is no mail, and always knows when that day arrives. He does many other things with equal intelligence. THE NEWFOUNDLAND. 595 The following is from the Pittsburgh Dispatch: A well-known resident of Oakland has a large Newfoundland dog that is a wonder in his way, and he weighs about one hundred and sixty pounds. The gentleman walked into the Dispatch business office yesterday accompanied by his dog, and purchased an additional paper to mail to a relative in Illinois. The paper was wrapped up, and after placing a two-cent stamp on the wrap- per and addressing it, the gentleman gave the paper to the dog. The owner got into his buggy and drove to the post-office, the dog running alongside the horse. At the post-office, the gentleman stopped, but the dog didn’t. He mounted the steps, trotted down the corridor to the receiving-boxes, and taking hold of one end of the paper in his teeth, he inserted the other in the opening into the paper-box, and with his nose pushed it through the hole. He had no hesitancy about brushing his wet coat up against the light check trousers of several young men standing near the box, and when one of them wanted to help him push the paper through the opening, he growled, as much as to say he knew his business, and could get along without outside assistance. After depositing the paper in the box, the dog bounded out again to his master, who was waiting for him, ‘‘It took me two weeks to train him to do that trick, but it paid me for the trouble,” said the gentleman. Stonehenge says: The Rev. 8. Atkinson, of Gateshead, had a narrow escape in trying to rescue one of two ladies who were immersed in the sea at Newbiggin, being himself unable to swim; but his fine dog Cato came to their aid from some con- siderable distance without being called, and with his help Mr. Atkinson was safely brought to shore, together with his utterly exhausted charge. There is another strain of Newfoundland dogs which has many admirers, who claim them to be of the true breed. They are white and black—mostly white, with usually an even-marked black head, with a white strip running up the forehead. Opinions differ as to this dog being of the Newfoundland breed, the best authorities pronouncing it to be originally a fine mongrel, possessing many of the points, but lacking some of the characteristics, of the true breed. It is not known how the so-called Landseer Newfound- land ever came into existence, but it can not be denied that it is, in appearance, much like the Newfoundland proper. It is true that many dogs of this color are found in Newfoundland, but that is not proof of their being of the true breed. They differ little from the black, except in color, the curling of the coat, and the head, which is smaller, and not so solid-looking. 596 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. Sir Edwin Landseer, in his painting entitled ‘‘A Dis- tinguished Member of the Humane Society,”’ represented a black and white dog of the Newfoundland type, which made this variety very popular for a time, on account of which the English bench-show committees were compelled to make a separate class for them, calling them the Land- seer Newfoundland. In England, this dog was esteemed highly as a companion, his color and markings making him a very attractive dog, his gentleness and devotion being unsurpassed. To Dr. Gordon Stables belongs the honor of first naming this breed the Landseer Newfound- land. There are very few, if any, dogs of this breed in this country, and as a matter of fact they are not recog- nized as a distinct breed by our bench-show committees, they making no classes for them. Some years ago, Master Willis Hoyt, Aurora, Ill., had a fine Newfoundland dog, who always accompanied his young master to school, carrying the boy’s lunch-basket. On the way to school, the young man was compelled to cross a bridge over a small river, and in warm weather it was the invariable custom of the dog to leave his basket on the bridge while he took a bath, to cool himself off. One morning, one of the other lads took the basket and hid it, for the purpose of annoying the dog and seeing what he would do. The dog hunted around for some time, and finally the lad gave the basket to him. The next morning, when the dog arrived at the bridge, he did not propose to have his basket tampered with, therefore he kept possession of it and plunged into the water, basket and contents being thoroughly wetted. His young master, seeing the damage that had been done, said to the dog, ‘Now, you take that basket home, and get me another dinner.’’ The dog took the basket home, but did not return with the lad’s dinner, for his people at home could not make out why the dinner was wet, or what the dog wanted. No doubt he would have taken the basket to his young master if it had again been filled. A number of years ago, Mr. Rochester, of Rochester, THE NEWFOUNDLAND. 597 N. Y., had a pair of fine dogs, one a Newfoundland and the other a white French Poodle. It was the owner’s custom to put the Poodle in a small basket every morning, and give the basket to the Newfoundland to take the Poodle for an airing. In the neighborhood there was a black cur that used to nip the Newfoundland’s hind legs as he was passing. One morning, the Newfoundland put his basket down on the ground, went for the cur, gave him an unmerciful shaking up, and after that he could perform his duties as nurse without being annoyed by that cur. This same dog went to the post-office each day, and placing his feet up on the window-shelf, waited for the family mail, after getting which he trotted home, and he was never known to lose any of it. THE BULLDOG. By Joun EH. THAYER. 6 ™: can be no doubt that the Bulldog belongs to 6 one of the oldest races of dogs. This breed is accu- rately described in Edmond De Langley’s ‘‘ Mayster of Game,”’ under the name of ‘‘ Alaunt.’? This manuscript is now in the British Museum. To the Bulldog many of our most popular breeds owe some of their best qualities, such as courage and endurance, and nearly every species of the canine race has at one time or another been crossed with the Bulldog in order to strengthen it in some way. The Bulldog has always been highly prized by the Eng- lish people, on account of his great courage and endurance; and, indeed, he has ‘‘ become so identified with them as to be frequently used to typify their national character.’ In the reign of James I., bull-baiting was at its height. It was a favorite pastime for all classes of people, and it was this sport that first brought the Bulldog into promi- nence. yellow fawn-color, with a distinct trace from occiput to tail, while the Willoughby is a stone-fawn with a black saddle. There is no breed that has been bred more carefully and that has been improved so much in the last ten years as has the Pug. The long legged and muzzled Pug is now replaced by the handsome little cobby fellow of an entirely different type. Iam perfectly safe in saying that the Pug requires more care in breeding than does any other breed. There are so many difficult points to perfect and overcome, and such a strong tendency in the breed to revert from approved types, that the greatest care and, watchfulness are necessary to prevent this. The most important point of all is to first select a good sire. Get the best that is obtainable. Be careful that he possesses the essential points, such as hered- itary transmission of character and disposition. This is THE PUG. 641 one of nature’s most important laws. Strains are only properly sustained in their purity by breeding to the best stock that can be had. In selecting a sire, never breed to a long-legged one; limit his weight to fifteen pounds, if possible. It is much easier to find a good large Pug than a good small one. CHAMPION DUDE. Bred by Dr. M. H. Cryer, 1527 Arch street, Philadelphia, Penn. The bitch usually comes in season when eight months old, and after she has attained that age generally comes in season twice a year. As soon as she gives evidence of coming in season, remove her to a warm room on the second or third floor. If possible, give her a companion, either a playful puppy 41 642 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. or an old bitch. This will keep her from fretting, and will keep her in good cheer and humor during her confinement. The confinement usually lasts about twenty-one days, and a cheerful companion doubtless adds to the number of her puppies. The bitch should be bred on the twelfth day after the first signs are given. One service is sufficient, and more than two should never be given. These should be twenty- four hours apart. She should whelp in sixty to sixty-three days. During her pregnancy the breeder should take particular care to give the bitch a sufficient amount of exercise. The more she is left inthe open air the better it will be for her and her offspring. There is no definite way of ascertaining, ~ until twenty-one days have passed, whether or not she is in whelp. About ten days before she is due to whelp, rid her of fleas, if she has them, by an application of insect powder. I consider a well-tanned sheep-skin, with the wool on, the best bed for a bitch to whelp on. Care must be taken to have it well tacked in a tight box. The puppies will be born, one after another, at intervals of a quarter to three- quarters of an hour. During this time allow nothing what- ever to disturb her, Keep her warm and quiet, and as soon as she is through remove her and puppies to clean, dry quarters. Restrict her food, for the first ten days, to sweet milk, boiled rice, oatmeal, and meat-broth. After that time has elapsed she may be fed on any kind of suita- ble food. She should be allowed free access to open air and yard for exercise, etc. Puppies should be taken from the bitch when five weeks old. The important process of rearing Pug puppies should begin when they are three weeks old. They should be taken separately and placed to a dish containing two-thirds milk and one-third warm water, adding a little sugar; by touch- ing their lips to the mixture they will instinctively begin to lap it with an apparent appreciation. This process should be continued three times a day for the space of ten days, THE PUG. 643 and at the expiration of that time they can be given pure milk, and meat-broth thickened with wheat-bread, boiled rice, and oatmeal. They should frequently be given bones to gnaw at, which exercise acts admirably as a tooth-brush. A careful effort should be made to avoid overloading their stomachs. Never allow food to remain in their dishes. When they have attained the age of six or seven weeks, they are old enough to sell; at this time it is also well to rid them of worms. This can be accomplished by giving each puppy ten grains of kamalia on an empty stomach. This will expel all worms in three hours, without any danger to the dog. Im three days repeat the dose. This precaution has saved many a puppy for me. To prepare the Pug for the show bench, he should be washed once a week with pure castile soap, and should be groomed every day with a soft brush. It will add greatly to his appearance to rub his coat freely with the hands. His food should consist of boiled meat, rice, and oatmeal. By adding a table-spoonful of ground flax-seed and a raw egg twice a week, a marvelous effect will be produced on his coat, and it will at the same time regulate his bowels. Let it be remembered that outdoor exercise is as essential as good food. The Pug is, of course, subject to the same diseases as other dogs, and their symptoms are the same. The follow- ing remedies I have prescribed and used in my kennel with great success: For worms.—Give ten grains of kamalia on empty stom_ ach; repeat in three days. This will expel pin, tape, and stomach worms without danger. For jits.—If caused by worms, give the kamalia as above. If caused by teeth or distemper, give twenty grains of bro- mide potash every three hours. For distemper.—Take saltpeter, sixty grains; sulphur, sixty grains; aloes, twenty grains. Mix and put in twelve powders. Give one powder once a day. Avoid giving open-air exercise. Keep them in a separate room at a tem- perature of about sixty degrees. 644 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. Tonic.—For loss of appetite or to tone up the system, after distemper or other disease, take quinine, twelve grains; extract gentian, twelve grains; extract nux vomica, one grain. Mix and make in twelve pills. Give one pill morning and evening. Mange.—Take sulphur, two ounces; saltpeter, one-half ounce; cosmoline, four ounces. Mix and apply to parts affected by rubbing well. Wash it off in twenty-four hours, then cover the dog completely with coal-oil, and allow it to remain on for twelve hours; then wash him with castile soap. Repeat in five days if not thoroughly cured. THE STANDARD. Value, Value. S TIMING bis Vaere rater oyeteielers1s cc erere cites ele TO: Masha o. F cits :csio assis ee eee 5 SIZE aerate eis oc ron ereae See Ee D Wrinkles 2 5.0 oc dos sn eee 5 Condition cacsck eee ec Oe all. t= 2 ee Soe eee 5 IB YoY heen rormerrtes Gu Ei Gicion ortaoror rl ran MiKo eae OG EO CINE GoG.05.05 G6 c i) NGC SS Rs en are art Ne eens D4) 1G Oat Sachse crecioht an eee eee 5 IINGYEl ies SPI Cerca Re SU EERO Oe BOE Dy Colors cc3 ds resets eee 5 TGA GLE eat tee retort etc ore Se o. General) carriage. 5. 74-7 5 NY DOV AA eke ronan aa Bats, Gone aN © oer anic 5) — DATSUNS cee ate etc ein eee aston oleae 5 Total. aceusesn tan eee 100 EWES och ctre ate as cere ie braaielemaeieret 10 ACKNOWLEDGED POINTS. Symmetry. Symmetry and general appearance, decid- edly square and cobby. A lean, leggy Pug and a dog with short legs and a long body are equally objectionable. Size and condition.—The Pug should be muléum in parvo, but this condensation (if the word may be used) should be shown by compactness of form, well-knit proportions, and hardness of developed muscle. Weight to be from thirteen to seventeen pounds (dog or bitch). Body.—Short and cobby, wide in chest, and well ribbed up. Legs.—Very strong, straight, of moderate length, and well under. freet.—Neither so long as the foot of the hare, nor so round as that of a cat; well-split-up toes, and the nails black. Muzzle.—Short, blunt, square, but not up-faced. THE PUG. 645 Head.—Large, massive, round—not apple-headed—with no indentation of the skull. Hyes.— Dark in color, very large, bold, and prominent, globular in shape, soft and solicitous in expression, very lustrous, and, when excited, full of fire. Hars.—Thin, small, soft, like black velvet. There are two kinds, the ‘‘rose’’ and ‘‘button.’’ Preference is given to the latter. Markings.—Clearly defined. The muzzle or mask, ears, moles on cheeks; thumb-mark, or diamond on forehead; back-trace should be as black as possible. Mask.—The mask should be black. The more intense and well-defined it is the better. Wrinkles.—Large and deep. Trace.—A. black line extending from the occiput to the tail. Tail—Curled tightly as possible over the hip. The double curl is perfection. Coat.—Fine, smooth, soft, short, glossy, neither hard nor woolly. olor.—Silver or apricot fawn. Each should be decided, to make the contrast complete between the color and the trace and mask. Among the many breeders of good Pugs in this country, we may mention the following: Dr. M. H. Cryer, 1527 Arch street, Philadelphia, Penn.; George W. Fisher, Catawissa, Penn.; A. E. Pitts, Columbus, Ohio; Eberhart Pug Ken- nels, 212 Main street, Cincinnati, Ohio; J. H. Boden, 296 West Twelfth street, New York City; C. W. Boger, 1939 Camac street, Philadelphia, Penn.; Miss L. Linden, 214 West Forty-fifth street, New York City; Acme Kennels, 413 Chestnut street, Milwaukee, Wis.; J. J. Lynn, Port Huron, Mich ; Miss M. E. Bannister, Cranford, N. J.; Mrs. Charles Wheatleigh, 129 East Sixteenth street, New York City; Mrs. 8. C. Barnum, 329 Lexington avenue, New York City; E. D. Bruce, Seventeenth street and Broadway, New York City; Mrs. M. A. Cunningham, 412 West Forty-fifth street, New York City; R. Schreyer, 365 First avenue, New York 646 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. City; C. E. Osborn, Stepney, Conn.; Mrs. J. F. Campbell, Custom House, Montreal, Canada; Miss J. A. Yard, 2 West Forty-third street, New York City; Roger Harrison, 84 Cherry street, New York City; L. A. Readasell, 158 Gay street, Baltimore, Md.; GW. Wambach, 2 North Liberty street, Baltimore, Md.; William J. Bryson, 204 Dearborn street, Chicago; Miss A. B. Vanhorn, 180 Penn avenue, Allegheny, Penn.; J. A. Lawrence, 263 East Broad street, Columbus, Ohio; L. 8. Hudson, Lansing, Mich.; A. F. German, Louisville, Ky.; Mrs. J. Smith, 7 McLean Court, Boston, Mass.; Miss A. H. Whitney, Lancaster, Mass.; W. A. Peck, New Haven, Conn.; E. E. Parnell, Spencer, Iowa; Dr. 8. Plant, 18 Travers street, Boston, Mass.; Miss Grace M. Hall, Portland, Maine; R. T. Harrison, 84 Cherry street, New York City; Seminole Kennels, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Penn.; George H. Hardy, 10 Coleman street, Cincinnati, Ohio; R. T. Prout, Newark, Ohio; J. C. Nims, Plainesville, Ohio. THE MEXICAN HAIRLESS DOG. By ELRoy Foote. UT little is Known as to the origin of this breed, or D as to its history since that period, and the literature 6) of the subject seems to be comprised in the follow- ing few references. G. R. Jesse, in his ‘t Researches into the History of the British Dog,’’ referring to the dogs of Buenos Ayres, says: There are also small dogs without hair, except on the head and tail, which are shagged; they are often companions of the ladies of the country. In his work on ‘‘ The Dog,’’ Youatt calls attention to the vast difference between dogs of the same general type, as illustrated in the members of the Greyhound family by the Highland, English, and Italian Greyhound, and. the “‘small hairless one of Africa or Brazil.’’ Again, in the same work, we read that ‘‘the Turkish Greyhound is a small-sized hairless dog, or with only a few hairs on his tail; never used in the field, and bred only as a spoiled pet.” Stonehenge quotes almost verbally from Youatt on the same subject. Vero Shaw, in his fine work ‘‘The Book of the Dog,” in the chapter on the ‘‘ Rampur Dog,” says: This dog, we believe, made his first appearance in England on the return of H. R. H. the Prince of Wales from his Indian tour. At all events, we have no recollection of having seen any specimens of the Rampur Hound at our dog shows, except at the Fakenham Dog Show of 1876. Only two appeared; one was of a mouse-color, the other spotted, a sort of pink and blue, somewhat similar to young plum-pudding-colored pigs. In appearance, the Rampur Dog somewhat resembles a small Deerhound, but his chief char- acteristic is the absence of hair, which leaves his body smooth. We have, however, been informed that since they have been in this country a little hair has appeared upon these dogs. (647 ) 648 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. Shaw also quotes Mr. W. K. Taunton, describing the Chinese Crested Dog, so called from having a crest of hair running along the top of the head from front to back. In addition to this, the dog has a tuft of hair at the end of his tail, but otherwise, with the exception of a few scattering hairs around the head and muzzle and just above the feet, the dog is perfectly hairless, the skin being more or less mottled in some specimens. There is another hairless dog, said to come from China, considerably smaller than the breed mentioned above, weighing about eight or ten pounds, and without any hair at all. The head is like the apple-headed Toy Terrier, with large bat-ears standing out from the head, a very fine tail, and the skin of a uniform dark color. Here we have several different names for apparently the same kind of dog; for, although referred to as being native in Africa, Brazil, Buenos Ayres, Turkey, India, and China, and being, as we know, also found in Mexico and Southern California, I believe they will be met in all warm climates. Whether these various strains of hairless dogs found in the various hot climates are of a common origin, whether they have been distributed from some one country to the others, or whether they are the result of the so-called law of evolution, we can only conjecture. Whether in some quar- ter of the globe a breed of dogs has always existed none of which ever had hair, because they did not need it, or whether they were once clothed with hair, which gradually disappeared because they did not need it, who cansay? IRPfastrain of Pugs or Fox Terriers were colonized in Central Africa and bred there for twenty-five, fifty, or a hundred years, would their hair gradually disappear? Such a supposition seems scarcely plausible, since the wild dogs of India, many of whom live almost under the equator, are thickly coated with hair, as are nearly all other quadrupeds in hot countries. Why, then, should one breed of small dogs exist in so many parts of the world entirely or nearly hairless? Wall some Darwin, some Tyndall, or some Huxley kindly investigate and give us the why and the wherefore? THE MEXICAN HAIRLESS DOG. 649 Whether hairless dogs are crested or plain hairless, of uniform mouse-color, or plum-pudding color, as our Eng- lish writer picturesquely styles them, or whether they have slate or pink points, as I once saw described, it seems reasonable to suppose them all of the same breed and of the same origin, inasmuch as the smooth and the rough MEXICAN HAIRLESS DOG—ME TOO.* Owned by Elroy Foote, 120 Lexington avenue, New York City. coated Fox Terrier are of the same breed. Which is the truer type Lam not prepared to say, but I will unhesitat- ingly state my preference for the dark, smooth, and strictly hairless dog as against the mottled and unfinished effect of the so-called crested dog. *Winnings: First and special, New Haven, 1884; first, New York, 1884; first, Philadelphia, 1884; first and special, New Haven, 1885; first, Boston, 1885; first, New York, 1885; first, Philadelphia, 1885. 650 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. That the former is much the rarer style I know to my sorrow, for in breeding from as good hairless stock as could be found, three out of four puppies would exhibit the unsightly pink points, and half of the litter would be blessed (¢) by nature with a slight covering for the head and tail. In Mexico, among the natives, these dogs are used externally for the treatment of rheumatism, and internally, sometimes, to assuage the pangs of hunger. There would necessarily be more virtue in their warm little bodies as a substitute for the hot-water bags than as an article of diet, at least judging from our civilized stand-point. The hairless dog is a pet and house-dog only, and as such has some good qualities that his hairy brethren have not. He is naturally cleanly—a peculiarity not possessed by any other native Mexican—never leaves hair about on furniture or clothes, does not have fleas or any odor, other than that of the soap with which one can keep his skin as sweet and pleasant to the touch as one’s own. Like any other good house-dog, he is naturally watchful and suspicious of strange footsteps, and he is strongly affec- tionate. There is an erroneous idea prevalent that these hairless dogs have to be kept blanketed in all but torrid weather. They do not require any more artificial warmth than the Ital- ian Greyhound, but, like them, should always be blanketed when exposed to outdoor winds or wintry air, but never in the house. Much covering or coddling has a peculiar effect on the color of their skin, bleaching it more or less, accord- ing to the warmth and duration of the extra protection. Puppies are at birth much lighter in hue than when older, many of the white spots becoming ‘‘by degrees smaller and beautifully less,’ and some entirely disappear- ing. In several litters out of the dogs referred to, three or four puppies only have been born dark all over. It is essential to success in breeding, in the North, that puppies should not be whelped in winter. The early spring-time is best, when it can be so arranged, as they are THE MEXICAN HAIRLESS DOG. 651 then pretty well grown and established in health and vigor before the advent of the cold months. Distemper is apt to be a serious matter with them, but I have'never seen one afflicted with any kind of skin disease, unless I except one poor little bitch that was suffering from an eruption, the natural consequence of a diet of sweets and indigesti- ble pastry. The dog illustrated, Me Too (6074), is pretty well known in the East, and the portrait is a good one. As can be seen, he is of neither Terrier nor Greyhound shape. By the way, nearly all the writers who have treated of this dog speak of him as a Greyhound and notasa Terrier. Me Too is broad-chested and of such muscular development as is rarely met with in specimens of this breed. The hind quarters are extremely graceful and Greyhound-like in form and action. About the time the photograph was taken from which this engraving was made, Me Too ran one hundred yards on an athletic club’s grounds in a fraction over seven seconds, without any training or understanding of what was expected of him. This was a trifle longer than the best on record for dogs up to that date; and this ‘‘ without turning a hair,’’ if I may be allowed the expres sion. His tail is short, fine, and well set on; the back short and ribs well set on. The lines of the neck are so rounded as to have called forth the remark that it was like the neck of a lovely woman. His head is too short for a Greyhound or Terrier, but as a compensation he has a larger brain-pan than either, and the soft brown eyes are full of expression; muzzle nicely pointed; ears fine and perfectly erect, but not too large for the proportions; skin, all over, soft as undressed kid, almost black in summer, and a mouse-color in winter. His teeth are bad, and this is a peculiarity of the breed, being few in number and indifferent in quality. Youatt, in his book, mentions this singular circumstance connected with the Turkish hairless dog, and I myself ob- served it. It may safely be inferred that a hairless dog 652 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. with good teeth gets them as the result of a cross with some outsider. Me Too weighs eighteen pounds. His measurements | have never taken, and he is so old now that it would not be fair to offer them. His serious faults are two white toes on the fore and hind feet of the right side and a jaw slightly overshot, or ‘‘ pig-jawed,”’ as it is termed. He was shown, during five years, at fifteen large bench shows and judged by ten different judges without defeat—an unusual record. Mr. W. K. Taunton, an Englishman who has had larger experience of foreign dogs than any man living, judged the Mexican Hairless class at New York in 1888, and vol- unteered the remark that Me Too was a rare one, and that he had never seen his better. Mr. J. R. Pierson, formerly of Greyhound fame, has seen many of these dogs in Brazil, and has always considered Me Too a typical specimen. His breeding is entirely unknown to me, but I believe him to have been born about March, 1882, as he came into my pos- session when undoubtedly a year old. Me Too is now aging fast, for this climate is not conducive to longevity in the Mexican Hairless race. Nellie (6076), now in possession of Mrs. E. C. Moore, of New Rochelle, N. Y., is also of unknown pedigree, but in her prime was a fine one. She stands badly on her feet, but that is also unnatural to her. In color she is even darker than Me Too, and her skin is of remarkable softness. A few white blotches are scattered over her legs and feet. Her face would be prettier if the eyes were not quite so prominent. As is proper in her sex, sbe is much less muscular than Me Too, stands a trifle higher on her legs, and is yet smaller, weighing about fourteen pounds. Her action is much like that of the Italian Greyhound, and she is a pretty companion for a walk. Pickaninny (6077) was the result of breeding Me Too to Nellie, and she was the prettiest little bitch I ever saw. She lived to the age of eleven months, and then died in the agonies of strychnine poisoning. THE MEXICAN HAIRLESS DOG. 65: White Wings (9251) is a very good bitch, out of Me Too and Nellie, having, however, much white on all four legs, and to which she owes her name. White Wings has been a bench-show winner, but will never be able to compete again, owing to blindness of one eye. I have heard of many fine Mexican Hairless Dogs, but have actually seen, outside of my own stock, only the few I mention below. Mede (6075) belonged to a Mr. Palmer, of Passaic Falls, N. J. She was an all-dark one and very good, but died when about six years old without ever being bred. She had, however, done some winning. I saw on the street in New York a little beauty, and took the trouble to find out her home. She was run over and killed soon after, and the specimen her owner replaced her with was a poor one. I have only seen two good dogs. One was a puppy of Nellie’s, named Judge, who died of distemper after taking a prize at his first show, New Haven, 1885. He was only half-Mexican, however, having been sired by an Italian Greyhound. ; Pippo, owned by Mrs. L. D. Hurd, of New York, and win- ner at the 1890 show there, is a good dog, of heavier frame and holding his age much better. This completes the list of good ones that I have a personal knowledge of. Pedigrees are scarce, for the breed has never been cultivated and cared for as is necessary to establish them. Dogs of this breed should be washed occasionally with castile soap, and a lib- eral application of vaseline once a month, well rubbed in, will improve the appearance of the skin. Puppies while very young should be kept in a warm room, and should be handled with great care, as they are extremely delicate and may be easily injured. Their bed should be made of Canton flannel, and should be frequently washed. The Mexican, like all other dogs that are kept mainly in the house, should have plenty of exercise. It is well to teach any house-dog to retrieve a ball, and someone should put in twenty to thirty minutes each day in throwing the ball through the hall, or adjoining rooms, and having the 654 THE AMERICAN BOOK .OF THE DOG. dog bring it. Make him move as rapidly as possible—a lively run is best. Nearly all house-dogs enjoy this sport when once taught it, and will enter into it with great zest. On every fair day the dog should be given a run, of at least half a mile, on the street or in the country. The prejudice which exists in the minds of many against the hairless dog soon wears off if given the opportunity, for a better house-pet, with fewer disadvantages, can seldom be found than a symmetrically formed, dark-colored, clean- skinned Mexican Hairless Dog. No standard or points of judging this breed have yet been adopted. THE TOY SPANTELS. By Miss Marion E. BAnnistTER. HE origin of the King Charles and Blenheim Spaniels © is obscure, and beyond the fact that (as claimed by some writers) they came from Spain, little is known concerning it. King Charles IT. first rendered them popu- lar, in England, by the care and attention he gave to the breeding and rearing of good specimens. Dr. Caius writes of them as follows: Of the delicate, neate, and pretty kind of dogges called the Spaniel gentle, or the comforter, in Latine Melitzeus or Fotor. These dogges are little, pretty, proper, and fine, and sought for to satisfy the delicatenesse of daintie dames and wanton women’s wills. Instrumentes of folly for them to play and dally withall, to tryfle away the treasure of time. These puppies, the smaller they be, the more pleasure they provoke, as more meete play-fellowes for mincing mistresses to beare in their bosoms. According to the good Doctor, the superstitious people of the middle ages, even in enlightened England, believed that these little dogs possessed curative powers. On this subject he writes: We find that these little dogges are good to assuage the sicknesse of the stomacke, being oftentimes thereunto applyed as a plaster preservative, or borne in the bosom of the diseased and weake person, which effect is per- formed by theyr moderate heate. Moreover, the disease and sicknesse chaungeth his place, and entreth (though it be not precisely marcked) into the dogge, which experience can testify, for these kinde of dogges sometimes fall sicke, and sometimes die, without any harme outwardly inforced, which is an argu- ment that the disease of the gentleman or gentlewoman, or owner whatsoever, entreth into the dogge by the operation of heate intermingled and infected. Sir William Jardine, in the ‘‘ Naturalist’s Library” (1843), speaks of the King Charles Spaniel as ‘‘a beautiful breed, in general black and white, and presumed to be the parent of the Cocker, who is usually black, and shorter in the back than the Spaniel.”’ ( 655 ) 656 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. The Blenheim, Marlborough, or Pyrame of Buffon is very similar to the above, but the black color is relieved by fire-colored spots above the eyes, and the same on the breast and feet; the muzzle is fuller and the back rather short. The Maltese dog (Canis Meliteus), the Bichon or Chien Bouffe of Buffon, is the most ancient of all the small Spaniel races, being figured on Roman monuments and noticed by Strabo; the muzzle is rounder, the hair very long, silky, and usually white, the stature very small, and only fit for ladies’ lap-dogs. John Scott writes (1830), in the Sportsman’ s Repository: Twenty years ago (¢. e., 1800), His Grace the Duke of Marlborough was reputed to possess the smallest and best breed of Cockers in Britain; they were invariably red and white, with very: long ears, short noses, and black eyes. Still another writer claims that at least the King Charles type first came from Japan. Robert Fortune, who traveled in that country in the seventeenth century, says: The lap-dogs of the country (Japan) are highly prized, both by natives and foreigners. They are small, some of them not more than nine or ten inches in length. They are remarkable for snub noses and sunken eyes, and are certainly more curious than beautiful. They are carefully bred, and com- mand high prices, even amongst the Japanese; and are dwarfed, it is said, by the use of ‘ saki,” a spirit to which their owners are particularly partial. Commenting on this statement, ‘‘ Idstone”’ says: I have seen several of these Japanese lap-dogs; some have been publicly exhibited, and others have been shown to me by gentlemen who imported them from that country. I recollect seeing two very beautiful specimens brought home by Mr. Clogstone, of Wimborne, Dorsetshire. These, both of them, had large, prominent eyes (so that the sunken eye named by Fortune was a misnomer), of the King Charles type, and were only deficient in ear; their color was pale yellow and white, and the coat was silky. The noses of those I saw were very short, but the skull was not so round as the London breeder would desire, yet showing a tendency to the spherical formation which is a mark of the race. In corroboration of my statement, I will give Sir Rutherford Alcock’s own words: ‘‘T am to find a pair of well-bred Japanese dogs, with eyes like saucers, no nose, the tongue hanging out at-the side—too large for the mouth, white and tan if possible, and two years old.”” He goes on to say: ‘‘ My dogs are chosen —a species of Charles II. Spaniel intensified—and, by-the-bye, there is so much genuine likeness that I think it probable the Merry Monarch was indebted to his marriage with a Portuguese princess for the original race of Spaniels, as well as her dower of Bombay.” THE TOY SPANIELS. 657 There is another reason for believing that the King Charles was imported Q 5S from Japan. There is a vulgar belief that the Spaniel may be dwarfed in size by giving it gin, and possibly the supposed secret of producing Jap-dogs in ys 5 si, ] g Japan—the administration of saki—was brought over by the importer of dogs. These ignorant ideas are always traceable, and if the conformation of the King 5 5 etn " a x on >= a & ,. KING CHARLES SPANIEL—ROMEO, Owned by Mis. F. Senn, 278 West Eleventh street, New York City. Charles and Japanese is so close, and the means of dwarfing them coincides in both countries, or rather is supposed to dwarf them (for it does not), and the dogs are not referable to the same stock, it is a very singular coincidence. Thus it will be seen that whatever the origin of the King Charles and Blenheim, they have led a somewhat checkered career; though both have at times been called by other 42 658 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. names, and have occasionally waned in popularity, they are both ancient, and have maintained their existence in the canine world against frequent neglect on the part of the public, coming down to this more appreciative and dog- loving age ina remarkable state of purity, all things con- sidered. Still we have cause to regret, deeply, that these beautiful animals are not more popular to-day than they are. They are far more intelligent, affectionate, and beauti- ful than many of the other breeds that are so extensively sought after and cultivated as ladies’ pets, and yet thou- sands of dog-fanciers seem not to know this. The reason is that this is an age of crazes and fads, and it matters not how homely, how stupid, or how insipid a breed of dogs may be, if its manipulators can succeed in getting it said, prominently, that it is the fashionable breed of the day, the devotees of fashion, the fadists (to coin a word), will rush to the new kennels in search of the new breed, pay any price that may be asked for any specimen that may or may not be able to show a pedigree, and carry it away in triumph. Some of these people heave deep-drawn sighs of relief and exultation as they drive away with their treasure in their arms, and exclaim: ‘‘ How fortunate; how should I ever have survived, if I had not succeeded in getting one of the first of these new pets!” The exultation is to be short-lived, however, for Madame may rest assured that next year, or the year after, or the year after that at the farthest, some new breed will be boomed and will become the craze. Then this pet that was secured at the cost of such fast driving and so large a roll of bills, must be given away, and a strange idol must be erected in its place. The more practical, conservative, and level-headed peo- ple will, however, in time, come to disregard these sensa- tional favorites, these passing crazes, and to value the brainy, silky-haired, bright-eyed, affectionate little Spaniel as the most beautiful and lovable pet-dog in the world. The time will come when Toy Spaniels will far outnumber the Italian Greyhound, the Poodle, the Mexican Hairless, THE TOY SPANIELS. 659 the Yorkshire or the Skye Terrier, not only in aristocratic and democratic homes, but on the show bench. The time will come when true merit and beauty will count for more than the mandates of dame fashion, and then the Spaniel will achieve his true and proper place in the estimation of dog-lovers. What can be more loved or lovable in the canine world than the richly colored and richly coated Blenheim, or the large-eyed, somber-hued King Charles? Not alone in appear- ance are these dogs attractive, but their intellectual quali- ties attract to them all who come to know them. ‘* What,’ say you, ‘‘intellect in a dog?’’ Aye, verily; and far more of it in some dogs than in some people whom I know. I will not here go into an argument on this point; abler pens than mine have laid down the reasons for this faith, and to them I refer all doubters. Speaking of the intellectuality of these dogs, I can not do better than quote again from ‘‘ Idstone,’’? who says: I have seen extraordinary instinct developed in these Spaniels. One, a dog in my possession in 1838, and until his death, was, from constant associa- tion with me and my friends, almost human; and as he held his head on one side, apparently endeavoring to fathom the meaning of conversation, it seemed as though he were almost prepared to join in it. On one occasion he was sleeping in the room where a lady to whom he was much attached was moaning with pain, and waking up, he seemed at a glance to understand the emergency, and after a moment’s consideration endeavored to pull the bell, though he had never before been taught to do so. Though impatient of strangers, he would at once permit the approaches of my friends at first sight; and, more singular still, he understood and appreciated a dislike I did not venture to express, and would always dive at the legs of a couple of New College chaplains toward whom I had no cordiality. How did he know this, I wonder; or how divine that I had a sincere respect for Doctor Pusey, to whom I never spoke in my life? But such was the case, Iam sure, by his man- ner and gestures, which, however, the sage never noticed or acknowledged. One of the greatest pleasures to be derived from the own- ership of a Toy Spaniel is in training him to perform various tricks, to carry notes, packages, etc., to persons in various parts of the house or grounds. They take up these tricks readily, and it is intensely interesting to watch the development of intelligence in a young Spaniel under 660 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. patient and practical tutorship. The method of this class of training is simple, and as it has been fully treated of, under the proper heads, by several of the contributors to this work, I need not here go into it. Anyone who engages BLENHEIM SPANIEL—KING VICTOR. Owned by Mrs. F. Senn, 278 West Eleventh street, New York City. in it, however, must find it a delightful task; and the pet once thoroughly educated will be a source of pleasure to his owner, and of wonder to others, as long as he lives. The following points are observed in judging Toy Span- iels: The head should be domed, and in good speciméns is THE TOY SPANIELS. 661 absolutely semi-globular, sometimes even extending beyond the half-circle and projecting over the eyes so as to nearly meet the upturned nose. The eyes are set wide apart, with the eyelids at right- angles to the line of the face, not oblique or fox-like. The eyes themselves are large, lustrous, and very dark in color, so as to be generally considered black, the enormous pupils, which are absolutely of that color, increasing this tendency. From their large size, there is almost always a certain amount of weeping shown at the inner angles; this is owing to a defect in the lachrymal duct. The stop or hollow between the eyes is as well marked as in the Bulldog, or even more so, many good specimens exhibiting a hollow deep enough to bury a small marble. The zose must be short and well turned up between the eyes, without any indication of artificial displacement afforded by a deviation to either side. The color of.the end should be black, and it should be both deep and wide, with open nostrils. The lower jaw must be wide between its branches, leav- ing plenty of space for the tongue and for the attachment of the lower lips, which must completely conceal the teeth. It should also be turned up or ‘‘ finished,’ so as to allow of its meeting the end of the upper jaw. The ears must be long, so as to approach the ground. In an average-sized dog they should measure twenty inches from tip to tip, and in some good specimens the length reaches twenty-two inches, or even a trifle more. They should be set low on the head and be heavily feathered. In this respect the King Charles is expected to exceed the Blenheim, and his ears occasionally extend to twenty-four inches. The most desirable size is about ten pounds, but we often get fine specimens that weigh more than this. In compactness of shape these Spaniels nearly rival the Pug, but the length of coat adds greatly to the apparent bulk, as the body when the coat is wet looks small in com- parison with that of the Pug; still it ought to be decidedly 662 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. cobby, with strong, stout legs, broad back, and wide chest. We find many specimens weak in the loin and hind legs, but these are not good ones. The symmetry of the Toy Spaniels is of some importance, but it is seldom that there is any defect in this direction. The coat should be long, silky, soft, and wavy, but not curly. In the Blenheim there should be a profuse mane extending well down the front of the chest. The feather should be well displayed on the ears and feet, where it is so long as to give the appearance of their being webbed. It is also carried well up the backs of the legs. In the King Charles the feather on the ears is very long and profuse, exceeding in length that of the Blenheim by an inch or more. The feather on the tail (which is usually cut to the length of three and a half or four inches) should be silky, and from five to six inches long, making a marked ‘ flag ”’ of a square shape, and not carried above the level of the back. The color varies with the breed. The King Charles is a rich, glossy black and deep tan, without any white; tan spots over the eyes and on the cheeks, and tan markings on the legs. The Blenheim must on no account be whole- colored, but must have a ground of pure pearly white, with bright, rich chestnut, or ruby-red markings, evenly distrib- uted in large patches. The ears and cheeks are red, with a blaze of white extending from the nose up to the forehead and ending in a crescentive curve between the ears. In the center of the blaze there should be a clear spot of red, of the size of a sixpence. The Tri-color, or Charles I. Spaniel, must have the tan of the King Charles, with markings like those of the Blenheim, in black instead of red, on a pearly-white ground. The ears and under the tail must also be lined with tan. The Tri-color has no spot, that mark of beauty being peculiarly the property of the Blenheim. The Tri-color is now known as the Prince Charles. The red Toy Spaniels are known as Ruby Spaniels, the points being the same as those of the King Charles, differing only in the matter of color, which THE TOY SPANIELS. 663 should be entirely a rich chestnut or ruby-red, the color of the nose to be black. SCALE OF POINTS. KING CHARLES. Value. Value. Symmetry, condition, and size .... 20 Hars............-..06 ees eeeeee 15 HIG A Spe ooraoudaer Cuacnemoue as 15 Coat and feathering........... . 1d SiG) WosedevdagtAckneeoe suocteasoor DinetCOlOTercveret sarsiala oe crsie cise eet 10 INIEUZZAN sox eRe or 0D Unica sae 0 — DOES 2 SE Saloeciopc moc aries 10 Total Fnac sector ats 100 BLENHEIM. Value. Value. Symmetry, condition, and size..... KD) WDE T eo Geno eooee condo poocdes S 10 Neen rete at, Savers ie tie wi aeenrcte epaie' s\avelle tec 15 ‘Coat and featherins. >.>... - <<. 15 ‘S/NO]O) cere Shes ain OS Cae SCION OO UE 0) (Color andi markings crete 15 WHA OSS Sao orentoe PORAUCOnORc aac IIS] NO Moerembeos a bdcoims ~O.00.ooor 5 SEE Ste oe cr pcace ie sveietn;e aieieiera! sfeieie’s,»/ 5 —- MO GALS soja '5.s: srorsieest pe eel ete ere 100 Among the prominent breeders of Toy Spaniels in this country may be mentioned Mr. A. W. Lucy, who has bred many good specimens. His Milwaukee Charlie, sired by Imported Duke, is one of the best King Charles Spaniels ever bred in this country. Duke also sired Hylas, winner of first at Chicago; Rome, first at New York; and Prince, first at Boston. Other successful breeders are Miss Cam- eron, Mrs. Moody, Miss Phillips, and Mrs. Weston, of New York; Mr. F. B. Lucy and Mr. F. B. Fay, of Boston; Mr. Mariner and Mr. R. W. Holmes, of Milwaukee, and Mrs. L. D. McCord, No. 67 Thirty-seventh street, Chicago.* * Other prominent Toy Spaniel breeders and owners in this country are: William Phillips, 150 West Fifty-sixth street, New York City; Mrs. Kistermann, 202 East Forty-fourth street, New York City; Mrs. J. R. Franklin, 15 East Fifty-sixth street, New York City; M. J. Nolan, 2717 Franklin avenue, St. Louis, Mo.; A. W. Lucy, 6 Second street, New York City; F. 8. Morrell, 52 Broadway, New York City; Mrs. J. P. Shea, 305 West Sixty-ninth street, New York City; J. C. Thomas, 200 West Fifty-seventh street, New York City; Miss E. R. Catlin, 16 East ioe street, New York City; George H. Field, Chelsea, Mass.; George M. Smith, 7 McLean court, Boston, Mass.; E. Brad- ford, 204 St. Antoine street, ar Acissal: Canada; Miss E. R. Catlin, 4 Pa Six- ty-sixth street, New York City; Acme Kennels, 263 Twenty-seventh street, Milwaukee, Wis.; Joseph York, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Allen Thebilcock, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; W. Gale, Base Ball Park, Cincinnati, Ohio; C. W. Sander, 146 East Third street, Dayton, Ohio.—Eb. 664 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. One of the most successful breeders of Toy Spaniels in this country is Mrs. F. Senn, of 278 West Eleventh street, New York City. Her King Charles, Romeo (9230), is a beauti- ful specimen. He won first in puppy class at New York, 1888, first and special at Philadelphia, 1889, and first at New York, 1890. He was whelped November 24, 1887, and weighs eight pounds. Her Blenheim, King Victor imported), has won five first and two champion prizes, and has never been beaten. His weight is twelve pounds, and his color is lemon and white. He was formerly owned by Mr. William Phillips, who has probably shown more good Spaniels than any other person in this country, and always winners. Among these may be named such fine specimens as the King Charles, Roscius, and the Blenheim, King Pippin, both too well known to need any description here. THE SCHIPPERKE. By E. R. SPALpIne. OME would-be canine authorities have recently as- serted that the Schipperke is a mongrel of modern manufacture. This is not the case by any means. It is a distinct breed, of remote though unknown origin. The breed is supposed to have originated in Belgium, though even this is not definitely known. Belgian fanciers, however, affirm that he has been known in that country for several centuries; and at least one writer affirms that they have been known in the Flemish towns for three hundred years. The breed is not generally popular in Belgium, though a ereat favorite with certain classes, and good specimens are rare and high-priced. Mr. John Lysen, of Antwerp, in a recent communication to the American Field, says of this dog: They are always called ‘‘ Spits” in Belgium, and if you were to ask a dog-dealer for a ‘‘ Schipperke’ dog, he wouldn’t know what you were speaking about. The name Schipperke was given when a few fanciers got up the club, and when I asked, later on, the one who proposed it why they had not given the dog its proper name, he answered that the Pomeranian was already called ‘“« Spitz” in Germany, and moreover that a queer name would render the dog more attractive to foreigners! Considering the shape of head, the mane and frill, I should think the Schipperke is related to the Pomeranian, which, notwithstanding its name, is principally bred in the surroundings of Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle, and other places near the Belgian frontier. Until three years ago, the black tailless Spits had been the dog of the working-class of people, especially butchers, shoemakers, and also not unfrequently he was seen on the canal-boats, whence they gave him the name of Schipperke, but he might as well claim the name of ‘‘Beenhouwerke ” (little butcher) or ‘‘Schoenmakerke” (little shoemaker). Until a year ago (and sometimes even now), when a wealthy man was taking a walk with his Spits he was looked at with inquiring eyes by all who passed him. The only ones which were allowed to live among gentlemen and ladies ( 665) 666 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. were the toy Spits, and some were really very small and pretty. Now, how- ever, the black pariah is becoming a favorite, and many a young gentleman takes a walk with his Spits, which has taken the place of his late Fox Terrier. The head of the Schipperke much resembles that of the Pomeranian, a pair of small triangular ears carried perfectly straight and close to each other. The neck and shoulders are strong, and the hair is longer on these parts, but there must be no excess here, as many dogs have been bred and shown already with long, soft hair, thus losing entirely their true character. The body is rather short, and well-filled-up ribs give the little animal a cobby appearance. The Spits stands on straight legs covered with short, smooth hair. The feet are small and round (cat-feet), furnished with strong black toe-nails. Most of the good specimens have dew-claws, but some judges vant to get rid of them. With regard to the tail, much has been said, but Spits born perfectly tailless do exist, and in the opinion of all those who used to breed them years ago, a dog born with a tail on is not a pure-bred one, and should not be kept for breeding. Many breeders of the present day, however, and, I am sorry to say; judges even, say: ‘‘ It’s no use breeding them tailless. Cut the tail off.” But the only reason they could give for this is that they never succeeded in breeding a tailless one. It is a fact that out of a hundred bred now scarcely twenty, or even less, will be tailless, but this, in my opinion, is only owing to the fact that the breed has not been kept pure; for,on the other hand, I have known a bitch which has never thrown any but tailless puppies, and that to different dogs. Schipperkes usually breed very true. For an instance of this, a friend of mine had a pure-bred bitch which a year ago was accidentally warded by a Fox Terrier. She threw five puppies, all coal-black, bar a small white spot on the breast and some on the toes. For general shape, everyone agrees; but for several points there is great diversity of opinion. At first, us to the length of hair, some, with Mr. John Proctor, who is an Englishman living in Antwerp, and who has made Pick his type for the breed, want a long mane extending between the fore legs up to about half the body. Others, especially the breeders of Louvain, want an entirely smooth, shiny-coated dog with hardly any frill, and narrow ears, about one-half longer than Pick’s ears. With this sort of Spits the head is longer also. Then, again, Brussels has her type of Spits, much shorter in head, with large eyes, broad forehead, and usually large ears set far apart and low on the head. With this type there usually goes a fair, hard-haired mane and good coat; but unfortunately, also, all the dogs of this type are much out at the elbows, which, added to their square, short head, seems to show Bulldog cross, The dog usually seen in Antwerp and surroundings is between these, and should become the only type, admitting that the ears are perfect as well as the head. The mane does not appear large at first sight, but when passing the hand through it one is surprised at the length of the hair. There should be also a fair frill on the hind quarters and hair of a fair length on the back, sides and below perfectly smooth, as well as on the legs. Much diversity of opinion exists as yet among breeders with regard to the secondary points; but it is to be hoped that within a few years everyone will recognize one type, and that it will be the right old stamp of Spits. THE SCHIPPERKE. 667 In America, as well as in England, the Schipperke has recently become extremely popular, and the demand for good typical specimens is far in excess of the supply in both countries. On this account, some unprincipled deal- ers have picked up small mongrel dogs which they have crossed on either the Black and Tan Terrier or the Spitz. The product of such crosses they have in some instances EOE —_ = He —- POA te ae Rie Pes: beg SCHIPPERKES—MIDNIGHT AND DARKNESS. Owned by W. J. Comstock, 220 Canal street, Providence, R. |}. sold or palmed off on shows for true Schipperkes. Those crossed on the Terrier have usually a soft coat, while those resulting from a Spitz cross usually have long wavy or curly hair. The true Schipperke breeds faithfully to type. Fifteen puppies have been produced, under my observation, from four bitches and two dogs.