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The American Botanist

Devoted to Economic and Ecological Botany.

EDITED BY WILLARD N. CLUTE.

Volume II.

BINGHAMTON, N. Y.
WILLARD N. CLUTE & CO.
3902.

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CONTENTS.

Contributed Articles.
Botanical Society, A New

3 TEE Sys) Sp a ance A. A. Field,
MURR RMRR EL ee ica a steed de wehtine cane Amn os Prof. W. W. Bailey,
en AON PRETTOTIE ot, ies wc ne Len pee co ah vasa abe nenese A. A. Field,
Flowers of the English Waysideg................... C. F. Saunders,
Berrien INE ADIEU |... seca cinnccenteacsieees Prof. W. W. Bailey,
(EE a) OE oS ae oe Bessie L. Putnam,

Native Wild-flowers, Elements Destructive to,
Frank A. Suter,

OS ESR TE 75 Re i Almon N. Rood,
Pike’s Peak, The Flowers of..............2-....- Mrs. S. B. Walker,
Bree at ORIN oe anc nk gains duos vckvnceveee C. F. Saunders,
Southern Spring, The Beginning of a.......... Willard N. Clute,
ggg ape 8 3 | ene a Willard N. Clute,

Reprinted Articles.
Cacti, Some Californian
Pesere auc Alpine Plants; Survival Ol................00s-0esescseneoavees
eee RCE. C)E UE ML. 520-5. 2 c= ssn ocn'e<--cdecelaccandsateceresnsddesese
a tae ns SS cn ics ce nin 0a dna odecedteovaadennesonte-
eC gl Se 2 TS ae eee eee eee
Flowers, Extracting Perfumes from
Flowers, Insect-catching
We mR AAG Re 8 Se roe oe oo anes onc oe Sdkas onsen oe aa ence dnae ads iets
Me AER EU Be aaa os can ae dcienns ace ean seseangecessiccseees
Honeysuckles, The Blooming of the
Mandrake, The Mysterious
I SS See re ep ae nC oer ee eee
Orchids and their Insect Sponsors
Paper Mulberry, Uses of the
Persimmon, The.....
nea len Ms he heeds ck oe ea ok Sed osha nas one oeanwaedacdacganss-h oes
Ug as SSS TT IR a0) A ee eee
Plants, Self-preservation in

eee eee Eee eee EEE EHH ETE HEHEHE EEE EEE

ee ey

SCOTS TOT He HEHEHE SHEESH HEHEHE EE HEHEHE HOHE HEHEHE EEE OE

ee

COPE HERE EEE HEE EEE EEE HEE EEE EEE EEE SHEET EE EEE HEHEHE HEE HEHEHE EH OD

ee ee

Pollen, Influence of, on the Mother Plaiwt....)0 er ee
Redwood and Fog, The.....4.:44-sese eee
Wild Garden, The .ivsin...nciees sc cosus tee eee

Note and
Abrus Precatorius......:-. 000. cssseasacs: 58
Alkaloid, Mankind’s Craving for 13
American Trees in Europe........... 4.2
Antiseptics, Perfumes as.............. 43
Botanical Club, Vermont............ 12
Botanical Studies, Value of......... 44.
Botanical Terms, New.........0.0.000 59
Hotanist Defitied, (Ai: eee 89
Botany, Value: of.:1:..220Ne-eec rir
Buckthorn, Origin of the Name... 89
Button-bush, Distribution of the 12
Caniphor ‘Tree, Thes..s.0.c.20: 58
CascaraSaprada:.:.j<scccsseeer 12
Chewing Gum, Naturals..-:.....c.2. 43
Cinnamon Fern Fruiting in
PNAC i565 0scsss cosaesnecyacs ease tesa poee
Cosmos, TO Grow .i..0.ceiepecsstecons ons 12
Daisy, Shasta: -...223:... cme veces 90
Daisy, The. Barbertons.2—...5-.0-5 4.4
Dandelion, The Southern............. 90
Dodder, Host Plants of the......... 91
Erythronium, Common Names of 91
Flora of Ohio, Non-indigenous.... 29
Flowers, Uses of Ether in Forcing ot
Fringed Gentian, Disappearance
es « | Roepe BaP Eerrnain Sasi Ib! 13
Fruits, How Certain Ripen......... 78
Gentian, The Fringed.........s<ss<«s 43
Hart’s-tongue in England, The... 12
Horse-chestnuts as Food...... ...... 42
EGItOrial sis .. sccissdasnaeteaysuzestemeemeaee ved ieee aaee rene

Comment.

Individual Biossoms, Prolonging

thie Tile ror Ag cee ater
Mango, Origin of the No. 11.......
McDonald, Wm. H., Death of......
Moss; A. Lumin@us.i.icsc.e sees

Oxalis Leaves, Rooting of...........
Peanut, Uses Of the) n.0i.0.-saerae
Pecan, . Variation’ in the....2<..2-
Plant Protection, Sentiment and
Plant Protection Societies, Two
Plants, Composition of...............
Plantsiaf Mt. Rawier: ..:<).n8o...
Potatoes,-Origin Of ti.k ree
Prickley Pear in Australia, The...
Rhus, The Poisonous Principle in
Roses, OttoOl.ciatewsetercse eee
Seeds, Germination Of.............0000.
Seeds, Vitality. Of cch....:s0us.eckeee
Sensitive Plant and Ether, The...
Tropical Plants in Florida..........
Tuber-bearing Labiate, A West-

Tubers in the Labiate, Produc-
tion Of, ...:..cseqvenseeisvesss eens
Weed! Dia Wi ccc ncvckace-s -recanehereneneeee
Wild Flowers in England, Pro-
tection Oh wat. eee eat ee
Woody Plants, Self Pruning in....

.

Ylang-Ylang, Attar Olecscciewtcess-

14, 30, 46, 62, 78, 94
15, 31, 47, 63, 79, 95

VOL. Il. No. I.

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20s $1.00 A YEAR.

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AMERICAN
BOTANIST

A MONTHLY JOURNAL
FOR THE PLANT LOVER

JANUARY, 1902.

BINGHAMTON, N. Y.
WILLARD N. GLUTE & GO.

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THE AMERICAN BOTANIST

ore." 1. JANUARY 15, 1902. No.‘ 1
ARIZONA FLOWER FOLK.
Bari Pie,

An interesting section for exploration, particularly to one
interested in plant life, is the territory north of the Santa Fe Rail-
road, where it runs through Arizona. Crossing the foothills of
the Pinal mountains one is at an elevation of from six to seven
thousand feet, yet here one runs across a world of interesting
bloom, though many of the flowers are the same as those we find
in the Eastern gardens. However, there is enough of unusual
varieties to make a botanical research interesting technically and
artistically.

There is a marked gregariousness among the flowers as well
as among the birds of this section, almost all sorts and conditions
growing in colonies as it were. It was in one of the cool nooks
bordering a refreshing mountain stream that I chanced upon a
little gathering of columbines, the rarer variety Aquilegia flavi-
f/ora which we sometimes see in gardens. It is by far the hand-
somest and most luxuriant member of the family with its rich
yellow bloom, though the old legend of the doves drinking from a
nectarie of sweets, which some thought this flower resembled,
would in this flower have to change its feathered representatives
to swans, so slender and long are its graceful spurred petals.
Here, too, one runs across a member of the hair-bell family, gen-
erally Campanula rotundifolia, much lighter in color than in
Montana and the cooler regions where its rank growth makes the
way almost impassible, and when in bloom the earth rivals the
deepest of summer skies in rich color, and one seems to literally
walk in heavenly blues. A bit lower down on one of the mesas
blooms worlds of the scarlet gilia (Gulia attenuata), the flowers of
, which greatly resemble the tree cypress, and one is dazzled by its

2 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

brilliancy which looms up like a great scarlet blanket thrown
across the foothills. I also found a few blossoms of the American

colombo (Frasera speciosa), with its small purplish flowers, but

with which I was not at all acquainted. Near the mountain riv-
ulet grew some greenish flowered umbrellawort (Oxybaphus an-
gustifolius), neither pretty nor interesting. Lower down | found
many plants of the stemless loco-weed (O-xrytropis Lambertt)
which is said to drive horses insane if eaten by them. A smooth
beard-tongue (Pentstemon Torrey) I think, grew here luxuri-
antly, as also did the wild arnica which in its season literally cov-
ers the foothills, casting over them a sheen of that gold for which
many a poor prospector has sought in vain, and lost his life in
consequence amid these trackless mountains.

Another of our Ohio flowers flourished well on the same
foothill, and that is the verbena, which cultivation has greatly im-
proved. This western variety is the small flowered purple,
Verbena bipinnatifida. A rather rare find were some prickly
poppies, which open their great white flowers, nearly as large as a
saucer, after the sun has passed far toward its setting. I have
found them growing rankly upon a pile of rocks where there
seemed positively no sustenance whatever. I think this member
of the poppy family is probably Argemone alba, but its relative,
the California poppy, which blooms in Gila County early and late
and hides not its glowing face from the sun, is much more in evi-
dence. Speaking of yellow bloom, it is perhaps too visionary to
suggest that the hidden gold of the mountains is reflected in these
flower faces on the surface of the earth, but nowhere did I ever see
such profusion of yellows as cover the foothills of Arizona. Be-
tween the flowers and the sunlight one gets literally steeped in
glittering gold. The yellows that are the most profuse bloomers
are the prairie zinnias (Zinnia grandiflora), the arnicas, the mus-
‘ tards, the poppies, two or three varieties of yellow cacti, though
these are more of a lemon yellow, the golden portulacas and an-
other yellow flower, Riddellia tagetina, which looks like the gar-
den catchfly and has, I believe, no common name. But all color
waves have their day in this sunny region, for when it is not a

= sel

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 3

world of yellow, it is a world of red or blue. A most profuse
bloomer is the wild lupine (Lupinus pusillus), as is also the blue
larkspur, which takes on a much richer color than our eastern
flower.

All of these gay flowers are prodigal of their bloom after the
rainy season, but one is forced to add that it is sometimes two
years between showers, a bit discouraging to the members of the
floral kingdom, save the cacti and plants located near the moun-
tain springs. There is a handsome red mallow (Malvastrum
coccineum) that grows on the mountain side, small and clustering
like the verbenas, in which family I should place it 1f not contra-
dicted by specialists who are so ready to disturb and distrust gen-
eral conclusions. Another red flower is a kind of painted cup,
Castilleja indiversa, with lots of green in its make up, and these
with the gilia and red portulaca, gives the hills a vermillion haze
in their season. But nothing can out-rival the scarlet of the red
cactus bloom, small flowered but profuse. A mass of crimson
seen by a party of us one day while riding over a mountain trail,
created confusion in our ranks, for our guide at first took it for a
scarlet Indian blanket, out of which might develop an Indian, and
if one Indian, more Indian; under the circumstances not a very
desirable contretemps.

ELEMENTS DESTRUCTIVE TO OUR NATIVE WILD
FLOWERS.
By Frank A. SUTER.

The principal element destructive to our native flora has ex-
isted for over three hundred years, and begins with the advent of
civilization upon the American Continent. The destruction
caused by the extensive removal of wood-lands, and their subse-
quent cultivation is probably greatest of all. Plants thus driven
from their environment are obliged to seek other habitats or per-
ish. Asa result, many of our native plants have become local-
ized and dependent upon the protection of some indulgent land-
owner. How often must we learn that some favorite haunt of
our childhood days, where we used to hunt the hepatica or the
shooting star, is about to be turned into cultivation, or that some

4 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

botanical resort is to be drained and put under the plow. Sucha
course means the certain destruction of the plants in that particu-
lar place.

But civilization, in itself an unavoidable and excusable
agent, is responsible for a destructive force equally potent. It is
generally admitted that the flora of Europe is of more recent or-
igin; newer and therefore more highly developed and capable of
adaptability to a greater extent, than its more beautiful American
rival. From the time of the discovery of America and the influx
of the colonists, the importation of grains and vegetable seeds
from Europe has been the means of transplanting into the Ameri-
can soil, many new species of European plants, and, unfortu-
nately, many of its most obnoxious weeds as well. Because of
their greater adaptability, the plants thus introduced from Europe,
from small beginnings, have spread until some of them are now
numbered among the most widely diffused plants in the United
States. The dandelion and shepherd’s purse, both of European
introduction, are typical examples. What native plant possesses
means of seed distribution equal to that of the dandelion? Or
what native weed, if there be such, can maintain an existence in
field and street, upon deserted ash heap, or by the trodden wayside,
like the sturdy shepherd’s purse. The Canada thistle, the
troublesome docks, the Jamestown weed, and many others of for-
eign origin, survive because of their superior adaptability to their _
environment. And yet there would be no possible conflict, if these
plants did not outgrow the limits of civilization. Like the En-
glish sparrow, in its encroachments upon our native birds, these
plants do not confine themselves to the city and town, but have
found their way into the fields and woodlands; yes, even into the
most secluded haunt, daring to grow side by side with the delicate
orchid, thriving, spreading, increasing until the native plants are
- suppressed and die.

Although the destruction due to these elements is, in a great
measure, unavoidable, there still remains a destructive agent,
which can and should be avoided, and is therefore inexcusable. I
refer to the ruthless destruction of our choicest American beauties

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 5

for the sake of fashion, selfishness, or the thoughtless plunder of -
speamens in the so-called interest of science. In the first respect,
probably no flower suffers more extensively than that loveliest
of all early spring flowers, the trailing arbutus. Its beautiful,
fragrant blossoms sell for good prices in the cities, while the
growing scarcity with the increased demand make profitable an
industry, which will eventually exterminate the species. The
azaleas, laurels, and the holly are, in their seasons, subjected to
similar depredation. The spring beauties, shooting stars, adder’s
tongues, wood violets, columbines, anemones and bloodroots are
the prey of the many May-parties which are thoughtlessly rob- -
bing the wooded hills along our streams. The inexperienced stu-
dents of Botany are also often guilty of injudicious gathering of
specimens. It is sad to see a crowd of high school pupils turned
loose upon a patch of bellwort or wood anemone, or others of our
rarer species. Unaware of the harm they are doing, without the
caution or advice of teachers, oftentimes, how can we blame them?
But the careless destruction of plants is a fault confined not alone
to the elementary and inexperienced students, for it is common to
many botanical collectors and professional plant gatherers, who
are or should be, aware of the danger of extermination, which
they are helping increase,—a danger which all true botanists and
plant lovers are seeking to prevent.

SOME CALIPORNEX CACTI.

There is, perhaps, no State in the Union blessed with so
varied a flora as is California, and of this flora there is no section
so interesting, yet withal so deceiving, as the cacti of our arid
lands. I say “deceiving” advisedly, as many a tourist who has
innocently attempted to pluck the delicious-looking fruit of the
“tuna’’ will voluntarily testify. But his fear and dislike of them,
given forth from his seat on the “overland” in the form of a wear-
ied exclamation, “More sand and cactus!” will probably change,
before he (or she) leaves for his Eastern home, into a positive
mania for collecting these peculiar plants, crowned as nee are
with beautiful waxy blossoms of varied hue.

6 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

When it is known that there are extant over seven hundred
species of cacti, the folly of any attempt, in the scope of so brief
an article as this, to give a list even of the families, must be at once
apparent. My only effort, then, shall be to give a brief idea
of the more common of our wild forms, which are to be met with
almost from seashore to mountain top.

According to the best authorities, the cactus was unknown to
the Old World prior to the discovery of America by Columbus,
though now it is as plentiful along the shores of the Mediter- .
ranean and in other arid portions of Asia and Africa as it ever
was in our own deserts. Like camels, ostriches and other forms
of desert life} the cactus has developed within itseli—by means of
its fleshy leaves—a perfect storehouse of nutriment, capable of
withstanding the rigors of drought from one rainy season to an-
other.

What we call the “leaves” of the cactus in reality correspond
to the trunk and branches of other shrubs, while the leaves them-
selves have been retarded until they are degenerated into the
spines and thorns which prick us when we attempt any undue fa-
miliarity.

All plants grown in arid places tend to develop very thick,
succulent stems, having little or no leaves, but a very thick skin to
prevent the absorption of their life juices by evaporation. A very
good instance of this is to be found in the common “‘ice plant”
which grows so thickly along our beaches, just above high-water
mark,

Further, as every plant must absorb its carbon from the air in
the form of a gas, it follows that plants of this class tend to pre-
sent the greatest possible expanse of surface to that air, and, on
the other hand, have widely-spreading roots, set shallow in the
ground, so as to get the greatest possible amount of nutriment and
moisture from the earth. Lastly, as a super-fine product of the
evolution of a species, we note that the cactus presents (as I have
said before) its true leaves in the form of spines for the sole pur-
pose of protecting itself from such animals as, wandering in desert
regions, would seek to eat it. Some cultivated forms of cacti

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 7

have no spines—or, merely rudimentary ones—they being un-
necessary, owing to the protection of the plant itself by man.
Very properly, moreover, the cacti have developed into won-
derfully prolific forms. So much so that even a small section of
a “leaf” will, if planted, take root and produce another plant of
the same kind. Many forms have most beautiful blossoms.
Take, for instance, the night-blooming cereus, which is a cactus,
pure and simple, and a close relative of the ungainly giant cactus
of Arizona deserts. Some of these latter attain to a height of
more than fifty feet, a diameter of two or three feet, and are cov-
ered the whole way with myraids of poisonous spines or thorns.

Of the species indigenous to Los Angeles county, all are rel-
atively small in size, but none the less interesting and beautiful.
The most plentiful of all our forms is the “prickly pear,” a species
of tuna known to botanists as one of the Opuntias—a large group
of flat-lobed cacti. The fruit of this is commonly eaten by In-
dians, children, birds and even some forms of quadrupeds, such as
skunks, ground squirrels, etc. In some parts of the Southwest
this cactus is fed to cattle in time of drought, the spines being first
removed by burning. Southern California could as well afford
to lose her missions as her huge beds of this cactus. In fact, to
me, at least, the beauty of an old Spanish abode is doubled by the
presence of the usual clump of cactus, crowned with vari-colored
blossoms or dark-purple fruit; as the season may be. About
many of these old haciendas cacti (mostly of this variety) were
planted as hedges, while to this day delicious preserves and jellies
are made from its fruit by the older Mexican women.

The “rainbow” cactus, so called on account of the varied and
brilliant colorings of its spines, is found in the dry washes of our
canons. ‘This plant is globular in form, covered with spines, and
bearing a profusion of large crimson flowers. It is a species fre-
quently seen in eastern hothouses, but should not be confused
with the “old-man” cactus, which does not, to my knowledge,
grow wild in Los Angeles county.

The Cholla, or cane cactus, bears about the same relation to
the traveler in Southern California that the “wait-a-bit”’ thorn

8 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

does in South Africa. Its spines seem rather more poisonous than
those of other species, and there is a popular belief—based on the
elasticity of the stem of this plant—that it leaps forward to meet
the unwary person who approaches too near to its place of
growth. It, too, bears a beautiful yellow blossom, though, in
common with the flowers of most other cacti, it has an unpleasant
odor. From its stem, when the fiber is dry and hardened, hand-
some canes aremade. Its fruit amounts to little or nothing, being
too small and filled with seeds to furnish food for anything.

The flowers of our cacti are as variable as the plants them-
selves, while their coloring ranges from the purest white to deep
crimson, the intermediate shades being the most delicate found in
any known flowers. These flowers produce immense quantities
of pcllen and bees and other like insects gather in numbers on
cactus beds to collect this food.—Harry H. Dunn, in Los Angeles
Times.

PLANT PART NERSEIES

A. true parasite draws its nourishment wholly from the plant to
which it has attached itself, giving no return except the ungrateful
one of injuring or killing its host. A true saprophyte is supposed
to live wholly upon humus or decayed vegetable matter. A true
symbiot is a plant which has formed a partnership with another
plant or plants; a partnership of such a nature that the benefits are
mutual. Now it so happens that there is a striking resemblance
in habit between certain members of these three classes of organo-
topic or dependent plants. Certain root-parasites, certain sapro-
phytes, and certain symbiots are, in fact, so similar in appearance
that it is not strange they have until lately been placed in the same
category. _ Superficially, beech drops and coral root and Indian
pipe appear to be nearly identical in habit. It has remained for
that little detective, the microscope, to demonstrate that they are
entirely different in their relations to the plant world and in their
mode of obtaining subsistence. ‘The first, beech drops, is a true
‘parasite, and, like the lower fungi, subsists entirely upon its host;
‘the second, coral-root, so far as present knowledge goes, lives, like
the fleshy fungi, on decayed vegetable matter, and may therefore

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 9

‘be considered a true saprophyte; the third, Indian pipe, until re-
‘cently regarded as truly parasitic in its mode of living, has been
‘proved to be a true symbiot. If parasitic at all, Indian pipe
should be a root-parasite, but it has been proved that its roots have
ro connection whatever with the roots of other plants. Careful
investigation has also shown conclusively that it does not subsist
on decomposed vegetable matter; therefore, it cannot be a sapro-
phyte. How then does it beg, borrow or steal its nourishment?
It has been demonstrated that Indian pipe is a true symbiot, “‘be-
‘ing in its existence closely bound up with that of another plant
which contributes to its necessities, but is equally benefited by this
connection.” The late Dr. Charles Mohr in the “Plant Life of Al-
abama,” states the relation as follows: “Immediately after their
germination the rootlets of these plants are infested by the vegeta-
tive threads or spawn (mycelium) of a fungus, which, as the
plant develops, fastens itself upon every root, finally enveloping
the rootstalk in a thick film, the higher plant drawing its nourish-
ment solely from the elaborated food of the fungus.’’ Whether
the fungus gains anything more than a favorable site for growth
is a question. It may possibly receive strengthening juices from
the hospitable root.

So here we have a very curious state of affairs. A flowering
plant, belonging to the highest sub-kingdom in the world, has
formed a partnership with a member of the lowest sub-kingdom!
It has sold its birthright, the right to make chlorophyll and
thereby assimilate its own food from the soil and the air, for a
mess of pottage, and has thus enslaved itself to the lowest of the
low. In their inflorescence and mode of reproduction Indian pipe
(Monotropa) and false beech-drops (Hypopfity's) are closely al-
lied tc: the heath family (Ericaceae). It is now known that many
members of this family are to a greater or less degree dependent
on the association of fungi with their root systems, the fungi tak-
ing the place of root hairs. Therefore, it is highly probable that the
members of the Indian pipe family are degraded members of the
heatn family, having carried their borrowing propensity to ex-
trees. It appears that the root system in their case is wholly en-

| fe) THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

veioped, and that all the materials of subsistence are contributed
by the fungus.

Bc th Indian pipe and. false beech-drops may be found in this
vicinity, the former in almost any wood where leaf mold abounds,
the latter usually under oak trees in rather dry woods. The white
scapes and single nodding flowers of the Indian pipe are familiar
to every one—the brownish, several-flowered scapes of the false
beech-drops are less frequently seen.

As noted above, these two genera, Monotropa and Hypopitys,
represent the extreme of symbiotism in flowering plants. But the
inference must not be drawn that all plants which have their root
systems infested with fungi are necessarily decadent. The fact
is, almost all forest plants, whether trees, shrubs or herbs, receive:
more or less nourishment from humus, or vegetable mold, and are
accordingly partial saprophytes. Many of them also receive the
assistance of fungi, and are accordingly partial symbiots. Four
large families of plants are now known to derive such assistance
in the work of absorption. They are the pine, oak, birch and
heath families. In them the work normally performed by root ~
hairs is largely done by fungus hyphz and strands. These not
only partially envelop the root, but they also force themselves in
between the cells of the tissue. A root thus infested has been
called a fungus-root or mykorhiza.

It is evident that the story of the dependent plants thus far is a
story of greater or less degradation. Even before the true status
of parasites was known the decadent tendency was recognized and
such plants were suposed to be degenerate outgrowths from their
hosts. A remarkable thing about dependent plants is that they
lose entirely the external appearance of a vascular plant and even
the whole structure of tissues characteristic of vascular plants,
and yet retain unchanged the parts concerned in reproduction. A
single organ, or parts of organs, may indicate the downward tend-
ency more positively than the rest of the plant. The haustoria by
which parasites attach themselves to and draw nourishment from
other plants are degraded roots. In hemiparasites some divisions
of the root remain normal while others are degraded into haus-

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. It

toria. In bastard toadflax (Comandra) the roots produce globu-
lar haustoria which emit a process that penetrates the tissues of
the host. It seems that degradation affects the vegetative much
more quickly than the reproductive organs of plants; a fact of
which the orchid family perhaps offers the best illustration. The
coral-roots constitute a case in point.—From an article by F. W.
Bachelder in Nature Study.

THE PERSIMMON.

Our old lane will probably yield us a persimmon tree or two,
and it is pleasant to look up into the thinning leaves and see cling-
ing to the limbs the round, fat persimmons, like rosy little pud-
dings tied about the throat. There has hardly been frost enough
yet to soften their asperities—at least, in the neighborhood of
Philadelphia—and we shall do well to treat very gingerly the
fruit we may now find upon the ground. Something of the old
malicious spirit lingers in persimmons which was in that strange
fruit, sardo, that grew anciently in Sardinia and so contorted the
faces of those who ate it as to give them a look of unreal laughter
and so to human speech the adjective sardonic.

Nevertheless, few wild fruits are so dear to the American
heart as this, which with many of us is associated with whole-
some country outings and good times, and has a special place in
popular song and story. It may not be generally known that
ebony is the wood of certain species of persimmon trees that grow
in tropical regions. Our North American variety, while present-
ing in its heart-wood—which is dark and close-grained—some
characteristic of the ebony of commerce, does not develop a
timber of much value.—C. F. Saunders in Philadelphia Record.

NOTE AND COMMENT.

WaANTED.—Short notes of interest to the general botanist
are always in demand for this department. Our readers are in-
vited to make this the place of publication for their botanical
items.

mS THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

CASCARA SAGRADA.—It is said that the drug Cascara, ex-
tensively written about in medical journals, is the bark of two
American buckthorns—Rhamnus Purshianus and R. Californ-
icus.—Mechan’s Monthly.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE Buttron-Busu.—According to Indian
Gardening and Planting, our familiar button-bush (Cephalanthus
occidentalis) was last year discovered in India. Its occurrence in
Assam and a few other portions of Asia had previously been
known.

‘PLants oF Mr. RANiIER.—Those who are collecting the
plants of the West may be interested in knowing that Mr. J. B.
Flett, Tacoma, Wash., has several first-class sets of plants, col-
lected on Mt. Ranier, and identified at Harvard University, which
he offers for sale at a greatly reduced price.

To Grow Cosmos.—Unfortunately for those in the Northern
States who wish to grow this handsome autumn flower, the sea-
sons are rather too short for it to come to perfection. It is possi-
ble, however, to make a very good show with it by planting very |
early in spring in the house and transplanting when the weather
becomes mild enough.

VERMONT BoTANICAL CLuB.—At the seventh annual winter
meeting of this club, to be held at Burlington, January 24th and
25th, Dr. B. L. Robinson of Harvard University will deliver an
address on “Some Recent Advances in the Classification of the
Flowering Plants.’ This club is doing much to advance the
botanical interests of the State. Botanists in other sections might
follow their example with advantage.

Tue Hart’s TONGUE IN ENGLAND.—The hart’s tongue,
which is so great a rarity in America, is one of the commonest
ferns in England and sometimes grows there in very unexpected
places. The writer of this paragraph saw a little tuft of it last
summer ensconced in the chinks of a high wall along a street in the
quaint old town of Warwick. It was just out of reach, but by
means of two children and sixpence, the treasure was finally se-
cured.—S.

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 13

MANKIND'S CRAVING FOR AN ALKALOID.—The notable fact
that all substances wherever found which contain the alkaloid
“theine’’—it is the characteristic constituent not only of tea, but
also of coffee, the mate and guarana of South America and the
kola of Central Africa—are highly prized by the human race,
would seem to prove that this alkaloid satisfies some common
craving of all sorts and colors of men. But doctors disagree as to
what precisely this craving may be and as to how and why it is
satisfied by the drinking of tea or coffee—Indian Gardening and
Planting.

Uses oF THE PEANUT.—The principal use of the peanut, is
not, as some may suppose, to furnish sustenance for visitors to the
country fairs and the circus. Peanut oil commands a high price
in market, being second only to olive oil in value. It is used in
making soap, for lighting and as a substitute or adulterant of olive
oil. Peanut butter is coming into use, and peanut flour is also
said to be successfully made. The cake left after expressing the
oil is valued highly as a food for stock and peanut hay is consid-
ered equal to clover or timothy. The Florida Agriculturist is
authority for the statement that the United States sent upwards of
seventy thousand tons of peanuts to foreign markets in 1899.

DISAPPEARANCE OF THE FRINGED GENTIAN.—In 1808 I
went through a swamp beside the railroad which was full of
fringed gentians—there must have been several hundred plants at
least. I picked one plant that had fifty blossoms, including buds
and a few just going by. I only took three or four plants and am
certain that very few if any others were picked, yet I have never
been able to find a single plant there since. If anyone can give a
reason for this I should like to know what it is——Walter M.
Buswell. [The behavior of the fringed gentian has always been
more or less of a puzzle to flower lovers. In the editor’s locality
it seems to appear and disappear at will. Doubtless the fact that
the plant is a biennial and reproduced from seed every two years
has some bearing on the question.—Ep. |

EDITORIAL.

Everyone who reads these lines has one or more friends who
love flowers and are therefore interested in articles on the subject.
We want their addresses in order to send them sample copies of
this journal. A postal card is all it will cost our readers and it
will be a great favor to us. But leaving this last consideration
out of the question, is there anyone who will not invest a single
cent in good literature for his friends. We think not. Remem-
ber, the more names the better.

The segregation and description of new species has pro-
gressed so rapidly in recent years that the student who got his in-
formation from the old “Manuals” is quite perplexed upon taking
up recent works. Instead of the old familiar names he often finds
from two to a dozen segregates, with strange titles, occupying
their places. While it is admitted that botanical science moves
with the rest of the world, it is the opinion of nearly all thinking
botanists, that this species making has been rather overdone and
that the time is not far distant when many so-called species will be .
relegated to their proper places as forms or varieties of the species
we have long known. In commenting upon this idea before the
Botanical Society of America, Dr. B. L. Robinson said recently:
“It is easy to see that species as now recorded in literature are by
no means alike and that they cannot be regarded as equivalents in
any complete and logical system of classification. Curiously
enough, however, the term ‘species’ seems to be growing more and
more popular as it means less and less. How anxious most dis- .
coverers of new forms are that their plants may prove species, not
mere varieties and finally what a fascination the mere binomial
appears to exert upon certain minds! Is it any wonder, under
these circumstances, that the specific category has been over-
crowded and made to include such widely different elements that
the word species has lost nearly all its taxonomic significance?”
Dr. Robinson asserts that species must be re-classified along
‘more definite lines. What these lines are no one presumes to say
at present. It is probable that they will differ somewhat in dif-
ferent groups, but a species will ultimately come to possess about

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST 15

the same values in any group. One thing is certain, however:
the scientist who gives us the first fundamental laws for distin-
guishing these species from sub-species and forms, will make a
lasting impression upon botany and be hailed as a second Darwin.

in the vicinity of New Orleans, where the thermometer
rarely registers freezing temperatures, it is a source of unceasing
interest to me to watch the bahavior of the plants. Were it not for
an occasional breath from the north sweeping downthe Mississippi
valley and bringing with it a much lower temperature, many spe-
cies that now are leafless would be green and perchance in
bloom. The ordinary temperature is warm enough, but succes-
sive cold days put an end to renewed growth. At the first really
cold night the lusty castor oil plants—many of them with trunks
three inches through—wilted like poke-weed. The banana
“trees” followed suit, and now, shorn of their leaves, stand with
brown and ungainly stumps, waiting for spring. It gives one a
‘curious feeling to see the banana turn deciduous; one would as
soon expect it of the cocoanut. Certain palms weather the cold
without protection, and many plants that drop their leaves in the
North, here retain them. The elder is still holding to some of its
leaves and no doubt will pull through without losing them all.
‘On New Year’s day, asters and goldenrods were still showing
blossoms and the chickweed, of course, was in profuse bloom, but
the woods and fields, for the most part, have a waiting expectant
look. In the North, with such weather, | would have been sure
of finding dandelions, but dandelions do not grow in this part of
the world. Although not snowbound, Nature is nearly as dor-
mant here as in New England.

BOOKS AND WRITERS.

G. Frederick Schwarz, author of “Forest Trees and Forest
Scenery” is a scientist, but he has brought back from the woods
and imprisoned in this little book some very readable matter about
our forest trees and the character, distribution and adornment of
American forests. He has a delightful style, entirely free from
technical terms, and is particularly felicitous in his descriptions

16 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST

of forest scenery and of the various species which go to make up
the picture. ‘To know the trees as he knows them one must have
studied them long in their natural habitats and not in the library.
In the chapter on “Forest Adornment,” the decorative features of
the woodlands are noted. Of some of the shrubs he says: “It
is by crowding into masses that our shrubs of brighter blossom
produce some of the most superb effects of spring. A multitude
of rhododendrons or great laurels covers some mountain side, car-
rying its drifts of pale rose far back into the woods. A mass of
redbuds and flowering dogwoods, the former again rose colored,
the latter a creamy white, pours out from the forest’s edge among
ledges of rock and low hills. The wild plums and thorns with
their delicate flowers are beautiful in the same manner and in ad-
dition have a pretty habit of straying out and away from the
woods, much like the red juniper.” The book is a 12 mo. of 180
pages and is one of the first productions of the recently organized
Grafton Press of New York.

“Old Time Gardens, newly set forth by Alice Morse Earle—
a book of the sweet o’ the year,” is the quaint title of a volume —
that comes to us from The Macmillan Company, New York. Be-
tween its covers is such store of facts and fancies about gardens.
and the flowers that grow in them, as must ever delight all those
who love to dig in the soil or who find pleasure in a plot of culti-
vated ‘plants. The book bears evidences of a deep knowledge of
ancient gardening lore upon the part of the author, coupled with
a no less intimate acquaintance with modern gardens and garden-
ing. To the credit of the author be it said that although she is.
nearly always correct in her botanical facts, she does not write
like a mere botanist. Even the titles of the chapters have an en-
ticing sound as witness, “In Lilac-tide,’ “Front Dooryards,”
“Sun-dials,” “A Moonlight Garden,” “Flowers of Mystery,’ “The
Charm of Color,” “Plant Names,” ‘Tussy-mussies,’ ‘The Herb
Garden,” etc. The illustrations, of which there are many, are
mostly from photographs of attractive vistas in our finest Ameri-
can gardens, and of themselves add much to the book’s value.
One must be wise indeed, who cannot get something new out of
the nearly five hundred pages of this volume.

ACH Fern Bulletin...

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T to Ferns, Each issue for 1902 will
consist of thirty-two pages, fully illus-
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AN EXPERT OPINION.

earth and from the snap-shot methods necessary to portray their
life, a feeling of coolness and repose comes to us from between the
leaves of “Our Ferns in their Haunts.” Last week, driving on
the Parkman road, near the head of Lake George, we watered the
horse at a barrel, fed from.a spring on the hillside by the hol-
lowed-out half of a tree-trunk. We climbed the slope above it
and gathered quantities of ferns, differing, while the horse jogged
on again, as to whether this or the florist’s delicate pet was the
real ‘“‘maidenhair.”” There was no untechnical book in our sea

Turning away from the flying and creeping things of the

tion, nor did we know of any in which we could “look it up.”’
The next mail brought this book. It opened to a Nee and ial
sketch of what looked like our drinking place. Further on in the
book we found—was it the very clump from which our ferns had E
been taken? It might have been, for the surroundings seemed
identical. Our questions were answered, as were several others, ee
and we were given a digestible morsel of science with a salad of
maidenhair folk-lore, all served up in the best of descriptive En- BS
elish. The make up of the book is admirable. The colored a
plates, wash drawings and pen-and-ink sketches are artistic and at
the same time accurate in detail, and the bits of quoted verse and hee
folk-lore are as attractive as the illustrations.—Literary Collector. ee

OUR FERNS IN THEIR HAUNTS ee
A GUIDE TO ALL OUR SPECIES -
BY WILLARD N. GLUTE
8 vo., CLOTH, 332 pages and 21s illustrations.
Price, $2.15 NET. Sent Postpaid for $2.35
Address, WILLARD N. CLUTE & CO., Binghamton, N. Y.
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AMERICAN
BOTANIST

A MONTHLY JOURNAL
FOR THE PLANT LOVER

FEBRUARY, 1902.

BINGHAMTON, N. Y.
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THE AMERICAN BOTANIST

Wer. i. FEBRUARY 15, 1902. No.. 2

FLOWERS OF THE ENGLISH WAYSIDES.
By C. F. SAUNDERS.

To an American visiting an English countryside for the first
time, the common wild flowers by the way are an unfailing source
of pleasure. Like the people, who speak the same tongue with
himself but with enough difference to clothe their language with
a marked individuality of its own, the English flora continually
reminds him of his home plants but at the same time interests him
by the presence of many striking differences. The families and
genera are usually such as he has been familiar with, but very often
the species are different. Thus the common daisy of England is
not our ubiquitous ox-eye—though this grows in Britain, too—
but that pretty little “crimson-tippet” flower immortalized by the
poet Burns, which we know only as a greenhouse or garden plant.
So, too, the wild geranium of English meadows is not our well-
known spotted cranesbill, but a showy blue flower much resem-
bling its American cousin in other respects..

The thistles are as common over there as here, but the Amer-
ican must needs consult his book to determine the species. One
of the most striking is the stemless thistle (Carduus acaulis),
whose single head of royal purple bloom is borne sitting flat on
the ground in the midst of a rosette of radical leaves. This
Species is common in Scotland and it has been claimed that it was
a plant of it that figured in that historic episode which led to the
adoption of the thistle as the Scottish national emblem. The pea
family is represented by many itteresting species unfamiliar to
American eyes. One with pretty rose-colored flowers is quaintly
called rest harrow, because the long tangled roots impede the
working of the ground. The Dyer’s Broom (Genista tinctoria)
forms bright yellow patches in many pastures. To the same fam-

18 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

ily belongs the common furze or gorse, a plant as prickly as a
thistle, the very reverse of what one would expect a sweet pea’s
relative to be.

Many cherished flowers of American gardens are familiar
roadside wildings in England. Among such may be mentioned:
the ragged robin, the yellow pansy and the Johnny-jump-up.
The last is particularly dear to the popular heart as is evidenced
by the multitude of common names by which it goes, forty or
more being ennumerated in Britten and Holland’s “Dictionary of
English Plant Names.’ One of these, “Meet-her-in-the-entry-
kiss-her-in-the-buttery,” is thought to be the longest plant name
in the language. Another popular name of the same exquisite
flower, and one that is said to be still in use in Shakespeare’s na-
tive Warwickshire, is ‘‘Love-in-idleness,’ which occurs in a well
known passage in “A Midsummer Night’s Dream:”

“Marked I where the bolt of Cupid fell;

It fell upon a little western flower—
Before milk white, now purple with love’s wound—
And maidens call it love-in-idleness.”’

The fox glove’s languid bells, too, are common sights on road-
side banks and in the woodlands of many parts of England. On
the grouse moors many charming wild flowers bloom—most char-
acteristic of which are the heath (Erica tetralis)and the ling
(Calluna vulgaris). The latter is the famous heather of Scot-
land. Both plants grow intermingled on English moors and as
they cover large areas, make, when in bloom, a sight not soon to
be forgotten. The blossoms of the heath are especially beautiful
—small globes of a warm rose color, borne in clusters at the sum-
mit of slender stems. The moors are also rich in the low bushes
of the bilberry, a sort of huckleberry with reddish flowers that
expand in the spring. The fruit ripens in late July and tne coun-
try folk are usually permitted to pick the berries until the 12th of
August when all trespassers are ordered off the moors, as that
_ date marks the opening of the shooting season. In similar situ-
ations one finds the harebell (the blue bell of Scotland, one with

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 19

our American species), yellow cinquefoils and white bedstraws,
speedwells with blossoms nearly half an inch across, a blue-flow-
ered polygala and the pigmy eyebright.

One of the oddest of the wayside plants is a small grass, some-
times only two or three inches high, which botanists call Briza
media. It bears its flowers in comparatively large, panicled
spikes, which are sensitive to the slightest breeze and conse-
quently are almost always trembling as they hang. This pecu-
liarity has, of course, attracted the attention of the country people,
who in England, are rather more observant of plants than those
in a similar walk of life in America, and the little plant goes by
half a hundred different names in the various counties of the
kingdom. Thus it is known as doddergrass, doddering dickies,
earthquakes, shivering Jenny, wiggle-waggles and quakers—the
last perhaps the most common. 7

A word may be said in relation to the trees. The characteris-
tic British oak, in fact the only species that is really native, is the
one known to botanists as Quercus Robur. It is a noble tree,
akin to our white oak, and one does not wonder that among the
primitive Celts and Tentons it was set apart as sacred to the great-
est of their gods. Scarcely less beautiful is the British ash
(Fraxinus excelsior), which seems of a rather statelier habit than
the American species. Like the oak, the ash is associated with
many an old world superstition. Readers of Norse mythology
will recollect the sacred ash tree Yggdrasil, which bound the earth
to heaven and to the underworld, and that it was from an ash and
an elm that the first man and woman are said to have been created.
The elm is one of the characteristic trees of Warwickshire, where
the roads are often lined with magnificent specimens of it—not
the American elm, however, but Ulmus campestris. A favorite
tree in cultivated grounds and in the parks of the gentry is the
European linden, or lime as the English often call it. It blooms in
late July and perfumes the air to the intoxication, doubtless, of
every bee in the neighborhood. Another common tree of the
wayside is what the English style the Sycamore—really a maple,
being in fact the Acer pseudo-platanus, which has been intro-

20 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

duced to some extent into American cultivated grounds. It is a
doubtful native of Britain, but has been so long established there
that it has become a characeristic feature in the countryside.

Of cone-bearing trees there is none that is native of England 3

except the Yew. This is frequently met with in churchyards and
about.gentlemen’s country seats—a sombre, funereal-looking tree,
30 or 40 feet in height, famous in old times as the stock from
which the British yeoman made his invincible bows. The Scotch
pine often appears in abundance in sequested tracts, but it has
been introduced from the Land o’ Cakes. Philadelphia, Pa.

THE FLOWERS OF PIKE’S PEAK.-
By Mrs. S. B. WALKER.

During the placing of my exhibit of 300 square feet of the
pressed flowers, ferns, etc., of Colorado, in Colorado Springs, last
year, many comments were heard as to where this and that plant
was to be found that were sometimes very wide of the mark.
One day I went to the summit of Pike’s Peak and thinking, grass
from the summit and a few of the high, alpine flowers and ferns
would be an added interesting feature, I placed them on ice inside
the glass case. Later, standing with others near by, our attention
was attracted by hearing a voice loudly declaiming, “Flowers
from Pike’s Peak at 13,000 feet altitude, grass from the summit;
Gracious, there is not a spear of grass on the summit and not a
flower within three thousand feet of the summit. [ve been there
myself !’’ and the party passed on.

Nevertheless, grass does grow at the extreme summit, and ferns
are found near the top at 13,300 feet altitude, and they are not so
rare, either. The tiny blue forget-me-not (Myosotis alpestre) is
found at 13,500 feet altitude, growing in the shade of the over-
hanging rocks clustered about with grass and the deep blue, fra-
grant bells of Mertensia alpina. Against the lichen covered gran-
ite boulders in the background, tall and stately, throwing its crim-
son gleam far out, are fine specimens of Primula Parryt. The
yellow flowers are supplied by Senecio aureus var borealis, while a
trifle higher are found the cheery, more delicate blossoms of the

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 21

golden saxifrages (Saxifraga aizoides and S. chrysantha.) The
pink-purple blossoms of Silene acaulis are plentiful and growing
fresh and crisp from its bank of snow is Gentiana frigida. All
these varieties together with Castilleia pallida var occidentalis
Savifraga nivalis, Draba, Polygonum and many beside can be
found on one trip, providing the trip is taken late in August.

THE BEGINNING OF A SOUTHERN SPRING.
By WILvarp N. CLUTE.

In southern Louisiana, the transition from Autumn to Spring
is marked only by the briefest pause where the two seasons meet,
such as one must expect while the scenes are shifting. Up to the
very end of the year, a few belated asters and goldenrods are to
be seen, while ten days later the first blossoms of the elm and
maple are fringing their leafless branches. | You may call this
Winter if you like—there is an occasional frosty night and not in-
frequently trees bear icicles instead of flowers—but the violets
and chickweed bloom through it all, and down in the warm, moist
earth a thousand early plants are pushing up; in fact I am not
sure that spring has not been lurking there all the while. It
seems to me that last Autumn I marked the same aspiring points
of green beneath the aftermath of Summer that are now lengthen-
ing in the swampy grounds. The city lawns are as green as a
northern meadow in May and the grass—Poa annua, probably—is
everywhere in bloom.

Most noticeable of the early flowering trees is easily Acer
Drummondu, the southern counterpart of the northern red maple.
To call this a red maple, however, but faintly expresses it. The
red maple is quite pale in comparison. ‘The flowers of the two
species are nearly alike in color, but the fruit of the southern tree
is of the deepest and most vivid scarlet, and glows among the
grays and pale greens of surrounding trees with truly dazzling
splendor. | :

Residents of this part of the world do not know the trailing
arbutus, for that plant, like a true heath wort, keeps to a colder
and more rugged land; but in its stead they have the devil-wood

4

22 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

or sweet olive (Osmanthus Americanus) and ought to be satis-
fied. Although the olive often attains the proportions of a small
tree, it has many characteristics that recall the arbutus. Its
leaves are evergreen, and the flowers, though rather smaller are
very similar in appearance. ‘They are borne in axillary clusters
and are probably more fragrant than those of the arbutus. The
flower-sellers usually place a spray of these flowers in the center
of their bunches of violets for the sake of added fragrance. The
tiny stands of these flower-sellers, it may be added, are among the
characteristic sights of New Orleans. Here and there, in con-
venient corners along the sidewalks—or banquettes as they are
called here—they are located. At this season they are usually
piled high with bunches of violets, and the buyer may have his
choice of the lot for five cents.

As elsewhere, the weeds vie with other early flowers for first
place. If the chickweed ceases blooming at all it must be during
the dryest and hottest part of Summer, and other weeds appear
scarcely less persistent. Late in January, I plucked a plant of
yellow oxalis from between two paving stones in a city street and
found it full of buds, blossoms and fresh green seed pods, the lat-
ter nearly an inch long. When the blossoms that produced these
pods opened, is a matter for conjecture. I have a suspicion that
the early flowers are cleistogamous.

No doubt the coming months will bring something fine in the
way of wild flowers; but at present the woods have a deserted air
to one accustomed to the sight of trilliums, bloodroot, bellwort,
adder-tongue, spring beauties, hepaticas and the host of other
flowers that make the northern spring beautiful.. Here are acres
upon acres of swamp land and not a single skunk’s cabbage to
push its spotted cowl above the flood and keep the peeping frogs
company. Everywhere the earth teems with promises of spring
—quickening seeds, unfolding buds, lengthening shoots, radical
leaves daily spreading into larger rosettes, thistles already large
enough to fill a wash-tub—but as yet few or no showy flowers, al-
though various species of butterflies are winging their way over
the fields apparently in search of them. The bulbous plants and

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 23

plants with thickened underground rootstocks, from which the
earliest flowers of the North spring, are rare or absent here.
What shall it profit a plant to store up food against a time of
bloom in a climate that will supply food as it goes along?
“There is no need for haste; take life easy,” seems to be the motto
of both plants and people. But owing to this lack of haste on
the part of the flowers one of the principal charms of early Spring
is lacking.

THE BLOOMING OF THE HONEYSUCKLES.

Dr. Byron D. Halsted has been watching the blooming of the |
twining honeysuckle (Lonicera Japonica) and finds much of in-
terest in the way the flowers open and provide for their insect vis-
itors. He notes that the majority of the buds expand into flowers
between six and seven o'clock in the evening and as soon as the
corolla opens, exposing the stamens and styles, the strong fra-
grance is sent forth while the anthers show large quantities of
pollen. In his article on the subject in the Plant World, he says:

“As the sun declines and the air gets more and more laden with
the honeysuckle fragrance, due to the increasing number of
freshly opened flowers, the various night-flying insects are in evi-
dence. Among the most conspicuous of these is the sphinx-moth,
which pauses before each of the white blossoms long enough to
take a sip and then darts on tothe next. So busy are they in their
round of service, that, standing motionless, the interested watcher
can have them close to his eyes, see the whole and exceedingly
simple process all done while upon the wing. The down-turning
of the single lobe of the corolla and the upturning of the other
four united making an arched opening into which the long pro-
truding stamens and style provide guides, combine in forming a
cavity into which the proboscis of the moth ts thrust, andthenectar
being close at hand 1s easily removed without the flower forming
any resting place for the insect attendant. The wonder is that
the moths can sustain themselves so steadily in front of each blos-
som; but from the almost inaudible hum it is evident that the
large and delicate wings are moved with remarkable rapidity.

24 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

The moth in question has a rival in the person of master hum-
ming bird, and so much alike are these to the unobserving ob-
server that only a dancing, swaying, hazy, vanishing blur is seen
in either case against the indistinct background of the honeysuckle
hedge in the deepening twilight. The humming bird is less easy ©
to study, and to get close to his fast fluttering wings is a rarity in-
deed.” As soon as the busy bird is once recognized by his long,
needle-shaped bill, bright, iridescent plumage, exceedingly quick,
darting motions and characteristic humming of the wings he is not
confounded with the sluggard of a moth or any other creature.
The bird, like the insect, with which he might weigh in the same
notch, pauses in the air before the evening blossom and quickly
sips the nectar without indulging in the climbing method of
alighting as is in vogue with the heavy, short-winged bumble bee.
The bird makes a cleaner job of it than the moth in every way.
His eye may be keener sighted and his body more submissive to
his will. The bill may be a better instrument than the proboscis
for extracting the honey. Whocan tell whether the blossom and
the bird are made for each other’s best interests, and the moth is
an interloper. , 7

Those who are familiar with the honeysuckle blooms are aware
that upon a vine some are white and others are creamy in color,
then a light yellow-orange, and lastly a darker shade of the two
neighboring colors as the flowers hang collapsed upon the short
stems. The rapidity with which these blossoms pass these stages
has been a matter of observation and surprise. Each of these
branches usually has upon an average six successive nodes that are
to bear blossoms, the series being preceded by a few neutral nodes
and followed by an indefinite number that are entirely vegetative.
The blooming of a séries represented by any stem is usually com-
passed by a week or at most ten days—the rapidity seeming to de- |
pend upon the individual peculiarities of the plant or some circum- |
stances of nourishment and the weather. During the period of
watching there was a rainy day and night, and upon the interven-
ing evening there was but little show of bloom and a noticeable
absence of the characteristic fragrance, and of course of the insect

We

of Bia

iT

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 25

and bird attendants. A halt was called in the regular procession
of bloom that may or may not have affected the whole period of
blossoming. But this is a fact that can only be obtained by ex-
tending the observations over inany seasons.

To the reader unfamiliar with the Lonicera, it may be said that
the long, slender, twining stems bear their leaves in pairs upon
opposite sides of the stem. Between the bases of the leaf stalk and
the stem above, a bud arises which quickly forms a stem an inch
or so long, bearing a pair of small leaves, and between these two
flower buds form. It is thus seen that at each joint or node upon
the stem there are two brief side shoots each bearing two flowers
—that is, four blossoms are produced with but very few excep-
tions at a node, or none at all. When once a series of flowers has
begun there are no breaks in it until the end is reached. The four
buds very regularly open upon the same afternoon or evening, and
display their four white corolla lobes through the live-long night.
The next morning they begin to take on a suggestion of cream
color, which rapidly develops as the day declines, and becomes
strongly in contrast with the four swelling white buds of the next
younger node that are destined to follow along the same road
twenty-four hours later. By the second evening the flowers have
become orange-yellow and lost their fragrance—at least it is lost
in the richness of the younger blossoms which become the only
ones before which the moths and humming birds pause for their
evening draughts of nectar. Of hundreds of such transient visit-
ations the writer has never seen an old flower considered for an
instant. They appear as oblivious to them as if they were not
there. It may be that the eyes of the night flyers are color blind
to the hybrid yellow-orange, while they are sharp indeed upon the
white. With thoughts like these in mind I have watched the
hedge-row as the darkness deepened until the old flowers passed
from sight and only the fresh white ones stood out distinctly
against the background of the obscured vegetation.

Sometimes one of the quartette of blooms gets belated and
comes into flower along with the four upon the next younger
node; but then it is out of place and the chances for visits are di-

26 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

minished, for the four make an attractive setting, and all can be
sipped before advancing to the next group. The torsion common
to the lonicera stems provides that all the flowers present a uni-

formly open front; in other words, they hang the banner upon the

outer wall, even though it may be necessary to turn a sharp corner
in ihe event.

It has been said that a new set of four flowers is not uniformly
provided for each new day. ‘That may be the rule, but there are
dark days and rainy days, and so the uniformity is more or less
broken. This, however, seems to be the rule—that no half-ways
are indulged in, and if a bud is not quite ready to open upon one
afternoon, it holds over until near the close of the next, thus giv-
ing forth its perfume upon the evening air, and at a time when
night-loving insects may catch sight of its showy whiteness and
sip its sweets, while incidentally bringing to it the pollen from
some other blossom. Back of all the plan that has been written
upon, there lies between the lines the deeper one of wide pollina-
tion, which perhaps both honeysuckle and honeysucker knew
nothing about, and yet is essential for the well-being of each, and
succeeds so well in the great struggle entailed upon all living
things.”’

THE REDWOOD AND FOG.

As is well known, the redwoods occur in the fog-belt of the
nerthern half of California and are confined in a markedly re-
stricted manner to those portions of the coast mountain ranges,
such as ravines, which, on account of favoring topographical con-
ditions, the fog may reach. The restriction of the distribution to
so narrow a zone, is, perhaps, not due so much to the negative
factor, the conservation of moisture already present, as to the pos-
itive one, the actual precipitation of water from the fog. While
this, without question, is an important factor in the total precipita-
tion in any region subject to fog, it becomes very much more
_marked, Iam convinced in that region where the redwood forests
are found. The reason for this lies in the character of the foliage
of the redwood. Because the leaves of the redwood are small and

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 27

closely set together on the twigs, and because both twigs and
leaves are relatively delicate, the boughs which they help to form
are fern-like in general appearance and constitute a very effective
filter, by which water may be “combed” out from the fog. In the
effectiveness of this filtering process, which is said to be a good
method for removing water from the fog, lies, I believe, an im-
portant reason why the redwood loves the zone subject to fogs.

So far as I know, there is no method in use for determining the
amount of fog precipitation. The amount of water in a fog
which extends vertically 1,000 feet may be equal to 0.1 inch rain-
fall. But, of course, only a small portion of this is precipitated.
This amount, however, can be greatly increased if the fog is
passed through such a filter as is formed by a redwood forest, and
under such conditions the amount of water taken out of the fog
by the trees is considerable. I have been told by a gentleman who
owned a large ranch in the redwood belt, and whose observation
was quite trustworthy, that whenever there was a fog, especially
if accompanied by a wind, the soil beneath the trees appeared as if
drenched by a heavy rain; and that, further, in cases of fires in his
forest, if a fog came up, accompanied by wind, the fires could be
brought under control.

The relation of the redwood to fog precipitation is shown in
auother way, which although sufficiently bizarre in itself, is
vouched for, and may lend a hint to a possible method of estimat-
ing the amount of water precipitated in this manner. On the
“hog back” of the Santa Moreno mountains lives a woodchopper
in a place once heavily covered by a redwood forest, but where
there is left only an occasional large tree. Like other mountain-
eers, he must use water for culinary purposes, at least, and in lieu
of a convenient spring or well, he has devised a unique “tree-
well.” The chopper has fashioned the ground beneath a large
redwood into the form of a trough at the lower end of which he
has placed a barrel, and I have it on good authority that in this
primitive manner he obtains sufficient water for his needs.—From
an article by W. A. Cannon in Torreya.

28 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

SELF-PRESERVATION IN PLANTS.

The instinct of seli-preservation in the vegetable world is per-
haps-not less, but merely less obvious than in the animal kingdom.
Our scientific friends are apt to freeze our sanguine hopes by in-

forming us with emotionless mien that the individual is of no

moment, the preservation of the species, only being of conse-
quence. Seli-preservation is then but a step in the direction of
preservation of species, and, broadly construed, must include the
instinct of reproduction.

Soe anxious do some plants seem to avoid being the last of the

line that they provide themselves with several means of procuring

descendants. The common garden onion affords a convenient
example. Ifa row of onions in the flowering stage is examined,
it is probable that a considerable number will be found bearing
both flowers and bulblets or “top onions,’ while we are all fa-
miliar with the onion having two or more cores. Here, then, we
have one means of reproduction and two oi multiplication; seed
from the flowers, young onions or bulblets, and division in the
bulb, forming what is known as a “multiplier.”

The potato plant may propagate itself irom the tuber or from.

seed; the strawberry by runners or by seeding; the verbena by
seeding and by rooting at the joints or nodes. In some plants if
a leaf falls to the ground, it will, under favorable conditions,
strike and develop a new plant. This is true of somébegonias,
and remarkably common with Bryophyllum,; and species of Mes-

embryanthemum are often propagated by cutting the plant in.

pieces and scattering them on the ground.—L. A. Greata in Cali-
forma Floriculturist. ‘

NOTE AND COMMENT. ,

WaANTED.—Short notes of interest to the general botanist are
always in demand for this department. Our readers are invited
to make this the place of publication for their botanical items.

Rootinc oF Oxa tis Leaves—In the Plant World for Novem-

ber, 1901, John L. Sheldon records the rooting of the leaves of

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 29

several species of O-ralis. The leaves were broken from the
plants and the petioles buried in moist sand. Ina few weeks sev-
eral put forth roots, especially the younger leaves. Upon some of
these roots, tuber-like bodies were formed, but it was not ascer-
tained whether the leaves could be made to produce true bulbs and
tubers as the plants ordinarily do.

ORIGIN OF THE No, 11 Manco.—In Jamaica, the mango 1s one
of the most important of fruits and in its season furnishes a great
part of the food supply of the negroes. The trees are now thor-
oughly naturalized and the fruit is more or less varied in quality.
The variety generally regarded as the best is known as the “No.
It. Regarding the origin of the name, a note in the Bulletin of
the Botanical Department of Jamaica has it that in 1782 a British
ship captured a French vessel bound for Hayti which had on
board many economic plants and seeds. The vessel with her
cargo was sent as a prize to Jamaica and was thus instrumental in
introducing the mango into that part of the world. The plants
in the cargo were numbered and No. 11 was the mango that has
since become famous.

NON-INDIGINOUS FLORA OF OHIO.—Owing to various causes
the flora of most areas is constantly, though slowly, changing.
Sometimes this change is so rapid as to be noticed by the casual
observer, as when a new weed suddenly spreads into new terri-
tory. Few realize how many different species in any given lo-
cality have appeared there since the country was settled. <A
pamphlet on the “Non-indiginous Flora of Ohio,” by Prof. W. A.
and Mrs. Kellerman, notes that in Ohio there are 430 species of
introduced plants, or nearly twenty-two per cent. of the whole
flora. Of these 36 are shrubs or trees, 47 are grasses, and 49 are
in the class which the farmer regards as weeds. The remainder
are species mainly of interest to the botanist. A list of 40 native
weeds is presented for comparison, and it is interesting to note
that the worst weeds are all in the list of foreigners.

EDITORIAL.

Some time early in the last century, Stephen Elliot began the
publication of “A Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and
Gecrgia.” After the first part was issued the author recalled
it, and after making various changes, reissued it. The original
issue seems to have been completely destroyed. Ordinarily this
is not much to be regretted since we have copies of the revised
issue, but a writer in the December Torrey Bulletin thinks other-
wise. He says: “No copy is now known to exist, and if any
should be discovered it would be of the utmost importance that
fac-similes of it should be prepared and distributed, for there is
no question, whatever, that it was properly published in every
sense of the word, and if its contents were known it would neces-
sitate the alteration of several names of southern species.” Curi-
ous how the scientist occasionally looks at things, isn’t it? To
most people it would seem that if that old pamphlet should ever
appear, with its threat to change the names of certain southern
species, the best and quickest way to dispose of its case would be
to throw it into the fire.

Notwithstanding the great interest that at present attaches to ©
botanical studies, we have as yet no botanical society that has as-
sumed a really national character. This is all the more remarkable
because certain families of plants, such as the ferns and mosses,
have such societies for their study. We have, it is true, a “Botan-
ical Society of America,” but this is an exclusive organization
into which the ordinary botanizer may not enter. A national so-
ciety which shall be democratic enough to admit any student of
plants, while extending to him the fullest measure of assistance in
his work is still desired. Among the objects of such a society
would naturally be the protection of our native wild flowers, the
preservation of plant names, the cultivation and naturalization of
desirable species, the exchange of living plants, seeds and herbar-
ium specimens, the assistance of its members in the study of plants
and the recording of new facts concerning them. While there is
no society that exactly covers this ground, the Gray Botanical
Chapter of the Agassiz Association comes very near it, and our

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST 31

readers may find it advantageous to join it. This Chapter was
organized in 1888 and was specially designed for helping begin-
ners. It is principally engaged in the field study of our native
flowering plants, but welcomes to membership all who are inter-
ested in any branch of botany. The annual dues are twenty-five
cents. The Chapter issues as its official organ a monthly “Corre-
spondence Bulletin,’ written by the members and containing re-
cords of personal observation. These Bulletins are sent through
the Chapter from member to member and promote an excellent
feeling of comradeship while stimulating each member to further
study. Copies of the Chapter’s constitution and further informa-
tion may be obtained from the General Secretary, Mr. William H.
McDonald, 122 Pearl street, Elizabeth, N. J., who will take pleas-
ure in putting any lover of botany in the way of becoming a mem-
ber of the Chapter, if desired.

People who are not botanists usually have a hazy idea of range
in plants and fail to catch the enthusiasm of the student who re-
joices at finding some insignificant weed hundreds of miles be-
yond its reported range. It is a common belief that plant species
in general are likely to occur in almost any part of the world
having the same temperature, and it usually requires considerable
explanation to enable the average individual to comprehend that
different kinds of plants, like nations, are restricted to certain defi-
nite areas on the globe. In fact, the average individual seldom
thinks much about plants, except in the case of those with striking
peculiarities, when he is likely to believe that they grow nowhere
except in the spot where he has found them, and that they will not
survive, even under cultivation in other localities.

BOOKS AND WRITERS.
—The late Thomas Meehan has been succeeded by his son, S.
Mendelson Meehan, as editor of Meehan’s Monthly.

—The Bryologist, which changed to a bi-monthly in January,
has advanced its subscription price to one dollar a year.

32 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST

—At the beginning of the year The Forester and National Irri-
gation joined forces and will henceforth be published as one jour-
nal under the title of Forestry and Irrigation.

—With its fourth number, California Floriculturist, of Los
Angeles, has been considerably increased in size, a pleasing indi-
cation that this bright Western journal is prospering.

—We regret to note that a fire on the night of January 14th, de-
stroyed the building and collections of the Manchester Institute of
Arts and Sciences. The Institute’s journal, Nature Study, suf-
fered some loss, but appears on time as usual.

—It is but a comparatively short time ago that one who desired
to make the acquaintance of our native flowers without an instruc-
tor to introduce him, found it an exceedingly difficult matter. A
stubborn and persistent student might at last conquer a botanical
text book, but to the great majority the scientific phraseology was
too forbidding and the book might as well have been written in
Chirese. We owe a vast debt of gratitude to the makers of the
Manuals who amassed and recorded the botanical facts; but it
may be questioned whether our debt to those later writers, who,
by popular books, have opened this storehouse of knowledge to.
the general public is not still greater. Books of a popular nature
are now so plentiful and approach the subject from so many dif-
ferent sides that the beginner can scarcely go astray. Even if
he misses the way in one book, another will set him right. One
of the best of these botanical guide-posts is “A Guide to the Wild-
flowers,” by Alice Lounsberry, published by the F. A. Stokes
Company of New York. This treats of our wild flowers accord-
ing to the kind of soil they inhabit, and describes nearly five hun-
dred plants. Its value is further enhanced by sixty-four full page
- colored plates and one hundred more in black and white by Mrs.
Ellis Rowan, which show about two hundred of the typical plants
described. The book is an octavo and costs $2.75.

THE JOURNAL OF THE The Flora of the
Maine Ornithological Society, Upper Susquehanna

A Quarterly Journal of The Flora of the Upper Susquehanna
Maine Ornithology. is the only volume on the Plants of South-
ern New York and Northern Pennsyl-
- P : vania ever published. It is not a mere
“Bird Protection, Bird Study, list of a jes like many other local floras,
but gives the range, distribution and
The Spread of the Knowledge abundance of each species. with many
Thus Gained.” notes on habit and habitat. More

: than 1500 common names are given.

fa ees Second Edition,

..50 CENTS PER ANNUM... 8 vo. Cloth, 188 pages, I map.

Price, $1.50 Postpaid.
Single Copies 15 Cts. .

SAMPLE COPY FREE. With the AMERICAN BOTANIST one
year, $2 00.
Address
J. MERTON SWAIN, Editor and Publisher,} WILLARD N. CLUTE & CO., Publishers,
Waterville, Maine. BINGHAMTON, N. Y.

Per erere,
cherie

Our Ferns in Their Haunts

A-Guide to all Our Native Species.
BY WILLARD N. GLUTE

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The most comprehensive and fully illustrated book on ferns yet published in
America. Designed expressly for the beginner. but scientifically accurate. Each
chapter is prefaced by a poem referring to the species or by an appropriate quotation.
There is also a tull glossary of Botanical terms, a check list of all the Eastern Amer-
ican species and an illustrated key to the genera covering several pages, by which
any fern is easily identified. The illustrations in this book are said to be the best
yet published. Every point by which a species can be identified is figured.

340 Pages of Text; 225 Illustrations.
Price, $2.15; by Mail, $2.35.

With the AMERICAN BOTANIST, one year, $3.00.

address, WITTARD N. CLUTE & CO., Binghamton, N. Y.

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A UNIQUE PUBLICATION.

T>-~ \~EW things in America have contributed more toward
Y awakening a popular interest in Ferns than the Fern
BuLLETIN. This journal is the only one in the world
devoted exclusively to Ferns, and in 1900 was awarded

Grand Prize at the Paris Exposition. For nearly ten years it has
kept its readers fully informed of all advances in the study of
Ferns, covering the whole field and including descriptions of new
species, extensions of range, notes on habits and habitat, nomen-
clature, uses, folklore, distribution and growth, besides many
articles on a variety of subjects connected with ferns. The
technical papers are all contributed by authorities in fern study,
and the more popular articles are by writers of acknowledgcd
ability. Another interesting feature is found in the short notes
scattered through its pages.

Since 1899 each number of the FERN BULLETIN has contained a
full page portrait of some prominent student of ferns with a brief
biographical sketch. There is also a series of illustrated ‘‘Helps
for Beginners,” in which different species are described in langu-
age that renders their identification easy. Specially interesting to
the scientist is the series of articles upon the genue Eguwisetum in
which every known species and variety in America will be de-
scribed and illustrated. The illustrations are actual specimens
and are presented to subscribers for about the cost of postage.
Each number also contains an index to recent fern literature, edi-
torials, book reviews, etc., and is well illustrated. The first five
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THE AMERICAN BOTANIST

Vor. 1. MarcH 15, 1902. No. 3

HRORAL ECCEN TRICITIES.
By ALBERTA A. FIELD.

How natural it is for us to interest ourselves in abnormal con-
ditions, and also to be more observant of “their” than “‘our’’
oddities. But not alone on us supreme (?) creations of the unt-
verse do ‘these eccentricities expend themselves, for there
are many “queer people” among all sorts and conditions, from the
highest to the lowest, and while less has been written upon the
peculiarities of plants, much has been observed that must engage
our interest. Sometimes these peculiarities are of the species and
sometimes of the individual, but generally speaking they are ab-
normal. A little observation of plant life will teach us that they
possess many human characteristics or attributes and upon oc-
casion exhibit energy, endurance, ambition, sensitiveness (this in
a marked degree), incongruousness, adaptability, modesty (but
less of this characteristic than the sentimentalist would have us
believe), secretiveness, determination, all these and more.

In speaking of the different flower characteristics I forgot to
mention one of the most strongly marked, and that is the desire
for the perpetuation of its kind, and there is no end to which a
plant will not resort to secure this result. Since science has so
enlightened us upon the subject of vegetable fecundation, our ap-
preciation of the difficulties that many plants are obliged to over-
come, is greatly intensified. In many cases the staminate and
pistillate flowers grow on separate plants, and alien assistance
has to be resorted to for the transference of the quickening pollen
dust. Some of the more prudent ones, to guard against the ac-
cidents of destruction by the elements and other emergencies, pro-
duce cleistogamous flowers below or above the ground, which
never open, but remain closed and amply self-fertilizing to pre-

34 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

vent possible extinction, though most plants advocate cross-fertil-
ization, fearing that the more simple method proves degenerating.
Sometimes this careful forethought is a family distinction, as in
the case of some of the milk-worts. For instance, the prudent
Polygala polygama or racemed milk-wort’s upper branches are
covered with many open petaled flowers that advertise their wares
conspicuously in order to secure the benefits of cross-fertilization.
But below the surface on the tiny root-like branches are numerous
pale little flowers whose work is in reserve in case the more beau-
tiful blossoms fail in their natural functions. They insure the
perpetuation of their kind though they never open their petals to
admit the dangers of the elements, or risk a shortage of cargo-
carrying insects. But a sad life must these little workers enjoy,
while they minister to the economics of plantdom, for Cinderella-
like they delve in the bowels of the earth with no prospect of a
fairy god-mother to compensate them, and only a consciousness
of a duty done, in reward for their sacrifices. But in the mean-
while, the more fortunate blossoms of the upper air, flaunt their
gay petals through the summer gladness and flirt in the sunshine
with passing bee and breeze.

Another little plant that bears the euphonious appellation of
“Venus’ Looking-glass” but whom scientists know as Specularia
perfoliata, also bears these cleistogamous flowers. They do not
hide themselves beneath the sod, but dwell quietly upon the base
of the flower stalk, each clasping sheath of green carefully hiding
three tiny little buds which are abundantly prolific in themselves,
and they too avoid the dangers that society upon the upper stalks
of life are exposed to, for they open no hospitable doors to bees
or wind. But there are only a few of these flowers of high life
that show their delicate beauty to an admiring public, and they
are situated at the top of the flower stalk where they flaunt their
bluish petals in the gladdening sun and enjoy life after the fashion
of their kind.

There is a quaint interpretation of the naming of this flower
which reads: “It is related that Venus one day let fall to the
earth one of her mirrors; a shepherd found the jewel, and as soon

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 35

as he had cast his eyes on the glass that possessed the power of
embellishing whoever looked at it, he forgot his mistress, and only
thought of admiring himself; Love, fearing the consequence of
so foolish an error, broke the glass, and changed the remains into
this pretty plant that has retained the name of Venus’s looking-
glass.”” But why Venus, that vain immortal, should raise so
insignificant a memorial to her beloved mirror, passeth the under-
standing of the feminine.

It is said that there are about 55 genera of plants that
contain one or more species, which so secure themselves in the
matter of perpetuation, and among the more familiar are the vio-
lets, the peas (and the latter produce an abundance of cliesto-
gamous bloom) wood sorrel, jewel-weed, etc. Yet all of these
plants show evidence of their fear of degenerancy of self-fertiliza-
tion for they all produce developed flowers that solicit the aid of
insect life in the transmission of pollen. A careful study of the
complex economics of the flower kingdom, positively astounds
one by its system and forethought.

ORIGIN OF DOUBLE FLOWERS.

Reverting to the subject of double flowers, we may begin by
eliminating those which in a botanical sense are not double. This
sweeps away all the so-called double Chrysanthemums, Asters,
Daisies, Sunflowers—all the Composites, in fact, which owe their
epithet “double” to conditions which are not the same as those to
which the botanist applies the world “double.” Another class of
so-called double flowers occurs when a petal, instead of remaining
single, divides or branches either radially (some Mallows) or col-
laterally (Primrose). What, then, are double flowers? In a
strict botanical sense, double flowers are those in which an addi-
tional number of petals is produced, either by actual increase of
number, or by the substitution of petals for stamens or for car-
pels, or both (Rose Camellia, etc.).

It is quite possible that the causes which bring about these -
various kinds of double flowers are also diverse, and this being
so, it may be of great practical importance to determine what they

36 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST —

are. In some cases we say, and rightly, they are hereditary; but
this explains nothing, it only implies that there was a time when
the structure was different from what it has since become. What
brought about the change, and why has it become fixed and
hereditary? |

Again, we say glibly—but, no doubt, with some truth—that
these-double flowers are the result of some differences in the con-
ditions under which plants grow—to a difference in the “environ-
ment,’ as it is the fashion now to say. These changes bring
about a corresponding alteration in the nutrition of the plant,
and soon. All this is true enough, but it is not sufficient for
practical purposes. We still want to know how and why. The
difficulty of finding out is increased by the fact that we constantly
find one plant out of many producing double flowers, or it may
even be one flower out of several on the same branch, that is
doubled, while all the others are normal, and yet the “environ-
ment” is, for aught we can see, unchanged.

Of late years the production of double flowers has been at-
tributed to the action of mites or other insects, to fungi, and quite
recently to the influence of nematode worms in the roots. It can-
not be denied that such causes may be operative. All that we can
say is, that although we are pretty familiar with double flowers in
a wild and in a cultivated state, as also with the effects of injury
from insects and fungi of various kinds, yet we have never seen
any such morphological changes as are exhibited in “double”
flowers as a result of parasitic injury. What we do find in such
case are pathological deformities in which regularity of conforma-
tion is abolished, and more or less shapeless masses ensue, or, as
in the case of galls, we find a regular adaptation to the require-
ments of the insect—Gardener’s Chronicle.

SURVIVAL OF DESERT AND ALPINE PLANTS.

Many seemingly inhospitable regions possess a comparatively
rich flora and the wonder is, how the various species manage to
survive in such places. A hint in the matter is given by Elias
Nelson in the Plant World, who, writing of the Rocky Mountain

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST 37

plants, says: On the higher slopes great snow banks linger into
late June, July, or even into August. Sharp freezes and skifts of
snow usher in September. During the few, sometimes very few,
favorable weeks, magnificent flowers, gentians and erythroniums,
asters and erigerons, pentstemons and delphiniums, spring up and
develop into blossom and fruit with a celerity scarcely surpassed
by Jack’s famous bean stalk. These are the descendants of an-
cestors that for many generations have succeeded in gradually ac-
celerating the life activities, not into the “‘pace that kills,” but into
harmony with a changing environment. On our cold, arid
plateaus we see the same conditions and the same processes and re-
sults. The examples may be less striking, but even here the
forms that survive have had many a sharp lesson.

But no more striking example can be given than is exhibited in
some of the interior deserts, the Red Desert of Wyoming, for ex-
ample, where not the shortness of the season by the scarcity of
water is the prime cause of the noticeable haste. In such local-
ities the moisture that falls is principally the snows of late spring.
These on melting furnish the water which must carry many of
these desert forms to full fruition. The cloudless skies of June
bring to maturity many small annuals that spring into life in cool
but moist May. More numerous perennials scatter far and wide
their abundant fruitage before July’s sun bakes completely dry
valley, hill and plain. These latter have adopted the storage plan
as the best means of securing the requisite speed when the favor-
able season comes. Rhizomes, bulbs, tubers and roots, often en-
ormous, are packed full of food materials which are converted
into immediately available funds to meet the heavy drafts that the
rush season demands.

There is perhaps no class of plants that have learned the art of
hurrying so well as the generally despised weeds. A cockle-bur
and a pigweed rarely fail to mature some seed. Cut them off
near the ground repeatedly during the summer, and each time
they will put out new branches from the stump. These may in
turn be destroyed, till as Autumn approaches you forget about
them, but they do not forget their business. When the season

38 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

closes a few prostrate branches will be found with mature fruit.

That plants, like most people, will not hurry except from neces-
sity, was abundantly in evidence during the field work of the past
season. The identical species (various Eriogonums, Senecios,
Solidagos and many others), that were in full bloom on the
higher plains of more northern Wyoming in late July or August,
had feached only the same stage of development by the first of
September, in middle Colorado and southward. The contrast
was all the more striking, since the Colorado season opens two or
three weeks earlier as well as closes as much later.

THE MYSTERIOUS MANDRAKE.

The name Mandrake in America is usually applied to the May-
apple (Podophyllum peltatum), but the Mandrake of history is a
Mandragora and is a native of the Mediterranean region. It be-
longs to the order Solanaceae and is, therefore, allied to the to-
mato and nightshade. The mandrake has long been the subject
of much superstition.

The root is forked and fleshy, presenting a rude but startling
likeness to the human figure. From it the leaves spring with no
apparent stem and among them the stalked whitish flower appears.
The fruit is a one-celled berry about the size of a sparrow’s egg.
The whole plant has an unpleasant and narcotic smell, although
the fresh berries, when bruised exhale a pleasant odor like wine
and apples.

All parts of the plant have poisonous properties like the bella-
donna, only more narcotic in their nature and for this region the
root was often administered before a surgical operation. Plato
speaks of it as a soporific, and the people of the east, to this day
refer to an indolent person as “One who has eaten mandrake,”
Shakespeare alludes to this when Cleopatra says “Give me to
drink Mandragora, that I may sleep out this great gap of time.
My Anthony is away.”

A superstition connected with the use of the mandrake as a
medicine, is that a small dose makes a person vain of his beauty
and conceited but that a large dose makes him an idiot. This

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 39

popular belief was also recognized by Shakespeare when Banquo,
after the uncanny vistation of the “weird sisters,’ asks fearfully
and wonderingly of Macbeth, “Were such things here as we do
speak about? Or have we eaten on the insane root that takes the
reason prisoner?’ In “Othello,” he says, ““Not poppy, nor man-
dragora nor all the drowsy syrups of the world shall ever med-
icine thee to that sweet sleep which thou owedst yesterday.””—
California Floriculturtst.

ORCHIDS AND THEIR INSECT SPONSORS.

Prior to Darwin’s time the flower was a voice in the wilderness,
heard only in faintest whispers, and by the few. But since his
day they have bloomed with fresher color and more convincing
perfume. Science brought us their message. Demoralizing as
it certainly was to humanity’s past ideals, philosophic, theologic,
and poetic, it bore the spirit of absolute conviction, and must be
heard. What a contrast this winged botany of to-day to that of
a hundred years ago! The great Linnzus would doubtless have
claimed to know the orchid, which perhaps he named. Indeed,
did he not know it to the core of its physical, if not of its physio-
logical being? But could he have solved the riddle of the orchid’s
persistent refusal to set a pod in the conservatory? Could he
have divined why the orchid blossom continues in bloom for
weeks and weeks in this artificial glazed tropic—perhaps weeks
longer than its more fortunate fellows left behind in their native
haunts—and then only to wither and perish without requital?
Know the orchid ?—without the faintest idea of the veritable di-
vorce which its kidnapping had involved.

Thanks to the new dispensation, we may indeed claim a deeper
sympathy with the flower than is implied in a mere recognition 014
its pretty face. We know that this orchid is but the half of itselt
as it were; that its color, its form, however eccentric and incom-
prehensible, its twisted inverted position on its individual stalk-
like ovary, its slender nectary, its carefully concealed pollen—all
are anticipations of an insect complement, a long-tongued night-
moth perhaps, with whose life its own is mysteriously linked

40 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

through the sweet bond of perfume and nectar, and in the sole
hope of posterity.

To take one of our own wild species. Here is the Arethusa
bulbosa of Linnzus, for instance. Its pollen must reach its
stigma—so he supposed—in order for the flower to become fruit-
ful. But this is clearly impossible, as the pollen never leaves its
tightly-closed box unless removed by outside aid, which aid must
also be required to place it upon the stigma. This problem, which
confronted him in practically every orchid he met, Linnzus, nor
none of his contemporaries, nor indeed his followers for many
years, ever solved. Not until the time of Christian Conrad
Sprengel (1735) did this and other similar riddles begin to be
Cleared up, that distinguished observer having been the first to
discover in the honey-sipping insect the key to the omnipresent
mystery. Many flowers, he discovered, were so constructed or
so planned that their pollen could mot reach their stigmas, as pre-
viously believed. The insect, according to Sprengel, enjoyed the
anomalous distinction of having been called in, in the emergency,
to fulfill this apparent default in the plain intentions of nature, as
shown in the flower. Attracted by the color and fragrance of
the blossom, with their implied invitation to the assured feast of
nectar, the insect visited the flower, and thus became dusted
with the pollen, and in creeping or flying out from it conveyed the
fecundating grains to the receptive stigma, which they could not
otherwise reach. Such was Sprengel’s belief, which he endeav-
ored to substantiate in an exhaustive volume containing the result
of his observations pursuant to this theory.—E-xchange.

EXTRACTING PERFUMES FROM FLOWERS.

When flowers are gathered for their perfume, no time must be
lost in fixing their fleeting perfume. Flowers are gathered early
in the morning, before the sun is high in the heavens. They are
then taken into the factory and spread upon the sterilized fat,
which has the faculty of extracting the scent. This is done again
and again, until the fragrance of as many as twelve pounds of
flowers is fixed in one pound of fat. The fat, thus charged with

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 41

the fragrant essence of the flower, is packed in tins and forwarded
to London. The more strongly scented flowers, such as the rose,
violet and orange, are treated in hot melted grease, and allowed to
cool with it, but in the case of the more delicate blossoms, jasmine,
jonquil and tube rose, their petals are laid upon cold fat, spread in
glass frames. The scented fat is treated with alcohol 60 per cent.
overproof, and kept in a constant state of rotation for three or
four days till all the perfume is extracted by the spirit. The spirit
is then refrigerated to get rid of the last trace of fat, and elab-
orately filtered. The perfumes can stand the intensest cold, and
are only improved by it, but heat destroys them. Some few es-
sential oils, such as those from roses, orange flowers and the like,
are extracted by the aid of heat—distilled in point of fact, but the
more delicate and volatile perfumes are fixed by the absorbent
powers of fat or grease. The roses of Bulgaria, the lotus flowers
of Japan, the violets and jasmines of Southern France come with
the lavender of England to attend the chemist’s call. Nor is it
only from the far famed gardens of the distant East that they
come. From the slopes of the Himalayas; from the wave washed
strand of the far Pacific come other essences instinct with the life
of things.—I/ndian Gardening and Planting.

PLANT NAMES.

An occasional change of language is as exhilarating as a
change of air or diet, and herein is one of the charms of rambles
off the beaten ways. Sometimes one hears in the current speech
of country districts words that in the city are the recognized coin
of poets only. Such is the noun “blow” popularly used for a
flower in New York State. “Posy,” is also an everyday word in
parts of Pennsylvania. “What for a posy is that?’ is a common
question in some sections—a question that preserves a quaint
Teutonic idiom in English words, as an insect in amber. In the
Adirondacks a marshy meadow is called a “fly,” much to your
bewilderment if you have never before heard this bit of degenerate
Dutch, while in South Jersey a similar place is flatly denominated
a “mash.” Names of plants are a constant source of interest. In

42 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

North Carolina the common laurel is universally dubbed “ivy,”
and in Western Pennsylvania the wood sorrel, an herb of moun-
tain woods with clover-like leaves that fold at night as though in
slumber, is prettily called “Sleeping Mollie.” The hand of the
arch enemy of mankind is hinted at in the name of many a noxi-
ous weed, as devil’s grandmother, devil’s claws, devil’s paint
brush, devil’s walking stick, and so on.—C. F. Sanders in Phila-
delphia Record.

NOTE AND COMMENT.

WaNTED.—Short notes of interest to the general botanist are
always in demand for this department. Our readers are invited
to make this the place of publication for their botanical items.

Horse CHESTNUTS AS Foop.—According to recent report, a
way has at last been found to utilize the horse chestnut as food.
The nut is rich in starch and albumen, and contains some sugar
but a certain bitter resin has made it inedible, if indeed, not pois-
onous as is currently believed. By the new process the nut is
powdered and the resin removed by alcohol. The resultant meal
is said to be rich in food value, and to have an agreeable taste.

VITALITY OF SEEDS.—The great range of temperature which
seeds can withstand withqut losing their germinating power is
remarkable. On the one hand, certain seeds have sprouted after
being exposed to a temperature of more than 400 degrees below
zero, while on the other, a temperature of 281 degrees above zero
did not destroy the vitality of certain seeds exposed to it, in recent
experiments,

PRODUCTION OF TUBERS IN THE LABIATAE.—We rarely asso-
ciate a tuber-bearing habit with species of the mint family
(Labiatz) but half a dozen or more species are known to produce
tuberous roots, some of which are edible. The natives of the
Soudan make use of the tubers of a species of Plectranthus as
food and in India Plectranthus Aromaticus is commonly known
as “bread-and-butter-plant.”’

AMERICAN TREES IN EurRopE.—European gardeners are cov-

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 43

eting the luxuriance of American autumnal foliage and are en-
deavoring to transplant cuttings of the most vari-colored Ameri-
can trees in their own soil. But thus far those trees which pro-
duce the rich purples, crimsons and scarlets have firmly main-
tained a patriotic determination to beautify only the landscape of
their native clime.—/ndian Gardening and Planting.

Tue FRINGED GENTIAN.—Anent that fringed gentian and its
reputation for taking French leave of the place where one had
found it last year,—I know one station for the plant near Phila-
delphia to which it has been faithful for eight years, to my knowl-
edge. ‘That, by the way, is the only station for it that I do know
—it appears to be a rarity nowadays about here.—C. F. Saunders.

NATURAL CHEWING Gum.—In a little book now out of print,
Maurice Thompson relates that he once went to school where
everybody chewed sweet gum, except the teacher, who chewed
tobacco. This sweet gum is an exudation from the trunk of
Liquidambar styraciflua occuring most plentifully where the bark
is injured. It appears in crystal-like drops and after hardening
in the air, needs no further preparation for chewing. In its flavor
there is a faint terebinthine element, reminding one of spruce
gum. Sweet gum is highly prized by Southern children, and
was of enough importance to the scientist to become embodied in
the generic name of the tree.

PERFUMES AS ANTISEPTICS.—The Lancet is authority for the
statement that the essential oils are powerful antiseptics, often not
very inferior to carbolic acid itself. It is explained that these
oils absorb atmospheric oxygen, forming unstable compounds
which readily lend oxygen for the work of purification. Turpen-
tine, pine ojl and eucalyptus oil are mentioned in this connection
and are suggested as accounting for the salubriety of pine and
eucalyptus woods. Apropos of this subject, it is interesting to
note that in some recent experiments in repressing the omni-
present mosquito, various odors were used with marked success,
the principal ones in the order of their efficacy being oil of turpen-
tine, iodoform, menthol, nutmeg, camphor, garlic, pepper and

44 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

napthalin. The virtues of oil of sassafras in keeping away
mosquitos are well known.

CINNAMON FERN FRUITING IN AUTUMN.—lIn Florida our
well-known cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) has a curi-
ous trick of bearing a crop of fruiting fronds in Autumn. Ac-
cording to a writer in the January Fern Bulletin nearly or quite
one-half the plants in some places show this fall crop of fertile
fronds.

THE BARBERTON Daisy.—The Boer war is probably responsi-
ble for bringing into prominence a very interesting South African
plant known as the Barberton or Transvaal. daisy (Gerbera
Jameson.) The plant is not common as yet in cultivation, but is
likely to soon become a familiar sight in the flower garden. The
flower is described as daisy-like in appearance, often four inches
across and bright scarlet in color.

SELF-PRUNING OF Woopy PLANntTs.—A few of our common
trees have the remarkable habit of forming cleavage planes in
their branches whereby certain twigs are cut off toward the end
of the growing season, effectually pruning the plant. These.
cleavage planes are very conspicuous in one of the common aspens
(Populus grandidentata). Prof. J. H. Schaffner has been look-
ing for these cleavage planes in other trees, and in the Olio Nat-
uralist for January, notes that they occur in the cotton wood
(Populus deltoides), black willow, white oak, Rhamnus lance-
olata, Quercus platanoides and others. This self-pruning is
sometimes but not always a family characteristic. The common
elm (Ulmus Americana) and Ulmus racemosa possess the habit,
but the slippery elm (U. fulva) does not. Others trees, among
which may be mentioned the wild cherry and hackberry, cut off
their fruit spurs in this way, after the fruit has fallen. The wil-
lows are very noticeable for this self-pruning habit, and in many
species the twigs are often cut off before the growing season is
ended and while the leaves are still green.

VALUE OF BOTANICAL StTubDIES.—The famous Monravian
writer, Amos Comenius, over 250 years ago, gave vigorous ex-

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 45

pression to the conception of living, objective teachings of the sci-
ences. He said: ‘Men must be instructed in wisdom so far as
possible, not from books, but from the heavens, the earth, the
oaks and the beeches,—that is, they must learn and investigate
the things themselves and not merely by observation and testi-
monies of other persons concerning the things.” The modern
university student of Botany puts his elders to blush by his minute
knowledge of some small point in vegetable histology. But he
can tell you little of the contents of a country hedgerow, and if
you put an unfamiliar plant in his hands he is pretty much at a
loss how to set about recognizing its affinities. Prof. Henslow, a
famous teacher of botany, was probably the first to introduce into
the botanical examination for degrees in London, the system of
practical examination. He always held that a man of no powers
of observation was quite an exception. He thought and proved
that botany might be used “for strengthening the observant fac-
ulties and expanding the reasoning powers of children in all
classes of society.”—M. E. M.

TROPICAL PLANTS IN FLoripA.—lIt is possible that in the not
far distant future, Florida will be noted for several other exotic
fruits besides oranges. From a paper read before the American
Pomological Society at Buffalo last September, we learn that
Southern Florida will grow almost any fruit that can be produced
in the West Indies. In Dade and Monroe counties the cocoanut
and guava grow wild. That delicious fruit, the mango, takes
kindly to the soil, as does also the alligator pear (Persea gratis-
sima), which is beginning to be much used as a salad fruit. The
date does well in favorable situations, and bananas, lemons, grape-
fruit and limes are common, of course. Among other and less
well known fruits that have been proven easy of culture in proper
situations are the pawpaw (Carica papaya), the sapodilla or nase-
berry (Achras sapota), the marnwell (Marninea Americana), the
sour sop (Anona muricata), the cherimoya (A. cherimolia), and
the sugar apple (A. squamosa). The apples, pears, cherries and
the bush fruits of higher latitudes, however, are missing from the
localities that are suitable to these foreigners.

EDITORIAL. .

Although spring, according to the almanac, does not begin
until some days after the date of this number of the BoTANIST, in
all but the most northern of the Northern States, indications of
the approach of a milder season have already begun to multiply.
It is a rare season when the maples, elms, alders and willows are
not showing bloom as far north as New York by the middle of
March, and if we are unwilling to class these among legitimate
wild flowers, a search along the sunny fence-rows is pretty sure
to be rewarded by a few venturesome blossoms of such early
species as the hepatica, dandelion, bluet and anemone. April
brings the trailing arbutus, the blood root, the spring cress and a
few others, and after April the host is too great to number.

In lands where winter serves only as a slight check to the
blooming season the inhabitants appear not to possess the desire
to hasten forth to pluck the firstlings of the year that animates
those in climes where winter is more rigorous and where these
early blosoms in addition to their grace and beauty bear the first
real promises of a milder season. ‘That it is something more
than the beauty of the flowers which attracts us to these early
specimens may be seen in the fact that those who rarely go afield
for flowers in midsummer may be found scouring the thickets and
hillsides at arbutus-tide.

It may be predicted with something like certainty, that among
the first of our wild flowers to be exterminated, will be such of
these early blossoms as have not a tenacious hold upon life. In
the vicinity of cities and towns the arbutus is already doomed, and
the bloodroot and Dutchman’s breeches seems likely to share
the same fate, but it may be doubted whether the adder’s-tongue,
spring beauty and violet will give up so easily. It is nearly im-
possible to pull up entire a blooming adder’s-tongue, and the stems
of the spring beauty are usually too lightly attached to the flat
tuber to bring it with them when pulled from the soil. Num-

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 47

bers, alone, protect the violet. Even the farmer with plow and
hoe can hardly dislodge them. Let him plow them under and
cultivate his crops in their stead, and in autumn he shall find vio-
lets blooming again in the midst of his corn field.

While it is a good thing to have societies for the protection of
the native plants that need it, it would seem equally desirable for
such societies to give us lists of the plants which can do without
their help—plants of which we may pull up as much as we please
without feeling guilty of thus spoiling somebody’s pleasure the
following season. The list at best cannot be perfectly arbitrary
from the fact that the necessity for protection depends somewhat
upon the locality. The white trillium is scattered through some
of the remote forests with an extravagance that seems almost
wasteful; in other localities it is as rare as an orchid. But
orchids are rare only near cities. On the borders of mountain
lakes far from civilization, there are often to be found acres of
Pogonias, and Calopogons and the small purple fringed orchis is
frequently nearly as common.

There are certain people in every community who must pick
flowers if they enjoy their outing, measuring their happiness
somewhat by the number of rare blossoms they have been able to
obtain. Such people, however, can scarcely be said to enjoy the
flowers—they only enjoy picking them. A spray of columbine
growing from a cleft in some gray rock, a water lily riding at
anchor on the surface of the lake, or the mountain laurel filling
the underwoods with a cloud of bloom, have a charm in their
habitat that he who removes them vainly attempts to bring with
him. The truest enjoyment of the flowers, after all, is to be
found only when they nod from their own stalks in their chosen
environment.

BOOKS AND WRITERS.
—John Coleman Adams, the author of “Nature Studies in
Berkshire,’ has written a life of the Artist-Naturalist, William
Hamilton Gibson, which has just been published.

48 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

—The friends of American forestry have reason to rejoice at
the unusual number of books on our native trees that are being is-
sued. Within the past year no less than six different books on
this subject have been published or announced to be published.
The trees stand in such close relation to the daily lives of most of
us that we can scarcely have too many books about them. In
winter, when frost and snow have banished nearly all the other
attractions of the countryside, the trees not only remain excellent
objects for study, but assume new phases of attractiveness that
were unperceived when their branches were clothed with verdure.
New and striking characteristics appear in even the most familiar
species, and we run some risk of passing old favorites without
recognition. Certain species, there are, that may be easily distin-
guished at any time of the year, but in winter the majority require
for their identification, a greater familiarity with bark, and branch
and bud and leaf-scar, than many, save the woodsman, possess.
It was, therefore, a happy thought that inspired Annie Oakes
Huntington to write “Studies of Trees in Winter.” The book
contains just the information necessary to enable us to recognize
all the native trees of Northeastern America in their leafless con- —
dition, but it does not stop with a description of the winter aspects
of the trees. All of the interesting or characteristic points about
each species are noted and placed before the reader in attractive
form. The author’s comprehension of her subject is well shown
in the following quotation from the section on the hop hornbeam.
“There is but one native hop hornbeam in New England, and it is
an extremely interesting little tree. It grows under other trees
in the forest and is easily overlooked, usually being mistaken for
a young elm. Of all trees the hop hornbeam is most retiring in
its habits and takes much the same place among trees that the
hare does among animals, or the violet does among flowers, living
a secluded life in wild places where the woods partly conceal its
identity.” There are many excellent illustrations from photo-
graphs of the trees in winter, and twelve colored plates of twigs
~ and buds give the color characteristics of numerous species. The
book is a I2mo. of 200 pages and is published by Knight & Millet,
of Boston.

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THE AMERICAN BOTANIST

mov. LI. APRIL “1S, 1902. oes eae

NOTES FROM OHIO.
By ALtMon N. Roop.

Last November, in company with a botanical friend, I was ex-
ploring a small brook in Portage County, Ohio. We descended a
steep bank at the foot of which a hidden spring spread its waters
over the surface of the ground and here in the open bog we came
across a number of plants of the, with us, very local fern, Dryop-
teris cristata. Though so late in the season that severe frosts had
nearly denuded the trees of foliage, yet many fronds, especially
the fertile ones, remained green and fresh, so that a number were
collected for herbarium specimens. A peculiarity of this fern
especially noticeable, was the position of the pinnae, nearly all be-
ing situated with the plane of their surfaces at nearly a right angle
to the general plane of the frond. JD. cristata is one of the pleas-
ant surprises that await us occasionally in unexpected places and
never fails to attract the attention of the plant lover, its narrow,
graceful fronds and rich deep coloring, combining to make it con-
spicuous among its other plant companions.

On the same date and in another part of the same county I left
our buggy to examine a clump of papaw trees (Asimina triloba),
and in the thicket found clinging to some vines a bunch of purplish
black berries which looked unfamiliar. An examination on the
return home revealed them as the fruit of the moonseed (Meni-
spermum canadense), which, while not by any means a rare plant
here, seldom produce fruit in any very noticeable quantity. A
bush of Viburnum lentago covered with clusters of dark purple,
papery fruit, was also found in the same locality and many seeds
and berries of more or less familiar plants lent a pleasing variety
to the store of botanical “catches” for the day.

50 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

The late fall and winter months seem to many botanical stu-
dents to be devoid of interest, because of the general impression
that plants are to be associated only with spring and summer, yet
some: of the most interesting plant history, i. e., that relating to
their seeds and the methods of their dissemination, are best studied
during the winter months. One of the most interesting field days
I spent last season was during a severe cold spell in the latter part
of December when the streams were so frozen over as to make
travel on the ice an easy means of access to certain marshy tracts
lying at the head of what is known as Beaver Pond. Here, ona
typical winter day with a stiff breeze blowing and the snow fall-
ing about me, I gathered more seeds of marsh plants from the
stems above the snow than I had been able to obtain all the preced-
ing fall. Here, too, I could observe the feeding of numerous
small birds upon the various stores thus abundantly supplied by
nature and among many one could note preferences for certain
kinds, while others more conspicuous, were left undisturbed.
What bird feeds upon the berries of Jlex verticillata? Though
the fruit is abundant and the color so strikingly handsome and al-
luring, being one of the most conspicuous of bushes in winter ”
when the ground is covered with snow, yet I seldom find birds
feeding upon it. This and many other questions concerning the
colors of various fruits and berries and their preference by certain
birds as well as the means of seed dissemination occurring among
various plants in winter, can not help attracting the attention of
the careful observer besides furnishing abundant opportunity for
field study at a season when there is ample time and inclination
for the work.

SPRING IN THE SOUTHER.
By WILvarp N. CLuTe.

Every locality has its own Spring, or rather, its own phase of
spring. The marsh, the sand barren, the river valley and the up-
land alike feel the thrill of an awakening season, but each re-
sponds to the impulse with a flora of its own. And just as the
flowers vary in shape and hue from seashore to mountain top, so

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 51

do they from the equator to the poles. To one like myself, whose
rambles have always been taken in the fields and woods of the
Northern States, every flower that is now springing in this south-
ern land is an object of interest, and the study of the various
features in which they differ from their northern kindred, a most
fascinating pastime.

One of the first things to impress the visitor, is the absence, not
only of the identical species that make the Northern spring gay,
but of any plants of the same family. Arbutus, hepatica, blood-
reot, anemone, spring beauty, trillium, adder’s-tongue, Dutch-
man’s breeches, Solomon’s seal—all these are missing. The com-
posites have a much larger representation than they do further
north, although the humble dandelion is not to be found. The
sow-thistle is one of the first spring flowers, but this distinction
has not relieved it of its weedy qualities to any extent. Thistles
of the ordinary kind are blooming, too, but they are of such
sharp and forbidding appearance and so much more clumsy than
even the northern bull thistle, that I have not felt inclined toward
a closer acquaintance. Of other composites with greater claims to
beauty must be mentioned a Helentwm with large daisy-like
flowers which spread a yellow light in moist places, and the Chap-
talia, whose smaller white flowers have the odd habit of assuming
a horizontal position with ray-flowers forming a funnel over the
disk until ready to open.

Although Viola is a genus of the North, there are both blue and
white violets here, but I have seen no fields in which they grow in
sufficient numbers to give a separate note to the color-scheme.
They appear here and there, a few plants at a time, and never very
noticeable. Another northern genus, the willow, is but sparingly
represented. The principal, if not the only, one seems to be the
black willow. The pussy willows would no doubt find this too
warm for their furry wrappings. The daisy flea-bone (Erigeron
annuus) is So common in New York that in spite of the fact that
it is of European origin, I had come to look upon it as a typical
plant of the northern spring; but here it grows more abundantly
than I have ever seen it elsewhere, and with another composite,

52 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

a species of Senecio allied to our golden ragwort or squaw-weed,
torms almost the entire noticeable flora in the vicinity of New Or-
leans. This may sound strange to many until it is known that
the city is surrounded on all sides by the gloomiest of cypress
swamps. Toreach the nearest lands supporting the true southern
flora, one must travel at least thirty miles. Only in “the piney
woods,” as the expression is, can one find flowers worth the gath-
ering at this season.

In every locality there are certain species, which, by their beauty
or fragrance, or abundance, attract more than ordinary attention,
and stand as a series of floral milestones to mark the progress of
the passing year. The arbutus, rhododendron, water-lily, golden-
rod, and the witch-hazel at once come to mind in this connection.
The first of such species in the piney woods is the yellow pitcher
plant (Sarracenia flava) which at Easter-tide is at the height of
its season. Unlike our northern plant (S. purpurea) it does not
seek the seclusion of sphagnum bogs, but grows almost anywhere,
if the soil is wet. The great yellow flowers are exact duplicates
of those of the northern species, in shape, and measure four or five
inches across. They do not easily wilt and are frequently gath- -
ered for bouquets. The cylindrical leaves, broadest at the apex,
are often a foot long and stand nearly erect. From their shape
they are frequently called “trumpets,” and I find various musical
notes can be produced from them by blowing in theright way. I
have also heard them called “Indian pipes.”’

Scarcely less noticeable are the flowers of the butter-wort, but-
ter-cup or bog violet (Pingutcula lutea) which flourishes in any
moist spot. These bell-shaped blossoms of clear lemon-yellow
are singularly handsome, but picking them is not an agreeable
»ccupation, owing to the fact that the scapes are covered with the
same slimy exudation that is found on the leaves. It gives one a
creepy feeling to grasp a plant whose digestive juices are on the
outside. It seems to prey upon much smaller game than does the
pitcher plant or sundew. Only tiny gnats were found in the im-
promptu stomachs which the plant forms by curling over the edges
of its leaves.

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 53

- Here and there among the pines, a change of soil or the shallow

valley of a meandering brook gives various broad-leaved plants a
foothold and then one is pretty sure to find the dogwood and
azale a. The last flowers were falling from these two the first
week in April, but others are opening further north, and, in fancy,
we can see this rose-crested wave of white slowly passing north-
ward until it breaks across the hills of the Middle States a month
later and goes on to spend itself in Canada. With the dogwood
blooms the anise-tree (Jlictum Floridanum) whose large starry
crimson flowers clustering among the dark glossy leaves make the
copses good to look upon as we marvel at the laws of Nature
which confines this species close to the Gulf and allows the dog-
wood the freedom of a continent. A good rich crimson is a
rare color among American plants and it is all the more surprising
in the anise-tree when it is known that this is closely related to the
snowy magnolias. .

Taken at its best, the southern spring compares unfavorably
with the season a thousand miles further north. Flowers there
are in plenty, if we choose to look for them, but they are never
scattered with such prodigality as they are in New York or New
England. I have seen nothing: to compare with our fields of
bluets, meadows of buttercups, woods. of hepaticas or swamps of
marsh marigolds. The south is a land of flowers—the number of
species is large,—but so luxuriantly does everything grow that the
flowers seem lost among the all-embracing green. In June, in the
Middle States there comes a lull in the blooming season, this being
the season when the spring flora ceases and the summer flora be-
gins. March and April in Southern Louisiana are very much like
it; one feels that with so much verdure there ought to be more
flowers.

If nature has not done much for New Orleans in the way of
flowers, she has only made man’s work show the better by con-
trast. Such pansies as have appeared on the lawns during the
past two months, grow only in an equally moist and genial climate.
I have never seen anything to approach them in the North. At
present one sees in cottage gardens whole rows of red Amaryllis

54 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST

and in waste places clumps of the same species growing half wild.
The beds and borders are gay with hosts of common blossoms,
and as for the roses, they are so abundant that notwithstanding
their beauty, they run some risk of being overlooked and their pre-

sence considered a matter of course. Everywhere the China tree

is displaying its drooping racemes of lilac-tinted flowers, while
the magnolia, casting off its two downy sepals as the blood-
root does, is unfolding the first of its great white blossoms, like a
clean page upon which to write the history of the early summer,
whose arrival its blooming portends.

USES OF THE PAPER MULBERRY.

The paper mulberry is usually cultivated for ornament in the
United States, but in other lands its usefulness is its chief recom-
mendation. Thetreeis called Morus papyrifera, or Broussonetia
papyrifera, and is closely allied to the common mulberry. It
grows wild in China and Japan and also in many of the islands of
the Pacific ocean, where the natives manufacture a large part of
their clothing from its bark. The most important use of the
bark, however, is in making the peculiar whitey-brown Japanese
paper with which most Americans are more or less familiar. The
manufacture of the paper and some of the uses to which it is put,
are thus described in /ndian Gardening and Planting:

A mulberry plantation resembles very much a grove of our wil-
low trees, the mulberry having a very short thick stem with many
branches. In November, when all the important products, such
as tea, rice, beans, etc., have been harvested, the Japanese farmer
finds time to cut the branches of the mulberry tree. The first op-
eration is to boil these branches in a weak wood ash bath in order
to loosen the outer layer of bark. After the latter is removed, the
bast is peeled off and thoroughly washed by suspending it in the
river. The bast is then dried and sold to the papermaker. In our
paper mills the pulp is prepared by grinding almost any fibrous
material in the beating machine until sufficiently fine, whereby it
cannot be avoided that the fibres are cut short. The Japanese, on
‘the contrary, are very particular about treating the mulberry bast

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST LB)

in such a way that the fibres retain as much as possible their origi-
nal length, and this, of course, is the reason for the excellent
strength of their paper. The bast is placed on a flat and level
granite stone, moistened with water and beaten with wooden ham-
mers until thoroughly fine. The paper is, of course, made by
hand, and by shaking the sieve only in one direction, which is al-
most the rule in Japan, the fibres place themselves nearly parallel.
This accounts for the fact, that the Japanese paper can only be
torn straight in one direction, at the same time possessing a re-
markable strength in this direction.

In China and Japan paper is a far more important and far more
generally used article than with us, owing to its superior quality
and strength. The Japanese always has a supply of paper sheets
in his sleeve pocket. If he wants a bit of string he twists a strip
of paper together. I have had an opportunity in the railway car-
riage of seeing a Japanese do almost the impossible with a bit of
paper string, such as tying up his trunk with the remains of a let-
ter. In Japan, paper not only takes the place of our window glass,
but even of our doors and walls.

If the Japanese or Chinese paper is impregnated with Ye-no-
abura, the oil from Perilla ocymoides, the Japanese substitute for
boiled linseed oil, it becomes perfectly waterproof. It is used for
making umbrellas and macintoshes. Perhaps it will interest you
to know that during my stay in Japan I never had an umbrella or
a macintosh. If it happened that I was caught by a sudden
shower, and this happened very frequently indeed, I went into
the next paper shop and bought a macintosh of oil paper for 2d.
(4 cents). The same with umbrellas. If the paper is oiled and
varnished, then it takes the place of leather; the roofing of the
jinrickshas, the little hand-carriages, is often made of paper, even
the Japanese “tab” for rainy weather, the equivalent for our water
boots, is made of paper.

FERMENT ACTION IN PLANTS.

Besides our British insectivorous plants, there are other families
abroad which include such fly-catching genera as Sarracenia, of

56 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

North America, and Nepenthes, the pitcher-plant of the East In-
dies, etc. The question arises—How is it that plants of no af
finity have acquired this common property? Though it is difficult
even to guess how the widely different structures came into exist-
ence in each case respectively, we may safely attribute it, at least
in a general way, to protoplasm, which is the same in all plants
and‘animals. Hence, whatever the causes may have been which
excited it to develop insectivorous structures, it is not surprising to
find such in plants of no relationship beyond the common bond of
vegetable life bound up in the living protoplasm. We have seen
that when any nitrogenous matter is placed upon an insectivorous
organ a digestive fluid and an acid are secreted in an exactly com-
parable manner to the behaviour of our own digestive apparatus.

Now, there are several instances known where this is effected
among plants quite apart from truly insectivorous habits at all.
Thus, the papaw tree of the West Indies, etc., has large leaves not
unlike those of the fig, and pear-like fruits. It has long been
known, and, indeed, used for the purpose, that if tough meat be
wrapped up in the leaves or rubbed with the cut fruit it becomes
tender. A fig leaf will answer the purpose as well. The fact is .
that the presence of nitrogenous substances stimulates the proto-
plasm to secret the digestive fluids, and the making the meat ten-
der is really due to what might be called “incipient digestion.”’

Knowing this common property of protoplasm, Dr. M. T.
Masters placed fragments of hard boiled white of egg in the little
nectaries of the Christmas rose. After a certain time they exhib-
ited the usual feature of “aggregation” in the cells of the nectaries
always seen when insectivorous plants have consumed their prey.
This experiment proved that incipient digestion had been set up,
though, of course, these honey-secreting organs are not naturally
insectivorous at all.

The butterworts derived this name from the fact that they will
curdle milk, they are used in Lapland for making a cheese-like sub-
stance from the milk of the reindeer. Our common Lady’s bed-
_ straw (Galium verum) with yellow flowers possesses an analog-
ous property, and has long been used as a sort of vegetable ren-

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 57

nent in cheese making in certain places in England. But the
secretion of ferments is carried on in all plants quite normally, as
a few instances will show.

When seeds are about to germinate the reserve food-materials
contained either in the external endosperm (as 1n a wheat flour)
or within the cells of the cotyledons, as of almonds, pears, and
beans, consist of solid substances as starch and aleurone or liquid
as oil, but in all cases they are unassimilable. Before the embryo
can make any use of them they must be converted into a liquid
state for absorption. This is done by means of ferments or
“enzymes.” by which starch is converted into sugar, and aleurone
into peptones, etc. <A precisely similar process has to be gone
through when a potato tuber sprouts, and its starch is to be util-
ized for growth.

Another case is where secondary roots arise from the mother
root. They issue from below, and are therefore called endogen-
ous. They commence as little bulging points which continually
elongate till they finally issue out of the surface, raising up the su-
perficial tissues like a collar around them. In passing through the
cortex the root makes a hole for itself by dissolving the latter in
its passage, and at the same time absorbing the nutritious solution
for its own purpose of growth.. It sometimes happens that the
creeping underground stem of couch-grass meets with a tuber or
bulb in its course. It does not pass round it as if round a stone,
but bores right through the obstruction. In so doing the tip of
the stem behaves like a secondary root, and dissolves out a passage
for itself—The Garden.

NOTE AND COMMENT.

WaANTED.—Short notes of interest to the general botanist are
always in demand for this department. Our readers are invited
to make this the place of publication for their botanical items.

VARIATION IN THE PECAN.—The pecan nuts, so plentiful in the
fruit stores, is the fruit of the southernmost of our hickorys—
Flicoria pecan. The tree is much like other hickorys in appear-
ance, with a rather rough bark, but not so rough as that of the

58 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

shag-bark. In the wild state there is great variation in the size of
the nut, and also in the thickness of the shell. The nut that comes
to northern tables usually requires a nut-cracker to open it; but in
its native home it is not uncommon to find trees bearing nuts with
shells so thin that they can be easily crushed in the hand. When
fresh the kernel can usually be gotten out entire.

How Certain Fruits RripenN.—Everybody knows that when
the persimmon appears to be ripe it is not always edible. We
must wait until time has taken the astringency out of it. The the-
ory is that in fruits of this nature there is present a certain fer-
ment of “enzyme,” which gradually makes it mellow and sweet.
Other less noticeable examples of the action of such ferments may
be found in the apple, quince and banana.

ABRUS PRECATORIUS.—This is the name of a pretty climbing
plant with scarlet egg-shaped seeds spotted with black, which is
said to be coming into favor in American gardens. ‘The plant is
native of India, and, according to Indian Gardening, goldsmiths
there use the seed as the unit of weight, the ruttee. The Brah-
mins and Buddhists use it in the shape of beads for rosaries ; hence

the specific name precatorius, signifying prayer. The leaves and-

roots have the same properties as liquorice.

THE PricKLY PEAR IN- AUSTRALIA.—Australia seems to be a
land that offers superior inducements to any plant or animal of
other lands which cannot do well athome. A while ago the meek
little rabbit was terrorizing the settlers, and now the prickly pear
(Opuntia) is having the same sort of vogue. ‘So alarmed have
the planters become ‘that the Department of Agriculture of
Queensland is to offer a substantial reward for the discovery of
some means of eradicating the plants. From our knowledge of
the prickly pear, it would seem that if the plant spreads rapidly
enough in Australia to be a menace to farming it must have
greatly altered its habits on going abroad.

THE CAMPHOR TREE.—A large number of young camphor
trees are growing at Audubon Park in New Orleans, and are of
unusual interest to the botanist from their close resemblance to our

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 59

well-known sassafras. The bark of branches and twigs is of the
same yellow-green hue and has a taste and smell not very different
from sassafras. No doubt if a person familiar with the taste of
sassafras were given a piece of camphor bark to chew without
knowing what it was, he would call it sassafras. The leaves of
the camphor tree are small, rather oblong and pointed, much more
like the conventional laurel leaf. Readers need scarcely be told
that both these species are true laurels and in no way closely re-
lated to the rhododendrons and kalmias.

PROLONGING THE LIFE OF INDIVIDUAL BLossoms.—A flower is
simply a means to an end—the plant’s device for setting a new
crop of seeds. So persistently do the plants obey the natural law
to be fruitful, that simply removing the flowers as they fade will
often cause a species to continue longer in bloom. Similarly when
pollenation is in any way prevented, the blooms remain upon the
plant for a much longer time than usual, waiting in the hope of re-
ceiving pollen. Apropos of this a writer in Park’s Floral Mag-
azine, relates that by removing the pistils from tulips, the flowers
remained a much longer time unwithered. This subject is one
upon which more light might conveniently be shed, and is recom-
mended to any botanist with leisure. Some of our native wild
flowers with good sized pistils would be best for experiment. It
would be very interesting to know how much longer flowers from
which the pistils have been removed remain open than the flowers
not subjected to this treatment, but who knows how long the
~ flowers of a single species usually remain open?

New BoranicaL TEerMs.—Little by little the way of the botan-
izer through modern literature is being made harder by the adop-
tion of new ways of calling old things. In the Ohio Naturalist
for March, Professor Schaffner proposes several unfamiliar terms.
Any specialized part of a branch which bears the sexual organs
(usually pollen and embryo seeds) should, he says, be called a
gametophore, and that the gametophores may be either antheridio-
phores, archegoniophores, or oogoniophores. In the new botany,
however, “the flower is a modified spore-bearing branch without

60 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

sexual organs.”” The flower may be either monosporangiate or
bisporangiate (that is, with both pistils and stamens or lacking
one of these organs) and the monosporangiate flower may be mi-
crosporangiate (staminate) or megasporangiate (pistillate). For
stamens and pistils the terms androecium and gynoecium are pro-
posed. ‘The structure which develops when the pollen grain falls
upon the pistil is to be called the male gametophyte, while the
ovule is the megasporangium. All this may be good enough for
the scientist, but it will scarcely impress the flower-lover as in-
viting.

THE SUNFLOWER AS AN Economic PLant.—The first year
of the Twentieth Century closed with a curious sale on
the Baltic of a cargo of sunflower seeds. Though a small trade
has been done in sunflower seed for close on two hundred years,
this transaction was the first in which a whole cargo—300 tons
from Odessa—was dealt with. In Russia, where the cultivation
of the sunflower and the manufacture of oil from its seed is con-
ducted on a large scale, the Grandiflora is the variety grown.
The species rises in a slender stalk 5 ft. high, producing one.
monster head, the average yield being as much as fifty bushels of
seed to the acre. So rich is it in oil that that quantity of seed will
yield fifty gallons of oil, while the refuse of the seed, after this
quantity of oil has been expressed, weighs 1,500 pounds whenmade
into cattle cakes. Few people in England or India who grow the
sunflower for ornament have any idea of its usefulness. It is
among neglected crops in which there is money, as is shown by
the price paid a few days ago. Besides the seed, every other por-
tion of the plant can be utilized. The leaves furnish an excellent
fodder, while in Russia the stalks are prized as fuel, and their
ashes, which contain Io per cent. of potash, are readily sold to
soapmakers. Naturally, in Russia the chief virtue of the sun-
flower lies in oil contained in its seed. The oil is of a clear, pale
yellow color, almost inodorous, and of an agreeable mild taste, so
that it is in great request as a table article. Why sunflowers are
not cultivated on an extensive scale in this country it is difficult to

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 61

say. Poultry and cattle like the seed either in its natural state
or crushed and made into cakes. No plant produces such fine
honey and wax; when the flower is in bloom the bees abound in it.
—Indian Gardening.

Fruit oF TRAILING ARBUTUS.—For every person who has seen
the fruit of the trailing arbutus, there are thousands who have
seen the flowers; and yet the seed is apparently not very rare, al-
though most botanists seem to think it is. In clumps where the
flowers are ungathered, the flowers rarely fail to set seed. The
fact that the botanists’ attention is attracted in some other direc-
ion when the seed is ripe, probably accounts for his failure to
notice it.

THE Cow PEA IN THE SouTH.—The cow pea’s botanical name
is Vigna sinensis, and although commonly called a pea, is cor-
rectly speaking, neither a pea nor a bean, and differs widely from
both. To be sure, they all belong to the same family (Legumino-
sae), but so do clovers, alfalfa and vetches. According to De
Candolle and other authorities it is a native of India and was culti-
vated there at least three thousand years ago. There is no defi-
nite record of its introduction into this country, but it is believed
to have been sent from England to the Oglethorpe Colonies in
Georgia about 1734. Its value, even in those days of slow travel,
must have been speedily recognized, for by the beginning of the
last century the plant was common in all settled parts of the South.
It is a native of the tropics,is most at home in the Southern States,
but by its readiness to suit itself to circumstances it has developed
a large number of varieties, some of which fully mature in the
short northern summer. Some sorts mature seed within 60 days
from planting ; others maintain a vigorous growth for six months
or longer, even putting forth flowers till the vines are killed by
frost. Some are short, stocky and erect in growth, others rapid
climbers ; while others train along the ground and send out great
masses of vines. The seeds vary in size, color and shape; flat,
round, oblong, kidney; black, white, red, purple, yellow, striped,
mottled ; small, medium, large—From “The Cow Pea.”

EDITORIAL.

With this issue we mail bills to all who are in arrears for sub-
scriptions to the AMERICAN Boranist, and as the present volume
is nearing completion, we also print in the advertising pages, a
list of various books and magazines, which readers can obtain at
greatly reduced prices in connection with a subscription to this
journal for the coming year. This is the season when the flower-
lover begins selecting his out-of-door books for the summer, and
since he ought in any event to have this magazine, the only one in
America that is printed for the flower-lover, he cannot do better
than to order all together. The editor’s absence in the South has
prevented, in some degree, certain improvments intended for the
journal, but these, including a series of illustrated articles, will be
begun in the new volume. As we have never failed to constantly
improve our publications, we hope the beginning we have made
with this one will incline all our present subscribers not only to re-
new, but assist us in making the journal known to others.

Palm Sunday in New Orleans, brings out an unusual crowd to
the Catholic churches, especially in the quarter inhabited princi-
pally by the French, Spanish and Italians. Everybody who can,’
goes to church with fresh green leaves to be blessed, in the firm be-
lief that nothing but good luck will come if they are carried home
and hung up in the rooms. At St. Louis’ Cathedral there was a
ereat throng, but bunches of bay leaves rather than palms seemed
to be the proper thing to carry. Here and there were noted the
fronds of a cycad (Cycas revoluta), but palms were not abundant.
Outside the cathedral several individuals did a thriving business in
articles to be blessed, made from the young leaves of the palmetto.
These leaves make their appearance, folded up like a fan and if
taken before the fan is spread yield twenty or more strips nearly
an inch wide and two feet long of a bright yellowish white color.
From these, ornamental baskets of various shapes are woven
“while you wait;’ trumpets that may be sounded are made by
winding several strips in funnel shape, and numerous other trin-
kets, showing considerable ingenuity in construction are to be had
for a trifling sum.

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 63

BOOKS AND WRITERS.

Those who have the least interest in the mushrooms and puff-
balls will find the handsomely illustrated “Mycological Notes,” is-
sued by Mr. C. G.Lloyd, of Cincinnati, most excellent publications
to have, and not the least of their admirable points is that they
may be had without a cash outlay! All Mr. Lloyd asks in pay-
ment is the puff-balls, especialls the little ones, from your vicinity,
no matter where you reside. In addition he is usually willing to
name any specimens that may be sent him. The publications con-
sist of observations on our native species of fungi which the
author has “made a note of” in his studies, and as such they are far
more valuable than so much information from various quarters
that is only guessed at. The nomenclature used is of a common
sense kind and the references to other sorts, that appear here and
there, cannot fail to delight the average botanizer.

“The Cow Pea” is the title of a 60-page booklet that is being
sent free to applicants by the Superintendent of the Experiment
Farms, Southern Pines, North Carolina. To readers in the
Northern States the title carries little, if any, meaning, but it 1s
far different in the South, where cow-peas, or lady-peas, as they
are more familiarly called, form a staple article of food. The
word pea, applied to this plant, is decidedly a misnomer for the
seeds are much more like beans both in taste and appearance. The
food value to human beings is not the plant’s only recommenda-
tion. ‘The tops make a superior quality of hay, and the roots, by
reason of the partnership which they have set up with certain ni-
trogen producing bacteria are regarded as the very best of medi-
ums for restoring the nitrogen to worn-out lands. Instead of de-
creasing the fertility of the soil, as other plants do, a crop of cow
peas actually increases it!

Professor F. D. Heald, of Parsons College, has just published
a “Laboratory Manual in Elementary Biology,” for use in High
Schools and Colleges which cannot fail to be of great assistance to
both student and teacher. The older manuals usually state certain
facts about each subject and leave the pupil to verify the state-
_ ments. In the new manual an opposite method is employed.

64 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

The pupil is supposed to be supplied with proper material, and
then a series of intelligent questions guides him to what to see and
how to seeit. In this way nothing is taken for granted and when
the course is finished it is impossible for the student not to have a
good understanding of structure in both the animal and vegetable
kingdoms. The book is divided into two nearly equal parts, the
biology of the plant being given equal importance with the biology
of the animal. The text properly begins with the lowest forms
and progresses to the highest. Reference to any part of the work
is made easy by a series of sub-titles. The book contains upward
of 250 pages, is bound in green cloth and is published by Willard
N;.Clute & Co,, at $i.25.

In the preface to ‘““Blossom Hosts and Insect Guests,” the editor,
Eleanor E. Davie, claims for William Hamilton Gibson the honor
of being the first American to investigate the methods by which
flowers are pollenated by insects. At any rate, Gibson did a great
deal of work of this kind and being both artist and writer, gave his
observations to the world in a number of charming articles in
which text and illustration are delightfully joined. In the little
book now before us, all that Gibson ever contributed to the subject, .
either in the way of information or illustration, may be found with
just sufficient additions from the editor to form the whole into a
logical exposition of cross-pollenation as effected by insects. The
book is primarily intended as a supplementary reader for school
use, but it is equally good for other people who wish a guide to
still further studies of the devices by which the flowers secure the
objects of their existence. The author rightly says in conciuding
“There are similar mysteries to those we have penetrated con-
cealed within the hearts of many of our most common wild flowers
and it is one of the most inspiring fascinations of Nature-study,
that while rewarding her devotees with a full measure of her con-
fidence, she still allures them on with an inexhaustible reserve.” A
supplement to the book contains a list of more than 250 of our na-
tive wild flowers with the names of the principal insects that visit
each species and the means that are employed to secure cross-
pollenation. The book is a 12 mo. of 215 pages, published by
Newson & Co., New York. The price is 80 cents.

THE JOURNAL OF THE

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Maine Ornithology.

‘‘Bird Protection, Bird Study,

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Thus Gained.”’

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The Flora of the
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is the only volume on the Plants of South-
ern New York and Northern Pennsyl-
vania ever published. It is not a mere
list of species like many other local floras,
but gives the range, distribution and
abundance of each species. -with many
notes on habit and habitat. More
than E500 common names are given.

Second Edition,
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American ferns.

plants and its style is very clear and simple.

It touches also upon the folklore and literature of these interesting

So fully has he occupied the territory

that to use a Westernism, ‘‘his claim will be hard to jump ”’

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THE AMERICAN BOTANIST

Wow. Li. May 165, 1902. No. 5

PLANT MISNOMERS.
By C. F. SAUNDERS.

The common names of our native plants are frequently names
transferred from the Old World. Settlers in this new country,
finding here many plants which seemed identical with those they
knew at home, would naturally give to such the home names. In
some cases these appellatives would correctly designate the plant,
but in other instances they would not, for the average tiller of the
soil or hewer of wood is not a scientific observer. Thus to quotea
familiar example or two, the wild roses of our roadsides and
swamps are as true roses as any that Anacreon sung; but the name
of wild honeysuckle applied to an azalea is a palpable misnomer
which, perhaps, came into being because the azalea is not native to
England. When English immigrants saw its pretty flower with
long protruding stamens they were apparently struck by some re-
semblance to the well-beloved honeysuckle of their old home, and
named it accordingly.

Not long ago there came under my observation a present-day
instance of the latter process of plantmisnaming in respect to the
common Galiwm triflorum, which the bookmen call the three-flow-
ered or fragrant bedstraw. One May afternoon, I met in the
woods near Philadelphia a man,who proved to be a German, indus-
triously gathering this plant and asked him what he would do with
it. He said it was very fragrant when dry and he would use it
for laying away in clothes to make them smell sweet, and might
also employ it for putting in wine to flavor it. On my asking him
the name of it, he said it was woodruff.

Now as every botanical student knows, woodruff is a plant of
quite another nature and while common enough in Europewhere it
is gathered in May for the uses named by my chance acquaintance

66 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

it is not indigenous to America. It bears a considerable likeness
to the fragrant Galium, however, so that the comparison of the
two herbs by an untrained collector is not unnatural. To what
extent the name woodruff for this Galium may prevail in our coun-
try, I do not know; but the little incident above related was inter- —
esting to me as affording an object lesson in one source of plant
misnomers.
Philadelphia, Pa.

SOME APRIL FLOWERS.
By Pror. W. WHITMAN BAILEY.

The first few weeks of Spring are proverbially very fickle. Af-
ter these, however, though the weather is often uncanny, and even
“May is so much like Mayn’t,” things generally so equalize them-
selves that the experienced wood-lover can forecast almost to a
day, the advent of any particular flower.

Emerson used to cite an example of Thoreau’s marvellous in-
stinct, that he would say with confidence, “The Cypripedium
blooms tomorrow.” As a matter of fact it requires no special.
qualification to assert its coming in the week of the 20th of May.
So is it with the Arethusa and the painted-cup as well as other
vernal flowers.

The writer considers this, so far as wild things go, a fair av-
erage year. It started to be precocious but recent cold “snaps”
have notably retarded vegetation. Last week we had the pleasure
of gathering Hepatica and Dutchman’s-breeches in abundance in
Westchester, N. Y. The latter charming plant, for some in-
scrutable reason, avoids Rhode Island, though it goes all around
and even far north of us. Up the Hudson Valley it is one of the
earliest, as it is one of the most charming of the wild-flowers.
We have heard it called ““Ladies-ear-drops,” a pretty name, but
not likely to supplant the homely popular title so vividly suggest-
ing Rip and his lazy companions of Catskill.

The plant is a Dicentra or Dielytra (as the name became by a
misprint), and is first cousin of the “Bleeding-heart” of the gar-

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 67

dens hailing from Japan and China. Our plant, though perennial,
has a very short period of active vegetation. After blooming in
early April, and displaying for a too-brief period its exquisite fern-
like leaves, it withers and disappears till another year. Its life
is all this long time confined to the small, grain-like bulbs, barely
subterranean. The flowers are in racemes on a naked stalk and
are creamy white in color. Very curiously constructed, it is the
divergent petals, sac-shaped and hollow, that give the plant its
popular name. It might be called “white hearts’ in distinction
from the bleeding Dicentra spectabilts.

Both the Dutchmen and Hepaticas love rocky regions. Where I
found them this year was on ridges rising from six to eight hun-
dred feet above sea-level, broken and tossed into fantastic forms
by ancient convulsions of nature. AsI gathered the bonnie gems,
reminiscent of happy childhood, I could look far off over Croton
Lake, to the distant Highlands and the rolling hills of Connecticut.
Surely there is no more beautiful region than Westchester even in
surpassing New York!

Another little plant coming up everywhere, is common also here
with us, but never the feature that it is in New York. This is
the Saxifrage, whose name denotes it a “rock-breaker.”” Coming
up in the interstices of cliffs or cracks of bowlders, it acts very
much as does a lichen in disintegrating the minerals and preparing
the way for other plants.

The leaves, spatulate in shape, are gathered in a rosette close
to the ground. The flowers, small and white, are borne in a
cluster at the top of a naked stalk only a few inches in height.
When the blossoms fade, the red seed-pods are almost as pretty.

Now comes also the incense-bush, or spice, or fever-bush, a
characteristic plant of the season, representing the true laurels.
Our so-called mountain laurel, of course, is not a laurel at all.
Our spice-bush is cousin of sassafras. Its stem and leaves are
indeed spicy to the taste,and are often infused asa simple pallia-
tive of fever.

Providence, R. I.

INSECT-CATCHING FLOWERS.

No doubt any one who has given much attention to the plants
of his or her locality, will have become familiar with one or more
species of the genus Silene, commonly called catch-fly or campion,
the stems of which have a part of each internode covered with a
viscid substance to which we generally find adhering various small
beetles, flies, aphides, and, occasionally, even Agrionine dragon
flies. It is somewhat puzzling to attempt to determine just what
purpose this provision serves the plant, unless, as is suggested by
the way we sometimes daub a ring of pitch or other sticky matter
about the trunks of our fruit trees, it may be effective in keeping
certain insects from climbing up the stems to feed on the flowers.

Throughout the more arid portions of Utah and the adjoining
states, we find several species of Mentzelia. Some of these have
large and beautiful yellow or whitish flowers, and there are two
kinds at least which, like the evening primroses, open only towards |
evening; closing again as the morning sun strikes them, while
with other species, the reverse is true. These plants are clothed
with a fine barbed pubescence that takes hold of the feet of various.
small insects, holding them securely. An interesting fact in this
connection is, that a small spider of the family Attidz, a hand-
some and active little fellow, looking like a fleck of shining bronze,
takes up its abode on one of these plants ( M. levicaulis), and am-
bles freely over its leaves and stems looking for captives. This
spider spins no web for catching its prey, and it is evident that—
so long as it is the protege of the Mentzelia, it will not require such
a web.

Among the weeds of my garden one year, were profusely dis-
persed clumps of fox tail grass, having a bristly inflorescence that
immediately attracted attention by adhering to one’s clothing
wherever brushed against. Further notice disclosed that these
grasses usually had sticking to them a number of “lady bugs”
(Coccinnellide), lace-wings (Chrysopa), and other small
creatures of similar kinds. An amusing incident occurred one
morning as I walked among these grasses: There were plenty of

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST 69

grasshoppers that year, and they were continually springing up
from the path in front of me. Suddenly one of them, a large fe-
male two-stripe locust, that had not directed her heavy flight cor-
rectly, sprang against an over-hanging spike of foxtail. Instantly
her gauzy underwings were grasped by the little barbed bristles,
and she was abruptly arrested in mid-air. Her weight was suff-
cient to bend the grass stalk low enough to allow her to get an
occasional footing against a spray of weeds, and she continued to
vibrate up and down like a child playing see saw, until her strug-
gles detached enough of the bristles to release her, but her wings
were a sad wreck.

These few observations all being made in one locality, I have no
doubt that many other places would afford numerous and more
curious examples of an analogous nature——Popular Science
News.

THE WILD GARDEN.

Wild flowers, we are aware, do not appeal with the same inten-
sity to all, and it follows that a wild garden may prove of little in-
terest to many who love flowers, but thinking the subject a worthy
one, I have selected it for consideration this evening. A wild
garden is not, as many assume, a garden wild, but it is a collection
of plants native to a district, planted, arranged and taken care of
just as other garden plants are cared.for. And a wild garden
wild is even more slovenly and deplorable than an ordinary garden
wild. I remember an account Prof. Meehan told me some years
ago of a visit he made to Mr. Wm. Robinson’s place near London.
Mr. Robinson was the author of a celebrated book called “The
Wild Garden,” and the possessor of what was considered an ex-
ceedingly fine wild-flower garden. After lunch Prof. Meehan was
invited to inspect this garden, and his humorous account of it I
shall not soon forget. He told me he did not doubt the plants
were there, and that they were all that was claimed for them, but
he could not see the flowers for weeds. It is needless to say this is
not the kind of a garden we have in mind.

70 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

A decade ago it might have been necessary to have directed at-
tention to the fact that a large number of our common wild plants
were worthy of place in the garden, and that many of the most
beautiful flowering plants were to be found among our native
hardy plants.

Now, happily, the study and knowledge of wild flowers has sa
far progressed that a statement of this kind is no longer necessary.
We now have papers and books on the subject innumerable, and in
many schools botany is taught. Once, popular wild flower books
were few, and persons interested in botany were hard to find,
Now the reverse is true.

A wild garden is the best way of studying and knowing plants.
By seeing plants grow we become interested and desire to know
more. Weadd tothe number and our knowledge increases. In
due time we have a respectable collection, and we also have a fa-
miliarity with plants which can be gained in no other way. The -
garden becomes a part of our daily experience, and we may closely
observe individual plants throughout their entire existence.

The proper time to transplant native plants varies. The lat-.
itude is wide, and success is sure to the observing and the industri-
ous. As with trees and shrubs many prefer to plant in the fall,
while others maintain the superiority of spring planting; so it is
largely a matter of opinion, or condition, when hardy plants may
be moved. For myself, I prefer the fall for hard-wooded plants,
and the spring for plants of tender structure. Hard-wooded
plants, if moved after the leaves have dropped remain dormant
during the winter, and will push without loss in the spring.
Ferns if moved in the late fall, if not carefully planted, may dry
out, or for other causes may show no life in the spring. I have
never had special difficulty in growing any of our native plants.
If the laurel or wild honeysuckle be moved during a resting period,
and the root fibers be carefully preserved, and when transplanted
the soil be pressed firmly about the roots and afterwards properly
watered, there will be no halt in the growth, and at the proper sea-
son the plants will start as though they were in their original po-~

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 7t

sition. The trailing arbutus treated in the same way will respond
the same as the laurel and wild azalea.

Soil, it should be remembered, is little more than a material sub-
stance, which a plant uses; that light, air, heat, moisture and sub-
servient chemical properties, which a plant has the power of ap-
propriating and assimilating, are always necessary and ofttimes
independent of the soil. Keeping this in mind, we may under-
stand more readily the value of drainage for the admission of
needed properties and the necessity of a porous soil, which will
serve the peculiar needs of a plant. It may then be seen that all
the wild plants will not do equally well together, and that for the
greatest measure of success both skill and judgment are required.

One of our earliest native plants, and one of the most eagerly
sought for, is the trailing arbutus. It usually will be found in
flower about the fifteenth of March, though its period of bloom
depends entirely upon the season. The buds being formed the au-
tumn previous open at the first appearance of fair weather. The
pale pink refreshing flowers may then be found peeping from a
mossy bank, or, inconspicuous as they often are, in hiding near the
surface, filling the air with fragrance and “Sweeter than the lids of
Juno’s eyes or Cytherea’s breath.” It is a prevalent belief that it
is next to impossible to transplant arbutus, and numerous cases of
failure I have knowledge of. The failure, I think, is due toa
lack of attention, or is a fault in the observance of conditions.
The arbutus will be found growing on high banks where moisture
is abundant and where the drainage is perfect. In transplanting
the greatest difficulty is to find a place where the roots may be kept
moderately dry. The great secret in transplanting anything is to
press the soil about the roots as firmly as possible, and afterward
to thoroughly soak with water. After this the plant should be
watered only when necessary. It is, of course, useless to attempt
to move arbutus after it has started to grow, but by observing the
simple rules given, I several times have transplanted arbutus, and
in each instance was entirely successful. Once, however, I de-
stroyed a plant which had been growing eight months by giving
it too much water.

Fh THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

Almost without exception our common wood ferns do well in
a garden. The beauty of our maiden-hair fern, royal flowering
fern, cinnamon fern, Christmas ferns, and of a number of our
hardy ferns cannot be surpassed ; and I doubt if they can be
equaled by any of the aristocratic exotics we sometimes see in glass
cases. The ferns I have named, if properly planted, are perma-
nenf; and from year to year gain in strength and beauty. All do
well in good, well-drained soil, and in a partially shaded place.
There are other desirable varieties of ferns to select from, among
them several rock ferns.

A wild garden well begun will renew itself, and, if I mistake
not, will become the most attractive part of the garden. When
once planted such a garden is permanent, and daily increases in
beauty, which, as the poet says, “is a joy forever,” and joys en-
joyed “will never pass into nothingness.”—-From an article by
Edwin C. Jellett in Germantown Telegraph.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE POLLEN ON THE MOTHER
PLANT.

Every now and then we come across cases in which the action
of the pollen is traceable not only in the appearance of the embryo
plant, as is of course the common order of things, but also in the
conformation or color of the ovary, or of the seed-coats, which
are parts of the female plant, and not directly subject to the influ-
ence of the pollen. The capsules of certain lilies, and the seed-
coats of certain peas, and of Indian corn or maize, are among the
best known illustrations of this supposed agency of the pollen.
We say supposed, for the phenomena are so extraordinary that
their explanation is very difficult, and an attitude of scepticism is
fully justifiable. Within the last two or three years, however,
discoveries have been made which are thought to furnish a clue to
the interpretation of the appearances in question.

To make a complicated matter as clear as possible, we may al-
lude to the action of the pollen under ordinary circumstances.
The pollen-tube is known to contain the egg-cell, together with

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 73

certain “polar nuclei” and other bodies. When fecundation takes
place, one of the two nuclei of the pollen-tube passes out of the
tube into the embryo-sac, and there comes in contact with, and
fuses with, the nucleus of the egg-cell, which thus develops into
the embryo plant.

But, as we have seen, there are two nuclei in the pollen-tube ;
one is accounted for as just mentioned. What becomes of the
other? The answer to this question has been supplied by Nawas-
chin in Russia, by Guignard in France, and by Miss Ethel Sargent
in our own country. From their researches it appears that, as has
already been recorded in these columns, there is a double process
of fertilization. Both the pollen-nuclei enter the embryo-sac, one
to fuse with the nucleus of the egg-cell, and the other with two
“polar nuclei” which form the nucleus of the embryo-sac. From
this last nucleus, by repeated sub-division, the “endosperm,” which
surrounds the embryo and supplies it with food, is developed.
According to this, then, not only is the embryo-plant the result of
the confluence and fusion of nuclei derived from the male and the
female respectively, but the endosperm or the albumen of the seed
has a like double origin. Now, it is supposed by De Vries and
others, that the occurrence of “Xenia,” or the direct influence of
the pollen on the female plant, may be explained as
result of the influence of one of the _ pollen-nuclei
on the endosperm-nucleus. We do not’ understand
how the walls of the ovary (the pericarp) and the coats ot
the seed can be affected by anything that takes place in the endo-
sperm. Mr. Webber is endeavoring to clear up the matter by ex-
periments with maize, which is peculiarly liable to manifest ap-
pearances attributable to the influence of the pollen, and therefore
observable, not only in the new seeding plant, but also in the par-
ent mother plant. We often come across parti-colored grains in
a head or cob of maize, and the late Mr. Laxton showed us many
such cases in the seed-coats of maize. Mr. Webber’s experiments,
so far as they go, support the conjectures of De Vries, and the ex-
periments of Heari Vilmorin. It is needless to do more than al-

74 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

lude in passing to the great importance to horticulture of these ex-
periments. An entirely new aspect is opening up before us, from
which the horticulture of the not distant future must necessarily
benefit—Gardener’s Chronicle.

A GIGANTIC GRASS SEED.

“At the meeting of the Linnean Society on 20th March, Dr. Otto
Stapf exhibited several seeds of Melocanna bambusoides, a species
of bamboo, which completely upset the popular idea of grass seed
dimensions, the giants of which are presumed to be represented by
pedigree wheat and maize, in which latter the huge mass of seeds
constitutes, it is true, a very substantial fruitage; the actual seeds,
however, are comparatively small. In Melocanna, on the other
hand, in lieu of a spike arm or cylindrical mass of associated small
seeds, we have solitary ones, measuring no less than 5 inches in
height, by 3 in diameter, a massive pear-shaped body, the size and .
form of which are as utterly different from our usual idea of a
grass seed as can well be conceived. By what evolutionary process
this huge solitary fruit has been arrived at, is not clear, but asmight
be expected, the great store of nutriment embodied is so large a
fruit, favours the development of the associated embryo plant to
such an extent, that the first product of germination is a robust
growth, which practically secures establishment and continued ex-
istence. The single seed is thus fully as efficacious, if not more
so, in securing reproduction, than a very large number of small
ones, and by its greater individual vigor, would probably have an
infinitely better chance of survival in a dense, growing bamboo
jungle, where small weakly seedlings would. be utterly incapable
of reaching the light. This, indeed, is probably the key to its
genesis.—/ndian Gardening.

MUSHROOM FOLK-LORE.
The mysteriously rapid growth of the mushroom and its cur-
ious tendency to spring up in rings naturally attracted to it in old
times much fantastic superstition. | A common country belief in

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 75

Shakespeare’s time was that elves and fairies danced within the
rings at nights, and seated themselves to rest between the dances
on the dewy cupolas of the plants. In “A Midsummer Night’s
Dream” Titania, in her quarrel with Oberon, describing to him the
rage of the winds because the fairies dance no more, and the “‘con-
tagious fogs’ which they “in revenge have sucked up from the
sea,’ says that as one result of the spiteful flood “the nine men’s
morris is fill’d up with mud.” This “morris” was the dance of
nine men, the gnomes, who were supposed, after their Puck-like
expeditions of maliciousness to dance with joy in the moonlit mea-
dows, within the mushroom rings. | Even in these enlightened
days gardeners are sometimes found who believe that the growth
of the mushroom is influenced by changes of the moon.—/ndian
Gardening.

NOTE AND COMMENT |

WantTEpD—Short notes of interest to the general botanist
are always in demand for this department. Our readers are
invited to make this the place of publication for their botani-
cal items.

PROTECTION OF WILD FLOWERS IN ENGLAND.—Our cousins
“on the other side” are beginning to agitate for a better protection
of their rare flowers and ferns. Under the existing law, several
depredators have received exemplary sentences but according to
the report of the Selborne Society, a meeting of scientific societies
at Canterbury in June, will discuss the advisability of additional
protective legislation.

Weep Laws.—The fact that many of our wild-flowers will nev-
er require protection is emphasized by the laws that are constantly
being made for their repression. In 1891 Minnesota enacted a
law making it a misdemanor to encourage the growth of ox-eye
daisy, Tennessee made it a misdemeanor to sell or give away
Johnson grass, Texas forbid railroads to allow Johnson grass or
Russian thistle to go to seed along their rights of way and Wis-
consin, included wild barley among noxious weeds which are to be
destroyed.

76 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

Otto oF RosEs.—Absolutely pure otto of rose according to an
article in American Gardening is said to be unobtainable, that inthe
markets now-a-days being usually adulterated with geranium oil
or of guaicum wood. The value placed upon the otto may be un-
derstood when it is known that an acre of ground, producing 2,-
500 pounds of flowers, yields at best not more than one pound of
oil.

A WESTERN TUBER-BEARING LABIATE.—The note in the March
number in reference to species of the mint family that bear tubers
has brought forth additional facts. The editor of The California
Floriculturist sends us specimens of Scutellaria tuberosa, a tiny
tuberous-rooted labiate from Los Angeles County, California. It
would be interesting to know whether this is the only American
mint with this habit.

ATTAR OF YLANG-YLANG.—According to the Manilla Ameri-
can, the Philippine Islands produce a perfume that rivals the fam-
ous attar of roses. This is the attar of ylang-ylang (Cananga
odorata) or ilang-ilang as it is sometimes spelled. It is derived
from a tree belonging to the custard apple family and the oil is ob-’
tained by simple distillation of the petals of the flowers, about 75
pounds of flowers being necessary for one pound of oil. Many
more rose leaves are required for one pound of attar of rose.
Ylang-Ylang is used as the base for many perfumes, and retails
for about fifty dollars a pound.

Two PLANT-PROTECTION SocIETIES.—The originators of “the
Wild Flower Preservation Society of America” must have great
fears for the safety of our native plants to induce them to put a
second society for their protection into the field. As competition
is the life of trade it is possible that two societies will protect the
plants better than one. We wish both all success and offer such
assistance as we can give. The board of managers of the society
with the long name, is made up of well-known botanists. Mr. F.
V. Coville is President and Mr. C. L. Pollard of Washington, D.
C.,is Secretary. The Plant World will be the “official organ.”

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 77

THE VALUE oF Botany.—The importance of the study, as a
means of mental discipline, aside from teaching the habit of ob-
servation, chiefly lies in the value that must be given to evidence.
Facts, often of the must delicate nature, must be weighed to come
to a decision. The same process has to be followed, not only by
the judge and the statesman, but by those in all the walks of life.
Failing to give the proper value to evidence may result in success
or disaster, and as far as facts are involved, whatever disciplines
the mind for this will be of the greatest benefit in imparting men-
tal habits.—E. J. Hill, in Plant World.

A Luminous Moss.—Taking my way back toward the brook
I came to a mass of rocks tilted together in such a way as to form
something like a cave; looking down this fissure into the semi-
darkness I saw a circle of light about a foot in diameter. Think-
ing this might be some decaying matter that gave out phosphores-
cent light, I examined some of it and found I had a very delicate
frond-like moss which proved to be Schistostega osmundacea. |
Best, to whom I sent a specimen, put me right as to its luminous
appearance, as I had mistaken its light as due to phosphorescence
instead of its cells being constructed so as to focus the light rays
and then reflect then.—J. W. Huntington in Bryologist.

THE GERMINATION OF SEEDS.—Nature has various ways of
keeping up the numbers of a given species and one of the most in-
teresting is concerned with the germination of seeds. Some years
ago it was shown by careful experiment that the seeds of the home-
ly clot-bur (Xanthiwm) two of which are enclosed in each prickly
bur, germinatein successiveyears, so that if the plant which appears
the first year meets with misfortune, there is still a chance for the
next year. Of single seeds of other species, it would appear that
not all germinate the first year under the same conditions. Some
seeds of the partridge pea (Cassia chamaecrista) planted in the
spring germinated very sparingly, but this year the same bed is
producing numbers of the plants without seeds being sown and
without having been re-seeded by last year’s plants. This shows,
apparently, that the partridge peas seeds are in no hurry to grow.

EDITORIAL.

The editor has ended his extended stay in the South, and once
more among his books and speciniens, is endeavoring to catch up
with a sadly neglected correspondence. The interruption due to
changing locations is responsible for the lateness of this issue.
Future numbers will be out on time as usual.

A writer in the Botanical Gazette, reviewing Prof Britton’s
Manual expresses himself as follows regarding the place the
books is likely to occupy: “For the first time, we have a manual
presentation of the idea of species applied to the ultimate recogniz-
able segregates of plants. It is now to be tested whether those of
ordinary training and experience can determine species in this new
sense, or whether the use of a manual must now pass out of the
reach of amateurs and be restricted to specialists. For example,

can an amateur distinguish the 43 species of Vola found in Brit- —

ton’s Manual as he can 18 species found in Gray’s Manual; or the
13 pieces of Sisyrinchium and the 15 species of Antennaria found
in the former, as he can two and one species of the latter?”
If by amateur the writer means the novice or beginner the an-
swer to his query is that he most certainly cannot. And the fact
that he cannot is much to be deplored. The line between the bot-
anist and the botanizer is beginning to be drawn with no good ef-
fects upon science that are apparent. In earlier days the ranks of
the professional botanists were largely augmented by those who
had first taken up botany as a pastime, but the advent of the new
botany has rendered such proceedings obsolete and impossible.
The person who is attracted to botany by the marvellous in plant
life, the amateur, will now take down his Gray’s Manual and go
on browsing through field and wood to the end of time, while in
a college herbarium will sit the embryo professionals, surrounded
by miscroscopes, scalpels, dusty volumes and dead plants, conning
the minute differences which distinguish one so-called species
from another. It is the tendency of the times and not to be stayed
by any protest; but one cannot help wishing that instead of calling

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 79

all these obscure forms, species, the newer botany had arranged
them as sub-species, varieties and forms, under the old familiar
species of the past.

The editor of a so-called journal of popular botany objects to
the publication of articles on nomenclature, and kindred topics in
journals designed for the plant lover upon the ground that they
“must be quite incomprehensible to many of its readers.” In this
we believe he is mistaken. Our experience has been that any be-
ginner with energy and persistence sufficient to master the identi-
fication of plants, is quite intelligent enough to comprehend any
article on the names of plants, that may be set before him, provid-
ed, of course, it is written in language intelligible to educated per-
sons.

BOOKS AND WRITERS.

“The Fern Collector’s Guide’ is the title of a forthcoming book-
let by Willard N. Clute which will be issued by the F. A. Stokes
Co., New York.

With the June number, Nature Study, Manchester, N. H., be-
gins its third volume. The magazine has won a deserved success
and its increase in size is likely to add to its popularity.

The late Thomas Meehan, although a prolific writer, published
but one book. His scientific papers and letters, however, are be-
ing arranged for publication by his son, the present editor of
Meehan’s Monthly. They will be awaited with interest by all
familiar with Mr. Meehan’s original and practical views upon
botanical subjects.

—A. W. Mumford, of Chicago, the publisher of Birds and
Nature, has begun the publication of a series of photographs of
forest trees that will appeal as strongly to the student of trees as
Huntington’s “Studies of Trees in Winter” do, though in a dif-
ferent way. Mumford’s tree pictures are of the forest trees in
full leaf and were made by an expert photographer from repre-
sentative specimens. Besides a photograph of an entire tree,

80 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST

each sheet also contains photographs of mature leaves and of the
lower part of the trunk, the latter large enough to show the bark-
characters plainly. Accompanying each plate is several lines of
text, giving information about the range of the species, its size,
bark, leaves and wood characteristics. | The photographs are
among the best that have appeared and form a very instructive
series. Thus far, 24 sheets have been issued, the price of the
set being one dollar.

A little volume entitled “Elementary PlantPhysiology”’ by Prof.
D. T. MacDougal has just been issued by Longmans, Green &
Co. This replaces the same author’s “Experimental Plant Physi-
ology” which was issued in 1895 and is now out of print. The
present volume follows essentially the same lines as the earlier one,
being designed to meet the needs of beginners in physiological bot-
any. The experiments suggested are such as can be made with

the simplest apparatus and there are 108 illustrations. One of |

the best testimonials to the usefulness of this work is found in the
rapid sales of the first volume.

Mrs. Parsons’ new edition of ‘According to Season,” might
have borne any other name, as far as its appearance connects it
with the earlier volume. The original ‘According to Season” was
a tiny volume without illustrations but this new one has grown to
4 size uniform with the author’s “How to Know the Wild-Flow-
ers” and “How to Know the Ferns’ and becomes a most service-
able book for the lover of nature. There are now thirty-one col-
ored plates reproduced by color photography which are very life-
like representations of the plants. Several new chapters have
been added and each paragraph now has a margined title. The
sub-title of the volume is ‘‘Talks about the flowers in the order of
their appearance in the woods and fields,” but one who reads the
book will find that birds and many other things receive a share of
attention, the whole making a very attractive and readable volume.
It is published by Charles Scribner's Sons at $1.75 net.

tie

aA Reviewer in the Overland Monthly..

Says of ‘Our Ferns in Their Haunts.’’

**Mr. Clute has had excellent opportunities and his book contains an immense
fund of information respecting the haunts, habits, structure and nomenclature of
American ferns. It touches also upon the folklore and literature of these interesting
plants and its style is very clear and simple. So fully has he occupied the territory
that to use a Westernism, ‘‘his claim will be hard to jump ”’

340 PAGES OF TEXT. 225 ILLUSTRATIONS,
A FULL GLOSSARY.
AN ORIGINAL KEY TO THE GENERA.
A COMPLETE GUIDE TO ALL THE SPECIES. -

PRICE POSTPAID, $2.32.

With the AMERICAN BOTANIST, one year, $3.00.

adares WILLARD N. CLUTE & CO., Binghamton, N. Y.

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST will be sent for two years to one
address for $1.40, or to two addresses for one year for $1.40, either
new or renewal. At 70 cents a year the Magazine is certainly worth
the money Subscribe!

CO Got a Gamera, or a Bobby?

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THE AMERICAN BOTANIST

wou. LI. JUNE 15, 1902. No. 6

FASCIATION.

By Pror. WM. WHITMAN BalILey.

It is not an uncommon thing—especially in wet seasons—to see
manifestations among plants of what is technically known as fas-
ciation. The term is derived from the Latin fasces, meaning a
bundle of rods, such as with the axe, were carried by thevictors.
To this day we frequently see the symbol in courts of justice.

The technical term as applied to plants might be translated
“bundling.” It results from the growing together—or coales-
cence of several or many buds when in their nascent state. This
changes the whole subsequent appearance of the plant. Instead
of the usual cylindric stem, the axis becomes flattened and as-
sumes a ribbon-like appearance. Even the flowers partake of the
distortion, and the leaves are projected on a vertical plane instead
of ina spiral. This helps to throw some confirmatory light on
the accepted theories of phyllotaxy or leaf arrangement. The
old-fashioned flower known as “cocks-comb,” is the result of
fasciation in a kind of amaranth maintained and perpetuated by
seed. Generally the forms would revert in perennials to the race
characteristics.

The phenomenon has been observed in a great many species of
plants both herbaceous and woody. Thus, the writer has himself
seen it in the bulbous and tall butter-cups, in the white-weed, in
the cone-flower or Rudbeckia, in both the native and introduced
Linarias, like the butter-and-eggs, and in asparagus.

A very striking specimen of fasciated Rudbeckia was sent me
this week from Shannock. It was about two feet high, two
inches broad in the widest part, but everywhere thin like a ribbon.
Instead of the usual conical heads, these become arched in a most
peculiar way. Maxwell T. Masters catalogues at least 150 plants

82 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

which now and then exhibit fasciation. He says it is one of the
most common of plant malformations. ‘Very generally the sur-
face is striated by the prominence of the woody fibres which, run-
ning parallel for a time, converge or diverge at the summit ac-
cording to the shape of the branch. If the rate of growth be
equal, or nearly so, on both sides, the stem retains its straight di-
rection, but it more generally happens that the growth on one side
is more rapid and more vigorous than on the other, and hence
arise that curvature of the fasciated brand so commonly met with
—as in Ash, wherein it has been likened to a shepherd’s crook.”
Providence, R. I.

THE MANDRAKE.

By Bessie L. PUTNAM.

“A flower shaped like a rose, with petals of waxen white, and
such funny leaves.” This was the description given by a child of -
a new plant found in the edge of a cemetery adjoining an old oil
town of Northwestern Pennsylvania. On being questioned re-
garding the chances of its being an escaped plant, she was firm in
her convictions that it was wild. We were then on a rocky hill-
side some two miles from the spot where her treasure was lo-
cated, there to gather the mountain laurel, with which the sterile
hills were ccvered. And as my own thoughts were concentrating
on a plan to view her plant beauty she gave a scream oi delight
and triumphantly held up a mandrake leaf.

It must be confessed that to one who had played with man-
drakes 1n childhood this unexpected materialization of imaginary
camelia-like blossoms brought a tinge of disappointment. But
the child guide was happy in her treasure though it was only a
leaf, and I,—well, I was glad to be saved the fatigue and ridicule
that would have folowed the long walk for “only mandrake blos-
soms.”’

And yet the plant is a most interesting one, her picture being, on

the whole, not overdrawn. Her comparison was with a single
rose instead of a double one, and as for the waxen petals of

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 83

creamy white, few flowers can boast of more exquisite garb.
The entire plant, viewed from the standpoint of the botanist, is of
unusual interest, and even the most casual observer admires the
blossom and leaf.

It is a perennial, frequenting rich woodlands and roadsides, and
known also as May-apple, wild lemon and racoon-berry. The
thick, fleshy stems and bright green leaves with their veining of
white, are among the conspicuous features of returning spring,
The barren stalks are centrally peltate, forming excellent toy um-
brellas for the little folks, who quickly improvise dolls to carry
under their shade by simply taking a similar leaf binding the
lobes down and passing bands of grass around at suitable spaces
for neck and belt. The flowering stems are always forked, with
leaves lobed and attached near the base. In the fork of the stem is
found the single flower on a stem about one inch long.

The flower’s outer cloak is cast aside at expansion and may be
sometimes seen clinging to the top of a petal. The petals vary in
number from six to nine, and there are always twice as many sta-
mens. The latter are tipped with light yellow anthers opening by
slits in the side, and contrasting beautifully with the waxen petals.
Within is the creamy ovary tipped with a yellow stigma, and so
large as to suggest the lemon-shaped fruit into which it develops.
| . The fruit is often two inches long, with a thick rind and an
odor suggestive of strawberries, apples, musk melon and paw-
paw. The taste is relished by some but to most people it is nause-
ating. The seeds are clustered on a ridge running lengthwise
of the “apple,” and by removing the yellowish outer skin the albu-
men store of food is seen.

The flowers are usually at their best about the last of May in
middle latitudes, and are conspicuous among the Memorial decor-
ations. They are of short duration, however, and if rain or dew
wet the petals they lose their waxy consistency and become almost
transparent. Unfortunately, the odor is anything but pleasing.

Buds opened at various stages of growth suggest some interest-
ing points. If we open one say a week before its time we find the

84 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

stamens and pistil far advanced in formation, the petals—of no
positive necessity to the plant’s welfare,—very much shorter.
‘Three or four days later the petals have become about as long as
the stamens, and when the flower opens they are fully twice as
long. It is asif Dame Nature realized that the stamens and pistil
were necessities, and resolved to make them first, and then expend
her surplus energyq in the ornamental.

If we dig into the earth at blooming time a new bud will be
found near the old one on the strong brown rootstock. Later, as
the fruit ripens and the plant dies to the ground this bud, white
because deprived of sunlight, will have developed into two tiny
leaves perfect in outline and venation; and surmounting them is a
tiny flower bud with stamens plainly visible by means of a glass.
All are protected by the bract covering noticed in early spring.
Other plants make elaborate preparation for the next season, but
so exquisite a plant in miniature the writer has never found else-
where.

EPIPAY TES:

Epiphytes have been defined as plants which live or grow upon
other plants without deriving their sustenance from them, and
thus they can be readily distinguished ‘from parasites, which ab-
sorb their nutriment direct from their hosts. It is much more
difficult to draw a line of demarcation between epiphites and ter-
restrial plants for the latter are sometimes found growing in ac-
cumulations of decaying vegetable matter upon trees, and some
plants seem almost independent of station if other conditions are
suitable. There are, however, many plants whose sole habitat
seems to be the bark of trees, and others which are rarely found
‘except in accumulations of decaying vegetation in forks of the
branches and crevices of the trunks, and to these the name epi-
phytes is applicable. One usually thinks of orchids in this con-
nection, but there are many other orders which contain epiphytic
representatives, while many orchids are purely terrestrial.

Puutting aside the lower cryptogams, among which epiphytes

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 85

are numerous, we find that the genus Lycopodium is largely epi-
phytic throughout the tropics. Among ferns several genera are
largely epiphytic. |Bromeliacez is a large Tropical American
order containing many epiphytic representatives. Aroidez also
contains many epiphytes, while among orchids we find that a large
proportion of the tribes Epidendrezee and Vandez belong to this
class, in fact they are found almost throughout the tropics where
the conditions are favorable. Among dicotyledons we find nu-
merous epiphytes among Piperacz, Urticaceze (Ficus and Dor-
stenia), various cactid, begonias, several genera of Melastomacez
many Vacciniacez, some rhododendrons among the Eriacez, nu-
merous Gesneraceze and Rubiacee (the Myrmecondia group
among’ the latter being specially note-worthy), and a few repre-
sentatives of several other orders.

Although there are many plants whose sole habitat is the bark
of trees, the dead bark does not always form the base from which
their nutriment is derived. The trees often only serve as supports
by means of which the plants raise themselves out of darkness
into light. Such plants grow from stem or branches and send
down absorptive roots into the soil, some of these roots being of
enormous length. Here then is another difficulty in defining
the term epiphyte, for these plants are closely analagous to climb-
ing lianas, the difference being that the climber has its anchorage
in the soil of the forest floor, and climbs up into the sun and light
by means of any support that presents itself, while the other class
germinates on the branches, and sends down roots to the soil in
search of food. .

Many plants might be termed pseudo-epiphytes, for they grow
in accumulations of decaying vegetable matter, regardless of situ-
ation if the other conditions are favorable. As time goes on
particles of inorganic dust collect in the forks of the branches and
rents and fissures of the bark of old trees, and these, get mixed
with fallen leaves and twigs and particles of crumbled bark, form-
ing a vegetable mould which is an excellent soil for a large num-
ber of plants. So much is this the case that plants which are

86 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST

normally terrestrial are often found in such situations. It has
been well said that Nature has very few unoccupied places, and
these plants have established themselves there because the condi-
tions are favorable.

The plants which we are particularly speaking of are largely
tropical and sub-tropical. In cold regions the plants that grow in
the mould of the bark are for the most part mosses, liverworts
and lichens, but in the tropics such situations form the rallying
ground for a host of ferns and flowering plants. Small ferns are
sO numerous as to wreath the trunks, and with these are found
Aroideze, Orchids, Bromeliads, etc. It has been remarked that
the Bromeliads chiefly ornament the forks of the trunks, while
Orchids, Dorsteniez and the various species of Riipsalis grow on
the upper surfaces of branches that ramify horizontally, while
Aroidz and begonias take root for the most part on the surfaces
of high erect trunks.

The bark itself, that isthe cortical layer, dead, but not yet
crumbled and mouldered into dust, forms a nutriment substratum
for a series of plants of various affinity—lichens, fungi, mosses, -
and higher plants. Even in the case of tropical orchids growing
on a substratum of bark, if the roots are forcibly detached, little
fragments of the bark will be found torn off with the rhizoids at
the places where they issue from the stems. The majority no
doubt nestle in the mould-filled crevices in the bark, and nourish
themselves, besides, by means of special aerial roots which hang
down in white ropes and threads, like a mane, from the places
where the plants are situated. Some of these roots are flattened,
and adhere firmly to the bark with their flat surface, like the roots
of Phalenopsis Schilleriana, and on the under surface, behind the
growing point, is a whitish fur, consisting of short, thickly
packed, absorptive cells, and these adhere so tightly that it is often
easier to detach small pieces of the bark than the root itself. Sim-
ilar conditions have been observed in the roots of many other
epiphytes. A curious fact has been observed in conection with
these plants, namely, that when transferred to loose earth, devoid

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 87

of humus, they languish, because their roots are unable to enter
into union with a support of such loose texture and this is true of
most tropical Orchids that live upon bark. It has also been ob-
served that the seeds of such orchids do not germinate on a loose
substratum, but when on the bark of a tree they germinate, and
develop into healthy plants.—Orchid Review.

A NEW BOTANICAL SOCIETY.

The wish often expressed by plant students that we might have
a national botanical society democratic enough to admit to mem-
bership any who are interested in botany, is likely to soon be grat-
ified. The preliminary steps have been taken toward the organi-
zation of such a society and if the enthusiasm of those who have
already joined is any criterion, there will be a large number of
members before the end of the year.

The new society will be called The American Botanical Club,
and its object will be to further the study of plants in every way
possible and especially by correspondence. The interests of the
beginner will be looked after, and for those who desire it there
will be abundant opportunities for exchanging seeds, living plants
and herbarium specimens. <A proper sentiment for plant protec-
tion will be fostered, and members will be aided and encouraged
to cultivate the rarer species for study and observation. Special-
ists in various branches will name specimens for members, free.
The crowning feature of the work will be the publication of the
knowledge gained from these studies.

The constitution of the Club is being modeled after those which
have made the Fern Chapter, and Moss Chapter so successful,
The committee having this work in charge consists of Edward Cy
Jellett, Philadelphia, Pa.,, Chairman;J. C.Buchheister, New York,
Secretary-Treasurer; Frank A. Suter, Lancaster, Pa., and Wil-
lard N. Clute, Binghamton, N. Y. Membership will be open to
any botanist of good character, whether professional, amateur or
beginner. Already the Club includes members of the Torrey

88 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

Botanical Club, Gray Botanical Chapter, Fern Chapter and several
others.

Members will be kept informed of what is going on in the Club
by a monthly bulletin free to members. This will doubtless con-
tain various notes and observations by members. Longer articles
will probably be published in the American Botanist.

The charter will remain open until August 16th, and every
flower-lover who reads this notice is cordially invited to become
one of the charter members. The dues for the first year will be
twenty-five cents, and those who wish to join should send this
amount with their name and address to Mr. J. C. Buchheister,
whose address until the charter closes will be Griffin’s Corners,
Delaware County, N. Y. After August 16th application for
membership should be made to the officers whose names will be
announced later.

THE GINSENG HUNTER.

It is back in the hills, far from the madding trolley gong,
that you meet now and then a ginseng hunter. It may be he:
sees you stoop to a plant, and a fellow-feeling prompts him to
acquaintanceship; or perhaps he drops in upon you as you are
weathering a shower in some wayside shack, and fellowship in
adversity, makes, for the nonce, of you twain one. Not that he
divulges at once the fact of his vocation; by no means, for gin-
seng is the most select of roots, and sells dried for about $3 a
pound. He tests you in half a dozen ways, as a trout a sus-
picious worm, before, assured of your trustworthiness, he shows
you one of the precious forked roots, and bites into it for love of
its warm, spicy flavor. Like poet and fisherman, the ginseng
hunter is born, not made. At his best he is kin to Thoreau’s
famous visiter at Walden Pond—that true Homeric or Paphla-
gonian man. He loves the wild life of outdoors for its own wild
sake, and all elemental things—the sunshine, and the wind, the
low flying mist, even a dash of rain; uncultured though he be,
there is that in him which responds blindly to the solemnities of

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST 89

the still deep woods, where the rare plant of his seeking spreads
its palmate leaves and nurses its family of small red berries.
With the ginseng of the books he has no acquaintance; what he
knows is “ginshang,”’ but this so familiarly that he has even
verbalized it, and speaks of its quest as “goin’ ginshangin’.” He
will spend days in contented search for it, faring dinnerless if need
be, and sleeping out in the open, until his pockets, packed and
bulging, he returns to his home, lays his spoil on the garret floor
to dry and takes up again the thread of his village life. As other

men go fishing, he goes “ginshanging.”,—C. F. Saunders in Phila-
delphia Record.

NOTE AND COMMENT.

WANTED.—Short notes of interest to the general botanist are
always in demand for this department. Our readers are invited
to make this the place of publication for their botanical items.

ORIGIN: OF THE NAME “BuckTHorRN.”—According to Mee-
hans Monthly the word buckthorn, was orginally box-thorn.

THE SENSITIVE PLANT AND ETHER.—It is stated that a se *
sitive plant placed under a bell glass with a sponge soaked in
ether promptly goes to sleep just as an animal would under the
same circumstances.

A Botanist DeFINED.—According to a South African journal
“A botanist is a scientific man who has had a university educa-
tion; he is very seldom a good amateur gardener; his time is
mostly occupied with plant mummies, and is a most useful man to
the gardener and nurseryman in giving names to plants, and to
the State in settling all questions of plant life.”

DEaTtH oF WM. H. McDonaLp.—Wm.H. McDonald, General
Secretary of the Gray Memorial Botanical Chapter, was struck
by a train at Elizabeth, N. J., on June 12th and instantly killed.
Mr. McDonald was a most enthusiastic botanist and did much to
build up the society of which he was the secretary. His loss
will be felt by a large number of correspondents.

go THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

Orris Roor.—It will probably be new to many to learn that
the “orris root” of commerce is the rootstock of an iris (J. Flor-
entilna The plant is easily cultivated in the garden and is fre-
quently planted for the flowers of lavender and white.

THE SHasta Datsy.—One of the best illustrations of what can
be done by careful breeding of plants is found in the shasta daisy
which is now attracting the attention of gardeners. The flower
which is much like the common daisy in general appearance is
stated to be often twelve inches in circumference, with three or
more rows of pure white rays. These flowers have been produc-
ed by crossing the common daisy with European and Japanese
species. When the proper strain was produced, careful selection
did the rest.

SENTIMENT AND PLANT ProTeEcTion.—A circular recently
sent out by one of our societies for plant protection speaks of “the
sanctity of plant life.’ Such sentiments may be all very well
when some beautiful orchid is in mind, but if the society really
wants to make itself solid with our agricultural population, it
had better cease operations on this line and make application at
once for a permanent injunction against the Canada thistle, ox-
eye daisy, quack grass and various others of the vagabond bro-
therhood.

THE SOUTHERN DANDELION.—I must tell you the dandelion

is to be found in Florida but it is in miniature. You would per-
haps have to put on your “specs” to see it. The blossom is less
than one-half inch across as I have found them. Wish I
could have had you with me in the depths of a hammock in Flor-
ida where the sword ferns (Nephrolepis) of several varieties we
growing with a wealth and luxuriance that was marvelous.—/.
Yates Peck, Hudson, N. Y. (Probably the Florida dandelion
found by our correspondent is the little Adopogon which occas-
ionally gets as far north as New York.—Ed. )

CoMPOSITION OF PLants.—The whole realm of organic things
contains practically only four substances—carbon, oxygen hydro-

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. gl

gen and nitrogen. The myriad and bewildering variety of or-
ganic products, the substances of our bodies, the odors of the rose,
the leaves of the forest, the appeasing delicacy of fruits, seem no
more than these four substances put together in differing ways.
Nay, analysis shows that the most astonishing variety of things
can be made up of identically the same number of atoms of each
element. Starch and cotton, to take a striking example are made
up of the same proportions of the four organic elements.—Har-
per's Magazine.

ComMMON NAMEs OF ERYTHRONIUM.—When all the facts are
summed up, it will probably be found that the spring flowers have
the greatest number of commonnames for the reason that the great
mass of the people are more often attracted by these early flowers.
The yellow adderstongue has its share of these common appella-
tions from “Trout lily” proposed by Burroughs to that of dog
tooth violet known to everybody. A writer in Success with Flow-
ers speaks of the flowers as “fish-hooks” and in Pennsylvania they
are occasionally called “yellow hookers.” It would be interesting
to know how the idea of a hook has been connected with this
plant.

Host PLANTS OF THE DoppER.—Here at home I have a “wild
garden, partly for amusement and partly for experimenting in
so far as to find out if some of our wildlings may successfully be
transplanted. Among these latter are several species of golden-
rod and the dodder (Cuscuta gronovi) runs riot among all the
plants, but never a single golden-rod is chosen as host. Its pre-
deliction seems to be the Jewel weed (Jmpatiens) and any or all
the Eupatoriums. Some seasons I find the nettle also embraced,
but not always; why not, I have not been able, so far, to deter-
mine. Cuscuta arvensis and C. polygonorum seem to love the
clovers and other low growing field crops, such as our common
flax, and makes trouble in harvest time—Masr E. Munte.

User oF ETHER IN ForcinGc FLowers.—The forcing process, by
which the florists are able to give us flowers of various kinds much
earlier than they would naturally bloom, has recently been revolu-

92 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

tionized by a remarkable discovery in the use of ether. The dor-
mant condition of plant life in winter is roughly analogous to the
sleep of animal life and the florist simply wakes the plants up
ahead of time. The plants, however, if awakened too soo do not
readily take up active life again as many have found who have
tried to force any of our native flowers at Christmas time though
they bloom freely enough a month or so later when they have fin-
ished their naps. The use of ether in the forcing process seems
to put the plants to sleep not only earlier but so soundly that they
are soon ready for another season of growth. If a quantity of
ether be liberated beneath the branches of a bush or shrub in July
or August, the leaves will at once wither and fall, exactly as they
do in autumn and the plants will soon be ready to bloom again.

In the usual practice the plants to be forced are placed in airtight
boxes when being subjected to etherization. Fifty-four hours of
this treatment is sufficient and the plants may then be placed in a
hothouse and treated as ordinary plants are. The important point
is that these etherized plants developed so rapidly that they are in
bloom before the buds have begun to swell on plants of the same
species not treated thus. Twelve days of forcing has brought
some of these etherized plants into full flower.

ORIGIN OF PotaToEs.—lIf botany was not so serious a business,
the facetitiously inclined might be led to remark in view of the
many offices that bacteria are found to have in the roots of plants,
that bacteriology is rather being run into the ground. One after
another, certain ferns, palms, pines, heaths and others have been
found depending upon these minute underground organisms,
much to the surprise of us all. But close after these discoveries
comes one still more surprising to the effect that the common
white or Irish potato is also due to the agency of bacteria. It may
be said that this, as yet, can scarcely be regarded as absolutely cer-
tain, but all the evidence points in that direction. The plant is a
member of the nightshade family and like the other species able
to reproduce itself by seeds. Then why these vegetative bodies in
the earth? It is also pointed out that potatoes are not produced

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 93

as soon as the plant commences to grow, and that when they are,
they are formed of what are regarded as arrested branches—some-
what analogous to the way in which the “apples” are formed on
the Azalea. Other nightshades have not the tuber-bearing habit.
If the potato is likely to be due to a specific microbe, then almost
certainly the tubers of the ground nut (Apios tuberosa) must be
placed in the same class, and probably the artichoke (Helianthus)
also.

THE Poisonous PRINCIPLE IN Ruus.—Several attempts have
been made to isolate the poisonous principle of the poison ivy
(Rhus toxicodendron) and poison sumac (FR. venenata) and the
resultant failures have given ground for the belief that it is a vola-
tile substance difficult to secure. Later, an experimenter attrib-
uted the poisoning to a volatile acid which he named toxicodendric
acid. Still later researches go to prove that the real poison is an
oil which is known as “toxicodendrol.” The oil is found in all
parts of the plants and at all seasons ef the year. Even the hairs
of the leaves under the microscope may be seen to contain oil.
The popular idea that the plant is most poisonous when in bloom
may thus possibly have some foundation in fact, as the pollen
might be carried for some distance by the wind. It is difficult in
this case, however, to understand why the nose and throat are not
more frequently affected. Toxicodendrol is insoluble in water, but
readily dissolves in alcohol, ether, chloroform, etc. It is poison-
ous in the minutest quantities. In one instance the one-thou-
sandth part of a millegram in two drops of olive oil was effective.
The oil is not volatile. The time necessary for it to take effect af-
ter reaching the skin, varies from 18 hours to nine days. As
the oil forms a nearly insoluable precipitate with lead acetate, the
best remedy is seen to be the well known one of washing the af-
fected parts with an alcoholic solution of lead acetate. The arti-
cle from which these facts are drawn was published in Rhodora
for March.

EDITORIAL.

That anyone is content to rest after merely learning the names
of the flowers, is not much to his credit, and if after learning these
names, he turns his attention to the petty differences between
tweedledee and tweedledum that bother our namenclaturists, he
will be in a scarcely more enviable position. The greatest and
most enduring pleasures to be derived from an acquaintance with
plants is, without question to be found in studying them as liv-
ing things; in observing their development from day to day, from
the expanding: leaf and unfolding flower through all the life of
processes to the ripening seed. In fact this is the one phase of
botany that increases in interest the longer we study it. There
are many among us wise in the lore of plants but not one that
knows all that may be known of even the commonest species. One
needs no great library or extensive herbarium, for such studies.
The woods and fields will be his work-shop or if bricks and mor-
tar keep him from this the back-yard in the town, or the window
ledge in the city will be large enough to contain the materials for
his work. The AMERICAN BoTANIST was founded for the en-
couragement of studies of this kind, and all the matter that has
gone into it has been selected with the idea of furnishing infor-
mation of value of the student. In a journal of such character,
it is manifestly impossible to publish all original matter, for no
single publication can expect to “corner” the stock of interesting
notes or bright ideas and we venture to assert that in thus giving
a review of all other botanical publications, we have not only
made two volumes that will remain of pertinent interest and value
but two which will compare very favorably with much more pre-
tentious magazines.

Some time ago we promised that as soon as our circulation
warranted the magazine would be increased in size. We now
‘take pleasure in announcing that every number of Volume III.
will contain twenty pages. How soon we shall again increase
the size depends entirely upon our subscribers. Each one is vir-

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 95

tually a stockholder in the magazine and while he is not repaid
in money for his assistance in advancing its interests, the divid-
ends he receives in the way of a larger number of pages should be
equally satisfactory. On another page we offer two subscrip-
tions for $1.40. This is practically offering to pay sixty cents
for a single subscription. In renewing be sure to send one new
subscriber and thus get your copy for forty cents.

One of the important features of the forthcoming volume, will
be a series of keys, based upon color for the identification of the
wild-flowers, the first of which is expected to appear in the July
number. These keys will be illustrated by drawings of the flow-
ers named, and arranged much as are the keys for identifying the
ferns in the editor’s “Our Ferns in their Haunts.” The reprint-
ing of interesting notes and articles from other publications will
be continued and readers are assured that by subscribing to the
AMERICAN BoranisT they will miss nothing but the technical
papers in other journals. At the same time we desire to state,
that the extra pages we are adding will be devoted to original ar-
ticles and we request contributions within our scope from all our
readers. The use of illustrations when desirable will make the
new volume of still greater utility.

BOOKS AND WRITERS.
The Junior Naturalist, a publication “devoted primarily to the
young naturalist,” is announced to begin publication in August,
at Chicago.

Time was when the flower lover was perplexed to know where
to find a book to identify his finds; now his perplexity arises in
trying to select the best one from the growing number of popular
botanical works. The botanizer who can afford it will have them
all; others can get along very well with a smaller number. While
all these “popular botanies” have for their aim the introduction
of the plant world to the nature lover, their different ways of ap-

96 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST.

proaching the subject leave wide scope for individual choice in the
matter of a hand-book. F. Schuyler Matthews’ ‘“Field-book of
American Wild Flowers,” has to recommend it, the fact that it 1s
small enough to slip into the pocket although it illustrates nearly
200 of our native wild flowers and describes several times as
many 1n a way that enables the average botanizer to pick out his
plant at once. There are 24 colored plates and the others face
the descriptions of the plants which they illustrate. The families
are arranged in the Engler-Prantl sequence, and the descriptions
pay especial attention to the time of blooming, the color of the
flowers, and the insect which assist in cross-pollenating them.
Mr. Matthews’ artistic instincts will not let him agree with the
prevailing ideas of color and he says “In botanical and ornitholo-
gical works we find such color names as fuscous, rufous, vinac-
eous, ferrugineous, rose-purple, greenish-purple, etc.” They
mean nothing to one who is not a scientist and I half suspect they -
mean little to one who is. Purple (botanically speaking) is a
dreadfully abused term which is made to stand for half the rain-
bow. Asan actual fact it is fairly represented by Mimulus ring-
ens and one jot to the right or left of that line is not purple.
Pure yellow is perfectly represented by Oenothera biennis. Blue
in its pure form only exists (dilutely) in Myostis.” Readers may
therefore expect to find new but more correct and definite color
names given to even well-known blossoms. As to nomenclature,
he says: ‘From what I know of the so-called Rochester code, I
should say it is a disturbing influence among already agitated con-
ditions and its lack of consistency does not entitle it to unreserved
acceptance.” The book has a great advantage over others ot its
class in its portability. The illustrations are very characteristic
but it seems to the reviewer, that reference to the book would
have been much facilitated by a simple key to the species. The
book is published by G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, at $1.85.

Got a Gamera, or a Hobbp?
Or Collect Anything 2

Send toc for four months of Phil. West Curio Monthly and Camera
News, Superior, Nebraska. Greatest magazine ofits kind. Devoted
to all kinds of collectors of Stamps, Coins, Curios, Relics, and most
any old thing. Illustrated over 1,100 pages last year, illustrating over

100 of the leading collectors. Will sure pay you. Reviews the lead-
ing foreign collectors’ papers. Official organ over two dozen societies
and clubs—over 11,000 members, Its Trade or Exchange columns
bring big returns at one cent a word, three insertions at the price of
two. Write today. Most everybody that trys it stays by it.

Send 5c for membership card of Americaa Camera Club Exchange. Over 3,000
members. All parts ofthe world.

THE AMERICAN BOTANIST will be sent for two years to one
address for $140, or totwo addresses for one year for $1.40, either
new or renewal. At 70 cents a year the Magazine is certainly worth
the money. Subscribe!

BOOKS AT REDUCED RATES,
With The American Botanist.

If you are going to buy any out-door books this summer, order with. The American Botanist
and save money. In the list below, the combination price is for the books postpaid and for The
American Botanist a full year, either as a renewal or new subscription.. The prices in parenthe-
sis are those at which we can furnish the books postpaid without the magazine. See other issues

for additional lists

Combination Price
According to Season, Parsons ($1.89) - + - - - - $2 50
Our Ferns in their Haunts, Clute ($2.32) -- - - - 3.00
Guide to the Trees. Lounsberry ($2.75) - - : - 3.30
How to Know the Wildflowers. Dana (2.00) - - = 2.56
Mushrooms, Edible and Poisonous. Atkinson ($3.00) - - 3.50
Our Native Trees. Keeler ($2.00) - - - 2.70
Guide to the Wildflowers. Lounsberry ($2. 75) - - - 3.30
The Mushroom Book. Marshall ($3.00) - - 3.50
The Butterfly Book. Holland ($3.00) : : - - 3.50
Botanizing. Bailey. ($1.00) - - - - - - 1-70
Ferns in Their Homes and Ours. Robinson. ($1.50) - ~~ - - 2.20
A Fern Book for Everybody. Cooke. (soc) - - - - 1.20
Marvels of Pond Life. Stack. ($1.00) - - - - 1.70
New England Wildflowers. Bailey. (75c) : . - - 1.50
Orchids of New England. Baldwin. ($1.50) - - - 2-20
Trees of Northeastern America. Newhall. ($1.75) - - - 2.40
With the Wildflowers. Hardinge. ($1.00) - : - - I-70
Animal and Plant Lore. Burgin. ($3.50) - - . - ~ 4-00
The Friendship of Nature. Wright. (75c) = - - = I-45
Nature for Its Own-Sake. Van Dyke. ($1.50) - - = - 2.20
The Procession of the Flowers. Hizginson- ($1.25) - - 2.00
Forest Trees and Forest Scenery. Schwarz. ($1-50) - - - 2.20
Studies of Tress in Winter. Huntington. ($2.35) - - - 3-00
Laboratory Manual. Heald. ($1.25) - - : - - - Fae oy
Recreations in Botany. Creevey. ($1-50) : - : - 2.70
Geological History of Plants. Dawson ($1.75) . - - 2.50
Address: WILLARD N. GLUTE & CO., BINGHAMTON, N. Y.

Success With Flowers

HIS is the title of the only magazine entirely devoted to the culture of flowers. | For nearly
C twelve years it has been telling amateurs how to grow them successfully. © Old subscribers
say it is worth ten times its cost. THey ovcHT To Know. It is the biggest little
magazine published. We mention one feature: You may ask all the questions you like about
flowers, and they will be answered in its columns. :

What 50 Cents Will Do.

The subscription price is only, 25 cents a year. If you will send us this amount and 25
aadiianat: 50 CENTS IN ALL, we will send you one strong plant of each of the eight superb

flowers here named, carefully packed, postage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. All plants are
labeled.

1 Rose, } Boston Fern, 1 Umbrella Palm, 1 Lace Fern, 1 Baby Primrose, : Dewdrop
Begonia, | Emerald Feather, and 1 Giant Geranium. Order as Collection No. I.

HERE’S PROOF:—A new subscriber in Kansas City writes: ‘‘Collection No. 1
received. I expected tiny slips, barely rooted, but lo! they are rare specimen plants. No one
with a spark of gratitude in their make-up could fail to appreciate their beauty and value.”’

—Mrs. C. E. MAHANEY.,

It is not too late for these plants—they are grown for summer planting. You can have

a sample copy free if you want it; but don’t delay. Better order now.

appress:— SUECESO WITH FLOWERS PUD. CD. west’ Grove, Pa.

‘¢Information Entertainingly Expressed.’’

Popular Science Hews.

isc a Copy. Established 1866. $1.60 a Year.

Gives each month original articles by prominent writers in every branch of
science, such as Botany, Zoology, Archaeology, Mineralogy, Photography, etc., be-
sides a brief review of the important scientific news in this and foreign lands.

It aims to elevate the public taste, and stands for Culture, Knowledge and
Recreation. .

A FOUR MONTHS’ TRIAL SUBSCRIPTION WILL BE SENT FOR 25 GENTS,

SPECIAL OFFER—For a limited time the publishers have decided to present
to every new subscriber one of the popular ‘‘ Press Button Pocket Knives,” usually
sold for eighty cents, entirely FREE, with the regular subscription price, $1.60.
While this method of advertising is expensive, giving the public an opportunity to
secure an article of lasting benefit and a year’s subscription tothe best and most
enterprising scientific monthly published in the country, the publishers of POPULAR
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Present subscribers, by sending $3.00 and one new name, will have their own
subscription renewed, and each will receive a ‘‘ Press Button Knife” as preminm.

Make Drafts and Money Orders payable to

POPULAR SCIENCE NEWS,
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