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THE AMERICAN FLAG

Up with our banner bright, Sprinkled ivith starry light, Spread its fair emblems from mountain to shore, IVhile throu'^h the sounding sky Loud rings the Nation s cry, —

Union and Liberty! one efermore!

Oliver Wendell Holmes

THE AMERICAN FLAG

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT — SUPPLEMENTAL VOLUME

COMPILED AND EDITED BY

HARLAN HOYT HORNER

STATE OF NEW YORK

EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

ALBANY

1910

The Liberty Bell

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THE CALL OF THE FLAG

THE strong colors and the glorious beauty of the American flag express well the overwhelming fact of modern history — the evolution of the American Re- public. Wherever it may be, the flag is both attractive and assertive. In the home the colors do not clash with other colors. If they do not blend, neither do they repel. In the remotest distance the flag may be seen above every other object and distinguished from every other flag. The red and white stripes standing for the original states, and the silvery stars representing the Union, radiate and scintillate as far as the eye can reach. Far or near, the American flag is true and sure, brilliant and radiant, cordial and independent.

It is a modern flag. There are no myths or legends, no ruins or heraldry, no armour or castles about it. It expresses the political independence of a plain people, the advance of a new nation, the self-conscious power, the confident aspirations, and the universal good will of popular government.

What has been said of the flag has largely been inspired by war. Souls must be aflame to give out oratory and poetry. The flag has many times been at the battle front. The sight of it has inspired many a boy to do and die for his country. It was in the crucial campaign of the Revolution, that for the possession of New York, beginning at Fort Schuyler, continu- ing at Oriskany, and ending with the surrender of Burgoyne's entire army at Saratoga, that the flag was first given to the air in the face of an enemy. In this state it began to gather the deep love of a free people. That love has since grown deeper and yet deeper through the hail and flame, the heroisms and deaths, of an hundred battles. It is sad that war had to be, but for us there was no other way. Independence of Britain could not come by arbitration. The Union could not be saved by negotiation. Fighting is bad business, but there are times when it is better than submission. The strength and courage of a people are the guardians of their peace, of their freedom, and of their progress. The perils, the sufferings, and the heroisms of the country have made the literature of the flag.

WCW YORK PUBLIC LIBWARt

CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT

But the flag of the American Union, now as never before, tells of toleration and of good will, of education and of industry. It has welcomed millions from all nations of the world and has held out the equal chance to all who came under its folds. Every new star added to its blue field has told of a new state, and every new state tells of more farms cleared, more factories opened, more churches and schools set in motion, and more laws and courts to regulate them all and to assure the equal rights of every one.

Out of the equal chance of freemen, out of the farms and forests and mines, out of the majestic rivers and charming valleys and lofty mountains, and out of the bracing air that is filled with sunshine, mighty public works and marvelous insti- tutions of culture have sprung. Railways and roadways, tunnels and aqueducts, newspapers and magazines, theaters and art galleries, cathedrals and universities, have grown. They are the products and the promoters of civilization and they give strength and stateliness to the flag.

The American flag has looked down upon the writing of more constitutions and the making of more laws than any other flag in history. Some of this law-making has been crude, and perhaps some of it has been mistaken, but it has been both the necessary accompaniment and the stimulating cause of our wonderful national evolution.

As man does so is he. All of these industrial, educational, religious, and political doings have produced a new nation of keen, alert, sinewy, and right-minded people who have power and know it. They have the traits of a young nation. But they are lacking neither in introspection, nor in imagination, nor in humor. More knowledge of other peoples than their fathers had and increasing responsibilities are sobering and steadying them. In their dealings with other peoples they intend to be just, frank, magnanimous. Their political phi- losophy is only the logical outworking of the Golden Rule. They have undoubting faith in democracy and would exem- plify it in ways to commend and extend it.

The American flag expresses a glorious history, but it does not hark back to it overmuch. It looks forward more than backward. It calls upon us to do for this generation and to regard all the generations that will follow after. It knows that some time there will be five hundred or a thousand mil- lions of people in the United States instead of one hundred

millions. It expects still greater public works and many more public conveniences. It sees better than any one of us does how hard it will be for such a self-governing people to hold what belongs to them in common, and to manage their great enterprises without frauds and for the good of all.

The people of the United States are not only the pro- prietors of great natural possessions; they are inheritors of the natural rights of man, fought for by their ancestors in the mother country, granted in the great charters of English liberty, and established in the English common law. They have added to this what seemed worth taking from other systems of jurisprudence and from the manifold experiences of other lands; they have proved their capacity to administer their inheritance, and to their natural and political estates they have added the experiences of their own successful and notable national career. The flag not only adjures us to guard what we have in property and in law, but to train the children so that the men and women of the future may administer their inherit- ance better than we have ours or than our fathers did theirs.

The flao; does more than emblazon a momentous and glorious history; it declares the purposes and heralds the ideals of the Republic; it admonishes us to uphold the inherent rights of all men; it tells us to stand for international justice and conciliation; and it encourages us to accept the conse- quences without fear. It hails us to individual duties and the cooperation which alone can maintain equality of rights and fulness of opportunity in America. It insists that we set a compelling example which will enlarge both security and free- dom, both peace and prosperity, in all parts of the world.

A flag of glowing splendor calls to a nation of infinite possibilities. It calls upon the American people to conserve property, health, and morals; to preach the gospel of work and protect the accumulations of thrift; to open every kind of school to all manner of people; and to spare neither alertness nor force in keeping clean the springs of political action and in punishing venality in public life. That is the call of the radiant flag of the Union to the self-governing nation of the western world which is being compounded out of all the nations and is creating a new manner of civilization out of all the civilizations of the earth.

Andrew S. Draper,

Commissioner of Education.

The Flag of Spain in 1492 The Personal Banner of Columbus

10

gfY OF NEW YORK

Courtesy of The Burrows Brothers Company, Publishers, Cleveland. Ohio

From Avery's History of the United States ami Its People

The Landing of Columbus

THE MAKING OF THE FLAG

THE first flags, according to authentic record, raised by white men in America were those which Christopher Columbus brought to the island of San Salvador, October 12, 1492. His son thus chronicles the ceremony of the landing: "Columbus, dressed in scarlet, first stepped on shore from the little boat which bore him from his vessels, bearing the royal standards of Spain, emblazoned with the arms of Castile and Leon, in his own hand, followed by the Pinzons, in their own boats, each bearing the banner of the expedition, which was a white flag, with a green cross, having on each side the letters F and Y, surmounted by golden crowns." The last named was the personal flag of the great sailor, the gift of Queen Isabella to him, the letter F standing for Ferdi- nand and Y for Ysabel. The first named, composed of four sections, two with yellow castles upon red and two with red lions upon white ground, was the flag of Spain in the time of Columbus and during most of the succeeding years of dis- covery and conquest. Illustrations of these flags are shown on the opposite page.

The flag of England was first unfurled in North America by John Cabot, a Venetian, who landed, probably, on the coast of Newfoundland in 1497, w^ith letters patent from Henry VII of England, "to set up the royal banners and ensigns in the countries, places or mainland newly found by him," and "to conquer, occupy and possess the same." Under date of London, August 23, 1497, Lorenzo Pasqualigo writes to his brothers in Venice that "Cabot planted in his new-

II

found land a large cross, with a flag of England and another of St Mark, by reason of his being a Venetian, so that our banner has floated very far afield." The Venetian ensign was of scarlet with a broad band of blue near the edge, perhaps typifying the sea, from which rose in gold the winged lion of St Mark, having in his right paw a cross. The flag of Eng- land used by Cabot and by other English navigators who followed him was probably the cross of St George, which is a white flag with a rectangular red cross extending its entire length and hight. In 1603 under James I, formerly James VI of Scotland, England and Scotland were united, and St George's cross was later joined with the cross of St Andrew of Scotland to form what was called the King's Colors. The cross of St Andrew is a blue flag with a diagonal white cross extending from corner to corner. The combination of the banners of England and Scotland formed, therefore, a blue flag wath a rectangular red cross and a diagonal white cross, the red showing entirely and the white being interrupted by it. Eng- land and Scotland retained their individual flags for many purposes, and it is probable that the Mayflower on that mem- orable journey in 1620 bore the cross of St George at her masthead, for she was an English ship.

After King Charles I was beheaded in 1649, ^'"^^ partner- ship between England and Scotland was dissolved, and the national standard of England became again St George's cross. In 1660, when Charles II ascended the throne, the King's Colors again came into use. In 1707, when the complete union of the kingdom of Great Britain, including England, Scotland and Wales was established. Great Britain adopted for herself and her colonies a red ensign with the symbol of the union of England and Scotland in the canton. This "meteor flag of England," as it was sometimes called, con- tinued to be the national standard until 1801, when the cross

of St Patrick, a red diagonal saltire on a w^hite ground, was united with the other crosses to mark the addition of Ire- land to the United Kingdom. This combination has formed the union in the flag of the kingdom of Great Britain Meteor Flag of England and Ireland down to the

12

St George's Cross St Andrew's Cross

The King's Colors

Sx Patrick's Cross

The British Union Jack

13

present day. The complete development of the British flag is shown on the preceding page, the crosses of St George and St Andrew at the top with their combination in the King's Colors immediately beneath, followed by the cross of St Patrick and the present Union Jack of England. We are not concerned directly with the present British flag, how- ever, because our American flag was established earlier.

Mention should be made of the flags of other nations that early came to our shores. Jacques Carrier was, perhaps, the first to bring the colors of France to the New World. Under royal commission he landed on May lo, 1534 at Cape Bona- vista, Newfoundland, and set up a cross at Gaspe a few weeks later. Upon a second voyage a year later he set up a cross and the arms of France near the site of the present city of Quebec. The French flag was probably blue at that time with three golden fleur-de-lis. Later the Huguenot party in France adopted the white flag. Over the forts and trading posts and in battle in the vast region of New France, stretching south- west from the St Lawrence to the Mississippi, it is probable that the Bourbon flag floated during the greater portion of the French occupancy.

Henry Hudson brought the Half Moon into New York harbor in 1609 flying the flag of the Dutch East India Com- pany, which was that of the Dutch Republic — three equal horizontal stripes, orange, white and blue — with the letters V. O. C. A. (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, Amsterdam) in the center of the white stripe. In 1621, when the Dutch West India Company came into control, the letters G. W. C. (Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie) took the place of the letters V. O. C. A. With the change of the orange to a red stripe between 1630 and 1650, the Dutch flag was in use until 1664, when the English flag was raised, which remained, save for the temporary Dutch resumption, 1673-74, until the Stars and Stripes was acknowledged.

In 1638 a party of Swedish and Finnish colonists founded a settlement on the bank of the Delaware river, called New Sweden, under the Swed- ish national flag, a yellow cross on a blue ground. This settlement flourished until 1655, when it was overpowered by the

„, . u T^ u Dutch.

Hag of the Dutch . . ...

West India Company The Settlements in the thirteen original

14

New England Colors, 1686

colonies were largely English, and the ceremonial flags of the English colonies very naturally took the form of the English national standard in its successive periods. The cross of St George was in use in the Massachusetts Bay Colony as early as 1634. In 1643 ^^^ colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut and New .Haven formed an alliance under the name of the United Colonies of New England and in 1686 adopted as a common flag the cross of St George with a gilt crown emblazoned on the center of the cross with the monogram of King James II under- neath. As early as 1700, however, the colonies began to depart from authorized English standards and to adopt flags show- ing a degree of independence and distinguishing their ships from those of England and from those of their neighbors. The pine tree flag of New England was a conspicuous one and came into use as early as 1704. In one form it was a red flag with the cross of St George in the canton with a green pine tree in the first quarter. It is thought that this flag may have been displayed at Bunker Hill. Another form of the pine tree flag was that having a white field with the motto "An Appeal to Heaven" above the pine tree. A very

interesting banner, now in the possession of the Public Library of Bedford, Massa- chusetts, is said to be the oldest American flag in existence. It was carried by the minutemen of Bed- ford at the battle of Concord. The ground is maroon, emblazoned with an outstretched arm, the color of silver, in the hand of which is an uplifted

Courtesy of The Burrows Brothers Company, Publishers, 1 npl ' 1

.„ cweiand, Ohio sword. 1 hrcc circular

From Avery s History of the United Stntes and Its People

v^ ( .u -R A( i Af . figures, also in silver,

rlag oi the liediord Minutemen o ' '

15

are said to represent cannon balls. Upon a gold scroll are the words "Vince aut Morire," meaning "Conquer or Die."

The rattlesnake emblem was another favorite symbol in the colonies. It rivaled the pine tree in popularity and was shown in several designs. One form, that adopted by South Carolina, was a yellow flag with a rattlesnake in the middle about to strike, with the words "Don't Tread on Me" under- neath. Connecticut troops bore banners of solid color, a different color for each regiment, having on one side the motto "Qui Transtulit Sustinet" and on the other "An Appeal to Heaven." New York's flag was a white field with a black beaver in the center. Rhode Island's flag was white with a blue anchor with the word "Hope" above it, and a blue canton with thirteen white stars. Other flags bore the words "Liberty and Union," and "Liberty or Death." The earliest flag dis- played in the South was raised at Charleston, South Carolina, in the fall of 1775. It was a blue flag with a white crescent in the upper corner. Later, the word "Liberty" in white letters was added at the bottom of the flag. Some of these colonial flags are reproduced on the opposite page.

These various forerunners of our national flag are insep- arably associated with its history, and yet they give us little or no clue to the origin of the Stars and Stripes. Our flag was an evolution. The design of stars and stripes was not

original with us. As early as 1704 the ships of the English East India Company bore flags with thirteen red and white stripes with the cross of St George in the canton. Still a cen- tury earlier, the national flag of the Netherlands consisted of three equal horizontal stripes. It is frequently suggested, though without tangible evidence, that the stars and stripes in Washington's coat of arms may have determined the original design of our flag. The celebrated standard of the Philadelphia Troop of Light Horse, the first known instance of the American use of stripes, was made in 1775. This flag is shown on page Its stripes may have in turn

^ 1^ ^

Courtesy of The Burrows Brothers Company

Ptiljlishers, Cleveland. Ohio From Avery's History of the United States and Its People

Washington's Coat of Arnas

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16

AN APPEALTO HEAVEN

LIBERTY

Colonial Flags

17

suggested the flag which Washington raised at Cambridge on January 2,-1776. This was the first distinctive American flag indicating a union of the colonies. It consisted of thirteen alternate red and white stripes with the combined crosses of St George and St Andrew in the canton. It was a peculiar flag, the thirteen stripes standing for the union of the col- onies and their revolt against the mother country, and the subjoined crosses representing the allegiance to her which was yet partially acknowledged. It was variously designated as the Union Flag, the Grand Union Flag and the Great Union Flag, and is now frequently referred to as the Cambridge Flag. A draiwing of this flag is shown at the top of the oppo- site page./ It marked the real beginning of our national exist- ence and continued to be the flag of the Revolution until the Continental Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes. *— We shall never know the whole story of the origin of our national flag. The oft-repeated claim that in June 1776 Betsy Ross not only planned but made the first flag which was adopted a year later by Congress, is pleasant tradition, if not accurate history. The story runs that at that time a com- mittee of Congress, whether officially or self designated does not appear, consisting of George Washington, Robert Morris and Colonel George Ross, the latter, an uncle of John Ross, the husband of Betsy, she then being a young widow, called upon her at her upholstery shop on Arch street, Philadelphia, and asked if she could make a flag. She said she could try. Whereupon they produced a design roughly drawn of thirteen stripes and thirteen stars, the latter being six-pointed. She advised that the stars should be five-pointed, showing that a five-pointed star could be made with a single clip of the scissors. They agreed that this would be better, and General Washing- ton changed the design upon the spot and the committee left. Shortly afterward, the sketch thus made was copied and colored by a local artist and was sent to her, from which she made the sample flag that was approved by the committee. It is added that General Washington thought that the stars should be placed in a circle, thus signifying the equality of the states, none being the superior of another. The account rests almost entirely upon Mrs Ross's own statements made to members of her family and repeated by her descendants, a number of whom have made affidavits to the family under- standing of her communications. The story has been assailed

18

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The Cambridge Flag The First Stars and Stripes

19

chiefly upon the grounds that it is unsupported contempo- raneously, that the flag was not immediately adopted and had no general use prior to June 14, 1777. Nevertheless, it is a pretty and fascinating story as it stands and has immense vogue. The Betsy Ross house, 239 Arch street, has been purchased and is cared for by the American Flag House and Betsy Ross Memorial Association, as the memorial to the reputed maker of the flag.

The authentic history of our flag begins on June 14, 1777, when in pursuance of the report of a committee, the names of the members of which are unrecorded, but which John Adams has the credit of proposing, the American Congress adopted the following resolution :

Resolved, That the flag ot the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white on a blue field, representing a new constellation.

Whatever may have been the actual origin of this flag, the sentiment which it has conveyed for 133 years w^as appro- priately expressed by Washington in these words: "We take the star from Heaven, the red from our mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to posterity representing liberty."

There was considerable delay in the public announcement of the adoption of the flag, and the design was not officially promulgated by Congress until September 3, 1777. This first flag showed the arrangement of the stars in a circle (see bot- tom of page 19), but the arrangement was afterward changed to three horizontal lines of four, five and four stars. There are other claimants for the honor of first displaying the flag, but the evidence is quite conclusive that the event occurred in New York. The occasion was at Fort Stanwix, built in 1758 and renamed Fort Schuyler in 1777, the site of the present city of Rome, New York. In anticipation of the descent of the British forces from the north, a garrison of some 500 or 600 men had been placed in Fort Stanwix, under command of Colonel Peter Gansevoort, Jr, with Lieutenant-colonel Marinus Willett second in command. On the evening of the 2d of August the garrison was reinforced by about 200 men of the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment, led by Lieutenant-colonel Mellon, bringing the news of the recently enacted flag statute, and the making of the flag was determined upon. It was an improvised

20

affair and the fort was ransacked for material of which it might be fashioned. It was made, according to the most trustworthy account, from a soldier's white shirt, a woman's red petticoat and a piece of blue cloth from the cloak of Captain Abraham Swart- wout, and raised on August 3, 1777 on the northeast bastion, the one nearest the camp of St Leger who had invested the fort. The drummer beat the assembly and the adjutant read the Congressional resolution ordaining the flag of the Republic, and up it went; there it swung, free and defiant, until the end of

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Abraham Swartwout's Letter to Peter Gansevoort

21

the siege on the 22d of August. This account is confirmed by- Captain Swartwout's letter asking for cloth to replace that which was taken to make the flag. This letter is in the pos- session of Mrs Catherine Gansevoort Lansing of Albany, New York, a granddaughter of Colonel Gansevoort, and is repro- duced through her courtesy on the preceding page.

The claim has been made that the Stars and Stripes was first raised in battle at Cooch's Bridge, near Wilmington, Delaware, on the 3d of September 1777. The claim is based upon the mere presumption that the American forces had a flag at Cooch's Bridge, and local Delaware historians assert that the Fort Stanwix flag was improvised and that the engagement was simply a skirmish or sally. The flag was made in a hurry, but it was regular and complete, and the three weeks' siege at Fort Stanwix was by no means a mere skirmish. The honor clearly belongs to New York.

The flag with thirteen stars and thirteen stripes remained the national emblem until May i, 1795. Vermont had entered the Union March 4, 1791, and Kentucky, June i, 1792, and a change was thus necessitated in the flag. Not foreseeing the growth of the flag in the addition of both a star and a stripe for each new state. Congress passed the following act which was approved by President Washington on January 13, 1794:

Be it enacted, etc., That from and after the first day of May, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five, the flag of the United States be fifteen stripes, alternate red and white; and that the union be fifteen stars, white in a blue field.

In this flag the stars were arranged in three parallel rows of five each, as shown at the top of the opposite page, with the blue field resting on the fifth red stripe. This was the national flag for twenty-three years. It was in use during the War of 1 8 12, and in September 18 14, waving over Fort McHenry, it inspired Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. With the admission of new states it was very soon seen, how- ever, that the flag of fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, would not truly represent the Union, and that it would not be practicable to continue adding a stripe for each new state. Eleven months after the flag of 1795 was adopted, on June i, 1796, Tennessee was admitted into the Union ; and Ohio was admitted on Feb- ruary 19, 1803, Louisiana on April 30, 18 12, Indiana on December 11, 1816, and Mississippi on December 10, 1817. On December 9, 1816 Hon. Peter H. Wendover, a member of Congress from New York city, off^ered a resolution "that a

22

The Flag of Fifteen Stars and Fifteen Stripes The Flag of Twenty Stars and Thirteen Stripes

23

committee be appointed to inquire into the expediency of alter- ing the flag of the United States." As a result of this resolution an act was passed by Congress and on April 4, 18 18 approved by President Monroe, which fixed finally the general form of our flag. The act is as follows :

An Act to Establish the Flag of the United States.

Sec. I. Be it enacted, etc.. That from and after the fourth day of July next, the flag of the United States be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red and white; that the union have twenty stars, white in a blue field.

Sec. 2. Be it further enacted. That on the admission of every new state into the Union, one star be added to the union ot the flag; and that such addition shall take eff"ect on the fourth of July next succeeding such admission.

There was considerable debate in the House upon the bill, and to Mr Wendover belongs the credit of pressing it to final passage. The suggestion for the form of the flag, however, namely, that the original thirteen stripes should be restored and that a star should be added for each new state, came from Captain Samuel C. Reid of the United States navy. Leg- islation has never provided the exact arrangement the stars should take in the canton of the flag. Following the last mentioned enactment of Congress, the first flag with thirteen stripes and twenty stars was hoisted on the flagstaff" of the House of Representatives on April 13, 18 18. Upon the sug- gestion of Captain Reid the stars were arranged to form one great star in the center of the union, as shown at the bottom of the preceding page. This design did not gain favor and the stars were soon thereafter arranged in rows. There was much confusion for many years and a great many diff"erent arrange- ments of the stars were displayed. Since the flag with twenty stars was established, a new star has been added on the fourth of July following the admission into the Union of each of the following- states :

Illinois, December 3, 18 18. Kansas, January 29, 1861.

Alabama, December 14, i8ig. West Virginia, June 19, 1863.

Maine, March 15, 1820. Nevada, October 31, 1864.

Missouri, August 10, 1821. Nebraska, March I, 1867.

Arkansas, June 15, 1836. Colorado, August i, 1876.

Michigan, January 26, 1837. North Dakota, November 2, 1889.

Florida, March 3, 1845. South Dakota, November 2, 1889.

Texas, December 29, 1845. Montana, November 8, 1889.

Iowa, December 28, 1846. Washington, November li, 1889.

Wisconsin, May 29, 1848. Idaho, July 3, 1890.

California, September 9, 1850. Wyoming, July 11, 1890.

Minnesota, May 11, 1858. Utah, January 4, 1896.

Oregon, February 14, 1859. Oklahoma, November 16, 1907.

24

The early confusion about the arrangement of the stars has largely disappeared. In the absence of direct legislation, an agreement has been arrived at between the War and Navy Departments on the subject. Since July 4, 1908, following the admission of Oklahoma in 1907, the arrangement of the stars in the flags of the army and ensigns of the navy has been in six horizontal rows, the first, third, fourth and sixth rows having eight stars, and the second and fiith rows having seven. The present grouping of the stars is shown in the flag on the frontispiece.

Harlan Hoyt Horner

"IN GOD WE TRUST"

From ancient lands across the sea

Here came our fathers to be free;

They felled the forest, plowed the field

And won the wealth the waters yield;

In mine and shop they delved and wrought,

And bravely for their freedom fought;

They feared the Lord, naught else they feared,

As they a mighty nation reared.

From Canada to Mexico

One land, one law, one flag we know;

And far beyond the western seas

Old Glory floats in pledge of peace;

While North and South and East and West,

Above our best deserving blest.

In gratitude, as still we must.

We raise the hymn, In God We Trust.

Joseph B. Gilder

Copyright, igog, hy the author

NEW YORK AND THE FLAG

HIGHLY as the citizens of New York value her posi- tion, possessions, history and fame, they acknowledge superior allegiance to the Union and its flag; but they take pride, justly, in the events of national importance that have occurred on her soil, in her sons who have distin- guished themselves in national afi^airs, and in the faithful and consistent service she has rendered the Republic.

New York adopted a constitution April 20, and George Clinton became the first governor of the State, July 9, 1777. At Fort Stanwix, August 3, the Stars and Stripes was first raised in the face of the enemy; three days afterward the bloody battle of Oriskany was fought; and, on October 17, Burgoyne surrendered to the flag at Saratoga at the culmina- tion of the battle which was the decisive conflict of the Revo- lution. The Legislature of New York accepted, February 6, 1778, the Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress. "Mad" Anthony Wayne accomplished one of the most brilliant exploits of the war at Stony Point, July 16, 1779, and, later in the same year, General John Sullivan swept with the flag through the country of the Iroquois, burning their villages, slaying their warriors, and efi^ectually ending their alliance with the British crown. It was on the Hudson in September 1780 that, through the treason of Arnold, the flag would have trailed in the dust and American freedom, perhaps, have been lost, save for the New York men who were the captors of Andre. In October 1781 Colonel Marinus Willett gained a victory over the tories and red men at Johnstown. When the enemy was broken and paralyzed in New York the operations of the war were mainly confined to the South ; but it was reserved for New York, on the 25th of November 1783, to witness the evacuation of the land by British troops and the Stars and Stripes run up in the city as the royal ensign was hauled down. The federal Constitution was ratified at Poughkeepsie, July 26, 1788; New York became in 1784 the seat of the federal government and so remained until 1790; and in the city on the 30th of April 1789, George Washington from the balcony of Federal Hall took the oath of office under the flag as President of the United States.

27

In the War of 1812, owing largely to her Canadian bound- ary, New York conspicuously encountered the hazards and helped in the triumphs of the flag. Her northern border was fighting ground, on which her militia bore the brunt of battle. Sacketts Harbor, Lundy's Lane and Plattsburg testified to the valor of her yeomen and her troops; McDonough's destruction of the British fleet made the waters of Champlain forever glorious. Large amounts were raised for coast defense and the fitting out of privateers which swarmed the Atlantic; and the state endorsed United States treasury notes, expended in recruiting and manufacturing arms.

In the Civil War, New York, then far in advance of any other commonwealth in men and means, was thus enabled also to be the most prominent and eff'ective in the preserva- tion of the Union and the supremacy of the Stars and Stripes. She sent into the field 448,850 men for periods ranging from three months to three years and was credited with 18,197 who paid commutation, or a total of 467,047, over one-sixth of the Union army. Many of her volunteer oflRcers attained dis- tinction and her regiments were among the best in the service. She expended in bounties $86,629,228 — an unparalleled munifi- cence— as proof of her patriotism.

The leading place of New York in the national government is well shown in the names of her sons who have had distin- guished service therein. New York has given to the Union some of its most illustrious servants; and, especially should be named Alexander Hamilton, the greatest American construc- tive statesman; Philip Schuyler, among the greatest of Ameri- can soldiers; John Jay, jurist and statesman; and William H. Seward, foremost among diplomatists. She has had as presi- dents, Martin Van Buren, Millard Fillmore, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland and Theodore Roosevelt. The following have been vice-presidents : Aaron Burr, George Clinton, Daniel D. Tompkins, Martin Van Buren, Millard Fillmore, William A. Wheeler, Chester A. Arthur, Levi P. Morton, Theodore Roosevelt and James S. Sherman. She has been represented in the Cabinet by Martin Van Buren, William L. Marcy, William H. Seward, Hamilton Fish, William M. Evarts, Elihu Root and Robert Bacon as secretaries of state; by Alexander Hamilton, John C. Spencer, John A. Dix, Charles J. Folger, Daniel Manning, Charles S. Fairchild and George B. Cortelyou as secretaries of the treasury; by John Armstrong,

28

John Jay		Philip Schuyler , . .
^^
^^^^B *^ ^^HH	IP"'' ' vpi^^^^^^Bi ^7 '^-^ '
^^^^^^H ^tiii.»- — ff^^HPHIH
^^^^ 'iS^^
^^^m '"SB	1 ^
l^^m . V		'^'f0'lr ^	^w
^H	^^^^F '^' ~^«^^^l	f
Alexander Hamilton		William H. Seward

29

Peter B. Porter, Benjamin F. Butler, John C. Spencer, William L. Marcy, John M. Schofield, Daniel S. Lamont and Elihu Root as secretaries of war; by Smith Thompson, James K. Paulding, William C. Whitney and Benjamin F. Tracy as secretaries of the navy; by Benjamin F. Butler, William M. Evarts, Edwards Pierrepont and George W. Wickersham as attorneys-general; by Francis Granger, Nathan K. Hall, Thomas L. James, Wilson S. Bissell and George B. Cortelyou as postmasters-general; by Cornelius N. Bliss as secretary of the interior; and by George B. Cortelyou as secretary of com- merce and labor.

John Jay (chief-justice), Brockholst Livingston, Smith Thompson, Samuel Nelson, Ward Hunt, Samuel Blatchford and Rufus W. Peckham have been among the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. In important diplomatic positions have been John M. Francis, Frederick D. Grant and Charles S. Francis as ministers to Austria; Gouverneur Morris, Robert R. Livingston, John Armstrong, John Bigelow, John A. Dix, Levi P. Morton, Whitelaw Reid, Horace Porter and Robert Bacon as ministers or ambassadors to France; Daniel D. Barnard, George Bancroft, |. C. B. Davis, Andrew D. White and David J. Hill as ministers or ambassadors to Ger- many; John Jay, Rufus King, George Bancroft, Edwards Pierrepont, Joseph H. Choate and Whitelaw Reid as ministers or ambassadors to Great Britain; Churchill C. Cambreling, Allen T. Rice and Andrew D. White as ministers to Russia ; and Wash- ington Irving, Daniel E. Sickles, Perry Belmont and Stewart L. Woodford as ministers to Spain. Throughout, New York has been most ably represented in both houses of Congress.

In 1789, when the Constitution of the United States was adopted. New York was the fifth state in population and resources, being out-classed by Virginia, Pennsylvania, North Carolina and Massachusetts. Thence she forged rapidly to the front, attaining in 1820 first rank in population, wealth, manufactures, commerce and education. She was rightfully styled the Empire State, and has since so remained, advancing by great leaps and bounds. A few statistics will show her primacy. Her population in 1905 was 8,067,308. Her popu- lation in her large cities, New York, Buffalo, Rochester, Syra- cuse and Albany, is now nearly 6,000,000. New York is the second city in population in the world and will soon be the first in that regard, London exceeding her by only 522,237, and

30

Paris, the third, having over 2,000,000 less number of inhabit- ants. The world's financial center is also moving from Lon- don to New York. The imports at the port of New York were in 1909 valued at ^779,308,944 and the exports at ^607,- 239,481. New York entered 12,528,723 and exported 11,- 866,415 tons of goods, exceeding London by millions in both respects. The state paid ^28,637,349.37 of internal revenue taxes to the general government, being over one-eighth of the whole amount received. The total amount expended in the state for education (1908-9) was ^76,696,217.48. Of this amount $5,863,281.36 was paid by the state, $50,496,070.52 was raised by tax or otherwise locally, and $20,336,865.60 was contributed by individuals or institutions. The amount of deposits in the savings banks of the state was (1909) $1,405,- 799, 067.62, with an average of $509.28 for each depositor, the amount nearest to this being that of Massachusetts — $728,- 224,417.52. The total assessed valuation of real and personal property in the state, estimated at 86§ per cent of its real value, was $9,666,118,689. These figures are bewildering, but they are the most practical expression of the supremacy of New York in the Union, and the immense stake she has in its integ- rity and welfare and of her ability to protect and exalt the flag. She will be true to it in the coming years, as she has been from the hour when it was raised at Fort Stanwix.

Courtesy of Tlie Burrows Brothers Coiupany, Publishers, Cleveland, Ohio

From Avery's History of the United States ami its People

Colonel Peter Gansevoort's Third New York Regiment Flag (Made in 1778 or 1779 and carried at the siege of Yorktown)

31

(Obverse)

(Reverse) The Seal of the United States

32

THE DOMINION OF THE FLAG

THE Stars and Stripes has always been a conquer- ing emblem. It waves today over a magnificent domain, 3,686,780 square miles, including insular dependencies, and floats to the winds of every zone north of the tropic of Capricorn. The following table shows the various divisions of this domain:

Name Area, Square Miles

Continental United States, . 2,970,230 (land surface only)

■ Alaska, 590,884 (land and water)

Hawaii, 6,449

Philippine Islands, .... 115,026

Porto Rico, 3,435

Guam, 201

Tutuila (Samoa), 81

Panama Canal Zone 1904, . 474

It is a domain touching approximately the i8th degree south and the Jid north latitude, and the 67th degree west and the iizd east longitude, embracing every variety of soil, scenery and production, with lofty mountain ranges, indented sea-coasts, long and serviceable rivers, and multitudinous mineral deposits.

This domain has been acquired by the release of the colonies from the yoke of Great Britain, with the consequent cessions from the mother country and from the states; by war; by purchase; and by voluntary annexation. When the United States became a nation, it included the original thirteen states, with the additional area surrendered by Great Britain, the whole being bounded on the west by the Mississippi river, on the south by the 31st parallel of latitude — the north line of Florida — on the east by the Atlantic ocean, and on the north by the British dominions. Within this area was the tract known as the Northwest Territory, in which several states — New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Virginia — held claims and which, by the memorable ordinance of 1787, was forever dedicated to freedom. The states soon relinquished their rights therein to the general government and from it have been carved Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, the eastern part (a small section) of Minnesota,

33

and the northwest corner of Pennsylvania. In the territory south of the Ohio river, Kentucky was taken from Virginia. To the remainder thereof, North CaroHna, South Carohna and Georgia preferred claims, but also adjusted them with the general government and therein Tennessee, Alabama and Mississippi were erected. In 1803 Louisiana, now compris- ing Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas (except as derived from Texas), Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota (west of the Mississippi), North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, a portion of Colorado and nearly all of Wyoming — nearly 1,000,- 000 square miles — was purchased from France. In 18 19 Florida was bought from Spain for ^^5,000,000 which included full extinction of the claims against her of certain American citizens. Texas, an independent state, was annexed in 184^5, a portion of her area being subsequently sold to the United States and now included in Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico. By the cession from Mexico in 1848, as a result of the war with that country, a vast region, since famous for and enormously profitable in its yield of mineral treasures and now resolved into California, Nevada, Utah, a large portion of Colorado, the lower part of Arizona, and a considerable part of New Mexico, was obtained. In 1853 the Gadsden purchase of the lower portions of Arizona and New Mexico was made from Mexico. In 1846 Oregon, including the present states of Oregon, Washington and Idaho, whose northern boundary, lonor in dispute with Great Britain but then adjusted, became incontestably an American possession. There were thirteen original states; thirty-three have since been admitted and the two territories. New Mexico and Arizona, soon will be.

Seven times has the Stars and Stripes flown triumphant in \var — six times against a foreign and once against a domestic foe. Each conflict has upheld the national honor and twice it has enlarged the national domain. In chronological order (omit- ting conflicts with Indian tribes) wars have occurred as follows: I. With Great Britain — 1775-83 — by which independence was won and the Republic assured. II. With France — 1 798-1 800 — by which French insults and outrages were avenged. War was not formally declared, but conflicts occurred on the ocean. III. With Tripoli — 1801-5 — by which the capture of American ships, the sale of their crews as slaves and payments for their release, were amply punished.

34

IV. With Great Britain — 1812-15 — because of British claims to search American ships and impress seamen there- from. The war lasted three years, and, although by it the United States acquired no territory and American grievances were not in terms settled by the treaty, there was no further disposition by Great Britain to affront the American flap;. V. With Mexico — 1846-48 — by which in return for ^15,000,000 and the assumption by the United States of the claims of American citizens against Mexico, that country ceded to it the territory already described.

VI. With the Confederate States — 1861-65. The differences between the Northern and Southern states were settled and the Stars and Stripes waved again over a united people.

VII.

Colors of Ninth U. S. Infantry (In camp at Tampa, Fla. during Spanish War)

With Spain — 1898 — by which Spain was expelled from the western world and large accessions were made to American territory — the Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, etc.

35

By means other than war the United States acquired Louisiana from France in 1803, Florida from Spain in 18 19, and Alaska from Russia in 1867, by purchase; Hawaii by its own appHcation in 1898 ; Tutuila, a Samoan island, by arrange- ment with Great Britain and Germany in 1899; and some small outlying Philippine islands in 1901. Sufficient has been said concerning Louisiana and Florida. In 1867 Alaska with its outlying islands was purchased from Russia for $j,20Ci,- 000, mainly through the efforts of William H. Seward, secre- tary of state. His estimate of the value, politically and com- mercially, of a region commonly assumed to consist only of treacherous bogs, glacial wastes and frozen streams, was regarded as a wild and fantastic dream. But Secretary Seward was enthusiastic in its behalf, pressed the measure and esteemed its adoption the crowning laurel of his long and distinguished public career. It may fairly be said that his expectations have been far more than realized and that the buying of Alaska has turned out to be one of the best bargains that one country ever made with another. Sweeping north far within the Arctic circle, its area is equal to that of one-fifth of all the states and organized territories of the Union, and, although there are extensive tracts uninhabitable, desolate and sterile, and dark- ness settles as a pall upon a portion of it through half the year, it is very rich in forests, fisheries, fur-bearing animals, and in precious metals is a real El Dorado. For the past decade, a copious stream of gold has issued from Alaska, the production for 1908 alone being $19,858,800. Even the climate of much of the country, modified as it is by the tepid current of the Kuro- Siwo (the Japanese Gulf Stream) is an agreeable one. The isothermal line of Sitka — 57 degrees north latitude — corre- sponds with that of Philadelphia — 40 degrees.

Negotiations for the annexation of Hawaii (the Sandwich islands), intimate relations with which had been established by American missionaries, merchants and residents, began as early as 1854, but were ended by the sudden death of the king. In 1876 a reciprocity treaty was made with Hawaii and continued many years. American influence be- came paramount. In 1893 a revolution occurred which humbled the monarchy and ended in another application for admission to the Union. Unacted upon by the Harrison ad- ministration, it was opposed by that of Cleveland, but approved by that of McKinley, the islands being given a territorial gov-

36

ernment and consti- tuted a customs dis- trict in 1897. Their importance, steadily increasing, need not be stated in detail. Midway between the Golden Gate and the Manila outpost, they sentinel our ships, provide coaling sta- tions, augment our commerce, and compel respect for our flag in the Pacific.

By a treaty ratified with the Republic of Panama, over which it holds a protectorate, the United States on the 15th of February 1904 became the owner of a strip of land known as the Canal Zone, five miles in width on either side of the canal now being built by our gov- ernment to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It is a stupendous undertaking, shortening the water route from New York to San Francisco by 8,400 miles, upon which over 40,000 men are now engaged and will cost about $500,000,- 000, ;$2 10,070,468 having been appropriated for it up to June 30, 1910. It is expected to be finished in 1915. Its com- mercial, national and international benefits are beyond com- putation. It is the latest and in many respects the grandest expansion of the dominion of the Stars and Stripes.

One more triumph of the flag is to be noted. It has not, indeed, enlarged its domain, but has signally exalted its pres- tige. After numerous expeditions by the explorers of various nations in search of the North Pole through 400 years, attended with much of pluck, adventure, sufl^ering and death, and uni- formly with disappointment, Robert E. Peary, a commander of the United States navy, at last, on the 6th of April 1909

President McKinley and Admiral Dewey

(At the ceremonies in front of the Capitol at Washington

on October 3, 1899 when the President presented to

the Admiral the sword voted by Congress)

11

reached the pole and fixed the Stars and Stripes in its icy crest. The goal so long and so vainly striven for was attained and by an American.

Although the close of the Spanish War is usually said to be the time when the United States became a world power, so called, such rank actually dates back to the Monroe Doc- trine, declared in 1823, and since maintained inflexibly, as Maximilian found to his undoing. It holds that European powers shall not be permitted to extend their systems to any part of the western hemisphere. And now the Stars and Stripes announces unmistakably that this nation is in the affairs of the world to stay.

The Stars and Stripes floated over a population of 84,907,- 156 according to the federal census of 1900, distributed as follows :

United States, proper, 75,994,575

Alaska, 63,592

Hawaii, 154,001

Philippines, 7,635,426

Porto Rico, 953>243

Guam, 9,000

Samoa, 6,100

Persons in military service outside continental

United States, 91,219

Total, 84,907,156

By estimates made by the governors of the states and territories for the year 1909 the population thereof was 89,770,- 126; and, with the island dependencies it seems probable that the entire population will reach 100,000,000 by the census of 1910. Only three countries, China, Great Britain and Russia, have a larger population than the United States. It is a population embracing all races and colors. In continental United States each of the four main races of the world is rep- resented in percentages as follows: white, or Caucasian, 87.9; negro, or African, 11.6; red, or Indian, 0.3; and yellow, or Mongolian, 0.2. Alaska is mainly Mongolian; the Philip- pines, substantially Malayans; Porto Rico, nearly all African. The invitation to immigration has been generous, with liberal naturalization provisions, and the response prompt and ample. The Stars and Stripes has welcomed all settlers here, those wishing to better their conditions by larger reward for their labor, or those fleeing from the oppressions of the Old World,

38

all but the Mongolians, who do not seem to be wanted here and whose number the law restricts. For many years Ger- mans, Irish and Scandinavians formed the bulk ot immigrants; but of late the larger proportion has been Russian and Italian. From 1822 until 1910 the immigrants into the United States aggregated 26,852,723. 691,901 arrived from Europe during 1908, Russia furnishing 156,71 1, and Italy, 123,503 ; and 40,524 came from Asia. Of the entire population in 1900, 34.3 per cent was w^holly or partially of foreign parentage. Thus far, while there have been some vexatious questions to consider in reference to the character of a small portion of immigrants, there has been no serious dijfficulty in assimilating the foreign element with American citizenship. It has dug our canals, built our railroads, cultivated our fields, driven our looms, helped to fight our battles, in no small degree participated in our politics, and has loyally accepted the dominion of our flag.

The Anglo-Saxon is still the prevailing strain in American nationality — in just what proportion it w^ere too subtle an analysis to determine, for there has been a constant commin- gling of stocks. But the Anglo-Saxon — the Puritan of New England and the Cavalier of Virginia — has been at the head of the procession as it has explored and settled the continent through 300 years, and still is in command.

It were a long story, impossible to tell in our allotted space, of the dominion of the flag in governmental expression; in enlightened institutions; in the written American constitu- tions; in the sovereignty both of the separate states and the Union, "distinct like , the billows yet one like the sea"; in wealth, in manufactures, in inventions, in science and in popular education, dazzling in their array. Their mere men- tion must here suffice. There is no reason to doubt that the dominion of the flag, which has been so powerful and so glorious in the past, will be equal to the call of the future, for the flag with all its triumphs in territorial settlement and expansion, in increasing population, in war and in peace, in all the arts of civilization, has its crowning triumph in the faith and love of the people.

Charles Elliott Fitch

39

102° Longitude <

GUAM Ceded by S

Courtesy of G, & C. Merriam Company, Publishers, Springfield, Mass

fi-om 92° Greenwich

WAKE I. Annejxcd

1899

MIDWAY I.

HAWAII, ^ 60 100 m Annexed 1898 Scale

From Webster's New International Dictionary of the Enjjlish Lanijuage

NEW YORK FLAG LAWS

Education Law, Article 27

Sec. 710. Purchase and display of -flag. It shall be the duty of the school authorities of every public school in the several cities and school districts of the state to purchase a United States flag, flag-stafi^ and the necessary appliances therefor, and to display such flag upon or near the public school building during school hours, and at such other times as such school authorities may direct.

Sec. 711. Rules atid regulations. The said school authori- ties shall establish rules and regulations for the proper custody, care, and display of the flag, and when the weather will not permit it to be otherwise displayed, it shall be placed con- spicuously in the principal room in the schoolhouse.

Sec. 712. Commissioner of education shall prepare pro- gram. I. It shall be the duty of the commissioner of educa- tion to prepare, for the use of the public schools of the state, a program providing for a salute to the flag and such other patriotic exercises as may be deemed by him to be expedient, under such regulations and instructions as may best meet the varied requirements of the diflerent grades in such schools.

2. It shall also be his duty to make special provision for the observance in the public schools of Lincoln's birthday, Washington's birthday. Memorial day and Flag day, and such other legal holidays of like character as may be hereafter desig- nated by law when the legislature makes an appropriation therefor.

Sec. 713. Military drill excluded. Nothing herein con- tained shall be construed to authorize military instruction or drill in the public schools during school hours.

Penal Law, Article 134 Sec 1425. 16. Any person, who in any manner, for exhibition or display, shall place or cause to be placed, any word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawing, or any adver- tisement, of any nature upon any flag, standard, color or ensign of the United States of America or state flag of this

43

state or ensign, shall expose or cause to be exposed to public view any such flag, standard, color or ensign, upon which after the first day of September, nineteen hundred and five, shall have been printed, painted or otherwise placed, or to which shall be attached, appended, affixed, or annexed, any word, figure, mark, picture, design, or drawing, or any adver- tisement of any nature, or who shall expose to public view, manufacture, sell, expose for sale, give away, or have in pos- session for sale, or to give away, or for use for any purpose, any article, or substance, being an article of merchandise, or a receptacle of merchandise or article or thing for carrying or transporting merchandise, upon which after the first day of September, nineteen hundred and five, shall have been printed, painted, attached, or otherwise placed, a representation of any such flag, standard, color or ensign, to advertise, call attention to, decorate, mark, or distinguish, the article or substance, on which so placed, or who shall publicly mutilate, deface, defile, or defy, trample upon, or cast contempt, either by words or act, upon any such flag, standard, color or ensign, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars or by imprisonment for not more than thirty days, or both, in the discretion of the court; and shall also forfeit a penalty of fifty dollars for each such off"ense, to be recovered with costs in a civil action, or suit, in any court having jurisdiction, and such action or suit may be brought by or in the name of any citizen of this State, and such penalty when collected less the reasonable cost and expense of action or suit and recovery to be certified by the district attorney of the county in which the off"ense is com- mitted shall be paid into the treasury of this State; and two or more penalties may be sued for and recovered in the same action or suit. The words, flag, standard, color or ensign, as used in this subdivision or section, shall include any flag, standard, color, ensign, or any picture or representation, of either thereof, made of any substance, or represented on any substance, and of any size, evidently purporting to be, either of, said flag, standard, color or ensign, of the United States of America, or a picture or a representation, of either thereof, upon which shall be shown the colors, the stars, and the stripes, in any number of either thereof, or by which the person seeing the same, without deliberation may believe the same to repre- sent the flag, colors, standard, or ensign of the United States

44

of America. The possession by any person, other than a pubhc officer, as such, of any such flag, standard, color or ensign, on which shall be anything made unlawful at any time by this section, or of any article or substance or thing on which shall be anything made unlawful at any time by this section shall be presumptive evidence that the same is in violation of this section, and was made, done or created after the first day of September, nineteen hundred and five, and that such flag, standard, color, ensign, or article, substance, or thing, did not exist on the first day of September, nineteen hundred and five.

Military Law, Article i

Sec. 19. Bureau of records of the war of the rebellion; completion and preservation of the records and relics; free inspection of the same and quarters in the capifol. I. The adjutant-general of the state shall establish and maintain as part of his office, a bureau of records of the war of the rebellion, in which all records in his office relating to such war, and relics shall be kept. He shall be the custodian of all such records, relics, colors, standards and battle flags of New York volunteers now the property of the state or in its possession, or which the state may hereafter acquire or become possessed of, and he shall appoint a chief of this bureau who shall hold office under his direction for six years.

2. The adjutant-general of the state by all reasonable ways and means, shall complete such records and gather from every available source such colors, standards and battle flags as were borne by New York State troops in the war of the rebellion, and such statistics and historical information and relics as may serve to perpetuate the memory and heroic deeds of the soldiers of the state, and keep and carefully preserve the same in such bureau.

3. He is authorized to request and accept from incor- porated associations of veterans of the different regiments, statements and information duly authenticated by them, descriptive of their colors, standards and battle flags, together with the number and class of arms of the regiment, the date and place of muster into the service of the state and also into the service of the United States, the period of service, and the date and place of muster out, the date of departure for the seat of war, the various battles and engagements and places

45

of service, including garrison duty, the time of joining brigades, corps and armies, with the time and nature of the service, and the names of colonels of such regiments, the names of those killed in action, including those who died of wounds, and the names of those who died of disease during their period of serv- ice. He is further authorized to ask the co-operation and assistance of the adjutant-general of the United States, and of

Battle Flags of New York Regiments

(Sixteen cases of these flags are exhibited in the Capitol at Albany. The cards attached to the flags give the names and engagements of the regiments)

46

the city, county and town authorities and officials, and of the Grand Army of the Repubhc, the Mihtary Order of the Loyal Legion, and of organizations and persons in the State of New ^ ork and elsewhere in the collection of such other informa- tion, relics, memorials and battle flags as is contemplated by this article, in order to make as complete as possible the records, history and statistics of the patriotic service of the volunteer soldiers of the state during the war of the rebellion.

4. The adjutant-general of the state is directed to cause to be transcribed and kept in books of record in such bureau the historical facts, information and statistics as provided above; and is authorized to determine a convenient size for the volumes in which such statistics and historical data may be bound, and to request veteran associations and others pro- posing to supply such historical data and information to furnish the same on printed or manuscript sheets of a uniform size to correspond with the size of such volumes.

5. He is further authorized to provide locked and sealed cases with glass fronts, as nearly air-tight as practicable, in which shall be kept and displayed the colors, standards and battle flags above mentioned, and receive placards in duplicate, which incorporated regimental veteran associations are privi- leged and empowered to furnish and upon which shall be inscribed synopses of the historical information and statistics herein provided to be furnished to such bureau by regimental veteran associations, or failing to receive such data and informa- tion from such veteran associations, for the preparation of such placards, he may utilize the authentic information which he may obtain from other sources, as herein provided, which placards shall be uniform in size and color and shall be attached to or conspicuously placed in proximity to the colors, standards and battle flags to which they refer. If any placard or inscrip- tion shall be lost, destroyed or removed, the adjutant-general of the state shall at once replace it by duplicate of the original on file.

The legislature shall annually make suitable appropriations to enable the adjutant-general of the state to carry out the provisions of this section.

6. The books, records and other property and relics deposited in such bureau shall be open to inspection and use, except the use of the colors, standards and battle flags, at such reasonable hours and under such regulations as the

47

adjutant-general of the state may determine. No battle flag, book or any property placed in such bureau for the purpose of this article, shall be removed therefrom, or from the imme- diate custody and control of the adjutant-general of the state without an act of the legislature.

7. The trustees of the capitol are authorized and directed to provide suitable and convenient quarters for the bureau of records whenever the adjutant-general of the state shall require

National and State Flags Flying F'rom the Capitol

and make demand therefor, and to properly fit up and prepare the same for the safe-keeping of such records, books and property, and for the display of such colors, standards, battle flags and relics which shall be known and maintained as the hall of military records. The several municipalities of the state may deposit their record books and papers relating to the war in the archives of the hall for safe-keeping, and trans-

48

cripts therefrom shall be furnished on appHcation by the chief officer ot the municipahty without cost to it. Officers or soldiers may deposit therein their discharge papers, descriptive lists, muster rolls or company or regimental books and papers for safe-keeping.

The interest arising from the investment of the funds contributed by towns, cities and individuals for the erection of a hall of military records shall be devoted to the maintenance of the hall of military records provided in this section.

Public Buildings Law, Article 2

Sf:c. 4. Poivers and duties of superintejident. The super- intendent shall :************** 5. Cause the flag of the United States and the state flag bearing the arms of the state, to be displayed upon the capitol building during the daily sessions of the legislature and on public occasions, and cause the necessary flag-staffs to be erected therefor. The necessary expenses incurred thereby shall be paid out of the treasury on the warrant of the comptroller.

Public Buildings Law, Article 6

Sec. 81. Display of foreign fags on public buildings. It shall not be lawful to display the flag or emblem of any foreign country upon any state, county or municipal building; pro- vided, however, that whenever any foreigner shall become the guest of the United States, the state or any city, upon public proclamation by the governor or mayor of such city, the flag of the country of which such public guest shall be a citizen may be displayed upon such public buildings.

Election Law, Article 5

Sec. 124. Emblems. When a party nomination is made by a state convention of a candidate or candidates to be voted for by the voters of the entire state, it shall be the duty of such convention to select some simple device or emblem to designate and distinguish the candidates of the political party making such nominations or nomination. * * * -i: ^\\q device or emblem chosen as aforesaid may be a star, an animal, an anchor, or any other appropriate symbol, but neither the coat of arms or seal of any state or of the United States, nor the state or national flag, nor any religious emblem or symbol, nor the portrait of any person, nor the representation of a

49

coin or of the currency of the United States shall be chosen as such distinguishing device or emblem.

State Law, Article 6

Sec. 70. Description of the arms of the state and the state flag. The device of arms of this state, as adopted March sixteenth, seventeen hundred and seventy-eight, is hereby declared to be correctly described as follows :

Charge. Azure, in a landscape, the sun in fess, rising in splendor or, behind a range of three mountains, the middle one the highest; in base a ship and sloop under sail, passing and about to meet on a river, bordered below by a grassy shore fringed with shrubs, all proper.

Crest. On a wreath azure and or, an American eagle proper, rising to the dexter from a two-thirds of a globe terres- trial, showing the north Atlantic ocean with outlines of its shores.

Supporters. On a quasi compartment formed by the extension of the scroll.

Dexter. The figure of Liberty proper, her hair disheveled and decorated with pearls, vested azure, sandaled gules, about the waist a cincture or fringed gules, a mantle of the last depending from the shoulders behind to the feet, in the dexter hand a staff ensigned with a Phrygian cap or, the sinister arm embowed, the hand supporting the shield at the dexter chief point, a royal crown by her sinister foot dejected.

Sinister. The figure of Justice proper, her hair disheveled and decorated with pearls, vested or, about the waist a cincture azure, fringed gules, sandaled and mantled as Liberty, bound about the eyes with a fillet proper, in the dexter hand a straight sword hiked or, erect, resting on the sinister chief point of the shield, the sinister arm embowed, holding before her her scales proper.

Motto. On a scroll below the shield argent, in sable, Excelsior.

State flag. The State flag is hereby declared to be blue, charged with the arms of the state in the colors as described in the blazon of this section.

Sec. 71. Painted devices of arms in certain public places. The device of arms of the state, corresponding to the blazon hereinbefore given, shall be painted in colors upon wood or

51

canvas, and hung upon the walls of the executive chamber, the court of appeals, the office of the secretary of state, and the senate and assembly chambers.

Sec. 72. Prohibition of other pictorial devices. No pic- torial devices other than the arms of the state shall be used in the public offices at the capitol for letter headings and envelopes used for official business. Persons printing and cir- culating public documents under the authority of the state, when they use a vignette, shall place upon the title pages of the documents the standard device of the state arms without alterations or additions.

Sec. 73. Great seal of the state. The secretary of state shall cause to be engraved upon metal two and one-half inches in diameter the device of arms of this state, accurately con- formed to the description thereof given in this article, sur- rounded with the legend, "The great seal of the state of New York." It alone shall be used as the great seal of the state, and the secretary of state shall have the custody thereof.

Sec. 74. U se of the great seal. All such matters as have issued under the great seal of the state since March sixteenth, seventeen hundred and seventy-eight, shall continue to be issued under such seal, except copies of papers and records certified by the secretary of state or his deputy and authenti- cated under his seal of office.

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52

SOME FAMOUS FLAGS

A NUMBER of American flags, either for their beauty or their association with some ilkistrious name or notable achievement, are historically famous. Some of these are revolutionary flags raised before the Stars and Stripes was made, while others are of the regulation pattern. Some are still preserved with religious care and on special occasions shown to the public. Allusion to a few of them will be made here.

Flag of the Bon Homme Richard

The most famous naval flag of the Revolution was that of the Bon Homme Richard, as its commander, John Paul Jones, was the first of the great American sea-fighters. Born in Scotland in 1747, and becoming a sailor at twelve years of age, he had seen much of romance and adventure on the seas, and was settled in Virginia when, in 1775, he was made a lieutenant in the Continental navy. He became a captain in 1776 and on June 14, 1777 he was given command of the Ranger, a small vessel carry- ing eighteen guns. On July 4 he is said to have hoisted the first Stars and Stripes that ever flew on an American man- of-war. In 1779 he trans- ferred the same flag to the Due de Duras, a rotten, condemned East Indiaman, on which he mounted forty guns of various caliber and renamed her, in honor of Benjamin Franklin, the Bon Homme Richard, with which he took many prizes in English waters. On the even- ing of September 23, accom- panied by two small vessels, courtesy of tlie Burrows Brothers company, Publishers,

1 All* 11 T> n Cleveland, Ohio

the Alliance and the r alias, From Averys History of the united states

and Its People

he fell in with a valuable piag of the Bon Homme Richard

Baltic convoy off Flamborough Head, protected by two British men-of-war, the Serapis and the Scarborough. The Serapis was a brand-new double-headed frigate carrying fifty guns. The Pallas attacked the Scarborough and after a brief engage- ment compelled her surrender, while the Alliance, by blundering tactics, did more harm than good. The grapple was between the Serapis and the Richard, and, notwithstand- ing the condition and equipment of his vessel, Jones fought one of the most desperate battles and won one of the most brilliant victories in naval annals. There was no let-up from beginning to end and the carnage was terrific. The better captain won, and the better ship lost. The Richard was riddled from stem to stern and was enveloped in flames and sinking, but Jones kept right on pouring broadsides into the Serapis. When his surrender was demanded, he replied, "I have not yet begun to fight," and after several hours of the bloodiest conflict it was the Serapis that hauled down her colors. All hands that were left were transferred to the Serapis, her crew were made prisoners, and the Richard was abandoned and went to her watery grave, the dead being left with her. But she went down "bows first" with her flag at the masthead. Of the two crews, nearly 700 in number, 350 were killed or wounded. As Paul Jones himself says, "the very last vestige mortal eyes ever saw of the Bon Homme Richard was the defiant waving of her unconquered and unstricken flag as she went down. And as I had given them the good old ship for their sepulchre, I now bequeathed to my immortal dead, the flag they had so desperately defended for their winding sheet." Was ever a finer tribute than this paid to the flag ? The flag in the National Museum, a cut of which appears on the pre- ceding page, was thought for a time to be the flag of the Bon Homme Richard, but it is now conceded that the original flag went down with the ship.

Flag of Philadelphia Light Horse The earliest use of stripes on an American flag, as already indicated, is believed to have been in 1775 on the banner of the Philadelphia Light Horse Troop. The banner was pre- sented to the troop by its first captain, Abram Markoe. It is made of bright yellow silk, and is forty inches long and thirty- four inches broad, with thirteen blue and silver stripes alter- nating in the canton. Over the crest, a horse's head, are the

54

letters "L. H.," Light Horse. An American Indian and an angel blowing a golden trumpet support the scroll under which appear the words, "For These We Strive." The troop was organized in 1774. When Washington left Philadelphia on

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Courtesy of The Burrows Brothers Ciuiinny, From Avery's History of the United

Publishers, Cleveland, Uhio states and Its People

Standard of the Philadelphia Light Horse Troop of 1775

June 23, 1775 to go to Cambridge to assume command of the Colonial army, he was escorted to New York by the troop, and it is believed that this banner was carried at that time. It is now carefully preserved by the First Troop, Philadelphia City Cavalry.

The Eutaw Flag The crimson standard, known as the Eutaw flag, tells a love story of the Revolutionary times. In 1780 Colonel William Augustine Washington, a relative of General Wash- ington, came from Virginia to South Carolina in command of a force of cavalry. He met and soon fell in love with Miss Jane Elliott, who lived near Charleston. Learning one day, when Colonel Washington was paying her a visit, that his corps had no flag. Miss Elliott seized her scissors and cut a square section from a piece of drapery and requested him to accept it as his standard. He readily accepted and bore this

55

simple banner upon a hickory pole until the close of the war. Colonel Washington and Miss Elliott were married in 1782. The Eutaw flag was carried at the battle of

C o w p e n s and at that of Eutaw Springs, where it got its name. The ban- ner was presented by Mrs Washington in 1827 ^^ ^h^ Washington Light Infantry of Charleston, and is still in the possession of that organization.

Pulaski's Banner

The Maryland His- torical Society carefully preserves at Baltimore the banner of Pulaski, which is reproduced on the opposite page. Our histories of the Revolution have not given much space to its romantic story. Count Casimir Pulaski was a true soldier of fortune. The son of a nobleman, he was born in Podalia, Poland, March 4, 1748. After having been known as the lead- ing Polish military patriot, and having been chosen commander- in-chief of the Polish forces, he found himself at the age of twenty-four outlawed, with his estates confiscated, and a price set upon his head. He went to Turkey and thence to France, and in 1777 upon the advice of Benjamin Franklin he joined the American army as a volunteer. He attracted Washington's attention, had a part in the battle of Germantown, and on September 15, 1777 was appointed commander of the cavalry with the rank of major-general. He resigned his command in March 1778, and was authorized by Congress to raise and organize a corps of "sixty-eight light horse and two hundred foot." This was known as Pulaski's Legion. The banner of the legion was made by the Moravian Single Sisters of Bethlehem, Pa. It is twenty inches square and was attached to a lance when borne on the field. On one side are the letters "U S" and, in a circle around them, the words

Courtesy of The Burrows Brothers Company, Publishers,

Cleveland. Ohio

From Avery's History of the Lrnited States and Its People

The Eutaw Standard

56

"Unitas Virtus Forcior," meaning "Union Makes Valor Stronger." The letter "c" in the last word should be "t." On the other side, surrounding an eye, are the words, "Non Alius Regit," meaning "No Other Governs." Pulaski carried this banner when he was ordered to South Carolina with his troops in 1779. On October 9, when the combined French and American forces attacked the British at Savannah, Pulaski • commanded the cavalry of both armies. A true soldier to the last, he received a mortal wound in this battle and died shortly after having been taken on board the United States brig Wasp. This brilliant Polish soldier, an exile from his own country, at the age of thirty-one was consigned to a watery grave in the new land for which he gave up his life. Paul Bentalon of Baltimore, one of Pulaski's captains, was with him when he fell. He secured the now famous banner and it subsequently passed into the possession of the Maryland Historical Society, where it now remains.

"Old Glory"

The Essex Institute at Salem, Massachusetts, has in its possession what is believed to be the first flag to receive the name Old Glory. Captain William Driver, who was born in Salem, March 17, 1803, is given credit for originating the title. In 1837 he removed to Nashville, Tennessee, where he died on March 2, 1886. In 1831 he commanded the brig Charles Doggett on the voyage in which the mutineers of the British ship Bounty were rescued and returned to Pitcairn island. Captain Driver was presented with the flag just before the brig sailed, and as it was hoisted it is said that he christened it Old Glory. He carried his cherished flag with him to his new home in Nashville and exhibited it upon many occasions. When the Civil War broke out, the Confederates tried to get possession of the flag, and searched his house for it. He sewed it up securely in his bed covers and it was not discovered. When the Federal troops entered Nashville on February 25, 1862 Captain Driver secured permission to raise his flag over the state capitol. It is said that he unfurled it from the flag-staft^ himself, and, with tears in his eyes, as it sw^ung free in the breeze remarked, "There, those Texas Rangers have been huntins; for that these six months without finding it, and thev knew I had it. I have always said if I could see it float over that capitol I should have lived long enough;

58

now Old Glory is up there, gentlemen, and I am ready to die." He gave the flag in 1882 to his niece, Mrs Harriet Ruth Cooke, and upon his death in 1886 she presented it to the Essex Institute, where it is now carefully preserved. Through the courtesy of the institute a half tone reproduc-

tion of the flag is shown below.

'Old Glory" 59

The Confederate Flags 60

THE CONFEDERATE FLAGS

THE Confederate States of America, during their re- volt from the Union, floated three different banners successively. The first, known as the "stars and bars," was adopted by the convention at Montgomery, March 4, 1861, the very day on which Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated president of the United States. It is thus described in the report of the committee which recommended its adoption :

The flag of the Confederate States of America shall consist of a red field, with a white space extending horizontally through the center, and equal in width to one-third the width of the flag; the red spaces above and below to be of the same width as the white. The union blue, extending down through the white space and stopping at the lower red space; in the center of the union, a circle of white stars corresponding in number (then seven) with the states of the Confederacy.

In the selection of this flag, so similar to that of the United States, and yet diff^ering sufficiently from it, as was assumed, to mark the distinction, it is evident that affec- tion for the Stars and Stripes carried away those who were arrayed against it. Indeed, the committee candidly acknowl- edged that something "was conceded to what seemed so strong and earnest a desire to retain at least a suggestion of the old stars and stripes." Events, however, showed that the resemblance was too pronounced and occasioned confusion and mistakes, and in battle it was almost wholly superseded by General Beauregard's battle flag, which was a red or crimson field, its bars blue, running diagonally across from one corner to the other, the stars, white or gold, the blue bars being separated from the red field by a white fillet. The need of a change became apparent, and was thus plainly stated in the Richmond Dispatch of December 7, 1861:

We knew the flag we had to fight; yet, instead of getting as far from it, we were guilty of getting as near to it as possible. We sought similarity, adopting a principle dramatically wrong. We made a flag as nearly like theirs as could only under favorable circumstances be distinguished from it. Under unfavorable circumstances (such as constantly occur in practice), the two flags are indistinguishable.

61

Thus, after much discussion, the second flag oi the Con- federacy was estabhshed by its Congress, May i, 1863:

The flaff of the Confederate States shall be as follows: The field to be white, the length double the width of the flag, with the union, now used as the battle flag, to be a square of two-thirds of the width of the flag, having the o-round red; therein a broad saltire (St Andrew's cross) of blue, bordered with white and emblazoned with white mullets or five-pointed stars, corre- sponding in number to that of the Confederate States.

The objections to this flag were that at a distance it bore a close resemblance to the British white ensign and also that it had the appearance of a flag of truce, and they seemed so valid that it was resolved to add a broad transverse strip of red to the end of the fly of the flag. So the third national ensign of the Confederacy was adopted by its Senate on February 4, 1865, and is thus officially described:

The width two-thirds of its length; with the union now used as a battle flag to be in width three-fifths of the width of the flag, and so proportioned as to leave the length of the field on the side of the union twice the width below it; to have a ground of red and broad blue saltire thereon, bordered with white, and emblazoned with mullets or five-pointed stars, corresponding in number to that of the Confederate States. The field to be white, except the outer half from the union, which shall be a red bar, extending the width of the flag.

This flag was short-lived. It hardly lived to be born. The Confederacy died at Appomatox, April 9, 1865, and with it the flag. Southern loyalty to the Republic was renewed and Southern love for the old flag was revived. The South vies with the North in the arts of peace and stands shoulder to shoulder with her in the conflict of arms. Now, for both, there is and ever will be one land, one government, one people and one flag — the Stars and Stripes.

THE BLUE AND THE GRAY By the flow of the inland river.

Whence the fleets ot iron have fled. Where the blades of the grave-grass quiver. Asleep are the ranks of the dead; — Under the sod and the dew.

Waiting the judgment day; — Under the one, the Blue; Under the other, the Gray.

These in the robings of glory.

Those in the gloom ot defeat. All with the battle-blood gory.

In the dusk of eternity meet; —

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Under the sod and the dew,

Waiting the judgment day; — Under the laurel, the Blue;

Under the willow, the Gray.

From the silence of sorrowful hours

The desolate mourners go. Lovingly laden with flowers

Alike for the friend and the foe; — Under the sod and the dew,

Waiting the judgment day; — Under the roses, the Blue; Under the lilies, the Gray.

So, with an equal splendor

The morning sun-rays fall. With a touch, impartially tender. On the blossoms blooming tor all; Under the sod and the dew,

Waiting the judgment day; — Broidered with gold, the Blue; Mellowed with gold, the Gray.

So, when the summer calleth, On forest and field ot grain W^ith an equal murmur falleth The cooling drip of the rain; — Under the sod and the dew,

Waiting the judgment day; — Wet with the rain, the Blue; Wet with the rain, the Gray.

Sadly, but not with upbraiding, The generous deed was done; In the storm of the years that are fading, No braver battle was won ; — Under the sod and the dew,

Waiting the judgment day; — Under the blossoms, the Blue; Under the garlands, the Gray.

No more shall the war-cry sever. Or the winding rivers be red; They banish our anger forever

When they laurel the graves of our dead! Under the sod and the dew.

Waiting the judgment day; — Love and tears for the Blue; Tears and love for the Gray.

Francis M. Finch

Judge in tfczu Tarh Court of Appeals, /SSo-gj 63

•JSMfe

THE SCHOOLHOUSE AND THE FLAG

Ye who love the Republic, remember the claim Ye owe to her fortunes, ye owe to her name, To her years of prosperity past and in store, — A hundred behind you, a thousand before!

The blue arch above us is Liberty's dome. The green fields beneath us Equality's home ; But the schoolroom today is Humanity's friend, — Let the people the flag and the schoolroom defend!

'Tts the schoolhouse that stands by tlie flag; Let the nation stand by the school / 'Tis the school bell that rings for our Liberty old, 'Tis the school boy whose ballot shall rule.

Frank Treat Southwick

64

THE FLAG AND THE SCHOOLS

THE custom of raising the Stars and Stripes over the schoolhouses of the land, especially at critical periods in the history of the nation, as an inspiration to the children of America, dates back nearly a century. The first authenticated history of such a ceremony is that at Catamount Hill, Colrain, Massachusetts in May 1812. A monument with a suitable inscription commemorative of the event has been placed upon the site of the log schoolhouse at Cata- mount. The custom grew with the years and at the breaking out of the Civil War became general in the Northern States. There are several claimants for the honor of raising; the first schoolhouse flag in 1861 and among these are Winchester and Hillsboro Center, New Hampshire, and Lawrence, New Bed- ford and Groveland, Massachusetts. Since the Civil War the custom has been resolved in many states into law. In 1867 flags were raised over the public schools in New York city. Later came an enthusiastic movement in which edu- cators, lawmakers and patriotic citizens gener- ally took part, for com- pelling the exhibition of the flag at or on school- houses, and still later one in favor of the ob- servance of patriotic exercises in the schools on the 14th of June — Flag day. The follow- ing statutes with these objects in view have been passed by various states. The chronolog- ical order will show the national scope of these laws, and it will not be long before every state

in the Union will fly Monument at Catamount Hill

65

the Stars and Stripes over its schoolhouses and seminaries of learning and June 14 will be a festal occasion, if not a prescribed holiday, all over the land.

North Dakota : School boards may purchase United States flags to place on or in buildings. March 18, 1890.

New Jersey: School boards may purchase United States flags to place on or in buildings. May 5, 1890. United States flag must be displayed on schoolhouses. April 4, 1894. Flag day, June 14, to be observed in schools. April 1907.

Colorado: United States flag must be displayed on school- houses. March 26, 1 89 1.

Connecticut: United States flag must be displayed on schoolhouses. June 14, 1893.

Delaware: United States flag must be displayed on school- houses. January 31, 1895.

Montana : School authorities shall purchase and display during school hours and at other times the United States flag. February 26, 1895.

Wisconsin: United States flag must be displayed on school- houses. March 29, 1895.

Massachusetts : United States flag must be displayed on schoolhouses. April 3, 1895.

New York: United States flag must be displayed on school- houses. April 3, 1895.

Authorities to have United States flag displayed upon or near every public school during school hours; State Commissioner of Education to provide program for salute to flag, other patriotic exercises and observance of holidays (including Flag day). April 22, 1898.

Michigan: United States flag must be displayed on school- houses. April 4, 1895. Designating June 14 as Flag day. May 4, 1901.

Illinois : United States flag must be displayed on school- houses. June 26, 1895.

Flag to be placed on schoolhouses on such days as directors may determine. June 2, 1897.

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Ohio : United States flag must be displayed on school- houses. March 25, 1896.

Pennsylvania : School authorities may purchase United States flags and display at discretion. July 9, 1897.

Rhode Island : United States flag to be displayed on public school buildings; school committees to regulate time; February 12 to be Grand Army Flag day; commis- sioner of public schools to prepare program. February 21, 1 90 1.

West Virginia : Boards of education may provide for and require display of United States flag over schoolhouses. February 22, 1901.

Wyoming: School district trustees to place United States flags on schoolhouses. February 23, 1903.

New Hampshire: School boards to purchase flags for schoolhouses at city or town expense not exceeding ^10 apiece. March 3, 1903.

Arizona : United States flag to be provided for each school building; superintendent of public instruction to pre- pare patriotic programs for holidays (including Flag day). March 13, 1903.

Idaho: Schools to be provided with flags. March 10, 1903. Amending act of 1899.

New Mexico : Public schools to own and display United States flag; February 12 to be celebrated as Flag day; daily flag salute. March 10, 1905.

Oklahoma : Misdemeanor for city board of education or school district board not to display United States flag in schoolhouse. March 10, 1905.

Oregon : Requiring display of United States flag on school buildings in clement weather during school hours. February 16, 1907.

Kansas: United States flag to be displayed at public schools; flag exercises daily and observance of holidays. March 6, 1907.

Utah : American flag to be displayed on schoolhouses on legal holidays, February 12 and Flag day. March II, 1907.

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Indiana : School trustees to accept donation for United States flag to be displayed on holidays. March 12,

1907.

California: School authorities to provide flags to be raised over schoolhouses during sessions; smaller flags for class rooms. March 15, 1907.

Maine: Municipalities to furnish all schools with flags. March 28, 1907.

Tennessee: Requiring display of United States flag on school buildings in counties of 70,000 to 90,000. April 15, 1907.

Vermont: Requiring display of United States flag on premises of school when in session. December 2, 1908.

Salute to the Flag for Schools

The American Flag Association, which was organized in New" York city in 1897, is a society of individual members, and also a union of flag committees of the patriotic societies of the United States. The object of the association may be stated to be "the fostering of public sentiment in favor of honoring the flag of our country, and preserving it from desecration, and of initiating and forwarding legal meas- ures to prevent such desecration." The object is one to which all patriotic citizens can subscribe. The association has already circulated widely its suggested salute to the flag for schools. This salute is not prescribed by the Education Department; but is printed below for the information of school officers and teachers and its use when practicable is recommended.

At a given hour in the morning, the pupils are assembled and in their places in the school. A signal is given by the principal of the school. Every pupil rises in his place. The flag is brought forward to the principal or teacher. While it is being brought forward from the door to the stand of the principal or teacher, every pupil gives the flag the military salute, which is as follows :

The right hand uplifted, palm upward, to a line with the forehead close to it. While thus standing with palm upward and in the attitude of salute, all the pupils repeat together slowly and distinctly the following pledge :

68

I pledge allegiance to my flag and to the Republic for which

it stands, One nation indivisible, with Hberty and justice tor all.

At the words, as pronounced in this pledge, "to my flag," each one extends the right hand gracefully, palm upward, toward the flag until the end of the pledge aflEirmation. Then all hands drop to the side. The pupils, still standing, all sing together in unison the song America.

In the primary departments, where the children are very small they are taught to repeat this, instead of the pledge as given for the older children :

I give my head and my heart to God and my Country, One Country, one Language, one Flag.

In some schools, the salute is given in silence, as an act of reverence, unaccompanied by any pledge. At a signal, as the flag reaches its station, the right hand raised palm down- ward, to a horizontal position against the forehead, and held there until the flag is dipped and returned to a vertical position. Then, at the second signal, the hand is dropped to the side and the pupil takes his seat.

The silent salute conforms very closely to the military and naval salute to the flag.

Principals may adopt the "silent salute" for a daily exer- cise and the "pledge salute" for special occasions.

Flag Day Exercises for the grades

A suggested program for the grades, prepared by Miss Clara Walker, Principal School No. 1 6, Albany, New York.

1. Chorus — America.

2. Exercise — The Flag of Our Country.

TWENTY fourth GRADE PUPILS

One pupil leads, carrying large American flag, and takes his place on platform at extreme right. Nineteen children follow, each carry- ing a large white letter. It is suggested that the letters forming the words of the title be mounted on alternate red and blue shields, as THE on red, FLAG on blue, etc. The pupil bearing the first letter stands opposite the leader at extreme left, the others standing so that the words may be easily read. Each pupil recites one line, except the nineteenth, who recites two lines.

69

There is our country's banner Held by a loyal hand; Each heart holds it in honor

Floating o'er all the land. Love it we shall forever, And as we older grow. Great hope be ours that never

Our nation's blood shall flow. From ocean vast to ocean

O, may men ever be United in its devotion, Reliant, safe, and free.

Colors, crimson, blue and white, Of these our flag is made; Unfurled, floating in the light Ne'er will its glory fade. Those white stars on field of blue Reveal the Union strong, Yea, patient, stanch, sturdy, true. In making right, in breaking wrong.

Leader with flag steps forward to center of the platform. At signal the school rises and in concert gives the oath of allegiance to the flag. (Page 69.)

3. Chorus — O, Starry Flag of Union, Hail. (Page 85.)

4. Declamation — The American Flag, by H. W. Beecher.

(Page 82.)

SIXTH GRADE BOY

5. Recitation — Captain Molly at Monmouth. (Page 98.)

FIFTH GRADE GIRL

6. Chorus — Oh, Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean. (Page

94-)

7. Tableau — Making the Flag.

THREE BOYS AND TWO GIRLS FROM SEVENTH GRADE

The boys represent General Washington, Robert Morris and George Ross, standing, while one girl, Betsy Ross, is seated, sewing

70

on a flag. Very simple costumes will answer for this tableau. The second girl, in ordinary dress, recites The Banner Betsy Made.

8. Song — There are Many Flags.

FIRST YEAR CLASS

Each pupil carries a small flag which is held upright during the singing of the verses, and waved above the head while the chorus is being sung.

g. Recitation — The Name of Old Glory. (Page 96.)

EIGHTH YEAR GIRL

10. Chorus — The Schoolhouse and the Flag. (Page 64.)

11. Recitation — A Song for Flag Day. (Page 95.)

THIRD YEAR BOY

12. Concert Recitation — God Save the Flag. (Page 96.)

ten third grade pupils

13. Chorus — The Flag Goes By. (Page 95.)

14. Evolution of the American Flag.

seven eighth grade boys

Each boy carries the flag indicated by his description. It will add interest to this exercise if the girls of the class make the flags in their manual training class. Cheesecloth will serve the purpose. The boys may make the dowels and mount the banners.

First Boy — This is St George's cross which was planted at Labrador by Cabot in 1497, to proclaim England's possessive right to the land. It was the first English flag unfurled in America.

Second Boy — I bear the banner that first floated over the perma- nent settlements in America. This flag was known as the King's Colors, and was made by combining the white cross of St Andrew and the red cross of St George, when England and Scotland were united after centuries of war. It is believed by many historians that the ship that brought over the Jamestown colonists in 1607, and also the good ship Mayflower in 1620, carried both the cross of St George and the King's Colors.

Third Boy — The Pine Tree Flag of New England, as well as the Liberty Flag and the Rattlesnake Flag displayed the beginning of an independent spirit among the American colonists.

Fourth Boy — The first flag of American independence was unfurled over Washington's headquarters at Cambridge in January 1776. It was adopted by the Continental Congress, and consisted of thirteen stripes, representing the thirteen united colonies, and

71

retained the King's Colors as evidence that the colonists still considered themselves Englishmen.

Fifth Boy — This flag must thrill every heart as we realize that our fathers, assembled in Congress, June 14, 1777, nearly a year after the Declaration of Independence vi^as passed, adopted this design of thirteen stripes and thirteen stars to show to all the nations on earth the right of the new-born nation to a place among them.

Sixth Boy — Although Vermont was admitted into the Union in 1 791 and Kentucky in 1792, no change was made in the flag until July 4, 1795, when by act of Congress two stripes and two stars were added. In a few years it became evident that it would be im- possible to continue to add a star and a stripe for each new State. In 18 18, there then being twenty States, Congress enacted a law mak- ing the flag of the United States thirteen alternate red and white horizontal stripes, and providing that one star be added to the union of the field upon the admission of each new state.

Seventh Boy — Our country's flag! Proudest emblem of our nation's life! America's heroes lifted it high over Fort Stanwix, Saratoga, Monmouth, Stony Point, Yorktown, Gettysburg, Vicks- burg, Richmond, San Juan and Manila. It has been carried to the North Pole by American hands. Wherever it goes, may it forever carry peace and prosperity.

15. Semichorus — Our Flag High Above. (Page 99.)

SEVENTH AND EIGHTH GRADES

16. Solo and Chorus — Star Spangled Banner. (Page 86.)

solo by sexth grade boy

17. Flag Drill.

twenty-six second grade pupils

M Rliia	Rpd	M
1.	Whi tp	L
K	Rpd	K
T	Whitp	J
T	Red	T
H	WhitP	H
Cy	Red	G
t	Whitp	F
r	Rpd	E
D	Whitp	n
C	RpH	c
R	WhiTP	R
A	Rp^	A

This may be given by equal numbers of boys and girls, or in couples to suit the personnel of the class. Couple A A are the smallest,

72

M M the largest. The diagram will explain the arrangement as it appears at the final figure in the formation of the flag. Strips of cheesecloth of suitable length to make the desired width of the flag, are used. The ends of the strips are pinned to the shoulders of A A, B B, etc. Couples join hands in center of strip and hold it from the floor during the march. Beginning with G G the strips must be of two colors sewed together: G G has red and blue, H H has white and blue, etc. White paper stars pasted on the blue will enhance the eff"ect. Children enter stage in couples, A A, B B, etc., in order. March for- ward, turn to left, march to back, down center. A A turn to right, B B to left, C C to right, D D to left, etc. Meeting at center back, couples fall into first position, B B following A A, etc. Down center, separate as before, come forward from center back in double couples, with space between E E F F and stand marking time.

C C D D

A A B B

The odd couple M M advance through space between the lines; one turns to right, one to left, winding in and out between couples until they reach position at back. The two columns move forward, A A turning to the left, B B to right, C C to left, etc., until they reach center back, when they fall into first position. Couples separate length of streamer, thereby showing flag in position. Close up ranks and march off in couples.

1 8. Chorus — My Own United States.

For High Schools

A suggested piogram for high schools prepared by Supt. F. D. Boynton,

Ithaca, New York.

Chorus — The Star Spangled Banner Key

Declamation — The Stars and Stripes .... Sumtzer Essay — The Evolution of the American Flag.

Recitation — The American Flag Drake

Chorus — Battle Hymn of the Republic .... Howe

Essay — What the Flag Stands For.

Declamation — The Man without a Country . . Hale

Chorus — Hail Columbia Hopkinson

Recitation — The Blue and the Gray Finch

Declamation — Gettysburg Speech Lincoln

Chorus — Tenting on the Old Camp Ground . . Smith Essay — Explanation of famous sayings on page 79. Salute to the Flag by the school. Chorus — America Smith

73

I

2

3

4

5-

6.

7 8

9 10

II

12

13 14

How TO Make a Flag

Prepared by Miss Grace C. Parsons, instructor in sewing and drawing, Vocational School, Albany, New York.

I. She. 9' 9" X 6' 6".

This particular size is suggested for convenience of measurements. The proportions, however, are close to those prescribed by United States Armv regulations.

II. Material.

8 yards of red bunting. 3^ yards of blue bunting. 8 yards of white bunting.

1 yard of canvas.

i^ yards of stout muslin.

2 harness rings.

2 spools of white thread, no. 6o.

III. The Plan.

The planning of the flag can be done as a class lesson — a drawing made by each pupil.

The field of the union should be 3' 9" x 3' 6'\ the stripes 6" wide, and the canvas binding at back 2^" wide, when fin- ished (see diagram I).

The forty-six stars are arranged in six rows, eight in the

-3-3-

vo

^•^

**•• • • ^ I

*	-1-	-\~	-\-	--	^	-H	-1-
1	r -	- -	- -	- -	- -	-	-
4-	+	1-	+-	4-	+	t	-h
+	-+	4-	4-	■+	+	4	+
		■	-	■	-	-	-
+	■+-	-f-	-t-	+■	-t-	\-	-f

(3)

first, seven in the second, eight in the next two, seven in the

next, and eight in the last (see diagram I).

The arrangement of stars will be according to diagram II. The length of the blue field can be divided into eighths and the depth into sixths. This makes forty-eight ob- longs. The rows having eight stars will have the stars placed in center of oblong, those hav- ing seven stars, the center of star placed on line (see diagram II). Two rings \" in diameter

are placed in the canvas strip \" from the end.

IV. The Star.

The class can then make the pattern for a five-pointed star. The geometric problem of constructing a pentagon within a circle is the one involved.

Draw a 4" circle. Draw the horizontal and vertical diameters A B and C D. Make the point of intersec- tion E. Bisect E B and mark the point of intersection F. With F as center and C F as radius, transcribe an arc cutting A E. Mark point of intersection G. With G C as radius and C as center, describe two arcs on either side of C cutting circumference at H and J. With H and J as centers and same radius de- scribe tw^o more arcs, cutting circumference at K and L. Connecting points on cir- cumference gives pentagon. Connect C K and C L, J L and J H, and H K. This w^ill give the five-pointed star. Cut this out for pattern (see diagram III).

A star may be cut quickly by folding as in diagram IV.

V. Computing Amount of

Material and Cost. After the drawing has been made and the stars cut,

75

the class can compute the amount of material necessary and the cost.

The bunting comes one yard wide.

Let the pupils find the number of stripes of red and of white that can be cut from one width of goods. One-half inch must be allowed for seams, and one inch for hem at end of flag. Plan to have the two outside red stripes selvage.

Compute amount of blue needed. It will probably be necessary to have a seam lengthwise through the middle of the blue field.

Then figure the amount of muslin for ninety-two stars like pattern and the amount of canvas for binding.

The flag should be enforced at each back corner where the rings are placed, by an extra piece of bunting {6" x j") stitched flat like a patch. This will come on the blue field and on the lowest red stripe.

VI. The Making.

The two pieces which strengthen the corners where the rings are placed should be stitched down first.

The seams are felled and made as narrow as possible (tV finished). They should be carefully basted and stitched on a machine.

The blue field can be divided up in sections as planned on drawing (diagram II). This can be marked out by stretch- ing a chalked cord at opposite division points and snapping it down on cloth.

To mark the centers make a pattern of one oblong and punch a small hole in center. Lay pattern on each oblong of cloth and chalk center.

Cf) O/^oouvS rei/er^e of (§) Cut on dolfcol J/ne. at CI)

76

Each star can be overcast with a shallow but close stitch before sewing to field. It can then be basted on one side of

the field, then on the opposite side, and finally stitched to the blue. The stitching should be from point to point through the center as in diagram V.

In seaming the blue field to the stripes, seam across the flag first, then down the length in one seam.

Stitch hem on end of flag with three rows of stitching and canvas binding at back with two rows. The harness rings can be laid on canvas an inch from the end and marked for inside circle — the goods cut from center of circle to mark in three or four places, turned back on ring and buttonholed over with stout linen thread (see diagram VI). The work can be divided up as it seems feasible. A group of girls can sew the stripes together — another group can baste the stars on while a third group is overcasting the edges of the stars.

FROM THE LAY OF THE LAST MINSTREL

Breathes there the man, with soul so dead, Who never to himself hath said,

This is my own, my native land! Whose heart hath ne'er within hmi hurn'd, As home his footsteps he hath turn'd,

From wandering on a foreign strand! If such there breathe, go, mark him well; For him no minstrel raptures swell; High though his titles, proud his name. Boundless his wealth as wish can claim; Despite those titles, power, and pelf, The wretch, concentred all in self, Living, shall forfeit fair renown. And, doubly dying, shall go down To the vile dust, from whence he sprung. Unwept, unhonour'd, and unsung.

Sir Walter Scott

11

IN DEFENSE OF FLAG AND COUNTRY Don't give up the ship. Capt. James Lawrence

Sink or swim, Hve or die, survive or perish, I give my heart and my hand to this vote. John Adams

A star for every state, and a state for every star.

Robert Charles Winthrop

See, there is Jackson, standing Hke a stone wall.

Bernard E. Bee

I propose to hght it out on this line if it takes all summer.

Ulysses S. Grant

We have met the enemy, and they are ours.

Oliver Hazard Perry

A little more grape, Captain Bragg.

General Zachary Taylor

I am not worth purchasing, but such as I am, the king of England is not rich enough to buy me.

General Joseph Reed

I know not what course others may take; but, as for me, give me liberty or give me death. Patrick Henry

I have not yet begun to fight. Paul Jones

There they are, boys ; we must beat them today, or this night Molly Stark's a widow. Colonel John Stark

Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute.

Charles C. Pinckney

ril try, sir. Colonel James Miller

If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot. General John A. Dix

I regret that I ha\e but one life to give to my country.

Nathan Hale

79

The Story of a New York Boy

EVERY boy and girl ought to know the story of Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth, a New York boy whose death in defense of the flag at Alexandria, Virginia, on May 24, 1861, was a tragic incident in the beginning of the Civil War. He was born at Mechanicville, New York, on April 23, 1837. His parents were poor and he was early thrown on his own resources. As a mere boy he drifted to Troy and then to New York, where he worked at whatever he could find to do. Always passionately fond of military tactics, he spent much time in New York watching the drill of the Seventh Regiment and in perfecting himself in the manual of arms. At the age of twenty-two we find him a student in a law office in Chicago, going hungry many times and sleeping on the floor of the office. He became an expert fencer and soon was captain of a company of young men known as the Chicago Zouaves. Drilling his company to perfection, he challenged the militia companies of the United States and made a successful tour of the country in the summer of i860, surpassing many of the crack companies in eastern cities. At the age of twenty-three he went back to Chicago one of the most talked of men in the country. Soon thereafter he entered the law office of Abraham Lincoln at Springfield, and while making speeches in support of Lincoln's candidacy for the presidency, he was dreaming of a national bureau of militia, and more, he was making definite, rational plans to that end. He accompanied the president- elect to Washington, and Lincoln made him a lieutenant in the army. When the war broke out he went to New York and organized the New York Zouaves, a regiment of 1,100 men, and early in May 1861 brought his regiment to Wash- ington. On the evening of May 23 he was ordered with his regiment to occupy the town of Alexandria, Virginia. This he did at dawn the following morning without resistance. On his way with a squad of Zouaves to take possession of the telegraph office he caught sight of a Confederate flag floating from the summit of the Marshall House. Accompanied by four soldiers he rushed into the hotel, up the stairs to the roof, and tore down the flag. Coming down the stairs he was met by the hotel-keeper and shot dead. The uniform he wore, the sword he carried, and the Confederate flag he tore down are now displayed in the capitol at Albany and are reproduced on the opposite page. A monument at Mechanicville marks

80

the last resting place of this brilliant young New York soldier, who gave up his life at the very beginning of a great civil war which was to purge the country of its greatest evil and more firmly establish the flag of the Union.

The American Flag

A THOUGHTFUL mind, when it sees a nation's flag, sees not the flag only, but the nation itself; and what- ever may be its symbols, its insignia, he reads chiefly in the flag the government, the principles, the truth, the history, which belong to the nation that sets it forth.

When the French tricolor rolls out to the wind, we see France. When the new-found Italian flag is unfurled, we see resurrected Italy. When the other three-cornered Hungarian flag shall be lifted to the wind, we shall see in it the long-buried but never dead principles of Hungarian liberty. When the united crosses of St Andrew and St George, on a fiery ground, set forth the banner of Old England, we see not the cloth merely; there rises up before the mind the noble aspect of that monarchy, which, more than any other on the globe, has advanced its banner for liberty, law, and national prosperity.

This nation has a banner, too; and wherever it streamed abroad, men saw daybreak bursting on their eyes, for the American flag has been the symbol of liberty, and men rejoiced in it. Not another flag on the globe had such an errand, or went forth upon the sea, carrying everywhere the glorious tidings.

The stars upon it were to the pining nations like the morn- ing stars of God, and the stripes upon it were beams of morning light.

As at early dawn the stars stand first, and then it grows light, and then as the sun advances, that light breaks into banks and streaming lines of color, the glowing red and intense white striving together and ribbing the horizon with bars eff^ulgent, so on the American flag, stars and beams of many- colored light shine out together. And wherever the flag comes, and men behold it, they see in its sacred emblazonry no rampant lion and fierce eagle, but only LIGHT, and every fold significant of liberty.

The history of this banner is all on one side. Under it rode Washington and his armies; before it Burgoyne laid down his arms. It waved on the highlands at West Point;

82

it floated over old Fort Montgomery. When Arnold would have surrendered these valuable fortresses and precious legacies, his night was turned into day, and his treach- ery was driven away, by the beams of light from this starry banner.

It cheered our army, driven from New York, in their solitary pilgrimage through New Jersey. It streamed in light over Valley Forge and Morristown. It crossed the waters rolling with ice at Trenton; and when its stars gleamed in the cold morning with victory, a new day of hope dawned on the despondency of the nation. And when, at length, the long years of war were drawing to a close, underneath the folds of this immortal banner sat Washington, while Yorktown sur- rendered its hosts, and our Revolutionary struggles ended with victory.

Let us then twine each thread of the glorious tissue of our country's flag about our heartstrings; and looking upon our homes and catching the spirit that breathes upon us from the battle-fields of our fathers, let us resolve, come weal or woe, we will, in life and in death, now and forever, stand by the stars and stripes. They have been unfurled from the snows of Canada to the plains of New Orleans, in the halls of the Montezumas and amid the solitude of every sea; and every- where, as the luminous symbol of resistless and beneficent power, they have led the brave to victory and to glory. They have floated over our cradles; let it be our prayer and our struggle that they shall float over our graves.

Henry Ward Beecher

Reply to the Mayor of New York City

February 20, 1861

THERE is nothing that could ever bring me to consent — willingly to consent — to the destruction of this Union (in which not only the great city of New York, but the whole country, has acquired its greatness), unless it would be the thing for which the Union itself was made. I understand that the ship is made for the carrying and preservation ot the cargo; and so long as the ship is safe with the cargo, it shall not be abandoned. This Union shall never be abandoned, unless the possibility of its existence shall cease to exist without the necessity of throwing passengers and cargo overboard.

Abraham Lincoln

83

The Star Spangled Banner

THE Star Spangled Banner! Was ever flag so beautiful, did ever flag so fill the souls of men ? The love of woman ; the sense of duty; the thirst for glory; the heart-throbbing that impels the humblest American to stand by his colors, fearless in the defense of his native soil, and holding it sweet to die for it— the yearning which draws him to it when exiled from it— its free institutions and its blessed memories, all are embodied and symbolized by the broad stripes and bright stars of the nation's emblem, all live again in the lines and tones of Key's anthem. Two or three began the song, millions join in the chorus. They are singing it in Porto Rican trenches and on the ramparts of Santiago, and its echoes, borne upon the wings of morning, come rolling back from far away Manila; the soldier's message to the soldier; the hero's shibboleth in battle; the patriot's solace in death! Even to the lazy sons of peace who lag at home— the pleasure-seekers whose merry- making turns the night to day— those stirring strains come as a sudden trumpet-call, and, above the sounds of revelry, subjugated for the moment to a stronger power, rises wave upon wave of melodious resonance, the idler's aimless but heartfelt tribute to his country and his country's flag.

Henry Watterson

WHEN my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time the sun in heaven, may I not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious Union ; on states dissevered, discordant, belligerent; on a land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in fraternal blood! Let their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the gorgeous ensign of the Republic, now known and honored Throughout the earth, still full high advanced, its arms and trophies streaming in their original luster, not a stripe erased or polluted, nor a single star obscured, bearing for its motto no such miserable interrogatory as "What is all this worth ? nor those other words of delusion and folly, "Liberty first and Union afterwards"; but everywhere, spread over all in charac- ters of living light, blazing on all its ample folds, as they float over the sea and over the land, and in every wind under the whole heavens, that other sentiment, dear to every true Ameri- can heart— Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable! ' Daniel Webster

84

Our Flag

THERE is the national flag! He must be cold, indeed, who can look upon its folds, rippling in the breeze, with- out pride of country. If he be in a foreign land the flag is companionship and country itself, with all its endearments. Who, as he sees it, can think of a state merely ? Whose eye, once fastened on its radiant trophies, can fail to recognize the image of the whole nation .? It has been called a "floating piece of poetry"; and yet I know not if it has any intrinsic beauty beyond other ensigns. Its highest beauty is in what it symbolizes. It is because it represents all, that all gaze at it with delight and reverence. It is a piece of bunting lifted in the air; but it speaks sublimely, and every part has a voice. Its stripes, of alternate red and white, proclaim the original union of thirteen states to maintain the Declaration of Inde- pendence. Its stars, white on a field of blue, proclaim that union of states constituting our national constellation, which receives a new star with every new state. The two, together, signify union, past and present. The very colors have a lan- guage, which was ofiicially recognized by our fathers. White is for purity, red for valor, blue for justice ; and all together — bunting, stripes, stars, and colors blazing in the sky — make the flag of our country, to be cherished by all of our hearts, to be upheld by all of our hands. Charles Sumner

O STARRY FLAG OF UNION, HAIL!

O starry flag of Union, hail!

Now wave thy silken folds on high. The gentle breeze that stirs each sail

Proclaims a broad dear freedom nigh.

Who dares haul down from mast or tow'r,

Yon emblem of Columbia's pride, His life holds light in that dread hour,

Since brave men for that flag have died.

We raise no hand for strife or war,

We plead for peace for ev'ry land; But love we always each bright star,

Each color, stripe, and rain-bow strand.

Blue field, thy stars for ev'rv state;

Thy crimson stripes, thx peerless ivlitte. Wave now o'er us, ivhtle our chorus

Swells our watchword, God and Right I

Charles W. Johnson

85

^^^^^■■m III! ■ lllllll II '■

TJEI filVCE

Tlie einifif'd soni'vai-i-ompoi-"! '«i3<Ttli-

*eli UjiUnn.rc, ill » lljg uf Ii>1';k forlV» iJ-i post of (ji-'iiii-f reie«s«i ffom tlie biii;';i rt'- i a friend of hi, who had bpen csjiUireii s'- M-n i- bormigh. — He WenU< far as llie mnuih of Cie i ?nlmenl, anJ wm not permitteil to return let! the iiiiendeii auac-k oa hallimore should hr dSclosed He was therefore brought op ihe Bay to the mouiln of the I'lHiijiiico, wh. re lb ■ flag vessel w«» kept under (be guns of a fri- gate, and he was compelled to witiices the bombardment o1 Fort M 'Henry, which the AUmiral had boasted that he would cai^ry in i (ev hours, and that the city must fall He watched the Hag at the fort through Ihe whnlo day with an anxiety that can be better felt than described, until the nighi prevented him from seeing it. In the ni»,hl lie wuiched the Bomb Shells, and at earl) dawn hi" eye w js k^ain greeted by the prcudly wiving Hag of hi» country.

7'Kne— A.NACRBOM IS UsaVES. O! My can yuu see by the dawn's early light. What «o proiiJiy we hiiled at the (wiiighl's

last gleaming, Whose broad stripcjand bright «lars through

lUe perilous hf^bt. O'er 'he rampirts we watch'dj were JOgal-

lant'y streaming!' And the lluf keu' red glare, the Bombs burst- ing in air, Oave proof throagh th< night, that our I'lag

was fttiU tliere j O '. «ay does that «tar-<pangl*d Banner yet

wave. O'er Uk Land of tbe free, and the borne cf

th« brave?

On the tbore dimly leen throagh the mitts of the deep,

' IVbere the foe's hanghty'host in dread >i- lence repofle.,,

Wliat is that which the breeae, o'er the tow- ering steep, As it fitfullj blows, half conceals, half dis- closes ?

Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam.

In full glory reflected now .bines in the stimin, '"^18 the uar spangled bejraer, O! long may

it wa»e. O'er the land of the frais aad the home of the brare. " ,_ -

And it'lierc is that hend who w TaooUngly swore Ybat the havoc of war aad tbe batila't eoa- fusioil, ^home a nd • coBntty, should leare as no more' 1%eir blood hat w4thed oat their foul foot^ slept pulhilion. Ifo refuge could save the' hireling and slare, From the terror of flight or tbe gioom of the grave, And the star-ipangled banner in iriamph

doUi wave. O'er the Land of the Free, atjd the Home bf iho Bmvc. . :,

<9 '■ 'hw* be it e'er when freemen eball ttand* . ii |Sel«feB« their lor^l' haraes, Wid Ihe w»f'» V- de*DSati»h,

tifest with vim'ry mat peace, may the Heav'n

resetted land.

Praise the Power Chat hath made nod pre-

terv'd iu a Didon f ' ' -' ' . '.

.4tt^'^ cnn(i*er we mCnt, w'aew oil M.S9C il i»

<r/d this 6e otlr motto— 'In God it oorTmrt' " And the star-tpaogled Bacoer in triumph "" "^v, '^ eh«ll wave,

O'er the Land of the Free, and the Hotae

■■=..•, <iJF file Save- ' ^--.

, Sepf 2/ *;rday fo /

sitice learn M i. not being mcniioneu ■niiiisl. the glory yoor-^ „ , ,.;r3 I'i ihe marine ^jj^rps » ^ ,.L'K,;i: I iri*y /■'y, ur,...-r the ey .-If-a', alT.1 fume i-iii do yii'j jajtl-:, ■I. ?;jv w'shes foryo'ir speedy J ..'. .0, t inv respects to lieuts. R .' . ' ''i, Lur.' am) Kir.oUe, who «.^ on (hat inemor.iV'i^ day.

I am, sir, with respect yoor ol vjnt, JUSJIUABAlv

Lapt. A .^EVlKR,

Marine Corps, t^'ashington.

tVASiirs'iro.f, I H.iih Hoijs 5 of Cnnnress yesifr , a i|iiormii. and appointed a joint cocnr/ 10 inform the I'resi-JeiU that they We/ n,ed and ready to receive any commun.' be might have to make. It is probablf^ fore that the ftlessaLie will be deliverer,

r-

\Vc had yesterday no addition*,' lion of an authentic cliuricterftoi/ borhood of Flaitsburg, which is n tre of the most interesting ope /

The glorious victory obiainy'' force on Lake Cliampiatn is t of that achieved just a year/ Crie, and was perhaps cquy' its consequences. Tbe bat^ tha capture of one British ar the traniiuility of our western ». battle of Champlaifl preceded ,. complished the defeat of another - Eencd a formidable invasion of oti froniier, by an incursion into the | lous state in the Union. I'hc recti has every where diffused heart-fcl] been received with welcome salut I long as history prolongs to posterij collection of other tiroes, llie oameri and iMaciionouch will beremeinot tb«r and the tenth and eleventh of q be recorded as fortunate days m tii>\ of the Republic II. ,

CONCaERS UNITED STAj

MOKDAT, SETT 19. '

This being the day astigned by / mation of the President tor the Coagres,s, the Members assero''' partments prepared lor their 8 at the Uiuu hour. Tl^ese to from Iwia^ as commodioos v occupied by the two housr more comfortable than cr pecCed from the exterior building in which hey are been vi-ry neatlj and expedi onder ibe diction of the Sa^ the city.

/iV &ENAT&. \

The Vice PfMidcnt not having »i\ Hon^ Jobn Gaiiianl, of ^outb Csni Bitted the Chair as President pro te\ of the Senat;. /

The roll having been called, it/ that the following members were p;

from Stxi- llamyshxrt — .Mr.

Slassitchuiiui — Mr. Vamqni

Rhode Island — Vlt. HowetL

fermow— Mr. Ri>binton.

tenns'^tvania^^yitmi. L berts.

Oelarcarf — Mr. Horsey.

yir^it-ia — Messrs. Brent

A'mtA Carolina — Mr. Tui

SoxM^CaTulina—Ms, Qm ,. Gtorgia — Mr. Tuit. W

A'en'aiiy— Mr. Bl<!dsp»,,^

TtnMtste — MeasT^-*" loo.

oiuo—y-

hop' ,^'

The St.-\r Sp.-\n'gled Banner (Reproduced from Baltimore American of September 21, 1814)

86

THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER

THE Star Spangled Banner has not been formally adopted as a national anthem, because it relates to a special war incident and does not meet all the require- ments of a national song. It is, however, generally acclaimed as one of the noblest and most inspiring of American lyrics and, under army and navy regulations, is played at morning and evening "colors." It is more frequently recited and sung on patriotic occasions and in the schools than any American song, with the exception, perhaps, of America. The circum- stances under which it was written give it peculiar interest. Its author was Francis Scott Key, a lawyer who practised in Maryland and Washington. He was born in Frederick county, Maryland, August i, 1779, and died in Baltimore, Jan uary 11, 1843. ^ large national flag floats over grave in Mount Olivet cemetery in Frederick an is never lowered, except to be replaced by a new one. A volume of his poems was published in 1856, but the Star Spangled Ban alone makes his name immortal. Mr Key was in custody on the British frigate Surprise during the attackon Fort McHenry, September 13, 1814, and the poem vividly describes what he then witnessed. From the vessel he anxiously watched the flag on the fort during the day and through the night, by "the rockets' red glare," and to his joy saw in the morning the "broad stripes and bright stars" still "gallantly streaming" and the British beating a retreat. He began to write on the ship and upon his release completed the stanzas at a hotel in Baltimore. A fac- simile of the poem as it was originally pub- lished on September 21, 18 14 in the Baltimore American appears on the opposite page. The flag that floated over Fort McHenry is now preserved in the National Museum at Washington.

NCvTHE^BO.MS FQR.t; ^

FROM APOli:

-^HIS POSITION

Bronze Memorial Tablet

Erected by the United States Government

at Fort McHenrj', June 1909

87

THE AMERICAN FLAG

When Freedom from her mountain height Unfurled her standard to the air,

She tore the azure robe of night, And set the stars of glory there.

She mingled with its gorgeous dyes

The milky baldric of the skies,

And striped its pure celestial white

With streakings of the morning light;

Then from his mansion in the sun

She called her eagle bearer down,

And gave into his mighty hand

The symbol of her chosen land.

Majestic monarch of the cloud!

Who rear'st aloft thy regal form To hear the tempest trumpings loud. And see the lightning lances driven,

When strive the warriors of the storm, And rolls the thunder-drum of heaven! Child of the Sun! to thee 'tis given

To guard the banner of the free. To hover in the sulphur smoke, To ward away the battle stroke. And bid its blendings shine afar. Like rainbows on the cloud of war,

The harbinger of victory.

Flag of the brave! thy folds shall fly, The sign of hope and triumph high; When speaks the signal trumpet tone. And the long line comes gleaming on, Ere yet the life-blood warm and wet. Has dimmed the glistening bayonet. Each soldier's eye shall brightly turn To where thy sky-born glories burn; And, as his springing steps advance. Catch war and vengeance from the glance. And when the cannons' mouthings loud Heave in wild wreaths the battle shroud. And gory sabers rise and fall Like shoots of flame on midnight's pall. Then shall thy meteor glances glow.

And cowering: foes shall sink beneath Each gallant arm that strikes below

That lovely messenger of death!

88

Flag of the seas! on ocean wave Thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave; When death, careering on the gale, Sweeps darkly round the bellied sail, And frighted waves rush wildly back Before the broadsides reeling rack, Each dying wanderer at sea Shall look at once to Heaven and thee. And smile to see thy splendors fly In triumph o'er his closing eye.

Flag of the free heart's hope and home

By angels' hands to valor given; Thy stars have lit the welkin dome,

And all thy hues are born in Heaven. Forever float that standard sheet!

Where breathes the foe but falls before us, With Freedom's soil beneath our feet.

And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us.

Joseph Rodman Drake, the author of The American Flag was born in New York city on August 7, 1795. He was a poet from boyhood, his earliest poem, The Mocking Bird, being written when he was a mere child. In 18 19, together with Fitz Greene Halleck, he began contribut- ing verses to the New Tork Evening Post under the title of The Croakers. The American Flag first appeared in this series in the issue of May 29, 1819. The last four lines of the poem were written by Halleck, at Drake's request, because he was not satisfied with his own concluding lines. Culprit Fay, a widely known poem, has its scene in the highlands of the Hudson river. Drake died on September 21, 1820, and was buried at Hunt's Point, Westchester county, N. Y. His death prompted his friend Halleck to write the familiar lines : Green be the turf above thee,

Friend of my better days ! None knew thee but to love thee,

Nor named thee but to praise.

89

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Reproduced from Preble's History of the Flag

90

THE AUTHOR OF AMERICA

THE REV. FRANCIS SMITH D.D., the author of America, was born in Boston on October 21, 1808. He died at Newton Centre, Massachusetts, November 16, 1895. He graduated at Harvard College with the famous class of 1829, ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ subject of Holmes's familiar lines: "And there's a nice youngster of excellent pith; Fate tried to conceal him by naming him Smith."

He was an editor, preacher and poet. He wrote more than 100 hymns. He is best known, of course, by the national hymn America. The circumstances under which it was writ- ten will be shown best in Dr Smith's own words in a letter written in 1872, to Captain Preble of the United States navy.

"The origin of my hymn, 'My Country 'tis of Thee,' is briefly told. In the year 1831, Mr William C. Woodbridge returned from Europe, bringing a quantity of German music- books, which he passed over to Lowell Mason. Mr Mason, with whom I was on terms of friendship, one day turned them over to me, knowing that I was in the habit of reading German works, saying, 'Here, I can't read these, but they contain good music, which I shoidd be glad to use. Turn over the leaves, and, it you find anything particularly good, give me a translation or imitation of it, or write a wholly original song — anything, so I can use it.'

"Accordingly, one leisure afternoon, I was looking over the books, and fell in with the tune of 'God Save the King,' and at once took up my pen and wrote the piece in question. It was struck out at a sitting, without the slightest idea that it would ever attain the popular- ity it has since enjoyed. I think it was written in the town of Andover, Mass., in February, 1832. The first time it was sung publicly was at a children's celebration of American independence, at the Park Street Church, Boston, I think, July 4, 1832. If I had anticipated the future of it, doubtless I would have taken more pains with it. Such as it is, I am glad to have contributed this mite to the cause of American freedom."

:v/

91

HAIL COLUMBIA

Hail Columbia — happy land, Hail ye heroes — heaven-born band, Who fought and bled in Freedom's cause, Who fought and bled in Freedom's cause, And when the storm of war was done, Enjoyed the peace your valor won — Let Independence be our boast. Ever mindful what it cost; Ever grateful for the prize. Let its altars reach the skies. Firm, united, let us be. Rallying round our Liberty, As a band of brothers joined. Peace and safety we shall find.

Immortal Patriots, rise once more. Defend your rights, defend your shores; Let no rude foe with impious hand, Let no rude foe with impious hand. Invade the shrine, where sacred lies. Of toil and blood, the well-earned prize. While offering Peace, sincere and just, In Heaven we place a manly trust. That Truth and Justice will prevail, And every scheme of bondage fail. Firm, united, let us be. Rallying round our Liberty, As a band of brothers joined. Peace and safety we shall find.

Sound, sound the trump of fame. Let Washington's great name Ring through the world with loud applause. Ring through the world with loud applause, Let every clime to Freedom dear. Listen with a joyful ear; With equal skill, with godlike power, He governs in the fearful hour Of horrid war; or guides with ease The happier times of honest peace. Firm, united, let us be, Rallying round our Libertv, As a band of brothers joined. Peace and safety we shall find.

92

Behold the chief, who now commands, Once more to serve his country stands. The rock on which the storm will beat, The rock on which the storm will beat. But arm'd in virtue, firm and true. His hopes are fixed on Heaven and you. When hope was sinking in dismay. And clouds obscured Columbia's day. His steady mind, from changes free, Resolved on Death or Liberty. Firm, united, let us be. Rallying round our Liberty, As a band of brothers joined. Peace and safety we shall find.

Joseph Hopkinson, the author of Hail Columbia was born at Philadelphia, Pa., on November 12, 1770. Francis Hopkinson, his father, was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He was a lawyer, representative to Congress, judge in a United States District Court, vice-presi- dent of the American Philosophical Society, president of the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, and a writer on legal, educa- tional and ethical subjects. He is best known, however, as the author of our famous national song, which was written in the summer of 1798, when the American people were taking sides in the contest between England and France. The object of the poem was "to get up an American spirit which should be independent of, and above, the interests, passion, and policy of both belligerents, and look and feel exclu- sively for our honor and rights." Judge Hopkinson died at Philadelphia on January 15, 1842.

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94

A SONG FOR FLAG DAY

Your Flag and my Flag!

And how it flies to-day In your land and my land

And half a world away! Rose-red and blood-red

The stripes forever gleam; Snow-white and soul-white —

The good forefather's dream; Sky-blue and true blue, with stars to gleam aright — The gloried guidon of the day; a shelter through the night.

Your Flag and my Flag!

And, oh, how much it holds — Your land and my land —

Secure within its folds! Your heart and my heart

Beat quicker at the sight; Sun-kissed and wind-tossed,

Red and blue and white. The one Flag — the great Flag — the Flag for me and you — Glorified all else beside — the red and white and blue!

Your Flag and my Flag!

To every star and stripe The drums beat as hearts beat

And fifers shrilly pipe!' Your Flag and my Flag —

A blessing in the sky; Your hope and my hope — It never hid a lie! Home land and far land and half the world around, Old Glory hears our glad salute and ripples to the sound!

Wilbur D. Nesbit

THE FLAG GOES BY

Hats off ! Along the street there comes A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums, A flash of color beneath the sky:

Hats off ! The flag is passing by !

Blue and crimson and white it shines Over the steel-tipped, ordered lines.

Hats off ! The colors before us fly; But more than the flag is passing by.

Sea-fights and land-fights, grim and great, Fought to make and to save the state : Weary marches and sinking ships; Cheers of victory on dying lips;

Days of plenty and years of peace; March of a strong land's swift increase. Equal justice, right, and law, Stately honor and reverend awe.

Sign of a nation, great and strong To ward her people from foreign wrong. Pride and glory and honor, — all Live in the colors to stand or fall.

Hats off! Along the street there comes A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums; And loyal hearts are beating high :

Hats off ! The flag is passing by !

Henry Holcomb Bennett

95

GOD SAVE THE FLAG!

Washed in the blood of the brave and the blooming,

Snatched from the altars of insolent foes, Burning with star-fires, but never consuming,

Flash its broad ribbons of lily and rose.

Vainly the prophets of Baal would rend it.

Vainly his worshipers pray for its fall; Thousands have died for it, millions defend it,

Emblem of justice and mercy to all:

Justice that reddens the sky with her terrors, Mercy that comes with her white-handed train.

Soothing all passions, redeeming all errors. Sheathing the sabre and breaking the chain.

Borne on the deluge of old usurpations.

Drifted our Ark o'er the desolate seas. Bearing the rainbow of hope to the nations,

Torn from the storm-cloud and flung to the breeze!

God bless the Flag and its loyal defenders,

While its broad folds o'er the battle-field wave.

Till the dim star-wreath rekindle its splendors. Washed from its stains in the blood of the brave!

Oliver Wendell Holmes

THE NAME OF OLD GLORY 1898 Old Glory! say, who. By the ships and the crew.

And the long, blended ranks of the Gray and the Blue, — Who gave you, Old Glory, the name that you bear With such pride everywhere. As you cast yourself free to the rapturous air. And leap out full length, as we're wanting you to ? — Who gave you that name, with the ring of the same, And the honor and fame so becoming to you ? Your stripes stroked in ripples of white and of red. With your stars at their glittering best overhead — By day or by night Their delightfulest light

Laughing down from their little square heaven of blue! Who gave you the name of Old Glory — say, who —

Who gave you the name of Old Glory ?

The old banner lifted, and faltering then

In vague lisps and whispers fell silent again.

96

Old Glory, — speak out! We are asking about

How you happened to "favor" a name, so to say,

That sounds so familiar and careless and gay,

As we cheer it, and shout in our wild, breezy way —

We — the crowd, every man of us, calling you that —

fVe, Tom, Dick, and Harry, each swinging his hat

And hurrahing "Old Glory!" like you were our kin.

When — Lord! — we all know we're as common as sin!

And yet it just seems like you humor us all

And waft us your thanks, as we hail you and fall

Into line, with you over us, waving us on

Where our glorified, sanctified betters have gone.

And this is the reason we're wanting to know

(And we're wanting it so!

Where our own fathers went we are willing to go)

Who gave you the name of Old Cilorv — O-ho! —

Who gave you the name of Old Glory ?

The old fag unfurled with a billowy thrill

For an instant; then wistfully sighed and was still.

Old Glory: the story we're wanting to hear

Is what the plain tacts ot your christening were, —

For your name — just to hear it,

Repeat it, and cheer it, 's a tang to the spirit

As salt as a tear:

And seeing you fly, and the boys marching by.

There's a shout in the throat and a blur in the eye,

And an aching to live tor you always — or die.

If, dying, we still keep you waving on high.

And so, by our love

For vou, floating above,

And the scars of all wars and the sorrows thereof".

Who gave you the name of Old Glory, and why

Are we thrilled at the name of Old Glory?

T hen the old banner leaped, like a sail in the blast. And fluttered an audible answer at last.

And it spake, with a shake of the voice, and it said : — By the driven snow-white and the living blood-red Of my bars, and their heaven of stars overhead — By the symbol conjoined of them all, skyward cast, As I float from the steeple, or flap at the mast, Or droop o'er the sod where the long grasses nod, — My name is as old as the glory ot God.

So I came by the name of Old Glory.

James Whitcomb Riley

Copyright, J&gS, hy the author

97

CAPTAIN MOLLY AT MONMOUTH

On the bloody field of Monmouth flashed the guns of Greene and Wayne; Fiercely roared the tide of battle, thick the sward was heaped with slain. Foremost, facing death and danger, Hessian horse and grenadier, In the vanguard, fiercely fighting, stood an Irish cannoneer.

Loudly roared his iron cannon, mingling ever in the strife.

And beside him, firm and daring, stood his faithful Irish wife;

Of her bold contempt ot danger, Greene and Lee's brigade could tell,

Every one knew "Captain Molly," and the army loved her well.

Surged the roar of battle round them, swiftly flew the iron hail; Forward dashed a thousand bayonets that lone battery to assail; From the foeman's foremost columns swept a furious fusilade. Mowing down the massed battalions in the ranks of Greene's brigade.

Faster and taster worked the gunner, soiled with powder, blood, and dust; English bayonets shone before him, shot and shell around him burst; Still he fought with reckless daring, stood and manned her long and well, Till at last the gallant fellow dead beside his cannon fell.

With a bitter cry of sorrow, and a dark and angrv frown, Looked that band of gallant patriots at their gunner stricken down. "Fall back, comrades! It is folly to strive against the foe." "Not so!" cried Irish Molly, "we can strike another blow!"

Quickly leaped she to the cannon in her fallen husband's place, Sponged and rammed it fast and steady, fired it in the foeman's face. Flashed another ringing volley, roared another from the gun; "Boys, hurrah!" cried gallant Molly, "for the flag of Washington!"

Greene's brigade, though shorn and shattered, slain and bleeding half their men. When they heard that Irish slogan, turned and charged the foe again; Knox and Wayne and Morgan rally, to the front they forward wheel, And before their rushing onset Clinton's English columns reel.

Still the cannon's voice in anger rolled and rattled o'er the plain, Till there lay in swarms around it mingled heaps of Hessian slain. "Forward! charge them with the bayonet!" 'twas the voice of Washington; And there burst a fierv greeting from the Irishwoman's gun.

Monckton falls; against his columns leap the troops of Wayne and Lee, And before their reeking bayonets Clinton's red battalions flee; Morgan's rifles, fiercely flashing, thin the foe's retreating ranks. And behind them, onward dashing, Ogden hovers on their flanks.

Fast they fly, those boasting Britons, who in all their glory came, With their brutal Hessian hirelings to wipe out our country's name. Proudly floats the starry banner; Monmouth's glorious field is won; And, in triumph, Irish Molly stands beside her smoking gun.

William Collins 98

OUR FLAG

High above! High above, Floats the standard that we love, Starry emblem of our might. Proudly borne in many a fight. On the land and on the sea. Borne along to victory. Tyrants fear it, freemen cheer it.

As it floats! As it floats! Its gay stripes lightly streaming, And its stars brightly gleaming From the sky ot its blue, Mark the banner ot the true.

Let it wave! Let it wave! 'Neath its folds no cowering slave, Ground to earth by tyrant power. Waits the dawn of happier hour; Under it ah men are free. Breathing air of liberty, We revere it, let us cheer it.

Cheer its stripes! Cheer its stars! For its stripes breathe defiance, And its stars speak alliance, While its red and its white. With the blue of truth unite.

HIGH ABOVE

Should a foe! Should a foe! In his pride his strength to show, On our shore presume to land, Firm, undaunted, we will stand. Shouting loud our freeman's cry. Our proud standard waving high. We will fight him, we will smite him,

Till he fly! Till he fly! For stout hearts yield them never, And strong arms conquer ever. In defense of their sires, And their altars, and their fires.

May it stand! May it stand! Guardian o'er the happy land, Where our sires forever broke Haughty despot's iron yoke. Flag of might and flag of right. Patriots hail it with delight. High we rear it, loud we cheer it.

Cheer its red, blue, and white! For the North and South united, And the East and West are plighted. To be one evermore. From the center to the shore.

P, H. McQuADE

OUR FLAG

Fling it from mast and steeple.

Symbol o'er land and sea Of the life of a happy people.

Gallant and strong and free. Proudly we view its colors.

Flag of the brave and true. With the clustered stars and steadfast bars.

The red, the white, and the blue.

Flag of the fearless hearted.

Flag of the broken chain. Flag in a day-dawn started,

Never to pale or wane. Dearly we prize its colors,

With the heaven light breaking through. The clustered stars and the steadfast bars,

The red, the white, and the blue.

Flag of the sturdy fathers.

Flag of the loyal sons. Beneath its folds it gathers

Earth's best and noblest ones. Boldly we wave its colors.

Our veins are thrilled anew; By the steadfast bars, the clustered stars.

The red, the white, and the blue.

Margaret E. Sangster

99

NOTHING BUT FLAGS

Nothing but flags — but simply flags

Tattered and torn and hanging in rags;

Some walk by them with careless tread,

Nor think of the hosts of patriot dead

That have marched beneath them in days gone by,

With a burning cheek and a kindling eye,

And have bathed their folds with their life's young tide.

And, dying, blessed them, and, blessing, died.

Nothing but flags — yet, methinks, at night They tell each other their tale of fright; And spectres come, and their twin arms twine 'Round each standard torn, as they stand in line, As the word is given, they charge; they form! And the dim hall rings with the battle's storm! And once again, through smoke and strife, These colors lead to a nation's life.

Nothing but flags — yet, bathed with tears, They tell of triumphs, ot hopes, of fears; Of earnest prayers for the absent men, Of the battlefield and the prison pen; Silent, thev speak; and the tear will start As we stand before them with throbbing heart, And think of those who are not forgot; Their flags came hither — but they came not.

Nothing but flags — yet we hold our breath And gaze with awe at these types of death; Nothing but flags — yet the thought will come, The heart must pray though the lips are dumb. They, are sacred, pure, and we see no stain On those loved flags, which came home again; Baptized in blood of our purest, best. Tattered and torn, they are now at rest.

Moses Owen

The good ship Union's voyage is o'er,

At anchor safe she swings. And loud and clear with cheer on cheer

Her joyous welcome rings: Hurrah! Hurrah! it shakes the wave.

It thunders on the shore, — One flag, one land, one heart, one hand,

One Nation evermore.

Oliver Wendell Holmes

I GO

SOME OFFICIAL UNITED STATES FLAGS

THE national flags hoisted at camps or forts are of the following three sizes: The storm and recruiting flag, measuring eight feet in length by four feet two inches in width; the post flag, measuring twenty feet in length by ten feet in width; the garrison flag, measuring thirty-six feet in length by twenty feet in width (this flag is hoisted only on holidays and great occasions). The union is one-third of the length of the flag, and extends to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top.

Color and Flags for the President of the United States

Army regulations provide for the President of the United States a silken color six feet six inches fly and four feet on the pike eleven feet long. The head to consist of a globe two inches in diameter, surmounted by an American eagle alert about five and three-eighths inches high.

A five-pointed white star in each of the four corners, one point upward ; in the center of the color is placed a large fifth star, also of five points; inside of this large star is placed a parallel star, separated from it by a band of white one and one-half inches wide.

This inner star forms a blue field upon which is placed the ofiicial coat of arms of the United States.

On the scarlet field, around the larger star, are other white stars, one for each state.

There is also provided a flag of blue bunting, to be attached to halliards fourteen and forty one-hundredths feet fly and ten and twenty one-hundredths feet hoist, bearing in the center the ofiicial coat of arms of the United States.

A launch flag, made of blue bunting, three and six-tenths feet hoist, by five and thirteen one-hundredths feet fly, made of blue bunting, and bearing in the center the oflicial coat of arms of the LInited States, is also provided.

Color and Flags for the Secretary of War The army regulations provide for a color for the Secretary of War, made of scarlet banner silk, five feet six inches fly

lOI

and four feet four inches on the pike, having embroidered in each corner a five-pointed white star, one point upward, and bearing in the center, embroidered in colors, the official coat of arms of the United States. A similar flag, of scarlet bunt-

The Battleship New York

ing, to be attached to halliards, measuring twelve feet fly and six feet eight inches hoist, is also prescribed.

A launch flag, of scarlet bunting, bearing similar designs, and measuring three and six-tenths feet by five and thirteen one-hundredths feet, is also provided.

102

Similar colors and flags, except that they shall be made of white banner silk and white bunting with scarlet stars, re- spectively, are provided for the Assistant Secretary of War.

National Colors and Standards

The national colors carried by regiments of infantry, the coast artillery corps (for h. q. of each artillery district), and battalions of engineers, in battle, campaign, or occasions of ceremony, are made ot silk and are live leet six inches fly and four feet four inches hoist, mounted on pikes nine feet long. The official designation of the organizations carrying the same are engraved upon a silver band placed on the pike.

The field of the color is thirty inches long (from the pike casing) and extends to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top.

The national standards carried by cavalry and field artillery regiments in battle, campaign, or occasions of ceremony are also made of silk and are four feet fly and three feet hoist, mounted on lances nine feet six inches long.

The field of the standard is twenty-two inches long from the lance casing and extends down to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top. The official designation of the organizations carrying the same are engraved upon a silver band placed on the lance.

"Service" national colors and standards made of bunting (or other suitable material) and of the same dimensions as above are also furnished for similar commands for use at drills and on marches, and on all service other than battles, campaigns, and occasions of ceremony.

The "service" national color is also prescribed for bat- talions of Philippine scouts, for use on all occasions.

Flag of the Secretary of the Navy

The flag of the Secretary of the Navy is made in four sizes, size No. i being fourteen and forty one-hundredths feet fly and ten and twenty one-hundredths feet on the pike. It has a blue field with a five-pointed w^hite star in each of the four corners, one point upward, and a white anchor in the center. The flag of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy simply reverses the colors, having a white field with blue stars and a blue anchor.

103

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THE AMERICAN FLAG

A REFERENCE LIST

BOOKS

Books of interest to school children are starred. Valuable books of reference for teachers are double starred.

*

^'Campbell, Robert A. Our flag; or, The evolution of the

Stars and Stripes. Chicago, Lawrence, 1890. o. p. Canby, George, and Balderston, Lloyd. Evolution of the American flag. Philadelphia, Ferris & Leach, 1909. $1. Champion, Mrs Sarah E. Our flag, its history and changes, 1620-1896. 2d ed. New York, Tuttle, 1896. 75c. **Fallows, Samuel (ed.). Story of the x'\merican flag, with patriotic selections and incidents. Chicago, Educational Publication Company, 1905. 40c. **Fow, John H. True story of the American flag. Philadel- phia, Campbell, 1908. 50c. Hale, Edward Everett. Man without a country. Various

editions. Hamilton, Schuyler. History of the national flag of the United States of America. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1852. o. p. **Harrison, Peleg D. The Stars and Stripes and other Ameri- can flags, including their origin and history, army and navy regulations concerning the national standard and ensign, flag making, salutes, improvised, unique and combination flags, flag legislation, and many associations of American flags includino- the origin of the name "Old Glory," with songs and their stories. Boston, Little, Brown, 1906. ^3. *Holden, Edward S. Our country's flag and the flags of foreign countries. New York, Appleton, 1898. 80c. **Hulme, Frederick E. Flags of the world; their history, blazonry, and associations. New York, Warne, 1897. ^2. **Preble, George H. History of the flag of the United States. Boston, Houghton, Miflflin, 1893. $5. The standard history of the flag. *Smith, Nicholas. Our nation's flag in history and incident. Milwaukee, Young Churchman Company, 1903. $i-

106

United States Equipment Bureau. Flags of maritime nations.

Washington, Government Printing Office, 1899. o. p. Weaver, A. G. Story of our flag, colonial and national, with

a historical sketch of the Quakeress, Betsy Ross. Ed. 2.

Chicago, The Author, 1898. ^i.

MAGAZINE ARTICLES

The American flag. Outlook, February 25, 1899. 61:479. Champion, Mrs Henry. American flag — the ensign of liberty.

journal of American History, January 1907. 1:9-16;

Connecticut Magazine, January 1907. 11 : 3-1 1. Dwight, Theodore W. American flag and John Paul Jones.

Magazine of American History, October 1890. 24: 269-72. Ellicott, John M. What the flags tell. St Nicholas, March

1895. 22:403-9. (Describes the international signal

code.) Geare, Randolph I. Historic flags. New England Magazine,

August 1903. 34:702-10. Griffis, William E. Where our flag was first saluted. New

England Magazine, July 1893. 14:576-85. Hamilton, Schuyler. Our national flag, the Stars and Stripes,

its history for a century. Magazine of American History,

July 1877. I : 401-28. Stars in our flag. Magazine of American History,

February 1888. 19: 150-53. Hammond, Harold. Honors to the flag. St Nicholas, July

1906. 33- 77^-7^-

McEadden, Parmalee. Origin of our flag. St Nicholas, July 1903. 30:805-8.

Morgan, M. M. How "Old Glory" was named. A sketch of the New England sea-captain who thus christened the American flag. Harpers Weekly, December 18, 1909.

53:13- Ogden, H. A. Our flag's first engagement. St Nicholas, July

1907. 34:831-34.

Tuffley, Edward W. Origin of the Stars and Stripes. St

Nicholas, November 1883. 11:66-71. Varney, George j. Stars and Stripes, a Boston idea. New

England Magazine, July 1902. 32:539-48. W^heelan, F. H. A house that was saved by the flag. St

Nicholas, July 1908. 35: 791-93. (How the flag saved

a house from burning in the San Francisco fire, 1906.)

107

Wilcox, H. K. W. National standards and emblems. Har- pers Magazine, July 1873. 47:171-81.

Zeh, Lillian E. How the flags for our battleships are made. Van Nordens Magazine, February 1908. 2: 123-28.

POEMS .AND STORIES OF THE FLAG

COLLECTIONS

Carrington, Henry B. Beacon lights of patriotism. New York, Silver, Burdett, 1894. 72c.

Columbian selections. Philadelphia, Lippincott,

1892. 75c.

Eggleston, G. C. American war ballads and lyrics. 2v.

New York, Putnam, 1889. $1.50. Matthews, J. Brander. Poems of American patriotism. New

York, Scribner, 1882. 50c. Paget, R. L. Poems of American patriotism. Boston, Page,

1898. ^1.25. Scollard, Clinton. Ballads of American bravery. New York,

Silver, Burdett, 1900. 50c. Stevenson, Burton E. Poems of American history. Boston,

Houghton, MifHin, 1908. S3. and Elizabeth B. Days and deeds: a book ot

verse. New York, Baker & Taylor, 1906. Si. White, Richard Grant. Poetry of the Civil War. New York,

American News Company, 1866. o. p.

INDIVIDUAL POEMS Poems in collections listed above are referred to by compiler and page only.

Bennett, Henry H. The flag goes by. See Paget, p. 45-

Boyle, Virginia F. The apron flag. Lee Harrison, p. 405-6.

Bunner, Henry C. The old flag. See his Poems, p. 92-93 ; also abridged in Paget, p. 22.

Butterworth, Hezekiah. Festal day has come. See Shoe- maker's best selections, number 20, p. 154-57.

Flag the emigrants cheered. See Carrington,

Columbian selections, p. 261-63.

Song of the flag. See Carrington, Columbian

selections, p. 260-61. Carleton, Will. Language of the flag. See his Poems for

young Americans, p. 59-60. Cawein, Madison. Under the Stars and Stripes. See Paget,

p. 246-47.

108

The Confederate flag. See White, p. 325-26.

Curtis, George W. American flag. See Fallows, p. 79-80.

Dorr, Henry. Spirit of the flag. See Scribner's Magazine,

June 1903. 33:700. Drake, Joseph Rodman. American flag. See Matthews,

p. 102-5. Guiterman, Arthur. Call to the colors. See Stevenson, Poems

of American history, p. 627-28; Paget, p. 297-99. Holmes, Oliver Wendell. Union and liberty. See his Poems

(Camb. ed.), p. 198. The flower of liberty. See his Poems (Camb. ed.),

p. 196-97. God save the flag. See his Poems (Camb. ed.),

p. 194. ^ _

Howe, Julia Ward. The flag. See her Later lyrics, p.

24-28. Irving, Minna. Betsy's battle flag. See Stevenson, Poems of

American history, p. 191-92. Key, Francis Scott. Star spangled banner. See Eggleston,

p. 138-40; Matthews, p. 87-89; Paget, p. 85-87. King, Horatio. Our beloved flag. See Magazine of American

History, August 1890. 24: 137-38. Larcom, Lucy. The flag. See her Poems, p. 103 ; also Steven- son, Days and deeds, p. 156-57. Long, John D. The flag. See Harrison, Stars and Stripes,

p. XV. Mapes, Victor. A story of the flag. St Nicholas, July 1892.

19: 643-46. (Adventures of tw^o American flags in Paris.) Mitchell, S. Weir. Song of the flags on their return to the

States of the Confederacy. See Stevenson, Poems of

American history, p. 655. Nesbit, Wilbur D. Your flag and my flag. See Sindelar, J.C,

Lincoln day entertainments, p. 26-27. One beneath Old Glory. See Paget, p. 313. Owen, Moses. Nothing but flags. See Campbell, p. 121-22. Parker, Hubbard. Old flag. See Stevenson, Days and

deeds, p. 160-61. Proctor, Edna D. Columbia's banner. See her Songs of

America, p. 6-10.

The Stripes and the Stars. See Paget, p. 128.

Raymond, George L. Hail the flag. See his Ballads and

poems, p. 160-62.

109

Raymond, R. W. Banner of the stars. See Paget, p. 140-41 Reid, Thomas Buchanan. Flag ot the constellation. See

Eggleston, p. 186-87. Richards, Laura E. Our colors. See George, Marian M.,

The plan book. Spring-intermediate, p. 1294. Riley, James Whitcomb. Name of Old Glory. See his Home

folks, p. 4-7. M. W. S. The flag. See Paget, p. 37-38. Shaw, David T. Columbia the gem of the ocean. See Paget,

p. 4-5. Smith, Dexter. Our national banner. See Stevenson, Poems

of American history, p. 578. Smith, Samuel Francis. America. See his Poems of home

and country, p. 77-78. Wave the flag on high. See his Poems of home

and country, p. 156. Stanton, Frank L. Old flag forever. See Paget, p. 36. Street, Alfred B. Return of the flags of the volunteer regi- ments to their states. See Campbell, p. 125-26. Stryker, M. W. Every star a story. See Smith, N., p. 186-87. Thompson, Maurice. An incident of the war. See Scollard,

p. 99-101. Trowbridge, John T. The color-bearer. See his Poetical

works, p. 38-39. Wells, Mary. For the flag. St Nicholas, July 1908.

35:771-76. Whittier, John Greenleaf. Barbara Frietchie. See his

Poetical works, various editions. Wilder, John N. Stand by the flag. See Bellamy, B. W. &

Goodwin, M. W., Open sesame, 2:4-5. Woodman, Horatio. The flag. See White, p. 5-6.

no

«EW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARt CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT

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HE original drawings for the cover design, for the lining pages and for the illustrations on pages lo, 12, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 60 in this book were made by Mr Royal Bailey Farnum of the State Education Department.

npHE typography, engravings, presswork and Isinding were executed jointly by The Matthews-Northrup Works, of Buf- falo, and the J. B. Lyon Company, of Albany.

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