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BOOK OF THE. DOG.
THE ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT, SPECIAL
CHARACTERISTICS, UTILITY, BREEDING, TRAINING,
POINTS OF JUDGING, DISEASES, AND KENNEL
MANAGEMENT OF ALL BREEDS OF DOGS.
BY
Hon. Joun S. WISE, BERNARD WATERS, MAX WENZEL, B. F. SEITNER, HARRY MALCOLM, CHARLES
K. WESTBROOK, CoL. ROGER D. WILLIAMS, DR. Q. VAN HuMMELL, DR. M. G. ELLzEy, Law-
RENCE TIMPSON, WILLIAM LOEFFLER, J. L. WINCHELL, WM. WADE, H. F. SCHELLHASS,
P. T. Mapison, Wm. A. BruetTe, F. H. F. Mercer, A. CLINTON WILMERDING,
J. F. Kirk, J. OT1s FELLows, Geo. W. KIERSTEAD, AUGUST BELMONT, JR., W. H.
RussELu, Dr. J. S. Niven, FRANK F. Doe, E. F. Burns, P. H. Coomss,
J. H. Naytor, Dr. H. T. Footse, Miss A. H. WHITNEY, HENRY JARRETT,
J. E. DouGHERTY, Pror. J. H. H. MAENNER, F.. F. Lams, L. F. WaHItT-
MAN, JOHN E. THAYER, MaJ. T. J. Woopcock, W. R. FURNESS,
Dr. G. Irwin Royce, G. W. FisHEerR, Mrs. ELroy Foote,
Miss MARION E. BANNISTER, E. R. SPALDING, AnB ee
Dr. J. FRANK PERRY (‘‘ASHMONT”’). “oaRyY OF
EDITED BY G0. SHIELDS (<‘Coquina’’), 3,
AUTHOR OF “CRUISINGS IN THE CASCADES,” “‘RUSTLINGS IN THE ROCKIES,” ‘SHUNTING IN THE
GREAT WEST,’ ‘‘THE BATTLE OF THE BIG HOLE,” ‘‘THE BIG GAME OF
NORTH AMERICA,”’ ‘“‘CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS,” ETC.
CHICAGO AND NEW YORK:
RAND, MCNALLY & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
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Copyricu?, 1891, By G. O. SHIELDs.
All rights reserved.
Doz Book.
‘“ THE MORE I SEE OF MEN,
THE BETTER I LIKE DOGS.’’
—Anonymous.
(3)
PREFACE.
To the ladies and gentlemen who have responded so
generously to my requests for contributions to this book,
Iam profoundly grateful. To their efforts alone is due the
production of this the grandest work on the dog ever pub-
lished, in this or any other country. Without the co-opera-
tion of such able and enthusiastic dog-fanciers, such a book
would have been impossible.
Iam also indebted to these and to other kind friends for
the use of drawings and photographs, many of which were
made especially for this purpose, and from which many of
the illustrations have been produced. I am grateful to
Dr. N. Rowe, editor of the American Field, for the use of
several electrotypes, and to many others who have contrib-
uted to the success of the work in various ways.
THE EDITOR.
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CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION. z u p Z : Hon. John 8S. Wise,
Tue Enauisa SETTER. a . 2 : é Bernard Waters,
Kennel Editor The American Field, and author
of ‘‘ Modern Training, Handling, and Ken-
nel Management.”
THE IRisH SETTER. % Max Wenzel,
Secretary The Trish Setter Club of America, and
B. F. Seitner,
Vice-President The Pointer Club of America.
THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. - z - Harry Malcolm,
President The American Gordon Setter Club.
Tuer PoInter. : : 2 c . Charles K. Westbrook, A.M.
THE GREYHOUND. - Y - Col. Roger D. Williams,
President The Iroquois Hunting and Riding
Club.
THE DEERHOUND. E : 2 - Dr. Q. Van Hummel,
THE FoxHouND. 2 p Dr. M. G. Hilaey,
Recacrie. Editor The National Economist.
THE Basser Hounp. - : : Z Lawrence Timpson.
THE DACHSHUND. A s Z 2 z 5 William Loeffler.
THE BLOODHOUND. . : 2 : Y _ J. L. Winchell.
Tue Russtan WOLFHOUND. E z : s _ William Wade.
THE BEAGLE Hounp. - & “f “ L. F. Whitman.
THE BULLDOG. - E : z z - 4 John BE. Thayer.
THE DALMATIAN CoaAcu Dog. - : Maj. T. J. Woodcock.
THE POODLE. z 3 2 . : = Es W. R. Furness.
THE ITALIAN GREYHOUND. 3 c s _ Dr. G. Irwin Royce.
Tue Pua. s : E t : x : 2 G. W. Fisher.
Tue Mexican HaArruEss Doe. § 3 é Mrs. Elroy Foote.
Tue Toy SPANIELS. Z S s Z Miss Marion E. Bannister,
Secretary The American Pet Dog Club.
THE SCHIPPERKE. : _ 3 P = H. R. Spalding.
DISEASES OF THE DOG, AND THEIR REMEDIES. - Dr. Jd.Frank Perry,
(“Ashmont”) Author of ‘Dogs, their Manage-
ment and Treatment in Diseases.”
SPANIEL TRAINING. » 2 d 7 a : F. H. F. Mercer.
PAGE.
357
373
FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.
Chesapeake Bay Dog, Barnum, Retrieving a Wounded Gense,
Flushed, : ss s ; :
English Setter, ‘Toledo Blade, E bs . i :
English Setter, Cincinnatus, s
English Setter, Gloster, - 2 Bi f
English Setter, Rowdy Rod, : 4 3
Trish Setter, Ruby Glenmore, - 2 z C 2 E
Trish Setter, Sarsfield, _ : S f a E .
Gordon Setters, Malcolm and Gypsey, = i - :
Pointers, Duke of Vernon and Miss Freedom, K x
Smooth-Coated German Pointer, Walden, z
Rough-Coated German Pointer, Ratiz, - 2
Pointer, Lady Dufferin, — - Z : t
Pointer, Robert le Diable, - 3 :
Dead Bird, = A % : a
Pointer Puppies, : 3 < J é
Deerhounds, Phyllis, Robin Mani Lady Dare, and Fergus,
Trish Water Spaniel, King Slash - E = j 2
Millie and Jock, 3 2 Ls x : = ‘ a
Bedlington Terrier, Christmas Carol, — - = . é
Bulldog, Bellisima, - f Z : : £ =
Bulldog Puppies, J i £ en 4
€9)
PAGE.
Frontispiece.
17
= : 21
Z 2 180
SMALLER ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
English Setter, Daisy Foreman, = - m 2 x : 3 : S132
English Setter, Roderigo, M : Z i 2 a . 2 38
English Setter, Plantagenet, t E z L J 2 3
Irish Setter, Tim, ~- 3 e : z : e 2 > = 52
Irish Setter, Elcho, . ? 2 é 4 2 : 2 E e
Irish Setter, Elcho, Junior, 3 E : : ; : 2 : 68
Gordon Setter, Bob, é : t i : e E é : 238i
Gordon Setter, Little Boy, : z t : : , as E 86
Gordon Setter, Pilot, - 2 E : ¥ " : : ? Sel
Pointer, Croxteth, _ 3 E = E : : . : 129
Pointer, Patti M., A Z x : i : E By a8
Greyhound, Master Rich, - Ee x : a: 5 2 149
Greyhound, Balkis, E A 4 é : 2 : 3 BAGO
Foxhound, Joe Forester, - é : e : : i g 190
Basset Hound, Nemours, S : x ’ : u : z = Palit
Dachshund, Waldemann II.,_ - E r A = 218
English Bloodhound, Bono, » 2 < : . - 242
English Bloodhounds, Rosemary od Rieole : = : : 2 249
English Bloodhound Puppies, x E : S 2 S - 253
English Bloodhound, Barnaby, 2 3 ; : : S 256
Russian Wolfhound, Czar, - E : 2 p - u = Yer
Russian Wolfhound, Elsie, 2 2 ¢ 2 : 5 : = 265
Beagle Hound, Trailer, Z s 2 e 2 z A z = eal
Trish Water Spaniel, Dennis O’Donoghuc, Z : : : : 292
Irish Water Spaniel Puppies, s : 5 ‘ : : : = Nt
Clumber Spaniel, Johnny, 3 2 a : : 4 307
Clumber Spanicl, Quester, - 4 : a : : ‘ _ 310
Field Spaniel, Black Prince, — - < a 3 - : E a 329
Cocker Spaniel, Doc, - i x 2 : a s a = , 008
Cocker Spaniel, Brant, = - j = = ; = = B : 341
Cocker Spaniel, Neptune, =~ : : : 4 2 é ¥ . 3846
Cocker Spaniel, Mike, 2 4 2 a ss .. s b 349
Cocker Spaniel, Jersey, é : = 2 2 s : : - 33
Chesapeake Bay Dog, Polly, — - 2 = s E = Z a 359
Fox Terrier, Lucifer, - = - : 4 : 2 = . 3875
Fox Terrier Puppies, 2 2 2! z - E = 5 : 377
Bedlington Terrier, Syrup H., z 2 ss 4 5 . 404
Bedlington Terrier Puppies, = - Z - = 2 408
(11)
Ite SMALLER
Trish Terrier, Nora, ‘ =
Trish Terrier, Mars, - a a
Bull Terrier, Starlight, a
ILLUSTRATIONS.
“a
Yorkshire Terrier, Lancashire Ben,
Yorkshire Terrier, Bradford Harry,
White English Terrier, White Prince,
Airedale Terrier, Weaver, = -
Scottish Terrier, Mieadowthen pe Donald,
Skye Terrier, Lovat, - rn
Black and Tan Terrier Puppies,
Black and Tan Terrier, Meersbrook Maiden,
Maltese Terriers, Brendoline, etc.,
Collie, Scotilla, - b s
Collie, Boss, -
Old English Sheep Dog, Sir Gavondit
Great Dane, Minca Mia, 2
Great Dane, Don Cesar, m
Great Dane, Major, = =
Great Dane, Juno, a f
St. Bernard, Sir Bedivere, e
St. Bernard, Prince Regent, -
St. Bernard, Otho, - : is
St. Bernard Puppies, — - -
Mastiff, Beaufort, = _ E 2
Mastiff, Edwy, = : :
Mastiff Puppies, s s
Dalmatian Coach Dog, a
Poodle, Pierrot, K é M
Diagram for. Clipping Poodle,
Pug, Dude; | = z 2
Mexican Hairless, Me Too, -
King Charles Spaniel, Romeo, -
Blenheim Spaniel, King Victor,
Schipperkes, Midnight and Darkness,
MEE OpDeCLLON.
By THE HONORABLE JOHN §S. WISE.
T gives me great pleasure, at the request of the editor, to
write an introduction to THE AMERICAN Book OF THE
Doce. Mr. Shields asked me, some months ago, to write
an article on the Pointer for this work, and I deeply
regretted that I was too much engaged at the time to
comply with his request, for I felt then, as I do now, a
deep interest in the success of his enterprise. However,
my inability to join his staff did not prevent him from
having that noble breed ably treated, for the gentleman
whom he secured to write of it has prepared a most able,
exhaustive, and instructive paper, as have nearly all the
other contributors on the various breeds of dogs.
Mr. Shields is too well known to the readers of sports-
men’s literature to require any introduction, and in select-
ing contributors to this work he has displayed rare good
judgment. His list of writers embraces the names of a
great many gentlemen who are recognized as leading
authorities on the subjects of which they write. While
these articles may, in some cases, be more or less tinged by the
peculiar views of their authors, the book, thus drawn from
many different minds, is not only very eclectic in character,
but, in my judgment, much more correct and valuable, as a
whole, than it could be were it the production of an indi-
vidual.
I have been particularly glad to notice that many of the
writers have framed their articles on these lines, and have
quoted largely from the writings of others, not contenting
themselves with merely expressing their individual views.
The book is exceedingly interesting. It is free, too, from
the sameness of expression and treatment so often found in
(13)
14 INTRODUCTION.
books of this character written by one man. It is, more-
over, a very instructive book, and of practical value, in
many features, to the owners and breeders of dogs.
This is an American book, describing the American
standard of dogs, the appearance of American dogs, and the
American diseases of dogs, as well as the American reme-
dies which will cure those diseases. By this I do not
mean to belittle foreign animals or foreign literature on
these subjects. On the contrary, the foreign literature, up
to the present time, is far superior to ours, and all our dogs
are descended from foreign importations. The idea I in-
tend to convey by the above remark is that certain con-
ditions and peculiarities of our climate vary not only the
appearance of our dogs and the standards applicable to
them, from the appearance and standards of other coun-
tries, but the diseases to which they are subject and the
treatment which should be applied to them. All these
things are considered and dealt with in Mr. Shields’ book
in a way not, in the nature of the case, to be found in for-
eign authorities, however excellent, and that is why I com-
mend this as an American work.
Another valuable feature of this book is the illustra-
tions. Many of these are artistic and beautiful in a high
degree. The portraits of several dogs of world-wide repu-
tation are shown, and those of many other typical speci-
mens, less widely known, add to the interest and attractive-
ness of the work. Nearly every breed is illustrated, and of
some breeds several good specimens are pictured.
A statement of the value of American dogs would startle
a stranger to the subject. It is no exaggeration to say
that the aggregate salable value of sporting and pet dogs
in this country amounts to several million dollars. Our
bench shows and field trials are in every way equal, if not
superior, to those of Europe. Canine interests in this coun-
try have for years past engaged the careful attention of
many of the most successful business men in this country.
Excellent talent is employed in the larger American cities
for the exclusive purpose of writing upon canine subjects;
INTRODUCTION. 15
and their journals are extensively and profitably circu-
lated.
Knowing all this, I am sure that a great demand will
be found for so excellent and comprehensive a book as
this. The topics treated in this work, to wit: The origin
of breeds; their early history; development up to the pres-
ent standard; special characteristics; utility, excellences
and deficiencies; directions for training, for breeding, and
for kennel management; notes on diseases, with directions
and prescriptions for treatment of same; preparation for
bench show or field trial; the future of the breeds—all
these are well selected and well treated.
The special article on diseases and their treatment, by
one of the most eminent living authorities, is of itself a val-
uable addition to the library of the sportsman.
1 sincerely hope the book will meet with the cordial
reception it deserves.
New York, June 26, 1890.
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THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
THE ENGLISH SETTER.
By BERNARD WATERS,
Kennel Editor of the American Field, and Author cf ‘‘ Modern Training,
Handling, and Kennel Management.”
LT) EGARDING the origin of the English Setter, nothing
is known toa certainty; but, in this particular, the
absence of knowledge does not differ from that con-
s)) cerning all other old breeds of dogs. That the Eng-
lish Setter is a very old breed is beyond question, as will be
shown more fully hereinafter, by reference to some ancient
literature on the subject; but that the ¢pse dizit of one or
two ancient writers should be given so much credence is
unaccountable. However, the obscurity, which envelops
the past, quite as effectually prevents disproving any errors
in the statements of the old writers as it does the proving
of their statements to be correct. This is more particularly
noticeable as, in the present day, captious critics are ever
ready to differ from those who are more or less recognized
as authorities, while accepting without question the say-
ings of writers of two or three hundred years ago. Accord-
ing to the popular belief, one which is supported by nearly
every author of modern sporting literature, the English
Setter is supposed to have originated in a Spaniel ancestry.
To show on what this belief is founded, a few excerpts from
recognized authorities will be presented.
Stonehenge, in his work, ‘‘The Dogs of the British
Islands’’ (edition of 1867), treats of the Setter as follows:
As some difference of opinion appears to exist with regard to Setters, we
have determined thoroughly to satisfy ourselves as to their origin and best
form, and we have called all the best authorities to our assistance. We pro-
2 ; (17)
18 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
pose to place the result of our labors before the public, and to add our own
conclusions,
There is no doubt that the sport of hawking was known and practiced by
the ancient Britons, and that the Roman was totally ignorant of the science;
but the invader at once came to the conclusion that the system might be
improved, and introduced the Land Spaniel, if not the Water Dog also, into
this country.
These dogs roused the game, and this was all that the hawker required of
them in those early days; but in after years, as we shall see, dogs were required
to point, or, in the language of the quaint old writer, *‘ sodainely stop and fall
down upon their bellies,” and having so done, when within two or three yards,
“then shall your Setter stick, and by no persuasion go further till yourself
come in and use your pleasure.”
At first, then, without doubt, the Spaniel was merely used as a springer
for the hawk, which was subsequently neglected for the net; and the pro-
pensity of the dog to pause before making his dash at game was cultivated
and cherished, by breeding and selection, until, at last, gratified by observing
the action of the net, he yielded his natural impulse of springing at all, and
set, or lay down, to permit the net to be drawn over him. After this, the
hawker trained his Spaniel to set; then he cast off his hawks, which ascended
in circles, and ‘‘ waited on” until his master roused the quarry from its con-
cealment, when she pounced upon it like a pistol-shot.
When used either with hawks or for the net (especially in the latter case),
a far heavier dog answered the purpose than what we call a ‘‘ High-ranging
Setter.” The net enveloped a whole covey in its meshes, and few manors
would allow of many coveys being taken in a day; whilst the disentangling
the birds, and securing them, allowed time for the heavy dog to rest and regain
his wind.
Richard Surflet, who wrote in 1600, gives us the following information.
Writing of the Field or Land Spaniel, ‘‘of which sith before no author hath
fully intreated,” he describes him as ‘‘ gentle, loving, and courteous to man, more
than any other sort of dog whatsoever;” and as ‘‘ loving to hunt the wing of any
bird, especially partridge, pheasant, quails, rails, poots, and such like.” He
tells us we are ‘‘to choose him by his shape, beauty, metal, and cunning hunt-
ing; his shape being discerned in the good composition of his body, as when
he hath a round, thick head, a short nose, a long, well-compast, and hairie
eare, broad and syde lips, a cleere red eie, a thick neck, broad breast, short
and well-knit joints, round feete, strong cleys (high dew-cley’d), good round
ribs, a gaunt bellie, a short, broad backe, a thicke, bushie, and long-haired
taile, and all his bodie generally long and well-haired.
‘His beautie is discerned in his colour, of which the motleys or piede are
the best; whether they be black-and-white, red-and-white, or liver-hued-and-
white; for, to be all of one colour, as all white, or all blacke, or all red, or all
liver-hued, without any other spot, is not so comely in the field, although the
dogs, notwithstanding, may be of excellent cunning.
‘‘His mettall is discerned in his free and untired laboursome ranging,
beating a field over and over, and not leaving a furrow untrodden, or one
THE ENGLISH SETTER. 19
unsearched, where any haunt is likely to be hidden; and when he doth it, most
coragiously and swiftly, with a wanton playing taile, and a busie labouring
nose, neither desisting nor showing less delight in his labour at night than he
did in the morning.
“And his cunning hunting is discerned by his casting about heedfully,
and running into the wind of the prey he seeketh; by his stillnesse and quiet-
nesse in hunting, without babbling or barking; but when he is upon an assured
and certain haunt, by the manner of his ranging, and when he compasseth a
whole field about at the first, and after lesneth and lesneth the circumference,
till he have trodden every path, and brought the whole circuit to one point;
and by his more temperate and leisurely hunting, when he comes to the first
scent of the game, sticking upon it, and pricking it out by degrees; not open-
ing or questing by any means, but whimpering and whining to give his
master a warning of what he scenteth, and to prepare himself and his hawke for
the pleasure he seeketh; and when he is assured of his game, then to quest out
loudly and freely.”’
After describing Spaniels which ‘‘ delight in plains or the open fields,” and
others more adapted for covert, he goes on to say: ‘There is another sort of
Land Spannyels which are called Setters, and they differ nothing from the former,
but in instruction and obedience, for these must neither hunt, range, nor
retaine, more or less, than as the master appointeth, taking the whole limit of
whatsoever they do from the eie or hand of their instructor. They must never
quest at any time, what occasion soever may happen, but as being dogs with-
out voices, so they must hunt close and mute. And when they come upon the
haunt of that they hunt, they shall sodainely stop and fall down upon their bellies,
and so leisurely creep by degrees to the game till they come within two or three
yards thereof, or so neare that they can not press nearer without danger of
retrieving. Then shall your Setter stick, and by no persuasion go further
till yourself come in and use your pleasure. Now the dogs which are to be
made for this pleasure should be the most principall, best, and lustiest Spann-
yel you can get, both of good scent and good courage, yet young, and as little
as may be made acquainted with much hunting.”
There is no doubt that the Setter is a Spaniel, brought by a variety of
crosses (or rather, let us say, of careful selections) to the size and form in
which we now find him. He is the most national of all our shooting dogs, and
certainly has existed for four centuries. His form probably has improved.
The net used in different countries required the same character of dog.
He might be slow, heavy, or slack, and soon fatigued, but he would answer
the purpose. But when shooting flying superseded the use of the net, the
moors, the Grampians, the Norfolk turnips (before they were sown in drills),
the Irish potato-fields, the low Scottish wolds, or the fens of Lincoln, all
required dogs of different types, accommodated to their several hunting-
grounds.
The description of the Setter’s manner of hunting is
both quaint and spirited; yet there is nothing whatever in
the writings quoted which implies that the Setter had a
20) THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
Spaniel origin. Palpably the Setter was then an established
breed, as shown by the assertion that ‘‘¢here is another
sort of Land Spannyels which are called Setters.’ That
Setters and Spaniels should be classed as being of the same
family, several centuries ago, is not remarkable; nor is it
remarkable that a sporting writer's dicta at that time should
be unquestioned, since there were but few of them, and
people at large were uneducated in such matters. With
all the advantages of a sporting press, a multitude of
writers, an extensive sporting literature, and numerous an-
nual bench shows and field trials as educational institutions,
there have,grown up a wonderful diversity of opinion and
misinformation in respect to the different breeds at the
present day. It is not strange, therefore, that, in the year
1600, Richard Surflet classed the Setter as a Spaniel,
although, as mentioned hereinbefore, he refers to this breed
as ‘‘another sort of Land Spannyel.”’
In the chapter on the Sussex Spaniel, in the same work,
Stonehenge says: ‘‘About the year 1555, a duke of
Northumberland trained one ‘to set birds for the net;’
and soon afterward the Setter was produced, either by
selection or by crossing the Talbot Hound and Spaniel.”’
The utter absurdity and thoughtlessness of such an illog-
ical statement is self-evident to anyone.
A duke trained a Sussex Spaniel to point, and soon after-
ward the breed of Setters was produced. Why could not
all breeds be thus taught to point? This is rendered still
more absurd by the fact, well known to all students of
natural history, that an educational act is not transmitted
to the progeny. That Stonehenge was not quite positive
in his inferences is shown by his remarks in the revised
edition of the same work, published in 1878, wherein he
treats the subject as follows: ‘‘ The Setter is, without doubt,
either descended from the Spaniel, or both are offshoots of
the same parent stock, originally—that is, before the
improvements in the gun introduced the practice of shoot-
ing flying, it is believed that he was merely a Spaniel
taught to ‘stop’ or ‘set’ as soon as he came upon the
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scent of the partridge, when a net was drawn over the
covey by two men; hence he was made to drop close to
the ground, an attitude which is now unnecessary.”’ There
is thus an absence of positiveness in his later opinions on
the subject; in fact, there is no proof adduced whatever to
support the speculation.
Gordon Stables briefly disposes of the subject, in ‘‘ The
Practical Kennel Guide,” as follows: ‘‘The Setter used to
be called a ‘Setting Spaniel,’ and was known in England
long before the Pointer, and was probably first introduced
by the Romans.”’
Laverack, in his work, ‘‘ The Setter,’ says:
Iam of the opinion that all Setters have more or less originally sprung
from our various strains of Spaniels, and I believe most breeders of any
note agree that the Setter is nothing more than a Setting Spaniel. How the
Setter attained his sufficiency of point is difficult to account for, and I leave
that question to wiser heads than mine to determine. The Setter is said and
acknowledged, by authorities of long standing, to be of greater antiquity than
the Pointer. If this be true, and I believe it is, the Setter can not at first have
been crossed with the Pointer to render him what he is.
A more modern writer, one who is generally very sound,
and always instructive, Mr. Hugh Dalziel, treats the subject
at some length. The following quotations give the main
points of his position:
Difficult as it admittedly is to trace the history of any of our modern
breeds of dogs, although in so many instances their manufacture, if I may use
the term, into their present form is of comparatively recent date, there is, in
respect to the Setter, a general agreement among writers and breeders that our
present dog is largely derived from the Spaniel; indeed, the proofs of this are
conclusive. The family likeness is, in many respects, yet strongly preserved;
and in some kennels where they have kept pretty much to their own blood,
following different lines from our show and field-trial breeders, this is markedly
so. The writer on Setters in the Sportsman's Cabinet, 1802, tells us that in
his day, in the northern counties, the Pointer was called the Smooth Spaniel,
the Setter the Rough Spaniel; and although he speaks of this localism with
surprise, as a misnomer, it was rcally the preservation of an old distinction—
the Setters, or Setting Spaniels, being so named to divide them from their
congeners, used for different work, and named Cockers and Springers.
Somewhat inconsistently with the conclusion that ‘‘the
proofs are conclusive,’? Mr. Dalziel continues:
THE ENGLISH SETTER. 23
Whether the modern Setter has been produced from the Spaniel by care-
ful selection, or by a cross with the Pointer or some other breed, it is difficult
to decide.
In the American Kennel and Sporting Field, the late
Arnold Burges voiced the common belief in the following:
The best of modern writers, among whom I may mention Stonehenge,
Laverack, Idstone, all say that the Setter is a direct descendant of the Land
Spaniel, and speak of a Setting Spaniel as the first Setter. There is no doubt
that this is the correct theory, and that our Setter is a pure, unadulterated, but
improved Spaniel.
Briefly, nearly all modern writers, owners, and breeders
hold these opinions in the main, there being some variation
here and there; but however much these beliefs may vary
one from another, they all have their inspiration in the facts
that the Setter was in ancient times called a ‘‘ Setting
Spaniel,’’? and that he has some analogies in common with
the Spaniel.
A few of the objections against the theory that the
aboriginal ancestry of the Setter was in the Spaniel may
be mentioned:
First. The arguments and proofs adduced are founded
on such imperfect data, with no contemporaneous support,
that they could be applied with equal force in proving that
the Spaniel is a variation of the Setter. ‘* Setting Span-
jel’? might be a localism, as was calling the Pointer a
‘*Smooth Spaniel.”
Second. Those who assert that the Setter is an improved
Spaniel are not positive or consistent in the assertion, and
depend more upon the numerous repetitions of matters of
hearsay, all of which center more to the inconclusive fact
that some centuries ago the Setter was called a ‘‘ Setting
Spaniel,’’? than upon any absolute knowledge.
Third. Vf the Land Spaniel had such an inherent tend-
ency to variation, it would undoubtedly have multiplied
the variations, thus forming numerous sub-varieties, or dis-
tinct breeds. It is well known, however, that the Setter
breeds true to race-forms, as does also the Spaniel.
Fourth. Wf the Spaniel did throw off a variety—for
without some variation there could not have been any
24 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
change of form—it would probably have been lost by inter-
crossing with the parent type, by the natural tendency of
animal organizations to revert to parental forms, or by the
destruction of the variation as being mongrel. This con-
jecture is not improbable, since no breeder at the present
day would consider his stock pure if the progeny were not
true to type, nor would he allow such progeny to exist;
therefore there is no probability that such variation would
be cultivated and preserved, even if it existed.
Fifth. There would, in all probability, be in existence
humerous intermediate gradations of forms from the Setter
tothe Springer, showing more or less perfectly the different
stages of transition; for it is hardly tenable to suppose
their total destruction, leaving the two breeds distinctly
established, without any connecting link between them.
Sixth. There is an absurdity in the statement that a.
Spaniel was taught to point, and that soon thereafter the
instinct became general; for if one educational matter
became hereditary, why did not all others become heredi-
tary at the same time and in the same manner ¢
Seventh. The pointing instinct, as exhibited by the
Pointer and Setter, is applied for their own profit in hunt-
ing, and has no reference whatever to the purposes of the
gun.
In advancing on their prey, of which game birds are but
a part, Setters (and, for that matter, Pointers also) must
approach cautiously on the birds which are lying close and
concealed from view. The dog must rely solely on his pow-
ers of scent in his approach to the place of concealment, and
must locate the birds with precision to make a success of
his effort. As he approaches the birds, his muscles become
tense, preparatory to the spring to kill, and he stops fora
few moments to gauge the distance and location of the birds,
then springs with astonishing quickness and precision, and
not infrequently effects a capture. If he has the birds accu-
rately located as he draws to them, the preparatory pause,
technically called the point, will be very short, or perhaps
there will be none. This phenomenon is such as is exhibited
THE ENGLISH SETTER. 25
by dogs in training, and not such as is exhibited by broken
dogs. It requires a long course of training to bring the dog
to steadiness on his points to subserve the purposes of the
sportsman; but this only shows that, by training, the sports-
man has diverted to his own use a quality which is an aid
to the dog in gaining a food-supply in a state of nature, the
dog being a carnivorous animal. That the act of pointing,
so far as its practical application is concerned, is but par-
tially instinctive is demonstrated by the various methods
which the Setter has in pursuing his prey; for instance,
when drawing on the trail of birds, he is mute, and shows
the greatest caution in avoiding making any noise, knowing
that noise would alarm the prey and destroy all chances, as
a chase after birds would be hopeless. In chasing rabbits,
which are a part of his prey, and which he hunts with
ereater zest than birds, he gives tongue merrily and makes
no attempt at caution. That this trait of pointing may also
be acquired is a well-attested fact. The writer had a Bull
Terrier which was an excellent squirrel-dog. From seeing
an occasional ruffed grouse shot, he learned that they were
objects of pursuit. When he struck the trail, he would
road cautiously and silently, making a point at the proper
place with excellent judgment, and in this manner, by his
intelligence, giving many good shots. On squirrels, he was
noisy and rapid in his work. There are a number of such
instances mentioned by authors.
Yet the popular belief, in respect to the purposes of the
pointing instinct, is opposed to these views.
The following, from ‘‘ British Dogs,” contains the gist of
the popular teachings and belief on the subject: ‘I look
upon the form exhibited by Pointers, and some Setters,
when standing to game as an inherited habit, the result
of education. The stop, or point, voluntarily made by our
dogs now, is the inherited result of training the breed, gen-
eration after generation, to forego the spring onto the game
natural to a carnivorous animal, in order to serve the gun.”
This is quoted as being an accurate expression of how the
pointing instinct was developed; therefore it will serve as
26 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
an expression of the general belief and not as that of a
single individual.
It does not explain in the least how the instinct origi-
nated, for at the beginning it could not be ‘‘an inherited
habit, the result of education.’”? It is still more inexplica-
ble when we remember that so few individuals were taught
to point. Moreover, educational properties are not trans-
mitted; if so, the constant training which dogs have received
in domestic life, for innumerable generations, would be
inherited; that they are not can readily be seen when com-
paring the behavior of a dog which has been reared in and
about the house, from puppyhood, with that of one which
has been reared exclusively ina kennel. Other educational
acts which are constantly taught to all dogs are not inher-
ited; therefore, why should an act taught to a few dogs
become instinctive in a breed of dogs? It is against all
experience that an educational act taught to one genera-
tion should be transmitted to succeeding generations. The
horse, through many centuries, has been given a thorough
education, one which included a much larger percentage of
the breed than does the education of Setters; yet the colts
of to-day have to be educated precisely in the same manner
as their parents were. Thus if one educational quality
became instinctive by education, why did not all other edu-
cational qualities, which were equally or more uniformly
taught, also become instinctive? This merely shows an
inconsistency in the position; but even without this, it is
untenable, otherwise the teachings of naturalists must give
way to the speculations of those who have given the matter
superficial consideration.
Darwin, in ‘‘ The Origin of Species,’
instinct, says:
5
when speaking of
Domestic instincts are sometimes spoken of as actions which have become
inherited solely from long-continued and compulsory habit; but this is not
true. Again, as in the case of corporeal structure, and conformably to my
theory, the instinct of each species is good for itself, but has never, as far as
we can judge, been produced for the exclusive good of others.
In other words, an animal never has an instinct for the
benefit of some other animal; instincts being directly for
CINCINNATUS.
Owned by J. E. Dager, Toledo, Ohio,
28 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
the benefit of the individual having them, or the preserva-
tion of the species. This subject admits of much greater
scope in treating it, but sufficient has been advanced already
to give the reader a fair general knowledge of all that is
known of the origin of the Setter. He may have had a
Spaniel ancestry; but whatever his origin, it is now in the
realms of speculation. At best, there is no relation what-
ever between such a trifling cause and such a great and
unrelated effect; however, the main proofs to sustain the
belief that the Setter had a Spaniel ancestry are fully set
forth, so that the reader can form his own conclusions.
When carefully analyzed, there is but one conclusion; 7. e.,
that the origin of the Setter is not known.
The development of the English Setter, and his rise to
his present high place in the appreciation of sportsmen, are
matters of a comparatively recent period. Numerous
strains existed in England, each of which had its admirers
and supporters, and for each special claims of excellence
were made.
In this country, the stages of transition in the develop-
ment of the English Setter have been somewhat irregular
in respect to progress; but, at the present time, it is gener-
ally conceded that the high-class English Setter, as he
exists in this country, has no superiors. The first impetus
given to the general improvement of the English Setter in
America was due to the importation of some of the best
blood from England, and the coincident growth of field
trials. The Laveracks, a strain so called from having been
bred and preserved by the late Mr. Laverack, through his
life-time, had a great deal of prominence in the sporting
world, although the purity of his breeding, and, conse-
quently, the pedigrees which he presented to the public,
were questioned as to their correctness by prominent
breeders, and, it would seem, with a great deal of justness;
for there are many matters incidental to them which it is
difficult to explain consistently with Mr. Laverack’s pre-
tensions.
The first field trials—the inception of general progress
THE ENGLISH SETTER. 29
in field sports in America—were run near Memphis, Tenn.,
in 1874, under the auspices of the Tennessee Sportsmen’s
Association. For four or five years thereafter, general
progress was slow; breeders having so many conflicting
interests and theories in regard to breeding, as to which
were the best strains, that it required a certain length of
time to determine which were the best dogs, and which
the best methods of training—thus approximating to at
least a general agreement on sporting matters. Although
there are still many which are unsettled, because of the
whims, preferences, prejudices, beliefs, different needs and
training of sportsmen, it is a matter for congratulation
that they are educated to a point where differences of
opinion are now confined to large classes of sportsmen—
one class against the other—where, a few years ago, it was
each individual’s opinion arrayed against those of all
others.
The field trials furnished an available public test to
determine the claims of the different breeds and strains to
superiority. The importation of the blue-bloods, so-called,
led to the keenest of competitions in the field trials with
the native stock; the result demonstrating the superiority
of the imported stock to the native. _The win of a dog at
a field trial added largely to his monetary value, as well as
to the satisfaction of his owner in having the best, or one
of the best dogs; thus establishing a standard for others to
strive for. In this manner, the spirit of rivalry or emula-
tion which the competition engendered, created a wide-
spread and active demand for better dogs as to field-work,
and purer blood as to breeding. This, in turn, resulted in
engaging breeders in efforts to supply the demand; and as
the blue-bloods added to their victories over the native Set-
ter, the latter dropped more and more out of the competi-
tion, until, at the present day, they are seldom represented
in the field trials, and but little in the pedigrees of the
favorite lines of breeding—in most instances not at all.
En passant, it may be said that the native Setter had
many admirable qualities, but was chiefly deficient in the
30 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
speed and dash of the imported stock. The Llewellin Set-
ter—a cross of the Duke-Rheebe blood on the Laverack—a
strain of English Setters bred by Mr. Llewellin (England),
found greater favor with sportsmen in this country than
any other strain; and the fine-bred English Setter in this
country at the present time has more of this blood than
any other, although it has largely lost its claim to the name
of Llewellin; that is, a cross of the Duke-Rheebe blood on
the Laverack.
With field trials there came a demand for a higher
grade of skillful training; and as the occupation became
fairly remunerative, as well as congenial to men who were
passionately fond of shooting, it rapidly was monopolized
by them, and soon reduced to a fine art—at least, in so far
as the complex composition of a dog’s nature would permit.
The special characteristics of the English Setter are his
beauty of form; his rich, silky, glossy coat; his intelligence;
his merry, dashing manner of hunting in the field; his keen
scent; and his remarkable judgment in the application of
his efforts, and adaptability to the character of the grounds
and the habits of the game birds which he is hunting.
Combined with these are great powers of physical endur-
ance, which he usually retains until the encroachments of
age impair them. In motion and on point, the English
Setter is the embodiment of beauty, spirit and grace. The
high-class English Setter finds and locates his birds with
great rapidity, when he once catches the scent of them; in
fact, any habitual hesitancy or pottering are elements of
certain defeat, in a competition.
As shown by the records of public competitors, the char-
acter and extent of ownership, and the preference and
opinions of the most expert sportsmen, the English Setter
is the superior of all other breeds for work on game birds.*
* Among those who are prominent as breeders or owners of good English
Setters may be mentioned J. Shelley Hudson, Covington, Ky.; the Memphis
and Avent Kennels, Memphis, Tenn.; C. Fred Crawford, Pawtucket, R. L;
A. M. Tucker, Charlestown, Mass.; Dr. S. Fleet Speir, Brooklyn, N. Y.;
Theodore Morford, Newton, N. J.; A. H. Moore, Philadelphia, Penn.; E. W.
THE ENGLISH SETTER. 31
In breeding Setters, if superior field performances are
the qualities to be, attained, the rules for guidance are
simple. Breed only to dogs of the highest individual
merit. Breeding to a poor dog, simply because his brother,
or other blood relation, is a Known good performer, is the
most fallacious theory in breeding. The poor dog is much
more predisposed to transmit the poor qualities which he
has than the good qualities of his related blood which he
has not. By such course, the best strain can be, in time,
rendered utterly worthless. Without this care in selection,
or material of the proper quality to select from, but little
progress, if any, can be made in improving the stock. The
Setter, being a working dog, should be bred on as near a
working type as possible—a type which admits of a com-
bination of speed, strength, and endurance. The elegant
racing-lines of the Greyhound admit of the exercise of great
speed, but it can not be sustained for any comparatively
ereat length of time. The Setter requires a symmetrical
but stronger construction, the demands of his work requir-
ing that he should be able to work all day, or several days
in succession, at a reasonably fast pace. Gradually, how-
ever, the breed of English Setters has been diverging into
two types—one encouraged by bench shows, the other by
the demands of practical field sportsmen. The former is of
a cobbier type, with a preference for a needless profusion
Jester, St. George’s, Del.; T. Donoghue, La Salle, Il.; John Bolus, Wooster,
Ohio ; Edward Dexter, Buzzard’s Bay, Mass.; P. Henry O'Bannon, Sperry-
ville, Va.; Thomas Johnson, Winnipeg, Man.; Dr. J. E. Hair, Bridgeport,
Conn.; Davey & Richards, London, Ont.; N. B. Nesbitt, Chesterville, Miss.;
P. H. & D. Bryson, Memphis, Tenn.; W. C. Kennerly, White Post, Va.; F.
Windholz, 528 Sixth avenue, New York City; Dr. N. Rowe, editor American
Field, Chicago, Ill.; George W. Neal, Westville, Conn.; the Item Kennels,
Bethlehem, Penn.; H. F. Schellhass, No. 6 Brevoort Place, Brooklyn, N. Y.;
S. Gardner, box 160, Mount Vernon, N. Y ; Dr. H. Clay Glover, 1293 Broad-
way, New York City; Gen. W. B. Shattuck, Cincinnati, Ohio; Hempstead
Farm Kennels, Hempstead, L. I.; Rosecroft Kennels, 102 Chambers street, New
York City; J. E. Dager, Toledo, Ohio; 8. L. Boggs, 91 Fifth avenue, Pitts-
burgh, Penn.; and Cohannett Kennels, Easton, Mass. There are many others
that I should like to mention, but it is impossible, for want of space, to give
anything like a complete list.—Eb.
32 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
of feather—fashion having, in a measure, taken the Setter
from his domain as a working dog and transferred him to
domestic life as a pet and companion; a position to which
his docility, intelligence, symmetry of form, beautiful
coat, and affectionate disposition eminently qualify him.
Bench shows and field trials have become established
institutions, and gain a stronger and wider support year
by year. The preparation of a dog for either, entails a great
deal of skillful labor and diligent attention. For a bench
rx ———
DAISY FOREMAN
Owned by George W. Neal, Westville, Conn,
o
show, a dog must be in the highest physical condition;
therefore in the highest state of health. These can only be
accomplished by regular feeding, exercise, grooming, and
cleanliness in his yard and sleeping quarters—particulars
which, by the way, should be observed at all times, whether
preparing for competition or not.
A Setter, when mature, should be fed but once a day.
This is sufficient either at work or rest; but it should be
good, wholesome food, and all that the dog will consume.
A liberal proportion of meat may be used; in fact, when at
THE ENGLISH SETTER. 33
work, the dog may with advantage be fed on a meat diet
exclusively. During the close season, the dog, if confined,
should have as large a yard as possible for the purpose of
exercising, and thereto the owner should give him a run
night and morning. The dog is a nervous, restless animal,
generally of unlimited energy and spirits, and plenty of
exercise is an absolute requirement to keep him in good
health. In connection with feeding a dog, it may be men-
tioned that it is a mistake to give a dog a large, hard bone.
The dog will gnaw it by the hour, but he gets no nourish-
ment, and wears out his teeth. Young dogs may be fre-
quently seen with their front teeth worn to the gums, from
the effect of this kind of misdirected kindness. Soft bones,
which the dog can crush easily, such as the ribs of sheep,
etc., keep the teeth white and clean, and gratify the dog’s
craving for bones.
Good, clean straw makes an excellent bedding. It
should be changed as often as it gets broken or soiled;
about twice a week will usually be often enough, unless the
weather should be very rainy and the ground muddy,
when it should be changed oftener. Where but one or two
dogs are kept, any dry, clean out-building will do for a
kennel; or a small kennel can be made at little expense.
The field training of a dog is an art on which there is a
voluminous literature. The modern trainer has improved
greatly on the methods of his predecessors, and the Ameri-
can trainer of the present has no peer in his special calling;
a calling which has its hardships, however, for it is shorn
of all artificial advantages which are incidental to training
on a preserve in England. The trainer, when the training
season begins, locates in some favorable section in the South,
where he has an abundance of old fields, open and cover,
and where birds are known to be plentiful; thus training
his dogs in actual hunting. In this manner, they get their
education in practical work. The trainer has to reconcile
himself frequently to the discomforts of poor lodgings,
worse fare, and isolation from congenial civilization. But
fondness for the dog and gun overcomes all the hardships
3
34 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
of the profession, and the trainer often can not be induced
to engage in more remunerative and settled occupation.
The prices for training a dog vary from $100 to $150, accord-
ing to the perfection in training which the owner desires, or
the reputation of the trainer—winning at field trials adding
to a trainer’s reputation and to the demand for his services.
An English Setter of good breeding, showing superior
merit and winning in competition, is worth from $500 to
$2,000, taking the sales of the past few years as a standard
by which to judge.
The training of a dog requires from five to six months to
complete, under the tuition of a skillful trainer. When
the dog is ten months ora year old, he is at the best age
for training, having then sufficient physical development to
endure the work, and mental capacity to understand it.
The methods of training in vogue at the present time
differ radically from those of a few years ago. Then it was
assumed that a dog should be trained in every detail, even
in the manner in which he should perform his work; now
the dog is taught to direct his efforts in the interest of the
gun, but the manner, being natural to him, is developed to
its greatest capacity simply by giving the dog ample
experience to exercise it; for without ample experience to
learn methods of hunting, after his own manner, he can not
make progress in skillful hunting.
The most essential qualities in hunting are pointing and
ranging. To become a skillful performer and proficient in
the first quality, a dog must have delicate scenting powers
and great judgment in using them; to be a good ranger, he
must have good speed which is well and uniformly main-
tained, and great stamina to sustain long-continued periods.
of work. To these he must add great intelligence, to the
end that his efforts be directed with judgment; the intelli-
gence displayed in his methods being commonly called
‘*bird sense.’’ A dog possessing the latter quality will be
incomparably superior to one without it, even if the latter
is equal or superior in other qualities. A dog having
‘*bird sense’’ hunts out his ground in the most thorough,
GLOSTER,
Owned by Mr, J. L. Breese, Tuxedo, N, Y.
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THE ENGLISH SETTER. 35
yet intelligent manner. He takes his course from one
likely place to another, makes a circuit about likely fields
to strike the trail of anything which may be feeding,
avoids bare, unpromising ground in his casts, and always
takes advantage of the wind in beating about, in thicket or
open. The dog which beats about without any plan in his
work, hunting promising and unpromising ground alike,
never becomes a skillful finder. The dog having ‘‘bird
sense’ always has a good memory, and if hunted on any
grounds once or twice, will remember the location of every
bevy found, and hunt them out afterward with remarkable
quickness. Therein lies the great superiority, .in this
country, of intelligent ranging over the artificial method of
beating out the ground, called quartering, in which the
dog is required to beat out the ground at right-angles to
the course of his handler; thus going constantly in parallel
lines excepting when turning at the ends, the distance
between the parallels being theoretically the range of the
dog’s nose. Thus a dog with keen, sensitive functions of
smell could take wider parallels than one whose nose was
dull or poor. In this country, no attention is paid to the
teaching of quartering by the expert handler; and indeed
it is not required. If a dog in hunting out large tracts of
country can not do so intelligently, he is imperfect as a
hunter, and no artificial methods of ranging can supply
the natural deficiency. In England, quartering is useful,
for the reason that the grounds and manner of cultivation
favor it; but what in this respect is advantageous there, is
not so here.
The education of a dog should begin when about ten
months or a year old. It should not be inferred that noth-
ing whatever should be done before such age; on the con-
trary, a great deal is taught, but it is done by taking the
puppy out for exercise runs, and by associating him with
his master, thus enabling him to learn a great deal from his
own observational powers. Hence a puppy should never be
kept chained in a kennel if it is possible to avoid it. At
ten months or a year old, the puppy has outgrown many of
36 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
the frivolous habits of puppyhood, besides having more
physical and mental capabilities.
The trainer first gives the pupil a thorough course of
yard-training, teaching him to ‘‘Drop’’ (to lie down to
order and signal), to ‘‘ Hold up”’ (to rise to order and sig-
nal), to ‘‘Go on” or ‘‘ Hie on,’”’ to walk at heel, to ‘‘Come
in,’ and to retrieve, although the latter accomplishment is
better left out till his second hunting season.
To teach the dog to drop, tie a cord, about three or four
feet long, to his collar; hold the cord in the left hand, a
whip in the right. Give the order ‘*‘ Drop”’ and a moderate
cut of the whip on the shoulder at the same instant; repeat
this till the dog lies down, being particularly careful to
avoid hurry and to use the ordinary tone of voice. After a
few moments, speak to him kindly and give the order
‘Sold: 7
Be careful to guard against such noise or violence as will
frighten the dog. When done properly, no fears are
excited. Let the lesson last about fifteen or twenty min-
utes; then pet the dog a few minutes before giving him his
liberty, so that his fears, if he have any, will be dissipated.
Give two lessons each day, regularly, and regular progress
will soon be apparent.
‘‘ Hie on”’ or ‘‘Go on”? is easily taught when exercising
the dog; the order which frees him from restraint being
consonant with his inclinations always, is soon learned.
More time should be taken to teach obedience to the
order ‘‘ Heel’? during the yard-breaking, as, if taught thor-
oughly, the dog may become habituated to walking behind
his master, and may come in from hunting whenever
uncomfortably fatigued or warm, and thus acquire a very
annoying trait, which will be difficult to cure, or may pos-
sibly be incurable.
When actual field-work begins, it is the better way to let
the dog have his own way for several days, and, if he be
timid or indifferent, several weeks, if necessary to develop
his courage or interest. Coincidently, he is learning
methods of pursuit and a general knowledge of details per-
re
THE ENGLISH SETTER. 37
taining to hunting. The dogis gradually brought into sub-
jection by regular hunting and skillful use of the check-
cord and whip, always avoiding such punishment as will
destroy the dog’s ardor or excite violent fear of his master.
As to the manner of roading and pointing, it should be left
entirely to the dog; the effort of the trainer being directed
toward establishing steadiness on the point and ranging to
the gun. If the trainer be constantly endeavoring to estab-
lish some ideal manner of working, he will find himself
engaged in a most profitless, wearisome, and endless task;
for instance, if the dog roads his birds naturally, it is a loss
of time to endeavor to make him proficient in hunting for
the body-scent, with a high nose, ete. The aim should be
to develop the capabilities which the dog has, rather than the
capabilities which some other dog has and which he has not.
Retrieving is taught either by what is called the natural
method, or by force. In the former, advantage is taken of
the dog’s fondness for play during puppyhood. An object,
commonly a ball or glove, is thrown out, and the puppy
runs after it, takes it in his mouth, and is ready for a frolic.
By degrees he is brought to fetch it to command. Withage
the playfulness disappears, and with regular lessons the
obedience, from regular discipline, becomes habitual.
The majority of trainers and handlers order their dogs
too much. The fewer orders that can be given, the better;
and the most artistically trained dog is the one which will
work steadily to the gun without orders.
The following standards and points of judging for the
English Setter are taken from Stonehenge:
Value. Value.
Sc aerate getter ee ce ore ee 6 NORM CCT eric wakes atte Rear a 8
[TESTES Oy 3 ON Ree acre LOVE am snr ae ore ete een ee 5
BAPE: HPS, WANG: GYESe Sis bec ss bcs ss 5s 4 Symmetry and quality........... 5
IN@eleis Be Sani. aaod se Mae tO ne ete 6 Texture of coat and feather..... 5
Shoulders and chest................ HOSE COLOR is seoriercorerol eve trot ake air sire 5
Back, quarters, and stifles......... 15
Legs, elbows, and hocks........... 12 Motel Seco civase helen Se 100
The points of the English Setter may be described as
follows:
The skull (value 10) has a character peculiar to itself,
somewhat between that of the Pointer and Cocker Spaniel
38 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
—not so heavy as the former’s, and larger than the latter’s.
It is without the prominence of the occipital bone so
remarkable in the Pointer; is also narrower between the
ears, and there is a decided brow over the eyes.
The nose (value 5) should be long and wide, without any
fullness under the eyes. There should be, in the average
dog Setter, at least four inches from the inner corner of the
eye to the end of the nose. Between the point and the
root of the nose there should be a slight depression—at all
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events, there should be no fullness—and the eyebrows
should rise sharply from it. The nostrils must be wide apart
and large in the openings, and the end should be moist and
cool, though many a dog with exceptionally good scenting
powers has had a remarkably dry nose, amounting in some
cases to roughness, like that of shagreen. In all Setters,
the end of the nose should be black, or dark liver-colored;
but in the very best bred whites, or lemon-and-whites, pink
THE ENGLISH SETTER. 39
is often met with, and may in them be pardoned. The
jaws should be exactly equal in length, a ‘‘ snipe-nose,”’’ or
‘*pig-jaw,’’ as the receding lower one is called, being greatly
against its possessor.
Kars, lips, and eyes (value 4).—With regard to ears,
they should be shorter than the Pointer’s, and rounded,
but not so much so as those of the Spaniel. The ‘‘leather’’
should be thin and soft, carried closely to the cheeks, so
as not to show the inside, without the slightest tendency to
prick the ear, which should be clothed with silky hair, little
more than two inches in length. The lips also are not so
full and pendulous as those of the Pointer; but at their
angles there should be a slight fullness, not reaching quite
to the extent of hanging. The eyes must be full of anima-
tion, and of medium size, the best color being a rich brown,
and they should be set with their angles straight across.
The neck (value 6) has not the full, rounded muscularity
of the Pointer, being considerably thinner, but still slightly
arched, and set into the head without that prominence of
the occipital bone which is so remarkable in that dog. It
must not be ‘‘ throaty,’ though the skin is loose.
The shoulders and chest (value 15) should display great -
liberty in all directions, with sloping, deep shoulder-blades,
and elbows well let down. The chest should be deep rather
than wide; though Mr. Laverack insists on the contrary
formation, italicizing the word wide in his remarks on page
22 of his book. Possibly it may be owing to this formation
that his dogs have not succeeded at any field trial, as above
remarked; for the bitches of his breed, notably Countess
and Daisy, which I have seen, were as narrow as any Setter
breeder could desire. I am quite satisfied that on this point
Mr. Laverack is altogether wrong. I fully agree with him,
however, that the ‘‘ribs should be well sprung behind the
shoulder;’’ and great depth of the back ribs should be
especially demanded.
Back, quarters, and stifles (value 15).—An arched loin is
desirable, but not to the extent of being ‘‘roached”’ or
** wheel-backed ’’ —a defect which generally tends to a slow,
40 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
up-and-down gallop. Stifles well bent and set wide apart,
to allow the hind legs to be brought forward with liberty in
the gallop.
Legs, elbows,’ and hocks (value 12).—The elbows and
toes, which generally go together, should be straight; and
if not, the ‘‘pigeon-toe,’’? or in-turned leg, is less objec-
tionable than the out-turn, in which the elbow is confined
by its close attachment to the ribs. The arm snould be
muscular, and the bone fully developed, with strong and
broad knees; short pasterns, of which the size, in point of
bone, should be as great as possible (a very important
point), and their slope not exceeding a very slight deviation
from the straight line. Many good judges insist upon a
perfectly upright pastern, like that of the Foxhound; but
it must not be forgotten that the Setter has to stop himself
suddenly when at full stretch he catches scent, and to do
this with an upright and rigid pastern causes a consider-
able strain on the ligaments, soon ending in ‘‘knuckling
over;’’ hence a very slight bend is to be preferred. The
hind legs should be muscular, with plenty of bone, clean,
strong hocks, and hairy feet.
The feet (value 8) should be carefully examined, as upon
their capability of standing wear and tear depends the util-
ity of the dog. A great difference of opinion exists as to
the comparative merits of the cat and hare foot for stand-
ing work. Foxhound masters invariably select that of the
cat; and as they have better opportunities than any other
class of instituting the necessary comparison, their selection
may be accepted as final. But as Setters are especially
required to stand wet and heather, it is imperatively neces-
sary that there should be a good growth of hair between
the toes; and on this account a hare foot well clothed with
hair—as it generally is—must be preferred to a cat foot
naked, as is often the case, except on the upper surface.
The flag (value 5) is in appearance very characteristic of
the breed, although it sometimes happens that one or two
puppies in a well-bred litter exhibit a curl or other malfor-
mation, usually considered to be indicative of astain. It is
“puy eukern Hoy ‘Buimy “MM esi0ay uy kq paumo
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THE ENGLISH SETTER. 41
often compared to a scimiter, but it resembles it only in
respect of its narrowness; the amount of curl in the blade
of this Turkish weapon being far too great to make it the
model of the Setter’s flag. Again, it has been compared to
a comb; but as combs are usually straight, here again the
simile fails, as the Setter’s flag should have a gentle sweep;
and the nearest resemblance to any familiar form is to the
scythe, with its curve reversed. The feather must be com-
posed of straight, silky hairs; and beyond the root, the less
short hair on the flag the better, especially toward the
point, of which the bone should be fine, and the feather
tapering with it.
Symmetry and quality (value 5).—In character, the Set-
ter should display a great amount of ‘‘quality,’’ a term
which is difficult of explanation, though fully appreciated
by all experienced sportsmen. It means a combination of
symmetry, as understood by the artist, with the peculiar
attributes of the breed under examination, as interpreted
by the sportsman. Thus, a Setter possessed of such a frame
and outline as to charm an artist would be considered by
the sportsman defective in ‘‘quality’’ if he possessed a
curly or harsh coat, or if he had a heavy head, with pend-
ent, Bloodhound-like jowl and throaty neck. The general
outline is very elegant, and more taking to the eye of the
artist than that of the Pointer.
The texture and feather of coat (value 5) are much
regarded among the Setter breeders; a soft, silky hair,
without curl, being considered a sine gua non. The feather
should be considerable, and should fringe the hind as well
as the fore legs.
The color of coat (value 5) is not much insisted on among
English Setters, a great variety being admitted. These
are now generally classed as follows, in the order given:
(1) Black and white ticked, with large splashes, and more
or less marked with black, Known as ‘‘blue belton;”’
(2) orange and white freckled, known as orange belton;
(8) plain orange, or lemon and white; (4) liver and white;
(5) black and white, with slight tan markings; (6) black
42 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
and white; (7) liver and white; (8) pure white; (9) black;
(10) liver; (11) red or yellow.
To show the present high type of the modern English
Setter, several portraits of well-known prize-winners are pre-
sented. ‘The exquisite symmetry, combined with strength,
in the English Setter are thus made apparent to the eye.
Daisy Foreman. (A. K.C.'S. BS No.5711); famous as a
bench-show winner, was whelped June 14, 1885. She is by
Champion Foreman, out of Jolly Nell. She is black,
PL GENET.
Bred by Mr. J. C. Higgins, Wilmington, Del.
white, and tan, with a ticked body, and evenly marked.
Her weight is forty-three pounds. Her winnings are as
follows: First in puppy class, New York, 1886; second
and two specials at Waverly, 1886; first and special for
best English Setter at Danbury, 1886; first at Stafford
Springs, 1886; fourth and special at Newark, 1887; second
and special at Providence, 1887; first at Boston, 1887; first
at Hartford, 1887; first at Hornellsville, 1887; first at Dan-
bury, 1887; second at New York, 1887; second at New
York, champion class, 1888; second at New Haven, cham-
THE ENGLISH SETTER. 48
pion class, 1888; second in challenge class at Boston, 1889;
first in challenge class at Boston, 1890—in fact, she is one of
the best English Setter bitches bred in America. She is
owned by Mr. George W. Neal, Westville, Conn.
Cincinnatus and Toledo Blade are both owned by Mr. J.
EK. Dager, Toledo, Ohio, and are renowned as combining
both bench and field-trial qualities. Cincinnatus is black,
white, and tan; is by Count Noble, out of Dido II., the
choicest Setter blood of the world. He divided third, all-
age stake, Southern Field Trial Club, 1888; divided fourth,
all-age stake, Eastern Field Trials Club, 1889. On the
bench, he won first and four specials, Columbus; third,
open class, and first, novice class, New York, 1889; first
and silver medal for best English Setter placed in any field
trial in America, Chicago; first and two specials, Toledo,
1889.
Toledo Blade is black, white, and tan; is by Roderigo,
out of Lillian, famous for the transcendent superiority of
their qualities afield; and the breeding also is of the very
choicest. Toledo Blade won second in the all-age stake of
the Southern Field Trial Club, 1888; second, all-age stake,
of the Eastern Field Trials Club, 1889; first in the all-age
Setter stake, Southern Field Trials, 1889. At bench shows,
he was V. H. C., Columbus; second at Chicago, 1889.
Roderigo, owned by the Memphis and Avent Kennels, is
black, white, and tan; is by Count Noble, out of Twin
Maud, and is recognized as a dog of decided superiority.
He won first in the all-age stake, National Field Trial
Club’s trials, 1885. He has distinguished himself as a
wonderful sire, having to his credit a list of remarkable
field-trial winners in his progeny.
Plantagenet is a lemon belton, by Dashing Monarch,
out of Petral, and a celebrated bench-show dog a few years
ago, although he was not fine enough in form, being too
heavy in the shoulders and a bit coarse to suit modern
ideas of what the Setter’s physique should be.
. Rowdy Rod, a phenomenal son of Roderigo, out of
Juno A., is a young dog which ran in his puppy form last
Aa THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
year, and by the very superior character of his perform-
ance, excited the admiration of the most exacting field-trial
fancier. He won first in the Eastern Field Trials Club’s
Derby, first in the Central Field Trial Club’s Derby, second
in the Southern Sportsmen’s Association’s all-age stake,
1890. He is black and white in color, and besides being a
workman, is handsome withal. He is owned by Mr. George
W. Ewing, Fort Wayne, Ind.
Gloster, owned by Mr. James L. Breese, Tuxedo, New
York, is black, white, and tan, by Dashing Rover, out of
Trinket; hence he also has a royal canine parentage. In the
field trials he has been a most formidable and successful
competitor, vanquishing the most noted dogs of the day in
public competition, as the following list of winnings will
show: First, members’ stake, and divided second in all-age
stake, Eastern Field Trials, 1886; first in all-age stake and
first in champion stake, same club’s trials, 1887; first, mem-
bers’ stake, same club’s trials, 1888; second, members’ stake,
same club’s trials, 1889.
THE IRISH SETTER.
By Max WENZEL,
Secretary the Irish Setter Club of America, and
B, F. SEITNER,
Vice-President the Pointer Club of America.
LD writers have advanced the theory that our Setter,
as a species, is the product of the mating of a Span-
iel with the Hound; and this seems to be as plausible
as any other that has been offered. The bird-chasing
instinct of the Spaniel, mixed in the offspring with the love
for fur which is inherent in the Hound, may have had the
effect, at the earliest age, of an undecidedness in the pres-
ence of game. Being at first unable to decide whether,
according to Spaniel instinct, to bark and jump the game,
or whether to be ruled by his Hound ancestor and follow
the foot-scent, he may have stopped suddenly; thus estab-
lishing the first point on game.
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70 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
His winnings are as follows:
First, puppy class, Boston, 1882; first, open class, Ot-
tawa, 1883; first, open class, New Haven, 1885; first, cham-
pion class, New York, 1884; first, champion class, Montreal,
1884; first, champion class, New York, 1885; first, champion
class, Cincinnati, 1885; first, champion class (spring), Phil-
adelphia, 1885; first, champion class, South Attleboro, 1885;
first, champion class, Boston, 1886; first, champion class,
Hartford, 1886; first, champion class, Cleveland, 1886; first,
champion class, New York, 1886; first, champion class, St.
Louis, 1886; first, champion class, Boston, 1887; first, cham-
pion class, Pittsburgh, 1887; first, champion class, New
York, 1887; first, champion class, Detroit, 1887; first, cham-
pion class, Syracuse, 1888; first, challenge class, New York,
1889; first, challenge class, Troy, 1889; champion Irish Set-
ter, sweepstakes of America and cup, and special for best
Irish Setter, New York, 1884; special for best Setter dog,
any breed, Montreal, 1884; special for best Irish Setter, New
York, 1885; special for best Irish Setter (spring), Philadel-
phia, 1885; special for best Setter dog, any breed, South
Attleboro, 1885; special for best Irish Setter dog, Boston,
1886; special for best Irish Setter dog, and special for best
Trish Setter dog or bitch, Hartford, 1886; special for best
Irish Setter, Cleveland, 1886; special for best Irish Setter,
special for best Irish Setter dog, and special for best Setter
dog or bitch, any breed, New York, 1886; special for best
Irish Setter dog, and special for best Irish Setter dog or
bitch, St. Louis, 1886; special for best Irish Setter, and
special for best Irish Setter dog or bitch, Boston, 1887;
special for best Irish Setter, and special for best Irish Set-
ter dog, Pittsburgh, 1887; special for best champion Irish
Setter dog, special for best Irish Setter dog, and special for
best Irish Setter dog or bitch, Detroit, 1887; special for best
Irish Setter dog, Syracuse, 1888; special for best Irish Set-
ter dog, Troy, 1889; special, with Lorna, for best pair of
Irish Setters, New Haven, 1885; special, with Lorna, for
best pair of Irish Setters, Cleveland, 1886; special, with
Lorna, for best brace of Irish Setters, St. Louis, 1886;
THE IRISH SETTER. al
special for one of best kennel, Boston, 1886; special for
one of best kennel, Hartford, 1886.
The most successful sires of the past and present are,
about in the order named. Champion Elcho, Plunket, Rufus,
the great Glencho, Berkley, Erin, Elcho, Junior, Biz,
Champion Norwood, Max Wenzel’s Chief, Rory O°’ More,
and Stoddard’s Bob. The list of winnings these dogs and
their descendants have to their credit would fill a book. It
might be profitable to some of the breeders, and would-be
breeders, of the present day, to carefully study and con-
sider the breeding of some of these dogs; for in this breed,
as in all others, there is wisdom in choosing from good
families, and in the light of the past it should not be diffi-
cult to pick out the successful dogs.
We come now to consider the Irish Setter as a field dog.
The cardinal points on which depend the value of every
pointing dog are the same in all breeds, and I can not do
better than to quote from one of England’s highest authori-
ties, ‘‘ Idstone,’’ who speaks of the Irish Setter as follows:
‘“They have been jealously protected from mongrel out-
crosses for many years by their native breeders, and they
owe their popularity, in Ireland and elsewhere, to their
quality quite as much as their color. They are exceedingly
fast, and very resolute, hardy, and thoroughly blood-like,
genuine Setters. —
. ef A
THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER.
By Harry Mancoum,
President The American Gordon Setter Club.
HE origin of this famous breed of Setters dates back
© eighty-nine years ago, or more, to the Duke of Gor-
don’s Castle, whence its great fame as a field dog
has spread far and wide. It was from the Duke of Gordon
that our favorite derived his name; and but for this noble-
man we should never have known or been able to perpetu-
ate this ne plus ultra of handsome Setter dogs.
About the year 1859, the first specimens of this breed
were introduced in England, and were there called the
Black and Tan, or Gordon Setter. They were bred and
shown in England of immense size, and were entirely too
heavy in make to please the majority of English sportsmen;
and but for the old stock in Scotland, which were merry
little workers, and but for the careful breeding of some
English and American lovers of field sports, which resulted
in getting him back to his proper size for practical field
form, we should not to-day have had the handsomest and
grandest field dog it has ever been the writer’s good fortune
to follow afield, day in and day out.
Writing of the show bench in England, Stonehenge says,
referring to Kent (K. K. C. 8. B., 1600): ‘‘His grand head
and rich color drew general attention to him, taking prize
after prize at Cremorne, Birmingham (four times), Islington
(twice), Worcester, and Paris. His extraordinary career
naturally caused a great amount of jealousy, and he was
called, by the opposition party, a ‘cur,’ a ‘mongrel,’ a
‘half Bloodhound,’ and a dozen other hard names. So
convinced, however, was Mr. Pearce of his purity of breed-
ing, that he determined to put the matter to the test of
(75)
76 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
experiment, and offered to trust one of his stock, out of
Regent, to the care of the writer of this article, to be
brought up where he could not possibly see game, and at
the proper age, namely, nine or ten months, to be first
introduced to it. The result was in accordance with Mr.
Pearce’s prophecy, for the puppy not only beat his ground
in fine style, but at the end of a few hours work began to
stand his birds as only a well-bred Pointer or Setter will
do, without any artificial education of any kind. Of course
_the report of this trial added greatly to Kent's reputation;
and being followed by the successes of Rex (the above
puppy) at Stafford and Shrewsbury, where he won three
cups, beating in the final trial Mr. Field’s Duke (an English
Setter), who had gained a high reputation in previous
years, Kent had so strong a run at the stud for several
years that it would be difficult at the present day to find a
Black and Tan Setter without a strain of his blood. Mr.
Pearce’s Regent had several large litters by him, including
Rex, Young Kent, lowne, La Reine, Dane, Deal, and Silk,
all winners at shows or field trials.”’
I quote the above for the reason that no pure-bred Gor-
don’s pedigree to-day can be found that does not trace to
Kent and the above-named dogs, and end with such well-
known Gordon Setters as Lord Bolingbroke’s Argyle and
Ruby I. (E. K. 8. B., No. 1683), or Coward’s Sam, Joblin’s
Nell, or Friday and Fan, Duke of Gordon’s Grouse, Duke
of Gordon’s Nell, or to Zango, Zara, Major, Nep, Drill, or
Mopsa.
Coming down to the present day, we find that the Gor-
don Setter in America is called, by the opposition, all the
hard names they can think of because some men who breed
dogs simply for show, breed them to a size that utterly
unfits them for field-work. In fact, many of these so-
called Gordons were not Gordons, but a cross-bred dog.
Their being black-and-tan in color was sufficient to mislead
the amateur and the unsophisticated judge. Their owners
called them Gordons, exhibited and sold them as such, and
as a field dog they were a failure. The pure-bred Gordon
GORDON SETTERS—MALCOLM AND GYPSEY.
Owned by Mr. Harry Malcolm, Baltimore, Md.
THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. Ti7h
had to suffer the odium cast upon him by these impostors,
whereas if the amateur had purchased of breeders who
could trace pedigrees to the above-named dogs, he would
have been a happier and wiser man.
A dog who is simply a prize-winner, no matter if he is
not pure bred, or is even gun-shy, or has never seen game,
is more valued by the average mug-hunter than the finest
field dog in the country. The bench shows were to blame,
in a measure, at least, for this state of affairs, in having
only one class in which this breed could enter, and that for
Black and Tan Setters; when, in fact, they should have had
a class for Gordon Setters, and the Black and Tan should
have been in the cross-bred or English class.
To remedy this evil, and save the Gordon Setter from the
odium that was being cast upon him by having to be
entered in the same class with the Black and Tan (causing
the best specimens of the Gordon Setter to be Kept at home
for many years), the field sportsmen, and lovers of the pure-
bred Gordon Setter, met and formed a club, Known as the
American Gordon Setter Club. We went before the Ameri-
can Kennel Club, requesting them to give us a class in the
Stud Book for our pure-bred dogs, and to call this strain the
American Gordon Setter. Our request was granted; and in
_ the future, none but a dog with a pure Gordon Setter pedi-
gree can be registered as an American Gordon Setter.
The cross-bred dog, who depended upon his black-and-
tan color to deceive the public, has now to be registered
in the cross-bred class. The success of the American Gor-
don Setter Club in this matter has saved one of the best
strains of field dogs from utter ruin. So the strain of dogs
that was known at the Duke of Gordon’s Castle as the Gor-
don Setter, and in England as the Black and Tan Setter, are
now known in America as the American Gordon Setter.
The Gordon Setter as seen at Gordon Castle was un-
doubtedly black-and-tan, and black, white, and tan. Many
of the best-bred Gordon dogs throw, in their litters, pups
with a toe or two marked with white, or with a white frill
on same. A litter, a few years back, without some white
78 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
was rare; but by careful breeding, and by breeding only
from those with the least possible white, in time we shall
see Gordons without a white hair on them.
I never cast aside a puppy that is nicely made, even now,
if he has white on chest; although I prefer them without it,
and hope soon to have litters with no other markings than
black-and-tan.
Following is the standard adopted by the American
Gordon Setter Club, and all who wish to advance the increas-
ing popularity of the Gordon are breeding up to it:
VALUE OF POINTS.
Head, including muzzle and nose... 15 Stern and flag ............0--e6 8
JAYS, CES, ANAK MIMO, Gouoadocauace SeColor and marking sey sere eee 8
INGCkieys saci tae cineicm aero cenceren ete 5 Texture of coat and feather...... 6
Shoulders and chest ......... >... 1b (Symmetry: and (quality: -y.)-)teee 8
Back, loins, thighs, and stifles...... 15 —
Legs, feet, elbows, and hocks...... 15 Motels x.ccatsetox hata ee 100
Skull.—The skull should be lighter than in the old type
of Gordon Setters, as was usually seen at bench shows,
must be clean cut, with occiput well defined, and a decided
stop below the eyes; and from eye to occiput should be
from five to five and a half inches in length.
Muzzle.—The muzzle must be straight from eyes to end
of nose, without any inclination to what is termed ‘‘ Roman
nose,’? and without coarseness; it should be from corner of
eye to end of nose four inches in length. Nostrils must be
full and wide, and nose black in color. Jaws should be
exactly even in length; a ‘‘snipe-nose”’ or ‘‘pig-jaw’”’ is a
decided blemish.
Hyes, ears, and lips.—Kyes must be of medium size, and
a deep brown in color, mild and intellectual in expression.
Ears should be set low on head, and lie flat to the cheeks,
without any tendency to prick; should be longer than in
other breeds of Setters. They must be thin in leather, and
must be well coated with fine, silky hair, with as little wave
as possible; the hair should extend an inch or two below
the leather. The lips should be slightly pendulous; a trifle
more so than in other breeds of Setters.
WVeck.—Yhe neck should be of good length, clean and
THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 719
racy, with gradual rise from shoulders to head, and slightly
inclined to arch; should be almost free of leather, but is not
expected to be as clean on underside as a Pointer’s.
Shoulders and chest.—The shoulders should be deep,
with moderately sloping blades; should be strong, and posi-
tively free of lumber, and showing great liberty. The
chest must be flat between the fore legs, moderately deep
and narrow, giving the animal a racy appearance in front.
The ribs must be well sprung behind the shoulders, but not
sufficient to give the animal the appearance of being too
round in barrel, and should extend well back toward the
hips.
Back, loins, thighs, and stifles.—The back should be
short and straight, with loins strong, and slightly arched;
any tendency to sway-back being decidedly objectionable.
Thighs must be strong, with the muscle extending well
down toward the hocks. The stifles should be moderately
well bent, and set somewhat wide apart; they should be
long from point of hip to hock-joint.
Legs, feet, elbows, and hocks.—The fore legs must be
straight, and sufficiently strong in bone, with elbows stand-
ing close to the chest, but not under it. Hind legs to con-
form in bone with the fore legs; they should be moderately
bent. Hocks must be straight. The feet must be round,
hard, arched, and well padded, with hair between the toes.
The ‘‘ cat-foot’”’ should have the preference.
Stern and flag.—The stern should be set on slightly
below the line of back, and carried in very nearly a straight
line from the body—the straighter the better; a ‘‘ tea-pot”’
tail is a decided blemish. When carried down with the
hand, it should not reach below the hock-joint; should taper
gradually from the body to a ‘‘sting-like’’ end. The flag
must be fine and straight, any inclination to curl or ropiness
being objectionable; it should taper to nothing at the end.
Color and markings.—The color should be a rich, glossy,
plum black, with deep senna or dark mahogany, tan
markings, clearly defined, and without admixture of black,
though a little penciling of black on the toes is admissible.
mK
80 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
The tan should show on lips, cheeks, throat, spot over eyes,
underside of each ear, on front of chest, on feet and legs,
also at vent, but must not extend into flag more than three
inches. The tan should show nearly to elbows on inside of
fore legs, and to the hocks or above them on inside of hind.
legs. An American Gordon Setter with a white frill must
not be cast aside; but aim to breed them with as little white
as possible. A good dog must not be disqualified for hav-
ing white as above described. Any white on feet or tail is
a blemish.
Texture of coat and feather.—The coat should be fine
and flat, any inclination to curl being objectionable, though
a slight wave is admissible. The feather should be about
the same in quantity as in the English Setter, running down
to feet on fore legs, and to hocks on hind legs, but only
slightly feathered below the hocks.
Symmetry and quatlity.—The American Gordon Setter
should display much character; the general outline must
look the thorough workman all over, and must absolutely
be without lumber. He should be very blood-like in
appearance, combining great quality with symmetry.
The weight of my dogs is from forty-five to fifty pounds;
height at shoulder, twenty to twenty-four and one-half
inches. My bitches are less in height and less in weight.
If you increase the above height or weight, you will have
a dog that is a labor to himself, and forever in your way.
The weight given above makes a good-sized dog, and you
can take two of them with you in your light top-buggy,
fora hunt or arun. My advice to all is not to breed them
larger than the size above described. You will find them
just what you desire in looks.
The following pedigree is of the writer’s American
Gordon Setter Whip, whose service has been largely
sought after. He has been bred to many of our best Amer-
ican Gordon Setter bitches, as well as to imported bitches.
This pedigree will be found a valuable guide in selecting
pure blood. It traces to the best-bred and best-known
field Gordon Setters that ever lived, in Scotland, England,
*
THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 81
and America; and the blood of the dogs mentioned in it is
distributed from Maine to California. Whip’s descendants
are owned by gentlemen who keep them to shoot over; and
some who have cared to exhibit them at bench shows have
won with them. Some in the pedigree have been winners
at field trials abroad. The Gordon Setter Gordon won
second at a field trial in America, and was justly entitled to
Owned by Mr. A. H. Moore, Philadelphia, Penn.
first. Ere long, when their owners make up their minds to
run them in public field trials, you will sée them go to the
front with ease. IJ never have shown or run one at a public
trial, but have hunted them in private, in the best of
company, with Setters of other strains, and have never
seen them beaten. Nor do I believe the Setter or Pointer
lives that can work with them, in all kinds of cover and over
all kinds of ground, and defeat them ina long hunt.
6
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84 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
I keep my dogs for my own shooting, for pleasure, and
to enjoy with them, alone or with my personal friends, the
pleasures of the field in—
«The brilliant autumn-time,
The most brilliant time of all:
When the gorgeous woods are gleaming,
Ere the leaves begin to fall;
When the maple-boughs are crimson,
And the hickory shines like gold;
When the noous are sultry hot,
And the nights are frosty cold;
When the country has no green
But the sword-grass by the rill,
And the willows in the valley,
And the pine upon the hill;
When the pippin leaves the bough,
And the sumac fruit is red,
And the quail is piping loud
From the buckwheat where he’s fed.”
Pardon my digression, my friends; but the mention of
autumn stirs the fire that is within me, and ever turns my
thoughts afield, and to the above beautiful lines from the
pen of that gifted sportsman, ‘‘ Frank Forester.’’ [live from
year to year to enjoy the pleasures that I find afield. In the
early years of my life, I hunted over the old native English
Settersand Pointers; but I believe that, in view of the scarcity
of game to-day, and the hard work the dogs of this age have
to do to find six or eight coveys of quail in a day, the old-
time Setter would not be of much service to us now. The
birds are smarter, and harder to find; they scatter, when
flushed, into the thick cover. The old-time Setter had no
such work to do as our dogs of this age; so I do not hesi-
tate to say that the old-time Setter is a dog of the past,
and alongside of our keen-nosed, nimble-footed Gordon,
would cut a sorry figure.
I never have gone afield with a dog that has given me so
much genuine satisfaction, in every way, as do my Gordons.
I have hunted them in the best of company for days, but
have never yet seen any of the others stand up to their
work for so long a time, day in and day out, as the Gordon
THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 85
Setter. Neither have I ever seen his equal, in nose, obedi-
ence, stanchness, and speed. When the nature of the
ground will permit it, he is one of the fleetest dogs of the
Setter breed. At his work, he is naturally a high-headed
dog, always seeking for the body-scent of his game. When
the weather is such as to require it, he is quick to take the
foot-scent as well. His natural instinct is developed ina
marked degree, and it leads him to know where to look for
his game, without that racing over ground that is charac-
teristic of Setters of other strains.
I have ever found them easily broken, and they never
forget, when once taught, what is required of them. You
can shoot over them the first of the season with as much
pleasure as at the end.
The American Gordon Setter has never taken part in public
trials, except on one or two occasions in America. The rea-
son is that they have never been owned by those who cared
for yearly field trials, or for a test of so short a duration.
Most of those who run dogs at: yearly trials own either
Llewellin Setters or Pointers, and select judges from those
who own the same breeds; and Gordon Setter owners have
been well aware that in running their dogs under them they
would have a poor show.
The field-trial advocates are preparing to organize yearly
trials, in which each brace of dogs are to be run eight
hours. They should have, for these trials, judges from all
the Setter strains, and Pointer men also. This would, I
think, with their eight-hour heats, bring out more dogs
than ever have been seen at any of the thirty-five-minute
heat trials in the past.
Keep your dogs well exercised, for no dog, unless he is,
will keep in health. A dog that is properly exercised will
not, after your first day’s hunt, be running to heel, but on
the contrary, will do all the work you may require of him,
no matter whether for a week ora month. My way is to have
my dogs follow me in my drives for miles. I give them
but gentle exercise in the summer, not over six miles in the
round trip, and over a route where they can find plenty of
86 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
water from the streams. After October Ist, [ run them
from fourteen to twenty miles every other day. This puts
them in fine condition to shoot over. Never have them too
fat, nor so thin that you can see through them, but in that
happy medium state, so that they look and feel like they
could go for months, and with a will and vim of their own.
I will now take you back to their puppyhood, and give
you some advice, which, if you will follow, and provided
you have the kind of dogs that I have described, you will
CHAMPION LITTLE BOY.*
Owned by Dr. Charles G. Dixon, 2015 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Penn.
have adog as handsome as a picture to look upon, a devoted
companion, and a dog that can do your work afield as long
as you care to hunt him, or that will follow your wagon, in
giving him exercise, as long as you care to drive.
* Little Boy is by Pilot, out of Fly, and carries in his veins some of the best
Gordon blood in America. He was whelped November 24, 1882. His winnings
are as follows:
First, New York, 1884; second, Philadelphia, 1885; second, Philadelphia,
1888; first, Boston, 1888; first, Cincinnati, 1888; first, Toledo, 1888; first, Buf-
falo, 1888; first, Syracuse, 1888; first, Richmond, 1888; first, Pittsburgh, 1889;
THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 87
Always make it a rule in breeding a bitch to have her in
whelp when some of our game birds are in season, so that you
can shoot over her and let her enjoy the pleasure of finding
game. Never breed a bitch, no matter how handsome she
may be, unless she is broken, and has shown all the requi-
sites of a first-class field dog. The same rule that applies
to a bitch must apply to the dog. Never, under any cir-
cumstances, breed to a dog or bitch simply because they
have won several prizes at bench shows. I have known
some of the bench-show champions to be the vilest duffers
afield, and some so gun-shy that the sight of a gun would
make them run for miles to get to a place of hiding. This
I know to be a fact, and it is true of some of the winning
Gordon, English, and Irish Setters, as well as of Pointers;
so be careful in your selection of sire and dam.
When your bitch is in whelp, give her gentle exercise
each day, up to the day she is due to whelp; feed her on soft
food, a little raw beef-liver each day, up to the time she
whelps. After whelping, give her boiled rump-beef, soup,
vegetables, and table-scraps. Feed her well.
When the puppies are about nine or eleven days old,
their eyes will open. When they are four weeks old, begin
to feed them, as it helps to take the strain off the mother,
and helps them to gain strength. You will almost see them
grow.
At this age, if there are symptoms of worms, as there are
likely to be, give each puppy half a teaspoonful, once a
first, New York, 1889; first, Troy, 1889; first, Albany, 1889; first, Utica, 1889;
first, Rovhester, 1889; first, Chicago, 1889; second, Philadelphia, 1889; first,
Toledo, 1889; first, Elmira, 1889; first, Danbury, Conn., 1889; second, New
York, 1890; first, Chicago, 1890; first, Rochester, 1890; first, Boston, 1890;
first, Buffalo, 1890.
Special winnings: Special, New York, 1884; special, Toledo, 1888, for best
sporting dog or bitch in show; special, Buffalo and Syracuse, 1888; special,
Syracuse, Troy, Utica, Philadelphia, 1889; Toledo, 1889, for best Gordon Setter
dog or bitch in show, for best sporting dog in show, for best Setter or Pointer
in show, for best Gordon, English, or Irish Setter in show; special, Chicago,
Rochester, Baltimore, and Boston, 1890; Buffalo, 1890, for best Gordon dog in
show.—Eb.
88 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
day for three days, of Fry’s Vermifuge. After giving it for
three days, try them, about two weeks later, to see if the
worms are cleaned out of them, and you will be surprised
' to see healthy-looking puppies, that you thought had none,
pass worms in great knots. These worms cause the death of
over three-fourths of all the puppies that die. I have never
lost a young puppy in my life—all owing to care in looking
well after this worm pest.
Next, look well to lice and fleas. I use Thymo-Cresol,
called also cold water dip. It is a great disinfectant, and
is not poisonous. It cures all skin diseases, and I use it in
mange with universal success. You can get it of your
druggist. Use it in the following manner:
When practical, use soft (rain, pond, or river) water.
Dilute to the required strength. Always pour the water
quickly upon the Thymo-Cresol, and not the Thymo-Cresol
upon the water. In winter, protect it from frost; and before
using, shake the can. If it does not mix well with cold
water, mix it with warm water first, and then add cold to
the required proportion. The proportions in which the
Thymo-Cresol should be diluted with water, for various pur-
poses, are indicated. A large teaspoonful of Thymo-Cresol
to a pint of water, or a pint of the Thymo-Cresol to twelve
gallons of water, makes a strength of about ‘‘one to one
hundred.”’
This quantity will do to wash six or eight puppies; then
mix a new lot for any more puppies you may wish to wash.
When you have dipped them in and rubbed it well in, take
them out and dry them. After two applications, you
will find all the lice and fleas have been destroyed. When
they are eight weeks old, wean them, take the bitch to new
quarters, and use the following mixture, rubbing it well
into her breast:
Iodide of potassium, two drams; soap, liniment, and oil
of camphor, each two ounces.
Examine the bitch’s breast each day, and draw off all
milk with the fingers that you can. In a few days she
will be in proper shape to work, and will be dried up nicely.
THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 89
When you have for several weeks fed your puppies on
boiled grits, or boiled oatmeal, and a little cooked meat
twice a week, and they have learned to eat well and take
care of themselves, send the brace, or braces, you may wish
to keep to someone you know in the country, to raise for
you. It may cost you a few dollars each month, but you
will be well repaid in the hardy growth of your puppies.
Wherever you send them, have it distinctly understood
that you wish them to run loose, as your desire is to
develop every bone and muscle in them.
When they are about ten months old, bring them home;
and after the youngsters have learned to know you, and
show by their actions that they have accustomed them-
selves to the change and to the whistle, teach them to drop
and follow well to heel, which you will find a great comfort
to you when you walk them. Then take them in your
buggy when you drive, that they may get accustomed to
the motion of the wagon. Never feed old or young dogs
just before you go out to exercise. When over their first
sea-sickness, as it were, make them drop the moment you
put them in the buggy, and keep them down until you are
ready to let them out for a run.
Nothing is more annoying to me, when I bundle into a
wagon, on a shooting-trip with a friend, than to have him
say his dog has never ridden, and in a few moments to have
him vomit all over the floor. Or if he has not ridden before,
and is not broken to drop in the wagon, but to be all
over it—head on the reins and in your lap, I prefer to
get out and walk. Hence this advice as to training dogs
to ride.
As soon as your puppies have been well broken to ride and
drop in the wagon, take one of your old stand-by’s out with
you and your brace of puppies. Let them out on the road
for a run of a mile on the first trip, being careful to select
roads but little traveled until your puppies have learned to
keep away from passing wagons. You must drive slowly,
being careful that you do not run over them. They soon
learn to follow well, and in a short time you can give them
90 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
good long and fast spins with the older dogs. Never run
a puppy until you tire him; it makes him sluggish.
Your next move is to take him afield with one of your
broken dogs, to find game; for of course you are anxious to
fully determine whether his nose is as fine as you have
thought from your early observations in watching him find
his food when thrown in the tall grass, and the several little
things you have seen him do, such as, when running on
the road, to suddenly stop, and turn and hunt out a bone,
or scent a barn-yard hen. All these little things are indic-
ative of a good nose, and to fully satisfy yourself, before
making any further move in his education, is the reason
you wish to see him on game.
I have put down many a puppy on game that at once
began to range, and with tail action of the very best style,
find and point. I lovea lively tail action, and the best field
dogs I ever saw all had it. After your old dog has found
game, call your puppy to you with a whistle, if he is not
then on a point with the old dog. He may go in and flush,
but let him alone. Remember you are not out to break
him, only to test his nose. When the birds are scattered,
and the old dog stands, you will probably see him swing
into his first point, at a distance from his game that will
convince you he is the dog you wish to break.
If, however, you go out once or twice before your
youngster gives you any indication of nose, do not be dis-
couraged; you may see it later. If not, after a dozen or
more trials, under favorable circumstances, I should get rid
of him. It is seldom, in the Gordon family, that you see a
well-bred, well-raised puppy but what will stand his game
on the first day’s trial, and most of them show most excel-
lent noses at a very early age.
I knew a Llewellin Setter, imported by a personal friend
of mine, in this city, direct from Mr. Llewellin, that was
placed in the hands of one of the most successful field-trial
handlers in Tennessee. He worked his hardest to develop
the dog, which was then about fifteen months old, but
returned him as being no good. When this dog was over
THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 91
two years old, he turned out quite a fine worker; he was one
of the late-developing kind. I have never seen this in any
Gordon Setters.
While you had your puppy out, of course you shot over
him, to see that he was not gun-shy. While on this sub-
ject, I will state that of all the dogs I have raised to shoot
over in my life, I have never yet had one prove gun-shy. My
success has been owing to my never breeding to anything
but well-broken dogs, and in not breeding to an unbroken
bench-show dog simply because he won prizes, was hand-
Aa
"GROSSCUP a WEGy Hy
Owned by Dr. Charles G Dixon, 2015 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Penn.
some, and had a fashionable pedigree. Nor have I ever
permitted my bitch to whelp under a barn, and I not to
see her litter until they were running around. From the
day your puppies are whelped, you should have access to
them, and accustom them to your presence as soon as they
can see—to ail noises you can make in their hearing. Take
them out with you as soon as large enough to follow, and
fire several charges from your gun while they are romping
about you. After each time you fire, call them to you,
fondle and romp with them, and you will soon see, when
92 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
you show the youngsters the gun, how delighted they will
be to join you in your tramps, and also how pleased they
are to smell powder.
As regards breaking, my method is the same as most all
sportsmen use, and I will not enter into it for fear of tiring
my readers. I will simply say, if you wish to break your
own dog, buy ‘‘ Modern Training, Handling, and Kennel
Management,’’ by B. Waters.
My advice to young sportsmen is to get a first-class
trainer to break their dogs, if they can afford it; and when
he is nearly finished, request the trainer to give them a
week’s instruction on how to work the dogs after they are
broken.
The Gordon Setter I have always found to be one of the
hardiest, and if well housed and fed, they seldom require
medicine. I hardly know what distemper is with them,
for I have not had a puppy or grown dog afflicted with it
for over twelve years, and then it was contracted by coming
in contact with a road dog, while exercising. My bitch
June lived until she was thirteen and one-half years old;
Malcolm died at eleven and one-half, from inflammation of
the bowels caused by swallowing a bone. A few months
before he died, [ hunted him for several days, and his nose
was as fine, and his speed and endurance were just as good,
as when he was five years old. The Gordon Setter is game
in all his work. He is willing to face the stoutest briers,
or retrieve his game even if he has to go through a skim of
ice. Many a bird have they brought me that fell on the
opposite side of a stout stream, in mid-winter, and they did
it with as much determination as they showed in retrieving
woodcock in summer.
When starting out for a two-weeks trip, take with you
about seventy-five pounds of corn-meal and twenty pounds
of beef flour. This will be all you require to feed a
brace or two on during your stay. Take of the corn-meal
five pounds, and a tea-cup of the beef flour; mix well before
you wet the meal; then wet and mix and have baked nicely
in bread-pans; feed it cold. In the morning, feed lightly;
THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 93
but on your return, before you let them go to rest, feed
them strongly. If you do not feed before they are kenneled,
they will not eat well, for the reason that when once put _
away they prefer rest to food.
If you can, in the section where you are shooting, secure
some raw fresh beef or mutton, give them a good feed twice
a week. Rest assured, if your dogs are well fed, they will
do twice the work for you that could possibly be gotten
out of them if half-starved. At the same time, do not over-
feed. Never feed them on salt meat while on your shooting-
trips, for if you do you will have them filling themselves
to overflowing with water, and this will spoil your day’s
shooting.
When on your trip, if you ride to your shooting-grounds,
see that the wagon-floor is well covered with dry hay or
straw; put your dogs in, both going and returning, thus
saving them all you can—and see how they will tuck them-
selves away in the straw on your way home.
When you arrive home and feed them, take them at
once to your room; spread your dog-blanket, which I pre-
sume you have taken with you, before the fire; let them
dry well, or thaw out, as the state of the weather may
require; take a comb and get off all the burs, especially
under the shoulders, and look the toes over to see that no
burs or dried or frozen mud are left there. I prefer to
always keep my dogs in my room at night, and will not
stop at any house where I can not do so, unless it be at a
friend’s home.
By following the above instructions, you will find your
dogs as fresh as you would wish them the next morning;
they will be with you until a good old age, and no rheuma-
tism will you see in them at any time. If you wish your
dogs to always look well in coat, wash them well all over
with Spratt’s dog soap, rubbing it well in with a stiff root
brush, such as is used for brushing a horse’s mane. This
makes a lather, and will kill every flea on them. Commence
this washing in May, and have it done every three weeks
until about October 15th; then you are rid of fleas on them
94 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
all winter. When you have finished soaping them, in about
ten minutes give them a swim or rinse, to get the lather off;
their coats will then look as sleek as though you had oiled
them. During the winter, once or twice a week, have them
brushed well, from head to heel, with the same kind of root
brush mentioned above; give the exercise as directed, and
you will see dogs, in coat, muscle, and health, that will
please the most fastidious sportsman and fancier.
If these instructions are carried out to the letter, you can
dispense with your medicine-case. If you can not Keep,
feed, and give your dogs your personal attention, you had
better not keep any. Never forget to permit your dogs to
have free access to grass; they use it for any ills they may
have.*
In regard to preparing your dog for a bench show, each
exhibitor has his own way. Iam aware that much is done
in the way of doctoring coat, ete.; but if many exhibitors
would pay more attention to exercise and developing of the
muscle, you would not see so many fat, flabby, undevel-
oped dogs, in bone or muscle, of all breeds of field dogs, at
shows. I like to see them enter a ring before me in perfect
race-horse order, as hard in muscle as it is possible to get
them; not looking like they were too weak to stand, or so
fat that one would suppose they were for the butcher.
I will here describe a hunt I participated in one Septem-
ber, about nine years ago, with several friends. I left Bal-
timore, Maryland, my home and birth-place, about the 28th
of August. We started for the prairies of Iowa, five hun-
dred miles west of Chicago, on the Chicago & North-Western
* Among the prominent owners, breeders, and importers of Gordon Setters
in this country, may be mentioned Dr. Samuel G. Dixon, 2015 Chestnut street,
Philadelphia, Penn ; M. D. Baillie, Arlington, N. J.; Beaumont Kennels, 159
West Thirty-fourth street, New York City; W. S. Hammett, Philadelphia,
Penn.; H. F. Smith, 1954 North Eleventh street, Philadelphia, Penn.; Meadow-
thorpe Kennels, Lexington, Ky.; J. L. Campbell, Sincoe, Ontario, Canada; J.
B. Blossom, 938 Prospect avenue, Morrisania, N. Y.; Fred P. Kirby, 185 South
Eighth street, Philadelphia, Penn.; 8. R. Norton, Lemont, Cook County, IIL;
Playford Kennels, Buffalo, N. Y ; Dr. I. T. Norris, box 764, Baltimore, Md.;
Dr. —— Myers, New York City.—Ep.
THE AMERICAN GORDON SETTER. 95
Railway, for a three-weeks absence, which gave us about
twelve days shooting. We took our tent and a full camp-
ing outfit. In the way of dogs, we had Irish and English
Setters, one black Pointer, and one lemon-and-white
Pointer. I had my brace of Gordons, Malcolm and June.
We were on the road three days and nights, and arrived at
our destination at three A. M.
My friends all retired for a few hours rest, but I remained
up and made arrangements with a liveryman to be at the
hotel at peep of day. When he arrived, myself and two dogs
boarded, and were soon tucked in the straw at the bottom
of the wagon, my friends preferring to breakfast, and follow
~Jater. In an hour we reached a nice-looking stubble-field. I
ordered a halt, and alighted, the dogs following suit. They
were ordered on. June had been on chickens before, but Mal-
colm had not. In about ten minutes, I saw them both make
game, and in a moment draw on and make a fine point. I
flushed and killed a brace, and in little over an hour had
ten chickens, all killed over points to these two dogs; and
they had not made anerror. It is needless to say that after
such a journey, and such a performance, I was justly proud
of my pets. This has been my experience with my Gor-
dons every year. On woodcock, snipe, quail, or ruffed
grouse, I have found them always reliable, stanch, and
obedient.
I have hunted them in several States, over hill and dale,
through brier-patches and in dense forest—in fact, wher-
ever the birds would seek refuge; and never yet have I seen
them flurried in the least. They are in appearance and in
nature the gentleman’s dog, both to shoot over and as a
companion at his home. They are of the most affectionate
disposition to home folks, but are watchful when a stranger
is about.
On one occasion, in Caroline County, Virginia, in 1878, I
had arrived home and dressed for supper, after a hard day’s
tramp, in the month of December. My room had an open
wood fire. My dogs were spread out in front of it. I
closed my door and went down to supper. A gentleman
96 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
from Richmond, who was stopping at the same house for a
few days, knowing me, went into my room to warm up—
inside and out. The dogs let him in, but when he started
to go out, he was halted by them, and not until he had
called me from the supper-table did he get out; and if I
had been out of the house, he most certainly would have
had to await my return.
I have seen my bitch Gypsy, on several occasions, while
I have had my birds and traps on the station platform
awaiting a train, jump into and clean up a passing dog for
attempting to nosemy game. I always place my game in
the baggage-car under the care of my dogs, on the floor,
and you can rest assured, none will be appropriated by the
baggage-smasher.
Gordons make the best of yard dogs; and why people
will keep a cur when they can have one of these beautiful
and faithful animals, is beyond my comprehension. In the
Gordon Setter, one may have a dog to guard his family, a
playmate for his children, and a dog that will help to keep
the larder full.
I hope all who may read these lines will find something
in them that will be of service, and assist them in securing
a perfect American Gordon Setter. I hope that many a
time, ere this, they have felt that thrill from head to heel—
when they beheld that brace of Gordon Setters, on that
beautiful point on yonder hill, or have sat on that moss-
covered log beside that gurgling brook, and caressed them
fondly for that masterpiece of work, in having retrieved so
well that crippied bird, and without the rumple of a feather
—that is the cream of existence to the true sportsman. I
hope you are all lovers of the charms of woodland scenery,
for no man can bea true sportsman unless he is in love with
all Nature, in her rural paradise.
I hope you have enjoyed the sportsman’s, sleep. If you
have not seen and enjoyed these pleasures, I am sorry for
you, for you do not yet know what pleasure is. The man
who is troubled with insomnia, will, if he take to the field,
find health and sleep.
THE POINTER.
By CHARLES K. WeEstTBRooK, A. M.
ISTORIOGRAPHY.—The exact origin of this beau-
tiful and useful branch of the canine family, as
well as that of many other varieties, can not be defi-
> nitely stated. The great naturalist, Buffon, was of
the opinion that all the different species of dogs derived
their origin from the shepherd’s dog; and while it is
perhaps inappropriate to discuss this question here, it
may be remarked, en passant, that such an assumption may
possibly be a correct one. It would appear quite natural
that, in those early pastoral days, that marked the dawning
era of civilization and human development, as the shepherd
reclined along the borders of the forests which, like a
mighty frame-work, inclosed the feeding-grounds of his
flock, some specimens of the wild dog should find their
way to his side, and, by kind treatment and gradual domes-
tication, become subordinated to his purposes. Gradually,
under the influences operating upon the animal, through
domestication, climate, variety of food, and other effective
causes, his form, habits, and inherited instincts may have
become changed; and by an occasional cross with another
branch of the family, similarly produced, it is possible to
conceive that the theory of Buffon may be approximately
correct. The well-known susceptibility of the dog to varia-
tions in breeding is also a confirmation of the theory; and
it is easy to account for the changes in his instincts, as now
manifested, on the theory that these have become fixed and
confirmed, in each variety, by the uses to which they have
been severally devoted.
However this may be, the history of the world, from
the very earliest period, informs us of the existence of the
7 (97)
98 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
dog as a companion and associate of man. On ancien
Egyptian monuments is often seen the figure of an animal
very much resembling the Pointer of to-day; and other
ancient works of art, both of sculpture and painting, as
well as family records, justify the belief that the dog, ina
domesticated state, was contemporaneous with the very
dawn of civilization itself.
Regarding the origin of the Pointer, much conjecture
has been indulged in by various writers on the dog. No
two of the early authors seem to agree entirely as to the
precise period when the Pointer came into existence as
such, with all his wonderful instincts and capabilities fully
developed. We must probably seek for that period in
those misty ages of tradition and uncertainty that mark
the origin of our common law, and which Blackstone des-
ignates as ‘‘the time whereof the memory of man runneth
not to the contrary.”’
The earliest printed work, in the English language,
describing the various breeds of dogs, was a ‘‘ Book of
Field Sports,’ written by Dame Juliana Berners, prioress
of Sopwell Nunnery, in Hertfordshire, about the end of
the fourteenth century. In this work, this lady says:
‘“‘Thyse ben the names of houndes, fyrste there is a Gre-
houn, a Bastard, a Mengrell, a Mastif, a Lemor, a Spanyel,
Raches, Kenettys, Teroures, Butchers Houndes, Dunghyll
dogges, Tryndeltaylles, and Pryckeryd currys, and small
ladyes poppees that bere awaye the flees.”’
The next work, in point of antiquity, referring to the
same subject, was by Dr. John Caius, physician to Queen
Elizabeth, published in Latin in 1576, and subsequently
translated into English. The classification of dogs in this
treatise was into three varieties, viz.: ‘‘(1) A gentle kind,
serving the game; (2) a homely kind, apt for sundry nec-
essary uses; (3) a currish kind, meet for many toyes.”’ The
first of these classes is divided by Doctor Caius into two
parts, viz.: Venatici, used for hunting wild beasts, and Au-
cupatorii, which were employed in the pursuit of fowl.
The Venatici were further subdivided into eight varieties,
THE POINTER. 99
namely: Leverarius, or Harriers; Terrarius, or Terrars;
Sanguinarius, or Bloodhounds; Agaseus, or Gasehounds;
Leporarius, or Grehounds; Lorarius, or Lyemmer; Verti-
gus, or Tumbler, and Canis furax, or Stealer. The dogs
used for fowling, or Aucupatorii, were divided into two
classes, viz.: Index, or Setter, and Aquaticus, or Spaniell
—probably drawing a distinction between the Land and
Water Spaniel.
In these ancient treatises, we find no mention made of
the Pointer by name, and for that reason many writers
have assumed that he had no distinct existence at that time.
But this assumption is not necessarily a correct one; for
the Pointer may have existed in Spain or England under
another name, even before that period, as a species of
Hound, Lemor, Lurcher, or even a short-haired Spaniel. In
this case, the name ‘‘Pointer,’?’ which was used by the
Swedish naturalist, Linnzeus [1707-1778], in his classifica-
tion of animals (‘‘Canis Avicularis’’), does not necessarily
carry with it a lack of early origin. The names of dogs
were used interchangeably in early days; the nomenclature
was far from uniform and fixed, and the writer is by no
means certain that the word Spaniel might not at that time
have included the dog subsequently known as the Pointer,
as well as that afterward called the Setter.
This view finds further confirmation by reference to a
work known as ‘* The Gentleman’s Recreation,’’ published
by Nicholas Cox in 1697, in which that author writes of the
Setter as follows: ‘* The dog which you elect for setting must
have a perfect and good scent, and be naturally addicted
to the hunting of feathers; and this dog may be either
Land Spaniel, Water Spaniel, or mongrel of them both;
either the shallow-flewed Hound, Tumbler, Lurcher, or small
bastard Mastiff.”’ By this it will be seen that the status of
the Setter itself was not clearly established as late as the
year 1700—several of the dogs named above being likewise
short-haired, like the Pointer of to-day.
A very ingenious argument has been adduced by certain
writers, tending to prove that the modern Pointer is a
100 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
descendant of the dog known in English literature as the
‘* Brach,’’ which is supposed to have been introduced into
England during the Norman invasion, in the eleventh
century; and such may possibly be the case, but the fact
has never been sufficiently verified. The Braque is one of
the varieties of pointing dogs used in France, and was’
formerly known under that name, with varied orthography,
in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Germany.
Our American lexicographers define ‘‘ brach”’ as ‘‘a bitch
of the Hound kind,” and give Shakespeare [1564-1616] as
their authority. Worcester also gives the definition of ‘‘a
Pointer, or setting dog,’’ and also uses Shakespeare as
authority for that. Richardson, in his dictionary, defines
‘‘brach’’ to mean ‘‘a kind of short-tailed setting dog,
ordinarily spotted or parti-colored.”
It must also be borne in mind that the word ‘* hound,”
which is given as one of the earliest varieties of dogs, by
different writers, signifies simply ‘‘a dog’’ in Anglo-Saxon,
or Old English, and also in German; so that one of the
varieties of Hounds existing so early in England may have
been the ‘‘ Brach,”’ or pointing bird-dog; and it is just pos-
sible that the Spanish Pointer (or Braco) may have been
crossed with the English varieties of the Brach family to
produce certain strains of the modern Pointer. Aldrovan-
dus, a celebrated Italian naturalist of the sixteenth century,
gives the colors of the Brach as black, white, and fulvous,
or brownish-yellow, the color similar to that of the spotted
lynx (ticks), being most sought after—as appears in the
Dalmatian Pointer (or coach-dog), and so often in popular
strains of the modern Pointer. A French encyclopedia
also gives the following definition of the Braque: ‘* The
Braque, or pointing dog, is ordinarily of a white color,
ticked with liver or black; his ears are long and pendent,
and his muzzle somewhat large and long.”’
Sir Walter Scott [1771-1832], in several of his works,
makes reference to the Brach in his description of hunting-
scenes; so that, in view of all the facts, it is not beyond
the realm of reasonable conjecture that a short-haired
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THE POINTER. 101
pointing dog, closely resembling the modern Pointer in
form and color, existed in England prior to the advent of
the Spanish Pointer, and may have been utilized in the
breeding development of our present excellent varieties of
the Pointer family.
In this connection, it may prove interesting to the
reader to consider the question of the
COMPARATIVE ANTIQUITY OF THE SETTER AND POINTER.
In touching upon this subject, it must be remarked that
much discussion has taken place among sportsmen regard-
ing the question of origin and antiquity of these two valu-
able breeds. Some writers have firmly maintained that the
Setter is clearly indebted to the Pointer for his existence
as such; while others have, with equal force of logic and
skill of rhetoric, maintained the exact opposite to be the
case. These discussions have usually been carried on by the
respective friends of each breed, oftentimes with considera-
ble virulence. The writer, being a firm friend of both of
these noble varieties of dogs, will endeavor to present the
question in as clear and impartial a manner as possible.
All recognized authorities on the dog, unite in ascribing
an early existence to that one known as the Spaniel. They
also agree in the opinion that the name was conferred upon
this variety because it originated in Spain, from whence it
was brought into Great Britain. The exact date of the
importation of the Spaniel is not known; nor do we know
what his appearance and character were at the time. He
may have been a short-haired dog when first introduced into
England, and the climate may have subsequently induced
_the growth of his protective coat ; or he may have originally
been a long-haired dog.
Doctor Caius classifies them into Land and Water
Spaniels, and says of them, whether used for the hawk, the
net, the falcon, pheasant, or partridge:
The common sort of people call them by one generall word, namely,
Spaniells. As though these kinde of dogges came originally and first of all
out of Spain.
102 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
However that may be, there is little question that the
Spaniel is one of the immediate ancestors of the dog now
known as the Setter. This name was early given to him
because he had been trained to crawl cautiously upon the
birds, and when he had gotten near enough to locate them,
to set or crouch, permitting his owner to draw a net over
him, and the birds as well. This was done as early as 1576,
when Dr. John Caius wrote, and is clearly described in his
book, to which reference has previously been made.
Gervase Markham, the author of ‘‘ Hunger’s Prevention,
or the Art of Fowling,”’ which was published in 1655, under
the heading, ‘‘ What a Setting Dog is,”’ says:
You shall then understand that a setting dogge is a certain lusty Land
Spaniell taught by nature to hunt the partridges before, and more than any
other chase whatsoever. ... . . ., When he is come éven to the very
place where his prey is, and hath, as it were, his nose over it, so that it seems
he may take it up at his owne pleasure, yet is his temperance and obedience so
made and framed by arte that presently, even on a sudden, he either stands
still or falles downe flatte upon his belly, without daring once to open his
mouth, or make any noyse or motion at all, till that his master come unto
him, and then proceedes in all things according to his directions and command-
ments.
In further confirmation of the fact that the original
Setter was a Spaniel, Mr. Daniel, in his ‘‘ Rural Sports,”
has preserved a document, dated in the year 1685, in which
one John Harris agrees, for the consideration of ten shillings,
to ‘‘well and sufficiently mayntayne and keepe a Spanile
Bitch named Quand, . . . and fully and effectually
traine up and teach the said Bitch to sitt Partridges, Pheas-
ants, and other game, as well and exactly as the best sitting
Dogges usually sett the same.”
The first recorded importation of the Spanish Pointer
(who is fully described in a subsequent chapter) into Great
Britain was about the year 1600. At that time, the setting
dog, as we have seen, might have belonged to several differ-
ent breeds. Shooting with fire-arms came into common
practice, among the gentry, about the same period, and
seemed to call the Pointer into use as a dog who would
indicate the place where the birds lay, while standing erect,
THE POINTER. 103
instead of crouching, as the setting dog did. For a long
time, therefore, the pointing dog was the fashion among
sportsmen, and the setting dog fell into disuse. After
awhile, however, sportsmen began to use the setting Spaniel
to shoot over, notwithstanding his sudden drop and point
made it difficult to see him in cover, turnips, wheat,
standing clover, furze, or ling.
A little later still, we find the Setter dog standing up to
his work like the Pointer. By what process this result
was accomplished, whether by the gradual education and
development of the Setting Spaniel, or by a Pointer cross,
is a question that has never yet been finally settled.
Doubtless there may have been early strains of Setters
that were kept comparatively free from alien blood, in the
gradual process of development from the Setting Spaniel.
On the other hand, there is most excellent authority for
believing that many strains were greatly aided and im-
proved by the introduction of Pointer blood. On this point,
it will be well, probably, to quote a few authorities, as many
lovers of the Setter strenuously adhere to the belief that
that dog is purely an original one, with no Pointer or other
alien blood in his veins.
The author of the Sportsman's Cabinet, published in
1803, makes the following broad assertion:
The dog passing under this denomination [Setter] is a species of Pointer,
originally produced by a commixture between the Spanish Pointer and the
larger breed of English Spaniel.
Mr. William Lort, one of the prominent breeders of the
Setter in England, and a man of recognized authority on
the question under investigation, has written as follows:
As to the origin of the Setter, I am not so sure of the correctness of my old
and valued friend, Mr. H. Hubert, when he says: ‘‘ There is no doubt what-
ever that a true Setter is a pure strain of unmixed Spaniel blood, the only
improvement produced in the breed arising from its judicious cultivation,”’ ete.
I am quite sure that years ago, say from forty to fifty, it was no uncommon
thing to get a dip of Pointer blood into the best kennels of Setters. Some-
times it answered well, and though for a generation or two it diminished the
coat—not always, though, at the cost of appearance—it fined and strengthened
the stern, giving life and motion to it; and what, whether rightly or wrongly,
in early times was thought a good deal of—it rounded the foot.
104 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
I know how shocked some of our modern breeders will be at the idea of
their favorites having in their veins a drop of Pointer blood. It is well, per-
haps, that it is not generally known how many fashionable strains have been
vitiated with much more objectionable blood than that of the Pointer. I have
seen Droppers, yes, and dogs bred from Droppers, possessing exquisite powers of
scent, lovely tempers, and great pace. I think there is reason to believe the
Spaniel to be the foundation of our present Setter.
As a case showing that it is possible for cross-bred dogs to breed true, I
know of a black Setter bitch, three crosses from Pointer, belonging to Robert
Warner, of Leicester Abbey. She was good herself, having all the qualities
of a pure Setter, and curiously enough, she bred well from either a Setter or
Pointer. Mr. Warner gave his keeper (who afterward came into my service)
a brace of black puppies, by a Pointer, of this bitch. They looked all over
Pointers, they worked like Pointers, they were excellent Pointers, and were
sold, when broken, at forty guineas—a good price in those days. I myself had
Setters from her, and they were good Setters and showed all Setter character-
istics.
The above explicit statement was made in a letter to
Mr. Vero Shaw; and the latter, in his valuable work, the
‘* Book of the Dog,’’ adds:
A strong confirmation of Mr. Lort’s theory is to be found in the subjoined
engraving from a painting by the famous French artist, Alexander Francois
Desportes. This great animal painter—born in 1661, and died in 1743—was
elected a member of the French Royal Academy of Painting in 1699, and of
its Council in 1704. For many years he occupied the court position of histori-
ographer of the chase, created expressly for him by Louis XIY.; and his pict-
ures, which are very numerous, can hardly be surpassed for their fidelity to
Nature. The engraving we reproduce from his pencil is entitled, ‘‘ Dogs and
Partridges,” and is valuable as distinctly showing that the Pointer had been
crossed with the Spaniel before and during his time, and that the result was a
dog very like our modern Setter.
Mr. Shaw, on another page of his work, also places the
seal of his indorsement on the reasonableness of a theory
advanced by the well-known writer, Blaine, in regard to the
conversion of the ancient Spaniel into the modern Setter.
Mr. Blaine’s suggestion is that a cross with one of the
celeres, or swift-footed dogs, was resorted to, and that the
Pointer i is probably a cross between the Spaniel and one or
other of the pugnaces. Mr. Youatt, in his valuable work
on the dog, also says: ‘‘It was long the fashion to cross
and mix them [Setters] with the Pointer.”’
As further evidence that alien blood may have been used
in establishing some strains of Setters, the following quo-
THE POINTER. 105
tation from one of the works of Mr. Tolfrey, author of
‘“The Sportsman in France,’’ ‘‘ The Sportsman in Ireland
and Scotland,” and ‘‘The Sportsman in Canada,’’ is given,
it being his recipe for making a strain of Setters:
The preliminary step, is to put a fine-bred and unexceptionable Pointer
bitch to a noted Foxhound; you will then have laid the foundation of three
essential qualities—speed, nose, and courage. Docility and sagacity are also
requisites, and to obtain them, cross the offspring with the small and slender
race of Newfoundland dog. The produce will be as near perfection as
possible; they will take to the water, retrieve, and for general shooting will
be found the very best and most useful animal the sportsman can desire.
The writer does not believe that many breeders were
induced to follow the absurd process recommended by Mr.
Tolfrey, but simply presents that gentleman’s views as
showing the tendency of the time to cross and recross in
order to bring the Setter up to a certain standard.
In the light of all this authentic history, it is difficult to
arrive at any other conclusion than that the modern Setter
and Pointer are both the results of judicious selection,
breeding, and crossing—the Pointer, as will be seen later,
bearing the same relation to the old Spanish Pointer, here-
inafter described, as the Setter does to the original Setting
Spaniel. Without doubt, other dashes of alien blood have
been infused into certain strains of each variety, and certain
strains may be stronger in Spaniel and Spanish blood than
others; but the fact remains the same, that both of these
valuable varieties of dogs have been built up by scientific
crossing. This being the case, it is neither necessary nor
important to inquire into the antiquity of the respective
ancestors of each. Neither can with certainty be accorded
precedence in point of age.
The present dog, of either variety, breeds true to type,
reproduces himself in form, color, qualities, and intellect-
ual traits, and is none the less valuable, in the opinion of
the writer, because certain judicious drafts have been made
on other families of dogs to improve his natural qualities,
and the better to adapt him to the uses for which he is
intended.
106 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
Owing to the constant experimentation in the breeding
of our canine friends for hundreds of years (and even at the
present time), it would seem absurd, to the thinking,
intelligent reader, to claim any breed of dogs as the only
great and original creation. Education, climate, food,
infusion of new blood, domestication—which corresponds
to civilization in man—have done as much for the canine
as they have for the human family. And it is perhaps
well for the whole race of dogs that outside blood has, at
times, been sought for and obtained, and the deteriorating
effects of too close inbreeding thereby happily averted.
Mr. Laverack has himself confessed that at one time he lost
many of his dogs by too continuously breeding-in his strain;
and he not only admits that he once infused a valuable dash
of liver-and-white blood, from the North of England, into
his kennels, but that he made two separate visits to Ireland
for the purpose of looking up a suitable Irish dog to use
for a similar purpose.
THE OLD SPANISH POINTER.
Notwithstanding the uncertainty that exists regarding
the time when the Spanish Pointer was first introduced
into England, there seems to be a general consensus of
opinion that the year 1600 is about the period that marks
his advent under that name. The dog known as the ‘‘ Old
Spanish Pointer’? was the representative of the type at
that time, and has been described by Sydenham Edwards,
in ‘‘ Cynographia Britannica’ (1805), as follows:
The Spanish Pointer is a heavy, loose-made dog, about twenty-two
inches high, bearing no small resemblance to the slow Southern Hound.
Head iarge, indented between the eyes; lips large and pendulous; ears thin,
loose, and hanging down, of a moderate length; coat short and smooth; color,
dark-brown or liver-color, liver-color-and-white, red-and-white, black, black-
and-white, sometimes tanned about the face and eyes, often thickly speckled
with smallspots on a white ground; the tail thin, smooth, and wiry; frequently
dew-claws upon the hind legs; the hind feet often turning a little outward.
The Spanish Pointer was introduced into this country, by a Portugese
merchant, at a very modern period, and was first used by an old reduced baron
of the name of Bichell, who lived in Norfolk, and could shoot flying; indeed,
he seems to have lived by his gun, as the game he killed was sold in the London
THE POINTER. 107
market. This valuable acquisition from the Continent was wholly unknown
to our ancestors, together with the art of shooting flying; but so fond are we
become of this most elegant of field sports, that we now excel all others in the
use of the gun, and in the breeding and training of the dog.
The Spanish Pointer possesses, in a high degree, the sense of scenting,
so that he very rarely or never goes by his game when in pursuit of it; requires
very little training to make him stanch—most of them standing the first time
they meet with game; and it is no uncommon occurrence for puppies of three
months old to stand at poultry, rabbits, and even cats. But as they grow old
they are apt to get idle, and often go over their ground on a trot, instead of
galloping; and from their loose make and slowness of foot, when hunted a
few seasons, soon tire, have recourse to cunning, and in company let the
younger and fleeter dogs beat wide the fields, whilst they do little more than
back them, or else make false points. They then become useless but for hunt-
ing, singly, with a sportsman who is not able or not inclined to follow the
faster dogs.
There are other varieties of the Pointer, as the Russian, in size and form
like the Spanish; coat not unlike a drover’s dog, rough and shaggy, rough
about the eyes, and bearded; color like the Spanish, but often grizzle-and-
white; they differ in coat, some being more rough than others. Thisis probably
a cross between the Spanish Pointer and the Barbet, or rough waterdog. He has
an excellent nose, is sagacious, tractable, and easily made stanch; endures
fatigue tolerably well, takes water readily, and is not incommoded by the most
cold and wet weather.
To this description of the Spanish Pointer, by an early
authority, may be added that of Mr. Taplin, at the opening
of the present century :
Every fact upon record respecting their appearance in England is that
they were, in very early ages, introduced from Spain, and that they were
natives of that country from which their name was derived. . . . The
Pointer of this description is short in the head, broad in the forehead,
wide in the nose, expansive in the nostrils, simply solicitous in aspect, heavy
in the shoulders, short in the legs, almost circular in the form of the car-
cass, square upon the back, strong across the loins, and remarkably so in the
hind quarters. Although this breed, like the English Pointer (by the many
collateral aids so much improved), are produced of various colors, yet the
bold brown, liver-and-white, are the most predominant. . . . . The
Pointer we are now treating of, though exceedingly slow, must be generally
admitted to be swre; indefatigable and minute in his researches, he is rarely
seen to miss his game when game is to be found. Whena covey of birds is
separated, by repeated shots, and are afterward found singly, the Pointer
under description has opportunity to display his best ability in most indus-
triously recovering these scattered birds, the major part of which (if accom-
panied by a good shot) are generally picked up to a certainty. To the
recovery of winged birds, the patient perseverance of this dog is peculiarly
108 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
adapted; and for the sport of snipe-shooting alone they are entitled to the
preference of every other.
The Russian branch of this family of dogs is said to
strongly resemble the later Russian Setter, and many good
authorities consider them almost identical. It is not appro-
priate here to enter into any extended description of the
Russian Setter, further than to say that he is considered a
very superior dog on game, and that several dashes of his
blood have been infused, with benefit, into some strains
of our modern Setters.
The German Pointer is a heavy-set, large-boned dog, with
prominent flews, and considerable throatiness; generally
liver or liver-and-white in color, though not always. He is
believed to be particularly strong in the blood of the Span-
ish Pointer, and his slow but sure methods of hunting con-
firm the belief. He is extensively used in Germany, and as
an all-around game dog has few superiors. There are two
varieties of this useful dog, the Smooth-coated and the
Rough-coated—the latter probably being akin to the Rus-
sian Pointer, above referred to. With reference to these
dogs, we quote the following letter, recently published in
the American Hield, and written by a prominent German
sportsman:
Our dogs must have a different training from the dog used by sportsmen
in England or America. We can not successfully hunt here with the Pointer
or Setter. We need dogs—Gebrauchshunde—adapted to all purposes, a sort of
an all-round dog. This rule especially applies to the Government forester, who
is compelled to be out in the forest every day in the year, and whose dog must
not only be insensible, in a high degree, to all temperatures, but must also, in case
of need, render assistance to his master against game-sneakers, who frequently
are a dangerous Class of men, and often make a murderous attack on the officer
when he interferes with their unlawful pursuits.
English Pointers and Setters are the acknowledged champion bird dogs,
but very few of them can be trained to retrieve a hare or fox at a great dis-
tance, or to bring a duck out of the cold water and through thick weeds, or to
follow the trail of a wounded stag or roebuck.
Yet a hunting dog in this country must combine all these qualities. He is
expected to have a good nose, to search the field all day, in the hot month of
August, for partridges, and make a firm stand when he finds them; he must
work in water for ducks, in warm or cold weather; he must follow a wounded
hare or fox, when brought on the trail, for miles, and retrieve the game the
‘woledwuy uewier) ey} jo Bog pjal4 epuoaey
‘NIGIVM—a4SLNIOd NYNYSD GSLVOO-HLOOWS
(109 )
110 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
same distance. He must never hesitate to attack and kill a wounded fox, otter,
marten, etc.; must pull down a wounded roebuck, or, if he finds the roebuck
or stag dead, commence to bark, and continue to do so until his master is at his
side.
If he follows his master stalking, he must never advance a foot ahead of
him, must ‘‘ drop”? when winked to do so, and remain ‘‘down” until com-
manded to come, even if his master remains away for hours, and meanwhile
has repeatedly fired at game.
We have several breeds of dogs: The German Pointer, German Setter,
and the Rough-coated German Pointer, which, if properly trained, will acquire
the perfection in question.
Of late, the Rough-coated Pointer—of one of which, Ratiz (No. 3201 Ger-
man Dog Register), | herewith furnish you an illustration—is one of the most
favorite sporting dogs in this country. Ratiz is owned by Korthals, stands
twenty-six inches at the shoulder, and is bluish-gray mixed with brown. The
structure of his body resembles closely the German Pointer; his coat of hair
resembles that of the griffon. He is the connecting link between these two
breeds of dogs, and may have originated from one or the other, or perhaps may
be considered a cross-breed of the two.
The Rough-coated Pointer is not equaled by any dog in endurance and
his insensibility to changes of temperature. His nose is almost as good as
that of the finest English Pointer; and his retrieving qualities, his courage,
are simply marvelous. Frequently, one of these dogs, when on the trail of a
slightly wounded fox, will follow Reynard for miles, kill him, and return
with him to his master. He will battle with a wounded otter in the water,
and either go down with the latter or bring it onland. He will bay a wounded
stag and pull him down if he get the favorable opportunity. He will quietly,
and with no sign of discomfort, lie down in front or at the side of his master,
in snow, and await developments.
We have two celebrated kennels of Rough-coated Pointers in this country,
the Korthals and the Bontant.
The most popular color of the Rough-coated Pointer is a biuish-gray or
faint brown. Light colors are at a discount, since a white dog in this country
is too good an object to notice for the larger game, and the weeds in the open
field are never too high for the gunner to keep his dog constantly in sight.
I also inclose a portrait of one of the finest and best short-haired German
Pointers, and the favorite dog of the German Emperor. Waldin is of the purest
blood, with a good pedigree, is brown in color, and was whelped July 26, 1884.
His nose is claimed to be equal to that of the best of English thorough-breds.
His figure is almost faultless, and his qualities first-class. He, like most German
Pointers, is less nervous and restless than the English Pointers. He is not a
one-sided field-trial dog, but a dog for all purposes—a ‘‘ Gebrauchshund.”
Waldin received his training from one of the best German dog-trainers, and is
exercised continuously in the field or forest, and thus is in a uniform good
hunting condition.
When the partridge season opens, and the Emperor enters the field near Ber-
lin to enjoy the sport of partridge-shooting, Waldin is always present, and the
Emperor follows with delight the fine work of this dog.
ROUGH-COATED GERMAN POINTER—RATIZ.
No. 3201 German Deg Register.
(111)
i123 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
Waldin has won twice the first, and once the second prize, at the German
field trials. He has been painted in oil by Sperling, the celebrated German
artist, eminent for animal painting, of whose skill the accompanying illustration
is only 2 faint sample.
THE ENGLISH POINTER.
Following close upon the Spanish Pointer appeared the
English Pointer, which is generally acknowledged to be the
result of a cross, either of the Spanish Pointer and the
Southern Hound, or Brach, or of the former and the Fox-
hound. The burden of authority seems to favor the latter
hypothesis. As field sports gradually became popular, and
the art of shooting on the wing more generally Known, game
became somewhat scarcer and more wary, and the old
Spanish Pointer, with his slow, methodical ways and potter-
ing style, came into disfavor. More dash, speed, and range
were required, even at the sacrifice of a certain degree of
stability and stanchness, and sportsmen began to look
around for an infusion of blood that would add the desira-
ble qualities, with the least sacrifice of the old and valued
traits of character.
Sydenham Edwards, speaking of the improved Pointer,
in 1800, thus writes :
The sportsman has improved the breed by selecting the lightest and gayest
individuals, and by judicious crosses with the Foxhound, to procure courage
and fleetness. From the great attention thus paid, has resulted the present
elegant dog, of valuable and extensive properties, differing much from the
original parent, but with some diminution of his instinctive powers. He may
thus be described : Light, strong, well-formed, and very active; about twenty-
two inches high; head small and straight; lips and ears small, short, and thin;
coat short and smooth, commonly spotted or flecked upon a white ground,
sometimes wholly white; tail thin and wiry, except when crossed with the
Setter or Foxhound, then a little brushed.
This dog possesses great-gayety and courage, travels in a grand manner,
quarters his ground with rapidity, and scents with acuteness; gallops with his
haunches rather under him, his head and tail up; of strength to endure any
fatigue, and an invincible spirit. But with these qualifications he has concomi-
tant disadvantages. His high spirit and eagerness for the sport render him
intractable, and extremely difficult of education; his impatience in company
subjects him to a desire to be foremost in the points, and not give time for the
sportsman to come up—to run in upon the game, particularly down wind; but
THE POINTER. 113
if these faults can be overcome in training, if he can be made stanch in
standing, drawing, and backing, and to stop at the voice, or token of the hand.
he is highly esteemed; and those who arrive at such perfection in this country
bring amazing prices.
The most judicious cross appears to have been with the Foxhound, and
by this has been acquired speed and courage, power and perseverance; and its
disadvantage, difficulty of training them to be stanch. I believe the ccle-
brated Colonel Thornton first made this cross; and from his producing excellent
dogs, it has been very generally followed.
The foregoing description of the origin of the modern
English Pointer is confirmed by other early writers, and is
generally believed to be accurate. Among the early products
of this cross were many dogs possessed of double noses—a
deep fissure in the center ee the nose completely dividing
the nostrils; but the superstition that such animals were
possessed of keener scenting powers than others, has long
since passed away, and such a manifestation is now con-
sidered a great defect.
That a cross between the Spanish Pointer and the Fox-
hound was made in France as early as the year 1700, is
explicitly proven by another painting by Desportes, also
published in Vero Shaw’s book, and made about that period,
wherein are shown two dogs clearly illustrating the cross
of the Pointer with the Hound.
Besides the Foxhound, other families of dogs are said
to have been drawn upon by early breeders, to introduce
certain qualities that were esteemed desirable. For the
purpose of obtaining more speed and lightness of movement,
the Greyhound cross is said to hee been resorted to by
some breeders, although it is difficult to conceive how a dog
that hunts by sight instead of scent could greatly improve
the breed.
The Bulldog cross is also said to lene been employed to
give stamina and courage to the product of the Greyhound
cross; but neither of them are believed to have been fol-
lowed up to any great extent. The cross with the Fox-
hound was probably the most effectual and beneficial in its
results, and such may be considered to have been the foun-
dation of our modern strains of Pointers.
8
114 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH POINTER.
When the improved Pointer first began to be the fashion
in England among sportsmen, the Duke of Kingston had
the reputation of possessing one of the finest strains; and
after his death, his dogs were sold for what were considered
enormous prices in those days. Subsequently, the breed
deteriorated somewhat, because of a too rash use of Grey-
hound blood to secure speed, and ghastly-looking dogs bore
the name of Pointers, possessing but few of the natural
qualities of that noble dog, and being defective in pluck,
vigor, and constitution.
In the early part of the present century, Mr. Mattingley,
in the North of England, and Mr. Webb Edge, as late as
1845, did a great deal for the proper development ot the
breed. Mr. Meynell and Mr. Osbaldiston, together with
Lord Derby, Lord Lichfield, Lord Sefton, Lord Stamford,
Sir E. Antrobus, Mr. Whitehouse, Mr. Comberbache, Mr.
Darbyshire, Lord Kennedy, Sir R. Sutton, Sir R. Musgrave,
Mr. Greene, R. J. Lloyd Price, Lord Berwick, and Messrs.
Pilkington, Garth, Brockton, and Brierley, were also among
those to whom the modern lovers of the Pointer owe the
deepest obligations for their intelligent and judicious efforts
in his behalf. Upon this point, the Rev. Thomas Pearce,
who, under the pseudonym of ‘‘ Idstone,”’ has published one
of the most lucid, comprehensive, and valuable of our smaller
works on the dog, remarks as follows:
As soon as dog-shows became general, several eminent dogs came to
the front, the first celebrity being Mr. Newton’s Ranger, a grand liver-and-
white dog of the Edge kennel stamp and color. When the first trial of dogs
in the field took place, Ranger had lost his pace, and the chief distinctions
were gained by Mr. Brockton’s Bounce, liver-and-white, for large dogs, and
by Mr. Garth’s Jill, and Mr. Whitehouse’s orange-and-white Hamlet, for dogs
of less size. Amongst other dogs which acquitted themselves well, were Mr.
Swan’s Peter, a white dog of exquisite form, with liver head and liver-and-
white ears, and Mr. Peter Jones’ Brag.
Hamlet subsequently gained great and deserved popularity by winning
the Bala sweepstakes, of twenty-five guineas each, against any dog that could be
brought against him; although, from a mistake of the judge in counting his
marks, much unpleasantness ensued—the real winner being the Marquis of
Huntley’s Young Kent, according to the rules laid down.
THE POINTER. 115
This celebrated dog, Hamlet, has been one of the most successful dogs
of the day, numbers of his offspring combining first-class form with excellent
stamina and nose. Mr. Whitehouse’s Rap, a dog of the same color, excels
the old dog in general outline, though in style of working Hamiet never
will be surpassed.
These orange-and-whites are closely connected with Mr. Lang’s breed;
Bob, the father of Hamlet, having been the property. of a Mr. Gilbert, who
had the mother from Mr. Lang.
The following are the best specimens which have been exhibited of late
years: Bounce, the property of Mr. W. R. Brockton, Farndon, near Newark;
Peter, Mr. S. Swan, of Lincoln; Don, the property of Mr. Darbyshire, Pen-
dyffryn, Conway; Silk, the property of R. Garth, Esq., Q. C., Wimbledon;
Hamlet, Rap, and Nina, the property of Mr. Whitehouse, Ipsley Court, War-
wickshire; Sancho and Chang, Mr. Francis, of Exeter; Mr. Richard Hem-
ming’s Flake; and Mr. Lloyd Price, of Bala, possesses Lady Alice, the General,
and many more; while Mr. Antrobus, Mr. Comberbache, Mr. H. Meir, of Tun-
stall, Mr. Holford, and many others, are celebrated for their breed of Pointers.
For many years, Devonshire has been the great home of
the Pointer in England—Mr. Francis, of Exeter, and Mr.
Sam Price, of Devon, being especially successful in produc-
ing some fine representatives of the breed. One of the
best dogs bred by the latter gentleman (afterward owned
by R. J. Lloyd Price) was Champion Wage, by Champion
Sancho, out of Sappho, whelped in March, 1871. He was
liver-and-white in color, weighed sixty-five pounds, and
made a great record, both at the field trials and on the
bench. Many of our best American dogs were also bred by
Mr. Price, and deservedly assumed a high place in this
country. Another great dog in England was Sir R. Garth’s
Drake, who was purchased, after the death of that gentle-
man, for one hundred and fifty guineas, and died April 22,
1877. He was by Rap, out of Doll; Rap by Mr. Comber-
bache’s Don and Lord Lichfield’s Jilt, and Doll by Mr.
Newton’s Champion Ranger, and Mite, representing Lord
- Derby’s Kennels.
Drake was a fine, upstanding liver-and-white dog, two
feet and one inch at the shoulder, three feet from nose to
root of tail, and weighing about sixty-five pounds. His
winnings on the bench, and especially at the field trials,
have seldom if ever been equaled; and his record as a pro-
ducer of winners stands almost unrivaled. He was the
116 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
.
sire of Dandy Drake, Beau, Mallard, Romp, Lucky Six-
pence, Gipsy, Yellow Drake, Luck of Edenhall, Tick,
Lord Downe’s Bang, Drake II., Mars, Grace, Jill, Bounce,
Lord Derby’s Drake and Duchess, Lord Lichfield’s Daisy,
Barclay Field’s Riot, Mr. Price’s Rose, Garth’s Mite IL.,
and many other field-trial and bench-show winners. He was
also the grandsire of Mr. Field’s Drake and Pride, and of
Mr. Pilkington’s Garnet and Faust, the latter being im-
ported to this country at a cost of $2,250, and becoming
one of our most valuable dogs, and a most excellent and
prepotent sire.
Another prominent Pointer in England was R. J. Lloyd
Price’s Belle, a handsome liver-and-white bitch, bred in
1870 by Lord Henry Bentinck, out of Grouse, by his
Ranger. This bitch weighed fifty-five pounds, stood
twenty-four inches at the shoulder, and measured three
feet two and three-quarters inches from nose to root of tail.
Her reputation is based chiefly on her field-trial perform-
ances, which is very much to her credit; and having been
very successful in competition with the Setters, it may
prove interesting to give a portion of her record, which is
as follows:
County stakes for all-aged bitches at Vaynol Field
Trials, 1872, and with Judy, the Bangor stakes for Pointer
braces, at the same meeting; county stakes for all-aged
Pointer bitches at the National Pointer and Setter Field
Trials, held at Combermere, Shrewsbury, April 29, 1873;
and with her daughter, Grecian Bend, the Acton Reynald
stakes for Pointer braces at the same meeting; also at
the Grouse Field Trials, 1873, she won second, with Roman
Fall, her son, in the Penllyn stakes for braces, August
18th, and first in the Rhiwlas stakes for all-aged Pointers
and Setters, August 16th, beating Mr. Macdona’s Ranger,
Mr. Llewellin’s Countess and Flax,.Mr. Statter’s Rob Roy,
and other celebrated animals; after which performance she
was withdrawn from public competition, and used for
breeding purposes only.
At the Vaynol Trials in 1872, this wonderful bitch made
LADY DUFFERIN.
From a painting by Mr, J. M. Tracy, in possession of Mr, C. Klackner.
THE POINTER. cbr
a perfect score of 100 points, on the following basis of work:
Nose, 30; pace and style of hunting, 20; breaking, 20;
pointing (style and steadiness in), 15; backing, 10; draw-
ing on game, or roading, 5; total, 100.
Belle was rather too ight in muzzle and head to suit
many of our modern critics, and lacked heaviness of bone
and a certain coarseness which many later favorites have
possessed; but she represented a very successful type and
weight of dog, of which we have ourselves owned and shot
over many grand specimens. It is a question whether a
resort to her type might not do away with much of the
pottering and ‘‘heel-work’’ in which many of the present
field-trial dogs are so expert.
What the Pointer needs is more dash, vim, energy, love
of his work, and less lumber to carry with him. He needs
lengthening out and narrowing, and less stockiness and
bulkiness of form. The fact has long ago been demonstrated
that the long, narrow, deep-chested dog, well ribbed behind,
and properly set on his legs, with a correspondingly rakish
head, is the proper type of dog to breed, for speed and
endurance combined.
FIELD QUALITIES.
Much has been written concerning the field qualities of
the Pointer, especially when compared with the Setter; but
general public sentiment seems to have accorded to him a
place by no means inferior to that of any breed of sporting
dogs.
There is no question that for all the purposes to which a
dog hunting to the gun can be employed, the Pointer has
-nhosuperior. His excellent nose, his great stanchness, his
power of endurance, and his ability to go without water
fora long time, strongly recommend his use for general
shooting. While it may be true that his coat does not so
well adapt him for constant use in briery thickets, and
rough, mountainous countries, yet, per contra, this very
shortness of coat constitutes his strongest recommendation
in warm climates, for summer shooting, or in open sections
118 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
of country, where cockle-burs, sand-fleas, nettles, and other
pests which annoy the long-haired dog, most abound.
On this point, Forester, in his ‘‘ Field Sports,’ says:
The Pointer’s skin becomes infinitely tender, and his whole frame more
delicate and fine-drawn, by high breeding, but so much does he gain thereby
in pluck and courage, that I have seen pure-blooded dogs of this strain
tearing away through cat-brier brakes, literally bleeding at every pore, and
whimpering with pain; while great, coarse-bred, hairy brutes, of six times their
apparent power of frame and capacities of endurance, slunk away like curs,
as they were unable to face the thorns.
It is also true that the Pointer’s feet are not so well
padded as the Setter’s; but Nature seems to have provided
for that by increasing the thickness and toughness of the
flesh and skin of the foot, enabling it to stand a great
amount of work before becoming tender. It must also be
remembered that the round, compact foot of the well-bred
Pointer is inherently stronger and more enduring than the
weak and loosely constructed hare-foot of many strains of
Setters. Besides, the Pointer has inherited the foot of the
Foxhound, which for a hundred years or more has been
cultivated and developed to withstand hard usage and
constant wear.
In the field trials of 1889, held in Ireland, under the
auspices of the Irish Setter Club, and on the roughest of
moors and heathery mountain-sides, the Pointer bitches
Perdita and Mopsa, and Devonshire Lady and Sall, carried
off first and second prizes in the Brace stakes, and Mopsa
the Champion Cup, valued at twenty guineas, over some
of the best Irish and English Setters in Irveland—this,
also, during stormy, raw, and most disagreeable weather.
Devonshire Sall also won the final stake in the Derby, for
both Pointers and Setters.
So far as the field trials are concerned, the Pointer has
not, as a general rule, been as successful as the English
Setter, because (1) he has not been entered in equal num-
bers; (2) so much time and money have not been expended
in his development; and (3) because, as a rule, he does not
start off to his work with the snap and dash of the Setter,
is not at first so wide, and extensive in his range, and is
THE POINTER. 119
often beaten before he has really gotten to work, by his
more showy and dashing competitor.
So long as field trials are conducted under artificial
rules, focauenly at variance with practical and continued
‘work, and so long as the tendency to run fast from the
word ‘‘ go”’ is considered the point of highest excellence,
the Pointer may preferably be kept in the background, for
the use of those gentlemen who were not born with wings,
who do not hunt on horseback, and who require a careful,
moderately fast dog, possessed of excellent nose, thoroughly
stanch, and capable of doing a whole day’s work, or more,
out tiring.
It is generally admitted that the Pointer is more natu-
rally inclined to point, and at an earlier age, than the Setter;
that he is more easily broken, more veeviens retains his
training longer, and endures punishment with greater forti-
tude than the Setter. It is also our observation and expe-
rience, that the Pointer is fully as fond of the water as the
Setter, and can be as easily trained to enter it for retriev-
ing purposes.
Many instances have been related illustrating the re-
markable stanchness of the Pointer. Pluto and Juno,
Pointers owned by Colonel Thornton, an early sportsman
of England, are said to have held a point for one hour
and a quarter, while being sketched by Mr. Gilpin, by
whom they were afterward painted for their owner.
‘‘TIdstone”’ tells us of other Pointers that did not break
their point for five and twelve hours, respectively; and
also relates the case of another Pointer, who, in 1814, was
frozen to death while’on point, quoting as authority a rela-
tive of his own, who claims to have witnessed the fact,
while journeying from Leicester to Oxford, during the
memorable frost of that year.
With regard to the field qualities of the modern Pointer,
a great deal of nonsense has been written by men who
ought to have known better. ‘‘ Frank Forester’? has been
the means of handing down a great many fallacies promul-
gated by early writers, and has himself given utterance to
120 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
views regarding the Pointer which are as absurd as they are
fanciful and unreal. The fact is, that a great deal that
is written nowadays concerning both the Setter and the
Pointer is but the echo of ancient fallacies, espoused by
early writers, who knew nothing of the modern dog, and
whose opinions are unsubstantiated by practical experience.
For instance, Dr. E. J. Lewis, who edited an American
edition of ‘‘ Youatt on the Dog,’ in 1863, says: ‘‘The
Pointer displays but little fondness for those by whom he
is surrounded, and hunts equally as well for a stranger as
for his master.’’ When the fact is, that the exact contrary
is true, in both instances, as to average specimens of the
breed. The writer has never owned more affectionate and
faithful canine friends than his Pointers, and none that
were more loyal to him, more averse to making new
acquaintances, or to working for strangers.
He is further constrained to say, that some of the best
dogs he ever owned, or saw in the field, were Pointers; and
he has never been called upon to admit the inferiority of
the Pointer in any kind of shooting in which it gives a
gentleman pleasure to indulge, whether in winter or sum- .
mer.
The dog has been bred for many generations in the
South, and in ante-bellum days was recognized as the gen-
uine canine aristocrat of that section. ‘* Frank Forester”’
admits that more of the blood of the old Spanish Pointer
is to be found in the dog commonly used in this country
than in the English breed; and it is largely to that fact that
the special excellencies of many of our native strains are to
be ascribed.
The fine field qualities of the Pointer can not be better
or more fittingly described than in the following eloquent
language of ‘‘Idstone:”
He is a model of beauty, worthy of the capital material from which he
has descended. He is to be found now in every kennel of mark, with all the
attributes and properties of the highest class, and with intelligence and obser-
vation deserving the name of reason. His airy'gallop, his lashing stern, his
fine range, his magnificent dead-stop on game, his rapid turn to catch the wind
of the body-scent, his perseverance, under a trying sun, to reach a faint and
THE POINTER. 121
hardly perceptible stain of game borne to him on the breeze; his glorious
attitude as he becomes (directly his wide-spread nostrils assure him he is right)
stiff and motionless, with limbs wide-spread, head aloft, stern high-held, and
his implicit obedience to the lessons he learnt perhaps two or three seasons past
—all these wonderful gifts put him ona level with that paragon of Hounds
with which he claims relationship.
And such is the Pointer of the present day, as he is to be found in the
kennels of Mr. Whitehouse, of Ipsley Court, in Warwickshire; of Lord Lich-
field, Mr. Garth, Mr. Vernon Derbyshire, or Mr. Brockton, of Ferndon, a bet-
ter dog than whose Bounce I never saw on game.
THE POINTER IN AMERICA.
The Pointer has always occupied a high place in the
esteem of American sportsmen. This is not only owing to
his attractive form and fine field qualities, but also to the
fact that in southern sections of the country, where field
sports were most indulged in during the earlier years of our
national existence, his short coat, his ability to go without
water for a longer time than the Setter, and his superior
nose in a warm, dry climate, entitled him to preference.
Many dogs of fine quality were imported from abroad by
our Southern friends long prior to the war, and by judicious
interbreeding with our excellent native strains, families of
Pointers were established there which were not inferior, in
any respect, to the best imported strains. By degrees these
became generally disseminated throughout the country,
where other fine strains had also been established, so that
the American Pointer became noted for his superiority and
general excellence as a sporting dog.
Among the earlier importations of Pointers, of which we
have any record, was Sefton, by Star, out of Lord Sef-
ton’s Sam; Star by Cotter, out of Macdona’s Miranda.
This dog was white, with liver-colored ears, and was im-
ported by Dr. N. Rowe, now editor of the American Field.
In 1867, Sir Frederick Bruce, the English Minister, imported
the liver-and-white dog George, from the Duke of Beau-
fort’s kennels, which, together with Captain Grafton’s
imported black-and-white dog Peg, subsequently became
the property of Dr. A. R. Strachan, of New York. In the
Same year, Mr. 8. G. Phelps, of East Hartford, Conn.,
122 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
imported Bruno, a lemon-and-white dog, and Mr. Charles
Porter, of Roslyn, L. I., the liver-and-white bitch Fanny.
In 1874, Mr. B. W. Jenkins, of Baltimore, imported a
liver-and-white dog, Sancho, by Walker's Dan, out of Fair-
head’s Juno (Hamlet—Belle), who won the Tolly gold medal,
at Watertown, in 1875. In the latter year, Messrs. Seeley
and Stevens, of New York, imported the liver, gray, and
white dog Rap, by Lord Carlisle’s Rap, out of Bess, by
Hon. Nore Hill’s Blunder, out of Shaw’s Helen; Rap by
Lord Downe’s Shot, out of Wilson’s Staffa.
Besides these imported dogs, excellent strains were bred
about the same time by Mr. Wisner Murray, of Goshen,
N. Y.; A. C. Wardell, of Newton, N. J. (now of Kansas);
James Cassady and Charles H. Winfield, of New Jersey;
Mr. Colt, of Hartford; Dwight L. Roberts and Capt. J. P.
White, of Savannah; Edward H. Lathrop, of Springfield,
Mass.; and G. A. Strong and E. A. Kelsey, of West Meri-
den, Conn.
The first effort at a bench show in this country was made
at the meeting of the Illinois State Sportsmen’s Associa-
tion in Chicago, June 2, 1874. The second was held at
Oswego, N. Y., June 22, 1874, by the New York State
Sportsmen’s Association. The first real success in that
direction was achieved at Mineola, L. I., October 7, 1874.
Other exhibitions soon followed, at Memphis, Detroit,
Springfield, Watertown, Paris, Ky., and at Manchester,
NE |
The first bench show in New York was held in 1877, at
which R. J. Lloyd Price, of England, exhibited Snapshot
in the champion class, and won with him, the Columbus,
Ohio, Kennel Club winning in the same class for bitches
with Belle. The exhibition of 1878, in the same city,
brought out the St. Louis Kennel Club’s champion Slea-
ford, and in bitches, E. Orgil’?s Romp and Rose. Many
fine dogs appeared subsequently at this series of exhibi-
tions, among them being Faust, Croxteth, Tramp, Lord
Dufferin, Rush, Rapp (W. R. Hobart’s), Tom (John 8.
Wise), Donald (A. H. Moore’s), King Bow, Water Lily,
RAND: M°NALLYCo
ROBERT LE DIABLE.
Owned by Hempstead Farm Company, Hempstead, Leng Island, N. Y.
=
THE POINTER. 13
Lalla Rookh, Meteor, Drake, Pilot, Munson’s Bang, Bravo,
Bow, Beaufort, Robert le Diable, Fritz, Rue, Robin Adaiv,
Jilt, Rhona, Modesty, Rosa, Bracket, Meally, Revel IIL.,
Tammany, Duke of Bergen, Consolation, Nick of Naso,
Bang-Grace, Seph G., Bloomo, Young Beulah, Neversink,
Tuck, Patti M., Duke of Hessen, Vanderbilt, Puck, Hamlet-
Sleaford, Naso of Devonshire, Penelope, Wanda, Stella,
Sensation, Jimmie, Shirley, Amine, Clover, Springbok,
Bangso, Malite, Jersey Bang-Bang; Roger Williams, May-
flower, Naso of Kippen, Lad of Bow, Lass of Bow, Lucky-
stone, Madstone, Glauca, Gladys, Kate VIII., Golden Rod,
Duke of Vernon, Graphite, Lord Graphic, Brake, Leba-
non, Tory White, Transit, Belle Randolph, Cicely, Lapford-
Pearl, Woolton Game, Queen Fan, Pommery Sec, Ossining,
Tribulation, Miss Freedom, Merry Legs, Stella B., Sally
Brass II., Meally’s Baby, Glamorgan, Lady Tammany, and
numbers of others whom space will not permit us to men-
tion.
Among the organizations that are entitled to great credit
for the efforts that they put forth, about 1877, for the im-
provement of .the Pointer in America, are the St. Louis
Kennel Club in the West, and the Westminster Kennel
Club in the East, each composed of wealthy, representative
sportsmen, having the true interests of the breed at heart.
These gentlemen imported, at heavy expense, some of the
choicest English blood, and by its injection into the veins
of our already excellent strains of dogs, vastly raised the
standard of the American Pointer.
The St. Louis Kennel Club’s stud dogs, Champion Faust
and Champion Bow, were two of the best Pointers of their
_ day, and have further established their claims to distinction
by proving their prepotency through a long line of worthy
descendants. Champion Sleaford also added greatly to the
reputation which the club had achieved as the importers
and breeders of some of the best Pointers that America has
seen, adding to their bench qualifications that still more
desirable characteristic, superior excellence in the field.
The Westminster Kennel Club was among the first to
124 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
establish bench shows in this country, and through that
medium has done much to improve the form and appearance
of the Pointer, importing such excellent dogs as Bang-
Bang and Naso of Kippen, and by their energy and influ-
ence inducing a wider distribution of the Pointer, and a
higher recognition of his claims asa useful and valuable
sporting dog.
The annual bench show held by this club, in the city of
New York, is recognized as the leading one in the United
States, and the prizes there bestowed are most highly
cherished by breeders. The long line of important shows
now held in this country, at Boston, Providence, Spring-
field, Rochester, Elmira, Buffalo, Philadelphia, Baltimore,
Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, Denver, St. Paul, Cincin-
nati, and other large cities, owe their origin and inspiration
to the influence and example of the Westminster Kennel
Club. The Graphic Kennels, at Netherwood, N. J., the
Neversink Lodge Kennels, of Orange County, N. Y., and
the Hempstead Farm Kennels, of Long Island, are also
prominent Eastern breeders of Pointers; while Messrs. John
S. Wise, F. R. Hitchcock, A. E. Godeffroy, Fred 8. Under-
hill, A. D. Lewis, J. H. Phelan, J. H. Winslow, Charles
J. Peshall, L. Gardner, Charles Heath, James L. Anthony,
EK. R. Bellman, John White, Luke W. White, J. R.
Purcell, P. T. Madison, Robert C. Cornell, Thomas H.
Terry, B. F. Seitner, A. C. Collins, C. M. Munhall, C. G.
Stoddard, C. H. Odell, O. W. Donner, Edward Dexter,
Amory R. Starr, John M. Tracy, C. W. Littlejohn, George
DeF. Grant, Ed. 8S. Shultz, E. C. Sterling, Bayard Thayer,
Samuel T. Colt, W.-E: Hughes, “J. B: Turmer, Ayes
Whipple, A. C. Waddell, and C. C. Pettit, are among those
gentlemen to whom breeders are indebted for intelligent
and successful efforts in the development of the Pointer.
A large number of champion Pointers had been evolved,
and had won well-merited honors at the various exhibitions,
before the organization of the present American Kennel
Club. Among these were Faust, Sleaford, Bow, Water
Lily, Meteor, Bravo, and Patti M. As kennel interests
THE POINTER. 125
began to assume a more prominent place in America, the
necessity for the organization of a national association, with
a view to directing and fostering such interests, and adopt-
ing uniform rules for the government of shows and the
distribution of awards, became apparent, and resulted in the
organization of the American Kennel Club, at Philadelphia,
on September 17, 1884.
This club has present control of American kennel affairs,
publishing the only official stud-book for the registration
of pedigrees, as weil as the /trennel Gazette, and promulgat-
ing uniform rules for the government of shows and distri-
bution of awards. It also publishes in the Gazette, as
‘‘Champions of Record,”’ the names of all those dogs, still
living, who have attained the title of ‘‘Champion,’’ the
qualifications being that a dog shall have won four first
prizes in the ‘‘ open class’’ to be eligible to the ‘‘challenge
class,’’ and three first prizes in the latter class to be entitled
‘‘champion’’—the exhibitions at which such awards are
given to be such as are duly recognized by the club, and the
contest to be under rules promulgated by themselves. The
club is composed of a membership comprising the different
bench-show and field-trial clubs of America, represented
by delegates, and a large body of associated individual
members, also represented by delegates.
Those living Pointers recognized as champions by the
American Kennel Club, down to 1890, are: Bracket (7835);
Clover (2867); Donald (2879); Graphic (4067); Juno 8. (8010);
King Bow (4076); Lad of Bow (7880); Lass of Bow (8020);
Meally (4201); Naso of Kippen (5552); Nick of Naso (5553);
Queen Bow (8057); Queen Fan, (5607); Revel III. (8062);
Robert le Diable (5556); and Rosa (11206).
Contemporaneously with the establishment of bench
shows in the United States, appeared the public field trials,
which were designed to develop and demonstrate the useful
and practical qualities of the Pointer and Setter. The first
field trial in America was held October 8, 1874, under the
auspices of the Tennessee Sportsmen’ s usenet aca in which
-the judging was under English rules, by points. On Octo-
126 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG
ber 26, 1875, the same association also held extensive trials
in the field, at which first prize for Pointers was won by
Maj. J. M. Taylor’s Duke, by Captain Day’s Mac, out
of Ida; second, by Captain Lightburne’s Sandy, by Bang,
out of Queen. In the bitch class, first went to G..Muller’s
Fanny, by Ben, out of Hoffman’s imported bitch; second,
to Doctor Sanders’ May, by Sam, out of Gibson’s Nelly.
One of the earliest prominent field-trial organizations, and
one to which Pointer breeders are chiefly indebted for early
encouragement, was the Eastern Field Trials Club, organized
in 1878, and still in active existence. During the first few
years, the club furnished but one all-aged stake annually to
which both Setters and Pointers were eligible. While the
latter won a fair share of the competitive honors, they were
so heavily handicapped by the greater numbers of the Set-
ters, affording a larger field for selection, that Pointer
breeders were dissatisfied; and it was not until the club
established separate all-aged stakes for the two breeds, that
the excellent field qualities of the Pointer were clearly
demonstrated, and his improvement became rapid. The
two breeds still contend together in the Derby—for dogs
born on or after January 1st of the year of, or year preced-
ing the contest—and also contend together for the champion
stake, to which winners of a first prize in an all-aged stake
are eligible.
The Robin’s Island Club, organized in 1881, is still in
existence; while later organizations that are engaged in the
commendable work of developing the field qualities of the
Pointer and Setter are the Central Field Trial Club, Southern
Field Trial Club, Indiana Kennel Club, Texas Field Trial
Club, Pacific Coast Field Trial Club, Philadelphia Kennel
Club, Southern Sportsmen’s Association, Canadian Kennel
Club, and Manitoba Field Trial Club.
The following is a fairly correct list of the winning
Pointers at the leading field-trial contests held in America,
down to 1890:
Croxteth (Lowe’s Young Bang—Macdona’s Jane); Sensa-
tion (Price’s Jim—Nell); Count Fauster (Mainspring—Dolly
‘aula davaa
THE POINTER. 127
Fauster); Rue (Snapshot-Ruby); Tammany (Tory—Moon-
stone); Mainspring (Mike-Romp); Scout (Croxteth—Belle);
Bang-Bang (Champion Bang—Princess Kate); Robert le
Diable (Croxteth-Spinaway); Prince (Minnesota Prince—
Countess); Springbok (Mainspring—Curfew); Nick of Naso
(Naso I1.—Pettigo); Trinket’s Bang (Croxteth—Trinket);
Lalla Rookh (Sensation’s Son—Grace); Dexter (Nip—Tuck);
Roger Williams (Bang-Bang—Lalla Rookh); Sensation, Jr.
(Sensation—W hite’s Grace); Darkness (Chipps—Nettie); Tick
(Bob-—Dido); Drake (Croxteth—Lass); Drab (Dan—Arrow);
Bang-Grace (Bang-Bang—Grace); Consolation (Bang-Bang—
Grace III); Go-Bang (Graphic—Leach’s Bloomo); Ossian
(Croxteth-Amine); Old Black Joe (unknown); Lottie B.
(Professor—Grace B.); Nestor (Gladsome—Forest Queen IT.);
Onyx (Wat-Flash); King Cotton (Tyler-Dream 8.); Phi-
nette (Lossing—Ress); Lily Talbot; Ress (Bruce Ranger-—
Frank); Wat, Meteor Fred, Juno, Vandevort’s Don
(Price’s Bang—Letheridge’s Peg); Cornerstone (Meteor—Ac-
cident); Jimmie (Start-Maud); Bow, Jr., Spring (Main-
spring—Curfew); Belle, Bert, Adams’ Mack, Dillsey (Me-
teor-Dee); Tansey (Meteor—Dee); Tennie (Rod-—Nell); Rod
(Meteor—Dell); Rod’s Gal (Rod—Juno); Lad of Bow (Graphic
—Climax); Vandevort’s Don (Price’s Bang—Peg); Richmond
(Vandevort’s Don—Beulah); Spot Belton (Dick B.-—Belle
Belton); Lebanon (Tim—Peg); Rip-Rap (King of Kent-
Hops); Woolton Game (Gough—Lockspur); Ightfield Bleithe
(Dancer-Ightfield Bloom); Joy, Jr. (Flockfinder—Ion); Miss
Meally (Graphic-Meally); Tempest (Beppo III.-Lass of
Bow); Beau of Portland (Graphic—Zitta); Duke of Hes-
sen (Luck of Hessen-Blarney); Lady Zeal (Croxteth—Am-
ine); Ben Lanier (Jo Bowers); Cherrystone (Trinket’s Bang-
Pearlstone); Zetta King Don (King Don—Queen Faust); Ber-
traldo (Cornerstone—Bessie Beaufort); Tennie (Rod—Nell);
Rod’s Gal (Rod-Juno); Tribulation (Beppo III.—Lass of
Bow); Galena (Trinket’s Bang-Cremorne); Pontiac (Milton
Bang III.-Climax); Bryn Mawr Mona (Bang-Vandalia);
_ Hoosier Harry (unknown); Pearl’s Dot (Trinket’s Bang-
Pearlstone); Thomastone (Cornerstone—Firenzi); Fancy Free
128 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
(Donald—Lady Bow); Lord Graphic (Graphic—Daphne);
Tamarack (Tam O*Shanter—Croxteth’s Rival Queen); Ban-
nerman (Osborne Ale-Keswick); Breezo (unknown).
Too much can not be said in praise of those enterprising
gentlemen who have devoted time and money without stint
to the support and encouragement of field contests; and
while severe criticisms have been made on the methods
often employed at the trials, the rules under which they are
run, and the work of the dogs, yet it must be borne in
mind that the conditions under which these races are run
are of the most trying character.
It is a contest for supremacy between owners, handlers,
and dogs. The latter are thrown among strange, competi-
tors, oftentimes after being carried hundreds of miles by
‘ail; must work on strange grounds, followed by a crowd;
listen to unaccustomed sounds and commands, and work in
confusion generally. It is only a wonder that the dogs per-
form as well as they do; and it is generally admitted that it
takes a good dog to win at these trials in the face of all these
difficulties. Many of the successful field-trial winners are
afterward used as stud dogs, and produce some excellent
descendants for all-around work, which proves their own
inherent good qualities.
If less prominence were given to pace and range, and
more to nose, style, and quality of work, stanchness in
pointing, backing, and retrieving, it would redound more to
the credit of the field trials, and result in giving us better
dogs for general private use throughout the country.
The tendency now seems to be to adopt more rational
and sensible rules in judging the work of the dogs; anda
wild, half-trained animal, knowing but little else than how
to run fast for a short time, does not now necessarrly win
the contest.
Among the most potent sires that have ever been im-
ported to this country were Sensation and Croxteth. The
former, by Price’s Jim (Whitehouse’s Hamlet—Judy), out
of Nell (Old Rap—Nina), was bred by Mr. J. D. Humphries
in 1874, and during his life-time won seven prizes in Eng-
THE POINTER. 129
land and thirteen in the United States, including third
prize in the Eastern Field Trials, and the cup for the best
Pointer, in 1880. He was a dog of most excellent quality, |
lemon-and-white in color, and has produced many noted
descendants.
He was one of the first dogs of note that was brought to
America, and his importation marked the beginning of the
interest in the development of the Pointer that has culmi-
nated in our present high standard of excellence. He was
imported in 1876, having been selected and purchased, for
CROXTETH.
Owned by Mr. A. E. Godeffroy, Neversink Lodge Kennels, Guymard, N. Y.
the Westminster Kennel Club, by Mr. George De Forest
Grant. His field qualities were of a high order, many of
his fine attitudes on point having been preserved by brush
and pencil. He died of old age, at Babylon, Long Island,
in June, 1887.
Following close upon Sensation was Croxteth. He was
bred by the well-known English sportsman, Rev. J. Cum-
ming Macdona, in January, 1878, from whom he was pur-
chased by Mr. A. E. Godeffroy, of New York. When first
imported, he was in very poor condition, and did not show
up well at the New York Exhibition of 1880, where he was
9
130 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
only awarded two letters. In the summer of 1880, he began
to improve in condition, and ran in the all-aged stake of
the Eastern Field Trials, where he won his first heat, but
failed to get placed. At the New York Show of 1881, he
won third in the open class, and in the fall of the same year
again ran at the trials of the Eastern Field Trials Club,
where he defeated all the Pointers present, winning the
special Pointer cup. He then ran for first prize over all,
against the orange-and-white Setter Grousedale, but after a
close race was declared defeated—a decision which caused
considerable heated discussion in the sporting press, many
believing that Croxteth had justly won the contest. His
owner withdrew him after this race, and would not permit
him to contend for second money.
In 1882, the New York Exhibition awarded him first in
the open class for heavy-weight dogs, and the silver medal
for the best Pointer with a field-trial record. He was
shown against the well-known dog Faust, and scored nine-
ty-five and one-fourth points, out of a possible one hun-
dred, against ninety by Faust. The same year, he ran
again in the all-aged stake at the Eastern Field Trials,
beating all Pointers, and again winning the special Pointer
cup. He won second in the general contest, out of thirty-
seven entries, being defeated for first place by London,
His son, Lord Sefton, ran in the Derby at the same time,
and won the silver cup, over sixty-five dogs, for special
excellence; he also won second in the puppy class at the
New York Bench Show, the same year.
The summarized winnings of Croxteth are as follows:
Second prize (in puppy class), International Show at
Hanover, Germany, 1879; fourth in English Field Trial
Derby, out of one hundred and twenty-seven entries, 1879;
second in bench show, Rochester, N. Y., 1879; H. C., bench
show, New York City, 1880; third, bench show, New York
City, 1881; special cup for best Pointer in Eastern Field
Trials, 1881; first in open class, New York Bench Show,
and silver medal for best field-trial Pointer in the show,
1882; special cup for best Pointer in the Eastern Field
THE POINTER. 131
Trials, 1882; second in all-aged stake in Eastern Field
Trials, 1882; silver medal, best kennel of Pointers, New
York, 1883; silver medal, best field-trial Pointer, New
York, 1883; best stud Pointer in the show, appearing with
four first and second winners, New York, 1884; silver
medal, best kennel of Pointers, New York, 1885.
He was never shown except in New York State, and
after 1885 retired on his laurels, being in extensive demand
as a stud dog, and becoming the sire of many winners, both
on the bench and in the field. Among the well-known
dogs of whom he was the sire were EHlliot’s Scout, Drake,
Trinket’s Bang, Robert le Diable, Keswick II., Dee, Dell,
Modesty, Lady Zeal, Romp, Lady Croxteth, Neversink, Jilt,
Lord Sefton, Doncaster, Rapp, and Ossian. No dog that we
have had in America has achieved a more favorable reputa-
tion as a dog of high character, and a successful stock-
getter, than Croxteth; and when he died, in March, 1888,
the result of a cold caught during the great blizzard of that
month, general regret pervaded Pointer circles at the loss
of so shining a light among their favorites.
Croxteth was by Lowe’s Young Bang, out of Macdona’s
Jane; he by Price’s Bang and Davey’s Luna, and she by
Lord Sefton’s Sam, out of his Flirt. Through his ances-
tors, Sam, Hamlet, and Drake, he inherited the best blood
of Lord Sefton’s, Mr. Whitehouse’s, and Sir Richard
Garth’s strains; he was half-brother of Sir Thomas Len-
nard’s Priam and Scamp, and grandson of Champion Bang,
the winner of ten field trials in England, and with an
invincible bench record as well. In. bench-show form,
Croxteth weighed seventy pounds, his measurements being:
Round chest, two feet, five inches; nose to root of tail, three
feet, two inches; height of shoulder, two feet, one and one-
fourth inches; head, skull-bone to nose, ten and one-half
inches; round face, under eyes, eleven inches; round thigh,
one foot, four inches; round loin, one foot, ten and one-half
inches; round skull, one foot, five and one-half inches;
skull-bone to shoulder, eight inches.
In color, he was dark liver-and-white ticked; grandly
132 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
sensational on point, and impressing anyone who saw him
with the beautiful character and expression of his head, his
grand frame, and muscular development. His legs and
feet were excellent, his carriage lofty; never trailing, but
hunting for the body-scent, going at a steady, long-striding
gallop over the roughest of ground, and never seeming to
be tired. He was also a superior all-around dog, being as
good on ruffed grouse and snipe as he was on quails. A
sketch, representing him in one of his grand points, at
High Point, N. C., in 1882, was published in /orest and
Stream, December, 1882, and was copied by European sport-
ing papers. He was also painted by the well-known artist,
Mr. J. M. Tracy, when on point, handsomely backed by
Sensation, the picture being now owned by the Westminster
Kennel Club.
Another excellent stud dog that has just passed away,
leaving many noted descendants, was Bang-Bang, by Price’s
Bang, out of Princess Kate. He was bred by Mr. F. C.
Lowe in January, 1881, and imported to this country in
July, 1882. Previous to leaving England, he won the puppy
stakes at Shrewsbury, including the champion puppy stake;
the £50 prize at the Blandford Trials, the third puppy stake
and all-aged stake at the St. Hubert Trials, Belgium, and
first at the Crystal Palace Show, in 1882. In this country,
his winnings were: Second, Cleveland; first, light-weight
Pointer sweepstakes, New York, 1884; first, Philadelphia,
1885; first, Waverly, 1887; first, Syracuse, 1888; field-trials
Pointer stake, Eastern Field Trials Club, 1885; divided
second in same stake, 1886. Bang-Bang was an attractive
lemon-and-white dog, built on wonderful racing lines, of
grand style, fine nose, and excellent disposition.
Pointer breeders are also indebted to Champion Graphic
for the contribution of certain excellent qualities to our
American kennels. He is by Fursdon’s Juno, out of Leach’s
Bonus Sancho; was whelped April 15, 1881, and bred by
Mr. Norrish, of Devonshire, England. His sire, Bonus
Sancho, is by Price’s Champion Bang, out of Leach’s Belle,
a union which produced, in different litters, Bang II., Bow
THE POINTER. tos
Bells, Merry Bells, Bona Bell, and other winners. Leach’s
Belle is by Champion Sancho out of Leach’s Fan; Sancho
was the sire of Champion Wagg and brother of Champion
Chang.
Graphic was imported in 1886. He is a typical Itver-and-
white dog, and has scored many winnings in England and
this country, including the champion prize at Crystal Palace
in 1884 and 1885. His field performances in England and
America have been good, and he is the sire of many first-
class dogs, including Go-Bang, Champion Bracket, Cham-
pion Lad of Bow, Lass of Bow, Romeo, Champion Revel
Ill., Wanda, Stella B., Graphite, Lord Graphic, Pommery
Sec., Merry Legs, and Sally Brass ITI.
Champion Robert le Diable is one of the most prominent
and popular dogs that have been bred in this country. He
is a grand liver-and-white ticked dog, of great symmetry,
weighing about sixty pounds, and built on correct lines for
practical work. He was bred by the St. Louis Kennel Club,
whelped June 12, 1883, subsequently owned by the High-
land Kennels, Red Bank, N. J., and now by the Hempstead
Farm Kennels, Hempstead, Long Island. -He is by Croxteth
—Spinaway; she, a small but symmetrical bitch, by Pilking-
ton’s Garnet, out of Keswick. The latter was imported
by the St. Louis Kennel Club, and won first prize in Eng-
land, in the puppy stakes of the Sporting Dog and Field
Trial Club’s trials, in 1879. Robert le Diable is distinguished
for his successful bench-show and field-trial record, and
defeated a large and formidable aggregation of Pointers at
the Eastern Field Trials Club’s meeting in 1886, winning
the all-aged stake. He also won first and special for best
Pointer or Setter in the New York Show in 1885; first at
St. Louis and Cincinnati, the same year; championship and
special for best Pointer, in 1886, at St. Louis and Pitts-
burgh, besides other prizes; first and special, for the best
Pointer with a field-trial record, for the best Pointer in the
show, and for the best stud dog shown with two of his
get, at New York, 1890.
Tammany, by Pilkington’s Tory, out of Moonstone, im-
134 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
ported in utero, and whelped August 24, 1883, is another
of our noted Pointers who has just passed into the great
hunting-grounds beyond the setting sun. His death occurred
on February 16, 1889. His dam, Moonstone, was a full sister
of the St. Louis Kennel Club’s Bow, and of Young Bang,
the sire of Croxteth and Priam. He was a strong, heavy-
weight, liver-and-white ticked dog, lacking somewhat in
symmetry, but built for the manifestation of power in the
field, where he achieved his greatest successes. He won
first in the Eastern Field Trials Club’s members’ stake, and
first in the all-aged Pointer stake, in 1887, defeating several
prominent competitors, and has left a number of descendants
who aid in sustaining his good reputation. His bench win-
nings were: Third, Philadelphia, 1885; second, Newark,
1886; second, Hartford, 1886; first, New York, 1886; first,
New York, and first, Hartford, 1887; second, Boston, in 1887;
and in champion class in 1888. The immediate ancestors
of Tammany were such excellent dogs as Garth’s Drake,
Doll,, Coham’s Bang, Price’s Vesta, Lord Cole’s Cole,
Francis’ Bell, Brockton’s Bounce, Postan’s Venus, Hamlet,
Mite, Ranger, Jilt, and Don. He was one of the few
Pointers we have had in this country who displayed the
same style and courage on game that is manifested by the
best strains of Setters.
Champion Nick of Naso, by Naso II. and Pettigo, is a
handsome liver-and-white dog, imported from England at
great expense, and has achieved a worthy prominence in
Pointer circles, being a well-known winner on the bench,
and in the field trials proving himself a formidable com-
petitor, where he also won deserved honors. He has also
proven a useful and valuable sire.
Another excellent dog is the liver-and-white ticked dog
Duke of Vernon, owned by Mr. L. Gardner, of Mount
Vernon, N. Y., and exhibited at the various shows in recent
years. He manifests strong Pointer character, is admirably
set on his legs, symmetrical and strong, and with a per-
fectly carried stern. His winnings are: First and two
specials, Buffalo, 1888; second, Richmond, 1888, when in
POINTER PUPPIES,
From a photograph by Mrs, Josephine Yeamans, Westfield, Mass,
THE POINTER. 135
field-form only; first, New York, 1889; first, Troy, the same
year, and second, New York, 1890. He is by Glendale, out
of Spotless, and includes in his pedigree such excellent
dogs as Lort, Lass of Bow, Jaunty, Sleaford, Pride, Dawn,
Price's Bang, Luna, Belle, Nina, Gen. Prim, Coham’s
Bang, Vesta, Juno, Sancho, Hamlet, Sal, and Nellie.
Champion Lad of Bow is now owned by the Westmin-
ster Kennel Club. He was bred by Mr. Sam Price, of Bow,
North Devon, England, March 19, 1884, and imported to this
country in May, 1886. He is by Champion Graphic, out of
Climax; she by Champion Bang, out of Juno, by Mike,
out of Bastin’s Belle; Bang by Coham’s Bang, out of
Vesta. Lad of Bow is a large liver, white, and ticked
Pointer, weighing about sixty-five pounds, and of fine form
and appearance. He is longer in body than his sire; a racy-
looking animal, with great depth of chest, and fine dispo-
sition, measuring four and one-half inches from end of nose
to corner of eye; across skull, six inches, and standing
twenty-four inches high at shoulder. His bench winnings
in England include second at Crystal Palace Show, 1886.
In America, he won first and special for best large-sized
stud dog with two of his progeny, awarded with his sire,
Graphic, and half-brother, Champion Bracket; also special
as one of the best kennel of Pointers, Boston, 1887;
also dividing third at American Field Trial Club’s trials,
all-aged stake, Florence, Ala., 1887; second and two spe-
cials as one of best kennel, and for the best Pointer dog
that has been placed in any American field trial, New
York, 1888.
Champion Bracket was bred by Mr. R. P. Leach, Devon,
England; whelped February 8, 1884, and imported to this
country in January, 1886. He is by Champion Graphic, out
of Bloomo. His record in England was: Second, Crystal
Palace, 1885; third, Crystal Palace, same year; H. C.,
British Kennel Association’s Show (there being no small
dog class), Sheffield, 1885; also special for best team of
Pointers or Setters, won by Bracket, Revel ITI., and Beau
Ideal; first and cup, small dog class, Birmingham, 1885.
136 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
In this country, his record of winnings is large, including:
First, Pittsburgh, 1886; also in sweepstakes, first as best
Pointer under fifty-five pounds, and special as best light-
weight Pointer, in open class; first and five specials,
Newark, 1886; first and three specials, Boston, 1886; first
and two specials, Hartford, 1886; champion and special,
New York, 1886; champion, Newark, 1887; special as one
of best kennel, special for best large stud dog with two of
his progeny (awarded with his sire, Graphic, and his half-
brother, Lad of Bow), Boston, 1887; and champion and
special, New York, 1888.
Bracket is dark liver, white, and ticked, weighing about
fifty-four pounds, measuring four and one-fourth inches
from end of nose to corner of eye, five and one-half inches
between the ears, and standing twenty-two and three-
fourths inches at shoulder. He is full of quality, some-
what heavy in head, with good shoulders, capital loin and
body, and good disposition. He has been shown a great
deal in this country, and also given a good deal of work in
the field, where he is said to manifest a most excellent nose,
combined with speed, stanchness, and tractability.
Champion Donald was imported by Mr. A. H. Moore, of
Philadelphia, in 1880. He was bred by Mr. R. Andrews,
of Devonshire, being whelped in 1877. His record on the
bench is a good one, both in England and this country.
He won first at Exeter, June, 1879; first at Falmouth, in
July, the same year; first, in October, at Bristol, and first
at Birmingham, in December. He finished his public
career in England by capturing first, and cup, at Margate,
February, 1880. In this country, he won first at St. Louis,
1880; first champion, and first, with others, as best kennel
of dogs, New York, 1882; first champion at Boston, 1882;
and first champion at Cleveland, 1882.
He is the sire of Patti M., Dress, and Donald IL, all
well known. In color, he is liver, white, and ticked, of
medium size, rather stocky in build, with capital neck, fair
shoulders, and good body and legs. He has sired some
most excellent dogs by Revel III. and other bitches.
THE POINTER. 137
In working condition, he weighs about fifty-two pounds,
measuring four and one-fourth inches from end of nose to
corner of eye; between ears, five and one-half inches, and
in height, twenty-two and one-fourth inches at shoulder.
A dog of excellent quality, that has recently been devel-
oped in the West, is Mr. P. T. Madison’s Ossian, by Crox-
teth-Amine. He was bred by Mr. John 8. Wise, in May,
1886, and trained by Capt. D. E. Rose, of Lawrenceburg,
Tenn. His field winnings are: Divided third in Eastern
———
PATTI M.
Owned by C. M. Munhall, Cleveland, Ohio.
Field Trials Club’s Derby, in 1887; third in same club's all-
aged stake, in 1888; second in Southern Field Trial Club’s
all-aged Pointer stake, in 1888; and first in Indiana Ken-
nel Club’s all-aged Pointer stake, in 1889. He has been
shown but twice on the bench, winning second in open class,
Indianapolis, 1889, and first at Indianapolis, 1890. Ossian
is a high-headed, stylish, liver, white, and ticked Pointer,
weighing about sixty pounds, with plenty of bone and mus
cle, strong and enduring, and obedient and tractable in the
field.
138 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
At the terrible canine holocaust at Columbus, Ohio, Jan-
uary 11, 1888, several excellent Pointers were burned.
Among them were Bow-Faust (Rapp—Dove); Planet (Meteor-
Accident); Pap Smizer (Meteor—Diana); Business (Don-
ald—~Nympher); Rumpty (Meteor—Diana); Hamlet-Sleaford
(Young Sleaford-Lillie); Lily Bang (Bang-Bang—Lass);
Dolly Fauster (Fauster-Nympher); Lady Trinket (Young
Meteor—Zolo Faust); Corsicana Tobe (Tory—Kelley’s Belle),
besides several fine puppies belonging to the Idstone Ken-
nels, of Dayton, Ohio; and last, but not least, the two fine
bitches, Lady Croxteth, combining most excellent field,
bench, and brood qualities, and the peerless Champion Patti
M., a bitch of rare quality who was rapidly pushing her
way to the front. Patti M., by Champion Donald (Bob-
Sappho), out of Devonshire Lass (Imp. Don—Imp. Lady), was
whelped August 9, 1882, and was a litter sister of Donald
II. Her winnings were: First and special, Milwaukee,
1886; first and two specials, Latonia, Ky., 1886; first and
special, Waverly, N. J., 1886; champion prize and two spe-
cials, Dayton, Ohio, 1886; first, Boston, 1887; first and two
specials, Pittsburgh, 1887; champion prize, New York,
1887; champion prize and special, Detroit, 1887; champion
prize and three specials, Columbus, Ohio, 1888. Patti M.
was only bred twice, to Croxteth and Nick of Naso, all of
her progeny proving good.
Other dogs that have proven decidedly prepotent in
impressing their own fine qualities on their offspring, in
America, and whom space will not permit us to describe at
length, are Naso of Kippen, Mainspring, King Bow, King
Don, Vandevort’s Don, Duke of Hessen, Beaufort, Beppo
III., Cornerstone, Consolation, Meteor, Pontiac, Moulton
Baron, Osborne Ale, Freedom, Trinket’s Bang, Tam
O'Shanter, Dancer, Flockfinder, Sensation’s Son, Rod,
and Bang.
These dogs, together with many other native and im-
ported specimens of high character, have done much in
elevating the standard of Pointer breeding in America.
Already the latest successful blood in England has been
THE POINTER. 139
imported; and with the experience gained in the trials, and
the exercise of the principles of scientific breeding, there is
every reason to believe that the Pointer will always hold
his place in the front rank of our sporting dogs.
At the same time, as now bred, he needs more enthusi-
asm in his work, and should carry a higher head than he
does, feeling more for the body-scent ana less for the foot-
scent of game, and working out his ground with more judg-
ment. In these respects, the Setter has been wonderfully
developed and improved by the field trials. The Pointer
has among his promoters many of our leading sportsmen,
and all that money can accomplish, united with earnest
endeavor and intelligent experimentation, will doubtless be
done to make him the equal of the Setter in every respect.
The organization of a club, in i888, devoted to his interests
and development, is also a move in the right direction; and
if the counsels of this body are wisely governed, it can
accomplish much in unifying the interests of the breed in
America, making the types of breeding more uniform, and
securing proper recognition for the Pointer.
The Pointer Club of America is now officered as follows:
Hon. John 8. Wise, president, New York City; George W.
LaRue, secretary and treasurer, New York City; James L.
Anthony, first vice-president, New York City; F. R. Hitch-
cock, second vice-president, New York City; B. F. Seitner,
third vice-president, Dayton, Ohio; A. C. Collins, fourth
vice-president, Hartford, Conn. Executive Committee: C.
M. Munhall, Cleveland, Ohio; Dr. J. R. Daniels, Cleveland, -
Ohio; Charles Heath, Newark, N. J.; James P. Swain, New
Work ‘City; J. H. Winslow, Philadelphia, Penn.; J. M.
Arnolt, New York City; Charles G. Stoddard, Dayton, Ohio;
M. V. B. Saunders, Detroit, Mich.; John 8. Wise, New
York City; George W. LaRue, New York City; James L.
Anthony, New York City; F. R. Hitchcock, New York
City; B. F. Seitner, Dayton, Ohio; A. C. Collins, Hartford,
Conn. Its membership includes most of the prominent
Pointer men in the country, but the limits of our space pre-
clude the possibility of giving the full list.
140 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
Pointer breeders should not lose sight of the lack of
uniformity in type with which the friends of the dog have
always had to contend. Large dogs and small dogs, long
and short, have been interbred so that it is difficult to
predict uniformity in type in any litter. Greater care
should be exercised in this regard, and the two weights of
dogs should be carefully bred within themselves. An
occasional graft of the heavy breed onto the light weight
might, however, be allowed, with a view to counteracting
excessive fineness of bone and muscle in the latter, and
heaviness in the former.
DESCRIPTION—VALUE OF POINTS—COLOR—SIZE.
The style of dog that is now being bred in the United
States conforms entirely to the description given by Stone-
henge in his valuable work on the ‘‘ Dogs of the British
Isles*’—a standard that has also been adopted for judging
by the Westminster Kennel Club, of New York, for use at
their annual bench shows, and which is generally used
throughout the country. For the benefit of the readers of
this work, the epitomized description compiled by the late
William M. Tileston is herewith given, as follows:
The shuld (value 10) should be of good size, but not as
heavy as in the old Spanish Pointer, and, in a lesser degree,
his half-bred descendants. It should be wider across the
ear than that of the Setter, with the forehead rising well at
the brows, showing a decided ‘‘stop.’’ oS
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DACHSUND KENNEL-Ground Pian.
234 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
their necks and choking them, and as soon as loosened
throw one over the fence. These two will never after be
friends. Often you may keep from six to eight dogs in one
yard, and have no trouble. When admitting a strange dog
to your kennels, you must first find out in what yard you
can locate him, and be careful about this matter.
It would be cruelty to keep these dogs closely confined,
for their instinct drives them to hunt, and you should give
them, as frequently as possible, a chance to hunt, or to run,
at least.
Bitches in whelp ought to be at liberty to go where they
please. My kennels were located in the heart of a good
game country, and as soon as I opened the door of their
yards, my dogs had the chance to begin hunting at once.
Dachshund kennels should be only in such localities.
Rather let the dogs hunt once in awhile on their own
account than deprive them of their liberty for too long a
time.
To take care of a dozen or fifteen Dachshunds, in the
proper way, is all a man is able to do. Half of the day
should be spent in working them; the balance is necessary
to keep the kennels in good order, ete.
My bitch Gretchen, well known to all Dachshund
breeders in the country, when in whelp, would hunt until
the last day of her confinement. Once she was gone two
days, and I had no idea where she was; her time to whelp
was at hand. Half an hour after her return she gave birth
to the first puppy, and by morning a family of six had
arrived. She was an excellent mother; but on the second
day after whelping went on a trip again, not returning
until night. All her puppies were brought up by their
mother, and all proved excellent dogs.
Nearly all Dachshunds enjoy robust constitutions, and
you will not be troubled much by diseases among them.
You must, however, keep your kennels and yards scrupu-
lously clean, or mange—the terror of all breeders—will be
admitted.
To keep a lot of dogs in good health depends mainly on
¢
THE DACHSHUND. 235
clean kennels, plenty of exercise, and on their being prop-
erly fed. After trying different methods of feeding, I pro-
nounce the following the best: Raw meat is excluded.
Mutton and beef scraps, onions and beets, and seasoning
of salt, are boiled until the meat falls off the bones; this is
mixed with oatmeal, corn-meal, or rice-mush, bread, or
mashed potatoes. When fed warm to the dogs it makes
the best meal, and is very much relished by them; but do
not give the same thing day after day. One day mix the
broth and meat with bread; the next day with oatmeal,
and soon. By so doing you will not see your dogs’ appe-
tites fail, and they will always be in first-class condition—
ready for the bench show at any day of the year. Boiled
liver will do about once a week, as it acts as a laxative.
Pork, given occasionally, is all right; if given too often it
will produce mange. Feed your dogs twice a day; once in
the morning, and the second meal just before dark, as they
will then be much quieter during the night.
Don’t allow any dishes with remnants of a meal to stand
around your kennel-yards; wash the dishes as soon as the
meal is over. Your kennels and kitchen must be in such
condition at all hours of the day that you need not be
embarrassed to show a lady through them. Give from
three to four times a day a good supply of fresh water.
Buttermilk once or twice a week is recommended.
I am opposed to chaining dogs, especially Dachshunds,
which, thus kept, will be too savage and musical.
When a bitch is due to whelp, you will notice, as a gen-
eral rule, that she favors a certain place; and I always let
her use her own judgment in selecting her bed, for she will
then feel more contented. She will most always prefer to
whelp on the bare ground; and let it be your care that she
is not molested by other dogs. Of course this does not
apply to winter, when she must be kept in a heated room.
A litter of puppies will afford you much pleasure—as
lively as crickets, chasing and frolicking all day long; their
odd shape and intelligent ways will make them favorites
with all. When six weeks old, I begin to feed them milk
236 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
and bread, and continue this diet for about a month; then
give them same food as the old dogs eat.
The remedies that I found to be of value in the treat-
ment of a few diseases, I learned by years of practical
experience in handling dogs. I will simply tell you in
what ways I conquered the many troubles that every ken-
nel-man is subject to.
The mange will appear in the best-managed kennels,
and, if not rooted out, will be the cause of endless trouble.
Many kennels have been broken up because the disease
could not be eradicated. When a dog shows the disease, I
separate him from the rest, and he has to make his home
in a small building put up for this purpose, which I call
the.‘‘ash-box.’’? The floor is covered with dry wood ashes.
The dog is now bound to walk on ashes; will he lay down
to sleep, he will sleep on ashes. Kept for one or two weeks
in this place, you will find your dog well, and the mange
cured. You must let the patient have exercise every day,
and it will be good to wash him once a day; but be sure
that he does not come too close to your healthy dogs.
I will tell you how I came to introduce the ‘‘ash-box.”’
I received a dog from Europe that was covered with the
disease. All remedies that I tried failed to cure him—he
was in a horrible condition; and after all remedies had
failed, I decided to shoot him. When going to the woods,
intending to kill the poor animal, I met a farmer, whom I
told of my intention, and who requested me to let’ him
have the dog, to which I consented. I had not heard from
the man or the dog for several months, when, while hunt-
ing, I came near his home, and being anxious to find out
how the dog was getting along, started to his house. I
soon saw the Dachshund coming toward me, and was sur-
prised to see him in the finest possible condition.
On inquiring how it was possible to have cured him, the
farmer said he had done nothing to him whatever but let
him run wherever he wanted to; and the first day he dug a
hole in a pile of wood ashes, and had slept there ever
THE DACHSHUND. 237
since. It was at once plain to me that the ashes had acted
as aremedy for the disease, and I thereupon built an ash-
box. With it I have cured every case of mange that has
occurred in my kennels since, and friends whom I have
advised to use it on their dogs report the same results. In
severe cases, you may take a sponge saturated with ben-
zine and apply it to the sores before placing the dog on his
ash-bed.
Worms.—Ask your druggist for the common brown
worm-powder which is given to children (Semen Cyne, pul-
ver.); mix half a tea-spoonful of this powder in your pup-
py’s food, and you will be surprised what an amount of
worms he will pass the next day. Repeat this once a day
for three succeeding days, and give a tea-spoonful of cas-
tor-oil about four hours after each dose was taken. I
know of no better remedy.
For distemper, | give one of the distemper-pills adver-
tised in the sporting papers to such dogs as are over seven
or eight months old. I find it to be of good service, and
have cured many dogs troubled with the disease. But
when a litter of puppies, say from two to three months
old, are attacked with distemper, I have so far failed to
find a successful remedy. A good dry bed and a warm
place to sleep is all I can offer them, and I have to take
my chances for their recovery.
Fileas.—Take a piece of linen, saturate it with kerosene,
rub this backward against the dog’s hair, and you will see
the fleas crawl to the tip of the hair at once and die. Now
wash your dog with soap and water, and when dry you
will not find a single flea left to bother him. Sprinkle the
floor of your kennels about once a week with kerosene.
Lice.—Common Persian insect-powder, rubbed into the
hair, and the use of comb, brush, soap, and water is what I
have used to get rid of these pests.
The Dachshund, if well bred, will not need any train-
ing, and will follow his natural instinct in hunting. Teach
him obedience when young, and give him enough oppor-
238 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
tunities to hunt and develop. The best method I have
found, is in building an artificial fox-burrow in the yard
for puppies, made of rocks, with three outlets from a
larger place (kettle) in the center. Cover this with earth
and brush. Catch a rabbit in a trap, and liberate it in the
presence of your puppies. A puppy three or four months
old will at once begin to chase the rabbit, follow it through
the holes or brush, and, rest assured, will never forget this
lesson.
Do all in your power to develop courage, the main char-
acteristic of the breed. Don’t punish the puppy when he
has done an act you dislike; many good dogs have been
spoiled by misapplied punishment. When the age arrives
at which he should be used on game, take a dog whose
work satisfies you, and the puppy you wish to introduce in
field work, and in a few weeks’ practice the puppy will do
his work satisfactorily.
When you wish to buy a Dachshund, be sure to procure
a puppy. Do not allow everybody to take care of him and
to feed him; let him know that you are his friend and mas-
ter. Let him accompany you as often as practicable. As
soon as you notice the development of his hunting in-
stincts, try to give him a chance to catch and kill a rabbit;
you will then discover that your dog is on a steady lookout
for them, and in a short time will master all the tricks of
the rabbit. Before he is fully developed, do not allow him
to fight a fox alone, for he may receive a severe punishment
at the beginning of his career, which may produce bad
effects for the future. If, by ill management, you lose the
dog’s good-will toward you, you may be a first-class
breaker of other breeds, but the Dachshund’s stronghead-
edness you will never be able to subdue; while, on the other
hand, by kind treatment, you may bring up a dog which is
devoted to you, and may make a useful companion of him,
without any trouble.
The same rules that apply to the breeding of other
breeds will apply to the Dachshund. except in the matter
of color. In this breed you have black and tans, chestnut
THE DACHSHUND. 239
and tans, fallow-red, and deep red, all distinct and eligible
colors; and you may cross, for instance, a black-and-tan
bitch with a red dog, or a chestnut and tan with a red one;
the result will always be a litter of puppies showing the
above-mentioned colors distinct and true to type—never a
mixed color, such as a black-and-tan dog showing a red
spot on his back, etc. I have bred over six hundred pup-
pies, but never yet saw one which was not correctly marked.
I have bred reds to reds for generations; have often received
a litter of pure reds; but you can not depend on this as a
rule, for in the fourth or fifth generation a black-and-tan,
or a chestnut-and-tan puppy, of perfect color and mark-
ings, may make his appearance.
My advice is, pay no attention to color, but attend
strictly to the other and more important qualities. Don’t
cross a Hound type Dachshund with one of a Terrier type,
as you can not expect a well-shaped puppy from such a
cross. The broad, deep chest, strong limbs and crook, good
head and ears, well rounded ribs, and long-stretched body
are the points you should breed for.
As the paws are used by these dogs as shovels, I may
say that, in order to get the correct stock, you should breed
as big shovels on their legs as possible. Another impor-
tant point to look to is the size. A Dachshund should not
stand higher at shoulder than ten and one-half or eleven
inches; when larger they are too large to enter a fox-hole,
and consequently are disqualified for the purpose nature
has intended them for.
Many specimens are overshot; that is, the teeth on the
upper jaw stand out one-fourth or one-half inch farther
than those of the lower jaw. Although an animal with
such teeth may appear to have the most beautiful head
imaginable, he should be disqualified for breeding pur-
poses. A Dachshund without any white markings is pre-
ferred to one which has such; but should the dog otherwise
be perfect, I would not object to a little white on his paws,
chest, or under throat.
THE BLOODHOUND.
By J. L. WINCHELL.
Two dogs of black St. Hubert breed,
Unmatched for courage, breath, and speed,
Fast on his flying traces came,
And all but won that desperate game.
For scarce a spear’s length from his haunch,
Vindictive toiled the Bloodhound staunch;
Nor nearer might the dogs attain,
Nor farther might the quarry strain.
Thus up the margin of the lake,
Between the precipice and brake,
O’er stock and rock, their race they take.
—Scott, in ‘‘The Lady of the Lake.”
And hark! and hark! the deep-mouthed bark
Comes nigher still, and nigher!
Bursts on the path a dark Bloodhound;
His tawny muzzle tracked the ground,
And his red eye shot fire.
—‘‘ Lay of the Last Minstrel.”
DDISON, in the Spectator, contends that the English
€ Bloodhound is a descendant from Vulecan’s dogs.
In proof of his statement he adds this bit of his-
© tory: ‘‘It is well known by the learned that there
was a temple on Mount Autna dedicated to Vulcan, which
was guarded by dogs of so exquisite a smell,’’ says the his-
torian, ‘‘that they could discern whether the person that
came thither was chaste or otherwise. They used to meet
and fawn upon such as were chaste, caressing them as
friends of their master, Vulcan, but flew at those that were
polluted, and never ceased barking at them till they were
driven from the temple. After they had lived there in
great repute for several years, it so happened that one of
the priests, who had been making a charitable visit to a
16 (241 )
2492 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
widow who lived on a promontory of Lilybeum, returned
home late in the evening. The dogs flew at him with so
much fury that they would have killed him if his breth-
ren had not come to his assistance, upon which the dogs
were all of them hanged, as having lost their original
instinct.’’ If this had taken place in the nineteenth cent-
ury, the priest would have been hanged and the dogs would
ENGLISH BLOODHOUND—BONO.
Owned by Edwin Brough.
have won collars inscribed with words of commendation
and glory.
Until comparatively recent times these Hounds were only to be found in
the kennels of the nobility, and even now well-bred Bloodhounds are in the
hands of very few breeders, and are all closely related.
Jesse says the earliest mention of Bloodhounds was in the reign of Henry
Ill. The breed originated from the Talbot, which was brought over by
William the Conqueror, and seems to have been very similar to the St. Hubert,
THE ENGLISH BLOODHOUND. 243
a breed from St. Hubert’s Abbey, in Ardennes, which, according to the old
legends, was imported by St. Hubert from the south of Gaul about the sixth
century. The Talbot was the popular Hound from the twelfth to the sixteenth
century, but became extinct about the end of the last century. The Southern
Hound, another very old breed showing many characteristics of the Blood-
hound, is difficult to find now in his pure state, although many of our old
packs of Harriers are descended chiefly from him. The best authorities agree
that the St. Hubert, Talbot, and Bloodhound are all closely allied.— Edwin
Brough in ‘‘The Century.”
In the twelfth century, Henry III. gave the following
instruction:
Whereas Eduard, the king’s son, has intrusted to Robert DeChenney, his
valet, his dogs to be accustomed to blood, it is commanded to all foresters,
woodmen, and other bailiffs and servants of the king’s forests, and keepers of
the king’s warrens, that they allow the said Robert to eyter with them the
king’s forests and warrens, and to hunt with them, and to take the king’s
game, in order to train the said dogs. This to hold good till the Feast of St.
Michael next ensuing.
Witness the king, at Woodstock, 20 Feb., 40, Henry III.,
which would mean February 20th, A.D. 1256.
We can have no better authority of the period than that
of the statements of Doctor Caius, written between 1555
and 1572:
The greater sort, which serve to hunt, having lippes of a large syze, and
eares of no small length, doo not onely chase the beast while it liveth, but being
dead by any maner of casualtie, make recourse to the place where it lyeth,
havyng in this poynt an assured and infallible guyde, namely, the sent and
savour of the blood sprinckled heere and there upon the ground. Thes» kinde
of dogges pursue the deede dooers through long lanes, crooked reaches, and
Weary wayes, without wandring away out of the limits of the land whereon
these desperate purloyners prepared their speedy passage.
Yea, the natures of these dogges is such, and so effectual is their foresight,
that they can bewray, separate, and pycke them out from among an infinite
multitude and an innumerable company, creep they never so far into the thickest
thronge; they will find him out notwithstanding he lye hidden in wylde woods,
in close and overgrowen groves, and lurke in hollow holes apte to harbour
such ungracious guestes. Moreover, although they should pass over the water,
thinking thereby to avoyde the pursuite of the Hounds, yet will not these dogges
give over their attempt, but presuming to swim through the streame, persevere
in their pursuite; and when they be arrived and gotten the further bancke,
they hunt up and downe, to and fro run they, from place to place shift they,
until they have attained to that plot of grounde where they passed over. And
this is their practise, if perdie they can not at ye first time smelling finde out
that way which the deede dooers tooke to escape. For they will not pause or
944 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
breath from their pursuite until such tyme as they bee apprehended and taken
which committed the facte.
These Houndes, when they are to follow such fellowes as we have before
rehersed, use not that liberty to raunge at will which they have otherwise when
they are in game (except upon necessary occasion whereon dependeth an urgent
and effectual perswasion when such purloyners make speedy way in flight), but
beyng restrained and drawn backe from running at random with the leasse,
the end whereof the owner holding in his hand is led, guyded, and directed with
such swiftnesse and slownesse (whether he go on foote or whether he ryde on
horseback) as he himselfe in haste woulde wishe for the more easie apprehen-
sion of these venturous varlots. In the borders of England and Scotland (the
often and accustomed stealing of cattell so procuring), these kinde of dogges
are very much used, and they are taught and trained up first of all to hunt
cattell, as well of the smaller as of the greater growth, and afterwardes (that
qualitie relinquished and left) they are learned to pursue such pestilent persons
as plant theyre pleasure in such practises of purloyning as we have already
declared.
Two or three centuries ago the Bloodhound was much used in England
and Scotland, not only to track felons, but to pursue political offenders. They
were kept at one time in great numbers on the border of Scotland, and not
only set upon the trail of moss-troopers, but upon fugitive royalty. Bruce was
repeatedly tracked by these dogs, and on one occasion only escaped death from
their jaws by wading a considerable distance up a brook, and thus baffling their
scent. A sure way of stopping a dog was to spill blood, and thus destroy its
discriminating powers. A captive was sometimes sacrificed on such occasions.
A story of William Wallace is related, as follows:
The hero’s little band had been joined by an ally, a dark, savage, suspi-
cious character. After a sharp skirmish at Black Erneside, Wallace was forced
to retreat with only a section of his followers. The English pursued with bor-
der Bloodhounds. In the retreat the ally tired, or appeared to do so, and would
go no farther. Wallace having in vain argued with him, in hasty anger struck
off his head, and continued his retreat. The English came up, but the Hounds
refused to leave the dead body, and the fugitive escaped.
The Bloodhound has, for many centuries, been a favorite
in England. He came with the conquerors, and was their
faithful follower then as he is their companion now, and
some of the old English lords point with pride to their
favorite Hounds, and say: ‘‘ This same strain has been with
our family since the Conquest.’’ Who can doubt the
ancient ancestry of the Bloodhound when we note his
sedate and stately bearing, his thoughtful, dignified man-
ner. These bespeak at once his ancient lineage and his
long-extended pedigree, which is written on his wrinkled
face and in his deep-set eye.
THE ENGLISH BLOODHOUND. 245
They were used by Henry VIII. in the wars in France,
by Queen Elizabeth against the Irish, and by the Spaniards
in Mexico and Peru.
At a still later time, Bloodhounds were used for the capture of sheep-
stealers and others, and a tax was often levied for their maintenance for this
purpose.
It is only in very old writings that we find Talbots, or white Bloodhounds,
mentioned. The ‘‘ thick, round head” Somerville describes would certainly
not be admired now, and I believe was never an accurate description of the
Bloodhound. . J., and J. 8. Williams, Lynn, Mass.; Frank
Woodyatt, Savanna, Ill.; W. N. Walling, Auburndale,
Mass.; E. B. Walbridge, Petersboro, N. H.; D. D. Will-
iams, Washingtonville, Ohio; R. E. Westlake, Olyphant,
Penn.; Dr. M. F. Youngs, Littleton, N. H.; A. M. York,
Conway, Ohio; F. B. Zimmer, Gloversville, N. Y., and
276 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
others whose names are equally familiar, but which slip my
mind at the present moment. The writer also prides him-
self in his own kennel, in which he usually has eight or
ten ormore Beagles.
It is scarcely possible to bestow too much praise on this
little Hound, which has advanced more in popularity dur-
ing the last few years among sportsmen in this country
than has any other breed of field dogs. This is the natural
result of our sportsmen becoming familiar, by degrees, with
the value of this Hound for field purposes.
As civilization encroaches upon the haunts of the fox
and the deer, causing them to decrease in numbers, sports-
men who have heretofore hunted them with large Hounds,
discover that as this game grows scarce it is better hunted
with the Beagle. Col. F. G. Skinner, than whom no more
ardent sportsman or Hound man is to be found among us,
always advocates the Beagle in preference to Fox or other
Hounds for foxes and deer in sections where they are scarce
or are hunted to the gun, and for foxes when hunted with
the gun, as in the Northern and New England States. This
is owing to the fact that, not being so fast as the larger
Hounds, they give better opportunity for shots, and, par-
ticularly where the game is scarce, they do not frighten it
so as to drive it far away, to remain perhaps for days, as
the larger Hounds do. Doctor Downey, of Maryland, and
his friends always use their Beagles in preference to larger
Hounds when they go on their annual deer-hunt to West
Virginia:
Thus, it will be seen that the Beagle is not only growing
in popularity as we become more intimately acquainted
with his value, but it is also in the natural order of events
for him to grow in favor with us as game becomes scarcer.
Although the Beagle is too slow for fox-hunting, in
some parts of the country, as, for instance, in the South, it
is also used with success for that sport, and preferred by
many to a larger Hound in localities where the foxes are
hunted to the gun, for reasons herein later explained. The
writer was some time ago informed by an acquaintance
THE BEAGLE HOUND. 277
residing in Virginia that, in order to satisfy some friends of
the ability of his Beagles to kill a red fox, he took his pack
of Hounds—under fifteen inches in height—with an old-
Foxhound to start them on the trail, and soon started a fox.
Being stationed himself on a hill, he was able to watch the
entire hunt, and, after a run of several hours, the Beagles
caught and killed the fox, while the old Foxhound was not
in at the death. I cite this instance because many claim
that the Beagle would be entirely useless in a fox-hunt.
The Beagle is also used for hunting the large white hare
(Lepus Virginianus) which abounds in some parts of this
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THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER. 399
distributed over Great Britain, and with two members on
this continent.
The English Kennel Club Stud Book records prizes given
to Bedlingtons at Manchester, in 1869, and prize-winners
are named at the succeeding large shows.
On January 1, 1890, a dog show was held at Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, in the same building as the first of all dog
shows, in 1859. The number of Bedlington entries was
eighty-three—the largest known.
What crosses helped to produce the Bedlington as we
now have him, whether the Otter Hound contributed his
pendent ears and peaked skull, and the Greyhound his ele-
gant shape, is not known. Exactly when and how the pres-
ent type became inherent in the breed we can only surmise.
The underlying quality of the dog, which has in nowise
been affected by any possible crossing in the remote past,
is Terrier. Everything that can be said in favor of the
aboriginal rough Terrier, from which he is descended, may
be said of the Bedlington. The two names Ainsley and
Pickett mark eras, overlapping each other, in the history of
our subject. There were known previous to 1825, and sub-
sequently, many other fanciers, only less prominent as
such.
Following are the points of the Bedlington Terrier as
defined and adopted by the Bedlington Terrier Club:
Skull.—Narrow, but deep and rounded; high at occiput,
and covered with a nice silky tuft or top-knot.
Jaw.—Long, tapering, sharp, and muscular; as little
stop as possible between the eyes, so as to form nearly <¢
line from the nose-end along the joint of the skull to the
occiput. The lips close-fitting, and no flew.
Hyes.—Should be small and well sunk in head. The
blues should have a dark eye. The blue and tan ditto, with
amber shade. Livers, sandies, etc., a light-brown eye.
Nose.—Large, well-angled. Blues and blue and tans
should have black noses; livers and sandies have flesh-col-
ored.
Teeth.—Level, or pincer-jawed.
400 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
Hars.—Moderately large, well forward, flat to the cheek,
thinly covered, and tipped with fine, silky hair. They
should be filbert-shaped.
Legs.—Of moderate length, not wide apart, straight and
Square set, and with good-sized feet, which are rather long.
Tail.—Thick at root, tapering to point, slightly feath-
ered on lower side, nine inches to eleven inches long, and
scimiter-shaped.
Neck and shoulders.—Neck long, deep at base, rising
well from shoulders, which should be flat.
Body.—ULong and well- proportioned, flat-ribbed, and
deep, not wide in chest; slightly arched back, well ribbed
up, with ight quarters.
Coat.—Hard, with close bottom, and not lying flat to
sides.
Color. — Dark blue, blue and tan, liver, liver and tan,
sandy, sandy and tan.
Height.—About fifteen to sixteen inches.
Weight. — Dogs, about twenty-four pounds; bitches,
about twenty-two pounds.
General appearance.—He is a light made-up, lathy dog,
but not shelly.
Pickett preferred the silky top-knot to be darker than
the rest of the coat, but later fanciers prefer the reverse.
The muzzle should be rather narrow, but very deep. There
should be no cheekiness, but the strong jaw muscles should
be there all the same. The ears should hang low, leaving a
clear outline of the head. The position and size of the
eyes minimize the chance of damage to those organs.
When not trimmed for a show, there is no deficiency on the
neck of the protected hair needed by a real working Ter-
rier. Of the various genuine Bedlington colors, the blue-
black has been of late years preferred, the liver-colored dogs
being but rarely seen at the shows, and the other colors
hardly at all; but there is at present a movement in Eng-
land to bring in the livers again, and they, in fact, were in
the old days of the fancy the favorites.
Beauty is not usually claimed for Bedlingtons, but if we
THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER. 40]
know how to look for it, | think we may see it on them;
for if there is beauty in a Scotch Deerhound, why not in
what is nearly like it, in miniature? The obstacle to beauty,
I should say, is the coat. This has been greatly improved
of late, and now it ought not to be either woolly or long.
Although hard, the hairs should not be straight, but should
stand almost on end, each one separate and distinct, with a
twist of its own, as if inclined to curl. Scattered over the
body are hairs harder than the rest of the coat, which, as a
whole, should be crisp to the touch and neither hard nor
silky. The coat should be about one and one-fourth inches
long, although it is frequently seen as long as two inches,
which, however, is too long, as it the more readily carries
dirt, and also conceals the animal’s elegant contour. To
avoid the latter, the old and long hairs are often removed
for show purposes by hard combing, and even plucking.
How far this is justified will be discussed below.
This coat, from one and one-fourth to one and three-
fourths inches long, ‘‘ hard, with close bottom, and not lying
flat to sides,’ is certainly an outdoor rural workman’s
jacket. Flat coats, over two inches long, on other breeds
may be made ornamental; but the ideal coat of the Bedling-
ton is, to my mind, faultless, all things considered. Hard,
it resists wet, and yet is so short that, coming from the
water, shaking himself, and rolling on the bank, the dog is
quickly dry.
My own dogs, with the run of a farm and neighboring
stream, never need washing, and never have to be forbidden
any part of the house because of the coat carrying dirt.
The feet of any dog on a muddy day will mark a white bed-
spread, and the tidy American housewife, if there are any
dogs about, usually shuts the door to the best parlor.+
Good specimens of this breed (I speak from personal
experience) resemble one another even more mentally than
they do physically. There is always the same alert interest
in outdoor matters, with the ever-present penchant for
hunting and excavating. These energies can, of course, be
misdirected, and one’s chickens or cats may become the
402 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
unwilling objects of the dog’s pursuit; and, if not watchful,
one may even find the house-walls undermined. Young
dogs may, however, be easily taught to conduct themselves
so as to meet with general approbation, even respecting
their owner’s flower-beds.
These dogs are happiest when taken for an outing with
their master, searching about at a gallop for anything that
runs wild. I have seen a Bedlington stop a large snake
and prevent its escape until, having had his attention
attracted, the owner came up and relieved the dog of further
responsibility.
They readily learn to take to water with delight, and
do not heed cold or heat or length of road. In repose and
in-doors they usually seem dull, not being carpet knights
naturally; and their coats may seem awry, not being shaken
out as when at liberty. Seen in the snow, of which they
are very fond, the coat often looks like a beautiful suit of
velvet.
They have, in good specimens, something of the appear-
ance of a thorough-bred race-horse, and when animated
show a fiery energy that illumines them. It is this over-
flowing vitality and sporting instinct in the field that has
such a charm for a man who loves what is all about him in
nature as she is found in field, wood, and stream, and who
appreciates a sympathetic canine friend. If the Bedlington
is ugly, at least he is not so ugly that after his coat has
been cared for it is considered, by his admirers, necessary
for him to be mutilated before putting on the show bench.
The following well-written article, taken from the English
St. James Gazette, is interesting as being by an apparently
unbiased witness, and as showing that some of the best
blood has come to this country. The father alluded to is
Sentinel, one of the best-headed dogs of his kind. He is
described by that unerring judge of the breed, Mr. Charles
H. Mason, in his ‘‘ Our Prize Dogs,’’ volume 1. Sentinel’s
pluck is testified to in the quotation :
Two tall and burly men were shown into my study some time ago. Their
,
names brought to me memories of wild moorland, of rough sport over bleak
THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER. 403
salt-marshes; but I could not guess their errand. The taller of the pair placed
a basket on my table, and said with gravity:
‘“We wanted a trip to London, so we thought we'd fetch him with us. We
never trust one of the breed to no railway man.”
I then knew that one of a precious strain of Terriers was to be mine, and I
received the information with sober joy. Then spoke the broader of my
visitors:
‘* His father’s gone to America. We thought you would like a puppy of the
old dog’s (he was as game as they make them), and we brought you the best
for a little present.”
Here the tall man unrolled a sheet that seemed to be dotted with characters
that took the shape of a big triangular blotch.
‘“There’s the pedigree, and nothing better in England.”
The pedigree was indeed imposing. I found myself the proud possessor of
a ‘“‘Blue Bedlington. Date of birth, July 18th; marks, none.” In the blood of
this aristocrat mingled strains of Old Topsey, Heron’s Bess, Piper, Tip, Shields’
Meg, and the records of these and other breedings wound from the base of the
triangle to the apex, where was written the name of that heir of the ages who
was in the basket. As the big man reverently laid his hands on the lid, he
looked like a bishop about to perform a confirmation ceremony. And then
the prize came to view. I am bound to say that a more sorry object never went
on four legs. He staggered absurdly, and hung his head as if he were under a
sense of crime. His coat, so far from showing a shade of azure, was a mere
rugged pelt of dark slate-color, and a comic mustache of stiff bristles gave
him somewhat of the appearance of a barbel. The two giants gazed on the
creature, and their look was one of pure rapture. Over two hundred miles the
brute had been conveyed, and I knew that no higher honor could be offered
me by my good friends; so I resolved to bestow the utmost care on the scion of
Topsey. He looked up at me fora moment, and then came to fawn on me
in a reserved sort of way; then I saw the gleam of his deep set, fiery eye, and
somehow the impression given by the whole carcass changed. The ladies of
the house came to see my new friend, and their marked restraint increased my
misgivings. The poor blue dog crept after them, one after the other, and
seemed to crave forgiveness for his own ill-favored guise; but the feminine
mind did not relent, and polite words of commendation were uttered, I fear,
as a matter of form.
Then a rollicking Bull Terrier puppy entered and proceeded to play. He
rolled the blue over, and enjoyed the fun very much until he took the liberty
of bestowing a nip. In an instant the ragged youngster was transformed.
Without making a sound, he fixed his grip and held on. The white puppy
showed all the gallantry of his race, but he was soon in sore straits, and the tall
man said:
“Just like the old dog. They’re all the same. Better part them.” The
warriors were lifted up and separated.
My vanity was sorely tried during my firet public appearance with the
blue puppy. But the ugliness wore off week by week. His limbs grew wiry
and strong. His tail became so muscular that a tap from it was like the blow
404 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
of a riding-whip, and his head acquired a strange attractiveness. His early
youth went pleasantly by, and, as his character developed, I found he was
quiet and teachable, like all of his breed. His gravity deepened as his beauty
became apparent, and even in his gallop over the fields he pounded along as if
he were merely running for the good of his constitution and not out of light-
heartedness. It is odd to see the dog’s pride in his feats with vermin; and I
fear that when we go into the country, with its swarms of rats, his vanity will
become excessive.
There is a consensus among writers on the Bedlington
that he,is of the highest courage, and instances are adduced
to show his desperate gameness. It was said when he first
BEDLINGTON TERRIER—SYRUP H.
Owned by W.H. Russell, 55 East Sixty-eighth street, New York City.
became generally known that he was quarrelsome. This
has been repeatedly contradicted in print by good authori-
ties. The idea may have arisen from the fact that he was
kept by a certain class of men as a fighting dog, and
because of his undoubted pluck. However, when not
trained by this species of cannibalism, he has been found
peaceable when abroad. He has spirit and energy, which
are most desirable, but they must be properly educated and
directed. A brave man may be either a hero or a desper-
ado. Being a dog capable of the strongest attachment to
THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER. 405
his master, he is likely to be blindly jealous, and will ‘‘ bear
no rival near the throne.’’ At home he will usually not
tolerate the intrusion of strange dogs. This can hardly be
called a peculiarity of the Bedlington, dogs not being
inclined, as a rule, to show hospitality to visitors of their
own species.
Sometimes in America the proud possessor of a well-bred
Bedlington may be asked by some earnest inquirer, or per-
haps curious and utilitarian scoffer, ‘‘What is he good
for?’’ Toa true dog-lover his four-footed friend is some-
thing like a child in his affections, whether his usefulness
is great or not; but the Bedlington can be a necessary part
of an establishment.
In the first place, he is eminently a man’s dog; and
although when kept in the hottse from youth as a pet he
loses his fire and restlessness, if he has had a chance to
learn the taste of sport, he will always be begging his mas-
ter forarun. He is able to discharge the duties of a larger
dog about a country place, except in such instances as
require bulk. If his size will not permit him to seize and
hold an intruder, he can at least give the alarm, which
enables his master to look into the matter for himself, and
either supplement or restrain his guard, as he may see fit.
He has pace enough to keep up with the ordinary speed of a
horse, and is small enough to be taken into a vehicle, and
even given a place on the seat if desired.
No rodent, Mephitis Americana, mink, raccoon, or fox
finds the neighborhood of his home a pleasant visiting-
place. He searches diligently above and below ground
for these pests, and when he finds them shows no quar-
ter. This usefulness in the writer's experience, living on a
forest farm, by an Adirondack trout-stream. This Terrier
will also act as an ordinary farm-dog, helping with the cat-
tle. I do not hear of Terriers being used in shooting in
this country, but Bedlingtons are seen advertised in English
papers as ‘‘ broken to the gun.”’
Anyone breeding these dogs should of course be careful
to have the parents of pure blood. Such are not difficult
406 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
to procure now in America, and fair specimens may be
obtained at modest prices. Selection in mating should be
on the general principle of a sum of excellences in the two
parents—a defect in one counterbalanced by a correspond-
ing excellence in the other; that is, two animals, both of
which are bad in head, or body, or legs, or coat, should not
be bred together. The tendency in such a case is to an
exaggeration of the fault, whereby symmetry is destroyed
and failure becomes sure. The more good qualities each
parent possesses the better, and the descent being from
equally good ancestors, the greater the chance of successful
results. This principle being so well known, it will be nec-
essary to speak of but one point more which is especially to
be noticed about this breed. The coat should be bred hard.
It may be fine, but not soft’or silky, except the top-knot
and ear-fringes. Neither should it be coarse or stiff, which
indicates other than pure Bedlington breeding. When
there is too great a tendency to softness of coat, a ‘‘liver”’
cross is recommended, and this is one reason why that col-
ored dog should not be neglected.
The first Bedlington I ever owned was bought by me in
London, of a man who kept this breed for hunting rabbits,
and who cared only for working qualities, making no note
of colors or pedigrees. One day he appeared at my lodg-
ings on his bicycle, followed by three of these Terriers, one
of which he had caused to be sent from Yorkshire for me.
The dog had been taken care of by a gamekeeper, and when
I took him to Regent’s Park he ran to right and to left
ahead of me, and frequently looking back, would be guided
by the direction in which I waved my hand. When so
commanded he came in to heel, which showed me that he
could have been useful with a gun. He afterward, in New
York, learned to retrieve; and if a lady dropped her hand-
kerchief, would, at a sign from me, pick it up and offer it to
her. Once I remember a little girl was so surprised by this
apparent attention on his part that she said ‘‘ Thank you,
sir,’ which made the dog appear very human.
However, dogs that are sharp at vermin generally do not
THE .BEDLINGTON TERRIER. 407
retrieve well, and need careful treatment to be taught. They
will pick up an article, but nip and drop it, and look for
something else. All Terriers should be trained to run
ahead and hunt and to come in to heel when required. If
they do not know at least this much, they are likely to bea
nuisance. By not punishing a dog when he comes to you,
he will learn at a cross word to come in to heel, where he
can be well controlled and directed. When it is necessary
to correct a small dog, run at him suddenly and fiercely;
he will usually lie down; then stand over him and scold,
but not loudly, perhaps pretending to beat him with a
switch. He will then, if he understands, be glad to do as
you wish him to do.
Never give a command you can not enforce. Firmness
and consistency will train a dog better than to impress him
by cruelty, besides developing his intelligence and affec-
tion. This is merely the common-sense of dog-training
which has been ably set forth by well-known writers.
These dogs are most hardy. They may be kept where
any live-stock is kept, provided they have a dry bed, as in
a barn in winter or out of doors in summer; in fact, they
are better if not coddled. They should not be fed much
meat unless they have a great deal of exercise. They are
usually spare eaters, and ought never to look fat. If a dog
is active and his nose is moist and cold, he is doing well.
They will be better if allowed great freedom; much chain-
ing is of course bad. Males, if kept shut up together, are
prone to quarrel.
As a rule, Bedlingtons will have few diseases if given
plenty of air and exercise, with a sufficiency of good food
and clean water. It is only when kept confined in num-
bers that they ‘‘fall into the hands of the physicians.”
They may then be treated according to the rules for dogs of
their size.
To show a Bedlington to advantage some care is neces-
sary, for he does not display in the ring such animation
-as he does out of doors at liberty. Therefore he should be
accustomed to the chain and to pleasant associations with
408 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
it. If made a preliminary to an outing in the fields, he will
learn not to consider it an unpleasant bondage, and will not
droop as if the chain were used merely for purposes of
confinement and punishment. After the first requisites,
health and well-developed and hard muscles, comes the
coat. The attention which it is customary to give to this
before showing is one detriment to the dog’s popularity.
2 PEED PB Aa CE ERY RR OL oom - coe ———————— ee
BEDLINGTON 1ERRIER PUPPIES.
By Tick Tack, out of Polly Markworth Bred and owned by W. H. Russell, 55 East
Sixty-eighth street, New York City.
There are times when the natural coat is such that the dog
needs no trimming to look his best. At other times, as the
old hairs do not drop simultaneously, and as some remain
regularly here and there over the dog, light in color and
long, they should be removed to give him a neat look.
This may be done without objection with a fine-tooth
comb, but many people think it fair to remove some hair
by plucking. If any mark of such treatment is shown on
THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER. 409
the skin, disqualification is liable to follow. Honorable
handlers will not, of course, cut or alter the color or texture
of so much as a single hair. Whatever there is on the dog
must be perfectly natural. Some fanciers, on the other
hand, consider the least plucking dishonest, and hold that,
if extensively resorted to, it enables a dog with an excess-
ively long coat to compete advantageously with a naturally
good and short-coated dog. This is no doubt true, and pre-
sents thé problem commented on as follows in the Hnglish
Stock-Heeper, October 18, 1889:
The disqualifications and severe penalties for trimming that have fallen
upon certain kennels, again set us thinking of the necessity that exists for lay-
ing down clearly the limits of legitimate hair-dressing in rough-coated Terriers.
It is fair to remove old hairs, and nothing more, is the reply received when old
exhibitors are asked for an opinion; but between you and me, and let us sub-
stitute our conscience for the lamp-post, who is to decide upon the age of the
hairs that abound in places which are, in the opinion of the judge, not eligible
sites for ground game. Of course, gentle reader, the tiny voice of conscience
will be heard in your sensitive ears, ringing like a town-crier’s bell; and when
it softly tinkles in the presence of the deaf, and somewhat deft as well, who
will discern the moral slip of the finger and thumb?
We are open to conviction in any direction, but our opinion just now is
that the present vague condemnation of the art puts a premium on skilled bar-
barity. Masters of the art,will practice undetected, and parade the ring with
pride, while the wretched, but no more guiity, initiate, with the clumsy marks
on his breast, will walk round in the fear of the judge.
In the present stage of the matter, we are inclined to describe the Kennel
Club committee’s penalties as being rather harsh; but we should be misunder-
stood if this opinion were construed into an expression of sympathy with the
professional trimmers. Oursympathy is with the honorable and eminent mem-
bers of the kennel world who have boldly entered the lists to unseat the knaves
of the tonsure; while our inexpressible contempt is reserved for the champions
of trimming, and for those who sneered at the motives of the opponents of trim-
ming.
And also, January 3, 1890:
One of the most trying questions during the year that has just begun
will be the great trimming puzzle; for it 7s a puzzle to know how much the
Kennel Club or the judges will stand. The Kennel Club ought to solve the
puzzle, of course—there is no doubt about that; but the committee fold their
hands avd shrug their shoulders, and say: Non possumus,; we have tried. We
did issue a circular asking exhibitors for information. The novices and the
numskulls replied most copiously, and by return of post; but the rest, who,
from having been more than five minutes in the fancy, knew something,
proved very bad correspondents. The committee think they have done their
410 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
best. They are unable to define trimming in Terriers sufficiently just and com-
prehensive for the purposes of disqualification; so they say we will ask men to
judge these hairy breeds who are acquainted with the peculiar customs of the
fancy, and then we will ask them to tip us the wink if they see how it has been
done. This is a very comfortable temporary arrangement: Some of the
judges have taken to it most seriously, and we expect to give our readers
accounts of several causes célebres of this description in 1890.
The honesty of motive here shown is beyond cavil; still,
as certain modifications of the natural animal are allowed
in the case of some other breeds of dogs, there may be
another point of view that is not dishonest, either. To win
with Bedlingtons under the general run of judges, the coat
must be made to look neat and not disguise the dog’s good
points of shape. If any trace of his ‘‘improvement’’ is
found, scrutineers, disregarding the customs of fanciers
and judges of this breed, think they have grounds for dis-
gracing both animal and owner, which does not encourage
the taking up of this otherwise unexceptionable dog. If
the judges would favor what have been called ‘‘ honest-
coated’? dogs, and not be much influenced by the neatness
that comes from excessively careful and skillful manipula-
tion, it would tend to stimulate the breeding and showing
of dogs with better natural coats.
The latest dictum on this subject, by the English Bed-
lington Terrier Club, is to this effect:
At a meeting of the above club held in Newcastle, on January 7, 1880, it
was voted, unanimously, ‘‘that trimming Bedlington Terriers, that is, remoy-
ing superfluous hair, be allowable and acknowledged, as it is not done to
deceive, but to smarten the dog and show his shape and general contour; and
that the honorable secretary be instructed to send a copy of the minutes of the
meeting to the Kennel Club committee, and request them to seriously consider
the matter.
By this energetic defense of trimming, the specialty club
openly challenged the highest English tribunal, and the
result is that we have the Kennel Club’s definition of a
limit to the practice; for at a meeting held February 4,
1890, it was, after some discussion, voted, unanimously,
‘that the committee of the Kennel Club agree with the
Bedlington Terrier Club that the removal of ‘superfluous
hair’ is allowable, understanding by the words ‘superflu-
THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER. 411
ous hair’ the old or dead coat. Any removal of the new
coat, or trimming of head or ears, they consider improper
tampering.’’ With this decision it is believed that Bed-
lington men in general will be satisfied.
But few Bedlingtons have been shown in the United
States as yet, and they have been mostly imported speci-
mens. If they were shown in larger numbers, so that the
type could be more readily seen and appreciated, it would
greatly help them in popularity. Now, in the poorly filled
classes, they look like survivors of a nearly extinct race.
They are not understood. However, there are opportuni-
ties afforded each year of showing under excellent judges.
New faces appear from time to time on the show benches,
and testify to an appreciation among some few. If these
dogs ever get a favorable start, I do not see why they may
not become favorites in certain parts of the United States.
They are especially adapted to our rigorous northern cli-
mate. They care so little for the luxuries of life that they
thrive where some other dogs would not. So far they have
found the most favor in Canada. One of their best-known
advocates in that country is Mr. W.S8. Jackson, of Toronto;
and the blue dogs may be proud of their friend, as people
who have had the pleasure of meeting him will understand.
There is good Bedlington blood in British America, as far
west as Victoria, Vancouver's Island, and as far east as
Halifax, Nova Scotia. In the United States, it is scattered
about north of Mason and Dixon’s line.
THE IRISH TERRIER.
By Dr. J. 8S. NIvEn.
IKE all things Hibernian, the history of this dog is
| | | somewhat mixed; in fact, very little is known about
it. From very old men with whom I talked twenty
years ago, some of whom could recollect back sixty years
or more, I have learned that Terriers of a red or badger
color were numerous in the days of their boyhood, and
were largely used for all kinds of field sports, both on land
and water. From what I could learn, these dogs were at
that time of a much larger type than those bred nowadays.
It is only within the last few years that any prominence
has been given to the Ivish Terrier by fanciers. Formerly
they were kept for sport alone, and very little attention was
paid to breeding for any special type, the object being sim-
ply to get good hard workers which were able to endure a
great amount of fatigue and exposure to severe weather.
The principal uses to which these dogs were put in olden
days were hunting the water-rat in the rivers, drawing
badgers in the mountains, and killing rabbits as they were
bolted by ferrets from the warrens. They were also used
as watch-dogs about the cotter houses of [reland.
About fifteen years ago the breed had become very much
degenerated by the admixture of Scotch Terriers, which
were being largely imported into Ireland as ratters. The
gentlemen who were chiefly interested in bringing this same
breed of Terriers up again to an established type were
Messrs. Mortin, Erwin, Ridgway, Montgomery, Jamison,
Crosby, Smith, and Marks, and later, Messrs. Krehl, Des-
pard, Graham, Pim, Carey, Waterhouse, and others. In res-
cuing the breed from utter destruction, these gentlemen used
al . * .
every means within their reach, and have been well rewarded;
(413)
414 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
yet their work has not been done without the national
characteristic of contrariness being strongly exhibited. A
most bitter and still undecided controversy has been the con-
sequence. The principal cause of all the trouble has been
the anomalous decisions of the judges at the various bench
shows.
The question of size has been the bitterest one between
the different factions. There can be no doubt that many of
the finest and purest specimens of the breed were of large
size, weighing thirty to forty pounds, and even more; but
the desire of the most genuine fanciers of this breed has
been to reduce the weight to twenty-five pounds and under.
Another vexed question is that of cropping, and this sub-
ject had been coming up from time to time until in 1888,
when the Irish Terrier Club passed a resolution emphatic-
ally condemning the custom. Consequently, the croppers
are in high dudgeon, and it will take years yet of careful
breeding to get the ears of the Irish Terrier to conform to
the uniform drop of those of its contemporary, the Fox
Terrier. At present the anti-croppers have the best of the
argument as far as usefulnesss and cruelty are concerned,
but the advocates of cropping have some strong argu-
ments on their side, also, as only a small percentage of Irish
Terriers, as now bred, are born with perfect ears; and noth-
ing is such an eye-sore to a Terrier man as a badly carried
ear, which judicious cropping does away with in a great
measure.
The English Kennel Club has also taken this question
up, and its latest decree is to the effect that all Irish
Terriers born after December 31, 1889, must be shown
uncropped at all shows held under their auspices. To show
that there are still some of. the large specimens, I copy the
following from the ‘‘ Whispers”’ of the Stock-Heeper, which —
may be attributed to the editor, Mr. Krehl:
It is one of our pet theories that the Irish Terrier, as he existed in the
Emerald isle before the cunning hand of the exhibitor had been run over him,
was the descendant of the Irish Wolfhound. We still consider ‘‘a miniature
Irish Wolfhound” a good description of what we should like the Irish Terrier
to be. Look at the picture of that grand old bitch Spuds, in Stoneheng-;
‘
THE IRISH TERRIER. 415
there you have the Wolfhound head and outline. Spuds was a rare type; she
had her faults, and we all knew them, but her memory is more pleasant to our
mind than the sight of the modern prize-winners. To call the Irish Terriers of
to-day miniature Wolfhounds wou!d be sarcastic; the majority of them are
sour-faced, yellow-eyed, black-muzzled, chumpy-headed, and thickly built, and
with bone enough for a Clydesdale horse—in fact, these overbred creatures are
utterly unlike anything else so ugly as themselves. Of course this is only our
own simple and inexperienced opinion, which judges and connoisseurs of the
breed are at liberty to dismiss with contempt. They may prefer the thick-
legged clodhoppers; we still linger on the memory of the graceful and sym-
metrical Terriers, rather light in build, and with only proportionate bone to
varry their weight.
IRISH TERRIER—NORAH.
Owned by Dr. J. S. Niven, London, Canada.
Spuds and her kind, though, were already cultivated descendants of the
big rough and shaggy dogs that the peasants kept for work. These Irish Ter-
riers were brimful of the splendid character that is attributed to the breed.
There was a world of love in their expressive brown eyes, their natures were
gentle with children and women—in fact, so timid even did they appear that
strangers have been misled into thinking them without courage; but what a
mistake! The caress-inviting and quiet creature in a moment, if a blow were
aimed at its master, was transformed into a fury. We could tell some won-
derful tales of the tractability, and the prowess, too, of the old sort, but we fear
to grow garrulous on a favorite and much-loved theme.
Our thoughts were led back to ‘‘the old sort” by the sight of a dog that
416 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG. F
Mr. Frank Aspinall, the brother of the Kennel Club secretary, lately brought
to show us. This was one of them, and a fine Wolfhound he would have
made if he had continued to grow. He stood as high as a Collie, and look: d
to weigh fifty pounds or more; his coat was rough and hard; each hair was
wheaten from the body to the tip, which was red; the under coat was woolly
and dense. The head looked all of ten inches long, rather narrow across
the skull, and the muzzle powerful; and when he opened his mouth and
showed his ‘‘ graveyard”—well, we felt relieved that we were not an Irish
landlord... Mr. Aspinall told us his jaw-power was enormous, and that he
could pull up solid planks and bite through half-inch boards. More joy that
we are not a half-inch board!
But to return to our Irishman—and, by the way, we should say that this
dog looked Jrésh, and we like to see character ina national dog—Mr. Aspinall
told us that he purchased him from a Waterford man, who said he came from
Connemara, on the West Coast. Mr. Aspinall told us several instances of his
stanchness. He has seen him swim a mile in a fast and swollen stream which
was thick with floating logs, and as he swam, turning from one bank to the
other after the rats that shot in and out.
The history of the present Irish Terrier may be said to
date from 1875, several dogs having that year been exhib-
ited at Belfast, Ireland, the home of Mr. G. Jamison. The
first Irish Terriers that were ever exhibited in England were
at the Brighton Show, in October, 1876—Banshee and
Spuds, owned by Mr. Jamison, winning first and second.
Since then the class of Irish Terriers has increased so
much that they almost equal in numbers the Fox Terrier
and surpass the Scotch Terrier classes, showing how popu-
lar the breed has become in a few years. The Irish Verrier
Club was formed in Iveland about the beginning of 1879,
and since that date the Irish have been well represented,
both on the bench and in the public press.
Vero Shaw has devoted more attention to this breed than
any other modern writer, and little more can be said of it
than is found in his works. The information he gives was
obtained, principally, from Mr. G. H. Krehl, one of the
most enthusiastic admirers of the breed.
The Irish Terrier is a true and distinct breed indigenous to Ireland, and
no man can trace its origin, which is lost in antiquity. Mr. Ridgway, of
Waterford, whose name is familiar in Irish Terrier circles from having drawn
up the first code of points, states that they have been known in Ireland ‘‘as
long as that country has been an island, and I ground my faith in their age
and purity on the fact that there exist o/d manuscripts in Irish mentioning the
THE IRISH TERRIER. 417
existence of the breed at a very remote period.” In old pictures representing
scenes of Irish life, an Irish Terrier or two are often to be descried. Bally-
mena and County Wicklow may almost claim to be the birthplaces of the
breed. Most of the best specimens hail from Ballymena and the neighbor-
hood, where Mr. Thomas Erwin, of Irish Setter fame, boasts an extensive
experience of this breed, and has always kept a few of the right old working
sort for sporting purposes; and ‘‘in County Wicklow,” Mr. Merry says, ‘‘it is
well known that the pure breed of Irish Terriers has been carefully kept dis-
tinct and highly prized for more than a century.” Mr. E. F. Despard, whose
name is well known in Irish Terrier circles as a very successful breeder and
exhibitor, claims an acquaintance of over forty years with the breed. Mr.
George Jamison, too, has known and kept them many years, and up till a little
while ago had won more prizes than all the rest of the breeders put together.
I mention these proofs of the age of the breed to show those who have lately
come to admire them that it is not a made up, composite, or mushroom breed.
They are part of Ireland’s national economy, and are worthily embodied in the
sportsman’s toast—‘‘ Irish women, Irish horses, and Irish dogs” (which means
Trish Terriers, Setters, and Spaniels).
One’s first acquaintance with this ‘‘ prehistoric Terrier” is apt to be dis-
appointing, except to a really ‘‘doggy” Terrier man. That is because there is
no meretricious flash about them; but there is that about them which you
learn to like—they grow upon you. They supply the want so often expressed
for ‘‘a smart-looking dog with something in him.” There is that about their
rough-and-ready appearance which can only be described as genuine Terrier, or
more emphatically, ‘‘ Terrier character.” They are facile princeps the sportsman’s
Terrier; and having never yet been made fashion’s darlings, still retain in all its
purity their instinctive love of hard work. Their characters do not suit them
for ladies’ pets, but render them the best dogs out for the man that loves his
gun and quiet sport.
Amongst those wise old fellows that one comes across in the country, who
like a dog with something in him, and a ‘“ Terrier,” of course, the Irishman is
prime favorite. And they know what they are about, those old fellows, and
are sportsmen, too, in their own sort of way, when the sun has gone down.
This reminds me of a discreditable fact in the history of Irish Terriers, that they
were not always only ‘‘the poor man’s sentinel,” but oftentimes something
more, when by the aid of their marvelous noses and long legs they, when the
shades of night had fallen, provided the pot with that which gave forth the
savory smell and imparted a flavor to the ‘‘spuds.” This, however, if it
injured their moral principles, certainly sustained their love and capability for
rabbiting In olden times, too, the larger sizes were bred and used for fight-
ing, and there is still a dash of the old fighting blood in their descendants.
They dearly love a mill, and though it would be calumny to say they are quar-
relsome, yet it must be admitted that the male portion of the breed are perhaps
a little too ready to resent any attempt at interfering with their coats; but are
they not Jrish, and when did an Irishman shirk a shindy? My dog Sporter is
very true to character in this respect. Small dogs, or even those of his own
size, he never deigns to notice; but if some large specimen of the genus Canis
27
”
418 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
approaches him, putting on ‘‘ side” and airs, Sporter immediately stiffens up
visibly, his tail assumes a defiant angle above the horizontal, his ears are cocked
forward alertly, and there is an ominous twitching of his upper lips which says,
as plain as looks can speak, ‘‘ Lave me alone, ye spalpeen.” Should his warning
not be accepted, a scrimmage ensues, which I speedily terminate by whipping
him up under my arm by his tail and marching him off. Hn passant, 1 recom-
mend this as a very effectual and safe manner of putting a stop to a canine
mélée. ‘* Hitting off” Irish Terriers when fighting I have found useless; they
think the pain comes from their opponent, and this only serves to rouse them
to fresh efforts.
This description, although written several years ago, is
still held to be correct, and nothing need be added to it.
All that the Irish Terrier breeders now have to bewail
(and the Irish always have a grievance of some kind), is
the want of judges who will adhere to some one type. I
was told not long since, by one of the most prominent
exhibitors in England, that all he needed to know before
exhibiting at a show, in order to take a prize, was the name
of the judge, and that he could then choose from his ken-
nel the dog that would be sure to win. This must be very
nearly correct, as I see his name often, and always among
the first flight. This is not right; and as the Irish Terrier
Club has adopted a standard, which is accepted by all the
most prominent breeders, it ought to be adhered to. The
standard being established, all that is necessary is for
judges to abide by it, and disqualify all dogs that go over
the recognized weight of twenty-four pounds. If this were
done, and the cropping question permanently disposed of,
there would then be a bright future for the Irish Terrier
and his breeder. The Irish Terrier now stands third or
fourth in numbers at all shows in England and Ireland,
being outnumbered only by Fox Terriers, Collies, and St.
Bernards. This is a good showing, considering how short
a time the modern Irish Terrier has been before the public.
The illustrations which accompany this article are for
the information of breeders and the public. Norah
represents the old type. She is built on the lines of the
Trish Wolfhound, and her weight was twenty-two pounds
when in condition. The same model could have carried
very well thirty to forty pounds; but her day is past, and
THE IRISH TERRIER. 419
the Irish Terrier of to-day is modeled after the second
illustration, which represents a dog that weighed about
twenty pounds. From his shape and build it is clearly im-
possible that a dog of his type would be of any use at much
over that weight, being lower on legs and shorter ribbed;
if he were heavy, he could not get over the ground as easily
as a lighter-built dog.
Perhaps the best all-round dog that has been before the
public lately is Playday, whose death we have lately
seen recorded. He was the first uncropped dog that was
ever awarded a prize, and was successful under almost all
the judges at the English shows. He is proving himself a
typical dog, although as an immediate sire he has not
made a good record; but his grandsons and granddaughters
are coming well to the front. P
There is one point that can not be passed over in favor
of the Irish Terrier, and that is his ability to adapt himself
to any climate or any surroundings. In this respect, he is
a long way ahead of either the Fox Terrier or the Scotch
Terrier. He is daily in request for India, China, and the
antipodes, where the other breeds fail to acclimatize. He
is just as happy in the closed-up den of the peasant as he
is in the kennel of the millionaire. He is, par excellence,
the dog of the people.
In this connection, the notes of Mr. Ridgway and Mr.
Jamison, both prominent Irish fanciers of the breed in
question, are well worthy of study, and are given below, as
well as the scale of points which has been adopted by the
Trish Terrier Club, and is now accepted by all breeders.
Mr. Ridgway says:
That the Irish Terrier is and has been a pure breed of dogs indigenous to
Treland, is a fact undoubted, and undisputed by the oldest fanciers and breeders
still living, who can well remember the dog fifty or sixty years ago, and at a
time before the introduction to this country of the Skye, Yorkshire, or English
Bull Terrier, now so fashionable in many parts.
No doubt this breed has of late years been allowed to degenerate sadly,
from want of proper interest having been taken in it; but notwithstanding this,
we can still bring forward specimens of our Irish Terriers, such as have been
seen at several of our leading Irish shows, which for usefulness, intelli-
420 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
gence, and gameness, as well as general appearance, are second to no breed of
Terriers in the kingdom. ‘
Asa breed, they are peculiarly adapted to the country, being particularly
hardy, and able to bear any amount of wet, cold, and hardship without show-
ing the slightest symptoms of fatigue. Their coat also being a hard and wiry
one, they can hunt the thickest gorse or furze cover without the slightest
inconvenience. As for the capabilities of these dogs for taking the water,:and
hunting in it as well as on land, I may mention, as one instance, that a gentle-
man in the adjoining County of Tipperary keeps a pack of these Terriers,‘and
has done so for years, with which he will hunt otters as successfully as anyone
can with any pack of pure Otter Hounds.
Within the last few years, and since the introduction of dog shows into
Ireland, a far greater interest than heretofore has been taken in this breed,
u
IRISH TERRIER—MARS.
Owned by W. J. Comstock, 216 Canal street, Providence, R. |.
and consequently a greater amount of care is evinced now in selecting the
proper specimens to breed from; so that in a short time we may look forward
to see the Irish Terrier just as fashionable and as much sought for in England
as the English Fox Terrier is at present.
Mr. Jamison says:
The Irish Terrier, as his name denotes, is the representative of the Emerald
Isle, and especially suitable for his native damp country, being able to stand
much more wet, cold, and fatigue thin most other Terriers. The coat is so
hard and flat on the body that water can not penetrate it, and not being too
long, does not hinder the dog in cover-work. This breed is more used as
vermin destroyers than for any other purpose, which principally accounts for
breeding for size being neglected. However, within the last fifteen years the
breed has been much closer looked after, and at the present time, there are a
THE IRISH TERRIER. 421
number of these dogs that in point of show qualities will vie as near perfection
as most breeds.
There are certain enthusiasts who have been writing this breed up in
fancier papers as the only genuine working Terrier. This, of course, is non-
sense. At the same time it is a recognized fact that from their peculiar hardy,
active habits they, at least, are deserving of a front rank among working
Terriers. The Irish Terrier Club has recently been the means of the breed
being brought something more prominently before the public, but some of the
prominent members will require to exercise a little more patience and forbear-
ance, or the object of the club will be frustrated.
The Irish Terrier Club’s scale of points and description
of the true Irish Terrier are here given:
POSITIVE POINTS.
°
Value. Value.
Head, jaw, teeth, and eyes......... 15 Hind ‘quarters and stern....... sal)
DBIUT SP NOLA Top shakee set Save rstore ake csiete iri caaree Die COSI S oscica Sy aun een eL tones 15
MME SHG FLESH Sep eztave oes wtole, cases c 915) ORE COLOR A syste. ei ania ees 10
Neck ARO ee eee 5 Size and symmetry........-...-. 10
Shoulders and chest...........%... 10 —
SAC KVAM COLO eye cjerareve shalete ics oie 10 ALoyitsy Mad eeteice ries 3Ode oso cho. 100
NEGATIVE POINTS.
Value. Value.
White nails, toes, and feet....minus 10 Coat shaggy, curly or soft..minus 10
Much white on chest......... lO Umevenvincoloiee. sarricnr: FS 5
BETS SCLOP PEM s..e lon once sas ts oe 5 -—
Mouth undershot orcankered. ‘‘ 10 AKO) I oo oncink anion Arne 50
Disqualifying Points: Nose, cherry or red; brindle color.
Head.—WLong; skull flat, and rather narrow between
ears, getting slightly narrower toward the eye; free from
wrinkle; stop hardly visible, except in profile. The jaw
must be strong and muscular, but not too full in the cheek,
and of a good punishing length, but not so fine as a White
English Terrier’s. There should be a‘slight falling away
below the eye, so as not to have a Greyhound appearance.
Hair on face of same description as on body, but short
(about a quarter of an inch long), in appearance almost
smooth and straight; a slight beard is the only longish hair
(and it is only long in comparison with the rest) that is per-
missible, and that is characteristic.
Teeth.—Should be strong and level.
Lips.—Not so tight as a Bull Terrier’s, but well-fitting,
showing through the hair their black lining.
* Vose.—Must be black.
422 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
HEyes.—A dark hazel-color, small, not prominent, and
full of life, fire, and intelligence.
EHars.—When uncut, small and V-shaped, of moderate
thickness, set well up on head and dropping forward
closely to the cheek. The ear must be free of fringe, and
the hair thereon shorter and generally darker in color than
the body.
Neck.—Should be of a fair length, and gradually widen-
ing toward the shoulders, well carried, and free of throati-
ness. There is generally a slight sort of frill visible at each
side of the neck, running nearly to the corner of the ear,
which is looked on as very characteristic.
Shoulders and chest.—Shoulders must be fine, long, and
sloping well into the back; the chest deep and muscular,
but neither full nor wide.
Back and loin.—Body moderately long; back should be
strong and straight, with no appearance of slackness
behind the shoulders; the loin broad and powerful, and
slightly arched; ribs fairly sprung, rather deep than round,
and well ribbed back.
Hind quarters.—Wel under the dog; should be strong
and muscular, the thighs powerful, hocks near the ground,
stifles not much bent.
Stern.—Generally docked; should be free of fringe or
feather, set on pretty high, carried gaily, but not over the
back or curled.
Feet and legs.—¥eet should be strong, tolerably round,
and moderately small; toes arched, and neither turned out
nor in; black -toe-nails are preferable and most desirable.
Legs moderately long, well set from the shoulders, perfectly
straight, with plenty of bone and muscle; the elbows work-
ing freely clear of the sides, pasterns short and straight,
hardly noticeable. Both fore and hind legs should be
moved straight forward when traveling, the stifles not
turned outward, the legs free of feather, and covered, like
the head, with as hard a texture of coat as body, but not
so lone.
Coat.—-Hard and wiry, free of softness or silkiness, not
THE IRISH TERRIER. 493
so long as to hide the outlines of the body, particularly in
the hind quarters, straight and flat, no shagginess, and free
of lock or curl.
Color.—Should be ‘‘whole colored,’’ the most preferable
being bright red; next wheaten, yellow, and gray—brindle
disqualifying. White sometimes appears on chest and
feet; it is more objectionable on the latter than on the
chest, as a speck of white on chest is frequently to be seen
in all self-colored breeds.
Size and symmetry.—Weight in show condition, from
sixteen pounds to twenty-four pounds—say sixteen pounds
to twenty-two pounds for bitches and eighteen pounds to
twenty-four pounds for dogs. The most desirable weight is
twenty-two pounds or under, which is a nice, stylish, and
useful size. The dog must present an active, lively, lithe,
and wiry appearance; lots of substance, at the same time
free of clumsiness, as speed and endurance, as well as
power, are very essential. They must be neither ‘‘ cloddy”’
nor ‘‘cobby,’’ but should be framed on the ‘‘lines of
speed,’’ showing a graceful ‘‘ racing outline.”’
Temperament.—Dogs that are very game are usually
surly or snappish. The Irish Terrier, as a breed, is an
exception, being remarkably good-tempered—notably so
with mankind; it being admitted, however, that he is per-
haps a little too ready to resent interference on the part of
other dogs. There is a heedless, reckless pluck about the
Irish Terrier which is characteristic, and coupled with the
headlong dash, blind to all consequences, with which he
rushes at his adversary, has earned for the breed the proud
epithet of ‘‘the dare-devils.”” When ‘off duty’’ they
are characterized by a quiet, caress-inviting appearance; and
when one sees them endearingly, timidly pushing their
heads into their master’s hands, it is difficult to realize that
on occasion, at the ‘‘set on,’’ they can prove they have the
courage of a lion, and will fight on to the last breath in
their bodies. They develop an extraordinary devotion to,
and have been known to track their masters almost incred-
ible distances.
494 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
Asa matter of information for those interested, I give
below the names and addresses of a few of the prominent
breeders and owners of Irish Terriers in this country:
Chestnut Hill Kennels, Philadelphia, Penn.; J. F. McFad-
den, 121 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Penn.; Thomas
Pulverstaft, 47 Sands street, Brooklyn, N. Y.; F. P. Kirby,
135 South Eighth street, Philadelphia, Penn.; E. Wetmore,
343 Lexington avenue, New York City; Associated Fan-
ciers, 140 South Eighth street, Philadelphia, Penn.; Ogden
Goelet, 608 Fifth avenue, New York City; Somerset Ken-
nels, Bernardsville, N. J.; W. J. Comstock, 220 Canal
street, Providence, R. I.; W.S8. Clark, Linden, Mass.; H.
Denning, 474 Sixth avenue, New York City; P. F. Clancy,
440 Second street, South Boston, Mass.; Charles F. Leland,
7 Beck Hall, Cambridge, Mass.; W. L. and H. A. Harris,
North Wilmington, Mass.; Edward Lever, 707 Walnut
street, Philadelphia, Penn.; E. P. Saltonstall, Chestnut
Hill, Mass.; William A. Dupee, Chestnut Hill, Mass.;
Lawrence Timpson, Red Hook, N. J.; H. A. Allan, Mon-
treal, Canada, and Joseph Lindsay, Montreal, Canada.
THE BULL TERRIER.
By Frank F. DOLE.
==) ENERALLY speaking, the Bull Terrier is the result,
as the term indicates, of a cross between a Bulldog
and a Terrier. The specimens first used in prop-
agating it are believed to have been of the old type of
Bulldog and the White Terrier of the middle counties of
England. Since its origin, however, various side-crosses
have been resorted to, as with the Mastiff, the Foxhound,
Greyhound, etc.
The breed is not believed to be an old one, the earliest
authentic records we have of it dating back only to about
1843, though it doubtless originated some years earlier.
The Bull Terrier is essentially a fighting dog, and was
not always made up of these two constituent parts, as
Hound, Pointer, Greyhound, and Mastiff blood have, at
times, been introduced into his veins, but without materi-
ally improving the breed. Whether considered from a
genealogical point of view, or with reference only to his
bodily formation and general character, he is as smartly
built as a Terrier, but with substance inherited from the
Bulldog. He is quick and clever in his actions, and pos-
sesses the courage, resolution, and endurance of the Bull-
dog.
He is naturally inclined to be good-tempered and ami-
able with his associates in the kennel; yet he is possessed of
a wonderful amount of courage, and when provoked to
anger will hold his own in the most approved style.
Always with a bright expression, he never sulks when
punished, if his training has been of the proper sort.
Vero Shaw tersely indicates the character of the breed
in these words: ‘‘Treat him kindly, don’t knock him
(425)
426 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
about, and no dog will have greater love for his master
than the game, handsome, and affectionate Bull Terrier.”’
By nature he is especially fitted for a companion for
either a gentleman, a lady, or children, while as a house-
dog he has no superior; for, besides being kind and affec-
tionate to children, he is an excellent watch-dog and an
expert ratter.
In. breeding the Bull Terrier to the best possible advan-
tage, care should be taken in selecting the sire, which should
be a dog of strong Terrier character. In nearly every
litter there are some puppies that are marked either with
brown, brindle, or black. Most breeders destroy these,
which I think is entirely wrong, for often in this way we lose
some of our best specimens. Although Mark-eyed Victor
took his name from the brindle patch around his eye, he
won numerous prizes, and was undoubtedly the best dog of
his day.
Champion Trentham Dutch, winner and sire of winners,
has a marked ear. This dog was bred by Mr. J. R. Pratt,
of Stoke-upon-Trent, England, whose name will be handed
down among the Bull Terrier fanciers the world over as the
breeder of the greatest litter of Bull Terriers ever known.
This litter was by Dutch, out of Champion Maggie May.
In the litter was Champion Queen of the May, Harvester,
and Champion Trentham Dutch.
Mr. Pratt retained the two former, which were pure
white, and sold the marked dog for seven dollars and fifty
cents. The purchaser sold him again to Mr. Simon Field-
ing, the well-known Bull Terrier fancier, who kept him, and
had the satisfaction of beating the other two. While in
England, I would have bought Trentham Dutch, but I was
influenced by a disciple of another school not to do so,
which I have always regretted, as he has proved himself a
worthy sire.
The prize-winning strain in the breed of Bull Terriers
assumes the same regularity as in the case of celebrated
horses. Maggie May, whom I imported in 1886, supplied
the show bench in England for several years with winners.
THE BULL TERRIER. 427
Although at the time I bought her she was over eight years
old, I gave fifty pounds for her. She was supposed to be
in whelp to Dutch, but did not prove to be. At the Jubilee
Show, in 1887, I met Mr. J. R. Pratt, from whom I pur-
chased her; and in speaking of Bull Terriers, he said: ‘‘ If
STARLIGHT.
Owned by F. F. Dole, 115 Blake street, New Haven, Conn
Maggie May will breed, you have the best Bull Terrier in
the world.”
Before leaving America I had bred her to Grand Duke,
and his remark made ine suspicious of her condition. I
immediately cabled to America, and found, to my relief,
that she was in whelp. This litter produced three bitches
and one dog. Shortly after birth the dog died, but of the
three bitches I sold one, who has since died. The two I
498 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
retained are well-known winners—Starlight, the subject of
our illustration, and My Queen.
Starlight has been bred three times, and is the dam of
Don Pedro, who has won second in open and first in puppy
class at Toledo, in 1889, and first in open and first in puppy
class at Toronto, in the same year. When only nine months
old, Sensation, the sire of Don Pedro, was a twenty-pound
dog. Don Pedro weighed fifty-three pounds at one year of
age. I merely mention this instance to show that one can
not breed for size with certainty, as small dogs are liable to
get large ones, and vice versa. I next bred her to Hinks,
and have two six-month-old puppies, the best I ever saw,
and if nothing unforeseen happens, they will do themselves
and their progenitors great credit.
In the rapid advances of show dogs to popularity, few
breeds have made the great strides that the Bull Terrier
has. This advance has undoubtedly been brought about
largely by the importation into this country of some of the
finest specimens obtainable in England. Among the most
prominent dogs of this breed that have been imported to
this country, | would mention the following: Grand Duke
and Little Maggie, owned by Messrs. R. and W. Living-
stone; Dutch, Jr., owned by T. R. Varrick; Champion
Victoria, owned by E. 8S. Porter; Champion Cairo, Grab-
ber, Bonnie Princess, Enterprise, and Spotless Prince,
owned by W. F. Hobbie; Champion Jubilee, owned by W.
F. Comstock; Champion Count, Champion Maggie May,
Lady in White, Lady Tarquin, Little Dorrit, The Earl,
King Patrick, Queen Bendigo, Hinks, Lady Melville, and
Bendigo, owned by the writer.*
Anyone at all familiar with Bull Terriers, in England or
America, will readily see that this breed of dogs has had
*Among other breeders and owners of good Bull Terriers, may be men-
tioned: C. Albert Stevens, Castle Point, Hoboken, N. J.; W. F. Hobbie, 54
Exchange place, New York City; Retnor Kennels, 4 West Sixty-sixth street,
New York City; Andrew Gerlach, Rochester, N. Y.; Eugene D. Hays, 13
East Sixty-first street, New York City; E. D, Morgan, Hempstead, Long Island;
W. L. and H. A. Harris, North Wilmington, Mass.; Campbell & Blake,
THE BULL TERRIER. 429
good backing, as it takes a great amount of time, patience,
and money to import, breed, and show them.
The late Mr. James Hinks, of Birmingham, England,
will long be remembered as one who did more than any
other individual to improve the Bull Terrier, and many of
our best specimens bear testimony to that fact, as they date
to his strain. Since Mr. Hinks’ death, his son Frederick
has brought out more good Bull Terriers than anyone else.
Most all of the leading breeders have dipped deeply into
Hinks’ Old Victor strain.
Of the more modern strains, the Marquis and Dutch are
the most prominent. The former gets the shorter body and
better tails, while the latter gets better eyes and longer
heads, but the dogs have not the Terrier character of the
Marquis strain. Many who own Bull Terriers, and find the
name of Dutch in their pedigree, think, no doubt, that he
was a great winner. Such was not the case, I can assure
them, as I had the pleasure of seeing Dutch in Birming-
ham, England, during the summer of 1887.
When Dutch was a mere puppy he was sent out to keep,
and the man who had charge of him was fond of telling the
elder Mr. Hinks how well he was getting on, and particu-
larly of his wonderful chest development. When about
nine months old he was brought in, and was found to be
completely ruined for the show bench, as he had been kept
on a chain for so long a time that he was so far out at
elbows, in front and behind, as to be declared deformed.
Having been ruined for the show bench, he was put at stud,
and made a name greater than any prize-winner.
While speaking of stud dogs, | may say that my stud,
dog Bendigo would not rank high as a show dog, being too
much out at elbows, but his record as a sire of prize-win-
ners bids fair to eclipse Dutch’s. From this fact it will be
48 Woodward avenue, Detroit, Mich.; William J. Bryson, 204 Dearborn street,
Chicago; William Mariner, 405 Broadway, Milwaukee, Wis.; J. C. Mahler,
31 Taggert street, Allegheny, Penn.; E. 8. Porter, New Haven, Conn.; A.
Wilgren, Clarksburg, Ontario, Canada; Dr. T. Plant, 18 Travers street
Boston, Mass.—Ep.
‘
480 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
seen that a dog, in order to get winners, need not neces-
sarily be himself a winner.
Many people are prejudiced against Bull Terriers on
account of their alleged temper; but I have owned in the
neighborhood of one hundred of these dogs in the past six
years, and while I acknowledge that there is some founda-
uion for this prejudice, still I unhesitatingly affirm that it is
greatly exaggerated, for, if properly brought up, the Bull
Terrier has more affection for his master than any other
dog.
The Bull Terrier is at a greater disadvantage when shown
out of condition than any other dog, and the following
points in regard to putting specimens of this breed in
proper condition, gleaned from my own experience, should
be of great service to the novice.
It usually takes at least six weeks to put a dog of this
breed into good form; and to do it in that time, the dog
must be pliysically well at the start.
The first thing to do is to give him a dose of opening-med-
icine. Syrup of buckthorn and castor-oil are my prefer-
ence, and should be given the last thing at night. The
dog’s food, for a day or two, should consist of oatmeal
gruel and a little meat, and he should be given gentle
exercise. After that, work begins in earnest. His exercise
should be gradually increased from a slow walk of from two
to five miles in the morning; and the same distance should
be given him in the afternoon. After returning from exer-
cise he should be thoroughly dried with a coarse towel, then
well groomed with a hair-glove, which, in my estimation,
is the best method of grooming.
After this, the dog should be given a good hand-rubbing.
All grooming should be done one way, running with the
hair. The dog should then be put in a kennel supplied
with clean straw, which should be changed daily. As the
exercise is increased, the meat portion of the food should
also be increased. One Spratt’s biscuit, given dry, for
breakfast, and meat and vegetables for supper, with plenty
of the former, are, in my opinion, the best diet. The
THE BULL TERRIER. 431
washing of a Bull Terrier for exhibition is an important
matter, and the following is my method:
First remove the long smellers, eyelashes, and all of the
hair on the inside of the ear. This will sharpen his appear-
ance wonderfully. Next, place the dog ina shallow tub,
with a little lukewarm water, and thoroughly wet him
with clean water. Beginning at his head, he should be
well lathered with white castile soap, and then rinsed with
clean water. Afterward, repeat the operation on all parts
of his body, leaving the tail till the last.
After the bath, he should be well dried with plenty of
clean towels, and then a thorough hand-rubbing should
be given him. He should then be returned to his kennel
of clean straw and kept there for several hours.
The illustration on page 427 is of the well-known Bull
Terrier bitch Starlight, bred by the writer, without doubt
the best specimen ever bred in America. In the opinion
of Mr. Charles H. Mason, she is fit to win at any show.
She was whelped July 28, 1887, is by Champion Grand
Duke, out of Champion Maggie May, who was called in
England the pillar of the Kennel Club Stud Book.
Starlight is the winner of the following prizes: First,
puppy class, Boston, 1888; first in both open and puppy
class, New Haven, 1888; first, Troy, 1889; first, Toledo,
1889 ; first and special, Toronto, 1889; first and special,
Danbury, 1889.
Below will be found the points of the Bull Terrier
adopted by the Bull Terrier Club of England:
General appearance.—The general appearance of the
Bull Terrier is that of a symmetrical animal, an embodi-
ment of agility, grace, elegance, and determination.
Head.—The head should be long, flat, and wide between
the ears, tapering to the nose, without cheek muscles.
There should be a slight indentation down the face, without
a ‘‘stop’’ between the eyes. The jaws should be long and
very powerful, with a large black nose and open nostrils.
Eyes small and very black. The lips should meet as tightly
as possible, without a fold. The teeth should be regular
432 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
in shape, and should meet exactly; any deviation, such as.
a ‘‘pig-jaw’’ or ‘‘ being underhung,”’ is a great fault.
Hars.—The ears are always cropped for the show bench,
and should be done scientifically and according to fashion.
Neck.—The neck should be long and slightly arched,
nicely set into the shoulders, tapering to the head, without
any loose skin, as found in the Bulldog.
Shoulders.—The shoulders should be strong, muscular,
and slanting; the chest wide and deep, with ribs well
rounded.
Back.—The back short and muscular, but not out of pro-
portion to the general contour of the animal.
Legs.—The fore legs should be perfectly straight, with
well-developed muscles ; not ‘‘out at shoulder,’’ but set on
the racing-lines, and very strong at the pastern. The hind
legs are long, and in proportion to the fore legs, muscular,
with good, strong, straight hocks, well let down near the
ground.
feet.—The feet are not resembling those of a cat or the
Greyhound, but more after the style of the hare, compact,
with well-arched toes.
Color.—W hite.
Coat.—Short, close, and stiff to the touch, with a fine
gloss.
Tail.—This should be from ten to twelve inches long,
according to the size of the dog; set on very low down;
thick where it joins the body, and tapering to a fine point.
It should be carried at an angle of about forty-five degrees,
without curl, and never over the back.
Weight.—F rom fifteen to fifty pounds.
THE WHITE ENGLISH TERRIER.
By E. F. Burns.
GFPmHIS is an old breed, and a very popular one in Eng-
land, but is as yet little known in this country. It
is destined to become more widely distributed and
more popular here, however, for its bright, merry, sprightly,
affectionate disposition, its elegant and symmetrical shape,
its undaunted courage, its brilliant white coat, its spark-
ling black eye, and its generally handsome appearance are
such as to commend it to everyone who may want a small
dog for the house or for a companion. It is fond of human
society, either of children or adults, and is never more
highly delighted than when petted by master or mistress,
young or old.
The White Terrier, while by no means quarrelsome, is
game from the tip of his nose to the end of his tail. He
will brook no intrusion on his domain, and will assail a dog
five times his own size as savagely and as confidently as he
would a rat, if the stranger but approach his master or
mistress.
He has an excellent nose, is the natural enemy of ver-
min, and no dog is more eager in its pursuit or more suc-
cessful in exterminating it. It is as utterly impossible for
a rat to live, on the premises where a White Terrier is kept,
as for water to run up-stream. ,This breed differs from the
Black and Tan Terrier principally in the matter of color; in
many other respects the two breeds are nearly identical.
Concerning the status of the White Terrier in England,
**Tdstone’’ says:
The English smooth-coated Terrier is a dog seldom seen except in the pos-
session of dog-traders and ‘‘ fanciers,” as they call themselves, being bred for
show more than for use. Ten or twelve years ago it was at most of our dog
28 (433)
434 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
shows, and the breed commanded considerable attention, especially when the
dog had plenty of courage and intelligence; but this was the exception. Asa
rule, the show Terrier is not a hardy nor a courageous dog. Most of his life
has been passed in a highly varnished mahogany kennel, by a bar-parlor fire,
or in the arms of some opulent or quasi-opulent dog-breeder, whose chief voca-
tion is to show his ‘‘stud” of Terriers for cups and collars.
Twenty-five years ago the colored or partly colored dog, fallow, or even
brindled, or with head and body markings, would have had a chance of a prize
at these public-house meetings; but since the exhibition of dogs has been a
prominent feature in the fashionable amusements of large cities, the dog has
been so cultivated that white dogs only are admissible.
“RANO-MSNALLY-CO
WHITE ENGLISH TERRIER—WHITE PRINCE (A.K.C. S. B. 16733).
Owned by Mr. E. F. Burns, Taunton, Mass.
T have little doubt that these London and Manchester Terriers were ‘‘ the
pick” of what are now commonly received as Fox Terriers, purchased up and
down the country by those agents who have a roving commission to ‘‘ snap
up” anything which they can finé which is neat and salable. These smart
country Terriers were collected in London by the keen-eyed ‘‘ fancy,” and from
these the White Terrier was gradually produced.
None of these breeders can trace their breed for many years; and all the
best white dogs were the sons of one known in London as King Dick. He wa
succeeded by his son, known as Young King Dick; but neither of these dogs,
so far as I remember, were equal to some dogs exhibited in 1863, by Frederick
White, of Crescent Lane, Clapham Common, named Fly, Laddie, Nettle, and
Teddy. Twenty dogs were entered in the class, but Mr. White’s were the
THE WHITE ENGLISH TERRIER. 435
only specimens which had any business there. Birmingham alone produces a
good class in a general way, and the rarity of the best sort may be inferred from
the fact that the same dogs won year after year without fearing rivalry. This
is the case with Mr. Walker’s Tim, which has won fifty-six first prizes and
champion cups.
The weight of the White Terrier may vary from nine to
twenty pounds. The description and points for judging are
as follows:
Value. Value.
LBIGEN (ly Caen ieee ete Oe O Seg et ie ae ORR C O1OGN cea aoicks acne cts Be ee LO
LEST SCR GOOO La: Soe aera Oe General appearance wen cece eee ce 10
DBE Sacer mene osee moan heer Dee A CHONG acai ae eetad Meee memes 5
IBOOAY totals Oemigl Ss COaO OR AERO Roane 5 aaa
AO CRIA At oxic tee, Aner ee 50
flead narrow, long, and flat; skull narrow between the
ears.
Muzzle must be fine, tapering, sharp, and foxy. Jaw
muscular. J/outh must not be undershot; better the upper
jaw slightly over, if there is any deviation from a level
mouth. The stop or indent between the eyes must be evi-
dent and pronounced. Hye must be sparkling bright, but
not large. The ears must be round, flat to the head; in
repose raised, although falling over when the dog is aroused.
A tulip or prick ear is a great deformity, and shows
mongrel blood. It is customary to crop the ears.
Weck long, tapering, and muscular, and clean where it
joins the lower jaw. ibs must be well rounded. Showd-
ders deep and well set back, powerful as possible; loins
strong and back ribsdeep. In conformation, the dody must
be neither high nor wide. ore legs should be straight
as arrows ; hind legs moderately straight; feet strong and
muscular; foes slightly arched and well split; form of foot
round and fox-like; thigh large and muscular; Hock in a
straight line. The fai? should be fine at the point and
thick at the root, with a low carriage, but not bare. When
the dog is excited, it should be carried gaily.
Color should be white; coat smooth and hard, yet free
from roughness. Temperament same as in Bull Ter-
rier. Anything approaching coarseness of coat about the
muzzle, thighs, eyebrows, or any part of the profile, is
objectionable.
436 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
Recently some good specimens of the White Terrier
have been imported from England. Several American
breeders and fanciers are becoming aware of the good
qualities of this dog, and are turning their attention to the
development of the breed in this country, and the White
Terrier is destined to win his way to popular favor here at
no distant day.
White Prince* (A. K. C. 8. B. 16733, volume 7), the
property of the writer, is one of the best representatives of
his breed in this country. He was imported in 1888 by Mr.
Routley, of Providence, R. I., and was bred by Mr. Bergon,
of Birmingham, England; sire, Turk ; dam, Slendor; reg-
istered in English Stud Book.
*In 1890 White Prince won first at Providence, R. I.; Boston, Lynn, New
Bedford, and Taunton, Mass.; and at New York City. He won eight special
prizes in England, before coming to this country. His weight is eighteen
pounds.—Eb.
THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER.
By P. H. Coomss.
C7 HIS little knight of the carpet is eminently an English
(6) production, or manufacture, if we may use the term,
2) and occupies a most prominent position in the canine
world, being consider.d by many the handsomest of all
long-haired Terriers, and has been BID el ns termed by
one writer ‘‘the little Yorkshire swell.”
Standing out in bold relief from most other toy varie-
ties, by his picturesque arrangement of coat, his color, his
diminutive size, and his stylish form, and being preémi-
nently the ladies’ pet, he has a reasonable claim to the dis-
tinction of being the must fashionable toy breed of the day
in this country, as well as in England, where he originated.
We are fortunate in being able to quote from various
writers relating to the origin of the breed, and before com-
mitting ourselves to any opinion concerning this important
‘subject, it is desirable to read what such writers have learned
from their experience and investigation. Mr. Vero Shaw,
in his ‘‘ Illustrated Book of the Dog,’ says on this point:
The origin of the breed is most obscure, for its originators— Yorkshire-
like—were discreet enough to hold their own counsel, and kept their secrets to
themselves. Whether this reticence on their part has had the effect of stifling
the inquiries of curious persons, or whether the merits of the lhreed have
hitherto been sufficiently unappreciated by the public, we can not pretend to
say; but we are aware of no correspondence or particular interest having been
taken on the subject of the Yorkshire Terrier’s origin.
In certain works on the dog, however, deductions have been drawn which
no doubt are more or less worthy of respect. The Black and Tan Terrier, the
Skye, and the Maltese are all credited with the paternity of the Yorkshire
Terrier. That the breed in question resembles the Skye in certain details is
evident, but in many important points the two varieties vary widely. For
instance, the back of the Yorkshire Terrier must be short and the back of a
Skye Terrier long; so as regards shape, at least, the Yorkshire man can not be
(487)
438 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
accused of a great resemblance to his northern neighbor. In our eyes the
breed much more closely resembles the Maltese dog, save in color; but there is
no doubt that some of our more typical breeds of Terriers have been also
drawn upon for his production. Many persons who are ignorant on ‘‘ doggy”
subjects persistently confuse the Yorkshire with what they term the ‘‘ Scotch
Terrier,’’ thereby meaning the Skye, we presume. There is, however, no
visible ground or reason ever given for their opinions, which are certainly based
on error, and ignorance of the subject
_ LANCASHIRE BEN (A. K.C.S B. 16278).
“Owned by P. H. Coombs, Bangor, Maine.
Before leaving the subject of the Yorkshire Terrier’s origin, it may be
remarked that the puppies are born black in color, as are Dandy Dinmonts,
and do not obtain their proper shade of coat until they are some months old.
Searchers after the truth may here discover some connection, which we our-
selves confess we do not, between the Yorkshire and Dandy Dinmont Terriers,
in consequence of this peculiarity in the young of both varieties.
Mr. Hugh Dalziel, in his ‘‘ British Dogs,”’ says of this
breed :
This dog long went by the name of Rough or Scotch Terrier, and many
dog-show committees in issuing their schedules still include them under that
THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER. 439
heading; but to call them Scotch is quite a misnomer, the true Scotch Terrier
being a much rougher, shorter, and harder coated dog, of greater size and
hardiness, and altogether a rough-and-tumble vermin dog. . . . That the
Yorkshire Terrier should have been called Scotch by those who, although they
may have the credit of producing this dog, probably did not know of the
existence of the real Scotch Terrier as a breed, suggests that at least a Terrier
of Scotland has had something to do with his manufacture. Now, among
Terriers recognized as Scotch, if not now peculiar to the country, we have the
old hard, short coated Scotch Terrier par excellence ; the short-legged and
mixed-coated Dandie; the Skyes, with long, weasel-like bodies, and long, hard
coat ; and the perky little prick-eared, hard and short coated Aberdonian ;
and, in addition, the Glasgow or Paisley Skye, a more toyish dog, shorter in
back, and comparatively soft and silky in coat, which it probably inherits
from a Maltese Terrier cross. My theory, then, respecting the origin of the
Yorkshire Terriers (and I admit it is only a theory, for the most diligent and
repeated inquiries on my part in all likely or promising quarters have failed
in elucidating reliable facts, and none, certainly, contradictory to my views) is
that the dog was what gardeners call ‘‘a sport”? from some lucky combination
of one of the Scotch Terriers—either the genuine Skye or Paisley Toy—and one
of the old soft and longish coated black-and-tan English Terriers, at one time
common enough, and probably a dash of Maltese blood in it.
ie G. “EL Wilkinson Says, in his article published in
the Hnglish Stock- Keeper i in 1887—and we shall quote from
this quite extensively throughout this chapter, for the
reason that it contains some valuable information relating
to the breed that has not, we believe, appeared in book
form—concerning the history as learned by him:
In commencing an article on the Yorkshire Terrier, it is necessary to trace
back its origin as far as possible. With this object in view, I have been at
some trouble in looking up several old fanciers, one of whom, John Richard-
son, of Halifax, is now in his sixty-seventh year. And very interesting it
was to hear this aged man go back to the ‘‘ good old days” of over half a
century ago. I regret, however, that, although we can find men who have
been in the fancy so long, the origin of the Yorkshire Terrier is somewhat
obscure. Fifty years ago, there was in Halifax, and the immediate neighbor-
hood, a type of dog called at that time (and even within these last twenty
years) a ‘‘ Waterside Terrier; ” a little game dog, varying in weight from six to
twenty pounds, mostly about ten pounds weight—a dog resembling very much
the present Welsh and Airedale Terrier on a small scale. At this period, these
dogs were bred for the purpose of hunting and killing rats. They would go
into the river and work with a ferret, and were just in their element when put
into a rat-pit. An almost daily occurrence, at that time, was to back them to
kill a given number of rats in a given time.
It seems almost a pity that such a breed should have become extinct. Mr.
44() THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
Richardson himself owned a little bitch called Polly, who weighed six pounds,
and she was frequently put into a rat-pit with a dozen rats, the whole of which
she would speedily kill against time. She would also swim the river and hunt
with the ferret. This little bitch, Iam told, had four or five inches of coat on
each side of her body, with a white or silver head. At that time, however,
the average specimen was a short r-coated dog, with grizzle-gray, hardish
coat. It however seems to me, and is also the opinion of many old fanciers
whom I have consulted, that they were the ancestors for the present breed.
There is no doubt, also, that the blood of the Skye Terrier was introduced at
some remote period, which may account for the longer coat and long body
that existed some ten or fifteen years later. No care or definite object, however,
seems to have been aimed at in breeding, at this time, beyond gctting a dog
thoroughly game. It seems that it was more by good luck than management
that, about twenty or thirty years ago, a longer and softer coated dog became
known. It must also be borne in mind that at this time their coats were not
cultivated as they were later on. Dog shows were almost unknown in those
days, and even later were scarce.
From these and other earlier writers, we would be led to
infer that the origin of this breed was of the greatest uncer-
tainty, and of a most mysterious nature. That such
writers were, however, highly qualified to offer sound and
most valuable opinions on the subject generally, is proved
by the admirable manner in which they have treated the
principal characteristics descriptive of the breed; and all
specially interested in the breed should read the entire
subject as treated by such writers as Shaw, Dalziel, Wil-
kinson, Bootman, Watson, and others.
No doubt much difficulty has been experienced in
obtaining information relating to its early history; and one
opinion, as expressed by Shaw, seems to be that, substan-
tially, the history was known, but that it was kept a secret.
It would be manifestly unjust to deprive the Yorkshire
Terrier of the title to a pedigree running back to the pro-
genitors of the breed; and the continued correspondence on
and investigation into the subject by those most deeply
interested, together with their better acquaintance with old
breeders and fanciers—a condition undoubtedly brought
about through the agency of the improved quality and
increased number of dog shows, and the intense desire on
the part of such people to arrive at an accurate, intelligent
explanation of the origin of such a popular breed—relieves
THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER. 44]
us from adding any further testimony relating to the
‘“mystery”’ of the origin of this breed.
In an interesting article on this breed, published in the
Century Magazine in 1886, and written by Mr. James Wat-
son, of Philadelphia, is given about the first public infor-
mation tending to positively identify its origin—to a certain
extent, at least. The writer says:
Some of our authorities have attempted to throw a great deal of mystery
about the origin of the Yorkshire Terrier, where none really exists. If we
consider that the mill operatives who originated the breed by careful selection
of the best long-coated small Terriers they could find were nearly all ignorant
men, unaccustomed to imparting information for public use, we may see some
reason why reliable facts have not been easily attained. Thcse early writers
show but little knowledge of the possibilities of selection. Stonehenge, for
instance, in his early editions, speaks of its being impossible for a dog with a
three-inch coat and seven-inch beard to be a descendant of the soft-coated
Scotch Terrier, without a cross of some kind. The absurdity of this is seen
when we remember that within a few years of the date of his history, York-
shire Terriers were shown with twelve inches of coat. Then, again, he speaks
of the King Charles Spaniel as being employed to give the blue and tan, than
which a more ridiculous statement could not have been penned. To get a blue-
and-tan, long, straight, silky coat, breeders were not likely to employ a black-
and-tan dog with a wide chest, tucked-up loin, a round, bullet head, large,
protruding eyes, and heavy Spaniel! ears. The idea is too absurd to be enter-
tained for a moment. As arrayed against all the conjectures of theorists, I
have in my possession a letter from Mrs. M. A. Foster, of Bradford, England,
who in writing of the dog Bradford Hero, the winner of ninety-seven first
prizes, says: ‘‘ The pedigree of Bradford Hero includes all the best dogs for
thirty-five years back, and they were all originally bred from Scotch Terriers,
and shown as such until a few years back. The name of Yorkshire Terrier
was given to them on.account of their being improved so much in Yorkshire.”
Following this, and about a year later, Mr. Ed. Boot-
man, of Halifax, England, furnished an article on the
origin of the breed, for publication in the English Sfock-
Keeper, which that journal, ‘‘ feeling the importance of all
facts relating to the origin of the breed,’ published, as fol-
lows:
Swift’s Old Crab, a cross-bred Scotch Terrier, Kershaw’s Kitty, a Skye,
and an old English Terrier bitch kept by J. Whittam, then residing in Hatter’s
Fold, Halifax, were the progenitors of the present race of Yorkshire Terriers.
These dogs were in the zenith of their fame forty years ago. The owner of
Old Crab was a native of Halifax, and a joiner by trade. He worked at Old-
ham for some time as a journeyman, and then removed to Manchester, where
449 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
he kept a public house. Whether he got Crab at Oldham or Manchester I
have not been able to ascertain. He had him when in Manchester, and from
there sent him several times to Halifax on a visit to Kitty. The last visit
would be about 1850.
Crab was a dog of about eight or nine pounds weight, with a good Terrier
head and eye, but with a long body, resembling the Scotch Terrier. The
legs and muzzle only were tanned, and the hair on the body would be about
three or four inches in length. He has stood for years in a case in a room of
the Westgate Hotel, a public house which his owner kept when he returned
to his native town, where, I believe, the dog may be seen to-day.
Kitty was a bitch different in type from Crab. She wasa drop-eared Skye,
with plenty of coat of a blue shade, but destitute of tan on any part of the
body. Like Crab, she had no pedigree. She was originally stolen from Man-
chester and sent to a man named Jackson, a saddler in Huddersfield, who,
when it became known that a five-pound reward was offered in Manchester for
her recovery, sent her to a person named Harrison, then a waiter at the White
Swan Hotel, Halifax, to escape detection; and from Harrison she passed into
the hands of Mr. J. Kershaw, of Beshop Blaise, a public house which once
stood on the Old North Bridge, Halifax. Prior to 1851 Kitty had six litters,
all of which, I believe, were by Crab. In these six litters she had thirty-six
puppies, twenty-eight of which were dogs, and served to stock the district
with rising sires. After 1851, when she passed into the possession of Mr. F.
Jaggar, she had forty-four puppies, making a total of eighty.
Mr. Whittam’s bitch, whose name I can not get to know, was an old Eng-
lish Terrier, with tanned head, ears, and legs, and a sort of grizzle back. She
was built on the lines of speed. Like the others, she had no pedigree. She
was sent when a puppy to the late Bernard Hartley, of Allen Gate, Halifax, by
a friend residing in Scotland. When Mr. Hartley had got tired of her, he gave
her to his coachman, Mason, who in turn gave her to his friend Whittam, and
Whittam used her years for breeding purposes. Although this bitch came
from Scotland, it is believed the parents were from this district.
The last-named writer has so fully identified the three
dogs first employed to manufacture the breed, together
with their names, ownership, characteristics, and other facts
concerning them, that there can be no doubt as to the
authenticity of the history of the origin of the breed. His
history, although published in the Stock-Heeper in 1887,
has never been publicly contradicted, and it is evident that
there can now be no grounds for following the reasoning of
writers who claim that the origin is a mystery.
The development since that time—judging from an exam-
ination of the pedigrees of the most prominent dogs of the
breed—has been the result of judicious selection from and
breeding with dogs that most nearly approached what fan-
THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER. 443
ciers and breeders thought ought to be the type; and it is
probable that so long as a dog of this breed was known to
have some of the blood of the original Old Crab, Kershaw’s
Kitty, and Whittam’s bitch—the sole progenitors of the
breed—former breeders did not inquire too curiously into
the pedigree of all the dogs used. This seems to be a rea-
sonable supposition, and should fully account, in the case
of some prominent dogs, for the lack of a complete pedi-
gree running back to the three dogs above named. It isa
well-established fact that the principal strains have been
most jealously guarded by the people in the north of Eng-
land.
In noting the development of the breed up to its present
standard, it may be stated, to commence with, that it has
been principally accomplished by the people—mostly oper-
atives in cotton and woolen mills—in the counties of York-
shire and Lancashire, England, where it originated. Un-
fortunately, at its first appearance at our shows, almost
anything in the shape of a Terrier having a long coat, with
some shade or effect of blue on the body, fawn or silver—
more frequently the latter—colored head and legs, with
tail docked and ears trimmed, was received and admired
as a Yorkshire Terrier by most everyone except the few
competent judges; and the breed, fashionable as it is, is
still much neglected in this country, for the reason that its
care is not so well understood as that of many other breeds,
and a good specimen soon loses its fine show condition by
reason of lack of that regular and well-directed care
necessary to cultivate and keep the coat looking right.
Dog shows have, however, had the same effect on this
as on other breeds. With the annual improvement, in
quality, of the dogs exhibited, people have learned more
about the points required of a well-bred specimen, and the
worst type of dogs claiming title to the name has almost
disappeared from our shows. ‘Terrier properties should be,
and are, considered by competent judges, for although
toys, they are essentially Terriers, and called Terriers; con-
sequently there is no valid reason why they should not be
+
444 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
recognized as such. More competent judges are also now
to be obtained by the managers of our shows, although it
must nt be taken for granted that all acting in this
capacity are thoroughly educated, or united on the stand-
ard as established for the breed, to recognize one regular
type. But it is pleasant to note that much imp:ovement
has been made within the past few years in this direction,
and that the rapid increase in number of typical specimens
has served to educate fanciers to a better idea of what the
breed ought to be; and the Yorkshire Terrier classes are
now, in the majority of instances, well represented, in point
of numbers as well as quality, at most of our important
shows.
The Yorkshire, like other Terriers, is naturally remark- —
able for its sagacity, alertness, courage, and eagerness in
the pursuit of vermin, although many of the small, weak,
inbred specimens have, undoubtedly, lost much of the
Terrier instinct. The natural courage of the breed is
such, however, that it will readily resist attacks from dogs
much larger than itself, and, as a ratter, would quickly obey
the natural instinct if allowed to do so; but wisdom on the
part of the owner usually prevents a small, valuable dog
from enjoying such recreation. They are essentially toys,
and, as a rule, are most interesting and cunning as compan-
ions and house-dogs; and the large number of ladies and
children attracted to their cages wherever they are shown
indicates, to some extent, their popularity.
All previous writers, except Mr. Bootman, state that the
color of puppies when born is black and tan; but the latter
states that ‘‘mouse-color and tan, and even fawn, are not
unfrequently seen.’ Blue or mouse-colored puppies have
also been observed to some extent in my experience, and
they being bred from the best stock obtainable, I can cor-
roborate the statement made by Mr. Bootman. We also
learn, through some of the English fanciers, that some of
the first prize-winners of that country were born blue and
tan, but it is generally understood that most of the good
ones are born black and tan.
THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER. 445
In managing, breeding, and exhibiting Yorkshire Ter-
riers, a good and regular amount of exercise is most essen-
tial to their general health, as to that of any toy dog. The
means by which the necessary amount of exercise is given
must be determined by the owner; the condition of the
weather having an important bearing upon the question,
owing to the length of its coat, and the absolute necessity
of preserving it if one expects to be successful in the show
ring. 10
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THE COLLIE. 509
The skull of the Collie should be quite flat and rather
broad, with fine, tapering muzzle of fair length, and mouth
slightly overshot.
The eyes widely apart, almond-shaped, and obliquely set
in the head; the skin of the head tightly drawn, with no
folds at the corner of the mouth.
The eavs as small as possible, semi-erect when surprised
or listening, at other times thrown back and buried in the
pa bh ie
The neck should be long, arched, and muscular. The
shoulders also long, sloping, and fine at the withers. The
chest to be deep and narrow in front, but of fair breadth
behind the shoulders.
The back to be short and level, with the loin rather long,
somewhat arched, and powerful.
Brush long, ‘*wi upward swirl’’ at the end, and nor-
mally carried low.
The fore legs should be perfectly straight, with a fair
amount of flat bone; the pasterns rather long, springy, and
slightly lighter of bone than the rest of the leg; the foot
with toes well arched and compact, soles very thick.
The hind quarters, drooping slightly, should be very long
from the hip-bones to the hocks, which should be neither
turned inward nor outward, with stifles well bent. The hip-
bones should be wide and rather ragged.
The coat, except on legs and head, should be as abundant
as possible, the outer coat straight, hard, and rather stiff;
the under coat furry, and so dense that it would be difficult
to find the skin. The ‘‘ruff’’ and ‘‘ frill’’ especially should
be very full. There should be but little ‘‘ feather ’’ on the
fore legs, and none below the hocks on the hind legs. Color
immaterial.
Symmetry.—The dog should be of fair length on the
leg, and his movements wiry and graceful. He should not
be too small; height of dogs from twenty-two to twenty-
four inches, of bitches from twenty to twenty-two inches.
The Greyhound type is objectionable, as it gives little
brain-room in the skull, and with this there is to be found
510 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
a fatuous expression and a long, powerful jaw. The Setter
type is also to be avoided, with its pendulous ears and
straight, short flag.
The smooth Collie only differs from the rough in the
coat, which should be hard, dense, and quite smooth.
Point-judging is not advocated, but figures are only made
use of to show the comparative value attached to the differ-
ent properties; no marks are given for ‘‘ general sym-
metry,’ which is, of course, in judging, a point of the
utmost importance.
‘*Color immaterial,’ as placed in the standard, although
virtually correct, is somewhat misleading. In these days
of scientific breeding, nothing seems impossible, and by
careful selection as to color, almost any color may be pro-
duced. After a careful study of the subject, and several
years of breeding, the writer has formed the opinion that
the following colors are essential, and can not be looked
upon with any suspicion of a cross: Black, white, and tan,
sable, sable and white, red foxy colors, and, in fact, all
the shades of tan, and colors formed by the mingling of
the above colors. It is a well-known fact that nearly or
quite all of the greatest prize-winners and most typical
specimens of the breed are of these colors.
The Collie is affectionate and obedient, is extremely sen-
sitive, and will seldom bear punishment without becoming
sulky. When once you gain his confidence, he will obey
your commands at all times without restraint or compul-
sion. )
picture, ‘‘ Three Kindred Races of Dogs, the English Mas-
tiff, the Danish Dog, and the German Dogge,’’ and the
following remarks:
The Danish Dog, little known in Germany, is unquestionably closely
related to the English Mastiff, but has better legs and feet than the thorough-
bred Mastiff, and is faster, livelier, and not so clumsy. The best specimens
are said to have been raised thirty or forty years ago on an estate called
Broholm, and are, therefore, also called Broholmer Dogs. The Danish or
Broholm Dog does not at all resemble our German Dogge, as may be readily
seen from our illustration, and it is proof of ignorance if many a fancier still
classifies our German Dogge as Danish or Ulmer Dogge. The distinction
appears to have been invented by dealers, for now we find the light, then the
heavy strain mentioned as Danish or Ulmer Dogge.
During the great international exhibition of dogs of all races at Ham-
burg, in the year 1876, it was evident that none of the breeders and connois-
seurs present were able to classify and distinguish the numerous entries as
Ulmer or Danish Dogges. During the following shows at Hanover (1879) and
Berlin, it was resolved to abolish this unwarranted distinction entirely, and to
designate the breed as German Dogges, which they have been in reality for the
last three centuries. At the same time, a standard of points was agreed upon
after the best specimens. According to them, the German Dogge must neither
be too heavy nor too light, but must keep exactly the medium between the
Greyhound and Molossus Dog. Later attempts to have a heavier kind
acknowledged, besides the one recognized by the standard, have always been
rejected with overwhelming majority by the friends and breeders of this finest
and largest of all canine races.
THE GREAT DANE. 531
The origin and descent of the German Dogge are not
definitely known, but we do know that the breed is of great
antiquity. In the agricultural, forest, and hunting laws
of the old German tribes, which were not collected until
the middle of the tenth century, under the title ‘* Geopo-
nica,’’ seven kinds of dogs are enumerated in the ‘* Lex Ale-
5
manorum.’’ Of these, the Canis porcaritius (Boarhound),
MINCA MIA.
Owned by Prof. J. H. H. Maenner, Baltimore, Md.
b)
‘‘that catches the swine,” or the Canis ursaritius (bear-
catcher), ‘‘that catches the bear, the cow, or the bull,’’? and
the Veltris leporalis (the Greyhound or Harehound), are
thought to be the progenitors of the German Dogge, that
probably owes his origin to the efforts made to raise a breed
in which the principal qualities of the above-mentioned
varieties, 7. e., strength and fleetness, are combined.
A savage, strong, and courageous dog, whose origin is a
532 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
mystery, existed in ancient times. In the book, ‘‘The
Varieties of Dogs, as They Are Found in Old Sculptures,
Pictures, Engravings, and Books,’’ by Th. Charles Berjeau,
we find pictures, copied from the British Museum, of this
dog—the Canis molossus, now extinct—bearing a striking
resemblance to the German Dogge. Aristotle mentions the
Canis moloticus—after Molossis or Molossia, the central
part of Epirus, in ancient Greece-—350 years B. C., in his
‘* Historia Animalium.’? The Canis venaticus (hunting
dog) mentioned in Marcus Terentius Varro’s work, ‘‘ De re
Rustica,’ in the last century B. C., is probably the same
dog as the Canis moloticus, or molossus, as well as the
Canis venaticus that Junius Moderatus Calumella writes
of in the first century of the Christian era. Shortly before
that time, Gratius Faliscus, in his ‘‘ Cynegeticon,”’ treats of
the manner of using the dogs for hunting, of raising and
training them, of their qualities, diseases, etc.; also Oppi-
anus of Anazarbos, in the second century, in his didactic
poem, ‘‘ De Venatione,’? Mare. Aurelius Olympius Neme-
sianus of Carthage, in his ‘t‘ Cynegeticon,”’ and Titus Julius
Calpurnius of Sicily, in his ‘‘Cynegeticon sen de re Vene-
tica Eclogee,’’ describe explicitly the qualities of the dogs,
and their being employed for hunting. Many other histo-
rians and poets, among whom Virgil, Horace, Caius Plinius
Secundus, living shortly before or in the beginning of the
Christian era, describe and extol the Canis molossus and
his valorons deeds.
The Romans are said to have become acquainted with
these dogs in England, and to have exported many of them
for the purpose of using them in the circus to fight with
wild beasts. Three of them could overpower a bear, and
four even a lion. The Romans, finding extreme delight in
these contests, valued the pugnacious Molossus Dogs, whose
daring exploits historians and poets extolled so highly that
they appointed officers in their British provinces whose
business was the selection and training of the dogs to be
sent to Rome. Long after the decline of the Roman Em-
pire these dogs were employed for such bloody contests,
THE GREAT DANE (GERM AN DOGGE ). Doo
and when bears and lions became scarce, the bull was sub-
stituted for them.
John Stow describes a contest between three of these
dogs and a lion, in the presence of James I. One of the
dogs being put into the den, was soon disabled by the lion;
the second met with a similar fate, but the third immedi-
ately seized the lion by the lip and held him for a long
time, till, being considerably torn by the lion’s claws, he
was obliged to quit his hold. The lion, greatly exhausted
by the conflict, refused to renew the engagement, but,
taking a sudden leap over the dogs, fled into the interior
part of his den. Two of the dogs soon died of their
wounds; the last survived, and was taken care of by the
king’s son, who said: ‘‘ He that has fought with the king
of beasts shall never fight with an inferior creature.”’
The dogs, however, were not the antagonists of wild
beasts only; they or their descendants were also trained to
attack persons. During the conquest of Cuba and San
Domingo, in 1511, the Spaniards under Diego Velasquez
employed the dogs in subduing the natives and pursuing
them into the forests, where they had sought refuge. Hor-
rible deeds are recorded of the famous dog, Berezillo, that
was killed by an Indian with a poisoned arrow during the
conquest of Porto Rico, in 1514. A descendant of Bere-
zillo, Vasco Nunez de Balboa’s dog, Leoncico, was also
famous for killing and tearing to pieces numbers of Indi-
ans. In 1519, the Spaniards under Hernando Cortes em-
ployed these dogs i in the same cruel manner to et down
and kill the natives in Mexico.
During the reign of Charles the Great, in the eighth
century, the Canis molossus is mentioned, and in the for-
est laws of King Henry II. of England, of the twelfth
century, we read of the Canis mastivus.
Many varieties are the descendants of the Canis mo-
lossus, the most popular of which are the Bulldog, his
diminutive relative the Pug, the English Mastiff, and the
German Dogge.
In pictures painted by celebrated artists in the begin-
534 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
ning of the sixteenth century, notable among which are
the ‘‘ Wild Boar Hunt,” by Jurgen Jacobsz; the ‘‘ Bear
Hunt,” by Francis Snyders; the ‘‘ Wild Boar Hunt,” by
Peter Paul Rubens, we find a species of dogs of the same
size and shape as the present German Dogge. These dogs
also enjoyed high favor with the German nobility, and were
the constant companions of their noble masters. Famous
dogs of this kind were owned by the Emperor Wenzel,
Charles V., and the Duke Ulrich of Wiirtemberg. The
latter, when dispossessed of his throne by his enemies,
in the beginning of the sixteenth century, had to seek
refuge in the caves, near the Castle of Lichtenstein, for some
months, where, principally through the sagacity, vigilance,
and courage of his dog, he escaped several murderous
assaults made against his life.
There are at present three varieties of the German Dogge,
viz., the brindled or tiger-striped, the spotted or Harlequin,
commonly called Tiger-doggen in Germany, and those of
one color. While a distinction should be strictly main-
tained with regard to color, no difference is to be made in
size, coat, or form. It must be admitted, however, that
those of one color sometimes have finer hair, lighter forms,
and a more pointed head, whereby some are induced to
believe that there is more Greyhound blood in them.
Others are of the opinion that the fawn, or the red variety,
descended from the brindled Dogge by a disappearance of
the dark streaks, and also the black one by an increase of the
dark stripes, and that the gray, or blue one, was produced
by crossing the fawn, or the sandy-red, and the black
Dogege.
The origin of neither the spotted nor the brindles being
known, their color is to be considered. original. It is
supposed that the spotted variety received his wall-eye
and spotted or flesh-colored nose by a crossing of Albinos
with black Dogges, which theory is plausible, since a simi-
lar coloring of the eyes and noses of the progeny from
spotted and white horses is observed.
The spotted specimens have white, silver-gray, or bluish
~!
~~
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THE GREAT DANE. , .
ground-color, with irregular black, gray, or blue spots or
patches. Those with white ground-color and black spots
are the most beautiful; the lighter the ground-color and
qi
‘UVSYD NOG
‘SIM ‘SIIIIN 210898O ‘sjauuay ejo99sQ Aq peuMO
the darker the spots, the better. Some persons entertain
the mistaken idea that these dogs were used for hunting
or attacking tigers, because they are generally called
Tiger-doggen in Germany.
®
536 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
In France, the whole-colored variety, especially . the
blue or black, is preferred, although of late the Tiger as
well as the brindled Dogge finds admirers there. At the
exhibition at Paris, in 1889, Charles Gouté’s Tiger bitch
Calypso, his Tiger dog Roland II.,and his brindled dog
Fidelio won first prizes. These dogs are very large; and their
receiving the highest honors at an exhibition in France,
where the smaller, elegantly shaped dog has always been
valued highest, indicates a modification of taste in that
country, where specimens over thirty inches high were not
much thought of. Fidelio, one of the finest specimens
known, is a powerful dog, of strong bone, about thirty-
four inches high, weighing 183 pounds. He is much
admired in France now, though the brindled Dogge is called
there, by many, a butcher-dog.
In England it is entirely different. There the Tiger
and the brindled varieties rank highest; great size is
highly appreciated there, and Mr. Riego’s Cid Campea-
dor, a dog of about the same height as Fidelio, is much
admired. The admirers of the large specimens will even
overlook a little dewlap, which is more frequently found
on those over thirty-one inches high than on smaller ones.
Besides, we find many very large Dogges with coarse hair
and a faulty frame. The yellow-dun Dogge, with black
mask, is generally considered the result of a cross with
the Mastiff, in England, while in Germany the black mask
is a desirable feature, preventing the appearance of red
or flesh-colored noses in puppies. Brindles will often
whelp yellow or dun puppies with black masks, which
fact proves the erroneousness of the above-mentioned
supposition.
Another erroneous opinion, prevailing in England, is
that dew-claws indicate a cross with the smooth-coated
St. Bernard. They are not an ornament or a desirable
appendage, but are found on specimens of the purest
strains. Sometimes they are cumbersome and hurtful;
they may grow into the flesh, or the dog may be wounded
by them in another manner. Therefore it is advisable
THE GREAT DANE. 587
to relieve the puppies of them, with a pair of sharp
scissors, when about two weeks old, or even sooner. The
operation will cause little pain, and the loss of blood will
be slight at so early an age.
In Germany, all varieties have their admirers, but the
preference is generally given to the brindles. First-class
specimens of that variety were scarce at the exhibition at
Cannstadt, in 1889, because they are in such demand that
few of them remain in Wirtemberg for a long time.
The German breeders endeavor to raise large specimens;
but those not possessing a correct frame, or being deficient
in bone, muscle, or otherwise, are but slightly valued.
With reference to the size of Dogges, we often find
exaggerated statements; but it may be safely asserted that
the German Dogge is superior to all other breeds in height.
Mr. Riego declares his Champion Cid Campeador, bred in
Germany, to be the largest dog ever raised in EKurope—his
height being thirty-fonr inches at shoulder—and that the
largest St. Bernard measures about thirty-three and one-half
inches, but that his owner makes him thirty-six inches.
According to the Jagd-und Schitzen-Zeitung of April
15, 1889, the height of the German Dogge Victor, ~ then
exhibited at Chicago, is thirty-eight inches. The W7tten-
berger Kreishlatt stated, some years ago, that Friedrich’s
Ceesar was 1.02 meters, or about forty and one-sixth inches,
high. The latter assertions have to be taken cum grano
salis. Not many dogs will attain a height of thirty-four
inches, and few of those exceeding it will have a correct
frame.
Actual measurements of Boppel’s Sandor, one of the
largest and finest Dogges, taken not long ago, may be of
interest: .
Length of head, 124 inches; length of neck, 112 inches;
length from neck to set-on of tail, 32 inches; length of tail,
254 inches; girth of skull, 23 inches; girth of chest, 382
inches; girth of loin, 28% inches; girth of thigh, 104 inches;
height, 344 inches
The above measurements were taken and guaranteed
538 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
correct by Mr. Ziebert. Sandor is young and not fully
developed yet.
The ears of the German Dogge are generally cropped,
because it gives the head a bolder and livelier expression
and appearance. In England, however, a strong opposition
prevails against the cropping of the ears of any breed, and
the wish of the Queen of England, as well as the exertions
made by the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Ani-
mals to put a stop to this so-called cruelty, may be of no
little consequence. :
The Queen of Wtrtemberg, who visited the exhibition
at Cannstadt, in 1889, expressed also a wish, when admiring
the class of beautiful German Dogges, that the ears might
be left to them just as God created them. The French,
on the contrary, do not want a Dogge with uncropped ears;
and a German sporting paper, the Hunde-Sport, remarked
not long ago:
There is danger that America will follow the example of England. We
in Germany do not crop the ears of our Hatzriide since the day before yester-
day; our ancestors did so centuries ago, and if it will be admissible to draw a
general conclusion from a Greek coin, the cropping of ears was customary two
thousand years ago, and neither England nor America will alter it.
The same paper had in its issue of January 22, 1890,
the following:
We have been informed that in two cases owners of young Dogges were
indicted by societies and fined for cropping the ears of dogs. Should any one
of our readers be fined on that account, he is requested to enter protest against
it, and to ask us to name him two experts who are ready to declare under oath
that the non-cropping of ea's was the cause of continual suffering in the ears,
so that the cropping had to be performed in advanced age. Not the cropping
of the ears is tormenting, but their remaining uncropped. We are convinced
that on such evidence the parties indicted will be acquitted.
On the other hand, experts spoke and wrote against the
fashion of cropping ears. Professor Weiss, of the Veter-
inary College at Stuttgart, says in his book, ‘“The Dog,
His Qualities, Breeding, and Treatment in Healthy and
Sick Condition: ”’
The operation of cropping ears consists in a tormenting for the sake of
satisfying a nonsensical taste; besides, according to the opinion of the greatest
dog-fanciers, the dog looks, in his natural condition, much better than after
THE GREAT DANE. 188
squandering any cruel art on him; moreover, the consequences of this useless
mutilation do not cease when the ear is healed. The irritation caused by it
often has an injurious effect on the internal ear, and frequently deafness is the
result.
Not a few dog-fanciers affirm that the exterior ear of the
dog, being movable, prevents the free entrance of insects,
dust, rain, snow, hail, etc., protects against the changes of
temperature, assists the animal in catching the sound-
waves, and thereby renders the sense of hearing more
acute.
Thus we see that the opinions of experts, as well as of
fanciers, differ, and are even diametrically opposite, with
reference to the cropping of ears. The taste for cropping,
however, is predominant, and we may predict a continuance
of the fashion, in spite of arguments and protests. *
STANDARD OF POINTS.
The Great Dane Club of England, whose object is the
breeding and improvement of the German Dogge, has
adopted the following standard of points, which is, a few
unessential differences excepted, the same as the one laid
down by the breeders in Germany:
General appearance.—The Great Dane is not so heavy
and massive as the Mastiff, nor should he too nearly
approach the Greyhound type. Remarkable in size and
very muscular, strongly though elegantly built, move-
ments easy and graceful; head and neck carried high; the
tail carried horizontally with the back, or slightly upward,
with a slight curl at the extremity. The minimum height
and weight of dogs should be thirty inches and one hun-
dred and twenty pounds; of bitches, twenty-eight inches
and, one hundred pounds. Anything below this shall be
debarred from competition. Points: General appearance,
3; condition, 3; activity, 5; height, 13.
Head.—Long, the frontal-bone of the forehead slightly
* I wish to record here a most earnest and emphatic protest against crop-
ping, docking, or otherwise mutilating dogs of any breed. In my judgment,
these practices are cruel and useless, and the taste or notion that fosters them
is erroneous.—EpITor.
540 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
raised, and very little indentation between the eyes. Skull
not too broad. Muzzle broad and strong, and blunt at the
point. Cheek muscles well developed. Nose large, bridge
- well arched. Lips in front perpendicularly blunted, not
hanging too much over the sides, though with well-defined
MAJOR.
Owned by Mr. Paul Merker, 78 State street, Chicago.
folds at the angle of the mouth. The lower jaw slightly
projecting—about a sixteenth of an inch. According to
German standard, the lower jaw must be neither projecting
nor receding, so as to make the teeth meet evenly. Eyes
small, round, with sharp expression and deeply set. Ears
very small, and Greyhound-like in carriage when un-
cropped; they are, however, usually cropped. Points, 15.
NNeck.—Rather long, veryestrong and muscular, well
THE GREAT DANE. 541
arched, without dewlap or loose skin about the throat.
The junction of head and neck strongly pronounced.
Points, 5.
Chest.—Not too broad, and very deep in the brisket.
Points, 8.
Back.—Not too long or short, loins arched and falling
in a beautiful line to the insertion of the tail. Points, 8.
Tail.—Reaching to the hock, strong at the root, and
ending fine with a slight curve. When excited, it becomes
more curved, but in no case should curve over the back.
Points, 4.
Belly.—Well drawn up. Points, 4.
Fore quarters.—Shoulders set sloping; elbows well
under, neither turned inward nor outward. Leg—fore-arm
muscular and with great development of bone, the whole
leg strong and quite straight. Points, 10.
Hind quarters.—Muscular thighs, and second thigh
long and strong, as in the Greyhound, and hocks well let
down, and turning neither in nor out. Points, 10.
Feet.—Large and round, neither turned inward nor out-
ward. Toes well arched and closed. Nails very strong
and curved. Points, 8.
Hair.—Very short, hard, and dense, and not much
longer on the under part of the tail. Points, 4.
Color and markings.—The recognized colors are the
various shades of gray (commonly termed ‘*blue’’), red,
black, or pure white, or white with patches of the betore-
mentioned colors. The colors are sometimes accompanied
with markings of a darker tint about the eyes and muzzle,
and with a line of the same tint (called a ‘‘trace’’) along
the course of the spine. The above ground-colors also
appear in the brindles, and also the ground-colors of the
mottled specimens. In the whole-colored specimens, the
china or wall-eye but rarely appears, and the nose more or
less approaches black, according to the prevailing tint of
the dog, and the eyes vary in color also. The mottled
specimens have irregular patches or ‘‘clouds” upon the
above-named ground-colors; in some instances, the clouds
542 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
or markings being of two or more tints. With the mot-
tled specimens, the wall or china eye is not uncommon, and
the nose is often parti-colored or wholly flesh-colored.
Fraults.—Too heavy a head, too highly arched frontal-
bone, and deep ‘‘stop’’ or indentation between the eyes;
large ears and hanging flat to the face; short neck; full
dewlap; too narrow or too broad a chest; sunken or hollow
or quite straight back; bent fore legs; overbent fetlocks;
twisted feet; spreading toes; too heavy or too much bent,
or too highly carried tail, or with a brush underneath; weak
hind quarters, and a general want of muscle.
The diseases peculiar to this race are the same as those
of other large smooth-coated dogs, and are generally the
consequence of overfeeding and want of exercise, or of not
being properly protected against dampness or the inclem-
encies of the weather. The Dogges are very hardy and
easily acclimated; they can live in a cold climate, and bet-
ter than rough-coated breeds in warm countries. If prop-
erly fed and cared for, they will rarely be sick. The best
food for them is broth, milk, vegetables, corn-meal, boiled
or baked, meat, cooked or raw, and bones.
THE FUTURE OF THE GERMAN DOGGE IN THE UNITED
STATES.
An enthusiastic admirer wrote not long since, ‘‘ Make
room for the Great Dane, for he is coming.”’ And it is no
wonder that he is coming; the more generally his noble
qualities, his superiority to other breeds, are known, the
more rapidly will the number of his friends and admirers
increase.* It is strange that this variety is comparatively
* Among the many American breeders and owners of Great Danes may by
mentioned the following: R. P. Alden, 8 East Thirty-eighth street, New York
City; Miss M. E. Simonson, East Orange, N. J.; Paul Merker, 78 State street,
Chicago, Ill.; Edward Kelly, 55 West Twenty-sixth street, New York City;
Carl Heimerle, Bay Ridge, Long Island, N. Y.; John Getz, 220 Fifth avenue,
New York City; W. A. Armstrong, New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.; T.
Roedler, Milton, Ontario, Canada; Welz & Zerweck, Myrtle and Wyckoff ave-
nues, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Theo. Honegger, 33 Broad street, New York City; H. A.
Lawson, 107 Cherry street, New York City; Osceola Kennels, Osceola Mills,
THE GREAT DANE. 543
little known here yet, and that not many years ago there
were not enough in this country to have a class for them in
the shows. In New York, they were first exhibited in 1886,
when there were eleven of them; in 1887, only six were
exhibited; in 1888, seven; in 1889, seventeen, and this year
(1890), twenty-five. In Chicago, there were fifty-three
exhibited at the Mascoutah Kennel Club Show this year.
The Great Dane or German Mastiff Club of that city, organ-
ized last year for the purpose of popularizing this breed,
has now a large membership, and has already done and
will doubtless do a great deal to call the attention of dog-
fanciers to the German Dogge. The efforts of the members
of that club will certainly be appreciated by those who
may acquire a specimen of this breed, and thus become
acquainted with the beauty and admirable disposition of
the Dogge.
It is, however, difficult to get the best specimens, and
they command high prices. For importations we must
rely principally on Germany, the home of the breed. Ina
review of the remarkable events in the dogdom of Germany
during the year 1889, a German sporting paper prints the
following:
Foreign countries carried off several Dogges. Two went to Mr. Riego, in
England, Mr. Onderwater, in Holland, got Diana-Essig, and Professor Maen-
ner, in Baltimore, bought Bravo Pluto and Minca Mia. To the kennel of Mr.
Gouté, in France, went Fidelio, Libussa, Roland, and Rheinperle.
Thus we see that few specimens worthy of being men-
tioned left Germany last year, but a greater number will
surely leave during this year and thereafter.
As illustrating the noble disposition of the German
Wis.; Prof. J. H. H. Maenner, 404 South Paca street, Baltimore, Md.; G.
Leihbacher, Myrtle avenue and Grove street, Brooklyn, N. Y.; M. Martin,
601 East Fourteenth street, New York City; F. M. Wilder, 2515 Wabash
avenue, Chicago, Ill.; Andrew Schultz, 697 Noble street, Chicago, Il.; F. C.
Smith, Bloomington, [ll.; H. A. Williams, 1101 Washington boulevard, Chi-
cago, Ill.; E. R. Bacon, 73 Board of Trade, Chicago, Ill.; Hawthorn Kennels,
Elmhurst, Il.; William Pfeifer, 2 Elston avenue, Chicago, Ill.; August Trin-
kle, Cincinnati, Ohio; Joseph Zilligen, Jr., 552 Thirty-first street, Chicago,
lll.; J. W. Eliel, 3440 Indiana avenue, Chicago, Il1].—Ep.
544 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
Dogge, I quote some extracts from a communication to the
American Field. One in the issue of September 14, 1889,
from Baltimore, signed ‘‘ Wisp,”’ reads as follows:
The recent importation of several fine specimens of the Great Dane, by a
gentleman of this city, has created more than a passing interest in this noble
breed of dogs. I was attracted to this breed a few years ago by witnessing a
most remarkable case of transition of temperament, ¢. e., from a playful mood
JUNO.
Owned by Mr Paul Merker, 78 State street, Chicago.
to one of intense earnestness and courage I was walking along a suburban
road, and saw ahead of me two little children crawling and climbing all over a
large, fallow-colored, supple-looking dog, that seemed to enjoy the romp as
much as the children. It was an engaging picture, and the more I looked
the more interested I became in the ‘‘kind” of dog; for when I first looked I
thought, ‘‘ What an athletic-built Mastiff that is;” yet, on closer observation,
I knew it could not be the ordinary English Mastiff, for his head was not so
broad, and was carried more proudly on a longer neck, and higher; and the
way he jumped over those children, and stood aside, grandly erect, a moment,
THE GREAT DANE. 545
to allow them to look up in his eyes and try to pull themselves over his back,
was a position I never knew an English Mastiff to assume.
While debating in my mind what kind of a strain, breed, or type of dog it
was, I suddenly heard a growl; the dog “‘ positioned” himself firmly where he
was standing, about quarter way across the road, threw his head up, curved
his neck, and looked a very Vulcan of courage, immobility, and defiance
as he gazed up the road. The children, meantime, had rushed up to him,
clinging around his neck and fore shoulders. The scene was worthy the brush
of—well, I doubt if there ever lived an artist capable of transferring that life-
picture to canvas.
The cause of all the commotion was the sudden appearance of two tramps,
who had a large, vicious-looking specimen of a fice dog with them. Talk
about Indians stealthily stealing by the foe!) The way those tramps and their
dog ‘‘ slid” to the extreme farther side of the road, and ‘‘scooted” by in the
most abject terror, double discounted them, the protector of the children never
moving a foot the while, his head only turning in line with the tramps, and a
low roar issuing from his mouth when the tramps leaped over a side fence and
disappeared.
Then the children fairly hugged and caressed the dog, whose position,
indicative of every nerve on tension, was instantly changed to one of ‘‘ Let’s
continue our romp,” proving to me that such a thought as fear never entered
his mind. I determined to learn what breed of dog it was, and to become the
owner of one. I entered the garden walk to my right, and soon ascertained
that the dog was a Great Dane, and that five hundred dollars wouldn’t buy
him from his owner if offered.
I have since become the owner of a very good specimen of the breed;
and while it does not score quite as high as the recent importations, still it
possesses every merit and characteristic of the breed of Great Danes, and
nothing could induce me to again own an English Mastiff while it is possible
to own a Great Dane.
The following by Mr. Riego, honorable secretary of
the Great Dane Club of England, referring to the above,
appeared in an English sporting paper on November 2,
1889:
I have read with interest a letter in the American Field of the 14th ultimo,
signed ‘‘ Wisp,” and headed ‘‘ Great Danes versus Mastiffs.” Without enter-
ing into comparative merits of the two breeds, both of which I have kept, I
will at once proceed to confirm the generous character and sagacity of the
Great Dane, as evinced by the following cases among others which have come
under my notice: One of my relatives, a farmer in Spain, owned a mill some
three miles from town, and it was the miller’s practice to call daily for the
wheat, which was conveyed on mules to the mill long after nightfall. To
insure the miller against possible attack by depredators, one of the house-
guards, a Great Dane, without apparently any training, would take upon
himself to accompany the miller and his cargo to the mill, and the dog would
35
546 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
retrace his steps home as soon as he saw the miller safe at his destination.
Another relative, who also kept a Great Dane, finding his favorite pear-tree
lightened of its fruit, gave the dog free access to his orchard, with the result
that next morning an unsuspected neighbor was found lying on his back at the
foot of the tree, the dog standing over him and defying him to move hand or
foot; but the man was still unhurt.
Ina letter to the American Field, published January 4,
1890, the writer of this article narrates the following:
_A dog-fancier in this city, who had a pair of German Dogges many years
ago, and lost them, has had St. Bernards for several years, but bought a Ger-
man Dogge not long ago, and intends to dispose of his St. Bernards, because he
knows the qualities of the different kinds, and prefers the German Dogge to
any other large breed. Another dog-fancier in this city, who kept Newfound-
lands for many years, bought a German Dogge last spring, and is so well
pleased that he gave his Newfoundlands away, and does not want any other
breed as long as he can get a German Dogge. This dog, when bought, was
not quite a year old, and was soon admitted into the house, where he became
the playmate of his master’s only son, of about the same age. One evening,
when they had been playing together a long while, the dog lay down to take a
nap, during which the little fellow disturbed him by pinching him and pulling
out some of his hair, whereupon the dog awoke and growled fiercely. The
terrified mother saw the dog look around, and the animal, recognizing his
little playmate as the disturber of his slumber, licked the child’s hand.
Last summer, I engaged a young man to attend to my dogs, who made
friends with them very soon, and was permitted by his wards to go about
everywhere, and handle everything on the place and in the house; but when
he wanted to go into the cellar, after he had been with me for a week, he was
stopped by the dogs, and not allowed to move until I came and told them to
let him go down. Now he has the privilege of the cellar, too.
Another communication, signed ‘‘ EK. G., Chicago, II1.,”’
appeared in the American field of February 1, 1890; it is
headed ‘‘ Great Dane Intelligence,’ and reads as follows:
As this noble breed is daily assuming greater prominence, the following
narrative of fact may be found of some slight interest. Several months since,
the writer owned a St. Bernard puppy which had survived a very severe
attack of distemper only to be stricken by paralysis, and was sent to a veter-
inary hospital for treatment. The canine warden of the establishment—a
young Great Dane called Jumbo—showed a deep interest in the new patient,
apparently comprehending his helpless condition, and believing that it called
for his special protection. When Prince moaned in pain, Jumbo would at
once rush to his stall and regard him with the utmost sympathy and concern;
nor would he permit any person save the veterinarian to approach the sufferer.
On one occasion, during Jumbo’s temporary absence, a stable-boy, in
changing Prince’s bedding, was obliged to disturb him, thereby causing a
THE GREAT DANE. 547
howl of distress. Instantly there was a responsive thud of flying feet along
the hospital aisle, and Jumbo was upon the terrified boy like a fiend. The
vigorous use of a pitchfork alone prevented serious bodily damage.
Shortly afterward, my wife and daughter called to see the patient, and,
proceeding directly to his bed, were welcomed with joyful whines. Jumbo’s
vigilant ear caught the sound, and believing it heralded his charge’s distress,
flew, furious, to the scene. Seeing him pass, the stable-men, who had received
orders to confine the dog when strangers were present, were terribly alarmed,
and the veterinarian, who had just entered, turned sick with apprehension.
Their fears were groundless. Reaching Prince’s bed, Jumbo’s vengeful
aspect gave place to an expression of pleasure, as he comprehended the situa-
tion at a glance, and knew his ward was in the hands of friends. To the end
—which came too speedily—his vigilant care continued, and we learned that
every suffering animal received at the hospital became at once the object of
Jumbo’s protection.
Not long since, a gentleman related that a friend of his
and the latter’s neighbors, living in the country in the
State of New York, had been troubled by tramps, but that
this annoyance ceased since his friend had become the
possessor of a German Dogge that is a menace to the
tramps and a faithful protector of persons and property
within a circuit of more than a mile.
A few months ago, Prince Bismarck was met and
caressed by four splendid specimens of German Dogges
when arriving with a train at his country-seat, Friedrichs-
ruhe. One of them he received as a present from the
Emperor of Germany shortly after his dog Tyras, known
all over the German Empire and beyond its limits as the
** Reichshund,” had died of wounds received in the attempt
to rescue property belonging to his master from a burn-
ing building at Friedrichsruhe. The news of the heroic
death of the ‘‘ Reichshund’’ was telegraphed and cabled
all over the civilized world and recorded by the newspapers.
Who can doubt that this grand species of dog will soon
be the gentleman’s dog in this country, as he has been in
Germany, for centuries, the dog of the student, the high
officer, the nobleman, the prince? He accompanies his
master while walking or riding in the carriage, and follows
with ease the cavalier on his fiery. steed. Because of a
mutual attachment, the owner does not like to be without
548 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
his handsome, cleanly favorite, and admits him into the
parlor. ;
But if the Dogge will be the favorite of the gentleman
in America, he will rise still higher in the estimation of the
ladies and children. Where can they find a friend as faith-
ful and firm? Where a protector as reliable, courageous,
and at the same time as tractable as the German Dogge?
Even when aroused he is easily controlled. Especially in
the country and in lonesome places this sagacious, clever,
and powerful animal will be invaluable.
THE ST. BERNARD.
By F. E. LAms.
HE real origin of this grand dog is shrouded in mys-
tery, for although we find records of his existence
in Switzerland during the tenth century, there
appears to be no authentic record concerning its origin or
early development. It is evident that the monks at Hos-
pice and Simplon had a breed of dogs which was named
after the good old monk, St. Bernard de Menthon, who
educated a few large dogs in his possession to traverse
the mountains and aid or rescue weary and travel-worn
pedestrians who had attempted to cross the snow-capped
cliffs.
These dogs were trained to go out in pairs, and when
they succeeded in finding a belated traveler, one would
hasten back to the monastery to alarm its inmates, while
the other would endeavor to arouse the almost dying man
with its barking and other demonstrations of distress.
A writer in the Fanciers Gazette says:
The Alpine (or St. Bernard) dog was not manufactured at the monastery,
neither was the variety originated some centuries after the death of St. Bernard
de Menthon himself. On the contrary, it is a well-known fact that the breed
was in existence—in a crude and uncultivated state, I admit, but still in
existence—long before the founding of the Hospice at St. Bernard, as there
are specimens of the old type to be found in some parts of Switzerland to
this very day—a breed of dogs indigenous to the soil, but which has been,
with judicious and careful breeding, so improved that in place of the rugged
mountain dogs of past ages we have the fixed and admirably defined type of
the modern St. Bernard.
Vero Shaw, in his valuable work ‘*The Book of the
Dog,’’ quotes portions of a letter from M. Schumacher
regarding the origin and early history of the St. Bernard,
which I take the liberty of reproducing here, meantime
(549 )
550 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
acknowledging my obligations to Mr. Shaw and his pub-
lishers, Messrs. Cassell & Co., for.the use of same. The
letter is as follows:
According to the tradition of the holy fathers of the great St. Bernard,
their race descends from the crossing of a bitch (a Bulldog species) of Den-
mark and a Mastiff (Shepherd’s dog) of the Pyrenees. The descendants of this
crossing, who have inherited from the Danish dog its extraordinary size and
bodily strength of the one part, and from the Pyrenean Mastiff the intelligence,
the exquisite sense of smell, and at the same time the faithfulness and sagacity,
of the other part, have acquired in the space of five centuries so glorious a
notoriety throughout Europe that they well merit the name of a distinct race
for themselves.
In winter the service of the male dogs (the females are employed or
engaged only at the last extremity) is regulated as follows: ‘Two dogs, one old
and one young, travel over every morning the route on the Italian side of the
mountain toward Aosta. Two more make the voyage on the Swiss side,
toward Martigny, to a distance of about nine miles from the Hospice. They
all go just to the last cabins of refuge that have been constructed for the
benefit of travelers. Even when the snow has fallen during the night, the dogs
find their way surely and correctly, and do not deviate from the beaten way a
yard. The marks of their feet leave a track which is easy for travelers to fol-
low as far as the Hospice. Two dogs are made to go over the same road
together, so if one perishes it is replaced by another—a young one, who is
instructed and trained by the surviving dog, of which he is the pupil. When
the dogs arrive at the cabins of refuge, they enter them to see if there are any
travelers seeking shelter there, in which case they entice them to follow. If
they find any travelers who have succumbed to the cold, the dogs try to revive
them by imparting warmth in licking their hands and face, which not seldom
produces the desired effect. If these means are inefficient, they return in all
speed to the Hospice, where they know how to make themselves understood.
The monks immediately set out, well provided with means of
recovery.
In 1812 a terrible snow-storm took place, jnd the aid of the monks and
dogs was so constantly required that even the female dogs, the most feeble ani-
mals, were called into requisition, and perished. There were a sufficient num-
ber of males left, but not a single female. How was the breed to be kept up?
The monks resolved to obtain some females of the Newfoundland breed, cele-
brated for their strength, and accustomed to a cold climate. This idea turned
out useless when put in practice, because the young dogs had long hair. In
winter this long hair so collected the snow that the poor beasts succumbed
under its weight and perished. The monks then tried crossing one of their
own dogs with the offspring of the cross breed, with their short, stubby hair.
At last this plan succeeded. From that bastard female dog they have recon-
stituted the race of dogs that are now at the Hospice. These dogs, notwith-
standing their cross with the Newfoundland, have the same valor and courage
as the ancient race, because, by an intelligent and systematic choice, they rear
e
THE ST. BERNARD. 551
for service and reproduction only the puppies who approach the nearest, by
their exterior form and appearance, to the original and fatherly race. Those
that proved themselves unable to sustain the work, or who from their long
hair were disabled, were either given as souvenirs to friends of the Hospice, or
else sold. Of such are those that have been sold to M. de Pourtalés, at Mett-
lin, near Berne, and to M. Rougemont, at Loewenberg, near Morat. These
dogs come directly from the Hospice, where they are not fit for work on
account of their long hair, but are distinguished by their colossal size and
ole fancje
babys LAY eile KS ks
ROUGH-COATED ST. BERNARD—SIR BEDIVERE.
excellent qualities. They always retain in the Hospice the finest dogs, and
train them for service; those who do not possess all the marks of genuine breed
are given away or sold, because among the number they still find some pup-
pies with long hair, who thus reveal their motherly ancestry.
It is now some ten years since it could be read in many of the papers that
a Mr. Essig, of Leonberg, had presented to the Hospice a couple of dogs of the
celebrated Leonberg breed, which is extraordinarily large and handsome. His
intention was laudable and worthy of acknowledgment. But these dogs
shared the same fate as those of Newfoundland some fifty years previous.
Do2 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
Their long hair was their ruin; they perished; and at present there does not
exist in the Hospice a single trace of these beautiful dogs of Leonberg.
As already said, the Count of Rougemont, at Loewenberg, near Morat,
possessed a couple of superb dogs, which were presented to him from the
Hospice, because they were not good enough for the work on account of their
long hair. These dogs were very large and very handsome; the color of their
coats was a red-brown, and they had white spots on their feet, their necks,
their breasts, and their noses (? muzzle). They were on the paternal side of
the ancient Bernardine race, and on the maternal side of the Newfoundland
race. Several litters of puppies were reared from this couple, which were
given away and sold, and thus became spread about. In 1854 the female dog
gave birth, among others, to a little puppy of wretched appearance, spotted
white and brown, which was not at all valued by the owner. This wretched-
looking little puppy was sold as a miserable abortion to Mr. Klopfenstein, of
Neunegg, who trained it with care and attention. It prospered marvelously,
and growing up, attained a striking likeness to Barry, the most beautiful speci-
men of the ancient unmixed race, which is now preserved in the museum at
Berne. Its resemblance was so remarkable in regard to external appearance
and color of its hair, that when I saw the dog for the first time I resolved to
obtain it at whatever sacrifice.
I bought, then, this dog in 1855, it being a year old, and called it Barry, on
account of its striking resemblance to its illustrious ancestor. I entrusted it to
Baron Judd, at Glockenthal, near Thun, and both of us reared some young
dogs during many years, but without success. Never could we get young dogs
resembling the original race until 1863, when a puppy was born from the bitch
Weyerman, of Interlaken, of which Barry was the father. This puppy, named
Sultan, which was the image of Barry, came into my possession.
I bred from Sultan without success until I received a bitch from Saint
Galles whose father had been one of the St. Bernard dogs. This bitch, named
Diana, with Sultan, produced such beautiful puppies that at last [ saw my end
achieved. At the second birth were two, male and female, so surpassingly fine
that I resolved in silence to present them as a gift to the Hospice, in the belief
that these dogs, habituated now to the fourth generation to a temperate cli-
mate, well selected from generation to generation, would invigorate and
regenerate the ancient race with the descendants of its proper blood. The
gift was accepted. I took them when they were seven years old, in January,
1866, to Martigny, where some of the old brothers pass the winter. The
oldest of the monks received me with this exclamation: ‘‘Mais, mon Dieu,
cest comme le vieux Barry!” (Why, it is exactly like the old Barry!). Iasked
him which Barry he alluded to. ‘‘ Why,” said he, ‘‘ to the one that is stuffed
at Berne;’’ and then he continued to relate that in the year 1815 he had him-
self taken Barry, then living, on foot to Berne, where he was killed and stuffed.
The old man wept with joy, and said, without ceasing: ‘Ya donnera Barry,
le vrai vieux Barry; que je suis heureux!” (This is Barry, the genuine old
Barry; how happy Iam!). There are at the present time (1867) at the Hospice
some young puppies of Barry that promise well, and which will be, according
to all appearances, still finer and larger than Barry himself.
ROUGH-COATED ST. BERNARD—LYSANDER,
Owned by Erminie Kennels, Mount Vernon, New Jersey,
wv
THE ST. BERNARD. 553
The St. Bernard as we find him about the beginning of
the present century was much the same as we know him at
this time, an animal of great size, immense bone, and a large
head expressive of great character and intelligence. There
existed then, as now, two varieties—the rough or long haired
and the smooth or short haired. The latter were preferred
by the monks, for when the dogs were obliged to go out on
their errands of mercy in heavy snow-storms, the rough
coats of the former would ina short time become matted,
and owing to continued exposure, colds, rheumatism, and
kindred troubles would ensue, thus rendering them unfit
for duty at times. Hence the long-haired type came to be
looked upon with disfavor, and numerous specimens were
given away, from time to time, to persons who visited the
monastery. In this way the breed was introduced pretty
generally into the south of France and throughout all of
Switzerland.
Several authorities on the subject tell us that about the
year 1810, through the effects of a terrible avalanche, all
the dogs owned at the Hospice were swept away and killed.
After this a pair that had been given away when mere
puppies were returned, and from these alone the true St.
Bernard of to-day is descended.
‘‘Tdstone”’ gives a different version of this affair. He
Says:
The breed of St. Bernards has undergone some changes within the last half
century. A pest or virulent distemper at one time carried off all the dogs of
this breed but one, and that, I believe, was crossed with the Pyrenean Wolf-
hound,
Whether this be true or not, there can be no doubt that
during the several centuries of its existence as a breed
there have been many crosses and experiments made to
develop its strength, scent, and endurance, and this fact
probably accounts for the great variety which we now find
existing among our best dogs.
The first St. Bernard of which any authentic history
exists is the now famous Old Barry. This dog was
descended from the pair returned to the monks after their
554 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
loss, and he is reported to have saved the lives of forty-two
persons in the mountains of Switzerland.
It is from this celebrated dog that Schumacher’s Barry I.
traces his pedigree, and from the union of this dog with a
bitch at the Hospice that Sultan I. was produced. Favorita
[. and Toni I. were bred from Sultan, out of Diana I., and
to these dogs and their litter brothers and sisters is as far
back as any authentic St. Bernard pedigree can be traced.
Herr Schumacher, of Holligen, Switzerland, is the man
to whom we are indebted for the introduction of the breed
into England, and from thence into this country. It was
from his kennels that the Rev. J. C. Macdona and Mr.
Dillon (who are considered the first to import St. Bernards)
secured their stock. Mr. Macdona’s Champion Tell was
considered for many years the best smooth-coated dog in
existence. He was thirty and one-half inches high at the
shoulder, and weighed only one hundred and fifty pounds
in his best condition. His skull measurement was but
twenty-two inches. By comparing these measurements
with those of the largest dogs of to-day, we may obtain a
good idea of the great improvement that has been made,
within a comparatively few years, not only in size, but in
type, if we are to judge from the paintings of the famous
dogs of eighteen and twenty years ago. Approach the house qui-
etly but confidently. If the Mastiff barks, growls, or
smells of you, try to proceed without noticing it; if he
seems determined to stop your progress, stand perfectly
still until some member of the family comes to your relief,
remembering always that the Mastiff is only a dog after
all, and in doing his duty he must not be judged by the
standard of a Socrates. He acts from the stand-point of
his nature, not yours, so don’t be angry at his doing what
you would do if in his place; and, provoking as the expe-
rience may be, remember that it is only faithfulness on the
part of the dog. Remember, also, not to attempt to caress
or fondle the dog; let him smell you to his heart’s content,
and show that he is thoroughly satisfied with you, before
you attempt familiarities. Any good watch Mastiff will
suspect an attempt to seduce him from his duties if famil-
larity be resorted to before he has made up his mind on the
subject; be assured that the chances are ninety-nine to one
in favor of the dog not hurting you in the slightest.
THE MASTIFF. 585
To anyone who wishes to rear a true Mastiff, in all his
perfection of utility, let me say: Begin by making a friend
of your dog; let him accompany you on your walks abroad;
let him come into your house and lie before your fire, and
in every way connect himself with you and your welfare.
If you shut him out of your house, how in the name of com-
mon sense is he to know that he has any part or interest in
it? You might almost as well expect watching from one of
a litter of black Essex pigs. Don’t attempt to ‘t conquer”
MASTIFF PUPPIES (five weeks old).
Edwy ex Wacoula Donna. Owned by C. N. Powell, Omaha, Neb.
him, ‘‘break him in,” or any of the brutalities common to
the vulgar dog-breaker; a Mastiff that can be ‘‘ conquered ”’
is not the animal you could trust were you engaged in a
battle to the death with a vicious burglar or tramp; nor
would such an animal be a Bayard in the protection of your
wife and children in a lonely farm-house, with you far
away. Grave faults, such as killing chickens, etc., must
be eradicated, but don’t go at it with a club. Remember
how you would treat your child in such a case, and try to
follow the same lines with your dog, of course allowing for
the difference in mental capacity. First love your dog,
586 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
next make him love you; you will never regret having
gained his love and confidence, and the day may come when
you will be repaid an hundred fold. The nearest that a
cloud ever came to my roof-tree resulted from an episode
that would never have happened had my glorious old
Gipsey, her sons Lion or Hector, De Buch or Ginger, been
at home.
I give the standard set forth by the original Mastiff Club
of England, in preference to that prepared by the present
Olid English Mastiff Club, as it is simpler, being free from
much technicality, and therefore more readily compre-
hended by a layman. In all essentials the two are sub-
stantially the same.
POINTS OF THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.
HEAD.
General.—Very massive and short, with great breadth
and depth of skull, and squareness of muzzle. “Expression
lowering.
forehead.— Broad, flat, and wrinkled; eyebrows heavy,
with a broad stop extending well into the forehead.
Cheeks.—F ull.
Hyes.—Wide apart, small, and sunken; dark-brown in
color.
Muzzle.—Short, truncated, deep and broad, not tapering
toward the nose; jaws very wide; line of profile from stop
level, not drooping toward the nose (7. e., not Hound-muz-
zled); black in color.
Nose.—Large; nostrils large, and a well-marked line
between.
Lips.—Thick and pendulous; they should fall forward
(not hang at the corners of the mouth as in the Blood-
hound).
Teeth.—Large, undershot or level.
FHars.—Small, pendent or semi-erect, not placed so low
as in the Hound; the darker the color the better.
THE MASTIFF. 587
BODY.
' General.—Thick-set and muscular, with great length
and bulk, on comparatively short legs.
Neck.—Short, thick, and muscular; dewlap slightly
developed.
Chest.—Deep, wide between fore legs.
Shoulders.— Wide apart across breast and back; shoul-
der-blades deep.
Back.—Long and broad.
Loin.—Broad, flat, and muscular.
Thighs.—Straight, muscular, and thick.
Stern.—Fine, short, straight, thick at root, tapering to
tip, and carried down generally.
fore legs.—Short, from elbow to ground straight, with
plenty of bone and muscle.
Hind legs.—Straight, well curved from stifle to hock,
with plenty of bone; dew-claws admissible.
Feet.—Round, large, and compact.
Coat.— Hard, short, and fine.
Color.—Fawn, with black ears and muzzle, or good brin-
dles equal pieds are admissible and equal for purity—award
no points for color.
HEIGHT.
Feneral.—Produced by depth of body, not by length of
limb. |
Dogs.—From twenty-seven inches at shoulder and up-
ward; the greater the height the better, providing there is
no loss of symmetry and character, and that the weight
increases in proportion.
Bitches.—Generally average three inches less than dogs.
SCALE OF POINTS FOR JUDGING.
HEAD, 40 POINTS.
Value. Bi Value.
2 ; Uube tyes} ee oie eee 5
pare CLE: NG Sc a Sa 10 Bete oe 3
SUE MEIO A OMOUN ooo vie ele ain wc kis cle » 10 Muzzles) Depths: ..%0 «Ss. f 3
InisSige ae oe ats:
\
. A |
Ears—carriage und size. .......... 5 la ‘
EGQOLOI ae eeee 5 Perit, 3
588 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
BODY, 35 POINTS.
Value. Value.
IN GGkivalascststeis aye 0 alse mee eteele AIMCO TNS ies ars,snsecote tele te eer oe 4
Bread thyor preasteee ee eee ae AM DTONS \.)5 Bais sires, cet eters te ae 3
Thoinrand Dacksiancsecrisim eee tare AMO LETM fo vacesciei orsebicl ea sin arntatace overs eo 3
Girthiot:chest.ceca uses eee Aa SITE DS cra, eset cnc pecs aaa sr anecot SPE 3
Shouldersi::h.ce-featectois cece korea A Pole C tis (.,s hsiacsia,) acevo charactor eet 2
GENERAL, 25 POINTS.
Value
Sizeyhershtvandsceneralpappearance ote Mullican. -t-yetclrol leila }eleiea eee ieee 15
Coat Be rece acc hash este Teea Tete ale obs eer emanrente ers) Gils Sup ahis wllevs atau erejaveteleyelarer were: 5)
Fawns with dark ears and muzzle, or brindles with dark ears and muzzle... 5
Red with black muzzle, or all black, award three points only.
Fawns without dark points, brindles ditto, reds without black muzzle, and
pies award no points for color.
Dogs of 27 inches at shoulder should weigh 120 pounds.
Dogs of 28 inches at shoulder should weigh 150 pounds.
Dogs of 29 inches at shoulder should weigh 140 pounds.
Dogs of 30 inches at shoulder should weigh 150 pounds.
Dogs of 31 inches at shoulder should weigh 160 pounds.
Dogs of 82 inches at shoulder should weigh 180 pounds.
Dogs of 83 inches at shoulder should weigh 190 pounds.
Dogs of 384 inches at shoulder should weigh 200 pounds.
Award a less number of points in proportion to the deficiency in the speci-
men being judged.
THE NEWFOUNDLAND.
By L. F. WaHitTman.
HE history of the Newfoundland is very brief, and
until the last century no writer who treats of dogs
has said anything about him. Among the leading
writers on this breed, to whom I am deeply indebted for
much of the information given herein, are Hugh Dalziel,
author of ‘‘ British Dogs,’’ Vero Shaw, author of ‘‘The
Illustrated Book of the Dog,’’ and Stonehenge, author of
“The Dogs of the British Islands.”’
It is as common to call every large, black, shaggy dog a
Newfoundland as it is to call all small, shaggy Terriers
Scotch Terriers.
The intelligence of the Newfoundland made him, in
former times, where a large dog was desirable, one of the
greatest of favorites in Great Britain long before the
St. Bernard was known there—his fine formation, great
strength, and stately carriage being unsurpassed, and
rendering him highly popular as a companion.
The early settlers in Newfoundland were mainly natives
of the Channel Islands; and it is a question whether some
of these did not bring with them some large dogs, which,
being crossed with the native dogs, formed, after a time, a
new breed.
Several writers speak of the impurity of the breed that
is now found in Newfoundland, lamenting that it is only
found there in a mongrelized form, having been crossed
with various other breeds. It is extremely doubtful
whether the breed, in its early day, possessed the intelli-
gence of the present Newfoundland. It is more likely that
the breed as now known was manufactured by Kuropeans,
as it was very popular in England during the latter part of
(589 )
590 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
the eighteenth century, and is referred to by many
English writers of that day as a well-known breed. It was
especially valued because of the many instances recorded
of Newfoundlands saving people from drowning. In Eng-
land, long before dog shows were in existence, the New-
foundland was the trusted companion and guard of
people of both high and low degree, and everyone had his
own standard of excellence for his pet. He is still popular
there, and there are more so-called Newfoundlands kept
in England, as guards and pets, than any casual observer
is aware of. Many of the early Newfoundlands differed
widely, in color and in other points, from those now held
to be of the proper type.
In early times, there were many large dogs in New-
foundland that were called Newfoundlands, but the in-
habitants of the island looked only on such as were
black, or rusty black, with thick, shaggy coats, as being
of the true type. Some of the early writers declare the
true breed to be only of an intense black, with a small
streak of white on the breast. This white marking, how-
ever, is found on nearly all specimens of this breed. Other
authorities claim that the predominant color is white, with
black head or face mark, a black saddle-mark, and other
black markings; and still others claim the dog should be
of arusty-dun shade. No doubt there are many dogs of
the latter color in Newfoundland, the faults arising from
the improper selection of the breeding stock, as they vary
ereatly in color, size, and coat. Some claim the dog should
be curly, others that he should be wavy, and still others
that he should be shaggy. The coat of a Newfoundland
should be of a glossy jet-black color, rather close, flat, and
dense, and of a coarse texture.
In the Sportsman’ s Cabinet, published in 1802, there is
an engraving of a Newfoundland, representing a dog very
similar to our modern one, except that he is not so large
in head, is of smaller stature, and nearly white. The author
gives no accurate description, but says: ‘‘ The dog passing
under this description is so universally known in every
THE NEWFOUNDLAND. 591
part of the kingdom, and is so accurately delineated by the
united efforts of the artists in the representation annexed,
that a minute description of its shape, make, and form may
be considered unnecessary. . . .. He is one of the most
majestic of all the canine variety. Although at first sight
he appears terrific, from the immensity of his magnitude,
the placid serenity of his countenance as instantly dispels
the agitating vibrations of fear.’’ The opinion of such an
authority should be given great weight in considering what
should be a true Newfoundland.
This dog is very sensitive, and should, while young, be
managed carefully. He is greatly pleased when engaged to
the advantage or for the enjoyment of his master.
As a water dog he can, scarcely be excelled; he has
unlimited courage, and his swimming powers are so great
that no sea runs too high for him to face in the discharge
of any duty imposed on him by his master.
On account of the water and retrieving propensities of
this breed of dogs, it has been used largely, in England, by
the leading breeders of retrievers to strengthen those qual-
ities in their dogs. The blood of the Newfoundland has
also been liberally used in producing the Chesapeake Bay
Dog, so popular among duck-shooters in this country.
In 1876, chieily at the instigation of Mr. Hugh Dalziel,
water trials for Newfoundland dogs were held at Maid-
stone and Portsmouth, and Mr. Dalziel says:
Although neither could be pronounced a brilliant success, they were
each of them, in many respects, interesting, and proved that, with more expe-
rience, and if well carried out, such competitive trials might become more
than interesting—highly useful.
In 1888, the British Kennel Association gave water trials in connection
with their dog show at Aston-juxta-Birmingham, many competing dogs show-
ing great intelligence.
The following are the rules drafted by Mr. C. Marshall
for the conduct of water trials for dogs, adopted at Maid-
stone, England, in 1876:
1. Courage displayed in jumping into the water from a height to recover
an object. The effigy of a man is the most suitable thing.
2. The quickness displayed in bringing the object ashore.
592 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
3. Intelligence and speed in bringing a boat to shore. The boat must, of
course, be adrift, and the painter have a piece of white wood attached to keep
it afloat, mark its position, and facilitate the dog’s work.
4. To carry a rope from shore to a boat with a stranger, not the master,
in it.
5. Swimming races, to show speed and power against stream or tide.
6. Diving. A common flag basket, with a stone in the bottom of it to
sink it, answers well, as it is white enough to be seen and soft enough to the
dog’s mouth.
Water trials in this country for dogs, properly managed,
would become extremely interesting, and would be an
incentive to the lovers of Newfoundland and other species.
of dogs to breed and train them for this purpose.
It would be well to add one of these noble animals to
each of our life-saving stations, as, properly trained, they
would doubtless be the means of saving many human lives.
He would not only be ready to save persons from drown-
ing, but would be of great assistance in other ways, as his
keenness of sight and scent is surprising and his curiosity
unlimited.
Newfoundland dogs are not active on land, owing to
their carrying what dog men term lumber, which makes
them rather slow and logy; therefore they are unfit to
follow a horse going at any great rate of speed.
The following is the recognized standard for judging
Newfoundland dogs, as formulated by Stonehenge in ** The
Dogs of the British Islands: ”’
Symmetry and general appearance.—The dog should
impress the eye with strength and great activity. He
should move freely on his legs, with the body swinging
loosely between them, so that a slight roll in gait should
not be objectionable; but, at the same time, a weak or hol-
low back, slackness of the loins, or cow-hocks should be
decided faults.
Head.—Should be broad and massive, flat on the skull,
the occipital bone well developed; there should be no
decided stop, and the muzzle should be short, clean-cut, and
‘rather square in shape, and covered with short, fine hair.
Coat.—Should be flat and dense, of a coarsish texture
THE NEWFOUNDLAND. 593
and oily nature, and capable of resisting the water. If
brushed the wrong way, it should fall back into its place
naturally.
Body.—Should be well ribbed up, with a broad back; a
neck strong, well set on to the shoulders and back, and
strong, muscular loins.
Fore legs.—Should be perfectly straight, well covered
with muscle; elbows in, but well let down, and feathered
all down.
Hind quarters and legs.—Should be very strong. The
legs should have great freedom of action and a little
feather; slackness of loins and cow-hocks are a great
defect; dew-claws are objectionable and should be removed.
Chest.—Should be deep and fairly broad, and well cov-
ered with hair, but not to such an extent as to form a frill.
Bone.—Massive throughout, but not to give a heavy,
- inactive appearance.
Feet.—Should be large and well-shaped. Splayed or
turned-out feet are objectionable.
Tail.—Should be of moderate length, reaching down a
little below the hocks; it should be of fair thickness and
well covered with long hair, but not to form a flag. When
the dog is standing still, and not excited, it should hang
downward, with a slight curve at the end; but when the dog
is in motion it should be carried a trifle up, and when he is
excited, straight out, with a slight curve at end. Tails
with a kink in them, or curled over the back, are very
objectionable.
Fars.—Should be small, set well back, square with the
skull, lie close to the head, and covered with short hair,
and no fringe.
Eyes.—Should be small, of a dark-brown color, rather
deeply set, but not showing any haw, and they should be
rather wide apart.
Color.—Jet-black. A slight tinge of bronze, or a splash
of white on chest and toes, is not objectionable.
Height and weight.—Size and weight are very desirable
so long as symmetry is maintained. A fair average height
38
594 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
at the shoulder is twenty-seven inches for a dog and twen-
ty-five for a bitch, and a fair average weight is one hundred
pounds and eighty-five pounds, respectively.
Among the few fine Newfoundlands in this country, the
most of which were imported from England, I will mention
Sam, owned by Mr. J. A. Nickerson, Boston, Mass.; Miro,
owned by Mr. 8. 8. McCuen, New Orleans, La.; Mayor of
Bingley, owned by Mr. C. H. Mason, New York, N. Y.;
New York Lass, owned by Mr. E. H. Morris, Stapleton,
N. Y.; Prince George, owned by Mr. John Marshall, Troy,
N. Y., and Meadowthorpe Prince George, owned by Mead-
owthorpe Kennels, Lexington, Ky.
Mr. John Marshall, Troy, N. Y., is the most extensive
breeder of this variety of dogs in the country. The Mead-
owthorpe Kennels, of Lexington, Ky., and Mr. J. A. Nick-
erson, of Boston, Mass., formerly bred Newfoundlands,
but owing to the popularity of St. Bernards and Mastiffs,
and there being very little demand for the Newfoundland,
they gave up in disgust the breeding of this noble dog. To
show how little they are thought of at present, I will say
that out of 16,278 dogs registered in the American Kennel
Club Stud Book, there are only thirty-one Newfoundlands,
and of these, three are registered as black and white. It is
singular that, as far as the records show, no one has im-
ported a Landseer Newfoundland. They are a noble-look-
ing dog, being white and black, nearly as large as a St.
Bernard, and very intelligent.
To show the intelligence of the Newfoundland dog, I
quote the following incidents. ‘‘ Pistol Grip,’ in the
American Field, says:
While in Helena recently, I saw a Newfoundland dog which for intelli-
gence will compare with any dog in the country. He is owned by Mr. Thomp-
son, superintendent of the street-car company, who resides about two blocks
from the line where the cars pass every thirty minutes. From one of these
cars the family mail is thrown off. The dog is always there ready to receive it;
he never has yet made a mistake in the time upon which it will arrive, or mis-
taken the car; he goes without being told, and does his duty correctly. He
never goes to the car on Sundays, as there is no mail, and always knows when
that day arrives. He does many other things with equal intelligence.
THE NEWFOUNDLAND. 595
The following is from the Pittsburgh Dispatch:
A well-known resident of Oakland has a large Newfoundland dog that is
a wonder in his way, and he weighs about one hundred and sixty pounds.
The gentleman walked into the Dispatch business office yesterday accompanied
by his dog, and purchased an additional paper to mail to a relative in Illinois.
The paper was wrapped up, and after placing a two-cent stamp on the wrap-
per and addressing it, the gentleman gave the paper to the dog. The owner
got into his buggy and drove to the post-office, the dog running alongside the
horse. At the post-office, the gentleman stopped, but the dog didn’t. He
mounted the steps, trotted down the corridor to the receiving-boxes, and
taking hold of one end of the paper in his teeth, he inserted the other in the
opening into the paper-box, and with his nose pushed it through the hole.
He had no hesitancy about brushing his wet coat up against the light check
trousers of several young men standing near the box, and when one of them
wanted to help him push the paper through the opening, he growled, as much
as to say he knew his business, and could get along without outside assistance.
After depositing the paper in the box, the dog bounded out again to his master,
who was waiting for him, ‘‘It took me two weeks to train him to do that
trick, but it paid me for the trouble,” said the gentleman.
Stonehenge says:
The Rev. 8. Atkinson, of Gateshead, had a narrow escape in trying to
rescue one of two ladies who were immersed in the sea at Newbiggin, being
himself unable to swim; but his fine dog Cato came to their aid from some con-
siderable distance without being called, and with his help Mr. Atkinson was
safely brought to shore, together with his utterly exhausted charge.
There is another strain of Newfoundland dogs which has
many admirers, who claim them to be of the true breed.
They are white and black—mostly white, with usually an
even-marked black head, with a white strip running up the
forehead. Opinions differ as to this dog being of the
Newfoundland breed, the best authorities pronouncing it to
be originally a fine mongrel, possessing many of the points,
but lacking some of the characteristics, of the true breed.
It is not known how the so-called Landseer Newfound-
land ever came into existence, but it can not be denied
that it is, in appearance, much like the Newfoundland
proper. It is true that many dogs of this color are found
in Newfoundland, but that is not proof of their being of
the true breed. They differ little from the black, except in
color, the curling of the coat, and the head, which is
smaller, and not so solid-looking.
596 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
Sir Edwin Landseer, in his painting entitled ‘‘A Dis-
tinguished Member of the Humane Society,”’ represented a
black and white dog of the Newfoundland type, which
made this variety very popular for a time, on account of
which the English bench-show committees were compelled
to make a separate class for them, calling them the Land-
seer Newfoundland. In England, this dog was esteemed
highly as a companion, his color and markings making
him a very attractive dog, his gentleness and devotion
being unsurpassed. To Dr. Gordon Stables belongs the
honor of first naming this breed the Landseer Newfound-
land. There are very few, if any, dogs of this breed in
this country, and as a matter of fact they are not recog-
nized as a distinct breed by our bench-show committees,
they making no classes for them.
Some years ago, Master Willis Hoyt, Aurora, Ill., had a
fine Newfoundland dog, who always accompanied his
young master to school, carrying the boy’s lunch-basket.
On the way to school, the young man was compelled to
cross a bridge over a small river, and in warm weather
it was the invariable custom of the dog to leave his basket
on the bridge while he took a bath, to cool himself off.
One morning, one of the other lads took the basket and
hid it, for the purpose of annoying the dog and seeing
what he would do. The dog hunted around for some
time, and finally the lad gave the basket to him. The
next morning, when the dog arrived at the bridge, he did
not propose to have his basket tampered with, therefore he
kept possession of it and plunged into the water, basket and
contents being thoroughly wetted. His young master,
seeing the damage that had been done, said to the dog,
‘Now, you take that basket home, and get me another
dinner.’’ The dog took the basket home, but did not return
with the lad’s dinner, for his people at home could not
make out why the dinner was wet, or what the dog
wanted. No doubt he would have taken the basket to his
young master if it had again been filled.
A number of years ago, Mr. Rochester, of Rochester,
THE NEWFOUNDLAND. 597
N. Y., had a pair of fine dogs, one a Newfoundland and
the other a white French Poodle. It was the owner’s
custom to put the Poodle in a small basket every morning,
and give the basket to the Newfoundland to take the
Poodle for an airing. In the neighborhood there was a
black cur that used to nip the Newfoundland’s hind legs as
he was passing. One morning, the Newfoundland put his
basket down on the ground, went for the cur, gave him an
unmerciful shaking up, and after that he could perform
his duties as nurse without being annoyed by that cur.
This same dog went to the post-office each day, and placing
his feet up on the window-shelf, waited for the family
mail, after getting which he trotted home, and he was
never known to lose any of it.
THE BULLDOG.
By Joun EH. THAYER.
6 ™: can be no doubt that the Bulldog belongs to
6 one of the oldest races of dogs. This breed is accu-
rately described in Edmond De Langley’s ‘‘ Mayster
of Game,”’ under the name of ‘‘ Alaunt.’? This manuscript
is now in the British Museum. To the Bulldog many of
our most popular breeds owe some of their best qualities,
such as courage and endurance, and nearly every species of
the canine race has at one time or another been crossed with
the Bulldog in order to strengthen it in some way.
The Bulldog has always been highly prized by the Eng-
lish people, on account of his great courage and endurance;
and, indeed, he has ‘‘ become so identified with them as to
be frequently used to typify their national character.’
In the reign of James I., bull-baiting was at its height.
It was a favorite pastime for all classes of people, and it
was this sport that first brought the Bulldog into promi-
nence.
yellow fawn-color, with a distinct trace from occiput to
tail, while the Willoughby is a stone-fawn with a black
saddle.
There is no breed that has been bred more carefully and
that has been improved so much in the last ten years as has
the Pug. The long legged and muzzled Pug is now
replaced by the handsome little cobby fellow of an entirely
different type.
Iam perfectly safe in saying that the Pug requires more
care in breeding than does any other breed. There are so
many difficult points to perfect and overcome, and such a
strong tendency in the breed to revert from approved types,
that the greatest care and, watchfulness are necessary to
prevent this. The most important point of all is to first
select a good sire. Get the best that is obtainable. Be
careful that he possesses the essential points, such as hered-
itary transmission of character and disposition. This is
THE PUG. 641
one of nature’s most important laws. Strains are only
properly sustained in their purity by breeding to the best
stock that can be had.
In selecting a sire, never breed to a long-legged one;
limit his weight to fifteen pounds, if possible. It is much
easier to find a good large Pug than a good small one.
CHAMPION DUDE.
Bred by Dr. M. H. Cryer, 1527 Arch street, Philadelphia, Penn.
The bitch usually comes in season when eight months
old, and after she has attained that age generally comes in
season twice a year.
As soon as she gives evidence of coming in season,
remove her to a warm room on the second or third floor.
If possible, give her a companion, either a playful puppy
41
642 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
or an old bitch. This will keep her from fretting, and will
keep her in good cheer and humor during her confinement.
The confinement usually lasts about twenty-one days, and
a cheerful companion doubtless adds to the number of
her puppies.
The bitch should be bred on the twelfth day after the
first signs are given. One service is sufficient, and more
than two should never be given. These should be twenty-
four hours apart. She should whelp in sixty to sixty-three
days.
During her pregnancy the breeder should take particular
care to give the bitch a sufficient amount of exercise. The
more she is left inthe open air the better it will be for her
and her offspring. There is no definite way of ascertaining, ~
until twenty-one days have passed, whether or not she is in
whelp. About ten days before she is due to whelp, rid
her of fleas, if she has them, by an application of insect
powder.
I consider a well-tanned sheep-skin, with the wool on,
the best bed for a bitch to whelp on. Care must be taken
to have it well tacked in a tight box. The puppies will be
born, one after another, at intervals of a quarter to three-
quarters of an hour. During this time allow nothing what-
ever to disturb her, Keep her warm and quiet, and as
soon as she is through remove her and puppies to clean,
dry quarters. Restrict her food, for the first ten days, to
sweet milk, boiled rice, oatmeal, and meat-broth. After
that time has elapsed she may be fed on any kind of suita-
ble food. She should be allowed free access to open air and
yard for exercise, etc.
Puppies should be taken from the bitch when five weeks
old. The important process of rearing Pug puppies should
begin when they are three weeks old. They should be taken
separately and placed to a dish containing two-thirds milk
and one-third warm water, adding a little sugar; by touch-
ing their lips to the mixture they will instinctively begin to
lap it with an apparent appreciation. This process should
be continued three times a day for the space of ten days,
THE PUG. 643
and at the expiration of that time they can be given pure
milk, and meat-broth thickened with wheat-bread, boiled
rice, and oatmeal. They should frequently be given bones
to gnaw at, which exercise acts admirably as a tooth-brush.
A careful effort should be made to avoid overloading
their stomachs. Never allow food to remain in their dishes.
When they have attained the age of six or seven weeks,
they are old enough to sell; at this time it is also well to
rid them of worms. This can be accomplished by giving
each puppy ten grains of kamalia on an empty stomach.
This will expel all worms in three hours, without any
danger to the dog. Im three days repeat the dose. This
precaution has saved many a puppy for me.
To prepare the Pug for the show bench, he should be
washed once a week with pure castile soap, and should
be groomed every day with a soft brush. It will add
greatly to his appearance to rub his coat freely with the
hands. His food should consist of boiled meat, rice, and
oatmeal. By adding a table-spoonful of ground flax-seed
and a raw egg twice a week, a marvelous effect will be
produced on his coat, and it will at the same time regulate
his bowels. Let it be remembered that outdoor exercise is
as essential as good food.
The Pug is, of course, subject to the same diseases as
other dogs, and their symptoms are the same. The follow-
ing remedies I have prescribed and used in my kennel with
great success:
For worms.—Give ten grains of kamalia on empty stom_
ach; repeat in three days. This will expel pin, tape, and
stomach worms without danger.
For jits.—If caused by worms, give the kamalia as above.
If caused by teeth or distemper, give twenty grains of bro-
mide potash every three hours.
For distemper.—Take saltpeter, sixty grains; sulphur,
sixty grains; aloes, twenty grains. Mix and put in twelve
powders. Give one powder once a day. Avoid giving
open-air exercise. Keep them in a separate room at a tem-
perature of about sixty degrees.
644 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
Tonic.—For loss of appetite or to tone up the system,
after distemper or other disease, take quinine, twelve
grains; extract gentian, twelve grains; extract nux vomica,
one grain. Mix and make in twelve pills. Give one pill
morning and evening.
Mange.—Take sulphur, two ounces; saltpeter, one-half
ounce; cosmoline, four ounces. Mix and apply to parts
affected by rubbing well. Wash it off in twenty-four
hours, then cover the dog completely with coal-oil, and
allow it to remain on for twelve hours; then wash him with
castile soap. Repeat in five days if not thoroughly cured.
THE STANDARD.
Value, Value.
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ACKNOWLEDGED POINTS.
Symmetry. Symmetry and general appearance, decid-
edly square and cobby. A lean, leggy Pug and a dog
with short legs and a long body are equally objectionable.
Size and condition.—The Pug should be muléum in parvo,
but this condensation (if the word may be used) should be
shown by compactness of form, well-knit proportions, and
hardness of developed muscle. Weight to be from thirteen
to seventeen pounds (dog or bitch).
Body.—Short and cobby, wide in chest, and well ribbed
up.
Legs.—Very strong, straight, of moderate length, and
well under.
freet.—Neither so long as the foot of the hare, nor so
round as that of a cat; well-split-up toes, and the nails
black.
Muzzle.—Short, blunt, square, but not up-faced.
THE PUG. 645
Head.—Large, massive, round—not apple-headed—with
no indentation of the skull.
Hyes.— Dark in color, very large, bold, and prominent,
globular in shape, soft and solicitous in expression, very
lustrous, and, when excited, full of fire.
Hars.—Thin, small, soft, like black velvet. There are
two kinds, the ‘‘rose’’ and ‘‘button.’’ Preference is given
to the latter.
Markings.—Clearly defined. The muzzle or mask, ears,
moles on cheeks; thumb-mark, or diamond on forehead;
back-trace should be as black as possible.
Mask.—The mask should be black. The more intense
and well-defined it is the better.
Wrinkles.—Large and deep.
Trace.—A. black line extending from the occiput to the
tail.
Tail—Curled tightly as possible over the hip. The
double curl is perfection.
Coat.—Fine, smooth, soft, short, glossy, neither hard
nor woolly.
olor.—Silver or apricot fawn. Each should be decided,
to make the contrast complete between the color and the
trace and mask.
Among the many breeders of good Pugs in this country,
we may mention the following: Dr. M. H. Cryer, 1527 Arch
street, Philadelphia, Penn.; George W. Fisher, Catawissa,
Penn.; A. E. Pitts, Columbus, Ohio; Eberhart Pug Ken-
nels, 212 Main street, Cincinnati, Ohio; J. H. Boden, 296
West Twelfth street, New York City; C. W. Boger, 1939
Camac street, Philadelphia, Penn.; Miss L. Linden, 214
West Forty-fifth street, New York City; Acme Kennels, 413
Chestnut street, Milwaukee, Wis.; J. J. Lynn, Port Huron,
Mich ; Miss M. E. Bannister, Cranford, N. J.; Mrs. Charles
Wheatleigh, 129 East Sixteenth street, New York City;
Mrs. 8. C. Barnum, 329 Lexington avenue, New York City;
E. D. Bruce, Seventeenth street and Broadway, New York
City; Mrs. M. A. Cunningham, 412 West Forty-fifth street,
New York City; R. Schreyer, 365 First avenue, New York
646 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
City; C. E. Osborn, Stepney, Conn.; Mrs. J. F. Campbell,
Custom House, Montreal, Canada; Miss J. A. Yard, 2 West
Forty-third street, New York City; Roger Harrison, 84
Cherry street, New York City; L. A. Readasell, 158 Gay
street, Baltimore, Md.; GW. Wambach, 2 North Liberty
street, Baltimore, Md.; William J. Bryson, 204 Dearborn
street, Chicago; Miss A. B. Vanhorn, 180 Penn avenue,
Allegheny, Penn.; J. A. Lawrence, 263 East Broad street,
Columbus, Ohio; L. 8. Hudson, Lansing, Mich.; A. F.
German, Louisville, Ky.; Mrs. J. Smith, 7 McLean Court,
Boston, Mass.; Miss A. H. Whitney, Lancaster, Mass.;
W. A. Peck, New Haven, Conn.; E. E. Parnell, Spencer,
Iowa; Dr. 8. Plant, 18 Travers street, Boston, Mass.; Miss
Grace M. Hall, Portland, Maine; R. T. Harrison, 84 Cherry
street, New York City; Seminole Kennels, Chestnut Hill,
Philadelphia, Penn.; George H. Hardy, 10 Coleman street,
Cincinnati, Ohio; R. T. Prout, Newark, Ohio; J. C. Nims,
Plainesville, Ohio.
THE MEXICAN HAIRLESS DOG.
By ELRoy Foote.
UT little is Known as to the origin of this breed, or
D as to its history since that period, and the literature
6) of the subject seems to be comprised in the follow-
ing few references. G. R. Jesse, in his ‘t Researches
into the History of the British Dog,’’ referring to the dogs
of Buenos Ayres, says:
There are also small dogs without hair, except on the head and tail,
which are shagged; they are often companions of the ladies of the country.
In his work on ‘‘ The Dog,’’ Youatt calls attention to
the vast difference between dogs of the same general type,
as illustrated in the members of the Greyhound family by
the Highland, English, and Italian Greyhound, and. the
“‘small hairless one of Africa or Brazil.’’ Again, in the
same work, we read that ‘‘the Turkish Greyhound is a
small-sized hairless dog, or with only a few hairs on his
tail; never used in the field, and bred only as a spoiled
pet.”
Stonehenge quotes almost verbally from Youatt on the
same subject.
Vero Shaw, in his fine work ‘‘The Book of the Dog,”
in the chapter on the ‘‘ Rampur Dog,” says:
This dog, we believe, made his first appearance in England on the return
of H. R. H. the Prince of Wales from his Indian tour. At all events, we
have no recollection of having seen any specimens of the Rampur Hound at
our dog shows, except at the Fakenham Dog Show of 1876. Only two
appeared; one was of a mouse-color, the other spotted, a sort of pink and
blue, somewhat similar to young plum-pudding-colored pigs. In appearance,
the Rampur Dog somewhat resembles a small Deerhound, but his chief char-
acteristic is the absence of hair, which leaves his body smooth. We have,
however, been informed that since they have been in this country a little hair
has appeared upon these dogs.
(647 )
648 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
Shaw also quotes Mr. W. K. Taunton, describing the
Chinese Crested Dog, so called from having a crest of hair
running along the top of the head from front to back. In
addition to this, the dog has a tuft of hair at the end of his
tail, but otherwise, with the exception of a few scattering
hairs around the head and muzzle and just above the feet,
the dog is perfectly hairless, the skin being more or less
mottled in some specimens. There is another hairless dog,
said to come from China, considerably smaller than the breed
mentioned above, weighing about eight or ten pounds, and
without any hair at all. The head is like the apple-headed
Toy Terrier, with large bat-ears standing out from the
head, a very fine tail, and the skin of a uniform dark
color.
Here we have several different names for apparently the
same kind of dog; for, although referred to as being native
in Africa, Brazil, Buenos Ayres, Turkey, India, and China,
and being, as we know, also found in Mexico and Southern
California, I believe they will be met in all warm climates.
Whether these various strains of hairless dogs found in
the various hot climates are of a common origin, whether
they have been distributed from some one country to the
others, or whether they are the result of the so-called law of
evolution, we can only conjecture. Whether in some quar-
ter of the globe a breed of dogs has always existed
none of which ever had hair, because they did not need
it, or whether they were once clothed with hair, which
gradually disappeared because they did not need it, who
cansay? IRPfastrain of Pugs or Fox Terriers were colonized
in Central Africa and bred there for twenty-five, fifty, or a
hundred years, would their hair gradually disappear? Such
a supposition seems scarcely plausible, since the wild dogs
of India, many of whom live almost under the equator, are
thickly coated with hair, as are nearly all other quadrupeds
in hot countries. Why, then, should one breed of small
dogs exist in so many parts of the world entirely or nearly
hairless? Wall some Darwin, some Tyndall, or some Huxley
kindly investigate and give us the why and the wherefore?
THE MEXICAN HAIRLESS DOG. 649
Whether hairless dogs are crested or plain hairless, of
uniform mouse-color, or plum-pudding color, as our Eng-
lish writer picturesquely styles them, or whether they
have slate or pink points, as I once saw described, it seems
reasonable to suppose them all of the same breed and of
the same origin, inasmuch as the smooth and the rough
MEXICAN HAIRLESS DOG—ME TOO.*
Owned by Elroy Foote, 120 Lexington avenue, New York City.
coated Fox Terrier are of the same breed. Which is the
truer type Lam not prepared to say, but I will unhesitat-
ingly state my preference for the dark, smooth, and strictly
hairless dog as against the mottled and unfinished effect
of the so-called crested dog.
*Winnings: First and special, New Haven, 1884; first, New York, 1884;
first, Philadelphia, 1884; first and special, New Haven, 1885; first, Boston,
1885; first, New York, 1885; first, Philadelphia, 1885.
650 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
That the former is much the rarer style I know to my
sorrow, for in breeding from as good hairless stock as could
be found, three out of four puppies would exhibit the
unsightly pink points, and half of the litter would be
blessed (¢) by nature with a slight covering for the head
and tail.
In Mexico, among the natives, these dogs are used
externally for the treatment of rheumatism, and internally,
sometimes, to assuage the pangs of hunger. There would
necessarily be more virtue in their warm little bodies as a
substitute for the hot-water bags than as an article of diet,
at least judging from our civilized stand-point.
The hairless dog is a pet and house-dog only, and as
such has some good qualities that his hairy brethren have
not. He is naturally cleanly—a peculiarity not possessed
by any other native Mexican—never leaves hair about on
furniture or clothes, does not have fleas or any odor, other
than that of the soap with which one can keep his skin
as sweet and pleasant to the touch as one’s own. Like
any other good house-dog, he is naturally watchful and
suspicious of strange footsteps, and he is strongly affec-
tionate.
There is an erroneous idea prevalent that these hairless
dogs have to be kept blanketed in all but torrid weather.
They do not require any more artificial warmth than the Ital-
ian Greyhound, but, like them, should always be blanketed
when exposed to outdoor winds or wintry air, but never in
the house. Much covering or coddling has a peculiar effect
on the color of their skin, bleaching it more or less, accord-
ing to the warmth and duration of the extra protection.
Puppies are at birth much lighter in hue than when
older, many of the white spots becoming ‘‘by degrees
smaller and beautifully less,’ and some entirely disappear-
ing. In several litters out of the dogs referred to, three
or four puppies only have been born dark all over.
It is essential to success in breeding, in the North, that
puppies should not be whelped in winter. The early
spring-time is best, when it can be so arranged, as they are
THE MEXICAN HAIRLESS DOG. 651
then pretty well grown and established in health and vigor
before the advent of the cold months. Distemper is apt to
be a serious matter with them, but I have'never seen one
afflicted with any kind of skin disease, unless I except
one poor little bitch that was suffering from an eruption,
the natural consequence of a diet of sweets and indigesti-
ble pastry.
The dog illustrated, Me Too (6074), is pretty well known
in the East, and the portrait is a good one. As can be seen,
he is of neither Terrier nor Greyhound shape. By the
way, nearly all the writers who have treated of this dog
speak of him as a Greyhound and notasa Terrier. Me Too
is broad-chested and of such muscular development as is
rarely met with in specimens of this breed. The hind
quarters are extremely graceful and Greyhound-like in
form and action.
About the time the photograph was taken from which
this engraving was made, Me Too ran one hundred yards
on an athletic club’s grounds in a fraction over seven
seconds, without any training or understanding of
what was expected of him. This was a trifle longer than
the best on record for dogs up to that date; and this
‘‘ without turning a hair,’’ if I may be allowed the expres
sion.
His tail is short, fine, and well set on; the back short and
ribs well set on. The lines of the neck are so rounded as to
have called forth the remark that it was like the neck of a
lovely woman. His head is too short for a Greyhound or
Terrier, but as a compensation he has a larger brain-pan
than either, and the soft brown eyes are full of expression;
muzzle nicely pointed; ears fine and perfectly erect, but
not too large for the proportions; skin, all over, soft as
undressed kid, almost black in summer, and a mouse-color
in winter. His teeth are bad, and this is a peculiarity of
the breed, being few in number and indifferent in quality.
Youatt, in his book, mentions this singular circumstance
connected with the Turkish hairless dog, and I myself ob-
served it. It may safely be inferred that a hairless dog
652 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
with good teeth gets them as the result of a cross with
some outsider.
Me Too weighs eighteen pounds. His measurements |
have never taken, and he is so old now that it would not be
fair to offer them. His serious faults are two white toes on
the fore and hind feet of the right side and a jaw slightly
overshot, or ‘‘ pig-jawed,”’ as it is termed. He was shown,
during five years, at fifteen large bench shows and judged
by ten different judges without defeat—an unusual record.
Mr. W. K. Taunton, an Englishman who has had larger
experience of foreign dogs than any man living, judged
the Mexican Hairless class at New York in 1888, and vol-
unteered the remark that Me Too was a rare one, and that
he had never seen his better. Mr. J. R. Pierson, formerly
of Greyhound fame, has seen many of these dogs in Brazil,
and has always considered Me Too a typical specimen. His
breeding is entirely unknown to me, but I believe him to
have been born about March, 1882, as he came into my pos-
session when undoubtedly a year old. Me Too is now
aging fast, for this climate is not conducive to longevity in
the Mexican Hairless race.
Nellie (6076), now in possession of Mrs. E. C. Moore, of
New Rochelle, N. Y., is also of unknown pedigree, but in
her prime was a fine one. She stands badly on her feet,
but that is also unnatural to her. In color she is even
darker than Me Too, and her skin is of remarkable softness.
A few white blotches are scattered over her legs and feet.
Her face would be prettier if the eyes were not quite so
prominent.
As is proper in her sex, sbe is much less muscular than
Me Too, stands a trifle higher on her legs, and is yet
smaller, weighing about fourteen pounds. Her action is
much like that of the Italian Greyhound, and she is a
pretty companion for a walk.
Pickaninny (6077) was the result of breeding Me Too
to Nellie, and she was the prettiest little bitch I ever saw.
She lived to the age of eleven months, and then died in the
agonies of strychnine poisoning.
THE MEXICAN HAIRLESS DOG. 65:
White Wings (9251) is a very good bitch, out of Me
Too and Nellie, having, however, much white on all four
legs, and to which she owes her name. White Wings has
been a bench-show winner, but will never be able to compete
again, owing to blindness of one eye. I have heard of many
fine Mexican Hairless Dogs, but have actually seen, outside
of my own stock, only the few I mention below.
Mede (6075) belonged to a Mr. Palmer, of Passaic Falls,
N. J. She was an all-dark one and very good, but died
when about six years old without ever being bred. She
had, however, done some winning.
I saw on the street in New York a little beauty, and
took the trouble to find out her home. She was run over
and killed soon after, and the specimen her owner replaced
her with was a poor one.
I have only seen two good dogs. One was a puppy of
Nellie’s, named Judge, who died of distemper after taking
a prize at his first show, New Haven, 1885. He was only
half-Mexican, however, having been sired by an Italian
Greyhound. ;
Pippo, owned by Mrs. L. D. Hurd, of New York, and win-
ner at the 1890 show there, is a good dog, of heavier frame
and holding his age much better. This completes the list of
good ones that I have a personal knowledge of. Pedigrees
are scarce, for the breed has never been cultivated and cared
for as is necessary to establish them. Dogs of this breed
should be washed occasionally with castile soap, and a lib-
eral application of vaseline once a month, well rubbed in,
will improve the appearance of the skin. Puppies while
very young should be kept in a warm room, and should be
handled with great care, as they are extremely delicate and
may be easily injured. Their bed should be made of Canton
flannel, and should be frequently washed.
The Mexican, like all other dogs that are kept mainly
in the house, should have plenty of exercise. It is well to
teach any house-dog to retrieve a ball, and someone should
put in twenty to thirty minutes each day in throwing the
ball through the hall, or adjoining rooms, and having the
654 THE AMERICAN BOOK .OF THE DOG.
dog bring it. Make him move as rapidly as possible—a
lively run is best. Nearly all house-dogs enjoy this sport
when once taught it, and will enter into it with great zest.
On every fair day the dog should be given a run, of at least
half a mile, on the street or in the country.
The prejudice which exists in the minds of many against
the hairless dog soon wears off if given the opportunity,
for a better house-pet, with fewer disadvantages, can seldom
be found than a symmetrically formed, dark-colored, clean-
skinned Mexican Hairless Dog. No standard or points of
judging this breed have yet been adopted.
THE TOY SPANTELS.
By Miss Marion E. BAnnistTER.
HE origin of the King Charles and Blenheim Spaniels
© is obscure, and beyond the fact that (as claimed by
some writers) they came from Spain, little is known
concerning it. King Charles IT. first rendered them popu-
lar, in England, by the care and attention he gave to the
breeding and rearing of good specimens. Dr. Caius writes
of them as follows:
Of the delicate, neate, and pretty kind of dogges called the Spaniel gentle,
or the comforter, in Latine Melitzeus or Fotor. These dogges are little, pretty,
proper, and fine, and sought for to satisfy the delicatenesse of daintie dames
and wanton women’s wills. Instrumentes of folly for them to play and dally
withall, to tryfle away the treasure of time. These puppies, the smaller they
be, the more pleasure they provoke, as more meete play-fellowes for mincing
mistresses to beare in their bosoms.
According to the good Doctor, the superstitious people
of the middle ages, even in enlightened England, believed
that these little dogs possessed curative powers. On this
subject he writes:
We find that these little dogges are good to assuage the sicknesse of the
stomacke, being oftentimes thereunto applyed as a plaster preservative, or
borne in the bosom of the diseased and weake person, which effect is per-
formed by theyr moderate heate. Moreover, the disease and sicknesse chaungeth
his place, and entreth (though it be not precisely marcked) into the dogge,
which experience can testify, for these kinde of dogges sometimes fall sicke,
and sometimes die, without any harme outwardly inforced, which is an argu-
ment that the disease of the gentleman or gentlewoman, or owner whatsoever,
entreth into the dogge by the operation of heate intermingled and infected.
Sir William Jardine, in the ‘‘ Naturalist’s Library”
(1843), speaks of the King Charles Spaniel as ‘‘a beautiful
breed, in general black and white, and presumed to be the
parent of the Cocker, who is usually black, and shorter in
the back than the Spaniel.”’
( 655 )
656 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
The Blenheim, Marlborough, or Pyrame of Buffon is
very similar to the above, but the black color is relieved by
fire-colored spots above the eyes, and the same on the
breast and feet; the muzzle is fuller and the back rather
short. The Maltese dog (Canis Meliteus), the Bichon or
Chien Bouffe of Buffon, is the most ancient of all the small
Spaniel races, being figured on Roman monuments and
noticed by Strabo; the muzzle is rounder, the hair very
long, silky, and usually white, the stature very small, and
only fit for ladies’ lap-dogs.
John Scott writes (1830), in the Sportsman’ s Repository:
Twenty years ago (¢. e., 1800), His Grace the Duke of Marlborough was
reputed to possess the smallest and best breed of Cockers in Britain; they were
invariably red and white, with very: long ears, short noses, and black eyes.
Still another writer claims that at least the King Charles
type first came from Japan. Robert Fortune, who traveled
in that country in the seventeenth century, says:
The lap-dogs of the country (Japan) are highly prized, both by natives
and foreigners. They are small, some of them not more than nine or ten
inches in length. They are remarkable for snub noses and sunken eyes, and
are certainly more curious than beautiful. They are carefully bred, and com-
mand high prices, even amongst the Japanese; and are dwarfed, it is said, by
the use of ‘ saki,” a spirit to which their owners are particularly partial.
Commenting on this statement, ‘‘ Idstone”’ says:
I have seen several of these Japanese lap-dogs; some have been publicly
exhibited, and others have been shown to me by gentlemen who imported
them from that country. I recollect seeing two very beautiful specimens
brought home by Mr. Clogstone, of Wimborne, Dorsetshire. These, both of
them, had large, prominent eyes (so that the sunken eye named by Fortune
was a misnomer), of the King Charles type, and were only deficient in ear;
their color was pale yellow and white, and the coat was silky. The noses of
those I saw were very short, but the skull was not so round as the London
breeder would desire, yet showing a tendency to the spherical formation which
is a mark of the race.
In corroboration of my statement, I will give Sir Rutherford Alcock’s own
words: ‘‘T am to find a pair of well-bred Japanese dogs, with eyes like saucers,
no nose, the tongue hanging out at-the side—too large for the mouth, white and
tan if possible, and two years old.”” He goes on to say: ‘‘ My dogs are chosen
—a species of Charles II. Spaniel intensified—and, by-the-bye, there is so
much genuine likeness that I think it probable the Merry Monarch was
indebted to his marriage with a Portuguese princess for the original race of
Spaniels, as well as her dower of Bombay.”
THE TOY SPANIELS. 657
There is another reason for believing that the King Charles was imported
Q 5S
from Japan. There is a vulgar belief that the Spaniel may be dwarfed in size
by giving it gin, and possibly the supposed secret of producing Jap-dogs in
ys 5 si, ] g
Japan—the administration of saki—was brought over by the importer of dogs.
These ignorant ideas are always traceable, and if the conformation of the King
5 5
etn " a
x on >=
a
& ,.
KING CHARLES SPANIEL—ROMEO,
Owned by Mis. F. Senn, 278 West Eleventh street, New York City.
Charles and Japanese is so close, and the means of dwarfing them coincides in
both countries, or rather is supposed to dwarf them (for it does not), and the
dogs are not referable to the same stock, it is a very singular coincidence.
Thus it will be seen that whatever the origin of the King
Charles and Blenheim, they have led a somewhat checkered
career; though both have at times been called by other
42
658 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
names, and have occasionally waned in popularity, they are
both ancient, and have maintained their existence in the
canine world against frequent neglect on the part of the
public, coming down to this more appreciative and dog-
loving age ina remarkable state of purity, all things con-
sidered. Still we have cause to regret, deeply, that these
beautiful animals are not more popular to-day than they
are. They are far more intelligent, affectionate, and beauti-
ful than many of the other breeds that are so extensively
sought after and cultivated as ladies’ pets, and yet thou-
sands of dog-fanciers seem not to know this. The reason is
that this is an age of crazes and fads, and it matters not
how homely, how stupid, or how insipid a breed of dogs
may be, if its manipulators can succeed in getting it said,
prominently, that it is the fashionable breed of the day,
the devotees of fashion, the fadists (to coin a word), will
rush to the new kennels in search of the new breed, pay
any price that may be asked for any specimen that may or
may not be able to show a pedigree, and carry it away in
triumph. Some of these people heave deep-drawn sighs of
relief and exultation as they drive away with their treasure
in their arms, and exclaim: ‘‘ How fortunate; how should
I ever have survived, if I had not succeeded in getting one
of the first of these new pets!”
The exultation is to be short-lived, however, for Madame
may rest assured that next year, or the year after, or the
year after that at the farthest, some new breed will be
boomed and will become the craze. Then this pet that was
secured at the cost of such fast driving and so large a roll
of bills, must be given away, and a strange idol must be
erected in its place.
The more practical, conservative, and level-headed peo-
ple will, however, in time, come to disregard these sensa-
tional favorites, these passing crazes, and to value the
brainy, silky-haired, bright-eyed, affectionate little Spaniel
as the most beautiful and lovable pet-dog in the world.
The time will come when Toy Spaniels will far outnumber
the Italian Greyhound, the Poodle, the Mexican Hairless,
THE TOY SPANIELS. 659
the Yorkshire or the Skye Terrier, not only in aristocratic
and democratic homes, but on the show bench. The time
will come when true merit and beauty will count for more
than the mandates of dame fashion, and then the Spaniel
will achieve his true and proper place in the estimation of
dog-lovers.
What can be more loved or lovable in the canine world
than the richly colored and richly coated Blenheim, or the
large-eyed, somber-hued King Charles? Not alone in appear-
ance are these dogs attractive, but their intellectual quali-
ties attract to them all who come to know them.
‘* What,’ say you, ‘‘intellect in a dog?’’ Aye, verily;
and far more of it in some dogs than in some people whom
I know. I will not here go into an argument on this point;
abler pens than mine have laid down the reasons for this
faith, and to them I refer all doubters.
Speaking of the intellectuality of these dogs, I can not
do better than quote again from ‘‘ Idstone,’’? who says:
I have seen extraordinary instinct developed in these Spaniels. One, a
dog in my possession in 1838, and until his death, was, from constant associa-
tion with me and my friends, almost human; and as he held his head on one
side, apparently endeavoring to fathom the meaning of conversation, it seemed
as though he were almost prepared to join in it.
On one occasion he was sleeping in the room where a lady to whom he was
much attached was moaning with pain, and waking up, he seemed at a glance
to understand the emergency, and after a moment’s consideration endeavored
to pull the bell, though he had never before been taught to do so. Though
impatient of strangers, he would at once permit the approaches of my friends
at first sight; and, more singular still, he understood and appreciated a dislike
I did not venture to express, and would always dive at the legs of a couple of
New College chaplains toward whom I had no cordiality. How did he know
this, I wonder; or how divine that I had a sincere respect for Doctor Pusey, to
whom I never spoke in my life? But such was the case, Iam sure, by his man-
ner and gestures, which, however, the sage never noticed or acknowledged.
One of the greatest pleasures to be derived from the own-
ership of a Toy Spaniel is in training him to perform
various tricks, to carry notes, packages, etc., to persons in
various parts of the house or grounds. They take up these
tricks readily, and it is intensely interesting to watch the
development of intelligence in a young Spaniel under
660 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
patient and practical tutorship. The method of this class
of training is simple, and as it has been fully treated of,
under the proper heads, by several of the contributors to
this work, I need not here go into it. Anyone who engages
BLENHEIM SPANIEL—KING VICTOR.
Owned by Mrs. F. Senn, 278 West Eleventh street, New York City.
in it, however, must find it a delightful task; and the pet
once thoroughly educated will be a source of pleasure to
his owner, and of wonder to others, as long as he lives.
The following points are observed in judging Toy Span-
iels:
The head should be domed, and in good speciméns is
THE TOY SPANIELS. 661
absolutely semi-globular, sometimes even extending beyond
the half-circle and projecting over the eyes so as to nearly
meet the upturned nose.
The eyes are set wide apart, with the eyelids at right-
angles to the line of the face, not oblique or fox-like. The
eyes themselves are large, lustrous, and very dark in color,
so as to be generally considered black, the enormous pupils,
which are absolutely of that color, increasing this tendency.
From their large size, there is almost always a certain
amount of weeping shown at the inner angles; this is owing
to a defect in the lachrymal duct.
The stop or hollow between the eyes is as well marked
as in the Bulldog, or even more so, many good specimens
exhibiting a hollow deep enough to bury a small marble.
The zose must be short and well turned up between the
eyes, without any indication of artificial displacement
afforded by a deviation to either side. The color of.the
end should be black, and it should be both deep and wide,
with open nostrils.
The lower jaw must be wide between its branches, leav-
ing plenty of space for the tongue and for the attachment
of the lower lips, which must completely conceal the teeth.
It should also be turned up or ‘‘ finished,’ so as to allow of
its meeting the end of the upper jaw.
The ears must be long, so as to approach the ground.
In an average-sized dog they should measure twenty inches
from tip to tip, and in some good specimens the length
reaches twenty-two inches, or even a trifle more. They
should be set low on the head and be heavily feathered.
In this respect the King Charles is expected to exceed the
Blenheim, and his ears occasionally extend to twenty-four
inches.
The most desirable size is about ten pounds, but we often
get fine specimens that weigh more than this.
In compactness of shape these Spaniels nearly rival the
Pug, but the length of coat adds greatly to the apparent
bulk, as the body when the coat is wet looks small in com-
parison with that of the Pug; still it ought to be decidedly
662 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
cobby, with strong, stout legs, broad back, and wide chest.
We find many specimens weak in the loin and hind legs,
but these are not good ones.
The symmetry of the Toy Spaniels is of some importance,
but it is seldom that there is any defect in this direction.
The coat should be long, silky, soft, and wavy, but not
curly. In the Blenheim there should be a profuse mane
extending well down the front of the chest. The feather
should be well displayed on the ears and feet, where it is so
long as to give the appearance of their being webbed. It is
also carried well up the backs of the legs. In the King
Charles the feather on the ears is very long and profuse,
exceeding in length that of the Blenheim by an inch or
more. The feather on the tail (which is usually cut to the
length of three and a half or four inches) should be silky,
and from five to six inches long, making a marked ‘ flag ”’
of a square shape, and not carried above the level of the
back.
The color varies with the breed. The King Charles is a
rich, glossy black and deep tan, without any white; tan
spots over the eyes and on the cheeks, and tan markings
on the legs. The Blenheim must on no account be whole-
colored, but must have a ground of pure pearly white, with
bright, rich chestnut, or ruby-red markings, evenly distrib-
uted in large patches. The ears and cheeks are red, with a
blaze of white extending from the nose up to the forehead
and ending in a crescentive curve between the ears. In the
center of the blaze there should be a clear spot of red,
of the size of a sixpence. The Tri-color, or Charles I.
Spaniel, must have the tan of the King Charles, with
markings like those of the Blenheim, in black instead of
red, on a pearly-white ground. The ears and under the
tail must also be lined with tan. The Tri-color has no
spot, that mark of beauty being peculiarly the property
of the Blenheim. The Tri-color is now known as the
Prince Charles. The red Toy Spaniels are known as
Ruby Spaniels, the points being the same as those of the
King Charles, differing only in the matter of color, which
THE TOY SPANIELS. 663
should be entirely a rich chestnut or ruby-red, the color
of the nose to be black.
SCALE OF POINTS.
KING CHARLES.
Value. Value.
Symmetry, condition, and size .... 20 Hars............-..06 ees eeeeee 15
HIG A Spe ooraoudaer Cuacnemoue as 15 Coat and feathering........... . 1d
SiG) WosedevdagtAckneeoe suocteasoor DinetCOlOTercveret sarsiala oe crsie cise eet 10
INIEUZZAN sox eRe or 0D Unica sae 0 —
DOES 2 SE Saloeciopc moc aries 10 Total Fnac sector ats 100
BLENHEIM.
Value. Value.
Symmetry, condition, and size..... KD) WDE T eo Geno eooee condo poocdes S 10
Neen rete at, Savers ie tie wi aeenrcte epaie' s\avelle tec 15 ‘Coat and featherins. >.>... - <<. 15
‘S/NO]O) cere Shes ain OS Cae SCION OO UE 0) (Color andi markings crete 15
WHA OSS Sao orentoe PORAUCOnORc aac IIS] NO Moerembeos a bdcoims ~O.00.ooor 5
SEE Ste oe cr pcace ie sveietn;e aieieiera! sfeieie’s,»/ 5 —-
MO GALS soja '5.s: srorsieest pe eel ete ere 100
Among the prominent breeders of Toy Spaniels in this
country may be mentioned Mr. A. W. Lucy, who has bred
many good specimens. His Milwaukee Charlie, sired by
Imported Duke, is one of the best King Charles Spaniels
ever bred in this country. Duke also sired Hylas, winner
of first at Chicago; Rome, first at New York; and Prince,
first at Boston. Other successful breeders are Miss Cam-
eron, Mrs. Moody, Miss Phillips, and Mrs. Weston, of New
York; Mr. F. B. Lucy and Mr. F. B. Fay, of Boston; Mr.
Mariner and Mr. R. W. Holmes, of Milwaukee, and Mrs.
L. D. McCord, No. 67 Thirty-seventh street, Chicago.*
* Other prominent Toy Spaniel breeders and owners in this country are:
William Phillips, 150 West Fifty-sixth street, New York City; Mrs. Kistermann,
202 East Forty-fourth street, New York City; Mrs. J. R. Franklin, 15 East
Fifty-sixth street, New York City; M. J. Nolan, 2717 Franklin avenue, St.
Louis, Mo.; A. W. Lucy, 6 Second street, New York City; F. 8. Morrell, 52
Broadway, New York City; Mrs. J. P. Shea, 305 West Sixty-ninth street,
New York City; J. C. Thomas, 200 West Fifty-seventh street, New York City;
Miss E. R. Catlin, 16 East ioe street, New York City; George H. Field,
Chelsea, Mass.; George M. Smith, 7 McLean court, Boston, Mass.; E. Brad-
ford, 204 St. Antoine street, ar Acissal: Canada; Miss E. R. Catlin, 4 Pa Six-
ty-sixth street, New York City; Acme Kennels, 263 Twenty-seventh street,
Milwaukee, Wis.; Joseph York, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Allen Thebilcock,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada; W. Gale, Base Ball Park, Cincinnati, Ohio; C. W.
Sander, 146 East Third street, Dayton, Ohio.—Eb.
664 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
One of the most successful breeders of Toy Spaniels in this
country is Mrs. F. Senn, of 278 West Eleventh street, New
York City. Her King Charles, Romeo (9230), is a beauti-
ful specimen. He won first in puppy class at New York,
1888, first and special at Philadelphia, 1889, and first at New
York, 1890. He was whelped November 24, 1887, and weighs
eight pounds. Her Blenheim, King Victor imported), has
won five first and two champion prizes, and has never
been beaten. His weight is twelve pounds, and his color is
lemon and white. He was formerly owned by Mr. William
Phillips, who has probably shown more good Spaniels than
any other person in this country, and always winners.
Among these may be named such fine specimens as the King
Charles, Roscius, and the Blenheim, King Pippin, both too
well known to need any description here.
THE SCHIPPERKE.
By E. R. SPALpIne.
OME would-be canine authorities have recently as-
serted that the Schipperke is a mongrel of modern
manufacture. This is not the case by any means.
It is a distinct breed, of remote though unknown
origin. The breed is supposed to have originated
in Belgium, though even this is not definitely known.
Belgian fanciers, however, affirm that he has been known
in that country for several centuries; and at least one
writer affirms that they have been known in the Flemish
towns for three hundred years.
The breed is not generally popular in Belgium, though a
ereat favorite with certain classes, and good specimens are
rare and high-priced.
Mr. John Lysen, of Antwerp, in a recent communication
to the American Field, says of this dog:
They are always called ‘‘ Spits” in Belgium, and if you were to ask a
dog-dealer for a ‘‘ Schipperke’ dog, he wouldn’t know what you were speaking
about. The name Schipperke was given when a few fanciers got up the club,
and when I asked, later on, the one who proposed it why they had not given
the dog its proper name, he answered that the Pomeranian was already called
‘“« Spitz” in Germany, and moreover that a queer name would render the dog
more attractive to foreigners!
Considering the shape of head, the mane and frill, I should think the
Schipperke is related to the Pomeranian, which, notwithstanding its name, is
principally bred in the surroundings of Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle, and other
places near the Belgian frontier. Until three years ago, the black tailless
Spits had been the dog of the working-class of people, especially butchers,
shoemakers, and also not unfrequently he was seen on the canal-boats, whence
they gave him the name of Schipperke, but he might as well claim the name of
‘‘Beenhouwerke ” (little butcher) or ‘‘Schoenmakerke” (little shoemaker).
Until a year ago (and sometimes even now), when a wealthy man was taking a
walk with his Spits he was looked at with inquiring eyes by all who passed
him. The only ones which were allowed to live among gentlemen and ladies
( 665)
666 THE AMERICAN BOOK OF THE DOG.
were the toy Spits, and some were really very small and pretty. Now, how-
ever, the black pariah is becoming a favorite, and many a young gentleman
takes a walk with his Spits, which has taken the place of his late Fox Terrier.
The head of the Schipperke much resembles that of the Pomeranian, a pair
of small triangular ears carried perfectly straight and close to each other.
The neck and shoulders are strong, and the hair is longer on these parts, but
there must be no excess here, as many dogs have been bred and shown already
with long, soft hair, thus losing entirely their true character.
The body is rather short, and well-filled-up ribs give the little animal a
cobby appearance. The Spits stands on straight legs covered with short,
smooth hair. The feet are small and round (cat-feet), furnished with strong
black toe-nails. Most of the good specimens have dew-claws, but some judges
vant to get rid of them. With regard to the tail, much has been said, but
Spits born perfectly tailless do exist, and in the opinion of all those who used
to breed them years ago, a dog born with a tail on is not a pure-bred one, and
should not be kept for breeding. Many breeders of the present day, however,
and, I am sorry to say; judges even, say: ‘‘ It’s no use breeding them tailless.
Cut the tail off.” But the only reason they could give for this is that they
never succeeded in breeding a tailless one. It is a fact that out of a hundred
bred now scarcely twenty, or even less, will be tailless, but this, in my opinion,
is only owing to the fact that the breed has not been kept pure; for,on the
other hand, I have known a bitch which has never thrown any but tailless
puppies, and that to different dogs.
Schipperkes usually breed very true. For an instance of this, a friend of
mine had a pure-bred bitch which a year ago was accidentally warded by a
Fox Terrier. She threw five puppies, all coal-black, bar a small white spot
on the breast and some on the toes.
For general shape, everyone agrees; but for several points there is great
diversity of opinion. At first, us to the length of hair, some, with Mr. John
Proctor, who is an Englishman living in Antwerp, and who has made Pick his
type for the breed, want a long mane extending between the fore legs up to
about half the body. Others, especially the breeders of Louvain, want an
entirely smooth, shiny-coated dog with hardly any frill, and narrow ears, about
one-half longer than Pick’s ears. With this sort of Spits the head is longer
also. Then, again, Brussels has her type of Spits, much shorter in head, with
large eyes, broad forehead, and usually large ears set far apart and low on the
head. With this type there usually goes a fair, hard-haired mane and good
coat; but unfortunately, also, all the dogs of this type are much out at the
elbows, which, added to their square, short head, seems to show Bulldog cross,
The dog usually seen in Antwerp and surroundings is between these, and
should become the only type, admitting that the ears are perfect as well as
the head. The mane does not appear large at first sight, but when passing the
hand through it one is surprised at the length of the hair. There should be
also a fair frill on the hind quarters and hair of a fair length on the back, sides
and below perfectly smooth, as well as on the legs. Much diversity of opinion
exists as yet among breeders with regard to the secondary points; but it is to
be hoped that within a few years everyone will recognize one type, and that it
will be the right old stamp of Spits.
THE SCHIPPERKE. 667
In America, as well as in England, the Schipperke has
recently become extremely popular, and the demand for
good typical specimens is far in excess of the supply in
both countries. On this account, some unprincipled deal-
ers have picked up small mongrel dogs which they have
crossed on either the Black and Tan Terrier or the Spitz.
The product of such crosses they have in some instances
EOE —_ = He —-
POA te ae Rie Pes: beg
SCHIPPERKES—MIDNIGHT AND DARKNESS.
Owned by W. J. Comstock, 220 Canal street, Providence, R. |}.
sold or palmed off on shows for true Schipperkes. Those
crossed on the Terrier have usually a soft coat, while those
resulting from a Spitz cross usually have long wavy or
curly hair. The true Schipperke breeds faithfully to type.
Fifteen puppies have been produced, under my observation,
from four bitches and two dogs. . CRBS een BD OOOCrenOe by J.C Nattrass.
“NE AYO) bh Dogesaganboseuaronoaeeus by Wm. P. Lett.
The Wolverine. .by C. A. Cooper (*“Sibyllene”’).
The Wild Cat, by Daniel Arrowsmith (**San-
gamon”’).
Coon Hunting in Southern Illinois, by Daniel
Arrowsmith (‘‘Sangamon”’).
Fox Hunting in Virginia....by Dr. M. G. Ellzey.
Alligator Shooting in Florida, by Cyrus W.
Butler.
The stron of Field Sports, by Wm. B. Leffing-
well,
The Honorable John Dean Caton, the eminent naturalist and jurist, author of ‘‘ The Ante-
lope and Deer of America,’ etc., says of this work:
“Tt is, without exception, the most
elaborate, comprehensive, and valuable treatise on our Big Game Animals that has ever
been published.”
This book will be mailed, post paid, on receipt of price by
eae
RAND, McNALLY & CO.,
162 to 172 Adams St., CHICAGO.
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